**************************************************************************** Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT **************************************************************************** By Chris Landsea, Craig Anderson, William Bredemeyer, Cristina Carrasco, Noel Charles, Michael Chenoweth, Gil Clark, Sandy Delgado, Jason Dunion, Ryan Ellis, Jose Fernandez-Partagas, Steve Feuer, John Gamache, David Glenn, Andrew Hagen, Lyle Hufstetler, Cary Mock, Charlie Neumann, Ramon Perez Suarez, Ricardo Prieto, Jorge Sanchez-Sesma, Adrian Santiago, Jamese Sims, Donna Thomas, Lenworth Woolcock, and Mark Zimmer. Special thanks to: Sim Aberson, James Belanger, Auguste Boissonnade, Emery Boose, Hugh Cobb, Jose Colon, Neal Dorst, Daniel Gladstein, Mark Guishard, Paul Hebert, Paul Hungerford, Mark Jelinek, Brian Jones, Lorne Ketch, David Roth, Al Sandrik, and David Vallee. Introduction 1) Original re-analysis efforts completed in 2000 provided an addition to HURDAT for the years 1851 to 1885, based upon the encyclopedic work of Partagas and Diaz as well as other sources. Unless otherwise stated, observations mentioned here are from the Partagas and Diaz reports. 2) In August 2002, a re-analysis of 1992's Hurricane Andrew's intensity was approved and incorporated into HURDAT. A brief synopsis of the results of this re-analysis are provided here. A full description of presentations made and minutes of deliberations are provided on-line at: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/andrew.html 3) Re-analysis work completed in 2003 focussed upon the period of 1886 to 1910, with some additional changes to the earlier 1851 to 1885 era. Again the main sources utilized for this effort were the Partagas and Diaz reports and all observations described come from these reports unless otherwise explicitly referenced. 4) In 2005, changes and additions are made for the period of 1911 to 1914. This is the first era completed in the reanalysis that did not have the benefit of Jose Fernandez Partagas' efforts. Co-authors on these changes are William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock, with special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock. We revised all 15 existing tropical storms and hurricanes during this four year period, added 5 new tropical storms, and discussed (but did not add in) an additional 19 suspect systems. While there were no major US hurricanes during this relatively quiet period, Jamaica experienced one of their worst hurricanes ever in a late season system in November 1912. A surprising finding was the lack of any new tropical storms or hurricanes for 1914, which was and remains the quietest hurricane season ever for the Atlantic basin with just one tropical storm. 5) In 2006, many corrections were made for U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones based upon research conducted by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger. Additionally, explicit notation was given for U.S. hurricanes during the entire 1851 to 2005 period that caused hurricane conditions (estimated maximum sustained surface winds of 64 kt or greater) in an inland state. 6) In 2007, minor alterations were introduced for a few cyclones during the period of 1989 to 2005 to fix a couple typographic errors, to correctly indicate U.S. states impacted and to make slight adjustments to the HURDAT positions/intensities for two days in Ophelia and one time period in Wilma. 7) In 2008, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1915 to 1920. All storms of the era were revised in track and intensity. Eight new tropical storms were added during this period and one of the original tropical storms in HURDAT was removed. 8) In 2009, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1921 to 1925. All 27 tropical storms and hurricanes of the era were revised in track and intensity (with one in 1923 removed from HURDAT). 10 new tropical cyclones were added for these five years. Most significant hurricanes of this era were the 1921 Tampa Bay hurricane that struck as a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category 3, the 1922 Bermuda hurricane that struck the Bermuda islands as a Category 3, and the 1924 Cuba hurricane that struck as a Category 5 (and is now the first recorded Category 5 hurricane in the database). 9) In 2010, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1926 to 1930. All 29 tropical storms and hurricanes were revised in their tracks and intensities. Four new tropical storm were discovered and added into HURDAT. Most significant hurricanes of this era were the 1926 Category 4 hurricane in the Bahamas, the 1926 Category 4 Great Miami hurricane, the 1926 Category 4 Hurricane in Cuba (these three major hurricanes in 1926 were separate systems), the 1928 Category 5 San Felipe (Puerto Rico)/Category 4 Lake Okeechobee hurricane, the 1929 Category 4 hurricane in the Bahamas, and the 1930 Category 4 hurricane in the Dominican Republic. 10) In August 2011 - Multiple changes are introduced to HURDAT: 1) Four new tropical cyclones were added: 1899 (tropical storm), 1901 (hurricane), 1904 (hurricane), and 1909 (tropical storm); 2) Alterations to the track and/or intensity of some tropical cyclones in 1857, 1859, 1866, 1882, 1885, 1887, 1900, 1901, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1927, and 1930; 3) Significant changes for U.S. hurricanes: 1857 North Carolina hurricane - upgraded from Category 1 to Category 2, a new 1859 Florida Category 1 hurricane, 1882 Louisiana hurricane - downgraded from a Category 2 to a tropical storm, 1885 South Carolina hurricane - downgraded from Category 3 to Category 2, 1887 Texas hurricane - downgraded from Category 2 to Category 1, and 1925 Florida hurricane - downgraded from a Category 1 to a tropical storm; 4) Minor intensity changes for Georges (1980), Floyd (1981), Helene (1988), and Keith (1988). These all contained original best track wind speeds to the overly precise nearest 1 kt. Values are adjusted to the nearest 5 kt currently used. 11) In 2012, a complete reanalysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) was conducted for the 1931 to 1935 seasons. All 58 tropical storms and hurricanes were revised in their tracks and intensities. 15 new tropical storms were discovered and added into HURDAT, while four existing systems were removed from the database. This era also recorded one of the busiest hurricane seasons on record with 20 tropical storms observed in 1933, 11 of which became hurricanes. (Originally, HURDAT listed 21 tropical storms, 10 of which were hurricanes. In that season, there were two new tropical storms discovered, two existing cyclones were removed from the database as they did not reach tropical storm intensity, and two existing storms were actually one continuous system.) The years of 1931 to 1935 recorded four of the 25 most deadly hurricanes in the historical record for the Atlantic basin. A Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale struck Belize (then British Honduras) in 1931 and killed around 2,500 people. In November 1932, the "Huracán de Santa Cruz del Sur" struck Cuba as a Category 4 hurricane and killed about 3,500 people primarily in a storm surge that reached about 20 feet. In June 1934, a tropical storm (which later became a hurricane) caused torrential rainfall, flashfloods and mudslides, killing about 3,000 people in Honduras and El Salvador. In October 1935, a Category 1 hurricane killed around 2,150 people in Haiti and Honduras due to extreme rains and flashfloods. The 1931 to 1935 hurricane seasons were an active period for the continental United States as well, as it was struck by twelve hurricanes (eleven previously listed in HURDAT). Of these twelve, four were major hurricanes (five previously listed in HURDAT): a Category 4 hurricane in Texas in 1932, a Category 3 hurricane in Texas in 1933, a Category 3 hurricane in Florida also in 1933, and a Category 5 hurricane in Florida in 1935. This last hurricane, known as the "Labor Day Hurricane" because of its landfall on that date in September, was the strongest hurricane to ever make landfall in the United States, based upon its central pressure of 892 mb. The maximum sustained winds at landfall in the Florida Keys are estimated to have been around 185 mph. This is second only to the 190 mph currently listed for 1969's Camille at landfall. 408 people were killed by the "Labor Day Hurricane", which was the 8th most deadly in the continental United States history. 12) December 2012 - A reanalysis of the 1936 to 1940 hurricane seasons has been conducted. All of the existing 46 tropical storms and hurricanes were revised (one of which - original storm #7 in 1938 - was removed from the database as it was extratratropical throughout its lifetime). Additionally, seven new tropical storms (three of which reached hurricane intensity) were discovered and added into the database. The biggest impact hurricane of these five seasons was, by far, the Great New England hurricane of 1938. This cyclone was retained as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale at its landfall in New York and New England, though the peak sustained winds at landfall in New York were increased from 85 kt (100 mph) in the original database to 105 kt (120 mph) in the revision. 13) The Atlantic basin hurricane seasons of 1941 to 1945 have been officially reanalyzed. Four new tropical storms were discovered and added into the database for this five year period. Notable hurricanes in these years include the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, which affected North Carolina, the mid-Atlantic states, and New England, killing 390 people. This hurricane was downgraded from a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Category 3 at landfall in New York to a Category 2. Also in 1944 a late season Caribbean hurricane that struck Cuba causing 315 fatalities has been upgraded from a Category 3 to a Category 4 major hurricane at landfall. Additionally, in September 1945 a major hurricane struck Homestead, Florida - bearing many similarities in size, track, and impact to 1992's Hurricane Andrew - and was upgraded from a Category 3 to a Category 4 at landfall. 14) March 2014 - A complete re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) was conducted for the 1946 to 1950 seasons. Revisions to the hurricane database were accomplished by obtaining the original observations collected - mainly by ships, weather stations, and the early Hurricane Hunter Navy and Army Air Force aircraft reconnaissance planes - and assessing the storms based upon our understanding of hurricanes today. The reanalysis also allowed "discovering" of tropical storms and hurricanes that occurred, but were not yet officially recognized as such in the official records. 1946 to 1950 was an active period for hurricanes with 13 striking the continental United States, whereas an average five year span would have about nine U.S. hurricane impacts. Five of the 13 were major hurricane status - Category 3, 4, or 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale - at U.S. landfall and all five struck Florida. These are a Category 4 hurricane in Fort Lauderdale in 1947, a Category 4 hurricane in Everglades City in 1948, a Category 4 hurricane in Lake Worth in 1949, Category 3 Hurricane Easy in Cedar Key in 1950, and Category 4 Hurricane King in Miami in 1950. Of these, King and the 1948 and 1949 hurricanes were upgraded from a Category 3 to a Category 4 based upon the reanalysis. Having five major hurricanes making landfall in Florida is a record for a five year period, equaled only by the early 2000s. In addition, nine new tropical storms were discovered and added into the database for this five year period. Andrew Hagen, Donna Sakoskie, Daniel Gladstein, Sandy Delgado, Astryd Rodriguez, Chris Landsea and the NHC Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward the reanalysis of these hurricane seasons. 15) April 2014 - A re-analysis of the database for Hurricane Camille, an extremely intense hurricane that devastated the U.S Gulf Coast on the night of August 17, 1969, has been completed. Based upon this reassessment, Hurricane Camille is indicated at landfall on the Mississippi coast to have been a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale with peak sustained winds of 175 mph and a central pressure of 900 mb. This is the same category as analyzed originally, but the peak sustained winds were reduced from 190 mph and the central pressure lowered from 909 mb. Camille is also reanalyzed to have undergone genesis as a tropical cyclone 18 hours earlier than first indicated on August 14, 1969. When comparing Camille with the two other known Category 5 hurricanes that have struck the continental United States since 1900, Camille (900 mb and 175 mph) ranks between the 1935 Labor Day hurricane (892 mb and 185 mph) and 1992's Andrew (922 mb and 165 mph) as the strongest hurricanes on record at landfall. Revisions to the Camille's database were accomplished by obtaining the original observations collected - mainly by ships, weather stations, coastal radars, Navy/Air Force/Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Hurricane Hunter aircraft reconnaissance planes, ESSA/NASA satellite imagery - and analyzing Camille based upon our understanding of hurricanes today. (The agency ESSA is now the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - NOAA.) Margie Kieper, Jack Beven, Hugh Willoughby, Chris Landsea, and the NHC Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward the reanalysis of this devastating hurricane. This research is supported in part by the NOAA Climate Program Office" 16) May 2015 - A complete re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) was conducted for the 1951 to 1955 seasons. Revisions to the hurricane database were accomplished by obtaining the original observations collected mainly by ships, weather stations, and the early Hurricane Hunter Navy and Army Air Force aircraft reconnaissance planes and assessing the storms based upon our understanding of hurricanes today. The reanalysis also allowed discovering of tropical storms and hurricanes that occurred, but were not yet officially recognized as such in the official records. Nine hurricanes were identified to have struck the continental United States during 1951 to 1955, with one new U.S. hurricane (Hazel in 1953) identified and two hurricanes no longer considered to be hurricane impacts in the United States (Carol in 1954 and Diane in 1955). Originally, five of these hurricanes were considered to be a major hurricane Category 3, 4, or 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale at U.S. landfall. After the reanalysis, only two were retained as major U.S. hurricanes: 1954's Carol that struck New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island as a Category 3 and 1954's Hazel that struck South Carolina and North Carolina as a Category 4. Three other systems were downgraded to a Category 2 at U.S. landfall: 1954's Edna in Massachusetts, 1955's Connie in North Carolina, and 1955's Ione in North Carolina. The worst hurricanes during these five hurricane seasons were 1954's Hurricane Hazel which killed as many as 1200 people in Grenada, Haiti, United States, and Canada and 1955's Hurricane Janet which killed 681 people in Barbados, Belize, and Mexico. Janet also holds the distinction of being the strongest hurricane observed during these seasons, reaching Category 5 with peak sustained winds of 175 mph at its landfall in Mexico. In addition, twelve new tropical storms were discovered and added into the database for this five year period. Andrew Hagen, Sandy Delgado, Donna Sakoskie, Astryd Rodriguez, Brenden Moses, Chris Landsea, and the Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward the reanalysis of these hurricane seasons. ******************************************************************************* 1851/01 - 2003 ADDITION: 00001 06/25/1851 M= 1 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00002 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 70 0* 0 0 0 0 00003 HRBTX1 Ellis' (1988) Hurricane History of the Texas Coast (and mirrored in Roth's (1997b) Texas Hurricane History website) includes the following description: "June 25th, 1851: A short but severe storm which passed over Matagorda Bay and was described as the most disastrous experienced there to date. Caused widespread damage at Saluria on Matagorda Island where saltwater contaminated the fresh water cisterns. Wind damage at Port Lavaca was widespread and every wharf destroyed. Indianola suffered damage to waterfront buildings, but the storm tide did not cover the spit of land at Power Horn." Based upon this account, a single-point hurricane is analyzed and added to the best track database. It is quite possible that this hurricane was Category 2 (or stronger) given the sparseness of the population in the region. 1851/01 - 2004 REVISION: 00001 06/25/1851 M= 1 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00001 06/25/1851 M= 4 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 00002 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 70 0* 0 0 0 0 00002 06/25*280 948 80 0*280 954 80 0*280 960 80 0*281 965 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 26th through the 28th are new to HURDAT.) 00002 06/26*282 970 70 0*283 976 60 0*284 983 60 0*286 989 50 0 00002 06/27*290 994 50 0*295 998 40 0*3001000 40 0*3051001 40 0 00002 06/28*3101002 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 00003 HRBTX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/25/1851 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 70kt 1 (985mb) BTX1 1-6/25/1851 2000Z 28.1N 96.7W 80kt 1 (977mb) BTX1 **** **** **** ** *** Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina obtained some observations that pertain to this hurricane from Corpus Christi and Fort Brown. Additionally, Prof. Mock and Mr. David Roth of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center obtained newspaper accounts of the impact of its landfall in Texas. (The observations were primarily from Army Forts that observed the weather four times a day: near sunrise, 9 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m. Winds could range from a range of 0 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.) A search of the NCDC archives revealed, in addition to those provided by Prof. Mock, observations from the following Texas forts: Fort Graham, Fort Mcintosh, Fort Croghan, Fort Lincoln, Fort Martin Scott, Fort Ringgold, San Antonio, Fort Merrill, Fort Duncan and New Wild. Relevant observations are shown below: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Corpus Christi, Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - ENE1 NE1 NE4 NW1 80/85/89/83 Jun. 26, 1851 - S5 SSW2 SSW3 ESE4 74/76/78/74 rain 1am to 6 1/2 pm 3.00" Jun. 27, 1851 - S1 S3 SE6 SSE6 79/83/88/83 Fort Mcintosh (Laredo), Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - E2 SE2 SE2 NE2 73/93/98/88 Jun. 26, 1851 - N2 NW2 NW2 SE3 75/92/98/83 rain began ? Jun. 27, 1851 - NW2 E2 SW2 SE2 70/78/92/79 rain ended ? 2.48" Fort Croghan (30.5N, 98.3W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - S3 SE4 SE4 SE3 75/85/95/80 Jun. 26, 1851 - NE2 E3 E3 E3 70/80/86/82 0.19" Jun. 27, 1851 - S3 SE4 S4 SE4 82/81/82/79 Notes from Jun. 26th: At 10 A.M. a slight shower. Showers from 11 P.M. through the night. Fort Lincoln (29.4N, 99.5W), Texas (no temperatures): Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1 SE2 SE3 SE2 Jun. 26, 1851 - NW3 N4 N4 SE8 11 a.m. rain began, 9 p.m. rain ended 0.8" Jun. 27, 1851 - SE1 E4 ENE5 SE2 9 a.m. rain began, 3 p.m. rain ended 0.35" Notes from Jun 26th: Rain fell in showers at intervals, accompanied by heavy winds. Fort Martin Scott (30.2N, 98.8W), Texas (no precipitation totals): Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1 SE1 NE2 SE1 70/80/93/74 Jun. 26, 1851 - E1 NE3 NE3 SE1 69/76/82/71 rain at intervals during day Jun. 27, 1851 - E1 SE2 SW3 SE4 68/76/83/72 rain at intervals during day San Antonio, Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - E1 E2 N2 NE3 75/81/87/82 Jun. 26, 1851 - N1 NE4 NE4 E2 72/78/74/72 Jun. 27, 1851 - E2 SE1 SE1 NE3 70/74/78/74 rain began 11 a.m. Addendum: Rain ended on the 28th at 11 a.m. 1.00" Fort Merrill (28.2N, 98.1W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - 0 NE2 NE4 NE5 77/85/91/81 Jun. 26, 1851 - W5 SW5 S2 S2 75/85/77/82 rain began 6 a.m. Jun. 27, 1851 - S1 S4 S3 S4 78/83/82/80 rain ended 3 a.m. 1.25" Fort Duncan (Eagle Pass), Texas: Jun. 25, 1851 - E2 E2 S2 S3 80/84/95/89 Jun. 26, 1851 - E2 N2 N3 N2 81/83/94/87 Jun. 27, 1851 - N2 E2 E2 S3 80/82/90/84 Notes: No rain on these dates. Wind apparently reported to nearest 90 degree interval. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 9, 1851, p.2 This vessel [The Maria Burt] left Galveston on the 24th ult. That night a heavy gale commenced blowing, and the next day, about 10 A.M., the steamer put back for Sabine Pass. The Matagorda Tribune, June 30, 1851 Violent Gale on Matagorda Bay - The Shipping driven Ashore - Several Houses Blown down at Indianola, Saluria, and Port Cavallo. One of the heaviest gales that has perhaps ever been experienced in this section of country, occurred within the past week. Early on Wednesday morning [June 25th], it commenced raining furiously, and continued to pour down in torrents for nearly the whole of that day and the following night, with few intermissions, accompanied by violent gales of wind, frequently veering from the east, northeast and southeast. Although we believe no material damage has been done hereabouts, beyond perhaps the leveling of some of the more exposed garden patches, the result, we understand, has been calamitous to the shipping and to our neighbors, situated on the lower bay. From Port Lavaca, we have not, as yet, had any tidings, but Indianola, Saluria, and Port Cavallo, appear to have suffered considerable loss from the fury of the gale. At the former place, we learn, every wharf has been carried away, and a number of houses had either been leveled to the earth, or blown from their foundations. At Saluria, considerable damage has also been Done. Port Cavallo, however, has escaped with less injury, as will be seen by The following extract from a letter from thence, addressed to a gentleman in this city, under date of 27th June. The loss and injury sustained among the shipping on the bay, has doubtless been far greater than we have yet had any particulars of. We learn at the present writing by a vessel just up from below, that the Steamship Mexico was driven ashore opposite, or near Powder Horn Bayou, and was still lying on the flats in that vicinity when our informant left - that the depot or freight steamer Portland shared the same fate, together with several other smaller crafts. The steamer Wm. Penn was driven ashore from her anchorage near Saluria, and will probably be a total loss. Port Cavallo, June 27, 1851 Our place has been visited by the most terrible storm which has occurred on this coast within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. It commenced Wednesday the 25th inst. The sun rose clear, with the exception of a few heavy clouds hanging to the northward, but the tide commenced rising with unprecedented rapidity - the storm in the meantime increasing to that degree, that by 4 P.M., it was blowing a perfect hurricane. Thus it continued all night, coming with frightful violence. What with the torrents of rain, the howling of the winds and the roaring of the sea, it was a scene baffling all description. The damage here had been quite trifling, considering the great strength of the gale. Mr. Doerow had one of the chimneys to his new house blown over, and his fields much injured - the fences being generally prostrated. The warehouse and wharf stood it bravely. The wharf is uninjured - the warehouse had a few blocks washed from under it, which is the only damage it sustained. Mr. Maverick's house was blown from its blocks - that is to say, the small house in his yard. This is the total amount of damage done here, except a few more fences blown down. The schr. Velasco, with a heavy cargo of cotton and molasses, returned back over the bar, having sprung a leak - She made fast to the wharf there and commenced discharging, but the gale and leak still increasing, she was winded around on the flat below the wharf where she now lies. The schr. Buena Vista, lying at anchor on the Saluria side, dragged and went ashore. The morning she got off, and came to on this side. Mr. Harrison's pilot boat went ashore on the Saluria side, and is a complete wreck. Mr. Givins' house was blown from the blocks and broke in two. Judge Rose's warehouse at Saluria was also blown from the blocks. Gen. Summerville's house is blown and destroyed. Dr. McCreary's house in much injured - gallery gone. In addition to the above, a letter was last night received by Messrs. Doswell, Hill & Co., from Capt. Talbot, dated on Tuesday, the 26th ult., which states that the freight of the Mexico had been discharged before the heavy blow came on. The Mexico was then dropped astern of the Portland, and both anchors thrown out. At 10 P.M. on Wednesday, the gale increased to great violence, and grew more violent until 11 1/2, when the Portland broke adrift and went ashore. The Mexico had then gotten steam up, and was working full stroke with 20 inches of steam, and two anchors out with 60 fathoms of chain, but all could not resist the violence of the storm. About one o'clock, the Mexico broke from her anchorage, and was driven on a hard bottom with six feet of water. Capt. Boehner says he never before saw so high a tide in that bay. All Capt. Talbot's hands were at work getting out coal, and every exertion was being made to get her off, but the captain has very little hope of success until he can have the assistance of the Louisiana. Captain Talbot adds: Captain Boehner's lighter is ashore, the Wm. Penn is a total wreck, all the wharves at Indianola are gone, and some few houses prostrated. The J. Smith, although sunk decks under water, was driven three quarters of a mile, and is pretty much all to pieces. The Advocate, Victoria TX, July 3, 1851, p. 2 A storm of wind and rain, unprecedented in violence in this region, passed over this place, in common with every other point from which we have heard, from the Bay and Gulf immediately below us as high up as the Western portion of De Witt county, and extending as far West as the "Mission of Refugio," on Wednesday night of last week, (the 25th and 26th ult.) The damage done to buildings, fences, fruit and shade trees in this place is by no means inconsiderable. No serious injury occurred to any building that was inhabited, or occupied, except by workmen engaged in the completion of the same. At Saluria, we learn, several buildings were injured by the violence of the gale and the wash of the tide. Another evil resulting from the storm there, we understand, is the mixture of the water and spray from the Gulf with the water of the cisterns of the place, to such an extent as to render it unfit for use. At Indianola, and its vicinity, the effects of the storm are given somewhat in detail by our correspondent. It is spoken of us being the severest storm ever experienced in that place. At Lavaca, in slip from the office of the "Commercial," informs us the ravages of the storm were quite disastrous to property, though most happily, not to life. Our friend of the "Commercial" says: Every one of the wharves belonging to the merchant of this place was destroyed. Of some, scarce vestige was left. The warehouse of Mr. Ross was swept away by the violence of the tide, whilst other sustained slighter injuries. The schooner William & Morris, trading between this place and Galveston, and which was anchored at the wharf of R. M. Forbes & Co., was thrown by the fury of the waves on the beach, where she remains high and dry. Ornamental and fruit trees have been blown down, fences and pilings prostrated. We have not learned the amount of damage sustained by this destructive tornado, but it will be several thousand dollars. Some damage has been done to dwellings and farm houses in the country, not only in the valley of the Guadelupe, but in the Colette settlement. The injury done to corn in all this region will be considerable. Some fields have been laid entirely level with the earth, and place beyond the possibility of yielding more than one third of a crop. Quite an amount of timber along the Guadelupe and San Antonio rivers, between this and the Espiritu Santa Bay, have been blown down and destroyed. At Carlos' Ranch, we heard quite a number of buildings are prostrated. The damages done to the property there is considerable, and will be severely felt, as it falls upon those who are poorly able to sustain such losses. At the Mission, in Refugio county, the progress and force of the storm were manifested in the injury done to buildings, fences and trees. In one instance, it is reported, one of the residents of the place - a female at that - while attempting to return to her house on foot, across an open place, was blown out quite a distance on to the prairie, and by the time she could retrace her steps against the wind and reach the village, she was almost entirely divested of her clothing. At Goliad, the severity of the storm was felt, we understand, in the demolition of several buildings, and other injuries done to property. It is somewhat remarkable, that in all the accounts we have thus far received, no other injury appears to have accrued to human life than that occasioned by exposure to the rain, at an unseasonable hour of the night. It is possible, however, when we come to receive the history of the storm more in detail, this happy exemption will be dashed by incidents of a painful and heart- rendering character. Since the above was in type, we learn, from a gentleman just arrived from Espiritu Santa Bay, that the houses of Messrs. Kuykendall, Burns, Hays, Tucker, and Judge Duke, in that vicinity, were all demolished, or seriously injured by the gale. One or two persons are said to have been more or less injured, either by falling timbers, or by exposure to the storm. Mrs. Burns is said to have dies the next morning after the occurrence of the storm, having been sick for sometime previous. We regret to learn that the new mail Steamship Mexico is so hard aground in the Bay, that it will be necessary to take out her engines, &c., before she can be removed from her present dangerous position. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 11, 1851, p.2 More of the Texas Gale - Indianola, Texas, June 27, 1851 [To the] Editors Picayune - I have to advise you of the effects of one of the worst gales every known on this bay. The storm commenced on the 25th, and continued till daylight of the 26th. The wind prevailed from northeast to southeast. The wharves at this place were carried away; the steamboat Wm Penn was blown aground, filled with water, and was badly damaged; all the small boats in the bay were stranded and greatly injured. Several small houses on the water's edge were more or less injured, and considerable damage was done in various ways. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The hurricane's landfall near Matagorda Bay was not closely observed from any of the fort locations, though Fort Merrill likely was just to the south of the inland center just before 12 UTC on the 26th and Fort Lincoln was just to the north of the inland center around 00 UTC on the 27th. From the impacts described in the newspaper accounts - especially the peak winds shifting from northeast to southeast in Indianola and only easterly component in Matagorda - indicate a landfall southwest of those locations. The observations then indicated a track at landfall toward the northwest with a turn to the north over the next two days as it decayed. It is estimated that the storm dissipated early on the 28th over central Texas. Thus a track for this hurricane has now been attempted and data from the ship "Maria Burt" allow for a portion of track to be determined on the 25th before landfall. The winds are increased slightly at landfall to better match the original damage descriptions as well as to account for a long-lasting system after landfall (estimated 65 kt gusts at 00 UTC on the 27th at Fort Lincoln). It is noted that high winds seen at some forts on the 27th were due to straight-line southeasterly flow not directly related to the hurricane itself. 1851/01 - 2011 REVISION: 00005 06/25/1851 M= 4 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00010 06/25*280 948 80 0*280 954 80 0*280 960 80 0*281 965 80 0* 00015 06/26*282 970 70 0*283 976 60 0*284 983 60 0*286 989 50 0* 00020 06/27*290 994 50 0*295 998 40 0*3001000 40 0*3051001 40 0* 00025 06/28*3101002 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00030 HRBTX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/25/1851 2100Z 28.2N 96.8W 80kt 1 --- (977mb) BTX1 1-6/25/1851 2100Z 28.2N 96.8W 80kt 1 --- (974mb) BTX1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - for an 80 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************* 1851/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #1 in Partagas and Diaz), except to assume a date of July 5th for storm "before July 7th". No track available, only one point. Storm determined to be a hurricane based upon destruction that occurred in Tampico. ******************************************************************************** 1851/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #2 in Partagas and Diaz), though storm documentation is somewhat weak. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1851/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #3 in Partagas and Diaz). Inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model, but windspeed values over Hispanola and Cuba had an accelerated rate of decay due to the enhanced topography. Storm tide value of 12' obtained from Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for St. Marks, Florida. Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon storm tide and extreme damage at landfall. Ludlum also called this storm the "Great Middle Florida Hurricane of August 1851". The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm strength). 1851/04 - 2006 REVISION: 00065 08/16/1851 M=12 4 SNBR= 4 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00070 08/16*134 480 40 0*137 495 40 0*140 510 50 0*144 528 50 0* 00075 08/17*149 546 60 0*154 565 60 0*159 585 70 0*161 604 70 0* 00080 08/18*166 625 80 0*169 641 80 0*172 660 90 0*176 676 90 0* 00085 08/19*180 693 90 0*184 711 70 0*189 726 60 0*194 743 60 0* 00090 08/20*199 759 70 0*205 776 70 0*212 790 70 0*219 804 70 0* 00095 08/21*226 814 60 0*232 825 60 0*239 836 70 0*244 843 70 0* 00100 08/22*250 849 80 0*256 855 80 0*262 860 90 0*268 863 90 0* 00105 08/23*274 865 100 0*280 866 100 0*285 866 100 0*296 861 100 0* 00110 08/24*307 851 90 0*316 841 70 0*325 830 60 0*334 814 50 0* 00115 08/25*340 800 40 0*348 786 40 0*358 770 40 0*368 751 40 0* 00120 08/26*378 736 40 0*389 718 40 0*400 700 40 0*413 668 40 0* 00125 08/27*428 633 40 0*445 602 40 0*464 572 40 0*485 542 40 0* 00130 HRAFL3 GA1 00130 HRAFL3IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's Atlantic coast. 1851/04 - 2011 REVISION: 00065 08/16/1851 M=12 4 SNBR= 4 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00070 08/16*134 480 40 0*137 495 40 0*140 510 50 0*144 528 50 0* 00075 08/17*149 546 60 0*154 565 60 0*159 585 70 0*161 604 70 0* 00080 08/18*166 625 80 0*169 641 80 0*172 660 90 0*176 676 90 0* 00085 08/19*180 693 90 0*184 711 70 0*189 726 60 0*194 743 60 0* 00090 08/20*199 759 70 0*205 776 70 0*212 790 70 0*219 804 70 0* 00095 08/21*226 814 60 0*232 825 60 0*239 836 70 0*244 843 70 0* 00100 08/22*250 849 80 0*256 855 80 0*262 860 90 0*268 863 90 0* 00105 08/23*274 865 100 0*280 866 100 0*285 866 100 0*296 861 100 0* 00110 08/24*307 851 90 0*316 841 70 0*325 830 60 0*334 814 50 0* 00115 08/25*340 800 40 0*348 786 40 0*358 770 40 0*368 751 40 0* 00120 08/26*378 736 40 0*389 718 40 0*400 700 40 0*413 668 40 0* 00125 08/27*428 633 40 0*445 602 40 0*464 572 40 0*485 542 40 0* 00130 HRAFL3IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-8/23/1851 2100Z 30.1N 85.7W 100kt 3 --- (960mb) AFL3,IGA1 4-8/23/1851 2100Z 30.1N 85.7W 100kt 3 --- (955mb) AFL3,IGA1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 100 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - for a 100 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1851/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #4 in Partagas and Diaz). Storm assumed to be stationary for 4 days. ******************************************************************************** 1851/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm strength). ******************************************************************************** 1851 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1851 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of the evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information. ******************************************************************************** 1852/01: Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. FL Keys experienced hurricane conditions, but not landfall of center. Storm tide value of 12' obtained from Ho (1989) and Barnes (1998) for Mobile, Alabama. Using Ho's suggested central pressure of 961 mb at landfall in AL/MS gives 99 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, thus utilizing 100 kt in best track - a major hurricane. Storm is also known as the "Great Mobile Hurricane of 1852" from Ludlum (1963). 1852/01 - 2003 REVISION: 00165 08/19/1852 M= 9 1 SNBR= 5 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00165 08/19/1852 M=12 1 SNBR= 6 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** * 00170 08/19*205 671 60 0*207 680 60 0*209 688 60 0*211 696 60 0 00175 08/20*212 706 70 0*215 719 70 0*217 730 70 0*219 740 70 0 00180 08/21*221 749 80 0*222 761 80 0*226 771 80 0*229 781 80 0 00185 08/22*232 793 90 0*235 801 90 0*238 811 90 0*242 821 90 0 00190 08/23*247 831 90 0*252 839 90 0*257 846 90 0*262 853 90 0 00195 08/24*267 860 100 0*272 866 100 0*277 871 100 0*282 875 100 0 00200 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 881 100 0*294 884 100 0 00200 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 882 100 0*294 884 100 0 *** 00205 08/26*298 886 100 0*302 886 100 961*306 885 90 0*312 881 70 0 00210 08/27*319 876 50 0*325 869 40 0*330 861 40 0*334 850 40 0 00210 08/27*318 874 50 0*323 863 40 0*328 848 40 0*332 828 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT) 00211 08/28*335 805 40 0*338 782 40 0*340 760 40 0*344 742 40 0 00212 08/29*352 728 50 0*364 718 50 0*380 708 50 0*396 696 50 0 00213 08/30*410 680 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3AFL1 00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1 *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 961mb AL3,MS3,AFL1 1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 961mb AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1 *** Roth (1997a) provided the following description of this hurricane's impacts in Louisiana's Chandeleur Island: "Four new channels were cut through Chandeleur Island. The storm claimed the 55 foot tall Chandeleur Island lighthouse and replaced it with a broad 10 foot deep lagoon. The keepers were rescued three days later, on the verge of starvation." On this basis, the hurricane is also listed as causing Category 2 hurricane conditions in Louisiana. Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina uncovered evidence that this system crossed over Georgia and South Carolina as a tropical storm and modestly redeveloped in the Atlantic. Thus three additional days (28th to the 30th) are included for this storm into HURDAT. Details from his research are provided below: Georgia Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane ------------------------------------------------- Savannah GA. Elevation 77 ft. Observer: John F Posey. August 1852 Date Time Temp. Pres. Wind Cloud. Rain 8/25 6am 77.2 30.189 SE 0 8/25 2pm 87.1 30.141 SE2 6 8/25 10pm 81.0 30.100 SSE 0 8/26 6am 77.6 30.058 ESE 3 8/26 2pm 87.0 30.011 S 5 8/26 10pm 81.5 30.005 SSE 5 8/27 6am 79.0 29.934 SE 10 8/27 2pm 83.0 29.857 SSE4 10 8/27 10pm 80.4 29.778 SW4 10 0.164 8/28 6am 75.0 29.885 S 0 8/28 2pm 84.5 29.960 WSW 5 8/28 10pm 81.2 30.086 WNW 4 Additional Observations Date Time Temp. Pres. Wind Cloud. Remarks 8/27 8am M 29.901 SSE2 10 Began to blow 8/27 11am 80.0 29.893 SSE4 10 8/27 12mid 84.6 29.893 SSE4 10 8/27 1pm 82.8 29.873 SSE4 10 8/27 2pm 83.0 29.857 SSE4 10 raining slowly at short times 8/27 3:40 83.0 29.793 SSE3 9 8/27 5:25 82.5 29.780 SSE4 10 8/27 7:38 80.7 29.779 S4 10 8/27 10pm 80.4 29.778 SW4 10 rained after ten o'clock 0.165 Mercer University, Buford GA, Prof. J.E. Willet, August 1852, 400 ft? (Note that Prof. Mock determined that the pressure readings were unreliable because of an uncalibrated barometer.) Date Time Att. Ther. Pres.Wind (1-6) Cloud. 8/27 10:10am 75 29.15 8/27 11:45am 76 29.09 8/27 2:00pm SSE3 10 8/27 2:40pm 76 28.96 8/27 3:40pm 76 28.94 8/27 4:50pm 76 28.91 8/27 6:00pm 76 28.90 8/27 8:00pm 75 28.90 8/28 5:30am 70 29.12 8/28 6:30am 70.5 29.15 8/28 7:00am W2 5 8/28 8:20am 71 29.20 8/28 9:30am 72 29.23 8/28 2:00pm NNW2 9 8/28 4:00pm 82 29.32 Remarks: 8/27 7am-3:40pm: Rain continues almost constant sometimes violent 8/27 4:50pm: Rain continues more moderate 8/27 6:00pm: Rain continues more moderate Min Baro observed 8/27 8:00pm: Rain ending. Wind veered SSE, SE, SSE, SE, NW 8/28 5:30am-8:20am: Clearing away 8/28 9:30am: Clearing away. Perfectly clear at 10 a.m. 8/28 2:00pm: Total of Rain during Storm (say 27 hours) 3.925 Inches 8/30 12noon: Maximum Barometer after Storm (29.63) Whitemarsh Island (Savannah) GA. Elevation 18 ft. Observer: Richard Gibson. August 1852 Date Time Wind Cloud. Rain Remarks 8/25 Sunr. 0 8 8/25 9am SE3 5 8/25 3pm SE3 7 8/25 9pm S1 9 A sprinkle of Rain only fell 8/26 Sunr. 0 8 8/26 9am SW2 7 8/26 3pm S3 5 8/26 9pm S1 6 0.06 Weather looked stormy again 8/27 Sunr. SSW2 6 8/27 9am S4 5 8/27 3pm S5 7 8/27 9pm S5 7 Very little Rain. The wind has increased gradually since Sunrise and tonight is blowing a Gale 8/28 Sunr. SW2 9 8/28 9am W4 8 8/28 3pm W3 6 8/28 9pm 0 7 0.02 The wind moderated after 9 o'clock last night South Carolina Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane -------------------------------------------------------- At Charleston, high wind on afternoon of 27th, and until midnight; wind S, very little rain. (Too much material to reproduce here in entirety - see Charleston Courier article by Lewis R. Gibbes on this storm in September 10th issue). J.L. Dawsons Meteorological Observations from the Charleston Courier. Date Temp (7/2/9). Pres (7/2/9). Wind (sr/4pm) Wx. 8/25 80/84/82 30.246/30.178/30.156 SE1/SE2 Fair 8/26 81/86/83 30.114/30.020/30.018 SW2/SW2 Fair 8/27 82/84/83 30.002/29.928/29.876 SW3/SE4 Rain 0.07" rainfall 8/28 80/84/81 29.008/29.982/30.196 SW3/SW3 Fair Black Oak Agricultural Society, Pinopolis, SC. (elevation 300 ft) Date Pres (sr/2/9). Wind Wx. Rain 8/25 29.48/.40/.35 SE changeable 8/26 29.33/.35/.27 SE clear/cloudy 8/27 29.23/.20/.10 SE/S Clear/rain/high Wind 0.05 8/28 29.10/.23/.32 WSW clear/drizzle/cloudy 8/29 29.40/.45/.45 W clear Rev. Clark B. Stewart (Laurens): 25th - Rain, heavy in Evening 26th - The Rain fell from an early hour of the day - in perfect torrents until after night some time - My fence on the Creek all gone - only 1/2 an acre of Corn in that field - Sand left in abundance - God to praised for his goodness. Uncle John Stewarts saw mill all gone and half the dam left - Broke and all gone - Bridges; Mill Factorys &c. nearly all gone - Great loss sustained in this country Jacob Schirmer (Charleston): 30th Freshes dreadful Account from the up country, Bridges washed away, Crops destroyed cars could not reach Hamburg, great fears of the Columbia Bridge 31st Weather the past Month a good deal of rain and hot Sun, the whole Country is inundated with water Jesse James Hammond (Silver Bluff): 27th - there is a fresh 28th -The rain yesterday not heavy but enough for the season - windy River rising Thomas Chaplin (St Helena): Storm I neglected to state that the wind commenced blowing violently on Friday [Aug. 28] about midday, from south. Continued till Saturday morning, with driving rain Friday night. I hope this is the [last] storm of the season for it has done little damage & a trifle in comparison with the storms about the same time last year. Alexander Glennie: 27th near Georgetown SC- [late in the day] - SW. Gale [pressure is about 29.76] 28th SW, Clear, High Wind. James Davis Trezevant (Orangeburg Dist.): 27th - Commenced raining about 12 N and rained heavily nearly all the afternoon 28th - Commenced blowing and raining heavily during the night and continued to blow and rain until after sunrise when it cleared off. The river very full today, and rising fast. 30th - The river came to a stand today about 1 P.M. The water was 4 ft 10 in higher than the May fresh of 1846 and more than 2 ft higher than the great Yazoo fresh of 1792[6?]. Charleston Courier, Friday, Sept. 10: Georgetown, S.C., September 8. - The Weather and the Crops. - The rainy weather which we announced as commencing in June last has continued up to the present time with some short intervals; and early much annoyed the labour in hoeing and killing grass, and during the last month was greatly detrimental to the curing of blades The great fall of rain on the 27th and 28th of August, and which spread vast injury from Mobile to New York, on the various rivers, is to-day with us on the Santee and Pee Dee rivers, and is likely to do much damage to the rice crop, and especially to those who plant the most fruitful tide lands highest up. All the lands in the neighborhood of Lynch's causeway on Santee was under water yesterday. From Pee Dee we heard yesterday and the water was not then over the banks; but it is feared that to-day, the freshet is upon all the rice. The wind is now high at N.E., and has been so for several days preventing the freshet from going to sea. - Winyah Observer New York Herald, September 3, 1852 Aug. 30, lat 39, lon 71. Spoke brig Extra (Br), from Savannah for Halifax; 29th and 30th, experienced a heavy gale from NW. 1852/01 - 2006 REVISION: 00195 08/19/1852 M=12 1 SNBR= 7 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00200 08/19*205 671 60 0*207 680 60 0*209 688 60 0*211 696 60 0* 00205 08/20*212 706 70 0*215 719 70 0*217 730 70 0*219 740 70 0* 00210 08/21*221 749 80 0*222 761 80 0*226 771 80 0*229 781 80 0* 00215 08/22*232 793 90 0*235 801 90 0*238 811 90 0*242 821 90 0* 00220 08/23*247 831 90 0*252 839 90 0*257 846 90 0*262 853 90 0* 00225 08/24*267 860 100 0*272 866 100 0*277 871 100 0*282 875 100 0* 00230 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 882 100 0*294 884 100 0* 00235 08/26*298 886 100 0*302 886 100 961*306 885 90 0*312 881 70 0* 00240 08/27*318 874 50 0*323 863 40 0*328 848 40 0*332 828 40 0* 00245 08/28*335 805 40 0*338 782 40 0*340 760 40 0*344 742 40 0* 00250 08/29*352 728 50 0*364 718 50 0*380 708 50 0*396 696 50 0* 00255 08/30*410 680 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00260 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1 00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone in the Florida Keys (southwest Florida - "BFL") is revised to be a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category 2. This upgrade from a Category 1 is due to the likelihood that some portion of the Keys experienced the most intense portion of the hurricane, which was 90 kt Category 2 at that time. It was suggested previously that the radius of maximum wind on the cyclone's right semi-circle may have gone between the Dry Tortugas and Key West. 1852/01 - 2011 REVISION: 00195 08/19/1852 M=12 1 SNBR= 7 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00200 08/19*205 671 60 0*207 680 60 0*209 688 60 0*211 696 60 0* 00205 08/20*212 706 70 0*215 719 70 0*217 730 70 0*219 740 70 0* 00210 08/21*221 749 80 0*222 761 80 0*226 771 80 0*229 781 80 0* 00215 08/22*232 793 90 0*235 801 90 0*238 811 90 0*242 821 90 0* 00220 08/23*247 831 90 0*252 839 90 0*257 846 90 0*262 853 90 0* 00225 08/24*267 860 100 0*272 866 100 0*277 871 100 0*282 875 100 0* 00230 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 882 100 0*294 884 100 0* 00235 08/26*298 886 100 0*302 886 100 961*306 885 90 0*312 881 70 0* 00240 08/27*318 874 50 0*323 863 40 0*328 848 40 0*332 828 40 0* 00245 08/28*335 805 40 0*338 782 40 0*340 760 40 0*344 742 40 0* 00250 08/29*352 728 50 0*364 718 50 0*380 708 50 0*396 696 50 0* 00255 08/30*410 680 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-8/22/1852 1200Z 23.8N 81.3W 90kt 2 --- (977mb) BFL2 1-8/22/1852 1200Z 23.8N 81.3W 90kt 2 --- (970mb) BFL2 *** 1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 30nmi 961mb AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1 1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 10nmi 961mb AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1 ** The estimated central pressure at landfall in the Florida Keys at 12Z on the 22nd was incorrectly listed as 977 mb because of a typographical error. Using the southern pressure-wind relationship for a 90 kt hurricane, this suggests that the central pressure was around 970 mb instead. The original Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship gave 99 kt for the 961 mb central pressure at landfall near the Alabama/Mississippi border. The new relationship developed for north of 25N by Brown et al. (2006) suggests 94 kt. Originally, a large RMW value (30 nmi) was indicated by Ho (1987). However, given the slow (4 kt) translational speed at landfall coupled with a lull experienced at Mobile of two hours or less suggest a much smaller RMW, perhaps as small as 10 nm. This value is substantially smaller than climatology (20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000) for this latitude and central pressure. Thus keeping the landfall intensity at 100 kt and thus the Saffir-Simpson Category at 3 are reasonable. No changes are thus made to HURDAT, but the estimated RMW is changed from 30 to 10 nm. ******************************************************************************** 1852/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is also known as "San Lorenzo" in Puerto Rico from impact there. ******************************************************************************** 1852/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status both in the Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic Ocean based upon ship reports from the "Union" and the "Emily Banning". 1852/03 - 2003 REVISION: 00255 09/09/1852 M= 5 3 SNBR= 8 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00255 09/09/1852 M= 5 3 SNBR= 9 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 00260 09/09*264 904 70 0*265 896 70 0*266 888 70 0*266 881 70 0 00265 09/10*268 874 70 0*269 866 70 0*271 861 70 0*273 854 70 0 00265 09/10*268 874 70 0*269 866 70 0*271 861 70 0*273 856 70 0 *** 00270 09/11*274 846 70 0*276 838 70 0*278 828 70 0*284 816 60 0 00270 09/11*275 851 70 0*277 846 70 0*278 840 70 0*279 834 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 00275 09/12*289 805 50 0*295 793 60 0*302 778 70 0*310 765 70 0 00275 09/12*280 828 70 0*281 822 60 0*282 815 50 0*285 805 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 00280 09/13*318 750 60 0*325 735 60 0*333 721 50 0*342 706 50 0 00280 09/13*292 790 60 0*304 770 70 0*320 745 70 0*340 715 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 00285 HRBFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/11/1852$ 1200Z 27.8N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1 3-9/12/1852$ 0000Z 28.0N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1 ** **** **** Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered the following observations from the historic Army Surgeon weather archives from the Florida fort data: Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W): Date Sunrise 13Z 19Z 01Z 9/11/1852 NE-1 NE-1 NE-1 NE-1 .55" showers and violent storm during the night 9/12/1852 W-8 W-6 NE-1 NE-1 Military Post Wind Force Scale (values are estimates of the highest gusts) ------------------------------------------- 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt) 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt) 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt) 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt) 5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt) 6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt) 7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt) 8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt) 9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt) 10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt) These observations indicate that while the track of the hurricane and its intensity are reasonable, the track of the hurricane's passage across Florida was about 12 hours too early. Such a discrepancy is not implausible, given the relative scarce and ambiguous data obtained in the original Partagas and Diaz (1995a) study. Track and intensity values adjusted accordingly from the 10th to the 14th. 1852/03 - 2011 REVISION: 00285 09/09/1852 M= 5 3 SNBR= 9 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00290 09/09*264 904 70 0*265 896 70 0*266 888 70 0*266 881 70 0* 00295 09/10*268 874 70 0*269 866 70 0*271 861 70 0*273 856 70 0* 00300 09/11*275 851 70 0*277 846 70 0*278 840 70 0*279 834 70 0* 00305 09/12*280 828 70 0*281 822 60 0*282 815 50 0*285 805 50 0* 00310 09/13*292 790 60 0*304 770 70 0*320 745 70 0*340 715 70 0* 00315 HRBFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/12/1852 0000Z 28.0N 82.8W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) BFL1 3-9/12/1852 0000Z 28.0N 82.8W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) BFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for an 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1852/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1852/05: Added an additional day - Oct. 11th - to track based upon ship "Peerless" in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 7' obtained from Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for Newport, Florida. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction in Jamaica, conditions from the ship "Hebe" and damage that occurred in Newport. Storm also known in Ludlum as the "Middle Florida Storm of October 1852". 1852/05 - 2006 REVISION: 00375 10/06/1852 M= 6 5 SNBR= 11 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 L 00380 10/06*170 738 90 0*171 750 90 0*172 763 90 0*172 778 90 0* 00385 10/07*177 796 90 0*182 815 90 0*187 831 90 0*195 844 90 0* 00390 10/08*204 855 90 0*212 864 90 0*224 869 90 0*240 868 90 0* 00395 10/09*256 864 90 0*269 859 90 0*280 855 90 0*292 849 90 0* 00400 10/10*305 839 80 0*318 828 60 0*330 811 50 0*340 795 50 0* 00405 10/11*350 770 50 0*360 740 50 0*380 700 60 0*400 660 60 0* 00410 HRAFL2 GA1 00410 HRAFL2IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's Atlantic coast. 1852/06 - 2011 REVISION: 00375 10/06/1852 M= 6 5 SNBR= 11 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 L 00380 10/06*170 738 90 0*171 750 90 0*172 763 90 0*172 778 90 0* 00385 10/07*177 796 90 0*182 815 90 0*187 831 90 0*195 844 90 0* 00390 10/08*204 855 90 0*212 864 90 0*224 869 90 0*240 868 90 0* 00395 10/09*256 864 90 0*269 859 90 0*280 855 90 0*292 849 90 0* 00400 10/10*305 839 80 0*318 828 60 0*330 811 50 0*340 795 50 0* 00405 10/11*350 770 50 0*360 740 50 0*380 700 60 0*400 660 60 0* 00410 HRAFL2IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-10/9/1852 2100Z 29.9N 84.4W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) AFL2,IGA1 5-10/9/1852 2100Z 29.9N 84.4W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) AFL2,IGA1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for an 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1853/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1853/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1853/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Central pressure measurement of 924 mb with the southern wind-pressure relationship gives 132 kt - 130 kt utilized, a major hurricane. Ludlum (1963) named this system the "Cape Verde and Cape Hatteras Hurricane (offshore)". ******************************************************************************** 1853/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status from observations taken from the ships "Gilbert Gallatin", "Harvester Queen" and "Chesapeake". ******************************************************************************** 1853/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1853/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from ships "Samuel and Edward" and "Werada". ******************************************************************************** 1853/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1853/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm assumed to be stationary for 2 days. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. 1853/08 - REVISION: 00565 10/19/1853 M= 2 8 SNBR= 18 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 00565 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * ** * * 00570 10/19*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0 00570 10/19*275 785 70 0*280 789 70 0*285 793 80 0*289 796 80 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 00575 10/20*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0 00575 10/20*293 799 80 0*297 802 80 0*300 805 90 0*303 807 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 21st and 22nd are new to HURDAT.) 00577 10/21*306 809 90 0*309 809 90 0*313 806 80 0*317 801 80 0 00579 10/22*321 794 80 0*325 785 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 00580 HR 00580 HR GA1 *** Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) shows that the hurricane moved northward to just offshore Georgia and caused hurricane conditions along the Georgia coast. This was based upon ship reports and wind reports from Jacksonville, Brunswick and Charleston. (The hurricane was previously listed as being stationary for two days.) 1853/08 - 2006 REVISION: 00610 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 L 00610 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 L * 00615 10/19*275 785 70 0*280 789 70 0*285 793 80 0*289 796 80 0* 00620 10/20*293 799 80 0*297 802 80 0*300 805 90 0*303 807 90 0* 00625 10/21*306 809 90 0*309 809 90 0*313 806 80 0*317 801 80 0* 00630 10/22*321 794 80 0*325 785 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00635 HR GA1 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". ******************************************************************************** 1853 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1853 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Garcia-Bonnelly (1958), but no other information. ******************************************************************************** 1854/01 - 2004 ADDITION: 00621 06/25/1854 M= 3 1 SNBR= 20 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00622 06/25*260 925 60 0*260 930 60 0*260 935 70 0*260 940 70 0 00623 06/26*260 947 70 0*261 957 70 0*262 970 70 0*264 985 50 0 00624 06/27*2681000 40 0*2741015 40 0*2801030 40 0* 0 0 0 0 00624 HRATX1 Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina and Mr. David Roth of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center found evidence of a newly uncovered hurricane that made landfall in southern Texas from Army Fort data and historical newspaper accounts. (The Army Forts observed the weather four times a day between sunrise and sunset. Winds could range from a range of 1 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.) Fort Brown (Brownsville, Texas): Jun. 25, 1854 - E2 NE3 NW2 NW3 78/79/84/77 3 1/2 am rain 0.79" Showers Jun. 26, 1854 - W4 W5 W3 SW2 76/76/76/80 11 pm to 6pm rain 5.65" Storm Jun. 27, 1854 - SW1 SW2 W1 SW1 78/84/86/81 Light showers Barometer (altitude 50 ft - surface pressure values) Jun. 25, 1854 - 30.08 30.08 30.05 30.02 Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.75 29.82 29.96 30.04 Jun. 27, 1854 - 30.08 30.10 30.18 30.26 Corpus Christi, Texas: Jun. 25, 1854 - N2 N3 N4 N7 79/80/83/80 0.70" rain Jun. 26, 1854 - E7 E7 E8 E8 80/80/81/80 0.50" rain Jun. 27, 1854 - SE4 SE4 SE3 SE3 80/84/84/83 Fort Ringgold (26.4N, 99.3W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1854 - N2 N2 N4 N4 75/86/84/84 Rain 8a.m.-5p.m. 0.73" Jun. 26, 1854 - NW2 NW4 W4 S3 75/77/76/74 Rain 3a.m.-2a.m. (27th) 5.05" Jun. 27, 1854 - S1 S3 S3 S3 72/76/84/78 Rain 9a.m.-6p.m. 0.85" Barometer (altitude ~200 ft - surface pressure values) Jun. 25, 1854 - 29.87 29.89 29.80 29.81 Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.67 29.60 29.40 29.80 Jun. 27, 1854 - 29.91 29.95 29.95 29.96 Note on 27th: Showers. Distant thunder S. and S.W. during day. Fort McIntosh (27.5N, 99.5W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1854 - NE1 NE2 NE3 NE2 76/82/88/79 Jun. 26, 1854 - SW2 N3 NE4 SE5 74/78/76/74 0.20" Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2 SE2 E1 E1 72/79/75/76 0.70" Note on 25th: Rain at intervals during the day Note on 26th: Rain at intervals from 11 o'clock a.m. until 8 p.m. Fort Duncan (28.7N, 100.5W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1854 - SE2 SE2 SE3 SE2 75/83/93/81 Jun. 26, 1854 - SE1 SE3 SE3 SE2 75/82/89/77 0.20" Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2 SE2 SE2 SE2 75/78/82/77 Rain 6 1/2a.m.-3p.m. 0.14" Note on 25th: Rain at intervals Note on 26th: Rain at intervals and moderate during the day Note on 27th: Rain at intervals and moderate during the day Fort Ewell (28.2N, 99.0W), Texas: Jun. 25, 1854 - NW1 NW2 N3 N1 74/83/94/77 Rain 5a.m.-7p.m. 0.73" Jun. 26, 1854 - N4 N4 N2 SE0 75/76/78/72 Rain 1 1/2a.m-2a.m. 0.40" Jun. 27, 1854 - SE3 SE4 SE3 SE2 73/80/90/77 The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2 The Galveston News, of the 27th ult., has these items:... The wind commenced blowing very strong from the eastward on Saturday last [24th], and has continued since, sometimes almost a gale. It caused a slight overflow of the strand yesterday and day before. It has been accompanied with occasional showers, and with some very severe thunder and lightning. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2 FROM BRAZOS SANTIAGO [26.1N, 97.2W] - Severe Storm - By the arrival of the steamship Perseverance, Capt. John Y. Lawless, yesterday, we are placed in possession of intelligence from that place to the 27th ult. On Sunday last, the 25th of June, we learn that the city was visited by a very severe storm, which caused a great deal of damage and caused yet more disastrous consequence. The wind was higher than it had ever been experienced since the establishment of the city, blowing, in fact, a perfect hurricane from the S.S.E., and at the same time very heavy rain fell. Many buildings were unroofed and otherwise damaged, while some were completely turned round. The large cistern belong to the U.S. Quartermaster's Department, and which contained 2,000 gallons of water, was destroyed. Several boats employed between Point Isabel and Brazos were driven ashore, and some sank; and at one time the greatest fears were entertained that the partial deluge of the island actually experienced, would extend to a complete and disastrous overflow. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 5, 1854, p.1 By the steamship Louisiana, which arrived here from Galveston, this morning, we have advices from that city and Houston to the 2d inst. ... The Lavaca Commercial, of the 28th, says: We were visited by another terrible gale last evening, from the south- east. The wind commenced blowing last evening, and continued all night, accompanied by heavy falls of rain. The tide is very high - several bath houses have been washed away, and some little damage has been done to the whaves. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 12, 1854, p.1 The Nueces Valley, of the 1st inst., has the following: Our sea board was visited on Saturday last with one of the most tremendous gales that has ever been known of this coast. It commenced blowing severely on Saturday evening, the 24th ult., and continued, accompanied with rain until Tuesday morning, when the storm abated. Some little damage was done to the shipping in this harbor, but not in proportion of the violence of the storm. We are informed that the current was driven into Aransas Bay through the Pass, at the rate of ten or twelve knots per hours. It was with difficulty that the vessels at anchorage in Aransas harbor could hold on...It is said that Aransas Bar is much improved by the storm, being increased both in depth and width. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- These observations indicate a tropical cyclone of about Category 1 hurricane conditions (70 kt) made landfall around 12 UTC on the 26th north of Brownsville, just north of Brazos Santiago, Texas. The system then passed north of Fort Ringgold around 20 UTC on the 26th. The sea level pressure at that fort was a minimum of about 1002 mb at that time. 1002 mb suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, though this would be for an over open water exposure. Winds are estimated to be about 50 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th. The system then passed west of Fort McIntosh around 00 UTC on the 27th and then is estimated to have dissipated by about 12 UTC on the 27th. Intensity at landfall is based primarily upon impacts of the system at Brazos Santiago. A search of the COADS ship database did not reveal any observations in the Gulf of Mexico near this storm. 1854/01 - 2011 REVISION: 00640 06/25/1854 M= 3 1 SNBR= 20 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 00645 06/25*260 925 60 0*260 930 60 0*260 935 70 0*260 940 70 0* 00650 06/26*260 947 70 0*261 957 70 0*262 970 70 0*264 985 50 0* 00655 06/27*2681000 40 0*2741015 40 0*2801030 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 00660 HRATX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/26/1854 1200Z 26.2N 97.2W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) ATX1 1-6/26/1854 1200Z 26.2N 97.2W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) ATX1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1854/02: (Was originally storm 1854/01 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1854/03: (Was originally storm 1854/02 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change). Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model, though not as fast as suggested with this model due to extreme duration of damaging winds along Georgia and South Carolina. Ship with central pressures observation of 938 mb gives with subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship a 112 kt reading - utilizing 110 kt. Peripheral pressure reading of 973 mb (at 20 UTC on the 8th of September in Savannah, Georgia) suggest winds of at least 83 kt utilizing the same subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Ho used this value with other information to estimate a 950 mb central pressure at landfall which gives 103 kt again from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - here we are choosing 100 kt for the best track. Both reports (of 938 mb and 950 mb) suggest that the storm reached major hurricane status over the Atlantic. The storm is determined to have reintensified to hurricane status after moving back over the Atlantic Ocean after landfall. Have also adjusted track to the north by about 60 nmi as the hurricane returned to the Atlantic to better match observed strong gales over Northeastern U.S. The storm is named in Ludlum's (1963) book as the "Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854" for its impacts in the Carolinas and the "Coastal Hurricane of September 1854" for its impacts in the Middle Atlantic and New England coasts. 1854/03 - 2003 REVISION: 00600 09/07/1854 M= 6 2 SNBR= 20 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00600 09/07/1854 M= 6 2 SNBR= 21 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** 00605 09/07*264 766 110 0*272 776 110 0*280 786 110 938*288 796 110 0 00610 09/08*296 803 110 0*304 806 110 0*311 809 100 0*316 811 100 950 00615 09/09*320 813 80 0*325 815 70 0*332 815 60 0*343 805 50 0 00620 09/10*355 781 40 0*368 759 40 0*378 740 50 0*384 719 60 0 00625 09/11*388 695 70 0*390 673 80 0*394 650 90 0*395 618 90 0 00630 09/12*398 583 90 0*400 551 90 0*400 520 80 0*402 480 80 0 00635 HR GA3 SC2 00635 HR GA3 SC2DFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/8/1854 2000Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 950mb GA3,SC2 2-9/8/1854 2000Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 950mb GA3,SC2,DFL1 **** Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) suggests that the hurricane had also impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1 hurricane conditions as well in its landfall in Georgia. ******************************************************************************** 1854/04: (Was originally storm 1854/03 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track. Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. The storm is determined to reach hurricane status based upon damage that occurred in Matagorda. Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963) work as the "Matagorda Hurricane of 1854". 1854/04 - 2011 REVISION: 00720 09/18/1854 M= 3 4 SNBR= 23 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 00725 09/18*282 936 90 0*284 941 90 0*286 946 90 0*288 951 90 0* 00730 09/19*290 956 80 0*292 961 70 0*294 965 60 0*297 966 60 0* 00735 09/20*300 964 50 0*303 960 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00740 HRBTX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-9/18/1854 2100Z 28.9N 95.3W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) BTX2 4-9/18/1854 2100Z 28.9N 95.3W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) BTX2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1854 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1854 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but it is likely that this reference was really referring to storm 1854/03 which hit the coast at the same exact location. ******************************************************************************** 1854/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1855/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm determined to have been a hurricane based upon destruction in Tampico. ******************************************************************************** 1855/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1855/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from the ship "Walverine". ******************************************************************************** 1855/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Utilized the southern wind-pressure relationship for ship with central pressure observation of 997 mb to get 53 kt, using 50 kt in best track. Review of this storm in conjunction with the 1855/05 hurricane reveals that they may be the same system. However, without more supporting evidence for the intervening days (of August 28-30) between the systems, we are opting to keep these as separate storms. ******************************************************************************** 1855/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track. Ludlum (1963) describes that "the tide at places between Lake Ponchartrain and Bay St. Louis was said to have risen ten to fifteen feet above normal high tide." Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status at landfall based upon storm tide and destruction along Louisiana and Mississippi. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Hurricane known as the "Middle Gulf Shore Hurricane of 1855" (Ludlum 1963). (Note that this storm was originally labeled 1855/06 in the 2000 version of HURDAT. It was renumbered in 2003 because of the removal of storm 1855/05.) 1855/05 - 2004 REVISION: 00810 09/15/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 28 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 00810 09/15/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 29 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** 00815 09/15*267 891 70 0*271 891 80 0*275 893 90 0*281 894 100 0 00820 09/16*288 895 110 0*296 895 100 0*302 894 90 0*310 891 60 0 00820 09/16*288 895 110 0*296 895 110 0*302 894 100 0*310 891 70 0 *** *** ** 00825 09/17*320 888 50 0*330 883 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 00830 HR LA3 MS3 After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the estimated maximum 1-min surface winds: 1855/05 and 1878/05. In this case, the Category 3 impact assigned for Mississippi was not consistent with the original 12 UTC winds for this hurricane of 90 kt, while just offshore of the Mississippi coast. The original intensity for this system was based primarily upon the storm tide amount both in Louisiana and Mississippi (see above) and it was intended to analyze this hurricane as a Category 3 in both states. Thus the winds have been boosted up to 100 kt at the 12 UTC time to retain the Category 3 assignment for Mississippi. Again utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model after landfall in Mississippi suggests increasing the 18 UTC winds up to 70 kt. 1855/05 - 2011 REVISION: 00850 09/15/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 29 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 L 00855 09/15*267 891 70 0*271 891 80 0*275 893 90 0*281 894 100 0* 00860 09/16*288 895 110 0*296 895 110 0*302 894 100 0*310 891 70 0* 00865 09/17*320 888 50 0*330 883 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 00870 HR LA3 MS3 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/16/1855 0300Z 29.2N 89.5W 110kt 3 --- (950mb) LA3,MS3 5-9/16/1855 0300Z 29.2N 89.5W 110kt 3 --- (945mb) LA3,MS3 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 110 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - for a 110 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ****************************************************************************** 1855 - Additional Notes: 1855/05 - 2003 REVISION: STORM REMOVED FROM HURDAT. 1855/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ships "Catherine" and "Rebecca". Review of this hurricane in conjunction with the 1855/04 tropical storm reveals that they may be the same system. However, without more supporting evidence for the intervening days (of August 28-30) between the systems, we are opting to keep these as separate storms. 00770 08/31/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 27 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 00775 08/31*414 675 70 0*424 650 70 0*434 620 70 0*445 588 70 0 00780 09/01*455 551 70 0*465 514 70 0*475 472 70 0*484 445 70 0 00785 09/02*495 414 60 0*505 384 60 0E513 355 50 0E522 330 50 0 00790 HR (System removed from revised HURDAT.) This hurricane is, with additional information, shown instead to be a strong extratropical storm with well-defined baroclinic structure. New data sources were provided by Michael Chenoweth for Sable Island and Halifax, Canada and by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina for Bridgeport, Massachusetts. This tropical cyclone is thus removed from the HURDAT database. Details about these new data sources are provided in full below. The two Canadian sources are (1) a weather diary kept by Alexander Muirson at Halifax, 1828-1860 and (2) a daily record of occurrences at the "Principal Station" on Sable Island, Nova Scotia from 1853-1855. The first is a 'pure' meteorological register, with instrumental temperature and barometer data; the second is what appears to be some type of government or corporate record of activity at a fishing station. Weather is recorded daily, but is only non-instrumental. Both records were obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the Provincial Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax. Sable Island Observations: 30 August 1855 First part moderate SE winds and clear....Latter part strong north winds and cloudy weather. 31 August 1855 A heavy northwardly blow throughout. 1 September 1855 Moderate WSW winds and clear weather. The terminology of the time units suggests that the record is kept by a mariner. However, the dates appear to be civil calendar dates (midnight-midnight) and not the seaman's day of noon to noon. This assessment is based on a scan of other day's records in the diary. Halifax Observations: Temperature and barometer are labeled M, N, E (morning, noon, evening). Winds are "prevailing". Remarks give prevailing weather conditions and register (without specifying the time usually) a change to another prevailing weather type. Temperature and barometer readings are most likely read at 0800, 1300-1400, and 2200 based on analysis of hourly means. Muirson never states the morning and evening times but states once in his journal that his mid-day reading was between 1 and 2 P.M. His thermometer also has an eastern exposure and there is evidence for sunlight reaching the thermometer as his morning readings in the summer are higher than his evening reading. Muirson's barometer during the summer and early autumn rarely exceeds 29.9 inches. Without knowing the details of his location, cannot assume an elevation but the barometer appears not to have been calibrated. He did routinely record the names of ships arriving in port. Date Temp (F) Pressure (") Winds Description 29 Aug. 1855 56 70 60 29.8 29.7 29.5 changeable Clear very fine, this morning a white frost 30 Aug. 1855 72 64 42 29.4 29.5 29.6 SW to NW Cloudy & windy -- clear & cool 31 Aug. 1855 50 64 44 29.7 29.8 29.9 N Clear & fine, frost last night 1 Sep. 1855 53 57 56 30.0 29.9 29.7 SW Cloudy, frost last night -- heavy rain Massachusetts Observations: Prof. Cary Mock provided the following additional information regarding this system: Leonard Hill's Meteorological Register. Hill kept a weather diary at Bridgewater, MA (42.0N, 71.0W). For the dates of interest, he recorded the following: Aug. 29. Clear, cool. Aug. 30. Clear, cool N Aug. 31. Frost - killed beans, &c Sept. 1. Rain. S.W. & S. This early freeze helps to confirm the analysis of a strong extratropical storm system as was also observed in the Sable Island and Halifax observations. Prof. Mock also checked his records from the Carolinas, which showed no storm system (tropical or otherwise) moving up from the south near or over the mid-Atlantic coast. ******************************************************************************** 1856/01: Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Ship with pressure measurement of 955 mb not in the hurricane's eye suggests at least 105 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, utilize 130 kt in best track. Ho's estimate of 934 mb at landfall gives 125 kt, utilize 130 kt in best track - a major hurricane. A small RMW of 12 nmi supports slight increase of winds over suggested wind-pressure relationship. Storm tide value of 11-12' provided by Ludlum (1963) for Last Island, Louisiana. The storm is also known as the "Last Island Disaster" after the destruction caused at that location. ******************************************************************************** 1856/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction felt in Grenada and Barbados. ******************************************************************************** 1856/03: This storm was not identified by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Enough evidence was retrieved from Ludlum's (1963) analysis (see pages 99 and 100) to provide track and intensity estimates. Note that the track provided here keeps the tropical storm's center offshore of New England, which disagrees with Ludlum's assessment. This is due to all wind reports from New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and - especially - Massachusetts which remained at an easterly component for the duration of this storm. If, as Ludlum suggested, the storm crossed the neck of Cape Cod, there would have been a wind shift to a westerly component at Cape Cod and/or Nantucket. Both remained easterly, thus suggesting a just-offshore track. Ludlum referred to this storm as the "Charter Oak Storm of August 1856" for the destruction of the famous Charter Oak that was a witness to the founding of the Connecticut Colony in 1636. ******************************************************************************** 1856/04: This storm was listed as #3 in 1856 originally in Partagas and Diaz (1995a). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1856/05: This storm was listed as #4 in 1856 originally in Partagas and Diaz (1995a). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 6' obtained from Barnes (1998) for Apalachicola, Florida. Havana's central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 90 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which is used directly. Pressure reading of 968 mb not in hurricane's center (on 18 UTC of the 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is chosen for best track. This last reading supports that this storm reached major hurricane status, but likely weakened slightly before making landfall in the United States. Ludlum (1963) referred to this storm as the "Southeastern States Hurricane of 1856". 1856/05 - 2003 REVISION: 00910 08/25/1856 M=10 5 SNBR= 33 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 00915 08/25*210 698 70 0*210 708 70 0*211 719 70 0*212 728 70 0 00920 08/26*216 739 70 0*217 748 70 0*220 759 80 0*222 766 80 0 00925 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 90 0 00925 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 80 0 ** 00930 08/28*229 816 90 969*230 829 90 0*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0 00930 08/28*229 816 80 0*230 829 90 969*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0 ** *** *** 00935 08/29*239 851 90 0*242 856 90 0*247 864 90 0*249 868 90 0 00940 08/30*252 871 100 0*256 873 100 0*262 874 100 0*275 873 100 0 00945 08/31*289 866 90 0*302 859 90 0*311 848 70 0*322 833 60 0 00950 09/01*330 816 50 0*340 796 50 0*347 779 50 0*355 753 50 0 00955 09/02*363 728 50 0*368 700 50 0*372 673 50 0*377 646 50 0 00960 09/03*382 618 50 0*388 586 50 0*390 560 50 0*395 523 50 0 00965 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1 Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) confirms landfall as Category 2 hurricane (90 kt). However, winds reduced after landfall in Cuba until center re-emerges off of the coast. Central pressure of 969 mb in Havana corrected from 00Z to a 06Z value. 1856/05 - 2006 REVISION: 00965 08/25/1856 M=10 5 SNBR= 34 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 00970 08/25*210 698 70 0*210 708 70 0*211 719 70 0*212 728 70 0* 00975 08/26*216 739 70 0*217 748 70 0*220 759 80 0*222 766 80 0* 00980 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 80 0* 00985 08/28*229 816 80 0*230 829 90 969*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0* 00990 08/29*239 851 90 0*242 856 90 0*247 864 90 0*249 868 90 0* 00995 08/30*252 871 100 0*256 873 100 0*262 874 100 0*275 873 100 0* 01000 08/31*289 866 90 0*302 859 90 0*311 848 70 0*322 833 60 0* 01005 09/01*330 816 50 0*340 796 50 0*347 779 50 0*355 753 50 0* 01010 09/02*363 728 50 0*368 700 50 0*372 673 50 0*377 646 50 0* 01015 09/03*382 618 50 0*388 586 50 0*390 560 50 0*395 523 50 0* 01020 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1 01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1 ******** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia and Alabama hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, rather than along either states' coastal region. 1856/05 - 2011 REVISION: 00965 08/25/1856 M=10 5 SNBR= 34 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 00970 08/25*210 698 70 0*210 708 70 0*211 719 70 0*212 728 70 0* 00975 08/26*216 739 70 0*217 748 70 0*220 759 80 0*222 766 80 0* 00980 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 80 0* 00985 08/28*229 816 80 0*230 829 90 969*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0* 00990 08/29*239 851 90 0*242 856 90 0*247 864 90 0*249 868 90 0* 00995 08/30*252 871 100 0*256 873 100 0*262 874 100 0*275 873 100 0* 01000 08/31*289 866 90 0*302 859 90 0*311 848 70 0*322 833 60 0* 01005 09/01*330 816 50 0*340 796 50 0*347 779 50 0*355 753 50 0* 01010 09/02*363 728 50 0*368 700 50 0*372 673 50 0*377 646 50 0* 01015 09/03*382 618 50 0*388 586 50 0*390 560 50 0*395 523 50 0* 01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-8/31/1856 0600Z 30.2N 85.9W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) AFL2,IAL1,IGA1 5-8/31/1856 0600Z 30.2N 85.9W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) AFL2,IAL1,IGA1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1856/06: No major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Utah". 1856/06 - 2003 REVISION: 00970 09/18/1856 M= 5 6 SNBR= 34 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 00975 09/18*320 488 50 0*325 489 50 0*329 490 50 0*335 493 50 0 00980 09/19*345 498 60 0*352 505 60 0*357 512 70 0*358 514 70 0 00980 09/19*345 498 60 0*352 505 60 0*356 510 70 0*358 514 70 0 *** *** 00985 09/20*360 517 70 0*360 520 70 0*362 523 70 0*363 524 70 0 00985 09/20*360 517 70 0*361 520 70 0*362 523 70 0*363 524 70 0 *** 00990 09/21*364 525 60 0*365 526 60 0*365 527 60 0*365 528 60 0 00995 09/22*365 529 60 0*365 530 60 0*365 530 60 0*365 530 60 0 01000 HR Track altered slightly for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1856 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1856 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Dunn and Miller (1960), but it is likely that this reference was really referring to storm 1856/04 which hit the coast at the same exact location. ******************************************************************************** 1857/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1857/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 961 mb gives 94 kt with the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 90 kt in best track - supporting hurricane status. Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963) work as the "Central America Disaster in 1857" due to the loss of the ship the "S.S. Central America". 1857/02 - 2011 REVISION: 01080 09/09/1857 M= 8 2 SNBR= 37 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 01080 09/06/1857 M=13 2 SNBR= 37 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * (The 6th through the 8th are new to HURDAT.) 01082 09/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*265 730 40 0* 01083 09/07*267 728 40 0*269 726 40 0*272 724 50 0*275 723 50 0* 01084 09/08*277 725 50 0*279 727 50 0*281 729 60 0*283 730 60 0* 01085 09/09*252 676 50 0*256 686 50 0*260 696 50 0*266 706 50 0* 01085 09/09*287 736 60 0*291 742 70 0*295 747 70 0*302 758 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01090 09/10*272 716 60 0*277 726 60 0*283 736 70 0*289 746 70 0* 01090 09/10*302 758 70 0*305 762 70 0*307 767 80 0*310 771 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01095 09/11*296 753 70 0*303 761 70 0*310 768 80 0*314 774 80 0* 01095 09/11*312 774 90 0*315 777 90 0*317 780 90 0*321 782 90 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01100 09/12*318 776 80 0*322 779 80 0*325 779 90 0*330 776 90 961* 01100 09/12*323 782 90 0*325 783 90 0*328 783 90 0*333 783 90 961* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 01105 09/13*338 771 90 0*345 763 90 0*354 755 90 0*360 748 90 0* 01105 09/13*339 780 90 0*345 775 80 0*349 771 70 0*355 765 60 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01110 09/14*365 740 90 0*369 731 90 0*373 720 80 0*377 705 80 0* 01110 09/14*360 762 50 0*363 758 50 0*365 749 50 0*368 735 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01115 09/15*380 691 80 0*383 676 80 0*388 661 80 0*395 636 80 0* 01115 09/15*376 718 60 0*385 698 70 0*394 676 80 0*403 652 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 01120 09/16*403 612 70 0*410 590 70 0*417 567 70 0*425 542 70 0* 01120 09/16*412 617 80 0*421 589 80 0*430 560 80 0*440 530 80 972* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** (The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.) 01122 09/17*450 500 80 0*460 460 70 0*470 420 60 0E480 380 50 0* 01124 09/18E490 340 40 0E500 300 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 01125 HR NC1 01125 HR NC2 *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/13/1857 1100Z 35.2N 75.7W 80kt 1 --- 961mb NC1 2-9/13/1857 0000Z 33.9N 78.0W 90kt 2 --- 961mb NC2 **** **** **** ** * *** Highlights: This storm has a new start point based on daily weather maps and correction of a Spanish ship longitude. The storm is now shown to have made a landfall across inland eastern North Carolina and not along the Outer Banks. Saffir-Simpson Category 2 is considered to be the landfall strength although the storm off-shore was very near Category 3 while near the Frying Pan Shoals. (Re-analysis of this hurricane was provided by Mike Chenoweth.) Synoptic Features: The first days of September featured high pressure over the SE USA and western Atlantic inducing a large area of northeasterly winds. This pattern prevailed through 4 September with the slow development of a surface trough of low pressure between 70 and 75W which, by 5 September, featured a cold front moving off the Virginia coast and an incipient area of low pressure east of the Bahamas. Surface pressures along the SE US coast peaked on the 5th and then slowly fell in the following days. The cold front to the north passed eastward over the next three days, but its influence on the storm trajectory seems to have been limited. After 7 September, the cold front cleared Bermuda and pressure rose throughout the western Atlantic north of 35N and east of about 70W. Throughout 5-8 September, persistent northeast winds prevailed from Florida to North Carolina. Considerable disturbed weather was reported at Ft. Dallas and Ft. Myers and a surface low began to form on 5 September near 25.5N 73.5W. At upper levels troughs associated with the cold front off the Atlantic coast and the south Florida area upper low worked with ridging over the SE US and south and west of Bermuda to provide a weak northeast, then northerly steering current on 5-7 September. As the ridge to the north and east became established at both the surface and aloft from 8 September onward, the steering currents turned the storm towards the US coast. The tropical storm moved at a relatively slow rate, generally between 6 and 8 miles per hour throughout most of its life cycle from east of the Bahamas to landfall in North Carolina. This slow movement led to a period of up to 48 hours of gale force winds in parts of eastern North Carolina. Newspaper accounts from North Carolina and ship reports indicate that the hurricane reached high category 2, verging on minimal category 3 intensity (Saffir- Simpson scale) as it slowly approached South Carolina and then turned slowly to the north. Intensification over the warm Gulf Stream current is suggested by the increased severity of the ship reports from about 30N 78W to 33N 78W. The hurricane's slow turn to the north was due, in part, to high pressure building over New England briefly on 10-12 September before breaking down on 13 September as a cold front advanced off-shore. Ahead of this cold front, the hurricane gradually accelerated and moved east-northeastward into the North Atlantic. The storm, after losing hurricane status after landfall in North Carolina, re-intensified to a hurricane and by 16 September had a pressure of at least 972 mb. This suggests 80 kt maximum sustained wind from the high latitude pressure wind relationship, assuming that the observation was a central pressure value. The storm became extratropical sometime on 17 or 18 September northwest of the Azores. Major Changes from Previous HURDAT: The start position of this storm is changed due to the recognition that the coordinates of the Spanish brig Emilia, cited in Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995) is almost certainly based on a Spanish prime meridian and is, therefore, located too far to the east. Weather map continuity also did not support the ship position of 2833N 6911W. New data from ships to the east of the Bahamas, and weather maps, instead indicate formation of an initial closed low by mid-day of 5 September and development into a tropical storm by late on the 6th. The landfall of the hurricane is now determined to be just east of the city of Wilmington during the early evening hours of 12 September. The western eyewall may have brushed Cape Fear; at the very least first landfall was east of Wilmington and southwest of Holly Ridge, on Onslow Bay. The center of the hurricane then passed over the mainland of eastern North Carolina, weakening to a tropical storm and crossing back into the Atlantic near or just north of modern Corolla, North Carolina. This is a major change from previous HURDAT, which had the hurricane center pass close to Cape Hatteras. The Cape Henry and greater Norfolk areas of Virginia experienced tropical storm force winds but there is no convincing evidence, despite one report from Hampton Roads, of hurricane force winds in Virginia. Hurricane intensity at landfall in North Carolina was most likely Saffir-Simpson Scale 2. The absence of reports of building damage in Wilmington, and only minor building damage in Washington and Beaufort suggests that the strongest winds passed over rural areas and were probably confined to a small area. The possibility of Saffir Simpson Scale 3 winds at landfall cannot be ruled out but no direct evidence exists. Strong category 2 intensity is recommended. (While the original HURDAT had the hurricane striking the Hatteras area of North Carolina as a 90 kt 961 mb cyclone, it was analyzed that the peak winds remained offshore and that the highest impact on land was 80 kt - Category 1. With the revised landfall position along mainland North Carolina, the peak winds likely did impact land, thus the upgrade to Category 2 impact for North Carolina despite no change to intensity of the cyclone indicated.) This hurricane re-intensified over the North Atlantic and wind speeds may have approached or equaled the strongest winds when previously located near the Frying Pan Shoals. The relative absence of ship reports east of 53W indicates that the storm probably weakened and became extra-tropical soon after passing the 50W meridian. Compiled and edited by Michael Chenoweth, 29 October 2006 Wilmington Journal, Friday Sept. 19, 1857 "In our last we referred to the gale that had been blowing here for some time. On Saturday, at Noon, when we closed our paper, the storm showed no signs of abatement, but on the contrary, seemed to grow worse as the day wore on. The rain descended in heavy sheets, fiercely dashed about by the wind and no manner of covering appeared adequate to afford protection from the violence; even houses that never leaked before leaked on the afternoon and night of Saturday. Some assert that the rain was driven through brick walls---certain it is that dampness appeared on the inside of the walls of brick buildings, while every crevice and cranny was searched out and found through which the beating rain might find an entrance. Under doors, over doors, by the heads of windows, at all manner of places, possible and impossible, did the wet come in. Between eight or nine o'clock and midnight on Saturday, the gale seemed to have reached its height. Before midnight, it had changed round from Northeast to West, from which last point it blew with considerable violence and then gradually sunk away. "The appearance of things on Sunday morning was striking. It looked as though everything that could be blown down, was down. Fences were prostrated in all directions, and the streets filled with the limbs and bodies of trees up-rooted or twisted off. At one point we noticed eight good-sized trees thrown together in a heap. Hundreds of China trees are no more, and very few Mulberries or Willows are left standing. We have heard of only two Oaks blown over, although there may be more. The amount of damage one way or another must be very considerable. In the aggregate, it must come up to thousands. What damage has been done out of town we have not yet heard. We learn that the embankment of Mr. Green's Mill-pond has been broken through, and that the Mill is an island. It is said by those who know, that our town has not been visited by so severe a blow since 1837, and it is doubtful if that equaled it in violence and duration. The storm does not appear to have extended far inland---no further West of this place than Fair Bluff. "Steamer Spray started down to Smithville on Saturday, got down to Orton, the tiller chain snapped like a thread with the force of the waves, and she fell into the trough without any control, got out all anchors and brought her up straight, [people remained on the steamer] and when she did ground about 8 o'clock, the blow had somewhat abated, and she stood up nobly, not starting a plank, or leaking a drop after several hours thumping. We learn that the storm of Friday and Saturday was quite violent throughout this section, but the lower part of this county seems to have been in the way of the butt-end thereof. It was felt however, with more or less force throughout all this part of the state. We regret to hear that the damage on the Sound was greater than we had supposed. The plank road had a small bridge swept away between town and the toll house. We hear that the storm extended as far inland as the upper end of Sampson, but not to any destructive effect. The Fayetteville Observer of Monday makes no mention. The late gale here lasted fully 48 hours." Extract of the "Union" newspaper of 16 September published in the Wilmington Journal of 19 September 1857 The Late Storm at Newbern "On Saturday we were enjoying a perfect gale, accompanied by a heavy, drenching rain. This continued during the balance of the day, and, in the meantime, the tide had arisen over the wharves and for a considerable distance in the streets, placing the merchants in the vicinity of the water under the necessity of moving their goods and chattels to their upper store rooms. Turpentine barrels, canoes, timber and a heterogeneous mass of &c.'s were drifted into the streets, where the tide left them. So far as we can learn there was not much serious damage done here. The shade trees and fences were the principal sufferers. A large number of the former were uprooted and the most of the streets were almost literally covered with limbs and leaves. The top part of the bridge at Union Point was carried away. We noticed that a number of families in the vicinity of Union Point had to be removed in canoes to places of safety, as their houses, which were small ones, were considered to be in serious danger of drifting from their foundations. We understand that some of the still-yards faired pretty badly, but nothing was damaged to any very great extent. After night on Saturday, the wind hauled around to the South and by morning the tide had gone down to its usual depth. The wind, however, continued to blow very heavy at the South and South-West, and the rain to fall with considerable force until late in the day on Sunday. Monday morning presented us with a clear sky and calm weather." Additional extracts of newspapers from the Wilmington Journal of 19 September 1857 The Washington N.C. Dispatch of the 18th inst. Says that the damage by the storm at Ocracoke Bar was but slight. The packet steamer Wake, Captain O'Brien from this port for New York, went ashore outside of Ocracoke. The crew is reported all saved. The Dispatch says: "The tide (at that place) was four feet higher than usual high water. The whole of Water Street and a portion of the back of the town was inundated. The damage done to goods in the stores was but small, as our merchants saw the coming storm and prepared for it. The principal loss was in naval stores, and lumber at the ship yards and steam mills. A large shed and work-shop, belonging to Messrs. Myers & Co. and Mr. Ritch, was blown down. The Schr. C.W. Skinner, lying at the Castle wharf, got on the wharf, but by the exertions of Capt. Cottrell and the crews of the Light Boat was got off without damage. The owners of the distilleries over the river suffered considerable in the loss of naval stores and destruction of buildings and fixtures. The steamer Post Bay made a harbor at South Creek, and returned to Washington in safety on Saturday afternoon. All the vessels in port were anchored in the stream, and rode the storm in safety. The schooners and steamboats displayed their lights, and the light-boats lit their lamps, which threw a lurid glare over the raging river, which, with the howling of the wind, the roaring of the water, and the pelting of the rain, presented a most terrific and awful scene. On Sunday, all our places of worship were closed, and the church bells were silent, but we doubt not that out citizens in the solitude of their dwellings, worshipped Him who spake in the tempest and ruled the storm." The Beaufort Journal of the 16th inst. Contains the following particulars relative to the disasters at that port and vicinity. "The wind blew with so much violence as to cause the tide to rise up to the steps of the business houses on Front Street, and demolishing every temporary wharf and building thereon. The Emily and Three Sisters, two small corn vessels anchored in the channel near the town were blown---one on Piver's Island and the other some miles up Core Creek----neither one of which were injured materially. In the Banks Channel, where several vessels were anchored, the Schr. Stanard's ground-tackling having become foul, (her anchors were small and having made no preparations for the storm) she drifted against the schooner Charles McCleese, and causing so much damage that it became necessary for both vessels to slip anchors. They drifted on Brant Island, where they both lodged close together. They are both damaged and full of water, but it is thought will be got afloat as soon as unloaded. The Standard is from Wilmington, bound to Washington City, and loaded with lumber: her cargo will be saved. The Chas. MCClees is from the same port, bound to New York, and loaded with wheat, the greater portion of which is in a damaged condition. It is feared that there has been quite a number of vessels wrecked on the coast. Up to the hour of our going to press, we hear of only two: one of which is a vessel of about 200 tons burthen, from the West Indies, loaded with logwood and coffee, and bound to New York. She is on the farthest extremity of Cape Lookout, and will probably be a total loss. The other is a brig of 400 tons burden, John Parker, Capt. Roberts, of Providence R.I., bound for New Orleans to Rottingdam and loaded with tobacco and staves. She is wrecked on the beach opposite Hunting Quarters is in a damaged condition and will probably prove a total loss. The crew of both vessels were saved." From the Bermuda Royal Gazette, 22 September 1857 "The Barque Pearl, Captain W.S. Hutchings, from Baltimore bound to Demerera called off these Islands on Sunday last, and after communicating with the shore, proceeded on her voyage. Captain Hutchings, in a letter to us, states---- that he left the Capes on the 15th instant. That on the 13th and 14th, while lying in Hampton Roads, he experienced a heavy hurricane from the N.E. backing to N.W.; that there were at least 130 vessels in the Roadsted, windbound, that he saw on Cape Henry Beach four vessels ashore. On the night he left, passed through a great quantity of wreck stuff such as cabin doors, chairs, beds, pillows, buckets, &c. On the following morning, she spoke Brig Mary, McRae, of Belfast, the State of Maine, with nothing standing but fore-mast, and foreyard, having been dismasted in the gale of the 13th and 14th. Supplied her with a Spar, which, Captain McR. Said was all he wanted. Cape Henry then bore W.N.W. 128 miles." ******************************************************************************** 1857/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is suggested to be stationary throughout its four day existence. This storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Ocean Express". ******************************************************************************** 1857/04: Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 into one continuous track. Utilized Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model for storm's winds over Texas and Mexico. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Cadet". ******************************************************************************** 1857 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1857 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and storm 1857/04 were likely the same system. Thus information on this storm is now carried in its entirety as 1857/04, while Partagas and and Diaz's storm #5 in 1857 is removed. ******************************************************************************** 1858/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from ship "L. H. Sampson". ******************************************************************************** 1858/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from ship "Shelter". ******************************************************************************** 1858/03: Only major change to Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis was to extend the track 12 hr into Canada to account for observations in Maine. Utilized the northern wind-pressure relationship of hurricanes for winds at landfall. A peripheral pressure reading of 978 mb (around 17 UTC on the 16th) suggests winds of at least 75 kt - 80 kt chosen for the best track. Central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 74 kt, for the second landfall in Connecticut/Rhode Island - 70 kt is utilized for the second landfall. Both of these pressure measurements support hurricane status for this storm. Also used the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model for winds over New England. Ludlum (1963) referred to this storm as the "New England Tropical Storm of 1858". 1858/03 - 2003 REVISION: 01185 09/14/1858 M= 4 3 SNBR= 41 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 01190 09/14*252 846 60 0*260 839 60 0*269 831 60 0*279 820 50 0 01195 09/15*289 808 50 0*300 796 60 0*312 785 80 0*324 773 90 0 01200 09/16*340 758 90 0*360 746 90 0*385 733 80 0*414 720 70 979 01205 09/17*455 700 60 0*500 670 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 01205 09/17*455 700 50 0*500 670 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 01210 HR NY1 CT1 RI1 MA1 As the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 00 and 06Z on the 17th, which is reflected in the revised HURDAT. Additional information on this hurricane was also obtained by Boose et al. (2001). They analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 at U.S. landfall based upon a Fujita-style analysis of hurricane wind-caused destruction, but had a slight high bias in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage- based empirical wind modeling work. Thus landfall as a high end Category 1 hurricane (80 kt) in New York is reasonable to retain. Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 45 nmi at landfall. ******************************************************************************** 1858/04: Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 into one continuous track. No other changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "Phantom", "Hudson" and "City of Washington". ******************************************************************************** 1858/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ship "Priscilla". 1858/05 - 2003 REVISION: 01265 09/22/1858 M= 4 5 SNBR= 43 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 01270 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*219 740 50 0*232 740 50 0 01275 09/23*246 740 60 0*261 740 60 0*279 740 70 0*293 741 70 0 01280 09/24*307 741 70 0*322 740 70 0*333 738 80 0*339 736 80 0 01280 09/24*307 741 70 0*322 740 70 0*333 738 80 0*339 737 80 0 *** 01285 09/25*345 736 80 0*352 734 80 0*359 731 80 0*365 726 80 0 01290 HR Track adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1858/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction in Bermuda and several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1858 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and storm 1858/04 were likely the same system. Thus information on this storm is now carried in its entirety as 1858/04, while Partagas and Diaz's storm #5 in 1858 is removed. ******************************************************************************** 1859/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon damage in Tuxpan and Tecoluta, Mexico. ******************************************************************************** 1859/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Pressure readings of 989 and 982 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC of August 17th and 18th, respectively) suggest winds of at least 64 and 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track because of these values and from description of winds from ship reports, supporting hurricane status for this storm. ******************************************************************************** 1859/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from reports provided from St. Kitts. 1859/03 - 2003 REVISION: 01375 09/02/1859 M= 2 3 SNBR= 47 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 01380 09/02*172 597 70 0*174 607 70 0*176 618 70 0*177 630 70 0 01380 09/02*173 597 70 0*174 607 70 0*175 618 70 0*175 630 70 0 *** *** *** 01385 09/03*177 641 70 0*179 654 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 01385 09/03*174 641 70 0*173 654 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** 01390 HR Re-examination of Salivia's (1972) Puerto Rican hurricane history, Boose et al. (2003) and J. Colon (personal communication) reveals that this hurricane did not impact Puerto Rico. The track is adjusted slightly southward to avoid a direct impact on the island, yet still cause the observed hurricane conditions in St. Kitts and St. Croix described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a). ******************************************************************************** 1859/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from report from ship "Liberty". 1859/04 - 2003 REVISION: 01395 09/12/1859 M= 1 4 SNBR= 48 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 01395 09/12/1859 M= 2 4 SNBR= 48 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 01400 09/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*395 505 90 0* 0 0 0 0 01400 09/12* 0 0 0 0*355 575 90 0*370 545 90 0*390 520 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** (The 13th is new to HURDAT.) 01402 09/13*410 500 80 0*430 485 80 0*455 465 70 0*490 435 70 0 01405 HR Mr. Doug Mayes at the University of South Carolina uncovered additional ship observations, which allow for a track to be determined for this hurricane from 06Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 13th. New York Tribune Oct 1. 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8) Ship Coronet, Flowers, Liverpool. . . .12 inst lat 42 lon 50 experienced a heavy gale which split fore and topsails, main spencer and done other damage. New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8) Bark Etiwan (of Charleston) . . . . Sept 12th lat 36 lon 56 30 had a very heavy gale from SE which lasted for six hours veering suddenly to NW with equal force; split sails &c. New York Tribune Sept 30 1859 p. 8 Ship Cordelia, Bishop, . . . Sept 13th lat 49 48 lon 4? 08 experienced a hurricane from E to SW which blew away entire suite of sails, sprung foreyard, main topmast crosstrees, and strained the ship badly, causing her to leak. New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8) Brig Bell Flower (of Pittston). . . . . Experienced heavy gales, split sails &c. Sept 13 lat 45 30 Lon 47 23, during the violent gale from NE, was boarded by a sea which stove the deck cabin, filling the cabin with water, and washed the Captain and a seaman named Samuel Thomas overboard who were lost. New York Times Oct 5 1859 p. 8 Ship Anna Decatur, Parsons, Sunderland. . . . Sept 13 in lat 46 experienced very heavy gales. ******************************************************************************** 1859/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon destruction which occurred in Mobile. 1859/05 - 2003 REVISION: 01410 09/16/1859 M= 1 5 SNBR= 49 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 01410 09/15/1859 M= 4 5 SNBR= 49 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * (15th not in HURDAT originally.) 01413 09/15*280 890 70 0*285 890 70 0*290 889 70 0*296 886 70 0 01415 09/16*305 880 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 01415 09/16*303 881 70 0*311 875 50 0*320 868 40 0*331 848 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.) 01416 09/17*343 825 40 0*356 800 40 0*370 775 50 0*385 745 60 0 01417 09/18*400 710 70 0*412 665 70 0*420 610 70 0*425 550 70 0 01420 HR AL1 01420 HR AL1AFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.5N 88.0W 80kt 1 (977mb) AL1 5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.3N 88.1W 70kt 1 (985mb) AL1,AFL1 **** **** ** *** **** Ship and land station observations uncovered by Mr. Doug Mayes and Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina and Mr. Michael Chenoweth are able to well document a track for this hurricane during its passage over the southeast United States and back out over the Atlantic. All of these newly analyzed data are documented in full below. The data reconfirms a minimal hurricane making landfall near Mobile, Alabama which also caused Category 1 hurricane conditions in Pensacola, Florida. The landfall intensity though was reduced slightly due to the lack of strong pressure drop at Warrington, FL just east of the landfall point and relatively weak winds observed just north of Mobile (at Mt. Vernon, AL) soon after landfall. This system then trekked to the northeast and reemerged back over the Atlantic near Virginia/Maryland. Ship reports indicate that the storm re-acquired hurricane intensity over the open Atlantic. A peripheral pressure of 996 mb (at 19Z on the 17th in Annapolis) suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the northern wind pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. Newspaper Reports: The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3 The Late Storm in Mobile. - Our Mobile exchanges, of Friday morning, come to us with full accounts of the storm in that city the day and night previous. It appears that the rain began to fall as early as 3 o'clock in the morning, and continued without the slightest cessation during the whole day, at times accompanied by a heavy gale of wind, which shifted at the edge of evening from northeast to southeast. At this time the alarm became very great. The wind blew a hurricane and the water flooded the wharf at the foot of Conti, and was still rising when the authorities ordered the water alarm bells to be rung, and "the bell on the tower pealed forth its ten strokes with fearful import. Great excitement prevailed, and the merchants on Commerce and Front streets set about removing the merchandise into the second stories." About half-past 9, however, the wind shifted to the south, the rain ceased, and the water began to recede and fears to subside. As to the damage, it is not, from the lateness of the hour, fully reported. It is stated, however, that the telegraph wires were broken down in every direction; the wharves and bath houses along the city side of the bay were carried away; boxes, barrels and bales set afloat; and at a late hour intelligence, from along the line of railroad track, was received, which caused serious apprehensions that the trains would be interrupted for two or three days, to the great inconvenience of a large amount of freight at the depot. Accidents from Thursday's Blow.- The schooner W. W. Harkness, Capt. Peterson, hence for Tampico, when about two miles above the head of the Southwest Pass, during a heavy gale on Thursday last, lost her anchors and chains and went ashore in four feet water. The steamboat Crescent, Capt. Carlton, left the levee on Wednesday afternoon last . . . While proceeding on her voyage she encountered a gale when off the Chandeleurs, which carried away her chimneys, pilot house, texas and nearly all the bulwarks of the cabin. The main boat California, Capt. Myers, met the gale when opposite Point Clear. The Daily Picayune Monday, Sept 19, 1859, p.4 The Storm on the Coast. Damage to Shipping and other Property - The furious and destructive gale, which swept over the coast Thursday last appears to have been much more violent at Pensacola and vicinity than even at Mobile. The [Pensacola] Tribune of Friday says: "On Wednesday night the first of the equinoctial storms commenced with a vengeance, and yesterday the Storm King reigned supreme, the wind blowing a hurricane and the rain falling a deluge. Trees were uprooted and fences prostrated. During the forepart of the day the wind blew, at different intervals, from every point of the compass, with terrible force, sweeping everything before it. At noon it settled in the southeast, from which point it blew with increased violence. The shipping in the bay was in a very critical condition, and greatly confused. The wind sporting with the smaller craft as with ebaff[?] - throwing them out on the beach and dashing them to pieces against the wharves. The schooner Hornet, with her cargo, was thrown ashore, and is now high and dry. At about 5 o'clock, the Palafox street wharf which had during the day, up to the hour mentioned, nobly withstood the storm, succumbed to the combined force of wind and wave, and was entirely demolished. The new wharf also received damages to a considerable extent. The bath-houses, the property of various individuals, situated along the shore, were all completely destroyed. It is almost miraculous how the entire shipping in the bay escaped demolition. Considering the violence of the storm, the damage done, though great, might have been, and we fear is, far greater than here reported. Vessels on the coast must have been greatly distressed, and we shall be agreeably surprised, when sufficient time has elapsed, if we do not hear of a greater loss of life and property than has ever been known on the coast of Florida. . . During Thursday night the wind shifted round to northeast, still blowing hard but somewhat inclined to lull. At daylight this morning the beach presented an indescribable mass of timbers from the different wrecks, drifted ashore during the night. In the city, nothing more serious than fences blown down and shade trees topped, have, as yet, been heard of. On the beach, there are numerous different estimates as to the value of property destroyed. In lieu of authentic information, we give the lowest estimate rumored, $10,000. . . At the time we go to press it has abated its fury, though the winds still blow in stiff breeze." Safety of the Galveston - By a letter of the same date, but written some hours later, in the Mobile Tribune, we are gratified to learn of the safety of the Galveston, Capt. Hutchings, which left this port with the Florida mails the morning of the 14th. She arrived at Pensacola about 10 o'clock Friday morning. The writer says: "After getting to sea the wind commenced to blow fresh from the southeast, and increased to a gale, and blowed from almost every point of the compass. At 5 A. M. Thursday she was within twenty miles of Pensacola bar, but the gale increasing, it was dangerous to keep on her course, and consequently she headed off the land and rode the gale out. At midnight the gale moderated, and the ship was again on her course for this place. The wheel houses are stove in, and the forward part of the ship above the deck is stove in also. It was necessary to throw off part of her deck load, and most of that on deck is damaged, as the water washed through the ship from fore to aft. She has not sustained damage though to detain her." . . . The Damage at Mobile - Our neighbors of Mobile appear to have been more frightened than hurt. Only some sugar, flour, &c., on the ground floors of a few of the warehouses were injured. At Point Clear nearly all of the little bath houses and wharves were swept away, and the sojourners were much alarmed. Higher up, on the eastern shore, every wharf and bath house, except Hudson's and Stark's is gone. In the neighborhood of Short's wharf, two oyster boats capsized, one of them the Sea Bird, and two persons, names unknown, were drowned. The Daily Picayune Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3 Heavy Storm at New York. Extensive Damage to Property. New York, Sept. 17. - A very violent storm of wind a rain passed over this city today doing considerable damage to shipping. Among the disasters, the bark Mary Ellen, from Bremen, dragged her anchors and went ashore on Governor's Island. There was also considerable damage to other property. A five-story warehouse in progress of erection, in Duane street, was blown down and completely demolished. The house adjoining was also thrown down and the tenants buried beneath the ruins. Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) Tuesday Sept. 20 1859 p. 2 The ravages of the storm of Friday and Saturday have been general and severe. The amount of water was over eight inches. The damage to the ungathered crops and to mill dams and fences has been very great. Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 The Fresh, subsequent to the date of our report of yesterday, raised sufficiently on Sunday night to do some damage. Scantling and other lumber was carried off from some of the lumber yards in Georgetown, and more or less of it lost. In addition to the loss of salt by a Georgetown merchant, about fifty barrels of flour belonging to Mr. Cruikshank were damages. This is all we hear of worth mentioning in addition. Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 Of the Chesepeake and Ohio canal it is yet in our power to say but little. Unauthenticated reports were current yesterday of a breach on the nine mile level, and also east of the Great Falls, but they received little credence. A telegraph dispatch from Harper's Ferry yesterday announced Dam No. 4 as swept away, but this was deemed altogether extravagant. The coffer-dam lately inserted and the yet unfinished guard bank were most likely injured, but that the solid masonry of the dam has suffered is scarcely credible. Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 Extraordinary Fall of Rain. --- The amount of rain at Grafton Cottage near Washington, in the storm of the 16th and 17th instant, was six inches and four-tenths September 19, CHAS. G. PAGE. Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 The freshet in the Potomac caused by the heavy rains of Friday and Saturday was a source of considerable excitement yesterday all along the river banks. . . . . At five o'clock the river was rising at the Georgetown wharves, but we were assured that at the little falls bridge it was falling. Some apprehension was felt for what might take place at the next flood tide. Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 A good many persons were hard at work at the western wharves scouring private and public property there. The new depot of New York Steamship company was considered in much peril if the river should rise higher; as it was the water was up more than 100 feet beyond shore. The contents of the depot were removed in good time. Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 The current in the Potomac was very rapid, and large quantities of driftwood passed down. In some cases lodging against vessels at the wharves somewhat to there risk. The Long Bridge, in its present fragile state, appeared to be in danger, but may withstand the pressure against it. Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, so far as heard from has suffered no damage from the fresh. The water was let out of the Georgetown level to prevent breaches there, and it is hoped that similar precaution was observed all along the line. Some solicitude is felt for dams No. 4 and 5, but nothing is known, as the telegraph was not at work yesterday. New York Tribune Monday Sept 19, 1859 p. 8 Brig Tangent, Plummer, from Boston, for Elizabethport, in Ballast for coal, arrived at the Hook on Friday night, and during the gale of Saturday dragged both anchors into two fathoms of water. Her foremast was cut away, which with the yards and main topmast, went over the side, when she held. She was towed up to the city on Sunday. New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 Steamship Potomac, Watson, Savannah, . . . . On the 17th inst . . . 9 P.M. 10 miles off Cape Hatteras, passed steamship Parkersburg hence for Savannah. The P. experienced a heavy gale from the N.E. New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 Ship Marathon, Tyler Liverpool, . . . 17th inst, Lat 40 30, Lon ?9 in a gale from SE to NNE carried away main topmast trestletrees. New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 Ship Manhattan, Dixon, Liverpool Aug. 6. . . . has been twenty days west of the banks with light westerly winds; had to haul off shore Saturday night during the heavy easterly gales. New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 Bark Milton, Bradford, Liverpool Aug 10. . . . Saturday 17th had a heavy gale from ESE to NNE with a bad sea, vessel laboring very heavy, Montauk bearing North 50 miles. New York Tribune Sept 21, 1859 p. 12 Ship Havre, Askins, . . . Sept 17 and 18, Lat 40 20 Lon 70 experienced a heavy gale from SE to NNE. New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 Ship Martha (of Boston) Arr. Off the Hook 17th and hauled off shore in a heavy gale from E. Had heavy weather off Algoa Bay; slit split sails, washed away bulwarks, &c. New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 Ship Wm H Prescott (of Boston) . . . .17th inst, had a gale from SE to W; 18th had hurricane from the N during which shifted cargo. New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 Bark Kepler . . . 17th inst, highlands bearing WNW bearing 40 miles passed schr Oregon lying to; experienced heavy westerly gales up to Lon 50. since then light westerly winds and calms and on the 17th inst had a head easterly gale. New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 Schr Alma . . . 17th inst5 miles E of Sandy Hook, took a gale from ESE and was compelled to haul off shore, during which split foresail, stove bulwarks, &c. New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 Ship Messenger, Hooper . . . . Sept 17 off the Capes of Delaware, experienced a hurricane fm NE which blew away foretopsail and jib. New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 Brig Salus Arkle, Palmero 70 days, and Gibraltar 36 days fruit to order. Sept 18 in a heavy gale from N., split sails &c. New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 Schr Sir Colin Campbell, Virgens, Sagua 11 days, sugar, &c. to Whitman Bros. Sept 17 experienced a heavy gale from ENE lost deck load of Molasses. New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 Ship Constitution . . . . 17th Lat. 41 Lon. 67 had another very heavy blow from S and NW with a high cross sea running. New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 Bark R G W Dodge. . . 16th and 17th inst had heavy gale from SE New York Tribune Sept 24 1859 p. 8 Bark Harvest Hammond Savannah 7days, in ballast to Sturgis Clearman and Company. Sept 17 SE of Hatteras experienced a very heavy gale from Southeast. New York Tribune Oct 1 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8) Schr. Louisa A. Johnson (of Brookhaven). . . . 18th inst, lat 41 52 lon 56 49 in a hurricane from NW lost mainboom and received other damage. New York Times Oct 3 1859 p. 8 Ship Lady Franklin, Jordan, Liverpool. . . . Sept 18 lat 44 lon 58 experienced a hurricane from SE did no damage. New York Times Sept 23 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept 22 1859 p. 4) Steamer Chesapeake . . . .during the NE gales of the 18th while off Cape Cod sprang a leak and threw overboard 400lbs of sugar and syrup. She still leaks and is kept free by her donkey pumps. She will, after discharging her cargo, go to the docks for repairs. New York Times Sept 20 1859 p. 8 Steamer George's Creek On the 16th experienced a heavy gale from the NE and was compelled to put into Hampton Roads for harbor. New York Times Sept 19 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept 22 p. 4) Steamship Nashville. . . . The Nashville experienced very heavy gales from Hatteras to the Lower Bay where she anchored last evening the 17th. Instrumental Records -------------------- Date Time Station Temp in Cloudiness Wind Wind Comments Pressure Open Amount Dir. Speed Annapolis, Maryland 16SEP 7am 30.12 63 10 NE 2 2pm 30.06 65 10 ESE 3 9pm 29.94 64 10 ENE 3 Rain began 9pm 17SEP 7am 29.51 67 10 NE 3 2pm 29.37 60 10 N 4 9pm 29.72 63 10 NW 2 Rain ended 9pm, 4.8" 18SEP 7am 29.86 57.5 0 NW 1 2pm 29.84 72.5 3 N 1 9pm 29.86 65 3 N 1 Fort Monroe, Virginia 16SEP 7am 30.30 73 Cloudy E 4 Rain began 6am 2pm 30.20 72 Cloudy E 5 9pm NA 71 Cloudy E 5 17SEP 7am 29.71 75 Cloudy SW 4 Rain ended 5am, 0.86 2pm 29.80 75 Cloudy NE 2 9pm 30.00 68 Fair NW 2 18SEP 7am 30.15 70 Fair NW 2 2pm 30.18 73 Fair NE 2 9pm NA 70 Fair SW 2 US Naval Ob., Wash. D.C. (selected) 16SEP noon 30.22 68 10 SE 1 Rain began 2.5am 2.5pm 30.18 66 10 E 2 8.5pm 30.07 63 10 E 3 17SEP 0.5am 29.95 64 10 NE 3 Rain cont., 0.93" 2.5am 29.90 63 10 NE 3 6.5am 29.60 64 10 E 4 8.5am 29.59 68.5 10 E 5 9.5am 29.44 69 10 E 4 10.5am 29.42 68 10 NNE 5 noon 29.54 61 10 NW 6 2.5pm 29.66 60 10 NW 6 3.5pm 29.73 60 10 NW 6 4.5pm 29.78 60 10 NW 6 6.5pm 29.82 60 10 WNW 6 8.5pm 29.89 60 10 WNW 4 9.5pm 29.90 60 10 NW 3 Rain ended 9pm, 3.34" 18SEP 2.5am 29.95 60 4 NW 3 8.5am 30.04 64 1 NW 2 noon 30.03 74 10 NW 3 Washington D. C. 16SEP 7am 30.28 60 10 NE 2 Rain began 1am 2pm 30.20 67 10 SE 3 9pm 30.08 63 10 NE 4 17SEP 7am 29.51 69 10 NE 4 2pm 29.61 61 10 NW 4 cont., 4.00" 9pm 29.89 62 10 NW 4 Rain ended 9.5pm, 0.34" 18SEP 7am 30.03 61 0 NW NA 2pm 30.06 71 3 NW 1 9pm 30.08 64 0 0 0 Other records and diary entries ------------------------------- (These observations are typically taken on a 7am/2pm/9pm timeframe.) Mt Vernon Barracks AL 13th N2/N3/NE0 14th NE1/NE0/N0 15th NE0/NE6/NE5 16th W3/W1/N0 17th N0/NE0/NE0 On the 15th, 3.05 inches of rain, "Rained all day without ceasing" Columbus MS 15th SE2/SE3/E3 0.108 inches of rain 16th N3/N3/N1 17th N1/S2/E1 Pauling MS 15th NE3/NE4/NE4 16th NE2/NW3/NE1 17th N1/M/E2 On the 15th, "wind at 6 pm NE5", rain 1.650 from 12 M to 1 AM New Orleans LA 15th NE4/N5/NW5 16th W2/NW3/SW1 17th E1/NE2/E2 On the 15th, High wind in the evening. 0.39 inches of rain. Barometer on the 15th down to 29.85 in the middle of the day. Baton Rouge LA 15th NE2/NE4/NE2 16th W1/NE2/NE1 17th E1/E2/SE1 Thomaston GA 14th 72/76/72 29.05/29.05/29.05 SW/SE2/SE0 3.35" rain 15th 73/74/71 28.8/28.8/29.0 E1/SE2/SE4 16th 70/84/77 29.0/29.0/29.0 S5/S4/SW_ 17th 70/84/77 29.0/29.0/29.0 NE/SW/SW Whitemarsh Island, GA 14th 71/84/75 W1/SSE3/M 15th 73/80/77 N1/NE3/SE3 1.35" rain 16th 77/82/79 S4/S5/WSW5 0.08" rain 17th 72/83/75 WNW3/WNW3/M Sparta, GA 14th 61/85/70 SW1/NW1/N1 15th 65/72/69 E1/NE2/E4 rain afternoon night 16th 70/74/69 SE1/SW3/SW4 rain During day 17th 63/83/71 W1/NW3/NE1 Augusta GA 14th 65/91/75 30.25/30.30/30.34 W0/W1/W0 15th 72.5/75/72 30.30/30.24/30.18 W0/W0/W0 16th 74/79/73 30.10/30.05/30.00 SE3/SE2/SW2 1.88" rain 17th 69/88/72 30.02/30.07/30.15 W0/W1/W0 0.42" rain St Augustine, FL 14th 84/88/87 29.92/29.92/29.97 SW1/SE3/SW1 15th 84/86/84 30.10/30.10/30.10 SE3/SE4/SE4 16th 83/78/77 30.04/30.00/29.97 S3/SW3/SW2 0.40" rain 17th 80/90/87 30.00/30.00/30.00 NW2/SW3/SW1 Note most winds were 3+ in strength all month Cedar Keys, FL 14th 80/86/80 S1/SW1/0 15th 80/85/81 E3/SE2/SE4 16th 76/81/80 SE3/SW3/SW4 17th 77/82/77 NW2/W2/NW2 Barrancas Barracks, FL 14th 72/88/84 N2/SE3/SE3 15th 76/81/79 NE3/SE7/SE8 3.30" rain 16th 75/87/77 NW5/NW2/N2 17th 75/87/81 N1/SW1/NW2 Warrington FL (US Naval Hospital) 14th 78/80/86/79 29.90/29.90/29.90/29.90 SW2/SW3/SW3/SW5 rain 15th 78/76/79/75 29.90/29.88/29.83/29.73 NE7/NE7/E7/SE7 rain 16th 74/80/87/80 29.79/29.80/29.84/29.87 NW7/SW5/SW4/SW3 17th 74/80/88/80 29.92/29.92/29.92/29.93 SW2/SW2/SW2/SW3 Lake City, FL 14th 77/92/78 S1/S2/0 0.50" rain 15th 79/87/75 SE1/S2/S2 16th 74/82/78 S3/SW5/SW2 1.60" rain 17th 76/88/76 SW1/0/0 A. Glennie, Pawley's Island SC 14th 74/80/62 30.05 E/S/S 15th 67/79/77 30.05 N/SE/E 16th 79/83/80 29.80 S/S/SW 0.22 17th 72/82/72 30.02 W/W/W Black Oak, Pinopolis SC 14th 61/82/72 30.05/30.13/30.14 NW/NE/SE 15th 67/81/76 30.15/30.23/30.21 NE/NE/SE Cloudy/Rain/Cloudy Rain 0.01" 16th 76/83/80 30.14/30.03/29.92 SE/SE/E Squally with high wind. Rain 0.09" 17th 70/82/71 29.95/30.02/30.03 NW/NW/W Clear Charleston Board of Health, SC 14th 69/81/78 30.11/30.15/30.21 SW2/E2 Fair 15th 76/80/78 30.24/30.26/30.25 NE2/SE2 Fair - rain 0.12" 16th 80/84/82 30.11/30.09/30.00 SE3/S5 Cloudy 17th 73/83/75 30.08/30.05/30.12 SW3/W1 Fair Fort Moultrie, SC 14th 74/81/78 30.19/30.24/30.27 SW1/E2/E2 f/f/f - rain 0.23" 15th 76/80/77 30.22/30.24/30.26 NE1/E2/E1 cloudy/cloudy/f rain at intervals 16th 80/82/81 30.27/30.17/30.10 SE1/SE3/S5 f/cloudy/cloudy stormy at 4 PM and 10 PM 17th 72/84/76 30.13/30.13/30.22 SW3/NW2/NW1 f/f/f Arsenal Academy, Richland County (Columbia), SC 14th 68/86/71 NE0/SE2 15th 70/83/72 E3/SE3 [rain] 4.5 PM continued during night 16th 73/78/68 W6/SE5 1.8" rain 17th 66/85/72 NE0/SW3 Aiken, SC 14th 63/87/72 E2/E2/E2 15th M/72/66 M/E1/NE3 0.85" rain 16th 73/80/66 NE4/SE4/W4 0.94" rain 17th 67/81/69 W3/S2/SW1 David Golightly Harris. Spartanburg, SC 16th Night before last and yesterday and last night it rained very hard Charleston Courier, Saturday, September 17: The winds and waves prevented the boat race which was eagerly expected on Friday afternoon. We shall no doubt have a trial on the first fair afternoon; and after the gales and "blows" of this period, we may expect frequent occasions of such a delightful and exciting pastime. Dr. Louis M. Desaussure. Beaufort Dist., SC 16th - rain, threatening Sepr gale from N.E. - warm ... Late in eveng, hard blow or gale of wind & rain from S.E. threw cotton down funneled it & injured it. John McPherson DeSaussure (Kershaw Dist.): Rain fell 0.05 In. wind S.E., S. or S.W. Samuel Porcher Gaillard. Sumter Dist., SC: 14th Cool this morning, 68°. Cloudy this evening 15th Cloudy this morning & heavy fog. About 9 am sun came out, overcast all morning from 11 am until 2 pm at which time the clouds were threatening at south & S.W. At 3 pm had a few drops of rain & from that time to this, 8 pm, occasionally a few drops, likely to rain before morning. 16th Had a little rain last night. Cloudy & unsettled all morning. Had a slight shower just after daylight & ceased at 7 am. At a ¼ of 12 (& previous) heard thunder & by 20 after 12 a heavy cloud came over from S.S.W. A very heavy fall of water. It did not cease raining until near 2 pm. At 4 pm had a heavy shower all evening. About sunset every appearance of clearing up as it has been clear at west but soon became cloudy & has been raining off & on up to this time 9 pm the wind indicates stormy weather. 17th Had a very heavy rain last night & wind very high, by 12 o'clock ceased & was clear before morning. I heard this morning (which was ???? by a letter from my sister, Mrs. Rembert) that yesterday a tornado passed over Col. James Rembert's plantation. Every building except smokehouse unroofed even his dwelling, which is a very large building. All his fencing down. I have no doubt it was [serious] to the crops. He said it all was done in 5 minutes. Charles Heyward, Charleston SC 15th Good weather until today, Cloudy & rain 16th Overcast. Threatening weather but passed off during the night with a little high wind Chapel Hill, NC 14th 68/80/65 29.61/29.66/29.69 NW1/W1/W1 15th 62/76/68 29.78/29.63/29.43 NE2/NE2/N2 16th 66/70/68 29.73/29.63/29.43 NW3/NW3/NW1 17th 66/80/69 29.33/29.46/29.56 NW3/NW3/SW1 0.15" rain Murfreesboro, NC 14th W1/SE1/NE1 15th 63/76/68 29.4/29.55/29.35 E2/NE2/E2 16th 69/70/69 29.3/29.25/29.2 SE4/SW3/NW1 0.60" rain 17th 72/82/71 28.9/29.0/29.1 NW1/NW1/NW1 0.50" rain Basil Armstrong Thomason. Yadkin County, NC 15th Cloudy and cool. Wind from the north east. 16th A real "north easter." Came as near raining all day as common. Guess this is the equinoctial storm. 17th Clear and quite warm. It rained a small flood last night, so the creeks are past fording to-day. Halifax, Nova Scotia 16th 42/60/37 29.9/29.9/29.9 NW & SW clear and fine Thermometer at sunrise 32 17th 45/64/44 29.9/29.8/29.7 SE Cloudy rain at night 18th 50/56/53 29.5/29.4/29.4 ENE Heavy rain nearly all day 19th 57/65/47 29.4/29.4/29.6 WNW Cloudy - clear and fine 1859/05 - 2011 REVISION: 01475 09/15*280 890 70 0*285 890 70 0*290 889 70 0*296 886 70 0* 01480 09/16*303 881 70 0*311 875 50 0*320 868 40 0*331 848 40 0* 01485 09/17*343 825 40 0*356 800 40 0*370 775 50 0*385 745 60 0* 01490 09/18*400 710 70 0*412 665 70 0*420 610 70 0*425 550 70 0* 01495 HR AL1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.3N 88.1W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AL1,AFL1 5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.3N 88.1W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AL1,AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Alabama and Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1859/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Utilized the northern wind-pressure relationship for hurricanes from ship on 6th. Ship with central pressure observation of 938 mb gives 105 kt, used 110 kt in best track - supporting major hurricane status of this storm. ******************************************************************************** 1859/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Florida reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. ******************************************************************************** 1859/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Pressure reading of 989 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, 28th of October) suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, supporting hurricane status for this storm. 1859/08 - 2011 REVISION: 01560 10/28/1859 M= 6 8 SNBR= 53 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 01560 10/24/1859 M= 6 8 SNBR= 53 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 L ** * ***** (The 24th through the 27th is new to HURDAT.) 01561 10/24*202 933 40 0*203 933 40 0*204 933 40 0*206 932 40 0* 01562 10/25*207 932 40 0*208 932 50 0*210 931 50 0*212 930 50 0* 01563 10/26*214 929 60 0*216 928 60 0*218 926 70 0*220 925 80 0* 01564 10/27*223 921 80 0*225 917 80 0*231 910 80 0*239 900 80 0* 01565 10/28*294 796 70 0*296 791 70 0*298 786 80 0*300 781 80 0* 01565 10/28*248 887 80 0*257 871 80 0*267 850 80 0*277 828 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 01570 10/29*302 776 90 0*303 771 90 0*305 766 90 0*307 761 90 0* 01570 10/29*292 792 70 989E303 752 60 0E317 699 50 0E327 635 40 0* *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 30th through the 2nd are removed from HURDAT.) 01575 10/30*308 758 80 0*309 755 80 0*310 750 80 0*310 745 80 0* 01580 10/31*310 741 80 0*310 736 80 0*309 730 70 0*308 726 70 0* 01585 11/01*308 721 70 0*308 716 70 0*308 711 70 0*308 706 70 0* 01590 11/02*308 700 70 0*309 695 70 0*310 690 70 0*312 685 70 0* 01595 HR 01595 HR BFL1CFL1 ******** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8-10/28/1859 1800Z 27.7N 82.8W 80kt 1 --- (974mb) BFL2,CFL1 Highlights: This report documents a new land-falling Florida hurricane (Saffir- Simpson Category 1) previously undocumented. The new start point extends previous details of Storm 8 back to the Bay of Campeche and connects with data from the Atlantic previously reported in HURDAT. The later stages of the hurricane are now modified based on map analysis. The storm is now shown to have made a landfall over southern Tampa Bay and then accelerated to the east-northeast and becoming extratropical and passing near Bermuda by late on 29 October as it merged with a frontal wave separating a steadily encroaching area of cold high pressure across the entire SE USA. This high pressure dominated the weather over this area into early November. (Re-analysis of this hurricane was provided by Mike Chenoweth.) Key Observations: Daily Picayune, 12 November "The late gale, or succession of gales in the Gulf, appears to have been one of the most extensive and prolonged we have for years had occasion to record. On the Mexican coast it lasted ten days, and none of the great sailing tracks appear to have been without a visit from it. Capt. Peterson, of the schooner W.W. Harkness, arrived yesterday from Tampico the 21st ult., furnishes the following interesting report of his experience, which will give best in the words of the log itself: "On the 23d October, two days out from Tampico, was compelled to heave to and reef sails in a heavy norther in lat 25, long. 96, which lasted until the 27th, when in lat. 22, long. 9246, was overtaken by a hurricane. Began to blow at 8 P.M. from the northeast, and lasted till 11 A.M. the next morning, when wind veered round to the northwest, barometer 27.50. During all this time the Harkness was hove to with all sails furled, except a little of the main peak set to keep her head to the sea, which run very high. Lost two jibs, carried away head stays and worked loose bowsprit. Vessel made water freely after the gale. Finally, obliged to drift without any sails till temporary rigging could be made. Wind blowing strong from N.E. all the time. November 2. - At 4P.M. exchanged signals with the schooner Star, bound south, lat. 2524 long. 9311. November 4. - Vessel very crank. Fruits rotten. Was obliged to run in for the land, westward, in smooth water and brought to. All the fruit overboard. Broke cargo aft and stowed forward, so as to bring vessel into sailing trim. November 9. - Off Timablier [sic] Island. Exchange signals with steamships Mexico and Texas. November 10. - Arrived at Southwest Pass, 21 days from Tampico, during which time not one single hour of fair wind. Nothing but a northeaster from one end of the Gulf to the other." [NOTE: The barometer reading of 27.50 is not to be relied on. Also, the date of 27 October is believed to be actually 26 October, in order to maintain continuity with the land-based and other ship data.] Synoptic Features: An area of low pressure probably formed over the southern Bay of Campeche around 23-24 October near the tail end of a cold front that was dissipating in the area. An area of high pressure over the southern U.S. brought an easterly flow along the entire northern Gulf Coast and strong northerly winds to the Florida Peninsula on 24 October but southeast and south winds were returning around the high in central and northern Texas, while northeast winds still blew in southern Texas. On 25 October, the high weakened with a ridge extending from Arkansas and Louisiana towards northeast Mexico. A trough of low pressure penetrated into the Florida panhandle from the north as a low pressure center moved across the Great Lakes region on the 25th and 26th of October. By 1800Z 26 October (about 2 p.m. Eastern Time) weak high pressure was central over central Texas and the lower Ohio River valley while a cold front extended along the eastern US into the north Gulf coast area. Easterly winds blew at Key West on 25 and 26 October. At 1800Z 27 October a large high pressure area was central over the Great Plains and a low pressure center over the Gulf of St. Lawrence region of Canada. A cold front extended from the Atlantic across north-central South Carolina, central Georgia and just clearing the southeast tip of Louisiana and entering south Texas at about 27.5N. At 1800Z 28 October, the hurricane made landfall along the southeastern shores of Tampa Bay. The storm was accelerating in forward motion as it moved just south of a frontal boundary extending from near Bermuda to the St. Augustine and Cedar Keys area, then dipping more to the southwest into the western Gulf of Mexico and entering Mexico near about 23N latitude. High pressure was nearly stationary over the central Great Plains. Strong northerly winds prevailed from Savannah, Georgia westward into southern Texas. During the next 12 hours, the hurricane, accelerating its forward motion passed over the present day Orlando area and emerged from the Florida coast between Cape Canaveral and Oak Hill. By 0600Z, the cyclone was near the intersection of the cold and warm fronts and had become extratropical. During the next 12 hours, the low pressure continued to move to the east-northeast passing near and a little north of Bermuda. High pressure moved across Florida and dominated the area into the opening days of November. Pressure gradient winds account for the strong winds reported by a few ships on 31 October and 1 November previously noted in Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995) and are not associated with Storm 8. This leads to the major adjustments in the portion of the former HURDAT track east of Florida, which until now was the only documented portion of the storm. Major Changes from Previous HURDAT New ship reports from the Gulf of Mexico and daily weather maps of land-based data allow for this storm to be tracked back to its approximate area of origin in the Bay of Campeche. In addition, the storm end date is moved forward to better fit with the large-scale circulation flow in which the hurricane moved through. Weather reports from the U.S. Coast Survey at Egmont Key (near the mouth of Tampa Bay) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida were key to identifying the landfall position of the storm. Egmont Key was brushed by the northern portion of the eyewall so maximum sustained winds were not felt there (although considerable damage was done to equipment and instruments that led to the cessation of weather reports until early November). No barometer data are available for the storm center except by the Kensington schooner on 28 October, with a 989 mb reading. Based on weather map data, the time of observation of this reading is probably about 0100-0200Z 29 October. This pressure yields 61 kt wind speed using the Brown et al. north of 25N wind-pressure relationship. The fast forward motion of the storm likely caused an additive effect to the maximum wind speed, so the intensity is analyzed at minimal hurricane force (70 kt), consistent with observed hurricane force winds at the ship. Land-based damage reports are limited to Egmont Key and the strongest winds probably avoided the island. Based on the wind descriptions at Egmont Key, a force 10 wind (~50 knots) on the weaker side of the east-northeastward moving hurricane, an approximate forward motion at landfall of about 22 kt (and increasing) and the subsequent pressure reading east of Florida of 989 mb, a wind speed of 80 kt is assessed for landfall intensity in west Florida. The force 9 winds reported from Charlotte Harbor and the description of wind speed nearly at hurricane force could suggest stronger winds on the southeast and east side of the eye wall at landfall. This makes the system a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Florida. A similar track of such a storm today would take it directly over or very near Walt Disney World and the city of Orlando. One question addressed was whether the cyclone was undergoing extratropical transition either before landfall or after it was moving over Florida. The temperature at Egmont Key at all three observations on 27 October was 74F with unsettled rainy weather prevailing all day. On 28 October there is a single temperature reading at 7am of 68.5F which would indeed indicate cooler air close to the hurricane. The temperatures at Charlotte Harbor on 27 October at the 3 ob times were 78-78-79 and on 28 October were 77-78-74. Keeping in mind that the thermometers, being 1859, were in non-standard exposures and were probably wetted and acted like a wet bulb under the weather conditions prevailing at the time, may have indicated erroneously cooler air temperatures than what actually occurred during the storm. Additionally, the central pressure from the Kensington suggests the storm was still a hurricane at this point but soon after becoming extratropical (so even having travelled over land it maintained hurricane intensity in an increasingly unfavorable environment). It is estimated that extratropical transition occurred around 06Z on the 28th - whereas no extratropical stage for this system was indicated previously. ******************************************************************************** 1860/01: Extended track three days into the Atlantic as was suggested by Partagas and Diaz (1995a). However, it is noted by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina and Sandrik (2001) that all of the available historical accounts from this time showed no evidence for tropical storm strength during its transit over Georgia. It may very well be the case that this system dropped to tropical depression stage before redeveloping into a moderate-intensity tropical storm over the Atlantic. Due to format chosen, however, that tropical depression stage is not utilized in HURDAT until 1871, this system will be retained here formally as a minimal tropical storm over the southeast United States. Inland winds over SE US derived from utilizing Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide values from Ludlum (1963) for Fort St. Philip, Louisiana (12 ft) and Mobile, Alabama (10 ft). Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon destruction and storm tide values along U.S. Gulf coast. 1860/01 - 2011 REVISION: 01600 08/08/1860 M= 9 1 SNBR= 54 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 01605 08/08*279 841 40 0*278 845 40 0*278 848 50 0*277 853 50 0* 01610 08/09*276 859 60 0*275 863 60 0*275 868 70 0*274 875 70 0* 01615 08/10*274 880 80 0*274 885 80 0*275 890 90 0*275 895 90 0* 01620 08/11*276 899 100 0*279 901 100 0*284 903 110 0*290 901 110 0* 01625 08/12*297 898 100 0*305 889 100 0*310 880 70 0*313 868 50 0* 01630 08/13*314 856 40 0*315 846 40 0*317 836 40 0*318 826 40 0* 01635 08/14*319 816 40 0*320 806 40 0*320 796 50 0*320 786 50 0* 01640 08/15*320 776 50 0*323 766 50 0*325 756 50 0*327 746 50 0* 01645 08/16*330 735 50 0*333 720 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 01650 HR LA3 MS3 AL2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-8/11/1860 2000Z 29.2N 90.0W 110kt 3 --- (950mb) LA3,MS3,AL2 1-8/11/1860 2000Z 29.2N 90.0W 110kt 3 --- (945mb) LA3,MS3,AL2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 110 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - for a 110 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1860/02: Extended the track to the 26th to take into account ship observations reported by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a). Otherwise, no major changes. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ships "Sabine", "Mary Rusell" and "Zurich". ******************************************************************************** 1860/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from ship "Ocean Spray". ******************************************************************************** 1860/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 10' from Ho (1989) for Mobile, Alabama. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction and tide experienced along the U.S. Gulf coast. 1860/04 - 2003 REVISION: 01620 09/11/1860 M= 6 4 SNBR= 56 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 01625 09/11*251 838 90 0*252 841 90 0*252 845 90 0*252 848 90 0 01630 09/12*252 851 90 0*252 856 90 0*254 860 90 0*255 866 90 0 01630 09/12*252 852 90 0*253 856 90 0*254 860 90 0*255 866 90 0 *** *** 01635 09/13*256 871 90 0*257 876 90 0*259 881 90 0*262 886 90 0 01640 09/14*267 893 90 0*272 896 90 0*277 899 90 0*283 898 90 0 01640 09/14*267 893 90 0*272 896 90 0*277 898 90 0*283 898 90 0 *** 01645 09/15*289 896 90 0*295 896 90 0*301 894 90 0*308 891 70 0 01645 09/15*289 897 90 0*295 896 90 0*301 894 90 0*308 891 70 0 *** 01650 09/16*318 886 50 0*330 880 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 01655 HR LA2 MS2 AL1 Track altered slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity. 1860/04 - 2011 REVISION: 01695 09/11/1860 M= 6 4 SNBR= 57 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 01700 09/11*251 838 90 0*252 841 90 0*252 845 90 0*252 848 90 0* 01705 09/12*252 852 90 0*253 856 90 0*254 860 90 0*255 866 90 0* 01710 09/13*256 871 90 0*257 876 90 0*259 881 90 0*262 886 90 0* 01715 09/14*267 893 90 0*272 896 90 0*277 898 90 0*283 898 90 0* 01720 09/15*289 897 90 0*295 896 90 0*301 894 90 0*308 891 70 0* 01725 09/16*318 886 50 0*330 880 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 01730 HR LA2 MS2 AL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-9/15/1860 0400Z 29.3N 89.6W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) LA2,MS2,AL1 4-9/15/1860 0400Z 29.3N 89.6W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) LA2,MS2,AL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1860/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1860/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon destruction in Louisiana. 1860/06 - 2011 REVISION: 01765 09/30/1860 M= 4 6 SNBR= 59 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 01770 09/30*224 910 50 0*226 911 50 0*230 913 60 0*234 915 60 0* 01775 10/01*237 916 70 0*244 919 70 0*251 920 80 0*260 921 80 0* 01780 10/02*268 920 80 0*276 919 90 0*285 916 90 0*297 914 90 0* 01785 10/03*312 909 60 0*323 905 50 0*335 900 40 0*347 891 40 0* 01790 HR LA2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/2/1860 1700Z 29.5N 91.4W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) LA2 6-10/2/1860 1700Z 29.5N 91.4W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) LA2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1860/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1861/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1861/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon ship reports from the "Santiago de Cuba" and the "Kate Stevens". Storm is known as the "Key West Hurricane" from its impacts in Key West, Florida (Ludlum 1963). 1861/02 - 2003 REVISION: 01800 08/14/1861 M= 4 2 SNBR= 61 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 01800 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 61 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * (The 13th is new to HURDAT.) 01805 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 700 40 0*210 715 40 0 01805 08/14*230 756 70 0*231 765 70 0*232 775 70 0*232 783 70 0 01805 08/14*215 730 50 0*220 745 60 0*225 760 70 0*229 774 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 01810 08/15*235 793 80 0*237 801 80 0*237 810 90 0*239 816 90 0 01810 08/15*232 787 80 0*235 799 80 0*237 808 80 0*239 815 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 01815 08/16*240 823 90 0*240 828 90 0*240 835 80 0*240 839 80 0 01815 08/16*242 820 80 0*246 825 80 0*250 830 70 0*254 835 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 01820 08/17*240 843 80 0*240 846 80 0*240 851 80 0*239 856 80 0 01820 08/17*258 840 60 0*262 845 60 0*266 850 50 0*270 856 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 01825 HRBFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/15/1861$* 2100Z 24.0N 82.0W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1 2-8/16/1861$* 0000Z 24.2N 82.0W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1 **** Additional observations for this hurricane were obtained from a weather record kept by the U.S. Consul at Turk's Island (Salt Cay) for the Smithsonian Institute that is located in the US National Archives. (Thanks to Michael Chenoweth for providing this additional data.) These are provided in full below: Date 0900L 1400L 2100L 0900L 1400L 2100L August 12, 1861 29.95" 29.94" 29.94" August 13, 1861 29.90" 29.70" 29.60" NE 6 SE 5 NE 6 August 14, 1861 29.95" 29.96" 29.96" Comment for 13 August: This was a very stormy day. Generally persons prepared for a hurricane. Smithsonian Wind Force Scale (values are estimates of the highest gusts) ------------------------------------------- 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt) 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt) 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt) 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt) 5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt) 6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt) 7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt) 8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt) 9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt) 10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt) Best track is extended back one-half day to the 13th and the track is adjusted on the 14th and 15th accordingly. The 1002 mb peripheral pressure measurement suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 14th. Further additional observations were provided by Brian Jones of the University of Miami in his analysis of military fort observations in Florida: Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W): Date 12Z 19Z 02Z 8/13/1861 E-3 E-2 E-1 "night 0.39" 8/14/1861 NE-2 NE-1 NW-3 "rain at night .24" 8/15/1861 N-4 N-4 N-6 "light showers at intervals .06" 8/16/1861 NW-6 SW-5 W-4 (No comments provided) 8/17/1861 SW-4 SW-4 SE-3 (No comments provided) Military Post Wind Force Scale (values are estimates of the highest gusts) ------------------------------------------- 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt) 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt) 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt) 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt) 5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt) 6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt) 7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt) 8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt) 9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt) 10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt) These data strongly suggest that the hurricane passed to the east, north and then northwest of the fort, rather than moving south of the fort. The change of track provided for the 16th and the 17th now matches these newly available observations, while still being consistent with the impact in Key West and the sparse ship reports. The Fort Jefferson observations also indicate a weaker system than the 90 kt hurricane originally estimated, even after accounting for the hurricane's weaker side impacting the fort. Since the only data for hurricane conditions in this system were observed on the 15th and 16th and that this system is not recorded as making landfall anywhere on the Gulf coast, a weakening to below hurricane force is deduced for the 17th. 1861/02 - 2006 REVISION: 01875 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 62 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 01875 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 62 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * 01880 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 700 40 0*210 715 40 0* 01885 08/14*215 730 50 0*220 745 60 0*225 760 70 0*229 774 70 0* 01890 08/15*232 787 80 0*235 799 80 0*237 808 80 0*239 815 80 0* 01895 08/16*242 820 80 0*246 825 80 0*250 830 70 0*254 835 70 0* 01900 08/17*258 840 60 0*262 845 60 0*266 850 50 0*270 856 50 0* 01905 HRBFL1 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". 1861/02 - 2011 REVISION: 01875 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 62 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 01880 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 700 40 0*210 715 40 0* 01885 08/14*215 730 50 0*220 745 60 0*225 760 70 0*229 774 70 0* 01890 08/15*232 787 80 0*235 799 80 0*237 808 80 0*239 815 80 0* 01895 08/16*242 820 80 0*246 825 80 0*250 830 70 0*254 835 70 0* 01900 08/17*258 840 60 0*262 845 60 0*266 850 50 0*270 856 50 0* 01905 HRBFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/16/1861 0000Z 24.2N 82.0W 70kt 1 --- (970mb) BFL1 2-8/16/1861 0000Z 24.2N 82.0W 70kt 1 --- (978mb) BFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind of 80 kt for this hurricane as it bypassed the Florida Keys with maximum sustained winds to impact the Keys of about 70 kt. 970 mb was listed in the U.S. Hurricane record as the central pressure at the time of closest approach. This value is a typographic error as the southern pressure-wind relationship suggests 978 mb landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane. This estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1861/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Pressure reading of 958 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm judged to have reached hurricane force based upon this pressure reading and wind observations from the ships "Harvest Queen" and "Marianne". ******************************************************************************** 1861/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm determined to have reached hurricane force based upon observations from the ship "David G. Wilson". ******************************************************************************** 1861/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane force based upon observations from the ship "Virgina Ann". Hurricane is also known as the "Equinoctial Storm" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and Ludlum (1963). ******************************************************************************** 1861/06: Have extended the storm out four additional days as was suggested in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup to the 9th based upon the ship "Wellington". ******************************************************************************** 1861/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1861/08: Have started track over Gulf of Mexico instead of over Florida as was drawn in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Florida and NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Values of 1000mb and 999mb give winds of 49 and 50 kt, respectively, utilizing the northern wind-pressure relationship; 50 kt is used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon observations from Hatteras Inlet and the ship "Honduras". Hurricane is also known as the "Expedition Hurricane" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and Ludlum (1963). ******************************************************************************** 1862/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1862/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1862/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1862/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1862/05: The only major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis was to add an additional half day on the 17th to accommodate the end of the track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1862/06 - 2003 ADDITION: 02126 11/22/1862 M= 4 6 SNBR= 73 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 02127 11/22*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0 02128 11/23*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0 02129 11/24*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 796 50 0*105 797 50 0 02130 11/25*105 798 40 0*105 800 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 02131 TS A new storm (possibly hurricane intensity) was uncovered from the meteorological register kept at Aspinwall, Panama (9 22 53.7N 79 52 58.2 W) by A.F. Holmes, Acting Master Navigating Officer of the U.S. Steamer "James Adger", part of the voluntary Smithsonian Institute network. (Thanks to Mike Chenoweth for providing the information for this new storm.) Below are the temperature, wind direction/force, cloud cover (in tenths), and rainfall from November 20-25, 1862 (unfortunately, the barometric record appears to be defective): Date Temp. Temp. Temp. Wind Wind Wind Cloud Cloud Cloud Rainfall 0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L 20 74.7F 80.6F 76.3F S 1 W 2 SE 1 9 6 3 0.12" 21 74.6F 79.4F 77.0F SE 1 NW 2 WNW 2 8 8 10 0.12" 22 75.2F 78.6F 76.9F NW 7 NNW 7 NW 6 10 10 10 3.45" 23 76.3F 78.0F 78.8F NNE 6 NNW 5 NW 5 10 10 10 6.18" 24 78.8F 78.3F 77.5F NNW 6 WNW 4 WxN 5 10 10 10 0.64" 25 75.4F 76.9F 77.0F WxN 3 WxN 3 WxN 4 10 10 10 0.61" Comments: 22 November - At 2a.m. gale commenced blowing from NW. Heavy sea came in suddenly. 23 November - Gale continued, more sea than yesterday. 24 November - Gale continues. 25 November - Gale over. Smithsonian Wind Force Scale 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph 5 - High breeze 35 mph 6 - Gale 45 mph 7 - Strong gale 60 mph 8 - Violent gale 75 mph 9 - Hurricane 90 mph 10 - Most violent 100 mph Based upon this, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northeast of this location from the 22nd to the 25th with weakening late on the 24th and on the 25th. No apparent motion of the storm could be detected until late on the 24th and on the 25th when a slow westward drift is indicated by the change in wind direction to more westerly. ******************************************************************************** 1863/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ships "Francis B. Cutting" and "Rapid". ******************************************************************************** 1863/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ships "American Congress" and "Herzogin". ******************************************************************************** 1863/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 975 mb gives 83 kt with the northern wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt in best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from several ships. ******************************************************************************** 1863/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Dolphin". ******************************************************************************** 1863/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1863/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm strength). ******************************************************************************** 1863/07: A 36 hr track was achieved for this storm - Partagas and Diaz (1995a) had kept the storm stationary. Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an accelerated decay rate used to account for enhanced topography. ******************************************************************************** 1863/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1863/09 - 2003 ADDITION: 02341 09/29/1863 M= 3 9 SNBR= 82 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 02342 09/29*285 957 60 0*289 953 60 0*293 948 60 0*296 943 50 0 02343 09/30*298 937 50 0*300 931 50 0E301 925 40 0E302 919 40 0 02344 10/01E303 913 40 0E304 907 40 0E305 901 40 0E306 895 40 0 02345 TS Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Roth have uncovered substantial evidence for a previously undocumented tropical storm that made landfall in Texas/Louisiana in the United States. The storm did exhibit some baroclinic characteristics at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, but was retained as a tropical cyclone until 12Z on the 30th. A peripheral pressure of 999 mb (around 12Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at least 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for the best track. Below are excerpts from the Houston weather observer's record along with newspaper accounts of the storm's impacts. Houston weather observer record, September/October 1863 (Temperatures taken at sunrise, 1-3pm, and sunset. Pressure, winds and clouds were monitored 4-5 times a day between sunrise and sunset. Pressure given in inches - 30" for values between .01 to .09 and 29" for values between .49 and .96. Winds are given between 0 [calm] and 6 [violent storm]. Clouds are given in tenths.) Date Temperatures Pressure Winds Clouds ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9/26 62/90/80 .07/.09/.04/.05 NE2/S3/S2/S3 3/6/7/8 9/27 69/83/78 .03/.04/.01/.96 E2/SE2/S4/S2 10/10/10/10 9/28 70/69/66 .84/.86/.76/.71/.63 E3/E4/SE5/E5/E6 10/10/10/10/10 9/29 68/72/71 .50/.50/.50/.49/.53 NE3/E3/NE4/M/N3 8/8/10/10/9 9/30 68/71/71 .73/.81/.85/.89 N4/N5/N5/N5 9/10/10/9 "The Storm of the 28th and 29th much more severe at Galveston & East of Galveston than here. At Sabine Pass wind took off limbs of trees. At Washington but little wind but heavy rain. At Velasco wind very high as on the coast generally. Heaviest fall of water I remember in these times". From the _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ published in in Houston, TX: Friday October 2, 1863 "SABINE PASS, Sept. 29 - This morning our forces captured a fine Yankee schooner, the Manhassett, with her crew, consisting of seven men. She was loaded with coal and was used as a tender to the blockading fleet. The heavy gale last night drove her in near the coast, seven miles below the Pass, and coming within range of one of our batteries, which at once prepared to fire on her, she hoisted the white flag and surrendered. Her stores are all safe in our hands." "The late equinoctial storm has undoubtedly lashed the waves of the Gulf into unusual commotion. The federal fleet now cruising about will be truly fortunate if they have escaped disaster from the fury of the elements. Rarely in past years has such a storm occurred without more or less wrecks on the Louisiana and Texas coast." October 14, 1863 "The Fordache Fight Morgan's Ferry, Sept. 30, 1863 - ...On the night of the 28th September, our forces crossed the Atchafalaya, at the same time that a 60 hours rain set in. Our troops bivouacked on the east bank of the Atchafalaya on that night, under a drenching rain." From the New Orleans _Picayune_: Tuesday, September 29, 1863 "The drouth (sic) still continues, but there are signs that it will not be of much longer duration. A change is much wished for in the city, as most of the cisterns are empty, and the dust, when agitated, is very annoying, especially to notable house-wives." Wednesday, September 30, 1863 "Long wished for, come at last - the refreshing and welcome rain. Now it has commenced, the prospect is we shall have it in abundance." Friday, October 2, 1863 "A gloomy and disagreeable day was yesterday - neither good for man nor beast. It was a day to incite one to commit suicide - uncomfortably wet and warm, and very debilitating. Well, a few days ago we were praying for rain. Now we sigh for fair weather. How unsatisfied and inconsistent men are! and women too, for that matter. For instance, a few days ago, house-wives were complaining that there was no water for the family washing. Now they complain that though there is an abundance of water, they cannot get the clothes dry when they are washed. According to present appearances, this will be a difficulty to be overcome only by ingenuity and good management for some time to come. 'The rain it raineth every day' is likely to be the cry for lo, many days. Well, 'Man never is, but always to be, blest.'" "The blustering norther that came upon us yesterday, although not the pleasantest of visitors, was decidly (sic) welcome as the successor of the disagreeable weather that immediately preceded it. We have fairly entered on the few weeks of changeable weather - now hot, now cold, and alternately dry and wet - usual at this season. It is trying to the constitution and productive of sickness, and those who have any care for their health will be careful to avoid all unnecessary exposure." It was hot and uncomfortable again in New Orleans on the 2nd. ******************************************************************************** 1864/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Hattie Eaton". ******************************************************************************** 1864/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1864/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Central America reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an accelerated decay rate used to account for enhanced topography. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from Martinique and Belize. ******************************************************************************** 1864/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm analyzed to be stationary for four days duration. An alternative solution to being stationary for four days is that the storm completed a tight (but slow) loop during this time. However, the data available does not provide enough detail to fully document that a loop actually occurred. ******************************************************************************** 1864/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1865/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1865/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1865/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1865/04: This hurricane was originally listed as #5 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Added additional day at end of the track over Louisiana and Arkansas to provide a reasonable decay of the hurricane. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from Guadeloupe and Louisiana. This system is known as the "Sabine River- Lake Calcasieu Storm" in Ludlum (1963). 1865/04 - 2011 REVISION: 02685 09/06/1865 M= 9 4 SNBR= 92 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 02690 09/06*160 555 90 0*160 567 90 0*160 580 90 0*160 593 90 0* 02695 09/07*161 608 90 0*162 624 90 0*165 638 90 0*167 655 90 0* 02700 09/08*167 675 90 0*170 695 90 0*171 710 90 0*174 724 90 0* 02705 09/09*177 736 90 0*180 750 90 0*185 763 90 0*189 774 90 0* 02710 09/10*192 788 90 0*199 801 90 0*202 815 90 0*207 826 90 0* 02715 09/11*210 839 90 0*212 851 90 0*219 865 90 0*226 876 90 0* 02720 09/12*231 884 90 0*237 894 90 0*246 904 90 0*254 911 90 0* 02725 09/13*263 918 90 0*271 924 90 0*281 929 90 0*292 933 90 0* 02730 09/14*304 935 70 0*316 935 50 0*328 933 40 0*340 930 40 0* 02735 HR LA2CTX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-9/13/1865 2100Z 29.8N 93.4W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) LA2,CTX1 4-9/13/1865 2100Z 29.8N 93.4W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) LA2,CTX1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1865/05: This storm was originally listed as #7 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from their analysis. No track is available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1865/06: This hurricane was originally listed as #6 in 1865 in Partagas and and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from their analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Teresa". ******************************************************************************** 1865/07: This hurricane was originally listed as #8 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Havana central pressure observation of 975 mb gives 83 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt in best track. Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon numerous ship reports and observations taken in Cuba. 1865/07 - 2003 REVISION: 02695 10/18/1865 M= 8 7 SNBR= 92 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 02695 10/18/1865 M= 8 7 SNBR= 94 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** 02700 10/18* 95 804 40 0* 97 804 40 0*100 805 40 0*102 806 40 0 02705 10/19*105 806 40 0*107 808 40 0*110 810 50 0*113 811 50 0 02710 10/20*118 813 50 0*123 814 50 0*129 816 60 0*137 818 60 0 02715 10/21*143 820 60 0*152 823 60 0*159 824 70 0*169 826 70 0 02720 10/22*179 828 80 0*189 830 80 0*200 830 90 0*212 829 90 0 02725 10/23*227 825 80 975*242 819 90 0*257 810 90 0*271 798 80 0 02725 10/23*226 826 80 975*238 821 90 0*250 814 90 0*265 802 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 02730 10/24*286 783 80 0*301 769 80 0*314 753 80 0*325 731 80 0 02730 10/24*282 788 80 0*299 772 80 0*314 753 80 0*325 731 80 0 *** *** *** *** 02735 10/25*335 706 70 0*347 683 70 0*360 660 70 0*373 635 70 0 02740 HRBFL2CFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 7-10/23/1865$ 0700Z 24.6N 81.7W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2 7-10/23/1865$ 1000Z 24.6N 81.7W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2 **** 7-10/23/1865$ 1100Z 25.5N 81.2W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2,CFL1 7-10/23/1865$ 1400Z 25.4N 81.1W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2,CFL1 **** **** **** Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West: Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W): Date 12Z 19Z 02Z 10/20/1865 NE-2 NE-2 NE-2 "9AM-?, 1.60" 10/21/1865 NE-4 NE-4 NE-10 10/22/1865 NE-10 N-4 N-4 "Rain 11AM-?, 2.50" Military Post Wind Force Scale (values are estimates of the highest gusts) ------------------------------------------- 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt) 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt) 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt) 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt) 5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt) 6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt) 7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt) 8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt) 9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt) 10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt) These observations indicate that the hurricane's landfall over the Florida Keys was somewhat later than the 07Z on the 23rd as originally estimated. Based upon these data, the timing of the track is adjusted back in time on the 23rd and 24th slightly. This allows for landfall to occur in the Keys around 10Z. ******************************************************************************** 1865 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information. ******************************************************************************** 1866/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from Matagorda, Texas. 1866/01 - 2003 REVISION: 02685 07/15/1866 M= 1 1 SNBR= 93 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 02685 07/11/1866 M= 6 1 SNBR= 95 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * ** (The 11th to the 14th are new to HURDAT.) 02686 07/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 873 90 0*280 878 90 0 02687 07/12*280 883 90 0*280 888 90 0*281 893 90 0*281 899 90 0 02688 07/13*281 905 90 0*281 911 90 0*282 917 90 0*282 923 90 0 02689 07/14*282 929 90 0*282 935 90 0*283 941 90 0*283 947 90 0 02690 07/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 90 0* 0 0 0 0 02690 07/15*284 953 90 0*285 959 90 0*285 965 90 0*286 971 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 16th is new to HURDAT.) 02691 07/16*286 977 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 02695 HRBTX2 Analysis by Roth (1997a) provides additional information for this hurricane which was previously listed as a "single-point" storm in HURDAT. Roth writes: "July 12-13th, 1866: A storm moved well off the coast of Louisiana. On the 11th at 28.5N 87.3W, a three-masted schooner was dismasted in heavy seas. Winds "blew hard" at New Orleans for a few hours on the evening of the 12th. Tides increased until daybreak the 13th. Damage was seen at the Timbalier Bay lighthouse. "Ugly, threatening weather" hit on the 12th. Three feet of water surrounded the tower. Wave action knocked away two brick piers, as 24 hours of pounding surf broke against the lighthouse. The keeper became spooked by the combination of weather condition and loneliness, and "promptly resigned"." Based upon this description, the track was extended back to the 11th for this hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. 1866/01 - 2011 REVISION: 02820 07/11/1866 M= 6 1 SNBR= 96 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 02825 07/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 873 90 0*280 878 90 0* 02830 07/12*280 883 90 0*280 888 90 0*281 893 90 0*281 899 90 0* 02835 07/13*281 905 90 0*281 911 90 0*282 917 90 0*282 923 90 0* 02840 07/14*282 929 90 0*282 935 90 0*283 941 90 0*283 947 90 0* 02845 07/15*284 953 90 0*285 959 90 0*285 965 90 0*286 971 60 0* 02850 07/16*286 977 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 02855 HRBTX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/15/1866 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) BTX2 1-7/15/1866 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) BTX2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1866/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for enhanced topography. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "A. E. Patterson" and the Fortress Monroe. ******************************************************************************** 1866/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from ships "Messina" and "Robert Wing". ******************************************************************************** 1866/04: Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to not assume that the hurricane was stationary for three days at 15N and 29.5W. Only one six-hourly position/intensity is provided on 12 UTC of the 18th. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon ship reports from the "Iddo Kimball". ******************************************************************************** 1866/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1866/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Central pressure observation from Nassau with 938 mb gives 120 kt with the southern wind-pressure relationship, which is used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon this central pressure measurement as well as several ship reports. This system is known as the "Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866" (Ludlum 1963). ******************************************************************************** 1866/07: Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their analysis. Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas. 1866/07 - 2011 REVISION: 03040 10/28/1866 M= 3 7 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L 03040 10/29/1866 M= 2 7 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L ** * * (The 28th is removed from HURDAT.) 03045 10/28*210 740 80 0*220 745 80 0*235 750 80 0*255 753 80 0* 03050 10/29*275 756 70 0*295 758 70 0*315 758 70 0*337 754 70 0* 03050 10/29* 0 0 0 0*295 758 50 0*315 758 50 0*337 754 60 0* *** *** ** ** ** ** 03055 10/30*360 748 60 0*385 744 60 0*413 740 50 0*445 730 40 0* 03055 10/30*360 748 60 0E385 744 60 0E413 740 50 0E445 730 40 0* * * * 03060 HR 03060 TS ** U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 7-10/30/1866 0800Z 39.5 74.3 60 NJ (Removed as U.S. Tropical Storm, as it made landfall while extratropical.) This system is revised based upon new information provided by Mike Chenoweth. While Mr. Chenoweth recommended complete removal of this system from HURDAT, it was decided to revert this track back to that originally proposed by Fernandez-Partagas, with no extension into the Bahamas. The data is rather ambiguous for complete removal. On one side, the data provided by Mr. Chenoweth for the southeastern U. S. are hard to reconcile with the gales and apparent circulation documented by Fernandez-Partagas. On the other hand, the data from Norfolk is not consistent with a low passing offshore, which means either the low off the southeastern U. S. coast tracked much farther west than suggested by Fernandez-Partagas or the reports were influenced by a separate low. The observations at Georgetown, South Carolina suggest that whatever low was off the southeastern U. S. coast was east of the oncoming cold front and thus may well have had some tropical characteristics. The temperature data for New Bedford, Massachusetts indicates that the cyclone became extratropical prior reaching New England. The complete recommendation provided by Mr. Chenoweth is included below. From the reanalysis' metadata page: > 1866/07: Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to > extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their > analysis. Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's > (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane > status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas. The last sentence above is a reference to Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995), storms of 1865-1870, page 30. A ship passed by Fortune Island on 30 October and reported that the island had been destroyed by a hurricane on the previous day. The account was published in the New York Times on 18 November based on a (probable telegraphic) report from Baltimore on 17 November from the ship that had arrived in port with the news. NEW INFORMATION The Nassau Guardian newspaper is complete for 1866 and makes no mention of severe weather anywhere in the Bahamas in late October. There was extensive coverage of the hurricane of 30 September to 02 October throughout the Bahamas, including an account of the hurricane at the south side of Fortune Island on the night of 30 September and 01 October in the 20 October issue of the newspaper. The report of an October hurricane is clearly a garbled account and Fortune Island was destroyed by a hurricane at the end of September. Weather reports from Oglethorpe Barracks (Savannah), GA, Hilton Head and Wilkinsville, SC, Wilson and Statesville, NC, Fortress Monroe and Norfolk Navy Hospital, VA and Annapolis and Baltimore, MD (among other locations) indicate that the late October storm was most likely extratropical and underwent a strong development off the mid-Atlantic coast. Wind data from the two Norfolk stations are often at variance but otherwise the wind data from land stations appears to be of good quality. St. Stephens, New Brunswick [HMS Cordelia Logbook] Oct 30 noon 49 SE6 30.10 Midnight 47 SE8 29.83 Oct 31 noon 53 S1 29.88 2pm SW2 4pm 53 NW1 29.95 Halifax, Nova Scotia [HMS Duncan Logbook] Oct 30 noon 47 SE4-5 30.50 New Bedford, MA 7a, 2p, 9p ob times 29 October 45-51-54 ese2-se2-se3 30.37-30.29-30.21 30 October 58-62-52 se5-s4-nw1 29.81-29.53-29.64 31 October 42-54-40 w1-wxn2-nw1 29.81-29.87-30.06 Annapolis, MD 7a, 2p, 9p ob times 29 October 58-65-62 s2-s2-s3 30.19-0.01-29.83 30 October 57-57-48 n2-w2-nw1 29.57-29.4-29.94 31 October 39-51-43 w2-nw3-nw2 30.05-30.12-30.27 Norfolk Navy Yard Sunrise, 9am, 3pm, 9pm 29 October 68-69-66-66 se3-se3-sw4-sw5 29.96-29.94-29.85-29.78 30 October 66-65-60-59 w1-w4-wnw5-nnw4 29.62-29.62-29.60-29.60 31 October 50-51-51-50 nnw5-nnw5-nw3-nw3 Fortress Monroe, VA 7a, 2p, 9p 29 October 60-65-61 e3-e3-ne6 30.45-30.25-9.75 30 October 65-66-55 ne2-n1-n5 29.75-29.75-30.00 31 October 48-52-45 n3-n1-nw2 30.20-30.20-30.35 Wilson, NC 3541N 7747W 7a, 2p, 9p 29 October 58-70-69 e1-s2-e2 30 October 64-72-54 sw1-nw1-w1 31 October 42-54-44 nw1-n1-n1 Georgetown, SC Oct 28 No temp NE1-E2-E1 clear-fine-cloudy Oct 29 No temp SE5-SE5-S2 rain-rain-rain 2.5" of rain Oct 30 MM-69-56 SW1-W3-W1 fine-clear-clear Hilton Head, SC 29 October 68-76-66 se4-se2-sw1 30 October 62-68-56 w1-nw2-nw3 31 October 49-57-40 nw3-nw2-n2 Savannah, GA 29 October 70-76-68 s-s-ne 30 October 65-78-70 ne-ne-ne 31 October 60-72-65 ne-ne-ne Bermuda (noon ob) Oct 29 74 NE3 30.040 fine wx Oct 30 73 SE4 29.945 cloudy PROPOSED CHANGES TO STORM SEVEN OF 1866 The data indicate that a coastal low, possibly forming off of South Carolina and Georgia moved up the coast as a cold high retreated away from New England. A cold front passed through the Carolinas on the night of 29-30 October and relatively mild air wrapped around the coastal low in the Norfolk area as it deepened rapidly in this region of the coast. Reports of gales at sea are consistent with an extratropical scenario. Although a tropical component is always a possibility, the available ship reports are not convincing enough given the weight of evidence from land stations and from searching for additional newspaper shipping account reports made by this author which have failed to find evidence to support a tropical component to this storm. Regarding the possibility that the system began as a tropical cyclone then evolved into an extratropical low is the following discussion: The wind shift at Georgetown, SC is not consistent with a tropical cyclone passing by to its east; likewise, the wind field from the Virginia and NC observations would suggest a frontal boundary by the morning of 30 October lying between Norfolk and Wilson. A large high pressure area retreated as the low came up the coast but it seems like the initial disturbance came across the SE US and deepened/formed off the SC coast and then moved NNE into southern New England where it was clearly an extratropical system as F-P & Diaz suggested. Ludlum's sparse documentation also suggests he had doubts about the storm's existence. I do not believe we have sufficient evidence for a tropical cyclone especially given the absence of any storm in lower latitudes. Also, ship reports from the brigs G.W. Barter and Eveline do not mention rainfall or storms or any bad weather other than gales and if they had so, this would have made me more inclined to consider the possibility of a subtropical depression or storm forming north of the Bahamas and east of SC. The ships also do not mention having "laid to" so they continued moving (at whatever speed) so their coordinates may be the location where they initially encountered gales but the weather does not necessarily correspond to a fixed point and covers an indeterminate period of time on the stated day.] Given the absence of the tropical connection from the discounting of the Fortune Island report as a garble of the September hurricane, it is recommended that storm seven be removed from HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1866 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information. It is likely that this case was confused with storm 1867/09, which hit at the exact same place at exactly the same time of year. 2. The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference to it in Tannehill (1938) and Dunn and Miller (1960), but no other information. It is likely that this case was actually storm 1866/01. ******************************************************************************** 1867/01 - 2003 ADDITION: 02901 06/21/1867 M= 3 1 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 02902 06/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*295 800 50 0*303 801 60 0 02903 06/22*311 800 60 0*318 799 70 0*325 798 70 0*332 796 60 0 02904 06/23*339 794 50 0*345 792 40 0*350 790 40 0*355 788 40 0 02905 HR SC1 This is a new hurricane that has been uncovered by the work of Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina. The information that he provided (included in total below) shows that a Category 1 hurricane made landfall in South Carolina. As the storm made landfall just to the east of Charleston and the city received approximately 60 kt of winds (based upon wind-caused damage) while on the weak side of storm, peak intensity is judged to be about 70 kt at landfall occurring between Charleston and Georgetown. Here are excerpts from local papers that Prof. Mock was able to obtain: Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24: THE WEATHER. - The heavy and continuous rains from Wednesday last, reported in Saturday's Courier, culminated Friday night and Saturday morning in the heaviest rains and one of the severest gales witnessed here for several years. On Friday night the shipping at the wharves had to be doubly secured, and between nine and ten o'clock, Saturday morning, the wind seemed to reach its highest, blowing almost a perfect hurricane from the Northeast, for nearly two hours. Its effects at sea, we fear, have been disastrous. The harbor presented a very black and terrible appearance. In the city a number of wharves sustained considerable damage, houses were unroofed, chimneys blown down, trees torn up by their roots, and large branches blown from others, blocking up streets and sidewalks. The tin roof of the New Custom House on East Bay, near Market-street, was blown off and carried by the wind to the corner of Cumberland and East Bay, a distance of between three and four hundred feet. The tin was afterwards removed by the Custom House laborers into the Custom House yard. Two large derricks on the South side of the building were also blown down, crushing in their fall a number of the beautifully cut and costly cap and cave stones, besides killing a cow belonging to Mrs. Jenkins. The steamer Huron, lying at the Custom House Wharf, was overflowed and sunk. The gale moderated Saturday afternoon, and on Sunday the skies had again become clear. We learn from Dr. George S. Pelzer, City Registrar, that the fall of rain from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive, was seven and a half inches, three inches of which fell on Saturday. This is said to have been the heaviest fall of rain since 1824. Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24: Marine News: A GALE IN JUNE. - After some days of unsettled weather, accompanied with rain, the wind commenced blowing a heavy gale from the Northeast at an early hour on Saturday, and about seven to eight o'clock it had increased to the force of an equinoctial blow, but moderated about midday. The shipping and wharves being generally in fair order, got off with little damage, the injuries being quite unimportant. The steamers Pilot Bay, from Savannah, and Dictator, from Florida, arrived safely on Sunday, without injury. The Dictator experienced the blow on her passage from Fernandina to Savannah, and had a part of it after she anchored in Savannah River. She reports the wind from North to Northwest, with a very heavy sea. A brig, name unknown, had dragged ashore near Tybee. Charleston Daily Courier, Tuesday, June 25: THE WEATHER. - After four days of rain and wind, the sun shone out beautifully yesterday, imparting new life and hope to Nature and her children. What damage has been done to the crops we are not yet sufficiently informed to speak with certainty. There is reason to apprehend that the cotton and corn in the low country, at least, have been seriously injured, and there is little doubt that the whole rice crop on Cooper River has been largely, if not entirely destroyed. So far as we have been able to learn, the wind-storm prevailed only immediately on the coast, though the rain fell continuously three days in most of the Districts in the State. We hope to receive more detailed intelligence to-day. Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24: Marine News. SAVANNAH, June 23. - The brig W.H. Parks was blown ashore on Tybee, during the gale of yesterday. It is supposed that she will get off. Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24: DANGEROUS RUINS. - During the gale on Saturday the walls of Tobias' old building, at the corner of Vendue Range and East Bay, were rocked to and fro to such a degree that their fall was momentarily expected... Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24: THE GREAT STORM. - DAMAGE DONE THE TREES, WHARVES, THE BUILDINGS, AND THE CITY CROPS. - The storm of rain which has been passing over the city for more than four days reached its height on Saturday, and was then accompanied by a storm of wind which might fully be termed a hurricane. Such a storm at this season has not been known in the memory of citizens who have resided here for nearly a century, and the last storm which equaled it in power and fury took place in the Fall of 1854. In the city the amount and value of injury done cannot be well estimated, but a few particulars will enable our readers to judge for themselves. Trees were blown down in every direction. On Orange-street a tree one yard in diameter was uprooted, and all the fruit and ornamental trees throughout the city have been damaged. The grape vines suffered particularly, and all of the corn in the various garden lots has been blown down almost without exception. The tin roof of the new Custom House was rolled up by the wind and carried by it to the corner of Cumberland-street, and the derricks in front of the Custom House were blown down, killing a cow in their fall. A portion of the roof of the South Carolina Railroad freight depot was rolled up, but secured and fastened down before any damage had been done to the building or its contents. The roof of the shed on Brown's wharf was damaged, the roof of that on Kerr's wharf was also damaged, and some little damage was done to the roof of Atlantic wharf. The bathing house was injured; three breaches were made in the East Battery, and an iron stand near the corner of Church and Broad streets were forced to the ground. Yet, whatever the damage done in the city, it will be nothing in comparison with that done in the country districts. In another column will be found some account of the injury done by the rains alone, and we await with many misgivings, the accounts of the ravages of the great storm of June 22, 1867. Samuel Porcher Gaillard (Sumter Dist.), June 22: Thermometer at 5 A.M. 70, 12 N 65, 9 PM 60. Rain all night and ceased about daylight at half past 6 A.M. began again & [never ceased] at times very hard up to this time 9 P.M. has not ceased. Wind & clouds from N. East from 12 N Wind ???? David Golightly Harris (Spartanburg), June 22: Rain... The land was entirely too wet. This evening it is raining again June 23 - Rain. All last night there was a constant gentile rain. It has been raining incessantly to day (11 o'clock) and no prospect of its ceasing. Much fear is entertained that wheat will be injured in the shock. None has been threshed yet & no prospect of suitable weather for the business. This is a gloomy Sunday June 24 - Rain. Rain. Rain. Jacob Schirmer (Charleston): June 22nd - Weather the past week has been almost one Continuous Rain and that in torrents and this morning, something of a Severe Gale, and quite cool. Great fears are entertained that our staple crops have suffered very materially. William J. Ball (Limerick Plantation): June 19-22 - Heavy & Continuous Rain, Heaviest Freshet since 1837 Elias Horry (Georgetown): June 22 - Gale Hilton Head weather record: June 22nd - 7am:SE4, 2pm:NE4, 9pm:NE4, 2.04" precipitation. (The numbers indicate force with a scale from 0 to 6. 0 indicates calm and 6 indicates a violent storm.) Glennie weather record, Georgetown, SC: June 22nd - Sunrise:NE6-very heavy rain, 2pm:E6-rain/gale, 9pm:E2-showery. Statesville NC weather record: June 22 (7/2/9) - E4 E4 E4... rain started at 8 pm June 23 - rain ended at 11 am... total 2 inches for storm... E4 E4 E4 The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 3: The Gale of Saturday Morning One of the most terrific gales that has ever passed over the city since 1854, occurred on Saturday morning last. It commenced at half-past six o'clock. At seven it was at its height, destroying beautiful shade trees, carrying away awnings, portions of tin roofs gutters under the eaves of houses, conductors on the sides of buildings, window shutters, etc. The steamer Gen. Berry, lying moored to the wharf at Capt. Rufus P. Hawkes' ship yard, opposite Abercorn street, parted her fastenings and was driven to the Savannah shore of the river. No damage was done to her. The steamer Annie, lying at the Hutchinson Island shore of the Savannah river, at the pilings opposite West Broad street, had her sails, which were chewed up, blown into ribbons, and her sides, which are torn, chafed by coming in contact with the pilings to which she is moored. On the Thunderbold Road a frame two-story building, in the course of erection for Mr. Frederick A. Schultz by Bostock & Hobson, was blown down. A tree, during the gale, fell at the southwest corner of Indian and West Broad streets, carrying away the brick fence of the Guerard buildings. Further up Indian street, a large tree fell on a building owned by Mrs. Farry, crushing in the roof. On Bryan street, a tree fell against the residence of Mrs. Sarah Puder, crushing in the windows of the second story. Messrs. Wylly and Meinhard's building, on the south side of Broughton street, had a portion of its tin roof blown away. At Mr. Maupu's farm on the White Bluff Road, had several trees prostrated, breaking down his fences, which were newly erected. Up to the hour of writing we have not heard of any accidents. The crops in every portion of this county have greatly suffered, although we are hopeful that the destruction is not so great as is apprehended. The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 2: THE WEATHER - We have never experienced more unpleasant and depressing weather than that which has been prevailing hereabouts for the last five days, and we regret to learn that the continued heavy rains have thrown a deep gloom upon the countenances of planters in this section. New York Times, Marine Intelligence, July 1: Brig, Alex Milliken - June 21 and 22, had a very heavy N.E. gale; split and lost sails, and lost deck-load of molasses. New York Times, Marine Intelligence, June 30: Brig Agnes (Br) - June 21, lat. 30 12, lon. 79 18, had a heavy gale from S.E. to N.E., and back to S.E., with increased violence, with high sea running, sprung a leak, lost one boat, stove bulwarks, started headrails, &c. New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 5: BRIG W H PARKS, which was blown ashore at Tybee during the recent heavy gale, and from her position was considered as being virtually lost and only worthy of abandonment, was got off 30th ult, sustaining but little damage, and as she was fully repaired. New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 4: SCHR MARTHA ANN, McCormick, which sailed from Charleston some days since for New York, with a cargo of lumber, returned to Charleston on Saturday last, having experienced heavy gales on the 21st and 22d June, off Cape Lookout, during which lost deck load, sprung a leak, split sails, and has sustained other damage. She has put back to C for repairs. New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 3: BRIG HENRY LAURENS,... for New York, before reported put into Charleston 28th ult. leaky, reports June 19 off Sand Key Light, coast of Florida, experienced heavy blows, varying from NE to SE, with short cross seas, causing the vessel to labor and sprung a leak; on the 22d, had heavy gales from the south, with short head sea, the vessel making water badly... New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2: BARK J CUMMING (Br), Hookway, at Charleston from Newport... June 22, when near Charleston, experienced a severe gale from the northeast to northwest in which lost two lower topsails, split other sails, and caused the bark to leak... New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2: SCHR FOAMING SEA, North, at Charleston, from Baltimore on the 22nd ult, off Cape Romain, experienced a severe eastern gale, and had part of the bulwarks carried away... flying jib, and sustained other damage. New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 1: BRIG WM SPARK, of Philadelphia, parted her chains in a NE gale June 22, and went ashore Tybee Island. From the _Wadesboro Argus_, North Carolina: On Sunday [June 23] last this immediate section was visited by another heavy and destructive rain storm, heavier, it is said to have been, than those mentioned by us a week or two ago. For three hours, from 8 to 11 A.M., the rain fell in torrents, beating down small grain not yet cut, also corn and cotton, and washing lands. We hear of great destruction on all sides of us in consequence of the creeks and branches being unusually swelled, and of large quantities of wheat in the shock, left in the low grounds, floated off, and fences swept away. From the _Wilmington Dispatch_, North Carolina: The Wilmington Dispatch [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel], July 2, speaking of the freshet in the Cape Fear: We learn that, in consequence of recent rains, the Cape Fear has risen thirty feet at Fayetteville, at which it stood when our informant left. But it was the general opinion that the volume of water poured out from the clouds within the last ten days had not yet affected the river, the present freshet being the result of the previous rains. The Lincolnton Courier says of the rains of that region [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]: The terrible rains that have fallen during the past week will ruin the Planting interest on low lands throughout this section of country. Reports received are truly distressing. The Asheville News says of the late rains [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]: On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out another deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we received a few weeks ago. Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the new fences and bridges were washed off. We have heard that in some places the wheat was injured. From the _Asheville News_, North Carolina: On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out another deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we received a few weeks ago. Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the new fences and and bridges were washed off. We have heard that in some places the wheat was injured. The Wilmington Journal speaking of the damage done the crops in the Eastern Counties by the late rains says [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]: The effect of the recent rains upon the crops in all the Eastern portion of the State has been most disastrous. The damage sustained by planters in Brunswick, Bladen, New Hanover, Onslow, Dunlin, Sampson, Edgecombe, and all the Eastern counties, so far as heard from, has been very serious and almost irreparable. The corn and cotton crop have received a most severe blow, while the rice crop in this section has been almost entirely ruined. Along the line of the Cape Fear, and in fact in all the lowlands of the countries named, the damage is very apparent, and the pernicious results of the recent terrible rains will be long remembered. At no time could a more severe blow in this section befall us than at present, when our future prosperity so greatly depends upon an abundant yield. Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh),Wen. July 3, 1867, p. 3: Sunday was the hottest day we have had so far this year, the thermometer reaching 99 deg. in the shade. It was also the first day since Sunday the 16th in which there has not some rain, at least a few drops, fallen here in Raleigh. The amount of rain for the month has been enormous, measuring nine inches and a half in depth between the 16th and 27th, and over fourteen inches in all. James Harvey Greenlee (McDowell Ct., NC): June 22 - Cloud warm June 23 - It rained all day June 24 - Rained last night creek quite flush... A wet day. Weather observer data from Fort Monroe, VA, located near Norfolk: On June 23, it started to rain beginning at 4 pm and by 4:40 pm the next day it rained 1.95 inches. Written comments indicate "Rain began in the night. Foggy & high winds during the day, Thunder & Lightning at night & Showers." Observations of winds at 7 am, 2 pm and 9 pm on the 23rd were E 1, E 2, and E 2 respectively, changing to SE 1, SE 2, and NE 1 the next day. ******************************************************************************** 1867/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #1 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Ship with a central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with the northern wind-pressure relationship, 80 kt is used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central pressure measurement as well as several ship reports. Storm is known as the "Early August Offshore Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963). ******************************************************************************** 1867/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #2 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Suwanee". ******************************************************************************** 1867/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #3 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Helen R. Cooper". ******************************************************************************** 1867/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #4 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1867/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #5 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1867/07: Added a track for October 6-9th to database from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup suggestion (was storm #6 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Also moved track closer to Brownsville, Texas, as it appears that the town was in the western eyewall. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 7' from Ludlum (1963) for Galveston, Texas. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon damage and storm tide observations from Texas and Louisiana. System is known as the "Galveston Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963). 1867/07 - 2011 REVISION: 03220 10/02/1867 M= 8 7 SNBR= 109 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 03225 10/02*235 965 90 0*242 968 90 0*250 970 90 0*259 971 90 0* 03230 10/03*267 968 90 0*273 963 90 0*279 956 90 0*286 946 90 0* 03235 10/04*290 936 90 0*291 925 90 0*291 915 90 0*292 906 90 0* 03240 10/05*292 896 90 0*292 888 90 0*293 878 80 0*293 868 80 0* 03245 10/06*294 858 80 0*294 848 80 0*295 840 70 0*296 831 60 0* 03250 10/07*298 825 50 0*301 818 40 0*305 810 40 0*310 800 40 0* 03255 10/08*316 789 50 0*323 776 50 0*330 765 50 0*335 755 50 0* 03260 10/09*339 746 50 0*342 740 50 0*345 735 50 0*347 731 50 0* 03265 HRATX1CTX1 LA2AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 7-10/2/1867 1500Z 25.4N 97.1W 70kt 1 --- (969mb) ATX1 7-10/4/1867 1500Z 29.2N 91.0W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) LA2,CTX1 7-10/4/1867 1500Z 29.2N 91.0W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) LA2,CTX1 *** 7-10/6/1867 1500Z 29.6N 83.4W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 7-10/6/1867 1500Z 29.6N 83.4W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. The original assessment in HURDAT also analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. These new estimates of central pressure at U.S. landfall are now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. These are not explicitly added into HURDAT because these central pressure values are estimates, not observations or directly analyzed values. ******************************************************************************** 1867/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #7 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1867/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was storm #8 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Ship with central pressure observation of 952 mb gives 108 kt with the southern wind-pressure relationship, but since the RMW may have been on the order of 5 nmi, a higher wind of 120 kt is assigned in best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon the above central pressure and destruction that occurred in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Hurricane is also known as "San Narciso" for effects in Puerto Rico on October 29th. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm strength). 1867/09 - 2003 REVISION: 03205 10/27/1867 M= 5 9 SNBR= 108 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 03205 10/27/1867 M= 5 9 SNBR= 110 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 03210 10/27*190 505 40 0*190 515 40 0*190 526 50 0*190 537 50 0 03215 10/28*190 550 60 0*190 563 60 0*190 577 70 0*191 592 80 0 03215 10/28*190 550 60 0*190 563 60 0*190 577 70 0*190 592 80 0 *** 03220 10/29*190 607 90 0*189 620 100 0*185 633 110 0*182 648 120 952 03220 10/29*190 607 90 0*189 620 100 0*186 633 110 0*184 648 100 952 *** *** *** 03225 10/30*182 665 110 0*182 681 100 0*182 696 100 0*184 715 70 0 03225 10/30*183 665 80 0*182 681 70 0*182 696 80 0*184 715 60 0 *** *** *** *** ** 03230 10/31*186 735 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 03230 10/31*186 735 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** 03235 HR Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto Rico documented that this hurricane caused only Fujita-scale F1 damages in the eastern and central portions of the island, not the F3 destruction expected from a 120 kt Category 4 hurricane making landfall. Additionally, E. Boose (2003, personal communication) suggested that the track may, instead of going over Puerto Rico, have skirted just to the north of the island. However, after a re-review of the limited meteorological data available as well as the descriptive accounts from local reports at the time of the hurricane (J. Colon, 2003, personal communication) suggest that the hurricane did indeed cross the island from east to west, but as a substantially weaker system (Category 2 - 90 kt). While good evidence exists for major hurricane status farther east in the Virgin Islands with the 952 mb central pressure, it is surmised that the hurricane began weakening fairly rapidly thereafter - which would not be unusual for a late October hurricane. Winds are thus adjusted downward from the 29th to the 31st and the track is slightly adjusted to better match a track crossing over Fujardo, Caguas and Mayaguez in Puerto Rico. This adjustment to Category 2 landfall in Puerto Rico is now consistent with descriptions of more intense events (Category 4 - 1899, Category 3 - 1876, 1893, 1894) during the second half of the 19th Century. ******************************************************************************** 1868/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1868/02: No major alterations from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. ******************************************************************************** 1868/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from ships "Mary E. Mangan" and "Haidee". ******************************************************************************** 1868/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from multiple ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1869/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "Olaf Nicklesen" and "Prinze Frederik". ******************************************************************************** 1869/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Julia A. Rider" and from central Texas. The storm is also known as the "Lower Texas Coast Hurricane of 1869" in Ludlum (1963). 1869/02 - 2011 REVISION: 03465 08/16/1869 M= 2 2 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 03470 08/16*270 916 90 0*272 926 90 0*274 936 90 0*277 946 90 0* 03475 08/17*279 956 90 0*281 966 90 0*282 976 60 0*283 988 40 0* 03480 HRBTX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/17/1869 0700Z 28.1N 96.8W 90kt 2 --- (969mb) BTX2 2-8/17/1869 0700Z 28.1N 96.8W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) BTX2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as a 90 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - for a 90 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1869/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Siene". ******************************************************************************** 1869/04: Major change for this storm: A 48 hr track was achieved, while Partagas and Diaz (1995a) had originally kept the storm stationary. Track was achieved by considering the observations from the "Harriet" and "Mary Celeste". ******************************************************************************** 1869/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over the Louisiana reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from Grand Isle and New Orleans. 1869/05 - 2011 REVISION: 03520 09/04/1869 M= 3 5 SNBR= 120 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03525 09/04*262 884 70 0*267 886 70 0*272 888 70 0*278 891 70 0* 03530 09/05*283 895 70 0*287 896 70 0*292 900 70 0*297 903 50 0* 03535 09/06*302 906 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 03540 HR LA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/5/1869 1200Z 29.2N 90.0W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) LA1 5-9/5/1869 1200Z 29.2N 90.0W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) LA1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1869/06: Have altered significantly the track from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis based upon Ho's (1989) work, which was apparently not utilized by Partagas and Diaz. Storm tide value of 8' provided by Ho (1989) for Providence, Rhode Island. Ship with central pressure observation of 950 mb gives 97 kt with new northern wind-pressure relationship and Ho's estimated landfall central pressure of 963 mb gives 88 kt. Have assigned 100 kt for six hourly intensity based upon the ship observation and 90 kt at landfall time. Central pressure measurement of 973 mb measured at Milton, MA gives 80 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in best-track. Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based central pressure reading of 950 mb as well as several ship reports. Storm also known as the "September Gale of 1869 in Eastern New England" in Ludlum (1963). Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. 1869/06 - 2003 REVISION: 03375 09/07/1869 M= 3 6 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 03375 09/07/1869 M= 3 6 SNBR= 119 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 03380 09/07*270 745 90 0*280 745 90 0*290 744 90 0*301 741 90 0 03385 09/08*313 740 100 0*325 736 100 0*350 733 100 0*388 726 100 950 03390 09/09*428 711 80 973*470 690 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 03390 09/09*428 711 80 973*470 690 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** 03395 HR NY1 RI2 MA2 CT1 03395 HR NY1 RI3 MA3 CT1 *** *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 6-9/8/1869& 2100Z 41.0N 71.9W 70kt 1 963mb NY1 6-9/8/1869& 2100Z 41.0N 71.9W 80kt 1 963mb NY1 ** 6-9/8/1869 2200Z 41.4N 71.7W 90kt 2 965mb RI2,MA2,CT1 6-9/8/1869 2200Z 41.4N 71.7W 100kt 3 965mb RI3,MA3,CT1 *** * *** *** Boose et al. (2001) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 at U.S. landfall, based upon widespread reports of wind-caused Fujita-scale 2 damage in New England. Additionally, their reconstructed damage work analyzes a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall, which is substantially smaller than the earlier estimate of 40 nmi from Ho (1989). Ho's 963 mb central pressure estimate suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship. With a RMW slightly smaller than that expected climatologically (around 34 nmi) for that central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds somewhat higher than what the wind-pressure relationship suggests should be used. Additionally, the extremely rapid forward motion of the hurricane (around 40 kt) would also argue for higher winds than is usual on the right semi-circle of the hurricane. Based upon all of these points, the estimated maximum sustained winds at landfall are increased from 90 kt (Category 2) to 100 kt (Category 3), making this a major hurricane landfall in New England. (No changes were needed for the 6 hourly intervals within HURDAT.) Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06Z on the 9th, which is reflected in the revised HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1869/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 79 kt with southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central pressure reading and several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1869/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1869/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. ******************************************************************************** 1869/10: Major alteration is to shift track farther to the west over New England to account for observations at Nantucket Island and Gardiner as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and to take into account new analysis by Abraham et al. (1998). Abraham et al. showed that this hurricane was undergoing extratropical transition as it interacted with (and was likely absorbed by) a secondary, baroclinic low on the 5th of October. Pressure reading of 972 mb not in hurricane's center (at 18 UTC, 4th of October) suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon above peripheral pressure reading, several ship reports and the destruction caused in Massachusetts and Maine. Inland winds over New England and Canada reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm surge of 6-7' is estimated to have occurred in the Upper Bay of Fundy, Canada (Parkes et al. 1998). Hurricane is also known as the "Saxby's Gale" from description given in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) and Ludlum's (1963) report. 1869/10 - 2003 REVISION: 03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 121 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 124 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 03485 10/04*315 755 90 0*345 730 90 0*377 715 90 0*407 706 90 0 03490 10/05*440 700 80 0*465 685 70 0*480 655 60 0* 0 0 0 0 03490 10/05*440 700 80 0*465 685 60 0*480 655 50 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 03495 HR MA1 ME1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 10-10/4/1869& 1900Z 41.3N 70.5W 70kt 1 (960mb) MA1 10-10/4/1869& 1900Z 41.3N 70.5W 80kt 1 (965mb) MA1 ** *** 10-10/4/1869& 2000Z 41.7N 70.4W 70kt 1 (960mb) MA1 10-10/4/1869& 2000Z 41.7N 70.4W 80kt 1 (965mb) MA1 ** *** 10-10/4/1869 2300Z 43.7N 70.1W 80kt 1 (972mb) ME1 10-10/4/1869 2300Z 43.7N 70.1W 90kt 2 (968mb) ME2 ** * *** *** Boose et al. (2001 and personal communication) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 impact in Massachusetts and Category 3 impact in Maine during its U.S. landfall. The original HURDAT had this hurricane listed as being a high end Category 2 as it made U.S. landfall (90 kt), but with the RMW staying offshore near Massachusetts. Given the low number of reports utilized in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-based empirical wind modeling work for this case, a boost to the winds at landfall to this extent is does not have enough substantiation. However, estimates of winds at landfall are increased moderately, though this does not necessitate any changes to the 6-hourly HURDAT itself. Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall, which does suggest a slightly higher central pressure to match the 90 kt given a slightly smaller than usual RMW for this windspeed and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000). Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06 and 12Z on the 5th, which is reflected in the revised HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1870/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon damage reports from Mobile, Alabama. Storm is also known as the "Mobile Storm of July 1870" in Ludlum (1963). 1870/01 - 2011 REVISION: 03670 07/30/1870 M= 1 1 SNBR= 126 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03675 07/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*305 880 70 0* 03680 HR AL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/30/1870 1800Z 30.5N 88.0W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AL1 1-7/30/1870 1800Z 30.5N 88.0W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Alabama as an 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1870/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1870/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 1004 mb gives 39 kt with southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 40 kt is assigned to the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1870/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 948 mb gives 98 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 100 kt is assigned to the best track. Storm is suggested to have reached major hurricane status based upon the above central pressure reading. ******************************************************************************** 1870/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Ship with central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon above central pressure reading as well as several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1870/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Central pressure observation over Cuba of 969 mb gives 91 kt with southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 90 kt is assigned to the best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central pressure measurement, several ship reports and destruction that occurred in Cuba. This system is known as the first of the "Twin Key West Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963). 1870/06 - 2003 REVISION: 03635 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 127 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03635 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 03640 10/05*175 740 40 0*181 750 40 0*187 760 50 0*191 770 50 0 03645 10/06*195 780 60 0*200 791 60 0*205 800 70 0*210 804 70 0 03650 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 80 0*221 816 90 969*224 819 90 0 03650 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 90 0*221 816 100 959*224 819 100 0 ** *** *** *** 03655 10/08*227 821 80 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0 03655 10/08*227 821 90 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0 ** 03660 10/09*239 818 90 0*241 816 90 0*242 814 90 0*244 811 90 0 03665 10/10*245 810 90 0*246 808 90 0*247 806 90 0*249 803 90 0 03670 10/11*251 800 90 0*252 798 90 0*255 795 90 0*258 790 90 0 03675 10/12*262 786 90 0*265 781 90 0*268 776 80 0*273 770 80 0 03680 10/13*278 763 70 0*283 756 70 0*289 749 60 0*295 740 60 0 03680 10/13*278 763 80 0*283 756 80 0*289 749 70 0*295 740 70 0 ** ** ** ** 03685 10/14*301 729 60 0*307 718 60 0*314 705 60 0*322 691 60 0 03685 10/14*301 729 70 0*307 718 70 0*314 705 70 0*322 691 70 0 ** ** ** ** 03690 HRBFL1 03690 HRBFL1CFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N 80.8W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1 6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N 80.8W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1,CFL1 **** Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) have uncovered that the central pressure for this hurricane was 959 mb (at Nueva Paz on the 8th), which suggests winds of 101 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the best track. This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). The original listing of 969 mb for a central pressure (12Z on the 7th) was determined to be, instead, a peripheral pressure from Matanzas. The hurricane is known as El Huracan de San Marcos for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000). The U.S. landfall designation also includes the CFL1 (Southeast Florida) because of the new geographical designation implemented by NHC in 2000. 1870/06 - 2006 REVISION: 03820 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03820 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * 03825 10/05*175 740 40 0*181 750 40 0*187 760 50 0*191 770 50 0* 03830 10/06*195 780 60 0*200 791 60 0*205 800 70 0*210 804 70 0* 03835 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 90 0*221 816 100 959*224 819 100 0* 03840 10/08*227 821 90 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0* 03845 10/09*239 818 90 0*241 816 90 0*242 814 90 0*244 811 90 0* 03850 10/10*245 810 90 0*246 808 90 0*247 806 90 0*249 803 90 0* 03855 10/11*251 800 90 0*252 798 90 0*255 795 90 0*258 790 90 0* 03860 10/12*262 786 90 0*265 781 90 0*268 776 80 0*273 770 80 0* 03865 10/13*278 763 80 0*283 756 80 0*289 749 70 0*295 740 70 0* 03870 10/14*301 729 70 0*307 718 70 0*314 705 70 0*322 691 70 0* 03875 HRBFL1CFL1 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". ******************************************************************************** 1870/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Horatio Harris". ******************************************************************************** 1870/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1870/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status at landfall in Cuba based upon severe damage in Vuelta Abajo and Batabano. This system is known as the second of the "Twin Key West Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963). 1870/09 - 2003 REVISION: 03730 10/19/1870 M= 4 9 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 03730 10/19/1870 M= 4 9 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 03735 10/19*195 841 100 0*199 840 100 0*204 840 100 0*211 839 100 0 03735 10/19*195 841 90 0*199 840 90 0*204 840 90 0*211 839 90 0 *** *** *** *** 03740 10/20*219 836 100 0*229 834 90 0*239 829 80 0*252 820 80 0 03740 10/20*220 837 90 0*231 835 80 0*243 831 80 0*255 823 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 03745 10/21*266 808 70 0*280 793 60 0*291 781 70 0*303 766 70 0 03745 10/21*267 811 70 0*279 797 60 0*291 781 70 0*303 766 70 0 *** *** *** *** 03750 10/22*314 754 70 0*325 740 70 0*335 726 70 0*345 711 70 0 03755 HRBFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 9-10/20/1870$ 1400Z 24.7N 82.8W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1 (Landfall over Fort Jefferson is additional strike in U.S.) 9-10/20/1870$ 2100Z 25.9N 81.5W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1 9-10/20/1870$ 2000Z 26.0N 81.6W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1 **** **** **** Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 3 assigned in HURDAT (mainly on the hurricane-caused damage). Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 19th and 20th. Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West: Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W): Date 12Z 19Z 02Z 10/19/1870 E-4 E-4 E-3 10/20/1870 E-10 NW-9 SE-5 Remarks: "For several days past the wind has been blowing first from the E and SE. At 9 P.M. Oct. 19th, it began increasing and at 3 A.M. Oct. 20th amounted to a Hurricane. Heavy rainfall, but not lightning or thunder accompanied it. Trees and fences protested, buildings surroofed & debris flying in every direction, making it dangerous to be out. At 8:15 A.M., the wind died completely out in 3 minutes, so close as to be uncomfortable. Suddenly at 9:40 A.M. it set in from the opposite direction, and in twenty minutes increased to a Hurricane. At 2 P.M. began diminishing and at 9 P.M. amounted to a moderate breeze." Military Post Wind Force Scale (values are estimates of the highest gusts) ------------------------------------------- 1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt) 2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt) 3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt) 4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt) 5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt) 6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt) 7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt) 8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt) 9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt) 10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt) These additional observations indicate that the hurricane made a direct landfall over the fort at 14Z on the 20th, rather than passing to the east. The track has been adjusted on the 20th and 21st appropriately. ******************************************************************************** 1870/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "R. Murray, Jr." and a Spanish bark. ******************************************************************************** 1870/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis. Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for the enhanced topography. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from ships "Silver Star" and "Nymph". 1870/11 - 2003 REVISION: 03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 132 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 135 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 03780 10/30*170 855 60 0*171 856 60 0*172 860 60 0*172 861 60 0 03785 10/31*174 864 70 0*175 866 60 0*177 869 70 0*177 871 70 0 03785 10/31*174 864 70 0*175 866 70 0*177 869 70 0*177 871 70 0 ** 03790 11/01*180 876 70 0*182 878 70 0*185 880 70 0*187 880 60 0 03795 11/02*192 879 50 0*197 876 40 0*204 874 40 0*214 869 50 0 03800 11/03*222 863 60 0*230 856 60 0*237 850 70 0*242 840 70 0 03805 HR Typographical error - the storm was designated as being of hurricane force from 00Z on the 31st until 12Z on the 1st. ******************************************************************************** 1871/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis. Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. 999 mb central pressure provides guidance of 47 kt using the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen in best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). 1871/01 - 2003 REVISION: 03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 03920 06/01*241 810 40 0*241 821 40 0*242 836 40 0*247 846 40 0 03925 06/02*252 854 50 0*258 861 50 0*261 873 50 0*265 886 50 0 03930 06/03*268 898 50 0*270 911 50 0*273 924 50 0*277 933 50 0 03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 50 0*303 960 40 0 03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 40 0*303 960 40 0 ** 03940 06/05*311 961 40 0*320 961 40 0*332 958 30 0*350 950 30 0 03945 TS Winds not reduced after landfall occurred until well-inland. Winds decreased at 12Z on the 4th for more realistic decay. ******************************************************************************** 1871/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). ******************************************************************************** 1871/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) was to extend track of storm one full day into the SE United States to accommodate a typical decay of the hurricane to tropical depression strength, as suggested by the inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995). Partagas and Diaz (1995b) did make large changes to the track found in Neumann et al. (1993), though these are found to be reasonable. 952 mb central pressure provides guidance of 101 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in the best track. 955 mb central pressure provides guidance of 99 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements. 1871/03 - 2003 REVISION: 03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 134 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 137 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*268 743 80 0 03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*267 743 80 0 *** 03880 08/15*269 750 90 0*269 756 90 0*270 765 100 0*270 773 100 952 03880 08/15*268 750 90 0*268 758 90 0*268 767 100 0*268 777 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 03885 08/16*271 780 100 0*272 785 100 955*273 791 100 0*274 795 100 0 03885 08/16*268 785 100 952*268 791 100 955*268 795 100 0*269 798 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 03890 08/17*275 796 100 0*276 799 100 0*277 800 100 0*279 801 100 0 03890 08/17*270 801 100 0*272 805 90 0*276 811 80 0*283 817 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 03895 08/18*282 803 90 0*287 804 90 0*290 805 90 0*294 806 90 0 03895 08/18*290 821 70 0*297 825 60 0*304 823 60 0*308 819 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 03900 08/19*300 806 80 0*307 806 80 0*315 805 80 0*322 798 80 0 03900 08/19*313 814 50 0*318 808 60 0*321 802 60 0*323 796 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 03905 08/20*325 788 80 0*327 776 80 0*327 766 80 0*324 764 80 0 03905 08/20*325 788 60 0*327 776 60 0*326 768 60 0*324 764 60 0 ** ** *** *** ** ** 03910 08/21*320 761 80 0*317 763 80 0*315 765 80 0*311 771 80 0 03910 08/21*320 761 60 0*317 763 60 0*314 765 60 0*312 771 60 0 ** ** *** ** *** ** 03915 08/22*310 780 80 0*310 786 90 0*310 795 90 0*311 804 90 0 03915 08/22*311 780 60 0*310 786 60 0*310 795 60 0*311 804 60 0 *** ** ** ** ** 03920 08/23*312 814 90 0*313 824 60 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0 03920 08/23*312 814 60 0*313 824 50 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0 ** ** 03925 HR GA2DFL1 03925 HRCFL3DFL1AFL1 **** **** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 3-8/18/1871$* 0000Z 28.2N 80.3W 80kt 1 (965mb) DFL1 3-8/17/1871$* 0200Z 27.1N 80.2W 100kt 3 955mb CFL3,DFL1,AFL1 ** ***** ***** ***** ***** * ******* **** **** 3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 90kt 2 (965mb) GA2,DFL1 3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 60kt TS ----- --- **** ** ******* ******** Hurricane is revised from the previously accepted analysis of Partagas and Diaz due to inclusion of work by Ho (1989). In particular, additional observations were provided from New Smyrna, Fairview, Ocala, Picolata, Tampa, Jacksonville (FL), and Savannah (GA). These land-based measurements from Ho's study were key in providing the track alteration to one that made landfall in central east Florida, passed over Ocala, moved west of Jacksonville, then back over water off of southern Georgia. However, Ho's intensity analysis of a 945 mb central pressure is likely too low an estimation as a 955 mb central pressure recorded by the ship "Victor" (as recorded in Partagas and Diaz 1995b) occurred very near the coast, along Jupiter. Hurricane is re-analyzed to come ashore early on the 23rd as a tropical storm in Georgia since there is no evidence that it reintensified to a hurricane after weakening to a tropical storm while over Florida. ******************************************************************************** 1871/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. 965 mb central pressure provides guidance for 95 kt utilizing the southern wind- pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. 962 mb central pressure suggests 98 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements. This hurricane is known as "Santa Juana" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. 1871/04 - 2003 REVISION: 04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 139 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 04040 08/17*112 307 40 0*115 322 40 0*118 339 40 0*123 355 40 0 04045 08/18*129 374 50 0*135 392 50 0*140 410 50 0*142 425 50 0 04050 08/19*143 445 60 0*145 464 60 0*147 480 70 0*149 499 70 0 04055 08/20*151 522 80 0*153 545 80 0*154 564 90 0*158 582 90 0 04060 08/21*164 600 100 0*171 616 100 0*177 629 100 965*182 640 100 0 04065 08/22*189 653 100 962*195 665 100 0*200 675 90 0*207 686 90 0 04070 08/23*212 696 90 0*220 710 90 0*225 723 90 0*232 735 90 0 04075 08/24*241 750 90 0*250 764 90 0*257 776 90 0*263 786 90 0 04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 819 50 0 04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 822 50 0 *** 04085 08/26*294 825 40 0*299 831 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0 04085 08/26*294 831 40 0*299 838 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0 *** *** 04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*320 835 30 0 04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*321 835 30 0 *** 04095 08/28*322 831 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 820 30 0*324 810 30 0 04095 08/28*322 830 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 821 30 0*324 810 30 0 *** *** 04100 08/29*325 799 40 0*327 786 40 0*330 775 50 0*340 761 50 0 04105 08/30*355 743 50 0*373 724 50 0*395 705 60 0*420 685 60 0 04110 HRCFL2DFL1 Track adjusted to provide for more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1871/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1871/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 5. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Robert Myhan" and "Lizzie M. Merrill". 1871/06 - 2006 REVISION: 04225 09/05/1871 M= 4 6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 04230 09/05*260 901 70 0*265 890 70 0*270 876 70 0*275 861 70 0* 04235 09/06*281 849 70 0*286 841 70 0*290 833 70 0*296 825 50 0* 04240 09/07*302 818 50 0*307 811 50 0*313 803 60 0*317 793 60 0* 04245 09/08*319 783 60 0*322 770 60 0*324 759 60 0*327 750 60 0* 04250 HRAFL1 04250 HRAFL1BFL1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL") is added. This is based upon ship observations of hurricane force winds south of the dividing line between northwest ("AFL") and southwest Florida. 1871/06 - 2011 REVISION: 04225 09/05/1871 M= 4 6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 04230 09/05*260 901 70 0*265 890 70 0*270 876 70 0*275 861 70 0* 04235 09/06*281 849 70 0*286 841 70 0*290 833 70 0*296 825 50 0* 04240 09/07*302 818 50 0*307 811 50 0*313 803 60 0*317 793 60 0* 04245 09/08*319 783 60 0*322 770 60 0*324 759 60 0*327 750 60 0* 04250 HRAFL1BFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-9/6/1871 1400Z 29.2N 83.0W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1,BFL1 6-9/6/1871 1400Z 29.2N 83.0W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1,BFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1871/07: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to extend out the track of the storm an additional one day to the 7th of October based upon suggestion in the Partagas and Diaz writeup due to the ship "Robert Cadwell". Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm strength). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon loss of steamships "Hall" and "Twelfth Era". ******************************************************************************** 1871/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from ships "Nellie Antrim" and "Armida" as well as destruction in Halifax, Nova Scotia. ******************************************************************************** 1872/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). 1872/01 - 2003 REVISION: 04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 141 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 144 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 911 40 0 04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 912 40 0 *** 04265 07/10*258 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0 04265 07/10*257 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0 *** 04270 07/11*284 893 50 0*292 891 50 0*300 890 50 0*305 890 50 0 04275 07/12*309 891 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0 04275 07/12*309 890 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0 *** 04280 07/13*325 895 30 0*330 894 30 0*335 890 30 0*342 885 30 0 04285 TS Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1872/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. The storm reached hurricane status based upon observations from several ships. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical cyclone). ******************************************************************************** 1872/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small track alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations from several ships. ******************************************************************************** 1872/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon report from the ship "Tare". ******************************************************************************** 1872/05: Track considerably altered from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The track chosen is a compromise between that shown in Neumann et al. (1993) and that advocated by Partagas and Diaz. The reasoning is that observations in the 1872 _Monthly Weather Review_ show that 7 1/2 inches of rain occurred in Norfolk , which is unlikely to be produced by a separate extratropical storm alone as is what is suggested by Partagas and Diaz to have caused the gales and low pressures throughout the middle Atlantic states. Additionally, the U.S. Army Signal Corp did provide overland tracks of extratropical storms, none of which matched up to the one that Partagas and Diaz suggested to have occurred. This new track takes it across Florida a bit farther south than both previous tracks to allow for a turn northward near the ship "Cardenas", then the new track brings the system ashore as a tropical storm in North Carolina just a bit farther east of Neumann et al.'s landfall. The new track then stays east of Neumann et al.'s track while over the middle Atlantic states to correspond with the the northeast to north winds over Washington and the low pressures measured in New York City. After leaving New England, the new track rejoins the original Neumann et al. track. 1872/05 - 2003 REVISION: 04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 143 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 146 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 04400 10/22*234 893 40 0*240 883 40 0*247 873 40 0*257 862 40 0 04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 50 0*290 803 50 0 04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 40 0*290 803 40 0 ** ** 04410 10/24*300 790 60 0*313 785 70 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0 04410 10/24*300 790 50 0*313 785 60 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0 ** ** 04415 10/25*343 777 50 0*350 775 50 0*357 772 40 0*365 769 40 0 04420 10/26*375 765 40 0*386 758 40 0*397 748 40 0*406 738 40 0 04425 10/27*413 726 40 0*418 713 40 0E424 692 40 0E429 672 40 0 04430 10/28E436 650 40 0E445 625 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 04435 HR No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 23rd and 24th. ******************************************************************************** 1873/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Georgia. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). ******************************************************************************** 1873/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. 962 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status for the two days before the above central pressure measurement was made at latitude 44N. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical cyclone). 1873/02 - 2003 REVISION: 04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 147 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 04555 08/13*139 250 40 0*140 260 40 0*140 270 40 0*141 281 40 0 04560 08/14*141 293 50 0*142 306 50 0*143 320 50 0*144 330 50 0 04565 08/15*145 344 50 0*145 359 50 0*145 373 50 0*146 384 50 0 04570 08/16*147 397 60 0*148 412 60 0*150 427 60 0*153 440 60 0 04575 08/17*156 455 70 0*160 470 70 0*165 490 70 0*169 505 70 0 04580 08/18*175 520 70 0*182 536 70 0*187 550 70 0*195 564 70 0 04585 08/19*202 579 80 0*212 595 80 0*220 610 80 0*229 621 80 0 04590 08/20*239 635 80 0*249 646 80 0*260 656 80 0*268 666 80 0 04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 683 90 0*310 684 90 0 04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 682 90 0*310 684 90 0 *** 04600 08/22*317 685 90 0*325 686 90 0*333 685 90 0*343 683 90 0 04605 08/23*352 680 100 0*360 676 100 0*370 670 100 0*383 664 100 0 04610 08/24*395 658 100 0*409 646 100 0*420 635 90 0*430 614 90 0 04615 08/25*437 589 90 962*444 566 90 0*450 550 80 0*457 543 80 0 04620 08/26*460 541 80 0*465 541 80 0*470 540 70 0*474 540 70 0 04625 08/27*478 539 70 0*482 537 70 0E485 535 60 0E494 526 60 0 04630 08/28E504 513 60 0E510 498 60 0E520 480 50 0E530 460 50 0 04635 HR Minor track alteration on the 21st for more realistic motion. ******************************************************************************** 1873/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Pressure reading of 992 mb not in hurricane's center (at 12 UTC, 19th of September) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind- pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction that occurred in Tallahassee, Florida; storm regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic based upon above peripheral surface pressure report along with several ship observations. 1873/03 - 2011 REVISION: 04720 09/18/1873 M= 3 3 SNBR= 152 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 04725 09/18*227 899 70 0*235 899 70 0*245 896 70 0*257 889 70 0* 04730 09/19*268 878 70 0*279 866 70 0*291 851 70 0*307 834 60 0* 04735 09/20*325 806 50 0*335 778 60 0*342 745 70 0*345 703 70 0* 04740 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/19/1873 1500Z 29.9N 84.4W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 3-9/19/1873 1500Z 29.9N 84.4W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1873/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. ******************************************************************************** 1873/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track reasonably shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and the SE United States. Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to account for enhanced topography. Pressure reading of 969 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, September 28th) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. Pressure reading of 971 mb not in hurricane's center (on 00 UTC, September 29th) suggests winds of at least 88 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track. Estimate of 959 mb for central pressure at landfall in SW Florida from Ho (1989) appears reasonable and matches SLOSH modeling work by Jarvinen (1990). 959 mb central pressure suggests 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for the best track. Storm tide value of 14' at Punta Rassa, Florida from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status on the 28th of September based upon peripheral surface pressure reading of 969 mb and destruction that occurred in Jacmal, Haiti. Storm regained major hurricane status on the 7th of October based upon the estimate of central pressure of 959 mb and surge/destruction in Punta Rassa. 1873/05 - 2003 REVISION: 04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 153 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 04695 09/26*147 623 40 0*148 631 40 0*150 640 50 0*153 651 50 0 04700 09/27*157 665 60 0*160 676 60 0*162 690 70 0*166 701 70 0 04705 09/28*169 711 80 0*174 723 90 0*180 730 100 0*190 739 90 0 04710 09/29*197 745 90 0*202 755 80 0*202 765 60 0*202 771 50 0 04715 09/30*201 778 40 0*200 784 40 0*200 790 40 0*201 796 40 0 04720 10/01*201 801 40 0*201 806 40 0*200 810 40 0*200 814 40 0 04725 10/02*200 818 50 0*200 821 50 0*200 825 50 0*200 828 50 0 04730 10/03*200 831 60 0*200 836 60 0*200 840 70 0*200 846 70 0 04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*206 861 80 0 04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*204 861 80 0 *** 04740 10/05*210 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0 04740 10/05*208 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0 *** 04745 10/06*224 861 90 0*230 859 90 0*237 855 100 0*247 841 100 0 04750 10/07*262 825 100 959*281 803 80 0*297 786 80 0*311 771 80 0 04755 10/08*324 756 90 0*337 741 90 0*350 726 80 0*363 709 80 0 04760 10/09*375 685 70 0*388 661 70 0E395 645 60 0E400 630 60 0 04765 10/10E405 615 60 0E410 600 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 04770 HRBFL3CFL2DFL1 Track slightly altered to provide a more realistic motion. ******************************************************************************** 1874/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). ******************************************************************************** 1874/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon a report from "a sailing vessel". ******************************************************************************** 1874/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 980 mb not in storm's center (on 18 UTC, 7th of September) suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track as it is determined that the storm had already undergone extratropical transition by this point. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1874/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical depression strength). 1874/04 - 2003 REVISION: 04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 154 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 04910 09/02*204 946 40 0*207 950 40 0*212 953 40 0*215 956 40 0 04915 09/03*220 959 40 0*224 962 40 0*229 965 40 0*234 968 40 0 04920 09/04*239 970 50 0*244 971 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0 04920 09/04*239 971 50 0*244 974 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0 *** *** 04925 09/05*261 980 40 0*267 981 40 0*273 982 30 0*278 983 30 0 04930 09/06*283 984 30 0*288 985 30 0*292 985 30 0*297 985 30 0 04935 09/07*303 985 30 0*310 984 30 0*317 984 30 0*325 983 30 0 04940 TS Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. ******************************************************************************** 1874/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). ******************************************************************************** 1874/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico, Florida and the eastern United States. A pressure reading of 996 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC, September 28th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 984 mb suggests 71 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 987 mb suggests 67 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 980 mb suggests 73 kt using the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen as it is determined that the storm transitioned to extratropical. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane force from the 984 mb central pressure and reports from the ship "Emma D. Finney". The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). 1874/06 - 2003 REVISION: 04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 156 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 159 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 50 0 04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 40 0 ** 04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 40 0*212 888 40 0*222 885 40 0 04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 30 0*212 888 30 0*222 885 40 0 ** ** 04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*241 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0 04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*242 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0 *** 04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*295 825 60 0*310 810 70 0*324 801 70 984 04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*298 823 60 0*314 810 70 0*328 800 80 981 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 04895 09/29*339 795 70 987*354 789 60 0*368 780 50 0*389 760 50 0 04895 09/29*340 790 70 0*352 780 60 0*368 770 50 0*389 755 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 04900 09/30*409 736 60 0*427 716 60 0E443 700 60 0E460 680 60 980 04905 10/01E480 655 50 0E500 630 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 04910 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/28/1874 0400Z 29.1N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1 6-10/28/1874 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1 **** **** 6-10/28/1874 1900Z 32.6N 80.0W 70kt 1 984mb SC1,NC1 6-10/28/1874 1800Z 32.8N 80.0W 80kt 1 981mb SC1,NC1 **** **** ** *** Unrealistically small weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over the Yucatan of Mexico. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico. Winds reduced accordingly on the 25th and 26th. Recent research by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina that there was a measurement of 981 mb from Georgetown which does appear to be a central pressure value. (The hurricane appears to have maintained intensity or slightly intensified between Charleston (984 mb) and Georgetown (981 mb).) 981 mb suggest winds of 74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track in part based upon destruction that occurred in Charleston. The track is adjusted slightly to the east at and after landfall to accommodate this new data (included in full below): Sept. 28, 1874, from the weather diary of Alexander Glennie at Georgetown, SC. Wind strength was recorded in a numerical scale from 1-6, with 1 indicating a very light breeze and 6 indicating a violent storm. Total precipitation at Georgetown was 1.5 inches, which suggests it didn't receive the brunt of the rainfall. * Morning and Forenoon (probably sunrise, as the temperature observation is at sunrise): 72 F, SE wind at 5, Rain, Gale * Noon and Afternoon (temperature reading is at 2 pm): 73 F, E wind at 6, heavy Gale Rain; wind changed 3 pm to W.. Bar [barometer] at 3 pm 28.96 * Evening and Night (temperature reading is at 9 pm): 65 F, SW 3. The News and Courier, Tuesday, Sept. 29, 1874, p. 1. THE GREAT GALE OF 1874 A MEMORABLE DAY-FULL DETAILS OF THE AWFUL STORM. The long immunity which Charleston has enjoyed from disastrous gales was interrupted yesterday by a disaster which has probably destroyed over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property. In the early part of the present month everybody was on the lookout for the equinoctial storm, because there exists a kind of tradition that severe and disastrous equinoxes occur once in every twenty years, and it is just twenty years since the destructive gale of 1854. But when the 21st of the month had passed without bringing the disagreeable visitor people began to think that Charleston would after all escape the dreadful infliction. For over a fortnight the wind had been blowing steadily from the east, and at times the weather had assumed a threatening aspect, but not sufficiently so to warrant the apprehension of a gale. On Sunday evening at a late hour it began to blow stiffly in puffs and to rain, and by daylight the wind had increased considerably, blowing from the east and southeast. The steamer Dictator, which arrived in the morning, reported heavy weather at sea, but the captain failed to observe any indications of the coming blow. About half-past six or seven o'clock in the morning the wind grew stronger, with heavy squalls and severe puffs, which created general apprehensions. At eight o'clock it was evident that THE GALE WAS UPON US. The sea was heaving and tossing in the harbor, and the rapidly encroaching tide began to flood the wharves and streets. The squalls kept constantly increasing in strength, and the masters of vessels in port began to look anxiously to their moorings. At nine o'clock the tide had risen so high that it covered all the wharves on the eastern front of the city and flooded the streets to the depth of several feet. Many of the wharves were washed up, and several vessels parted from their moorings and were driven on shore. THE SCENE FROM THE WHARVES at this time was terrific. In every direction drift wood, bales of cotton, wrecked boats and debris were being tossed about. The wind, whistling through the rigging of the shipping, made melancholy music, and the blinding rain falling in torrents rendered efforts to save anything almost useless. The tide rose to a great height, in many instances lifting the flooring from the piers and rendering it extremely hazardous for anybody to stand in the vicinity. The sea in the harbor rolled mountain high, and the waves dashed over the piers in huge rollers. At Accommodation wharf a bark was driven from her moorings high up on the landing into the wharf office of Campbell Wylly & Co., but was blown off a gain when the wind shifted. So great was the force of the wind that the bowsprit of the vessel entered the second story of the building, which was of brick, and cut it completely in two, making a clean split. At the wharf of the Sullivan's Island steamers the waves washed clear over the wood work, and the anxious crowd who had gathered there to hear tidings from friends on the Island were fairly driven back by the blinding rain and rapidly rising waters. East Bay and Calhoun street were flooded with water to such a depth as to FLOAT THE CARS of the Enterprise Railway from the track. All the wharves above Market street were more or less damaged, but those below that point suffered the most. At Vanderhorst wharf, a large flat loaded with phosphate rock intended for the ship Border Chieftain parted the fastenings, and was blown into three sloops in the dock, sinking them almost immediately. The flat was then lifted by the waves and thrown transversely across the dock, making a complete bridge between the two piers. The British bark Beltiate, which had lately arrived from Liverpool and was anchored in the stream, was blown from her moorings despite two heavy anchors held by seventy-five and forty-five feet of iron chain and dragged into the dock between Boyce and Atlantic wharf. The wharf on the extreme southern limit of the eastern water front was completely washed away, and the piers immediately adjoining on the north, at which were moored the steamers City Point and Dictator, were also badly damaged. The work of destruction continued without interruption until about half-past twelve, when THE WIND MODULATED for a short time, and then shifted around to the south and west, when it again blew with full force for about an hour, tearing the slate and tin from the roofs of many buildings and blowing down trees and fences in every direction. The change in the direction of the wind, however, had the effect of turning the tide, and in an incredible short time the waters began to fall, and people began to breathe easier. As soon as the wind shifted the rain ceased to fall, and the streets, which had up to this time been dangerous to pedestrians on account of the falling shingles, signs, and fences, were now crowded with people who had come out to view the effects of the storm. 1874/06 - 2011 REVISION: 05055 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 05060 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 40 0* 05065 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 30 0*212 888 30 0*222 885 40 0* 05070 09/27*232 880 50 0*242 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0* 05075 09/28*282 836 70 0*298 823 60 0*314 810 70 0*328 800 80 981* 05080 09/29*340 790 70 0*352 780 60 0*368 770 50 0*389 755 50 0* 05085 09/30*409 736 60 0*427 716 60 0E443 700 60 0E460 680 60 980* 05090 10/01E480 655 50 0E500 630 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 05095 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-9/28/1874 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 6-9/28/1874 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** 6-9/28/1874 1800Z 32.8N 80.0W 80kt 1 --- 981mb SC1,NC1 The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1874/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Jamaica and Cuba. Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to take into account the enhanced topography. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon description of severe damage in Jamaica. 1874/07 - 2003 REVISION: 05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 05025 10/31*135 784 40 0*141 783 40 0*147 781 50 0*151 781 50 0 05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 775 80 0 05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 774 80 0 *** 05035 11/02*177 771 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 50 0 05035 11/02*177 772 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 60 0 *** ** 05040 11/03*205 758 50 0*210 754 50 0*215 750 60 0*222 744 60 0 05045 11/04*231 739 70 0*237 734 70 0*245 730 70 0*255 725 70 0 05050 HR Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds brought up to 60 kt at 18Z on the 2nd, since the storm had not yet made landfall in Cuba. 1874/07 - 2006 REVISION: 05100 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L 05100 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L * 05105 10/31*135 784 40 0*141 783 40 0*147 781 50 0*151 781 50 0* 05110 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 774 80 0* 05115 11/02*177 772 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 60 0* 05120 11/03*205 758 50 0*210 754 50 0*215 750 60 0*222 744 60 0* 05125 11/04*231 739 70 0*237 734 70 0*245 730 70 0*255 725 70 0* 05130 HR Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should not have been indicated to be a continental U.S. landfalling system. The landfall indicator is thus switched (from "XING=1" to "XING=0"). ******************************************************************************** 1875/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1875/02: The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. However, the other track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993) were large, but reasonable. 982 mb central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement and several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1875/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC, September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique, Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure. A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b). Storm regained hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall. 1875/11 - 2011 REVISION: 05225 09/08/1875 M=11 3 SNBR= 164 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 05230 09/08*139 553 70 0*139 564 70 0*140 575 70 0*140 587 70 0* 05235 09/09*141 597 80 0*142 607 80 0*143 618 80 0*144 627 80 0* 05240 09/10*145 635 80 0*146 643 80 0*148 651 80 0*151 663 80 0* 05245 09/11*155 674 90 0*158 684 90 0*161 693 90 0*164 701 90 0* 05250 09/12*167 713 90 0*171 721 90 0*175 730 90 0*182 745 90 0* 05255 09/13*194 760 90 0*202 775 90 0*210 785 80 978*220 799 80 0* 05260 09/14*227 809 70 0*234 824 60 992*240 839 70 0*247 854 80 0* 05265 09/15*258 871 80 0*263 891 80 0*266 905 90 0*268 920 90 0* 05270 09/16*270 934 90 0*271 949 90 0*271 961 100 0*274 969 100 0* 05275 09/17*280 973 90 0*288 973 70 0*295 970 60 0*300 962 50 0* 05280 09/18*303 950 40 0*306 935 40 0*310 918 30 0*315 900 30 0* 05285 HRBTX3ATX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/16/1875 2100Z 27.7N 97.2W 100kt 3 --- (960mb) BTX3,ATX2 3-9/16/1875 2100Z 27.7N 97.2W 100kt 3 --- (955mb) BTX3,ATX2 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as a 100 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - for a 100 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1875/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity). ******************************************************************************** 1875/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1875/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "E.E. Ruckett". ******************************************************************************** 1876/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. 970 mb central pressure suggests 82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement. ******************************************************************************** 1876/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States. Used accelerated decay rate to take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba. 990 mb central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. 985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as storm was inland at this position. A central pressure of 980 mb at landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean based upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and 991 mb central pressure measurements. Storm is determined to have regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land (Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated central pressure at landfall. 1876/02 - 2003 REVISION: 05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 70 0*180 621 70 0 05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 80 0*180 621 90 0 ** ** 05240 09/13*180 634 70 0*181 643 70 990*182 653 70 990*184 666 70 991 05240 09/13*180 634 100 0*180 646 100 0*181 660 90 0*183 676 70 991 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 05245 09/14*187 684 70 0*190 701 60 0*192 720 50 0*197 734 50 0 05245 09/14*186 692 70 0*189 707 60 0*193 720 50 0*197 734 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** 05250 09/15*201 748 50 0*204 761 50 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0 05250 09/15*201 748 70 0*204 761 60 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0 ** ** 05255 09/16*217 796 50 0*229 800 50 999*245 800 60 0*266 794 60 0 05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 60 985 05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 70 985 ** 05265 09/18*382 773 50 0*408 781 40 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0 05265 09/18*382 773 60 987*408 781 50 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0 ** *** ** 05270 09/19*430 745 30 0*427 730 30 0*423 715 30 0*420 700 30 0 05275 HR NC1 05275 HR NC1 VA1 *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1 2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1,VA1 *** Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage and occasional F3 destruction. Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be peripheral pressure measurements. Thus this hurricane is estimated here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major hurricane. Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track and intensity. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th) suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship. These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall. A central pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt. Due to the small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the best track. Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 14th and 15th. Observations of sustained hurricane force winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early on the 18th. A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track because of inland location. The hurricane is known as "San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003). ******************************************************************************** 1876/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2. ******************************************************************************** 1876/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua. ******************************************************************************** 1876/05: Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The first is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The second major change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994). Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 973 mb central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen. 976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind observations from Key West, Florida. 1876/05 - 2003 REVISION: 05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 05355 10/12*120 790 40 0*122 790 40 0*124 790 50 0*126 790 50 0 05360 10/13*128 790 50 0*130 791 50 0*132 792 50 0*135 792 50 0 05365 10/14*138 794 50 0*141 795 50 0*144 796 50 0*147 797 50 0 05370 10/15*150 798 50 0*154 799 50 0*158 800 50 0*162 801 50 0 05375 10/16*166 802 50 0*170 803 50 0*174 804 60 0*178 805 60 0 05380 10/17*182 806 70 0*186 807 70 0*190 808 80 0*194 809 80 0 05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 816 90 0*212 818 90 0 05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 815 90 0*212 817 90 0 *** *** 05390 10/19*217 819 90 0*221 819 90 0*227 820 90 0*236 820 90 971 05390 10/19*217 819 100 0*223 822 100 0*227 823 100 958*236 823 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 05395 10/20*247 819 90 973*260 813 90 0*275 805 80 0*288 796 80 976 05400 10/21*300 788 80 0*310 779 80 0*319 767 80 0*325 749 80 0 05405 10/22*330 726 80 0*333 698 80 0*335 678 70 0*335 666 70 0 05410 10/23*338 656 70 0*339 646 70 0*340 635 60 0*342 620 60 0 05415 HRBFL2CFL1 Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of 102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the best track. This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). The original listing of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be, instead, a peripheral pressure. The track is shifted slightly to the west to take into account this new center fix location. The hurricane is known as El Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000). ******************************************************************************** 1877/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). ******************************************************************************** 1877/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States after final landfall in Florida. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the description of winds and effects along the Gulf coast. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1877/02 - 2011 REVISION: 05640 09/14/1877 M= 8 2 SNBR= 174 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 05645 09/14*215 920 40 0*219 924 40 0*222 930 40 0*229 936 40 0* 05650 09/15*235 941 50 0*241 946 50 0*247 950 50 0*252 951 50 0* 05655 09/16*259 953 60 0*264 953 60 0*270 953 60 0*274 951 60 0* 05660 09/17*278 951 70 0*282 948 70 0*285 945 70 0*287 938 70 0* 05665 09/18*288 933 70 0*289 925 70 0*290 916 70 0*293 906 70 0* 05670 09/19*295 898 70 0*297 890 70 0*300 880 70 0*303 869 70 0* 05675 09/20*306 859 60 0*308 846 50 0*310 836 40 0*311 824 40 0* 05680 09/21*312 811 40 0*313 800 40 0*313 786 40 0*315 768 40 0* 05685 HR LA1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/18/1877 1600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) LA1 2-9/18/1877 1600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) LA1 *** 2-9/19/1877 2000Z 30.4N 86.6W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 2-9/19/1877 2000Z 30.4N 86.6W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana and later Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall in both locations of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing for both landfalls. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1877/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "Harlcy John" and from wind reports at St. Paul Island, Canada. ******************************************************************************** 1877/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. Storm tide is reported as 12' for St. Marks, Florida from Barnes (1998). Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon storm tide in St. Marks as well as reports from the ship "Sarah Hall". 05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 172 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 05660 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0 05665 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0 05670 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0 05675 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0 05680 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0 05685 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0 05690 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0 05695 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0 05700 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0 05705 09/30*227 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*237 875 70 0*244 876 70 0 05705 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0 *** *** *** 05710 10/01*247 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 876 80 0*265 876 80 0 05710 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0 *** *** 05715 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0 05720 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0 05725 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0 05730 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0 05735 HRAFL3 GA1 Track adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translational velocity. 1877/04 - 2006 REVISION: 05735 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 05740 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0* 05745 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0* 05750 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0* 05755 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0* 05760 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0* 05765 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0* 05770 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0* 05775 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0* 05780 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0* 05785 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0* 05790 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0* 05795 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0* 05800 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0* 05805 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0* 05810 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0* 05815 HRAFL3 GA1 05815 HRAFL3IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's Atlantic coast. 1877/04 - 2011 REVISION: 05735 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 05740 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0* 05745 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0* 05750 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0* 05755 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0* 05760 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0* 05765 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0* 05770 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0* 05775 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0* 05780 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0* 05785 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0* 05790 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0* 05795 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0* 05800 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0* 05805 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0* 05810 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0* 05815 HRAFL3IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-10/3/1877 0500Z 30.0N 85.5W 100kt 3 --- (960mb) AFL3,IGA1 4-10/3/1877 0500Z 30.0N 85.5W 100kt 3 --- (955mb) AFL3,IGA1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 100 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - for a 100 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1877/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). ******************************************************************************** 1877/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). ******************************************************************************** 1877/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. ******************************************************************************** 1877/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). ******************************************************************************** 1878/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. 1878/01 - 2003 REVISION: 05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 05795 07/01*254 873 40 0*254 866 40 0*255 860 40 0*256 850 40 0 05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 40 0 05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 30 0 ** 05805 07/03*273 796 40 0*280 783 40 0*287 770 40 0*294 756 40 0 05810 TS No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida, even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model. In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd. ******************************************************************************** 1878/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhance topography. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang". The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity). 1878/02 - 2003 REVISION: 05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 05910 08/08*150 605 40 0*149 610 40 0*147 615 40 0*146 619 40 0 05915 08/09*146 624 40 0*146 628 40 0*145 633 40 0*145 641 40 0 05920 08/10*144 649 40 0*144 656 40 0*143 665 40 0*142 676 40 0 05925 08/11*141 686 40 0*140 700 40 0*140 713 40 0*141 730 40 0 05930 08/12*143 746 50 0*145 761 50 0*150 775 50 0*159 786 50 0 05935 08/13*166 796 50 0*174 806 50 0*180 815 50 0*187 825 50 0 05940 08/14*195 833 60 0*202 841 60 0*210 850 60 0*215 856 60 0 05945 08/15*220 861 70 0*225 868 70 0*228 875 70 0*229 881 70 0 05950 08/16*230 890 70 0*230 896 70 0*230 903 70 0*230 911 70 0 05955 08/17*230 921 70 0*230 930 70 0*230 940 70 0*230 948 70 0 05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*227 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0 05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*228 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0 *** 05965 08/19*225 992 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 05970 HR Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1878/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely high latitude and cold waters. Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at Magdalene Islands, Canada. ******************************************************************************** 1878/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. 996 mb central pressures suggests 55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. 972 mb central pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 975 mb central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings as well as several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1878/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL: Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. These include indicating a loop in the track from the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track. Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in Partagas and Diaz. A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th) suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind- pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States. Used an accelerated decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports. The storm regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several ship reports. The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990 and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York", as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 1878/05 - 2003 REVISION: 05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 05940 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0 05945 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0 05950 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0 05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 80 0*190 730 70 0*196 739 70 0 05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0 ** *** ** *** 05960 09/05*199 746 70 0*202 756 60 0*205 766 60 0*207 771 60 0 05960 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0 *** *** *** *** 05965 09/06*211 778 50 0*214 783 50 0*217 786 50 0*221 793 50 0 05965 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 05970 09/07*222 799 50 0*226 804 50 0*230 806 50 0*237 809 50 0 05970 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 05975 09/08*246 810 60 0*252 810 60 0*260 815 60 0*266 821 60 0 05975 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 05980 09/09*266 829 70 0*259 831 70 0*255 834 70 0*252 831 70 0 05980 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 05985 09/10*251 826 70 0*252 818 70 0*260 811 60 0*270 808 50 0 05985 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 05990 09/11*279 806 50 0*288 806 60 0*297 806 70 0*305 806 70 0 05990 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 05995 09/12*312 806 80 0*317 806 80 0*325 805 80 0*345 801 60 0 05995 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0 *** *** *** *** 06000 09/13*368 798 50 0E392 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0 06000 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0 *** *** 06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1 06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1 ******** U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Landfall Winds State 5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0100Z 24.7 81.0 60 FL 5- 9/ 7/1878$ 2100Z 24.7 80.9 60 FL * ***** **** 5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0600Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL 5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0200Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL ***** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/10/1878$ 1000Z 25.7N 81.3W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1 5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1 ***** ***** ***** **** * ******* **** **** 5-9/12/1878 1000Z 32.2N 80.5W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1 5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1 **** **** ***** Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work by Ho (1989). In particular, additional observations were provided from Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in both track and intensity. Observations from Key West showed that the system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21 UTC on the 7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly thereafter. All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified. Early on the 10th, it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12 UTC on the 10th, likely north of Tampa. Observations from St. Augustine showed that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02 UTC on the 11th with a central pressure of 985 mb. (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is in conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the observer may have had a high bias at the former station. However, strong winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient induced by a strong ridge to the north. This ridge also blocked the storm and induced a slow motion for the same days.) The hurricane's track was altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data. The 985 mb central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the Atlantic at 06 UTC on the 11th . From this 985 mb central pressure and that the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure- decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987). A 970 mb central pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for the winds at landfall. Winds are reduced on the 4th to account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola. Track also adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000). Assignment of Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000). 1878/05 - 2004 REVISION: 06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 06085 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0 06090 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0 06095 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0 06100 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0 06105 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0 06110 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0 06115 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0 06120 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0 06125 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0 06130 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0 06135 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0 06140 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0 06145 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0 06150 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1 06150 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1 **** *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1 5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) AFL2,BFL2,DFL1 **** 5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1 5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) SC1,GA1 *** After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the estimated maximum 1-min surface winds: 1855/05 and 1878/05. In this case, the assignment of Category 1 hurricane impact for North Carolina does not appear consistent with landfall in southern South Carolina. The original assessment of Category 1 conditions for North Carolina were based upon observed 65 kt winds at Cape Lookout (see above). It has subsequently been learned since 2000 that the 4 cup Robinson anemometer of the time had a severe high bias. These 5 min observed winds of 65 kt convert to 50 kt after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 53 kt after converting from a 5 min to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). While peak 1 min winds were likely somewhat higher than this somewhere in North Carolina, direct and indirect evidence suggests that only tropical storm conditions impacted the state. There were three other peak observations available between Myrtle Beach, SC and Cape Lookout, NC: Smithville, NC (now Southport) - SE 42 kt, Wilmington, NC - SE 26 kt, Sloop Point, NC (northeast of Wilmington near Top Sail Beach) - 55 kt (estimated), and Cape Lookout. Thus these other measurements are also consistent with tropical storm conditions in North Carolina and North Carolina is removed from the listing as having sustained hurricane force conditions from this hurricane. Northwest Florida added as Category 2 impact due to location of the landfall. 1878/05 - 2006 REVISION: 06120 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 06125 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0* 06130 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0* 06135 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0* 06140 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0* 06145 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0* 06150 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0* 06155 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0* 06160 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0* 06165 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0* 06170 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0* 06175 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0* 06180 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0* 06185 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0* 06190 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1 06190 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should have been listed as a Category 2 hurricane for northwestern Florida ("AFL") as well as southwestern Florida, based upon the intensity of the hurricane at landfall and its location. Thus "AFL2" is added into the listing of U.S. continental hurricane impacts. ******************************************************************************** 1878/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1878/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 5. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography. 938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps". The hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship reports. 06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 06165 09/24*151 719 40 0*155 719 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 720 50 0 06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 723 70 0 06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 722 70 0 *** 06175 09/26*180 724 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 50 0 06175 09/26*180 723 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 40 0 *** ** 06180 09/27*195 726 50 0*197 726 50 0*201 726 60 0*205 726 60 0 06180 09/27*195 726 40 0*197 726 40 0*201 726 50 0*205 727 60 0 ** ** ** *** 06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 728 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0 06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 729 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0 *** 06190 09/29*224 733 80 0*227 734 80 0*232 735 80 0*236 735 80 0 06195 09/30*239 735 90 0*242 735 90 0*247 735 90 0*254 735 90 0 06200 10/01*258 735 100 0*263 734 100 0*268 733 100 0*274 731 100 0 06205 10/02*276 731 110 0*280 731 110 0*285 730 110 0*289 729 110 0 06210 10/03*293 726 120 0*298 725 120 0*302 721 120 0*308 719 120 0 06215 10/04*314 715 120 0*319 711 120 0*325 706 120 0*333 700 120 0 06220 10/05*339 693 110 0*344 686 110 0*350 677 110 0*360 666 110 0 06225 10/06*373 648 110 0*385 626 110 0*397 605 110 0*407 583 110 0 06230 10/07*417 555 110 0*427 519 110 0*435 485 110 938*448 443 100 0 06235 10/08*462 395 100 0*475 355 100 0*485 310 90 0*495 270 90 0 06240 HR Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola and accounting for reasonable weakening. ******************************************************************************** 1878/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. 982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central pressure reading. 1878/08 - 2003 REVISION: 06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 06250 10/09*235 913 40 0*246 911 40 0*256 906 40 0*263 901 40 0 06255 10/10*268 896 50 0*273 891 50 0*281 881 50 0*292 866 50 0 06260 10/11*306 838 50 0*315 808 50 0*327 781 60 0*335 766 60 0 06260 10/11*306 838 40 0*315 808 40 0*327 781 50 0*335 766 60 0 ** ** ** 06265 10/12*345 750 70 0*358 736 70 0*370 725 70 0*388 705 70 0 06270 10/13*402 681 70 0*418 651 70 0*429 626 70 982*438 597 70 0 06275 10/14*445 568 70 0*452 533 70 0*455 500 70 0*455 475 70 0 06280 10/15E455 440 60 0E455 409 60 0E455 375 60 0E455 340 60 0 06285 HR Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model. ******************************************************************************** 1878/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7. Note that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on the 16th of October. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship observations. ******************************************************************************** 1878/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8. 951 mb central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind- pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the 951 mb central pressure measurement. ******************************************************************************** 1878/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 9. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 975 mb central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting higher winds than 78 kt). The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S. states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the central pressure reading. 1878/11 - 2003 REVISION: 06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 06285 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0 06290 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0 06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 70 0*212 824 70 0 06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0 ** ** 06300 10/21*219 824 70 0*225 823 70 0*232 820 70 0*244 810 70 0 06300 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0 ** *** ** *** ** 06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*312 780 80 0 06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0 *** 06310 10/23*340 776 90 0*365 775 80 0*389 770 80 975*405 760 70 0 06310 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 06315 10/24*422 740 60 0*427 716 60 0*425 689 60 0*415 666 60 0 06315 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0 **** *** **** *** ** * *** ** * ** 06320 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0 06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 11-10/23/1878 0100Z 34.4N 77.6W 90kt 2 (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1 11-10/23/1878 0400Z 34.8N 77.1W 90kt 2 (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1 ***** ***** ***** ******* Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate. Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st, accordingly. Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000). Changes do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina. They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. 90 kt is kept for landfall intensity. Additional observations were obtained from the new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003). A 10 foot storm tide was observed in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and 12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003). 1878/11 - 2006 REVISION: 06465 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 06470 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0* 06475 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0* 06480 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0* 06485 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0* 06490 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0* 06495 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0* 06500 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0* 06505 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0* 06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1IPA1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing Category 1 hurricane impact in Pennsylvania based upon the track and intensity shown in HURDAT. This is consistent with observations of high winds and storm surge that occurred in Philadelphia. ******************************************************************************** 1878/12: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 10. Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). ******************************************************************************** 1879/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1879/02: Only substantial change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to alter the track near the U.S. eastern seaboard to accommodate observations described in Ho (1989). Track has otherwise reasonable though large alterations by Partagas and Diaz (1995b) from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. Ho (1989) estimated 971 mb at landfall in North Carolina with a small radius of maximum wind (16 n mi). 971 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. However, due to the small RMW, winds are chosen for the best track to be 100 kt. This is the basis for determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity. 979 mb central pressure (while back over water) suggests winds of 74 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen to take into account the small RMW. 984 mb central pressure (twice) suggest winds of 69 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, again because of small RMW. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). 1879/02 - 2003 REVISION: 06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 06430 08/13*190 580 40 0*190 590 40 0*190 600 40 0*190 613 40 0 06435 08/14*191 629 40 0*192 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*195 668 40 0 06440 08/15*197 680 40 0*201 690 40 0*205 700 50 0*212 711 50 0 06445 08/16*217 721 60 0*225 729 60 0*232 736 70 0*242 746 70 0 06450 08/17*252 756 80 0*265 769 80 0*277 776 90 0*293 784 90 0 06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 90 979 06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 80 979 ** 06460 08/19*395 734 80 984*414 708 80 984*433 680 70 0*448 654 60 0 06460 08/19*395 734 70 0*414 708 70 984*433 680 60 0*448 654 60 0 ** *** ** ** 06465 08/20*465 617 60 0*482 583 60 0*493 550 50 0*502 515 50 0 06470 HR NC3 VA1 MA1 06470 HR NC3 VA2 *** *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA1 2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA2 *** 2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 80kt 1 984mb MA1 2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 60kt TS 984mb (None) ** ** ****** Analysis of this hurricane's impacts in Virginia by Roth and Cobb (2001) from wind and storm surge caused damage suggest that Category 2 conditions are more representative of what occurred in and around Norfolk, Virginia. (Note that Category 1 sustained windspeeds were observed in Cape Henry, Virginia before the anemometer was destroyed by the wind. Presumably higher winds would have been measured if the anemometer continued to function.) A storm surge of 7' (personal communication - B. Jarvinen, total storm tide of 8' from Roth and Cobb) was observed at Norfolk. (No changes were needed to the 6 hourly intervals in HURDAT.) Boose et al. (2001) did not include this hurricane in their publication on New England hurricanes. Boose (personal communication) indicated that their analysis found only F0 damage in Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island, not reaching their criterion for hurricane-intensity impacts. The original supposition that the hurricane retained a tight RMW at a second landfall in Massachusetts (after landfall in North Carolina) does not have much substantiation, though the 984 mb central pressure is valid. Given the observations of only 40 kt in New England and lack of hurricane- wind caused damages it appears that either the RMW stayed offshore, the hurricane had weakened or both was true. The 979 mb central pressure at 1930Z on the 18th had been utilized to support a 90 kt wind at 18Z, under the supposition that the small RMW would cause the maximum winds to be substantially higher than the northern wind-pressure relationship suggested winds (of 74 kt). This has been reduced slightly down to 80 kt at 18Z on the 18th. The 984 mb central pressure is used directly to estimate the peak winds while the hurricane made landfall - 69 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Thus 70 kt chosen for the best track at 06Z on the 19th, reduced from 80 kt. Highest estimated wind in New England is 60 kt, as the RMW with hurricane force winds likely remained offshore. 1879/02 - 2006 REVISION: 06595 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 06600 08/13*190 580 40 0*190 590 40 0*190 600 40 0*190 613 40 0* 06605 08/14*191 629 40 0*192 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*195 668 40 0* 06610 08/15*197 680 40 0*201 690 40 0*205 700 50 0*212 711 50 0* 06615 08/16*217 721 60 0*225 729 60 0*232 736 70 0*242 746 70 0* 06620 08/17*252 756 80 0*265 769 80 0*277 776 90 0*293 784 90 0* 06625 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 90 979* 06630 08/19*395 734 80 984*414 708 70 984*433 680 60 0*448 654 60 0* 06635 08/20*465 617 60 0*482 583 60 0*493 550 50 0*502 515 50 0* 06640 HR NC3 VA2 06640 HR NC3 VA2 MA1 *** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing a Category 1 hurricane impact in Massachusetts. Previously, it was estimated that the hurricane force winds stayed offshore as the hurricane clipped New England. However, upon further inspection of the track and intensity, it is likely that hurricane force winds were felt in southeastern Massachusetts. ******************************************************************************** 1879/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2. These track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico and the SE United States. 982 mb estimated central pressure at landfall in Texas suggest 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports from the ship "Elvina". The storm reintensified into a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction reported in Orange, Texas and the estimated central pressure value. 1879/03 - 2003 REVISION: 06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 06465 08/19*167 811 60 0*171 821 60 0*175 830 60 0*180 841 60 0 06470 08/20*185 854 70 0*191 865 70 0*197 876 70 0*202 890 60 0 06475 08/21*210 903 60 0*220 915 60 0*230 925 70 0*240 930 70 0 06480 08/22*250 935 70 0*261 938 70 0*273 940 80 0*281 941 80 0 06480 08/22*250 935 80 0*261 938 80 0*271 940 90 0*281 942 90 0 ** ** *** ** *** ** 06485 08/23*290 943 80 982*300 944 70 0*310 943 50 0*322 938 40 0 06485 08/23*293 944 90 964*308 942 70 0*323 938 60 988*335 933 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 06490 08/24*335 928 40 0*350 916 40 0*360 905 40 0*372 886 40 0 06490 08/24*344 926 40 0*352 916 30 0*360 905 30 0*368 886 30 0 *** *** *** ** ** *** ** 06495 HRCTX1 LA1 06495 HRCTX2 LA2 **** *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 3-8/23/1879 0300Z 29.5N 94.4W 80kt 1 982mb CTX1,LA1 3-8/23/1879 0200Z 29.6N 94.4W 90kt 2 964mb CTX2,LA2 **** **** ** * *** **** *** Details of this hurricane near and after landfall were reconsidered given the information from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) of a possible central pressure of 988 mb inland at Shreveport, Louisiana. The central pressure decay relationship from Ho et al. (1987) is utilized along with a 10 hour over land trek by the hurricane to estimate a 964 mb central pressure at landfall. The Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship suggests winds of 95 kt - 90 kt chosen for the best track at landfall. The 988 mb central pressure at Shreveport suggests winds of 65 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT. The track and intensity were adjusted accordingly on the 22nd and 23rd. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track, leading to slight revisions downward in intensity on the 24th. ******************************************************************************** 1879/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. Morgan City's sea level pressure of 972 mb not in storm's center (at 12 UTC, the 1st of September) suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status at landfall based upon destruction described in Morgan City, Louisiana as well as the peripheral pressure report. 1879/04 - 2003 REVISION: 06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 192 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 195 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 06505 08/29*235 885 50 0*237 888 50 0*240 891 50 0*242 893 50 0 06510 08/30*244 896 70 0*247 900 70 0*250 903 80 0*254 906 80 0 06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 916 100 0*273 916 100 0 06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 915 100 0*273 916 100 0 *** 06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 916 110 0*299 911 90 0 06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 915 110 0*299 911 90 0 *** 06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 40 0 06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 30 0 ** 06530 HR LA3 Track altered slightly on the 31st and 1st to provide a more realistic smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. 1879/04 - 2011 REVISION: 06685 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 06690 08/29*235 885 50 0*237 888 50 0*240 891 50 0*242 893 50 0* 06695 08/30*244 896 70 0*247 900 70 0*250 903 80 0*254 906 80 0* 06700 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 915 100 0*273 916 100 0* 06705 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 915 110 0*299 911 90 0* 06710 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 30 0* 06715 HR LA3 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-9/1/1879 1600Z 29.5N 91.4W 110kt 3 --- (950mb) LA3 4-9/1/1879 1600Z 29.5N 91.4W 110kt 3 --- (945mb) LA3 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana a a 110 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - for a 110 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1879/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1879/05 - 2003 REVISION: 06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 06540 10/03*145 776 40 0*154 786 40 0*162 795 40 0*172 804 40 0 06545 10/04*182 814 40 0*191 821 40 0*200 830 40 0*207 839 40 0 06550 10/05*216 846 40 0*224 854 40 0*231 859 40 0*237 864 40 0 06555 10/06*244 869 50 0*250 874 50 0*258 879 50 0*267 884 50 0 06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 40 0 06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 30 0 ** 06565 TS Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1879/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1879/06 - 2003 REVISION: 06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 06575 10/09*142 560 40 0*142 572 40 0*143 585 40 0*144 599 40 0 06580 10/10*146 614 40 0*148 632 40 0*150 650 40 0*152 664 40 0 06585 10/11*154 681 40 0*157 700 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 736 50 0 06590 10/12*167 751 50 0*175 768 50 0*181 783 50 0*187 793 50 0 06595 10/13*192 803 50 0*200 811 50 0*204 819 50 0*210 826 50 0 06600 10/14*217 831 50 0*225 835 50 0*232 839 50 0*241 841 50 0 06605 10/15*249 843 50 0*259 845 50 0*268 848 50 0*277 851 50 0 06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 40 0 06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 30 0 ** 06615 TS Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1879/07: Storm was originally #8 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm is documented to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1879/08: Storm was originally #9 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Central pressure of 968 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, in part because the hurricane had transitioned to an extratropical storm about six hours previously. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the central pressure measurement and several ship observations. 1879/08 - 2003 REVISION: 06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 199 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 06770 11/18*217 735 60 0*225 735 60 0*235 735 60 0*242 735 60 0 06775 11/19*252 735 70 0*263 735 70 0*280 735 80 0*306 730 80 0 06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0*390 680 80 0*425 648 80 968 06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0E390 680 80 0E425 648 80 968 * * 06785 11/21*458 618 70 0*493 587 60 0*530 555 50 0*550 540 50 0 06785 11/21E458 618 70 0E493 587 60 0E530 555 50 0E550 540 50 0 * * * * 06790 HR Despite the description in the original writeup of an extratropical stage beginning on the 20th, no such stage was indicated in HURDAT. This is now corrected for the 20th and 21st. ******************************************************************************** 1879 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist as a tropical cyclone. Following the suggestion by Partagas and Diaz, this event was instead determined to be an unusually early, long- lasting and intense "norther" (cold front). Additional investigation for this system found that the September 1879 issue of _Monthly Weather Review_ showed no track drawn for this storm, nor any record of significant rainfall in any of the Florida stations. A researcher at the time - Loomis (1881) - also did not identify this system as being a tropical storm. The first report that did put together a track for this storm was Garriott (1900); however, no supporting documentation was provided by Garriott for how the track was determined. All subsequent track books and climatologies have reproduced Garriott's track as is. Thus, there appears to be no corroborating evidence in support of the track apparently first provided by Garriott (1900), this system is removed as a tropical storm from the database. ******************************************************************************** 1880/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1880/01 - 2003 REVISION: 06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 06695 06/21*267 865 40 0*268 873 40 0*270 880 40 0*272 886 40 0 06700 06/22*275 894 40 0*278 901 40 0*280 910 40 0*280 916 40 0 06705 06/23*280 923 40 0*280 928 40 0*281 934 40 0*282 940 40 0 06710 06/24*283 945 40 0*284 950 40 0*286 955 40 0*288 959 40 0 06715 06/25*291 963 40 0*295 966 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 06715 06/25*291 963 30 0*295 966 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 06720 TS Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1880/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Estimate from Ho (1989) of 931 mb at landfall in Mexico just south of the United States-Mexico border corresponds to 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt chosen for best track. This, along with the extreme destruction in Matamoros, Mexico and Port Isabell and Brazos, Texas, is the basis for determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity. When the hurricane crossed into the United States at about 06 UTC on the 13th of August, it is estimated that the central pressure had filled to 943 mb which corresponds to 117 kt - 110 kt chosen for best track because hurricane was inland by this point. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1880/02 - 2003 REVISION: 06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 198 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 201 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 06730 08/04*160 598 40 0*159 618 40 0*160 640 40 0*161 655 40 0 06735 08/05*162 670 50 0*162 684 50 0*165 698 50 0*166 711 50 0 06740 08/06*167 725 60 0*167 738 60 0*170 751 70 0*171 763 70 0 06745 08/07*172 775 80 0*175 786 80 0*177 800 90 0*181 811 90 0 06750 08/08*185 821 90 0*189 831 90 0*192 840 90 0*196 846 90 0 06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*202 860 90 0*207 866 90 0*210 874 70 0 06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*204 860 90 0*207 867 90 0*210 874 70 0 *** *** 06760 08/10*212 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*222 904 60 0 06760 08/10*213 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*223 904 60 0 *** *** 06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 920 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0 06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 919 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0 *** 06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*242 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0 06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*243 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0 *** 06775 08/13*257 969 130 931*261 976 110 943*265 985 70 0*271 995 60 0 06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 40 0*3101010 40 0 06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 30 0*3101010 30 0 ** ** 06785 HRATX3 Track altered slightly on the 9th to the 12th to provide a more realistic smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1880/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). 987 mb central pressure corresponds to 68 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 980 mb central pressure corresponds to 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure corresponds to 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. The observations of winds and central pressures of 987 mb and 980 mb from Jamaica and Cuba are the basis for determination that this storm reached hurricane intensity. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). ******************************************************************************** 1880/04: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995) is to remove the track from September 2nd as the storm is determined to have decayed below tropical storm strength by then. The track is otherwise unchanged from that of Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track of Neumann et al. (1993). 972 mb central pressure corresponds to 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind- pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 18 UTC on the 25th of August) suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical latitude wind- pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. A pressure reading of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 31st of August) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to be a hurricane based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements both in the Atlantic and again in the Gulf of Mexico. 1880/04 - 2003 REVISION: 06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 06835 08/24*247 575 50 0*249 586 50 0*250 597 50 0*252 607 50 0 06840 08/25*255 618 60 0*257 628 60 0*260 638 60 0*262 650 60 0 06845 08/26*264 661 70 0*266 673 70 0*267 685 80 0*269 696 80 0 06850 08/27*271 709 90 0*272 721 90 0*273 734 90 0*274 744 90 0 06855 08/28*275 754 90 0*277 765 90 0*278 775 90 0*279 785 90 0 06860 08/29*280 794 90 972*281 801 90 0*282 806 90 0*283 811 70 0 06865 08/30*284 816 60 0*285 821 60 0*287 826 60 0*290 833 70 0 06870 08/31*294 841 70 0*298 850 70 0*302 860 60 0*307 870 60 0 06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 40 0*335 891 40 0 06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 30 0*335 891 30 0 ** ** 06880 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1 Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. 1880/04 - 2011 REVISION: 07015 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 204 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 07020 08/24*247 575 50 0*249 586 50 0*250 597 50 0*252 607 50 0* 07025 08/25*255 618 60 0*257 628 60 0*260 638 60 0*262 650 60 0* 07030 08/26*264 661 70 0*266 673 70 0*267 685 80 0*269 696 80 0* 07035 08/27*271 709 90 0*272 721 90 0*273 734 90 0*274 744 90 0* 07040 08/28*275 754 90 0*277 765 90 0*278 775 90 0*279 785 90 0* 07045 08/29*280 794 90 972*281 801 90 0*282 806 90 0*283 811 70 0* 07050 08/30*284 816 60 0*285 821 60 0*287 826 60 0*290 833 70 0* 07055 08/31*294 841 70 0*298 850 70 0*302 860 60 0*307 870 60 0* 07060 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 30 0*335 891 30 0* 07065 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-8/29/1880 1200Z 28.2N 80.6W 90kt 2 --- 972mb CFL2,DFL1 4-8/31/1880 0400Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 4-8/31/1880 0400Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in the Florida panhandle as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1880/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. A pressure reading of 987 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 977 mb central pressure corresponds to 79 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements. ******************************************************************************** 1880/06: No major changes from this newly documented storm from Partagas and Diaz (1995). 987 mb central pressure corresponds to 67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading, destruction at Cape Henry, Virginia and reports from the ship "T.H.A. Pitts". 1880/06 - 2003 REVISION: 06960 09/06/1880 M= 6 6 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 06965 09/06*239 886 40 0*242 884 40 0*246 880 40 0*249 876 40 0 06970 09/07*252 873 40 0*256 870 40 0*260 866 40 0*266 863 40 0 06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 50 0 06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 40 0 ** 06980 09/09*317 804 60 0*335 781 70 987*353 765 70 0*370 743 70 0 06985 09/10*389 720 70 0*408 689 70 0*423 660 70 0*432 639 70 0 06990 09/11E440 617 60 0E447 591 60 0E453 567 60 0E460 542 60 0 06995 HR NC1 No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 8th. ******************************************************************************** 1880/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 982 mb (at 12 UTC on the 8th of September) not in the hurricane's center suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon peripheral pressure reading and wind reports from several ships. ******************************************************************************** 1880/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 928 mb central pressure (twice) corresponds to 118 kt from the subtropical latitude wind- pressure relationship - 120 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon these two central pressure measurements. ******************************************************************************** 1880/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity both in the Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic based upon several ship observations. 1880/09 - 2011 REVISION: 07245 10/05/1880 M= 6 9 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 07250 10/05*182 851 40 0*186 856 40 0*190 860 40 0*196 866 40 0* 07255 10/06*205 871 50 0*214 873 50 0*222 873 50 0*227 871 50 0* 07260 10/07*234 868 60 0*241 864 60 0*247 860 60 0*254 856 60 0* 07265 10/08*263 853 70 0*269 850 70 0*277 843 70 0*287 830 70 0* 07270 10/09*301 810 60 0*313 789 70 0*320 760 70 0*324 739 70 0* 07275 10/10*325 723 70 0*325 701 70 0*325 685 70 0*325 655 70 0* 07280 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-9/9/1880 1000Z 34.7N 77.1W 70kt 1 --- 987mb NC1 9-10/8/1880 1900Z 28.9N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 9-10/8/1880 1900Z 28.9N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 1880/10: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from Partagas and Diaz (1995). 970 mb central pressure corresponds to 85 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen due to cooler SSTs in October. 979 mb central pressure corresponds to 76 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen partially due to cooler SSTs in October. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these central pressure readings and several ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1880/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995), except to add 12 and 18 UTC positions for the 20th of October to accommodate beginning of track portrayed. Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 9. 991 mb central pressure corresponds to 61 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). 1880/11 - 2006 REVISION: 07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L 07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L * 07335 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*271 753 40 0*282 746 40 0* 07340 10/21*293 745 40 0*302 741 40 0*310 740 40 0*317 738 40 0* 07345 10/22*324 736 50 0*332 733 50 0*340 730 50 0*353 726 50 0* 07350 10/23*375 718 60 0E402 705 60 0E435 690 60 991E460 680 50 0* 07355 10/24E478 673 50 0E490 663 50 0E500 650 50 0E508 635 50 0* 07360 TS Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be not be indicated as a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as it already had become extratropical before striking New England based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1881/01: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to remove the 12 and 18 UTC from the best track on the 4th of August as the storm was determined to have decayed below tropical storm force by those times. Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 07180 08/01/1881 M= 4 1 SNBR= 208 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 07180 08/01/1881 M= 4 1 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 07185 08/01*230 855 40 0*235 858 40 0*240 860 40 0*246 863 40 0 07190 08/02*252 866 40 0*261 868 40 0*270 870 40 0*277 874 40 0 07195 08/03*285 878 50 0*293 881 50 0*301 883 50 0*309 884 40 0 07200 08/04*315 886 40 0*320 888 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07200 08/04*315 886 30 0*320 888 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 07205 TS Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1881/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who kept the track as shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. 07315 08/11/1881 M= 4 2 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 07315 08/11/1881 M= 4 2 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 07320 08/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*256 887 40 0*256 896 40 0 07325 08/12*256 905 40 0*257 915 40 0*258 924 40 0*261 934 40 0 07330 08/13*264 943 40 0*268 952 40 0*272 958 40 0*277 966 40 0 07335 08/14*283 972 40 0*289 977 30 0*296 983 30 0*308 990 30 0 07335 08/14*283 972 30 0*289 977 30 0*296 983 30 0*308 990 30 0 ** 07340 TS Winds reduced to account for weakening after landfall more realistically. ******************************************************************************** 1881/03: This hurricane was newly documented by Partagas and Diaz (1996) and no major changes are made to their track. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Fonthill". ******************************************************************************** 1881/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ships "Cohasset" and "Anna". ******************************************************************************** 1881/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. A sea level pressure reading of 985 mb (at 00 UTC on the 27th of August) not in the storm's center suggests sustained winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for the best track. Sandrik (1999) utilized this peripheral pressure of 985 mb along with an estimate of a RMW of 15 nmi to get a 970 mb estimate of central pressure at landfall. 970 mb suggests 85 kt winds from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 1002 mb central pressure corresponds to 45 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track as storm was well inland at this point. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports, the 985 mb peripheral pressure reading and winds from Tybee Island and Augusta, Georgia. 1881/05 - 2003 REVISION: 07330 08/21/1881 M= 9 5 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 07330 08/21/1881 M= 9 5 SNBR= 215 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 07335 08/21*176 570 60 0*177 580 60 0*177 590 60 0*177 599 60 0 07340 08/22*180 609 60 0*182 620 60 0*186 630 60 0*189 639 60 0 07345 08/23*192 649 60 0*196 659 60 0*201 670 60 0*207 680 60 0 07350 08/24*216 691 70 0*222 700 70 0*230 708 70 0*237 719 70 0 07355 08/25*244 728 70 0*249 736 70 0*255 746 80 0*260 754 80 0 07360 08/26*267 764 80 0*274 773 80 0*282 781 80 0*286 786 90 0 07365 08/27*293 790 90 0*299 793 90 0*307 796 90 0*313 801 90 0 07370 08/28*316 809 90 970*319 819 70 0*320 830 50 0*320 844 50 0 07375 08/29*325 863 40 0*332 876 40 0*340 890 40 1002*347 904 40 0 07375 08/29*325 863 40 0*332 876 40 0*340 890 40 1002*347 904 30 0 ** 07380 HR GA2 SC1 Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1881/06: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz is to adjust the track near U.S. landfall to account for analyses by Ho (1989). Track is otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 5. Estimated central pressure at landfall of 975 mb corresponds to 81 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track due to small (15 n mi) radius of maximum winds. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship reports and estimated central pressure reading of 975 mb. ******************************************************************************** 1881/07: No major changes from this newly documented storm from Partagas and Diaz. ******************************************************************************** 1881 - Additional Notes: 1. The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1881 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and storm number 6 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually exist as a tropical cyclone. Partagas and Diaz suggested that the storm was likely an extratropical storm for the duration of its lifetime. ******************************************************************************** 1882/01: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane by Partagas and Diaz (1996). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ships "Case" and "Ida". ******************************************************************************** 1882/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 981 mb central pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. 961 mb central pressure corresponds to 94 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 949 mb central pressure corresponds to 103 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. 1000 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track. A pressure reading of 986 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading of 949 mb from the ship "Cato" while over the Gulf of Mexico. 1882/02 - 2003 REVISION: 07485 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 216 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 07485 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** 07490 09/02*195 675 50 0*197 685 50 0*202 693 50 0*207 701 50 0 07495 09/03*212 709 60 0*217 718 60 0*220 725 70 0*222 734 70 0 07500 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 80 0*224 770 80 0 07500 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 90 0*224 770 90 0 ** ** 07505 09/05*224 778 80 0*222 786 80 0*222 795 80 0*222 809 70 0 07505 09/05*224 778 90 0*224 786 80 0*224 795 80 0*224 809 70 0 ** *** *** *** 07510 09/06*222 820 70 0*222 829 70 0*222 838 70 0*222 846 70 0 07510 09/06*224 820 70 0*224 829 70 0*224 838 70 0*224 846 70 0 *** *** *** *** 07515 09/07*225 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0 07515 09/07*226 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0 *** 07520 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 886 90 0 07520 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 887 90 0 *** 07525 09/09*268 888 90 0*273 886 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961 07525 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961 *** *** 07530 09/10*300 871 100 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0 07535 09/11*337 833 40 0*345 821 40 0*353 808 40 0*367 783 40 0 07540 09/12*384 749 50 0*400 715 60 0*417 681 50 1000*437 645 50 0 07545 09/13E452 610 40 0E465 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07550 HRAFL3 AL1 Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 1 assigned in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 4th and 5th. Perez' track was slightly farther north on the 5th and 6th, so the latitudes on those dates have also been changed accordingly. Track altered slightly on the 8th and 9th to provide a more realistic translational velocity. 1882/02 - 2006 REVISION: 07670 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 07675 09/02*195 675 50 0*197 685 50 0*202 693 50 0*207 701 50 0* 07680 09/03*212 709 60 0*217 718 60 0*220 725 70 0*222 734 70 0* 07685 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 90 0*224 770 90 0* 07690 09/05*224 778 90 0*224 786 80 0*224 795 80 0*224 809 70 0* 07695 09/06*224 820 70 0*224 829 70 0*224 838 70 0*224 846 70 0* 07700 09/07*226 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0* 07705 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 887 90 0* 07710 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961* 07715 09/10*300 871 100 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0* 07720 09/11*337 833 40 0*345 821 40 0*353 808 40 0*367 783 40 0* 07725 09/12*384 749 50 0*400 715 60 0*417 681 50 1000*437 645 50 0* 07730 09/13E452 610 40 0E465 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 07735 HRAFL3 AL1 07735 HRAFL3IAL1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Alabama hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Alabama's Gulf coast. 1882/02 - 2011 REVISION: 07670 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 07675 09/02*195 675 50 0*197 685 50 0*202 693 50 0*207 701 50 0* 07680 09/03*212 709 60 0*217 718 60 0*220 725 70 0*222 734 70 0* 07685 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 90 0*224 770 90 0* 07690 09/05*224 778 90 0*224 786 80 0*224 795 80 0*224 809 70 0* 07695 09/06*224 820 70 0*224 829 70 0*224 838 70 0*224 846 70 0* 07700 09/07*226 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0* 07705 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 887 90 0* 07710 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961* 07710 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 100 961* *** 07715 09/10*300 871 100 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0* 07715 09/10*300 871 110 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0* *** 07720 09/11*337 833 40 0*345 821 40 0*353 808 40 0*367 783 40 0* 07725 09/12*384 749 50 0*400 715 60 0*417 681 50 1000*437 645 50 0* 07730 09/13E452 610 40 0E465 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 07735 HRAFL3IAL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/10/1882 0200Z 30.4N 86.8W 100kt 3 --- 949mb AFL3,IAL1 2-9/10/1882 0200Z 30.4N 86.8W 110kt 3 --- 949mb AFL3,IAL1 *** The originally analysis of this hurricane mistakenly utilized the subtropical pressure-wind relationship instead of the Gulf of Mexico equations. The 961 mb central pressure at 20Z on the 9th suggests 94 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 98 kt for the same for the subset of intensifying hurricanes. Six hours later at 02Z on the 10th, the hurricane made landfall with a 949 mb central pressure. 949 mb suggests winds of 106 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 111 kt from the same but for the subset of intensifying hurricanes. No size estimate of the hurricane at landfall was available and the translational velocity is a near average 14 kt at landfall. Winds are increased from 90 kt to 100 kt at 18Z on the 9th and 100 kt to 110 kt at 00Z on the 10th as well as at landfall at 02Z. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model did not suggest that any changes in winds after landfall were needed. ******************************************************************************** 1882/03 - 2003 ADDITION: 07566 09/14/1882 M= 3 3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 07567 09/14*280 890 90 0*282 900 90 0*285 910 90 0*289 920 90 0 07568 09/15*294 930 90 0*299 938 80 0*304 945 60 0*309 950 40 0 07569 09/16*315 953 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07570 HR LA2CTX1 Roth (1997a,b) documents a newly described system that made landfall along the U.S. coastline near the Texas-Louisiana border: "A strong tropical storm hit the mouth of the Sabine River. A "terrific wind and rain storm" caused damage to homes in Sabine Pass, Tx. The Lake Charles Echo, La. reported it as a "hurricane" that destroyed a house and injured its occupant. Streets in town were covered by 3 feet of water. Fences were blown over a mile from their previous location. That night [the 14th], a "Hard wind and rain" visited Lake Charles, described as a lively gale". Port Eads, La. had winds of 70 m.p.h. and a pressure of 29.38". Abbeville, La. reported no damage with the storm." From this description a rough track of the storm was created that goes from southeast to northwest, making landfall just east of Sabine Pass. Storm surge modeling (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) suggests that 3' of standing water in the streets of Lake Charles requires a Category 2 at landfall. Thus this system is estimated as 90 kt at landfall. The inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Louisiana. 1882/03 - 2011 REVISION: 07566 09/14/1882 M= 3 3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 07566 09/14/1882 M= 3 3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 07567 09/14*280 890 90 0*282 900 90 0*285 910 90 0*289 920 90 0 07567 09/14*265 915 30 0*270 917 35 0*277 920 40 0*285 923 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 07568 09/15*294 930 90 0*299 938 80 0*304 945 60 0*309 950 40 0 07568 09/15*294 930 50 0*299 938 50 0*304 945 40 0*309 950 35 0 ** ** ** ** 07569 09/16*315 953 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07570 HR LA2CTX1 07570 TS ** ******* U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/15/1882 0500Z 29.8N 93.7W 90 2 --- (969) LA2,CTX1 3-9/15/1882 0500Z 29.8N 93.7W 50 TS --- ----- None ** ** *** ******** The track and intensity for this hurricane have major revisions. This reanalysis - based upon newspaper articles and new station observations - was a combined effort by Mike Chenoweth, Cary Mock, David Roth, Roger Erickson, and Sandy Delgado. Some of the information used in the original analysis reported in the Roth (1997a,b) Louisiana and Texas hurricane history was confused with impacts from the hurricane (storm #2) that struck Florida and made a close bypass to the mouth of the Mississippi River a week earlier. In particular, associating the report of 29.38' pressure and 70 mph winds from Port Eads for this system (storm #3) was erroneous. Below are relevant newspaper articles from the Lake Charles Echo, a weekly publication: "A hard wind and rain visited this section [Lake Charles] Thursday night [14 September 1882] -the rain coming down in torrents and the wind blowing a lively gale. It was a forerunner, doubtless, of an equinoctial blow" - Saturday, 16 September 1882 "A Lively Little Blow. On Thursday night of last week [14 September 1882], Sabine station and vicinity was visited by a terrific wind and rain storm. Considerable damage was done to houses, fences, etc. The greatest calamity resulting from the hurricane, from the meager details we have at hand, was the complete destruction of Mr. Lastie Vincent's residence, which is a total wreck. Mrs. Vincent was quite severely bruised from the falling of some of the timbers. The town of Sabine Pass had three feet of water in her streets. Fencing at several places was blown a distance of a mile and more. Altogether it was as severe a blow as the people of that section have witnessed in a long time, and we trust no further damage was done than that reported." - Saturday, 23 September 1882 Examination of the Galveston Daily News, Galveston Weekly News, and the New Orleans Picayune from September 13-24 had no write-ups on this system at all indicating minimal to no impacts for the upper Texas coast and eastern Texas. Below are the relevant observations available (Washington time): Port Eads --Sea Level Pressure-- -----Winds (kt)------ ---Other--- Date 7a PPP 3p PPP 11p PPP 7aDDFF 3pDDFF 11pDDFF 7 Sep 1014 1013 1010 E11 E16 E13 .01" rain 8 Sep 1010 1009 1007 E16 SE19 NE25 .83" rain 9 Sep 1000 996 1006 NE46 NE56 N17 [peak NE78] 5.07" rain 10 Sep 1009 1011 1013 NW10 N10 NW10 ........ 14 Sep 1021 1019 1020 E14 E14 E12 15 Sep 1019 1019 1009 E07 E08 SE04 .15" rain Galveston 14 Sep 1016 1019 1018 E16 E21 E21 Cloudy - Rain - Thrtg 15 Sep 1014 1014 1016 NW17 S04 S09 Cloudy - Fair - Clear Peak wind night of 14-15th is E30 sometime between 11pm and 7am and a peak wind of NW19 between 7am and 3pm 15 September. Shreveport 14 Sep 1021 1020 1019 Calm N05 Calm 15 Sep 1020 1015 1018 NE04 E13 S03 Light rain - cloudy - Cloudy 0.15" 16 Sep 1019 1018 1017 S01 S04 Calm Cloudy - Thrtg - Clear Mobile 14 Sep 1020 ---- ---- N05 E05 NE05 15 Sep 1021 ---- ---- N05 SE05 SW05 New Orleans 14 Sep 1019 ---- ---- N03 ---- ---- 15 Sep 1017 ---- ---- E06 ---- ---- 16 Sep 1018 ---- ---- N03 ---- ---- Unfortunately, there were no relevant ship observations in the Gulf of Mexico during this period available in the COAD database. Also obtained were the U.S. Signal Corp synoptic weather maps for the 13th to the 16th of September and the "Precipitation Chart for September, 1882". Examination of the available data clearly shows the storm #2 that impacted Port Eads, Louisiana on the 9th and that there was only minimal evidence of a tropical cyclone near Sabine Pass on the 14th and 15th. The Weather Bureau in the Monthly Weather Review has a detailed description of Storm #2 earlier in the month that affected the northern Gulf region and an area of low pressure at the beginning of the month that impacted eastern Texas, but it has no account of a hurricane making landfall near the Texas and Louisiana border, or anywhere around the area in the time in question. It is worth comparing this system with Storm #1 in 1886 as this also had a landfall with estimated intensity of 90 kt in the vicinity of Sabine Pass. Press reports were obtained for this case as well. If the 1882 storm had a 90 kt intensity and was felt at Sabine Pass then we should expect to see comparable levels of press accounts. For the 1886 storm, the Picayune carries reports from Galveston, Lake Charles and Orange and the Galveston Daily News has reports from Galveston, Orange and Sabine Pass. There are at least 10 separate very extensive items from these areas for this hurricane. The Picayune always provided reports from Galveston on all subject matter. The impacts described are quite consistent with a Category 2 hurricane making landfall near Sabine Pass. As described above, the only press reports on this 1882 system were the very short articles from the Lake Charles Echo on the impacts in Sabine Pass and in Lake Charles. Again, the Galveston and New Orleans newspapers carried no press reports about the 1882 system. The previous motivation for indicating that this system was a Category 2 hurricane was both the Port Eads observations and the flooding within Sabine Pass. It is now understood that the Port Eads observations were instead wrongly dated and were instead reflective of conditions that actually occurred from storm #2. The flooding was interpreted by the Best Track Change Committee in 2003 to be due to storm surge flooding. However, given both the lack of other hurricane impacts along the coast as reported by the press, it is likely that this was due to fresh-water rainfall flooding. Thus the observations from Galveston and the other available stations along with the modest impacts described in the newspaper articles for Lake Charles and Sabine Pass do suggest that a small tropical storm came ashore near the Louisiana/Texas border. But they are quite inconsistent with a hurricane strike. With these additional data, the track is adjusted over the Gulf of Mexico toward the southwest on the 14th beginning with as a tropical depression, intensifying to a 50 kt tropical storm by landfall, but making landfall at the same location and time as originally indicated. Weaker winds are also indicated during the dissipation phase. Alternatively, some of the researchers contributing information for this system have concluded that this was not a tropical storm either over the Gulf of Mexico or in Louisiana/Texas and instead was a local wind/rain event (likely a squall line) for Sabine Pass. ******************************************************************************** 1882 Storm 3 - Revised 2012 07760 09/14/1882 M= 3 3 SNBR= 221 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 07765 09/14*265 915 30 0*270 917 35 0*277 920 40 0*285 923 45 0* 07765 09/14*265 915 30 0*270 917 40 0*277 920 40 0*285 923 50 0* ** ** 07770 09/15*294 930 50 0*299 938 50 0*304 945 40 0*309 950 35 0* 07770 09/15*294 930 50 0*299 938 50 0*304 945 40 0*309 950 40 0* ** 07775 09/16*315 953 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 07780 TS The revisions to this cyclone made in 2011 were with overly precise maximum wind values to the nearest 5 kt. These were not used until 1886 and thus the maximum winds are rounded to the nearest 10 kt to be consistent with the database. ******************************************************************************** 1882/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #3 in the Partagas and Diaz report). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), their storm number 2. 1005 mb central pressure corresponds to 40 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is utilized as the best track intensity value. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). 1882/04 - 2003 REVISION: 07570 09/21/1882 M= 4 3 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 07570 09/21/1882 M= 4 4 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 07575 09/21*285 768 40 0*292 771 40 0*300 775 40 0*308 776 40 0 07580 09/22*315 776 40 0*322 776 40 0*330 774 50 0*340 771 50 0 07580 09/22*315 776 40 0*322 776 40 0*330 775 50 0*340 773 50 0 *** *** 07585 09/23*350 770 40 0*360 766 40 1005*370 761 40 0*382 755 40 0 07590 09/24*394 745 40 0*410 725 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07595 TS Track altered slightly on the 22nd to provide a more realistic smooth track. ******************************************************************************** 1882/05: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #4 in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ships "R.A. Allen" and "Sedmi Dubrovacki". ******************************************************************************** 1882/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #5 in the Partagas and Diaz report). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), their storm number 3. 975 mb central pressure corresponds to 84 kt in the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 981 mb central pressure corresponds to 76 kt of sustained winds from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida and Georgia. Storm is determined to have been of hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico based upon these central pressure readings, ship reports and a 9 foot storm tide experienced at the mouth of the Colona River, Cuba. Storm regained hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon several ship reports. 07620 10/05/1882 M=11 5 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 07620 10/05/1882 M=11 6 SNBR= 223 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 07625 10/05*142 816 40 0*146 819 40 0*150 820 40 0*154 821 40 0 07630 10/06*158 821 50 0*162 823 50 0*166 824 50 0*170 825 50 0 07635 10/07*172 826 60 0*177 828 60 0*180 829 70 0*184 830 70 0 07640 10/08*187 831 80 0*191 831 80 0*195 831 90 0*202 835 90 0 07640 10/08*187 831 80 0*191 832 90 0*195 833 100 0*202 835 110 0 *** ** *** *** *** 07645 10/09*212 836 90 975*222 839 80 981*235 840 80 0*244 840 80 0 07645 10/09*212 837 120 0*222 839 100 0*235 840 90 0*244 841 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 07650 10/10*254 841 70 0*265 841 70 0*275 840 70 0*283 838 70 0 07655 10/11*291 836 70 0*298 831 60 0*305 826 50 0*312 815 50 0 07660 10/12*320 804 60 0*330 790 60 0*338 775 70 0*342 760 70 0 07665 10/13*347 748 70 0*350 733 70 0*355 720 70 0*358 711 70 0 07670 10/14*360 704 70 0*362 696 70 0*365 690 70 0*367 683 70 0 07675 10/15*370 676 60 0*372 670 60 0*375 661 60 0*378 651 60 0 07680 HRAFL1 Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a Category 4 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 2 assigned in HURDAT. The pressure values of 975 mb and 981 mb on 00 and 06Z on the 9th are found to be peripheral pressures, instead of central pressures based upon additional information provided by Perez (2000). Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 4th and 5th. ******************************************************************************** 1883/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 975 mb not in hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 26th of August) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the peripheral pressure and several ship reports. 1883/01 - 2003 REVISION: 07815 08/18/1883 M=11 1 SNBR= 224 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 07820 08/18*192 485 40 0*194 495 40 0*195 510 40 0*197 526 40 0 07825 08/19*202 544 40 0*207 560 40 0*212 575 50 0*217 590 50 0 07830 08/20*222 605 50 0*231 623 50 0*240 640 50 0*247 651 50 0 07835 08/21*258 666 60 0*270 680 60 0*281 690 60 0*287 694 60 0 07835 08/21*258 666 60 0*270 680 60 0*281 690 60 0*290 694 60 0 *** 07840 08/22*295 696 70 0*306 700 70 0*315 701 70 0*320 703 70 0 07840 08/22*299 697 70 0*307 700 70 0*315 702 70 0*322 703 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** 07845 08/23*328 701 70 0*333 700 70 0*339 696 70 0*343 691 70 0 07845 08/23*328 702 70 0*334 700 70 0*339 696 70 0*343 691 70 0 *** *** 07850 08/24*349 684 70 0*353 678 70 0*358 671 70 0*364 661 70 0 07855 08/25*369 653 80 0*375 641 80 0*384 625 80 0*395 603 80 0 07860 08/26*412 574 80 0*429 541 80 0*443 509 80 0*458 480 80 0 07865 08/27*477 438 70 0*493 400 70 0E510 360 60 0E521 328 60 0 07870 08/28E534 289 60 0E547 247 60 0E557 207 50 0E567 175 50 0 07875 HR Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1883/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). 983 mb central pressure suggests winds of 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track. A pressure reading of 948 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 29th of August) suggests winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind- pressure relationship - 110 kt utilized in best track. A 963 mb central pressure measured during the storm's extratropical stage suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track as it had already undergone extratropical transition. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the 948 mb peripheral pressure measurement. ******************************************************************************** 1883/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to remove 12 and 18 UTC on the 13th of September as it is suggested that the hurricane had decreased below tropical storm force winds by that time. Track from Partagas and Diaz (1996) otherwise has reasonable small alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. A pressure reading of 955 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 978 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 982 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 73 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm determined to have reached major hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon peripheral pressure reading of 955 mb and from extreme damage in Martinique. 1883/03 - 2003 REVISION: 07810 09/04/1883 M=10 3 SNBR= 222 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 07810 09/04/1883 M=10 3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** 07815 09/04*140 579 110 0*144 592 110 0*147 603 110 0*150 615 110 0 07820 09/05*154 628 110 0*159 641 110 0*162 655 110 0*167 668 110 0 07825 09/06*174 683 110 0*180 699 110 0*187 715 80 0*197 726 70 0 07830 09/07*209 739 70 0*214 748 70 0*220 755 70 0*225 760 70 0 07830 09/07*207 737 70 0*214 748 70 0*220 755 70 0*225 760 70 0 *** *** 07835 09/08*231 763 80 0*235 765 80 0*240 766 90 0*247 771 90 0 07835 09/08*230 763 80 0*235 766 80 0*240 769 90 0*247 772 90 0 *** *** *** *** 07840 09/09*255 774 90 0*264 778 90 0*273 780 90 0*280 781 90 0 07840 09/09*255 775 90 0*264 778 90 0*273 780 90 0*280 781 90 0 *** 07845 09/10*287 781 90 0*295 783 90 0*302 784 90 0*312 786 90 0 07845 09/10*287 782 90 0*295 783 90 0*302 784 90 0*312 785 90 0 *** *** 07850 09/11*322 786 90 0*330 786 90 0*338 785 90 0*344 784 70 0 07855 09/12*350 783 50 0*354 783 50 0*360 781 40 0*370 779 40 0 07855 09/12*350 783 50 0*354 782 50 0*360 781 40 0*370 779 40 0 *** 07860 09/13*380 776 40 0*393 773 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 07860 09/13*380 776 30 0*393 773 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 07865 HR NC2 SC1 Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. Track is adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translation velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1883/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). A pressure reading of 983 mb (at 18 UTC on the 27th of October) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen in best track as the storm had already undergone extratropical transformation. Storm did not reach hurricane intensity as a tropical cyclone, but did obtain hurricane-force sustained winds on the 27th of October as an extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 1884/01: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ships "Oder" and "Engelbert". ******************************************************************************** 1884/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. Central pressure of 957 mb corresponds to winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 983 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 15th of September) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the central pressure reading of 957 mb. ******************************************************************************** 1884/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 982 mb central pressure corresponds with 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 982 mb central pressure corresponds to 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 982 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 16th of September) suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon pressure measurements and several ship reports. 1884/03 - 2003 REVISION: 08035 09/10/1884 M=11 3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 08035 09/10/1884 M=11 3 SNBR= 230 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 08040 09/10*287 791 40 0*297 801 40 0*306 806 40 0*310 809 40 0 08045 09/11*315 811 40 0*319 815 40 0*325 816 40 0*330 813 40 0 08045 09/11*315 811 40 0*319 815 40 0*325 816 30 0*330 813 30 0 ** ** 08050 09/12*332 810 40 0*332 804 40 0*330 799 40 0*322 796 40 0 08050 09/12*332 810 30 0*332 804 30 0*330 799 30 0*322 796 40 0 ** ** ** 08055 09/13*314 791 50 0*305 785 50 0*303 773 50 0*305 764 50 0 08060 09/14*307 755 60 0*305 744 60 0*300 740 60 0*296 739 60 0 08060 09/14*307 755 60 0*305 744 60 0*300 740 60 0*296 739 70 0 ** 08065 09/15*293 739 70 982*288 739 70 0*285 740 70 0*283 744 70 0 08065 09/15*293 739 70 982*288 740 70 0*284 744 70 0*281 749 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** 08070 09/16*283 748 80 0*284 751 80 0*285 753 80 0*292 754 80 0 08070 09/16*279 754 70 0*278 760 70 988*278 758 70 0*279 755 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08075 09/17*302 751 80 0*310 746 80 0*320 735 80 0*333 719 80 0 08075 09/17*281 751 80 0*284 746 80 0*288 735 80 0*292 715 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** 08080 09/18*350 694 70 0*365 669 70 0*380 640 70 0*393 611 70 0 08080 09/18*296 680 80 0*302 653 80 979*314 613 80 0*340 585 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08085 09/19*410 577 70 0*427 537 70 982*440 505 70 0*459 458 70 0 08085 09/19*390 560 70 0*427 535 70 982*445 505 70 0*460 458 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** 08090 09/20E477 404 60 0E495 345 60 0E510 290 50 0E530 230 50 0 08095 HR Additional ship observations for this hurricane were obtained from the _American Meteorological Journal_ of 1884 (pages 298-300). In particular, the ship "Alpine" reported hurricane-force winds late on the 14th - thus winds in the best track for that day are increased. A central pressure value of 988 mb from the ship "R. M. Walls" (06Z on the 16th) suggests winds of 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds reduced down to 70 kt in best track along with a repositioning farther south and west on the 15th and 16th. A central pressure value of 979 mb from the ship "Stephen Hart" (06Z on the 18th) suggests winds of 76 kt - winds are increased to 80 kt and the hurricane is repositioned farther to the south and to the east on the 17th to the 19th. Decay stage of this storm to a tropical depression while over land on the 11th and 12th inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. (A thank you to Sim Aberson for pointing out these additional ship observations.) ******************************************************************************** 1884/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure readings of 982 and 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC and 18 UTC on the 14th of October) suggest winds of at least 73 and 75 kt, respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports from the ship "Cienfuegos" and from damage in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The storm then regained hurricane intensity over the Atlantic based upon the pressure measurements and several ship reports. 1884/04 - 2003 REVISION: 08230 10/07/1884 M=11 4 SNBR= 227 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08230 10/07/1884 M=11 4 SNBR= 231 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 08235 10/07*162 766 40 0*165 766 40 0*169 764 50 0*175 761 50 0 08240 10/08*180 760 60 0*185 758 60 0*191 756 70 0*196 755 70 0 08245 10/09*200 754 70 0*202 754 60 0*207 753 50 0*210 751 50 0 08245 10/09*200 754 70 0*204 753 60 0*207 753 50 0*210 752 50 0 *** *** *** 08250 10/10*214 751 50 0*217 751 50 0*220 750 50 0*222 750 50 0 08250 10/10*214 751 50 0*217 750 50 0*220 750 50 0*222 750 50 0 *** 08255 10/11*222 750 60 0*225 750 60 0*227 750 70 0*230 750 70 0 08255 10/11*224 750 60 0*225 750 60 0*227 750 70 0*230 750 70 0 *** 08260 10/12*232 750 70 0*235 750 70 0*237 750 70 0*240 750 70 0 08265 10/13*244 750 80 0*250 750 80 0*255 750 80 0*257 750 80 0 08270 10/14*257 750 90 0*257 750 90 0*257 746 90 0*258 741 90 0 08275 10/15*261 728 80 0*264 720 80 0*268 708 80 0*272 699 80 0 08280 10/16*276 688 70 0*279 678 70 0*282 668 70 0*284 654 70 0 08285 10/17*286 637 60 0*289 618 60 0*291 601 60 0*293 580 60 0 08290 HR Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. It was suggested by Perez (personal communication, 2003) that instead of a hard right turn by this storm, that a cyclonic loop may have been tracked from late on the 12th to the 14th. Without more definitive information, the original track in HURDAT is retained. ******************************************************************************** 1885/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). 990 mb central pressure corresponds to 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 981 mb central pressure corresponds to 72 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 983 mb central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 975 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 10th of August) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity from these pressure reports and several other ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1885/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. 958 mb central pressure corresponds to 91 kt in the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 976 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 25th of August) suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track (because of this information as well as extreme damage caused by winds in South Carolina). This is the basis for determining that the storm reached major hurricane intensity. 1885/02 - 2011 REVISION: 08430 08/21/1885 M= 8 2 SNBR= 234 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 08430 08/21/1885 M= 8 2 SNBR= 234 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 08435 08/21*212 670 40 0*212 684 40 0*214 698 40 0*215 714 40 0* 08440 08/22*217 725 50 0*220 738 50 0*222 751 50 0*226 763 50 0* 08445 08/23*230 771 60 0*235 780 60 0*242 786 60 0*251 791 60 0* 08450 08/24*261 795 70 0*270 799 70 0*283 803 80 0*294 806 80 0* 08450 08/24*261 795 70 0*270 799 70 0*283 803 80 0*294 806 90 0* ** 08455 08/25*305 808 90 0*316 808 100 0*328 804 90 0*340 789 80 0* 08455 08/25*304 808 90 0*314 807 90 0*326 801 90 970*338 789 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08460 08/26*350 769 70 0*359 748 70 0*370 720 80 0*384 679 80 0* 08460 08/26*350 769 70 0*360 748 70 0*370 720 80 0*384 679 80 0* *** 08465 08/27*404 629 90 958*425 578 90 0*443 535 80 0*460 500 80 0* 08470 08/28E475 465 70 0E489 430 70 0E500 400 60 0E510 370 60 0* 08475 HR SC3 NC2 GA1DFL1 08475 HR SC2 NC1 GA1DFL1 *** *** #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/25/1885 0900Z 32.2N 80.7W 100kt 3 (953mb) SC3,NC2,GA1,DFL1 2-8/25/1885 1200Z 32.6N 80.1W 90kt 2 970mb SC2,NC1,GA1,DFL1 **** **** **** *** * *** *** *** This hurricane along with four other 19th Century South Carolina hurricanes was the focus of a Master's Thesis by Doug Mayes at University of South Carolina (Mayes 2006). Meteorological, storm surge, and wind-caused structural damage evidence documented therein are all consistent with an analysis of a landfalling Category 2 hurricane in South Carolina, which would be a downgrade from a Category 3 hurricane originally. Additionally, Mayes documented a slight shift in landfall location. These points are summarized from the thesis below: 1) Careful analysis of a Charleston barometer (which was corrected for elevation, gravity, and attached thermometer) shows that the eye (not the eyewall) passed right over Charleston clearly with a lowest reading of 974 mb (pages 48-51 in Mayes 2006): "In Charleston the wind began blowing from the east on Monday, August 24th. It continued through the night shifting to the southeast. At daylight on Tuesday morning, August 25th, the wind was coming from the southeast at around 26 kts (13m/s) with gusts reaching about 44 kts (22 ms-1). At 8:00 AM Tuesday the anemometer was broken by the wind. The Signal Service observer estimated wind velocities to be about 56 kts (29 ms-1) between 7:30 and 7:45 AM, and 65-70 kts (33-36 ms-1) between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM. At this time the eye of the hurricane passed over Charleston. The lull lasted approximately 40 minutes. The wind then returned from the west. The lowest barometer reading, 974 mb (28.72 inches), occurred at 9:15 AM." (The measurement was originally listed in Monthly Weather Review as 972.9 mb.) This observation, along with others along the coast, suggest a landfall around 12 UTC on the 25th at John's Island near 32.6N, 80.1W. Given the one hour time it took the hurricane to go from the coast to downtown Charleston, it is estimated that the central pressure at the coast was slightly lower - around 970 mb. A 970 mb pressure suggest winds of 85 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - which would be a minimal Category 2 hurricane. Additionally, there is no data in the area outside of Charleston (including instrumental data from Savannah and in North Carolina) to suggest that the storm was any stronger. 2) Detailed mapping of the extent of the storm surge at the block-scale in downtown Charleston reveals it is consistent with a low-moderate Category 2 hurricane when comparing with what is normally expected with the storm surge extent according to the SLOSH model. Comparisons of the historical storm surge extent with the CARA-COOPS model (which took account the specific direction and intensity of a storm in its approach to Charleston) also shows very close results at a Category 2 hurricane intensity. Note that a Category 3 hurricane would be expected to have a storm surge extend over the Charleston Neck (considering various directions on the track), and this is clearly not demonstrated from the vast historical data (hundreds of accounts). 3) Reconstruction of the wind-caused structural damage give analyses in mostly in the moderate category consistent with at most a Category 2 hurricane landfall. Architectural aspects of tin roofs (and poor construction during Civil War recovery) is well known to historians, and this likely also contributed some to the damage during the hurricane. Given this evidence (and on the rather weak account that it was classified as a Category 3 hurricane originally), the hurricane is reclassified as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall. Given the 10 kt resolution of HURDAT during this time period, 90 kt is estimated for the maximum sustained winds to have occurred at landfall. The impact is reduced from Category 3 to 2 for South Carolina and Category 2 to 1 for North Carolina. The track is adjusted slightly to the southeast on the 25th to position the hurricane as making a direct landfall on Charleston. Additionally, from the descriptions of moderate wind damage to northeast Florida as the system skirted the coast, winds are boosted slightly from 80 to 90 kt at 18 UTC on the 24th, though the impact is kept at a Category 1 for that portion of Florida. ******************************************************************************** 1885/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity). ******************************************************************************** 1885/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. Two pressure readings of 973 mb and 975 mb not in the hurricane's center (both at 06 UTC on the 23rd of September) suggests winds of at least 80 kt and 79 kt respectively from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these peripheral pressures. ******************************************************************************** 1885/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). 999 mb central pressure corresponds to a wind of 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt utilized in best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Sirius". ******************************************************************************** 1885/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States. Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon reports from the ship "Lone Star". 1885/06 - 2003 REVISION: 08370 09/24/1885 M= 9 6 SNBR= 233 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 08370 09/24/1885 M= 9 6 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 08375 09/24*264 878 40 0*267 879 40 0*270 880 40 0*274 881 40 0 08380 09/25*278 883 50 0*282 884 50 0*287 886 50 0*290 888 50 0 08385 09/26*293 889 60 0*297 890 60 0*300 891 60 0*302 890 60 0 08390 09/27*303 889 60 0*304 888 50 0*305 886 50 0*306 884 40 0 08395 09/28*306 881 40 0*306 878 40 0*306 874 40 0*306 870 40 0 08400 09/29*306 865 40 0*306 860 40 0*305 854 40 0*304 848 40 0 08400 09/29*306 865 30 0*306 860 30 0*305 854 30 0*304 848 30 0 ** ** ** ** 08405 09/30*303 840 40 0*302 833 40 0*302 828 40 0*302 818 40 0 08405 09/30*303 840 30 0*302 833 30 0*302 828 30 0*302 818 30 0 ** ** ** ** 08410 10/01*304 808 40 0*307 796 40 0*312 788 50 0*320 778 60 0 08415 10/02*329 770 60 0*338 763 60 0*345 756 70 0*355 741 70 0 08420 HR Decay stage of this storm to a tropical depression while over land on the 29th and 30th inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track. ******************************************************************************** 1885/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). A pressure reading of 982 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 29th of September) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track. Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon this peripheral pressure reading and wind reports from the ship "Mistletoe". ******************************************************************************** 1885/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm). 1885/08: 2003 REVISION 08585 10/08/1885 M= 7 8 SNBR= 235 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 08585 10/10/1885 M= 5 8 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 08590 10/08*172 805 40 0*176 806 40 0*180 809 40 0*187 811 40 0 08595 10/09*195 815 40 0*201 816 40 0*209 821 40 0*217 823 40 0 (The 8th and 9th are omitted from the revised HURDAT.) 08600 10/10*225 826 40 0*232 828 40 0*239 830 40 0*247 833 40 0 08600 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*239 830 40 0*247 833 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 08605 10/11*257 836 50 0*265 839 50 0*273 840 60 0*286 836 60 0 08610 10/12*300 830 50 0*314 824 50 0*330 815 40 0*340 808 40 0 08615 10/13*349 800 40 0*362 790 40 0E374 784 40 0E390 780 40 0 08620 10/14E405 775 40 0E420 770 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 08625 TS Re-analysis of Cuban tropical storms and hurricanes (Perez 2000) reveals that this system was not yet of tropical storm strength from the 8th until early on the 10th based upon the Cuban observational network. While it is quite possible that the system was of tropical depression intensity on these dates, formative tropical depression stage is not included in HURDAT until 1886. ******************************************************************************** 08500 06/13/1886 M= 3 1 SNBR= 236 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08500 06/13/1886 M= 3 1 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 08505 06/13* 0 0 0 0*232 957 35 0*247 959 40 0*260 960 45 0 08510 06/14*269 958 45 0*279 954 50 0*289 946 50 0*298 938 50 0 08510 06/14*269 958 55 0*279 953 65 0*289 947 75 0*299 940 85 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 08515 06/15*304 928 50 0*309 918 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 08515 06/15*306 930 60 0*310 918 45 0*312 904 35 0*312 890 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08520 TS 08520 HRCTX2 LA2 ****** *** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to continue the storm until 18Z on the 15th to allow for decay to tropical depression stage. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Storm is upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane (85 kt) at landfall based upon damage and 7 foot storm tide at Sabine Pass, Texas (Partagas and Diaz 1996a). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Louisiana. 1886/01 - 2011 REVISION: 08700 06/13/1886 M= 3 1 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 08705 06/13* 0 0 0 0*232 957 35 0*247 959 40 0*260 960 45 0* 08710 06/14*269 958 55 0*279 953 65 0*289 947 75 0*299 940 85 0* 08715 06/15*306 930 60 0*310 918 45 0*312 904 35 0*312 890 30 0* 08720 HRCTX2 LA2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/14/1886 1600Z 29.6N 94.2W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) CTX2,LA2 1-6/14/1886 1600Z 29.6N 94.2W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) CTX2,LA2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 08525 06/18/1886 M= 6 2 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08525 06/17/1886 M= 8 2 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * *** * (17th not in HURDAT previously.) 08530 06/17*191 848 35 0*196 851 35 0*200 853 40 0*204 854 40 0 08530 06/18* 0 0 0 0*194 850 35 0*198 853 50 0*201 856 65 0 08532 06/18*207 856 45 0*211 856 50 0*217 857 55 0*221 857 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08535 06/19*204 858 70 0*208 861 75 0*214 864 80 0*218 865 80 0 08535 06/19*225 857 70 0*229 856 75 0*233 853 80 0*238 851 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08540 06/20*224 868 85 0*232 869 85 0*242 870 85 0*254 868 85 0 08540 06/20*243 849 85 0*247 847 85 0*253 845 85 0*263 844 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08545 06/21*267 864 85 0*280 857 85 0*294 850 85 0*308 843 75 0 08545 06/21*277 842 85 0*289 841 85 0*303 840 80 0*313 838 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08550 06/22*323 832 50 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0 08550 06/22*323 832 45 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0 ** 08555 06/23*373 780 35 0*384 769 35 0*393 753 35 0*399 732 35 0 08555 06/23*373 780 30 0*384 769 30 0*393 753 30 0*399 732 30 0 ** ** ** ** (24th not in HURDAT previously.) 08557 06/24*402 700 30 0*401 660 30 0*400 615 30 0*399 570 30 0 08560 HR 08560 HRAFL2 GA1 ****** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 1886/02 - 2006 REVISION: 08725 06/17/1886 M= 8 2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 08730 06/17*191 848 35 0*196 851 35 0*200 853 40 0*204 854 40 0* 08735 06/18*207 856 45 0*211 856 50 0*217 857 55 0*221 857 65 0* 08740 06/19*225 857 70 0*229 856 75 0*233 853 80 0*238 851 80 0* 08745 06/20*243 849 85 0*247 847 85 0*253 845 85 0*263 844 85 0* 08750 06/21*277 842 85 0*289 841 85 0*303 840 80 0*313 838 65 0* 08755 06/22*323 832 45 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0* 08760 06/23*373 780 30 0*384 769 30 0*393 753 30 0*399 732 30 0* 08765 06/24*402 700 30 0*401 660 30 0*400 615 30 0*399 570 30 0* 08770 HRAFL2 GA1 08770 HRAFL2IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's Atlantic coast. 1886/02 - 2011 REVISION: 08725 06/17/1886 M= 8 2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 08730 06/17*191 848 35 0*196 851 35 0*200 853 40 0*204 854 40 0* 08735 06/18*207 856 45 0*211 856 50 0*217 857 55 0*221 857 65 0* 08740 06/19*225 857 70 0*229 856 75 0*233 853 80 0*238 851 80 0* 08745 06/20*243 849 85 0*247 847 85 0*253 845 85 0*263 844 85 0* 08750 06/21*277 842 85 0*289 841 85 0*303 840 80 0*313 838 65 0* 08755 06/22*323 832 45 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0* 08760 06/23*373 780 30 0*384 769 30 0*393 753 30 0*399 732 30 0* 08765 06/24*402 700 30 0*401 660 30 0*400 615 30 0*399 570 30 0* 08770 HRAFL2IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-6/21/1886 1100Z 30.1N 84.0W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) AFL2,IGA1 2-6/21/1886 1100Z 30.1N 84.0W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) AFL2,IGA1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 08565 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 238 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08565 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 08570 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 801 35 0*176 823 45 0 08570 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 797 35 0*192 800 45 0 *** *** *** *** 08575 06/28*183 842 65 0*191 859 80 0*200 871 85 0*211 881 80 0 08575 06/28*199 803 55 0*207 807 65 0*215 815 75 0*220 825 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 08580 06/29*223 882 80 0*235 883 85 0*247 884 85 0*255 881 85 0 08580 06/29*224 835 70 0*229 842 70 0*237 853 75 0*246 860 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08585 06/30*260 878 85 0*266 875 85 0*273 869 85 0*282 859 85 0 08585 06/30*256 864 85 0*264 867 85 0*273 867 85 0*288 860 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08590 07/01*289 848 85 0*309 828 80 0*324 818 60 0*338 803 45 0 08590 07/01*304 844 70 0*318 827 55 0*330 813 50 0*338 803 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08595 07/02*349 791 40 0*361 780 35 0*372 770 35 0*382 753 35 0 08600 HR 08600 HRAFL2 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Analyses from Perez (2000) indicates that the hurricane was only Category 1 at its landfall in Cuba; winds are adjusted downward on the 28th and 29th. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 1886/03 - 2006 REVISION: 08775 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 08780 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 797 35 0*192 800 45 0* 08785 06/28*199 803 55 0*207 807 65 0*215 815 75 0*220 825 80 0* 08790 06/29*224 835 70 0*229 842 70 0*237 853 75 0*246 860 80 0* 08795 06/30*256 864 85 0*264 867 85 0*273 867 85 0*288 860 85 0* 08800 07/01*304 844 70 0*318 827 55 0*330 813 50 0*338 803 45 0* 08805 07/02*349 791 40 0*361 780 35 0*372 770 35 0*382 753 35 0* 08810 HRAFL2 08810 HRAFL2IGA1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing inland hurricane conditions in Georgia based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. 1886/03 - 2011 REVISION: 08775 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 08780 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 797 35 0*192 800 45 0* 08785 06/28*199 803 55 0*207 807 65 0*215 815 75 0*220 825 80 0* 08790 06/29*224 835 70 0*229 842 70 0*237 853 75 0*246 860 80 0* 08795 06/30*256 864 85 0*264 867 85 0*273 867 85 0*288 860 85 0* 08800 07/01*304 844 70 0*318 827 55 0*330 813 50 0*338 803 45 0* 08805 07/02*349 791 40 0*361 780 35 0*372 770 35 0*382 753 35 0* 08810 HRAFL2IGA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-6/30/1886 2100Z 29.7N 85.2W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) AFL2,IGA1 3-6/30/1886 2100Z 29.7N 85.2W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) AFL2,IGA1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 08605 07/14/1886 M= 7 4 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08605 07/14/1886 M=11 4 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** *** * 08610 07/14* 0 0 0 0*189 829 35 0*192 834 40 0*197 839 40 0 08610 07/14* 0 0 0 0*189 829 35 0*192 834 40 0*194 838 40 0 *** *** 08615 07/15*202 844 45 0*207 850 50 0*213 855 55 0*219 861 60 0 08615 07/15*196 842 45 0*198 846 45 0*200 850 50 0*202 853 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08620 07/16*226 868 65 0*234 875 70 0*241 881 75 0*251 883 75 0 08620 07/16*204 856 55 0*206 858 55 0*207 860 60 0*209 859 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08625 07/17*260 883 80 0*270 882 85 0*274 876 85 0*277 869 85 0 08625 07/17*211 857 60 0*213 855 60 0*215 853 65 0*224 848 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08630 07/18*278 860 85 0*279 851 85 0*281 843 85 0*286 832 85 0 08630 07/18*237 844 70 0*251 839 70 0*265 835 70 0*276 833 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08635 07/19*291 824 85 0*299 813 80 0*305 803 75 0*312 792 70 0 08635 07/19*287 828 70 0*295 821 55 0*303 810 50 0*314 786 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08640 07/20*319 781 70 0*328 770 70 0*338 758 70 0*347 738 70 0 08640 07/20*327 756 70 0*339 726 75 0*350 700 75 0*358 680 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (21st to 24th not in HURDAT previously.) 08641 07/21*368 653 70 0*377 626 70 0*387 600 70 0*398 569 70 990 08642 07/22*414 535 70 0*430 498 70 0*443 463 70 0*451 431 65 0 08643 07/23E461 395 60 0E470 356 60 0E480 320 60 0E495 290 60 0 08644 07/24E515 258 60 0E537 227 60 0E555 210 55 0E573 195 50 0 08645 HR 08645 HRAFL1 **** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the storm on the 14th as depicted in Neumann et al instead of Partagas and Diaz' start date of the 16th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which are found to be reasonable. A possible central pressure of 990 mb at 21Z on the 21st suggests 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship. Peripheral pressures of 993 mb at 06Z on the 22nd suggest at least 59 kt. 70 kt chosen for best track for the 21st and early on the 22nd. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. Winds from the 17th to the 19th lowered slightly as available observations indicate this system was likely of minimal hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Northwest Florida. Observations from Sandrik (2001) suggest that the system weakened quickly over Florida, before re-intensifying over the Atlantic after oceanfall. 1886/04 - 2011 REVISION: 08815 07/14/1886 M=11 4 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 08820 07/14* 0 0 0 0*189 829 35 0*192 834 40 0*194 838 40 0* 08825 07/15*196 842 45 0*198 846 45 0*200 850 50 0*202 853 50 0* 08830 07/16*204 856 55 0*206 858 55 0*207 860 60 0*209 859 60 0* 08835 07/17*211 857 60 0*213 855 60 0*215 853 65 0*224 848 65 0* 08840 07/18*237 844 70 0*251 839 70 0*265 835 70 0*276 833 70 0* 08845 07/19*287 828 70 0*295 821 55 0*303 810 50 0*314 786 60 0* 08850 07/20*327 756 70 0*339 726 75 0*350 700 75 0*358 680 75 0* 08855 07/21*368 653 70 0*377 626 70 0*387 600 70 0*398 569 70 990* 08860 07/22*414 535 70 0*430 498 70 0*443 463 70 0*451 431 65 0* 08865 07/23E461 395 60 0E470 356 60 0E480 320 60 0E495 290 60 0* 08870 07/24E515 258 60 0E537 227 60 0E555 210 55 0E573 195 50 0* 08875 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-7/19/1886 0100Z 28.8N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 4-7/19/1886 0100Z 28.8N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 08650 08/12/1886 M=10 5 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08650 08/12/1886 M=10 5 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 *** * 08655 08/12* 0 0 0 0*105 580 35 0*111 589 50 0*117 606 60 0 08655 08/12* 0 0 0 0*105 580 35 0*111 589 40 0*118 598 45 0 ** *** *** ** 08660 08/13*123 621 70 0*129 635 75 0*133 646 80 0*137 654 80 0 08660 08/13*125 607 50 0*132 617 55 0*140 627 60 0*146 639 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08665 08/14*140 661 85 0*143 667 85 0*147 676 85 0*151 687 85 0 08665 08/14*152 652 70 0*157 662 75 0*163 673 80 0*169 683 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 08670 08/15*155 698 85 0*159 708 85 0*164 719 85 0*169 729 85 0 08670 08/15*174 693 85 0*179 702 85 0*183 713 80 0*186 726 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08675 08/16*174 740 85 0*180 750 85 0*187 760 85 0*199 769 80 0 08720 08/16*188 739 70 0*191 752 80 0*195 765 85 0*204 773 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 08680 08/17*211 775 75 0*221 782 70 0*229 796 55 0*238 811 60 0 08680 08/17*213 781 75 0*221 790 70 0*225 797 55 0*231 805 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08685 08/18*247 833 65 0*255 856 70 0*261 873 75 0*263 886 75 0 08685 08/18*238 817 65 0*243 830 70 0*247 843 75 0*253 861 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08690 08/19*262 898 80 0*262 910 80 0*263 919 85 0*265 933 85 0 08690 08/19*256 879 80 0*259 897 90 0*263 919 100 0*265 933 110 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 08695 08/20*268 945 85 0*274 956 85 0*280 966 85 0*288 976 70 984 08695 08/20*268 945 120 0*274 956 130 0*280 966 135 925*290 980 85 965 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 08700 08/21*297 984 60 0*308 993 50 0*3201000 35 0*3351013 25 0 08700 08/21*300 990 60 0*310 999 50 0*3201007 35 0*3351013 25 0 *** *** *** *** **** 08705 HR 08705 HRBTX4 ****** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the storm on the 12th as depicted in Neumann et al. instead of Partagas and Diaz' start date of the 13th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which are found to be reasonable. A slower intensification of the storm was indicated here compared with the original HURDAT for the 12th to the 14th due to evidence of tropical storm intensity until the 14th. The analysis by Perez (2000) confirms landfall in Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Estimated central pressure from Ho (1989) of 915 mb at landfall in Texas is incorrect since it relied upon a pressure measurement from San Antonio, Texas, which has been found to be a surface pressure rather than a sea level pressure value. Additionally, it is likely that this was not a central pressure measurement either as strong winds were still observed at the time of lowest pressure and that winds only shifted from northeast to southeast. This sea level pressure measurement of 971 mb (corrected from the 948 mb surface pressure value) at 19Z on the 20th implies a central pressure of around 965 mb, assuming that the RMW estimate of Ho (of 12 nmi) is slightly too small (15 nmi utilized instead). 965 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship for a marine exposure - 85 kt utilized in best track for this inland location. Using methodology in Ho et al. (1987) as modified by B. Jarvinen (personal communication), a 6.5 hr transit time from landfall to a position near San Antonio, and the 965 mb central pressure near San Antonio, a new value of 925 mb at landfall is estimated for this hurricane. This suggests winds of 133 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. The estimate of 15 nmi for RMW is slightly smaller than climatology (18 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), supporting slightly stronger winds for this particular storm. 135 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained winds at landfall. This is consistent with the very high storm tide and extreme destruction in Indianola, Texas. Storm surge modeling efforts with the SLOSH model (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) indicate that a 925 mb central pressure and RMW of 15 nmi provides reasonable matches to observed surge values. Positions are altered slightly after landfall to better account for passage of the hurricane's center near San Antonio at 19Z on the 20th.A storm tide of 15' was reported for Indianola, Texas in Roth (1997b). 1886/05 - 2011 REVISION: 08880 08/12/1886 M=10 5 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 08885 08/12* 0 0 0 0*105 580 35 0*111 589 40 0*118 598 45 0* 08890 08/13*125 607 50 0*132 617 55 0*140 627 60 0*146 639 65 0* 08895 08/14*152 652 70 0*157 662 75 0*163 673 80 0*169 683 85 0* 08900 08/15*174 693 85 0*179 702 85 0*183 713 80 0*186 726 75 0* 08905 08/16*188 739 70 0*191 752 80 0*195 765 85 0*204 773 80 0* 08910 08/17*213 781 75 0*221 790 70 0*225 797 55 0*231 805 60 0* 08915 08/18*238 817 65 0*243 830 70 0*247 843 75 0*253 861 75 0* 08920 08/19*256 879 80 0*259 897 90 0*263 919 100 0*265 933 110 0* 08925 08/20*268 945 120 0*274 956 130 0*280 966 135 925*290 980 85 965* 08925 08/20*268 945 120 0*274 956 130 0*280 966 130 925*290 980 85 965* *** 08930 08/21*300 990 60 0*310 996 50 0*3201007 35 0*3351013 25 0* 08935 HRBTX4 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-8/20/1886 1300Z 28.1N 96.8W 135kt 4 15nmi 925mb BTX4 5-8/20/1886 1300Z 28.1N 96.8W 130kt 4 15nmi 925mb BTX4 *** The 2003 reanalysis utilized a central pressure at landfall of 925 mb at 13Z on the 20th in central Texas, which suggested 133 kt from the original Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 128 kt from the north of 25N equation. Given an RMW close in size to the climatological average for this central pressure and latitude (15 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000) and a near average translational velocity at landfall of 12 kt, winds are estimated at landfall to be 130 kt. This is a slight reduction from the 135 kt from the 2003 reanalysis, but retains the Category 4 status at landfall in Texas. ******************************************************************************** 08710 08/16/1886 M=12 6 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08710 08/15/1886 M=13 6 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (15th not in HURDAT previously.) 08712 08/15*146 545 55 0*144 555 60 0*143 565 65 0*141 577 70 0 08715 08/16* 0 0 0 0*120 600 45 0*120 612 50 0*121 624 60 0 08715 08/16*138 589 75 0*135 600 85 0*130 613 95 0*127 624 95 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 08720 08/17*122 636 70 0*123 649 75 0*125 662 80 0*127 676 85 0 08720 08/17*125 637 95 0*125 651 90 0*125 665 85 0*125 678 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 08725 08/18*129 691 85 0*131 706 85 0*134 720 85 0*137 731 85 0 08725 08/18*126 692 85 0*128 706 85 0*130 717 85 0*132 725 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08730 08/19*140 741 85 0*144 749 85 0*148 755 85 0*153 760 85 0 08730 08/19*137 733 85 0*141 739 85 0*147 745 85 0*159 753 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 08735 08/20*159 768 85 0*165 775 85 0*170 779 85 0*175 782 85 0 08735 08/20*170 762 95 0*179 768 95 0*185 773 95 0*190 778 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08740 08/21*180 785 85 0*185 787 85 0*190 791 85 0*195 794 85 0 08740 08/21*197 784 95 0*204 788 100 0*210 790 105 0*213 790 105 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08745 08/22*199 796 85 0*205 798 85 0*214 800 85 0*228 805 80 0 08745 08/22*215 790 105 0*217 790 90 0*220 790 80 0*231 790 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 08750 08/23*241 802 80 0*260 791 85 0*280 779 85 0*298 768 85 0 08750 08/23*246 790 80 0*263 787 85 0*280 779 85 0*298 768 85 0 *** *** *** *** 08755 08/24*318 755 85 0*336 743 85 0*350 732 85 0*360 723 85 0 08760 08/25*367 716 85 0*374 708 85 0*382 700 85 0*391 690 85 0 08765 08/26*399 678 85 0*408 665 80 0*416 650 75 0*420 632 70 0 08770 08/27*422 611 65 0*425 586 60 0*430 560 60 0*436 533 60 0 08775 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. 979 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 18th suggests at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track. 977 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 20th suggests at least 81 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt used in best track. 989 mb peripheral pressure on 18Z on the 26th suggests at least least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track. Winds increased from the 15th to the 17th and the 19th to the 23rd compared to original HURDAT based upon numerous ship reports, the peripheral pressure readings and moderate to severe damage in St. Vincent, Jamaica and Cuba. Hurricane is analyzed by Perez (2000) to be a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba; winds increased on the 21st and 22nd accordingly. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Lifecycle of this hurricane is not complete as information on the genesis (and possibly decay) are not available. ******************************************************************************** 08777 08/20/1886 M= 6 7 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08777 08/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*317 710 40 0*301 690 50 0 08777 08/21*292 655 60 0*300 627 75 0*323 617 95 0*338 624 100 0 08777 08/22*350 634 100 0*359 642 100 0*370 650 100 0*381 660 95 0 08777 08/23*397 669 90 0*411 665 85 0*423 650 80 0*441 622 75 0 08777 08/24*459 584 70 0*476 541 65 0E485 500 60 0E486 461 55 0 08777 08/25E485 413 50 0E483 373 50 0E483 333 50 0E483 295 50 0 08777 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented hurricane. Peripheral pressure measurements of 962 mb at 15Z on the 21st and 963 mb at 04Z on the 22nd suggest at least 93 and 94 kt, respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in the best track, which makes the storm a major hurricane. 983 mb peripheral pressure value at 00Z on the 23rd suggests at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track. ******************************************************************************** 08780 09/15/1886 M=10 7 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08780 09/16/1886 M= 9 8 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** *** * 08785 09/15* 0 0 0 0*140 602 35 0*144 613 45 0*148 626 60 0 (Track on the 15th is removed, since storm is relocated and begun on 16th.) 08790 09/16*150 640 70 0*152 654 80 0*153 668 80 0*152 682 85 0 08790 09/16*210 655 35 0*210 666 35 0*210 677 35 0*210 689 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08795 09/17*152 697 85 0*152 712 85 0*152 727 85 0*159 748 85 0 08795 09/17*210 704 40 0*210 717 40 0*210 730 45 0*210 747 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08800 09/18*174 761 85 0*190 781 85 0*203 802 85 0*213 825 85 0 08800 09/18*210 763 40 0*210 775 35 0*210 790 35 0*212 805 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08805 09/19*221 852 85 0*226 879 85 0*229 902 85 0*226 920 85 0 08805 09/19*213 819 45 0*214 830 50 0*215 843 55 0*217 857 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08810 09/20*221 931 85 0*219 943 85 0*220 950 85 0*222 952 85 0 08810 09/20*220 870 65 0*222 883 70 0*223 897 75 0*223 909 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08815 09/21*224 955 85 0*227 957 85 0*230 959 85 0*233 961 85 0 08815 09/21*223 921 85 0*224 933 85 0*225 947 85 0*228 954 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08820 09/22*237 963 85 0*240 965 85 0*244 967 85 0*249 969 85 0 08820 09/22*234 960 85 0*240 965 85 0*244 967 85 0*249 969 85 0 *** *** 08825 09/23*254 971 85 0*259 972 85 0*265 974 85 0*271 975 80 0 08825 09/23*254 971 85 0*259 972 85 0*265 974 80 0*271 975 75 0 ** ** 08830 09/24*278 975 75 0*285 974 65 0*292 973 45 0*309 970 30 0 08830 09/24*278 975 70 0*285 974 65 0*292 973 45 0*300 970 30 0 ** *** 08835 HR 08835 HRATX1BTX1 ******** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is reduced in intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 16th to the 20th since available observational evidence suggests that the storm reached hurricane strength after it reached the Gulf of Mexico. A peripheral pressure reading of 987 mb on 03Z on the 23rd suggests at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track at landfall in Mexico. Category 1 conditions (80 kt) in Texas are supported by moderate wind-caused damage in Brownsville. Track slightly altered at the storm's end for a more realistic motion. ******************************************************************************** 08840 09/26/1886 M= 5 8 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08840 09/22/1886 M= 9 9 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (22nd to the 25th not in HURDAT previously.) 08841 09/22*229 667 50 0*232 666 50 0*235 665 55 0*237 664 55 0 08842 09/23*240 663 60 0*244 661 65 0*247 660 70 0*248 660 75 0 08843 09/24*250 659 80 0*252 657 85 0*253 655 85 0*254 654 85 0 08844 09/25*255 652 85 0*257 650 85 0*258 650 85 0*260 650 85 0 08845 09/26* 0 0 0 0*215 655 35 0*223 662 40 0*235 666 45 0 08845 09/26*261 651 85 0*262 652 85 0*263 653 85 0*266 657 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08850 09/27*246 669 55 0*256 673 60 0*262 676 65 0*267 679 70 0 08850 09/27*267 660 85 0*268 663 85 0*270 670 85 0*272 674 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08855 09/28*271 683 75 0*275 686 75 0*279 690 80 0*283 695 85 0 08855 09/28*275 679 85 0*279 683 85 0*283 687 85 0*288 689 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 08860 09/29*287 701 85 0*290 707 85 0*294 712 85 0*298 715 85 0 08860 09/29*292 691 85 0*297 692 85 0*300 693 85 0*305 695 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08865 09/30*301 715 80 0*305 714 75 0*311 710 50 0*317 705 35 0 08865 09/30*310 697 80 0*314 699 75 0*317 700 50 0*322 701 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08870 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is increased in intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 26th to the 28th based upon ship reports in Partagas and Diaz. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb on 12Z on the 23rd suggests at least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as the genesis was not documented. ******************************************************************************** 08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 9 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** *** * 08880 10/08*199 825 35 0*203 830 35 0*208 833 40 0*212 837 45 0 08880 10/08*199 825 50 0*203 830 55 0*208 833 60 0*212 837 65 0 ** ** ** ** 08885 10/09*217 841 50 0*222 844 55 0*227 848 55 0*233 851 60 0 08885 10/09*217 841 65 0*222 844 60 0*227 848 60 0*233 851 65 0 ** ** ** ** 08890 10/10*239 854 65 0*246 857 70 0*252 860 75 0*257 864 80 0 08895 10/11*262 869 85 0*267 875 85 0*272 881 85 0*276 890 85 0 08895 10/11*262 869 85 0*267 875 90 0*272 881 95 0*276 890 100 0 ** ** *** 08900 10/12*279 903 85 0*282 917 85 0*286 927 85 0*292 933 85 0 08900 10/12*279 903 105 0*282 917 105 0*286 927 105 0*292 933 105 0 *** *** *** *** 08905 10/13*301 936 75 0*311 937 65 0*323 935 50 0*332 929 35 0 08905 10/13*301 936 80 0*311 937 65 0*323 935 50 0*332 929 35 0 ** 08910 HR 08910 HR LA3CTX2 ******* No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Peripheral pressures of 991 mb (20Z on the 9th), 985 mb (12Z on the 10th), 987 mb (16Z on the 10th) and 983 mb (12Z on the 11th) suggest at least 61 kt, 70 kt, 67 kt and 72 kt, respectively, from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Winds are increased from the 8th and the 9th to accommodate ship reports and effects in Western Cuba consistent with landfall of a Category 1 hurricane, which matches the assessment by Perez (2000). Winds are increased for the 11th and 12th based upon ship reports and effects at landfall in Texas and Louisiana. A storm tide of 12' was reported in Johnson Bayou, La. by Roth (1997a). This suggests landfall of a Category 3 (955 mb/105 kt) hurricane based upon SLOSH runs (B. Jarvinen, personal communication.) Lifecycle of this hurricane is not complete as information on the genesis is not available. 1886/10 - 2011 REVISION: 09165 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 09170 10/08*199 825 50 0*203 830 55 0*208 833 60 0*212 837 65 0* 09175 10/09*217 841 65 0*222 844 60 0*227 848 60 0*233 851 65 0* 09180 10/10*239 854 65 0*246 857 70 0*252 860 75 0*257 864 80 0* 09185 10/11*262 869 85 0*267 875 90 0*272 881 95 0*276 890 100 0* 09190 10/12*279 903 105 0*282 917 105 0*286 927 105 0*292 933 105 0* 09195 10/13*301 936 75 0*311 937 65 0*323 935 50 0*332 929 35 0* 09200 HR LA3CTX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 10-10/12/1886 2200Z 29.8N 93.5W 105kt 3 --- (955mb) LA3,CTX2 10-10/12/1886 2200Z 29.8N 93.5W 105kt 3 --- (950mb) LA3,CTX2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 105 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 955 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 950 mb - for a 105 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 08911 10/10/1886 M= 6 11 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08911 10/10*291 605 35 0*295 603 35 0*300 600 35 0*304 598 35 0 08911 10/11*307 597 40 0*311 595 40 0*313 593 40 0*316 590 40 0 08911 10/12*318 587 40 0*321 584 40 0*325 580 40 0*328 576 40 0 08911 10/13*331 571 45 0*334 566 45 0*337 560 45 0*340 553 45 0 08911 10/14*343 545 45 0*345 539 45 0*347 530 45 0*348 517 45 0 08911 10/15*350 502 40 0*350 484 40 0*350 470 35 0*350 459 35 0 08911 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 08915 10/22/1886 M= 4 10 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08915 10/21/1886 M= 6 12 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * ** *** (21st not in HURDAT previously.) 08920 10/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*178 730 35 0 08920 10/22* 0 0 0 0*199 687 35 0*210 686 35 0*220 682 40 0 08920 10/22*187 727 35 0*196 724 35 0*205 720 35 0*212 715 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08925 10/23*229 676 45 0*239 669 50 0*248 660 50 0*258 650 50 0 08925 10/23*219 708 45 0*227 699 50 0*237 687 55 0*244 675 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08930 10/24*267 639 50 0*277 626 50 0*286 612 50 0*295 600 45 0 08930 10/24*249 666 60 0*253 657 60 0*257 645 60 0*260 634 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 08935 10/25*305 585 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 08935 10/25*264 626 55 0*267 617 50 0*270 607 45 0*272 597 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (26th not in HURDAT previously.) 08937 10/26*274 589 40 0*275 581 40 0*277 570 35 0*279 560 35 0 08940 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10. These track changes are shown to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of 992 mb at 09Z on the 24th suggests at least 61 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen in best track because of lack of hurricane winds reported and very large size of system (implying a weaker pressure gradient for a given central pressure). Peripheral pressure of 997 mb on the 24th suggests at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind- pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized. ******************************************************************************** 1886 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) July 6-7, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) September 7, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) October 1-14, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************* 08941 05/15/1887 M= 6 1 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08941 05/15*293 638 35 0*298 642 35 0*303 647 40 0*308 652 40 0 08941 05/16*313 655 45 0*318 657 50 0*323 660 55 0*327 663 60 0 08941 05/17*332 665 60 0*337 667 60 0*343 667 60 0*349 667 55 0 08941 05/18*354 667 50 0*359 667 45 0E365 667 40 0E377 667 40 0 08941 05/19E395 664 40 0E411 658 35 0E423 650 35 0E440 635 35 0 08941 05/20E470 605 35 0E510 555 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 08941 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented tropical storm. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb at 16Z on the 16th supports at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized in best track. ******************************************************************************** 08945 05/17/1887 M= 5 1 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 08945 05/17/1887 M= 5 2 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 08950 05/17*184 786 35 0*187 787 35 0*192 788 40 0*196 789 40 0 08950 05/17*156 769 35 0*160 772 35 0*165 775 40 0*171 779 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08955 05/18*201 789 45 0*205 790 45 0*210 790 50 0*215 791 50 0 08955 05/18*177 783 45 0*183 786 45 0*189 787 50 0*195 787 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08960 05/19*221 791 50 0*227 791 40 0*233 790 35 0*238 782 35 0 08960 05/19*203 784 50 0*213 780 40 0*220 775 35 0*226 770 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 08965 05/20*237 771 40 0*238 759 45 0*240 748 45 0*245 738 50 0 08965 05/20*232 765 40 0*236 758 45 0*240 748 45 0*245 738 50 0 *** *** *** *** 08970 05/21*252 728 50 0*261 718 50 0*271 708 45 0*282 703 35 0 08975 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of 1002 mb at 20Z on the 18th suggests at least 43 kt - 50 kt used in best track. ******************************************************************************** 08976 06/11/1887 M= 4 3 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 08976 06/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 840 30 0*212 847 30 0 08976 06/12*219 853 30 0*227 859 35 0*235 865 35 0*243 869 35 0 08976 06/13*251 873 35 0*260 877 35 0*270 880 35 0*280 883 35 0 08976 06/14*290 885 35 0*300 887 35 0*310 888 30 0*320 888 30 0 08976 TS Moderate changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented tropical storm. Storm is also carried for an additional day to account for reasonable decay to tropical depression over land. ******************************************************************************** 08980 07/20/1887 M= 9 2 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 08980 07/20/1887 M= 9 4 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** * 08985 07/20* 0 0 0 0*120 582 35 0*121 594 45 0*125 621 55 0 08985 07/20*120 576 60 0*121 592 60 0*123 610 60 0*125 624 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 08990 07/21*127 636 60 0*129 649 70 0*132 663 75 0*134 676 75 0 08995 07/22*137 689 80 0*140 702 80 0*142 714 85 0*144 726 85 0 09000 07/23*146 738 85 0*147 750 85 0*150 765 85 0*151 774 85 0 09005 07/24*153 788 85 0*156 803 85 0*161 817 85 0*169 840 85 0 09010 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*203 869 85 0*215 872 85 0 09010 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*202 869 85 0*215 872 75 0 *** ** 09015 07/26*227 873 85 0*239 875 85 0*251 876 85 0*263 877 85 0 09015 07/26*227 873 75 0*239 875 75 0*251 876 75 0*263 877 75 0 ** ** ** ** 09020 07/27*275 876 85 0*287 872 85 0*299 868 85 0*309 863 80 0 09020 07/27*275 876 75 0*287 872 75 0*299 868 75 0*309 863 65 0 ** ** ** ** 09025 07/28*317 858 70 0*323 854 60 0*328 850 50 0*336 844 35 0 09025 07/28*317 858 50 0*323 854 40 0*328 850 35 0*336 844 30 0 ** ** ** ** 09030 HR 09030 HRAFL1 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Storm intensity increased on the 20th based upon destruction in Barbados. The hurricane is listed in Perez (2000) as a Category 1 hurricane for its impacts in Cuba, which is consistent with a Category 2 hurricane passing offshore of the island. Storm intensity decreased after striking the Yucatan of Mexico. No evidence for the storm to be considered stronger than a Category 1 hurricane in Northwest Florida, but it could be that it struck an unpopulated stretch and that it was more intense than listed here. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida, Alabama and Georgia. 1887/04 - 2006 REVISION: 09390 07/20/1887 M= 9 4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 09395 07/20*120 576 60 0*121 592 60 0*123 610 60 0*125 624 60 0* 09400 07/21*127 636 60 0*129 649 70 0*132 663 75 0*134 676 75 0* 09405 07/22*137 689 80 0*140 702 80 0*142 714 85 0*144 726 85 0* 09410 07/23*146 738 85 0*147 750 85 0*150 765 85 0*151 774 85 0* 09415 07/24*153 788 85 0*156 803 85 0*161 817 85 0*169 840 85 0* 09420 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*202 869 85 0*215 872 75 0* 09425 07/26*227 873 75 0*239 875 75 0*251 876 75 0*263 877 75 0* 09430 07/27*275 876 75 0*287 872 75 0*299 868 75 0*309 863 65 0* 09435 07/28*317 858 50 0*323 854 40 0*328 850 35 0*336 844 30 0* 09440 HRAFL1 09440 HRAFL1IAL1 **** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as to causing inland hurricane conditions in Alabama based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. 1887/04 - 2011 REVISION: 09390 07/20/1887 M= 9 4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 09395 07/20*120 576 60 0*121 592 60 0*123 610 60 0*125 624 60 0* 09400 07/21*127 636 60 0*129 649 70 0*132 663 75 0*134 676 75 0* 09405 07/22*137 689 80 0*140 702 80 0*142 714 85 0*144 726 85 0* 09410 07/23*146 738 85 0*147 750 85 0*150 765 85 0*151 774 85 0* 09415 07/24*153 788 85 0*156 803 85 0*161 817 85 0*169 840 85 0* 09420 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*202 869 85 0*215 872 75 0* 09425 07/26*227 873 75 0*239 875 75 0*251 876 75 0*263 877 75 0* 09430 07/27*275 876 75 0*287 872 75 0*299 868 75 0*309 863 65 0* 09435 07/28*317 858 50 0*323 854 40 0*328 850 35 0*336 844 30 0* 09440 HRAFL1IAL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-7/27/1887 1500Z 30.4N 86.6W 75kt 1 --- (981mb) AFL1,IAL1 4-7/27/1887 1500Z 30.4N 86.6W 75kt 1 --- (978mb) AFL1,IAL1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 75 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - for a 75 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 09250 07/30/1887 M=10 3 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09250 07/30/1887 M=10 5 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 09255 07/30* 0 0 0 0* 99 501 35 0*100 511 35 0*103 522 35 0 09260 07/31*105 532 35 0*108 542 40 0*110 550 40 0*112 557 40 0 09265 08/01*113 562 40 0*115 567 40 0*117 574 40 0*121 584 45 0 09270 08/02*125 595 45 0*129 606 45 0*133 615 45 0*136 623 50 0 09275 08/03*140 632 50 0*143 640 50 0*146 648 50 0*149 656 50 0 09280 08/04*152 664 50 0*155 672 50 0*158 680 50 0*161 688 50 0 09285 08/05*164 695 50 0*167 702 45 0*170 710 45 0*174 720 45 0 09290 08/06*178 732 45 0*184 745 40 0*190 760 40 0*195 771 40 0 09295 08/07*200 785 35 0*206 799 35 0*210 810 35 0*213 827 35 0 09300 08/08*214 840 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09305 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. ******************************************************************************** 09095 08/15/1887 M= 8 4 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09095 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * *** * * (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 09098 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 590 35 0*180 600 35 0 09100 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*227 623 35 0*230 635 40 0 09100 08/15*190 610 35 0*200 622 35 0*210 634 35 0*218 646 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 09105 08/16*233 647 40 0*236 658 45 0*238 670 50 0*240 681 50 0 09105 08/16*224 658 40 0*229 669 45 0*234 680 50 0*238 691 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09110 08/17*242 693 55 0*244 704 60 0*246 714 65 0*249 724 70 0 09110 08/17*242 702 55 0*246 713 60 0*250 725 65 0*255 738 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09115 08/18*252 733 75 0*255 741 80 0*258 750 85 0*261 759 90 0 09115 08/18*260 749 75 0*265 758 80 0*270 767 85 0*276 775 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09120 08/19*264 767 90 0*268 775 95 0*272 783 100 0*274 787 100 0 09120 08/19*281 782 90 0*286 788 95 0*295 790 100 0*309 788 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09125 08/20*276 790 100 0*278 792 105 0*280 794 105 0*292 796 105 0 09125 08/20*324 780 100 0*336 767 105 0*350 750 105 0*367 731 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09130 08/21*305 791 100 0*322 780 95 0*339 761 90 0*361 738 80 0 09130 08/21*382 709 100 0*398 684 95 0*410 660 90 0*420 620 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09135 08/22*387 701 60 0*404 669 50 0*418 635 40 0*429 590 35 0 09135 08/22*428 577 75 0*434 536 70 0E440 495 70 0E449 456 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (23rd not in HURDAT previously.) 09137 08/23E460 420 70 0E476 386 70 0E490 350 70 972E506 300 70 0 09140 HR 09140 HR NC1 *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressures of 967 mb (07Z 20th) suggest winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical wind- pressure relationship - 105 kt retained as HURDAT winds. Central pressure of 972 mb (18Z 23rd) suggest winds from the northern wind-pressure relationship of 80 kt, respectively - 70 kt chosen for best track since hurricane had transitioned to extratropical storm stage. Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and moderate adjustments to existing positions. All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind: Tuesday, August 16, 1887 Meteorological Register 10 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 83 Cloudy Clear E mod E light 11 Aug 29.77 29.78 83 83 Cloudy Cloudy E mod E mod 12 Aug 29.78 29.78 84 83 Clear Clear E mod E mod 13 Aug 29.79 29.79 85 82 Clear Clear E mod E light 14 Aug 29.78 29.70 84 84 Cloudy Cloudy ENE mod N fresh 15 Aug 29.70 29.72 81 82 Overcast Cloudy SW fresh SW fresh 16 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 82 Hazy Clear E light E light General Remarks 10th - Fine bright day and clear moonlight night. 11th - 10 a.m. passing rain squalls, balance of day cloudy to fair, and fine night. Last Quarter. 12th - Weather very fine and warm, and bright starry night. 13th - 120 p.m. A shower. Fine bright day and night. 14th - The weather today is very suspicious. During the night it blew in gusts with light drizzly rain, and the wind went round to the NE. At 2 p.m. it began to get squally and gusty accompanied with short showers of rain. The barometer became depressed,and went down one tenth. The wind then began to blow from the N. At 6 o'clock it became quite clear that a cyclone was passing to the North of this island. The wind later veered very rapidly from N to NNW, then NW, with lightning in that region and some distant thunder. Later in the night the wind hauled to the Westward and finally settled at SW blowing fresh all the next day. It is evident from the rapid changes of the wind that the stormfield was not very extensive. 15th - Blowing fresh from the SW and cloudy. Towards afternoon and evening it became clearer. Night clear and starry. 16th - Clear and pleasant day, night clear and starry. Based upon these observations, it is analyzed that the system had a closed circulation (i.e. westerly wind component) and was nearly due north of the island around 09Z on the 15th. The track is extended back to 12Z on the 14th, with a track substantially closer to St. Kitts than analyzed before (but still outside any gale force wind region). However, little can be deduced for intensity. Thus, continuing the system with minimal (35 kt) tropical storm strength appears prudent. 1887/06 - 2006 REVISION: 09505 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 09505 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * 09510 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 590 35 0*180 600 35 0* 09515 08/15*190 610 35 0*200 622 35 0*210 634 35 0*218 646 40 0* 09520 08/16*224 658 40 0*229 669 45 0*234 680 50 0*238 691 50 0* 09525 08/17*242 702 55 0*246 713 60 0*250 725 65 0*255 738 70 0* 09530 08/18*260 749 75 0*265 758 80 0*270 767 85 0*276 775 90 0* 09535 08/19*281 782 90 0*286 788 95 0*295 790 100 0*309 788 100 0* 09540 08/20*324 780 100 0*336 767 105 0*350 750 105 0*367 731 105 0* 09545 08/21*382 709 100 0*398 684 95 0*410 660 90 0*420 620 80 0* 09550 08/22*428 577 75 0*434 536 70 0E440 495 70 0E449 456 75 0* 09555 08/23E460 420 70 0E476 386 70 0E490 350 70 972E506 300 70 0* 09560 HR NC1 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". ******************************************************************************** 09145 08/18/1887 M=10 5 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09145 08/18/1887 M=10 7 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 09150 08/18* 0 0 0 0*169 574 35 0*172 584 50 0*177 593 65 0 09150 08/18* 0 0 0 0*180 600 35 0*188 610 35 0*196 620 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09155 08/19*182 602 85 0*189 611 90 0*195 620 95 0*203 630 100 0 09155 08/19*204 632 40 0*212 645 45 0*220 660 50 0*228 675 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 09160 08/20*212 639 105 0*220 648 105 0*227 657 105 0*239 680 105 0 09160 08/20*236 690 55 0*243 705 55 0*250 720 60 0*255 733 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09165 08/21*250 710 105 0*260 737 105 0*267 753 105 0*271 761 105 0 09165 08/21*259 744 65 0*261 753 75 0*263 760 85 0*264 766 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09170 08/22*273 765 105 0*275 769 105 0*279 772 105 0*284 776 105 0 09170 08/22*265 772 105 0*266 778 110 0*270 783 110 0*278 786 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09175 08/23*289 780 105 0*294 782 105 0*300 783 105 0*306 782 105 0 09175 08/23*286 787 110 0*293 786 110 0*300 785 110 0*307 784 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09180 08/24*311 778 105 0*318 771 105 0*326 760 105 0*336 747 105 0 09180 08/24*314 782 110 0*318 780 110 0*323 777 110 0*333 767 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09185 08/25*347 731 105 0*359 714 105 0*370 695 105 0*380 675 105 0 09185 08/25*342 756 110 0*350 744 110 0*357 733 110 0*367 713 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09190 08/26*389 654 100 0*399 632 95 0*410 610 85 0*426 582 75 0 09190 08/26*379 691 105 0*390 663 105 0*400 640 100 0*420 603 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09195 08/27*447 558 70 0*467 535 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09195 08/27*443 560 95 0*463 514 85 0E485 460 75 0E507 397 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09200 HR Only one major change (detailed below) from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Intensities reduced from the 18th to the 21st, since available observations indicate that the system remained a tropical storm until the 21st and moderate (Category 1 and 2) hurricane status until the 22nd. Winds boosted on the 26th and 27th based upon ship reports. Peripheral pressure of 994 mb (09Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen in best track (lowered from 105 kt). Peripheral pressure of 955 mb (14Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. Peripheral pressures of 952 mb (12Z on the 26th) and 955 mb (17Z on the 26th) suggest winds of at least 96 kt and 93 kt, respectively, from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. Peripheral pressure of 963 mb (00Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least 88 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track. Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for repositioning of the storm on the 18th to the 20th. All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind: Tuesday, 23 August 1887 Meteorological Register 17 Aug 29.80 29.80 84 83 Clear Clear ENE light NE mod 18 Aug 29.75 29.72 86 85 Clear Clear NE light SW mod 19 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 85 Clear Clear S light S mod 20 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 82 Clear Cloudy E light ENE mod General Remarks 17th - Bright and sunny day, and clear starry night. 18th - Today has been exceedingly hot and sultry, night bright starlight. 19th - The weather today has been very fine, and warm, sea moderately smooth. Night overcast. At 8 p.m. a sudden flash of lightning followed by a low roll of distant thunder. New moon. 20th - Weather bright with sunshine throughout the day. Afternoon sky lightly overcast. Night clear and starry. These observations suggest a closest approach to St. Kitts around 18Z on the 18th (lowest pressure and wind shift to SW) as a relatively weak system. Southerly winds on the 19th clearly indicate that the system has moved to the west of the island. Large adjustment to track proposed by Partagas is not too surprising given the lack of data that Partagas could locate for the 18th through the 20th. ******************************************************************************** 09205 09/01/1887 M= 6 6 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09205 09/01/1887 M= 6 8 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 09210 09/01*279 533 35 0*288 539 40 0*297 545 45 0*306 554 50 0 09210 09/01*281 537 35 0*286 544 40 0*290 550 45 0*296 559 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09215 09/02*314 560 55 0*325 567 65 0*334 571 75 0*357 572 80 0 09215 09/02*304 570 55 0*311 578 65 0*320 585 75 0*342 587 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09220 09/03*380 567 85 0*403 553 85 0*428 518 85 0*447 475 85 0 09220 09/03*367 578 85 0*388 564 90 0*410 540 90 0*437 497 90 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09225 09/04*465 430 85 0*482 392 75 0*500 350 65 0*519 320 60 0 09225 09/04*464 445 90 963*492 397 90 0E520 350 80 0E530 324 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 09230 09/05*533 296 55 0*549 269 50 0*557 230 50 0*553 181 50 0 09230 09/05E540 297 60 0E549 269 60 0E557 230 60 0E553 181 60 0 **** *** ** * ** * ** * ** 09235 09/06*552 146 50 0*554 110 50 0*559 72 50 0* 0 0 0 0 09235 09/06E552 146 55 0E554 110 50 0E559 72 50 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 09240 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Intensities increased from the 3rd to the 6th based upon ship reports. A possible central pressure of 963 mb (22Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure measurement of 985 mb (17Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 09245 09/11/1887 M=12 7 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 09245 09/11/1887 M=12 9 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * *** * 09250 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 570 35 0*134 582 50 0 09250 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 570 35 0*134 582 40 0 ** 09255 09/12*134 593 70 0*135 604 75 0*136 614 80 0*137 623 80 0 09255 09/12*134 593 45 0*135 604 50 0*136 614 55 0*137 623 60 0 ** ** ** ** 09260 09/13*138 631 80 0*139 639 85 0*140 648 85 0*141 662 85 0 09260 09/13*138 631 65 0*139 639 70 0*140 648 75 0*141 662 80 0 ** ** ** ** 09265 09/14*142 678 85 0*144 695 85 0*145 710 85 0*147 723 85 0 09270 09/15*150 735 85 0*153 747 85 0*157 760 85 0*162 778 85 0 09275 09/16*167 796 85 0*173 815 85 0*180 830 85 0*187 841 85 0 09280 09/17*195 851 85 0*203 859 85 0*210 866 85 0*214 872 85 0 09280 09/17*195 851 85 0*203 859 85 0*210 866 85 0*214 872 75 0 ** 09285 09/18*219 877 85 0*223 883 85 0*230 890 85 0*231 893 85 0 09285 09/18*219 877 80 0*223 883 85 0*227 888 85 0*231 893 85 0 ** *** *** 09290 09/19*235 898 85 0*239 903 85 0*245 910 85 0*250 917 85 0 09295 09/20*254 923 85 0*258 931 85 0*260 940 85 0*260 945 85 0 09295 09/20*254 923 85 0*258 931 85 0*260 940 85 0*261 948 85 0 *** *** 09300 09/21*260 949 85 0*260 954 85 0*260 959 85 0*260 964 85 0 09300 09/21*261 956 85 0*261 962 85 0*261 968 85 0*261 973 80 973 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 09305 09/22*259 972 80 0*257 980 75 0*255 989 65 0*252 997 35 0 09305 09/22*260 979 60 0*258 984 45 0*255 989 35 0*250 996 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 09310 HR 09310 HRATX2 ****** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Intensities reduced from the 11th to the 13th since hurricane conditions were not noted in the Windward Islands. A central pressure (16Z on the 21st) of 973 mb suggests winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track at landfall. (Winds at 18Z on the 21st are slightly weaker.) Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Mexico. 1887/09 - 2011 REVISION: 09665 09/11/1887 M=12 9 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 09665 09/11/1887 M=12 9 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 09670 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 570 35 0*134 582 40 0* 09675 09/12*134 593 45 0*135 604 50 0*136 614 55 0*137 623 60 0* 09680 09/13*138 631 65 0*139 639 70 0*140 648 75 0*141 662 80 0* 09685 09/14*142 678 85 0*144 695 85 0*145 710 85 0*147 723 85 0* 09690 09/15*150 735 85 0*153 747 85 0*157 760 85 0*162 778 85 0* 09695 09/16*167 796 85 0*173 815 85 0*180 830 85 0*187 841 85 0* 09700 09/17*195 851 85 0*203 859 85 0*210 866 85 0*214 872 75 0* 09705 09/18*219 877 80 0*223 883 85 0*227 888 85 0*231 893 85 0* 09710 09/19*235 898 85 0*239 903 85 0*245 910 85 0*250 917 85 0* 09715 09/20*254 923 85 0*258 931 85 0*260 940 85 0*261 948 85 0* 09720 09/21*261 956 85 0*261 962 85 0*261 968 85 0*261 973 80 973* 09720 09/21*261 956 85 0*261 962 80 0*261 968 75 0*261 973 75 973* ** ** ** 09725 09/22*260 979 60 0*258 984 45 0*255 989 35 0*250 996 30 0* 09730 HRATX2 09730 HRATX1 * U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 9-9/21/1887 1700Z 26.1N 97.2W 85kt 2 --- 973mb ATX2 9-9/21/1887 1700Z 26.1N 97.2W 75kt 1 --- 973mb ATX1 ** * **** The 2003 reanalysis utilized a 973 mb central pressure at landfall at 17Z on the 21st in south Texas, which suggested 85 kt from the original Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship suggests 86 kt from the south of 25N equation and 81 kt from the north of 25N equation (the hurricane made landfall at 26N). Examination of the Brownsville and Port Isabel observations suggest an RMW of about 40 nm. Given that climatology of RMW for this central pressure and latitude is 19 nm (Vickery et al. 2000) and that it was moving at a slow 5 kt at landfall, winds at and just before landfall are estimated to be 75 kt. This changes to hurricane to a Category 1 impact for South Texas, downgraded from Category 2 originally. ******************************************************************************** 09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 8 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 10 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 09320 09/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 537 35 0 09325 09/15*243 541 40 0*262 547 40 0*281 550 45 0*299 552 50 0 09325 09/15*243 541 40 0*262 547 40 0*281 550 45 0*295 553 50 0 *** *** 09330 09/16*318 553 60 0*336 552 65 0*355 549 70 0*374 545 75 0 09330 09/16*308 555 55 0*325 556 60 0*340 553 65 0*354 551 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09335 09/17*393 539 80 0*413 530 85 0*432 520 85 0*450 507 85 0 09335 09/17*374 547 70 0*393 541 70 0*410 535 70 0*428 527 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09340 09/18*467 489 80 0*483 470 75 0*500 450 65 0*516 429 55 0 09340 09/18*457 514 70 983*480 498 65 0E505 480 60 0E531 445 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** 09345 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. Intensities reduced from the 16th to the 18th since ship observations only support category one conditions. A possible central pressure of 983 mb (02Z on the 18th) suggests 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track. ******************************************************************************** 09350 10/06/1887 M= 3 9 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09350 10/06/1887 M= 4 11 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 09355 10/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*197 847 35 0*197 860 45 0 09360 10/07*197 873 50 0*197 886 45 0*198 899 40 0*198 912 40 0 09365 10/08*198 925 45 0*199 937 50 0*200 950 50 0*201 978 35 0 09365 10/08*198 925 45 0*199 937 50 0*200 950 50 0*201 963 50 0 *** ** (9th not in HURDAT previously.) 09367 10/09*202 976 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09370 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Translational speed too high at end of track. Adjustments made to correct this required the addition of an extra six hourly position. ******************************************************************************** 09375 10/09/1887 M= 3 10 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09375 10/08/1887 M= 2 12 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * ** *** (8th not in HURDAT previously.) 09377 10/08* 0 0 0 0*210 741 55 0*217 743 60 0*227 745 60 0 09380 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 805 35 0*202 812 45 0 09380 10/09*237 748 55 0*246 749 50 0*255 750 45 0*269 751 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09385 10/10*213 822 50 0*221 834 50 0*228 850 45 0*233 861 50 0 09390 10/11*236 871 50 0*238 882 50 0*238 892 45 0*237 904 35 0 (10th and 11th removed from HURDAT.) 09395 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10. These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure reading of 994 mb (10Z on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the genesis (and possibly the decay) were not documented. ******************************************************************************** 09400 10/09/1887 M=11 11 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 09400 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** *** * 09405 10/09* 0 0 0 0*191 597 35 0*192 610 45 0*193 624 55 0 09405 10/09* 0 0 0 0*191 597 35 0*192 610 40 0*193 624 45 0 ** ** 09410 10/10*193 638 65 0*194 652 75 0*194 666 80 0*194 680 85 0 09410 10/10*193 638 50 0*194 652 55 0*194 666 60 0*194 680 60 0 ** ** ** ** 09415 10/11*194 693 85 0*194 707 75 0*195 720 65 0*196 735 60 0 09415 10/11*194 697 60 0*194 711 50 0*195 727 45 0*195 743 55 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 09420 10/12*198 750 60 0*201 765 60 0*204 777 65 0*206 785 70 0 09420 10/12*196 760 65 0*197 774 70 0*200 787 75 0*203 798 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09425 10/13*208 792 75 0*210 798 80 0*212 804 80 0*214 811 85 0 09425 10/13*207 809 75 0*211 819 75 0*215 827 75 0*217 834 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09430 10/14*216 819 85 0*218 826 85 0*220 833 85 0*222 840 85 0 09430 10/14*220 841 70 0*222 847 65 0*225 853 65 0*226 859 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09435 10/15*224 847 85 0*226 854 75 0*228 861 70 0*231 868 70 0 09435 10/15*229 865 75 0*231 870 75 0*233 875 75 0*235 878 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09440 10/16*234 875 70 0*238 882 75 0*241 888 80 0*243 893 80 0 09440 10/16*237 882 75 0*239 885 75 0*241 888 75 0*243 893 75 0 *** ** *** *** ** ** 09445 10/17*245 896 85 0*248 899 85 0*251 902 85 0*256 905 85 0 09445 10/17*245 896 75 0*248 899 75 0*251 902 75 0*256 905 75 0 ** ** ** ** 09450 10/18*263 909 85 0*271 912 85 0*277 913 85 0*283 911 85 0 09450 10/18*263 909 75 0*271 912 75 0*277 913 75 0*283 911 75 0 ** ** ** ** 09455 10/19*288 907 85 0*294 900 85 0*299 896 65 0*309 880 35 0 09455 10/19*289 907 75 0*295 900 65 0*302 891 55 0*309 880 45 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** ** (20th and 21st not in HURDAT previously.) 09457 10/20*315 861 35 0*322 841 30 0*330 825 30 0*344 799 30 0 09458 10/21E357 771 35 0E376 740 40 0E395 720 45 0E420 690 45 0 09459 10/22E466 652 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09460 HR 09460 HR LA1 ** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 11. These track changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track. A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (on the 19th) suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the Gulf wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track. Hurricane status east of and at landfall into Hispanola is reduced to tropical storm status since there is no evidence for this intensity. The hurricane is reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) in the original HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico as available observation data suggests minimal hurricane status. This is consistent with analysis by Perez (2000) indicating landfall as Category 1 hurricane over Cuba. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. 1887/13 - 2011 REVISION: 09820 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 09825 10/09* 0 0 0 0*191 597 35 0*192 610 40 0*193 624 45 0* 09830 10/10*193 638 50 0*194 652 55 0*194 666 60 0*194 680 60 0* 09835 10/11*194 697 60 0*194 711 50 0*195 727 45 0*195 743 55 0* 09840 10/12*196 760 65 0*197 774 70 0*200 787 75 0*203 798 75 0* 09845 10/13*207 809 75 0*211 819 75 0*215 827 75 0*217 834 75 0* 09850 10/14*220 841 70 0*222 847 65 0*225 853 65 0*226 859 70 0* 09855 10/15*229 865 75 0*231 870 75 0*233 875 75 0*235 878 75 0* 09860 10/16*237 882 75 0*239 885 75 0*241 888 75 0*243 893 75 0* 09865 10/17*245 896 75 0*248 899 75 0*251 902 75 0*256 905 75 0* 09870 10/18*263 909 75 0*271 912 75 0*277 913 75 0*283 911 75 0* 09875 10/19*289 907 75 0*295 900 65 0*302 891 55 0*309 880 45 0* 09880 10/20*315 861 35 0*322 841 30 0*330 825 30 0*344 799 30 0* 09885 10/21E357 771 35 0E376 740 40 0E395 720 45 0E420 690 45 0* 09890 10/22E466 652 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 09895 HR LA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 13-10/19/1887 0200Z 29.1N 90.4W 75kt 1 --- (981mb) LA1 13-10/19/1887 0200Z 29.1N 90.4W 75kt 1 --- (978mb) LA1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 75 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - for a 75 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 12 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 14 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 09470 10/10* 0 0 0 0*282 390 35 0*290 400 45 0*299 405 55 0 09470 10/10* 0 0 0 0*282 390 35 0*290 400 45 0*301 402 55 0 *** *** 09475 10/11*309 410 65 0*321 414 75 0*334 417 80 0*348 416 85 0 09475 10/11*313 402 65 0*325 401 75 0*337 400 75 0*352 399 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09480 10/12*364 412 85 0*381 407 85 0*400 395 75 0*412 381 35 0 09480 10/12*368 398 75 0*384 397 75 0E400 395 60 0E412 381 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * ** * 09485 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 12. A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (22Z on the 11th) suggests at least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track. Peak winds reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) in the original HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) on the 11th and 12th, since evidence suggests only a minimal hurricane occurred. ******************************************************************************** 09490 10/16/1887 M= 4 13 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09490 10/15/1887 M= 5 15 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * ** *** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 09492 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 480 70 0*146 490 75 0 09495 10/16* 0 0 0 0*161 512 35 0*170 520 35 0*184 530 40 0 09495 10/16*153 500 80 0*161 510 85 0*170 520 90 0*184 530 90 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** ** 09500 10/17*197 538 45 0*209 544 45 0*220 550 50 0*229 554 50 0 09500 10/17*197 538 90 0*209 544 90 0*220 550 85 0*229 554 80 0 ** ** ** ** 09505 10/18*237 556 50 0*244 557 50 0*253 557 50 0*264 553 50 0 09505 10/18*237 556 70 0*244 557 60 0*253 557 55 0*264 553 50 0 ** ** ** 09510 10/19*276 547 45 0*290 537 40 0*304 525 35 0*317 513 25 0 09515 TS 09515 HR ** Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 13. Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and an increase in intensity: "Tuesday, 25 October 1887 - Royal Mail Steam Moselle arrived at Barbados on October 18th and a couple of days before making port encountered a hurricane: Wind began at noon of 15th from ENE. At 6pm strong breeze. 8pm moderate gale, barometer steady. 10 pm fresh gale, barometer falling. Midnight, strong gale. barometer falling, wind NE. 3 a.m. wind had increased to a hurricane, barometer 29[.00], wind NNE. Between 3 am and 530am lost seven Boats, all Sheep Pens, and Fowl Coops, with all Live Stock overboard and damaged one boat, leaving only two small ones serviceable. Blew away Foretopsail and Foresail, and Awning, and considerable damage was sustained around decks. At 5:30 a.m. wind NNE, barometer 28.80 blowing a fierce hurricane, with furious squalls, wind North, backing West. 6 a.m. wind WSW with mountainous seas. 7 a.m. Ship hove to on port tack, wind and sea decreasing." These observations clearly indicate hurricane intensity was achieved by this storm. The 975 mb peripheral pressure (around 1030 UTC on the 6th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. Winds adjusted for the 15th to the 18th, accordingly. Complete life cycle for this hurricane is not known due to lack of knowledge of its genesis. ******************************************************************************** 09520 10/29/1887 M= 4 14 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 09520 10/29/1887 M= 9 16 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * ** *** 09525 10/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*251 849 35 0*268 823 40 0 09525 10/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*265 860 35 0*272 845 40 0 *** *** *** *** 09530 10/30*284 798 35 0*298 783 35 0*310 772 40 0*321 765 40 0 09530 10/30*280 830 40 0*289 815 35 0*300 800 40 0*313 787 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 09535 10/31*330 759 40 0*339 752 40 0*346 745 40 0*353 738 40 0 09535 10/31*327 774 50 0*339 761 55 0*348 748 60 0*354 734 60 993 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 09540 11/01*359 731 40 0*364 723 40 0*368 716 35 0*373 708 35 0 09540 11/01E360 720 65 0E365 703 70 0E370 690 70 0E378 678 70 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (2nd to 6th not in HURDAT previously.) 09541 11/02E385 666 65 0E392 654 65 0E400 640 60 0E406 617 60 0 09542 11/03E411 580 60 0E415 548 60 0E420 520 60 0E440 478 60 0 09543 11/04E474 442 60 0E511 402 60 0E530 360 60 0E536 320 60 0 09544 11/05E536 277 60 0E534 231 60 990E530 190 60 0E524 154 60 0 09545 11/06E518 114 55 0E508 73 50 0E500 40 45 0E483 4 40 0 09545 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Winds Affected 16-10/29/1887$ 1800Z 26.8 82.3 40 FL 16-10/30/1887$ 0100Z 28.1 82.8 40 FL ** **** **** **** Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who otherwise made large reasonable track alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 14. A possible central pressure reading of 993 mb (17Z on the 3lst) suggests winds of 59 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. A central pressure of 990 mb (08Z on the 5th) suggests winds of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track since storm had transformed to extratropical. Windspeeds increased from the 30th to the 1st to account for ship and coastal observations (from Hudgins 2000, Roth and Cobb 2001). The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa: Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W): ----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z 10/28/1887 E E 0 29.90 29.88 29.90 0.83" 10/29/1887 S S SW 29.82 29.78 29.78 0.16" 10/30/1887 NW NW NW 29.70 29.65 29.65 10/31/1887 NW NW NW 29.75 29.74 29.74 These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade occurred between the SW and NW wind directions, nearest to about 06Z on the 30th. The track is shifted to go just north of the Fort based upon these west winds. The minimum surface pressure value corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1007 mb, which is supportive of just minimal tropical storm conditions while crossing Florida already in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 15 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 17 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 09555 11/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*221 670 35 0*231 686 40 0 09560 11/28*238 700 40 0*242 712 45 0*245 724 50 0*247 735 55 0 09560 11/28*238 700 40 0*242 712 45 0*245 724 50 0*245 728 55 0 *** *** 09565 11/29*246 748 60 0*236 752 70 0*230 747 75 0*232 730 80 0 09565 11/29*244 732 60 0*241 734 65 0*237 735 70 0*233 732 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09570 11/30*239 712 80 0*248 699 85 0*256 685 85 0*260 676 85 0 09570 11/30*234 726 70 0*237 718 70 0*240 713 70 0*245 704 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09575 12/01*264 667 85 0*268 659 85 0*272 653 85 0*275 648 80 0 09575 12/01*251 694 60 0*256 686 60 0*263 673 60 0*268 664 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09580 12/02*278 644 80 0*280 640 75 0*283 635 70 0*287 629 70 0 09580 12/02*274 653 55 0*279 645 55 0*285 635 55 0*291 627 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 09585 12/03*291 623 65 0*296 617 60 0*303 610 55 0*311 601 50 0 09585 12/03*298 619 50 0*305 610 50 0*310 603 50 0*315 595 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 09590 12/04*320 588 50 0*329 575 45 0*339 565 40 0*349 555 35 0 09590 12/04*320 588 50 0*329 575 50 0*339 565 45 0*349 555 40 0 ** ** 09595 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 15. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Winds reduced from the 28th until the 3rd since available observational data indicate that the system peaked as a minimal hurricane (65 kt is chosen as peak winds), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity in the original HURDAT. Winds slightly increased on 4th due to a ship observation. ******************************************************************************** 09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 16 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 18 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 09605 12/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*192 541 35 0*207 574 40 0 09605 12/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*192 541 35 0*207 574 35 0 ** 09610 12/05*221 600 40 0*235 619 50 0*248 628 50 0*261 632 55 0 09610 12/05*221 600 40 0*235 619 40 0*248 628 45 0*261 632 45 0 ** ** ** 09615 12/06*276 630 65 0*286 620 65 0*298 609 65 0*312 589 70 0 09615 12/06*276 630 50 0*286 620 50 0*298 609 55 0*312 589 60 0 ** ** ** ** 09620 12/07*326 571 75 0*340 556 75 0*353 543 80 0*361 518 80 0 09620 12/07*326 571 65 0*340 556 70 0*353 543 70 0*361 518 70 0 ** ** ** ** 09625 12/08*364 491 85 0*367 464 85 0*371 439 85 0*377 417 85 0 09625 12/08*364 491 70 0*367 464 70 0*371 439 70 0*377 417 65 0 ** ** ** ** 09630 12/09*384 396 85 0*392 377 85 0*400 360 80 0*409 346 75 0 09630 12/09E384 396 60 0E392 377 60 0E400 360 60 0E409 346 55 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 09635 12/10*419 334 70 0*430 325 60 0*442 318 50 0*454 313 35 0 09635 12/10E419 334 50 0E430 325 45 0E442 318 40 0E454 313 35 0 * ** * ** * ** * 09640 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 16. All gale force or greater observations obtained for this system were the following: 50 kt from the southeast veering to the northwest around 02 UTC on the 7th (Bark "Leocadia"), 70 kt around 17 UTC on the 7th (Steamship "Kate Fawcett"), 40 kt from the south-southwest veering to the west-northwest on the 8th (Steamship "Orsino"), and 60 kt from the south veering to the northwest around 17 UTC on the 9th (Steamship "Westergate"). Winds are thus reduced for the whole lifecycle of the storm since best available observations indicate that the system likely peaked on the 7th and 8th as a minimal hurricane (70 kt chosen as peak winds), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity originally suggested in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 17 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 19 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 09905 12/07* 0 0 0 0*125 585 35 0*127 596 35 0*129 606 40 0 09910 12/08*131 616 40 0*132 626 40 0*133 636 45 0*133 646 45 0 09915 12/09*133 657 45 0*132 668 50 0*130 680 50 0*128 695 50 0 09920 12/10*126 713 50 0*123 732 50 0*121 750 50 0*118 766 50 0 09925 12/11*115 782 50 0*113 796 50 0*110 810 50 0*109 815 45 0 09930 12/12*108 820 45 0*107 825 40 0*106 831 35 0*105 836 25 0 09935 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 17. ******************************************************************************** 1887 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) June 10-15, 1887: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. 2) September 1-5, 1887: At least one (possible two) gale force wind reports, but unclear if system was closed circulation. 3) October 22-23, 1887: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 4) Observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) suggest the occurrence of (at least) a tropical depression that passed south and then west of St. Kitts. However, without additional information documenting tropical storm strength for this system, it will not be added into HURDAT. All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind (The altitude of the observations were at approximately 30 m. Thus the surface pressures provided below must be corrected by 0.1" to convert to sea level pressure values.) Tuesday, September 27, 1887 Meteorological Register 20 Sep 29.80 29.78 78 81 Cloudy Overcast NE light E mod 21 Sep 29.80 29.75 83 84 Cloudy Cloudy E light S light 22 Sep 29.78 29.70 82 82 Cloudy Overcast S mod SW mod 23 Sep 29.80 29.80 85 84 Cloudy Hazy SSW light SW light 24 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 85 Clear Clear SW light SW light 25 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 86 Clear Clear SW light SW light 26 Sep 29.80 29.77 85 84 Clear Clear S light SE light General Remarks 20th - Weather densely overcast with heavy showers of rain all day. Night cloudy with passing showers. 21st - Commences with a cloudy sky and calm sultry atmosphere. Mid-day intermittent sunshine. 5 p.m. raining. Night showery with sheet lightning. 22nd - Commences with squalls of wind and rain. At 1 a.m. the wind became boisterous, and the squalls reached the force of a moderate gale, with frequent heavy showers. Barometer at 29.68. Noon very squally in South, thick and raining. Night cloudy and squally. 23rd - (No account.) 24th - After the squally weather of the day before yesterday, the sky cleared, the wind still from the southwest but light. Fine sunny day. Night clear and dull. Plenty of sheet lightning. 25th - Bright and sunny day, clear and starry night. 26th - Warm and sunny day. 5 p.m. overcast and raining - clear starlight night. 5) Another possible new system has been identified by Mr. Michael Chenoweth to have struck southern Belize in October 1887. Below are some excerpts from the _Colonial Guardian_ newspaper of Belize: "The storm which swept last week [October 15-16, 1887] over the town, has caused great havock in the country, blowing down trees, strewing the truck-paths with them and rendering travelling impossible. We have been credibly informed that many of the banana plantations of the Southern District have been levelled with the ground; so that for three months these plantations will produce little or nothing." In the same day's issue, they identify the "City of Dallas" as sailing from New Orleans and being a day late in arriving in Belize (with the new Colonial Secretary) "due to a severe storm shortly after leaving", but the exact date is not given. It arrived in Belize Wednesday afternoon, October 19. The difficulty in ascribing this destruction to a new tropical cyclone is that storm 13 was occurring just 300-400 nmi to the north while passing between Cuba and the Yucatan of Mexico. While it is not impossible for two tropical systems to be that physically close to one another, it is an unlikely event. It is also a possibility that the destruction described here is due to storm 13, which may need a large alteration in its track. At this point, it is recommended that this system be retained as a possible new system (or storm 13 in need of revision of track) until more information can be obtained to clarify the situation. ******************************************************************************** 09685 06/16/1888 M= 3 1 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 09685 06/16/1888 M= 3 1 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 09690 06/16*275 932 35 0*277 937 55 0*280 943 70 0*282 948 85 0 09690 06/16*275 932 35 0*277 937 45 0*280 943 55 0*282 948 65 0 ** ** ** 09695 06/17*284 953 85 0*287 957 80 0*290 960 70 0*294 963 65 0 09695 06/17*284 953 70 0*287 957 70 0*290 960 50 0*294 963 40 0 ** ** ** ** 09700 06/18*299 965 55 0*304 967 50 0*310 968 45 0*313 966 35 0 09700 06/18*299 965 35 0*304 967 30 0*310 968 30 0*313 966 25 0 ** ** ** ** 09705 HR 09705 HRBTX1 **** Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced moderately for the whole lifecycle of the storm as available observation evidence suggests that this system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane status, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) utilized in the original HURDAT. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) used for inland winds over Texas. 1888/01 - 2011 REVISION: 10150 06/16/1888 M= 3 1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 10155 06/16*275 932 35 0*277 937 45 0*280 943 55 0*282 948 65 0* 10160 06/17*284 953 70 0*287 957 70 0*290 960 50 0*294 963 40 0* 10165 06/18*299 965 35 0*304 967 30 0*310 968 30 0*313 966 25 0* 10170 HRBTX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/17/1888 0600Z 28.7N 95.7W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) BTX1 1-6/17/1888 0600Z 28.7N 95.7W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) BTX1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 09710 07/04/1888 M= 3 2 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 09710 07/04/1888 M= 3 2 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 09715 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 944 35 0*264 948 40 0 09720 07/05*270 951 50 0*276 953 50 0*283 955 50 0*291 956 45 0 09725 07/06*300 956 40 0*309 955 35 0*320 954 35 0* 0 0 0 0 09725 07/06*300 956 40 0*309 955 35 0*320 954 30 0* 0 0 0 0 ** 09730 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. ******************************************************************************** 09735 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 09735 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 273 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 09740 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 713 35 0*218 724 40 0 09740 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 710 35 0*233 721 40 0 *** *** *** *** 09745 08/15*223 734 50 0*228 745 60 0*233 755 70 0*238 765 80 0 09745 08/15*238 734 50 0*241 745 60 0*243 755 70 0*246 765 80 0 *** *** *** *** 09750 08/16*243 774 90 0*248 783 95 0*253 793 95 0*257 806 90 0 09750 08/16*248 774 90 0*251 782 100 0*253 790 110 0*257 799 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 09755 08/17*262 822 85 0*266 838 90 0*269 853 90 0*271 867 95 0 09755 08/17*262 809 85 0*266 820 70 0*269 833 80 0*271 847 90 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 09760 08/18*271 880 95 0*272 891 95 0*273 899 95 0*276 904 95 0 09760 08/18*271 862 95 0*272 876 95 0*273 886 95 0*276 894 95 0 *** *** *** *** 09765 08/19*279 907 95 0*283 910 95 0*288 913 95 0*293 916 90 0 09765 08/19*279 900 95 0*283 904 95 0*288 906 95 0*293 908 85 0 *** *** *** *** ** 09770 08/20*299 918 80 0*307 920 70 0*318 921 65 0*332 916 60 0 09770 08/20*299 909 75 0*307 910 70 0*318 910 65 0*332 908 60 0 *** ** *** *** *** 09775 08/21*348 901 55 0*365 878 50 0*380 850 45 0*393 813 45 0 09780 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0*432 681 35 0*447 653 35 0 09780 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0E432 681 50 0E447 653 50 0 * ** * ** 09785 08/23*462 628 35 0*477 605 35 0*492 590 35 0*506 571 35 0 09785 08/23E462 628 50 0E477 605 50 0E492 590 45 0E506 571 45 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 09790 08/24*518 558 35 0*530 550 35 0*540 540 35 0*552 530 35 0 09790 08/24E518 558 40 0E530 550 40 0E540 540 35 0E552 530 35 0 * ** * ** * * 09795 HR 09795 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2 ********** *** U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States Winds Simpson Pressure Affected 3-8/16/1888$ 1700Z 25.6N 80.4W 100kt 3 (953mb) CFL3,BFL1 3-8/16/1888$ 1900Z 25.8N 80.1W 110kt 3 (945mb) CFL3,BFL1 **** **** **** *** *** 3-8/19/1888 2100Z 29.6N 91.7W 95kt 2 (964mb) LA2 Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 994 mb (around 21Z on the 20th) suggests winds of at least 56 kt from the wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt at 18Z and 55 kt at 00Z are chosen for best track since reading was for inland station. A peripheral pressure reading of 992 mb (around 12Z on the 22nd) suggests at least 60 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track since the storm had likely transitioned to extratropical status. Winds increased while extratropical from the 22nd to the 24th to account for wind and peripheral pressure data. A value of 14 foot storm tide for Miami, Florida is reported in Barnes (1998a) - supporting (at least) a high end Category 3 intensity at landfall. The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa: Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W): ----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z 8/16/1888 NE NE NE 29.85 29.80 29.52 0.68" 8/17/1888 SE SE SE 29.50 29.88 29.65 0.50" 8/18/1888 E E 0 29.88 29.90 29.90 0.13" These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade occurred between the NE and SE wind directions, nearest to about 06Z on the 17th. This is an impact in Florida about 6 hours later than estimated in the Partagas and Diaz analysis. The track is adjusted accordingly on the 16th through the 18th. The minimum surface pressure value corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1002 mb, though the hurricane center likely passed a substantial distance to the south of the fort. ******************************************************************************* 1888/03 - 2009 REVISION: 10200 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 10205 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 710 35 0*233 721 40 0* 10210 08/15*238 734 50 0*241 745 60 0*243 755 70 0*246 765 80 0* 10215 08/16*248 774 90 0*251 782 100 0*253 790 110 0*257 799 110 0* 10220 08/17*262 809 85 0*266 820 70 0*269 833 80 0*271 847 90 0* 10225 08/18*271 862 95 0*272 876 95 0*273 886 95 0*276 894 95 0* 10230 08/19*279 900 95 0*283 904 95 0*288 906 95 0*293 908 85 0* 10235 08/20*299 909 75 0*307 910 70 0*318 910 65 0*332 908 60 0* 10240 08/21*348 901 55 0*365 878 50 0*380 850 45 0*393 813 45 0* 10245 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0E432 681 50 0E447 653 50 0* 10250 08/23E462 628 50 0E477 605 50 0E492 590 45 0E506 571 45 0* 10255 08/24E518 558 40 0E530 550 40 0E540 540 35 0E552 530 35 0* 10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2 10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2IMS1 **** The 12Z position on 8/20 (well inland over Mississippi) had a wind of 65 kt. Given this it would make sense to code for an inland effect over Mississippi (i.e. IMS1), which was unintentionally not counted as such previously. 1888/03 - 2011 REVISION: 10200 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 10205 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 710 35 0*233 721 40 0* 10210 08/15*238 734 50 0*241 745 60 0*243 755 70 0*246 765 80 0* 10215 08/16*248 774 90 0*251 782 100 0*253 790 110 0*257 799 110 0* 10220 08/17*262 809 85 0*266 820 70 0*269 833 80 0*271 847 90 0* 10225 08/18*271 862 95 0*272 876 95 0*273 886 95 0*276 894 95 0* 10230 08/19*279 900 95 0*283 904 95 0*288 906 95 0*293 908 85 0* 10235 08/20*299 909 75 0*307 910 70 0*318 910 65 0*332 908 60 0* 10240 08/21*348 901 55 0*365 878 50 0*380 850 45 0*393 813 45 0* 10245 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0E432 681 50 0E447 653 50 0* 10250 08/23E462 628 50 0E477 605 50 0E492 590 45 0E506 571 45 0* 10255 08/24E518 558 40 0E530 550 40 0E540 540 35 0E552 530 35 0* 10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-8/16/1888 1900Z 25.8N 80.1W 110kt 3 --- (945mb) CFL3,BFL1 3-8/19/1888 1600Z 29.1N 90.7W 95kt 2 --- (964mb) LA2 3-8/19/1888 1600Z 29.1N 90.7W 95kt 2 --- (960mb) LA2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 95 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 964 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 960 mb - for a 95 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 09800 08/31/1888 M= 9 4 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 09800 08/31/1888 M= 9 4 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 09805 08/31*193 603 35 0*195 613 40 0*197 623 40 0*201 637 45 0 09805 08/31*193 603 60 0*195 613 65 0*197 623 70 0*201 637 70 0 ** ** ** ** 09810 09/01*205 649 50 0*208 661 55 0*210 671 60 0*211 679 60 0 09810 09/01*205 649 75 0*208 661 75 0*210 671 80 0*211 679 80 0 ** ** ** ** 09815 09/02*212 685 65 0*213 692 70 0*214 701 75 0*216 713 75 0 09815 09/02*212 685 85 0*213 692 85 0*214 701 90 0*216 713 90 0 ** ** ** ** 09820 09/03*218 724 80 0*219 736 85 0*221 748 85 0*223 759 85 0 09820 09/03*218 724 95 0*219 736 100 0*221 748 105 0*223 759 110 0 ** *** *** *** 09825 09/04*224 770 85 0*226 781 85 0*227 792 85 0*227 805 75 0 09825 09/04*225 770 110 0*227 782 110 0*229 797 110 0*230 808 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 09830 09/05*226 820 70 0*223 834 70 0*221 847 70 0*219 856 70 0 09830 09/05*230 819 80 0*228 828 75 0*225 837 70 0*222 849 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 09835 09/06*216 864 70 0*214 871 70 0*211 880 70 0*208 890 70 0 09835 09/06*218 861 70 0*214 871 70 0*211 880 60 0*208 890 55 0 *** *** ** ** 09840 09/07*205 900 70 0*202 911 80 0*199 923 85 0*195 933 85 0 09840 09/07*205 900 50 0*202 911 60 0*199 923 70 0*195 933 85 0 ** ** ** 09845 09/08*188 942 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09845 09/08*190 943 75 0*180 952 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 09850 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds increased on 31st and 1st based upon ship report of hurricane force winds. Peripheral pressure of 980 mb (17Z on the 2nd) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. Peripheral pressure of 972 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 87 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in best track. Peripheral pressure of 979 mb (14Z on the 4th) suggests at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. The pressure readings on the 3rd and 4th along with extreme destruction in Sagua, Cuba leads to a best track wind estimate of 110 kt at landfall, which is consistent with the analysis of Perez (2000) of a Category 3 hurricane landfall in Cuba. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico. Track extended six hours on the 8th for reasonable (though quick) final decay of hurricane over Mexico. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the genesis was not documented. The hurricane is known as "El Huracan de Faquineto" for its impact in Cuba and "San Gil" for its impact in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 09855 09/06/1888 M= 8 5 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 09855 09/06/1888 M= 8 5 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 09860 09/06* 0 0 0 0*233 720 35 0*239 730 35 0*244 743 40 0 09860 09/06* 0 0 0 0*235 717 35 0*239 730 35 0*244 743 40 0 *** *** 09865 09/07*248 755 40 0*253 768 45 0*258 780 45 0*262 792 45 0 09870 09/08*266 803 45 0*270 814 35 0*274 824 35 0*279 829 40 0 09870 09/08*267 801 45 0*272 811 35 0*277 818 35 1002*283 824 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 09875 09/09*285 831 45 0*292 831 50 999*301 829 35 0*312 823 35 0 09875 09/09*286 826 45 0*292 829 50 999*301 829 45 0*312 823 40 0 *** *** *** ** ** 09880 09/10*325 815 35 0*339 806 35 0*350 797 35 0*359 788 35 0 09885 09/11*367 779 35 0*376 769 35 0*385 759 35 0*395 747 35 0 09885 09/11*367 779 35 0*376 769 35 0E385 759 35 0E395 747 35 0 * * 09890 09/12*406 733 35 0*418 716 35 0*430 699 35 0*442 675 35 0 09890 09/12E406 733 35 0E418 716 35 0E430 699 35 0E442 675 35 0 * * * * 09895 09/13*458 648 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 09895 09/13E458 648 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 * 09900 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). While the storm's center does not get completely over water, this storm apparently began to re-intensify while over land - as observed by the strong winds and low pressure at Cedar Key. However, it is quite uncertain how intense the storm was at landfall in Southeast Florida. Winds decreased to below storm strength on the 11th to the 13th since observations in Partagas and Diaz show no storm force winds north of Virginia. Confirmation of the inland Florida portion of the track and intensity was deduced by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa: Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W): ----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z 9/7/1888 NE NE NE 29.75 29.72 29.62 0.55" 9/8/1888 S SE SE 29.50 29.60 29.62 1.93" These observations match Partagas and Diaz analysis that the storm tracked over or very close to Fort Meade around 12Z on the 8th. The surface pressure minimum above corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1002 mb, which is may very well be a central pressure reading. 1002 mb suggests marine winds of 45 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 35 kt retained due to over-land position. ******************************************************************************** 09905 09/23/1888 M= 5 6 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 09905 09/23/1888 M= 5 6 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 09910 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 810 35 0*255 802 35 0 09915 09/24*266 797 40 0*277 791 40 0*287 786 45 0*295 782 45 0 09920 09/25*301 778 45 0*307 775 50 0*317 769 50 0*335 757 50 0 09920 09/25*301 778 45 0*307 775 50 0*317 769 55 0*335 757 60 0 ** ** 09925 09/26*361 739 50 0*389 719 50 0*412 702 50 0*430 689 50 0 09925 09/26*361 739 65 0*389 719 70 0*412 702 70 985*430 689 60 0 ** ** ** *** ** 09930 09/27*448 675 50 0*464 663 40 0*478 652 35 0* 0 0 0 0 09930 09/27E448 675 50 0E464 663 40 0E478 652 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 09935 TS 09935 HR ** Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 985 mb (12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track making this a minimal hurricane. However, given the rapid translational speed, only winds of estimated 55 kt were sustained along the U.S. coast. ******************************************************************************** 09940 10/08/1888 M= 5 7 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 09940 10/08/1888 M= 5 7 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 09945 10/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*217 934 35 0*223 926 45 0 09950 10/09*229 918 50 0*236 909 60 0*242 900 65 0*249 891 75 0 09955 10/10*256 882 80 0*263 872 85 0*271 860 85 0*281 846 85 0 09955 10/10*256 882 80 0*263 872 85 0*270 860 90 0*277 846 95 0 *** *** 09960 10/11*295 829 80 0*310 811 75 0*327 793 70 0*345 775 60 0 09960 10/11*290 833 95 970*305 813 70 0*323 795 60 0*345 775 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 09965 10/12*364 756 50 0*384 737 45 0*406 718 40 0*419 672 35 0 09970 HR 09970 HRAFL2DFL1 ******** Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Landfall time from Cedar Key measurements in Partagas and Diaz is suggested to be slightly later than that originally in best track - thus positions altered slightly on the 10th and 11th. A nine foot storm tide (likely also to be storm surge value based upon tidal data - B. Jarvinen, personal communication) occurred at Cedar Key, Florida (Partagas and Diaz 1996a). B. Jarvinen (personal communication) utilized the SLOSH model with the observed storm surge and an estimated track at landfall to the north-northeast to analyze the central pressure at 970 mb and RMW of 11 nmi at landfall. A 970 mb central pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Given an RMW substantially smaller than climatology for this central pressure and latitudinal position (22 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000), winds at landfall are estimated at 95 kt - near the border of Category 2 and 3. This assessment is substantially stronger than the directly observed winds of 65 kt at Cedar Key. However, it is strongly suspected that this was either an estimated wind and/or that the anemometer failed after recording this minimal hurricane conditions before the peak winds occurred. Observations at Jacksonville and destruction in Fort George Island, Florida indicate that the center crossed just to the east of the city and may have still retained minimal hurricane force as it was making oceanfall (Sandrik 2001). The best track is adjusted accordingly on the 11th. ******************************************************************************** 10230 11/01/1888 M= 8 8 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10230 11/01/1888 M= 8 8 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10235 11/01* 0 0 0 0*123 599 35 0*133 610 35 0*144 611 35 0 10240 11/02*155 612 35 0*166 613 35 0*175 613 40 0*184 613 40 0 10245 11/03*192 613 40 0*200 612 40 0*208 611 45 0*217 610 45 0 10250 11/04*226 607 45 0*235 602 45 0*245 597 50 0*255 588 50 0 10255 11/05*266 579 50 0*277 570 50 0*287 560 50 0*295 550 50 0 10260 11/06*306 539 50 0*315 530 50 0*323 520 50 0*331 513 50 0 10265 11/07*337 508 50 0*344 504 50 0*351 498 45 0*360 490 45 0 10270 11/08*369 482 45 0*379 472 40 0*390 462 35 0*400 452 35 0 10275 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 10025 11/17/1888 M=16 9 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10025 11/17/1888 M=16 9 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10030 11/17* 0 0 0 0*246 560 35 0*247 567 40 0*248 575 40 0 10030 11/17*232 560 50 0*235 565 55 0*238 571 60 0*242 578 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10035 11/18*249 583 40 0*250 590 45 0*251 598 45 0*252 605 45 0 10035 11/18*246 585 60 0*249 592 60 0*251 598 60 0*252 605 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 10040 11/19*253 612 50 0*254 619 50 0*255 626 55 0*257 634 55 0 10040 11/19*253 612 60 0*254 619 60 0*255 626 60 0*257 634 60 0 ** ** ** ** 10045 11/20*258 642 60 0*261 651 60 0*263 660 60 0*265 670 65 0 10045 11/20*260 642 60 0*263 650 60 0*267 657 60 0*269 664 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10050 11/21*267 680 65 0*270 690 70 0*272 700 70 0*274 710 70 0 10050 11/21*271 671 65 0*275 680 70 0*277 687 70 0*281 695 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10055 11/22*276 721 75 0*278 731 75 0*282 741 80 0*284 745 80 0 10055 11/22*284 705 75 0*288 714 75 0*293 723 80 0*296 729 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10060 11/23*287 747 80 0*290 749 85 0*292 750 85 0*295 751 85 0 10060 11/23*298 735 80 0*301 742 85 0*305 747 85 0*310 751 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10065 11/24*299 752 85 0*305 752 85 0*310 752 85 0*314 752 85 0 10065 11/24*315 755 85 0*321 758 85 0*327 757 85 0*331 755 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10070 11/25*319 752 85 0*324 751 85 0*329 748 85 0*337 742 85 0 10070 11/25*336 752 85 0*340 750 85 0*345 747 85 0*353 742 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 10075 11/26*348 733 85 0*359 725 85 0*370 720 85 0*379 714 85 0 10075 11/26E361 736 80 0E370 730 80 0E380 723 80 0E385 719 80 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 10080 11/27*389 708 85 0*398 703 85 0*407 697 85 0*415 691 85 0 10080 11/27E393 712 80 0E400 704 80 0E407 697 80 0E415 691 80 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** * ** * ** 10085 11/28*424 684 85 0*433 676 85 0*441 666 80 0*448 652 70 0 10085 11/28E424 684 80 0E433 676 80 0E441 666 80 0E448 652 70 0 * ** * ** * * 10090 11/29*455 635 60 0*460 617 50 0*464 600 45 0*467 587 45 0 10090 11/29E455 635 60 0E460 617 50 0E464 600 45 0E467 587 45 0 * * * * 10095 11/30*469 575 45 0*471 561 45 0*472 543 45 0*472 520 45 0 10095 11/30E469 575 45 0E471 561 45 0E472 543 45 0E472 520 45 0 * * * * 10100 12/01*472 497 40 0*472 473 50 0*472 450 55 0*472 427 55 0 10100 12/01E472 497 40 0E472 473 50 0E472 450 55 0E472 427 55 0 * * * * 10105 12/02*473 404 60 0*474 381 60 0*475 358 60 0*480 333 60 0 10105 12/02E473 404 60 0E474 381 60 0E475 358 60 0E480 333 60 0 * * * * 10110 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ship observation on the 17th suggests stronger winds than originally in HURDAT - winds increased from the 17th to the 19th. Peripheral pressure of 982 mb (on the 25th) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track. Peripheral pressure of 973 mb (14Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 80 kt - 80 kt chosen in best track as storm likely transitioned to an extratropical storm around 00Z on the 26th. It is to be noted that this system had hurricane force winds (and produced these along the U.S. coast) during its extratropical stage on the 26th to the 28th. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the genesis was not documented. ******************************************************************************** 1888 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) August 13, 1888: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was tropical storm or waterspout. 2) September 12-13, 1888: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was new tropical storm, was continuation of storm 5, or was an extratropical storm. ********************************************************************************* 10115 05/16/1889 M= 7 1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10115 05/16/1889 M= 7 1 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10120 05/16* 0 0 0 0*215 641 35 0*217 648 40 0*219 652 40 0 10125 05/17*221 657 45 0*224 663 50 0*228 670 55 0*233 678 60 0 10125 05/17*221 657 45 0*224 663 50 0*228 670 50 0*233 678 50 0 ** ** 10130 05/18*239 686 65 0*245 695 70 0*253 704 75 0*262 714 80 0 10130 05/18*239 686 50 0*245 695 50 0*253 704 50 0*262 714 50 0 ** ** ** ** 10135 05/19*273 726 85 0*283 738 85 0*292 748 85 0*299 754 85 0 10135 05/19*273 726 50 0*283 738 50 0*292 748 55 0*299 754 55 0 ** ** ** ** 10140 05/20*305 755 85 0*312 753 85 0*319 749 80 0*328 741 75 0 10140 05/20*305 755 55 0*312 753 60 0*319 749 65 0*328 741 70 0 ** ** ** ** 10145 05/21*337 731 70 0*346 720 60 0*358 708 55 0*371 702 45 0 10145 05/21*337 731 70 0*346 720 60 0E358 708 55 0E371 702 45 0 * * 10150 05/22*384 698 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 10150 05/22E384 698 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 * 10155 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Gale force and greater observations available for this system were the following: 50 kt NNW at 38.3 N, 74.8 W (no date - Schooner "Joseph W. Fish"), unspecific hurricane force winds and pressure of 1002 mb on the 21st. The writeup in the Monthly Weather Review indicated that the system "possessed moderate energy" from the 16th to 19th and that the winds for this systems "were not severe in their character, save on the 21st, when gales of hurricane force were reported." This suggests that peak intensity was reached on the 21st and that it was below hurricane force for the days preceding, which is consistent with available observations. Thus winds are retained as is on the 21st and reduced to tropical storm intensity on the 18th through late on the 20th. ******************************************************************************** 10415 06/15/1889 M= 6 2 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 10415 06/15/1889 M= 6 2 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 10420 06/15*198 847 35 0*206 850 35 0*213 853 40 0*220 857 40 0 10420 06/15*198 837 35 0*206 840 45 0*213 843 55 0*220 846 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 10425 06/16*228 859 40 0*237 859 45 0*246 858 45 0*256 855 45 0 10425 06/16*228 850 65 0*237 854 60 0*246 855 55 0*256 854 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 10430 06/17*266 851 45 0*276 845 45 0*286 835 45 0*296 822 40 0 10435 06/18*307 809 35 0*317 795 40 0*327 782 40 0*337 770 45 0 10440 06/19*345 759 45 0*354 747 45 0*363 734 45 0*373 716 45 0 10445 06/20*384 694 45 0*397 668 45 0*410 640 40 0*425 612 35 0 10450 TS 10450 HR ** Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). However, Perez (2000) analyzed this system as reaching minimal hurricane intensity while tracking over western Cuba. It is listed by Perez (2000) as a Category 1 hurricane impact in Cuba based primarily upon wind-caused damages in Pinar del Rio. The track and intensity are adjusted on the 15th and 16th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 10200 08/19/1889 M= 9 3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10200 08/19/1889 M=10 3 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 10205 08/19* 0 0 0 0*168 692 35 0*173 696 40 0*178 699 50 0 10210 08/20*183 703 50 0*187 706 50 0*192 709 45 0*196 712 45 0 10210 08/20*183 703 50 0*187 706 35 0*192 709 30 0*196 712 30 0 ** ** ** 10215 08/21*200 715 45 0*204 718 50 0*208 721 55 0*213 725 60 0 10215 08/21*200 715 35 0*204 718 50 0*208 721 55 0*213 725 60 0 ** 10220 08/22*218 728 60 0*223 732 65 0*230 736 70 0*237 740 75 0 10220 08/22*218 728 60 0*223 732 60 0*230 736 60 0*237 740 60 0 ** ** ** 10225 08/23*245 744 75 0*253 748 80 0*262 752 80 0*271 755 85 0 10225 08/23*245 744 60 0*253 748 60 0*262 752 60 0*271 755 60 0 ** ** ** ** 10230 08/24*280 757 85 0*289 757 85 0*298 755 85 0*307 751 85 0 10230 08/24*280 757 60 0*289 757 60 0*298 755 60 0*307 751 60 0 ** ** ** ** 10235 08/25*315 745 85 0*322 739 85 0*329 734 85 0*335 730 80 0 10235 08/25*315 745 60 0*322 739 60 0*329 734 60 0*335 730 60 0 ** ** ** ** 10240 08/26*341 726 80 0*345 723 75 0*350 720 75 0*354 718 70 0 10240 08/26*341 726 60 0*345 723 60 0*350 720 65 0*354 718 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10245 08/27*359 717 65 0*362 717 60 0*366 718 50 0*371 721 35 0 10245 08/27*359 717 70 0*362 716 70 0*366 715 70 0*371 715 70 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** (28th new to HURDAT.) 10247 08/28*375 715 65 0*380 715 60 0*385 715 50 0*390 715 40 0 10250 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced on 20th and 21st due to passage of storm over Hispanola. Available observational data indicates that the system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane intensity between the 26th and 28th, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) hurricane peak intensity originally in HURDAT. Winds reduced throughout much of this system's lifetime. Additional day added to the track on the 28th from ship observations (the "Red Wing") described in the Partagas and Diaz report. ******************************************************************************** 10255 09/01/1889 M=12 4 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10255 09/01/1889 M=12 4 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10260 09/01*119 550 35 0*124 557 40 0*130 563 40 0*135 571 45 0 10260 09/01*119 550 35 0*124 557 40 0*130 563 45 0*137 572 50 0 ** *** *** ** 10265 09/02*140 579 45 0*146 587 50 0*152 594 55 0*159 605 55 0 10265 09/02*144 582 55 0*151 593 60 0*157 603 65 0*161 613 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10270 09/03*167 615 60 0*175 626 60 999*182 635 65 0*188 644 70 0 10270 09/03*169 623 75 0*174 632 80 0*180 640 90 0*187 650 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10275 09/04*194 651 70 0*199 658 75 0*206 665 80 0*214 671 80 0 10275 09/04*194 660 90 0*199 668 90 0*205 675 90 0*211 681 90 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10280 09/05*223 677 85 0*233 681 85 0*243 684 85 0*254 685 85 0 10280 09/05*217 685 90 0*224 687 90 0*233 687 90 0*247 685 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 10285 09/06*265 686 85 0*277 687 85 0*287 687 85 0*296 687 85 0 10285 09/06*258 679 90 0*270 669 90 0*283 663 90 0*292 663 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10290 09/07*304 687 85 0*310 687 85 0*316 687 85 0*321 687 85 0 10290 09/07*299 664 90 0*309 665 90 0*320 670 90 0*326 674 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10295 09/08*326 688 85 0*331 689 85 0*336 690 85 0*341 692 85 0 10295 09/08*331 677 90 0*335 680 90 0*340 683 90 0*343 685 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10300 09/09*346 694 85 0*350 695 85 0*355 697 85 0*359 699 85 0 10300 09/09*347 688 90 0*351 692 90 0*355 695 90 0*360 698 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 10305 09/10*363 701 85 0*366 702 80 0*370 704 80 0*374 707 75 0 10305 09/10*363 700 85 0*366 702 80 0*370 704 80 0*374 707 75 0 *** 10310 09/11*377 711 70 0*380 716 70 0*383 721 65 0*384 725 60 0 10315 09/12*384 729 55 0*381 734 45 0*378 738 40 0*366 745 35 0 10315 09/12*384 729 55 0*381 734 45 0*377 739 40 0*370 745 35 0 *** *** *** 10320 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 981 mb peripheral pressure (around 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. (999 mb at 06Z on the 3rd formerly in HURDAT is not correct. A 995 mb peripheral pressure was observed at 07Z.) Slight adjustment in last positions of the system to allow for more realistic translational velocity. The hurricane is known as "San Martin de Hinojosa" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 10325 09/02/1889 M=10 5 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10325 09/02/1889 M=10 5 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10330 09/02*159 429 35 0*162 438 35 0*166 446 40 0*169 454 45 0 10330 09/02*159 429 35 0*162 438 35 0*166 446 40 0*169 454 40 0 ** 10335 09/03*173 462 45 0*178 471 50 0*185 482 55 0*194 495 60 0 10335 09/03*173 465 45 0*177 479 45 0*180 490 50 0*183 504 50 0 *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10340 09/04*205 512 65 0*216 528 70 0*225 540 70 0*232 549 75 0 10340 09/04*187 519 50 0*193 531 50 0*200 543 50 0*205 550 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10345 09/05*239 555 80 0*246 561 80 0*252 565 85 0*257 570 85 0 10345 09/05*212 556 50 0*218 561 50 0*225 565 50 0*237 572 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 10350 09/06*262 572 85 0*267 573 85 0*273 572 85 0*283 568 85 0 10350 09/06*246 576 50 0*254 578 50 0*263 580 50 0*275 579 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10355 09/07*297 561 85 0*311 551 85 0*320 540 85 0*328 525 85 0 10355 09/07*291 573 55 0*303 563 60 0*313 553 65 0*321 541 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10360 09/08*333 510 85 0*338 494 85 0*340 480 85 0*342 468 85 0 10360 09/08*329 524 70 0*336 507 70 0*340 490 70 0*341 477 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 10365 09/09*343 458 85 0*344 448 85 0*345 436 85 0*346 421 85 0 10365 09/09*342 463 70 0*343 448 70 0*345 430 70 0*345 411 70 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 10370 09/10*348 403 85 0*349 382 80 0*350 360 75 0*355 336 70 0 10370 09/10*346 390 70 0*348 371 70 0*353 350 70 0*358 329 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 10375 09/11*366 309 65 0*382 281 60 0*390 270 50 0*407 245 40 0 10375 09/11*366 309 65 0*377 290 60 0*390 270 50 0*407 245 40 0 *** *** 10380 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this storm does not support Category 2 intensity (and only marginally supports Category 1 intensity from the 8th to the 10th); winds are reduced for much of the duration of this storm. ******************************************************************************** 10385 09/11/1889 M=16 6 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 10385 09/12/1889 M=15 6 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** *** * 10390 09/11*155 585 35 0*155 594 35 0*155 604 40 0*155 612 40 0 (11th deleted from HURDAT.) 10395 09/12*155 621 45 0*156 631 50 0*156 641 55 0*156 652 55 0 10395 09/12*157 595 35 0*157 607 35 0*157 620 40 0*156 633 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 10400 09/13*157 664 60 0*157 676 65 0*158 688 70 0*159 701 75 0 10400 09/13*156 645 45 0*156 659 45 0*157 675 50 0*157 688 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10405 09/14*160 714 80 0*161 728 80 0*162 740 85 0*163 751 85 0 10405 09/14*157 705 50 0*159 721 50 0*160 733 50 0*162 742 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10410 09/15*165 763 85 0*167 774 85 0*169 787 85 0*170 798 85 0 10410 09/15*163 757 50 0*164 766 50 0*167 777 50 0*171 790 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10415 09/16*171 809 85 0*173 821 85 0*174 830 85 0*175 842 85 0 10415 09/16*174 797 50 0*177 807 50 0*180 815 55 0*185 827 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10420 09/17*177 851 85 0*178 860 85 0*179 870 85 0*179 878 85 0 10420 09/17*188 836 65 0*191 846 75 0*193 855 85 0*194 865 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 10425 09/18*180 886 80 0*180 894 70 0*181 902 60 0*184 913 60 0 10425 09/18*195 877 90 0*195 886 75 0*195 895 65 0*195 903 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 10430 09/19*189 921 60 0*195 926 65 0*202 929 70 0*209 931 75 0 10430 09/19*196 913 70 0*198 923 85 0*202 929 85 0*209 931 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 10435 09/20*213 931 80 0*217 931 85 0*222 931 85 0*226 930 85 0 10435 09/20*213 931 85 0*217 931 85 0*222 931 85 0*226 930 85 0 ** 10440 09/21*230 930 85 0*235 930 85 0*241 929 85 0*247 928 85 0 10445 09/22*252 927 85 0*261 924 85 0*270 920 85 0*279 914 85 0 10445 09/22*252 927 85 0*261 924 85 0*270 920 80 0*279 914 75 0 ** ** 10450 09/23*286 906 85 0*293 894 85 0*301 880 85 0*313 862 80 0 10450 09/23*286 906 70 0*293 894 65 0*301 880 60 0*313 862 50 0 ** ** ** ** 10455 09/24*328 839 70 0*343 816 60 0*357 795 50 0*365 779 45 0 10455 09/24*328 839 45 0*343 816 45 0E357 795 40 0E365 779 40 0 ** ** * ** * ** 10460 09/25*371 767 40 0*377 754 40 0*386 738 35 0*403 717 35 0 10465 09/26*428 691 35 0*459 662 35 0*495 629 35 0* 0 0 0 0 10465 09/26E428 691 35 0E459 662 35 0E495 629 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 10470 HR 10470 HR LA1 *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Available observational evidence indicates that the system did not reach hurricane intensity until the 17th - intensities reduced accordingly. Intensities increased on the 17th and 18th to account for great damage that occurred in the Yucatan of Mexico. Observations indicate that the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm by landfall in Florida, but may have still been a minimal hurricane while passing briefly over coastal Louisiana. It is to be noted that the Cuban meteorologists (Father Benito Vines) believed that this system was actually two separate tropical cyclones. 1889/06 - 2011 REVISION: 10855 09/12/1889 M=15 6 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 10860 09/12*157 595 35 0*157 607 35 0*157 620 40 0*156 633 40 0* 10865 09/13*156 645 45 0*156 659 45 0*157 675 50 0*157 688 50 0* 10870 09/14*157 705 50 0*159 721 50 0*160 733 50 0*162 742 50 0* 10875 09/15*163 757 50 0*164 766 50 0*167 777 50 0*171 790 50 0* 10880 09/16*174 797 50 0*177 807 50 0*180 815 55 0*185 827 60 0* 10885 09/17*188 836 65 0*191 846 75 0*193 855 85 0*194 865 95 0* 10890 09/18*195 877 90 0*195 886 75 0*195 895 65 0*195 903 60 0* 10895 09/19*196 913 70 0*198 923 85 0*202 929 85 0*209 931 85 0* 10900 09/20*213 931 85 0*217 931 85 0*222 931 85 0*226 930 85 0* 10905 09/21*230 930 85 0*235 930 85 0*241 929 85 0*247 928 85 0* 10910 09/22*252 927 85 0*261 924 85 0*270 920 80 0*279 914 75 0* 10915 09/23*286 906 70 0*293 894 65 0*301 880 60 0*313 862 50 0* 10920 09/24*328 839 45 0*343 816 45 0*357 795 40 0*365 779 40 0* 10925 09/25*371 767 40 0*377 754 40 0*386 738 35 0*403 717 35 0* 10930 09/26E428 691 35 0E459 662 35 0E495 629 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 10935 HR LA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-9/23/1889 0400Z 29.1N 89.8W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) LA1 6-9/23/1889 0400Z 29.1N 89.8W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) LA1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 10725 09/12/1889 M= 8 7 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10725 09/12/1889 M= 8 7 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10730 09/12* 0 0 0 0*152 257 35 0*157 267 35 0*162 279 35 0 10735 09/13*168 290 35 0*175 301 35 0*184 312 40 0*194 323 40 0 10740 09/14*205 333 40 0*218 342 40 0*232 350 45 0*249 355 45 0 10745 09/15*270 359 45 0*291 362 45 0*306 366 45 0*317 371 50 0 10750 09/16*326 377 50 0*333 383 50 0*340 390 50 0*345 399 50 0 10755 09/17*350 410 50 0*355 423 50 0*361 435 50 0*370 457 50 0 10760 09/18*375 475 50 0*383 488 45 0*397 494 45 0*404 494 45 0 10765 09/19*414 493 45 0*423 491 40 0*431 489 35 0*440 485 35 0 10770 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 10525 09/29/1889 M= 8 8 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10525 09/29/1889 M= 8 8 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10530 09/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*113 520 35 0*118 536 35 0 10535 09/30*123 551 35 0*127 564 40 0*132 575 40 0*137 585 40 0 10540 10/01*142 594 40 0*146 603 45 0*151 610 45 0*156 617 45 0 10545 10/02*162 623 45 0*169 629 50 0*179 637 50 0*188 643 50 0 10550 10/03*200 650 50 0*214 657 50 0*229 665 50 0*243 669 50 0 10555 10/04*258 672 50 0*273 674 45 0*288 674 45 0*303 670 40 0 10555 10/04*258 672 50 0*273 674 50 0*288 674 55 0*303 670 55 0 ** ** ** 10560 10/05*318 660 40 0*332 650 40 0*347 644 35 0*364 630 35 0 10560 10/05*318 660 60 0*332 650 60 0*347 644 55 0*364 630 50 0 ** ** ** ** 10565 10/06*378 612 35 0*391 594 35 0*404 575 35 0* 0 0 0 0 10565 10/06*378 612 45 0*391 594 40 0*404 575 35 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** 10570 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds increased on the 4th to the 6th based upon ship observations, though the peak intensity was kept at just below hurricane force. ******************************************************************************** 10575 10/04/1889 M= 7 9 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 10575 10/05/1889 M= 7 9 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** *** 10580 10/04* 0 0 0 0*208 821 35 0*216 820 45 0*228 816 50 0 (4th removed in revised HURDAT.) 10585 10/05*237 813 45 0*248 810 50 0*258 806 50 0*270 801 45 0 10585 10/05* 0 0 0 0*200 825 30 0*215 820 30 0*234 815 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10590 10/06*288 795 45 0*303 789 45 0*317 780 50 0*340 757 50 0 10590 10/06*250 810 40 0*271 802 40 0*300 788 45 0*330 765 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 10595 10/07*361 730 50 0*383 703 50 0*403 680 50 0*425 659 50 0 10600 10/08*445 640 50 0*464 623 45 0*480 610 40 0*496 607 40 0 10600 10/08E445 640 50 0E464 623 45 0E480 610 40 0E496 607 40 0 * * * * 10605 10/09*510 602 40 0*522 596 40 0*533 590 40 0*544 588 40 0 10605 10/09E510 602 40 0E522 596 40 0E533 590 40 0E544 588 40 0 * * * * 10610 10/10*555 584 40 0*565 580 40 0*574 575 40 0*585 570 40 0 10610 10/10E555 584 40 0E565 580 40 0E574 575 40 0E585 570 40 0 * * * * (00 and 06Z on the 11th added into HURDAT.) 10612 10/11E605 560 35 0E630 553 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** 10615 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas and Diaz recommended beginning the storm on the 5th south of Cuba (rather than the 4th) based upon available observation data indicating formation of closed circulation on the 5th. R. Perez (2001, personal communication) analyzed this system as of tropical depression intensity crossing Cuba based upon observations from the Cuban weather observing network. ******************************************************************************** 1889 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) June 24-25, 1889: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) October 14-16, 1889: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but likely was an extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 10616 05/27/1890 M= 3 1 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10617 05/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 830 30 0*211 833 30 0 10618 05/28*217 836 30 0*223 838 30 0*230 840 35 0*235 842 40 0 10619 05/29*240 843 45 0*244 844 50 0*248 846 50 0*252 848 50 0 10619 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) are introduced for this newly documented storm. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the decay was not documented. ******************************************************************************** 10616 08/18/1890 M=11 2 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 10617 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 620 35 0*142 628 35 0 10618 08/19*144 636 40 0*145 644 40 0*147 655 40 0*148 663 40 0 10619 08/20*150 672 40 0*151 681 40 0*153 690 40 0*154 700 40 0 10620 08/21*155 709 40 0*156 717 40 0*157 725 40 0*159 736 40 0 10621 08/22*160 745 40 0*162 755 40 0*165 765 40 0*167 773 40 0 10622 08/23*169 782 45 0*172 790 45 0*175 800 45 0*178 809 45 0 10623 08/24*182 817 50 0*186 825 50 0*190 833 50 0*196 841 50 0 10624 08/25*202 849 50 0*209 858 50 0*215 867 50 0*221 876 50 0 10625 08/26*227 884 50 0*232 892 50 0*240 900 50 0*248 905 50 0 10626 08/27*258 908 50 0*268 909 50 0*280 910 50 0*295 908 40 0 10627 08/28*315 905 35 0*340 900 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 10628 TS One major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented storm. The track of the tropical storm was placed closer to Pt. Eads, Louisiana, at landfall in order to be more consistent with tropical storm force winds that occurred there. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Mississippi. Track extended twelve hours on the 28th for reasonable decay of the storm. ******************************************************************************** 10620 08/26/1890 M= 9 1 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10620 08/26/1890 M= 9 3 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 10625 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*166 543 85 0*173 557 85 0 10625 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*166 543 85 0*173 557 90 0 ** 10630 08/27*180 570 85 0*186 583 85 0*193 596 85 0*200 609 85 0 10630 08/27*180 570 95 0*186 583 100 0*193 596 105 0*200 609 105 0 ** *** *** *** 10635 08/28*207 621 85 0*213 633 85 0*220 645 85 0*228 657 85 0 10635 08/28*207 621 105 0*213 633 105 0*220 645 105 0*228 657 105 0 *** *** *** *** 10640 08/29*239 669 85 0*250 680 85 0*261 691 85 0*272 697 85 0 10640 08/29*239 669 100 0*250 680 95 0*261 691 90 0*272 697 85 0 *** ** ** 10645 08/30*283 698 85 0*294 696 85 0*305 692 85 0*317 684 85 0 10650 08/31*329 671 85 0*345 654 85 0*364 634 85 0*388 610 85 0 10655 09/01*416 584 85 0*445 554 85 0*472 522 85 0*497 485 85 0 10655 09/01*416 584 85 0*445 554 80 0*472 522 70 0*497 485 60 0 ** ** ** 10660 09/02*522 446 85 0*546 406 85 0*570 370 85 0*587 338 85 0 10660 09/02E522 446 50 0E546 406 50 0E570 370 50 0E587 338 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 10665 09/03*603 308 85 0*615 281 85 0*625 256 85 0* 0 0 0 0 10665 09/03E603 308 50 0E615 281 45 0E625 256 45 0* 0 0 0 0 * ** * ** * ** 10670 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. A peripheral pressure of 965 mb (at 07Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in best track. Winds from the 26th to the 29th adjusted upward accordingly. Winds from the 1st to the 3rd lowered based upon ship observations of a hurricane transitioning to a (weaker) extratropical storm. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as the genesis was not documented. ******************************************************************************** 10671 10/31/1890 M= 2 4 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10672 10/31*143 803 80 0*144 813 80 0*145 823 80 0*147 833 80 0 10673 11/01*149 844 55 0*151 855 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 10674 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented hurricane. Track extended twelve hours on the 1st for reasonable decay of this hurricane over Central America. No dissipating tropical depression intensity is indicated for a six hour location estimate because of rapid dissipation over mountainous terrain. ******************************************************************************** 1890 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) October 2, 1890: One report of gale force winds, insufficient to determine if system was a tropical storm. 2) October 21-26, 1890: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but likely was an extratropical storm. 3) October 26-28, 1890: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but likely was an extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 10675 07/03/1891 M= 6 1 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 10675 07/03/1891 M= 6 1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 10680 07/03* 0 0 0 0*217 930 35 0*220 932 45 0*224 935 55 0 10685 07/04*229 939 65 0*234 942 75 0*240 945 80 0*247 948 85 0 10685 07/04*229 939 65 0*234 942 75 0*240 945 80 0*247 948 80 0 ** 10690 07/05*254 951 85 0*262 954 85 0*271 956 85 0*281 956 85 0 10690 07/05*254 951 80 0*262 954 80 0*271 956 80 0*281 956 80 0 ** ** ** ** 10695 07/06*292 954 80 0*303 951 70 0*312 947 60 0*319 943 50 0 10695 07/06*292 954 70 0*303 951 60 0*312 947 55 0*319 943 50 0 ** ** ** 10700 07/07*325 938 45 0*331 931 40 0*337 923 40 0*342 911 35 0 10700 07/07*325 938 45 0*331 931 40 0*337 923 35 0*342 911 30 0 ** ** 10705 07/08*350 881 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 10705 07/08*346 897 25 0*350 881 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 10710 HR 10710 HRBTX1CTX1 ******** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at 0230Z on the 6th) suggests winds of at least 62 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, which reduces the peak intensity originally in HURDAT slightly. Decay to tropical depression stage over land included before dissipation. Additional six-hourly position added at end of track to allow for reasonable translational speed of system. 1891/01 - 2011 REVISION: 11250 07/03/1891 M= 6 1 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 11255 07/03* 0 0 0 0*217 930 35 0*220 932 45 0*224 935 55 0* 11260 07/04*229 939 65 0*234 942 75 0*240 945 80 0*247 948 80 0* 11265 07/05*254 951 80 0*262 954 80 0*271 956 80 0*281 956 80 0* 11270 07/06*292 954 70 0*303 951 60 0*312 947 55 0*319 943 50 0* 11275 07/07*325 938 45 0*331 931 40 0*337 923 35 0*342 911 30 0* 11280 07/08*346 897 25 0*350 881 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 11285 HRBTX1CTX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/5/1891 2200Z 28.8N 95.5W 80kt 1 --- (977mb) BTX1,CTX1 1-7/5/1891 2200Z 28.8N 95.5W 80kt 1 --- (974mb) BTX1,CTX1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - for an 80 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 10715 08/17/1891 M=13 2 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10715 08/17/1891 M=13 2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10720 08/17* 0 0 0 0*133 244 35 0*136 255 35 0*138 266 35 0 10725 08/18*140 277 35 0*142 288 40 0*144 299 50 0*146 310 60 0 10730 08/19*149 320 70 0*152 330 75 0*154 340 80 0*156 349 85 0 10730 08/19*149 320 65 0*152 330 65 0*154 340 65 0*156 349 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10735 08/20*158 358 85 0*161 367 85 0*163 375 85 0*165 383 85 0 10735 08/20*158 358 65 0*161 367 65 0*163 375 65 0*165 383 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10740 08/21*167 390 85 0*170 398 85 0*173 406 85 0*177 415 85 0 10740 08/21*167 390 65 0*170 398 65 0*173 406 65 0*177 415 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10745 08/22*182 426 85 0*187 436 85 0*192 446 85 0*196 455 85 0 10745 08/22*182 426 65 0*187 436 65 0*192 446 65 0*196 455 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10750 08/23*200 463 85 0*205 471 85 0*209 480 85 0*214 489 85 0 10750 08/23*200 463 65 0*205 471 65 0*209 480 65 0*214 489 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10755 08/24*218 498 85 0*224 508 85 0*230 518 85 0*237 529 85 0 10755 08/24*218 498 65 0*224 508 65 0*230 518 65 0*237 529 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10760 08/25*245 540 85 0*253 552 85 0*260 563 85 0*267 573 85 0 10760 08/25*245 540 65 0*253 552 65 0*260 563 65 0*267 573 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10765 08/26*274 583 85 0*281 592 85 0*288 600 85 0*295 608 85 0 10765 08/26*274 583 65 0*281 592 65 0*288 600 65 0*295 608 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10770 08/27*302 615 85 0*309 621 85 0*316 627 85 0*324 633 85 0 10770 08/27*302 615 65 0*309 621 65 0*316 627 65 0*324 633 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10775 08/28*335 637 85 0*347 641 85 0*360 644 80 0*373 646 70 0 10775 08/28*335 637 65 0*347 641 65 0*360 644 65 0*373 646 65 0 ** ** ** ** 10780 08/29*388 645 65 0*403 644 55 0*419 641 35 0*433 640 25 0 10780 08/29*388 645 65 0E403 644 55 0E419 641 35 0E433 640 25 0 * * * 10785 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Gale force and greater observations available for this system were the following: 997 mb sea level pressure (suggestive of at least 53 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship) at Bermuda on the 27th, a ship (the steamer "Dunsmurry") capsized in the "hurricane" on the 29th (but no specific observations were provided), and 50 kt S wind on the 30th and 31st from the steamer "La Touraine". Thus available observational evidence suggests that the system may have achieved minimal hurricane intensity, but not reaching Category 2 status as shown originally. Winds reduced for much of the system's lifecycle. ******************************************************************************** 10790 08/18/1891 M= 8 3 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 10790 08/18/1891 M= 8 3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 10795 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*139 578 35 0*147 597 40 0 10795 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 580 90 0*139 594 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** 10800 08/19*155 614 65 0*162 629 75 0*168 640 80 0*174 649 85 0 10800 08/19*147 611 110 961*153 625 110 0*160 640 105 0*165 650 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10805 08/20*179 657 85 0*184 665 80 0*190 672 80 0*196 679 80 0 10805 08/20*170 661 95 0*175 671 90 0*180 680 85 0*187 684 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 10810 08/21*202 686 85 0*207 693 85 0*213 700 85 0*218 709 85 0 10810 08/21*196 686 85 0*203 689 85 0*210 695 85 0*215 702 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10815 08/22*222 718 85 0*226 727 85 0*230 736 85 0*234 744 85 0 10815 08/22*218 710 85 0*221 717 85 0*225 726 85 0*229 735 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10820 08/23*237 752 85 0*240 759 85 0*243 767 85 0*246 775 85 0 10820 08/23*233 745 85 0*238 755 85 0*243 767 85 0*246 775 85 0 *** *** *** *** 10825 08/24*248 782 85 0*251 789 80 0*253 797 75 0*255 806 65 0 10825 08/24*248 782 80 0*251 789 75 0*253 797 70 0*255 806 55 0 ** ** ** ** 10830 08/25*258 815 60 0*260 826 50 0*262 837 45 0*262 848 35 0 10830 08/25*258 815 50 0*260 826 45 0*262 837 40 0*262 848 35 0 ** ** ** 10835 HR 10835 HRCFL1 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. A central pressure reading of 961 mb (01Z on the 19th) suggests winds of 99 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt used in best track because of indications of a small radius of maximum wind (from Father Benito Vines' analysis quoted in the Partagas and Diaz report) as well as extensive destruction in Martinique. Hurricane is considered Category 1 (70 kt) at landfall in South Florida, but such designation is quite uncertain given the lack of observations near the landfall location. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as neither the genesis nor the decay of the system was not documented. The hurricane is also known as "San Magin", due to the rainfall-induced flooding that occurred in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 10840 09/02/1891 M= 9 4 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10840 09/02/1891 M= 9 4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10845 09/02* 0 0 0 0*193 582 35 0*197 592 40 0*199 600 40 0 10850 09/03*201 607 45 0*204 615 50 0*208 623 55 0*213 631 60 0 10855 09/04*218 639 70 0*223 647 75 0*228 655 80 0*234 662 85 0 10860 09/05*239 669 85 0*246 676 85 0*252 683 85 0*260 690 85 0 10865 09/06*271 697 85 0*283 703 85 0*296 710 85 0*310 714 85 0 10870 09/07*327 715 85 0*347 713 85 0*368 703 85 0*395 680 85 0 10875 09/08*426 646 80 0*458 609 75 0*486 579 70 0*509 555 65 0 10880 09/09*529 533 60 0*547 511 55 0*562 492 50 0*575 475 45 0 10880 09/09E529 533 60 0E547 511 55 0E562 492 50 0E575 475 45 0 * * * * 10885 09/10*585 459 40 0*592 445 35 0*597 433 30 0* 0 0 0 0 10885 09/10E585 459 40 0E592 445 35 0E597 433 30 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 10890 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Only intensity alteration is to indicate extratropical stage for the hurricane north of 52N. ******************************************************************************** 10895 09/16/1891 M=11 5 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10895 09/16/1891 M=11 5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10900 09/16*193 465 35 0*198 471 35 0*202 478 35 0*207 488 35 0 10905 09/17*213 498 35 0*218 507 35 0*223 516 40 0*228 524 40 0 10910 09/18*232 532 45 0*237 539 50 0*242 547 55 0*248 556 60 0 10915 09/19*254 566 65 0*260 575 70 0*266 583 70 0*272 590 75 0 10920 09/20*277 596 80 0*282 601 80 0*288 607 85 0*294 613 85 0 10920 09/20*281 600 80 0*288 607 80 0*295 615 85 0*300 621 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10925 09/21*300 618 85 0*306 623 85 0*312 628 85 0*318 631 85 0 10925 09/21*305 627 85 0*310 633 85 0*315 637 85 0*320 640 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10930 09/22*324 632 85 0*330 631 85 0*336 630 85 0*342 628 85 0 10930 09/22*325 641 85 0*329 641 85 0*333 640 85 0*340 635 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10935 09/23*349 624 85 0*356 617 85 0*363 607 85 0*370 591 85 0 10935 09/23*348 627 85 0*356 618 85 0*363 607 85 0*370 591 85 0 *** *** *** 10940 09/24*375 573 85 0*379 555 85 0*382 538 85 0*382 523 85 0 10945 09/25*382 508 80 0*382 493 80 0*382 478 75 0*384 463 65 0 10950 09/26*388 448 55 0*394 433 40 0*402 418 35 0*413 397 30 0 10950 09/26*388 448 55 0*394 433 40 0E402 418 40 0E413 397 40 0 * ** * ** 10955 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure reading of 980 mb (05Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least 75 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in the best track. ******************************************************************************** 10960 09/29/1891 M=10 6 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 10960 09/29/1891 M=10 6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 10965 09/29* 0 0 0 0*207 546 35 0*212 547 35 0*217 550 40 0 10970 09/30*222 554 45 0*228 558 45 0*233 562 50 0*238 566 50 0 10975 10/01*244 571 55 0*249 576 60 0*255 582 60 0*261 590 65 0 10980 10/02*267 600 70 0*274 611 75 0*280 620 80 0*283 626 80 0 10980 10/02*266 597 70 0*271 604 75 0*277 613 80 0*283 620 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10985 10/03*287 633 85 0*291 639 85 0*295 645 85 0*301 653 85 0 10985 10/03*289 627 85 0*294 634 85 0*300 640 85 0*308 646 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10990 10/04*310 662 85 0*318 671 85 0*328 680 85 0*338 684 85 0 10990 10/04*318 654 85 0*327 660 85 0*335 667 85 0*346 675 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 10995 10/05*350 686 85 0*364 688 85 0*380 688 85 0*399 678 85 0 10995 10/05*353 681 85 0*365 687 85 0*380 688 75 0*399 678 65 0 *** *** *** *** ** ** 11000 10/06*425 650 85 0*453 616 85 0*472 580 80 0*484 549 75 0 11000 10/06E425 650 55 0E453 616 50 0E472 580 50 0E484 549 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11005 10/07*496 517 70 0*506 484 65 0*516 450 65 0*525 414 60 0 11005 10/07E496 517 50 0E506 484 50 0E516 450 50 0E525 414 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11010 10/08*534 373 60 0*542 331 55 0*550 295 50 0*568 255 45 0 11010 10/08E534 373 50 0E542 331 50 0E552 295 50 0E568 255 45 0 * ** * ** **** * 11015 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure reading of 981 mb (01Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt wind retained in the best track. Winds reduced from the 5th to the 8th due to observations supporting tropical storm intensity south of and over Canada. Position altered slightly on last day of system to allow a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1891/07 - 2003 REVISION: 11020 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11020 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 11025 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 598 35 0*176 608 40 0 11030 10/02*177 619 40 0*177 629 45 0*178 639 45 0*178 649 45 0 11035 10/03*179 659 45 0*179 670 45 0*179 680 45 0*180 690 45 0 11040 10/04*180 701 45 0*182 712 40 0*183 723 40 0*185 734 40 0 11045 10/05*189 745 40 0*193 756 45 0*198 767 45 0*204 778 45 0 11050 10/06*210 788 45 0*218 798 40 0*228 807 40 0*239 812 45 0 11055 10/07*250 812 45 0*262 810 40 0*273 804 40 0*284 797 40 0 11060 10/08*295 789 40 0*306 781 40 0*317 772 45 0*326 763 45 0 11065 10/09*334 753 45 0*342 743 45 0*350 732 45 0*360 718 45 0 11070 10/10*371 702 40 0*384 682 40 0*398 661 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11075 TS No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). (This storm along with storms 8 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team. Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and land based observations.) 1891/07 - 2004 REVISION: 11555 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11020 10/04/1891 M= 7 7 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** *** (The 1st through the 3rd are removed from HURDAT.) 11560 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 598 35 0*176 608 40 0 11565 10/02*177 619 40 0*177 629 45 0*178 639 45 0*178 649 45 0 11570 10/03*179 659 45 0*179 670 45 0*179 680 45 0*180 690 45 0 11575 10/04*180 701 45 0*182 712 40 0*183 723 40 0*185 734 40 0 11025 10/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 790 35 0*160 795 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 11580 10/05*189 745 40 0*193 756 45 0*198 767 45 0*204 778 45 0 11030 10/05*170 800 45 0*175 805 45 0*180 810 45 0*187 815 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 11585 10/06*210 788 45 0*218 798 40 0*228 807 40 0*239 812 45 0 11035 10/06*195 820 45 0*205 823 45 0*215 825 45 0*226 823 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 11590 10/07*250 812 45 0*262 810 40 0*273 804 40 0*284 797 40 0 11040 10/07*237 820 40 0*248 815 45 0*260 810 40 0*271 803 40 1004 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **** 11595 10/08*295 789 40 0*306 781 40 0*317 772 45 0*326 763 45 0 11045 10/08*282 793 40 0*293 782 40 0*305 770 40 0*318 755 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11600 10/09*334 753 45 0*342 743 45 0*350 732 45 0*360 718 45 0 11050 10/09E332 740 40 0E346 725 40 0E360 710 45 0E370 695 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **** *** ** 11605 10/10*371 702 40 0*384 682 40 0*398 661 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11055 10/10E375 675 35 0E378 650 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** 11610 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Winds Affected 7-10/7/1891$ 0000Z 25.0N 81.2W 45kt FL 7-10/7/1891$ 0800Z 25.2N 81.3W 45kt FL **** **** **** Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell (1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. (1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9). In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th, moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th. MWR also had a secondary low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with the main low on the 11th. Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality". However, they "did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891." Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to support a different conclusion to all the above: two storm systems existed - 1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong "Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8). Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus the two original tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with two tropical storms. Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by Mike Chenoweth. These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 15 October, 1891. (Figures showing the station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.) The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 7. The discussion for the storm 8 (originally storm 8 and storm 9) is contained in that storm's metadata file. The early portion of original storm 7's track (1st through the 5th) has been discounted partly by ship data (especially on the 4th and 5th) but primarily by the climatological studies of Puerto Rico (Salivia 1972), Hispanola (Garcia-Bonnelly 1958), and Cuba (Sarasola 1928). The first two comprehensive tropical cyclone listings indicated that no tropical storm or hurricane impacted those locations in October 1891. Perez (2003 - personal communication) reconfirmed the earlier Cuban historical study that the tropical system in October 1891 formed in the Caribbean and made landfall in south central Cuba late on the 6th of October, not moving in along eastern Cuba as suggested in HURDAT and Neumann et al. Ship data first indicate a closed circulation late on the 4th in the western Caribbean. Peripheral pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb on the 5th and 6th from ships and Havana suggest winds of at least 39 and 36 kt, respectively. These along with ship observations suggest a maximum 1 min wind of about 45 kt for this time period. (Some small weakening over Cuba is accounted for on the 7th with a return to 45 kt intensity for landfall in south Florida.) Station observations clearly locate the center of the storm during its trek across Florida on the 7th. A sea level pressure of 1004 mb in Jupiter, Florida at 1940 UTC may have been a central pressure. This suggests winds of about 40 kt, which is utilized for the HURDAT revision. Over water observations are somewhat sparse on the 8th and 9th, but enhanced winds in North Carolina (peak of 39 kt at Kitty Hawk and 35 kt at Cape Hatteras) suggest a relatively close pass east of the state early on the 9th. This likely occurred soon after the system's extratropical transformation. The storm then likely dissipated north of Bermuda on the 10th. It is noted that the track provided here is quite similar from that found in HURDAT and Neumann et al. (1999) for storm 7 from the 7th to the 10th. ******************************************************************************** 1891/08 - 2003 REVISION: 11080 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11080 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 11085 10/06* 0 0 0 0*159 830 35 0*164 832 40 0*171 837 40 0 11090 10/07*178 841 45 0*186 844 45 0*193 847 45 0*200 849 45 0 11095 10/08*208 850 45 0*215 850 45 0*223 848 45 0*233 844 45 0 11100 10/09*246 837 45 0*259 831 45 0*270 825 45 0*278 819 40 0 11105 10/10*284 813 35 0*291 807 35 0*298 801 40 0*307 793 45 0 11110 10/11*316 784 45 0*326 774 40 0*337 762 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11115 TS No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). (This storm along with storms 7 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team. Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and land based observations.) 1891/08 - 2004 REVISION: 11615 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11615 10/07/1891 M=10 8 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** * (The 6th removed from HURDAT.) 11620 10/06* 0 0 0 0*159 830 35 0*164 832 40 0*171 837 40 0 11625 10/07*178 841 45 0*186 844 45 0*193 847 45 0*200 849 45 0 11625 10/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 850 30 0*185 850 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11630 10/08*208 850 45 0*215 850 45 0*223 848 45 0*233 844 45 0 11630 10/08*190 850 35 0*195 850 35 0*200 848 35 0*207 844 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 11635 10/09*246 837 45 0*259 831 45 0*270 825 45 0*278 819 40 0 11635 10/09*215 840 35 0*225 837 40 0*240 835 40 0E255 828 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 11640 10/10*284 813 35 0*291 807 35 0*298 801 40 0*307 793 45 0 11640 10/10E270 815 30 0E284 807 30 0E298 800 30 0E310 788 30 0 **** *** ** **** ** * *** ** **** *** ** 11645 10/11*316 784 45 0*326 774 40 0*337 762 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11645 10/11E320 770 30 0E326 758 35 0E332 750 40 0E338 745 45 0 **** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 8th to the 11th from storm 9 removed. The track from storm 9 on the 12th to the 16th incorporated into storm 8's track.) 11655 10/08/1891 M= 9 9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11660 10/08* 0 0 0 0*238 572 35 0*245 582 40 0*251 591 40 0 11665 10/09*256 601 45 0*262 612 50 0*268 625 55 0*274 639 60 0 11670 10/10*280 653 70 0*287 666 75 0*293 680 80 0*299 694 85 0 11675 10/11*305 708 85 0*312 721 85 0*321 735 85 0*330 740 85 0 11680 10/12*340 742 85 0*350 741 85 0*359 740 85 0*366 737 85 0 11680 10/12E344 740 50 0E348 737 55 0E350 735 55 0E354 733 55 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 11685 10/13*373 733 85 0*380 728 85 0*388 721 85 0*395 715 85 0 11685 10/13E360 731 55 0E370 729 55 0E380 725 55 0E390 715 55 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** ** 11690 10/14*403 706 85 0*412 694 85 0*422 681 85 0*433 665 85 0 11690 10/14E400 705 55 0E410 695 55 0E420 685 50 0E433 665 45 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** * ** 11695 10/15*446 647 80 0*460 626 75 0*475 602 70 0*500 571 65 0 11695 10/15E446 640 40 0E460 620 40 0E475 602 35 0E500 571 30 0 * *** ** * *** ** * ** * ** 11700 10/16*530 522 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11700 10/16E530 522 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 * ** 11650 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Winds Affected 8-10/9/1891$ 1400Z 25.8N 81.7W 45kt FL (Removed from listing) 9-10/12/1891* 0600Z 35.0N 74.1W 60kt NC (Removed from listing) Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell (1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. (1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9). In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th, moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th. MWR also had a secondary low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with the main low on the 11th. Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality". However, they "did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891." Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to support a different conclusion to all the above: two storm systems existed - 1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong "Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8). Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus the two original tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with two tropical storms. Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by Mike Chenoweth. These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 15 October, 1891. (Figures showing the station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.) The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 8. The discussion for the storm 7 is contained in that storm's metadata file. Original storm 8 and 9 were each depicting a portion of the same storm system that occurred. The genesis of the revised system is delayed a day until the 7th in the northwestern Caribbean. By the time it reached the Florida Keys on the 9th, it had merged with a pre-existing baroclinic zone and became an extratropical storm. During the two day period when the system maintained tropical cyclone status, peak observed winds were 35 kt N from a ship at 14 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W and lowest observed pressures were from same ship: 1004 mb at 22 UTC on the 7th at 20.0N 84.0W and 1005 mb at 10 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W (though a time series of pressure from this ship suggests that the values may be consistant 2-4 mb too low. 1004 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Peak estimated winds as a tropical storm are 40 kt on the 9th. However, by the time the system reached the Florida Keys as an extratropical system, either it had weakened slightly or had not actually attained tropical storm intensity. Peak conditions observed were only 21 kt and 1012 mb in Key West as the system passed just to the west of the city. The extratrpical storm then moved slowly northeastward across Florida into the Atlantic and then drifted to the north beginning on the 11th for about 36 hours southeast of Cape Hatteras. During this time a high built in from the north and west and in conjunction with the extratropical storm caused strong northeasterly winds along the U.S. mid-Atlantic and New England coasts. Peak (uncorrected) 5 min sustained winds reached 57 kt at Kitty Hawk, 63 kt at Cape Hatteras, 41 kt at Atlantic City, 63 kt at Block Island, and 50 kt at Nantucket. The estimated maximum 1 min winds for this system during its extratropical stage were about 55 kt. On the 13th to the 15th, the baroclinic low moved northeastward and weakened. The baroclinic nature of this system is quite clear - it had at times a 25F east-west temperature gradient while along the Atlantic coast. The early portion of the original storm 9 also appears to be incorrect based upon ship and Bermuda data on the 8th to the 11th. There is no indication that a low (tropical or baroclinic) came toward the U.S. Atlantic seaboard from the southeast. However, the portion of original storm 9's track from the 12th to the 15th does closely match the analysis here of the extratropical storm stage for this revised storm 8. However, it is to be noted that the evidence for retaining this system in HURDAT at all as a tropical storm is marginal given one gale force report and a couple suspect low pressure readings. ******************************************************************************** 1891/09 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1891/10, but became 1891/09 after the removal of the original 1891/09 - May 2004. 1891/09 - 2003 REVISION: 11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11180 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 613 35 0*136 620 45 0 11180 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 613 35 0*136 620 35 0 ** 11185 10/13*147 627 60 0*156 632 70 0*162 636 80 0*167 639 80 0 11185 10/13*147 627 40 0*156 632 40 0*162 636 45 0*167 639 45 0 ** ** ** ** 11190 10/14*172 641 85 0*177 644 85 0*182 646 85 0*187 648 85 0 11190 10/14*172 641 50 0*177 644 50 0*182 646 55 0*187 648 55 0 ** ** ** ** 11195 10/15*192 650 85 0*197 652 85 0*202 654 85 0*213 656 85 0 11195 10/15*192 650 60 0*197 652 60 0*202 654 65 0*213 656 70 0 ** ** ** ** 11200 10/16*224 658 85 0*234 660 85 0*245 662 85 0*256 663 85 0 11200 10/16*224 658 75 0*234 660 75 0*245 662 75 0*256 663 75 0 ** ** ** ** 11205 10/17*267 662 85 0*277 661 85 0*288 660 85 0*297 659 85 0 11205 10/17*267 662 75 0*277 661 75 0*288 660 75 0*297 659 75 0 ** ** ** ** 11210 10/18*303 659 85 0*310 658 85 0*320 657 85 0*334 655 85 0 11210 10/18*303 659 75 0*310 658 75 0*320 657 75 0*334 655 75 0 ** ** ** ** 11215 10/19*353 653 85 0*372 649 85 0*390 639 85 0*409 623 85 0 11215 10/19*353 653 75 0*372 649 75 0*390 639 70 0*409 623 65 0 ** ** ** ** 11220 10/20*430 602 80 0*448 582 65 0*465 570 60 0*485 575 35 0 11220 10/20*430 602 60 0*448 582 50 0*465 570 40 0*485 575 35 0 ** ** ** ** 11225 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane. Gale force and greater observations available for this system were the following: "gales of hurricane force" on the 17th east-northeast of the Bahamas, 60 kt SE-SW wind and 992 mb on the 18th at Bermuda (this peripheral sea level pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized), 70 kt wind on the 19th ("Ocean Prince") at 36 N, 62 W. Available observational evidence suggests that the peak intensity for this hurricane was a minimal hurricane (Category 1), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) originally in HURDAT. Winds are reduced accordingly from the 13th to the 20th. Hurricane intensity attained after passing through the Lesser Antilles. ******************************************************************************** 1891/10 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1891/11, but became 1891/10 after the removal of the original 1891/10 - May 2004. 1891/10 - 2003 REVISION: 11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11235 11/03*241 738 35 0*250 725 35 0*257 716 40 0*268 703 45 0 11240 11/04*279 687 45 0*291 668 50 0*302 647 50 0*313 621 50 0 11245 11/05*325 592 50 0*338 562 50 0*352 538 45 0*380 512 40 0 11250 11/06*416 490 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11255 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The only change is to renumber the storm number for the year. ******************************************************************************** 1891 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION: 1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b) in mid-July 1891: "1891 additional system #1 (July) MWR mentions 'gale' winds. This system may warrant further research. Is there any COADS?" Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system was of tropical depression intensity at its peak. The COADS data were sparse in the vicinity of the system until the 12th, when it was east of the U.S. mid-Atlantic states. Peak ship observations were 25 kt and 1014 mb, though a weak closed circulation was analyzed. Station data were also obtained for Jacksonville, Jupiter, Titusville, Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington, Cape Hatteras, Kitty Hawk, Baltimore, Atlantic City, New York City, New London, New Haven, Block Island and Nantucket. Peak observed winds were 36 mph at Kitty Hawk (10th and 11th) and at Cape Hatteras (11th). These observations also support tropical depression status for this system. While "fresh to strong gales" were mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review, no evidence for these were to be found from any source. Thus this system is not added into HURDAT. 2) September 11-12, 1891: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) September 14-15, 1891: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b) in mid-September 1891: "1891 additional system #4 (Sept) MWR gives TS force winds at coastal stations. This system is also given a high probability by P+D, and bears further investigation." Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, a closed circulation for this system could not be found. The COADS ship data did not provide any observations near the system, though the station data was quite thorough with observations obtained for Key West, Jupiter, Titusville, Tampa, Jacksonville, Pensacola, Mobile, Port Eads, New Orleans and Galveston. These data indicate that a disturbance did cross the Gulf of Mexico being located roughly along longitude 78W on the 17th, 80W on the 18th, 82W on the 19th, 85W on the 20th, 88W on the 21st, and 90W on the 22nd. Peak winds recorded in association with this system were 40 mph E at Titusville on the 19th, 48 mph NE at New Orleans on the 20th, and 40 mph NE at Galveston on the 20th. However, only easterly winds were reported from these locations and lowest pressure recorded was only 1014 mb at Key West on the 19th. It is possible that this was a tropical storm, but confirming observations for having a closed circulation were not found. (It is also possible that the system was a vigorous easterly wave with no closed circulation and a NNE-SSW oriented wave axis.) Thus because of the uncertainty and lack of having an observed closed circulation, this system is not included into HURDAT. 5) Storm 9 in Partagas and Diaz (1996a) and Neumann et al. (1999) apparently did not exist as a separate tropical cyclone, but was in fact part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus this system is removed from HURDAT. Details on the observations for this removal can be found within the discussion of storm 8. (Figures showing the station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.). Below is the original HURDAT entry for this system: 11120 10/08/1891 M= 9 9 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11125 10/08* 0 0 0 0*238 572 35 0*245 582 40 0*251 591 40 0 11130 10/09*256 601 45 0*262 612 50 0*268 625 55 0*274 639 60 0 11135 10/10*280 653 70 0*287 666 75 0*293 680 80 0*299 694 85 0 11140 10/11*305 708 85 0*312 721 85 0*321 735 85 0*330 740 85 0 11145 10/12*340 742 85 0*350 741 85 0*359 740 85 0*366 737 85 0 11150 10/13*373 733 85 0*380 728 85 0*388 721 85 0*395 715 85 0 11155 10/14*403 706 85 0*412 694 85 0*422 681 85 0*433 665 85 0 11160 10/15*446 647 80 0*460 626 75 0*475 602 70 0*500 571 65 0 11165 10/16*530 522 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11170 HR ******************************************************************************** 11260 06/10/1892 M= 7 1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11260 06/09/1892 M= 8 1 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** (9th not in HURDAT previously.) 11262 06/09*208 831 35 0*213 834 35 0*217 837 35 0*221 838 35 0 11265 06/10*237 853 35 0*245 844 35 0*250 836 40 0*258 824 40 0 11265 06/10*229 839 35 0*238 838 35 0*247 833 40 0*252 822 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 11270 06/11*265 812 45 0*272 801 45 0*278 792 35 0*283 781 35 0 11270 06/11*258 810 35 0*264 799 35 0*270 787 35 0*276 776 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 11275 06/12*287 771 40 0*290 761 45 0*293 751 45 0*296 740 45 0 11275 06/12*282 767 40 0*289 758 45 0*293 751 45 0*296 740 45 0 *** *** *** *** 11280 06/13*299 728 45 0*302 719 45 0*304 716 45 0*310 716 45 0 11285 06/14*314 720 45 0*313 727 45 0*312 736 45 0*312 741 45 0 11290 06/15*313 747 45 0*315 753 45 0*318 758 45 0*320 760 45 0 11295 06/16*323 760 45 0*326 760 40 0*330 760 40 0*335 760 35 0 11300 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. ******************************************************************************** 11305 08/16/1892 M= 9 2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11305 08/15/1892 M=10 2 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (15th not previously in HURDAT.) 11307 08/15*180 545 35 0*180 555 35 0*180 565 35 0*181 575 35 0 11310 08/16* 0 0 0 0*181 563 35 0*181 573 40 0*184 585 45 0 11310 08/16*182 585 35 0*185 595 35 0*189 605 40 0*193 614 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 11315 08/17*187 597 55 0*192 609 60 0*197 620 65 0*203 631 70 0 11315 08/17*197 622 45 0*201 630 45 0*206 637 50 0*211 643 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11320 08/18*210 642 75 0*218 652 80 0*228 662 80 0*241 673 85 0 11320 08/18*215 650 55 0*220 657 55 0*228 663 60 0*240 670 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 11325 08/19*258 677 85 0*274 678 85 0*288 679 85 0*299 678 85 0 11325 08/19*249 673 65 0*259 677 65 0*270 680 65 0*284 684 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11330 08/20*310 676 85 0*320 673 85 0*331 669 85 0*342 665 85 0 11330 08/20*300 686 65 0*318 686 65 0*335 680 65 0*351 672 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11335 08/21*354 660 85 0*368 652 85 0*400 630 85 0*417 616 85 0 11335 08/21*364 662 65 0*382 647 65 0*400 630 65 0*417 616 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 11340 08/22*435 598 80 0*452 578 70 0*470 552 70 0*492 515 70 0 11340 08/22E435 598 60 0E452 578 55 0E470 552 50 0E492 515 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11345 08/23*519 470 70 0*547 435 70 0*570 410 70 0*584 393 70 0 11345 08/23E519 470 50 0E547 435 50 0E570 410 50 0E584 393 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11350 08/24*595 370 70 0*601 336 65 0*606 310 60 0*609 283 55 0 11350 08/24E595 370 45 0E601 336 45 0E606 310 40 0E609 283 40 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11355 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane. Available gale force or greater observations are as follows: 40 kt SE wind on Aug. 17 at 21.6 N, 60.1 W (steamship "Francia"), 60 kt S-SE wind at 00 UTC on Aug. 19 at 24.3 N, 65.4 W (steamer "Duart Castle"), 35 kt SW wind and 1006 mb at 10 UTC on Aug. 20 at Bermuda, and NW-N "gales of hurricane force along the trans-Atlantic shipping routes between 50 and 65 W on Aug. 22. These observations indicate that the system peaked at minimal hurricane status, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) originally found in HURDAT. The hurricane is estimated to have transitioned to extratropical on the 22nd based upon ship reports of strong northerly gales between 50 and 65W. ******************************************************************************** 11360 09/03/1892 M=15 3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11360 09/03/1892 M=15 3 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11365 09/03* 0 0 0 0*115 330 35 0*116 346 35 0*119 363 40 0 11370 09/04*122 378 40 0*124 391 40 0*127 402 45 0*129 410 50 0 11375 09/05*132 417 50 0*134 423 55 0*137 431 60 0*142 442 65 0 11380 09/06*148 454 65 0*154 466 70 0*161 475 75 0*168 482 75 0 11385 09/07*174 488 80 0*181 494 85 0*187 499 85 0*193 504 85 0 11390 09/08*199 509 85 0*205 513 85 0*212 518 85 0*220 523 85 0 11395 09/09*229 527 85 0*238 531 85 0*247 534 85 0*256 536 85 0 11400 09/10*264 538 85 0*273 540 85 0*281 541 85 0*290 543 85 0 11405 09/11*298 544 85 0*307 545 85 0*317 546 85 0*329 545 85 0 11410 09/12*345 540 85 0*361 532 85 0*376 522 85 0*389 509 85 0 11415 09/13*403 493 85 0*415 473 85 0*428 450 85 0*440 423 80 0 11420 09/14*451 393 75 0*461 363 70 0*470 338 65 0*477 316 60 0 11425 09/15*482 294 60 0*485 272 55 0*487 250 55 0*482 228 50 0 11430 09/16*475 206 50 0*468 184 50 0*462 162 50 0*456 144 50 0 11435 09/17*451 131 45 0*447 122 40 0*443 115 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11440 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). No observations of gale force or greater winds were found for this system. Without data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made for this hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 11445 09/09/1892 M= 9 4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11445 09/08/1892 M=10 4 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** *** (The 8th is new to HURDAT.) 11447 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 928 35 0 11450 09/09*220 928 35 0*228 934 35 0*241 942 40 0*249 944 45 0 11450 09/09*227 932 35 0*234 937 35 0*241 942 40 0*249 944 45 0 *** *** *** *** 11455 09/10*256 942 50 0*261 939 50 0*266 936 50 0*269 933 50 0 11460 09/11*271 929 50 0*274 924 50 0*276 920 50 0*279 916 50 0 11465 09/12*283 912 50 0*289 907 50 0*297 901 45 0*309 889 40 0 11470 09/13*327 877 35 0*347 865 35 0*368 854 35 0*392 843 35 0 11470 09/13*327 877 35 0*347 865 35 0E368 854 40 0E392 843 45 0 * ** * ** 11475 09/14*419 831 35 0*443 820 35 0*462 808 35 0*476 792 35 0 11475 09/14E419 831 50 0E443 820 50 0E462 808 45 0E476 792 45 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11480 09/15*489 771 35 0*502 746 35 0*514 720 35 0*526 689 35 0 11480 09/15E489 771 40 0E502 746 40 0E514 720 35 0E526 689 35 0 * ** * ** * * 11485 09/16*539 652 35 0*551 615 35 0*563 584 35 0*574 560 35 0 11485 09/16E539 652 35 0E551 615 35 0E563 584 35 0E574 560 35 0 * * * * 11490 09/17*584 542 35 0*594 528 35 0*603 519 35 0* 0 0 0 0 11490 09/17E584 542 35 0E594 528 35 0E603 519 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 11495 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track extended back in time slightly and adjusted to provide for a more reasonable translational velocity at the beginning of the storm. Winds are intensified overland while undergoing extratropical transition due to wind and pressure observations. ******************************************************************************** 11500 09/13/1892 M=11 5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11500 09/12/1892 M=12 5 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (12th not originally in HURDAT.) 11502 09/12*153 195 35 0*154 205 40 0*155 215 45 0*156 223 50 0 11505 09/13* 0 0 0 0*153 194 35 0*154 207 35 0*156 219 35 0 11505 09/13*157 230 55 0*159 236 60 0*160 241 65 0*162 248 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11510 09/14*158 231 35 0*160 242 40 0*163 254 50 0*166 266 60 0 11510 09/14*164 255 75 0*166 262 80 0*169 270 85 0*171 277 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11515 09/15*169 277 70 0*172 289 75 0*176 300 80 0*180 311 80 0 11515 09/15*173 284 85 0*174 292 85 0*176 300 85 0*180 311 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 11520 09/16*184 323 85 0*189 334 85 0*194 345 85 0*199 356 85 0 11525 09/17*205 367 85 0*210 378 85 0*215 389 85 0*220 398 85 0 11530 09/18*224 406 85 0*229 414 85 0*234 422 85 0*239 431 85 0 11535 09/19*245 440 85 0*250 449 85 0*256 458 85 0*261 466 85 0 11540 09/20*267 474 85 0*272 482 85 0*277 489 85 0*283 495 80 0 11545 09/21*290 500 80 0*298 504 80 0*306 507 75 0*316 509 70 0 11550 09/22*326 507 70 0*337 503 70 0*347 497 65 0*355 487 60 0 11555 09/23*363 473 50 0*369 454 45 0*375 432 35 0*382 419 25 0 11560 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane. Winds increased from the 12th to the 15th to account for hurricane conditions experienced in and near the Cape Verde Islands. ******************************************************************************** 11845 09/25/1892 M= 3 6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11845 09/25/1892 M= 3 6 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11850 09/25* 0 0 0 0*195 922 35 0*196 929 40 0*199 936 40 0 11855 09/26*203 943 45 0*208 949 50 0*213 955 50 0*219 961 50 0 11860 09/27*225 966 50 0*231 971 50 0*238 976 45 0*243 979 35 0 11865 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 11590 10/05/1892 M=11 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11590 10/05/1892 M=12 7 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 11595 10/05*115 562 35 0*113 570 40 0*112 576 45 0*112 578 50 0 11595 10/05*115 562 35 0*113 570 40 0*112 576 45 0*112 582 50 0 *** 11600 10/06*112 583 55 0*111 589 55 0*111 598 60 0*111 609 65 0 11600 10/06*112 587 55 0*111 592 55 0*111 600 60 0*111 609 65 0 *** *** *** 11605 10/07*111 620 70 0*112 632 75 0*113 644 80 0*115 657 80 0 11610 10/08*116 670 85 0*118 683 85 0*120 696 85 0*122 708 85 0 11615 10/09*124 720 85 0*125 731 85 0*127 743 85 0*129 756 85 0 11620 10/10*131 769 85 0*134 783 85 0*137 795 85 0*140 805 85 0 11625 10/11*143 813 85 0*146 821 85 0*150 830 85 0*155 841 85 0 11625 10/11*143 813 85 0*146 821 85 0*150 830 85 0*155 841 80 0 ** 11630 10/12*159 851 85 0*164 862 85 0*169 872 80 0*174 883 75 0 11630 10/12*159 851 75 0*164 862 80 0*169 872 85 0*174 883 85 0 ** ** ** ** 11635 10/13*179 893 70 0*183 904 70 0*187 914 70 0*190 923 70 0 11635 10/13*179 893 60 0*183 904 55 0*187 914 55 0*190 923 65 0 ** ** ** ** 11640 10/14*193 930 70 0*195 935 75 0*198 941 80 0*200 947 85 0 11645 10/15*203 954 85 0*206 960 85 0*209 966 80 0*213 973 35 0 11645 10/15*203 954 85 0*206 960 85 0*209 966 80 0*213 973 70 0 ** (16th not previously in HURDAT.) 11647 10/16*217 980 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11650 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Positions on the 5th and 6th are adjusted slightly to provide realistic translational velocities. Winds are adjusted to better accommodate passage over land. Additional six hour position/intensity added on the 16th to allow for reasonable (but quick) decay over the mountainous terrain of Mexico. ******************************************************************************** 11655 10/13/1892 M= 8 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11655 10/13/1892 M= 8 8 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11660 10/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 695 35 0 11660 10/13*260 712 40 0*265 707 50 0*270 700 60 0*275 691 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11665 10/14*269 682 35 0*275 671 35 0*280 661 40 0*285 650 40 0 11665 10/14*280 683 70 0*285 677 75 0*290 670 80 0*296 662 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11670 10/15*290 640 45 0*295 632 45 0*300 626 50 0*302 623 50 0 11670 10/15*301 656 80 0*306 649 80 0*310 643 80 0*315 634 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11675 10/16*304 620 50 0*307 616 50 0*311 609 50 0*316 599 50 0 11675 10/16*320 626 75 0*325 617 70 0*330 609 60 0*337 597 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 11680 10/17*322 588 50 0*330 575 50 0*339 561 50 0*350 547 50 0 11680 10/17*344 582 50 0*350 572 50 0*355 560 50 0*362 546 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 11685 10/18*363 532 50 0*376 517 50 0*388 502 50 0*397 487 50 0 11685 10/18E370 531 50 0E378 518 50 0E388 502 50 0E397 487 50 0 **** *** **** *** * * 11690 10/19*404 473 50 0*411 463 50 0*419 455 45 0*432 446 45 0 11690 10/19E404 473 50 0E411 463 50 0E419 455 45 0E432 446 45 0 * * * * 11695 10/20*448 441 45 0*462 449 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11695 10/20E448 441 45 0E462 449 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 * * 11700 TS 11700 HR ** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Intensity is increased to Category 1 (80 kt) hurricane based upon reports of hurricane force ship observations on the 13th as well as 60 kt observed wind in Bermuda in the weak semi-circle of the storm on the 15th. ******************************************************************************** 11705 10/21/1892 M= 9 9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 11705 10/21/1892 M= 9 9 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 11710 10/21*230 926 35 0*232 922 35 0*235 917 40 0*237 914 40 0 11715 10/22*239 910 40 0*242 906 45 0*246 900 45 0*251 894 45 0 11720 10/23*255 887 45 0*260 879 45 0*262 872 45 0*266 863 45 0 11720 10/23*255 887 45 0*259 879 45 0*262 872 45 0*266 863 45 0 *** 11725 10/24*269 855 45 0*271 848 45 0*273 840 45 0*276 830 45 0 11725 10/24*269 855 45 0*271 848 45 0*273 840 45 0*276 827 45 0 *** 11730 10/25*278 820 40 0*280 810 40 0*282 799 35 0*284 780 35 0 11730 10/25*280 810 40 0*283 792 35 0*285 777 35 0*286 765 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 11735 10/26*287 763 35 0*290 748 40 0*293 735 40 0*297 721 45 0 11735 10/26*288 756 35 0*290 746 40 0*293 735 40 0*297 721 45 0 *** *** *** 11740 10/27*305 710 45 0*312 702 45 0*320 695 45 0*327 689 45 0 11745 10/28*333 683 45 0*340 678 45 0*347 672 45 0*358 666 45 0 11750 10/29*366 662 45 0*375 660 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11755 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 1892 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) September 11-14, 1892: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. 2) September 12, 1892: Possible new hurricane, but location not known. 3) October 1-2, 1892: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 11760 06/12/1893 M= 9 1 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 11760 06/12/1893 M= 9 1 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** * 11765 06/12* 0 0 0 0*205 952 35 0*212 947 40 0*217 943 45 0 11770 06/13*222 939 55 0*227 934 65 0*233 927 75 0*240 919 80 0 11770 06/13*222 939 50 0*227 934 55 0*233 927 60 0*240 919 60 0 ** ** ** ** 11775 06/14*245 912 85 0*252 904 85 0*258 897 85 0*262 889 85 0 11775 06/14*245 912 60 0*252 904 60 0*258 897 60 0*262 889 60 0 ** ** ** ** 11780 06/15*266 882 85 0*270 874 85 0*275 867 85 0*286 853 80 0 11780 06/15*266 882 60 0*270 874 60 0*277 865 60 0*286 853 60 0 ** ** *** *** ** ** 11785 06/16*301 834 70 0*317 815 55 0*331 798 50 0*343 784 50 0 11785 06/16*301 834 50 0*317 815 45 0*331 798 50 0*343 784 50 0 ** ** 11790 06/17*355 771 50 0*366 757 55 0*375 743 60 0*383 729 65 0 11795 06/18*390 716 70 0*398 702 75 0*405 688 80 0*412 668 80 0 11795 06/18*390 716 65 0*398 702 65 0*405 688 65 0*412 668 65 0 ** ** ** ** 11800 06/19*420 641 85 0*427 613 85 0*434 593 85 0*440 580 85 0 11800 06/19*420 641 65 0*427 613 65 0*434 593 65 0*440 580 65 0 ** ** ** ** 11805 06/20*445 568 80 0*450 558 75 0*454 550 70 0*459 540 65 0 11805 06/20E445 568 60 0E450 558 60 0E454 550 60 0E459 540 60 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11810 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Available observational data for Florida indicates that the system was likely of strong tropical storm intensity at landfall. Hurricane is downgraded from the original standard Category 2 (85 kt) to a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane at peak intensity, since observational evidence suggests that it was (at most) a minimal hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 11815 07/04/1893 M= 4 2 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11815 07/04/1893 M= 4 2 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11820 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*111 792 35 0*118 798 40 0 11825 07/05*126 804 50 0*133 812 60 0*140 820 70 0*147 829 80 0 11825 07/05*126 804 50 0*133 812 60 0*140 820 70 0*147 829 85 0 ** 11830 07/06*154 839 85 0*160 849 85 0*167 860 85 0*172 870 80 0 11830 07/06*154 839 75 0*160 849 70 0*167 860 80 0*172 870 80 0 ** ** ** 11835 07/07*179 882 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 11835 07/07*179 882 80 0*184 895 60 0*187 910 40 0*190 925 30 0 ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 11840 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced slightly on the 6th due to the center of the hurricane passing over Honduras, though original landfall intensity at Nicaragua/Honduras retained (85 kt). Three position and intensity values were added on the 7th because original final position was not over land. These allow for a reasonable decay of the hurricane over land by using the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model. ******************************************************************************** 11845 08/13/1893 M=13 3 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11845 08/13/1893 M=13 3 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11850 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 96 505 35 0*103 515 40 0 11855 08/14*109 526 40 0*116 537 45 0*122 548 50 0*129 560 55 0 11860 08/15*135 573 60 0*142 585 65 0*148 597 65 0*154 608 70 0 11865 08/16*160 618 75 0*166 629 80 0*172 639 80 0*178 649 85 0 11865 08/16*160 618 75 0*166 629 80 0*172 639 90 0*176 649 100 0 ** *** *** 11870 08/17*183 660 90 0*188 670 90 0*194 680 95 0*200 689 100 0 11870 08/17*180 659 100 0*185 670 90 0*190 680 95 0*196 689 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 11875 08/18*206 697 100 0*212 704 105 0*218 712 105 0*225 721 105 0 11875 08/18*202 697 100 0*209 704 105 0*218 712 105 0*225 721 105 0 *** *** 11880 08/19*232 729 105 0*240 738 105 0*248 747 105 0*257 754 105 0 11885 08/20*267 757 105 0*279 758 105 0*301 753 105 0*308 750 105 0 11885 08/20*267 757 105 0*279 758 105 0*291 755 100 0*308 750 95 0 *** *** *** *** 11890 08/21*327 738 105 0*348 723 105 0*370 706 105 0*395 686 100 0 11890 08/21*327 738 90 0*348 723 90 0*370 706 90 0*395 686 80 0 *** *** *** *** 11895 08/22*422 663 100 0*448 638 95 0*474 597 90 0*499 553 85 0 11895 08/22*422 663 70 0E448 638 60 0E474 597 50 0E494 553 50 0 *** * ** * ** **** ** 11900 08/23*507 525 80 0*513 500 75 0*519 480 70 0*511 451 65 0 11900 08/23E507 525 50 0E513 500 50 0E516 480 50 0E511 451 50 0 * ** * ** **** ** * ** 11905 08/24*504 431 65 0*496 418 60 0*491 400 60 0*492 387 60 0 11905 08/24E504 431 50 0E496 418 50 0E491 400 50 0E492 387 50 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11910 08/25*494 371 60 0*497 360 60 0*500 350 60 0*506 339 60 0 11910 08/25E494 371 50 0E497 360 45 0E500 350 40 0E506 339 35 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11915 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Analysis from Boose et al. (2003) documents widespread Fujita-scale F2 wind-caused damage over Puerto Rico. Thus winds increased to 100 kt (Category 3) at landfall over that island. Winds are increased accordingly on the 16th and 17th. Observational evidence found in Partagas and Diaz suggests a weakening of the system after recurvature - winds are reduced from the 20th to the 22nd accordingly. Additionally, no evidence is available that indicates that the storm struck as a hurricane in Canada. Winds reduced from the 23rd to the 25th accordingly. The hurricane is known as "San Roque III" in Puerto Rico from the impacts in that island. ******************************************************************************** 11920 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 11920 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 11925 08/15* 0 0 0 0*140 365 35 0*142 377 40 0*144 386 45 0 11930 08/16*147 396 45 0*149 405 50 0*151 415 55 0*153 426 60 0 11935 08/17*156 437 65 0*159 448 65 0*161 459 70 0*163 469 75 0 11940 08/18*165 479 80 0*168 489 85 0*172 499 85 0*176 513 85 0 11945 08/19*180 529 85 0*185 545 85 0*191 558 85 0*197 570 85 0 11950 08/20*203 581 85 0*210 592 85 0*216 603 85 0*222 614 85 0 11955 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 649 85 0*244 658 85 0 11955 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 646 85 0*244 658 85 0 *** 11960 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 85 0*271 698 85 0*284 707 85 0 11960 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 90 0*271 698 95 0*284 707 100 0 ** ** *** 11965 08/23*298 716 85 0*314 725 85 0*331 732 85 0*353 737 85 0 11965 08/23*298 716 100 952*314 725 100 0*331 732 100 0*350 737 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 11970 08/24*373 740 85 0*394 739 80 0*414 735 80 0*434 724 75 0 11970 08/24*368 740 85 0*386 739 80 0*407 739 75 986*430 730 60 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 11975 08/25*454 707 70 0*474 685 65 0*493 660 60 0*506 631 60 0 11975 08/25E454 710 55 0E474 685 50 0E493 660 45 0E506 631 45 0 * *** ** * ** * ** * ** 11980 08/26*511 597 60 0*511 565 60 0*507 538 60 0*500 514 60 0 11980 08/26E511 597 40 0E511 565 40 0E507 538 40 0E500 514 40 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 11985 HR 11985 HR NY1 *** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track near landfall slightly altered to better fit passage of the eye over New York City. A central pressure of 952 mb (03Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of 101 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - supporting upgrading this hurricane to a 100 kt Category 3 for best track. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (11Z on the 24th) suggests winds of at least 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track. Estimate of RMW of 45 nmi provided by Coch and Jarvinen (2000), while an estimate of 30 nmi for RMW was provided by Boose et al. (2001) based upon observations and modeling of observed wind-caused damages. The latter estimate is chosen here, as this may provide a more direct RMW result for this region. Given the track of the hurricane and the estimated RMW, SLOSH model runs suggest a central pressure of 986 mb (Jarvinen, personal communication) - which corresponds to 67 kt maximum sustained winds from the northern wind-pressure relationship. 75 kt winds chosen for best track at landfall, which is reasonable given the slightly smaller than usual RMW at this latitude and central pressure. Thus the U.S. landfall intensity determined here is a 75 kt Category 1 hurricane in New York, which is at the low end of the range of the Fujita-scale F2 (upper Category 1 to all of Category 2) damage analyzed in Boose et al. (2001). Additionally, the changes introduced here in intensity on the 24th and 25th after landfall match closely the analysis of wind-caused damage by Boose et al. (2001). Hurricane also known as the "Midnight Storm" (Coch and Jarvinen 2000). 1893/04 - 2006 REVISION: 12470 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 12475 08/15* 0 0 0 0*140 365 35 0*142 377 40 0*144 386 45 0* 12480 08/16*147 396 45 0*149 405 50 0*151 415 55 0*153 426 60 0* 12485 08/17*156 437 65 0*159 448 65 0*161 459 70 0*163 469 75 0* 12490 08/18*165 479 80 0*168 489 85 0*172 499 85 0*176 513 85 0* 12495 08/19*180 529 85 0*185 545 85 0*191 558 85 0*197 570 85 0* 12500 08/20*203 581 85 0*210 592 85 0*216 603 85 0*222 614 85 0* 12505 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 646 85 0*244 658 85 0* 12510 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 90 0*271 698 95 0*284 707 100 0* 12515 08/23*298 716 100 952*314 725 100 0*331 732 100 0*350 737 95 0* 12520 08/24*368 740 85 0*386 739 80 0*407 739 75 986*430 730 60 0* 12525 08/25E454 710 55 0E474 685 50 0E493 660 40 0E506 631 45 0* 12530 08/26E511 597 40 0E511 565 40 0E507 538 40 0E500 514 40 0* 12535 HR NY1 VA1 12535 HR NY1 CT1 *** Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone passed too far to the east of Virginia for that state to be counted as a hurricane impact. Moreover, inspection of the track and intensity in HURDAT suggests that Connecticut likely experienced Category 1 hurricane impact along a portion of their coastline. Despite passing quite close to New Jersey, this cyclone likely did not cause hurricane force winds along that state's coast due the hurricane's translational speed and induced wind asymmetries. ******************************************************************************** 11990 08/15/1893 M= 5 5 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 11990 08/15/1893 M= 5 5 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 11995 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*322 604 35 0*331 621 40 0 12000 08/16*342 640 45 0*355 661 55 0*370 670 60 0*384 661 70 0 12005 08/17*402 647 80 0*419 627 85 0*434 608 85 0*448 588 85 0 12010 08/18*461 568 85 0*473 547 80 0*484 525 70 0*499 497 65 0 12010 08/18*461 568 85 0*473 547 80 0*484 525 70 0*495 497 65 0 *** 12015 08/19*505 479 65 0*517 445 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 12015 08/19*505 474 65 0*517 445 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** 12020 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Small track changes are introduced on the 18th and 19th for more realistic translational velocities. No observations of gale force or greater wind reports could be located for this system (except for an indirect report from Bermuda of a "hurricane ... moving northward between that station and Halifax" on the 15th). Without data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made to the intensity for this hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 12025 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12025 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 12030 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*181 202 40 0*176 209 40 0 12035 08/16*172 216 40 0*168 224 40 0*165 232 40 0*162 241 40 0 12040 08/17*160 250 40 0*158 260 40 0*156 269 40 0*155 278 45 0 12045 08/18*154 286 45 0*154 294 50 0*155 303 50 0*156 313 55 0 12050 08/19*158 324 55 0*161 338 60 0*165 354 65 0*170 374 70 0 12055 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 90 0 12055 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 85 0 ** 12060 08/21*198 476 90 0*205 494 95 0*210 510 100 0*214 525 100 0 12060 08/21*198 476 85 0*205 494 85 0*210 510 85 0*214 525 85 0 ** ** ** ** 12065 08/22*217 540 100 0*219 555 105 972*220 570 105 0*221 585 105 0 12065 08/22*217 540 85 0*219 555 85 972*220 570 90 0*221 585 95 0 ** ** *** *** 12070 08/23*223 600 105 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0 12070 08/23*223 600 100 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0 *** 12075 08/24*228 649 105 0*229 659 105 0*230 670 105 0*232 681 105 0 12080 08/25*235 693 105 0*238 704 105 0*241 716 105 0*244 729 105 0 12085 08/26*247 742 105 0*251 756 105 0*255 769 105 0*261 780 105 0 12090 08/27*270 789 105 0*281 797 105 0*292 804 105 0*303 809 100 0 12090 08/27*270 789 105 0*280 798 105 0*290 803 105 0*297 806 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 12095 08/28*315 812 95 0*327 812 90 0*340 810 85 0*354 805 80 0 12095 08/28*306 807 100 954*321 812 90 958*339 811 75 0*354 805 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 12100 08/29*368 796 75 0*384 782 70 0*402 760 70 0*420 737 65 0 12100 08/29*368 796 60 0*384 782 55 0*402 760 55 0*420 737 55 0 ** ** ** ** 12105 08/30*443 707 60 0*466 677 60 0*490 647 55 0*501 630 55 0 12105 08/30*443 707 50 0*466 677 50 0*486 650 50 0*501 630 50 0 ** ** *** *** ** ** 12110 08/31*513 609 55 0*522 589 50 0*530 570 50 0*536 552 50 0 12110 08/31E513 609 50 0E522 589 50 0E530 570 50 0E536 552 50 0 * ** * * * 12115 09/01*541 535 50 0*545 518 50 0*547 500 50 0*545 481 50 0 12115 09/01E541 535 50 0E545 518 50 0E547 500 50 0E545 481 50 0 * * * * 12120 09/02*544 461 50 0*542 441 50 0*540 420 50 0*539 391 50 0 12120 09/02E544 461 50 0E542 441 50 0E540 420 50 0E539 391 50 0 * * * * 12125 HR 12125 HR GA3 SC3 NC1 DFL1 *** *** *** **** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track altered slightly based upon analysis from Ho (1989). A central pressure on the 22nd of 972 mb (was already in best-track) suggests winds of 87 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure of 965 mb (on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 90 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt retained in best track. For the intensity near landfall, the analysis from Ho is not accepted because of concerns of two aspects. First the 18.2 foot storm tide reported for Savannah Beach likely also includes a large wave component as well. B. Jarvinen (personal communication) estimates that the storm tide itself was closer to 11-13 foot, 2-3 foot of which was due to the astronomical high tide. (Thus a storm surge of 9-10 foot appears to be the most credible estimate.) A central pressure shortly after landfall of 958 mb (05Z on the 28th in Savannah) suggests winds of 96 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt retained in best track since the center of the hurricane has already made landfall. Ho discounted this central pressure measurement from the Weather Bureau office in Savannah in favor of a measurement of 938 mb taken by a private citizen. This 938 mb value is dubious since it was not a calibrated instrument and that the eye of the hurricane clearly went over the Savannah Weather Bureau office. Using the 958 mb central pressure, a central pressure of 954 mb at landfall is estimated via methodology from Ho et al. (1987) which uses inland central pressure and time from landfall to the inland central pressure measurement. (In this case, the time was approximately one hour for the hurricane to transit from the coast to Savannah - a distance of 17 nmi.) A landfall value of 954 mb for the central pressure corresponds to 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is chosen as the wind speed at landfall, since the RMW estimate of 23 nmi (Ho 1989) is very close to the average value for that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus the hurricane is determined here to be a 100 kt Category 3 at landfall with a central pressure around 954 mb, not the 931 mb of a Category 4 hurricane suggested by Ho (1989). Winds after landfall were reduced to reflect no observation of hurricane force north of North Carolina as described in Partagas and Diaz (1996b). Small track changes are introduced on the 30th for more realistic translational velocities. Storm is known as the "Sea Islands Hurricane" for its impact in Georgia and South Carolina. 1893/06 - 2006 REVISION: 12575 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 12580 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*181 202 40 0*176 209 40 0* 12585 08/16*172 216 40 0*168 224 40 0*165 232 40 0*162 241 40 0* 12590 08/17*160 250 40 0*158 260 40 0*156 269 40 0*155 278 45 0* 12595 08/18*154 286 45 0*154 294 50 0*155 303 50 0*156 313 55 0* 12600 08/19*158 324 55 0*161 338 60 0*165 354 65 0*170 374 70 0* 12605 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 85 0* 12610 08/21*198 476 85 0*205 494 85 0*210 510 85 0*214 525 85 0* 12615 08/22*217 540 85 0*219 555 85 972*220 570 90 0*221 585 95 0* 12620 08/23*223 600 100 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0* 12625 08/24*228 649 105 0*229 659 105 0*230 670 105 0*232 681 105 0* 12630 08/25*235 693 105 0*238 704 105 0*241 716 105 0*244 729 105 0* 12635 08/26*247 742 105 0*251 756 105 0*255 769 105 0*261 780 105 0* 12640 08/27*270 789 105 0*280 798 105 0*290 803 105 0*297 806 100 0* 12645 08/28*306 807 100 954*321 812 90 958*339 811 75 0*354 805 65 0* 12650 08/29*368 796 60 0*384 782 55 0*402 760 55 0*420 737 55 0* 12655 08/30*443 707 50 0*466 677 50 0*486 650 50 0*501 630 50 0* 12660 08/31E513 609 50 0E522 589 50 0E530 570 50 0E536 552 50 0* 12665 09/01E541 535 50 0E545 518 50 0E547 500 50 0E545 481 50 0* 12670 09/02E544 461 50 0E542 441 50 0E540 420 50 0E539 391 50 0* 12675 HR GA3 SC3 NC1DFL1 12675 HR GA3 SC3INC1DFL1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North Carolina hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along North Carolina's Atlantic coast. ******************************************************************************** 12415 08/20/1893 M=10 7 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12415 08/20/1893 M=10 7 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 12420 08/20* 0 0 0 0*118 272 35 0*120 280 40 0*123 287 45 0 12425 08/21*126 294 45 0*129 301 50 0*132 308 55 0*136 315 60 0 12430 08/22*140 321 65 0*144 328 70 0*148 334 75 0*151 340 75 0 12435 08/23*154 346 80 0*158 353 80 0*161 359 85 0*165 365 85 0 12440 08/24*170 371 85 0*175 378 85 0*181 384 85 0*187 390 85 0 12445 08/25*193 396 85 0*201 401 85 0*210 407 85 0*221 411 85 0 12450 08/26*233 414 85 0*246 413 85 0*260 410 85 0*274 403 85 0 12455 08/27*289 391 85 0*305 376 85 0*321 359 85 0*338 340 85 0 12460 08/28*353 323 85 0*373 305 80 0*400 280 75 0*409 265 70 0 12460 08/28*353 323 85 0*373 305 80 0*393 285 75 0*409 265 70 0 *** *** 12465 08/29*414 251 65 0*418 240 60 0*420 230 55 0*421 216 50 0 12470 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Small track changes are introduced on the 28th for more realistic translational velocities. ******************************************************************************** 12190 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12190 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 12195 09/04* 0 0 0 0*184 853 35 0*190 861 40 0*195 870 45 0 12200 09/05*201 879 55 0*209 887 60 0*221 899 65 0*229 908 70 0 12200 09/05*201 879 40 0*209 887 35 0*221 899 45 0*229 908 55 0 ** ** ** ** 12205 09/06*240 918 80 0*252 925 85 0*269 930 85 0*274 928 85 0 12205 09/06*240 918 65 0*252 925 75 0*264 930 85 0*274 928 85 0 ** ** *** 12210 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 80 0 12210 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 70 0 ** 12215 09/08*307 900 75 0*317 894 70 0*328 890 65 0*330 889 60 0 12215 09/08*307 900 55 0*317 894 45 0*325 890 40 0*330 889 35 0 ** ** *** ** ** 12220 09/09*333 888 55 0*340 887 45 0*348 885 40 0*351 885 35 0 12220 09/09*333 888 35 0*340 887 30 0*348 885 30 0*351 885 30 0 ** ** ** ** 12225 HR 12225 HR LA2 *** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds from the 5th to the 6th reduced to take into account moving over the Yucatan of Mexico. Observations show no evidence for hurricane intensity for nearly a full day over the southeast U.S. Winds reduced inland via the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model modified to allow slightly less weakening while transit over the swamps of southeast Louisiana. Small track changes are introduced on the 6th and the 8th for more realistic translational velocities. 1893/08 - 2011 REVISION: 12740 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 12745 09/04* 0 0 0 0*184 853 35 0*190 861 40 0*195 870 45 0* 12750 09/05*201 879 40 0*209 887 35 0*221 899 45 0*229 908 55 0* 12755 09/06*240 918 65 0*252 925 75 0*264 930 85 0*274 928 85 0* 12760 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 70 0* 12765 09/08*307 900 55 0*317 894 45 0*325 890 40 0*330 889 35 0* 12770 09/09*333 888 35 0*340 887 30 0*348 885 30 0*351 885 30 0* 12775 HR LA2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8-9/7/1893 1400Z 29.2N 91.1W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) LA2 8-9/7/1893 1400Z 29.2N 91.1W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) LA2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 12230 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12230 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 12235 09/25* 0 0 0 0*116 250 35 0*116 258 40 0*117 267 45 0 12240 09/26*117 275 50 0*117 283 55 0*117 291 60 0*117 298 65 0 12240 09/26*117 275 45 0*117 283 45 0*117 291 50 0*117 298 50 0 ** ** ** ** 12245 09/27*117 305 70 0*117 311 75 0*117 319 80 0*117 328 85 0 12245 09/27*117 305 55 0*117 311 55 0*117 319 60 0*117 328 60 0 ** ** ** ** 12250 09/28*117 336 90 0*118 345 95 0*118 354 95 0*118 363 100 0 12250 09/28*117 336 65 0*118 345 65 0*118 354 65 0*118 363 65 0 ** ** ** *** 12255 09/29*118 372 100 0*118 381 105 0*118 390 105 0*118 398 105 0 12255 09/29*118 372 65 0*118 381 65 0*118 390 65 0*118 398 65 0 *** *** *** *** 12260 09/30*119 405 105 0*119 412 105 0*120 420 105 0*121 430 105 0 12260 09/30*119 405 65 0*119 412 65 0*120 420 65 0*121 430 70 0 *** *** *** *** 12265 10/01*123 439 105 0*125 449 105 0*128 459 105 0*130 469 105 0 12265 10/01*123 439 75 0*125 449 80 0*128 459 85 0*130 469 90 0 *** *** *** *** 12270 10/02*133 480 105 0*136 490 105 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0 12270 10/02*133 480 95 0*136 490 100 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0 *** *** 12275 10/03*148 516 105 0*152 522 105 0*157 527 105 0*163 532 105 0 12280 10/04*169 537 105 0*176 542 105 0*182 547 105 0*188 552 105 0 12285 10/05*193 557 105 0*198 562 105 0*203 567 105 0*208 572 105 0 12290 10/06*212 577 105 0*215 582 105 0*218 587 105 0*220 592 105 0 12295 10/07*222 598 105 0*224 604 105 0*226 610 105 0*228 617 105 0 12300 10/08*229 625 105 0*231 633 105 0*233 642 105 0*235 651 105 0 12305 10/09*237 660 105 0*239 669 105 0*241 678 105 0*243 687 105 0 12310 10/10*245 695 105 0*248 703 105 0*250 712 105 0*252 722 105 0 12315 10/11*255 732 105 0*258 742 105 0*261 752 105 0*264 762 105 0 12320 10/12*268 771 100 0*272 781 100 0*276 790 100 0*282 797 95 0 12320 10/12*268 771 105 0*272 781 105 0*276 790 105 0*282 797 105 0 *** *** *** *** 12325 10/13*293 801 95 0*309 801 90 0*329 797 85 0*357 793 80 0 12325 10/13*293 806 105 0*308 808 105 0*326 797 105 955*350 786 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 12330 10/14*391 786 70 0*427 776 60 0*457 764 55 0*483 748 50 0 12330 10/14*387 781 65 0*427 776 60 0E457 764 60 0E483 748 60 0 *** *** ** * ** * ** 12335 10/15*507 729 45 0*529 707 40 0*549 682 35 0*570 660 35 0 12335 10/15E507 729 60 0E529 707 60 0E549 682 50 0E570 660 40 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 12340 HR 12340 HR SC3 NC2 VA1 *** *** *** The only minor change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to use the track analyzed by Ho (1989) near the landfall in the United States. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). It is to be noted, however, that such a long slow translational speed of this hurricane before recurvature is very unusual and does open the possibility that there were actually two separate tropical cyclones instead of just the one indicated here. Until more definitive information is uncovered, this will be retained relatively unchanged from Neumann et al. (1999). A reduction in winds from the 28th until the 2nd was included to make it consistent with available observations, which indicate at most a minimal (Category 1) hurricane on these dates. A peripheral pressure of 972 mb (21Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Peripheral pressures (possibly central pressures) of 962 mb (on the 13th) and 959 mb (16Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at least 93 and 95 kt, respectively, from the wind-pressure relationship. Ho (1989) utilized these reports and an estimate of the RMW of 15 nmi to obtain an estimated central pressure of 955 mb. This supports winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Given the small RMW for this latitude and central pressure, winds in the best track are boosted slightly to 105 kt at landfall. Storm tide values of 14 foot are reported in Ho (1989) for Pawley's Island. Intensity increased after landfall on the 14th and 15th due to indications that it became a strong extratropical storm in Canada. 1893/09 - 2006 REVISION: 12780 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 12785 09/25* 0 0 0 0*116 250 35 0*116 258 40 0*117 267 45 0* 12790 09/26*117 275 45 0*117 283 45 0*117 291 50 0*117 298 50 0* 12795 09/27*117 305 55 0*117 311 55 0*117 319 60 0*117 328 60 0* 12800 09/28*117 336 65 0*118 345 65 0*118 354 65 0*118 363 65 0* 12805 09/29*118 372 65 0*118 381 65 0*118 390 65 0*118 398 65 0* 12810 09/30*119 405 65 0*119 412 65 0*120 420 65 0*121 430 70 0* 12815 10/01*123 439 75 0*125 449 80 0*128 459 85 0*130 469 90 0* 12820 10/02*133 480 95 0*136 490 100 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0* 12825 10/03*148 516 105 0*152 522 105 0*157 527 105 0*163 532 105 0* 12830 10/04*169 537 105 0*176 542 105 0*182 547 105 0*188 552 105 0* 12835 10/05*193 557 105 0*198 562 105 0*203 567 105 0*208 572 105 0* 12840 10/06*212 577 105 0*215 582 105 0*218 587 105 0*220 592 105 0* 12845 10/07*222 598 105 0*224 604 105 0*226 610 105 0*228 617 105 0* 12850 10/08*229 625 105 0*231 633 105 0*233 642 105 0*235 651 105 0* 12855 10/09*237 660 105 0*239 669 105 0*241 678 105 0*243 687 105 0* 12860 10/10*245 695 105 0*248 703 105 0*250 712 105 0*252 722 105 0* 12865 10/11*255 732 105 0*258 742 105 0*261 752 105 0*264 762 105 0* 12870 10/12*268 771 105 0*272 781 105 0*276 790 105 0*282 797 105 0* 12875 10/13*293 806 105 0*308 808 105 0*326 797 105 955*350 786 80 0* 12880 10/14*387 781 65 0*427 776 60 0E457 764 60 0E483 748 60 0* 12885 10/15E507 729 60 0E529 707 60 0E549 682 50 0E570 660 40 0* 12890 HR SC3 NC2 VA1 12890 HR SC3 NC2IVA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Virginia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Virginia's Atlantic coast. ******************************************************************************** 12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 *** 12350 09/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*164 817 35 0*170 826 40 0 12355 09/28*177 834 55 0*183 842 65 0*190 850 75 0*197 858 85 0 12360 09/29*203 865 85 0*210 873 80 0*217 880 80 0*224 887 80 0 12365 09/30*231 892 85 0*238 897 85 0*245 902 85 0*251 906 85 0 12370 10/01*257 908 85 0*262 910 85 0*269 910 85 0*276 909 85 0 12370 10/01*257 908 85 0*262 910 85 0*269 910 95 0*276 909 105 0 ** *** 12375 10/02*284 905 85 0*291 900 85 0*299 893 80 956*305 887 75 0 12375 10/02*284 905 115 0*291 900 115 948*299 893 95 0*305 887 85 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 12380 10/03*313 878 65 0*320 867 55 0*327 855 50 0*334 839 45 0 12385 10/04*340 818 40 0*346 797 40 0*351 780 35 0*354 760 35 0 12390 10/05*353 740 35 0*352 722 35 0*350 704 35 0* 0 0 0 0 12395 HR 12395 HR LA4 MS2 AL2 *** *** *** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ho (1989) provided central pressure estimates for the two U.S. landfalls that this hurricane made. For landfall in Mississippi, a central pressure of 956 mb was derived from a peripheral pressure measurement of 970 mb (at 16Z on the 2nd) and an estimated 17 nmi RMW. Ho also indicated that there was a 20 foot storm tide reported in Caminadaville, Louisiana and 10-12 foot storm tide in Pass Christian, Mississippi. However, examination of the pressure measurements reveals that the 970 mb was likely a true central pressure value, not a peripheral observation. (However, this pressure measurement is not included above since the timing was at 1530 UTC, not within the +/-2 hours of synoptic time needed for inclusion in HURDAT. This value is though included in the U.S. landfalling table.) This central pressure corresponds to 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since Ho's reported RMW is smaller than what would be expected on average for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), a windspeed of 95 kt is chosen for the best track. This places the storm as a landfalling Category 2 in Mississippi and Alabama, though near the lower boundary of Category 3. For landfall in Louisiana, there also appear to be concerns with Ho's (1989) estimate of intensity. Ho used an inland decay pressure model (Ho et al. 1987) to obtain an estimate of 940 mb central pressure. (The south Florida inland decay pressure model was utilized for this particular hurricane, since this is more appropriate given its track over marsh-covered south Louisiana.) Using instead the landfall value at Mississippi of 970 mb central pressure, an estimate of 948 mb at landfall in Louisiana is obtained. This central pressure corresponds to 112 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since the Ho estimated RMW at the Louisiana landfall (12 nmi) is smaller than what is average for this central pressure and latitude, a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana is estimated at 115 kt. SLOSH runs with these central pressure and RMW values (B. Jarvinen, personal communication), however, can simulate a maximum storm tide of only about 8 feet at Caminadaville - much smaller than supposedly observed. As this island has a maximum height of 5 feet above mean sea level and is completely overtopped by storm surges from strong hurricanes, the 20 foot value is suspect. 115 kt at landfall in Louisiana makes this a Category 4 hurricane, though it is near the upper boundary of Category 3. The hurricane is known as the "Chenier Caminanda Hurricane" for its impacts in Louisiana. 1893/08 - 2011 REVISION: 12740 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 12745 09/04* 0 0 0 0*184 853 35 0*190 861 40 0*195 870 45 0* 12750 09/05*201 879 40 0*209 887 35 0*221 899 45 0*229 908 55 0* 12755 09/06*240 918 65 0*252 925 75 0*264 930 85 0*274 928 85 0* 12760 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 70 0* 12765 09/08*307 900 55 0*317 894 45 0*325 890 40 0*330 889 35 0* 12770 09/09*333 888 35 0*340 887 30 0*348 885 30 0*351 885 30 0* 12775 HR LA2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8-9/7/1893 1400Z 29.2N 91.1W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) LA2 8-9/7/1893 1400Z 29.2N 91.1W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) LA2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 12405 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 820 35 0*195 806 45 0 12405 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 820 30 0*195 806 30 0 ** ** 12410 10/21*210 794 50 0*225 785 50 0*240 780 45 0*256 777 45 0 12410 10/21*210 794 30 0*225 785 30 0*240 780 35 0*256 777 40 0 ** ** ** ** 12415 10/22*272 778 50 0*288 778 50 0*305 776 50 0*323 771 50 0 12415 10/22*272 778 45 0*288 778 50 0*305 776 50 0*323 771 50 0 ** 12420 10/23*342 760 50 0*363 751 45 0*384 759 40 0*400 780 35 0 12425 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Perez (2000 and personal communication) indicate that this system was not of tropical storm intensity until north of Cuba. Thus intensities reduced on the 20th through the 22nd. ******************************************************************************** 12430 11/05/1893 M= 6 12 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 12430 11/05/1893 M= 8 12 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** * 12435 11/05* 0 0 0 0*178 797 35 0*186 798 40 0*197 797 50 0 12435 11/05*267 708 35 0*268 717 35 0*270 725 40 0*272 731 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12440 11/06*208 795 50 0*220 792 45 0*233 789 45 0*247 785 45 0 12440 11/06*274 736 50 0*277 741 45 0*280 745 45 0*284 749 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12445 11/07*260 782 50 0*273 778 50 0*287 774 50 0*301 770 50 0 12445 11/07*291 753 50 0*298 755 50 0*305 757 55 0*315 759 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12450 11/08*314 767 50 0*328 764 50 0*341 760 50 0*352 753 50 0 12450 11/08*325 759 60 0*336 757 60 0*345 753 60 0*356 746 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12455 11/09*359 747 45 0*364 739 45 0*368 731 40 0*373 719 35 0 12455 11/09*366 736 55 0*372 727 55 0*377 713 50 0*384 691 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12460 11/10*379 705 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 12460 11/10E391 663 45 0E396 632 45 0E400 605 40 0E404 576 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (11th and 12th are new additions to HURDAT.) 12462 11/11E406 548 40 0E408 521 40 0E410 490 40 0E410 469 40 0 12464 11/12E410 449 40 0E410 426 40 0E410 405 40 0E410 379 40 0 12465 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Winds increased from the 7th to the 9th based upon wind measurements along U.S. coast. Storm did not actually hit land as per best track positions and track book, so "XING=0" is utilized. ******************************************************************************** 1893 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) May 12-13, 1893: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) July 6, 1893: Damage reports in Cuba leave it uncertain if system was a tornado or tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 12466 06/06/1894 M= 4 1 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12467 06/06*190 774 35 0*190 778 35 0*190 783 35 0*190 789 35 0 12468 06/07*191 794 35 0*192 801 35 0*193 807 35 0*194 812 35 0 12469 06/08*195 821 35 0*196 827 35 0*197 833 35 0*199 838 35 0 12469 06/09*201 844 35 0*204 850 35 0*207 855 35 0*210 860 35 0 12469 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 12470 08/05/1894 M= 4 1 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 12470 08/05/1894 M= 5 2 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 12475 08/05* 0 0 0 0*264 893 35 0*270 890 40 0*275 886 40 0 12480 08/06*279 882 45 0*283 879 50 0*287 876 50 0*290 874 50 0 12480 08/06*279 882 45 0*283 879 50 0*287 876 50 0*290 875 50 0 *** 12485 08/07*294 872 50 0*297 871 50 0*300 871 50 0*304 872 50 0 12485 08/07*294 874 50 0*297 874 50 0*300 875 50 0*303 876 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** 12490 08/08*308 874 45 0*312 876 40 0*316 880 35 0*318 885 30 0 12490 08/08*306 877 45 0*309 882 40 0*310 887 35 0*311 891 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (9th of August newly added to HURDAT.) 12492 08/09*312 895 30 0*313 899 25 0*315 905 25 0*317 915 25 0 12495 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. ******************************************************************************** 12500 08/30/1894 M=11 2 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12500 08/30/1894 M=11 3 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 12505 08/30*132 348 35 0*134 360 35 0*136 375 40 0*138 387 40 0 12510 08/31*140 399 45 0*142 411 45 0*144 423 45 0*147 435 50 0 12515 09/01*149 447 50 0*152 458 55 0*158 470 55 0*165 482 60 0 12520 09/02*172 495 65 0*179 508 65 0*186 521 70 0*193 533 75 0 12525 09/03*200 545 75 0*207 555 80 0*214 564 80 0*221 571 85 0 12530 09/04*227 576 85 0*234 580 85 0*240 584 85 0*247 588 85 0 12535 09/05*254 592 85 0*261 595 85 0*268 597 85 0*276 597 85 0 12540 09/06*284 595 85 0*293 592 85 0*301 588 85 0*309 583 85 0 12540 09/06*284 595 90 0*293 592 95 0*301 588 100 0*309 583 100 0 ** ** *** *** 12545 09/07*318 577 85 0*327 569 85 0*336 560 85 0*347 549 85 0 12545 09/07*318 577 100 0*327 569 100 0*336 560 100 0*347 549 100 0 *** *** *** *** 12550 09/08*362 534 85 0*380 516 85 0*400 496 85 0*423 473 80 0 12550 09/08*362 534 100 948*380 516 100 0*400 496 100 0*423 473 90 0 *** *** *** *** ** 12555 09/09*450 445 80 0*480 414 75 0*513 380 70 0*540 357 70 0 12555 09/09*450 445 80 0*480 414 75 0*513 380 70 0E540 357 70 0 * 12560 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Pressure measurement (may have been a central pressure) of 948 mb (on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. Winds increased from the 6th to the 8th accordingly, as hurricanes tend to reach maximum intensity at or just after recurvature. ******************************************************************************** 12565 09/18/1894 M=13 3 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12565 09/18/1894 M=14 4 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * *** * 12570 09/18*120 503 35 0*122 511 40 0*124 522 45 0*126 531 50 0 12570 09/18*134 505 35 0*134 510 40 0*135 517 45 0*136 526 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12575 09/19*128 540 55 0*131 549 65 0*133 558 70 0*135 567 80 0 12575 09/19*137 535 55 0*139 545 65 0*140 555 70 0*141 563 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12580 09/20*138 577 85 0*141 588 90 0*145 599 95 0*149 612 100 0 12580 09/20*143 575 85 0*145 586 90 0*147 597 95 0*149 611 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12585 09/21*153 627 105 0*158 642 105 0*162 655 105 0*166 667 105 0 12590 09/22*169 678 100 0*173 690 95 0*178 702 90 0*183 715 85 0 12590 09/22*170 679 100 0*176 693 95 0*183 710 90 0*188 727 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 12595 09/23*188 728 85 0*194 740 85 0*199 753 85 0*204 766 85 0 12595 09/23*194 743 80 0*199 758 85 0*205 770 70 0*209 782 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12600 09/24*210 779 85 0*215 791 80 0*220 804 75 0*227 812 70 0 12600 09/24*214 794 70 0*218 806 70 0*225 815 65 0*229 817 60 994 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 12605 09/25*236 817 75 0*247 819 90 0*257 820 105 0*267 819 105 0 12605 09/25*234 819 65 0*240 820 70 0*250 820 80 985*263 820 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12610 09/26*276 817 95 0*286 815 80 0*295 812 70 0*305 809 70 0 12610 09/26*276 817 75 0*286 815 60 0*295 812 65 0*304 810 70 0 ** ** ** *** *** 12615 09/27*314 806 75 0*324 803 75 0*332 798 80 0*338 792 80 0 12615 09/27*312 809 75 0*320 807 80 0*330 803 70 0*337 794 65 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12620 09/28*342 786 80 0*346 781 70 0*351 774 60 0*355 767 60 0 12620 09/28*340 785 60 0*344 776 60 0*347 767 60 0*352 763 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 12625 09/29*360 761 65 0*365 756 65 0*370 750 70 0*375 745 70 0 12625 09/29*358 758 60 0*365 754 70 0*370 750 75 0*375 745 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 12630 09/30*381 739 65 0*386 734 50 0*392 729 35 0*398 723 30 0 12630 09/30*384 739 65 0*392 732 50 0*397 725 40 0*402 715 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** (October 1st new to HURDAT.) 12632 10/01*407 700 35 0*412 676 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 12635 HR 12635 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 VA1 ******** *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Peak winds of 105 kt in the eastern Caribbean are retained, since the wind-caused damage in Puerto Rico is consistent with a strong hurricane passing south of the island (Boose et al. 2003). 85 kt retained at landfall in Cuba - agreeing with assessment by Perez (2000). Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). A central pressure of 994 mb (21Z on the 24th) suggests winds of 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized. Central pressure of 985 mb (11Z on the 25th) suggests winds of 71 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 80 kt used due to observed winds in Key West. A peripheral pressure of 986 mb (07Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track at 06Z and at landfall in South Carolina. A storm tide of 10' was observed in Charleston (Partagas and Diaz 1996b). Landfall in southwest Florida is suggested to be at a windspeed of 90 kt (with an estimated central pressure of 975 mb) given the intensification from a 60 kt tropical storm (with 994 mb central pressure) over Havana to a 80 kt Category 1 hurricane (with 985 mb central pressure) over Key West. Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) suggests that the hurricane had also impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1 hurricane conditions as it reintensified quickly as it left the Northeast Florida coast. System regained hurricane intensity again right as it made oceanfall from North Carolina, as shown in the sustained hurricane force winds in Cape Henry, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001). Hurricane is known as "San Mateo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. Hurricane is known as "Huracan de Sagua la Grande" for its impacts in Cuba. ******************************************************************************** 12640 10/01/1894 M=12 4 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12640 10/01/1894 M=12 5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 * *** * 12645 10/01*125 791 35 0*130 795 35 0*135 798 40 0*140 802 40 0 12650 10/02*145 806 45 0*149 809 45 0*154 813 50 0*159 816 55 0 12655 10/03*163 820 60 0*167 823 60 0*172 826 65 0*177 830 70 0 12660 10/04*183 834 75 0*189 838 75 0*195 842 80 0*200 845 85 0 12665 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*223 859 95 0 12665 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*220 859 95 0 *** 12670 10/06*228 862 100 0*234 865 100 0*240 867 105 0*247 869 105 0 12670 10/06*225 862 100 0*230 865 100 0*237 870 105 0*243 875 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 12675 10/07*255 870 105 0*264 870 105 0*271 870 105 0*276 869 105 0 12675 10/07*247 877 105 0*252 881 105 0*257 883 105 0*261 884 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12680 10/08*279 867 105 0*282 864 105 0*286 861 100 0*292 856 95 0 12680 10/08*266 884 105 0*271 884 105 0*277 883 105 0*287 877 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12685 10/09*300 848 90 0*310 836 80 0*322 822 75 0*339 797 70 0 12685 10/09*297 863 105 0*307 847 85 0*317 830 70 0*330 803 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12690 10/10*355 775 65 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 60 0*420 719 55 0 12690 10/10*352 775 60 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 75 0*420 719 55 0 *** ** ** 12695 10/11*448 702 55 0*476 689 50 0*500 673 45 0*520 662 40 0 12695 10/11E448 702 45 0E476 689 45 0E500 673 45 0E520 662 40 0 * ** * ** * * 12700 10/12*537 652 35 0*551 643 35 0*563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0 12700 10/12E537 652 35 0E551 643 35 0E563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 12705 HR 12705 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1 **** *** *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Peripheral pressure of 961 mb (14 UTC on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt in best track used here and at landfall in Florida. Peripheral pressure of 984 mb (on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 69 kt from the northern wind- pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track and landfall in New York/Rhode Island, which is also supported by wind observations at Block Island, R.I. 1894/05 - 2006 REVISION: 13240 10/01/1894 M=12 5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 13245 10/01*125 791 35 0*130 795 35 0*135 798 40 0*140 802 40 0* 13250 10/02*145 806 45 0*149 809 45 0*154 813 50 0*159 816 55 0* 13255 10/03*163 820 60 0*167 823 60 0*172 826 65 0*177 830 70 0* 13260 10/04*183 834 75 0*189 838 75 0*195 842 80 0*200 845 85 0* 13265 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*220 859 95 0* 13270 10/06*225 862 100 0*230 865 100 0*237 870 105 0*243 875 105 0* 13275 10/07*247 877 105 0*252 881 105 0*257 883 105 0*261 884 105 0* 13280 10/08*266 884 105 0*271 884 105 0*277 883 105 0*287 877 105 0* 13285 10/09*297 863 105 0*307 847 85 0*317 830 70 0*330 803 60 0* 13290 10/10*352 775 60 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 75 0*420 719 55 0* 13295 10/11E448 702 45 0E476 689 45 0E500 673 45 0E520 662 40 0* 13300 10/12E537 652 35 0E551 643 35 0E563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 13305 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1 13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1 **** *** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's Atlantic coast. Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone also caused a Category 1 hurricane impact in Connecticut based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. 1894/05 - 2011 REVISION: 13240 10/01/1894 M=12 5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 13245 10/01*125 791 35 0*130 795 35 0*135 798 40 0*140 802 40 0* 13250 10/02*145 806 45 0*149 809 45 0*154 813 50 0*159 816 55 0* 13255 10/03*163 820 60 0*167 823 60 0*172 826 65 0*177 830 70 0* 13260 10/04*183 834 75 0*189 838 75 0*195 842 80 0*200 845 85 0* 13265 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*220 859 95 0* 13270 10/06*225 862 100 0*230 865 100 0*237 870 105 0*243 875 105 0* 13275 10/07*247 877 105 0*252 881 105 0*257 883 105 0*261 884 105 0* 13280 10/08*266 884 105 0*271 884 105 0*277 883 105 0*287 877 105 0* 13285 10/09*297 863 105 0*307 847 85 0*317 830 70 0*330 803 60 0* 13290 10/10*352 775 60 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 75 0*420 719 55 0* 13295 10/11E448 702 45 0E476 689 45 0E500 673 45 0E520 662 40 0* 13300 10/12E537 652 35 0E551 643 35 0E563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 5-10/9/1894 0300Z 30.2N 85.5W 105kt 3 --- (955mb) AFL3,IGA1 5-10/9/1894 0300Z 30.2N 85.5W 105kt 3 --- (950mb) AFL3,IGA1 *** 5-10/10/1894 1500Z 40.7N 72.9W 75kt 1 --- (978mb) NY1,CT1,RI1 The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 105 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 955 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 950 mb - for a 105 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 12710 10/11/1894 M=10 5 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12710 10/11/1894 M=10 6 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 12715 10/11*108 577 35 0*113 583 40 0*120 590 40 0*126 597 45 0 12715 10/11*108 577 35 0*113 583 45 0*120 590 55 0*126 597 65 0 ** ** ** 12720 10/12*132 603 50 0*138 609 55 0*145 615 60 0*152 621 65 0 12720 10/12*132 603 75 0*138 609 85 0*145 615 85 0*149 621 85 0 ** ** ** *** ** 12725 10/13*159 626 70 0*166 631 75 0*173 636 80 0*180 640 85 0 12725 10/13*154 628 85 0*159 634 85 0*167 640 85 0*175 645 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 12730 10/14*187 644 85 0*194 648 85 0*201 652 85 0*208 656 85 0 12730 10/14*181 649 85 0*187 652 85 0*193 655 85 0*202 658 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12735 10/15*216 659 85 0*224 662 85 0*231 665 85 0*238 667 85 0 12735 10/15*209 660 85 0*217 662 85 0*225 665 85 0*231 665 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 12740 10/16*244 668 85 0*251 669 85 0*258 669 85 0*266 668 85 0 12740 10/16*237 666 95 0*243 666 105 0*250 667 115 0*261 667 115 931 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12745 10/17*274 666 85 0*282 663 85 0*290 657 85 0*298 650 85 0 12745 10/17*274 666 115 0*282 663 115 0*290 657 110 0*300 647 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 12750 10/18*305 641 85 0*312 631 85 0*320 620 85 0*329 608 85 0 12750 10/18*311 632 100 0*323 617 95 0*333 603 90 0*341 593 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 12755 10/19*340 595 85 0*351 582 85 0*360 570 85 0*367 563 80 0 12755 10/19*348 584 85 0*354 577 85 0*360 570 85 0*367 563 80 0 *** *** *** *** 12760 10/20*373 558 80 0*377 555 75 0*380 552 70 0*384 548 70 0 12765 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Winds increased from the 11th to the 13th based upon destruction in St. Lucia. Central pressure of 931 mb (21Z on the 16th) suggests winds of 116 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 115 kt chosen for best track. Winds increased from the 16th to the 18th accordingly. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its decay after the 20th. ******************************************************************************** 12770 10/21/1894 M=11 6 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12770 10/21/1894 M=11 7 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 12775 10/21* 0 0 0 0*210 603 35 0*215 610 40 0*218 617 40 0 12780 10/22*221 624 45 0*224 632 45 0*227 640 50 0*228 649 50 0 12785 10/23*229 659 55 0*232 670 60 0*235 681 65 0*241 695 65 0 12790 10/24*247 711 70 0*254 728 75 0*261 740 75 0*268 745 80 0 12790 10/24*245 706 70 0*249 718 75 0*255 730 75 0*258 735 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12795 10/25*274 746 85 0*281 744 85 0*288 741 85 0*296 737 85 0 12795 10/25*262 742 85 0*266 743 85 0*270 740 85 0*280 726 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12800 10/26*305 732 85 0*317 724 85 0*331 710 85 0*351 689 85 0 12800 10/26*290 710 85 0*300 695 85 0*310 680 85 0*329 654 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12805 10/27*378 662 85 0*403 632 85 0*421 600 85 0*433 563 85 0 12805 10/27*349 624 85 0*371 594 85 0*390 570 85 0*411 544 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12810 10/28*443 522 85 0*451 484 85 0*458 458 85 0*464 441 85 0 12810 10/28*432 515 90 0*447 487 90 0*458 458 95 0*464 441 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 12815 10/29*470 426 85 0*476 413 85 0*481 400 85 0*486 388 85 0 12815 10/29*470 426 95 955*476 413 90 0E481 400 85 0E486 388 85 0 ** *** ** * * 12820 10/30*490 376 85 0*494 363 80 0*499 350 80 0*505 334 75 0 12820 10/30E490 376 85 0E494 363 80 0E499 350 80 0E505 334 75 0 * * * * 12825 10/31*513 315 70 0*521 293 65 0*530 270 65 0* 0 0 0 0 12825 10/31E513 315 70 0E521 293 65 0E530 270 65 0* 0 0 0 0 * * * 12830 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure (possible central pressure) of 975 mb on the 28th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds kept at 85 kt in best track. A possible central pressure of 955 mb on the 29th suggests winds of at least 93 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track. Winds are increased accordingly on the 28th and 29th. ******************************************************************************* 1894 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) August 27-31, 1894: Gale observations found, but likely was an extratropical storm. 2) September 16-21, 1894: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) October 16-18, 1894: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************* 12835 08/14/1895 M= 4 1 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 12835 08/14/1895 M= 4 1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 12840 08/14* 0 0 0 0*272 913 35 0*276 910 40 0*279 908 45 0 12845 08/15*283 905 45 0*286 903 50 0*289 900 50 0*292 897 50 0 12850 08/16*296 894 50 0*299 891 45 0*302 888 45 0*307 886 40 0 12855 08/17*313 884 40 0*321 882 40 0*330 881 35 0*338 879 30 0 12855 08/17*313 884 35 0*321 882 30 0*330 881 25 0*338 879 25 0 ** ** ** ** 12860 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced after landfall with the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model. ******************************************************************************** 12865 08/22/1895 M= 8 2 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 12865 08/22/1895 M= 9 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** * 12870 08/22*134 583 35 0*137 596 40 0*140 607 45 0*143 619 50 0 12875 08/23*145 631 55 0*148 644 55 0*150 658 60 0*153 672 65 0 12880 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*162 731 80 0 12880 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*164 733 80 0 *** *** 12885 08/25*164 745 80 0*167 758 80 0*170 772 85 0*175 789 85 0 12885 08/25*169 751 80 0*174 770 80 0*180 790 85 0*184 802 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 12890 08/26*184 809 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0 12890 08/26*188 813 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0 *** *** 12895 08/27*215 870 85 0*221 880 85 0*226 890 85 0*230 899 85 0 12900 08/28*234 907 85 0*239 916 85 0*243 925 80 0*248 935 80 0 12900 08/28*233 905 85 0*236 914 85 0*240 923 85 0*243 931 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 12905 08/29*252 946 75 0*257 958 70 0*262 970 65 0*266 978 35 0 12905 08/29*245 939 95 0*246 947 95 0*247 955 95 0*248 963 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (30th is new to HURDAT.) 12907 08/30*249 971 95 0*250 979 65 0*251 987 40 0*252 995 30 0 12910 HR 12910 HRATX1 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane as causing Category 1 conditions in western Cuba, which is consistent with the existing track and intensity of Category 2 hurricane passing just offshore of the island. Winds increased to 95 kt (Category 2) until landfall in Mexico, due to destruction in Mexico described in Ellis (1988). Hurricane analyzed as causing Category 1 conditions in extreme southern Texas based upon description in Ellis. ******************************************************************************** 1895/02 - 2009 REVISION: 13465 08/22/1895 M= 9 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 13465 08/22/1895 M= 9 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * 13470 08/22*134 583 35 0*137 596 40 0*140 607 45 0*143 619 50 0* 13475 08/23*145 631 55 0*148 644 55 0*150 658 60 0*153 672 65 0* 13480 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*164 733 80 0* 13485 08/25*169 751 80 0*174 770 80 0*180 790 85 0*184 802 85 0* 13490 08/26*188 813 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0* 13495 08/27*215 870 85 0*221 880 85 0*226 890 85 0*230 899 85 0* 13500 08/28*233 905 85 0*236 914 85 0*240 923 85 0*243 931 90 0* 13505 08/29*245 939 95 0*246 947 95 0*247 955 95 0*248 963 95 0* 13510 08/30*249 971 95 0*250 979 65 0*251 987 40 0*252 995 30 0* 13515 HRATX1 The reanalysis had shifted the track at landfall over northern Mexico. However, we neglected to change XING=1 to XING=0, indicating that the system did not make a coastal landfall in the U.S. 1895/02 - 2011 REVISION: 13465 08/22/1895 M= 9 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 13470 08/22*134 583 35 0*137 596 40 0*140 607 45 0*143 619 50 0* 13475 08/23*145 631 55 0*148 644 55 0*150 658 60 0*153 672 65 0* 13480 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*164 733 80 0* 13485 08/25*169 751 80 0*174 770 80 0*180 790 85 0*184 802 85 0* 13490 08/26*188 813 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0* 13495 08/27*215 870 85 0*221 880 85 0*226 890 85 0*230 899 85 0* 13500 08/28*233 905 85 0*236 914 85 0*240 923 85 0*243 931 90 0* 13505 08/29*245 939 95 0*246 947 95 0*247 955 95 0*248 963 95 0* 13510 08/30*249 971 95 0*250 979 65 0*251 987 40 0*252 995 30 0* 13515 HRATX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/30/1895 0400Z 25.0N 97.6W 65kt 2 --- (973mb) ATX1 2-8/30/1895 0400Z 25.0N 97.6W 65kt 1 --- (963mb) ATX1 * *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Mexico as a 95 kt hurricane. The impact in Texas was analyzed to be a minimal (65 kt) hurricane, which was mistakenly listed as Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 in the table. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones south of 25N suggests a central pressure of 966 mb, while north of 25N suggests a central pressure of 960 mb. Thus a central pressure at landfall in Mexico is estimated to be 963 mb. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 12915 09/28/1895 M=10 3 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 12915 09/28/1895 M=10 3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 12920 09/28*193 860 35 0*196 866 35 0*199 872 35 0*203 882 35 0 12920 09/28*193 860 35 0*196 866 35 0*199 872 35 0*203 882 30 0 ** 12925 09/29*207 890 35 0*212 895 35 0*216 897 40 0*221 897 40 0 12925 09/29*207 890 30 0*212 895 30 0*216 897 40 0*221 897 40 0 ** ** 12930 09/30*227 895 45 0*232 892 45 0*237 885 50 0*238 871 50 0 12935 10/01*238 858 50 0*238 845 50 0*239 834 50 0*240 825 50 0 12940 10/02*242 815 50 0*245 807 50 0*249 799 50 0*252 792 50 0 12945 10/03*256 786 50 0*262 780 50 0*270 772 50 0*280 762 50 0 12950 10/04*290 751 50 0*301 740 50 0*311 729 50 0*321 719 50 0 12955 10/05*330 710 50 0*340 700 50 0*350 690 50 0*362 678 50 0 12960 10/06*376 664 50 0*392 648 50 0*409 630 50 0*426 611 45 0 12965 10/07*444 590 40 0*463 568 40 0*482 544 40 0* 0 0 0 0 12970 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced on the 28th and 29th due to passage over the Yucatan. ******************************************************************************** 12975 10/02/1895 M= 6 4 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 12975 10/02/1895 M= 6 4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 12980 10/02*174 829 35 0*177 837 40 0*180 846 45 0*183 855 50 0 12980 10/02*174 829 35 0*177 837 35 0*180 846 35 0*183 855 35 0 ** ** ** 12985 10/03*186 863 50 0*190 872 45 0*193 880 35 0*196 888 35 0 12985 10/03*186 863 35 0*190 872 35 0*193 880 30 0*196 888 30 0 ** ** ** ** 12990 10/04*200 895 35 0*203 902 40 0*207 910 45 0*211 919 50 0 12990 10/04*200 895 30 0*203 902 30 0*207 910 35 0*211 919 35 0 ** ** ** ** 12995 10/05*214 928 50 0*218 938 50 0*222 947 50 0*226 955 50 0 12995 10/05*214 928 35 0*218 938 35 0*222 947 35 0*226 955 35 0 ** ** ** ** 13000 10/06*232 960 50 0*239 963 50 0*247 965 50 0*259 964 50 0 13000 10/06*232 960 35 0*239 963 35 0*247 965 35 0*259 964 35 0 ** ** ** ** 13005 10/07*277 956 45 0*299 944 35 0*324 926 30 0* 0 0 0 0 13005 10/07*277 956 35 0*299 944 30 0*324 926 25 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** ** 13010 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). No gale force winds (or equivalent in sea level pressure) were found for this system. Peak winds observed were only 25-30 kt in Texas and Louisiana. Partagas and Diaz commented that since the system was not mentioned in _Monthly Weather Review_, it must have been a "very weak" storm. Thus winds are reduced for lifetime of storm since available observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 13015 10/12/1895 M=15 5 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13015 10/12/1895 M=15 5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 13020 10/12*120 448 35 0*120 455 40 0*120 465 45 0*120 475 50 0 13020 10/12*120 448 35 0*120 455 35 0*120 465 40 0*120 475 40 0 ** ** ** 13025 10/13*120 485 55 0*120 494 60 0*120 504 65 0*121 514 70 0 13025 10/13*120 485 45 0*120 494 45 0*120 504 50 0*121 514 50 0 ** ** ** ** 13030 10/14*122 524 75 0*123 535 80 0*124 546 85 0*125 558 90 0 13030 10/14*122 524 50 0*123 535 50 0*124 546 50 0*125 558 50 0 ** ** ** ** 13035 10/15*125 570 90 0*126 583 95 0*127 596 95 0*129 610 100 0 13035 10/15*125 570 50 0*126 583 50 0*127 596 50 0*129 610 50 0 ** ** ** *** 13040 10/16*131 624 100 0*133 639 105 0*135 653 105 0*136 666 105 0 13040 10/16*131 624 55 0*133 639 60 0*135 653 65 0*136 666 70 0 *** *** *** *** 13045 10/17*138 679 105 0*139 692 105 0*140 704 105 0*141 715 105 0 13045 10/17*138 679 75 0*139 692 80 0*140 704 85 0*141 715 90 0 *** *** *** *** 13050 10/18*142 726 105 0*144 737 105 0*149 747 105 0*156 757 105 0 13050 10/18*143 730 90 0*146 745 90 0*150 760 90 0*153 775 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13055 10/19*163 766 105 0*170 775 105 0*178 783 105 0*185 789 105 0 13055 10/19*157 795 90 0*161 810 90 0*165 815 90 0*171 818 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13060 10/20*193 794 105 0*200 797 105 0*208 799 105 0*215 800 100 0 13060 10/20*177 820 90 0*183 820 90 0*189 820 90 0*195 820 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13065 10/21*223 799 95 0*230 799 90 0*238 797 85 0*245 795 85 0 13065 10/21*201 820 90 0*207 817 90 0*213 813 90 0*222 807 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 13070 10/22*251 791 85 0*258 787 90 0*264 782 95 0*271 775 95 0 13070 10/22*234 800 85 0*248 792 90 0*262 784 90 0*271 775 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 13075 10/23*278 765 100 0*285 752 100 0*292 735 100 0*300 715 105 0 13075 10/23*278 765 90 0*285 752 90 0*292 735 90 0*299 717 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 13080 10/24*309 692 105 0*318 666 105 0*327 638 105 0*339 609 105 0 13080 10/24*304 702 90 0*309 689 90 0*315 670 90 0*327 638 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13085 10/25*350 579 105 0*352 549 105 0*350 515 100 0*347 486 95 0 13085 10/25*342 595 90 0*349 549 90 0*350 515 85 0*347 486 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 13090 10/26*344 454 90 0*342 421 65 0*340 388 35 0* 0 0 0 0 13090 10/26*344 454 65 0E342 421 55 0E340 388 45 0* 0 0 0 0 ** * ** * ** 13095 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Winds reduced from the 12th to the 15th, since the observations indicate that the system was, at most, a moderate tropical storm going through the Lesser Antilles. Perez (2000) documents that this hurricane made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in Cuba - winds reduced from the 16th to the 21st accordingly. A peripheral pressure of 973 mb (at 17Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track in agreement with assessment of Category 2 by Perez. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Winds reduced from the 22nd to the 26th since observations indicate that the storm was only a moderate (Category 1 or 2) hurricane in the Atlantic. ******************************************************************************** 13440 10/13/1895 M= 5 6 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 13440 10/13/1895 M= 5 6 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 13445 10/13* 0 0 0 0*194 937 35 0*200 930 35 0*206 924 35 0 13450 10/14*212 918 35 0*217 911 35 0*222 904 35 0*226 897 35 0 13455 10/15*231 888 35 0*235 880 35 0*239 870 35 0*243 859 35 0 13460 10/16*248 846 35 0*252 832 35 0*256 816 35 0*264 802 30 0 13465 10/17*276 786 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 13470 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************* 1895 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) September 21, 1895: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) November 1-3, 1895: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 13135 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13135 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 *** * 13140 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 45 0 13140 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 40 0 ** 13145 07/05*226 828 50 0*234 836 60 0*242 842 75 0*249 847 80 0 13145 07/05*226 828 45 0*234 836 45 0*242 842 55 0*249 847 65 0 ** ** ** ** 13150 07/06*256 852 85 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0 13150 07/06*256 852 75 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0 ** 13155 07/07*284 862 85 0*290 862 85 0*297 861 80 0*305 861 75 0 13155 07/07*284 865 85 0*290 866 85 0*297 867 85 0*305 864 85 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 13160 07/08*314 860 65 0*326 854 60 0*340 850 55 0*356 847 45 0 13160 07/08*316 853 60 0*324 843 45 0*333 835 35 0*345 829 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13165 07/09*373 844 40 0*390 842 40 0*406 840 35 0*421 838 35 0 13165 07/09*364 832 30 0*385 840 30 0*406 840 25 0*421 838 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 13170 07/10*436 835 30 0*451 833 30 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0 13170 07/10*436 835 25 0*451 833 25 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0 ** ** 13175 07/11*500 808 25 0*517 788 25 0*535 765 25 0*553 741 25 0 13180 07/12*571 713 25 0*589 683 25 0*608 649 25 0* 0 0 0 0 13185 HR 13185 HRAFL2 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced from the 4th to the 6th since there were no observations in Cuba of a strong tropical storm or hurricane. Based upon the 72 mph sustained wind out of the north at Pensacola reported in _Monthly Weather Review_, the Category 2 (85 kt) at landfall originally in HURDAT appears reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. ******************************************************************************** 1896/01 - 2009 REVISION: 13740 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 13745 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 40 0* 13750 07/05*226 828 45 0*234 836 45 0*242 842 55 0*249 847 65 0* 13755 07/06*256 852 75 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0* 13760 07/07*284 865 85 0*290 866 85 0*297 867 85 0*305 864 85 0* 13765 07/08*316 853 60 0*324 843 45 0*333 835 35 0*345 829 30 0* 13770 07/09*364 832 30 0*385 840 30 0*406 840 25 0*421 838 25 0* 13770 07/09E364 832 30 0E385 840 30 0E406 840 25 0E421 838 25 0* * * * * 13775 07/10*436 835 25 0*451 833 25 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0* 13775 07/10E436 835 25 0E451 833 25 0E467 830 25 0E483 822 25 0* * * * * 13780 07/11*500 808 25 0*517 788 25 0*535 765 25 0*553 741 25 0* 13780 07/11E500 808 25 0E517 788 25 0E535 765 25 0E553 741 25 0* * * * * 13785 07/12*571 713 25 0*589 683 25 0*608 649 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 13785 07/12E571 713 25 0E589 683 25 0E608 649 25 0* 0 0 0 0* * * * 13790 HRAFL2 Existing HURDAT carries this system as tropical well up into Baffin Bay. A review of the track maps indicates that a better solution would be to transition to extratropical beginning on 0Z on 7/9. 1896/01 - 2011 REVISION: 13740 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 13745 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 40 0* 13750 07/05*226 828 45 0*234 836 45 0*242 842 55 0*249 847 65 0* 13755 07/06*256 852 75 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0* 13760 07/07*284 865 85 0*290 866 85 0*297 867 85 0*305 864 85 0* 13765 07/08*316 853 60 0*324 843 45 0*333 835 35 0*345 829 30 0* 13770 07/09*364 832 30 0*385 840 30 0*406 840 25 0*421 838 25 0* 13775 07/10*436 835 25 0*451 833 25 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0* 13780 07/11*500 808 25 0*517 788 25 0*535 765 25 0*553 741 25 0* 13785 07/12*571 713 25 0*589 683 25 0*608 649 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 13790 HRAFL2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/7/1896 1700Z 30.4N 86.5W 85kt 2 --- (973mb) AFL2 1-7/7/1896 1700Z 30.4N 86.5W 85kt 2 --- (970mb) AFL2 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************* 13190 08/30/1896 M=13 2 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13190 08/30/1896 M=13 2 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 13195 08/30* 0 0 0 0*140 596 35 0*145 605 50 0*149 614 65 0 13200 08/31*153 624 80 0*158 633 95 0*163 642 100 0*169 651 105 0 13200 08/31*153 624 80 0*158 633 85 0*163 642 85 0*169 651 85 0 ** *** *** 13205 09/01*175 660 105 0*181 669 100 0*186 678 90 0*190 686 85 0 13205 09/01*175 660 85 0*181 669 85 0*186 678 75 0*190 686 80 0 *** *** ** ** 13210 09/02*193 692 85 0*197 699 85 0*200 706 85 0*203 714 85 0 13215 09/03*206 722 85 0*209 731 90 0*212 739 95 0*215 747 95 0 13215 09/03*206 722 85 0*209 731 85 0*212 739 85 0*215 747 85 0 ** ** ** 13220 09/04*218 754 100 0*222 762 100 0*227 768 105 0*233 772 105 0 13220 09/04*218 754 85 0*222 762 85 0*227 768 85 0*233 772 90 0 *** *** *** *** 13225 09/05*239 773 105 0*245 773 105 0*252 772 105 0*259 770 105 0 13225 09/05*239 773 95 0*245 773 100 0*252 772 100 0*259 770 100 0 *** *** *** *** 13230 09/06*265 768 105 0*272 764 105 0*278 758 105 0*285 750 105 0 13230 09/06*265 768 100 0*272 764 100 0*278 758 100 0*285 750 100 0 *** *** *** *** 13235 09/07*291 741 105 0*298 732 105 0*304 723 105 0*313 715 105 0 13235 09/07*291 741 100 956*298 732 100 0*304 723 100 0*313 715 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** 13240 09/08*324 707 105 0*336 700 105 0*346 695 105 0*354 692 105 0 13240 09/08*324 707 100 0*336 700 100 0*346 695 100 0*354 692 100 0 *** *** *** *** 13245 09/09*362 691 105 0*370 691 105 0*378 691 105 0*386 691 105 0 13245 09/09*362 691 100 0*370 691 95 0*378 691 90 0*386 693 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** 13250 09/10*393 692 100 0*400 692 100 0*408 693 95 0*417 694 90 0 13250 09/10*393 697 80 0*400 702 75 0*410 706 70 0*420 707 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13255 09/11*426 694 85 0*437 695 80 0*448 696 80 0*460 700 75 0 13255 09/11E430 705 50 0E439 701 45 0E448 696 40 0E457 690 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** * ** **** *** ** 13260 HR 13260 HR RI1 MA1 *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Boose et al. (2003) analyze the wind-caused damage for this hurricane at landfall in Puerto Rico as only isolated Fujita-scale F1 damage, which does not support intensity as a major hurricane landfall. Winds are reduced accordingly on the 31st and 1st to Category 2 (85 kt) intensity. Perez (2000 and personal communication) indicate that this hurricane produced only tropical storm conditions over Cuba during its close trek just offshore the coast. Thus winds are reduced somewhat on the 3rd through the 5th. A central pressure of 956 mb at 00Z on the 7th suggests winds of 98 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is utilized in the best track. Winds adjusted from the 5th to the 9th accordingly. Hurricane is determined from wind observations to be a Category 1 hurricane in New England; winds adjusted accordingly from the 9th to the 11th. Winds at landfall (Category 1) and inland agree with assessment by Boose et al. (2001), based upon modeling of wind-caused damages. Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi. Hurricane is known as "San Ramon Nonato III" or "San Gil" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 13605 09/18/1896 M=11 3 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13605 09/18/1896 M=11 3 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 13610 09/18*171 551 35 0*175 565 40 0*178 580 40 0*182 593 45 0 13615 09/19*187 606 50 0*191 618 55 0*196 628 60 0*201 637 65 0 13620 09/20*206 645 70 0*211 653 75 0*216 662 80 0*221 672 85 0 13625 09/21*227 683 85 0*234 694 85 0*241 705 85 0*249 715 85 0 13630 09/22*258 724 85 0*269 733 85 0*280 740 85 0*292 741 85 0 13635 09/23*304 738 85 0*317 727 85 0*330 710 85 0*344 690 85 0 13640 09/24*360 669 85 0*375 647 85 0*389 627 85 0*402 608 85 0 13645 09/25*413 589 85 0*425 570 85 0*438 550 85 0*452 529 85 0 13650 09/26*467 505 85 0*482 479 85 0*497 450 85 0*512 419 85 0 13655 09/27*528 388 85 0*543 357 80 0*558 325 80 0*571 293 75 0 13660 09/28*582 261 70 0*592 229 70 0*600 197 65 0* 0 0 0 0 13665 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 13330 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13330 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 *** * 13335 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 40 0*167 638 45 0 13335 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 35 0*167 638 35 0 ** ** 13340 09/23*167 647 50 0*168 656 60 0*168 665 65 0*168 673 70 0 13340 09/23*167 647 40 0*168 656 40 0*168 665 45 0*168 673 45 0 ** ** ** ** 13345 09/24*169 680 80 0*169 687 85 0*170 698 90 0*171 711 95 0 13345 09/24*169 680 50 0*169 687 50 0*170 698 55 0*171 711 55 0 ** ** ** ** 13350 09/25*171 724 100 0*172 736 100 0*173 749 105 0*174 762 105 0 13350 09/25*171 724 60 0*172 736 60 0*173 749 65 0*174 762 65 0 *** *** *** *** 13355 09/26*177 774 105 0*180 787 105 0*185 800 105 0*191 812 105 0 13355 09/26*177 774 70 0*180 787 75 0*185 800 80 0*188 809 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 13360 09/27*199 822 105 0*207 831 105 0*216 840 105 0*225 848 105 0 13360 09/27*191 819 90 0*194 828 95 0*197 837 100 0*201 842 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13365 09/28*234 854 105 0*244 856 105 0*254 855 100 0*265 850 100 0 13365 09/28*206 849 110 0*214 853 110 0*223 855 110 0*238 853 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13370 09/29*279 841 95 0*295 832 90 0*312 824 80 0*338 808 75 0 13370 09/29*253 851 110 0*270 842 110 960*296 829 100 963*322 812 85 973 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 13375 09/30*369 790 65 992*410 775 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 13375 09/30*357 792 70 988E395 785 60 987E420 790 50 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** ******* *** ** ******* *** ** 13380 HR 13380 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1 ******** *** *** *** *** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), is to use the track analyzed by Sandrik et al. (2001) near the landfall in the United States. Winds reduced from the 22nd until the 27th since observations from Partagas and Diaz only support intensification to hurricane status as it approached Cuba. Perez (2001) analyzes the impacts of this hurricane as Category 1 in Cuba, consistent with the track chosen as just offshore the west tip of Cuba as a major hurricane. Sandrik et al. (2001) analyzed the landfall as a 960 mb hurricane in Florida with a 15 nmi radius of maximum winds. This central pressure suggests 100 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. With a smaller than usual RMW for this central pressure and latitude (22 nmi on average - Vickery et al. 2000) and a rapid forward motion (30 kt at landfall), winds are estimated at 110 kt at landfall. A 963 mb central pressure estimated via Ho's methodology for 12Z on the 29th suggests 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen due to small RMW and fast speed of motion although the hurricane is overland. A 973 mb central pressure estimated via Ho's methodology for 18Z on the 29th suggests winds of 83 kt for maximum sustained winds, 85 kt is chosen for the best track for the same reasons above. A 988 mb central pressure estimated for 00Z on the 30th suggests winds of 65 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is boosted to 70 kt for the same reasons above. (Note that this was originally recorded in HURDAT as 992 mb, which was a peripheral pressure measurement not a central pressure.) Finally, an observed central pressure (at 04Z on the 30th) of 987 mb occurred as the storm was going extratropical. 1896/04 - 2006 REVISION: 13935 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 13940 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 35 0*167 638 35 0* 13945 09/23*167 647 40 0*168 656 40 0*168 665 45 0*168 673 45 0* 13950 09/24*169 680 50 0*169 687 50 0*170 698 55 0*171 711 55 0* 13955 09/25*171 724 60 0*172 736 60 0*173 749 65 0*174 762 65 0* 13960 09/26*177 774 70 0*180 787 75 0*185 800 80 0*188 809 85 0* 13965 09/27*191 819 90 0*194 828 95 0*197 837 100 0*201 842 105 0* 13970 09/28*206 849 110 0*214 853 110 0*223 855 110 0*238 853 110 0* 13975 09/29*253 851 110 0*270 842 110 960*296 829 100 963*322 812 85 973* 13980 09/30*357 792 70 988E395 785 60 987E420 790 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1 13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1INC1IVA1 ******** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North Carolina and Virginia hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, rather than along these states' Atlantic coast. ******************************************************************************** 13385 10/07/1896 M=10 5 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13385 10/07/1896 M=10 5 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** * 13390 10/07*225 912 35 0*230 902 40 0*234 890 50 0*236 882 60 0 13390 10/07*225 912 35 0*230 902 40 0*234 892 45 0*236 882 50 0 *** ** ** 13395 10/08*239 873 70 0*242 863 80 0*248 852 85 0*255 839 85 0 13395 10/08*239 873 50 0*242 863 50 0*248 852 50 0*255 839 50 0 ** ** ** ** 13400 10/09*262 825 85 0*270 811 80 0*278 800 70 0*286 791 70 0 13400 10/09*262 825 50 0*270 811 40 0*278 800 35 0*286 791 45 0 ** ** ** ** 13405 10/10*294 782 75 0*302 774 80 0*310 767 80 0*318 760 85 0 13405 10/10*294 782 50 0*302 774 55 0*310 767 60 0*318 760 65 0 ** ** ** ** 13410 10/11*327 753 85 0*335 747 85 0*343 739 85 0*351 731 85 0 13410 10/11*327 753 75 0*335 747 85 0*343 739 85 0*351 731 85 0 ** 13415 10/12*358 723 85 0*366 714 85 0*373 706 85 0*380 698 85 0 13420 10/13*386 689 85 0*393 680 85 0*400 672 85 0*408 664 85 0 13420 10/13*386 689 80 0*393 680 75 0*400 672 70 0*408 664 65 0 ** ** ** ** 13425 10/14*416 657 85 0*424 649 85 0*432 642 85 0*440 635 85 0 13425 10/14E416 657 60 0E424 649 55 0E432 642 50 0E440 635 45 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 13430 10/15*449 629 80 0*458 622 75 0*467 615 70 0*481 600 65 0 13430 10/15E449 629 40 0E458 622 35 0E467 615 35 0E481 600 35 0 * ** * ** * ** * ** 13435 10/16*502 570 55 0*528 528 45 0*557 482 40 0* 0 0 0 0 13435 10/16E502 570 35 0E528 528 35 0E557 482 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * ** * ** * ** 13440 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced while in Gulf of Mexico since observations do not support hurricane status there or at landfall in Florida. Winds reduced from the 13th until the 16th since observations do not indicate hurricane intensity north of 41N or at landfall in Canada. Small alteration to the track on the 7th provides a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 13445 10/26/1896 M=15 6 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13445 10/26/1896 M=15 6 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 13450 10/26* 0 0 0 0* 87 442 35 0* 87 450 35 0* 88 455 40 0 13455 10/27* 89 460 40 0* 90 466 45 0* 92 474 45 0* 95 483 50 0 13460 10/28* 98 492 55 0*101 501 60 0*105 510 65 0*109 519 65 0 13465 10/29*114 528 70 0*120 537 75 0*126 546 80 0*134 553 85 0 13470 10/30*142 557 85 0*151 559 85 0*161 560 85 0*172 560 85 0 13475 10/31*183 558 85 0*194 555 85 0*204 550 85 0*214 543 85 0 13480 11/01*223 536 85 0*231 529 85 0*239 523 85 0*247 517 85 0 13485 11/02*254 512 85 0*261 506 85 0*267 500 85 0*273 494 85 0 13490 11/03*279 488 85 0*285 481 85 0*291 475 85 0*297 468 85 0 13495 11/04*303 461 85 0*309 454 85 0*315 446 85 0*323 436 85 0 13500 11/05*333 424 85 0*345 411 85 0*356 403 85 0*370 393 85 0 13505 11/06*384 390 85 0*398 397 85 0*404 410 80 0*404 415 80 0 13510 11/07*401 421 80 0*396 426 75 0*390 430 75 0*385 430 75 0 13515 11/08*379 425 70 0*374 417 70 0*370 407 65 0*366 396 60 0 13520 11/09*364 383 55 0*362 367 50 0*360 350 45 0*360 339 35 0 13525 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The only observation possibly available for this system is from Bark "Gerald C. Tobay" on Oct. 28th at 21.2N 62.5W where "it came in a whirlwind with rain, thunder and lightning ... lasted only 20 minutes" and caused substantial damage to the ship. As Partagas and Diaz discussed, this ship was about 800 miles to the northwest of the hurricane's position on the 28th. So either the observation is unrelated to the hurricane or the storm was a large system with an outer rainband (and possible embedded tornado) that impacted the ship. Without additional data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made to this hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 13527 11/27/1896 M= 3 7 SNBR= 344 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13527 11/27*109 611 35 0*112 613 35 0*115 615 40 0*120 617 40 0 13527 11/28*127 618 45 0*134 619 45 0*140 620 50 0*149 622 50 0 13527 11/29*160 623 50 0*170 624 50 0*180 625 40 0*196 623 35 0 13527 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1896 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out of HURDAT for the following reason: 1) August 28-29, 1896: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 13530 08/31/1897 M=11 1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13530 08/31/1897 M=11 1 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 13535 08/31* 0 0 0 0*140 240 35 0*140 250 35 0*141 261 35 0 13540 09/01*142 273 35 0*143 284 40 0*145 295 55 0*147 306 65 0 13545 09/02*150 317 70 0*153 328 75 0*156 339 75 0*160 350 80 0 13550 09/03*164 361 80 0*169 372 85 0*175 383 85 0*181 395 85 0 13555 09/04*188 408 85 0*195 422 85 0*203 435 85 0*211 448 85 0 13560 09/05*220 462 85 0*229 475 85 0*239 488 85 0*250 498 85 0 13565 09/06*262 502 85 0*275 502 85 0*286 499 85 0*296 494 85 0 13570 09/07*304 487 85 0*313 480 85 0*322 472 85 0*332 464 85 0 13575 09/08*344 455 85 0*356 443 85 0*370 425 85 0*387 402 85 0 13580 09/09*408 373 85 0*430 345 80 0*448 319 80 0*463 294 75 0 13585 09/10*477 269 65 0*489 244 55 0*499 219 50 0*511 194 50 0 13585 09/10E477 269 65 0E489 244 55 0E499 219 50 0E511 194 50 0 * * * * 13590 HR Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 972 mb apparently close to the eye (11 UTC on the 7th) supports at least 84 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in the best track. Extratropical stage is suggested to begin on the 10th, while north of 45N. ******************************************************************************** 13595 09/10/1897 M= 4 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13595 09/10/1897 M= 4 2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 13600 09/10* 0 0 0 0*237 800 65 0*240 810 65 0*244 819 65 0 13600 09/10* 0 0 0 0*237 800 50 0*240 810 55 0*244 819 60 0 ** ** ** 13605 09/11*248 829 65 0*254 836 75 0*260 846 80 0*266 856 85 0 13605 09/11*248 829 65 0*254 836 75 0*260 846 75 0*266 856 75 0 ** ** 13610 09/12*272 868 85 0*278 879 85 0*284 892 80 0*289 906 75 0 13610 09/12*272 868 75 0*278 879 75 0*283 892 75 0*288 905 75 0 ** ** *** ** *** *** 13615 09/13*295 920 70 0*299 936 65 0*304 952 50 0*327 965 40 0 13615 09/13*293 922 75 0*298 941 75 0*303 957 50 0*312 975 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 13620 HR 13620 HRCTX1 LA1 **** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The hurricane is lowered to a tropical storm on the 10th, since observations in Key West do not indicate hurricane force had yet been reached. The hurricane is downgraded from Category 2 (85 kt) to Category 1 (75 kt) over the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, due to evidence from observed winds, 6 ft of storm tide in Sabine Pass (Partagas and Diaz 1996b) and damage in Texas/Louisiana. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis. 1897/02 - 2011 REVISION: 14225 09/10/1897 M= 4 2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 14230 09/10* 0 0 0 0*237 800 50 0*240 810 55 0*244 819 60 0* 14235 09/11*248 829 65 0*254 836 75 0*260 846 75 0*266 856 75 0* 14240 09/12*272 868 75 0*278 879 75 0*283 892 75 0*288 905 75 0* 14245 09/13*293 922 75 0*298 941 75 0*303 957 50 0*312 975 40 0* 14250 HRCTX1 LA1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-9/13/1897 0500Z 29.7N 93.8W 75kt 1 --- (981mb) LA1,TX1 2-9/13/1897 0500Z 29.7N 93.8W 75kt 1 --- (978mb) LA1,TX1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana and Texas as a 75 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - for a 75 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 13625 09/20/1897 M= 6 3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 13625 09/20/1897 M= 6 3 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 13630 09/20*221 844 40 0*232 842 40 0*243 838 40 0*253 831 40 0 13630 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 838 40 0*253 831 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 13635 09/21*263 825 40 0*273 819 40 0*283 814 35 0*293 808 35 0 13635 09/21*263 825 60 0*273 819 50 0*283 814 45 0*293 807 40 0 ** ** ** *** ** 13640 09/22*303 802 35 0*314 795 40 0*324 789 40 0*333 783 40 0 13640 09/22*303 799 45 0*314 790 50 0*324 783 55 0*333 776 60 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 13645 09/23*342 777 40 0*349 772 40 0*358 766 40 0*368 759 40 0 13645 09/23*341 769 60 0*348 762 60 0*355 753 60 0*366 746 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13650 09/24*381 751 40 0*396 740 40 0*412 728 35 0*433 706 30 0 13650 09/24*383 741 60 0*397 736 55 0*410 725 45 0*433 706 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 13655 09/25*459 667 30 0*490 612 30 0*525 550 25 0* 0 0 0 0 13660 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is boosted to a strong tropical storm at landfall in Florida based upon description of impacts. Storm is boosted to a strong tropical storm while passing along the Atlantic seaboard, but not enough evidence was found to support Partagas and Diaz' suggestion to upgrade this to a hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 13661 09/25/1897 M= 5 4 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13662 09/25*196 829 35 0*198 832 35 0*200 835 35 0*203 838 35 0 13663 09/26*205 840 35 0*207 842 35 0*210 845 35 0*214 848 35 0 13664 09/27*219 851 35 0*224 853 35 0*230 855 40 0*238 856 40 0 13665 09/28*247 857 40 0*254 856 40 0*259 855 40 0*263 854 40 0 13666 09/29*266 852 40 0*268 849 40 0*270 845 40 0*272 838 35 0 13667 TS This newly documented tropical storm is incorporated from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) without alteration. ******************************************************************************** 13665 10/09/1897 M=14 4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 13665 10/09/1897 M=14 5 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 13670 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*124 617 40 0 13675 10/10*125 626 40 0*127 638 40 0*130 649 40 0*132 661 40 0 13680 10/11*134 672 40 0*136 684 40 0*138 696 40 0*140 708 40 0 13685 10/12*141 720 40 0*142 733 40 0*144 745 40 0*146 758 40 0 13690 10/13*148 771 40 0*151 784 40 0*155 796 40 0*160 807 40 0 13695 10/14*166 815 40 0*172 823 40 0*178 829 40 0*184 835 40 0 13695 10/14*163 811 40 0*167 816 40 0*170 820 40 0*173 823 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13700 10/15*189 841 40 0*195 846 40 0*200 850 40 0*205 854 40 0 13700 10/15*176 826 40 0*178 828 40 0*180 830 40 0*183 831 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13705 10/16*210 857 40 0*214 859 40 0*219 860 40 0*225 861 40 0 13705 10/16*184 831 40 0*185 831 40 0*187 830 40 0*190 828 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 13710 10/17*231 860 40 0*236 859 40 0*241 857 40 0*245 854 40 0 13710 10/17*192 825 40 0*194 823 45 0*197 820 50 0*199 816 55 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13715 10/18*248 851 40 0*251 847 40 0*254 844 40 0*257 841 40 0 13715 10/18*201 811 60 0*203 808 65 0*206 803 70 0*212 796 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13720 10/19*260 837 40 0*263 834 40 0*266 830 35 0*277 822 35 0 13720 10/19*218 789 70 0*225 782 60 0*233 777 55 0*253 772 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13725 10/20*299 807 40 0*323 787 40 0*343 765 40 0*358 742 40 0 13725 10/20*275 767 55 0*298 765 55 0*322 763 55 0*346 758 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 13730 10/21*372 718 40 0*383 693 40 0*390 670 40 0*393 651 40 0 13730 10/21*372 744 50 0*388 719 45 0E397 690 40 0E401 663 40 0 *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 13735 10/22*396 636 40 0*398 619 40 0*400 595 40 0*401 574 40 0 13735 10/22E399 640 40 0E398 619 40 0E400 595 40 0E401 574 40 0 **** *** * * * 13740 TS 13740 HR ** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of 993 mb (on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track which is consistent with analysis of a Category 1 landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Storm is thus upgraded to a hurricane and winds are increased accordingly from the 17th until the 21st. The hurricane is known as "Ciclon de Tunas de Zaza" due to its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000). ******************************************************************************** 13745 10/23/1897 M= 9 5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13745 10/23/1897 M= 9 6 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** * 13750 10/23* 0 0 0 0*245 773 50 0*258 769 50 0*275 761 50 0 13755 10/24*291 755 50 0*306 750 50 0*321 745 50 0*335 740 50 0 13760 10/25*347 737 50 0*359 732 55 0*370 741 55 0*367 753 55 0 13760 10/25*347 735 50 0*359 732 55 0*370 741 55 0*367 753 55 0 *** 13765 10/26*359 758 50 0*350 754 45 0*348 750 40 0*345 748 40 0 13765 10/26*359 758 50 0*350 754 45 0*347 751 40 0*345 748 40 0 *** *** 13770 10/27*343 744 45 0*340 738 50 0*338 730 50 0*337 721 50 0 13775 10/28*337 712 50 0*336 702 50 0*336 692 50 0*340 681 50 0 13775 10/28*336 712 50 0*336 702 50 0*336 692 50 0*340 681 50 0 *** 13780 10/29*348 668 50 0*355 657 50 0*365 647 50 0*372 639 50 0 13780 10/29*348 668 50 0*355 657 50 0E365 647 50 0E372 639 50 0 * * 13785 10/30*378 633 50 0*385 627 50 0*392 620 50 0*400 613 50 0 13785 10/30E378 633 50 0E385 627 50 0E392 620 50 0E400 613 50 0 * * * * 13790 10/31*409 606 50 0*418 598 50 0*426 590 50 0*436 574 50 0 13790 10/31E409 606 50 0E418 598 50 0E426 590 50 0E436 578 50 0 * * * * *** 13795 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Slight adjustments to track made on the 25th, 26th, 28th and 31st to allow for more realistic translational velocities. Extratropical stage indicated for portion of track as it moved toward the northeast north of 36N in late October. Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis. ******************************************************************************* 1897 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out of HURDAT for the following reason: 1) August 15, 1897: Damage reports in Nicaragua leave it uncertain if system was a tornado or tropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 13800 08/02/1898 M= 2 1 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13800 08/02/1898 M= 2 1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 13805 08/02*268 792 35 0*274 810 70 0*280 826 65 0*289 838 65 0 13805 08/02*268 792 35 0*274 810 30 0*280 826 35 0*289 838 55 0 ** ** ** 13810 08/03*298 849 65 0*306 861 60 0*315 872 35 0*320 882 25 0 13810 08/03*298 849 70 0*306 861 50 0*315 872 35 0*320 882 25 0 ** ** 13815 HR 13815 HRAFL1 **** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. Category 1 landfall status maintained in Northwest Florida, but available observational data (i.e., the _Monthly Weather Review_ described it as a "feeble disturbance near Jupiter" with maximum sustained winds of 32 kt from the east on Aug. 1st) suggests that the system was only a weak tropical storm at its first landfall in peninsular Florida. 1898/01 - 2011 REVISION: 14465 08/02/1898 M= 2 1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 14470 08/02*268 792 35 0*274 810 30 0*280 826 35 0*289 838 55 0* 14475 08/03*298 849 70 0*306 861 50 0*315 872 35 0*320 882 25 0* 14480 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-8/2/1898 2300Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- (985mb) AFL1 1-8/2/1898 2300Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- (982mb) AFL1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 13820 08/30/1898 M= 3 2 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 13820 08/30/1898 M= 3 2 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 13825 08/30* 0 0 0 0*293 791 35 0*301 794 65 0*309 798 80 0 13825 08/30* 0 0 0 0*293 791 35 0*301 794 65 0*309 798 75 0 ** 13830 08/31*315 802 85 0*320 807 85 0*324 814 65 990*326 822 60 0 13830 08/31*315 802 75 0*320 807 75 0*324 814 60 *326 822 50 0 ** ** ** *** ** 13835 09/01*326 831 45 0*327 841 40 0*328 853 35 0*331 866 30 0 13840 HR 13840 HR GA1 SC1 *** *** Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. A peripheral pressure (incorrectly listed as a central pressure in original version of HURDAT) of 990 mb (at 09Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 13841 09/03/1898 M= 4 3 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13842 09/03* 0 0 0 0*408 421 70 0*420 410 70 0*429 398 70 0 13843 09/04*439 383 70 0*449 369 70 0*460 355 70 0*468 343 70 0 13844 09/05*477 328 70 0*486 314 70 0E495 300 60 0E507 280 50 0 13845 09/06E520 253 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 13846 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 13845 09/05/1898 M=16 3 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 13845 09/05/1898 M=16 4 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 13850 09/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*112 269 35 0*114 290 35 0 13855 09/06*115 310 40 0*116 328 45 0*117 344 55 0*117 358 65 0 13860 09/07*117 372 70 0*118 385 75 0*119 399 80 0*119 414 80 0 13865 09/08*120 430 85 0*120 446 85 0*120 462 85 0*120 481 85 0 13865 09/08*120 430 85 0*120 446 85 0*120 462 85 0*120 477 85 0 *** 13870 09/09*120 501 85 0*120 521 85 0*121 537 85 0*121 549 85 0 13870 09/09*120 491 85 0*120 503 85 0*120 515 85 0*120 526 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 13875 09/10*122 559 85 0*123 569 85 0*125 579 85 0*130 595 85 0 13875 09/10*121 541 85 0*122 556 85 0*123 570 85 0*123 580 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 13880 09/11*136 609 85 0*145 620 85 0*153 628 85 0*162 630 85 0 13880 09/11*125 589 95 0*127 598 95 0*130 607 95 0*136 615 95 965 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 13885 09/12*169 632 85 0*177 633 85 0*185 634 85 0*191 635 85 0 13885 09/12*145 622 95 0*157 628 95 0*170 633 95 0*183 635 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 13890 09/13*197 636 85 0*204 637 85 0*210 639 85 0*217 640 85 0 13890 09/13*197 636 95 0*204 637 95 0*210 639 95 0*217 640 95 0 ** ** ** ** 13895 09/14*223 642 85 0*229 644 85 0*236 648 85 0*239 649 85 0 13895 09/14*223 642 90 0*229 644 85 0*236 648 85 0*239 649 85 0 ** 13900 09/15*243 652 85 0*247 655 85 0*250 658 85 0*254 662 85 0 13905 09/16*258 666 85 0*262 671 85 0*266 675 85 0*272 679 85 0 13910 09/17*281 685 85 0*290 690 85 0*300 693 85 0*309 691 85 0 13915 09/18*319 687 85 0*330 680 85 0*340 672 85 0*352 659 85 0 13920 09/19*366 647 85 0*382 634 80 0*400 620 75 0*422 603 65 0 13925 09/20*451 583 55 0*485 563 45 0*520 541 40 0* 0 0 0 0 13925 09/20E451 583 55 0E485 563 45 0E520 541 40 0* 0 0 0 0 * * 13930 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. A central pressure of 965mb (on 16Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Given the estimated motion of the hurricane and wind reports from St. Vincent, a RMW of 15 nmi is analyzed which is close to the climatological RMW for that central pressure and latitude (14 nmi, from Vickery et al. 2000). Thus 95 kt is chosen for landfall in the Lesser Antilles. Winds are altered from the 8th to the 14th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 13935 09/12/1898 M=11 4 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 13935 09/12/1898 M=11 5 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 13940 09/12* 0 0 0 0*129 791 50 0*132 795 50 0*135 797 50 0 13945 09/13*138 799 50 0*141 802 50 0*144 804 50 0*147 807 50 0 13950 09/14*149 809 50 0*152 812 50 0*154 815 50 0*156 818 50 0 13955 09/15*159 821 50 0*161 825 50 0*163 831 50 0*166 840 50 0 13960 09/16*169 851 50 0*172 863 50 0*176 875 50 0*180 887 50 0 13960 09/16*169 851 50 0*172 863 50 0*176 875 50 0*180 887 40 0 ** 13965 09/17*185 900 45 0*191 913 40 0*199 924 40 0*208 932 45 0 13965 09/17*185 900 35 0*191 913 40 0*199 924 40 0*208 932 45 0 ** 13970 09/18*217 936 45 0*225 938 50 0*234 939 50 0*243 939 50 0 13975 09/19*252 939 50 0*260 938 50 0*269 937 50 0*277 935 50 0 13980 09/20*284 933 50 0*291 930 50 0*298 928 50 0*305 925 45 0 13980 09/20*284 933 50 0*291 930 50 0*298 928 45 0*305 925 40 0 ** ** 13985 09/21*313 923 40 0*320 920 35 0*327 917 35 0*339 913 35 0 13985 09/21*313 923 35 0*320 920 35 0*327 917 30 0*339 913 30 0 ** ** ** 13990 09/22*358 910 35 0*380 905 35 0*399 900 35 0* 0 0 0 0 13990 09/22*358 910 30 0*380 905 25 0*399 900 25 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** ** 13995 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America and the Southeast U.S. ******************************************************************************** 14055 09/20/1898 M= 9 6 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14055 09/20/1898 M= 9 6 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 14060 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*110 798 50 0*121 806 50 0 14065 09/21*131 813 50 0*140 820 50 0*148 826 50 0*154 831 50 0 14070 09/22*161 835 50 0*167 840 50 0*173 845 50 0*180 851 50 0 14075 09/23*187 857 50 0*194 863 50 0*200 869 50 0*205 875 50 0 14075 09/23*187 857 50 0*194 863 50 0*200 869 50 0*205 875 40 0 ** 14080 09/24*210 881 45 0*214 886 40 0*218 892 40 0*222 897 40 0 14080 09/24*210 881 35 0*214 886 35 0*218 892 40 0*222 897 40 0 ** ** 14085 09/25*225 902 45 0*229 907 50 0*233 912 50 0*237 918 50 0 14090 09/26*241 924 50 0*245 931 50 0*250 937 50 0*255 942 50 0 14095 09/27*261 945 50 0*267 947 50 0*273 948 50 0*279 949 50 0 14100 09/28*286 948 45 0*293 947 40 0*300 945 35 0*309 944 30 0 14100 09/28*286 948 50 0*293 947 50 0*300 945 40 0*309 944 30 0 ** ** ** 14105 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America and the Texas. 50 kt sustained winds maintained until landfall in Texas, rather than weakening indicated in original HURDAT before reaching the coast. ******************************************************************************** 14110 09/25/1898 M=12 7 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9 14110 09/25/1898 M=12 7 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 *** * 14115 09/25*162 583 35 0*166 587 40 0*171 592 40 0*175 598 45 0 14115 09/25*162 583 35 0*166 587 40 0*171 592 40 0*177 598 45 0 *** 14120 09/26*179 605 50 0*183 611 60 0*187 617 65 0*191 623 70 0 14120 09/26*184 608 50 0*191 617 60 0*197 625 65 0*205 634 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14125 09/27*194 630 80 0*197 636 85 0*201 642 90 0*205 648 95 0 14125 09/27*213 643 65 0*219 651 70 0*225 660 75 0*232 670 80 977 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 14130 09/28*210 654 95 0*216 661 95 0*222 667 95 0*228 673 95 0 14130 09/28*237 678 85 0*244 689 90 0*250 700 95 0*254 706 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14135 09/29*234 679 95 0*241 684 95 0*247 690 95 0*254 696 95 0 14135 09/29*258 712 95 0*262 719 95 0*265 725 95 0*268 730 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14140 09/30*260 703 95 0*267 710 95 0*273 717 95 0*278 724 95 0 14140 09/30*271 735 95 0*272 739 95 0*275 745 95 0*279 752 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14145 10/01*283 732 95 0*287 741 95 0*292 751 95 0*297 763 95 0 14145 10/01*283 759 95 0*287 766 100 0*290 773 105 0*293 780 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14150 10/02*302 779 90 0*307 794 90 0*312 808 85 0*317 820 75 0 14150 10/02*296 787 115 0*299 796 115 0*304 806 115 938*311 818 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14155 10/03*323 831 65 0*329 842 60 0*335 852 55 0*343 861 50 0 14155 10/03*319 831 65 0*327 842 45 0*335 852 35 0*343 861 30 0 *** *** ** ** ** 14160 10/04*352 869 45 0*364 875 40 0*376 879 40 0*391 876 35 0 14160 10/04*352 869 30 0*364 875 30 0*376 879 30 0*391 876 30 0 ** ** ** ** 14165 10/05*410 862 35 0*429 838 30 0*445 808 30 0*456 770 30 0 14165 10/05*410 862 25 0*429 838 25 0*445 808 25 0*456 770 25 0 ** ** ** ** 14170 10/06*464 720 25 0*468 658 25 0*470 588 25 0*480 528 25 0 14175 HR 14175 HR GA4DFL2 ******* The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), was to incorporate the findings of Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), A central pressure of 977 mb (on 18Z on the 27th) suggests winds of 81 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in the best track. Winds adjusted on the 26th to the 28th accordingly. Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999) analyzed a 938 mb central pressure at landfall based upon SLOSH runs with observed storm surge values (16' maximum at Brunswick, Georgia) and an estimated RMW of 18 n.mi. 938 mb central pressure suggests winds of 112 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. A slightly higher value - 115 kt - is chosen at landfall because of the slightly smaller RMW than would be expected climatologically (Vickery et al. 2000). Inland winds adjusted downward based upon inland decay model and analysis of observations from Sandrik (1998). ******************************************************************************** 14000 09/20/1898 M= 9 5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14000 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * * *** * 14005 09/20* 0 0 0 0*155 593 50 0*157 600 50 0*160 607 50 0 14010 09/21*164 614 50 0*167 620 50 0*170 627 50 0*173 633 50 0 14015 09/22*175 639 50 0*178 645 45 0*181 651 40 0*185 659 40 0 14020 09/23*189 669 40 0*193 678 45 0*197 686 50 0*200 692 50 0 14025 09/24*203 698 50 0*207 704 50 0*210 710 50 0*214 716 50 0 (20th through the 24th are omitted. Storm started on the 25th.) 14030 09/25*217 722 50 0*221 728 50 0*225 734 50 0*229 740 50 0 14030 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14035 09/26*234 747 50 0*239 754 50 0*244 760 50 0*250 765 50 0 14035 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14040 09/27*256 768 50 0*262 770 50 0*268 770 50 0*273 768 45 0 14040 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14045 09/28*277 764 45 0*281 758 40 0*285 750 35 0*289 740 30 0 14045 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14050 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Track altered slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1898/08 - 2003 REVISION: 14000 09/20/1898 M= 9 5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14000 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * * *** * 14005 09/20* 0 0 0 0*155 593 50 0*157 600 50 0*160 607 50 0 14010 09/21*164 614 50 0*167 620 50 0*170 627 50 0*173 633 50 0 14015 09/22*175 639 50 0*178 645 45 0*181 651 40 0*185 659 40 0 14020 09/23*189 669 40 0*193 678 45 0*197 686 50 0*200 692 50 0 14025 09/24*203 698 50 0*207 704 50 0*210 710 50 0*214 716 50 0 (20th through the 24th are omitted. Storm started on the 25th.) 14030 09/25*217 722 50 0*221 728 50 0*225 734 50 0*229 740 50 0 14030 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14035 09/26*234 747 50 0*239 754 50 0*244 760 50 0*250 765 50 0 14035 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14040 09/27*256 768 50 0*262 770 50 0*268 770 50 0*273 768 45 0 14040 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14045 09/28*277 764 45 0*281 758 40 0*285 750 35 0*289 740 30 0 14045 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14050 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Track altered slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity. 1898/08 - 2004 REVISION: 14830 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14830 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 14835 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0 14835 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 845 30 0 *** *** ** 14840 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0 14840 09/26*210 840 30 0*217 833 30 0*225 825 30 1008*235 813 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 14845 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0 14845 09/27*245 800 35 0*255 790 40 0*265 780 45 0*270 772 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 14850 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0 14850 09/28*275 764 45 0*280 757 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0 *** *** *** *** 14855 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Winds Affected 8-9/26/1898 0600Z 25.1 80.8 40 FL (Removed from listing) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested that additional research be done into this tropical storm and storm 1898/8: "1898, Storms #7 and #8: While the series of events that Chris has gone with matches what was originally stated in the Monthly Weather Review, the meteorology of this situation troubles me. Storm #8 is moving northeastward on the northwest side of storm #7 - a developing major hurricane - and by 28 September the two systems are only 400-500 n mi apart. Would a northeastward motion for storm #8 be reasonable under those conditions? Chris needs to give this situation a closer look." Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system's track and intensity record has been substantially altered. However, that there was a tropical cyclone that moved generally to the northeast in advance of an intensifying hurricane was confirmed. The relevant ship and station data are included in the attached spreadsheet. Ship data on the 25th and early on the 26th indicated a disturbance becoming organized in the south central Gulf of Mexico/northwestern Caribbean Sea. A weak vortex moved across western Cuba on the 26th accompanied by winds of less than gale force. (The 1008 mb pressure minimum recorded in Havana may have been a central pressure measurement, which suggests winds of 28 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. 30 kt utilized at 12 UTC on the 26th.) Tampa's pressure readings reached a minimum of 1011 mb at 1930 UTC on the 26th, indicating a closest point of approach near that time. While no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were recorded at any time for this system, the combination of coastal and ship observations do confirm that a closed circulation existed and that it moved off to the northeast (just off of the southeast coast of Florida) on the 27th and 28th with a gradual decrease in forward speed. The track was adjusted for the lifetime of the system. The intensity was reduced to a tropical depression during its trek across Cuba and ramped back up to the original tropical storm intensity thereafter. It is possible, however, that this system never achieved tropical storm status, as no COADS or station data provide any direct evidence of tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 14251 10/21/1898 M= 3 10 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14252 10/21*185 858 35 0*190 856 35 0*195 853 35 0*200 850 35 0 14253 10/22*206 847 40 0*211 843 40 0*218 837 40 0*226 828 40 0 14254 10/23*235 816 35 0*242 804 40 0E250 790 35 0E263 769 35 0 14255 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 9 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 11 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 14260 10/27* 0 0 0 0*179 612 50 0*177 626 50 0*176 637 50 0 14265 10/28*175 648 50 0*174 659 50 0*174 670 50 0*174 681 50 0 14270 10/29*174 692 50 0*174 703 50 0*174 713 50 0*174 723 50 0 14275 10/30*174 732 50 0*174 741 50 0*174 749 50 0*174 757 50 0 14280 10/31*174 766 50 0*174 774 50 0*174 782 50 0*174 791 50 0 14285 11/01*175 800 50 0*176 808 50 0*177 817 50 0*177 824 50 0 14290 11/02*177 830 50 0*178 836 50 0*178 843 50 0*179 851 50 0 14295 11/03*180 859 50 0*180 868 50 0*181 878 50 0*181 889 45 0 14295 11/03*180 859 50 0*180 868 50 0*181 878 40 0*181 889 35 0 ** ** 14300 11/04*182 901 40 0*182 913 30 0*182 927 25 0*183 938 20 0 14300 11/04*182 901 30 0*182 913 30 0*182 927 25 0*183 938 20 0 ** 14305 TS Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Partagas and Diaz did indicate substantial doubt that the storm did in fact exist (since their only documentation of this system comes from Mitchell [1924], which offers no details on the storm). However, observations from Rivas, Nicaragua (11.4N, 85.8W) from the December 1898 _Monthly Weather Review_ do indicate a closed circulation to the north at the time that this tropical storm would have been by passing that location. Thus this tropical storm will be kept in the HURDAT database. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America. Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 1898 - Additional Notes - 2004 ADDITION: 1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee identified a possible new tropical storm to add into HURDAT for 1898: "1898 - note possible additional system. Significant rainfall in Jamaica found in MWR. No wind data, but a pressure is given of 28.66. (May 23-27)." Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review and from the COADS ship database, this system - while producing huge amounts of rainfall in Jamaica and some reports of gusty winds - did not have a closed circulation and thus was not a tropical cyclone. (The "28.66" report was actually the rainfall, not pressure, that occurred in one day at Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica on the 25th.) Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 2) September 9-11, 1898: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) November 5-7, 1898: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************* 14306 06/26/1899 M= 2 1 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14307 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 930 35 0*278 936 35 0 14308 06/27*282 942 35 0*288 948 35 0*295 955 30 0*303 962 25 0 14309 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented tropical storm. It is noted, however, that the evidence that this was a tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity was not completely conclusive, as no reports of gale force winds (or pressure/damage equivalent) were obtained. ******************************************************************************** 14310 07/31/1899 M= 3 1 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14310 07/28/1899 M= 6 2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * * *** * (28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT.) 14311 07/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 695 70 0*183 708 70 0 14312 07/29*196 723 50 0*205 739 40 0*213 755 40 0*220 768 40 0 14313 07/30*229 781 40 0*241 796 40 0*251 808 35 0*258 817 35 0 14315 07/31* 0 0 0 0*262 846 60 0*270 850 65 0*277 853 70 0 14315 07/31*263 823 45 0*269 830 55 0*275 835 65 0*279 838 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 14320 08/01*285 852 70 0*290 850 70 0*297 846 65 0*301 844 55 0 14320 08/01*283 841 85 0*288 843 85 0*293 845 85 0*298 848 85 979 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 14325 08/02*305 843 45 0*308 841 40 0*311 839 35 0*313 837 30 0 14325 08/02*304 852 60 0*310 856 45 0*315 860 35 0*323 865 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14330 HR 14330 HRAFL2 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Hurricane status is indicated at landfall in the Dominican Republic based upon description of damages in Partagas and Diaz (1996b). A central pressure of 979 mb (on the 1st from Barnes 1998a) suggests winds of 78 kt - 85 kt chosen for best track because of analysis described in Partagas and Diaz (1996b) that the hurricane had a smaller than usual size. (For a given central pressure, a hurricane with a smaller radius of maximum winds will have stronger winds than a larger RMW hurricane.) Assessment as Category 2 at landfall in Florida is an upgrade from tropical storm at landfall status indicated in Neumann et al. (1999). Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. 1899/02 - 2011 REVISION: 15025 07/28/1899 M= 6 2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 15030 07/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 695 70 0*183 708 70 0* 15035 07/29*196 723 50 0*205 739 40 0*213 755 40 0*220 768 40 0* 15040 07/30*229 781 40 0*241 796 40 0*251 808 35 0*258 817 35 0* 15045 07/31*263 823 45 0*269 830 55 0*275 835 65 0*279 838 75 0* 15050 08/01*283 841 85 0*288 843 85 0*293 845 85 0*298 848 85 979* 15055 08/02*304 852 60 0*310 856 45 0*315 860 35 0*323 865 30 0* 15060 HRAFL2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/1/1899 1700Z 29.7N 84.7W 85kt 2 --- 979mb AFL2 2-8/1/1899 1700Z 29.7N 84.7W 85kt 2 10nm 979mb AFL2 ** A central pressure of 979 mb was recorded at landfall in northwest Florida around 17Z on the 1st, which suggests winds of 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. This pressure suggests winds of 74 kt from the new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt if the cyclone was deepening. (Given the lack of inner core observations before the 979 mb central pressure measurement, it is uncertain which relationship is most appropriate.) The system had a very small size (140 nmi radius of outer close isobar and ~10 nm RMW), the latter of which is substantially smaller than climatology (23 nm - Vickery et al. 2000) for this central pressure and latitude. A reasonable analog to this system was Hurricane Paula of 2010. Given the combination of a very small size with the assumption of an intensifying cyclone tempered somewhat by a slow translational velocity (5 kt), an intensity at landfall of 85 kt is analyzed. This is unchanged and thus retains the Category 2 from the 2003 reanalysis. ******************************************************************************** 14335 08/03/1899 M=22 2 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 14335 08/03/1899 M=33 3 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** * *** 14340 08/03*118 330 35 0*120 347 35 0*121 360 35 0*123 373 35 0 14340 08/03*117 310 35 0*118 324 45 0*120 340 50 0*122 357 55 995 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 14345 08/04*125 385 35 0*128 399 40 0*130 412 45 0*132 426 50 0 14345 08/04*124 374 60 0*126 388 60 0*127 403 60 0*130 420 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14350 08/05*135 440 50 0*137 455 55 0*140 470 60 0*143 487 65 0 14350 08/05*135 440 60 0*137 455 60 0*140 470 60 0*143 487 65 0 ** ** 14355 08/06*146 506 70 0*148 524 75 0*151 542 80 0*154 558 80 0 14355 08/06*146 506 70 0*148 524 75 0*151 542 80 0*154 558 90 0 ** 14360 08/07*157 574 85 0*159 590 85 0*162 605 90 0*165 620 90 0 14360 08/07*157 574 100 0*159 590 110 0*162 605 120 0*165 620 130 930 *** *** *** *** *** 14365 08/08*169 634 90 0*174 647 95 0*178 658 100 940*183 668 100 0 14365 08/08*169 634 130 0*174 648 125 0*180 662 120 940*186 673 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14370 08/09*187 678 100 0*192 687 100 0*196 697 100 0*199 707 105 0 14370 08/09*189 681 105 0*193 689 105 0*197 698 105 0*201 706 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14375 08/10*202 716 105 0*205 726 105 0*208 735 105 0*211 744 105 0 14375 08/10*204 714 105 0*207 722 105 0*210 730 105 0*214 737 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14380 08/11*214 751 105 0*218 758 105 0*222 764 105 0*229 772 105 0 14380 08/11*220 745 105 0*225 753 105 0*230 760 105 0*234 765 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14385 08/12*235 779 105 0*243 784 105 0*250 789 105 0*255 791 105 0 14385 08/12*238 770 105 0*242 774 105 0*245 777 105 0*251 780 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14390 08/13*260 793 105 0*265 795 105 0*270 796 105 0*276 798 105 0 14390 08/13*256 782 105 0*262 784 105 0*270 786 105 0*276 788 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 14395 08/14*283 800 105 0*290 800 105 0*297 800 105 0*303 798 105 0 14395 08/14*283 790 105 0*290 791 105 0*297 790 105 0*303 789 105 0 *** *** *** *** 14400 08/15*308 796 105 0*314 793 105 0*319 789 105 0*322 784 105 0 14400 08/15*309 787 105 0*313 784 105 0*317 780 105 0*322 775 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14405 08/16*325 778 105 0*328 774 105 0*330 770 105 0*338 762 105 0 14405 08/16*326 769 105 0*328 762 105 0*330 755 105 0*333 750 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 14410 08/17*341 758 105 0*345 755 100 0*349 755 95 0*352 758 90 968 14410 08/17*337 746 105 0*341 744 105 0*345 745 105 0*348 750 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14415 08/18*355 761 85 969*359 761 80 0*363 757 80 0*366 751 75 0 14415 08/18*351 757 105 0*357 760 90 0*363 757 80 0*364 755 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 14420 08/19*370 744 75 0*374 737 70 0*378 730 70 0*381 723 65 0 14420 08/19*364 753 75 0*364 750 70 0*365 747 70 0*370 740 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14425 08/20*385 715 65 0*388 703 65 0*390 688 60 0E391 671 60 0 14425 08/20*377 729 70 0*383 719 70 0*388 707 70 0*393 690 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 14430 08/21E392 653 55 0E391 636 55 0E390 621 55 0E389 606 50 0 14430 08/21*394 673 70 0*395 654 70 0*397 635 70 0*395 613 65 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 14435 08/22E387 591 50 0E384 575 50 0E380 557 50 0E376 538 50 0 14435 08/22E393 589 60 0E391 565 55 0E387 543 50 0E383 529 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14440 08/23E372 518 50 0E369 500 45 0E365 483 45 0E362 468 45 0 14440 08/23E379 520 50 0E373 509 45 0E367 500 45 0E360 490 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14445 08/24E359 455 45 0E357 440 40 0E357 425 40 0* 0 0 0 0 14445 08/24E354 482 45 0E347 472 40 0E343 460 40 0E342 450 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (25th through the 4th are new to HURDAT.) 14446 08/25E343 441 40 0E346 433 40 0E353 430 40 0E356 430 40 0 14447 08/26*360 432 40 0*363 433 40 0*365 435 40 0*368 437 40 0 14448 08/27*372 440 40 0*375 442 40 0*377 445 40 0*382 447 40 0 14449 08/28*387 449 40 0*394 450 40 0*400 450 40 0*403 447 40 0 14450 08/29*406 441 40 0*406 435 40 0*405 430 40 0*405 427 40 0 14451 08/30*405 423 40 0*405 419 40 0*403 415 40 0*402 412 40 0 14452 08/31*401 409 40 0*400 405 40 0*400 400 40 0*399 393 40 0 14453 09/01*399 387 40 0*399 379 40 0*400 370 40 0*399 357 40 0 14454 09/02*397 347 45 0*395 333 50 0*390 320 55 0*383 311 60 0 14455 09/03*379 305 65 0*375 296 70 0*373 287 70 0*378 275 65 0 14456 09/04E390 255 60 0E415 225 55 0E450 185 50 0E490 155 45 0 14450 HR NC3 The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) are to extend the track through the 4th as an extratropical storm based upon available ship observations and to reposition the hurricane slightly more offshore Florida to account for relatively weak winds along the coast despite having a strong hurricane offshore. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable though large alterations to the track that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Central pressure of 995 mb (18Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of 56 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 55 kt utilized in best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 3rd to the 5th. A central pressure of 930 mb (on the 7th) suggests winds of 128 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt utilized in best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 6th to the 8th. A central pressure of 940 mb (around 12Z on the 8th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 120 kt used in best track. This agrees with the assessment of Boose et al. (2003) in their wind-caused damage estimates of extensive Fujita-scale F3 damage from this hurricane. The 968 and 969 mb central pressures originally listed in HURDAT are determined to be peripheral pressures (though they do suggest winds of at least 83 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship) - 105 kt retained in best track up to landfall in North Carolina. Landfall as a Category 3 (~105 kt) supported by peripheral pressure and wind reports along with extensive wind and surge damage reported in Barnes (1998b). Assessment as Category 3 retains that indicated in the U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999). Peripheral pressure of 983 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized in best track. The hurricane is known as "San Ciriaco" for its impact in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 14455 08/29/1899 M=11 3 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14455 08/29/1899 M=11 4 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 14460 08/29* 0 0 0 0*150 582 60 0*150 585 60 0*150 598 60 0 14460 08/29* 0 0 0 0*168 573 60 0*168 585 60 0*168 597 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** 14465 08/30*150 611 65 0*151 624 70 0*153 637 70 0*156 654 70 0 14465 08/30*168 608 65 0*168 619 70 0*167 630 70 0*166 641 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14470 08/31*159 671 70 0*164 688 70 0*169 704 70 0*172 712 70 0 14470 08/31*166 654 70 0*166 667 70 0*165 680 70 0*166 690 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14475 09/01*177 720 70 0*182 726 70 0*189 731 70 0*195 733 70 0 14475 09/01*167 700 70 0*170 710 70 0*175 720 70 0*185 722 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14480 09/02*202 735 70 0*209 735 75 0*216 734 80 0*225 731 85 0 14480 09/02*192 721 40 0*200 719 50 0*207 717 55 0*217 712 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14485 09/03*233 728 90 0*242 724 90 0*250 720 95 0*264 712 100 0 14485 09/03*226 708 65 0*236 703 75 0*245 700 85 0*257 693 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 14490 09/04*278 703 105 0*291 693 105 0*304 683 105 0*315 671 105 0 14490 09/04*270 687 90 0*282 681 90 0*295 675 85 0*316 660 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14495 09/05*327 657 105 0*339 640 100 0E350 623 95 0E359 604 90 0 14495 09/05*333 639 75 0*345 617 65 0E355 595 60 0E361 583 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** 14500 09/06E366 583 90 0E372 562 85 0E380 544 85 0E389 530 85 0 14500 09/06E366 571 60 0E372 558 60 0E380 544 60 0E389 530 60 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 14505 09/07E398 517 75 0E408 507 70 0E418 498 60 0E429 490 55 0 14505 09/07E398 517 60 0E408 507 60 0E418 498 60 0E429 490 55 0 ** ** 14510 09/08E441 482 50 0E454 476 45 0E467 471 40 0E481 470 40 0 14515 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and moderate changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Available observations of gale force or greater winds (or equivalent in sea level pressure) are as follows: 60 kt S at 12 UTC on Aug. 31 from a ship at 15.5N, 67W; 45 kt SW on Aug. 31 at San Juan; 50 kt SE at 12 UTC on Sep. 3 from a ship at 25N, 67.5W; 70 kt on Sep. 3 from the ship "Kilpatrick" at 25N, 68.6W; 40 kt NE at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 from a ship at 30N, 69W; 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 from a ship at 30N, 63.7W; "winds of hurricane force blew over Bermuda in a 12 hours storm" on Sep. 4. Winds unchanged along track through Caribbean as available observations from ships and coastal stations are consistent with a strong tropical storm/weak hurricane. Winds reduced while storm transited over Hispanola from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, modified to account for mountainous terrain. Peak winds reduced from Category 3 (105 kt) to Category 2 (90 kt), since data from ship reports and observations in Bermuda supports a weaker hurricane. Winds reduced accordingly from the 3rd to the 7th. ******************************************************************************** 14520 09/03/1899 M=13 4 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14520 09/03/1899 M=13 5 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 14525 09/03*132 384 35 0*132 402 35 0*134 420 35 0*138 440 35 0 14530 09/04*142 458 35 0*145 473 35 0*147 483 40 0*149 490 45 0 14535 09/05*150 497 50 0*151 504 55 0*153 511 60 0*155 519 65 0 14540 09/06*158 527 70 0*160 534 70 0*162 542 70 0*164 549 70 0 14545 09/07*165 554 70 0*166 560 75 0*168 568 80 0*170 577 85 0 14550 09/08*173 587 85 0*177 596 90 0*180 606 95 0*183 615 100 0 14550 09/08*172 586 85 0*173 595 90 0*175 605 95 0*180 617 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14555 09/09*187 625 100 0*192 634 105 0*198 643 105 0*206 654 105 0 14555 09/09*184 626 100 0*189 636 105 0*195 645 105 0*200 657 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14560 09/10*216 667 105 0*225 680 105 0*234 691 105 0*243 698 105 0 14560 09/10*205 668 105 0*211 677 105 0*217 687 105 0*225 694 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14565 09/11*251 701 105 0*260 701 105 0*268 699 100 0*277 694 100 0 14565 09/11*232 696 105 0*242 698 105 0*250 700 105 0*259 698 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14570 09/12*285 688 95 0*294 680 90 0*302 672 90 0*309 663 85 0 14570 09/12*269 696 105 0*278 690 105 0*287 683 105 0*298 673 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14575 09/13*315 654 85 0*323 643 85 0*333 632 85 0*348 619 85 0 14575 09/13*310 660 105 0*322 646 105 939*335 632 105 0*349 619 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14580 09/14*364 604 80 0*381 589 80 0*398 575 70 0*414 563 65 0 14580 09/14*365 605 95 0*385 588 90 0*405 570 85 0*431 551 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14585 09/15*431 552 55 0E447 541 50 0E464 532 45 0E484 522 40 0 14585 09/15*458 535 75 0E489 525 60 0E520 525 50 0E550 530 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 14590 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. A central pressure of 939 mb (07Z on the 13th) suggests winds of 111 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Wind reports from Bermuda allow an estimation of 30 nmi for the RMW, which is larger than usual (~21 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus 105 kt chosen for best track during track near Bermuda and winds are adjusted accordingly from the 11th to the 13th. Winds increased on the 14th and 15th based upon ship observations and damage reports in Canada. Extratropical transition delayed, as per Partagas and Diaz' suggestion, until after landfall in Canada. ******************************************************************************** 14595 10/02/1899 M= 7 5 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14595 10/02/1899 M= 7 6 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 14600 10/02* 0 0 0 0*200 841 35 0*205 847 35 0*211 852 35 0 14600 10/02* 0 0 0 0*200 841 35 0*205 847 35 0*211 851 40 0 *** ** 14605 10/03*217 856 35 0*223 860 35 0*230 862 35 0*238 863 35 0 14605 10/03*218 855 40 0*227 860 40 0*237 865 45 0*245 868 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14610 10/04*246 863 35 0*254 862 40 0*262 860 40 0*268 857 35 0 14610 10/04*255 871 50 0*265 872 50 0*273 870 50 0*278 860 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14615 10/05*273 852 35 0*280 843 40 0*290 830 40 0*305 812 40 0 14615 10/05*278 848 50 0*278 835 50 0*280 825 40 0*293 811 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14620 10/06*322 792 40 0*339 769 40 0E357 745 35 0E374 720 35 0 14620 10/06*309 796 40 0E324 783 40 0E344 763 35 0E371 727 35 0 *** *** **** *** *** *** *** *** 14625 10/07E391 695 35 0E408 669 35 0E426 642 35 0E445 614 35 0 14625 10/07E403 688 35 0E436 648 35 0E463 613 35 0E493 575 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14630 10/08E468 585 35 0E492 556 35 0E518 525 35 0E543 502 35 0 14630 10/08E522 537 35 0E550 499 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** 14635 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Winds increased slightly based upon ship reports and land stations for the 2nd to the 5th. ******************************************************************************** 14636 10/10/1899 M= 5 7 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14637 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*100 350 40 0*107 357 40 0 14638 10/11*113 363 40 0*119 369 40 0*125 375 40 0*132 382 40 0 14639 10/12*138 388 40 0*144 394 40 0*150 400 40 0*157 405 40 0 14640 10/13*163 410 40 0*169 414 40 0*175 418 40 0*183 423 40 0 14641 10/14*193 427 40 0*204 431 40 0*215 435 40 0* 0 0 0 0 14642 TS Evidence provided in the "Special statement" section of Partagas and Diaz (1996b) suggests strongly that a tropical storm existed in the eastern Atlantic from at least the 10th through the 14th of October. Thus a best track was created for this newly documented tropical storm. Based upon two ships showing gale force winds on the 10th and 14th, respectively, 12Z positions of 12.5N 37.5W (10th) and 21.5N 43.5W (14th) were estimated. A smooth track was created based upon these two positions. Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis and decay stages. ******************************************************************************** 1899/08 - 2011 ADDITION: 22826 10/15/1899 M= 4 8 SNBR= 511 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22828 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 775 30 0*260 763 30 0 22828 10/16*266 752 35 0*273 742 35 0*280 735 40 0*288 735 40 0 22828 10/17*297 743 40 0*306 753 40 0*315 760 35 0*325 762 35 0 22828 10/18*335 757 30 0*345 750 30 0*355 740 25 0*365 725 25 0 22828 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. October 6: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 48W. Available observations suggest a separate low pressure system was near 17N 58W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 59W. Available observations agree on that location for the center. Ship highlights: 20kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at 21N, 62W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 63W. Available observations suggest that the center of the system is at 20.5N 62.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 70W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. Available observations suggest that the center of the low was near 24N 66W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 67W with a cold front extending east and south of the center of the low. Available observations suggest that the front does not exist and that the center of the low is near 25.5N 68W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM indicates two closed lows of at most 1012mb near 21N, 70W and of at most 1010 mb near 26N 62W. Available observations indicate that the former low is near 23N 70W and that the latter low may not actually exist. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 73W. Available observations suggest that the low center may be near 20N 72W, but it is not certain that a closed low exists on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5mb near 14N, 74.5W. Available observations do not support providing a closed low on this date, though a well pronounced trough does exist around 72W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 77W. Available observations do no support providing a closed low on this date, though a well pronounced trough exists around 76W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM indicates a trough near 15-25N, 80W. Available observations suggest a closed low exists near 25.5N 77.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 27N, 72W. Available observations indicate that the center of the low is at 28N 73W. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1013mb at 30N, 74.5W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt ENE with a pressure of 1016mb at 31N 76W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 76W. Available observations suggest that the center of the low is at 31.5N 75W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 18: HWM indicates a low near 33N, 73W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity. Available observations suggest that the center of the low is at 35.5N 72.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Analysis of the ship and station observations indicate that a weak, non-baroclinic area of low pressure moved slowly toward the east-northeast north of the Lesser Antilles from the 6th to the 10th. On the 11th, this system apparently turned toward the southwest and may have dissipated over or near Hispanola on the 12th. There are no reports of gale force winds in association with this system on any of those dates. On the 13th and 14th, a closed circulation does not appear to be in existence, though a well-defined trough was still present over the central Caribbean Sea and the Greater Antilles. On the 15th, a center formed in the northern Bahamas along the north side of the trough axis and genesis is indicated at 12Z on the 15th. On the 16th, the system moved toward the northeast and intensified, as two separate ships observed gale force winds at 12Z. These are roughly 100 and 175 nm from the center at that time. Peak intensity is indicated to be about 40 kt late on the 16th and early on the 17th. The temperature gradient across the center on the 16th and 17th appears to be minimal ~2 F. The structure of the system appears to have had a large radius of maximum winds and might have today been classified as a subtropical storm, instead of a tropical storm. Late on the 17th and early on the 18th, the cyclone appears to have weakened as it continued off toward the north just east of the Carolinas. Dissipation of the cyclone is analyzed to have occurred late on the 18th, but without transformation into an extratropical cyclone. (The area of low pressure from the 6th to the 12th is not considered to be directly part of the lifecycle of the tropical storm. Instead, the system from the 6th to the 12th is considered a separate tropical cyclone [of tropical depression intensity] and is included in the 1899 Additional Notes section.) ******************************************************************************** 14640 10/23/1899 M=13 6 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 14640 10/26/1899 M=10 9 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** ** * *** * 14645 10/23* 0 0 0 0*117 803 50 0*120 804 50 0*123 805 50 0 14650 10/24*125 806 55 0*128 807 60 0*130 808 65 0*133 809 70 0 14655 10/25*135 810 70 0*138 810 65 0*140 811 65 0*142 811 70 0 (The 23rd through the 25th are deleted from the revised HURDAT.) 14660 10/26*145 812 70 0*148 813 70 0*152 813 70 0*157 814 70 0 14660 10/26*162 788 35 0*166 789 35 0*170 790 35 0*174 791 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14665 10/27*163 816 70 0*169 817 70 0*175 818 70 0*181 818 70 0 14665 10/27*178 792 40 0*182 793 40 0*185 794 45 0*188 795 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14670 10/28*187 817 70 0*193 814 70 0*199 811 70 0*205 807 70 0 14670 10/28*191 796 55 0*194 797 60 0*200 798 65 0*206 797 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 14675 10/29*213 803 70 0*221 798 70 0*229 794 70 0*243 789 70 0 14675 10/29*213 796 70 0*221 795 70 0*229 794 60 0*239 790 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** 14680 10/30*255 786 75 0*267 783 80 0*280 780 85 0*293 780 85 0 14680 10/30*255 786 75 0*267 783 85 0*280 780 95 0*293 783 95 0 ** ** *** ** 14685 10/31*305 783 85 0*319 788 85 0*332 789 80 0*350 784 70 0 14685 10/31*310 786 95 0*327 789 95 0*345 790 75 0*362 783 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 14690 11/01E375 773 55 0E401 758 50 0E422 739 45 0E438 717 45 0 14690 11/01E381 771 50 0E401 758 50 0E422 739 45 0E438 717 45 0 *** *** ** 14695 11/02E453 689 40 0E466 654 40 0E476 612 40 0E484 559 40 0 14700 11/03E489 497 45 0E495 435 50 0E503 380 50 0E513 332 50 0 14705 11/04E524 285 45 0E536 242 40 0E550 202 40 0E578 175 40 0 14710 HR SC1 NC1 14710 HR SC2 NC2 *** *** One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. After reconsideration of the available observations, it was analyzed that the system did begin on the 26th, but likely south of Jamaica instead of east. Track is adjusted accordingly on the 26th through the 28th. With deletion of the 23rd through the 25th and a new genesis point on the 26th south of Hispanola, winds are reduced from the 26th to the 28th to reflect a reasonable intensification rate. A peripheral pressure of 996 mb (on 05Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track which is consistent with available ship observations and re-analysis work of Perez (2000) that suggests landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane. Winds reduced slightly on the 29th after Cuban landfall. Ho (1989) estimated a central pressure of 955 mb at landfall in the Carolinas, based upon a peripheral pressure measurement of 979 mb (10Z on the 31st), an estimated RMW of 35 nmi, and an environmental pressure of 1012 mb. This central pressure suggests winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind- pressure relationship. Given the larger than climatology (~25 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000) RMW, 95 kt chosen in the best track for landfall in the Carolinas. Winds increased accordingly on the 30th and 31st. Landfall as a Category 2 in the Carolinas (95 kt) is lowered from the Category 3 shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999), but increased from the Category 1 in the U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the middle Atlantic states. A storm tide of 8' was observed in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina (Ho 1989) and 9' was observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001). ******************************************************************************** 14711 11/07/1899 M= 4 9 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14711 11/07/1899 M= 4 10 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14712 11/07*117 783 35 0*122 779 35 0*127 775 40 0*136 772 40 0 14713 11/08*146 768 45 0*159 765 50 0*170 765 55 0*180 765 55 0 14714 11/09*189 766 45 0*198 767 45 0*207 767 35 0*225 761 35 0 14715 11/10*244 748 30 0*260 733 30 0*275 713 30 0*284 695 30 0 14716 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented tropical storm - storm number 8 in Partagas and Diaz. ******************************************************************************** 1899 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team decided that there was enough information to include the third system as a new tropical storm into HURDAT. (See storm 7, 1899.) The re-analysis team agreed to leave the first two out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) September 24-26, 1899: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) October 7-9, 1899: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. May 1-6: Historical Weather Maps indicate that a closed low with a pressure of at least 1010mb formed on May 1st off the southern coast of Haiti. Through out the next two days, it remained fairly stationary along the eastern coast of Cuba and around Haiti. On the 4th, the system turned north and on the 5th it started heading northeastward. The system then merged with a stationary front on the 6th. No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review. The maximum winds found in COADS were 20kt. DAY LAT LONG STATUS May 1 17N 73W Tropical Depression May 2 21N 76W Tropical Depression May 3 19N 73W Tropical Depression May 4 24N 71W Tropical Depression May 5 28N 67W Tropical Depression May 6 30N 65W Merged with front July 19-24: Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near 8N, 30W on the 20th, but there is not enough information to show that it is a closed low. It remains that way as it moved towards the west-southwest. The low does not appear on the 22nd, but Historical Weather Maps indicated a trough from 10-13N and 40-45W on the 23rd. It then became a closed low on the 24th with a pressure of at most 1010mb but no observations could be found of the system after that date. DAY LAT LONG STATUS July 19 8N 27W ? July 20 8N 30W ? July 21 5N 35W ? July 22 8N 40W ? July 23 10N 43W ? July 24 11N 47W Tropical Depression? August 26-29: Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near Bermuda, around 34N, 66W on August 26. The system headed south and became a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb on the 27th. Then on the 28th it headed towards the southwest until the central east coast of Florida. It remained off the coast of Florida on the 29th with a pressure of 1005mb and by the 30th it dissipated. The maximum winds found in COADS were 30kt and there were no gales in the Historical Weather Maps or the Monthly Weather Review. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Aug 26 34N 66W Extratropical Low Aug 27 31N 66W Tropical Depression Aug 28 29N 77W Tropical Depression Aug 29 30N 79W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************* 14715 08/27/1900 M=20 1 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 14715 08/27/1900 M=20 1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 *** 14720 08/27*160 435 35 0*160 448 35 0*162 458 35 0*162 470 35 0 14720 08/27*150 421 35 0*152 434 35 0*153 447 35 0*154 456 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14725 08/28*163 482 35 0*163 494 35 0*164 505 35 0*165 516 35 0 14725 08/28*156 466 35 0*158 479 35 0*160 491 35 0*161 503 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14730 08/29*165 527 35 0*166 537 35 0*167 548 40 0*168 559 40 0 14730 08/29*163 514 35 0*164 524 35 0*165 537 40 0*166 551 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14735 08/30*168 570 40 0*169 581 40 0*170 592 45 0*171 605 45 0 14735 08/30*168 566 40 0*169 580 40 0*170 593 45 0*170 606 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** 14740 08/31*172 620 45 0*174 635 45 0*175 647 45 0*176 657 45 0 14740 08/31*171 619 45 0*172 633 45 0*173 647 45 0*174 656 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14745 09/01*178 668 45 0*179 678 45 0*181 688 45 0*183 699 40 0 14745 09/01*175 664 45 0*176 674 45 0*177 683 45 0*180 692 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14750 09/02*186 709 40 0*189 720 35 0*192 730 35 0*194 740 35 0 14750 09/02*183 703 40 0*187 713 35 0*190 723 35 0*193 732 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14755 09/03*195 748 35 0*196 757 35 0*198 765 35 0*202 773 35 0 14755 09/03*195 741 35 0*197 750 35 0*200 760 35 0*203 766 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14760 09/04*206 782 35 0*210 790 35 0*215 797 35 0*220 803 40 0 14760 09/04*206 772 35 0*210 777 35 0*213 783 35 0*216 789 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14765 09/05*225 808 50 0*230 813 55 0*235 817 60 0*240 823 80 974 14765 09/05*220 795 35 0*224 801 35 0*230 807 45 0*235 815 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 14770 09/06*246 829 85 0*251 835 90 0*255 841 95 0*258 853 100 0 14770 09/06*241 823 60 0*248 832 65 0*255 841 75 0*261 852 85 974 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** *** *** 14775 09/07*260 865 105 0*262 874 105 0*264 887 110 0*266 897 110 0 14775 09/07*265 862 95 0*268 874 105 0*270 887 115 0*272 897 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14780 09/08*269 906 115 0*273 915 115 0*278 924 115 0*284 935 115 0 14780 09/08*274 906 125 0*276 915 125 0*278 924 125 0*282 935 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14785 09/09*291 946 115 964*300 958 65 0*310 969 50 0*322 976 45 0 14785 09/09*289 947 125 936*298 959 90 0*310 969 65 0*322 976 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** ** 14790 09/10*334 978 40 0*347 978 40 0*360 976 35 0*374 973 35 0 14790 09/10*334 978 45 0*347 978 40 0*360 976 35 0*374 973 30 0 ** ** 14795 09/11*388 965 35 0*402 951 35 0E415 924 35 0E426 886 35 0 14795 09/11*388 965 30 0*402 951 30 0E415 924 40 0E426 886 50 0 ** ** ** ** 14800 09/12E434 842 40 0E443 794 40 0E452 745 40 0E463 693 40 0 14800 09/12E434 842 55 0E443 794 60 0E452 745 65 0E463 693 65 0 ** ** ** ** 14805 09/13E475 640 45 0E486 587 45 0E497 539 45 0E506 498 45 0 14805 09/13E475 640 65 0E486 587 65 0E497 539 65 0E506 498 60 0 ** ** ** ** 14810 09/14E514 462 45 0E521 430 45 0E530 400 45 0E541 372 45 0 14810 09/14E514 462 55 0E521 430 50 0E530 400 45 0E541 372 45 0 ** ** 14815 09/15E553 346 45 0E567 322 40 0E582 300 40 0E600 280 35 0 14820 HRCTX4 No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 996 mb (at 23Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. The 974 mb central pressure originally listed as occurring at 18Z on the 5th actually occurred at 19Z on the 6th. This central pressure suggests winds of 84 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track. Winds adjusted on the 5th to the 7th based on these pressure reports. Winds maintained at 35 kt during the 4th and 5th while traversing over Cuba based upon reports of no more than minimum gale force winds over land. The 964 mb pressure listed as a central pressure (at 00Z on the 9th) is actually a peripheral pressure. Ho et al. (1987) utilized this information to analyze this hurricane as a 936 mb hurricane at landfall in Texas with a 14 nmi RMW. This value is close to the 931 mb central pressure estimated in Jarrell et al. (1992) at landfall, which is from an estimate by Connor (1956). A 936 mb central pressure suggests winds of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Given the slightly smaller than climatological RMW (Vickery et al. 2000, ~18 nmi), maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated at 125 kt. This is consistent with the assessment of Category 4 at landfall from Neumann et al. (1999) in their Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 7th through the 9th. A storm tide of 20' in Galveston is reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the central U.S. Intensities increased from the 11th to the 14th based upon observations of strong winds during extratropical phase in the northern United States and Canada (Partagas and Diaz 1996b). 1900/01 - 2011 REVISION: 15550 08/27/1900 M=20 1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 15555 08/27*150 421 35 0*152 434 35 0*153 447 35 0*154 456 35 0* 15560 08/28*156 466 35 0*158 479 35 0*160 491 35 0*161 503 35 0* 15565 08/29*163 514 35 0*164 524 35 0*165 537 40 0*166 551 40 0* 15570 08/30*168 566 40 0*169 580 40 0*170 593 45 0*170 606 45 0* 15575 08/31*171 619 45 0*172 633 45 0*173 647 45 0*174 656 45 0* 15580 09/01*175 664 45 0*176 674 45 0*177 683 45 0*180 692 40 0* 15585 09/02*183 703 40 0*187 713 35 0*190 723 35 0*193 732 35 0* 15590 09/03*195 741 35 0*197 750 35 0*200 760 35 0*203 766 35 0* 15595 09/04*206 772 35 0*210 777 35 0*213 783 35 0*216 789 35 0* 15600 09/05*220 795 35 0*224 801 35 0*230 807 45 0*235 815 55 0* 15605 09/06*241 823 60 0*248 832 65 0*255 841 75 0*261 852 85 974* 15610 09/07*265 862 95 0*268 874 105 0*270 887 115 0*272 897 125 0* 15615 09/08*274 906 125 0*276 915 125 0*278 924 125 0*282 935 125 0* 15615 09/08*274 906 125 0*276 915 125 0*278 924 120 0*282 935 120 0* *** *** 15620 09/09*289 947 125 936*298 959 90 0*310 969 65 0*322 976 50 0* 15620 09/09*289 947 120 936*298 959 90 0*310 969 65 0*322 976 50 0* *** 15625 09/10*334 978 45 0*347 978 40 0*360 976 35 0*374 973 30 0* 15630 09/11*388 965 30 0*402 951 30 0E415 924 40 0E426 886 50 0* 15635 09/12E434 842 55 0E443 794 60 0E452 745 65 0E463 693 65 0* 15640 09/13E475 640 65 0E486 587 65 0E497 539 65 0E506 498 60 0* 15645 09/14E514 462 55 0E521 430 50 0E530 400 45 0E541 372 45 0* 15650 09/15E553 346 45 0E567 322 40 0E582 300 40 0E600 280 35 0* 15655 HRCTX4 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-9/9/1900 0200Z 29.1N 95.1W 125kt 4 15nmi 936mb CTX4 1-9/9/1900 0200Z 29.1N 95.1W 120kt 4 15nmi 936mb CTX4 *** A 936 mb central pressure was estimated for the 1900 Galveston Hurricane at landfall around 02Z on the 9th of September in the 2003 reanalysis. This pressure suggested a wind of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship suggests 118 kt from the north of 25N equation. Given the slightly smaller RMW (~15 nmi) than climatological (18 nmi for this pressure and landfall location - Vickery et al. 2000) and a near average translational velocity (12 kt), the winds at landfall are estimated to be 120 kt. This is slightly less than that assessed in the 2003 reanalysis (125 kt), but still retains the Category 4 impact at landfall in Texas. ******************************************************************************** 14950 09/13/1900 M= 6 4 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14950 09/07/1900 M=13 2 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * *** (7th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.) 14951 09/07*145 280 35 0*147 295 40 0*150 310 45 0*152 323 50 0 14952 09/08*153 336 55 0*154 348 60 0*155 360 60 0*157 373 60 0 14953 09/09*158 386 60 0*159 398 60 0*160 410 60 0*162 423 60 0 14954 09/10*163 436 60 0*164 448 60 0*165 460 60 0*167 472 60 0 14955 09/11*168 483 60 0*169 494 60 0*170 505 60 0*172 517 60 0 14956 09/12*173 528 60 0*174 539 60 0*175 550 60 0*177 561 60 0 14955 09/13*185 549 60 0*187 559 60 0*190 570 65 0*193 579 70 0 14955 09/13*180 572 60 0*185 583 60 0*190 593 65 0*195 600 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14960 09/14*197 587 75 0*202 596 80 0*206 606 80 0*210 615 85 0 14960 09/14*200 606 75 0*205 613 80 0*210 620 80 0*214 625 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14965 09/15*215 624 85 0*221 632 85 0*227 640 85 0*234 647 85 0 14965 09/15*218 631 85 0*222 635 85 0*227 640 85 0*234 647 85 0 *** *** *** *** 14970 09/16*242 652 90 0*251 655 95 0*260 658 100 0*270 659 105 0 14970 09/16*238 650 90 0*243 653 95 0*250 655 100 0*260 657 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14975 09/17*280 657 105 0*290 652 100 0*300 645 95 0*310 635 85 0 14975 09/17*271 656 105 0*282 654 105 0*293 650 100 0*311 641 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 14980 09/18*321 620 75 0*331 601 65 0*342 580 50 0*350 560 35 0 14980 09/18*332 626 85 0*351 604 75 0*365 580 65 0*380 560 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (19th new to HURDAT.) 14982 09/19*397 533 35 0*415 498 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 14985 HR The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) is to extend the track back to the 7th based upon ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Winds are increased on the 17th and 18th to account for observations in Bermuda on weak (west) side of hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 14825 09/09/1900 M=15 2 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14825 09/08/1900 M=16 3 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * *** (8th not previously in HURDAT.) 14828 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*100 185 40 0*103 194 45 0 14830 09/09* 0 0 0 0*123 223 60 0*128 232 60 0*131 240 65 0 14830 09/09*106 203 50 0*109 212 55 0*112 221 60 0*116 230 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14835 09/10*133 248 70 0*134 255 70 0*136 263 70 0*137 270 70 0 14835 09/10*120 239 70 0*125 248 70 0*130 257 70 0*135 263 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14840 09/11*138 277 70 0*140 283 70 0*141 290 75 0*142 298 80 0 14840 09/11*140 270 70 0*145 277 70 0*150 283 75 0*155 291 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14845 09/12*144 308 85 0*147 318 85 0*150 327 85 0*158 334 85 0 14845 09/12*159 299 85 0*164 306 85 0*171 313 85 0*186 320 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14850 09/13*173 342 85 0*189 344 85 0*202 345 85 0*212 345 85 0 14850 09/13*197 326 85 0*208 330 85 0*220 335 85 0*230 339 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14855 09/14*221 344 85 0*230 343 85 0*237 341 85 0*243 340 85 0 14855 09/14*240 343 85 0*250 347 85 0*260 350 85 0*269 346 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14860 09/15*248 338 80 0*253 336 75 0*258 333 75 0*264 329 75 0 14860 09/15*281 339 80 0*290 331 75 0*297 323 75 0*300 318 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14865 09/16*268 327 75 0*270 323 75 0*274 319 75 0*276 316 75 0 14865 09/16*302 313 75 0*304 307 75 0*304 300 75 0*303 295 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14870 09/17*278 312 75 0*279 308 75 0*280 303 75 0*278 295 75 0 14870 09/17*301 290 75 0*295 288 75 0*290 290 75 0*288 295 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14875 09/18*273 294 75 0*270 300 75 0*268 312 70 0*265 323 70 0 14875 09/18*286 301 75 0*284 307 75 0*282 315 70 0*278 325 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14880 09/19*263 336 65 0*262 351 65 0*261 366 65 0*264 382 65 0 14880 09/19*272 337 65 0*267 349 65 0*265 365 65 0*266 381 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14885 09/20*270 399 65 0*275 416 60 0*280 430 50 0*284 442 45 0 14890 09/21*289 451 40 0*293 459 40 0*296 466 35 0*298 472 35 0 14895 09/22*299 477 35 0*300 483 35 0*301 489 35 0*302 495 30 0 14900 09/23*303 502 30 0*303 508 25 0*304 515 25 0*306 522 20 0 14905 HR The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to extend the track back to the 8th based upon ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 14910 09/10/1900 M= 6 3 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 14910 09/11/1900 M= 5 4 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * * *** 14915 09/10* 0 0 0 0*211 831 35 0*218 837 35 0*227 851 35 0 (10th deleted from HURDAT.) 14920 09/11*235 863 35 0*243 874 40 0*251 880 40 0*259 893 45 0 14920 09/11*200 852 35 0*209 860 40 0*218 870 40 0*228 876 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14925 09/12*266 901 45 0*273 905 45 0*280 905 45 0*287 901 45 0 14925 09/12*238 882 45 0*248 887 45 0*260 893 45 0*270 897 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 14930 09/13*294 896 45 0*300 891 35 0*306 887 35 0*310 884 35 0 14930 09/13*281 898 45 0*291 895 40 0*300 890 35 0*305 886 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 14935 09/14*313 881 35 0*316 878 35 0*320 874 35 0*324 869 35 0 14935 09/14*310 883 30 0*315 878 30 0*320 874 30 0*324 869 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** ** 14940 09/15*328 863 35 0*333 855 35 0*337 847 30 0*340 833 25 0 14940 09/15*328 863 25 0*333 855 25 0*337 847 25 0*340 833 25 0 ** ** ** 14945 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). This tropical storm was originally storm 3 in Neumann et al. The track changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (around 12Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 35 kt retained in best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S. ******************************************************************************** 14990 10/04/1900 M=11 5 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 14990 10/04/1900 M=11 5 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 14995 10/04* 0 0 0 0*212 613 35 0*223 623 35 0*232 628 35 0 14995 10/04* 0 0 0 0*212 613 30 0*222 623 30 0*232 628 30 0 ** *** ** ** 15000 10/05*245 631 35 0*253 637 35 0*259 644 40 0*263 653 40 0 15000 10/05*242 631 30 0*251 637 30 0*259 644 30 0*263 653 30 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 15005 10/06*267 662 40 0*270 671 40 0*272 680 40 0*273 688 40 0 15005 10/06*267 662 30 0*270 671 30 0*272 680 30 0*273 688 30 0 ** ** ** ** 15010 10/07*273 695 40 0*273 702 45 0*274 709 45 0*275 716 45 0 15010 10/07*273 695 35 0*273 702 35 0*274 709 40 0*275 716 45 0 ** ** ** 15015 10/08*277 722 50 0*280 727 50 0*283 728 55 0*287 726 55 0 15015 10/08*275 724 50 0*271 729 50 0*265 730 55 0*264 721 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15020 10/09*293 721 60 0*299 715 60 0*306 708 60 0*313 701 60 0 15020 10/09*269 715 60 0*276 711 60 0*290 705 60 0*307 695 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15025 10/10*321 695 60 0*329 688 55 0E340 680 50 0E355 672 45 0 15025 10/10*334 688 60 0E364 685 55 0E385 685 50 0E398 685 45 0 *** *** **** *** *** *** *** *** 15030 10/11E376 664 40 0E397 655 40 0E415 647 40 0E428 639 40 0 15030 10/11E412 685 40 0E428 681 40 0E440 670 40 0E452 639 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15035 10/12E438 631 40 0E448 623 40 0E462 615 40 0E480 597 40 0 15035 10/12E460 606 40 0E471 584 40 0E485 565 40 0E497 549 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15040 10/13E499 564 35 0E519 527 35 0E537 500 35 0E553 482 35 0 15040 10/13E511 531 35 0E523 516 35 0E537 500 35 0E553 482 35 0 *** *** *** *** 15045 10/14E568 468 35 0E582 457 35 0E595 451 35 0* 0 0 0 0 15050 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. However, the track change on the 11th to bring it inland as an extratropical storm over Nova Scotia has only moderate evidence and thus is altered with some uncertainty. Small track alterations on the 4th and 5th to allow for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 15055 10/08/1900 M= 8 6 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15055 10/10/1900 M= 6 6 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** 15060 10/08* 0 0 0 0*178 855 35 0*181 866 40 0*189 879 40 0 15065 10/09*196 889 35 0*203 898 35 0*210 905 35 0*216 910 35 0 (8th to 9th deleted in new HURDAT.) 15070 10/10*220 913 35 0*225 913 35 0*232 910 35 0*241 904 35 0 15070 10/10* 0 0 0 0*210 914 35 0*220 910 35 0*235 907 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15075 10/11*250 896 35 0*260 885 40 0*270 872 40 0*280 857 40 0 15075 10/11*248 902 35 0*261 894 40 0*273 885 40 0*285 866 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15080 10/12*290 840 40 0*300 824 35 0E311 808 35 0E322 793 35 0 15080 10/12*292 842 40 0*300 824 35 0E311 808 35 0E322 793 35 0 *** *** 15085 10/13E334 780 35 0E346 766 35 0E358 754 35 0E369 749 35 0 15090 10/14E380 745 35 0E392 741 35 0E403 737 35 0E419 724 30 0 15095 10/15E441 707 30 0E468 686 25 0E497 661 25 0E528 638 25 0 15100 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be reasonable. ******************************************************************************** 15105 10/23/1900 M= 7 7 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15105 10/24/1900 M= 6 7 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** 15110 10/23* 0 0 0 0*133 602 35 0*138 612 35 0*142 621 35 0 (23rd removed from HURDAT.) 15115 10/24*146 630 35 0*151 638 35 0*157 646 35 0*163 653 35 0 15115 10/24*150 645 30 0*155 652 30 0*160 660 30 0*165 668 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15120 10/25*170 660 35 0*176 667 35 0*183 674 35 0*190 682 35 0 15120 10/25*170 676 30 0*175 685 30 0*180 695 30 0*185 705 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15125 10/26*196 690 35 0*203 699 35 0*210 708 35 0*216 719 40 0 15125 10/26*190 715 30 0*195 725 30 0*200 733 35 0*206 739 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15130 10/27*222 729 40 0*231 739 40 0*240 749 40 0*251 749 45 0 15130 10/27*212 744 40 0*218 748 40 0*225 750 40 0*236 748 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15135 10/28*279 742 45 0*293 729 45 0*307 712 45 0*321 697 45 0 15135 10/28*256 744 45 0*272 738 45 0*290 728 45 0*315 714 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15140 10/29*335 683 45 0*348 668 45 0*360 653 45 0E388 630 45 0 15140 10/29E348 693 45 0E380 673 45 0E415 650 45 0E450 630 45 0 **** *** **** *** **** *** *** 15145 TS One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track is extended back to the 24th based upon available observational data that indicates the system existed as a tropical depression in the Caribbean. ******************************************************************************** 1900 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned four additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) June 9-13, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) June 12-17, 1900: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was tropical storm intensity. 3) July 25-27, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 4) October 4-5, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. January 14-19: Historical Weather Maps indicate a trough located on 37W (between 15-30N) on January 14. There were two gales; one at 20N, 40W and the other at 20N, 47W. Yet, all the observations had winds coming from the E or ENE which shows that there wasn't enough evidence to show that it was a closed low. The trough was located at about 42W on the 15th and at 48W on the 16th. The system finally became a closed low on the 17th, at about 22N, 50W. The closed low continued a northeast movement on the 18th and 19th and became extratropical on the 19th as it merged with a front. DAT LAT LONG STATUS Jan 14 37W Trough Jan 15 42W Trough Jan 16 48W Trough Jan 17 22N 50W Tropical Depression Jan 18 23N 44W Tropical Depression Jan 19 30N 35W Extratropical June 9-17: This system appeared on Historical Weather Maps as a closed low with a pressure of at most 1012mb on June 9. The system was located at about 21N, 66W on the 10th and it may have attained tropical storm intensity because a ship located near 23N, 65W reported 35kt SE winds and a pressure of 1009mb. On the 11th, the system was in the vicinity of Turks Is. and it then made a loop and headed back towards the northeast. On the 14th, Historical Weather Maps indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb located near 27N, 64W and from this day on it begins to move west-northwestward. There were two other gales reported by ships on the 15th and the 16th with winds of 40kt and 35kt, respectively. However, the pressures were 1030mb and 1031mb which were too high to be considered as correct observations, hence the gales were disregarded. The last evidence of a closed low was on the 17th at 29N, 74W. The system then continued heading towards the northeast as an extratropical storm from the 18th to the 21st of June. There were no gales found in COADS or Monthly Weather Review. DAY LAT LONG STATUS June 9 21N 65W Tropical Depression June 10 21N 66W Tropical Storm? June 11 21N 70W Tropical Depression June 12 22N 67W Tropical Depression June 13 26N 65W Tropical Depression June 14 27N 64W Tropical Depression June 15 27N 69W Tropical Depression June 16 28N 70W Tropical Depression June 17 29N 74W Tropical Depression June 18 36N 71W Extratropical Low June 19 36N 69W Extratropical Low June 20 39N 61W Extratropical Low June 21 41N 60W Extratropical Low June 9-14: The system appears in the Historical Weather Map on June 9 as a closed low of at most 1010mb that formed off the northern west coast of Florida. The system remained stationary on the 10th and then moved slightly southwest. It then moved northward and made landfall on the 12th on the eastern coast of Louisiana. It dissipated after the 14th. There was no information found in the Monthly Weather Review and no gales were found in COADS or in the Historical Weather Maps. DAY LAT LONG STATUS June 9 27N 86W Tropical Depression June 10 28N 85W Tropical Depression June 11 27N 87W Tropical Depression June 12 29N 90W Tropical Depression June 13 30N 90W Tropical Depression June 14 33N 89W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************* 15150 06/10/1901 M= 5 1 SNBR= 359 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15150 06/11/1901 M= 5 1 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** *** 15155 06/10*171 822 35 0*179 827 35 0*187 830 35 0*195 832 35 0 (10th is removed from the revised HURDAT.) 15160 06/11*204 835 35 0*212 837 35 0*219 840 35 0*226 843 35 0 15160 06/11*193 823 25 0*200 830 25 0*207 835 30 0*214 839 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15165 06/12*233 846 35 0*240 849 35 0*247 852 35 0*254 856 35 0 15165 06/12*221 843 35 0*229 847 35 0*240 850 35 0*251 852 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15170 06/13*262 860 35 0*269 864 35 0*276 868 35 0*283 871 35 0 15170 06/13*261 852 35 0*274 850 35 0*285 847 35 0*295 846 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15175 06/14*290 874 35 0*297 877 35 0*304 880 35 0*313 883 35 0 15175 06/14*305 847 30 0*315 848 30 0*325 850 25 0*338 854 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (15th is new to HURDAT.) 15177 06/15*349 862 25 0*359 870 25 0*370 880 25 0*385 897 25 0 15180 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Winds reduced to tropical depression status on 11th, since observations indicate that tropical storm status was not reached until the 12th. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S. ******************************************************************************** 15185 07/02/1901 M= 9 2 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15185 07/01/1901 M=10 2 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** *** (1st is new to HURDAT.) 15187 07/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 90 540 35 0* 95 550 35 0 15190 07/02* 0 0 0 0*132 575 35 0*131 590 35 0*130 607 35 0 15190 07/02*102 562 35 0*108 574 35 0*115 587 35 0*123 601 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15195 07/03*130 624 35 0*130 640 40 0*131 657 40 0*132 674 40 0 15195 07/03*132 619 35 0*142 636 40 0*153 657 40 0*159 674 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 15200 07/04*133 690 45 0*135 706 50 0*137 720 55 0*140 732 55 0 15200 07/04*163 692 45 0*166 708 50 0*170 725 55 0*174 736 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15205 07/05*142 742 60 0*145 752 60 0*149 762 60 0*154 774 60 0 15205 07/05*178 746 60 0*183 755 60 0*187 765 60 0*189 774 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15210 07/06*159 787 55 0*164 799 55 0*170 810 55 0*176 820 50 0 15210 07/06*192 783 60 0*194 793 60 0*197 803 60 0*201 810 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15215 07/07*181 829 50 0*187 838 50 0*193 846 50 0*199 854 45 0 15215 07/07*206 819 60 0*210 826 60 0*215 835 60 0*219 843 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15220 07/08*206 862 45 0*213 870 45 0*220 878 45 0*227 884 45 0 15220 07/08*222 850 60 0*226 859 60 0*230 870 60 0*235 879 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15225 07/09*235 894 45 0*243 903 45 0*251 912 40 0*260 924 40 0 15225 07/09*241 887 60 0*248 896 60 0*253 905 60 0*260 919 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 15230 07/10*269 938 40 0*279 952 40 0*289 965 35 0*300 978 30 0 15230 07/10*269 935 55 0*279 950 50 0*289 965 35 0*300 978 30 0 *** ** *** ** 15235 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds boosted from the 6th to the 10th based upon 60 kt ship observation on the 9th. A 4' storm tide was reported in Galveston, Texas (Connor 1956). ******************************************************************************** 15240 07/05/1901 M= 9 3 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 15240 07/04/1901 M=10 3 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** *** (4th is new to HURDAT.) 15242 07/04* 95 555 30 0*102 558 30 0*110 563 30 0*118 570 30 0 15245 07/05* 0 0 0 0*136 600 35 0*141 608 35 0*146 617 35 0 15245 07/05*125 578 35 0*132 587 35 0*137 597 35 0*144 608 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15250 07/06*150 625 35 0*155 633 40 0*159 641 45 0*163 648 50 0 15250 07/06*150 619 35 0*155 630 40 0*159 641 45 0*166 651 50 0 *** *** *** *** 15255 07/07*168 655 60 0*172 661 65 0*177 668 70 0*189 680 75 0 15255 07/07*174 663 55 0*182 676 60 0*190 690 60 0*200 702 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15260 07/08*205 697 80 0*222 715 80 0*238 730 85 0*254 742 85 0 15260 07/08*213 713 60 0*228 722 60 0*245 733 60 0*264 745 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15265 07/09*269 752 85 0*285 757 85 0*300 756 85 0*314 748 85 0 15265 07/09*277 758 60 0*290 766 60 0*305 767 60 0*318 759 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15270 07/10*326 740 85 0*336 738 85 0*345 737 85 0*352 739 85 0 15270 07/10*330 751 65 0*337 742 70 0*346 738 70 0*357 738 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15275 07/11*356 741 80 0*360 750 75 0*356 762 65 0*353 764 50 0 15275 07/11*361 746 70 0*361 756 70 0*356 762 60 0*353 764 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 15280 07/12*347 766 40 0*342 768 40 0*340 771 35 0*339 776 35 0 15285 07/13*338 781 35 0*338 788 35 0*338 795 35 0*339 802 30 0 15285 07/13*340 781 35 0*342 788 35 0*345 795 35 0*348 802 30 0 *** *** *** *** 15290 HR NC1 No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds are reduced from the 7th to the 11th, since observations indicate that the system did not obtain hurricane force until about the 10th. Additionally, there is no evidence for the system attaining more than a Category 1 hurricane status, thus peak winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 70 kt. Landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in the U.S. as reported in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT is retained. The storm is known as "San Cirilo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. Storm #3, 1901 - 2012 Revision: 16150 07/04/1901 M=10 3 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 16155 07/04* 95 555 30 0*102 558 35 0*110 563 30 0*118 570 30 0* 16155 07/04* 95 555 30 0*102 558 30 0*110 563 30 0*118 570 30 0* ** 16160 07/05*125 578 35 0*132 587 35 0*137 597 35 0*144 608 35 0* 16165 07/06*150 619 35 0*155 630 40 0*159 641 45 0*166 651 50 0* 16170 07/07*174 663 55 0*182 676 60 0*190 690 60 0*200 702 60 0* 16175 07/08*213 713 60 0*228 722 60 0*245 733 60 0*264 745 60 0* 16180 07/09*277 758 60 0*290 766 60 0*305 767 60 0*318 759 60 0* 16185 07/10*330 751 65 0*337 742 70 0*346 738 70 0*357 738 70 0* 16190 07/11*361 746 70 0*361 756 70 0*356 762 60 0*353 764 50 0* 16195 07/12*347 766 40 0*342 768 40 0*340 771 35 0*339 776 35 0* 16200 07/13*340 781 35 0*342 788 35 0*345 795 35 0*348 802 30 0* 16205 HR NC1 Typographic error: 35 kt at 06Z on the 4th of July should be 30 kt. ******************************************************************************** 15295 08/04/1901 M=15 4 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 15295 08/02/1901 M=17 4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** *** * (2nd and 3rd are new to HURDAT.) 15296 08/02*326 384 25 0*323 391 25 0*320 400 25 0*316 411 25 0 15298 08/03*311 423 25 0*305 437 25 0*300 450 25 0*293 463 25 0 15300 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*264 495 35 0*263 516 35 0 15300 08/04*286 473 30 0*277 488 30 0*270 500 30 0*263 516 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 15305 08/05*261 535 35 0*258 553 35 0*257 569 35 0*256 583 35 0 15305 08/05*256 532 30 0*249 548 30 0*245 565 30 0*242 579 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15310 08/06*256 596 35 0*255 609 35 0*254 623 35 0*253 639 35 0 15310 08/06*239 593 30 0*237 608 30 0*237 623 30 0*239 639 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 15315 08/07*252 656 35 0*250 673 35 0*249 688 35 0*249 702 40 0 15315 08/07*242 657 30 0*246 675 30 0*250 690 30 0*253 702 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 15320 08/08*248 714 40 0*248 725 40 0*248 734 40 0*249 743 40 0 15320 08/08*255 716 30 0*255 727 30 0*255 740 30 0*254 745 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15325 08/09*250 750 40 0*250 756 40 0*252 764 40 0*253 771 40 0 15325 08/09*250 750 35 0*250 756 35 0*252 764 40 0*253 771 40 0 ** ** 15330 08/10*254 778 40 0*256 784 40 0*258 790 40 0*261 796 40 0 15335 08/11*264 803 40 0*267 809 35 0*269 815 35 0*270 821 40 0 15335 08/11*264 804 35 0*267 813 35 0*269 821 40 0*270 827 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 15340 08/12*272 828 45 0*273 835 55 0*274 842 65 0*274 850 70 0 15340 08/12*272 832 50 0*273 837 55 0*274 842 65 0*274 848 70 0 *** ** *** *** 15345 08/13*275 859 75 0*275 868 80 0*275 876 80 0*276 884 85 0 15345 08/13*275 854 75 0*275 860 80 0*275 867 80 0*276 876 80 0 *** *** *** *** ** 15350 08/14*278 890 85 0*279 895 85 0*281 897 85 0*284 898 85 0 15350 08/14*279 887 80 0*283 893 80 0*287 897 80 0*291 898 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 15355 08/15*288 898 80 0*293 897 75 0*299 895 65 973*305 892 50 0 15355 08/15*294 895 80 0*297 892 80 0*300 890 80 0*305 887 70 973 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 15360 08/16*311 890 40 0*318 889 35 0E326 892 35 0E335 895 30 0 15360 08/16*310 883 60 0*315 881 45 0*320 880 40 0*330 887 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 2 15365 08/17E344 898 30 0E354 900 30 0E363 899 25 0E371 893 25 0 15365 08/17E340 895 30 0E350 900 30 0E363 899 25 0E371 893 25 0 *** *** *** 15370 08/18E378 887 25 0E384 878 25 0E390 868 25 0E398 854 25 0 15375 HR LA2 MS2 15375 HR LA1 MS1 AL1 *** *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Analysis of 973 mb central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) is based upon a peripheral pressure of 993 mb from Mobile along with an estimated 33 nmi radius of maximum wind. (This analysis of central pressure was very similar to the estimation in Jarrell et al. (1992) taken from Connor (1956) of 972 mb.) A 973 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Given that this radius of maximum wind is larger than climatological value (of 23 nmi for this latitude and central pressure - Vickery et al. 2000), a maximum sustained windspeed of 80 kt is chosen at landfall making this system a Category 1 hurricane. This is a downgrade from the Category 2 at U.S. landfall reported in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Winds from the 13th to the 15th adjusted accordingly. Winds increased on the 16th based upon observed wind reports for the day. Storm tides of 8' were observed in Port Eads, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama (Connor 1956, Cline 1926). 1901/04 - 2011 REVISION: 16160 08/02/1901 M=17 4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 16165 08/02*326 384 25 0*323 391 25 0*320 400 25 0*316 411 25 0* 16170 08/03*311 423 25 0*305 437 25 0*300 450 25 0*293 463 25 0* 16175 08/04*286 473 30 0*277 488 30 0*270 500 30 0*263 516 30 0* 16180 08/05*256 532 30 0*249 548 30 0*245 565 30 0*242 579 30 0* 16185 08/06*239 593 30 0*237 608 30 0*237 623 30 0*239 639 30 0* 16190 08/07*242 657 30 0*246 675 30 0*250 690 30 0*253 702 30 0* 16195 08/08*255 716 30 0*255 727 30 0*255 740 30 0*254 745 30 0* 16200 08/09*250 750 35 0*250 756 35 0*252 764 40 0*253 771 40 0* 16205 08/10*254 778 40 0*256 784 40 0*258 790 40 0*261 796 40 0* 16210 08/11*264 804 35 0*267 813 35 0*269 821 40 0*270 827 45 0* 16215 08/12*272 832 50 0*273 837 55 0*274 842 65 0*274 848 70 0* 16220 08/13*275 854 75 0*275 860 80 0*275 867 80 0*276 876 80 0* 16225 08/14*279 887 80 0*283 893 80 0*287 897 80 0*291 898 80 0* 16225 08/14*279 887 80 0*283 893 80 0*287 897 75 0*291 898 75 0* ** ** 16230 08/15*294 895 80 0*297 892 80 0*300 890 80 0*305 887 70 973* 16230 08/15*294 895 75 0*297 892 75 0*300 890 75 0*305 887 70 973* ** ** ** 16235 08/16*310 883 60 0*315 881 45 0*320 880 40 0*330 887 35 0* 16240 08/17E340 895 30 0E350 900 30 0E363 899 25 0E371 893 25 0* 16245 08/18E378 887 25 0E384 878 25 0E390 868 25 0E398 854 25 0* 16250 HR LA1 MS1 AL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-8/14/1901 2110Z 29.3N 89.6W 80kt 1 --- (973mb) LA1 4-8/14/1901 2110Z 29.3N 89.6W 75kt 1 --- (973mb) LA1 ** 4-8/15/1901 1700Z 30.4N 88.8W 80kt 1 35nmi 973mb MS1,AL1 4-8/15/1901 1700Z 30.4N 88.8W 75kt 1 35nmi 973mb MS1,AL1 ** An analyzed 973 mb central pressure at landfall in Mississippi in the 2003 reanalysis suggested winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship for north of 25N suggests winds of 81 kt. Given both the large size (RMW of ~35 nmi compared with climatology of 23 nmi for this pressure and latitude - Vickery et al. 2000) and the slow motion at landfall (5 kt), this suggests about a 75 kt hurricane at landfall. This is a slight reduction from the 80 kt in the 2003 reanalysis, but retains the Category 1 status. ******************************************************************************** 15376 08/18/1901 M= 5 5 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15377 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*115 530 30 0*116 540 30 0 15378 08/19*117 548 30 0*119 557 30 0*120 567 35 0*121 577 35 0 15379 08/20*122 586 40 0*122 595 40 0*123 603 45 0*123 612 45 0 15380 08/21*124 622 40 0*124 633 35 0*125 645 30 0*126 658 30 0 15381 08/22*126 671 25 0*126 683 25 0*127 695 25 0*128 710 25 0 15382 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 1901/06 - 2008 ADDITION: 16291 08/25/1901 M= 6 6 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16291 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 220 35 0*162 233 35 0 16291 08/26*164 246 40 0*167 258 45 0*170 270 50 0*173 280 55 0 16291 08/27*176 290 60 0*178 300 65 0*180 310 70 0*182 319 70 0 16291 08/28*185 327 70 0*188 334 65 0*190 340 60 0*192 346 60 0 16291 08/29*194 353 55 0*197 361 55 0*200 370 50 0*204 380 50 0 16291 08/30*209 390 45 0*214 400 45 0*220 410 40 0*228 420 35 0 16291 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from newspaper accounts, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. August 24: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of interest with 1010 mb and NE winds 15 kt in Senegal. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 25: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a trough extending westward out of West Africa along 16N with the Senegal observation with WSW winds 15 kt and 1010 mb. Available observations suggest a closed center may have existed near 16N 22W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 26: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of interest. Available observations suggest a closed center may have existed near 17N 27W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 27: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of interest. Available observations suggest a closed center was near 18N 31W. Ship highlights: 70 kt at 19N 31W (no time, Barbados Agricultural Reporter). "The Norwegian barque "Professor Johnson", 1,058 tons, Captain Olsen, called at this port yesterday leaking badly after a voyage of 84 days from Ship Island [Alabama] with a cargo of 775,000 feet of pitch pine, bound for Buenos Ayres. The Captain reports he encountered a severe hurricane on the 27th of August when in about 19N 31W through which the ship rode with difficulty. Four days later the vessel was brought face-to-face with a second hurricane. She was then in about 19N 32W. [The latitude may be a typographical error and the correct latitude may be 16N.] The hurricane carried away the ship's foretopmast, main topgallant mast and gear attached..." (Barbados Agricultural Reporter, 18 September 1901). August 28: The Historical Weather Map series shows no features of interest. Available observations and continuity from the previous day suggest a center may have existed near 19N 34W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Had Unsettled Weather...The British steamship Trevelynn, 1,986 tons net, Captain James Sincock, from St. Vincent, Cape de Verde, in ballast...has arrived at the point and will load for Rotterdam. She reports having sailed Aug. 27; had unsettled weather, with fresh northwest and southwest winds in latitude 17 north, and between longitude 34 and 41 west, thence moderating trades and good weather to port, arriving on the evening of Sept. 16" (New Orleans Picayune, Wednesday, September 18, 1901). August 29: The Historical Weather Map series shows no feature of interest where this system may have existed, though it does show a closed low near 15N 23W in connection with storm #7 (previously #6). Available observations and continuity from the previous day suggest a center may have existed near 20N 37W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 30: The Historical Weather Map series shows no features of interest where this system may have existed, though it does show a closed low near 15N 30W in connection with storm #7 (previously #6). Available observations and continuity suggest a center may have existed near 22N 41W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis of this tropical cyclone likely occurred on the 25th from an African easterly wave. The description from the barque Professor Johnson is the basis for analyzing this cyclone as a hurricane on the 27th. With no barometric readings, the intensity is assigned to peak on this date as a Category 1 hurricane (70 kt). The steamship Trevelynn, while not providing specific observations of gale force, likely encountered the southern portion of the cyclone on the 28th-39th between 34-41W. Observations after the 28th become quite sparse for this cyclone - as is typical for systems in the eastern subtropical Atlantic - and it is analyzed that it decayed on the 29th and 30th and dissipated late on the 30th. This portion of the lifecycle of the cyclone is quite uncertain. (It is of note that the barque Professor Johnson also encountered a second hurricane off of the Cape Verde Islands on the 31st of August, which is the previous storm #6 in 1901, already documented in HURDAT.) It is of note that this system is quite unique in its inclusion into HURDAT during the post-1871 era based upon a single observation. However, main reason for requiring two independent observations of either gale force and/or 1005 mb or less was to insure that a single observation of minimal tropical storm intensity was not simply an instrumentation problem or due to a typographical error. In this case, it is highly unlikely that this system is not a tropical cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity because of either of these two issues.] ******************************************************************************** 15380 08/30/1901 M=13 5 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15380 08/29/1901 M=14 7 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * *** (29th new to HURDAT.) 15383 08/29* 0 0 0 0*136 224 30 0*137 240 35 0*139 259 35 0 15385 08/30*141 360 50 0*142 372 50 0*145 380 55 0*147 387 60 0 15385 08/30*141 274 40 0*142 288 40 0*143 302 45 0*144 315 45 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15390 08/31*149 395 65 0*152 404 70 0*156 414 70 0*160 426 75 0 15390 08/31*145 330 50 0*147 345 50 0*150 363 55 0*151 377 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15395 09/01*165 440 80 0*171 453 80 0*176 462 85 0*181 470 85 0 15395 09/01*154 390 60 0*157 404 60 0*163 420 65 0*168 432 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15400 09/02*185 474 85 0*190 480 85 0*195 486 85 0*200 492 85 0 15400 09/02*174 446 70 0*180 460 70 0*185 475 75 0*189 488 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15405 09/03*206 498 90 0*212 504 90 0*219 510 95 0*227 517 95 0 15405 09/03*192 501 80 0*196 514 80 0*200 527 85 0*207 542 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15410 09/04*237 526 100 0*246 535 100 0*255 543 105 0*262 550 105 0 15410 09/04*215 556 90 0*226 570 90 0*240 580 90 0*250 584 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15415 09/05*268 557 105 0*275 564 105 0*282 570 105 0*290 576 100 0 15415 09/05*261 587 90 0*271 589 90 0*280 590 90 0*288 591 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15420 09/06*298 581 95 0*307 585 90 0*315 587 85 0*323 583 85 0 15420 09/06*295 592 90 0*301 591 90 0*307 590 85 0*316 586 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15425 09/07*330 578 85 0*336 570 85 0*342 561 85 0*347 553 85 0 15425 09/07*326 578 85 0*336 570 85 0*342 561 85 0*347 553 85 0 *** 15430 09/08*352 540 85 0*356 519 80 0*358 500 80 0*360 475 80 0 15430 09/08*352 540 85 0*356 520 80 0*358 500 80 0*360 475 80 0 *** 15435 09/09*360 444 80 0*362 413 80 0*370 390 80 0*381 381 75 0 15435 09/09*360 444 80 0*362 413 80 0*370 390 80 0*381 374 75 0 *** 15440 09/10*397 377 70 0*415 379 70 0E431 378 65 0E445 368 65 0 15440 09/10*395 357 70 0*410 338 70 0*430 320 65 0*444 309 65 0 *** *** *** *** **** *** **** *** 15445 09/11E469 325 55 0E480 290 45 0E486 250 40 0E492 200 35 0 15445 09/11E458 293 55 0E473 277 45 0E486 250 40 0E492 200 35 0 *** *** *** *** 15450 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A 991 mb peripheral pressure on 12Z of the 8th supports winds of at least 62 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds maintained at 80 kt. Peak winds are reduced from 105 kt down to 90 kt, since observations available support only a Category 1 hurricane, or Category 2 hurricane at most. Winds reduced from the 1st to the 6th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 15455 09/09/1901 M=11 6 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15455 09/09/1901 M=11 8 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 15460 09/09* 0 0 0 0*188 493 35 0*186 504 35 0*184 518 35 0 15460 09/09* 0 0 0 0*176 507 35 0*175 520 35 0*175 532 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 15465 09/10*184 532 35 0*183 546 35 0*183 560 35 0*182 574 35 0 15465 09/10*174 546 35 0*174 560 35 0*173 573 35 0*174 588 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15470 09/11*182 587 35 0*181 600 40 0*182 614 40 0*183 630 40 0 15470 09/11*175 601 35 0*176 613 40 0*178 627 45 0*181 643 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15475 09/12*185 647 40 0*186 665 40 0*186 682 40 0*188 698 35 0 15475 09/12*184 656 50 0*185 669 50 0*186 682 50 0*187 696 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 15480 09/13*190 714 35 0*192 730 35 0*194 742 35 0*197 757 40 0 15480 09/13*188 710 35 0*189 726 35 0*190 743 45 0*191 757 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 15485 09/14*199 770 40 0*201 783 45 0*204 796 45 0*208 809 50 0 15485 09/14*192 770 55 0*194 783 60 0*197 795 65 0*201 806 65 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15490 09/15*214 822 50 0*221 834 50 0*228 847 50 0*234 857 50 0 15490 09/15*205 819 70 0*210 833 70 0*215 845 70 0*220 856 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15495 09/16*240 864 50 0*245 869 50 0*251 875 50 0*257 880 50 0 15495 09/16*226 865 60 0*233 873 55 0*243 880 50 0*253 885 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15500 09/17*263 883 50 0*270 885 50 0*278 887 45 0*289 882 45 0 15500 09/17*265 885 50 0*277 881 50 0*290 875 50 0*303 867 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15505 09/18*302 873 40 0*316 850 35 0E330 812 35 0E342 770 35 0 15505 09/18*316 853 40 0*325 834 35 0*330 812 35 0*342 770 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * * 15510 09/19E358 742 35 0E371 725 35 0E387 700 35 0E405 672 35 0 15510 09/19E358 742 40 0E371 725 45 0E387 700 50 0E405 672 50 0 ** ** ** ** 15515 TS 15515 HR ** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm to a hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. This upgrade to a hurricane is based upon the re-analysis work of Perez (2000), which analyzed the storm as a Category 1 hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Winds are increased accordingly on the 13th to the 16th. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (06Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt used in best track. Winds adjusted accordingly on the 11th and 12th. The storm is known as "San Leoncio" or "San Vicente IV" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. ******************************************************************************** 15520 09/12/1901 M= 6 7 SNBR= 365 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15520 09/12/1901 M= 6 9 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 15525 09/12*111 281 35 0*115 285 35 0*121 289 35 0*127 291 35 0 15530 09/13*133 294 35 0*138 295 35 0*143 296 35 0*148 296 35 0 15530 09/13*133 294 40 0*138 295 40 0*143 296 45 0*148 296 45 0 ** ** ** ** 15535 09/14*153 296 35 0*158 294 40 0*162 292 40 0*166 291 40 0 15535 09/14*153 296 50 0*158 294 50 0*162 292 50 0*166 291 50 0 ** ** ** ** 15540 09/15*170 290 40 0*174 290 35 0*178 292 35 0*181 294 35 0 15540 09/15*170 290 45 0*174 290 40 0*178 292 35 0*181 294 35 0 ** ** 15545 09/16*184 298 35 0*186 302 35 0*189 307 35 0*191 309 35 0 15550 09/17*194 311 35 0*198 314 35 0*202 316 35 0*208 320 30 0 15555 TS Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. However, ship reports indicate that the storm was somewhat stronger than originally indicated in HURDAT. Winds increased on the 13th to the 15th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 15560 09/21/1901 M=12 8 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15560 09/21/1901 M=12 10 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 15565 09/21*110 802 35 0*115 804 35 0*120 806 35 0*125 808 35 0 15565 09/21*137 730 35 0*138 740 35 0*140 750 35 0*142 759 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15570 09/22*130 810 35 0*135 813 35 0*140 815 35 0*146 817 35 0 15570 09/22*144 769 35 0*147 780 35 0*150 790 35 0*152 798 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15575 09/23*151 820 35 0*157 822 35 0*163 825 35 0*168 828 35 0 15575 09/23*155 806 35 0*159 813 35 0*165 820 35 0*169 823 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15580 09/24*173 831 35 0*178 834 35 0*183 837 35 0*189 840 35 0 15580 09/24*174 825 35 0*180 828 35 0*185 830 35 0*188 832 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15585 09/25*194 843 35 0*201 846 35 0*207 849 40 0*213 852 40 0 15585 09/25*192 833 35 0*196 834 35 0*200 835 40 0*203 837 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15590 09/26*220 853 40 0*228 854 45 0*238 855 45 0*250 855 45 0 15590 09/26*207 838 40 0*211 839 45 0*215 840 45 0*221 842 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15595 09/27*263 853 40 0*275 851 40 0*288 848 40 0*300 843 40 0 15595 09/27*232 845 40 0*243 848 40 0*255 850 40 0*270 849 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15600 09/28*312 839 40 0*325 835 40 0E337 830 35 0E354 823 35 0 15600 09/28*288 847 40 0*306 845 35 0E325 840 35 0E351 827 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15605 09/29E378 814 30 0E403 801 25 0E425 786 25 0E442 765 25 0 15610 09/30E457 745 25 0E470 725 25 0E480 674 25 0E482 639 30 0 15610 09/30E457 745 25 0E470 725 25 0E480 685 25 0E482 639 30 0 *** 15615 10/01E482 601 30 0E483 559 35 0E485 515 35 0E490 461 40 0 15620 10/02E508 394 40 0E531 326 45 0E553 270 45 0* 0 0 0 0 15625 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Track adjusted slightly on the 30th to allow for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 15630 10/07/1901 M= 8 9 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15630 10/05/1901 M=10 11 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** *** (The 5th and 6th are new to HURDAT.) 15632 10/05*120 515 35 0*122 517 35 0*125 520 35 0*127 523 35 0 15634 10/06*130 526 40 0*132 529 40 0*135 533 40 0*138 537 45 0 15635 10/07*147 508 35 0*148 520 35 0*150 531 35 0*151 542 35 0 15635 10/07*142 541 50 0*146 545 55 0*150 550 60 0*155 556 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15640 10/08*153 554 35 0*155 567 35 0*158 581 35 0*161 597 35 0 15640 10/08*162 567 60 0*169 576 60 0*175 585 55 0*184 596 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15645 10/09*165 615 35 0*172 634 35 0*178 650 35 0*185 662 35 0 15645 10/09*194 606 45 0*202 614 40 0*210 623 35 0*218 637 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15650 10/10*193 675 35 0*204 689 35 0*220 700 35 0*240 702 35 0 15650 10/10*227 655 35 0*240 670 35 0*256 685 35 0*277 690 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15655 10/11*261 689 40 0*281 670 40 0*302 651 45 0*323 638 45 0 15655 10/11E303 685 40 0E330 672 40 0E350 650 45 0E358 638 45 0 **** *** **** *** **** *** **** 15660 10/12*346 625 45 0*366 613 40 0E381 600 35 0E392 587 35 0 15660 10/12E365 625 45 0E373 613 40 0E381 600 35 0E392 587 35 0 **** **** 15665 10/13E402 570 35 0E411 556 35 0E420 541 35 0E430 516 35 0 15670 10/14E439 484 35 0E449 444 35 0E458 400 35 0* 0 0 0 0 15675 TS The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to provide a more realistic position on the 5th. The Partagas and Diaz position on the 5th required a motion toward the northeast, which is not supported by climatology or available ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large though reasonable alterations to the track and intensity from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Winds increased from the 7th to the 9th based upon ship reports in Partagas and Diaz. ******************************************************************************** 15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 11 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 12 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15677 10/15*210 800 30 0*215 793 30 0*220 785 30 0*225 777 35 0 15678 10/16*229 767 40 0*233 758 45 0*237 750 50 0*243 737 50 0 15679 10/17*252 724 50 0*258 711 50 0*265 695 45 0*269 684 40 0 15679 10/18*273 672 40 0E276 661 40 0E280 650 40 0E284 637 40 0 15679 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 15680 10/31/1901 M= 7 10 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15680 10/30/1901 M= 8 13 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * ** *** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 15682 10/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 673 30 0*205 672 30 0 15685 10/31* 0 0 0 0*217 688 35 0*225 680 35 0*235 672 35 0 15685 10/31*217 671 35 0*229 669 35 0*240 667 35 0*247 664 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15690 11/01*243 665 35 0*251 659 35 0*258 653 40 0*263 648 40 0 15690 11/01*254 661 40 0*261 657 45 0*267 653 50 0*274 649 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15695 11/02*268 644 45 0*273 639 45 0*278 634 45 0*284 628 50 0 15695 11/02*280 646 55 0*286 642 60 0*293 635 60 0*296 628 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 15700 11/03*290 622 50 0*297 616 50 0*305 610 50 0*313 604 50 0 15700 11/03*300 620 70 0*305 611 70 0*312 603 70 0*324 591 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15705 11/04*322 599 50 0*331 594 50 0*340 590 50 0*351 585 50 0 15705 11/04*340 581 65 0*356 571 60 0*368 563 55 0*374 557 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 15710 11/05*364 578 50 0*374 565 50 0*378 550 45 0*380 538 45 0 15710 11/05*379 555 50 0*383 550 50 0*385 545 45 0*383 534 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15715 11/06*381 525 40 0*381 512 40 0*381 500 35 0*383 485 30 0 15715 11/06E378 525 40 0E373 515 40 0E370 505 35 0E370 492 30 0 **** **** *** **** *** **** *** 15720 TS 15720 HR ** The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm to a hurricane. A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on the 1st) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind- pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for the best track. Winds changed accordingly from the 1st to the 4th based upon these measurements. ******************************************************************************* 1901 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out of HURDAT for the following reason: 1) October 5, 1901: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was tropical storm intensity. October 4-11: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low at 10N, 19W with a pressure of at most 1010mb on October 4. On the 5th, the system moved west-northwestward and Historical Weather Maps indicated a gale near the storm of 35kt SSE. However, this was the only gale found that was related to this system. From the 6th to the 11th, Historical Weather Maps does not show this system as a closed low anymore. COADS and Monthly Weather Review did not report any gales for this system. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Oct 4 10N 19W Tropical Depression Oct 5 15N 29W Tropical Storm? Oct 6 23N 25-40W ? ******************************************************************************* 15725 06/10/1902 M= 7 1 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15725 06/12/1902 M= 6 1 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** 15730 06/10* 0 0 0 0*134 817 35 0*138 819 35 0*141 821 35 0 15735 06/11*144 823 35 0*150 826 35 0*158 828 35 0*168 831 35 0 (The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.) 15740 06/12*178 834 35 0*189 837 35 0*201 840 35 0*213 843 35 0 15740 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*177 840 30 0*191 836 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15745 06/13*226 845 35 0*238 847 40 0*250 848 40 0*262 848 45 0 15745 06/13*207 833 35 0*222 831 40 0*238 830 45 0*249 832 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15750 06/14*275 847 45 0*287 845 45 0*299 841 40 0*306 838 30 0 15750 06/14*259 835 50 0*269 838 50 0*280 840 50 0*290 839 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15755 06/15*312 835 25 0*320 832 25 0*331 825 25 0*336 821 25 0 15755 06/15*300 836 45 0*310 832 40 0*320 825 35 0*330 817 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15760 06/16E344 814 25 0E352 807 25 0E360 798 25 0E370 780 25 0 15760 06/16*340 807 35 0*352 795 35 0E367 780 40 0E386 749 40 0 **** *** ** * *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 17th is new to HURDAT.) 15762 06/17E419 715 35 0E450 682 35 0E475 660 30 0E494 640 30 0 15765 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Winds increased slightly from the 13th to the 16th based upon ship and coastal observations. ******************************************************************************** 15770 06/19/1902 M=10 2 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15770 06/21/1902 M= 9 2 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** *** 15775 06/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 850 35 0*173 858 35 0 15780 06/20*175 866 40 0*177 873 40 0*181 880 40 0*183 885 35 0 (The 19th and 20th are removed from HURDAT.) 15785 06/21*185 890 35 0*187 895 35 0*189 899 35 0*192 907 35 0 15785 06/21*172 921 25 0*176 924 25 0*180 927 25 0*182 929 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15790 06/22*195 915 35 0*197 922 35 0*199 928 40 0*202 932 40 0 15790 06/22*184 930 30 0*187 932 30 0*190 935 30 0*192 937 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15795 06/23*205 935 45 0*208 938 45 0*211 942 50 0*215 946 50 0 15795 06/23*195 939 30 0*197 941 30 0*200 943 30 0*203 945 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15800 06/24*219 950 55 0*223 954 60 0*228 958 65 0*233 961 70 0 15800 06/24*205 946 30 0*207 948 30 0*210 950 35 0*215 953 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15805 06/25*238 964 70 0*243 966 70 0*248 968 70 0*253 969 70 0 15805 06/25*221 956 45 0*227 960 50 0*233 963 55 0*239 966 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15810 06/26*258 970 70 0*264 970 70 0*270 970 75 0*278 970 80 0 15810 06/26*247 968 65 0*255 969 70 0*264 970 65 0*272 971 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15815 06/27*288 969 65 0*299 967 50 0*310 965 40 0*321 962 30 0 15815 06/27*281 972 50 0*290 973 45 0*300 974 40 0*315 972 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 15820 06/28*332 959 30 0*343 954 25 0E354 949 25 0* 0 0 0 0 15820 06/28*328 966 35 0*342 959 35 0E358 945 35 0E376 923 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 29th was not in HURDAT previously.) 15822 06/29E395 886 35 0E406 854 35 0E415 820 35 0E418 786 35 0 15825 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Despite HURDAT having 80 kt at landfall originally and Neumann et al. (1999) showing hurricane intensity in the track plot up to landfall in Texas, this storm was not listed in Neumann et al.'s Table 6 or HURDAT's U.S. hurricane characterization as a U.S. landfalling hurricane. More significantly, Connor (1956) specifically listed this system as being "not hurricane intensity" at landfall in Texas. For the re-analysis here, it was decided to reduce the hurricane to just below hurricane force before landfall in Texas based upon Connor's assessment, but still maintaining a peak intensity of 70 kt while over the open Gulf of Mexico. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb (on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship at landfall - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is a reduction from 80 kt previously in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 15830 09/16/1902 M=10 3 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15830 09/16/1902 M=10 3 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 15835 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 82 330 35 0* 85 336 35 0* 90 342 35 0 15835 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 77 308 35 0* 80 320 35 0* 85 332 35 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** 15840 09/17* 95 350 35 0* 99 360 35 0*104 375 35 0*110 394 35 0 15840 09/17* 92 345 35 0* 98 360 35 0*104 375 35 0*109 389 35 0 ** *** ** *** *** 15845 09/18*116 411 40 0*123 430 40 0*129 448 40 0*134 464 45 0 15845 09/18*114 403 40 0*119 417 40 0*123 430 40 0*126 444 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15850 09/19*139 480 50 0*146 498 50 0*153 514 55 0*167 523 60 0 15850 09/19*131 461 50 0*136 477 50 0*143 493 55 0*153 509 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15855 09/20*180 528 65 0*194 530 70 0*210 530 75 0*229 526 80 0 15855 09/20*168 523 65 0*189 530 70 0*210 530 75 0*229 526 80 0 *** *** *** 15860 09/21*250 515 85 0*271 502 85 0*290 490 85 0*305 480 85 0 15860 09/21*247 517 85 0*265 505 85 0*283 495 85 0*302 484 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15865 09/22*322 469 80 0*336 460 75 0E348 448 75 0E359 422 70 0 15865 09/22*321 473 80 0*336 460 75 0E348 448 75 0E358 429 70 0 *** *** *** *** 15870 09/23E369 401 65 0E379 381 65 0E389 361 60 0E399 349 55 0 15870 09/23E368 414 65 0E378 399 65 0E387 385 60 0E395 371 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15875 09/24E407 341 55 0E416 332 50 0E426 323 50 0E439 314 45 0 15875 09/24E404 358 55 0E413 345 50 0E423 331 50 0E440 317 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15880 09/25E456 303 45 0E476 296 45 0E498 288 40 0E516 292 40 0 15880 09/25E457 304 45 0E476 296 45 0E498 288 40 0E516 292 40 0 *** *** 15885 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 981 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track. ******************************************************************************** 15890 10/03/1902 M=11 4 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 15890 10/03/1902 M=11 4 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 15895 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 930 50 0*150 930 50 0 15895 10/03*140 938 30 0*145 940 30 0*150 942 30 0*155 943 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15900 10/04*159 930 50 0*167 929 45 0*172 929 40 0*176 928 40 0 15900 10/04*160 944 30 0*165 945 30 0*170 946 30 0*175 947 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15905 10/05*179 927 40 0*182 927 45 0*184 926 50 0*186 926 55 0 15905 10/05*180 948 30 0*185 949 30 0*187 949 35 0*188 947 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15910 10/06*188 926 60 0*189 925 60 0*191 925 65 0*193 925 70 0 15910 10/06*189 944 55 0*191 940 60 0*193 937 65 0*195 933 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 15915 10/07*195 924 70 0*198 923 75 0*201 924 75 0*205 923 80 0 15915 10/07*197 929 85 0*200 925 90 970*203 920 90 0*207 915 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15920 10/08*211 922 80 0*219 921 85 0*228 920 85 0*235 918 85 0 15920 10/08*211 911 90 0*215 908 90 0*220 905 90 0*227 902 90 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15925 10/09*243 916 85 0*251 913 85 0*260 909 80 0*269 906 70 0 15925 10/09*234 900 90 0*239 899 85 0*245 897 80 0*253 895 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15930 10/10*277 903 65 0*285 898 60 0*294 892 60 0*303 883 50 0 15930 10/10*262 891 65 0*271 888 60 0*280 885 55 0*294 878 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 15935 10/11E314 874 40 0E325 863 35 0E337 848 35 0E349 828 35 0 15935 10/11*310 869 40 0E325 859 35 0E337 848 35 0E349 828 35 0 **** *** *** 15940 10/12E366 799 35 0E376 780 35 0E388 728 35 0E399 691 35 0 15940 10/12E364 805 35 0E376 780 35 0E388 728 35 0E399 691 35 0 *** *** 15945 10/13E409 655 35 0E419 610 40 0E428 551 40 0* 0 0 0 0 15950 HR One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The formation of the system in the Gulf of Tehuantepec as found in Neumann et al. has been retained, though slightly altered in track based upon observations collected by Partagas and Diaz. Trek across the Mexico likely to be at tropical depression intensity. A central pressure of 970 mb (at 09Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track. Winds are adjusted according on the 6th through the 9th. Slight alteration in track on the 12th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 15955 11/01/1902 M= 6 5 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15955 11/01/1902 M= 6 5 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 15960 11/01* 0 0 0 0*221 621 35 0*231 630 35 0*242 638 35 0 15960 11/01*200 673 30 0*210 683 30 0*225 673 35 0*246 663 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15965 11/02*253 640 35 0*266 642 35 0*279 642 40 0*295 637 40 0 15965 11/02*266 653 35 0*287 639 40 0*305 626 45 0*318 613 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15970 11/03*311 625 40 0*327 611 40 0*342 590 45 0*352 575 45 0 15970 11/03*327 603 55 0*335 592 60 0*343 580 60 0*348 572 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 15975 11/04*362 560 45 0*372 543 45 0*377 530 50 0*381 520 50 0 15975 11/04*352 565 60 0*357 557 55 0*360 550 50 0*363 538 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 15980 11/05*385 510 50 0*388 500 50 0*390 490 50 0*392 480 40 0 15980 11/05*366 528 50 0*368 519 50 0*370 510 50 0*371 498 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15985 11/06*394 470 35 0*396 460 30 0*397 450 25 0*398 439 20 0 15985 11/06*371 486 35 0*370 474 30 0*370 465 25 0*371 454 20 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 15990 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. (A slightly higher wind speed could have been chosen, but given the time of year - early November - with cooler SSTs prevailing a more conservative value is chosen.) Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 2nd through the 4th. ******************************************************************************* 1902 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out of HURDAT for the following reason: 1) August 25-28, 1902: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 15995 07/19/1903 M= 8 1 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 15995 07/21/1903 M= 6 1 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** 16000 07/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*165 618 35 0*172 639 35 0 16005 07/20*179 656 35 0*185 668 35 0*193 683 35 0*200 697 40 0 (The 19th and 20th are omitted from the new HURDAT.) 16010 07/21*209 710 45 0*216 720 55 0*225 732 60 0*236 742 60 0 16010 07/21*200 678 35 0*207 689 35 0*215 700 35 0*225 712 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16015 07/22*248 748 60 0*261 750 70 0*273 750 80 0*284 747 85 0 16015 07/22*237 726 35 0*249 738 35 0*265 750 40 0*276 755 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16020 07/23*295 742 90 0*305 737 90 0*316 730 90 0*324 723 90 0 16020 07/23*288 756 45 0*299 754 50 0*310 750 55 0*322 736 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16025 07/24*332 716 90 0*340 705 90 0*347 696 85 0*353 685 85 0 16025 07/24*334 716 65 0*343 701 70 0*353 685 70 0*364 669 70 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16030 07/25*358 672 80 0*364 656 75 0*370 638 70 0*378 605 70 0 16030 07/25*373 652 70 0*379 636 65 0*385 615 60 0*393 580 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16035 07/26*388 570 60 0*398 535 50 0E410 503 45 0E425 466 40 0 16035 07/26*399 547 50 0E405 514 50 0E410 485 45 0E414 457 40 0 *** *** ** **** *** *** *** *** 16040 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Partagas and Diaz' analysis documented that this hurricane reached, at best, a Category 1 hurricane status. Thus peak winds are reduced from 90 kt to 70 kt and winds are adjusted downward accordingly for the lifetime of this system. ******************************************************************************** 16045 08/06/1903 M=11 2 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16045 08/06/1903 M=11 2 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 16050 08/06* 0 0 0 0*125 432 50 0*125 450 50 0*127 470 50 0 16050 08/06* 0 0 0 0*118 423 50 0*120 435 50 0*123 447 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 16055 08/07*130 488 55 0*132 505 65 0*134 520 70 0*136 533 70 0 16055 08/07*126 460 55 0*131 475 65 0*135 490 70 0*137 509 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16060 08/08*138 544 70 0*139 556 70 0*141 569 70 0*143 583 75 0 16060 08/08*138 526 70 0*138 541 70 0*140 560 70 0*143 578 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16065 08/09*144 598 75 0*145 614 80 0*147 630 80 0*149 647 80 0 16065 08/09*144 598 80 0*145 614 90 970*147 630 100 0*149 647 105 0 ** ** *** *** *** 16070 08/10*152 664 85 0*156 682 85 0*160 700 90 0*165 720 90 0 16070 08/10*152 664 105 0*156 682 105 0*160 700 105 0*166 720 105 0 *** *** *** *** 16075 08/11*170 741 90 0*176 762 95 0*182 780 100 0*189 796 105 0 16075 08/11*172 738 105 0*177 756 105 0*183 773 105 0*186 787 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16080 08/12*193 810 105 0*197 823 105 0*200 836 105 0*203 849 100 0 16080 08/12*190 800 105 0*194 811 105 958*197 825 105 0*201 840 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16085 08/13*206 861 95 0*208 873 90 0*210 884 90 0*211 892 85 0 16085 08/13*204 856 105 0*208 873 85 0*210 884 70 0*212 894 65 0 *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 16090 08/14*212 900 85 0*213 909 85 0*215 914 85 0*217 923 85 0 16090 08/14*214 904 70 0*217 914 70 0*220 925 70 0*221 934 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16095 08/15*220 930 85 0*224 940 85 0*228 950 85 0*230 960 80 0 16095 08/15*223 943 70 0*226 951 70 986*230 960 70 0*231 968 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16100 08/16*232 968 75 0*234 975 50 0*234 986 40 0*232 996 35 0 16100 08/16*230 976 70 0*228 983 50 0*225 990 40 0*220 996 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 16105 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 970 mb (0430Z on the 9th) suggests winds of 89 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track, up from 80 kt previously. A peripheral pressure of 975 mb (0930Z on the 11th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship and a wind measurement of 105 kt was observed - 105 kt used in the best track, up from 100 kt previously. A central pressure of 958 mb (05Z on the 12th) suggests winds of 102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship and a wind measurement of 100 kt was observed - 105 kt retained in best track. A central pressure of 986 mb (03Z on the 15th) suggests winds of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track, down from 85 kt. Winds adjusted accordingly from the 9th to the 16th. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 16110 09/09/1903 M= 8 3 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 16110 09/09/1903 M= 8 3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 16115 09/09* 0 0 0 0*214 724 50 0*218 734 50 0*222 740 50 0 16120 09/10*226 747 55 0*232 753 60 0*238 760 65 0*240 765 70 0 16120 09/10*226 747 55 0*232 753 60 0*238 760 65 0*245 767 70 0 *** *** 16125 09/11*244 769 80 0*249 775 85 0*254 784 85 0*258 791 85 0 16125 09/11*251 775 75 0*255 782 75 0*257 789 75 0*259 796 75 976 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 16130 09/12*264 803 75 0*269 812 65 0*273 821 60 988*278 829 50 0 16130 09/12*262 803 70 0*267 812 60 0*273 821 55 988*277 829 50 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** 16135 09/13*281 836 55 0*285 842 60 0*289 848 65 0*295 853 70 0 16135 09/13*281 836 60 0*285 842 70 0*289 848 80 0*295 853 80 0 ** ** ** ** 16140 09/14*303 857 65 0*310 859 55 0*316 860 35 0*320 860 35 0 16140 09/14*303 857 80 0*310 859 60 0*316 860 45 0*320 860 35 0 ** ** ** 16145 09/15*324 859 35 0*327 856 35 0*330 853 35 0*333 849 35 0 16150 09/16*336 843 35 0*338 837 35 0*340 830 35 0*339 823 30 0 16150 09/16*336 843 30 0*338 837 30 0*340 830 30 0*339 823 30 0 ** ** ** 16155 HRCFL2AFL1 16155 HRCFL1AFL1 **** Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) where made to the track of this hurricane. The first alteration is to bring the center of the system to just west of Nassau near 00 UTC on the 10th, based upon wind and pressure observations. The second major alteration is to utilize the Ho et al. (1987) landfall position for Southeast Florida, which does better match the possible central position from Cat Cay. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 976 mb (11th) suggests winds of 80 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. However, Ho et al. estimate a large (43 nmi) RMW, so that winds are chosen to be 75 kt which matches the observed winds in Jupiter, Florida - this is a moderate reduction from the original HURDAT. Ho et al.'s estimate of 977 mb at landfall in Southeast Florida was based upon a peripheral pressure of 996 mb from Tampa. This is consistent with the measured 976 mb central pressure from Cat Cay, Bahamas. The 75 kt at landfall in Southeast Florida makes this hurricane a Category 1, which is downgraded from the estimate of Category 2 in Neumann et al.'s (1999) Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A storm tide of 8' was recorded at Jupiter, Florida (Barnes 1998a). A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 22Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. A storm tide value of 10' was recorded at Apalachicola, Florida (Barnes 1998a). Winds at landfall are estimated at 80 kt based upon these observations, which is increased slightly from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT. The 80 kt at landfall in the panhandle of Florida retains the Category 1 in Neumann et al.'s assessment. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 13th and 14th. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. 1903/03 - 2011 REVISION: 17050 09/09/1903 M= 8 3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 17055 09/09* 0 0 0 0*214 724 50 0*218 734 50 0*222 740 50 0* 17060 09/10*226 747 55 0*232 753 60 0*238 760 65 0*245 767 70 0* 17065 09/11*251 775 75 0*255 782 75 0*257 789 75 0*259 796 75 976* 17070 09/12*262 803 70 0*267 812 60 0*273 821 55 988*277 829 50 0* 17075 09/13*281 836 60 0*285 842 70 0*289 848 80 0*295 853 80 0* 17080 09/14*303 857 80 0*310 859 60 0*316 860 45 0*320 860 35 0* 17085 09/15*324 859 35 0*327 856 35 0*330 853 35 0*333 849 35 0* 17090 09/16*336 843 30 0*338 837 30 0*340 830 30 0*339 823 30 0* 17095 HRCFL1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/11/1903 2300Z 26.1N 80.1W 75kt 1 43nmi 976mb CFL1 3-9/14/1903 0000Z 30.1N 85.6W 80kt 1 --- (977mb) AFL1 3-9/14/1903 0000Z 30.1N 85.6W 80kt 1 --- (974mb) AFL1 *** The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in northwest Florida as an 80 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - for an 80 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************** 16160 09/12/1903 M= 6 4 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 16160 09/12/1903 M= 6 4 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 16165 09/12*225 556 60 0*233 564 60 0*242 573 70 0*251 583 70 0 16165 09/12*225 556 60 0*233 564 60 0*242 573 60 0*254 587 60 0 ** *** *** ** 16170 09/13*260 594 70 0*268 607 70 0*275 620 70 0*281 636 70 0 16170 09/13*265 604 60 0*274 622 60 0*280 640 60 0*284 652 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16175 09/14*286 654 70 0*292 672 70 0*297 686 70 0*303 696 70 0 16175 09/14*288 665 60 0*291 678 60 0*295 690 60 0*301 703 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16180 09/15*309 704 70 0*315 712 75 0*321 718 80 0*331 723 85 0 16180 09/15*308 715 70 0*316 726 75 0*325 733 80 0*341 740 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16185 09/16*346 728 85 0*364 733 80 0*384 739 70 0*400 747 65 0 16185 09/16*362 745 80 0*380 746 75 0*393 747 70 990*403 750 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** 16190 09/17*410 756 55 0*419 764 45 0E430 772 40 0E448 770 30 0 16190 09/17*411 755 55 0*419 763 45 0E430 770 40 0E448 770 30 0 *** *** *** *** 16195 HR NJ1 NY1 CT1 16195 HR NJ1 DE1 *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 997 mb (15Z on the 16th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track which is the same as the original HURDAT. 990 mb was analyzed as the central pressure at landfall in Jarrell et al. (1992), which suggests winds of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship. Intensity at landfall is retained as a Category 1 at New Jersey (70 kt) - which agrees with Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A ship report of hurricane force winds at the Delaware Capes (from Roth and Cobb 2001) suggests that the Delaware coast also experienced Category 1 conditions. However, observations collected by Partagas and Diaz indicate that New York and Connecticut were not likely affected by sustained hurricane winds so that they are removed from being listed as a Category 1 at landfall. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 16200 09/20/1903 M= 7 5 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16200 09/19/1903 M= 8 5 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** (The 19th is new to HURDAT.) 16202 09/19*208 716 30 0*213 717 30 0*217 717 30 0*220 717 30 0 16205 09/20*219 716 35 0*225 714 35 0*230 712 35 0*234 713 35 0 16205 09/20*223 717 30 0*226 717 30 0*230 717 30 0*235 718 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16210 09/21*239 714 35 0*243 716 35 0*247 718 40 0*251 720 40 0 16210 09/21*241 720 30 0*246 722 30 0*250 725 30 0*255 727 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16215 09/22*254 722 45 0*258 724 45 0*262 726 45 0*267 728 45 0 16215 09/22*260 729 30 0*265 731 30 0*270 733 35 0*275 735 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16220 09/23*272 729 45 0*278 729 45 0*284 729 45 0*290 729 45 0 16220 09/23*279 736 40 0*285 736 40 0*290 737 45 0*300 739 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16225 09/24*297 727 50 0*303 724 50 0*310 720 50 0*318 713 50 0 16225 09/24*314 740 50 0*328 738 50 0*340 730 50 0*347 716 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16230 09/25*328 703 50 0*339 691 45 0*347 675 45 0*351 659 40 0 16230 09/25*351 704 50 0*354 690 45 0*355 675 45 0*360 653 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16235 09/26*358 637 35 0*360 611 30 0*366 582 25 0* 0 0 0 0 16235 09/26*367 627 35 0*373 601 30 0*378 575 25 0*382 556 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 16240 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb (12Z on the 24th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt retained in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 25th) suggests winds of at least 42 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 16245 09/26/1903 M= 5 6 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16245 09/26/1903 M= 5 6 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 16250 09/26* 0 0 0 0*229 588 40 0*233 600 40 0*236 616 40 0 16255 09/27*239 628 45 0*243 638 50 0*248 646 50 0*261 653 55 0 16255 09/27*239 628 45 0*243 638 50 0*248 646 55 0*260 653 60 0 ** *** ** 16260 09/28*274 654 60 0*288 652 65 0*302 647 70 0*316 637 75 0 16260 09/28*273 657 70 0*287 657 80 0*300 655 90 0*321 642 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16265 09/29*331 624 80 0*346 606 85 0*362 576 85 0*379 530 85 0 16265 09/29*341 623 95 0*360 591 95 0*375 563 90 0*394 528 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 16270 09/30*388 500 80 0E406 462 75 0E435 410 70 0* 0 0 0 0 16270 09/30*412 486 80 0E427 448 75 0E445 405 70 0E465 355 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ** 16275 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (16Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt - 95 kt is chosen for the best track which is appropriate given hurricane force winds were observed in Bermuda on the weak side of the storm. ******************************************************************************** 16280 10/01/1903 M=10 7 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16280 10/01/1903 M=10 7 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 16285 10/01*202 575 60 0*204 588 60 0*208 600 65 0*214 612 70 0 16285 10/01*170 560 60 0*177 573 60 0*185 585 60 0*194 597 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16290 10/02*221 620 70 0*229 628 70 0*237 634 70 0*247 636 70 0 16290 10/02*203 610 65 0*215 622 70 0*230 635 70 0*243 638 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16295 10/03*259 633 70 0*271 629 70 0*281 622 75 0*290 612 75 0 16295 10/03*254 637 70 0*263 634 70 0*273 630 75 0*280 627 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16300 10/04*297 603 80 0*301 593 80 0*301 580 85 0*299 566 85 0 16300 10/04*289 622 80 0*295 616 80 0*300 607 85 0*305 591 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16305 10/05*296 552 85 0*293 538 85 0*289 525 85 0*286 510 80 0 16305 10/05*306 572 85 0*304 552 85 0*300 534 85 0*295 519 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16310 10/06*284 497 75 0*282 484 70 0*279 471 70 0*273 470 70 0 16310 10/06*289 502 75 0*281 488 70 0*270 480 70 0*268 482 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16315 10/07*268 478 70 0*269 488 70 0*272 493 70 0*279 489 70 0 16315 10/07*267 484 70 0*268 487 70 0*270 490 70 0*276 488 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16320 10/08*281 482 70 0*282 472 70 0*283 465 70 0*284 450 65 0 16320 10/08*280 482 70 0*282 472 70 0*283 462 70 0*285 450 65 0 *** *** *** 16325 10/09*285 434 65 0*286 419 60 0*288 404 50 0*293 390 45 0 16325 10/09*290 431 65 0*295 415 60 0*300 400 50 0*305 387 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16330 10/10E301 375 40 0E312 362 35 0E324 350 35 0* 0 0 0 0 16330 10/10E309 375 40 0E316 362 35 0E324 350 35 0E336 332 35 0 *** *** **** *** ** 16335 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 16340 10/05/1903 M= 6 8 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16340 10/05/1903 M= 6 8 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 16345 10/05*240 688 40 0*244 691 45 0*250 695 50 0*257 695 55 0 16345 10/05*255 725 35 0*257 723 35 0*260 720 40 0*263 717 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16350 10/06*263 694 55 0*268 692 60 0*272 690 65 0*275 688 70 0 16350 10/06*266 713 40 0*269 709 40 0*272 705 40 0*275 701 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 16355 10/07*278 685 70 0*280 683 70 0*283 680 70 0*286 676 70 0 16355 10/07*278 697 40 0*281 693 40 0*285 688 40 0*290 682 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16360 10/08*289 671 70 0*292 666 70 0*297 661 75 0*300 660 75 0 16360 10/08*295 674 50 0*300 669 55 0*305 665 60 0*311 662 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16365 10/09*304 660 80 0*309 662 85 0*313 668 85 0*316 677 85 0 16365 10/09*317 659 60 0*323 657 60 0*330 655 60 0*337 653 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16370 10/10*319 691 85 0*322 709 75 0*330 730 70 0E344 737 70 0 16370 10/10*345 652 55 0*353 651 50 0E361 650 50 0E372 648 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 16375 HR 16375 TS ** Major changes were made to this system from that proposed by Partagas and Diaz (1997). Portions of track that they proposed are not reasonable. After re-examination of available observations for this system from the Historical Weather Map series, new track positions are proposed for the 5th through the 8th, which are different from both Neumann et al. (1999) as well as Partagas and Diaz. These position are only moderately altered from those seen in Neumann et al. (Partagas and Diaz' apparent error was in focusing upon a possible position based on one ship [at 23N, 75W] on the 6th. However, space-time continuity with data on the 7th and 8th was not consistent with what they believed occurred on the 6th.) Positions for the 9th and 10th proposed by Partagas and Diaz are large alterations to what appears in Neumann et al., but do look quite reasonable and are retained as suggested. (On the 9th, a strong front entered the Atlantic from the U.S. east coast accompanied by an extratropical low centered near 35N, 73W. On the 10th, the extratropical low had drifted north (37N, 73.5W) and intensified, while the tropical storm was becoming absorbed into the extratropical system near the warm frontal boundary on the east side of the extratropical low.) Partagas and Diaz analyzed this tropical system as peaking as a tropical storm, rather than as a hurricane as found in Neumann et al. and HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz' characterization of the intensity is retained here. Two peripheral pressures of 997 mb (both at 12Z on the 9th) suggest winds of at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for the best track. Peak winds reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) down to a strong tropical storm (60 kt), since available observations support a substantially weaker system. A storm tide of 9' attributed to this system observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001) was instead caused by the separate, strong extratropical storm system. ******************************************************************************** 16376 10/21/1903 M= 7 9 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16376 10/21* 0 0 0 0*212 720 30 0*215 725 30 0*219 729 30 0 16376 10/22*225 733 30 0*232 736 30 0*240 740 30 0*248 742 30 0 16376 10/23*256 743 30 0*263 743 30 0*270 743 35 0*279 745 40 0 16376 10/24*290 748 45 0*301 751 50 0*312 750 50 0E324 745 50 0 16376 10/25E336 731 50 0E345 715 50 0E358 695 50 0E380 669 50 0 16376 10/26E405 637 50 0E428 604 50 0E450 575 45 0E473 554 40 0 16376 10/27E491 537 40 0E511 524 40 0E530 510 35 0E552 495 35 0 16376 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 9 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 10 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 16385 11/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*197 396 35 0*201 410 35 0 16385 11/17* 0 0 0 0*190 370 35 0*195 385 35 0*199 397 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16390 11/18*205 420 35 0*211 432 35 0*219 444 35 0*228 456 35 0 16390 11/18*204 413 35 0*211 429 35 0*219 444 35 0*228 456 35 0 *** *** *** 16395 11/19*237 468 35 0*245 480 40 0*255 493 45 0*264 500 50 0 16395 11/19*237 468 35 0*245 480 40 0*255 493 45 0*264 498 50 0 *** 16400 11/20*273 502 60 0*282 500 65 0*290 492 70 0*292 483 70 0 16400 11/20*273 496 60 0*282 493 65 0*290 485 70 0*292 477 70 0 *** *** *** ** *** 16405 11/21*293 473 70 0*293 462 75 0*293 454 75 0*295 447 80 0 16405 11/21*293 471 70 0*293 462 70 0*293 454 70 0*295 447 70 0 *** *** ** ** ** 16410 11/22*297 441 80 0*300 436 85 0*304 432 85 0*313 429 85 0 16410 11/22*297 441 70 0*300 436 70 0*304 432 70 0*313 429 70 0 ** ** ** ** 16415 11/23*328 427 85 0*343 425 80 0*354 423 75 0*363 421 70 0 16415 11/23*328 427 70 0*343 425 70 0*354 423 70 0*363 421 70 0 ** ** ** 16420 11/24*370 419 70 0*377 417 70 0*385 414 70 0*394 409 70 0 16425 11/25*403 405 65 0*413 400 65 0*422 396 65 0E435 389 50 0 16430 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Peak winds are reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) based upon available observations that suggest that the system was, at most, a minimal hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 1903 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION: 1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in mid-June 1903: "1903 Additional system #1 Block Island and Nantucket observations suggest tropical storm force winds, although the structure of the system is not clear. Needs further research." Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, this system did cause winds of gale force both over the Atlantic and at the coast, but it had an extratropical storm structure at that time. The system formed near the northern Bahamas on the 9th; apparently achieved tropical depression status on the 10th near 28N, 78W; moved to the north-northeast on the 11th with maximum winds of 30kt; merged with a frontal boundary and intensified on the 12th; made landfall late on the 12th in New York; moved northward and occluded over land on the 13th; and weakened on the 14th near Lake Erie. Peak winds from this storm were 63 kt E at Block Island (this corrects to 52 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer and converting to a peak 1 min wind), 42 kt SE at Nantucket, 36 kt E at Boston, 35 kt E at Portland, and a COADS ship of 35 kt SE at 37N, 70W. Lowest sea level pressure observed was 997 mb at New York City. (All peak observations were on the 12th of June). However, the system at the time of tropical storm force conditions had already acquired a baroclinic structure. As an example, New York City experienced 67 F temperature and 65 F dewpoint with a 27 kt E wind under light rain conditions at 12 UTC on the 12th. This became 57 F temperature, 54 F dewpoint with a 5 kt W wind under cloudy conditions a day later. Such changes are typical of that experienced in the region. This structure is consistent with a moderate cold frontal feature. Thus the system was likely not a tropical storm and is not included into HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned two additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 2) August 20-23, 1903: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) November 23-26, 1903: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into a possible storm system identified by the Committee from information within Monthly Weather Review: "1903 Additional system for 10-11 Sept. A possible depression in the Gulf of Mexico. Isaac Cline states that warnings were issued. System not noted in P+D. Needs further research." Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, this system did cause heavy rains and winds up to 25 kt in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in Louisiana and Texas. However, there was no closed circulation with this system and it did not produce gale force winds. Therefore, this system will not be included into HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 16435 06/11/1904 M= 4 1 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16435 06/10/1904 M= 5 1 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 16437 06/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 805 30 0*136 807 30 0 16440 06/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 793 35 0*159 792 35 0 16440 06/11*142 807 30 0*146 805 30 0*150 803 30 0*157 802 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16445 06/12*164 792 35 0*168 791 35 0*172 790 35 0*176 788 35 0 16445 06/12*162 801 35 0*168 799 40 0*173 797 45 0*177 795 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16455 06/13*180 786 40 0*184 783 45 0*188 780 50 0*192 778 55 0 16450 06/13*181 792 55 0*184 789 60 0*187 785 65 0*194 777 70 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16455 06/14*195 774 60 0*197 770 55 0*199 765 35 0*201 760 25 0 16455 06/14*203 768 55 0*211 760 40 0*220 753 35 0*229 746 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16460 TS 16460 HR ** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 70 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based upon the analysis from Perez (2000). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds are also boosted from the 12th and the 13th based upon observations in Jamaica listed by Partagas and Diaz. Winds reduced on the 14th, due to earlier landfall in revised HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 16465 09/08/1904 M= 8 2 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 16465 09/08/1904 M= 8 2 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 16470 09/08*193 539 60 0*196 550 60 0*200 561 65 0*205 575 70 0 16470 09/08*162 540 50 0*167 548 50 0*173 557 50 0*181 571 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16475 09/09*210 586 70 0*214 596 70 0*218 606 70 0*223 615 70 0 16475 09/09*190 586 50 0*199 603 50 0*210 620 50 0*217 630 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16480 09/10*226 621 70 0*230 630 70 0*236 640 70 0*241 650 70 0 16480 09/10*225 642 50 0*234 655 50 0*240 665 50 0*247 673 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16485 09/11*245 659 70 0*249 667 70 0*254 676 75 0*259 685 75 0 16485 09/11*251 680 50 0*255 690 50 0*259 700 50 0*262 708 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16490 09/12*263 693 75 0*267 702 80 0*271 711 85 0*275 721 85 0 16490 09/12*266 716 55 0*268 723 60 0*270 730 65 0*272 738 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16495 09/13*280 732 85 0*284 742 85 0*290 753 85 0*296 760 85 0 16495 09/13*276 747 70 0*281 757 70 0*290 767 70 0*297 774 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 16500 09/14*305 770 85 0*315 780 80 0*327 790 75 0*346 792 65 0 16500 09/14*304 780 70 0*315 785 70 0*327 790 70 0*346 795 60 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 16505 09/15E365 776 65 0E391 750 65 0E420 703 65 0E459 640 55 0 16505 09/15*365 776 55 0E391 750 65 0E420 703 75 0E459 640 55 0 * ** ** 16510 HR SC1 No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Peak winds reduced from Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) as a hurricane since observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal hurricane. Winds reduced accordingly from the 8th to the 14th. Winds are increased on the 15th due to observations over New England in Partagas and Diaz while during its extratropical stage. Landfall at South Carolina as a 70 kt Category 1 agrees with assessment in the U.S. landfall categorization in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999). It is to be noted that this system had hurricane force winds (and produced these along the U.S. coast) during its extratropical stage on the 15th. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 1904/03 - 2011 ADDITION: 00005 09/28/1904 M= 7 3 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED XING=0 00010 09/28*120 800 25 0*122 803 25 0*125 805 30 0*128 808 30 0* 00015 09/29*130 810 35 0*132 812 35 0*135 815 40 0*139 818 40 0* 00020 09/30*144 820 45 0*150 822 50 0*155 825 55 0*159 828 60 0* 00025 10/01*163 831 65 0*167 835 70 0*170 840 70 0*173 846 70 0* 00030 10/02*176 852 65 0*178 858 60 0*180 865 55 0*181 872 50 0* 00035 10/03*182 878 50 0*181 884 40 0*180 890 35 0*179 897 35 0* 00040 10/04*177 904 30 0*174 912 30 0*170 920 25 0*165 928 25 0* 00045 HR This new hurricane was uncovered by Michael Chenoweth in his examination of the "Nautical Notes" section of the New Orleans Picayune newspaper archives. The track and intensity was based upon ship observations from this newspaper as well as COADS data and Historical Weather Map observations. September 28: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure centered near 11N 75W. Available observations are sparse, but these along with continuity suggests that a tropical depression was present near 12.5N 80.5W. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 29: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the Western Caribbean. Available observations are sparse, but these along with continuity suggests that a tropical storm was present near 13.5N 81.5W. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. "The Norwegian steamship Utstein, Captain T. Aaravold, from Bluefields, Nicaragua...crossed the bar at 11:45 p.m. on October 3, and released from Quarantine at 2:30 a.m. on Oct. 4, and arrived about 10 a.m. at Post 15, First District. Reports sailing from Bluefields at 4 p.m. Sept. 28; had stormy weather, with strong northerly winds to Cape Gracias, thence to Yucatan strong north to north-northeast winds, with a heavy swell, thence northerly winds to bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October 1904, p. 13] COMMENT: This ship left for New Orleans earlier than other ships from the area and stayed ahead of the storm center to its south and southeast. September 30: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the Western Caribbean. Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical storm was near 15.5N 82.5W. Ship highlights: SE 40 kt near 14N 82W (NOP). "The Norwegian steamship Nicaragua, Captain L.H. Larssen, from Bluefields, Nicaragua...crossed the bar at 8 p.m. on Oct. 5, and arrived at 8 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, First District. She reports sailing from Bluefields on Sept. 30; when between Bluefields and Cape Gracias, ran into a hard wind from southeast, blowing with gale force, with a high sea, lasting to Yucatan; wind then moderated and shifted to north, light, with good weather to bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 7 October 1904, p. 13]. "The Norwegian steamship Harald, Captain K.S. Irgens, from Port Limon, Costa Rica...crossed the bar at 9 p.m. Oct. 3 and arrived at 7:30 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, First District. Reports sailing from Port Limon at 2 p.m. Sept. 28, and encountered heavy weather off Swan Island for about twenty hours, with heavy seas, thence moderate weather to bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October, p. 13] COMMENT: The steamship was probably in the area of Swan Island on 30 September and had bad weather to the north of the storm center. October 1: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the Western Caribbean. Available observations indicate that the center of a hurricane was near 17N 84W. Ship highlights: SE 70 kt at 05Z near 16N 83W (NOP); 50 kt near 18N 87W (NOP); NNE 40 near 19N 87W (NOP); SSE 40 kt near 16N 83W (NOP). "The Norwegian steamship Ellis, Captain E. Hansen, from Port Limon....reports having sailed Sept. 29, at 5:30 p.m., had strong north winds and cloudy weather; passed Cape Gracias at 7:10 p.m., Sept. 30, but failed to distinguish the light; on rounding the Cape encountered a southeast wind, blowing with hurricane-like force, with torrents of rain; during the night the wind and sea kept increasing and at midnight the wind blew with terrific force, accompanied by fearful high seas; at 6 a.m., Oct. 1, the wind and sea began to moderate and was followed by fine weather during the remainder of the passage, crossing the bar [in Louisiana] at 10 p.m., Oct. 3 and arrived at her wharf at 6 a.m. yesterday" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October 1904, page 13]. "The Norwegian steamship Beacon, Captain J. Pettersen, from ocas del Toro...crossed the bar at noon Oct. 4 and arrived at 5 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, First District. Reports sailing from Bocas del Toro Sept. 29; had good weather to Cape Gracias, thence a strong south-southeast wind, with fierce lightning and heavy thunder, and in order to clear the storm changed her course to the outside banks at Cape Gracias, when quite a number of birds, large and small, came on board, and were so tired that they could be picked up. During the latter part of the passage had good weather. [New Orleans Picayune, 6 October 1904, page 13] COMMENT: The ship was east of Cape Gracias a Dios probably by the evening of 30 September and in a rain band to the east of the storm center. The mass landing of birds is suggestive of a severe storm in the area, quite likely of hurricane intensity. "The British steamship Wanderer, 2,666 tons net, Captain R. Hunter, from Liverpool, via Colon and Mexican ports...released from Quarantine Thursday [20 Oct.] arrived at Stuyvesant Dock to fill out for Liverpool. She reports sailing from Liverpool on Sept.8; had fair weather across the Atlantic and off the Bay of Honduras encountered the tail end of a hurricane, heavy rains and fierce squalls being encountered with thick, dirty weather and a heavy cross sea, lasting twenty-four hours, and followed by unsettled weather to and around the coast, and in the Gulf of Mexico experienced strong northeast to east-northeast wind, with a heavy head swell to bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 22 October 1904, page 11] COMMENT: The steamship probably encountered the storm on about 1 October. "The Norwegian steamship Hispania, Captain T. Seeberg... crossed the bar at 4 a.m. on Oct. 4 and arrived at 2:10 p.m. on the same date at Post 15, First District. Reports sailing from [La] Ceiba [Honduras] Sept. 30; had strong north-northeast winds, blowing with gale force and a heavy sea to north end of Cozumel Island, thence moderate weather to the bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October, p. 13] COMMENT: The steamship probably encountered the storm on about 1 October. "The Norwegian steamship Gyller, Captain S. Alshager, from Port Cortez [Puerto Cortez, Honduras].... arrived yesterday morning at Post 30, Third District. Reports sailing from Port Cortez Sept. 30; had stormy weather and heavy squalls and winds from northwest to northeast up to night of Oct. 2, the weather then moderating, being fine from Yucatan to the bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 6 October 1904, p. 13]. "The Norwegian steamship Hiram, Captain J. Pedersen, from Puerto Cortez...crossed the bar at 10 a.m. on Oct. 5, and arrived at 8:30 p.m., the same date, at Post 30, Third District. She reports sailing from Puerto Cortez at 4 a.m. Oct. 1; experienced strong northwest to northeast winds and high seas for two days, till off Yucatan; thence fine weather" [New Orleans Picayune, 7 October 1904, p. 13]. October 2: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the Western Caribbean. Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical storm was near 18N 86.5W. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. October 3: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the Western Caribbean or the Gulf of Mexico. Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical storm was located inland near 18N 89W near the Mexico-Belize border. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. October 4: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a trough over Central America. Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical depression was located inland near 17N 92W near the Mexico-Guatemala border. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. "The British steamship Floridian...from Liverpool via various ports, released from Quarantine at 1 p.m. Oct. 11... left UK Sept. 1 and had fine weather to Tampico, where detained three days by a light norther and very heavy rains making the bar impassable; sailed from Tampico Oct. 6, and had strong northeast winds to the Passes" [New Orleans Picayune, 13 October 1904, p. 13] COMMENT: U.S. daily weather maps and the Historical Weather Maps indicate that a strong cold front moved well into the Gulf of Mexico only on 6 October, which would be associated with the "strong northeast winds to the Passes". October 5: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest over Western Caribbean or the Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest that the tropical cyclone had dissipated. No gales or equivalent were observed. Genesis of this cyclone is estimated to have occurred around 00 UTC on the 28th of September in the southwestern Caribbean. Numerous ship encounters with this cyclone were uncovered from the 29th of September through the 2nd of October. Moving slowly toward the northwest, development into a tropical storm likely occurred around 00 UTC on the 29th. The center of the cyclone passed just offshore of Cape Gracias, near the Nicaragua-Honduras border on the 30th. Observations from the Steamship Ellis indicate that that cyclone reached hurricane intensity while in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 1st on October. While data are somewhat inconclusive, it is analyzed that the cyclone weakened to tropical storm intensity on the 2nd before making landfall in Belize. No observations were available from Nicaragua, Honduras, or Belize. Mexican and ship data suggest that the cyclone moved westward over land while weakening on the 3rd. Dissipation likely occurred late on the 4th over southeastern Mexico, as there are no indications that the cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico. ******************************************************************************** 16515 10/12/1904 M=10 3 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 16515 10/12/1904 M=10 4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 16520 10/12* 0 0 0 0*153 757 35 0*153 764 35 0*154 771 35 0 16525 10/13*156 777 35 0*159 782 35 0*164 787 35 0*171 791 35 0 16525 10/13*159 777 35 0*164 782 35 0*170 787 40 0*175 791 40 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 16530 10/14*179 793 35 0*186 795 35 0*193 797 40 0*199 798 40 0 16530 10/14*180 793 40 0*186 795 40 0*193 797 45 0*198 798 50 0 *** ** ** ** *** ** 16535 10/15*204 799 45 0*209 799 45 0*215 800 40 0*221 799 40 0 16535 10/15*201 799 55 0*206 799 60 0*210 800 65 0*214 800 65 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 16540 10/16*228 797 40 0*235 795 45 0*242 793 55 0*248 791 65 0 16540 10/16*217 800 65 0*220 800 55 0*225 800 50 0*233 799 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16545 10/17*253 792 65 0*256 794 65 0*260 798 65 0*260 805 60 0 16545 10/17*242 799 65 0*251 801 70 0*257 807 60 0*259 809 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16550 10/18*260 809 55 0*257 814 45 0*252 816 40 0*253 809 35 0 16550 10/18*262 811 45 0*265 814 40 0*267 817 40 0*268 823 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16555 10/19*259 808 30 0*263 809 25 0*267 810 25 0*269 809 20 0 16555 10/19*267 825 35 0*266 826 35 0*263 827 35 0*259 826 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16560 10/20*271 807 20 0*273 806 20 0*275 805 20 0*277 802 20 0 16560 10/20*256 822 35 0*254 816 35 0*255 810 35 0*258 800 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16565 10/21*280 799 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 16565 10/21*261 790 25 0*265 782 20 0*270 770 20 0*274 759 20 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16570 HR 16570 HRCFL1 **** The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 65 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based upon the analysis from Perez (2000). Winds increased accordingly on the 14th through the 16th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (05Z on the 17th) suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Winds at landfall in southeast Florida are estimated at 70 kt, making this a Category 1 landfall which is consistent with the original HURDAT 6 hourly intensity estimate just before landfall (which had 65 kt). However, Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT did not list this as a U.S. landfalling hurricane. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on the 20th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 35 kt chosen for best track since the center had already made a second landfall by this time. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida. ******************************************************************************** 16575 10/19/1904 M= 5 4 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16575 10/19/1904 M= 7 5 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 16580 10/19* 0 0 0 0*260 462 35 0*258 470 35 0*255 479 35 0 16580 10/19* 0 0 0 0*258 454 35 0*250 463 35 0*238 475 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 16585 10/20*250 488 35 0*247 497 35 0*245 506 35 0*244 514 35 0 16585 10/20*227 488 35 0*221 503 35 0*225 516 35 0*230 522 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16590 10/21*244 522 40 0*244 529 40 0*245 537 45 0*246 544 45 0 16590 10/21*236 523 40 0*243 522 40 0*250 520 45 0*260 522 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16595 10/22*250 550 45 0*254 555 45 0*260 560 40 0*265 564 35 0 16595 10/22*267 528 45 0*275 536 45 0*285 545 40 0*296 553 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16600 10/23*275 570 35 0*286 573 35 0*300 578 30 0* 0 0 0 0 16600 10/23*311 561 35 0*328 568 35 0*350 575 35 0*367 575 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (24th and 25th are new to HURDAT.) 16601 10/24E392 567 35 0E417 556 35 0E445 540 35 0E473 512 35 0 16602 10/25E504 484 35 0E534 454 35 0E560 425 35 0E578 395 35 0 16605 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 38 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt retained in best track. ******************************************************************************** 16610 10/29/1904 M= 8 5 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 16610 10/31/1904 M= 7 6 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** 16615 10/29* 0 0 0 0*199 860 35 0*203 868 40 0*206 875 35 0 16620 10/30*208 881 35 0*212 889 35 0*217 896 35 0*222 901 35 0 (The 29th and 30th are deleted from HURDAT.) 16625 10/31*226 906 35 0*231 911 35 0*237 916 35 0*242 919 35 0 16625 10/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 913 35 0*204 918 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16630 11/01*246 920 35 0*251 920 40 0*257 919 40 0*262 918 45 0 16630 11/01*210 920 35 0*216 922 40 0*223 920 40 0*231 917 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16635 11/02*268 915 45 0*274 911 45 0*282 906 40 0*290 899 35 0 16635 11/02*238 914 45 0*244 911 45 0*253 907 40 0*265 898 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16640 11/03*300 891 35 0*309 879 35 0*316 864 35 0*316 843 35 0 16640 11/03*278 889 35 0*291 881 35 0*303 867 35 0*313 848 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 16645 11/04*319 828 35 0*328 806 35 0*336 786 35 0*340 765 35 0 16645 11/04*321 827 30 0*329 804 30 0E335 780 35 0E338 760 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **** *** 16650 11/05*344 745 35 0*349 724 35 0*353 703 30 0*360 685 25 0 16650 11/05E345 734 35 0E351 711 35 0E360 687 35 0E377 660 35 0 **** *** **** *** **** *** ** **** *** (The 6th is new to HURDAT.) 16652 11/06E400 624 35 0E424 593 35 0E450 575 35 0E466 557 35 0 16655 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (12Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at least 34 kt - 35 kt retained in best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. ******************************************************************************** 1904 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned five additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) September 3-5, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) September 24-30, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) October 10-16, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 4) October 28-November 2, 1904: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. 5) November 9-14, 1904: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but likely was an extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 16660 09/06/1905 M= 2 1 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16660 09/06/1905 M= 3 1 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 16665 09/06* 0 0 0 0*140 580 50 0*140 590 50 0*140 600 50 0 16665 09/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*116 585 50 0*120 598 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 16670 09/07*141 609 50 0*141 618 50 0*141 627 40 0*141 640 30 0 16670 09/07*125 611 50 0*130 628 50 0*135 643 40 0*139 658 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (The 8th is new to HURDAT.) 16672 09/08*144 673 30 0*149 689 30 0*153 703 30 0*159 721 25 0 16675 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage. ******************************************************************************** 17350 09/11/1905 M= 6 2 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17350 09/11/1905 M= 6 2 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 17355 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 510 35 0*197 521 35 0 17360 09/12*200 533 35 0*202 541 35 0*205 550 40 0*210 560 40 0 17365 09/13*214 568 40 0*218 574 45 0*221 579 50 0*223 583 50 0 17370 09/14*226 586 50 0*229 588 50 0*232 591 45 0*238 594 40 0 17375 09/15*244 597 35 0*250 600 35 0*255 603 35 0*259 606 35 0 17380 09/16*263 611 35 0*267 615 35 0*270 620 30 0*272 625 30 0 17385 TS Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 16720 09/24/1905 M= 7 3 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 16720 09/24/1905 M= 7 3 SNBR= 412 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 16725 09/24* 0 0 0 0*177 840 35 0*182 847 35 0*186 854 35 0 16730 09/25*190 860 35 0*194 867 40 0*199 874 40 0*204 881 35 0 16735 09/26*209 888 35 0*215 897 35 0*222 905 35 0*229 909 40 0 16735 09/26*209 888 35 0*215 897 35 0*222 905 45 0*229 909 45 0 ** ** 16740 09/27*237 914 40 0*245 918 40 0*253 920 40 0*259 922 45 0 16740 09/27*237 914 45 0*245 918 45 0*253 920 45 0*259 922 45 0 ** ** ** 16745 09/28*265 924 45 0*272 926 45 0*277 927 45 0*283 928 45 0 16750 09/29*287 927 45 0*292 926 45 0*298 925 40 0*306 918 35 0 16755 09/30*317 909 35 0*330 912 35 0*341 920 35 0*348 934 30 0 16760 TS Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes for this storm from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressures of 1002 mb (12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 26th and 27th. Another peripheral pressure of 1002 mb (on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt - 40 kt retained for best track at 12Z since the storm was inland by this time. ******************************************************************************** 16765 10/01/1905 M=13 4 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16765 10/01/1905 M=13 4 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 16770 10/01* 0 0 0 0*107 797 60 0*110 797 60 0*111 797 60 0 16770 10/01* 0 0 0 0*110 792 30 0*110 790 30 0*111 788 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 16775 10/02*113 796 60 0*115 796 60 0*117 795 60 0*119 794 60 0 16775 10/02*113 787 30 0*115 786 30 0*117 785 30 0*119 783 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 16780 10/03*121 793 70 0*124 792 70 0*128 790 70 0*133 788 70 0 16780 10/03*121 782 35 0*124 781 35 0*127 780 35 0*132 779 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16785 10/04*138 786 70 0*145 782 70 0*150 779 70 0*158 773 70 0 16785 10/04*137 778 40 0*141 777 40 0*145 775 45 0*152 770 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16790 10/05*164 769 70 0*171 764 70 0*178 758 70 0*184 754 70 0 16790 10/05*158 765 50 0*163 760 50 0*170 755 55 0*181 748 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16795 10/06*190 749 70 0*196 742 70 0*202 737 70 0*211 729 70 0 16795 10/06*192 742 60 0*202 736 60 0*210 730 60 0*221 723 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16800 10/07*222 717 70 0*233 707 70 0*242 697 70 0*249 690 70 0 16800 10/07*232 717 60 0*243 711 60 0*253 705 60 0*264 696 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16805 10/08*255 684 70 0*262 677 70 0E270 670 75 0E280 660 75 0 16805 10/08*273 686 65 0*281 676 70 0*290 665 75 0*301 650 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** **** *** **** *** ** 16810 10/09E290 650 80 0E300 640 80 0E310 630 85 0E320 613 85 0 16810 10/09*308 637 95 0*317 621 105 0*323 605 105 0*329 575 105 0 **** *** ** **** *** *** **** *** *** **** *** *** 16815 10/10E330 593 85 0E340 571 85 0E350 550 85 0E363 528 85 0 16815 10/10*333 548 105 0*340 522 100 0*350 500 95 0*363 486 90 0 **** *** *** * *** *** * *** *** * *** ** 16820 10/11E379 502 85 0E396 479 85 0E410 460 75 0E421 450 65 0 16820 10/11*379 479 85 0E396 471 80 0E410 460 80 0E429 448 80 945 * *** *** ** ** *** *** ** *** 16825 10/12E431 448 55 0E442 449 50 0E455 452 45 0E467 458 40 0 16825 10/12E452 450 75 0E470 460 70 0E490 475 65 0E501 484 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16830 10/13E480 464 40 0E493 478 35 0E508 498 35 0E523 512 35 0 16830 10/13E510 492 45 0E521 501 35 0E530 510 35 0E540 521 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16835 HR The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 1st and 2nd as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best track and to delay the extratropical stage until the 11th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt - 45 kt chosen for best track. A possible central pressure of 945 mb (20Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 100 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track since the hurricane had already transitioned to an extratropical storm. However, because of the very low pressures encountered, it is likely that it retained tropical characteristics close to the observation date. It is concluded that this hurricane reached Category 3 hurricane status (105 kt) before becoming extratropical. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 8th through the 13th. ******************************************************************************** 16840 10/05/1905 M= 6 5 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 16840 10/05/1905 M= 7 5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 16845 10/05* 0 0 0 0*230 889 35 0*230 895 35 0*230 899 35 0 16845 10/05* 0 0 0 0*230 889 35 0*230 895 40 0*230 899 40 0 ** ** 16850 10/06*231 904 35 0*233 908 35 0*236 911 35 0*240 916 35 0 16850 10/06*231 904 40 0*233 908 40 0*236 911 40 0*240 916 40 0 ** ** ** ** 16855 10/07*244 920 35 0*249 924 35 0*252 926 35 0*256 928 40 0 16855 10/07*244 920 40 0*249 924 40 0*252 926 40 0*256 927 40 0 ** ** ** *** 16860 10/08*258 929 45 0*260 930 45 0*263 930 45 0*267 931 45 0 16860 10/08*258 927 45 0*260 926 45 0*263 925 45 0*267 924 45 0 *** *** *** *** 16865 10/09*273 930 45 0*280 927 45 0*287 920 40 0*296 913 35 0 16865 10/09*273 923 45 0*280 922 45 0*287 920 45 0*296 913 40 0 *** *** ** ** 16870 10/10*307 905 35 0*320 898 30 0*335 887 25 0* 0 0 0 0 16870 10/10*307 905 35 0E320 898 30 0E335 887 25 0E347 865 25 0 * * **** *** ** (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 16872 10/11E356 843 25 0E364 824 25 0E373 800 25 0E385 777 25 0 16875 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb (12Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 1905 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) August 18-20, 1905: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) August 27-30, 1905: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. 3) September 27, 1905: Gale to hurricane force observations found, but likely was an extratropical storm. 4) November 28-December 3, 1905: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. ******************************************************************************** 16880 06/08/1906 M= 6 1 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 16880 06/08/1906 M= 7 1 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 16885 06/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 836 35 0*204 839 35 0 16885 06/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 836 35 0*204 837 35 0 *** 16890 06/09*214 842 35 0*222 844 35 0*229 845 35 0*234 846 35 0 16890 06/09*214 838 35 0*222 839 35 0*230 840 40 0*235 841 45 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16895 06/10*239 847 40 0*244 847 40 0*250 848 45 0*258 849 45 0 16895 06/10*239 842 45 0*244 842 45 0*250 843 45 0*254 844 45 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 16900 06/11*264 850 45 0*268 851 45 0*274 852 45 0*278 853 45 0 16900 06/11*258 846 45 0*261 848 45 0*265 850 45 0*270 852 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16905 06/12*282 854 45 0*286 855 45 0*291 856 45 0*300 856 40 0 16905 06/12*275 854 45 0*280 855 45 0*287 855 45 0*296 856 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 16910 06/13*307 856 40 0*318 857 35 0*330 857 35 0*341 860 30 0 16910 06/13*307 856 40 0*318 857 35 0*330 857 35 0*346 865 30 0 *** *** (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 16912 06/14E362 877 30 0E380 891 30 0E400 895 30 0E418 898 30 0 16915 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These large track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb (21Z on the 9th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - winds chosen to be 45 kt in best track and winds on the 9th and 10th are adjusted accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 16920 06/14/1906 M=10 2 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 16920 06/14/1906 M=10 2 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 16925 06/14* 0 0 0 0*226 752 35 0*226 757 35 0*226 762 35 0 16925 06/14* 0 0 0 0*229 764 35 0*230 775 35 0*231 782 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 16930 06/15*226 767 35 0*227 773 40 0*227 778 40 0*228 784 45 0 16930 06/15*231 790 35 0*232 798 40 0*233 805 40 0*233 808 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16935 06/16*229 791 45 0*230 797 50 0*231 803 55 0*238 808 60 0 16935 06/16*233 811 50 0*233 813 55 0*235 815 60 0*240 815 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16940 06/17*246 810 65 0*255 809 70 0*267 804 70 0*279 795 75 0 16940 06/17*245 813 70 0*250 809 75 979*257 803 75 0*267 790 75 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** 16945 06/18*291 785 80 0*300 772 80 0*310 761 85 0*324 744 85 0 16945 06/18*281 775 80 0*295 761 80 0*310 747 85 0*324 734 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 16950 06/19*336 728 90 0*344 714 90 0*351 701 90 0*353 695 85 0 16950 06/19*338 723 90 0*351 712 90 0*363 695 90 0*367 682 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16955 06/20*355 689 80 0*357 682 75 0*357 674 65 0*356 664 65 0 16955 06/20*366 672 80 0*363 660 75 0*360 650 65 0*357 646 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 16960 06/21*354 652 55 0*353 641 50 0*353 630 45 0*355 623 45 0 16960 06/21*354 641 55 0*351 636 50 0*350 630 45 0*352 623 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** 16965 06/22*358 616 45 0*360 608 40 0*363 600 40 0*367 590 40 0 16965 06/22*356 616 45 0*358 608 40 0*360 600 40 0*363 590 40 0 *** *** *** *** 16970 06/23*372 578 35 0*377 565 35 0*382 551 35 0E390 530 30 0 16970 06/23*365 578 35 0*368 565 35 0*370 551 35 0E373 530 30 0 *** *** *** *** 16975 HRCFL1 16975 HRBFL1CFL1 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ho et. al. (1987) analyzed a central pressure at landfall of 979 mb and a RMW of 26 nmi in peninsula Florida. This central pressure suggests winds of 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Given an RMW slightly larger than what is typical at this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), the maximum sustained windspeed at landfall is estimated at 75 kt. Thus the hurricane is retained as a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in the Florida Keys and southern Florida, agreeing with Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/ U.S. hurricane categorization in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 16976 08/22/1906 M= 4 3 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16977 08/22* 0 0 0 0*287 531 30 0*290 540 30 0*294 548 30 0 16978 08/23*299 556 35 0*305 565 35 0*313 567 40 0*321 564 45 0 16979 08/24*326 558 50 0*330 551 55 0*338 541 60 0*349 528 60 0 16979 08/25*364 512 55 0E375 497 50 0E390 480 45 0E402 463 40 0 16979 TS No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 16980 08/25/1906 M=19 3 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 16980 08/25/1906 M=19 4 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 16985 08/25*127 265 65 0*129 276 65 0*131 287 70 0*133 298 70 0 16985 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 210 35 0*140 225 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16990 08/26*135 309 70 0*137 321 70 0*139 332 70 0*139 343 70 0 16990 08/26*140 240 40 0*140 255 40 0*140 270 45 0*140 285 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 16995 08/27*140 355 70 0*140 366 70 0*140 380 70 0*141 386 70 0 16995 08/27*140 300 50 0*140 315 50 0*140 330 55 0*140 346 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17000 08/28*141 394 70 0*142 401 70 0*142 410 70 0*143 421 70 0 17000 08/28*139 362 60 0*139 378 60 0*138 395 65 0*138 412 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17005 08/29*144 432 70 0*144 442 70 0*145 453 70 0*145 465 70 0 17005 08/29*137 428 70 0*137 444 70 0*136 460 70 0*136 477 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17010 08/30*145 477 75 0*145 491 75 0*146 506 75 0*148 524 80 0 17010 08/30*136 493 75 0*135 509 75 0*135 525 75 0*137 540 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17015 08/31*151 539 80 0*154 554 80 0*158 569 85 0*160 577 85 0 17015 08/31*141 553 80 0*145 565 80 0*150 575 85 0*155 583 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17020 09/01*164 585 85 0*168 593 85 0*172 601 90 0*175 608 90 0 17020 09/01*160 590 85 0*165 600 85 0*170 607 90 0*175 614 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17025 09/02*178 613 90 0*181 619 90 0*184 625 90 0*188 633 95 0 17025 09/02*180 622 90 0*185 631 90 0*190 640 90 0*193 647 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17030 09/03*192 643 95 0*194 650 100 0*197 659 100 0*199 668 105 0 17030 09/03*196 654 95 0*198 660 100 0*200 667 100 0*203 676 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17035 09/04*202 675 105 0*206 683 110 0*211 692 110 0*215 700 110 0 17035 09/04*206 683 105 0*209 690 110 0*213 696 110 0*216 702 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17040 09/05*220 706 115 0*225 712 115 0*231 720 115 0*235 727 115 0 17040 09/05*221 708 115 0*225 714 115 0*231 720 115 0*235 727 115 0 *** *** *** 17045 09/06*239 734 115 0*244 740 115 0*250 747 115 0*259 750 110 0 17045 09/06*239 734 115 0*244 740 115 0*250 747 115 0*258 756 110 0 *** *** 17050 09/07*269 750 110 0*276 747 110 0*283 740 105 0*290 731 100 0 17050 09/07*268 764 110 0*279 766 110 0*290 760 110 0*295 748 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17055 09/08*296 722 100 0*301 714 95 0*307 704 95 0*311 693 95 0 17055 09/08*298 735 110 0*300 721 110 0*303 705 110 0*307 693 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17060 09/09*315 682 90 0*319 673 90 0*324 664 90 0*334 650 85 0 17060 09/09*313 681 105 0*319 669 105 0*325 657 105 0*336 643 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17065 09/10*344 638 85 0*357 621 85 0*378 600 80 0*398 581 80 0 17065 09/10*347 629 100 0*358 614 100 0*370 600 100 0*384 569 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17070 09/11*421 561 80 0*447 533 75 0E470 490 70 0E490 427 65 0 17070 09/11*400 528 95 950*422 488 85 0E450 450 75 0E475 404 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 17075 09/12E508 367 60 0E536 314 55 0E564 259 50 0* 0 0 0 0 17075 09/12E495 354 60 0E513 303 55 0E530 250 50 0E540 203 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ** 17080 HR Major changes are made to the track proposed by Partagas and Diaz (1997) for the 25th through the 30th. The track is begun on the 25th farther to the east based upon re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series. Track determined through the 30th based upon analysis of available observational data along with a reasonable extrapolation of the storm in time. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and large changes (early in the hurricane's lifecycle) to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. A peripheral pressure of 982 mb (07Z on the 7th) suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt retained in the best track. A possible central pressure of 950 mb (01Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 97 kt - 95 kt chosen for the best track. Winds are adjusted upward from the 7th to the 11th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 17085 09/03/1906 M=16 4 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 17085 09/03/1906 M=16 5 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** * 17090 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*102 330 35 0*103 337 35 0 17095 09/04*103 342 35 0*104 349 35 0*105 357 35 0*106 366 35 0 17100 09/05*109 376 35 0*112 385 35 0*116 395 35 0*120 405 35 0 17105 09/06*124 414 40 0*128 423 40 0*132 432 45 0*137 442 45 0 17105 09/06*124 414 35 0*128 423 35 0*132 432 35 0*137 442 35 0 ** ** ** ** 17110 09/07*141 449 45 0*146 456 45 0*151 462 50 0*153 466 50 0 17110 09/07*141 449 40 0*146 456 40 0*151 462 40 0*153 466 40 0 ** ** ** ** 17115 09/08*155 471 55 0*157 475 55 0*160 480 60 0*164 487 60 0 17115 09/08*155 471 40 0*157 475 40 0*160 480 40 0*164 484 40 0 ** ** ** *** ** 17120 09/09*169 495 60 0*174 503 65 0*179 510 65 0*183 515 70 0 17120 09/09*169 488 45 0*175 491 45 0*180 493 45 0*184 496 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17125 09/10*187 520 70 0*190 524 70 0*195 529 70 0*201 536 75 0 17125 09/10*188 499 50 0*193 503 50 0*197 507 50 0*202 513 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17130 09/11*207 544 75 0*216 556 75 0*224 569 80 0*230 581 80 0 17130 09/11*206 521 55 0*208 530 55 0*210 540 55 0*214 553 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17135 09/12*233 593 80 0*237 606 80 0*240 619 80 0*242 626 85 0 17135 09/12*218 565 60 0*222 577 60 0*227 590 65 0*230 602 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17140 09/13*245 632 85 0*249 639 85 0*254 645 85 0*260 650 85 0 17140 09/13*232 612 70 0*236 623 70 0*243 633 75 0*253 641 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17145 09/14*265 654 85 0*271 657 90 0*280 660 90 0*289 664 90 0 17145 09/14*266 647 80 0*279 655 80 0*290 663 80 0*295 667 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17150 09/15*296 668 95 0*303 670 95 0*310 675 100 0*314 683 105 0 17150 09/15*299 671 80 0*302 675 80 0*305 680 80 0*309 685 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17155 09/16*317 692 110 0*319 701 115 0*321 711 125 0*323 722 125 0 17155 09/16*312 690 80 0*315 697 80 0*317 707 80 0*320 720 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17160 09/17*325 735 120 0*328 748 110 0*332 763 100 0*335 781 85 0 17160 09/17*320 734 80 0*321 751 80 0*323 767 80 0*329 782 80 977 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 17165 09/18*338 795 60 0*341 808 40 0*347 821 30 0*353 834 30 0 17165 09/18*335 798 60 0*343 815 40 0*350 830 30 0*355 845 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17170 HR SC3 NC3 17170 HR SC1 NC1 *** *** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). This hurricane - originally storm number 4 - was listed as a Category 3 at landfall in North and South Carolina with a central pressure of 947 mb (Neumann et al. 1999; Jarrell et al. 1992). This was based upon a supposed surface pressure reading of 945 mb at Cape Fear, North Carolina. Both Ho et al. (1987) and Partagas and Diaz (1997) reject this measurement as being erroneous since it does not correspond to nearby pressure measurements nor do wind observations suggest that the center went over Cape Fear. (Instead, landfall is analyzed at being near Georgetown, South Carolina - over 60 nmi to the southwest of Cape Fear.) It is worth noting that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time did not mention this supposed 947 mb central pressure reading, nor did Tannehill (1938). Barnes (1998b) corroborates the damages and impacts of having a much weaker hurricane than a 947 mb hurricane in the shipping, coastal and inland effects in the Carolinas. The apparent source for 947 mb was Dunn and Miller (1960), which gave the surface pressure value without any attribution. Instead, Ho et al. (1987) analyze this hurricane as a 977 mb hurricane with a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall in the Carolinas, which much better matches the observed wind observations, pressure observations and damage incurred along the coast. Such a central pressure with a near-climatological RMW (for that central pressure and latitude) supports a wind speed of 79 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track. Such an intensity corresponds well with the moderate wind damage incurred in South Carolina, from newspaper archives in Charleston and Georgetown analyzed by Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina. Without evidence for a major hurricane at landfall in the United States, there is no support for this hurricane ever being more than a minimal (Category 1) hurricane at its peak. Winds are adjusted from the 13th to the 19th accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 17175 09/19/1906 M=11 5 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 17175 09/19/1906 M=12 6 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * *** * 17180 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*149 725 35 0*149 730 35 0 17180 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 770 30 0*121 775 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 17185 09/20*149 736 35 0*150 742 35 0*150 751 35 0*150 760 35 0 17185 09/20*122 779 35 0*123 783 35 0*125 787 35 0*128 792 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17190 09/21*151 771 35 0*152 781 35 0*154 791 35 0*157 799 35 0 17190 09/21*132 797 35 0*136 801 35 0*140 805 35 0*146 809 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17195 09/22*161 806 40 0*165 812 40 0*170 819 45 0*175 826 45 0 17195 09/22*152 813 40 0*158 818 40 0*163 823 45 0*169 828 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17200 09/23*180 830 50 0*185 835 50 0*193 840 55 0*200 844 60 0 17200 09/23*175 832 50 0*181 837 50 0*187 840 55 0*193 843 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17205 09/24*206 847 65 0*212 850 70 0*220 854 75 0*227 856 80 0 17205 09/24*200 846 65 0*206 848 70 0*214 851 75 0*219 852 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17210 09/25*234 859 85 0*240 861 90 0*248 863 95 0*255 865 100 0 17210 09/25*223 855 85 0*228 857 90 0*233 860 95 0*240 863 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17215 09/26*261 867 105 0*268 870 110 0*275 872 120 0*284 877 125 0 17215 09/26*247 866 105 0*255 868 105 0*263 870 105 953*273 874 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17220 09/27*292 880 125 0*298 882 120 0*306 886 115 0*312 888 60 0 17220 09/27*284 879 100 0*294 884 95 0*304 887 95 958*314 890 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 17225 09/28*324 892 50 0*336 896 40 0*347 899 40 0*357 901 35 0 17225 09/28*324 893 50 0*336 896 40 0*347 899 40 0*356 902 35 0 *** *** *** 17230 09/29*367 901 35 0*376 899 30 0E385 897 30 0* 0 0 0 0 17230 09/29*366 904 35 0*373 905 30 0E380 903 30 0E382 894 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 17232 09/30E380 884 30 0E373 875 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 17235 HR MS3 AL3 17235 HR MS2 AL2AFL2 LA1 *************** The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 19th as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best track and to extend the extratropical stage until 06Z on the 30th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. This hurricane was formerly storm number 5 in Neumann et al. (1999). Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane causing Category 1 hurricane conditions in western Cuba, but did keep the center of the storm just offshore the coast. This is in agreement with the small changes that Partagas and Diaz introduced for the hurricane near Cuba. A central pressure of 953 mb (at 12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of 107 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt are utilized in the best track. A pressure value of 965 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) measured by a ship in the eye of the hurricane anchored off Scranton, MS suggests winds of 94 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Ho et al. (1987) utilized this 965 mb observation as the hurricane's landfall central pressure at the U.S. coastline and estimated a RMW of 43 nmi. However, Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) suggested a central pressure value at U.S. landfall of 958 mb. This value is likely closer to the actual central pressure given that the ship's 965 mb was a "pegged" value for at least 45 minutes, leading to the probability that the value was an underestimate of how deep the hurricane was. 958 mb central pressure in the Gulf of Mexico suggests maximum sustained winds of 102 kt. The RMW value of 43 nmi from Ho et al. is much larger than what climatology for a central pressure value of 958 mb and 30 deg N latitude calls for (22 nmi), suggesting the winds should be moderately lower than what the standard wind-pressure relationship calls for. 95 kt at landfall are chosen for the best track, making this a Category 2. This is a change from that shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 26th and 27th. Storm tide measurements of 14' in Galt, Florida (Barnes 1998a) and 11' in Pensacola, Florida were observed (Cline 1926). ******************************************************************************** 17240 09/22/1906 M=11 6 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17240 09/22/1906 M=11 7 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17245 09/22* 0 0 0 0*244 339 35 0*250 344 35 0*256 352 35 0 17245 09/22*303 319 50 0*296 329 50 0*290 338 50 0*283 347 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17250 09/23*261 358 35 0*265 365 35 0*269 371 40 0*270 377 40 0 17250 09/23*277 356 55 0*273 364 55 0*269 371 60 0*266 378 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17255 09/24*271 381 40 0*272 386 40 0*272 392 40 0*276 405 45 0 17255 09/24*263 385 60 0*261 392 60 0*260 400 60 0*258 407 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17260 09/25*285 430 45 0*288 439 45 0*290 449 45 0*290 461 45 0 17260 09/25*257 415 60 0*257 422 60 0*257 430 60 0*257 437 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17265 09/26*285 468 50 0*276 469 50 0*270 464 50 0*270 457 50 0 17265 09/26*260 443 60 0*264 446 60 0*270 447 60 0*275 447 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17270 09/27*271 447 50 0*274 438 50 0*278 430 50 0*284 424 50 0 17270 09/27*279 444 60 0*282 440 60 0*286 433 60 0*292 423 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17275 09/28*290 420 50 0*297 415 50 0*304 406 50 0*312 386 55 0 17275 09/28*299 410 60 0*305 397 60 0*310 385 60 0*317 370 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17280 09/29*320 365 55 0*329 343 60 0*339 322 60 0*351 302 60 0 17280 09/29*324 354 60 0*331 337 60 0*339 322 60 0*347 308 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 17285 09/30*365 284 60 0*381 265 55 0E398 245 50 0E409 229 45 0 17285 09/30*358 296 60 0*367 287 55 0*377 277 50 0*392 263 45 0 *** *** *** *** **** *** **** *** 17290 10/01E418 217 40 0E427 203 35 0E437 187 35 0E448 167 35 0 17290 10/01*408 244 40 0E421 225 35 0E433 205 35 0E448 180 35 0 **** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17295 10/02E461 144 30 0E474 119 30 0E488 92 30 0* 0 0 0 0 17295 10/02E465 150 30 0E485 112 30 0E500 80 30 0E515 47 30 0 **** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ** 17300 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. A loop which was originally described by the track of the storm is now removed. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt used in best track. A peripheral pressure of 994 mb (at 12Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. Winds are increased accordingly from the 22nd through the 29th (which had 60 kt in the original HURDAT). Lifecycle of this tropical storm is not complete as information on the genesis is not available. ******************************************************************************** 17305 10/08/1906 M= 3 7 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17305 10/08/1906 M=16 8 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** * *** * * 17310 10/08* 0 0 0 0*110 790 35 0*111 797 35 0*113 804 50 0 17310 10/08* 0 0 0 0*113 764 35 0*113 773 35 0*113 783 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** 17315 10/09*114 809 65 0*115 815 85 0*117 820 85 0*120 827 85 0 17315 10/09*113 793 65 0*113 804 75 0*115 815 85 0*117 824 95 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 17320 10/10*123 835 85 0*125 843 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 17320 10/10*121 831 105 0*126 839 80 0*130 846 70 0*132 851 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17325 HR 17330 10/11/1906 M=12 8 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 (These two lines are removed from the new HURDAT.) 17335 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*144 611 50 0*145 625 50 0 17335 10/11*134 855 60 0*137 859 55 0*140 863 50 0*144 867 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 17340 10/12*145 639 55 0*146 653 60 0*147 667 65 0*149 681 70 0 17340 10/12*147 869 40 0*151 871 40 0*155 873 50 0*158 874 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17345 10/13*150 696 70 0*152 711 70 0*154 725 70 0*156 739 70 0 17345 10/13*161 876 65 0*164 878 70 0*167 880 75 0*169 881 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17350 10/14*158 752 75 0*160 764 75 0*162 776 75 0*164 787 80 0 17350 10/14*171 882 70 0*174 883 65 0*177 883 60 0*179 883 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17355 10/15*167 798 80 0*170 808 80 0*174 818 85 0*181 828 85 0 17355 10/15*181 882 50 0*183 881 50 0*185 880 50 0*188 878 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17360 10/16*189 838 85 0*197 845 90 0*205 847 95 0*213 846 100 0 17360 10/16*191 876 50 0*193 873 60 0*195 870 70 0*198 863 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 17365 10/17*221 842 105 0*229 836 110 0*237 826 115 0*244 818 115 0 17365 10/17*200 857 90 0*203 851 100 0*207 840 105 0*215 827 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17370 10/18*249 811 110 0*255 806 105 0*261 800 100 0*268 792 95 0 17370 10/18*226 821 105 0*239 816 105 0*253 807 105 953*266 795 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17375 10/19*276 786 90 0*283 782 85 0*291 779 80 0*300 780 80 0 17375 10/19*279 786 90 0*290 781 85 0*300 780 80 0*305 780 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 17380 10/20*306 781 75 0*311 783 70 0*318 790 65 0*312 797 50 0 17380 10/20*309 780 75 0*314 781 75 0*317 783 70 0*321 793 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17385 10/21*307 800 45 0*300 804 40 0*293 807 40 0*287 810 35 0 17385 10/21*317 804 60 0*307 812 50 0*295 815 40 0*290 815 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 17390 10/22*282 812 30 0*276 815 30 0*271 817 25 0*266 819 25 0 17390 10/22*283 816 30 0*273 817 30 0*260 820 25 0*249 828 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 23rd is new to HURDAT.) 17392 10/23*240 838 25 0*231 848 25 0*223 857 25 0*215 866 25 0 17395 HRCFL2 17395 HRBFL3CFL3 ******** No major changes were made to the track suggested by Partagas and Diaz (1997). They made large alterations from Neumann et al. (1999) by combining storm numbers 7 and 8 into a single hurricane with a revised track and intensity. These dramatic changes are found to be reasonable. The hurricane is increased to Category 3 intensity at landfall in Nicaragua (105 kt) based upon the reported 15' storm tide and the vast destruction in the country. Winds are thus increased on the 9th and 10th. Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba. Winds for the hurricane at Cuba landfall are thus lowered from 115 kt down to 105 kt on the 17th and 18th. Perez also altered the track for this hurricane eastward even more than provided by Partagas and Diaz such that the hurricane went on the east side of the Isle of Pines. The track here reflects this re-analysis. Ho et al. (1987) had analyzed a central pressure of 967 mb and an RMW of 16 nmi for landfall in southern Florida. However, land-based readings of pressure were as low as 953 mb in Miami. This is taken to be the central pressure for this hurricane, which suggests winds of 100 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Descriptions from Barnes (1998a) suggest a small inner core of this system with an RMW on the order of 10-12 nmi. Such an RMW is somewhat smaller than that expected from this central pressure and latitude (~17 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000). Thus highest winds near the time of landfall in southern Florida are suggested to be 105 kt, making this system a major (Category 3) hurricane for the region. A Category 3 categorization is an upgrade from the Category 2 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. This upgrade does, however, agree with the assessment by Partagas and Diaz. A peripheral pressure of 987 mb (at 22Z on the 20th) suggest winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds chosen to be 70 kt for best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 20th and 21st. ******************************************************************************** 17400 10/13/1906 M= 5 9 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17400 10/14/1906 M= 4 9 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** * 17405 10/13* 0 0 0 0*331 609 35 0*333 616 35 0*335 623 35 0 (The 13th is omitted from HURDAT.) 17410 10/14*337 630 35 0*338 637 35 0*338 644 35 0*337 658 35 0 17410 10/14* 0 0 0 0*337 620 35 0*337 635 35 0*337 651 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 17415 10/15*336 671 35 0*334 684 35 0*332 697 35 0*329 710 35 0 17415 10/15*336 669 40 0*334 682 40 0*332 697 45 0*327 714 45 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 17420 10/16*326 723 35 0*322 737 35 0*318 750 35 0*313 764 35 0 17420 10/16*321 731 45 0*312 749 45 0*305 765 45 0*301 773 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17425 10/17*308 779 35 0*303 794 35 0*297 810 35 0* 0 0 0 0 17425 10/17*299 780 40 0*296 787 35 0*293 795 30 0*288 806 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17430 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Peripheral pressures of 1003 mb (at 12Z on the 15th and 16th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for best track. Winds increased accordingly on the 15th to the 17th. XING set equal to "0" since landfall occurred after decay to tropical depression status. ******************************************************************************** 17435 10/16/1906 M= 5 10 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17435 10/15/1906 M= 6 10 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 17438 10/15* 0 0 0 0*210 694 35 0*217 700 35 0*227 707 35 0 17440 10/16* 0 0 0 0*263 706 35 0*266 700 35 0*269 694 35 0 17440 10/16*239 713 35 0*252 716 35 0*262 713 35 0*271 710 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17445 10/17*271 689 35 0*273 685 35 0*275 680 35 0*278 675 35 0 17445 10/17*278 704 35 0*282 698 35 0*285 693 35 0*288 685 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17450 10/18*281 670 40 0*284 666 40 0*286 660 45 0*284 645 45 0 17450 10/18*290 677 40 0*292 669 40 0*293 660 45 0*293 650 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17455 10/19*279 635 40 0*275 621 35 0*274 605 30 0*275 597 30 0 17455 10/19*293 640 40 0*293 630 40 0*293 620 35 0*293 610 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17460 10/20*276 590 30 0*277 583 25 0*278 576 25 0*280 569 25 0 17460 10/20*292 600 30 0*291 590 30 0*290 580 25 0*289 571 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 17465 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. ******************************************************************************** 17470 11/06/1906 M= 4 11 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17470 11/05/1906 M= 6 11 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 17472 11/05*185 825 30 0*190 825 30 0*195 825 35 0*199 824 40 0 17475 11/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 767 35 0*163 780 35 0 17475 11/06*203 821 45 0*207 818 50 0*210 815 55 0*213 810 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17480 11/07*175 788 35 0*188 793 35 0*200 796 35 0*212 795 35 0 17480 11/07*215 805 65 0*217 800 70 0*220 793 60 0*224 784 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17485 11/08*224 789 35 0*236 776 35 0*247 760 35 0*252 749 35 0 17485 11/08*227 776 45 0*230 766 40 0*233 757 35 0*236 748 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17490 11/09*255 740 35 0*257 731 35 0*260 720 30 0*266 706 30 0 17490 11/09*239 739 35 0*242 730 35 0*245 723 35 0*248 715 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 17492 11/10E251 705 30 0E255 695 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 17495 TS 17495 HR ** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Perez (2000) analyzed this as a Category 1 landfall in Cuba, agreeing with Partagas and Diaz' assessment. Thus this tropical storm is upgraded to a hurricane in the vicinity of central Cuba. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb (at 02Z on the 7th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt utilized in best track. ******************************************************************************** 1906 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) September 16, 1906: Possible new hurricane, but location not known. 2) October 13, 1906: At least one gale force wind report, but unclear if system was closed circulation. 3) October 14-15, 1906: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. September 26-Oct 1: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at most 1010mb at 15N, 65W on September 26. The system remained as a closed low and moves towards the west and turns to the west-northwest starting on the 30th. It dissipated on October 1st. The max winds in COADS were of 30kt and there were no gales found in Monthly Weather Review or the Historical Weather Maps. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Sept 26 15N 65W Tropical Depression Sept 27 16N 68W Tropical Depression Sept 28 16N 74W Tropical Depression Sept 29 16N 76W Tropical Depression Sept 30 19N 83W Tropical Depression Oct 1 22N 85W Dissipated ******************************************************************************** 17500 06/24/1907 M= 6 1 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17500 06/24/1907 M= 7 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 17505 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 780 35 0*161 788 35 0 17510 06/25*164 797 35 0*167 806 35 0*170 815 35 0*177 824 35 0 17515 06/26*186 834 35 0*196 843 35 0*206 853 40 0*218 862 40 0 17520 06/27*229 871 45 0*240 880 45 0*252 889 45 0*262 892 45 0 17520 06/27*229 871 45 0*240 880 45 0*252 889 45 0*262 894 45 0 *** 17525 06/28*272 891 45 0*281 880 45 0*288 869 50 0*296 850 50 0 17525 06/28*270 896 45 0*276 894 45 0*283 890 50 0*293 878 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17530 06/29*304 825 45 0*310 810 40 0*322 791 35 0E349 770 30 0 17530 06/29*303 858 50 0*308 835 45 0*318 808 55 0E340 780 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 17532 06/30E365 760 45 0E392 733 40 0E420 705 35 0E450 675 30 0 17535 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These changes include shifting the landfall location in Florida westward of its original position. Winds are increased on the 29th based upon wind observations from Jacksonville. ******************************************************************************** 17540 09/17/1907 M= 7 2 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17540 09/18/1907 M= 6 2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** 17545 09/17*225 756 35 0*227 767 35 0*228 778 40 0*229 789 40 0 (The 17th is deleted from HURDAT.) 17550 09/18*230 800 40 0*232 810 40 0*234 819 40 0*236 827 45 0 17550 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 790 30 0*255 803 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17555 09/19*239 835 45 0*242 842 50 0*246 850 50 0*251 859 50 0 17555 09/19*259 816 30 0*263 828 35 0*267 840 35 0*271 850 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17560 09/20*256 865 50 0*261 873 45 0*267 881 45 0*272 887 40 0 17560 09/20*275 858 40 0*279 864 40 0*283 870 40 0*287 876 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 17565 09/21*278 891 40 0*284 895 40 0*290 897 40 0*297 898 35 0 17565 09/21*291 882 40 0*295 887 40 0*300 890 40 0*305 889 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17570 09/22*305 897 35 0*314 889 35 0*322 881 35 0E330 860 35 0 17570 09/22*310 888 35 0*315 884 35 0*321 876 35 0E329 863 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17575 09/23E336 848 35 0E341 835 35 0E356 802 35 0E377 773 30 0 17575 09/23E338 847 35 0E347 830 35 0E357 813 35 0E368 796 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17580 TS The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to begin the storm on the 18th (as a tropical depression) rather than on the 19th (as a tropical storm) that Partagas and Diaz suggested. This is based upon the (limited) data on the 18th that suggests that the storm had developed as a tropical depression just east of Florida. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large track and intensity alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Peak winds for this storm reached, at most, minimal tropical storm status from available observations. Thus winds are lowered on the 19th and 20th. ******************************************************************************** 17585 09/27/1907 M= 3 3 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17585 09/27/1907 M= 4 3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 17590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*223 941 35 0*233 933 35 0*243 925 35 0 17590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*223 941 35 0*233 933 35 0*245 925 35 0 *** 17595 09/28*251 919 35 0*262 907 35 0*274 893 40 0*287 879 45 0 17595 09/28*257 913 35 0*270 900 35 0*283 885 40 0*296 866 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17600 09/29*301 858 40 0*315 835 35 0*332 786 35 0E352 745 30 0 17600 09/29*309 843 40 0*318 819 35 0*327 790 35 0E340 755 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 17602 09/30E355 715 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 17605 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 17610 10/17/1907 M= 5 4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17610 10/17/1907 M= 4 4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17615 10/17*273 598 35 0*280 606 35 0*288 616 35 0*295 623 35 0 17615 10/17* 0 0 0 0*263 674 45 0*264 660 45 0*268 646 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17620 10/18*301 627 35 0*310 630 35 0*318 631 40 0*331 629 40 0 17620 10/18*275 632 45 0*283 618 45 0*290 605 45 0*304 594 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17625 10/19*354 622 45 0*378 602 45 0*402 571 45 0*428 535 40 0 17625 10/19*317 582 45 0*328 573 45 0*340 560 45 0E356 540 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** 17630 10/20E454 498 40 0E477 467 35 0E500 439 35 0E524 421 35 0 17630 10/20E376 491 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 17635 10/21E545 414 35 0E565 409 35 0E587 400 35 0* 0 0 0 0 (The 21st is omitted from the new HURDAT.) 17640 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb (at 12Z on the 17th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds are chosen at 45 kt for the best track. Winds are increased accordingly on the 17th and 18th. The full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis. ******************************************************************************** 17641 11/06/1907 M= 7 5 SNBR= 430 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17642 11/06*315 397 35 0*308 399 35 0*300 400 35 0*295 401 35 0 17643 11/07*289 402 35 0*282 403 35 0*275 405 35 0*272 409 35 0 17643 11/08*269 414 40 0*267 419 40 0*267 425 40 0*272 435 40 0 17643 11/09*281 440 40 0*291 442 40 0*300 445 40 0*308 447 40 0 17643 11/10*318 450 40 0*326 454 40 0*335 460 40 0*341 464 40 0 17643 11/11*347 469 40 0*354 476 40 0*365 480 40 0*377 480 40 0 17643 11/12*387 473 35 0*396 467 35 0*405 460 35 0E417 450 35 0 17643 TS No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 1907 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION: 1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late March to early April 1907: "1907 additional system #1 This system bears re-evaluation in light of Ana (2003). There is no doubt of 35 kt winds, but the structure is not known." Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database and the Historical Weather Map series, this system did produce tropical storm and hurricane force winds as an extratropical storm system, but the winds weakened considerably by the time the baroclinic structure had dissipated. Numerous gale force to hurricane force winds were observed on the 25th and 26th of March, but the storm system had a well-defined surface baroclinic frontal feature associated with it. By late on the 27th, the temperature contrast had dissipated (though with temperatures in the upper 60s), but no high wind observations were present. From the 28th until the 31st, the system drifted south but contained no gale force winds near the center. On the 1st of April, it began moving back to the northeast without intensification and was likely absorbed by a vigorous extratropical storm system on the 2nd. Thus during its non-baroclinic phase (from the 27th of March until the 1st of April), it does not appear that tropical storm intensity was maintained. Thus this system is not added into HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 2) September 11-15, 1907: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was of tropical storm intensity. 3) October 3-17, 1907: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was of tropical storm intensity. 4) October 30, 1907: Damage reports in Texas leave it uncertain if system was a tornado or tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 17645 03/06/1908 M= 4 1 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17645 03/06/1908 M= 4 1 SNBR= 431 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 17650 03/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 602 50 0*227 607 55 0 17655 03/07*216 611 65 0*206 615 70 0*197 619 80 0*188 622 85 0 17660 03/08*180 625 85 0*173 628 70 0*166 631 65 0*160 634 65 0 17665 03/09*154 637 65 0*149 640 50 0*144 642 40 0*138 646 35 0 17670 HR Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes to the track or from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis. ******************************************************************************** 17671 05/24/1908 M= 8 2 SNBR= 432 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17672 05/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 717 30 0*217 720 30 0 17672 05/25*224 723 30 0*233 728 30 0*240 735 30 0*247 743 30 0 17672 05/26*254 750 35 0*260 756 35 0*267 763 35 0*272 773 35 0 17672 05/27*277 781 40 0*285 791 45 0*295 795 50 0*301 795 55 0 17672 05/28*306 792 60 0*312 788 65 0*317 783 65 0*323 779 65 0 17672 05/29*328 774 65 0*334 770 65 0*340 765 65 0*348 759 65 989 17672 05/30*356 753 65 0*363 747 60 0*373 740 50 0*394 730 40 0 17672 05/31*418 717 35 0E438 703 35 0E455 690 35 0E464 683 35 0 17673 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented hurricane. A possible central pressure of 989 mb suggests winds of 64 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt chosen in best track. Despite this hurricane making landfall, no observations of hurricane force wind were recorded on the U.S. coast and it is likely the such winds stayed offshore. ******************************************************************************** 17675 07/25/1908 M=10 2 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 17675 07/24/1908 M=11 3 SNBR= 433 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * *** (24th is new to HURDAT.) 17677 07/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 750 30 0*278 752 30 0 17680 07/25* 0 0 0 0*285 790 35 0*287 785 35 0*289 780 35 0 17680 07/25*281 755 30 0*284 759 30 0*287 763 35 0*289 766 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 17685 07/26*289 776 35 0*290 773 35 0*290 770 35 0*287 765 35 0 17685 07/26*290 769 35 0*290 772 35 0*290 775 35 0*289 778 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 17690 07/27*279 763 35 0*273 764 35 0*270 768 35 0*270 772 35 0 17690 07/27*287 780 35 0*283 783 35 0*277 785 35 0*273 783 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17695 07/28*272 775 40 0*275 778 55 0*278 780 60 0*281 781 60 0 17695 07/28*271 777 40 0*271 772 55 0*273 770 60 0*277 770 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17700 07/29*285 782 60 0*289 783 60 0*294 783 65 0*302 784 70 0 17700 07/29*280 775 60 0*282 779 60 0*285 782 60 0*294 783 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17705 07/30*312 785 75 0*322 785 80 0*330 783 85 0*335 781 85 0 17705 07/30*304 783 65 0*314 782 70 0*325 780 70 0*331 779 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17710 07/31*339 778 85 0*343 774 85 0*348 767 75 0*354 760 70 0 17710 07/31*337 776 70 0*342 774 70 0*347 770 70 0*352 758 60 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17715 08/01*362 749 70 0*371 737 75 0*380 725 80 0*391 710 85 0 17715 08/01*356 741 60 0*361 728 60 0*365 717 60 0*372 700 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17720 08/02*403 693 85 0*416 675 85 0*430 652 85 0E445 630 75 0 17720 08/02*378 685 60 0*387 669 60 0*400 655 60 0E417 630 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17725 08/03E464 603 60 0E481 585 55 0E496 569 50 0E528 552 50 0 17725 08/03E440 606 60 0E463 585 55 0E485 565 50 0E506 543 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17730 HR NC1 No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (at 21Z on the 30th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track at landfall in North Carolina. This agrees with the assessment of Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted downward moderately accordingly from the 30th and the 31st. There is no indication that the system regained hurricane strength after passing back into the open Atlantic. Winds reduced accordingly on the 1st and 2nd to a 60 kt tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0*325 722 35 0*327 728 35 0*329 732 35 0 17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** 17745 08/31*331 737 35 0*333 741 40 0*336 748 40 0*339 750 40 0 17745 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17750 09/01*342 752 45 0*345 753 45 0*349 753 45 0*353 749 45 0 17750 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17755 09/02*357 743 40 0*362 733 40 0*367 721 35 0*374 709 25 0 17755 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** **** *** 17760 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. ******************************************************************************** 1908/04 - 2004 ADDITION: 18900 07/29/1908 M= 6 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 18901 07/29*296 940 30 0*293 935 30 0*290 930 35 0*287 925 40 0 18902 07/30*284 920 45 0*281 917 50 0*280 915 50 0*281 914 50 0 18903 07/31*283 913 50 0*286 914 50 0*290 915 50 0*293 917 50 0 18904 08/01*297 921 40 0*301 927 35 0*305 930 35 0*309 931 35 0 18905 08/02*312 929 30 0*316 925 30 0*320 920 30 0*324 915 30 0 18906 08/03*328 911 25 0*331 908 25 0*335 905 25 0*340 902 25 0 18907 TS The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late July 1908: "1908 additional system #2 It is noted that Isaac Cline felt that warnings in the Gulf were justified for this system." Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and station data, this system was a tropical storm and is thus added into HURDAT. July 28: Surface trough forming over eastern Texas and Louisiana. Closed low not yet formed. July 29: System moves off of the U.S. Gulf coast and develops into a tropical cyclone. Closed circulation is found from combination of coastal stations and ship observations. Ship highlight: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.5N, 91.5W at 22 UTC (COA). July 30: HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 90W. Center from additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to 29.0N, 91.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.5N, 91.5W at 02 UTC (COA), 50 kt SW and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 90.5W at 10 UTC (COA), 45 kt SW and 990 mb at 26.0N, 89.0W at 18 UTC (COA). Coastal station highlights: lowest observed pressure: 1009 mb at 00 UTC at Galveston, 1009 mb at 12 UTC at New Orleans; peak winds 30 kt SE winds in New Orleans at 13 and 14 UTC. July 31st: HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 92.5W. Center from additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to the coast at 29N, 91.5W. No reports of gale force winds. August 1st: HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 31.5N, 93.5W. Center from additional stations suggests a location closer to 30.5N, 93.0W. No reports of gale force winds. August 2nd: HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 32.5N, 91.5W. Center from additional stations suggests a location closer to 32N, 92W. No reports of gale force winds. August 3rd: Station data suggests a closed low near 33.5N, 90.5W. No reports of gale force winds. August 4th: The system dissipated. Status of system as tropical storm was confirmed by several ship wind and pressure observations. Peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 22 UTC on the 29th and 02 UTC on the 30th) from a ship suggests winds of at least 37 kt. 50 kt chosen for the nearest synoptic times to these pressure readings up until landfall late on the 31st based primarily upon ship wind observations. No reports of gale force winds (or equivalent from sea level pressure readings) were observed over land. However, landfall likely west of New Orleans, Louisiana in an area of quite sparse meteorological stations. Thus it is analyzed that the system came ashore as a 50 kt tropical storm around 2130 UTC on the 31st near 29.5N, 91.9W. ******************************************************************************** 1908/05 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/04, but became 1908/05 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/05 - 2003 REVISION: 17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0*325 722 35 0*327 728 35 0*329 732 35 0 17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** 17745 08/31*331 737 35 0*333 741 40 0*336 748 40 0*339 750 40 0 17745 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17750 09/01*342 752 45 0*345 753 45 0*349 753 45 0*353 749 45 0 17750 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17755 09/02*357 743 40 0*362 733 40 0*367 721 35 0*374 709 25 0 17755 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** **** *** 17760 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. 1908/05 - 2006 REVISION: 18930 08/30/1908 M= 4 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=0 18930 08/30/1908 M= 4 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * ***** 18935 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0* 18940 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0* 18945 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0* 18950 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0* 18955 TS Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone's track taking it over the Outer Banks of North Carolina should make it a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as a tropical storm ("SSS=0"). ******************************************************************************** 1908/06 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/05, but became 1908/06 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/06 - 2003 REVISION: 17765 09/07/1908 M=13 4 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17765 09/07/1908 M=13 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17770 09/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*154 517 40 0*159 528 40 0 17775 09/08*163 538 40 0*167 548 40 0*170 558 45 0*172 566 45 0 17780 09/09*174 573 45 0*176 580 50 0*180 595 55 0*183 605 55 0 17780 09/09*174 573 45 0*176 580 50 0*180 591 55 0*183 605 55 0 *** 17785 09/10*187 630 60 0*190 650 65 0*194 668 70 0*197 679 75 0 17785 09/10*187 630 60 0*190 650 60 0*194 668 60 0*197 680 60 0 ** ** *** ** 17790 09/11*200 689 80 0*203 700 85 0* 06 711 85 0*211 720 90 0 17790 09/11*198 692 60 0*201 707 65 0*205 720 75 0*210 729 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17795 09/12*216 728 95 0*221 735 95 0*226 742 100 0*231 749 100 0 17795 09/12*215 737 95 0*219 743 95 0*225 750 100 0*229 755 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17800 09/13*235 754 105 0*240 759 105 0*245 761 105 0*251 759 105 0 17800 09/13*232 758 105 0*238 761 105 0*245 761 105 0*251 759 105 0 *** *** *** *** 17805 09/14*257 755 105 0*264 748 105 0*270 742 105 0*281 729 100 0 17805 09/14*257 755 105 0*262 751 105 0*267 745 105 0*275 736 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 17810 09/15*291 715 100 0*301 704 95 0*310 695 90 0*317 691 85 0 17810 09/15*284 726 100 0*291 718 95 0*300 710 90 0*308 702 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17815 09/16*323 687 85 0*329 684 80 0*338 679 80 0*351 670 75 0 17815 09/16*316 694 85 0*325 686 80 0*338 677 80 0*351 672 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17820 09/17*363 663 75 0*378 654 70 0*396 641 70 0*407 631 70 0 17820 09/17*363 668 75 0*378 660 70 0*393 650 70 0*404 639 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 17825 09/18*420 620 70 0*429 610 70 0*438 597 70 0E456 564 60 0 17825 09/18*411 629 70 0*419 618 70 0*430 600 70 0*454 570 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17830 09/19E470 535 55 0E484 514 55 0E500 483 50 0E518 450 50 0 17830 09/19E486 530 55 0E515 496 55 0E540 465 50 0E562 438 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17835 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 15th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt retained in the best track. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt retained in the best track. Slight adjustment in the track on the 9th provides a more realistic translational velocity. ******************************************************************************** 1908/07 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/06, but became 1908/07 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/07 - 2003 REVISION: 18655 09/16/1908 M= 3 5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18655 09/16/1908 M= 3 6 SNBR= 436 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 18660 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 905 40 0*251 911 40 0 18665 09/17*256 917 45 0*260 921 45 0*265 926 50 0*270 931 55 0 18670 09/18*274 934 60 0*279 938 55 0*283 938 35 0*287 934 25 0 18675 TS Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. ******************************************************************************** 1908/08 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/07, but became 1908/08 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/08 - 2003 REVISION: 17865 09/21/1908 M=17 6 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17865 09/21/1908 M=17 7 SNBR= 437 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 17870 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 500 35 0*122 507 35 0 17870 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 460 35 0*127 472 35 0 *** *** *** *** 17875 09/22*124 513 35 0*126 520 35 0*128 527 35 0*130 534 35 0 17875 09/22*129 483 35 0*132 495 35 0*135 507 35 0*138 518 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17880 09/23*132 541 35 0*135 548 35 0*138 556 40 0*142 563 40 0 17880 09/23*139 530 35 0*140 542 35 0*143 553 40 0*145 563 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17885 09/24*146 570 40 0*149 578 40 0*153 584 45 0*157 592 45 0 17885 09/24*148 572 40 0*150 579 40 0*153 587 45 0*155 594 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 17890 09/25*160 600 45 0*164 609 50 0*168 618 50 0*171 627 50 0 17890 09/25*157 603 55 0*158 610 60 0*160 617 65 0*162 627 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17895 09/26*172 637 50 0*173 650 50 0*173 665 50 0*175 673 50 0 17895 09/26*164 641 70 0*165 651 70 0*165 663 70 0*165 674 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17900 09/27*176 680 50 0*178 687 50 0*181 695 45 0*184 705 40 0 17900 09/27*167 685 70 0*168 695 70 0*170 705 70 0*173 711 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17905 09/28*187 713 35 0*190 720 35 0*192 727 35 0*194 733 35 0 17905 09/28*176 716 70 0*181 722 70 0*185 727 65 0*187 731 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17910 09/29*196 738 35 0*199 744 35 0*202 750 35 0*206 753 35 0 17910 09/29*191 737 65 0*197 742 70 0*200 745 75 0*204 750 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17915 09/30*210 758 35 0*216 764 40 0*222 769 55 0*229 774 65 0 17915 09/30*210 754 70 0*214 759 75 0*220 763 80 0*225 767 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17920 10/01*235 778 70 0*248 784 70 0*258 785 70 0*268 781 75 0 17920 10/01*232 772 90 0*239 777 95 0*247 780 95 0*259 778 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17925 10/02*276 773 75 0*284 764 80 0*290 752 85 0*292 739 85 0 17925 10/02*268 765 95 0*275 746 95 0*280 730 95 0*284 721 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17930 10/03*294 726 85 0*296 712 85 0*302 698 85 0*304 713 80 0 17930 10/03*287 716 95 0*293 711 90 0*300 715 85 0*297 720 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 17935 10/04*295 727 75 0*287 716 70 0*285 702 70 0*287 693 70 0 17935 10/04*292 721 75 0*288 716 70 0*285 710 70 0*290 700 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17940 10/05*290 685 70 0*294 679 70 0*298 673 70 0*303 665 70 0 17940 10/05*297 692 70 0*301 684 70 0*305 675 70 0*308 662 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17945 10/06*308 655 70 0*314 645 70 0*320 634 65 0*325 626 55 0 17945 10/06*311 650 70 0*313 638 70 0*315 627 65 0*318 613 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17950 10/07*331 618 45 0E337 609 40 0E343 600 40 0E354 593 40 0 17950 10/07*320 600 45 0E323 587 40 0E325 575 40 0E328 561 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17955 HR The was one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm number 5. Partagas and Diaz did not provide evidence that the hurricane status was retained until transitioning to an extratropical on the 7th, though this was depicted in their track map. Thus the switch to tropical storm status on the 6th found in Neumann et al. is kept in the best track. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track reasonably from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas and Diaz analysis of hurricane force through the Caribbean from the 25th to the 28th necessitated large increases to the existing HURDAT intensity estimates. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at 10Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track. Perez (2000) had analyzed this as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall in Cuba based upon wind and surge caused damage, which does not seem completely reasonable because of the interaction of the system with Hispanola. Thus Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Cuba is retained. A peripheral pressure of 971 mb (at 15Z on the 1st) suggests winds of at least 85 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt chosen for the best track. Winds increased accordingly from the 25th until the 3rd. ******************************************************************************** 1908/09 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/08, but became 1908/09 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/09 - 2003 REVISION: 17960 10/15/1908 M= 4 7 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 17960 10/14/1908 M= 6 8 SNBR= 438 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 17962 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*117 785 30 0*117 788 30 0 17965 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*116 778 45 0*117 785 45 0 17965 10/15*117 792 35 0*117 796 40 0*117 800 45 0*117 803 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 17970 10/16*118 791 50 0*120 797 60 0*122 802 65 0*124 807 70 0 17970 10/16*118 807 50 0*119 811 60 0*120 815 65 0*121 818 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 17975 10/17*126 811 70 0*127 815 70 0*129 820 70 0*130 825 70 0 17975 10/17*122 821 75 0*123 824 80 0*125 827 85 0*126 830 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 17980 10/18*132 831 70 0*134 837 70 0*136 843 60 0*138 849 35 0 17980 10/18*127 834 90 0*128 837 65 0*130 840 50 0*133 843 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 19th is new to HURDAT.) 17982 10/19*138 848 30 0*145 855 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 17985 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Intensity is increased at landfall to a Category 2 hurricane (90 kt) to match descriptions of widespread destruction ("destroying the towns of Rio Grande and Prinzapolca") in Nicaragua. ******************************************************************************** 1908/10 - 2004 REVISION: Note: Storm was originally 1908/09, but became 1908/10 after the addition of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004 1908/10 - 2003 REVISION: 17990 10/21/1908 M= 3 8 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 17990 10/19/1908 M= 5 9 SNBR= 439 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** * (The 19th and 20th are new to HURDAT.) 17992 10/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E350 720 35 0E343 715 35 0 17994 10/20E337 710 35 0E331 705 35 0*325 697 35 0*317 686 35 0 17995 10/21* 0 0 0 0*274 667 35 0*277 682 35 0*280 694 35 0 17995 10/21*307 673 35 0*296 663 35 0*285 660 35 0*275 676 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18000 10/22*284 707 35 0*290 721 35 0*297 735 35 0*305 750 35 0 18000 10/22*274 699 35 0*282 721 35 0*290 740 35 0*303 754 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18005 10/23*314 765 35 0*324 781 35 0*334 797 35 0*342 810 30 0 18005 10/23*314 766 35 0E324 782 35 0E334 797 35 0E342 810 30 0 *** * *** * * 18010 TS There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm number 8. The storm - obviously of extratropical origins from Partagas and Diaz' analysis - is given extratropical status on the 19th and early on the 20th, until transforming to more tropical in nature late on the 20th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Since the storm was determined to have transitioned back to extratropical before landfall in South Carolina, XING was changed from "1" to "0". ******************************************************************************** 1908 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) June 2-5, 1908: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) July 29-30, 1908: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 3) August 5, 1908: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if system was of tropical storm intensity. 4) October 25-31, 1908: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. August 3-7: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at most 1015mb formed on August 3 at 29N, 60W. This system moved towards the northeast then moved towards the southeast on the 5th with a pressure of at most 1000mb. Historical Weather Maps does not show any sign of it on the 6th or 7th and there are not many observations nearby to show where the system is actually located. COADS had a wind max of 25kt and there were not gales found in the Monthly Weather Review. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Aug 3 29N 60W Tropical Depression Aug 4 30N 56W Tropical Depression Aug 5 28.5N 52W Tropical Depression September 12-15: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at most 1005mb near 18.5N, 17.5W on September 12. However, there is not enough evidence to show that it was a closed circulation. On the 13th, there was enough information to show that it was a closed low located near 15N, 25W. There were two gales, but one of them was too far to be part of the system (it was located at 18.5N, 17.5W). The other gale was very near the system; it was located at 15N, 23.5W. The system then moved slightly towards the southwest on the 14th and 15th. After the 15th, there were no observations to show that the system was still present. COADS had a max of 35kt winds and there were no gales found in the Monthly Weather Review. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Sept 12 18.5N 17.5W Tropical Depression Sept 13 15N 25W Tropical Storm? Sept 14 13.5N 27W Tropical Depression Sept 15 13N 30W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************** 18011 06/15/1909 M= 5 1 SNBR= 440 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18012 06/15*106 825 30 0*108 825 30 0*110 825 35 0*112 825 35 0 18013 06/16*115 825 40 0*117 825 40 0*120 825 40 0*122 825 40 0 18014 06/17*124 825 40 0*126 825 40 0*128 825 40 0*130 825 40 0 18014 06/18*132 826 40 0*134 827 40 0*135 828 40 0*137 830 40 0 18014 06/19*138 833 40 0*139 836 35 0*140 840 30 0*140 845 25 0 18014 TS This newly documented tropical storm comes from the "Case of Jun. 15-18, 1909" in Partagas and Diaz (1999). They had described a low pressure center in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with two ship reports (on the 15th and 18th) of gale force winds, but had decided not to add this system as a new storm. After reviewing the data in the June 1909 Historical Weather Maps, it was determined that there did exist a closed circulation with convection for five consecutive days and that the two ship reports of gale force winds were enough evidence that it did reach tropical storm status. Following the methodology in Partagas and Diaz (1999), positions for 12Z on the 15th through the 19th were estimated from the Historical Weather Maps and the remaining synoptic time positions were interpolated. Ship observations indicate that the system likely reached only weak tropical storm intensity. ******************************************************************************** 18015 06/25/1909 M= 6 1 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 18015 06/25/1909 M= 6 2 SNBR= 441 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * *** * 18020 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 840 35 0*252 847 35 0 18020 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 840 35 0*255 847 35 0 *** 18025 06/26*254 853 35 0*256 859 35 0*257 865 40 0*258 871 40 0 18025 06/26*259 855 35 0*263 862 35 0*267 870 40 0*267 877 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18030 06/27*259 876 45 0*259 881 45 0*260 887 50 0*260 895 50 0 18030 06/27*266 885 45 0*266 893 45 0*265 901 50 0*265 909 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18035 06/28*260 904 50 0*260 913 50 0*261 921 50 0*262 930 50 0 18035 06/28*264 917 50 0*264 925 50 0*263 933 50 0*263 941 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 18040 06/29*263 938 50 0*264 945 50 0*266 952 50 0*267 959 45 0 18040 06/29*262 949 65 0*262 957 75 0*261 965 85 0*261 973 70 972 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 18045 06/30*268 965 40 0*269 971 40 0*270 977 30 0* 0 0 0 0 18045 06/30*260 980 50 0*260 986 35 0*260 990 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 18050 TS 18050 HRATX2 ****** Major changes near landfall in Texas are made from Partagas and Diaz (1999), storm number 1. Based upon analysis of Ellis (1988), this storm is increased in intensity up to a Category 2 hurricane over the western Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Texas and the track is altered to make landfall near Brownsville. Ellis provides description of damaging impacts in Brownsville and Harlington, along with a storm tide of 7' and a possible central pressure of 972 mb. This pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen at landfall in Texas making it a Category 2 hurricane. Thus this is a new U.S. landfalling hurricane, previously unlisted in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Below is an analysis provided by David Roth from the _Houston Post_ and _San Antonio Daily Express_ newspapers from the storm's aftermath (July 1-10) (though a portion of the rainfall and flooding that occurred likely was not the direct effect of the hurricane itself): It rained a great deal from the cyclone...10" fell in 24 hours at Mercedes TX. Rains swelled the Rio Grande...so much so that is was expected to cause lowland flooding by July 3. By the 4th, flooding was occurring along the Rio Grande and San Juan valleys. It was considered the biggest rise in 5 years for the Rio Grande. This cyclone set the stage for quite a flood. By the 9th, the Rio Grande was still rising at Brownsville, and levees gave way west of the city. Flood conditions were reaching serious proportions in Hidalgo and Starr counties, as canals began flooding. By that time, Mercedes was surrounded on 3 sides by water, when Llano Grande Lake overflowed. The Arroyo Colorado and El Fuest rivers were raging torrents. Many were forced to abandon their homes throughout the region. The river was just beginning to fall on the 10th at Fordyce and Rio Grande City. A number of passengers on a train stranded at Donna were rescued by boat, and sailed two miles to the railroad tracks near Mercedes. A large section of the Mexican settlement near Brownsville (it does not specify) was flooded. A levee break at Ramireno caused lowlands between there and Brownsville to be flooded. In Mexico, by the 10th floods in the state of Vera Cruz caused the Orizaba river to rise out of its banks, surrounding the country with 5- 6 feet of water. Thousands in damage was reported. Railroad tracks were underwater between Laredo and Monterey on the 2nd. Trains leaving Laredo could get no farther than Lampasas. Railroad service was "completely demoralized" in northern Mexico due to washouts between the 1st and the 3rd. Bridges at Salinas, Morelos, and Villaldama were washed out. Monterey lost 25 railroad bridges and over 200 km of track were washed away in its vicinity. Railroad damage in this region of Mexico was estimated at $750,000. Rumors circulated that Sabinas Hidalgo was "gone" after the cyclone...I could not find anything to substantiate it though. Several km of track was reported missing north of Zacatecas on the 8th. An additional $500,000 of damage was incurred there. As for winds, Brownsville reported a "hurricane from the northwest" on the 30th, which tore down fences and trees, but did little damage to buildings. Sounds like a gale for sure...would need to get their observations from that time period to be certain. Winds reached "high velocity at times" in Mercedes. At Falfurrias, the winds at times was "alarming." Winds at Point Isabel reached 65 mph. Several dwellings and buildings were blown down in Harlingen, Point Isabel, Donna, San Benito, Norias, and Brazos Pass. Windmills were leveled at Chapin, along with the Santa Anita and Mesenas ranches. Damages listed: McAllen $1,000 Brownsville $2,000 Vera Cruz "thousands" San Benito $10,000 Harlingen $100,000 Mexico railroads $1,250,000 The Point Isabel storm surge was at least 5 feet when the telegraph went out...I never saw a later report to see what its final level was. The Washington Post reported tides over 10 feet above normal in northeast Mexico, between the Mouth of the Rio Grande and Tampico. ******************************************************************************** 18055 06/26/1909 M= 6 2 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 18055 06/26/1909 M= 9 3 SNBR= 442 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 18060 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*235 746 35 0*237 751 35 0 18060 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 720 30 0*212 731 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 18065 06/27*240 756 35 0*243 762 35 0*247 768 35 0*252 775 35 0 18065 06/27*214 741 30 0*217 751 30 0*220 760 35 0*227 769 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 18070 06/28*258 783 35 0*263 791 40 0*268 798 45 0*273 805 40 0 18070 06/28*234 776 35 0*242 785 40 0*250 793 45 0*258 799 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 18075 06/29*278 812 35 0*282 818 35 0*287 825 35 0*292 832 35 0 18075 06/29*265 805 40 0*273 811 35 0*280 817 35 0*284 822 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18080 06/30*296 839 35 0*301 847 35 0*306 855 35 0*311 864 30 0 18080 06/30*290 829 35 0*295 834 35 0*300 840 35 0*302 843 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18085 07/01*315 876 30 0*319 890 30 0*322 904 25 0* 0 0 0 0 18085 07/01*304 845 30 0*306 846 30 0*310 847 30 0*313 846 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.) 18086 07/02*316 843 25 0*319 838 25 0*320 835 25 0*322 828 25 0 18087 07/03*324 817 25 0*324 807 30 0*323 797 30 0*320 783 30 0 18088 07/04*315 770 30 0*310 757 30 0*303 745 30 0*296 732 30 0 18090 TS There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 2. The storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 26th rather than dropping this date from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas and Diaz, since there is no strong evidence that a closed circulation did not exist at that point. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. ******************************************************************************** 18095 07/13/1909 M=10 3 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 18095 07/13/1909 M=10 4 SNBR= 443 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 * *** 18100 07/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 605 35 0*123 620 35 0 18100 07/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 605 30 0*123 620 30 0 ** ** 18105 07/14*124 635 35 0*126 649 35 0*130 662 35 0*135 674 35 0 18105 07/14*124 635 30 0*126 649 30 0*130 662 30 0*135 674 30 0 ** ** ** ** 18110 07/15*140 686 35 0*145 698 35 0*149 710 40 0*152 724 40 0 18110 07/15*140 686 30 0*145 698 30 0*149 710 30 0*152 722 30 0 ** ** ** *** ** 18115 07/16*158 740 40 0*163 755 40 0*168 768 45 0*174 778 45 0 18115 07/16*155 733 30 0*158 744 30 0*160 755 30 0*162 767 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18120 07/17*180 788 45 0*186 797 50 0*192 807 50 0*200 818 55 0 18120 07/17*164 778 35 0*167 789 40 0*172 800 45 0*180 810 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18125 07/18*208 829 55 0*215 840 60 0*222 850 60 0*229 859 65 0 18125 07/18*190 820 55 0*200 830 60 0*210 840 60 0*220 850 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18130 07/19*235 868 70 0*241 875 75 0*244 882 85 0*250 888 95 0 18130 07/19*230 859 70 0*240 867 70 0*250 875 70 0*256 883 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18135 07/20*255 894 105 0*260 900 110 0*264 906 115 0*269 913 120 0 18135 07/20*261 889 70 0*266 897 70 0*270 906 70 0*274 915 70 985 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18140 07/21*273 919 120 0*278 927 115 0*282 935 105 0*287 945 95 982 18140 07/21*278 925 80 0*282 935 90 0*286 945 100 0*290 955 90 959 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 18145 07/22*293 958 65 0*296 972 30 0*302 988 25 0* 0 0 0 0 18145 07/22*293 965 65 0*296 976 30 0*302 988 25 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** 18150 HRCTX3 There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 3. First, the storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 13th to the 16th rather than dropping these dates from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas and Diaz, since there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist then. Secondly, the storm's landfall location in Texas is adjusted to better fit the analysis by Ho et al. (1987). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 985 mb (at 17Z on the 20th) suggests winds of 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which are utilized in the best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 19th and 20th. Ho et al. also analyzed a central pressure estimate of 959 mb and a RMW of 19 nmi at landfall in Texas. (This was partially based upon a peripheral pressure value of 982 mb at 2030Z on the 21st, which was mistakenly recorded as a central pressure previously.) Jarrell et al. (1992) (based upon Connor 1956) provided a very similar estimate of 958 mb at landfall in Texas. The central pressure of 959 mb suggests winds of 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since the RMW is very close to the climatological RMW for this intensity and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), a value of 100 kt is chosen for the best track at landfall. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 21st. The 959 mb/100 kt at landfall in Texas making this a Category 3 hurricane agrees with that recorded in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A storm tide of 10' in Galveston and Velasco, Texas was reported by Connor (1956) and Ellis (1988). ******************************************************************************** 18155 07/27/1909 M=16 4 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18155 07/27/1909 M= 5 5 SNBR= 444 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * *** 18160 07/27* 0 0 0 0*107 516 35 0*108 522 35 0*109 528 35 0 18165 07/28*110 536 35 0*111 544 35 0*113 553 35 0*116 564 35 0 18170 07/29*119 576 35 0*121 587 35 0*124 598 35 0*126 607 35 0 18175 07/30*129 616 35 0*131 624 35 0*134 632 35 0*136 639 40 0 18180 07/31*139 647 40 0*141 653 40 0*143 658 45 0*144 662 45 0 18185 08/01*146 666 45 0*147 669 45 0*148 673 45 0*149 677 45 0 18190 08/02*151 682 45 0*152 686 45 0*153 690 45 0*154 693 45 0 18195 08/03*154 696 45 0*154 698 45 0*155 701 45 0*156 705 45 0 18200 08/04*158 709 45 0*159 713 45 0*160 718 50 0*161 723 50 0 18205 08/05*161 729 50 0*162 735 50 0*163 742 50 0*164 749 50 0 (The 27th to the 5th removed from HURDAT.) 18210 08/06*164 757 50 0*165 766 50 0*166 775 50 0*168 785 50 0 18210 08/06*166 795 30 0*173 800 30 0*180 805 30 0*188 812 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18215 08/07*171 795 50 0*175 802 50 0*179 809 50 0*183 828 50 0 18215 08/07*196 820 35 0*206 830 35 0*210 843 40 1004*209 854 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 18220 08/08*187 835 45 0*191 842 45 0*195 851 45 0*200 862 45 0 18220 08/08*208 865 40 0*206 876 35 0*205 885 30 0*204 893 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18225 08/09*205 875 35 0*211 888 35 0*216 903 35 0*219 915 35 0 18225 08/09*204 904 30 0*204 914 35 0*205 925 35 0*209 939 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18230 08/10*222 932 35 0*223 949 35 0*224 961 35 0*225 973 35 0 18230 08/10*215 954 35 0*223 970 35 0*230 985 30 0*237 998 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18235 08/11*226 984 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 (The 11th is removed from HURDAT.) 18240 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Partagas and Diaz recommended removing July 27th through August 5th as no closed circulation existed during its supposed trek across the eastern and central Caribbean Sea. These dramatic track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A possible central pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 18245 08/20/1909 M= 9 5 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 18245 08/20/1909 M= 9 6 SNBR= 445 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** * 18250 08/20* 0 0 0 0*154 545 60 0*156 555 60 0*157 564 70 0 18250 08/20* 0 0 0 0*154 553 60 0*155 563 60 0*157 573 70 0 *** *** *** *** 18255 08/21*158 574 70 0*159 585 70 0*160 598 70 0*161 612 75 0 18255 08/21*159 582 70 0*161 594 70 0*163 605 70 0*165 619 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18260 08/22*162 626 75 0*164 641 75 0*165 655 80 0*167 670 80 0 18260 08/22*167 630 75 0*170 642 75 0*173 657 80 0*176 675 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18265 08/23*168 684 80 0*171 699 85 0*174 714 85 0*178 731 90 0 18265 08/23*179 691 80 0*183 707 70 0*188 723 65 0*199 740 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18270 08/24*184 751 90 0*192 772 90 0*199 791 95 0*204 808 95 0 18270 08/24*203 758 65 0*205 776 65 0*206 795 75 0*207 811 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18275 08/25*208 825 100 0*212 841 100 0*214 854 100 0*217 865 105 0 18275 08/25*208 826 95 0*209 841 100 0*210 855 100 0*211 869 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18280 08/26*220 875 105 0*223 885 105 0*228 896 105 0*232 908 105 0 18280 08/26*213 884 80 0*216 897 90 0*220 910 100 0*225 925 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18285 08/27*237 920 100 0*241 932 95 0*244 944 90 0*248 956 85 0 18285 08/27*229 940 105 0*233 955 105 0*237 967 105 0*238 973 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18290 08/28*252 967 70 0*256 979 65 0*260 990 35 0* 0 0 0 0 18290 08/28*237 979 85 0*237 983 55 0*237 987 35 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 18295 HRATX2 18295 HRATX1 **** There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 5. The analysis of Perez (2000) showed that the hurricane made landfall near Baracoa, Cuba, rather than near Santiago de Cuba as shown in Partagas and Diaz. Perez' Cuba landfall location is utilized here. Partagas and Diaz made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are otherwise reasonable. Perez also analyzed this hurricane to have made landfall as a Category 2 system, based upon wind-caused damage. However, this does not appear to be completely reasonable given the hurricanes' interaction with Hispanola and Category 1 at landfall in Cuba is utilized. The hurricane is maintained in the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane up until landfall in northeast Mexico, based upon damages incurred there. The storm had been listed as causing Category 2 hurricane conditions in southern Texas (Table 6 in Neumann et al. 1999/U.S. hurricane landfall characterization in HURDAT), but this is reduced down to Category 1 hurricane impact due to observations of only minimal hurricane conditions in Texas and due the to distance from the hurricane center to the Texas coast. The full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis. ******************************************************************************** 1909/07 - 2011 ADDITION: 24596 08/22/1909 M= 4 7 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24597 08/22*230 857 25 0*235 863 25 0*240 870 25 0*245 878 30 0 24598 08/23*250 886 35 0*255 895 40 0*260 905 45 0*262 915 45 0 24599 08/24*263 926 40 0*262 938 35 0*260 950 35 0*258 964 30 0 25000 08/25*255 975 30 0*250 985 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25001 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously recorded in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the addition comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, and ship reports published in the New Orleans Picayne obtained by Mike Chenoweth. SHIP REPORTS Austrian steamship Eugenia...from Tampa....arriv[ed] at Third Street at 3 p.m. on Aug 20... she reports sailing from Tampa Aug. 18, and experienced strong south, southwest winds, and squally weather, with moderate seas. (New Orleans Picayune, 22 Aug 1909, p. 11) The British steamship Turrialba...crossed the bar at 6 p.m. on Aug. 22..sailing from...Port Limon, Aug. 18; experienced fine weather to within 100 miles of the bar, thence to port had strong east-northeast winds and rough seas. (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11) The British steamship Suningdale, from Progresso, Mexico...was released from Quarantine Sunday afternoon [Aug. 22]...She reports sailing from Progresso Aug. 17; had fresh northwest to westerly winds and good weather all the passage. (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11) The Norwegian steamship Utstein...crossed the bar at 11 a.m. on Aug. 22...She reports sailing from Puerto Cortez at 9:30 p.m. on Aug. 18; experienced fine weather, with light southwest winds, shifting to northwest, all the passage... (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11) British steamship Rosina...crossed the bar at 1:50 p.m., Aug. 23... having sailed from Ceiba at 11 p.m. Aug. 20; experienced fine weather with variable winds to within 60 miles of the bar, then fresh northwest winds with rough seas to the bar and heavy rain in the river. (New Orleans Picayune, 25 August 1909, p. 11) The Norwegian steamship Belvernon, arrived at 6:45 p.m. on Aug. 24 at Post 15...She reports having sailed from Belize, Honduras on Aug. 21; experienced good weather to mid-Gulf, thence strong southwest to southeast winds, blowing with gale force, and a heavy sea to port... (New Orleans Picayune, 26 August 1909, p. 11) The Norwegian steamship Karen...crossed the bar at 7 a.m., Aug. 24 and arrived at 6 p.m. at Post 15, First District. She reports sailing from Port Limon at 5 p.m., Aug. 19; had fine weather, with light easterly winds to the Gulf of Mexico, where she encountered a strong gale from the south, with a heavy swell from east-northeast, lasting to the bar. (New Orleans Picayune, 26 August 1909, p. 11) The Morgan Line steamship Excelsior...crossed the Bar at 10:50 p.m., on Aug. 26, and arrived at 7:30 a.m. yesterday at Post 8, Second District. Reports sailing from New York at noon on Aug. 21...in the Gulf of Mexico fresh easterly winds with a large southerly sea to the Bar.... (New Orleans Picayune, 28 August 1909, p. 11) August 21: The Historical Weather Map shows an elongated trough of low pressure oriented NE-SW across the Gulf of Mexico. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 22: The Historical Weather Map shows a sharp trough over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest that a closed low was present near 24N 87W. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 23: The Historical Weather Map shows a low of at most 1005 mb pressure centered near 26.5N 90W. Available observation indicate that the system was centered near 26N 90W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S near 25N 88W (New Orleans Picayune); 35 kt SE near 24N 87W (New Orleans Picayune). Station highlights: 31 kt NE at New Orleans (OMR); 25 kt SE at Burrwood (OMR). August 24: The Historical Weather Map shows a low of at most 1010 mb pressured centered near 24N 95W just offshore northeastern Mexico. Available observations indicate that the system was centered near 26N 90W. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 25: The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest over Texas or Mexico. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Station highlights: 28 kt E and 1012 mb at 00Z at Corpus Christi (OMR); E wind (no speed) and 1011 mb at 00Z at Brownsville (OMR). A broad area of low pressure and general westerly wind flow at the surface was present over the Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean region in mid-August 1909. Pressure was quite low over the southern U.S. in association with a cool front and trough of low pressure that extended into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Very slowly an area of low pressure formed in the central Gulf of Mexico by 19-20 August, but it remained a NE-SW elongated trough until the 21st. Ship reports and once-daily weather maps from the NOAA Central Library U.S. Daily Weather Maps Project and the Historical Weather Maps indicate that a tropical depression probably formed early on 22 August in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. This depression moved on a west-northwest track and probably developed into a weak tropical storm by early on August 23. Peak intensity of the cyclone is estimated to have reached 45 kt late on the 23rd. Winds of near gale force were impacting Louisiana with the peak 31 kt NE in New Orleans and 25 SE in Burrwood. Pressure began to rise throughout the southern U.S. and the system then moved westward on the 24th and then west-southwestward to early on the 25th. The storm probably weakened to a depression late on August 24 before making landfall in northeastern Mexico around 00Z on the 25th. Observations from Brownsville and Corpus Christi on the 24th and 25th were crucial in determining that the weakening system continued west-southwestward into Mexico. This storm may have been sheared apart by unfavorable upper level winds as a hurricane (storm #6) moved south of Cuba on 23-25 August. ******************************************************************************** 18300 08/27/1909 M= 6 6 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 18300 08/28/1909 M= 4 8 SNBR= 446 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * * *** 18305 08/27*208 689 35 0*214 697 35 0*221 706 35 0*228 717 35 0 (The 27th is omitted from HURDAT.) 18310 08/28*234 730 35 0*239 741 35 0*244 750 40 0*248 757 40 0 18310 08/28*237 730 35 0*246 744 35 0*255 760 40 0*260 773 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18315 08/29*251 764 45 0*255 770 45 0*259 777 45 0*263 784 45 0 18315 08/29*263 785 45 0*264 796 45 0*265 805 40 0*266 809 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18320 08/30*268 790 45 0*272 797 45 0*277 803 35 0*282 807 35 0 18320 08/30*268 812 30 0*271 815 30 0*277 817 30 0*285 813 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 18325 08/31*287 809 35 0*292 810 35 0*297 810 35 0*302 809 30 0 18325 08/31*295 805 35 0*304 797 35 0*310 790 35 0*315 784 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18330 09/01*307 804 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 (The 1st is omitted from the revised HURDAT.) 18335 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. ******************************************************************************** 18340 09/10/1909 M=12 7 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 18340 09/13/1909 M=10 9 SNBR= 447 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * *** * 18345 09/10* 0 0 0 0*134 563 35 0*136 579 35 0*137 595 35 0 18350 09/11*138 611 35 0*139 625 35 0*139 636 35 0*139 646 35 0 18355 09/12*139 655 35 0*139 665 35 0*139 674 35 0*139 683 35 0 (The 10th to the 12th were omitted from the revised HURDAT.) 18360 09/13*139 693 35 0*140 702 35 0*141 708 35 0*141 717 35 0 18360 09/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 710 30 0*178 725 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18365 09/14*142 723 35 0*143 729 35 0*144 738 35 0*145 742 35 0 18365 09/14*181 739 30 0*183 752 30 0*185 765 30 0*187 775 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18370 09/15*146 749 40 0*148 756 40 0*151 764 45 0*157 775 50 0 18370 09/15*189 784 35 0*191 793 40 0*193 800 45 0*195 806 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18375 09/16*167 791 55 0*178 806 60 0*187 812 65 0*194 821 70 0 18375 09/16*197 810 55 0*200 815 60 0*203 820 65 0*206 824 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18380 09/17*202 827 70 0*209 831 70 0*214 836 70 0*218 841 75 0 18380 09/17*209 829 70 0*213 833 75 0*217 837 80 0*220 842 85 976 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 18385 09/18*223 845 75 0*227 849 80 0*231 854 80 0*235 859 85 0 18385 09/18*223 845 75 0*226 849 80 0*229 854 80 0*232 859 85 0 *** *** *** 18390 09/19*240 864 95 0*244 868 110 0*255 873 115 0*262 878 120 0 18390 09/19*235 867 95 0*239 874 105 0*243 880 105 0*248 885 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18395 09/20*272 884 120 0*280 890 110 0*284 896 95 0*296 905 85 0 18395 09/20*254 890 105 0*261 895 105 0*269 901 105 0*277 907 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18400 09/21*310 910 65 990*325 917 50 0*342 918 35 0*359 912 30 0 18400 09/21*295 913 105 952*314 917 75 0*332 915 55 0*350 913 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 22nd is new to HURDAT.) 18402 09/22*368 911 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 18405 HR LA4 18405 HR LA3 MS2 *** *** One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. The 13th is retained in HURDAT based upon a re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series, which indicated a probable closed circulation existed on that date south of Hispanola. The track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A possible central pressure of 976 mb (21Z on the 17th) suggests winds of 83 kt - 85 kt chosen for best track. This agrees with the classification of the hurricane as a Category 2 at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 17th and 18th. Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) classified this hurricane at landfall in the United States as 931 mb central pressure apparently based primarily upon the storm tide of 15' observed in Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana (Cline 1926). Ho et al. (1987) on the other hand analyzed a 965 mb central pressure from a 990 mb peripheral pressure measurement and an estimated RMW of 28 nmi. (Note that this 990 mb was mistakenly listed in HURDAT previously as a central pressure.) Jarvinen (2001, personal communication), however, showed with SLOSH runs that such an estimate of central pressure and RMW could not correctly simulate the observed large storm surge values. David Roth was able to provide descriptions (see below) of the storm's impact in Louisiana, which corroborated altering the positions of the hurricane consistent with Cline's analysis of making landfall farther west than Ho's analysis and substantially faster forward motion. Jarvinen utilized the new position estimates and iterated possible central pressure and RMW values with SLOSH to arrive at a best fit of 952 mb and 28 nmi. This value of central pressure falls between the estimates of Jarrell et al. and Ho. A 952 mb central pressure suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Given a RMW which is moderately larger than that expected climatologically for this central pressure and latitude (e.g. Vickery et al. 2000) tempered by being a quick moving (18 kt) hurricane at landfall, the maximum sustained winds at U.S. landfall are a slightly reduced estimate of 105 kt - making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall. A Category 3 designation at landfall in the U.S. is lower than the Category 4 shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Arkansas. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 20th through the 22nd. From the _New Orleans Time-Democrat_ as obtained by David Roth: The only hurricane to destroy capital domes at both Baton Rouge, LA and Jackson, MS. Mobile AL....High southeast gale. Pass Christian MS....The worst storm that ever struck this place reached its height last night at 12 o'clock and ruin and wreckage are strewn from one end of town to the other. The great storm in 1893 did not do so much damage and cannot surpass this in amount of loss at the Pass and other points. Bayou Portage MS (just north of Pass Christian)...the water rose at least fifteen feet and spread over an area of several miles. Donaldsonville LA...In the morning the wind blew with some velocity and a heavy rain followed, but it was between 4 and 9 pm that the greatest damage was done. New Orleans LA...The wind increased in violence until 6:15 last night (the 20th) when it reached a velocity of 66 mph. An hour later the barometer began rising, and at an early hour this morning, the disturbance had almost subsided. Brusly Landing LA...One of the worst storms that has visited this section in years swept over West Baton Rouge parish yesterday, doing heavy damage. The wind started at 6 am and steadily increased until 9 pm, when it attained the force of a hurricane. At 10 pm last night, after the winds abated... Thibodaux LA...Worst between 4 and 6 pm the 20th. Norwood LA...Worst between 8 and 10:30 pm, when wind veered to southwest and lessened in force. Wilson LA...Severe wind and rain storms between 8 and 11:30 pm. Washington LA...Stiff NW wind blew all day....worst at night. Zachary LA....Terrific gale from noon until midnight the 20th. St. Francisville LA...Most severe wind and rain storm this immediate section has known in many years came last night (20th) between 6 and 11 pm after a stormy day. Lutcher LA..."Terrific gale" reached maximum intensity beginning at 7:30 pm, continuing for some time. Lulling LA...A gale of considerable violence from the SE began to blow early on the morning of the 20th, increasing in violence until 10 pm. Port Hudson LA...The rain and wind which raged all yesterday (the 20th) culminated in a hurricane, lasting from 7 to 10 pm. Covington LA...At 11 pm last night the wind attained a velocity of 50 mph. Plaquemines LA...Storm at its height at 8 pm. Abbeville LA...A tropical hurricane raged from 9 am the morning of the 20th until a late hour that night. The barometer was 28.75 and fell steadily. It has been thirty years since this section experienced such an equinoctial storm. 1909/09 - 2011 REVISION: 19540 09/13/1909 M=10 8 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 19540 09/13/1909 M=10 9 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 * 19545 09/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 710 30 0*178 725 30 0* 19550 09/14*181 739 30 0*183 752 30 0*185 765 30 0*187 775 30 0* 19555 09/15*189 784 35 0*191 793 40 0*193 800 45 0*195 806 50 0* 19560 09/16*196 810 55 0*199 815 60 0*203 820 65 0*206 824 70 0* 19565 09/17*209 829 70 0*213 833 75 0*217 837 80 0*220 842 85 976* 19570 09/18*223 845 75 0*226 849 80 0*229 854 80 0*232 859 85 0* 19575 09/19*235 867 95 0*239 874 105 0*243 880 105 0*248 885 105 0* 19580 09/20*254 890 105 0*261 895 105 0*269 901 105 0*277 907 105 0* 19580 09/20*254 890 105 0*261 895 105 0*269 901 105 0*277 907 100 0* *** 19585 09/21*295 913 105 952*314 917 75 0*332 915 55 0*350 913 40 0* 19585 09/21*295 913 100 952*314 917 75 0*332 915 55 0*350 913 40 0* *** 19590 09/22*368 911 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 19595 HR LA3 MS2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8-9/21/1909 0000Z 29.5N 91.3W 105kt 3 30nmi 952mb LA3,MS2 9-9/21/1909 0000Z 29.5N 91.3W 100kt 3 30nmi 952mb LA3,MS2 * *** The 2003 reanalysis utilized a central pressure of 952 mb at landfall in Louisiana around 00Z on the 21st. This suggested 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship for north of 25N instead suggests 103 kt. Given an RMW of ~30 nmi (larger than that expected climatologically of 20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2001) but a fairly quickly moving hurricane (18 kt), the winds at landfall are estimated to be 100 kt. This is a slight reduction from that estimated in the 2003 reanalysis (105 kt), but still retains the Category 3 designation at landfall. ******************************************************************************** 18410 09/22/1909 M= 9 8 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 18410 09/24/1909 M= 6 10 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** * 18415 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*121 795 35 0*125 797 35 0 18420 09/23*130 800 35 0*136 803 35 0*144 806 35 0*153 810 35 0 (The 22nd to the 23th are omitted in the revised HURDAT.) 18425 09/24*162 816 35 0*171 821 35 0*181 823 35 0*191 828 35 0 18425 09/24*220 830 30 0*225 830 30 0*230 830 30 0*235 830 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18430 09/25*200 829 35 0*210 830 35 0*220 830 40 0*230 830 45 0 18430 09/25*241 830 30 0*247 830 30 0*253 828 30 0*258 822 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18435 09/26*241 830 45 0*252 828 40 0*262 823 40 0*272 815 35 0 18435 09/26*263 813 30 0*269 804 30 0*275 795 35 0*280 789 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 18440 09/27*281 807 35 0*289 798 35 0*295 790 35 0*300 783 35 0 18440 09/27*284 784 40 0*290 778 45 0*295 770 50 0*301 750 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 18445 09/28*304 777 35 0*308 770 40 0*312 758 40 0*318 743 45 0 18445 09/28*306 728 50 0*311 706 45 0*315 687 40 0*318 669 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 18450 09/29*322 729 45 0*327 714 35 0*331 700 35 0*334 685 35 0 18450 09/29*322 655 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18455 09/30*336 671 35 0*338 657 30 0*340 642 25 0*341 621 25 0 (The 30th is omitted in the revised HURDAT.) 18460 TS There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 8. Perez (2000 and personal communication), in his analysis of Cuban tropical cyclones, agrees with not calling this system a tropical storm over Cuba, but indicated that a closed low did exist near Havana on the 24th. Thus a track beginning early on the 24th along Neumann et al.'s track just south of Cuba, but about a day earlier is included. However, Partagas and Diaz were correct about the lack of a closed circulation on the 22nd and 23rd and thus these dates are removed from HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the subtropical wind- pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track. ******************************************************************************** 18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 9 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 11 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** *** 18470 10/06* 0 0 0 0*112 778 50 0*121 780 60 0*123 781 65 0 18470 10/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*107 760 30 0*112 763 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18475 10/07*127 782 70 0*132 783 70 0*139 783 70 0*146 784 75 0 18475 10/07*120 768 35 0*128 772 40 0*137 777 45 0*145 782 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18480 10/08*157 786 75 0*165 790 80 0*172 798 80 0*175 805 85 0 18480 10/08*154 786 55 0*164 792 60 0*172 798 65 0*177 805 70 0 *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 18485 10/09*180 811 90 0*184 817 95 0*190 825 95 0*194 830 100 0 18485 10/09*182 811 80 0*186 817 90 0*190 825 95 0*193 832 100 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 18490 10/10*200 832 105 0*205 834 105 0*210 836 105 0*220 834 105 0 18490 10/10*196 838 105 0*200 842 105 0*205 844 105 0*211 845 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18495 10/11*230 830 105 0*235 825 100 0*240 818 90 957*251 804 85 0 18495 10/11*218 845 105 0*226 841 105 0*237 830 105 0*247 810 100 957 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18500 10/12*260 791 80 0*270 776 75 0*278 765 70 0*289 744 70 0 18500 10/12*260 789 90 0*275 768 80 0*290 748 70 0*303 726 60 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 18505 10/13*299 725 65 0*309 706 55 0*315 690 45 0*340 648 30 0 18505 10/13*316 700 50 0*329 675 40 0*340 650 35 0*349 629 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 18510 HRCFL3 18510 HRBFL3CFL3 **** No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Partagas and Diaz also suggested reasonable large changes to the intensity on the 6th to the 8th and smaller changes elsewhere. Peripheral pressure of 965 mb (at 15Z on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Winds are retained at 105 kt for the 10th and 11th. This agrees with the assessment of a Category 3 impact in Cuba by Perez (2000). A central pressure reading at Knight's Key (from Ho et al. (1987) and Barnes (1998a) of 957 mb (on the 11th) suggests winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Ho et al. also analyzed a RMW of 22 nmi for this hurricane at landfall in the Florida Keys. Since this RMW is slightly larger than that expected climatologically for the center pressure and latitude observed, winds at landfall in the Keys are estimated at 100 kt. This makes this system a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in south Florida, which agrees with what is listed in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 10 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 12 SNBR= 450 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 18520 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*111 810 35 0*115 808 35 0 18520 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*105 810 35 0*107 808 35 0 *** *** 18525 11/09*119 806 35 0*122 804 35 0*126 802 35 0*129 800 35 0 18525 11/09*109 806 35 0*111 804 35 0*113 802 35 0*116 800 35 0 *** *** *** *** 18530 11/10*133 797 35 0*136 794 40 0*139 791 40 0*141 788 45 0 18530 11/10*121 797 35 0*127 794 40 0*133 791 40 0*139 788 45 0 *** *** *** *** 18535 11/11*143 785 45 0*146 780 50 0*149 774 50 0*155 765 50 0 18535 11/11*145 785 45 0*151 780 50 0*157 774 50 0*165 767 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 18540 11/12*161 752 50 0*167 737 50 0*173 722 50 0*179 707 50 0 18540 11/12*174 760 60 0*182 753 65 0*190 745 70 0*196 735 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18545 11/13*185 691 50 0*191 675 45 0*196 660 45 0*201 645 40 0 18545 11/13*201 721 80 0*206 704 85 0*210 685 90 0*213 663 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18550 11/14*204 630 40 0*207 615 40 0*209 600 35 0*215 565 30 0 18550 11/14*214 640 90 0*215 615 85 0*215 590 80 0*215 565 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 18555 TS 18555 HR ** There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 10. First, Partagas and Diaz recommended keeping this as a tropical storm. However, two ship reports and hurricane impacts in Hispanola, Grand Turk and Cuba described in Partagas and Diaz all suggest that this system reached hurricane strength, likely up to Category 2 intensity at its peak late on the 13th and early on the 14th. Perez (2000) analyzed this system as causing Category 1 hurricane conditions in eastern Cuba (on the weak side of the system). Thus it is estimated that this system was a hurricane from the 12th to the 14th with a peak intensity of 90 kt. Secondly, Perez described a major change to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) with a track that took the hurricane closer to Jamaica and between Cuba and Hispanola, with the center grazing the coast of Haiti. A compromise track between Perez and Partagas/Diaz was utilized here with Partagas/Diaz track mainly chosen from the 8th to the 10th, Perez' track primarily used from the 11th to the 13th and Partagas/Diaz track chosen for the 14th. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as its decay was not documented. The hurricane is known as "San Savero" for its impacts in Hispanola. ******************************************************************************** 1909 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned three additional systems considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team decided that there was enough information to include the first system as a new tropical storm into HURDAT. (See storm 1, 1909.) The re-analysis team agreed to leave the first and third out of HURDAT for the following reasons: 1) June 2-4, 1909: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. 2) October 16-24, 1909: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity. August 4-8: The Historical Weather maps show a strong tropical wave moving west-northwestward from the central Caribbean on the 4th to the western Gulf of Mexico on the 8th. "July closed with a barometric depression over the Caribbean Sea within which two disturbances of slight intensity appeared... the other passed over the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas coast with moderate to heavy rains in the middle and west Gulf coastal districts from the 4th to the 8th." No gales or low pressures were observed throughout the lifetime of this disturbance and it does not appear that a closed low was ever in existence, despite the MWR showing a low from the 6th to the 8th moving from the central Gulf of Mexico to Texas in the Tracks of Centers of Low Areas. Thus there is not evidence to include this system into HURDAT as a tropical storm. DAY LAT LONG STATUS Aug 4 --- 77W Tropical Wave Aug 5 --- 83W ?? Aug 6 --- 89W ?? Aug 7 --- 92W ?? Aug 8 --- 95W ?? August 7-18: The Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed near 9N, 27W on August 7. Historical Weather Maps also indicate that a ship near the system measured 40 kt winds from the SW with 1004 mb on that same day. The system moved west and from the 9th-13th the observations are quite sparse and it is not known whether a closed low still existed. On the 14th, the closed low appeared again, yet only for this day. Again, there are not enough observations on the 15th or 16th to show that the system remains as a closed low. "On the 16th a disturbance appeared east of the Virgin Islands, W. I., moved rapidly thence on a northwest course, and apparently recurved during the 17th and 18th to the south and east of Bermuda" (MWR). On the 18th, a ship in HWM showed 45 kt WSW winds with 1008 mb east of Bermuda. Available observations suggest that the system was not a closed low on this date and that perhaps this ship report was not reliable. Additionally, for the duration of this suspect, there were no gales uncovered in either COADS or the Monthly Weather Review. Without further evidence of a tropical storm, this system is not added into HURDAT. St. Croix Avis, Wednesday 18 Aug 1909 "The cyclone whose edge passed over us on Monday [16th] had its centre too far away from us (probably over 200 miles at its nearest) to do all that we would have like to see [sic]. On reflection, however, we perceive that it must have been a considerable power which at the end of an arm two hundred miles or so in length could stop a brisk trade wind and turn it back, so that it was converted here into a light west wind. The west wind brought with it, as we had expected, some rain, partial it is true, but not at all to be despised, for while Bssin only got half a line, some estates in the central and south parts of the island, from Anguilla and Bethlehem eastwards, had a good fall. Angulla, 26 lines, Diamond and Ruby 12 lines, Castle Coakley 11, Sion Farm 10, Beeston Hill 6, are measurements that have come to our knowledge. The movement [of the storm] has left us without giving us the southwest wind, which blew on Monday in Antigua and St. Kitts, and this leads us to suppose that the centre was making a good deal of northing when it was passing these islands." St. Croix Avis, Wednesday 25 Aug 1909 "Fortunately it is not a common experience in the West Indies, even in the hurricane months, to have three cyclones passing in one week, but such was our experience in Santa Cruz during the past week. There was first the cyclone whose centre passed far to the north on Monday [16th]...." Observations at St. John's Antigua published in the Leeward Islands Government Gazette, 19 Aug 1909, p. 445 and August 26, 1909 p. 451. Pressure reduced to sea level and 32F; wind direction at 9am and 3pm; total miles of wind run in 24 hours; average wind speed miles per hour; NOTE: pressure readings routinely omitted on Sunday August 14 - 30.008 Not read E E 75 3.1 August 15 - Not read Not read NW W 225 9.3 August 16 - 29.981 29.949 W SW 75 3.1 August 17 - 30.030 29.979 SW SE 75 3.1 DAY LAT LONG STATUS Aug 7 9N 27W Tropical Storm? Aug 8 10N 30W Tropical Depression Aug 9 12N 34W ? Aug 10 12N 38W ? Aug 11 12N 42W ? Aug 12 12N 46W ? Aug 13 12N 50W ? Aug 14 14N 53W Tropical Depression Aug 15 17N 57W ? Aug 16 19N 59W ? Aug 17 22N 61W ? Aug 18 32N 60W Tropical Storm? ******************************************************************************** 18560 08/20/1910 M=12 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18560 08/23/1910 M= 7 1 SNBR= 451 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** 18565 08/20* 0 0 0 0*124 592 35 0*125 604 35 0*127 616 35 0 18570 08/21*130 629 35 0*133 640 35 0*136 649 35 0*138 657 35 0 18575 08/22*140 665 35 0*142 671 35 0*146 681 35 0*149 691 35 0 (The 20th to the 22nd are omitted from the revised HURDAT.) 18580 08/23*154 702 35 0*159 714 35 0*163 725 35 0*166 735 35 0 18580 08/23* 0 0 0 0*150 620 35 0*155 637 35 0*159 654 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18585 08/24*169 745 35 0*171 754 35 0*174 763 35 0*176 771 35 0 18585 08/24*165 673 35 0*172 695 35 0*180 715 35 0*187 728 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 18590 08/25*178 778 35 0*180 785 35 0*183 792 35 0*187 801 40 0 18590 08/25*194 740 30 0*203 754 30 0*213 767 30 0*225 775 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18595 08/26*191 808 40 0*195 816 40 0*199 825 40 0*202 832 45 0 18595 08/26*239 781 30 0*256 787 30 0*275 790 30 0*284 790 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18600 08/27*205 839 45 0*208 846 45 0*211 852 50 0*215 858 50 0 18600 08/27E296 790 35 0E307 790 35 0E317 787 35 0E323 784 35 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 18605 08/28*219 863 50 0*222 869 50 0*225 876 50 0*227 883 50 0 18605 08/28E329 780 40 0E335 776 40 0E340 770 40 0E349 761 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 18610 08/29*229 891 50 0*231 899 50 0*233 907 50 0*235 915 50 0 18610 08/29E356 754 35 0E363 747 35 0E370 740 30 0E376 734 30 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 18615 08/30*237 924 50 0*239 932 50 0*241 939 45 0*243 948 45 0 18620 08/31*246 961 40 0*248 970 40 0*251 979 35 0*254 988 30 0 (The 30th and 31st are omitted from this storm and included as part of storm number 450.) 18625 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Note that the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms. These dramatic changes are found to be reasonable. This system is the first of the two separate storms. ******************************************************************************** 18560 08/20/1910 M=12 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18526 08/26/1910 M= 6 2 SNBR= 452 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * *** 18565 08/20* 0 0 0 0*124 592 35 0*125 604 35 0*127 616 35 0 18570 08/21*130 629 35 0*133 640 35 0*136 649 35 0*138 657 35 0 18575 08/22*140 665 35 0*142 671 35 0*146 681 35 0*149 691 35 0 18580 08/23*154 702 35 0*159 714 35 0*163 725 35 0*166 735 35 0 18585 08/24*169 745 35 0*171 754 35 0*174 763 35 0*176 771 35 0 18590 08/25*178 778 35 0*180 785 35 0*183 792 35 0*187 801 40 0 (The 20th to the 25th are omitted from this storm and parts of this track are included in storm number 445.) 18626 08/26*191 808 40 0*195 816 40 0*199 825 40 0*202 832 45 0 18626 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*267 917 30 0*267 920 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 08/27*205 839 45 0*208 846 45 0*211 852 50 0*215 858 50 0 18626 08/27*267 923 30 0*267 927 30 0*267 930 30 0*267 934 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 08/28*219 863 50 0*222 869 50 0*225 876 50 0*227 883 50 0 18626 08/28*266 938 30 0*266 942 30 0*265 945 30 0*265 948 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 08/29*229 891 50 0*231 899 50 0*233 907 50 0*235 915 50 0 18626 08/29*264 950 30 0*264 952 30 0*263 955 30 0*262 958 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 08/30*237 924 50 0*239 932 50 0*241 939 45 0*243 948 45 0 18626 08/30*262 960 35 0*261 962 35 0*260 965 40 0*259 969 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 08/31*246 961 40 0*248 970 40 0*251 979 35 0*254 988 30 0 18626 08/31*257 972 40 0*255 976 35 0*253 980 30 0*251 985 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18626 TS No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Note that the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms. These dramatic track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. This system is the second of the two separate storms. ******************************************************************************** 18630 09/05/1910 M=11 2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 18630 09/05/1910 M=11 3 SNBR= 453 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * *** 18635 09/05* 0 0 0 0*170 570 60 0*171 595 65 0*171 606 70 0 18635 09/05* 0 0 0 0*170 583 60 0*171 595 65 0*171 606 70 0 *** 18640 09/06*171 617 75 0*172 627 80 0*174 638 80 0*175 649 85 0 18645 09/07*175 660 85 0*176 671 85 0*176 682 80 0*177 694 75 0 18645 09/07*175 660 85 0*176 671 85 0*176 682 80 0*176 697 75 0 *** 18650 09/08*177 706 70 0*178 719 70 0*179 731 70 0*181 742 70 0 18650 09/08*177 712 70 0*178 729 70 0*180 747 70 0*183 764 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 18655 09/09*183 754 70 0*185 765 70 0*188 776 70 0*190 788 70 0 18655 09/09*186 778 70 0*190 792 70 0*195 807 70 0*200 818 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18660 09/10*194 801 70 0*198 814 75 0*201 825 80 0*207 835 80 0 18660 09/10*205 829 70 0*209 838 75 0*213 847 80 0*217 851 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18665 09/11*213 845 85 0*220 855 85 0*225 863 85 0*232 872 85 0 18665 09/11*221 856 85 0*225 862 85 0*229 870 85 0*232 876 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18670 09/12*237 878 90 0*240 883 90 0*244 890 95 0*249 898 100 0 18670 09/12*236 883 90 0*240 889 90 0*244 895 95 0*249 903 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 18675 09/13*253 904 105 0*257 913 105 0*260 922 105 0*262 931 105 0 18675 09/13*253 912 95 0*257 918 95 0*260 925 95 0*262 934 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18680 09/14*263 941 100 0*265 952 85 0*266 961 65 0*268 973 65 0 18680 09/14*263 943 95 0*265 953 95 0*266 963 95 0*268 969 95 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 18685 09/15*269 982 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 18685 09/15*269 976 65 0*270 983 45 0*270 990 35 0*270 996 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18690 HRATX2 There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 2. First, hurricane intensity was maintained from the 9th through the 12th, since Perez (2000) analyzed this system as causing hurricane conditions in western Cuba. Perez also recommended keeping the hurricane just offshore of western Cuba (as seen in Neumann et al.) rather than making landfall in Cuba. Secondly, the landfall position of Partagas and Diaz being in northeastern Mexico rather than southern Texas is discarded in favor of the position analyzed by Connor (1956) which was shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas altered the landfall position incorrectly based upon sparse, once-daily observations from the Historical Weather Map series. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) listed this hurricane as a having a central pressure at landfall of 965 mb, based primarily upon a description of the storm tide entirely inundating Padre Island, Texas. (It is to be noted that Ho et al. (1987) did not system as being a U.S. impacting hurricane in their analysis and that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time considered the system a strong tropical storm.) Assuming that the 965 mb central pressure is valid (though the evidence supporting it is somewhat sparse), this would suggest a 94 kt sustained windspeed from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt utilized in best track. 95 kt at landfall in Texas makes this hurricane a Category 2 in the United States, which agrees with the assessment in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. The 95 kt windspeed is taken as the peak intensity reached by this system and winds are adjusted accordingly on the 12th to the 14th. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Mexico. Track of storm is slightly altered on the 5th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity. The hurricane is known as "San Zacarias II" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. 1910/03 - 2011 REVISION: 19820 09/05/1910 M=11 3 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 19825 09/05* 0 0 0 0*170 583 60 0*171 595 65 0*171 606 70 0* 19830 09/06*171 617 75 0*172 627 80 0*174 638 80 0*175 649 85 0* 19835 09/07*175 660 85 0*176 671 85 0*176 682 80 0*176 697 75 0* 19840 09/08*177 712 70 0*178 729 70 0*180 747 70 0*183 764 70 0* 19845 09/09*186 778 70 0*190 792 70 0*195 807 70 0*200 818 70 0* 19850 09/10*205 829 70 0*209 838 75 0*213 847 80 0*217 851 80 0* 19855 09/11*221 856 85 0*225 862 85 0*229 870 85 0*232 876 85 0* 19860 09/12*236 883 90 0*240 889 90 0*244 895 95 0*249 903 95 0* 19865 09/13*253 912 95 0*257 918 95 0*260 925 95 0*262 934 95 0* 19870 09/14*263 943 95 0*265 953 95 0*266 963 95 0*268 969 95 0* 19870 09/14*263 943 90 0*265 953 90 0*266 963 90 0*268 969 90 0* ** ** ** ** 19875 09/15*269 976 65 0*270 983 45 0*270 990 35 0*270 996 30 0* 19880 HRATX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-9/14/1910 2200Z 26.9N 97.4W 95kt 2 --- (965mb) ATX2 3-9/14/1910 2200Z 26.9N 97.4W 90kt 2 --- (965mb) ATX2 ** The analyzed central pressure of 965 mb at landfall in Texas around 22Z on the 14th suggested 94 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2003) relationship suggests winds of 90 kt from the north of 25N equation. No RMW estimate of this cyclone was available, though the radius of outer closed isobar was a near average 245 nmi. Given the somewhat slow landfall translational speed of about 8 kt, the winds at landfall are estimated to be 90 kt. This is slightly lower than that arrived at in the 2003 reanalysis (95 kt), but retains the Category 2 assessment at landfall. ******************************************************************************* 18695 09/23/1910 M= 6 3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 18695 09/23/1910 M= 6 4 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 18700 09/23*255 594 60 0*262 600 65 0*268 606 70 0*272 611 70 0 (The 23rd is omitted from the revised HURDAT.) 18705 09/24*276 615 75 0*283 620 80 0*291 625 85 0*301 631 90 0 18705 09/24* 0 0 0 0*278 605 35 0*283 613 45 0*289 621 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18710 09/25*311 636 95 0*322 639 100 0*333 641 105 0*345 640 105 0 18710 09/25*298 628 65 0*308 634 75 0*320 637 85 0*336 634 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18715 09/26*357 635 100 0*369 629 95 0*380 620 90 0*389 611 85 0 18715 09/26*348 628 85 0*360 619 85 0*370 610 80 0*381 602 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18720 09/27*395 602 80 0*399 591 75 0E402 580 70 0E405 565 70 0 18720 09/27*391 594 70 0*401 586 65 0E410 575 60 0E413 563 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18725 09/28E406 550 70 0E407 533 70 0E408 517 70 0E406 501 65 0 18725 09/28E411 549 60 0E409 537 60 0E407 520 60 0E405 496 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 29th is new to HURDAT.) 18727 09/29E408 461 50 0E410 428 45 0E415 400 40 0E421 374 35 0 18730 HR No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. The peak intensity of this hurricane is reduced from 105 kt (Category 3) down to a 85 kt (Category 2) due to available observations that suggest that the system was substantially weaker. Another solution considered but discarded was to reduce the peak winds for this hurricane to Category 1 intensity. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 24th to the 28th. ******************************************************************************* 18735 10/09/1910 M=15 4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 18735 10/09/1910 M=15 5 SNBR= 455 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * *** * 18740 10/09* 0 0 0 0*112 795 50 0*113 797 50 0*113 797 50 0 18740 10/09* 0 0 0 0*112 795 30 0*113 797 30 0*113 797 30 0 ** ** ** 18745 10/10*114 798 50 0*116 799 50 0*118 800 55 0*121 801 55 0 18745 10/10*114 798 30 0*116 799 30 0*118 800 30 0*121 801 30 0 ** ** ** ** 18750 10/11*124 803 55 0*128 805 60 0*132 807 65 0*137 810 70 0 18750 10/11*124 803 35 0*128 805 35 0*132 807 40 0*138 809 45 0 ** ** ** *** *** ** 18755 10/12*142 813 75 0*148 815 80 0*155 818 80 0*165 821 85 0 18755 10/12*146 811 50 0*152 813 55 0*160 815 65 0*169 818 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18760 10/13*178 824 90 0*191 827 90 0*199 829 95 0*203 830 95 0 18760 10/13*177 821 85 0*186 823 90 0*195 825 95 0*204 827 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18765 10/14*207 832 100 0*210 833 105 0*215 834 105 0*219 835 105 0 18765 10/14*214 830 100 0*223 836 100 960*230 840 90 0*233 842 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18770 10/15*225 837 105 0*230 838 95 0*234 839 90 0*242 842 90 0 18770 10/15*236 844 90 0*237 847 90 0*237 850 90 0*236 852 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 18775 10/16*245 848 90 0*238 854 90 0*231 852 95 0*226 845 100 0 18775 10/16*234 853 100 0*232 854 110 0*229 855 120 0*224 854 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18780 10/17*227 841 100 0*231 834 105 0*236 830 105 0*245 823 105 0 18780 10/17*221 849 130 924*225 843 125 0*234 835 120 0*244 828 115 941 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18785 10/18*254 819 100 941*265 817 65 0*275 818 60 0*283 819 60 0 18785 10/18*255 822 105 0*265 820 95 955*275 819 70 0*283 819 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 18790 10/19*292 820 60 0*301 819 60 0*310 816 60 0*320 806 60 0 18790 10/19*292 819 50 0*301 819 50 0*310 816 50 0*320 806 60 0 *** ** ** ** 18795 10/20*327 798 60 0*336 785 60 0*344 771 55 0*353 751 50 0 18795 10/20*327 798 60 0*336 785 60 0*344 771 55 0*353 750 50 0 *** 18800 10/21*363 726 45 0E373 696 45 0E382 671 45 0E388 651 40 0 18800 10/21*360 723 45 0E366 690 45 0E370 660 45 0E370 644 40 0 18805 10/22E390 634 40 0E391 618 40 0E385 603 40 0E379 596 40 0 18805 10/22E368 632 40 0E364 618 40 0E360 610 40 0E358 601 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 18810 10/23E376 592 35 0E369 586 35 0E361 580 35 0* 0 0 0 0 18810 10/23E357 589 35 0E357 582 35 0E357 573 35 0E357 564 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 18815 HRBFL3 18815 HRBFL2 **** There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm number 4. They recommended removing the 9th and the 10th from HURDAT, but it was decided to keep these dates in HURDAT since observations do support the system having a closed circulation on both days though with tropical depression intensity. Partagas and Diaz (1999) otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 960 mb (at 07Z on the 14th) suggests winds of 100 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in best track at the first Cuban landfall of this hurricane. Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane at its second landfall on the 17th as having a central pressure of 924 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure of 947 mb from the ship "Prince Crown" (listed in the Partagas and Diaz report). This central pressure suggests winds of 134 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt utilized in best track. A central pressure of 941 mb (at 1625Z on the 17th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. 120 kt chosen for 12Z and 115 kt chosen for 18Z on the 17th. Ho et al. (1987) utilized this ship measured central pressure and an estimate of 28 nmi RMW to be conditions at landfall for this hurricane in the Southwest Florida. However, observed storm surge for the region does not correspond with a Category 4 (or even Category 3) hurricane making landfall (B. Jarvinen, personal communication). Jarrell et al. (1992), instead, listed this hurricane as making landfall with a central pressure of 955 mb based upon a measurement in Ft. Myers, Florida. (The pressure observation can also be found in Partagas and Diaz (1999).) A 955 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. With an estimated RMW (from Ho et al.) substantially larger than expected climatologically for this central pressure and latitude (about 19 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000), maximum sustained winds at landfall in Southwest Florida are estimated at 95 kt. This makes this hurricane a Category 2 hurricane (though near the Category 2-3 boundary) at landfall in the United States, which is weaker than the Category 3 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 21Z on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt retained for best track at 18Z and 50 kt chosen for best track at 00Z on the 19th since the hurricane was inland at that time. A storm tide measurement of 15' in Key West, Florida was described in Barnes (1998a). The storm is known as "El Huracan De Los Cinco Dias" for its impact in Cuba (Partagas and Diaz 1999, Perez 2000). ******************************************************************************* 1910 - Additional Notes: Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned one additional system considered for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out of HURDAT for the following reason: 1) September 13-18, 1910: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical. July 7-11: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed near 10N, 38W on July 7. This system moved towards the northeast on the 8th and then from the 9th to the 11th, there is a low that moved south but that movement seemed odd and does not appear to be the same system. There was no support in observations for a closed Low from the 9th to11th. The max winds found in COADS were 25kt and there were no gales in Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. DAY LAT LONG STATUS July 7 10N 38W Tropical Depression July 8 10N 44W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************** Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT - 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 **************************************************************************** By Chris Landsea, William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock. (Special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock.) ******************************************************************************* 1911/01 - 2005 ADDITION: 19889 08/04/1911 M= 9 1 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 19889 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*310 860 20 0*311 848 20 0* 19889 08/05*312 837 20 0*313 826 20 0*315 815 25 0*317 805 25 0* 19889 08/06*318 795 25 0*319 785 25 0*320 775 25 0*320 764 25 0* 19889 08/07*320 753 30 0*320 742 30 0*320 730 30 0*320 719 30 0* 19889 08/08*320 708 30 0*320 697 30 0*320 685 30 0*323 672 30 0* 19889 08/09*328 660 35 0*334 647 35 0*340 635 35 0*346 623 35 0* 19889 08/10*352 611 40 0*358 599 45 0*365 585 50 0*374 568 50 0* 19889 08/11*384 546 50 0*395 520 45 0*410 490 40 0*425 460 35 0* 19889 08/12*440 430 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 19889 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. August 4: A closed circulation formed over the southeast U.S., centered near 31N, 86W. No frontal boundaries can be detected near the system and heavy rain occurred mainly to the east and north of the center. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 5: The system moved to the east, reaching the ocean along the Georgia border. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb surface pressure at 32N, 80.5W, though the center appears to have been farther west and south near 31.5N, 81.5W. Heavy rainfall again fell near and to the northeast of the system. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 6: The system moved to the east with little observed change in intensity. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 79W, though the center appears to have been father east near 32N, 77.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 7: The system moved to the east with little observed change in intensity. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 75.5W, though the center appears to have been farther east and north near 32N, 73W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 8: The system moved to the east and the observations indicated some intensification. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 67W, though the center appears to have been farther west and north near 32N, 68.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 9: The system moved toward the northeast with evidence of near gale force winds close to the center of the system. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61W, though it appears that the center was farther west and south near 34N, 63.5W. Heavy rain was also reported at Bermuda as this system moved eastward just to the north of the island. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. Ship highlight: 30 kt SW at 33.7N, 61.8W at 12 UTC (HWM). August 10: The system continued to move toward the northeast, along with a few reports of gale force winds. HWM indicated a low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 58W, though it appears that the center was farther west near 36.5N, 58.5W. A stationary front was located to the northeast of the system. Ship highlight: 45 kt N at 36.1N, 60.4W at 12 UTC (HWM). August 11: The system accelerated to the northeast and wind observations available were weaker. HWM indicated a baroclinic low of at most 1010 mb at 41N, 49W with a cold front extending southwest from the center and a warm front extending east of the center. However, evidence is weak that the cold front exists and that the warm frontal feature may not have extended into the center of the system. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 12: The system apparently continued to weaken and no closed circulation center could be found. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. The system began on the 4th as a tropical depression (over land), reaching the ocean early on the 5th, reached tropical storm intensity on the 9th, achieved maximum intensity on the 10th, weakened on the 11th and dissipated early on the 12th. Given that the strongest observed wind was a northerly ship measurement of 45 kt on the 10th as the system was moving to the northeast, an estimate of (at least) 50 kt in the strong semi-circle is indicated. ******************************************************************************* 1911/02 - 2005 REVISION: 19890 08/09/1911 M= 6 1 SNBR= 456 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 19890 08/09/1911 M= 7 2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * * *** (The 8th is new to HURDAT.) 19893 08/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 825 30 0*255 826 30 0* 19895 08/09* 0 0 0 0*248 820 60 0*254 825 65 0*260 830 70 0* 19895 08/09*255 827 30 0*255 828 35 0*257 830 35 0*260 833 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 19900 08/10*265 833 70 0*271 838 70 0*278 843 70 0*281 848 70 0* 19900 08/10*265 836 40 0*271 839 45 0*276 843 50 0*281 848 55 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** ** 19905 08/11*286 854 70 0*290 859 70 0*295 865 70 0*300 871 70 0* 19905 08/11*286 854 60 0*290 859 65 0*295 865 70 0*300 871 70 0* ** ** 19910 08/12*305 876 65 0*310 881 60 0*315 886 50 0*320 890 40 0* 19910 08/12*304 877 65 0*306 883 55 0*308 890 45 0*309 898 40 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 19915 08/13*324 893 35 0*329 897 30 0*334 900 30 0*339 904 30 0* 19915 08/13*310 907 35 0*310 916 30 0*310 925 30 0*314 930 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 19920 08/14*344 907 25 0*350 911 20 0*355 915 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 19920 08/14*322 933 25 0*334 934 20 0*350 935 20 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 19925 HRAFL1 AL1 Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tannehill (1938), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 8: Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered near 25.5N, 82.5W from HWM. No HURDAT position/intensity on this date. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 9: Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered near 25.7N, 83W from HWM. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.4N, 82.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed, but peak observations were 27 kt and 1012 mb at 21 UTC in Key West. "A moderate atmospheric depression was evident in the east Gulf" (MWR). August 10: No closed circulation indicated in HWM from available observations. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 84.3W. Peak winds observed were 50 kt E at Pensacola (PEN) at 22 UTC (likely in outer band, as gale force winds were not observed again at Pensacola until 18 UTC on the 11th). August 11: Closed low indicated near 27.5N, 86.5W with 1010 mb pressure at most from HWM. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 29.5N, 86.5W. Station highlight: 70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 2248 UTC at Pensacola (MWR). "[The storm] appeared as a distinct disturbance between Burwood, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and Pensacola on the morning of the 11th. The atmospheric pressure at Pensacola fell slowly from 29.95 inches [1014 mb] at 11 a. m. to 29.73 inches [1007 mb] at 5 p. m., the lowest attained, and the 7 p. m. weather map revealed that the storm was then central between Pensacola and Mobile ... at 5.48 p. m. a maximum [5 min velocity] of 80 miles was registered ... total precipitation on 11th and 12th, 4.48 inches ... At Pensacola ... considerable damage was done to property in the city and harbor ... One-third of the roof of the Monarch pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was torn off, and also a few portions of old roofs in the city ... About 12 barges dragged anchors and grounded, some small launches and fishing smacks were wrecked, and some coal barges belonging to the navy yard went ashore. In the city telegraph and telephone lines were blown down and the street car and electric light services were interrupted. The damage at Pensacola is conservatively estimated as follows: To electric lines, $500; local lumber interests $500; to launches, barges, etc., $3,000; fishing smacks, $2,500; loss of coal belonging to hay yard, $1,100; total, $12,600. The highest wind at Mobile was 35 miles an hour and no damage resulted at that place" (MWR). "Passed inland near Pensacola on August 11. It was of small diameter but of considerable intensity; the wind reached 80 miles an hour from the southeast at Pensacola" (Tannehill). "Aug 12 1911; center crossed coast near Pensacola; Pensacola 1 ft tide" (Connor). "Aug. 11, NW FL, Minimal" (Dunn and Miller). This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). 1911 Aug NW-FL1 (AFL1) and AL1, U.S. landfalling minimum sea level pressure missing (Jarrell et al. 1992). August 12: Closed low indicated near 30N, 90W with 1010 mb pressure at most in HWM, but wind observations suggest a position somewhat farther north and east. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 88.6W. Station highlight: 56 kt S at 03 and 05 UTC at Pensacola (PEN). "The storm drifted slowly westward to Louisiana and Texas on the 12th, with heavy rains causing some washouts. Rain and high southeast winds continued at Pensacola on the 12th" (MWR). August 13: Possible closed low centered near 31N, 92.5W in HWM. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 90.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 14: Possible closed low centered near 35N, 93.5W in HWM. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 91.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. Track of this system is begun a day early (8th) than in HURDAT based upon HWM data. Track is also adjusted slightly to the west on the 9th and 10th based upon HWM/COADS data. Larger changes to the track made on the 12th to the 14th (biggest on the 13th) again based upon synoptic data. Note that the changes after landfall are now consistent with the description on the system's position given in MWR. The system was substantially weaker than originally estimated in HURDAT early in its lifetime as shown by Key West observations on the 9th. Observational evidence for intensity suggests that hurricane stage achieved earlier on the 11th. Winds reduced on the 9th and 10th, accordingly. Peak observed winds of 70 kt from that era's anemometer converts to 54 kt after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 57 kt after converting from a peak 5 min wind to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). As it is unlikely that the observed wind in Pensacola sampled the highest winds existing in the storm, a higher intensity estimate is appropriate. The 70 kt at landfall (Category 1) originally in HURDAT is consistent with winds somewhat higher than seen at Pensacola and also with the resulting wind-forced damage in the same town. Thus no change to the landfall intensity is made to HURDAT. Landfall near the Alabama/Florida border occurred around 2300 UTC on the 11th. Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 63, 51, 44, and 38 kt for the 12th at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC. Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the synoptic time were 70, 56, 43 and 36 kt. (These convert to 57, 46, 36 and 30 kt, respectively after for correction for bias and time averaging.) Inland winds reduced slightly in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 12th based upon these observations. (The winds in HURDAT could be reduced even more after landfall based upon measurements, but as these were only available at Pensacola and Mobile, higher winds likely did occur but were not measured.) Peak observed storm tide was 1 ft at Pensacola (Connor), though it is likely that higher values would have occurred near the Florida-Alabama border. 1911/02 - 2011 REVISION: 20065 08/08/1911 M= 7 2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20070 08/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 825 30 0*255 826 30 0* 20075 08/09*255 827 30 0*255 828 35 0*257 830 35 0*260 833 35 0* 20080 08/10*265 836 40 0*271 839 45 0*276 843 50 0*281 848 55 0* 20085 08/11*286 854 60 0*290 859 65 0*295 865 70 0*300 871 70 0* 20090 08/12*304 877 65 0*306 883 55 0*308 890 45 0*309 898 40 0* 20095 08/13*310 907 35 0*310 916 30 0*310 925 30 0*314 930 30 0* 20100 08/14*322 933 25 0*334 934 20 0*350 935 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 20105 HRAFL1 AL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 2-8/11/1911 2200Z 30.3N 87.5W 70kt 1 ---- (985mb) AFL1,AL1 2-8/11/1911 2200Z 30.3N 87.5W 70kt 1 ---- (982mb) AFL1,AL1 *** The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************* 1911/03 - 2005 REVISION: 19930 08/23/1911 M= 8 2 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 19930 08/23/1911 M= 9 3 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * * *** 19935 08/23* 0 0 0 0*237 668 50 0*241 674 50 0*245 680 55 0* 19935 08/23* 0 0 0 0*252 655 35 0*255 665 40 0*258 674 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 19940 08/24*250 687 65 0*254 693 70 0*258 700 70 0*262 707 75 0* 19940 08/24*261 683 45 0*263 692 50 0*265 700 55 0*267 707 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 19945 08/25*265 714 75 0*269 721 80 0*273 728 85 0*279 735 85 0* 19945 08/25*269 714 65 0*272 721 70 0*275 728 70 0*280 735 75 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 19950 08/26*287 743 85 0*296 751 85 0*301 758 85 0*305 764 85 0* 19950 08/26*287 743 80 0*296 751 80 0*301 758 80 0*305 764 80 0* ** ** ** ** 19955 08/27*308 771 85 0*311 778 85 0*315 787 85 0*317 792 80 0* 19955 08/27*308 771 80 0*311 778 80 0*315 787 85 0*318 792 85 0* ** ** *** ** 19960 08/28*318 796 65 983*320 803 65 0*322 810 65 0*323 815 45 0* 19960 08/28*320 796 85 0*321 803 85 972*322 810 65 0*323 815 50 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 19965 08/29*324 820 45 0*324 825 45 0*325 829 45 0*328 830 40 0* 19965 08/29*324 820 45 0*323 825 35 0*321 830 35 0*320 834 30 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 19970 08/30*332 830 40 0*336 830 40 0*340 828 35 0*345 822 35 0* 19970 08/30*322 837 30 0*330 839 30 0E340 840 30 0E348 835 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** (The 31st is new to HURDAT.) 19972 08/31E354 825 25 0E358 810 25 0E360 795 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 19975 HR GA2 SC2 19975 HR GA1 SC2 *** Minor changes from the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Cline (1926), Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 23: No closed low indicated from observations, though not much data available to south and west of system. Troughing indicated along about 66.5W longitude. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 24.1N, 67.4W. "First observations of this storm were at about 27N and 66W" (Tannehill). No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 24: No closed low indicated from observations, though not much data available to east, south, and west of system. Troughing indicated along about 70W longitude. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 70.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 25: Closed low indicated on HWM at 26N, 73W with 1010 mb pressure at most, but center with additional COADS observations appears to be closer to the original HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 27.3N, 72.8W. Peak ship observations: 45 kt ESE at 01 UTC at 29.5N, 70.5W (COA), 45 kt SE at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA), and 45 kt SSE at 21 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA). August 26: Closed low indicated on HWM at 26.5N, 75.5W with 1010 mb pressure at most, but little data is available west and south of the center. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 75.8W. Peak ship observation: 35 kt NW at 21 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA). August 27: Closed low indicated on HWM at 31.N, 79.0W with 1010 mb pressure at most. Cline gave positions for this system of 31.4N, 77.3W (am) and 32.1N, 78.7W (pm). HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 78.7W. Center of low shown in MWR at 12 UTC at 32N, 77.2W with 1010 mb central pressure. Peak ship observation: 60 kt WNW, 1000 mb at 01 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA). Peak station wind: 52 kt NE at 2250 UTC at Charleston, SC (MWR). "[At Charleston] the wind in force from the north [during the afternoon] attaining a velocity of 46 miles an hour ... At 6.50 p. m. the velocity was 60 miles an hour" (MWR). August 28: Closed low indicated just inland on HWM at 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb pressure at most. Cline gave positions for this system of 32.9N, 80.3W (am) and 32.8N, 81.8W (pm). HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.2N, 81.0W. Center of low shown in MWR at 00 UTC at 32N 79W with 1000 mb central pressure and at 12 UTC at 32.2N 80.5W with 983 mb central pressure. Peak ship observation: 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 28.2N, 78.7W (HWM). Peak station observations: 82 kt E at 0320 UTC, 992 mb at 0350 UTC at Charleston (MWR); 76 kt NW at 0710 UTC, 982 mb at 0810 UTC at Savannah (MWR). "Pursuing a west-northwest course, it passed inland between Savannah and Charleston on the 28th. There was great damage from winds and high tides between those cities. At Charleston, the barometer fell to 29.30 inches [992 mb] and the wind reached 106 miles an hour [estimated by observer after instrument failure] from the northeast at 11:50 p.m. of the 27th. On the 28th, at 3:10 a.m. the center was closest to Savannah, barometer 29.02 inches [983 mb], wind 88 miles northwest" (Tannehill). Aug. 27-28 Ga., S.C., Major Hurricane, 17 killed near Charleston (Dunn and Miller). Aug GA2, SC2. No mention of MSLP (Jarrell et al.). Aug. 28, 1911 Storm direction toward 280 deg. Est MSLP 979 mb (computed from pressure profile and adjusted to the coast). Lowest obs. Pressure 983 mb, Savannah, GA, 27 nmi RMW observed from wind speed record at Savannah, GA, 8 kts translational speed, landfall point 32.2N 80.6W (Ho et al.). 75 kt estimated max 1 min, surface wind at landfall, 1011 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.). "The Charleston-Savannah hurricane of August 27-29, 1911, was characterized by its relatively small diameter but intense energy, its unusual path directly from east to west, and its rapid loss of power after entering the coast line ... At Charleston the lowest pressure, 29.30 inches [992 mb], occurred at 11:50 p.m., August 27, wind southeast; at Savannah it was 29.02 inches [983 mb] at 8 a. m., August 28, wind northwest. The diameter of the isobar of 29.30 inches [992 mb] surrounding the storm was approximately 100 miles. The center or eye of the storm passed a few miles north of Savannah, where for two hours, from 8.10 a. m. to 10.10 a. m., the 28th, the pressure remained lowest and the wind decreased to only 20 miles an hour. The eye of the storm was about 14 or 15 miles in diameter. At Savannah the wind backed from northwest to south about 10 a. m., the 28th, and the wind again increased suddenly in velocity, heavy rain began, and the pressure rose rapidly. At Charleston the wind veered from northeast to east and southeast, and the destruction of property was much greater than at Savannah because the winds were onshore. At Charleston the damage to property is estimated to have exceeded $1,000,000 and 17 lives were lost. The damage at Savannah was of a minor nature though large in the aggregate ... [In Charleston the wind velocity reached] at 8.40 p. m. [27th] 68 miles, at 9.15 p. m. 72, and at 9.45 p. m. 86. The wind shifted to east ... and at 11.20 was blowing with a velocity of 94 miles an hour when the anemometer ceased to properly record. After 11.20 the wind became southeast and was estimated to have attained a velocity of 106 miles an hour. It continued to blow steadily from the southeast all of next day (28th), remaining above 50 miles an hour most of the forenoon ... the barometer reached its lowest point, 29.30 inches [992 mb], at 11.50 p. m. Great damage was done by the wind ... Tin roofs began to be blown off and hundreds of houses were unroofed and chimneys were blown down. A great many windows and display signs were broken. The streets were a tangle of fallen trees and wires. Many houses were destroyed and 4 persons were killed by falling walls and 13 were drowned ... The high tide that night reached a point 10.6 fee above mean low water, or somewhat lower than the tide of 1893. A great deal of damage was done by water in the wholesale districts and in other low portions of the city. The water front next day was a confused mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs ... [In Savannah] the wind attained a maximum (5 minute) velocity of 88 miles an hour shortly after 3 a. m. on August 28, with an extreme (1 mile) velocity of 96 miles an hour at 3.08 a. m. during one of the terrific gusts ... The wind reached 62 miles an hour at 11.40 p. m., still blowing from the northwest with strong gusts, and at midnight the pressure registered 29.50 inches [999 mb]. The wind attained a velocity of 66 miles an hour at 12.05 a. m. August 28, 74 miles at 1.40 a. m., 78 at 2.45 a. m., and between 3.05 and 3.10 a. m. it reached its maximum force of 88 miles an hour from the northwest. From 3 a. m. to 6.05 a. m. the wind maintained a velocity ranging between 80 and 90 miles an hour from the northwest ... At 8 a. m. the lowest pressure, 29.02 inches [983 mb], was recorded, the wind diminished with astonishing quickness, and from 8.10 to 10.10 a. m., the vortex of the storm passed practically over Savannah, the wind dying down to 20 miles an hour and shifting to south about 10 a. m. Immediately ... the velocity rapidly increased and the rainfall became heavier. The highest velocity attained after the passage of the center was 64 miles an hour at 11.30 a. m. and at 12.05 p. m. ... Considering the severity of the storm it is remarkable that the damage in the city of Savannah and contiguous territory was not larger. No lives were lost, and while the aggregate property loss was large, the damage done was mostly of minor nature ... Small craft in the river and at nearby resorts suffered greatly. That the storm was not more destructive on the water front was due to the fact that the wind was westerly and southerly and not at any time from the east. The hotel and residences on Tybee Island were greatly damaged" (MWR). August 29: Low centered near 32.5N, 83.5W in HWM with 1010 mb pressure at most. A stationary front was analyzed to the north and west of the storm. Cline gave positions for this system of 32.1N, 82.4W (am) and 31.8N, 83.7W (pm). HURDAT listed this as a storm at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 82.9W with 45 kt of wind. Low centered near 32.5N, 82.0W with 1004 mb central pressure at 00 UTC in MWR. Low centered near 32.8N, 83.5W with 1005 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR. Peak station observation: 52 kt S at 00 UTC at Savannah (MWR). "The storm drifted slowly to southeastern Georgia on the 29th, with the pressure below 29.70 inches [1006 mb], and was accompanied by exceptionally heavy rains near the coast of Georgia, where much damage was done to crops and live stock and numerous washouts occurred on the railroads. County roads suffered and many bridges were washed away ... [In Charleston the wind did not fall] below 36 miles an hour until after 4. a. m. on the 29th ... [In Savannah] the wind fell below the verifying velocity of 36 miles at 2.10 a. m." (MWR). August 30: No closed low indicated in HWM, but a center may have been near 34.5N, 83.5W. The system is shown to be along a stationary frontal boundary. Cline gave positions for this system at 33.5N, 94.1W (am) and 35.5N, 83.5W (pm). HURDAT lists this as a storm at 12 UTC 34.0N, 82.8W with 35 kt of wind. Center of system plotted near 32.0N 84.5W and with 1009 mb central pressure at 00 UTC in MWR. Center of system is plotted near 34.0N, 84.5W with 1011 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 31: No closed low indicated in HWM. Cline gave a position in the morning at 36.2N, 80.2W. Moderate adjustments to the track are made on the 23rd and 24th to better agree with available ship observations indicating a position farther north than originally shown. Another moderate change to the track on the 29th and 30th was made to better match inland reports showing a position somewhat farther west than originally indicated as well as to better match Cline's detailed analysis after landfall. Track extended an additional day based upon HWM and Cline analyses. Winds reduced from the 23rd to the 26th based upon available ship observations. For the intensity at landfall (which may also in this case be the peak intensity of the system), evidence was available from winds, pressure, storm surge and damages. Highest observed winds were 82 kt in Charleston, with an estimate that the maximum that they reached after the anemometer was disabled was 92 kt. However, reducing for the high-bias of the instrument at the time alters these to 63 kt observed and 70 kt estimated (Fergusson and Covert 1924). Altering these to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996) gives 67 kt observed and 74 kt estimated. Ho et al.'s estimated central pressure of 979 mb suggests winds of 76 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. However, Ho et al. did not take into account that the hurricane's central pressure would have filled some between the time of landfall (~0930 UTC on the 28th) and the time it made its closest approach to Savannah (~1300 UTC). A run of the inland pressure deficit decay model (also in Ho et al.) suggest a central pressure at the coast of 970 mb from the Atlantic coast model (South Carolina to New England) and 974 mb from the Florida peninsula model. As the landfall location was at the Georgia- South Carolina border, a compromise of these two analyses was utilized to come up with the final estimate of 972 mb at landfall at the coast. (The 983 mb observed in Savannah, originally was listed in HURDAT as a central pressure, is replaced with this revised 972 mb value.) 972 mb central pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al.'s analysis of 27 nmi RMW has been reconfirmed and is close to that expected from climatology for this latitude of landfall and central pressure (25 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), so no large deviation from 84 kt would be expected. A storm tide of 10.6 feet was reported in Charleston with moderate wind forced damage. Given that it is unlikely that Charleston experienced the exact peak winds of the hurricane at landfall, a value higher than that observed (and even estimated with some caution being taken) would be reasonable. Thus 85 kt maximum 1 min winds are analyzed for this hurricane at landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border near 0930 UTC on the 28th. This is at the low end of a Category 2, which is what is analyzed for conditions occurring in South Carolina. However, Georgia's impact is reduced to Category 1 based in part on the modest winds reported in Savannah and in part on the moderate sized RMW which would have kept the peak winds on the front right quadrant in South Carolina and would have avoided Georgia. Category 2 in South Carolina retains what was estimated previously in HURDAT, Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., though Category 1 in Georgia is a reduction by one category from those references. After landfall, a run of the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model gave 60 kt at 28th/12 UTC, 47 kt at 18 UTC, 36 kt at 29th/00 UTC, and 30 kt at 06 UTC. Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these times were 73, 56, 52, and 37 kt. These correct to 59, 46, 43, and 31 kt after adjusting for bias and to 1 min peak values, which are very close to that suggested by the inland decay model. (It should be noted that data coverage at landfall for this system was quite good with observations available at Charleston, Savannah, Columbia, Macon, and Augusta.) No gales were observed after 07 UTC on the 29th. Winds in HURDAT slightly increased at 18 UTC on the 28th and reduced on the 29th and 30th, accordingly. The system is characterized on the 30th as extratropical in its decay over land, due to being absorbed by frontal system. ******************************************************************************* 1911/04 - 2005 REVISION: 19980 09/03/1911 M=10 3 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 19980 09/03/1911 M=10 4 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 19985 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*137 579 35 0*138 598 35 0* 19985 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 570 30 0*122 584 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 19990 09/04*139 616 35 0*140 630 35 0*140 640 35 0*140 647 35 0* 19990 09/04*124 598 30 0*126 612 30 0*128 625 35 0*129 637 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 19995 09/05*140 653 35 0*140 658 35 0*140 667 35 0*141 672 40 0* 19995 09/05*130 648 35 0*130 659 35 0*130 670 35 0*130 680 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20000 09/06*141 680 40 0*142 688 45 0*143 696 45 0*144 705 50 0* 20000 09/06*130 690 40 0*130 700 45 0*130 710 45 0*129 718 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20005 09/07*146 714 50 0*147 723 55 0*147 732 55 0*146 741 60 0* 20005 09/07*128 724 50 0*127 730 55 0*125 735 55 0*123 741 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20010 09/08*144 751 60 0*141 761 65 0*139 770 70 0*136 777 70 0* 20010 09/08*122 747 60 0*121 753 65 0*120 760 70 0*120 768 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20015 09/09*134 784 75 0*131 791 80 0*130 800 85 0*130 811 85 0* 20015 09/09*121 777 75 0*122 787 80 0*123 797 85 0*124 809 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20020 09/10*130 823 85 0*131 834 80 0*132 846 60 0*133 857 45 0* 20020 09/10*126 822 85 0*128 834 85 0*130 846 60 0*132 857 45 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** 20025 09/11*133 868 40 0*134 879 40 0*134 890 35 0*136 902 35 0* 20030 09/12*138 916 35 0*140 931 35 0*140 935 30 0*141 940 30 0* 20035 HR Major changes from the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_. September 3: Likely closed circulation near 12N, 57W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.7N, 57.9W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 4: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 64W with 1010 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 64.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 5: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on north, west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 66W with 1005 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 66.7W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 6: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 69.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 69.6W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 7: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on west, south and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 73W with 1000 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.7N, 73.2W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 8: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on north and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 11.5N, 76W with 995 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 77.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 9: Possible closed circulation near 12.5N, 80W with 990 mb pressure at most in HWM, but there was a lack of data near the center of the storm at HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.0N, 80.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 10: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data on all quadrants of the storm at the HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a inland low over Nicaragua was indicated in HWM near 13N, 85W with 990 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.2N, 84.6W. "A cable report ... from Corinto, Nicaragua ... states that a hurricane struck that city, causing the death of 10 and injury to 50 persons. Eight city blocks, comprising 250 houses, were razed to the ground with an estimated loss of $2,000,000" (MWR). No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 11: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on north and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, an inland low over El Salvador was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 89W with 995 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.4N, 89.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 12: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on all quadrants of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low (back over water) was indicated in HWM near 14N, 95W with 1000 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 93.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 13: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on the east side of storm. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 15N, 99.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. However, available ship observations to the west of this position are inconsistent with a low located there. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. The track is adjusted to the south by 100-200 km from the 3rd through the 9th. While data for most dates is sparse near the center, indications for a more southerly track are most apparent on the 3rd and the 8th. Additionally, these more southerly positions are for most days quite consistent with that shown in HWM. No changes are made to the storm for the 11th and 12th. Winds are reduced slightly on the 3rd and 4th in accordance with no gale force winds recorded in its passage through the Lesser Antilles. The only other change to its intensity is at 06 UTC on the 10th to maintain Category 2 intensity (85 kt) until landfall. Making few changes is primarily because of the lack of inner core data throughout most of its history and that the existing intensity estimates are consistent with the system becoming a hurricane on the 8th and making landfall as a destructive hurricane in Nicaragua on the 10th around 07 UTC. Utilizing the inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the following inland winds of 57, 41 and 41 kt were obtained for 10th/12, 18, and 11th/00 UTC. These are close to existing HURDAT values and no changes are made to the inland winds. ******************************************************************************* 1911/05 - 2005 ADDITION: 20036 09/15/1911 M= 6 5 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20037 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*340 550 45 0*340 550 45 0* 20038 09/16*340 550 45 0*340 551 50 0*340 555 50 0*340 563 50 0* 20039 09/17*340 573 55 0*340 587 55 0*340 600 55 0*345 610 55 0* 20039 09/18*355 618 50 0*370 626 50 0*380 635 45 0*388 645 45 0* 20039 09/19*394 657 40 0*398 667 40 0E400 675 40 0E399 678 40 0* 20039 09/20E396 676 35 0E393 673 35 0E390 670 30 0E387 667 25 0* 20039 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tucker (1995). September 14: No data in vicinity of where system may have been. September 15: Closed non-baroclinic system indicated. Center indicated in HWM near 32.5N, 57.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. Gale force winds indicated in two ship observations, though westernmost one appears suspect as flow is away from system's center. Center suspected to be closer to 34N, 55W due to placement with eastern observations and continuity with better defined center on the 16th. Peak ship observation: 40 kt S at 33.9N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 16: System either remained stationary or moved slowly to the west. Center near 34N, 55.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed. September 17: System moved westward and intensified. Center was near 34N, 60W in HWM with 995 mb pressure at most. At the same time a weak extratropical system approached from the west and was located near 36N, 69W. Winds well to the north of the system increasing due to enhanced pressure gradient. Peak ship observations: 30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 35.2N, 59.4W at 12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt SE at 38.8N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (HWM). Tucker (1995): "September 17th., St. Georges again suffered a freak storm, -- a local tornado passed over the Sanatorium grounds uprooted trees, injured the bathehouse tops and balustrades, blew blinds off the old house and unroofed the stables The wind passed over Market Wharf shortly before 5 p.m. A general blow had been, on account of the falling glass, anticipated at St. Georges; and all the coal hulks and other floating property had been specially moored to withstand it." September 18: System moved toward the northwest and apparently merged with the decaying extratropical low, though a main stationary frontal boundary remained to the north of the system. A trailing cold front in HWM extending from the center of the storm appears suspect. Center was near 38N, 63W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. Numerous gale force wind reports were observed poleward of the frontal boundary, not directly related to the system. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 38.9N, 61.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 19: System continued to move toward the northwest and the frontal boundary apparently reached the circulation center as gale force winds with temperatures around 60F were observed just west and north of the center. Center of system near 40N, 67.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. September 20: System weakened and moved slightly to the southeast. Frontal boundary associated with system also weakened. Center of system near 39N, 67W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. September 21: System absorbed by stronger frontal system that moved in from the northwest. The system is started on the 15th as a tropical storm, reached peak intensity on the 17th, became extratropical on the 19th and dissipated late on the 20th. The conditions reported by Tucker likely was due to the periphery of the storm and a rainband-induced tornado. The 999 mb peripheral pressure on the 17th suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. 55 kt chosen for the best track at this time, which may have been the peak intensity. The storm did exhibit some hybrid characteristics and might, in a later era, be classified as a subtropical storm. Note that complete lifecycle of this system is not known, as its genesis before the 15th is uncertain due to lack of data. ******************************************************************************* 1911/06 - 2005 REVISION: 20040 10/23/1911 M=10 4 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 20040 10/26/1911 M= 7 6 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L ** ** * *** (The 23rd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.) 20045 10/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 702 35 0*178 719 35 0* 20050 10/24*181 735 35 0*184 748 35 0*188 759 35 0*188 767 35 0* 20055 10/25*191 775 35 0*192 781 35 0*194 787 35 0*195 792 35 0* 20060 10/26*196 797 35 0*198 801 35 0*199 805 35 0*200 808 40 0* 20060 10/26*225 755 30 0*225 770 30 0*225 785 30 0*224 799 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20065 10/27*201 810 40 0*203 812 40 0*204 815 45 0*205 818 45 0* 20065 10/27*223 813 30 0*222 827 35 0*220 840 40 0*217 848 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20070 10/28*207 822 45 0*208 825 45 0*210 828 45 0*212 831 45 0* 20070 10/28*214 853 40 0*212 857 40 0*210 860 40 0*208 862 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20075 10/29*214 834 45 0*216 837 40 0*219 840 40 0*223 844 35 0* 20075 10/29*206 864 40 0*205 865 40 0*205 865 40 0*208 864 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20080 10/30*228 849 35 0*233 855 35 0*239 859 35 0*245 862 35 0* 20080 10/30*212 863 35 0*218 861 35 0*225 859 35 0*235 860 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 20085 10/31*251 863 35 0*258 864 35 0*265 863 35 0*273 859 30 0* 20085 10/31*245 861 45 0*255 861 45 0*265 860 45 0E275 850 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** 20090 11/01*285 847 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20090 11/01E290 825 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** ** 20095 TS Major changes from the track and minor changes from the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records station data, Perez (2000), and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez. October 23: No closed circulation was apparent from HWM and COADS observations, but there was a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.5N, 70.2W. "A decided pressure fall over the West Indies indicated the presence of a disturbance in the Caribbean Sea not far from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo" (MWR). No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 24: No closed circulation apparent from HWM and COADS observations. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 18.8N, 75.9W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 25: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 78.7W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 26: No closed circulation was apparent in HWM, but observations from HWM, COADS and the Cuban ship data indicate a center near 22.5N, 78.5W. A warm front was analyzed extending from near the system's center north through Cuba and Florida, but evidence for this feature is weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.9N, 80.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm. October 27: A weak circulation with 1010 mb pressure at most in the HWM was indicated in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with an embedded stationary front extending northeastward across Florida. Evidence for the front is weak from available observations. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 20.4N, 81.5W. Observations suggest that the center was near 22N, 84W. "The disturbance was of small diameter and moved slowly west-northwestward, passing south of and near Habana, Cuba, early on the morning of Friday, October 27th, and moving into the Gulf of Mexico during the day" (MWR). Peak station observation: 40 kt SE "early morning" at Havana (MWR). October 28: Circulation center ill-defined, but farther west than indicated in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 82.8W with 45 kt winds. A stationary front is analyzed to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature. Center likely located near 21N, 86W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm. October 29: Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther west and south than indicated in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.9N, 84.0W. A stationary front is analyzed to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature. Center likely located near 20.5N, 86.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm. October 30: Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther south than indicated in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 23.9N, 85.9W. Center likely located near 22.5N, 86W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm. October 31: Circulation center near 26.5N, 86.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most, close to that indicated by HURDAT. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 86.3W. Moderate cold front analyzed to be approaching the system from the north and west. "On Tuesday, October 31, there were strong indications that the storm had recurved and was approaching the northwest coast of Florida" (MWR). Ship highlight: 35 kt N at 27.2N, 87.7W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 10 kt S with 1009 mb (minimum for month) at Tampa at 18 UTC (OMR). November 1: "By night [Oct. 31-Nov. 1] the storm center was over northern Florida. It still retained its moderate character and passed northeastward over the Atlantic Ocean during the [next] night with decreasing intensity" (MWR). In partial support of this statement, 00 UTC observations showed SW winds at Tampa and NE winds at both Pensacola and Jacksonville. However, by 12 UTC all three stations reported N winds a substantially cooler temperature behind the front and no remnant circulation remained. Observations are sufficient to determine that a delay in the genesis of this tropical storm is required. The storm is now begun as a tropical depression on the 26th just northeast of Cuba, rather than having genesis on the 23rd just south of Hispanola. Ship data of the "Regina" provided by Dr. Ramon Perez were crucial in determining that the system had developed into a tropical depression east of Cuba rather than south of Cuba. Winds recorded by this ship were SW-SSW at 20-25 kt for 12 hours late on the 26th and early on the 27th and minimum pressure was 1010 mb at 21Z on the 26th (though pressure values appear to be about 4 mb too high for this ship - a minimum of 1006 mb looks more reasonable). The system crossed Cuba as a tropical depression moving just south of due west and it became a tropical storm on the 27th while south of Havana. The track is adjusted to the west on the 28th and to the south and west on the 29th to better match ship observations and to better correspond with pressure changes in Havana. Track moved to the south on the 30th to match observations and continuity with the position on the 29th. These track changes around Cuba on the 26th to the 30th are in agreement with that suggested by Perez (2000). Winds are analyzed to have peaked around 45 kt on the 31st. Due to being absorbed by the cold front late on the 31st and early on the 1st, the status is changed to an extratropical cyclone at those times. ******************************************************************************* 1911 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a trough present near 50W on 17 February 1911. The trough progressed westward on the 18th near 53W and eventually became a tropical depression on the 19th near 22N, 52W (HWM). Available observations indicate a clear circulation of 30 kt winds (HWM,COA) with peak observations of 45 kt and 1008 mb early on the 20th. The system's brief stint as a tropical depression ended on the 21st as it quickly dissipated. One ship reported (somewhat suspect) gale force wind observations of 35 and 45 kt on the 19th and early on the 20th (COA). However, without additional pressure and/or wind observations this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Feb 17 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~50W Feb 18 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~53W Feb 19 22N 52W Tropical Depression Feb 20 25N 49W Tropical Depression Feb 21 --- --- Dissipated 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed near 36N, 55W on 22 May 1911 from an existing extratropical storm. The system then meandered around 35N, 53W over the next three days before being absorbed by a second extratropical cyclone on the 24th. Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 23rd (HWM). Lowest pressures observed were 1009 mb on the 23rd (HWM). Although one gale of 35 kt is present, not enough evidence is available that the system reached tropical storm intensity. Thus it is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 19 35N 53W Extratropical May 20 36N 49W Extratropical May 21 37N 52W Extratropical May 22 36N 55W Tropical Depression May 23 32N 53W Tropical Depression May 24 33N 53W Tropical Depression (being absorbed) May 25 35N 53W Extratropical 3) A cyclone formed on the 29th of June northwest of Bermuda, moved toward the east-northeast, reached a peak intensity of around 50 kt on the 2nd of July, and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 3rd. Peak observations were a ship with winds of 45 kt on the 30th and 997 mb peripheral pressure on the 1st. While the system may have gained some tropical (or subtropical) characteristics on the 1st and 2nd, it was judged to still retain baroclinic features and thus is not added into HURDAT. Information for this system was obtained from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 29 36N 69W Extratropical Jun 30 37N 64W Extratropical Jul 01 39N 61W Extratropical Jul 02 41N 56W Extratropical Jul 03 -- -- Absorbed by larger extratropical system 4) Mr. Michael Chenoweth uncovered this information from _The Voice of St. Lucia_ newspaper dated 7 Oct. 1911: "Extract from The Jamaica Gleaner, undated. Port Limon, Costa Rica, Sept. 4 [Monday]. The tail of a hurricane struck this locality on Tuesday [29 August], doing some heavy damage to some farms. Westfalia, a comparatively small banana farm, is said to have lost 10,000 bunches of bananas, while others escaped entirely." A review of the Historical Weather Map series for the 28-30 August time frame does suggest a tropical disturbance moved through Central America during these dates. However, perhaps because of the lack of both ship and station data, no closed circulation could be identified nor were there any gale force observations. Likewise, a search of the COADS ship database while also being somewhat sparse for observations in the region did not provide any evidence of a closed low or gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure). Thus this system will be kept here in the additional notes section as a possible new storm, but one needing additional corroborative evidence to be added into HURDAT. 5) An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the Caribbean was investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone. Information was obtained from summaries in the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series and COADS database. "On the morning of the 16th a decided fall in barometer set in over the West Indies ... the center of the disturbance and its intensity were not definitely known ... Some indications disturbance south of Haiti. On the morning of the 17th ... placing the center of the disturbance south-southwest of Jamaica. On the 18th ... indications disturbance in Caribbean Sea is west of Jamaica and approaching Yucatan Channel. Intensity unknown. At Habana a wind velocity of 32 miles an hour from the northeast was reported as having occurred during the night of the 17th-18th. No further evidence of this storm has been reported" (MWR). This system appears to be a strong easterly wave that moved across the Caribbean without becoming a tropical cyclone. It is possible though that it did become a tropical depression on the 17th and/or 18th, but definite evidence for a closed circulation does not exist. Additionally, no winds (or winds implied from pressure) support tropical storm intensity. Thus this system is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 16 --- --- Open wave (trough along 70W) Sep. 17 --- --- Open wave? (trough along 75W) Sep. 18 --- --- Open wave? (trough along 80W) Sep. 19 --- --- Open wave (trough along 85W) 6) The Historical Weather Map series and COADS database indicate the presence of a storm system from 16-20 October, 1911 in the North Atlantic. This system moved eastward for 5 days at about latitude 35N. While no frontal features could be determined during most of the storm's lifetime, gale force winds in the were storm were primarily to be found well away from the storm's center. This system is judged to be a large non-tropical gale center. While the storm was non-baroclinic, it lacked the high wind mesoscale structure required of tropical cyclones. The one possible exception during its lifetime occurred on the 20th, when a gale force report was found just to the south of the center. However, lack of collaboration with additional data make this single report ambiguous for knowing the structure of the system at that time. Thus this storm is not included as an additional system for HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 16 38N 66W Non-tropical low Oct. 17 34N 56W Non-tropical gale center Oct. 18 36N 53W Non-tropical gale center Oct. 19 35N 52W Non-tropical gale center Oct. 20 34N 49W Non-tropical gale center Oct. 21 --- --- Dissipated 7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate a that a low pressure area formed near 21.5N, 71W on 11 December 1911 and appeared to be a tropical cyclone in structure. The system was likely a tropical depression on the 11th as indicated by MWR, "maximum winds of 36 mph [30 kt], southwest, in the afternoon and lowest pressure of 29.68 inches [1005 mb] in the morning" for the Turks Islands. This pressure observation implies at least 36 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship, unless the observation is considered a central pressure which would in turn indicate maximum winds of ~35 kt. The depression maintained its intensity and "moved westward, centered immediately north of eastern Cuba" on the 12th (MWR). It is also noted to, "soon dissipate as it moved into the Gulf as indicated by pressures and winds in Havana and south Florida" (MWR). On the 13th, the system was weakening and by the 14th was completely dissipated. Although this system contained one observation of gale force, such pressures (1008 mb and higher) do not support winds of tropical storm force from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore, this storm is considered a tropical depression and should not be added to HURDAT. Dec 09 19N 69W Extratropical Dec 10 20N 68W Extratropical Dec 11 21N 73W Tropical Depression Dec 12 22N 77W Tropical Depression Dec 13 32N 53W Tropical Depression - Dissipating Dec 14 33N 53W Dissipated ******************************************************************************* 1912/01 - 2005 REVISION: 20190 06/07/1912 M=10 1 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20190 06/07/1912 M=11 1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** *** 20195 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 853 35 0*235 855 35 0* 20195 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 880 35 0*277 877 35 0* *** *** *** *** 20200 06/08*239 858 35 0*242 860 35 0*245 863 35 0*246 866 35 0* 20200 06/08*274 874 40 0*272 871 45 0*270 870 50 0*268 873 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20205 06/09*247 869 35 0*248 873 35 0*248 876 35 0*248 879 40 0* 20205 06/09*267 878 50 0*266 884 50 0*265 890 50 0*264 895 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20210 06/10*248 883 40 0*247 886 45 0*247 890 45 0*247 894 45 0* 20210 06/10*262 900 50 0*261 905 50 0*260 910 50 0*261 912 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20215 06/11*247 899 50 0*247 903 50 0*248 908 50 0*250 914 50 0* 20215 06/11*262 913 55 0*263 914 60 0*265 915 60 0*268 917 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20220 06/12*255 919 50 0*261 925 45 0*269 929 45 0*277 931 45 0* 20220 06/12*272 920 60 0*276 923 60 0*280 925 60 0*285 924 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20225 06/13*286 929 45 0*295 921 45 0*305 908 40 0*316 888 35 0* 20225 06/13*291 920 60 0*298 915 55 0*305 908 50 0*315 895 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 20230 06/14*328 862 35 0*340 835 35 0*350 814 35 0*355 798 35 0* 20230 06/14*325 875 40 0E335 845 35 0E345 810 35 0E350 785 35 0* *** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** 20235 06/15*358 784 35 0*360 769 35 0*360 752 35 0*359 734 35 0* 20235 06/15E353 770 35 1005E354 756 40 0E355 745 40 0E355 730 40 0* **** *** ******** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 20240 06/16*358 715 35 0*355 696 35 0*351 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 20240 06/16*355 710 35 0*355 694 35 0*355 680 30 0*353 670 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (17th is new to HURDAT.) 20242 06/17*351 661 30 0*348 653 30 0*345 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20245 TS Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. June 5: Closed low shown in HWM at 23.5N, 92.5W with pressure 1010 mb at most. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 23N, 92.5W (a.m.) and 24N, 94W (p.m.). However, available observations depict only an open trough. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 6: Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 92W with pressure 1010 mb at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 25.5N, 92.8W (a.m.) and 27N, 90.2W (p.m.). However, available observations depict only an open trough. Station highlight: 38 kt SE wind at Pensacola (MWR). June 7: Closed low shown in HWM at 28.5N, 88W with pressure 1010 mb at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 87.8W with 1008 mb pressure (a.m) and 28.2N, 85W (p.m.). HURDAT first lists this system at 12 UTC as a tropical storm at 23.0N, 85.3W. the MWR track appears to be most accurate from available observations. Ship and coastal station data do at this point indicate a closed circulation. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 8: Closed low shown in HWM at 26N, 85W with pressure 1005 mb at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 27.2N, 83.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and 25.7N, 84.2W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position north and slightly west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 1005 mb pressure at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 87.0W (COA), 50 kt NE wind at 14 and 18 UTC at 28.0N, 87.0W (COA). June 9: Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 89.5W with pressure 1005 mb at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 25.3N, 87.2W with 1000 mb pressure (a.m.) and 25.3N, 89.2W with 1005 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position north and west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 50 kt NE wind at 02 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA) and 50 kt NE wind and 1003 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 27.2N, 89.8W (HWM). "On the 9th a wireless vessel report from the middle Gulf of Mexico indicated the presence of a disturbance of moderate intensity in that region" (MWR). June 10: Closed low shown in HWM at 25.5N, 91W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 23.5N, 88.5W with 1007 mb pressure (a.m.) and 25.5N, 91.2W (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.7N, 89.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM. Ship highlight: 35 kt E wind at 06 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA); 35 kt ENE wind at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 88.3W (HWM). June 11: Closed low shown in HWM at 26.5N, 91W with 1005 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 27N, 93W (a.m.) and at 26N, 94.3W (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 12: Closed low shown in HWM at 27.5N, 92.5W with 1000 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 94.2W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 28.5N, 93W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just east of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 40 kt NNE wind and 995 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 28.4N, 92.5W (HWM). "On the morning of the 12th observations from west Gulf stations indicated that the disturbance was apparently approaching the eastern Texas or the Louisiana coast and advices were accordingly sent to Gulf stations and vessel interests" (MWR). June 13: Closed low has moved inland over Louisiana as shown in HWM at 31N, 91.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 30.7N, 90.7W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33.2N, 86.8W with 1000 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 90.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 37 kt wind at New Orleans (MWR); 1000 mb pressure at Birmingham (MWR). "By the morning of the 13th the center had passed inland over Louisiana causing some damage by the spreading of flood waters; no damage however was reported to shipping" (MWR). June 14: Closed low still inland over South Carolina is shown in HWM at 35N, 80.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with a stationary front draped across it from WNW to ESE. (However, observations do not appear to support such a frontal analysis.) The MWR tracks locate it at 34.7N, 80.7W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 35N, 75.5W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 35.0N, 81.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position closest to the MWR center. Station highlight: 42 kt wind at 0215 UTC in Atlanta (MWR); 1002 mb pressure at 00 UTC in Montgomery (OMR). "The storm, which was of moderate intensity, passed east-northeastward to the North Carolina coast by the evening of the 14th, causing storm winds over the south Atlantic coast warnings of which were issued on the 14th. A severe local storm was reported near Fayetteville, N.C., during the 14th" (MWR). June 15: Closed low back over water in the Atlantic is shown in HWM at 35N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at 34.5N, 73.7W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 36.0N, 75.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just south and east of HURDAT. Station highlight: 4 kt E and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR) - possible central pressure. June 16: Closed low is shown in HWM at 34N, 67.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 35.1N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just north and west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed. June 17: An open trough is shown in HWM, but available observations indicate a closed low near 34.5N, 64.5W. No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed. Major adjustments to the track on the 7th through the 10th to the north and west are justified by ship and coastal observations. Minor changes to the track are made from the 11th through the 16th. Additional day added to the track on the 17th based upon ship and Bermuda observations. Intensity increased from the 8th to the 13th based upon ship observations. 995 mb pressure from HWM ship at 12 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized. 60 kt tropical storm at landfall around 05 UTC on the 13th is consistent with high winds (42 kt in Atlanta) and low pressures (1004 mb in Charlotte) found inland along track. This wind adjusts to 35 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 52, 43, 35, and 27 kt for the 13th at 06, 12, 18 UTC and 14th at 00 UTC. Peak observed winds after landfall were 35 kt (after adjustment) at 02 UTC on the 14th. This suggests a slower than usual decay. Winds of 55, 50, 45, and 40 kt, respectively, are chosen for the intensities. Intensity increased slightly on the 15th due to coastal observations as the system reached the ocean. 1912/01 - 2011 REVISION: 20310 06/07/1912 M=11 1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20315 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 880 35 0*277 877 35 0* 20320 06/08*274 874 40 0*272 871 45 0*270 870 50 0*268 873 50 0* 20325 06/09*267 878 50 0*266 884 50 0*265 890 50 0*264 895 50 0* 20325 06/09*267 878 50 0*266 884 55 0*265 890 60 0*264 895 60 0* ** ** ** 20330 06/10*262 900 50 0*261 905 50 0*260 910 50 0*261 912 50 0* 20330 06/10*262 900 60 0*261 905 60 0*260 910 60 0*261 912 60 0* ** ** ** ** 20335 06/11*262 913 55 0*263 914 60 0*265 915 60 0*268 917 60 0* 20335 06/11*262 913 60 0*263 914 60 0*265 915 60 0*268 917 60 0* ** 20340 06/12*272 920 60 0*276 923 60 0*280 925 60 0*285 924 60 0* 20345 06/13*291 920 60 0*298 915 55 0*305 908 50 0*315 895 45 0* 20350 06/14*325 875 40 0E335 845 35 0E345 810 35 0E350 785 35 0* 20355 06/15E353 770 35 0E354 756 40 0E355 745 40 0E355 730 40 0* 20360 06/16*355 710 35 0*355 694 35 0*355 680 30 0*353 670 30 0* 20365 06/17*351 661 30 0*348 653 30 0*345 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* Adjustment made in the intensity on the 9th at 06Z, winds increased to 55 kt, and increased to 60 knots from 12Z on the 9th to 0Z on the 11th. This is justified on a ship report of 60 knots on the 9th at 12Z. Initially this ship report was misinterpreted as 50 knots but the HWM book indicates that each long feather is equal to 2 Beauforts and a short feather equal to 1 Beaufort. Therefore, 11 Beaufort is equal to 60 knots. Storm #1, 1912 - 2012 Revision 20475 06/07/1912 M=11 1 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20480 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 880 35 0*277 877 35 0* 20485 06/08*274 874 40 0*272 871 45 0*270 870 50 0*268 873 50 0* 20490 06/09*267 878 50 0*266 884 55 0*265 890 60 0*264 895 60 0* 20495 06/10*262 900 60 0*261 905 60 0*260 910 60 0*261 912 60 0* 20500 06/11*262 913 60 0*263 914 60 0*265 915 60 0*268 917 60 0* 20505 06/12*272 920 60 0*276 923 60 0*280 925 60 0*285 924 60 0* 20510 06/13*291 920 60 0*298 915 55 0*305 908 50 0*315 895 45 0* 20515 06/14*325 875 40 0E335 845 35 0E345 810 35 0E350 785 35 0* 20515 06/14*325 875 40 0*335 845 35 0*345 810 35 0*350 785 35 0* * * * 20520 06/15E353 770 35 0E354 756 40 0E355 745 40 0E355 730 40 0* 20520 06/15*353 770 35 0*354 756 40 0*355 745 40 0*355 730 40 0* * * * * 20525 06/16*355 710 35 0*355 694 35 0*355 680 30 0*353 670 30 0* 20530 06/17*351 661 30 0*348 653 30 0*345 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 20535 TS Typographical error: Extratropical phase introduced accidentally for the 14th and the 15th. Reading of the daily summaries for this storm clearly indicated that the system was reanalyzed to be a tropical cyclone on those dates. Moreover, the discussion paragraph never mentioned any introduction of an extratropical phase. Stages on the 14th and 15th changed back to a tropical cyclone. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1912/02 - 2005 REVISION: 20250 07/12/1912 M= 6 2 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20250 07/12/1912 M= 6 2 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 *** 20255 07/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*264 711 35 0*270 718 35 0* 20255 07/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 740 35 0*258 745 35 0* *** *** *** *** 20260 07/13*275 724 35 0*280 731 35 0*284 738 35 0*287 745 35 0* 20260 07/13*266 750 35 0*273 755 35 0*280 760 35 0*285 764 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20265 07/14*291 752 35 0*294 759 35 0*297 767 35 0*300 776 40 0* 20265 07/14*289 767 35 0*293 771 35 0*297 775 35 0*300 781 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 20270 07/15*304 784 40 0*309 792 40 0*313 807 45 0*313 819 45 0* 20270 07/15*304 788 40 0*309 797 40 0*313 807 45 0*313 819 40 0* *** *** ** 20275 07/16*313 831 35 0*313 843 30 0*313 855 30 0*314 865 25 0* 20275 07/16*313 831 40 0*313 843 35 0*313 855 30 0*314 865 25 0* ** ** 20280 07/17*315 875 25 0*316 884 20 0*317 893 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 20285 TS Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Dunn and Miller (1960). July 12: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present near 25N, 74W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.4N, 71.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. July 13: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present near 28N, 76W. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 29.8N, 79.7W with 30.08" pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 28.4N, 73.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. July 14: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from ship and coastal observations near 29.5N, 77.5W. The MWR tracks locate it at 28.5N, 78.5W with 30.00" pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 80.2W with 1011 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.7N, 76.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. July 15: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from ship and coastal observations near 31.5N, 80.5W. The MWR tracks locate it at 31N, 81.3W with 1014 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 83W with 1011 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 43 kt SE wind at Savannah at 16 UTC. "The following report on the storm near the Georgia coast is taken from notes furnished by Mr. C. J. Doherty, local forecaster, in charge at Savannah, Ga.: A decided fall in the barometer took place on the 14th, with increasing winds. The regular p. m. reports showed an incipient disturbance near the Georgia coast, and high winds with unusually rough seas prevailed at Tybee Beach during the night. The morning reports of the 15th indicated that the storm had increased slightly in intensity. The weather was thick and threatening, with light intermittent showers which continued during the day and night. After midnight the wind became fresh and gusty. A verifying velocity was attained at 7.35 a. m. of 36 miles an hour, and thereafter the wind continue high until 10 p. m., with a maximum velocity of 49 miles from the southeast shortly after 11 a. m. on the 15th. During the day the displayman at Tybee reported unusually wild seas, with high winds and swell from the southeast. Northeast storm warnings were displayed from Jacksonville to Charleston. No material damage was reported" (MWR). "On the evening of the 14th there was an unsettled condition off the Georgia coast, and by the morning of the 15th pressure had fallen slightly over that region, and a maximum wind velocity of 36 miles from the east was reported from Charleston. Storm warnings were ordered from Charleston to Jacksonville, and special observations were called for, but no further development was noted. Heavy rains, however, occurred over Georgia and South Carolina" (MWR). 1912 July 14-15 ; Ga., S.C.; Minimal intensity; Center near Tybee Beach (Dunn and Miller). July 16: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a circulation center can be identified inland near 31.5N, 85.5W from available ship and station reports. The MWR tracks show the system at 31.1N, 85.7W with 1013 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 87.8W with 1012 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression at 31.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 40 kt SE wind at Charleston at "morning" (MWR). "... and a maximum wind velocity of 46 miles from the southeast was reported on the morning of the 16th from Charleston. This disturbance caused showers and thunderstorms over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States for several days following the 16th" (MWR). July 17: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a possible circulation center could be seen near 31.5N, 89.5W based upon station reports. It is possible though that the circulation has decayed to an open trough oriented west-east. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 31.7N, 89.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. A large west shift in the track was analyzed for the 12th to the 14th based upon available ship and coastal station reports. Intensity not altered before landfall in Georgia. Landfall around 16 UTC on the 15th with winds of 45 kt from HURDAT originally matches observed peak winds of 43 kt from Savannah. (This wind adjusts to 36 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Observed 40 kt (33 kt true) winds early on the 16th are the reason for slightly increasing the intensity on the 16th. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1912/03 - 2005 ADDITION: 20286 09/02/1912 M= 5 3 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20287 09/02*382 725 30 0*381 725 30 0*380 725 35 0*378 725 40 0* 20288 09/03*376 725 45 0*373 725 45 0*370 725 45 0*365 728 45 0* 20289 09/04*360 732 40 0*355 735 40 0*350 740 40 0*345 747 40 0* 20289 09/05*340 754 35 0*335 762 35 0*330 770 35 0*326 780 30 0* 20289 09/06*322 792 30 0*318 807 30 0*315 825 25 0*313 845 20 0* 20289 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC. September 2: A low forms off of the North Carolina/Virginia coast centered at 36.5N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Additional COADS observations indicate the center was farther north. Low appears to be tropical as no frontal features are apparent in the vicinity of the storm. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE at 38.0N, 71.0W at 21 UTC (COA). September 3: The low was located at 37N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 37.5N, 71.5W at 13 UTC (COA) and 15 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.2N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 4: The low was located at 35N, 73.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Additional COADS observations indicate the center was somewhat farther east. A dissipating cold front was analyzed in HWM to be just north of the storm, which is reasonable. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day. September 5: The low was located at 32N, 77W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Additional COADS observations indicate the center was somewhat farther north. Peak station observation: 32 kt E and 1015 mb at Charleston at 22 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day. September 6: The low was located inland over Georgia at 32N, 83W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Additional data indicates the center was somewhat farther south and east. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) was observed for this day. September 7: The low dissipated by the 12 UTC analysis in HWM. The system began on the 2nd as a tropical storm, quickly reached its peak intensity of 45 kt on the 3rd, gradually weakened over the next two days with a decay to tropical depression stage on the 5th, made landfall early on the 6th and dissipated by late on the 6th. Individual hourly observations from Savannah indicate that landfall occurred just north of Savannah around 03 UTC on the 6th. Peak observed winds at the coast were 32 kt from Charleston at 22 UTC on the 5th. These adjust to 28 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Additionally, the lowest pressure recorded in Savannah was 1014 mb (00 UTC on the 6th) and in Charleston was 1015 mb (22 UTC on the 5th). Thus the system is analyzed to have made landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border as a 30 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1912/04 - 2005 REVISION: 20290 09/11/1912 M= 4 3 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20290 09/10/1912 M= 6 4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * * *** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 20292 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 840 30 0*290 843 35 0* 20295 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 841 60 0*288 843 60 0* 20295 09/11*290 845 40 0*290 848 45 0*290 850 50 0*289 852 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20300 09/12*286 845 65 0*285 848 70 0*283 854 70 0*282 857 70 0* 20300 09/12*287 854 60 0*286 857 65 0*285 860 70 0*285 863 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 20305 09/13*281 862 70 0*280 867 70 0*280 872 70 0*283 876 70 0* 20305 09/13*286 867 80 0*288 871 80 0*290 875 80 0*293 878 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20310 09/14*292 880 70 0*304 884 65 0*318 888 50 0*350 885 30 0* 20310 09/14*297 881 70 0*301 883 65 0*308 885 50 0*318 885 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 20312 09/15*330 885 35 0*350 885 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20315 HR AL1 20315 HR AL1AFL1 **** Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). September 6-9: Beginning on the 6th of September as storm 1912/03 was inland over Georgia, a trough of low pressure formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. This trough appears to be a separate entity to storm 1912/03 or its remnants. The trough remained in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from the 6th through the 9th, though it did not seem possible to close off a well-defined center of circulation. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 10: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 84.5W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W for both a.m. and p.m. Available observations indicate that the center indicated in MWR is most reasonable. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 11: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 28.5N, 86W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W (a.m.) and at 27N, 87W (p.m.). (The MWR tracks then keep this system stationary until the 13th p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 84.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations indicate that the center was likely west of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 12: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W at both a.m. and p.m. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was likely just north and west of HURDAT's position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "The period of 6 days from the 7th to 12th was noteworthy for excessive rains on the west coast of Florida, Tampa, receiving 13.71 inches, Pinellas Park 15.31, and Cedar Keys 23.15 inches" (MWR). "From the 6th to the 13th conditions were unsettled off the east Gulf coast and reports from land stations as well as those from vessels by wireless indicated the existence of a disturbance of slight intensity in that region. On the afternoon of the 12th, special observations indicated that the storm was increasing in intensity" (MWR). September 13: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1000 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W (a.m.) and at 28N, 87.5W with 1002 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: 70 kt wind and 982 mb pressure from the barkentine Golden Rod near 29.4W, 87.2W at 03 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 41 kt at Pensacola at 22 UTC (HWM). Available observations suggest a position north and just west of HURDAT. "The barkentine Golden Rod ... encountered the storm off Cape San Blas on the night of the 12th. The squalls grew more frequent and severe and at night he was driven along before them under bare poles, passing about 60 miles south of Pensacola at 11 p.m., when his barometer fell to 29 inches [982 mb]. He [the captain] said the squalls were terrific and the ship remained over on her beam ends during the height of the storm" (MWR). September 14: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 30N, 89W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with an ill-defined warm front to the north and west of the system. (The frontal analysis appears suspect.) The MWR tracks have the center at 31.5N, 88.5W with 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33N, 92.5W (p.m.) HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 64 kt SE wind at 0600 UTC and 1003 mb pressure at 0730 UTC at Pensacola (MWR); 45 kt SE wind at 0850 UTC and 995 mb pressure at 0830 UTC at Mobile (MWR). Available observations suggest a center south and just east from HURDAT. "[At Pensacola on the 13th] fifty-three miles from the southeast was registered at 7.18 p. m., 50 southeast at 8.14 p. m., 59 southeast at 9.21 p. m., with an extreme 62 miles; 58 southeast at 10.57 p. m., and 58 southeast at 11.56 p. m. ... at 7 p. m., the tide was 1 foot above normal. On the 14th extremely severe southeast squalls continued to 7 a. m., reaching 68 miles southeast at 12.24 a. m., and 74 southeast at 2 a. m., with an extreme velocity of 86 miles at 1.58 a. m. The next squall, at 2.26 a. m., carried away the anemometer, which had worked loose on its stand. The anemometer record was started again at 8.26 a. m. It was the general opinion that the squall at 2 a. m. was the hardest, but the severe squalls of about 60 miles continued to 6 a. m., south winds prevailing after 3 a. m. ... Pressure fell to 29.62 inches [1003 mb] at 2.30 a. m., then began rising rapidly, reaching 30 inches [1016 mb] at 9 p. m. ... The tide during the night of the 13th-14th rose 2 feet above normal high water, the waves were about 4 feet high, and the wind carried the spray over the American National Bank Building ... Beginning at Pensacola entrance and making a circuit of Pensacola Bay, the following damage by the storm was observed: Fishing smack Two Boys ashore. The tracks of the Pensacola Electric Co. were undermined for a distance of about 1,200 feet immediately south of Bayou Grande: also about 1,000 feet on Maine Street; their tracks were also inundated by high tide at the corner of Intendencia Street and Ninth Avenue. Private wharves along the bay shore from Fort Barrancas to Baylen Street were generally carried away, together with numerous small houses for fishermens equipment. The entire beach was strewn with timber and about 20 barges went ashore; only a few barges remained at anchor and retained their cargoes of lumber. The British SS. Meltonian, moored along the east side of Perdido Wharf, broke away and went aground on Rat Island... One of them [coal barges] damaged the steamer Edna C, the quartermasters steam yacht Page, and rammed and sank the revenue cutter Penrose. At Jefferson Street Wharf a house-lighter sank with a cargo of naval stores. Traffic over the L. & N. R. R. was suspended for about 18 hours on account of the damage to the bridge by being rammed with rafts of timber. The west end of the roof of Monarch Pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was blown off and a portion of the southeast corner of the roof of the Gulf Beacon Inn was torn off by the gales. The British S. S. Conniston went ashore about 75 miles east of Pensacola. The fishing smack Isabelle went ashore about 12 miles west of Pensacola entrance...The damage by wind throughout the city was slight. The Western Union lines went down during the night and were out of order until 1 p. m. of the 14th. Electric light circuits were cut off about 1 a. m. of the 14th. Telephone lines to the navy yard were blown down...The estimated damage by tide and waves in Pensacola is $23,500, and by winds $1,500" (MWR). "The storm that passed inland from the Gulf on the night of September 13-14, with its center probably not over 20 miles west of Mobile, was much less destructive than several other storms recorded in the meteorological history of Mobile. The short duration of the high winds, the comparatively low accompanying tides, and the absence of heavy rainfall for an extended period tended to lessen its disastrous effects...The tides in Mobile River had been abnormally low, but during the east and southeast winds rose rapidly, and reached the level of the top of the lowest wharves at about 4.30 a. m. ... A maximum rate of 32 miles and hour was attained at 2.50 a. m., and the highest velocity, 52 miles an hour, at 3.50 a. m. No high winds occurred after 6 a. m. On September 14 east winds prevailed from 1.30 a. m. to 3.15 a.m., and were followed by southeast winds changing to south at 4.45 a. m. At Pascagoula, Miss., about 35 miles southwest of Mobile, the wind backed from northeast to southwest, and the highest wind was from the northwest. The wind did not reach dangerous velocities at Gulfport, Miss., or other storm warning stations farther west...A rapid fall began after midnight; the lowest atmospheric pressure, 29.37 inches [995 mb], occurred at 3.30 a. m., the pressure remaining almost stationary for half an hour, and then rising steadily until 29.65 inches [1004 mb] was reached at 8 a. m. on the 14th. The loss of property in the city of Mobile from the high winds is estimated at $8,000. A church, a very weak structure, on the corner of Delaware and Cedar Streets, was blown down, as were also some business signs and many fences. The wire systems also sustained considerable damage. The loss to vessels in the bay and river is estimated at $4,000. The larger vessels had been made fast with extra cables, and many of the smaller vessels had ascended the river to places of safety. The principal loss to shipping interests was a barge, valued at $2,000, which was lost in Mobile Bay, and the steamboat National, which sank in shallow water about 3 miles up the river. During the storm a watchman on a barge fell overboard and was drowned" (MWR). "1912 Sep 13; Pensacola; Minimal intensity; Center moved W of Mobile... 1912 Sep 13-14; Mobile; Minor intensity; Tide 5.2 ft above MLW" (Dunn and Miller). "Estimated lowest pressure 29.32" [993 mb]" (Connor). AL Category 1 hurricane, no central pressure provided (Jarrell et al.). This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). September 15: The system appears to have dissipated in HWM by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks indicated the system was at 38.2N, 85.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 42N, 74.5W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.). (MWR Tracks also gave a 16th a.m. position of 40.5N, 69W with 1006 mb pressure.) Genesis of this system is begun a day early, due to evidence from HWM and COADS data of a closed circulation. Track has minor alterations from the 11th to the 14th to better match available observations. Additional half day added on the 15th for more realistic translational velocity at end of track and to better match observations of the decaying system. Intensity slightly reduced on the 11th and 12th to accommodate weak surface observations, which is also in accordance with MWR assessment. Intensity chosen to peak at 80 kt on the 13th over the Gulf of Mexico, rather than 70 kt originally, due to 982 mb peripheral pressure report. (This supports winds of at least 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.) However, landfall of this system as a weaker hurricane (winds 65 kt) as originally found in HURDAT is supported by available wind data as well as observations of modest wind-caused damages primarily in Pensacola. The peak observed 5 min winds of 64 kt convert to about 53 kt after accounting for bias of that era's anemometer (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and going to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Landfall as a minimal hurricane is also consistent with the assessment by Connor of central pressure near 993 mb. (This pressure would suggest maximum 1 min winds of 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Thus no changes are made to the intensity around the time of U.S. landfall around 08 UTC on the 14th of a 65 kt Category 1 hurricane. Category 1 conditions are the same as that listed in HURDAT/Neumann et al., though Northwest Florida (AFL) is added as experiencing hurricane conditions. It appears that the peak winds for this system were likely found between Pensacola and Mobile, so that the radius of maximum winds for this system were somewhere between 40 and 60 nmi. After landfall, a run of the inland decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 1995) suggests winds of 50 kt, 37 kt and 29 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th and 00 UTC on the 15th. Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these synoptic times were: 42 kt, 41 kt, and 32 kt. Winds in HURDAT are thus increased from 30 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, but kept at 50 kt at 12 UTC as higher winds may have been present though not observed. Highest observed storm tide was 2' in Pensacola from MWR. 1912/04 - 2011 REVISION: 20450 09/10/1912 M= 6 4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20455 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 840 30 0*290 843 35 0* 20460 09/11*290 845 40 0*290 848 45 0*290 850 50 0*289 852 55 0* 20465 09/12*287 854 60 0*286 857 65 0*285 860 70 0*285 863 75 0* 20470 09/13*286 867 80 0*288 871 80 0*290 875 80 0*293 878 75 0* 20475 09/14*297 881 70 0*301 883 65 0*308 885 50 0*318 885 40 0* 20480 09/15*330 885 35 0*350 885 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20485 HR AL1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 4-9/14/1912 0810Z 30.3N 88.4W 65kt 1 50nmi (988mb) AL1,AFL1 4-9/14/1912 0810Z 30.3N 88.4W 65kt 1 50nmi (986mb) AL1,AFL1 *** The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Alabama and Florida as a 65 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 988 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 986 mb - for a 65 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1912/05 - 2005 REVISION: 20320 10/04/1912 M= 6 4 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20320 10/03/1912 M= 8 5 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (The 3rd is new to HURDAT.) 20322 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E285 885 30 0E286 872 30 0* 20325 10/04* 0 0 0 0*283 768 50 0*294 764 50 0*300 759 55 0* 20325 10/04E287 858 30 0E288 844 30 0E290 830 30 0E292 814 30 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 20330 10/05*306 754 55 0*311 751 60 0*316 749 65 0*321 746 70 0* 20330 10/05E294 796 35 0E297 778 40 0E310 760 45 0E313 750 50 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 20335 10/06*325 744 70 0*329 744 75 0*332 750 75 0*331 753 80 0* 20335 10/06*316 744 55 0*318 741 65 0*320 740 75 0*322 743 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 20340 10/07*327 757 80 0*323 760 80 0*321 758 80 0*320 751 80 0* 20340 10/07*324 749 80 0*323 755 80 0*321 758 80 0*320 755 80 0* *** *** *** *** 20345 10/08*319 743 75 0*321 734 75 0*324 724 75 0*326 716 70 0* 20345 10/08*319 749 75 0*321 742 75 0*324 735 75 0*326 726 70 0* *** *** *** *** 20350 10/09*327 708 60 0*327 699 55 0*329 690 35 0*333 677 25 0* 20350 10/09*327 717 60 0*327 708 50 0*329 700 40 0*331 695 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 20352 10/10*334 692 30 0*337 691 30 0*340 690 30 0*345 690 25 0* 20355 HR Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. September 30-October 2: Moderate cold front pushed into the Gulf of Mexico. While the HWM showed a closed low on the 1st and 2nd, evidence from observations for this is inconclusive. "On September 27 a moderate depression (Brownsville 29.92 inches [1013 mb]) appeared at the mouth of the Rio Grande. It moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico in an east-northeast direction without any material increase in intensity" (MWR). October 3: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 28.5N, 88.5W with 1012 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a warm front extending eastward from the center. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 4: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 29N, 83W with 1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a warm front extending eastward from the center. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 29.4N, 76.4W. Available observations suggest a position just east of HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "[The storm] crossed the Florida Peninsula on October 4" (MWR). October 5: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 32N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and warm fronts extending eastward from the center. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 74.9W. Available observations suggest a center south and west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 6: HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 76W with 1010 mb pressure at most and with weakening frontal features. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.2N, 75.0W. Available observations indicate a center south and west of HURDAT. Station highlight: 40 kt N at Cape Hatteras (MWR). Ship highlight: 45 kt NNE wind at 12 UTC at 32.7N, 79.6W (HWM) and four other ship reports of 45 kt). "[The storm] then followed a sharp turn to the north-northeastward with rapidly increasing intensity attendant upon a change in direction to the northward" (MWR). October 7: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 76W with 1005 mb pressure at most as a non-baroclinic closed low. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 75.8W. Ship highlight: 996 mb pressure and 50 kt E wind at 05 UTC at 32.5N, 74.5W (MWR/COA) and two other ship reports of 50 kt. "On the evening of October 6 the storm was central about 350 miles east of Charleston, S. C., a vessel observation in that locality showing a barometer reading of 29.42 inches [996 mb]" (MWR). October 8: HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 72.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most as a closed low. A new cold front approached the storm from the north and west and was located a couple hundred miles away. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 72.4W. Available observations indicate a center west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 1001 mb pressure and 50 kt W wind at 05 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA); 1000 mb pressure and 50 kt W wind at 09 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA). "Heavy rains and winds of hurricane force attended the storm which continued north-northeastward with slowly decreasing intensity" (MWR). October 9: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 69W as a closed low with 1015 mb pressure at most and a weakening stationary front extending from near the center off to the northeast. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 32.9N, 69.0W. Available observations indicate a center west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "...it was lost somewhere between the North Carolina coast and the island of Bermuda" (MWR). October 10: System not indicated in HWM, but available observations place a center near 34N, 69W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. Genesis for this system is begun on the 3rd as a weak extratropical storm in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, rather than on the 4th as a tropical storm in the Atlantic east of Florida. Available observations indicated that the system moved eastward with little change in intensity through the 5th. This is consistent with the assessment in the Monthly Weather Review. The storm appears to have both attained a tropical cyclone structure and intensified early on the 6th. Thus intensity reduced on the 4th and 5th and system is indicated as an extratropical system in the revision for these dates. Minor changes in the location of the system was included for most of its lifetime, except for the 4th where translation of the system from the west is indicated rather than formation just north of the Bahamas. No direct observations of hurricane force winds were obtained which would have substantiated HURDAT's listing of this system as peaking as a Category 1 hurricane. However, the MWR indicated "winds of hurricane force" were found on the 8th, though these could not be confirmed in either HWM or COADS. Several 50 kt reports were found on the 7th through the 8th and a low pressure of 996 mb on the 7th suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Thus maintaining this system as a minimal hurricane would appear prudent. Enough evidence was found on the 10th to extend the track for this system an additional day, though it was only of tropical depression status at the time. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1912/06 - 2005 REVISION: 20360 10/11/1912 M= 7 5 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20360 10/11/1912 M= 8 6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * * *** * 20365 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*196 807 60 0*197 817 65 0* 20365 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*185 807 35 0*189 815 35 0* *** ** *** *** ** 20370 10/12*198 826 70 0*199 836 75 0*201 845 75 0*203 854 80 0* 20370 10/12*193 823 40 0*197 831 45 0*201 840 50 0*205 850 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20375 10/13*205 864 80 0*208 873 85 0*210 882 85 0*213 890 85 0* 20375 10/13*209 861 60 0*212 872 50 0*215 882 45 0*217 890 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20380 10/14*215 897 85 0*218 903 85 0*221 910 85 0*224 918 85 0* 20380 10/14*218 897 55 0*219 903 60 0*221 910 65 0*224 918 70 0* *** ** *** ** ** ** 20385 10/15*228 926 85 0*232 933 85 0*238 941 85 0*243 949 85 0* 20385 10/15*228 926 75 0*232 933 80 0*238 941 85 0*244 949 85 0* ** ** *** 20390 10/16*250 956 80 0*255 962 80 0*262 968 75 0*268 972 70 0* 20390 10/16*251 957 85 0*258 964 85 0*265 970 85 0*271 974 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20395 10/17*273 976 65 0*279 980 50 0*286 982 30 0*292 969 25 0* 20395 10/17*277 976 50 0*283 977 40 0*288 978 30 0*292 977 25 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 20397 10/18*295 975 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20400 HRATX1 20400 HRATX2 **** Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). October 7 to 10: A strong wave moved through the Lesser Antilles and into the Caribbean Sea, as indicated by wind shifts, pressure drops and rainfall amounts. Highest daily rainfall amount indicated was 1.82" for 24 hours up to 12 UTC on the 8th in San Juan (HWM). From the _St. Kitts Daily Express_, 8 October 1912, courtesy of Michael Chenoweth: "Yesterday was a day of rain. Copious showers fell all day and business in nearly all departments was at a standstill." However, a closed circulation was not evident, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or pressure equivalents). October 11: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 80W with pressure at most 1005 mb. However, observations do not completely support a closed circulation, though data near the southerly side of the system are lacking. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.6N, 80.7W. Available observations suggest a center between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 12: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 20N, 84W with pressure at most 1005 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.1N, 84.5W. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate a center at 19.5N, 86.5W with 999 mb pressure (p.m.). Available observations suggest that HWM is the most reasonable center. Ship highlight: 35 kt E wind at 23.5N, 82.5W at 09 UTC (COA), 999 mb pressure near 21N, 86W (MWR). "A week later [October 12] it was off the eastern coast of Yucatan, with reported barometer readings of 29.50 inches [999 mb]" (MWR). October 13: HWM depicts a closed low near 21N, 87.5W with pressure at most 1005 mb. A stationary front is depicted to the north of the system in HWM, which could have been extended westward to just south of Brownsville, Texas. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 88.2W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 20.5N, 89W and pressure 998 mb (a.m.) and 23N, 89.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a position just north of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 23.6N, 88.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1004 mb pressure at Merida at 12 UTC (HWM). October 14: HWM depicts a closed low near 22.5N, 90W with pressure at most 1005 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 22.1N, 91.0W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 24N, 91.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 94W (p.m.). A dissipating stationary front is depicted in the HWM north of the system, though it appears that the temperature contrast was still quite strong and the front should have been extended to south of Brownsville, Texas. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 15: HWM depicts a closed low near 24.5N, 94W with pressure at most 1000 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 23.8N, 94.1W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 25N, 94W (a.m.) and 25N, 95W (p.m.) with 1008 mb pressure. While no frontal boundary was depicted in HWM, there does appear to be a significant front just north of the storm. However, while data are sparse near the storm's center, the system is likely to still be a tropical cyclone. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. October 16: HWM depicts a closed low on the coast near the border of Texas and Mexico near 26N, 97W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 96.8W (just offshore). The MWR Tracks locate a center at just offshore at 26N, 97W (a.m.) with 996 mb pressure and inland at 27.5N, 97.5W (p.m.). The previously mentioned frontal feature - still not depicted in HWM - is likely dissipating at this time, though temperatures themselves are still quite cool. Station highlight: 48 kt wind and 996 mb pressure at Brownsville at "morning" (MWR). "... at the morning observation of October 16, [Corpus Christi] reporting a barometer reading (reduced to sea level) of 29.86 inches [1011 mb] and [Brownsville] 29.40 inches [996 mb]. In the meantime a steady rain set in along the entire Texas coast and the weather continue squally, with high tides and approaching the mouth of the Rio Grande ... On Wednesday, October 16, the storm moved inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville ... the steamship Nicaragua ... foundered on October 16 about 100 miles southeast of Corpus Christi. The following is an extract from the report of this storm, made by Mr. Joseph L. Cline, local forecaster, in charge of the Weather Bureau office at Corpus Christi: ... Northerly winds prevailed for several days at this station, shifting to the east on October 16. the maximum wind velocity was 30 miles from the north on the 14th and 37 miles from the north on the 15th. On the 16th storm velocities prevailed from 12.03 a. m. to 8.18 a. m., with a maximum velocity of 51 miles from the north at 4.10 a. m., and from 6.32 p. m. to 7.46 p. m. 110th a maximum velocity of 40 miles from the southeast at 7.05 p. m. The wind lulled and shifted to the southwest during the night of October 16-17. Rain fell from 4.57 a. m. to 7.14 p. m. of October 15, and from 7.52 p. m. of the 15th to 5.33 p. m. of October 16. the total amount was 3.99 inches of which 3.33 inches fell in 22 hours and 50 minutes from 4.31 p. m. of the 15th. The barometric pressure remained above 30 inches [1016 mb] until the afternoon of October 15, when it commenced falling and continued to fall until the afternoon of the 16th, reaching the lowest, 29.75 inches [1007 mb] about 5 p. m. Moderately high tides were reported on the morning of October 16, doing several hundred dollars damage to property on Harbor Island and nearly $1,000 damage to the municipal wharf now under construction at this place. Considerable damage was reported from Point Isabel near Brownsville, Tex. No other damage was reported, except the sinking of the steamer Nicaragua in the Gulf of Mexico east of Padre Island, or southeast of Corpus Christi, on the morning of October 16. This boat sailed from Tampico, Mex., October 11 for Port Arthur, Tex., loaded with cotton and miscellaneous freight valued at $20,000. It had length of 286 feet and a net tonnage of 310 tons and was owned by the Cia Consolidita de Maderas, of Tampico, Mex. The crew consisted of 27 men. Capt. E. Eschevarra and 12 members of his crew were picked up in the Gulf of Mexico by members of the United States life-saving station at Port Aransas, Tex., on the afternoon of October 22. They were in two lifeboats. The captain believes that six of the crew were lost at the time the vessel foundered and that the others may still be drifting in lifeboats somewhere along the south Texas shore line. (Sinking of Nicaragua taken from newspaper reports.) [End of Cline's report.] Considerable damage was caused along the Texas coast between Rockport and Brownsville by wind and tide. Padre and Brazos Islands were reported submerged for several hours and a number of buildings were washed away. At Point Isabel, a fishing station about 22 miles from Brownsville, the damage to buildings and fishing boats is estimated at $7,000. At Brownsville several windmills were wrecked, trees were blown down, and poorly constructed buildings more or less damaged. No loss of life was reported. The total damage, however, is insignificant when compared with the benefits resulting from the heavy rains accompanying this storm. About two-thirds of the entire area of Texas received a copious supply of moisture, the amounts ranging from 1 to over 5 inches, which not only relieved the droughty conditions existing in many localities, but also prepared the ground for fall plowing and sowing. By far the greater portion of the moisture soaked into the ground as evidenced by an extremely small run-off. The heaviest rainfall occurred at Brownsville, where the total amount from this storm measured 8.26 inches, and in a large number of localities northward as far as Corsicana the amounts ranged from 4 to 5 inches ... the highest wind velocities reported were 55 miles an hour at Brownsville, Tex." (MWR). "Oct 15 1912; Ft. Point (GLS) 1.8 ft; (Connor). "1912; Oct. 15-16; Lower coast of Texas; Minimal damage; Damage $28,000 (Dunn and Miller). "1912 October 16 Hurricane with winds of 100 mph struck central Padre Island [estimated, not observed] ... In Brownsville, the Herald complained that the tropical storm was not tropical enough. They wrote 'On the contrary it was a blue norther cold wet rain of the damp chilly variety so familiar to the people in the semi-arctic regions around San Antonio and Austin.' At Point Isabel, a number of buildings were wrecked and several boats were capsized. The tide rose about six feet in less than four hours and the rain fell non-stop day and night. The oldest inhabitant said he had never seen such a storm" (Ellis). This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). TXA1 [South Texas Coast], no central pressure given (Jarrell et al.). October 17: HWM depicts a closed low inland 29.5N, 97.5W with pressure at most 1010 mb. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 28.6N, 98.2W (inland). The MWR Tracks locate a center inland at 28N, 98W (a.m.) with 1010 mb pressure and at 30N, 96.5W (p.m.) with pressure 1009 mb. Station highlight: 35 kt SE wind at Corpus Christi at 0005 UTC (MWR). "[The storm was] decreasing rapidly in energy and breaking up on October 17 as an independent storm with general and heavy rains over the eastern two-thirds of Texas" (MWR). October 18-20: HWM and available observations suggest that the system dissipated late on the 17th. HURDAT did the same. The MWR Tracks, however, continued to track a remnant center: 33.8N, 94.5W with 1008 mb pressure on 18th a.m.; 32N, 88W with 1009 mb pressure at 18th p.m.; 31.2N, 85.5W with 1012 mb pressure at 19th a.m.; 30N, 84.2W with 1011 mb pressure at 19th p.m.; 27.7N, 84.7W (back over the Gulf) with 1011 mb pressure at 20th a.m. Minor changes to the track from the 11th to the 13th and the 16th and 17th are primarily based upon HWM and COA data. Track extended until 00 UTC on the 18th to match available data and for a more realistic (slower) translational velocity at the last point in HURDAT. Intensity is reduced from the 11th to the 13th based on data that indicates that the system did not reach hurricane strength until the getting back over the Gulf of Mexico. Winds also reduced on the 13th and 14th after landfall in the Yucatan of Mexico, which was not accounted for in the original HURDAT. No direct measures of hurricane force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed for this system. The peak observations were 48 kt of wind and 996 mb pressure measured in Brownsville, Texas. (The 996 mb peripheral pressure measurement suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.) However, the 6' storm tide and inundation at Padre and Brazos Islands suggests landfall of a low-end Category 2 hurricane (~85 kt) in southern coastal Texas around 1800 UTC on the 16th. This is an increase from the Category 1 assessment at landfall by Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., but is the same as the 85 kt shown originally in HURDAT. A issue arose as to whether this system was or evolved into an extratropical storm at any point. Evidence is clear until the 14th that it was definitely a tropical cyclone. However, the data is ambiguous on the 15th and 16th. It was decided to retain the system as a tropical cyclone on these dates in part because of the rise in temperature at Brownsville by 8F (56F to 64F) from 12 UTC 15th to 12 UTC 16th, even though the winds remained out of the northwest. This suggested that both the temperature contrast of the existed frontal feature was decaying in addition to the arrival of a warm core system. Thus the system is retained as a tropical cyclone throughout its lifetime. Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 58, 44, and 35 kt for the 00, 06, and 12 UTC on the 17th. Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 35 kt, 32 kt, and 20 kt, respectively. It appears that this system filled faster than what the model would suggest, though the data coverage was (as usual) somewhat sparse near the system's center. Winds are chosen to be 50, 40, and 30 kt, respectively. Peak observed storm tide was 6' at Point Isabel (Ellis). 1912/06 - 2011 REVISION: 20540 10/11/1912 M= 8 6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 20545 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*185 807 35 0*189 815 35 0* 20550 10/12*193 823 40 0*197 831 45 0*201 840 50 0*205 850 55 0* 20555 10/13*209 861 60 0*212 872 50 0*215 882 45 0*217 890 50 0* 20560 10/14*218 897 55 0*219 903 60 0*221 910 65 0*224 918 70 0* 20565 10/15*228 926 75 0*232 933 80 0*238 941 85 0*244 949 85 0* 20570 10/16*251 957 85 0*258 964 85 0*265 970 85 0*271 974 85 0* 20575 10/17*277 976 50 0*283 977 40 0*288 978 30 0*292 977 25 0* 20580 10/18*295 975 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20585 HRATX2 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/16/1912 1750Z 27.1N 97.4W 85kt 2 ---- (973mb) ATX2 6-10/16/1912 1750Z 27.1N 97.4W 85kt 2 ---- (970mb) ATX2 *** The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as an 85 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - for an 85 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ******************************************************************************* 1912/07 - 2005 REVISION: 20405 11/11/1912 M=15 6 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 20405 11/11/1912 M=11 7 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L ** * *** 20410 11/11* 0 0 0 0*112 790 35 0*114 800 35 0*117 803 35 0* 20410 11/11* 0 0 0 0*112 797 35 0*114 800 35 0*117 803 35 0* *** 20415 11/12*119 805 35 0*122 807 35 0*124 807 35 0*126 806 35 0* 20415 11/12*119 805 35 0*122 807 35 0*124 807 40 0*126 806 45 0* ** ** 20420 11/13*128 805 35 0*130 804 35 0*131 803 35 0*132 802 35 0* 20420 11/13*128 805 50 0*130 804 55 0*131 803 60 0*132 802 65 0* ** ** ** ** 20425 11/14*132 801 35 0*132 801 40 0*133 800 40 0*135 799 45 0* 20425 11/14*132 801 70 0*132 801 70 0*133 800 70 0*134 799 70 0* ** ** ** *** ** 20430 11/15*138 798 50 0*141 797 60 0*144 796 65 0*148 796 70 0* 20430 11/15*135 798 70 0*137 797 70 0*140 796 70 0*145 796 75 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20435 11/16*152 798 80 0*157 799 85 0*160 800 95 0*168 800 100 0* 20435 11/16*150 798 80 0*155 799 85 0*160 800 90 0*163 800 95 0* *** *** ** *** 20440 11/17*165 798 105 0*168 797 115 0*170 795 120 0*173 792 125 0* 20440 11/17*165 798 100 0*168 797 100 0*171 795 100 0*174 792 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 20445 11/18*176 787 130 0*178 784 130 0*181 782 130 0*188 777 130 0* 20445 11/18*177 789 100 0*180 786 100 0*183 784 100 965*184 781 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20450 11/19*191 780 125 0*187 787 125 0*184 793 120 0*183 797 115 0* 20450 11/19*185 775 80 0*187 765 75 0*190 757 70 0*189 760 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20455 11/20*182 800 110 0*180 804 105 0*179 808 100 0*181 811 95 0* 20455 11/20*187 767 60 0*185 780 55 0*183 793 50 0*182 803 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 20460 11/21*185 812 85 0*192 810 85 0*200 805 75 0*209 796 75 0* 20460 11/21*181 810 40 0*180 815 35 0*180 820 30 0*180 825 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.) 20465 11/22*219 785 70 0*233 773 70 0*252 762 70 0*275 751 65 0* 20470 11/23*299 744 65 0*323 738 65 0*346 729 65 0*369 714 65 0* 20475 11/24*391 690 65 0E413 658 60 0E435 620 60 0E455 575 55 0* 20480 11/25E473 518 55 0E489 451 50 0E504 375 45 0E520 300 45 0* 20485 HR Major changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Hall (1913), Mitchell (1924), Tannehill (1956), Perez (2000), and and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. November 6-9: HWM observations show lowered pressures (by up to 4 mb) occurred throughout the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th, but without a closed circulation. Despite this, HWM analyzed a closed center near 14N, 67W on the 7th; 15N, 70W on the 8th; and 14N, 68W on the 9th. A severe squall impacted Trinidad on the 9th (see details extracted from the _Trinidad Mirror_, provided by Mike Chenoweth). It was investigated to see whether either the HWM closed circulation and/or the squall in Trinidad had any direct association with storm #7. However, surface observations from HWM, COADS and newspaper accounts show no closed circulation existed from the 6th through the 9th, though the data is sparse away from the Lesser Antilles. While the wave that went through the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th may have been associated with the tropical disturbance that later formed into a tropical storm on the 11th, it appears unlikely that the squall that impacted Trinidad on the 9th had any direct association with the subsequent tropical cyclone. "There was a severe depression of the barometer here Wednesday night [6th] but happily nothing came of this warning. We have been getting some heavy showers of rain since Sunday." (_Dominica Guardian_, Friday, Nov. 8, 1912 - provided by Mike Chenoweth). The Grenada Chronicle and Gazette newspaper mentions nothing of the system (provided by Mike Chenoweth). _Trinidad Mirror_, Monday, 11 November 1912 "HEAVY SQUALL IN THE GULF! MANY VESSELS DAMAGED, SEVERAL SUNK, No Human Casualties An old mariner told one of our representatives on Saturday that in all his local experience in the Gulf, which extended over more than thirty years, he had never known of such a sharp squall as that which occurred at about 5 a.m. on Saturday morning. For the past week there were many indications of bad weather; vivid sheet lightning, slight winds, and some rains alternated, in the meantime the barometer sinking continuously. Among local shipowners and others who had business with the sea this occasioned at first some serious apprehension and efforts were made to put every thing in ship shape, ready for any eventuality. Since last week, as already stated, the barometer was exceedingly low and on Thursday last we were informed that it was seen at its lowest (locally) for the past ten years. Nothing untoward having occurred, however, apprehension was cast aside and people were lulled into a sense of security and began to pursue their wonted course. Friday night was rather gloomy and there were sharp flashes of distant lightning from a very early hour on Saturday morning. Then at about 5 o'clock, the lightning increased and the south-west wind began to rise. The latter increased in violence as a slight rain began falling and the sea began to rise. It rose in mountainous, huge, towering billows, thundering against the wharves and jetties, sending up masses of water topped with wavy plumes of angry spray and banging and bashing and battering all the craft moored alongside, soon making driftwood of many of them.The tug Edith of the Trinidad Shipping and Trading Company, which was moored against the St. Vincent Street Jetty, seeing the great danger and the damage that was occurring, kept up a shrill wailing with her siren in order to arouse mariners and apprise them of the state of affairs. People hearing the whistles all over the town, seeing the lightning and rain and feeling the wind, began to get rather uncomfortable, and made up their minds to experience a bad time of it, but nothing worse occurred. Several boat and lighter owners, of course, hastened to the wharves to see what was up, while several others did not make any stir owing to the fact that November is not considered a hurricane month. It must be borne in mind that though we in Trinidad have been visited with no marine misfortunes of any appreciable magnitude within the last 50 years or so, still it is the custom, as is the case also all over the West Indies, to look our for bad weather from about 25 June to October 25, and we are told that in some of the Northern Islands at the latter date, the people unite in public thanksgiving for having passed that trying time of the year without any mishaps. November 8, therefore was not thought to be a likely date for bad weather and as a consequence lighters were heedlessly moored alongside the wharves, barges were anchored near to lighters and boats and particularly none but the most elementary precautions were observed as the lightermen and others, left the boats on Friday night. As a result when the winds blew and the seas rose, a scene which almost beggars description was witnessed by those who were either on the wharves or in the snug security of the coastal and other steamers and vessels near by or out at their moorings a safe distance away. Boats, barges, and lighters dragged at their anchors and strained at their moorings. They banged and cannoned against each other, creating a fearful din and doing great damage. Spars were broken and fell overboard, bowsprits snapped off, while others served as rams which stove in their neighbors, making big holes into which the fierce seething waves impetuously flowed, soon filling and finally engulfing the vessels.... ....We know as a fact that a boat belonging to Messrs. J. T. Hamlyn & Sons, which for many years has been used in going off to the lighters at their moorings in rough weather, capsized with five men aboard, some of whom had a very narrow escape from a watery grave. Another boat carrying four oars with seven men aboard was then sent out to assist in rescuing the people, but this one also got swamped. The squall began to subside about 9:30 a.m. .... The weather moderated about 11 a.m. and at about mid-day the gulf had practically assumed its normal condition." [large list of losses and other details of damages done are omitted] The same day's paper on another page carried news from San Fernando, Trinidad. "HEAVY WEATHER IN THE GULF FLATS DAMAGED AND SUNK, GALLANT RESCUE WORK BY SERGEANT RILEY AND HIS MEN. NO LIVES LOST. DAMAGE TO FLATS AND GOODS ESTIMATED AT $6,000. San Fernando woke on Saturday morning to find that much damage had been done in the Gulf by heavy winds.... THE SQUALL At about 5:30 a.m. on Saturday the sea was calm as usual though the sky was a bit cloudy and the air worst [sic]. But about ten minutes or so after a strong southwesterly wind began blowing and conditions were immediately upset. A squall set in. Boats and lighters were tossed about vigorously, the launch Guapo was constantly beating against the jetty...The sea was rough and rowing difficult and dangerous, for as the boat attempted to go forward it seemed that the angry waves would upset her. [were able to save men on flat going down] On the way back they saw two fisherman in the water clinging on their capsized boats. These men were also taken in and brought to shore." [Other accounts of damages follow]. The Trinidad Mirror, Tuesday, November 12, 1912 "The squall which wrought such havoc to the gulf on Saturday morning was not confined to Trinidad solely as the Dutch mail steamer Prins der Nederlandern, which arrived here yesterday morning coming from Curacao via Venezuelan posts reports that La Guayra was left on Friday evening about half three o'clock and there was a heavy swell along the coast until about midnight when it began to blow a gale which lasted about four hours. Evidently the squall which struck this steamer is the same one which struck the gulf about five o'clock, the duration being about the same length of time, as matters began to quiet down in the gulf four hours after the start." [Further damage reports follow concerning the storm at Port of Spain on Saturday, and clean-up efforts] (The above extracts from Trinidad papers provided by Mike Chenoweth.) November 10: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 71.5W with pressure at most 1010 mb. However, observations do not support a closed circulation, though data near the southerly, westerly and easterly sides of the system are lacking. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. November 11: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 75.5W with pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 11.4N, 80.0W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "The first was a tropical disturbance of which the first reported indications were violent thunderstorms on the 11th over the island of Jamaica. During the 11th and 12th radiograms from vessels in the Caribbean Sea east of Nicaragua showed falling pressure" (MWR). November 12: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15.5N, 78.5W with pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 12.4N, 80.7W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. November 13: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 79W with pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.1N, 80.3W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is likely more correct than HWM. Ship highlight: 992 mb at 13N, 80W (MWR). "On the 13th, through the aid of vessel radiograms, a definite center of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of the Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 inches" (MWR). November 14: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78.5W with pressure at most 1005 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.3N, 80.0W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. November 15: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78W with pressure at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 14.4N, 79.6W. Observations suggest that the center is likely somewhat south of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "The hurricane began over the island [Jamaica] on the 15th and continued for several days" (MWR). November 16: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 78.5W with pressure at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 80.0W. The HURDAT position appears to be accurate from available observations. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 19.1N, 81.7W (HWM). Station highlights: 48 kt SE and 1004 mb at 19 UTC at Woodlawn, Jamaica (HALL) ; 26 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL). November 17: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 77W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 79.5W. The HURDAT position appears to be accurate from available observations. Ship highlight: 40 kt ENE at 12 UTC at 21.7N, 77.2W (HWM). Station highlight: 52 kt SE and 995 mb at 18 UTC at Negril Point (HALL). November 18: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 18.5N, 78W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 12 UTC at 18.1N, 78.2W. The position based on observations appears to be just north and west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlight: 70 kt ENE and 980 mb at 03 UTC at 18.2N, 78.5W (HALL). Station highlight: 105 kt NE and 979 mb at 0703 UTC, calm and 965 mb at 11 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL). "The pressure fell steadily until 6 a. m. of the 18th, at which hour the barometer at Negril Point read 28.487 inches, while at Kingston at the same time the reading was about 1 inch higher. Vessels in the path of the storm reported wind velocities of more than 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point, the anemometer recorded a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the northeast at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cups were wrenched off, with the wind still increasing. The barometer at that time read 28.90 inches, and for 12 hours previously the wind had been blowing between 60 and 80 miles an hour from the southeast. By 10 a. m. the wind had shifted to northwest, but was still blowing with hurricane force with a barometer reading of 28.78 inches. From 7 a. m. of the 17th to 2 a. m. of the 18th the average wind velocity was 66 miles an hour, while the rainfall for the 24 hours ending at 7 a. m. of the 18th was 12.79 inches. There had also been 3.34 inches during the previous 24 hours" (MWR). "Great damage was wrought in Jamaica. Several towns were practically wiped out by winds and tidal waves, and the loss of approximately 100 lives was reported. At the town of Savannah La Mar, on the south coast of the island, the tidal wave was the highest in a century" (MWR). "The following account of the hurricane by Rev. J. J. Williams, S. J., of Black River, Jamaica (about 40 miles southeast of Negril Point Lighthouse), is take from "America," December 21, 1912: It was the night of Sunday, the 17th, however, that the real storm commenced. The southeasterly wind, increasing in violence at every puff, until its velocity exceeded 150 mile per hour [estimated], was accompanied by a torrential downpour, such as passes description. During the course of Monday morning the rains stopped for a time, while the wind continued with unabated fury until the middle of the day, when it suddenly sank to rest, without any noticeable change of direction. Then succeeded a breathless calm for a few hours, that seemed to indicate that the very vortex of the storm was passing over us. The lull lasted for about three hours. The unnatural stillness, marred only by an occasional drizzle, was itself portentous of approaching trouble. As there had been no change of the wind, the knowing ones prepared for the worst. Suddenly the low-scudding clouds swept in from the north, and a perfect deluge of rain again swept the land. The wind did not immediate resume its former fury; that was to come later. For the time being it moaned dismally. Toward the hour of sunset the sky took on a most terrible aspect. No one recalls having ever seen anything of its kind before. The heavy yellow fog that mystified the world subsequent to the eruption of Krakatoa some 30 years ago was nothing in comparison. It was like the judgment day. The rain was coming in fitful gusts, when suddenly we seemed to be standing in the midst of a blazing furnace. Around the entire horizon was a ring of blood-red fire, shading away to a brilliant amber at the zenith. The sky, in fact, formed one great fiery dome of reddish light that shone through the descending rain ... The burst forth the hurricane afresh, and for two hours or more (I have lost track of the hours that night) it raged and tore asunder what little had passed unscathed through the previous blow. In some places, as Savanna la Mar, the ocean swept in and carried away the very debris. In other places, as Montego Bay, the inrushing torrents sweeping down the gullies leaped their banks and without a moment's warning bore out to sea row after row of houses. Despite the heroic efforts at rescue, many were the unfortunates who found a water grave. All along the coast vessels were wrecked upon the reefs or foundered in the open sea. At Montego Bay along 14 sailing craft were lost, while at Savanna la Mar more than one hulk was left high and dry in the public market. Meanwhile, inland the wind was playing havoc everywhere wiping out whole plantations of bananas, obliterating files of sugar cane, laying low the cocoanut groves, scattering like chaff the hovels of the poor, reducing to shapeless masses of ruins the better class of dwellings, and sparing nothing it its fury. Practically one-third of the entire island was thus laid waste ... The total loss on the island is estimated at 200 lives, with the destruction of property valued at $1,000,000" (Mitchell). November 19: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 79W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 12 UTC at 18.4N, 79.3W. Mitchell (1924) indicated a center near 18.5N, 77W. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 19.5N, 76W. Observations available suggest a more eastward and northward position than that in HURDAT, not as far as that by Perez, but close to Mitchell's estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 0330 UTC at 18.4N, 76.9W (HALL); NE-NW winds and 1000 mb at 06 UTC at 20.0N, 75.8W at Santiago de Cuba (Cuba). "The storm apparently recurved after reaching Jamaica" (MWR). "The storm rapidly decreased in intensity and filled up between the island of Jamaica and the Windward Passage" (Mitchell). "The damages in all of the province of Oriente are not much considering, although trees were uprooted and roofs of buildings damaged, telegraph communications were interrupted, banana plantations were knocked over and other impacts of moderate importance occurred" (Cuba). November 20: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 80W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.9N, 80.8W. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 20.5N, 74.0W. Observations available indicate a center east of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "After leaving Jamaica the intensity of the storm decreased and on the morning of the 20th, a vessel radiogram from the Windward Passage showed a barometer reading of 29.84 inches with a moderately strong northeast wind" (MWR). "The storm lost intensity rapidly after passing Jamaica and was not traced beyond extreme eastern Cuba" (Tannehill). Perez (2000) indicated a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba from this system. November 21: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 19N, 81.5W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.0N, 80.5. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 24N, 73.5W. Available observations suggest a weakened and disorganized center to the south and west of the position in HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. November 22: HWM depicts a closed low centered at 25.5N, 76W with pressure of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.2N, 76.2W. Perez (2000) suggest a center near 29N, 73W. MWR Map of Lows indicates a center at 22.5N, 78W with 1013 mb pressure (a.m.) and 27.7N, 77.7W with 1014 mb pressure (p.m.). Observations do not indicate a closed circulation near any of the possible positions. A cold front can be analyzed as extending from a developing extratropical low at 28.5N, 79.5W, southward to near Miami and then over western Cuba. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 75.7W (HWM). "The storm apparently continued northward a short distance to the westward of Turks Island" (MWR). November 23: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 34.5N, 73W with pressure of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.6N, 72.9W. The MWR Map of Lows analyzed the center at 31.5N, 73.5W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and 35N, 73W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.). A cold front can be analyzed from the observations extending from the low southwestward as well as a warm front going east-northeastward from the low. Ship highlight: 50 kt NW at 01 UTC at 30.5N, 78.5W (COA). "It was next noted on the morning of the 23rd about 300 miles east of Charleston, S. C." (MWR). November 24: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 42N, 63W with pressure of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 43.5N, 62.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Map of Lows indicated a center at 39.8N, 75.5W and 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and 42N, 73.5W and 996 mb pressure (p.m.). Ship highlight: 50 kt S and 998 mb at 04 UTC at 38.5N, 64.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 42.1N, 62.0W (HWM). "It then continued due northward with slowly increasing energy" (MWR). November 25: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 51N, 36W with pressure of at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 50.4N, 37.5W. MWR Map of Lows indicated a center near 45N, 73W with pressure 993 mb (a.m.) and 46N, 67W with pressure 998 mb (p.m.). Ship highlight: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 47.9N, 40.0W (HWM). "By the morning of the 25th had reached northern New York. After this time it moved northeastward and was last noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the 26th" (MWR). [Note: apparently the analysis in the Monthly Weather Review on the 24th to the 26th was following a secondary, extratropical low pressure system, which was not utilized in HWM or HURDAT.] The track is adjusted on the 11th to provide a realistic initial motion. Small additional modifications were made on the 15th through the 18th based upon available observations. A larger change to the track of this hurricane was made on the 19th, which now takes the system over the northern half of the island based upon observations in Hall (1913). The positions of the system were similar to HURDAT on the 20th, as the storm turned back to the west after reaching the ocean off of Jamaica. For the 21st to the 26th, there are a variety of opinions as to what happened to this system: 1) MWR suggested it went northward across Cuba and the Bahamas and made landfall in New York on the 23rd before decaying over Nova Scotia on the 26th; 2) HWM and HURDAT suggested it went northward across Cuba and the Bahamas, but then turned to the northeast at the latitude of the Carolinas, became extratropical, clipped Newfoundland on the 24th and decayed over the far north Atlantic on the 25th; 3) Perez suggested it went northeastward passing between Cuba and Hispanola, then northward to the latitude of the Carolinas, then following the HWM/HURDAT scenario; and, finally, 4) Tannehill and Mitchell suggested that it decayed near extreme eastern Cuba. The MWR and HWM/HURDAT tracks are not correct, as observations from Cuba (Perez 2000) indicate that no tropical storm or hurricane made landfall in central Cuba, though the system did cause a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba. However, available ship and coastal observations indicate that the Perez track cannot be correct either with a track through the Windward Passage. The Tannehill/ Mitchell scenario appears closest to being accurate, though available observations indicate that the system dissipated instead on the 21st in the western Caribbean. The system tracked in HWM and HURDAT from the 22nd until the 25th was a separate, extratropical storm that underwent cyclogenesis on the morning of 22nd near 28.5N, 79.5W along a well defined frontal zone. (It is to be noted that on the 22nd the HWM had the baroclinic low well to the southeast of its actual position.) Thus the dates of the 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT. The intensity of the system was boosted substantially on the 12th to the 15th, based upon MWR reports of ship observations of pressures around 992 mb. 992 mb peripheral pressure on the 13th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen at 18 UTC on the 13th. Thus it is estimated that the system became a hurricane late on the 13th, rather than the 15th as originally shown in HURDAT. The intensity at landfall in Jamaica on the 18th can be ascertained from a central pressure reading in Negril Point of 965 mb at 11 UTC. This suggest winds of 95 kt from the southerly pressure-wind relationship. Winds of 105 kt were also recorded at this station, which reduces to 84 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrumentation of the time (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to a peak 1 min observation (Powell et al. 1996). Detailed hourly measurement of the winds at Negril Point allows for an estimate of a 10 nmi RMW, which is smaller than that expected by climatology (14 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus an increase over the winds suggested by the pressure-wind relationship to 100 kt (Category 3) is selected for winds at landfall in Jamaica, as well as the peak intensity of the storm. (No other observations exceeded 70 kt wind or less than 983 mb pressure for the lifetime of the system.) Winds are thus reduced significantly from the 17th to the 19th. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb and winds shifting from NE-NW on the 19th from a ship at Santiago de Cuba indicates a close pass just south of Cuba. This is consistent with the moderate impact in southeast Cuba and assessment of Category 1 conditions by Perez (2000). Observations indicate that the system weakened to tropical storm intensity on the 20th, decreased to a tropical depression on the 21st, and dissipated by early on the 22nd. The impact and severity of this hurricane, while not being as intense as originally suggested, was probably enhanced by the extreme, prolonged rainfall on the island beginning on the 11th up through the time of landfall of the hurricane as well as the lengthy duration that hurricane force winds were felt at Jamaica during landfall. ******************s************************************************************ 1912 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed in the open Atlantic near 29N, 40W on 4 April 1912 from an existing extratropical storm. The system moved toward the southwest for two days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone on the 6th. Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 4th (HWM). Lowest pressures observed were 1015 on the 4th (HWM). With only one observed gale and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this a tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 03 37N 39W Extratropical Apr 04 29N 40W Tropical Depression Apr 05 26N 43W Tropical Depression (Dissipating) Apr 06 --- --- Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate a baroclinic low leaving the northeastern US to September 20 with winds of about 35 kt. It gains intensity on the 21st by having a fall in central pressure to near 1010 mb. On the 22nd, pressures fall to 1005 mb and gale force winds up to 40 kt are observed. On the 23rd, the storm changes little in intensity, but the frontal features are beginning to dissipate. On the 24th, the system weakens, but starts to gain tropical characteristics. On the 25th, winds reach 30 kt with a central pressure of 1006 mb. On the 26th, it has winds of 30 kt with a central pressure of not more than 1002 mb, indicating the possibility of a tropical storm. However, since there were no gale force wind reports and since the system is very broad, it is uncertain whether it had obtained tropical storm intensity. On the 27th, it loses tropical characteristics and weakens. On the 28th, it has evolved into an extratropical system and has the strongest winds far from the center. This system raced across the north Atlantic with pressures below 1000 mb. On October 1st, its forward momentum slows and pressures reach 985 mb. Weakening occurs on the 2nd and 3rd with pressures returning to over 1000 mb. On the 4th, the remnants move over Italy and by the 5th the system has dissipated. Thus this system was not included into HURDAT because of the lack of confirmation of tropical storm intensity on the days that it appeared to have tropical cyclone characteristics (24-26). DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 20 42N 66W Extratropical Sep. 21 39N 62W Extratropical Sep. 22 42N 58W Extratropical Sep. 23 41N 54W Extratropical Sep. 24 36N 52W Extratropical or Tropical Depression Sep. 25 35N 52W Tropical Depression Sep. 26 37N 54W Tropical Depression Sep. 27 42N 53W Extratropical Sep. 28 48N 48W Extratropical Sep. 29 47N 30W Extratropical Sep. 30 48N 22W Extratropical Oct. 1 49N 13W Extratropical Oct. 2 47N 7W Extratropical Oct. 3 45N 3E Extratropical Oct. 4 43N 12E Extratropical Dissipating 3) The Connor (1956) reference has a map of a tropical storm for 21-25 Sep. 1912, which began in the Gulf of Mexico south of Texas, made landfall in Northwest Florida on the 23rd and reached the ocean late on the 24th off of North Carolina. This system was also briefly mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review (page 1305) and it was included in its Map of Low Pressure Tracks. It is noted that the estimated central pressures listed in the MWR Tracks peaks over water, then weakens over land - which is characteristic of a tropical cyclone. One gale force wind report was noted (Jacksonville on the 24th). However, after inspection of the Historical Weather Maps, the system is clearly extratropical in structure throughout its lifetime and thus will not be added to the HURDAT database. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 21 25N 95W Extratropical Sep. 22 29N 91W Extratropical Sep. 23 29N 87W Extratropical Sep. 24 36N 74W Extratropical Sep. 25 --- --- Extratropical Dissipating 4) Historical Weather Maps indicate that a low pressure area formed on the 17th of October southeast of Bermuda, moved generally northwestward until the 20th, recurved and moved toward the northeast from the 21st until the 24th, and dissipated on the 25th southeast of Cape Race. Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that it was a tropical depression from the 17th until the 20th, then became extratropical as a cold front moved from the northwest and overtook the storm on the 21st. Peak intensity during its tropical depression stage was 25-30 kt, though there was a single, isolated 35 kt NNW ship report (COA) at 12 UTC on the 20th at 35.0N, 62.0W. Without corroborating additional evidence for tropical storm intensity, this system is not added to HURDAT but is listed here as a possible tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 17 29N 54W Tropical Depression Oct. 18 26N 52W Tropical Depression Oct. 19 30N 55W Tropical Depression Oct. 20 34N 59W Tropical Depression Oct. 21 38N 53W Extratropical Storm Oct. 22 38N 51W Extratropical Storm Oct. 23 38N 51W Extratropical Storm Oct. 24 41N 48W Extratropical Storm 5) Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed extratropical low west of Spain on November 4th, 1912. A pressure of 1005 is observed and maximum winds were 30 kt. There was little change on Nov. 5th with a pressure of 1003 mb. On November 7th, it obtained some tropical characteristics with winds of about 20 kt and it moved slowly to the south. On the 8th, winds near the center were unknown and minimum pressure was likely below 1009 mb. On the 9th, central pressure increased to near 1014 mb with maximum winds of 20 kt. Winds increase on the 10th to 25 kt and the depression moved west on November 8-10. On the 11th, it turned NE and was absorbed into a frontal boundary. There was no evidence of gale force winds for this system, thus it was not added as an additional system into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 4 37N 24W Extratropical Nov. 5 34N 24W Extratropical Nov. 6 32N 24W Extratropical Nov. 7 30N 25W Tropical Depression Nov. 8 29N 26W Tropical Depression Nov. 9 30N 39W Tropical Depression Nov. 10 30N 46W Tropical Depression Nov. 11 32N 42W Tropical Depression Being Absorbed by Front ***************************************************************************** 1913/01 - 2005 REVISION: 20460 06/22/1913 M= 7 1 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20460 06/21/1913 M= 9 1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * *** (The 21st is new to HURDAT.) 20462 06/21* 0 0 0 0*110 800 30 0*110 805 30 0*111 806 30 0* 20465 06/22* 0 0 0 0*110 800 60 0*118 810 65 0*124 818 70 0* 20465 06/22*112 807 30 0*113 808 35 0*115 810 40 0*121 813 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20470 06/23*131 825 70 0*138 832 70 0*145 837 70 0*153 841 70 0* 20470 06/23*127 816 45 0*134 820 45 0*140 825 45 0*146 830 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20475 06/24*161 845 75 0*170 850 75 0*178 854 80 0*185 860 80 0* 20475 06/24*152 835 35 0*158 840 35 0*165 845 40 0*175 850 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20480 06/25*191 865 85 0*197 869 85 0*203 874 85 0*212 878 85 0* 20480 06/25*185 855 50 0*195 860 50 0*205 865 50 0*214 871 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20485 06/26*222 881 85 0*232 884 85 0*240 892 85 0*245 902 85 0* 20485 06/26*223 878 40 0*232 885 45 0*240 892 50 0*245 902 55 0* *** *** ** ** ** ** 20490 06/27*249 917 80 0*252 933 80 0*257 947 75 0*263 959 70 0* 20490 06/27*249 917 60 0*252 933 65 0*257 947 65 0*263 959 65 0* ** ** ** ** 20495 06/28*270 972 65 1004*277 984 55 0*285 995 35 0*3001008 20 0* 20495 06/28*270 972 65 *277 984 45 0*285 995 35 0*2931003 30 0* **** ** ******* ** (The 29th is new to HURDAT.) 20497 06/29*3001008 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20500 HRATX1 Minor changes are made to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 21: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 11N, 80.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 22: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 11.5N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 11.8N, 81.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 23: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 14.0N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 14.5N, 83.7W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 24: Observations from HWM and COADS do not show a closed circulation, though data to the south of the possible center are sparse. If a center exists, it is likely near 16.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.8N, 85.4W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "On the morning of the 24th vessel reports indicated the presence of a disturbance in the extreme western Caribbean Sea" (MWR). June 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20.5N, 85.5W, HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 87.4W. Observations suggest that the center is likely between the HWM and HURDAT positions. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 25.5N, 90.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 24.0N, 89.2W. Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. "During the following 48 hours the disturbance moved north-northwest to about latitude 25, and longitude 89" (MWR). June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 24.5N, 96W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 94.7W. Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. June 28: Observations indicate a closed low over land near the Texas- Mexico border at 28.5N, 99.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 28.5N, 99.5W. Station highlight: 43 kt SE at 08 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at Brownsville (OMR). "It thence moved about northwest until the evening of the 27th when it was off the mouth of the Rio Grande with pressure at Brownsville, Tex., 29.62 inches. By morning of the 28th, it had passed inland over the Texas coast between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, a maximum wind velocity of 52 [50] miles from the southeast being reported on that morning at Corpus Christi. ... The storm apparently broke up over the upper Nueces watershed after giving copious rains in that section. The center of heaviest precipitation was at Montell, Uvalde County, where from 2.30 p. m. June 28 to 9 a. m. June 29 the fall amounted to 20.60 inches ... Uvalde, in the same county, and less than 30 miles southeast of Montell, reported a rainfall of 8.50 inches from 1 p. m. June 28 to 6 a. m. June 29. These rains caused considerable damage in that section, flooding the lowlands, washing away houses and stock, and interrupting traffic and communication by telegraph and telephone for several days. One person was drowned in the vicinity of Montell" (MWR). "June 27. Lower Texas Coast. Minor. Torrential rains" (Dunn and Miller). "Tide information - 1.4' Ft. Point, Galveston" (Connor). "1913 Jun TX, 1S [southern coast of Texas]" (Jarrell et al.). "Hurricane made landfall on Central Padre Island near Big Shell with 100 mph winds [~85 kt] ... Storm surge peaked at 12.7' in Galveston" (Ellis). [These storm surge and wind wind values are erroneous as can be shown from the Weather Bureau Galveston station Original Monthly Records: "27th - The tide was about 1.5 feet above normal most of the day...Maximum velocity 39 mph [34 kt]". This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). June 29: System appears to have dissipated over south central Texas from HWM observations by 12 UTC, but may still have been a tropical cyclone at 00 UTC. Genesis for this hurricane is begun a day earlier in the southwestern Caribbean on the 21st, based upon available observations. Minor alterations to the track are made on the 22nd to the 26th due to ship and coastal data. Track extended to 00 UTC on the 29th based upon observations indicating its existence through early on the 29th as well as for a more realistic translational velocity. Intensity reduced dramatically from the 22nd to the 25th as observations indicate that it did not reach hurricane intensity until reaching the Gulf of Mexico. No observations of hurricane force winds or equivalent in central pressure were ever measured for this system. (Highest observed winds were 43 kt and lowest observed pressure was 1003 mb.) However, due to landfall in a relatively sparsely monitored part of Texas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, it is quite possible that the system did obtain minimal hurricane force intensity and made landfall in Texas as a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane around 0100 UTC at 27.1N, 97.4W. (The 1004 mb pressure in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 28th is a peripheral pressure and is thus removed from HURDAT.) Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 44, 34, and 28 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC on the 28th. Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 43, 41, and 28 kt, respectively. These adjust to 37, 35 and 24 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Thus winds are reduced from 55 to 45 kt at 06 UTC, kept at 35 at 12 UTC, and increased from 20 to 30 kt at 18 UTC. Peak storm tide observed was 1.4' at Ft. Point, Galveston (Connor). 1913/01 - 2011 REVISION: 20655 06/21/1913 M= 9 1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20660 06/21* 0 0 0 0*110 800 30 0*110 805 30 0*111 806 30 0* 20665 06/22*112 807 30 0*113 808 30 0*115 810 40 0*121 813 45 0* 20670 06/23*127 816 45 0*134 820 45 0*140 825 45 0*146 830 40 0* 20675 06/24*152 835 35 0*158 840 35 0*165 845 40 0*175 850 45 0* 20680 06/25*185 855 50 0*195 860 50 0*205 865 50 0*214 871 40 0* 20685 06/26*223 878 40 0*232 885 45 0*240 892 50 0*245 902 55 0* 20690 06/27*249 917 60 0*252 933 65 0*257 947 65 0*263 959 65 0* 20695 06/28*270 972 65 0*277 984 45 0*285 995 35 0*2931003 30 0* 20700 06/29*3001008 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20705 HRATX1 U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/28/1913 0050Z 27.1N 97.4W 65kt 1 ---- (988mb) ATX1 1-6/28/1913 0050Z 27.1N 97.4W 65kt 1 ---- (986mb) ATX1 *** The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Texas as a 65 kt hurricane. This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 988 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 986 mb - for a 65 kt hurricane. This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing. This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. ***************************************************************************** 1913/02 - 2005 ADDITION: 20501 08/14/1913 M= 3 2 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20502 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*320 680 30 0*330 655 30 0* 20503 08/15*340 632 35 0*350 610 35 0*360 590 40 0*370 575 40 0* 20504 08/16*382 565 40 0*395 562 40 0E410 560 35 0E425 560 30 0* 20504 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. August 13: A stationary front is depicted in HWM as extending from near Bermuda to North Carolina, though the structure appears to be better described as a trough with little to no surface baroclinic structure. No closed circulation is evident, though there are winds up to 25 kt on the south side of the trough. August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 71W with a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending to the east of the center. However, COADS and HWM data indicate that likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was closer to 32N, 68W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61.5W with a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending to the east of the center. However, COADS and HWM data indicate that likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was closer to 36N, 59W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW at 33.3N, 55.3W at 12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt ENE at 39.3N, 58.0W (HWM). August 16: HWM indicates a stationary front extending from near Bermuda to north-northeastward to 39N, 60W, then extending east-northeastward to 43N, 45W. While it does appear at this time that modest frontal features has formed by this time, a closed circulation can be identified at 41N, 56W. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 40.7N, 58.2W (HWM). August 17: System has been completely absorbed into a frontal boundary and has lost its identity. This system formed as a tropical cyclone of tropical depression intensity on the 14th of August west of Bermuda. It intensified to a tropical storm on the 15th and reached a peak intensity of around 40 kt late on the 15th and early on the 16th. It transformed into an extratropical storm system on the 16th and had dissipated south of Newfoundland by the 17th. There is some uncertainty of the true character of this system, as on the 15th (the date of peak intensity) the storm's center is elongated SW-NE along HWM's (supposed) frontal boundary. Another interpretation of this system is that it could be described as a non-tropical gale with an ill-defined center. ******************************************************************************* 1913/03 - 2005 REVISION: 20545 09/03/1913 M=10 3 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20545 08/26/1913 M=18 3 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** *** (The 26th of August through the 2nd of September are new to HURDAT.) 20546 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 210 30 0*126 222 30 0* 20546 08/27*127 235 35 0*127 247 35 0*127 260 40 0*127 273 45 0* 20546 08/28*127 285 45 0*127 298 45 0*127 310 45 0*127 322 45 0* 20546 08/29*128 335 45 0*129 347 45 0*130 360 45 0*130 373 45 0* 20546 08/30*130 385 45 0*131 398 45 0*132 410 45 0*132 422 45 0* 20546 08/31*133 435 45 0*134 447 45 0*135 460 45 0*136 472 45 0* 20546 09/01*137 483 45 0*138 494 45 0*140 505 45 0*142 516 45 0* 20546 09/02*144 527 45 0*147 538 45 0*150 550 45 0*155 562 45 0* 20550 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 596 35 0*177 602 35 0* 20550 09/03*160 574 45 0*165 584 45 0*170 596 45 0*177 602 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 20555 09/04*184 607 35 0*191 611 40 0*198 614 40 0*204 616 45 0* 20555 09/04*184 607 45 0*191 611 45 0*198 614 45 0*206 616 45 0* ** ** ** *** 20560 09/05*210 618 45 0*216 619 50 0*223 623 50 0*233 624 55 0* 20560 09/05*214 618 45 0*222 619 45 0*230 623 45 0*239 624 45 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20565 09/06*246 627 60 0*259 627 60 0*271 621 60 0*282 605 70 0* 20565 09/06*249 627 45 0*260 627 45 0*271 621 50 0*282 605 50 0* *** ** *** ** ** ** 20570 09/07*292 585 70 0*300 562 75 0*306 540 75 0*308 518 80 0* 20570 09/07*292 585 50 0*300 562 50 0*306 540 55 0*308 518 55 0* ** ** ** ** 20575 09/08*310 496 80 0*313 474 85 0*321 456 85 0*324 454 85 0* 20575 09/08*310 496 55 0*310 474 60 0*311 460 60 0*315 454 60 0* ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 20580 09/09*329 453 85 0*334 454 85 0*339 459 85 0*344 464 85 0* 20580 09/09*323 453 60 0*331 454 60 0*339 459 60 0*344 464 60 0* *** ** *** ** ** ** 20585 09/10*349 469 85 0*353 475 80 0*358 482 75 0*362 490 70 0* 20585 09/10*349 469 60 0*353 475 60 0*358 482 60 0*364 488 55 0* ** ** ** *** *** ** 20590 09/11*365 499 70 0*368 509 70 0*370 520 70 0*371 531 65 0* 20590 09/11*371 493 55 0*378 498 55 0*385 500 55 0*394 500 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20595 09/12*371 544 60 0*369 557 45 0*360 570 35 0*350 568 30 0* 20595 09/12*404 500 45 0*416 500 40 0E430 500 35 0E445 500 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **** *** 20600 HR 20600 TS ** Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_. August 26: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 12.5N, 21W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 12.7N, 26W. Ship highlight: 35 kt E at 13.5N, 26.5W at 12 UTC (COA). August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 31W. HWM and COADS observations analyze the system farther south. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 29: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low, but data are sparse on the west and south sides. A low center was analyzed at 13N, 36W based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 30: Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near 13N, 41W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. August 31: Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near 13.5N, 46W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 14.6N, 47.0W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 1: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low, but data are sparse on all sides. A low center was analyzed at 14N, 50.5W based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 2: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low, but data are sparse on all sides. A low center was analyzed at 15N, 55W based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 17N, 59.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 59.6W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.8N, 61.4W. HWM and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 22.5N, 62W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 22.3N, 62.3W. Available observations indicate a center north of HURDAT and HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 27.1, 62.1W. HWM and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 30.5N, 54W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.6N, 54.0W. Ship highlight: 20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 55.7W (HWM). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 45.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 45.6W. HWM and COADS ship observations indicate a moderate cold front passing to the north of the storm and that the storm is somewhat south and west of the HWM and HURDAT positions. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 30.3N, 44.4W (HWM). September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 34N, 45.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 45.9W. Ship highlight: 35 kt N at 12 UTC at 34.5N, 47.2W (HWM). September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 36N, 48W. A non-tropical low system is approaching the tropical cyclone from the west. HURDAT listed the tropical cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 35.8N, 48.2W. Ship highlight: Several ships with 35 kt (HWM and COA). September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 37.5N, 58.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 52.0W. The low shown by HWM appears to be an unrelated non-tropical low. Available observations suggest that the tropical cyclone is closer to, but to the north and east of, the HURDAT position. Ship highlight: 45 kt SW at 12 UTC at 37.9N, 48.1W (COA). September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 57W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 57.0W. However, available observations and continuity suggest that the system near 36N, 57W is not the tropical cyclone, but is instead the unrelated non-tropical low seen on the 11th. The tropical cyclone was identified farther northeast near 43N, 50W and was weakening in increasingly baroclinic surroundings. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. This tropical cyclone is begun eight days earlier than the original HURDAT as ship observations indicate it formed off of Africa on the 26th and became a tropical storm on the next day. Small alterations are made on the track of this system on the 3rd through the 10th (excluding the 7th when no location changes were made). A large track change was made for the 11th and 12th as ship observations from HWM and COADS indicate that the system continued to move to the north rather than turning abruptly back to the west and south. The turn to the west and south in HURDAT originally was due to confusing the tropical cyclone with a non-tropical low that moved toward the existing system from the west. Extensive ship data shows that the tropical cyclone reached only tropical storm intensity (peak of at most 60 kt on the 8th through the 10th). Intensities reduced substantially in HURDAT from the 6th to the 11th and the system has been downgraded from a peak of a Category 2 hurricane to a tropical storm/ borderline hurricane. ***************************************************************************** 1913/04 - 2005 REVISION: 20505 08/30/1913 M= 6 2 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20505 08/30/1913 M= 6 4 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 20510 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*300 700 40 0*303 702 45 0* 20510 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 725 40 0*295 726 40 0* *** *** *** *** ** 20515 08/31*306 704 50 0*308 707 60 0*313 713 65 0*314 716 70 0* 20515 08/31*302 727 45 0*308 728 45 0*313 730 50 0*317 732 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20520 09/01*316 720 75 0*319 725 80 0*324 730 80 0*326 735 80 0* 20520 09/01*320 734 55 0*322 737 60 0*324 740 65 0*326 742 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20525 09/02*331 740 75 0*336 745 70 0*340 750 70 0*343 754 70 0* 20525 09/02*329 743 75 0*332 745 75 0*335 748 75 0*339 752 75 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20530 09/03*346 758 70 0*348 761 70 0*349 767 60 0*350 773 50 0* 20530 09/03*343 757 75 0*346 763 75 976*349 772 55 0*352 784 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20535 09/04*351 787 35 0*352 805 25 0*350 825 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 20535 09/04*351 798 30 0*350 815 25 0*345 835 20 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** 20540 HR NC1 Minor changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 29: HWM and COADS ship data do not indicate a closed circulation between the Bahamas and Bermuda, though several ships are reporting winds up to 20 kt. "On August 29 there was a slight pressure fall over the Windward Islands to the southeastward and the fall probably drifted normally to the northwestward without attaining true cyclonic development until assisted by the heat and moisture of the Gulf Stream during the night of August 31 - September 1" (Monthly Weather Review). August 30: Observations from HWM indicate a closed circulation exists near 28.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 30.0N, 70.0W. There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent in pressure). August 31: HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front off of the U.S. Atlantic coast, though available observations do not support any significant frontal boundary. Available HWM and COADS observations indicate a closed low near 31.5N, 73.0W. HURDAT lists this a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.3N, 71.3W. There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent in pressure). September 1: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 73W with a warm frontal boundary extending from the system off to the northeast, though available observations do not indicate a significant frontal feature. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 73.0W. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 32.4N, 74.3W and 1011 mb (a.m). Observations from HWM and COADS and the MWR location suggest a center farther west of that in HURDAT. There were no reports of gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure). "The morning weather map of September 1, 1913, revealed the presence of a disturbance, apparently of very moderate force, central in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles southeast of the coast of North Carolina in which the lowest pressure was about 29.9 inches" (Monthly Weather Review). September 2: HWM depicts a closed low of a most 1010 mb at 34N, 74.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.0N, 75.0W. Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center farther south than both the HWM and HURDAT and between the longitudes given in HWM and HURDAT. Ship highlight: 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 74.3W (COA). September 3: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb just inland in North Carolina at 35N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 34.9N, 76.7W at 12 UTC. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.8N, 77.5W with 1007 mb (a.m.) and 35.5N, 79.5W and 1007 mb (p.m). Available observations suggests that the HURDAT and HWM centers may be more accurate than MWR. Ship highlight: 50 kt from three ship reports at 01, 05, and 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 64 kt SE at 11 UTC and 1003 mb at 09 UTC at Cape Hatteras (DLR). "At 8:30 p.m. [September 2nd] the pressure was 29.98 inches, having fallen only .06 of an inch, but from 8:30 p.m. there was a rapid decrease to 29.54 inches at 4:45 a.m. on the 3rd; at 5 a.m. the pressure began to rise rapidly and at 5:31 a.m. the 5 minute maximum velocity for the storm was recorded and showed a velocity of 74 miles per hour from the southeast, with one mile at the rate of 92 miles per hour fifteen minutes later. The wind reached its maximum velocity by a steady hourly increase, though the wind came in severe flaws lasting from 10 to 20 seconds and seeming reaching a velocity of 100 miles per hour, then dropping to 50 miles per hour for a few seconds" (Original Monthly Record, Hatteras, N.C.). "A severe coast storm passed inland and near the station on the 3d. The barometer began to fall about midnight, and continued falling slowly until 8:00 a.m. (reading 29.86) when there was decided drop. The pressure continued to fall rapidly until 2:00 p.m., when the lowest reading occurred. (The corrected barograph reading was 29.37). The wind shifted from northeast to east at 2.10 p.m., and to southeast at 2:20 p.m., with the pressure rising as rapidly as it fell. The storm was attend by excessive rainfall and high winds which lasted about ten hours. During this period the wind blew, first from the northeast then from the southeast at the rate of from 30 to 37 miles per hour. Considerable damage resulted therefrom, especially to the telegraph and the telephone" (Original Monthly Record, Raleigh, N.C.). "Another noteworthy feature was the small storm that entered North Carolina between Wilmington and Hatteras from the Atlantic Ocean on September 3, which instead or recurving northeastward, drifted slowly westward, passing south of Raleigh, where the pressure fell to 29.37 inches ... The center of the disturbance moved inland between Hatteras and Beaufort, N. C., took a westerly course, and passed south of Raleigh about 2 p.m. on the third. The barograph trace at this station is of interest in showing the rapidity of the fall and rise of pressure, although the lowest pressure reached was only 29.37 inches at 2.10 ;.m. of that date ... Great damage to property and crops resulted over the eastern portion of the State, especially in the Pamlico Sound section, owing to the high waves from the Sound. The highest wind velocity registered was 74 miles from the southeast at Hatteras. At Raleigh the maximum velocity was 37 miles from the northeast, at Wilmington 30 miles from the west, while at Charlotte there was no wind of any consequence. The greatest loss of property occurred in the vicinity of Washington and Newbern, where the water driven by northeast to southeast gales is reported to have risen 10 feet above previous high-water marks. The bridge of the Norfolk & Southern Railroad at Washington, a mile in length, was washed away, and also a similar bridge at Newbern, and many other small bridges and trestles. The loss by inundation of the lower streets, also to small boats and fishing craft, was very heavy. Telegraph and telephone lines were prostrated or damaged over a wide area ... In the vicinity of Norfolk, Va., the damage by wind was not great. In the open country telegraph and telephone poles and trees were blown down, and at Ocean View, Newport News, and Old Point, Va., a number of small houses were unroofed. There were no marine disasters in Hampton Roads." (Monthly Weather Review). "Five lives were lost an property damage was estimated at four or five million dollars" (Tannehill). "Sept. 3, N.C. Minimal Intensity, 5 killed" (Dunn and Miller). "Sep. 3, 1913, 34.8N, 76.4W landfall position, central pressure estimate 976 mb, radius of maximum wind 38 nmi (Ho et al.). Maximum 1 min, surface wind estimate at the coast 84 kt, 1016 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.). "1913, Sep. NC 1, MSLP - missing" (Jarrell et al.) September 4: No closed low is analyzed in HWM, but available station observations suggest a closed center can be found near 34.5N, 83.5W over northeast Georgia. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 35.0N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.7N, 83.0W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 33.5N, 88.5W with 1010 mb pressure (p.m.). There were no winds gale force (or equivalent in pressure) observed. "[The storm was] degenerating into a general rain area over western North Carolina and Virginia on the 4th ... After leaving the coast section the storm diminished rapidly in intensity and finally spent its force before reaching the mountain region" (Monthly Weather Review). September 5 and 6: MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.0N, 90.5W with 1012 mb pressure (5th a.m.), 33.0N, 94.5W with 1009 mb pressure (5th p.m.), 32.5N, 93.0W with 1011 mb pressure (6th a.m.), 32.0N, 91.5W with 1009 mb pressure (6th p.m.). However, available station data indicate that the system dissipated over land by late on the 4th. Small changes to the track of this hurricane are made for the lifetime of the system, with the largest alterations made on the 30th and 31st. The intensity is reduced moderately from the 30th until the 1st based upon available HWM and COADS ship observations. Highest observed winds for this hurricane were 64 kt at Cape Hatteras at 11 UTC on the 3rd, which converts to 53 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Lowest observed pressure was 995 mb from Raleigh (well-inland) at 18 UTC on the 3rd, though this reading was likely somewhat north of the eye as the storm moved along toward the west. Estimated central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) of 976 mb was derived from this Raleigh pressure, assuming an inland decay function of pressure after landfall. Utilizing this 976 mb as a landfall central pressure (which looks reasonable), one would get 80 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship (the border between the two at 35N). Ho et al. also analyzed a radius of maximum wind that was 38 nmi, which is somewhat larger than the 28 nmi on average from climatology at that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at landfall are assessed at 75 kt, which is consistent with the original assessment of Category 1 in Neumann et al. and Jarrell et al. and is just slightly higher than the 70 kt originally entered in HURDAT. (It is lower than the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al., but this seems somewhat too high given the larger RMW than usual.) Winds are adjusted upward accordingly on the 2nd and 3rd. Landfall is analyzed to be at 34.7N, 76.5W, just south and west of Ho et al.'s position around 07 UTC. Maximum observed winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times after landfall at 12 and 18 UTC on the 3rd and 00 UTC on the 4th are: 64, 40, and 29 kt. These convert to 52, 34 and 25 kt, respectively, after adjusting for the high bias and measurement interval. A run of the inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) suggests winds at the same times of 56, 41, 32 kt. Given the somewhat sparse data coverage after landfall, the higher values from the inland decay model appear to be more realistic. Winds in HURDAT reduced from 60 to 55 kt at 12 UTC, reduced from 50 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, and reduced from 35 to 30 kt at 00 UTC. ******************************************************************************* 1913/05 - 2005 REVISION: 20605 10/06/1913 M= 6 4 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20605 10/02/1913 M=10 5 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * *** * (The 2nd to the 5th are new to HURDAT.) 20606 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E410 710 50 0E405 705 50 0* 20607 10/03E400 700 50 0E395 695 50 0E390 690 50 0E387 682 55 0* 20608 10/04E384 672 55 0E382 665 55 0E380 660 55 0E378 659 55 0* 20609 10/05E376 661 55 0E373 665 55 0E370 670 55 0E365 676 55 0* 20610 10/06* 0 0 0 0*347 708 50 0*340 718 50 0*335 726 50 0* 20610 10/06*360 684 50 0*355 694 50 0*350 705 50 0*343 717 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20615 10/07*331 734 50 0*328 742 50 0*326 750 50 0*326 760 50 0* 20615 10/07*336 728 50 0*330 739 50 0*326 750 55 0*326 760 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** ** 20620 10/08*326 771 50 0*326 782 45 0*328 791 45 0*330 798 45 0* 20620 10/08*326 771 60 0*328 782 65 0*330 791 65 0*332 798 45 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** 20625 10/09*332 802 40 0*335 804 35 0*337 804 35 0*340 803 35 0* 20625 10/09*334 802 40 0*336 804 35 0*338 804 35 0*340 803 35 0* *** *** *** 20630 10/10*343 801 35 0*345 799 35 0*348 796 30 0*349 792 30 0* 20630 10/10*343 801 35 0*344 799 35 0*345 796 30 0*345 792 30 0* *** *** *** 20635 10/11*349 788 25 0*350 784 20 0*351 779 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 20635 10/11E345 788 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20640 TS 20640 HR SC1 ** *** Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #4. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_ and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina. October 2: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 1000 mb pressure located at about 41N, 71W, just offshore New England, with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending to the southeast. Peak ship observations: 45 kt S at 41.1N, 65.0W at 12 UTC (COA) and 993 mb at 40.5N, 73.5W at 21 UTC (COA). October 3: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 995 mb pressure located near 39N, 69W with a cold front extending to the southwest with a warm front extending to the northeast. (A secondary frontal system east of the existing cold front appears somewhat suspicious.) Peak ship observations: 45 kt W at 36.5N, 70.5W at 13 UTC (COA) and 45 kt WSW at 36.5N, 71.5W at 17 UTC (COA) and 992 mb (three ship reports - COA). October 4: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 1000 mb pressure located near 38W, 66W with a cold front extending to the south and a warm front to the east. Peak ship observations: 50 kt N at 36.5N, 72.5W at 01 UTC (COA) and 50 kt N at 36.5N, 73.5W at 05 UTC (COA) and 991 mb at 38.1N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (COA). October 5: HWM indicates an occluding extratropical storm system of at most 1005 mb pressure near 37N, 67W with a dissipating front boundary extending to the east of the center. Peak ship observations: 50 kt ENE at 38.7N, 68.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 1002 mb at 39.4N, 60.1W at 12 UTC (COA). October 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure near 35N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34.0N, 71.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at 33.5N, 72.3W with 1011 mb (a.m.) and 32.7N, 75.0W with 1009 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest the HWM position is more accurate than HURDAT and MWR locations. The HWM analysis of no frontal features at this time does appear realistic. Peak ship observation: 50 kt N 37.5N, 71.5W at 05 UTC (COA). October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 34N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.6N, 75.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at 33.0N, 76.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 31.8N, 77.5W with 997 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most reasonable. Peak ship observations: 45 kt NW and 1002 mb at 32.2N, 78.3W at 21 UTC (COA) and 30 kt NW and 998 mb at 30.7N, 76.0W (COA). October 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure near 32.5N, 79W, almost at landfall in South Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 79.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at 31.5N, 79.5W and 1005 mb (a.m.) and 32.8N, 80.5W and 1003 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most reasonable. Peak ship observations: 60 kt W and 992 mb at 32.7N, 79.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Peak land station observations: 32 kt at 1430 UTC and 1002 mb at 19 UTC at Charleston (OMR). "The following details, though obtainable from the records, are summarized here for convenience: North and northwest winds prevailed on the 7th and continued on the 8th, being more steadily from the northwest after 4 a.m. on the 8th, shifting to west at Noon, to southwest at 3:30 p.m. and to south at 11 p.m. The highest velocity in connection with this disturbance was 37 miles from the northwest at 9:30 a.m. on the 8th and velocities were greatest from 8 a.m. to Noon on the 8th, diminishing during the afternoon but rising to higher velocity towards Midnight, reaching a velocity of 34 miles from the south at 12:05 a.m., on the 9th and diminishing slowly thereafter. Changes in pressure were gradual, the lowest, 29.58 inches, reduced to sea level, occurring at 2 p.m., but if the usual diurnal oscillation be eliminated the record would show that the pressure remained stationary at the lowest from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., after which it rose very gradually..." (Original Monthly Record, Charleston). "The first marked barometric depression of October was that which entered the district from the Atlantic Ocean near Charleston on the 8th, the pressure at that point falling to 29.58 inches. This was a small disturbance rapidly diminishing in force, but it was accompanied by heavy rains over southeastern North Carolina and the adjacent portions of South Carolina ... There were practically no damage either at Georgetown or Charleston, or, so far as reports indicate, at any point" (Monthly Weather Review). "Sat., Oct. 11, 1913, p. 1 No Serious Damage. A storm of wind and rain struck Georgetown early Wednesday morning, and for a short time the city was in the midst of what promised to be a very serious and disastrous storm, but fortunately for the city no great amount of damage was done. The greatest sufferers from the blow were the Georgetown Railway and Light Company and the Home Telephone Company. Wires and poles were prostrated all over the city. All connection with the outside world being cut off for a short time, but the managers of both of these concerns bestirred themselves and it was not long before they had adjusted matters. Other than a few fences and limbs of trees being blown down there was no damage worth mentioning. It is reported that much damage has been done to the cotton crop in various sections of the county, but we have not been able to get any reliable information on the subject" (Georgetown Times). "Wed., Oct. 15, 1913, p. 1 CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE To Crops Occasioned by the Wind and rain of Last Week. Reports are beginning to come in from all sections of the county respecting the high winds and heavy rains of last week. The disturbance seems to have covered the entire county. While there was no loss of life and no especial spot of damage by reason of the storm, nevertheless the loss to farmers will probably aggregate about $75,000. One of the heaviest individual losers, so far as the information goes, was Mr. Joseph H, Johnson. Mr. Johnson estimates that his cotton output will be diminished by at least twelve bales. A great deal of hay had been cut just previous to the breaking of the storm. A considerable portion of this was saved, but several hundred tons of it was spoiled - a total loss. Corn, too, suffered, but not so much as would have been the case had the storm occurred a week earlier. All things considered, the farmers of the county are not feeling in the least blue. They made fine crops, and feel grateful that so large a proportion of them was saved. Strawberries, beans and tobacco are always harvested and out of the way before the coming of the September and October gales" (Georgetown Times). October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 33N, 80.5W, inland over South Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.7N, 80.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows does not show a low for this day. Available observations suggest that HURDAT is more reasonable in location. Peak ship observation: 35 kt SE at 33.1N, 77.6W at 12 UTC (COA). No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed over land. October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb pressure near 33.5N, 79W, at the South Carolina coastline. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34.8N, 79.6W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at 34.0N, 79.5W (p.m.) and 1014 pressure, but no center in the morning. The HURDAT position appears to be reasonable. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 11: HWM shows a strong cold front has swept through the region, leaving no identifiable closed low. Gale force winds were observed in Cape Henry and in ships along the upper Atlantic coast, but these were northerly winds occurring after the frontal passage. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at 35.5N, 78.2W with 1014 mb (11th a.m.), 36.8N, 76.5W with 1013 mb (11th p.m.), 37.8N, 71.5W with 1011 mb (12th a.m.), 43.0N, 65.0W with 1011 mb (12th p.m.). (The MWR apparently latched onto a separate frontal wave, which does not appear to directly linked to tropical system.) The origins of this tropical storm have been extended back four days in time to the 2nd, beginning as an extratropical storm system off of New England. As the system drifted south (first southeast, then southwest), it gradually occluded and developed tropical characteristics. By 00 UTC on the 6th, it is estimated that it transitioned to a tropical storm. Minor track changes are made from the 6th to the 11th to better match available observations. The 06 and 12 UTC portions of the 11th were removed from HURDAT, as the system was absorbed by a vigorous front early on the 11th. A 998 mb peripheral pressure on the 7th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt utilized. On the 8th, just before landfall in South Carolina, a ship reported a 60 kt WSW wind and a 992 mb pressure. This peripheral pressure supports winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Because of these observations along with the moderate damage impacts described in the newspaper articles provided by Prof. Cary Mock, it is analyzed that this system strengthened to a minimal (Category 1) hurricane at landfall in South Carolina. Thus the intensity is boosted from 45 kt up to 65 kt at landfall in South Carolina around 15 UTC on the 8th. ***************************************************************************** 1913/06 - 2005 REVISION: 20641 10/28/1913 M= 3 6 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 20642 10/28*180 865 35 0*190 863 40 0*200 860 45 0*210 855 55 0* 20643 10/29*215 851 65 0*218 848 65 0*220 844 55 0*222 840 40 1003* 20644 10/30*225 833 35 0E228 823 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20644 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999), but it was depicted in Tannehill (1938). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and and station observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. October 27: HWM and COADS observations indicate no closed low existed at this point, but did suggest an open trough along 85W with a cold front moving across the central Gulf of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 28: HWM and COADS observations indicate that a closed low existed near 20N, 86W. A weakening frontal boundary was becoming stationary in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Ship highlight: 35 kt NW and 1015 mb at 17.5N, 86.7W at 11 UTC (COA). October 29: HWM, COADS and Cuba observations indicate that a closed low was near 22N, 84.5N over westernmost Cuba. A dissipating stationary front was over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, while a second surge of cold air was present over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Station highlights: 992 mb and E-NW winds at the Cape of San Antonio at 0330 UTC (Cuba); 1003 mb and SE-calm-NW winds at Remates (Guane) at 18 UTC (Cuba). "By the date of the 29th [of October] the system had become a true cyclone of moderate intensity according to the observation from the Cape of San Antonio, where the barometer reached a low of 744.22 mm [992 mb] on the night of the 28th, along with strong rain and wind of 80 mph, rolling from east to northwest. It is not known if the rotation [of the wind] passed by the south or north. In Remates [Guane] the minimum barometer was 752.60 mm [1003 mb] at 2 pm. on the 29th, and the wind in that morning rolled from the southeast to south, then went calm at 2 pm, then the wind came from the northwest at 3pm" (Resena Meteorologica). October 30: The secondary cold front is analyzed in HWM to go through the Straits of Florida over to the Yucatan of Mexico. However, additional COADS observations indicate that the front actually extended across central Cuba down toward the Gulf of Honduras. The tropical cyclone has likely been absorbed by the frontal boundary just north and east of Cuba. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed in connection with the tropical cyclone. This system is analyzed to have undergone genesis early on the 28th of October in the Gulf of Honduras. A 992 mb peripheral pressure early on the 29th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship and at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Thus 65 kt (and therefore a minimal hurricane) is chosen for 00 UTC on the 29th, which is also its peak intensity as it made landfall into westernmost Cuba. The "80 mph" value from the observer in Cape San Antonio while being a visual estimate and thus subject to considerable uncertainty, also supports hurricane intensity. A 1003 mb central pressure value at 18 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 41 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship and 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at this time. The weakening of the system during the 29th is consistent with decay expected over land, along with possibly enhanced shear experienced as a front was approaching the area. The system apparently was absorbed by the strong cold frontal boundary pushing through the region early on the 30th. The track derived is similar to that shown in Tannehill (1938). *************************************************************** 1913 - Additional Notes: 1) May 1-9: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed northeast of Bermuda near 35N, 60W on 5 May 1913 from an existing extratropical storm. The system slowly moved toward the southwest the next three days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone late on the 7th. Highest winds observed were a single report of 35 kt on the 5th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1003 mb on the 5th (COA). However, with only one observation of gale force winds and moderately low environmental pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this as a tropical storm. Therefore this system is considered a tropical depression (or possibly a subtropical depression) and will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 01 42N 58W Extratropical May 02 40N 60W Extratropical May 03 39N 55W Extratropical May 04 36N 57W Extratropical May 05 35N 60W Tropical Depression May 06 34N 63W Tropical Depression May 07 36N 60W Tropical Depression (being absorbed) May 08 39N 60W Dissipating May 09 --- --- Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary 2) June 13-17: A closed circulation was apparent in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche, possibly formed at the end of an old front that dissipated a few days earlier. It drifted to the north and west and made landfall late on the 16th in southern Texas and dissipated on the 17th overland. It was likely to have been a tropical depression. No gale force winds were reported with this system. One ship reported 1001, 1001, and 1002 mb on the 13th, 14th, and 15th - not consistent with the other ships or wind reports. The pressure readings on the ship are likely to be about 10 mb too low. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun. 13 21N 94W Tropical Depression Jun. 14 24N 93W Tropical Depression Jun. 15 25N 95W Tropical Depression Jun. 16 26N 97W Tropical Depression Jun. 17 27N 99W Tropical Depression Dissipating 3) July 20-24: A closed circulation near the Azores was apparent. Pressures were 5-10 mb lower than in the surrounding high-pressure region. It was apparently a tropical depression or a non-tropical low center. However, no gales or sufficiently low pressures were found to characterize it as a tropical storm. The low was absorbed into a frontal band on the 24th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul. 20 37N 25W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low Jul. 21 37N 23W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low Jul. 22 38N 22W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low Jul. 23 38N 22W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low Jul. 24 --- --- Absorbed by Front 3) August 3-7: A low, an apparent tropical depression, formed from an old frontal band late on the 3rd of August in the Gulf of Mexico south of Tallahassee. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, it appeared to be a closed circulation of tropical nature that was drifting southwestward toward Mexico. It dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico late on the 7th. No gales or sufficiently low pressures were found, however, to classify it as more than a tropical depression. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 3 --- --- Open Wave Aug. 4 28N 86W Tropical Depression Aug. 5 27N 88W Tropical Depression Aug. 6 26N 90W Tropical Depression Aug. 7 28N 89W Tropical Depression Dissipating 4) Sept 12-15: A system was mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review near the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 12-15 of September, 1913. Storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau. A review of the Historical Weather Maps for these dates shows a vigorous cold front pushing through Texas on the 12th and 13th, cyclogenesis forming along the front late on the 13th and 14th off of Texas, then the low moving northward through Texas and Louisiana on the 15th. The system clearly was of extratropical nature throughout its lifetime. 5) Sept 24-28: A stationary system is mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review off of the Texas coast. Storm warnings were also issued for this system by the Weather Bureau. A review of the Historical Weather Maps for this system reveals a strong cold front moving through Texas on the 24th and 25th, cyclogenesis just off the Texas coast late on the 25th and 26th along the front, and the low weakening into an open trough on the 27th and 28th near the Louisiana/Texas border. While the HWM does analyze a small closed low ahead of the cold front on the morning of the 25th, available observations do not confirm that the system had a closed circulation - though it may have been a tropical depression briefly before the front arrived. Thus despite the heavy rains that accompanied the front/low (over 8" in Brownsville), the system was baroclinic for the duration that it retained a closed circulation. ***************************************************************************** 1914/01 - REVISION: 20465 09/14/1914 M= 6 1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20465 09/15/1914 M= 5 1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** (The 14th removed from HURDAT.) 20470 09/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 735 35 0*239 736 35 0 20475 09/15*242 739 35 0*246 742 35 0*254 748 35 0*260 755 35 0 20475 09/15*252 764 30 0*259 767 35 0*265 770 40 0*270 773 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20480 09/16*269 763 40 0*278 772 40 0*291 782 45 0*295 793 45 0 20480 09/16*275 777 40 0*280 781 45 0*285 785 50 0*291 792 55 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20485 09/17*304 804 40 0*310 816 40 0*315 831 35 0*315 843 35 0 20485 09/17*298 801 60 0*305 812 60 0*310 825 40 0*312 839 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 20490 09/18*311 859 35 0*305 874 35 0*302 888 35 0*301 900 35 0 20490 09/18*311 854 35 0*305 870 35 0*302 888 35 0*301 906 30 0 *** *** *** ** 20495 09/19*300 912 35 0*300 922 35 0*300 931 30 0* 0 0 0 0 20495 09/19*300 922 30 0*300 937 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20500 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. September 13: HWM and COADS observations indicate the presence of an open wave near longitude 73W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: HWM indicates a dissipating cold front extending from the Florida Straits off to the east-northeast. A closed low apparently does not exist in the region, though a trough axis could be analyzed near 76W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 23.8N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 15: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 27N, 74.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 25.4N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 24N, 75.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26.3N, 77W with 1012 mb (p.m.). Available observations and continuity indicate that the center was likely just south of the HWM position, but west of all estimates. Ship highlights: three ships with 35 kt at 12 UTC (HWM and COA). September 16: HWM indicates a low of at most 995 mb located at 28.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 29.1N, 78.2W. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 28.0N, 78.0W with 1010 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 79.8W with 1008 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggests that the HWM position is more accurate. Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 32.7N, 77.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 34 kt NE at Charleston at 17 UTC (OMR). "The storm on the morning of the 16th was off the eastern coast of Florida and on the evening of that date off the southern Georgia coast" (Monthly Weather Review). September 17: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb inland over Georgia at 31.5N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 31.5N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 31.7N, 82.2W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and at 30.7N, 85.7W with 1008 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center was farther south than these estimates and was between the HWM and MWR longitude positions. Ship highlight: 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 32.5N, 78.5W at 05 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 40 kt E Charleston at 07 UTC (OMR). "Instead of passing northward up the coast, as is customary with disturbances of this character, it advanced westward over southern Georgia and continued its progress westward to the Texas coast, where it disintegrated. This disturbance caused winds of gale force along the south Atlantic coast, and vessel reports indicate that it was even more severe off the Georgia coast. After reaching the land the storm decreased in intensity and caused general rains in the south Atlantic and Gulf States" (Monthly Weather Review). The _New York Times_ reported in the "Weather" section on Sept. 18th "The southern storm passed inland during Wednesday [16th] night and Thursday [17th] night its center was over Alabama. This disturbance has diminished greatly in intensity but during the last twenty-four hours it caused general showers in the South Atlantic and East Gulf States, and during Wednesday night it caused strong shifting winds on the South Atlantic Coast". The _Miami Herald_ reported also on the 18th: "The northeast of Wednesday [16th] raised some water around St. Augustine, causing the tide to come in so high that it ran over the South Street Causeway, and tons of dead grass were washed away from the marshes about the city. No damage was done as the boatmen had plenty of warning of the blow." September 18: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb over just offshore at 29N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 30.3N, 89.0W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and 30.5N, 91.0W with 1010 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT and MWR locations are more reasonable. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 19: HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW in Texas and Louisiana. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 30.0N, 93.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates a center near 30.2N, 93.2W with 1011 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the HWM is correct that the tropical system had dissipated by 12 UTC on this date. Genesis for this system was begun a day later on the 15th at 00 UTC as a tropical depression, as observations indicate that it was an open wave on the 14th. The track had minor alterations for the duration of the tropical storm's lifetime. The winds were increased on the 16th and 17th due to a 60 kt ship report near the coast as the tropical storm was making landfall. This wind was chosen as the peak intensity for the system as well as its landfall intensity. This boost is consistent with modest storm surge observed along the coastline. (Wind observations on the coast reached only 40 kt, but the tropical storm made landfall in a sparsely monitored region between the Jacksonville and Savannah stations.) Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 07 UTC on the 17th near 30.6N, 81.4W. Dissipation likely occurred earlier than that indicated in HURDAT as seen from HWM and COADS observations on the 19th. ***************************************************************************** 1914 - Additional Notes: 1) A cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico in late September and early October was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. On the 28th of September, brisk east to northeast to north winds covered the Gulf of Mexico after an early, vigorous cold front passed through the region. On the 29th, a possible low center was forming along this pre-existing frontal boundary in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The pressure gradient was enhanced and 42 kt from the east were observed in Mobile. On the 30th, the low was in the northeastern Gulf just south of Pensacola and though high winds were reported (peak of 42 kt from the east in Pensacola), the system continued to be baroclinic in structure with a cold front off to the southwest and a warm front off to the southeast. On October 1st, the system went inland and weakened over southern Alabama and Mississippi. The remnants of the system continued to cause rains in the along the Gulf coastal states on the 2nd. While the storm clearly had gale force winds associated with it, the system also apparently retained its baroclinic character throughout its lifetime. Thus this extratropical storm is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 29 26N 92W Extratropical Sep. 30 29N 88W Extratropical Oct. 1 31N 91W Extratropical Oct. 2 --- --- Extratropical Dissipating 2) Both Tannehill (1938) and Connor (1956) listed a second tropical system occurring in late October in their compilations of the season. early October. This was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. On the 24th, low pressure was present throughout the western Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean Sea. A possible low center was forming in the extreme northwestern Gulf of Mexico with an attached cold front extending to the south. On the 25th, this low had consolidated somewhat and was moving toward the east across the central Gulf of Mexico as a well- defined extratropical storm with gale force winds on the northern half of the system. At the same time, HWM and COADS ship observations suggest that a separate low pressure center - perhaps a tropical depression - had formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Lowest pressure with this possible tropical low were down to 1004 mb, but peak winds associated with it were only 20 kt due to the overall weak pressure gradient present. On the 26th, the extratropical low continued moving toward the east and its associated cold front began moving across Florida and Cuba. It appears likely that the frontal boundary absorbed the possible tropical depression at this date. On the 27th, the extratropical storm center weakened to an open trough, even though strong northerly winds were observed along the Carolina coasts behind the associated cold front. There is no indication of a separate tropical cyclone being present on this date. Thus the main system 7apparently retained its extratropical character for its lifetime, but the secondary low on the 25th was likely a tropical depression. It is unlikely that this reached tropical storm strength and thus is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 24 27N 97W Extratropical Oct. 25 26N 91W Extratropical (and) 21N 86W Tropical Depression Oct. 26 27N 86W Extratropical (and) --- --- Tropical Depression Absorbed into Front Oct. 27 --- --- Extratropical Degenerated into open trough ******************************************************************************* 1915/01 - 2008 REVISION: 20685 07/31/1915 M= 6 1 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 20685 07/31/1915 M= 6 1 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 20690 07/31* 0 0 0 0*274 760 35 0*275 770 35 0*277 778 35 0* 20690 07/31* 0 0 0 0*274 765 35 0*275 775 40 0*277 784 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** 20695 08/01*279 786 35 0*281 793 35 0*284 799 40 0*287 805 40 0* 20695 08/01*279 792 55 0*281 798 60 0*284 803 65 0*287 808 65 990* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 20700 08/02*291 809 45 0*296 814 45 0*302 818 45 0*309 822 45 0* 20700 08/02*291 812 50 0*296 815 45 0*302 818 40 1003*309 821 40 0* *** ** *** ** **** *** ** 20705 08/03*318 824 40 0*329 823 40 0*340 816 30 0*354 802 30 0* 20705 08/03*318 823 40 0*329 821 40 0*340 816 35 0*354 810 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** 20710 08/04*370 787 30 0*387 772 25 0*401 758 25 0*409 745 20 0* 20710 08/04*370 795 40 0*387 777 40 0*401 758 45 0E409 743 50 0* *** ** *** ** ** * *** ** 20715 08/05*416 731 20 0*420 718 15 0*424 705 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 20715 08/05E416 731 45 0E420 718 35 0E424 705 30 0* 0 0 0 0* * ** * ** * ** 20720 TS 20720 HRDFL1 ****** Landfall: 8/01/1915 1800Z 28.7N 80.8W 65kt 15nmi 990mb 1015mb DFL1 Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. July 31: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 77.0W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther north and west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 1: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 29N, 81W. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 28.5N, 80.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 81.3W with 1006 mb (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 28.4N, 79.9W at 12 UTC. Observations suggest that HWM is most accurate estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt SE and 1001 mb from the ship Vann at 13 UTC at 28.5N 80W (MWR). "The disturbance that appeared over central Florida on the morning of the 1st developed considerably during the ensuing 24 hours" (MWR). "A storm of considerable energy, attended by torrential rains over portions of the Peninsula, approached the east coast of Florida between Titusville and Jupiter during the forenoon of August 1" (MWR). August 2: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 30N, 82.5W. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 31.2N, 81.8W with 1006 mb (a.m.) and at 32.2N, 81.8W with 1008 mb (p.m). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Observations suggest the center was just east of the HURDAT position. Station highlight: 47 kt S (time unknown) and 1005 mb minimum pressure at 0905 UTC at Jacksonville (MWR, OMR). "The winds through the Peninsula indicate a disturbance to the southeast of Cape Canaveral...The storm center was about 25 miles west of Jacksonville at 7 a. m. of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity at the latter place of 54 miles, and an average hourly movement of nearly 38 miles for the preceding 12 hours...The high winds were confined, as a rule, to the portion of the Peninsula east of the Suwanee River, while damaging rains extended over the triangular area from Pinellas County on the west coast to Jacksonville and Hypoluxo on the east coast, rainfall intensity being greatest apparently at St. Petersburg, where 15.45 inches fell in 24 hours. An electrical disturbance of great intensity was coincident with the heavy rains. The damage was chiefly to railway tracks, bridges, highways, and other such structures. Some buildings were blown down, but no one was reported to have been killed. Crops on lowlands suffered severely, and even those on high ground did not escape the consequence of heavy rains and a prolonged soggy condition of the soil. The area of greatest damage was over portions of Pinellas, Hillsboro, Manatee, De Soto, Polk, Palm Beach, St. Lucie, and Brevard counties. Summarized press reports show that the total damage was not less than $250,000" (MWR). August 3: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 34.5N, 81.5W with a very weak cold front approaching the system from the west. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 34.2N, 80.8W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 36.5N, 78.5W with 1005 mb (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 34.0N, 81.6W. Station highlight: 42 kt W at Raleigh (MWR). "During the next 24 hours [during the 3rd] moderate gales occurred along the South Atlantic coast and storm warnings were extended northward to Boston, the storm in the meantime having moved to southern Virginia with somewhat increase intensity" (MWR). August 4: HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead shows a cold frontal boundary extending north-south from Pennsylvania to east of the Carolinas and a second stationary front extending northwest to southeast from the Great Lakes to well east of the Carolinas. Evidence for the first front appears weak. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 41.5N, 78W with 1007 mb (a.m.) and at 42.2N, 73.2W with 1012 mb (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 40.1N, 75.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's location is most accurate and that the system was still a tropical cyclone. Station highlight: 55 kt SE at New York City (MWR). "Moderate to fresh gales occurred on the New Jersey and southern New England coast during the 4th" (MWR). August 5: HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead has a stationary front extending from the Great Lakes to off of New Jersey, a warm frontal boundary from there southeastward and a cold front extending to the south. Evidence for the cold front is weak. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 42N, 70W with 1013 mb (a.m.). HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 42.4N, 70.5W. Available observations suggest that a center was still present near the HURDAT location, but that it was being absorbed into the stationary and warm frontal boundaries. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "But by the morning of the 5th pressure was rising" (MWR). Small changes to the track were introduced from the 31st of July through the 4th of August based upon available observations. Winds are increased on the 31st through the 2nd based upon ship and land wind and pressure observations, as well as impact noted in Northeast Florida. Based upon the ship Vann and Titusville's observations and the MWR account, it is estimated that it made landfall around 18 UTC on the 1st. The peak observed 54 kt wind at Jacksonville converts to 40 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) The observations at Jacksonville of 1005 mb minimum pressure at 09 UTC on the 2nd and 1006 mb/35 kt SSE at 12 UTC, suggest a central pressure of around 1002 mb - about 18 hours after landfall. Utilizing the Ho et al. inland decay pressure model with an environmental pressure of 1015 mb gives a landfall central pressure of 995 mb using the "Florida hurricanes (south of 29N)" table and 975 mb using the "Atlantic hurricanes (north of Georgia-South Carolina state line)" table. Given that this system falls closer to the former rather than the latter, the central pressure at landfall is estimated to be 990 mb. 990 mb suggests winds of about 63 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone had a rather small radius of outer closed isobar (about 165 nmi), so one might infer a small RMW of about 15 nmi as well, which would be consistent with confined area of impacts from winds according to MWR. Climatology for this pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2001) is about 23 nmi. The smaller size is counteracted by the slow motion of the cyclone at landfall (6 kt), so 65 kt maximum sustained winds at landfall are utilized in the HURDAT revision. This upgrades the cyclone to a hurricane of Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Such a revision does appear to be consistent with the moderate wind caused impacts in Northeast Florida described in MWR. This is a major increase from the 40 kt near landfall originally indicated. Winds are increased after landfall on the 3rd through the 5th based upon numerous gale force wind reports along the coast and just inland. The highest of which - 55 kt at New York City on the 4th - converts to 46 kt true after adjustment. Apparently, this system began reintensification while the center was still over land (though close to the coast). Note that this agrees with the assessment in _Monthly Weather Review_ of the time. It is likely, however, that the cyclone was not independent of the baroclinic system and may have been intensifying as somewhat of a hybrid cyclone. An extratropical stage is indicated late on the 4th as observations suggest that it became absorbed within a frontal boundary, rather than dissipating as a tropical cyclone. ***************************************************************************** 1915/02 - 2008 REVISION: 20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 *** 20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 252 35 0*152 261 35 0* 20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 260 30 0*140 278 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 20735 08/06*152 272 35 0*152 286 35 0*153 304 35 0*154 323 35 0* 20735 08/06*141 296 35 0*141 313 35 0*142 330 35 0*142 345 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20740 08/07*155 348 35 0*157 371 35 0*158 390 40 0*159 405 45 0* 20740 08/07*143 360 35 0*144 375 35 0*145 390 40 0*146 405 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 20745 08/08*161 420 45 0*162 435 50 0*163 450 55 0*164 465 60 0* 20745 08/08*146 420 45 0*147 435 50 0*148 450 55 0*148 468 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** 20750 08/09*165 480 65 0*166 495 70 0*165 510 70 0*167 529 70 0* 20750 08/09*149 487 65 0*150 506 70 0*151 525 70 0*153 542 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20755 08/10*167 552 75 0*166 577 75 0*165 597 75 0*165 614 80 0* 20755 08/10*155 558 75 0*157 574 75 0*159 590 75 0*161 605 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20760 08/11*165 631 80 0*165 647 80 0*166 663 85 0*167 679 85 0* 20760 08/11*163 619 80 0*165 634 80 0*166 650 85 0*167 668 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** 20765 08/12*168 695 85 0*170 710 90 0*173 726 90 0*177 741 90 0* 20765 08/12*169 688 85 0*171 710 90 0*173 730 90 0*177 744 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 20770 08/13*181 755 95 0*185 769 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0* 20770 08/13*181 757 95 0*185 770 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0* *** *** 20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 817 105 0*208 828 105 0*214 839 105 0* 20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 818 105 0*208 830 105 0*215 843 105 0* *** *** *** *** 20780 08/15*220 849 105 0*226 859 105 0*235 870 110 0*240 881 110 0* 20780 08/15*222 856 105 0*229 866 105 0*235 875 110 0*241 884 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*255 903 115 0*262 911 120 0*271 924 120 0* 20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*254 901 115 0*262 911 115 0*271 924 115 0* *** *** *** *** 20790 08/17*280 936 120 0*289 947 105 953*296 958 65 0*302 965 60 0* 20790 08/17*280 937 115 0*289 950 115 940*296 959 75 0*302 965 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 20795 08/18*307 967 55 0*312 966 50 0E317 964 45 0E322 961 40 0* 20795 08/18*306 967 40 0*310 966 40 0*313 964 35 0*317 961 35 0* *** ** *** ** **** ** **** ** 20800 08/19E327 958 40 0E331 953 35 0E336 946 30 0E343 935 30 0* 20800 08/19*323 958 30 0*329 953 30 0*336 946 30 0*343 935 30 0* **** ** **** ** * * 20805 08/20E352 924 30 0E362 912 30 0E370 901 25 0E377 891 25 0* 20805 08/20E352 924 35 0E362 912 35 0E370 901 35 0E377 891 35 0* ** ** ** ** 20810 08/21E382 881 25 0E388 871 30 0E395 860 30 0E404 845 35 0* 20810 08/21E382 881 35 0E388 871 35 0E395 860 35 0E404 845 35 0* ** ** ** 20815 08/22E415 827 35 0E426 807 30 0E435 790 25 0E443 775 25 0* 20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E475 700 25 0* 20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E470 724 25 0* *** *** 20825 HRCTX4 20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1 **** *** Landfall: 8/17/1915 0700Z 29.2N 95.1W 115kt 25nmi 940mb 1009mb CTX4,BTX1,LA1 Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Wiggert and Jarvinen (1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Roth (1997a,b), Perez et al. (2000), Boose et al. (2004), and Caribbean newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth. August 5: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 25.2W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 6: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 30.4W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and west, though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 7: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 39.0W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south, though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 8: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.3N, 45.0W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south, though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 9: HWM shows an open trough along longitude 56W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 51.0W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and west, though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13N, 59W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 59.7W at 12 UTC. Observations suggest a center southeast of HURDAT. Station highlight: 998 mb and 5 kt NW at Dominica at 18 UTC (MWR). "The storm was first observed on the morning of August 10 between the Windward Islands of Barbados and Dominica ... a special report at 4 p.m. from Roseau, Dominica, which showed a barometer reading of 29.46 inches, with light air from the northwest ... The casualties resulting from the storm were of minor character east of Santo Domingo and Haiti and were confined to small shipping. At Fort de France, Martinique, the docks were flooded and merchandise destroyed, while at some of the other islands of the Lesser Antilles there was some damage to small shipping" (MWR). "Formed Aug. 2 on the Cape Verde Islands, moved due west across the Atlantic, arrived between Guadeloupe and Dominica Aug. 10th as a full-fledged hurricane" (Perez) Dominica Guardian, Thursday August 12, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth): "Tuesday Nights' Hurricane ...On Monday morning [at 10 a.m.] the barometer had fallen to 29.80 from which point it continued to fall gradually until at 1 o'clock p.m. when it reached 29.68...at 5 p.m. the barometer had gone down to 29.46, by which time the wind was blowing strongly from a NNW direction, and the sea, already boisterous, was rising heavier every minute and running a very powerful current from the north west. Long before the signal guns were fired, at 6 p.m., it was quite clear that we were in for "a good blow," and the storm warning message issued just immediately after, by the U.S. Weather Bureau... As night set in the wind increased in velocity, changing its position from NW to W and then to SW by which time the climax had been reached, that was between 2 and 5 o'clock on Wednesday morning. The rain fell in heavy fitful gusts during the whole night, filling up rivers and drains and flooding the streets and roads all through. But the latter abated as the day began to dawn, from which time also the wind, blowing from South, showed a tendency to abate. The sea was breaking to nearly mountain height upon the shore....Telephone and electric light poles fell in many parts of the town, cutting off communication and placing Rouseau in complete darkness. Of buildings, the only damage reported to us is the partial siding of the new premises which are being put up by Mr. Ferreira near to the Goodwell bridge for a public amusement hall.... Many old fences went down, but the wreckage among plants was general all over town and its environments. The large sandbox tree ... in Grandby Street was uprooted... Other trees were also uprooted, whilst breadfruit, gomier and other trees threw their limbs and branches in all directions...The Bath Road between the Convent and Southern gate was nearly impassable owing to the debris from the fallen trees. Many lime trees were also uprooted and , as in other places, limes were scattered all under the trees, mostly all green..." Dominica Guardian, 19 August 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) The late gale. Further news of the bad weather reported in our last issue has come to hand from different parts of the country. Some of the estates have suffered severely, both from the destruction of cultivation and from the loss of the greater part of what were promising crops, mostly of limes, but happily a large number of estates have not been in any material way effected. Portsmouth was heavily shaken and several houses were destroyed there. At the Carib quarter about a dozen houses have either been wholly or partly wrecked. The roof of the church at La Roche has been blown away and a few houses suffered. At Vieille Case, Marigot, Wesley and other places thereabout dwelling houses have either been blown down or suffered other damage. At Morne Daniel a house was completely demolished....Although the weather caused heavy damage on land it is gratifying to record that no life has been lost, either on land or at sea. Of the vessels that were sunk....The following telegrams relate to the effect of the gale to the neighboring islands: St. Vincent, 10, 1:30 p.m. -- Heavy weather here. Wind from west. Sea rough. Raining. Schooner Muriel attempting leave port came ashore. Trinidad, 11, 10:30 a.m. --- Heavy sea here since about 7:30 a.m. now moderating. Strong breeze from SW. Several lighters sunk or damaged. Bar. 29.98. Grenada, 11. -- High winds and heavy rains experienced here about 2 a.m. Somewhat disturbed but conditions otherwise normal now. St. Kitts, 12. -- The schooner Evangeline of Antigua, partly laden with molasses, was driven ashore by heavy sea yesterday afternoon and destroyed. One lighter was driven from Nevis and smashed on this coast. It is also reported that two other lighters broke from moorings at Nevis and drifted to sea. St. Thomas, Aug. 12. -- Communication between Basseterre and Point-a-Pitre interrupted and all telegraph and telephone lines down; work is being forwarded by post. St. Kitts, 13. -- It is reported from Nevis that the Montserrat Government Mail Boat Southern Cross was found drifting to the windward of that Island battened down, no one on board and undamaged. She was taken into Charlestown, Nevis. Kingston, Jamaica, 13. -- A hurricane was experienced here on Thursday night, the barometer falling to 29.34. No damage to the city reported. Telegraph land lines blown down." Antigua Sun, August 11, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) "Last night the wind rose almost to hurricane force. Weather reports at 10 a.m. [10 Aug.] Barbados 29.98 wind nw; Dominica 29.77 wind north; Antigua 29.90 wind ne, in afternoon fell to 29.78; St. Kitts 29.90 wind ne." August 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 15.5N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.6N, 66.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17N, 67W (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center east of HURDAT. Station highlight: 50 kt NE and 1002 mb at San Juan at 13 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 50 kt E at 19.3N, 63.8W (COA). "On the morning of August 11 the disturbance was apparently near and south of the island of St. Croix, at about latitude 16N., longitude 66W. At this time the barometer at San Juan, P.R., read 29.60 inches with a gale of 60 miles an hour from the northeast, indicating a much lower pressure to the southward, and pressure was falling more rapidly to the westward, as indicated by the observation at Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, and Port au Prince, Haiti" (MWR). "The hurricane passed east-west over the Caribbean to the south of Puerto Rico, causing mountainous seas along the south coast. Damages were mostly to coffee and banana crops. 2 deaths (drowned at sea) at Cabo Rojo. San Juan lowest barometer 29.77 at 8:50 a.m. [note that this is inconsistent with what was reported in MWR], wind east at 62 mph, but winds were higher on the south coast and the Central Cordillera. San Juan observations: winds began to increase at noon of 10th (19mph); reached northeast 30 mph by midnight, gusts of northeast 40 mph at 1:00 a.m. of Aug. 11th; northeast 60 mph at 3:00 a.m.; northeast 60 mph at 8:00 a.m.; southeast 19 mph at 2:00-3:00 p.m." (Perez). "August 11, F2 wind damage at 7 locations in Puerto Rico, Storm known as 'Saint Tiburcio', Recommended keeping HURDAT intensity and track as is" (Boose et al.) August 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 16N, 74.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 17.3N, 72.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17.5N, 73W (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center close to the MWR position. Station highlight: 1002 mb at Port Au Prince at 13 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 35 kt ESE at 21.0N, 65.0W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 12th the storm was central a short distance south of Haiti at about latitude 17, longitude 70. The barometer reading at Port au Prince was 29.60 inches and the highest wind velocity was 32 miles an hour from the east. However, reports of damage over the southern portion of the Republic indicated that a severe gale must have occurred there with much lower pressures. On the same morning the barometer reading at Kingston, Jamaica, was 29.68 inches, and northerly gales were reported east of the island. The wind at Kingston was then light northwest, and pressure was also falling to the westward and northwestward, Songo (near Santiago), Cuba, reporting a barometer reading of 29.80 inches, a fall of 0.16 inch in 24 hours, with light northeast winds ... Over the southwestern portion of Haiti real disaster to crops, etc., was reported, but, so far as is known, without loss of life" (MWR). August 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.2N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 18.8N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 18.7N, 78W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is accurate. Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM); 43 kt E at Sand Key (MWR); 994 mb at Kingston around 06 UTC (Chenoweth). Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 22.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 20 kt N and 1002 mb at 20.6N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA). "During the night of the 12-13th the storm center passed north of the Island of Jamaica, and at 8 a.m. of the 13th a whole southeast gale was blowing at Kingston ... Over the Island of Jamaica, heavy gales were reported, and the banana crop was said to have been damaged to the extent of several millions of dollars" (MWR). August 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 20.8N, 82.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 22N, 83.2W (a.m.). Available observations place the center just west of the HURDAT position. Station highlights: Calm (eye) at Cape San Antonio at 1930 UTC (MWR); 48 kt E at Havana at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at Sand Key (MWR). Ship highlight: 70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 21.1N, 80.6W (COA). Perez et al. lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane impact in Cuba. "On the morning of the 14th the storm was apparently central near the Isle of Pines, Cuba, with undiminished intensity and moving in a direction a little north of west. During Friday night [early on the 14th] the maximum wind velocity at Habana was 56 miles and hour from the east ... The storm center evidently passed over Cape San Antonio, Cuba, about 2:30 p.m., August 14, as at that time a calm prevailed, continuing with heat and mist for about one-half hour. The lowest barometer at the Isle of Pines, Cuba, occurred at 3 a.m, august 14, so that the rate of travel of the storm center between that place and Cape San Antonio was about 13 miles and hour ... Over extreme western Cuba, which was in the direct path of the storm, the damage was much more serious, and at Cape San Antonio, on the extreme western end of the island, not a house was left standing. The radio station, the steel tower, and the lighthouse were blown down, and the entire meteorological equipment of the Weather Bureau destroyed. Fourteen lives were lost. The schooner Roncador was totally wrecked, but without loss of life, and the schooner Explorer was dismantled ... There was only a moderate gale at Key West, but at Sand Key, 8 miles to the southwestward, there was a 60-mile southeast gale ... The greatest marine disaster was the loss on August 13 [14], probably in the Yucatan Channel, of the American steamship Marowigne, of the United Fruit Co., from Belize, British Honduras. Notwithstanding the fact that the steamer was equipped with radio apparatus nothing was heard from her and she must have been lost, together with her passengers and crew, numbering in all 96 persons. The vessel was valued at $400,000" (MWR). August 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb at 22.5N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.5N, 87.0N at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 24N, 87.2W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the hurricane was west of the HURDAT position. Station highlight: 20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Meridian (HWM). Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1000 mb at 19 UTC at 27.0N, 86.0W (MWR); 60 kt NE and 992 mb at 11 UTC at 25.0N, 87.6W (COA). "On the morning of the 15th the storm was apparently central in the south-central Gulf of Mexico moving in a more northwesterly direction than before. The barometer at all Gulf stations was falling. A radio report taken at 2 p.m. on the SS Antilles, at latitude 27, longitude 86, showed a barometer reading of 29.54 inches with wind velocity 74 miles an hour from the east ... The schooner Lydia M. Deering, from Sabine, Tex., for Boston, was lost several miles south of Mobile, and the captain and two members of the crew perished. The schooner Dora Allison, from Progreso, Mexico, for Mobile, was wrecked in the Gulf, but her crew was saved. The fishing smack Nettie Franklin, of Pensacola, was wrecked in the northwest Gulf and two of her crew were lost" (MWR). August 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb at 26.5N, 93.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 major hurricane at 26.2N, 91.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 26.2N, 91.7W (a.m.) and 28.2N, 94W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the location of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: N winds and 988 mb at 23 UTC at Velasco (CLINE/MWR); 57 kt NE and 992 mb at 22 UTC at Galveston (OMR). "...another radio report taken at 8 p.m. on the same date [early on the 16th], at about latitude 26.5, longitude 87.5 showed a barometer of 29.48 inches, with wind velocity of 64 miles and hour from the east. On Monday morning, August 16, the storm center was apparently approaching the east Texas coast.At this time the barometer at Galveston read 29.62 inches with maximum wind velocity of 34 miles and hour from the northeast. The conditions continued to intensify, and by noon the barometer at Galveston had fallen to 29.48 inches with maximum wind velocity of 56 miles and hour from the northeast. The tide was rising slowly and the sea was excessively rough" (MWR). August 17: HWM analyzes a closed low just inland over Texas with at most 990 mb pressure at 30N, 96W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.6N, 95.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 29.2N, 95.8W with 973 mb (a.m.) and at 30.5N, 97.2W with 994 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the location of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: 70 kt NE and 955 mb at 1125 UTC at Houston (MWR/OMR); NW wind and 953 mb at 07 UTC at Velasco (Cline/MWR); 80 kt E and 971 mb at 09 UTC at Galveston (Cline/OMR). "At 8 p.m. Monday, August 16, the barometer at Galveston read 29.10 inches with maximum wind velocity of 72 miles an hour from the northeast, and heavy rain was falling. The storm passed into the interior during the night of August 16-17, and at 2:45 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at Galveston read 28.63 inches, with maximum wind velocity of 93 miles and hour from the east at 2:37 a.m. At 5:30 a.m. of the 17th the barometer at Houston read 28.20 inches, with a maximum wind velocity of 80 miles and hour (estimated) from the northeast. Hourly barometer readings were also made by E.F. Roeller at Velasco, Tex., about 40 miles southwest of Galveston and about 14 miles southwest of San Luis Pass, where the storm center first reached the coast... It shows that the lowest pressure, 28.06 inches, occurred at 1 a.m. August 17, at which time the wind backed At 8 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at Galveston read 29.12 inches, with the wind blowing 52 miles and hour from the northeast, while at Houston the reading was 28.72 inches, with a wind of 80 miles an hour (estimated) from the southeast. Torrential rains had fallen at both places and were extending into the interior of east Texas. The storm then recurved to the northward, with high winds over the interior of east Texas, reaching a maximum of 60 miles an hour from the north at San Antonio during the day ... the actual storm center passed much closer to Houston than to Galveston, and, according to the wind directions (NE., E., SE., and S.), a little to the southward and westward of both stations. As nearly as can be determined the storm center reached the coast of Texas near San Luis Pass, at the end of West Bay, about 26 miles southwest of Galveston, at about 1 a.m., September [sic] 17, shortly after which its slow recurve to the northward and northeastward began. The extreme western point of the path was reached between 2:20 and 2:40 a.m., very near and presumably a little to the westward of Sandy Point, Tex. It was next definitely located at about 4:50 a.m. southwest of and very close to Houston, Tex., with a movement slightly east of north. These deductions are based upon special reports received, mainly, after the passage of the storm, and the center is assumed to have been where the lull, or calm, that accompanies the shift in wind direction occurred as the storm center passed. At a point about 5 miles northeast of Sandy Point the calm lasted from 2:20 until 2:40 a.m. ... A measurement by the United States Engineers at Twentieth and Strand makes the highest point [in Galveston] reached 11.965 feet above mean low tide. It appears to be the universal opinion that the water was somewhat higher than in 1900 ... The greatest loss of life and property occurred in the vicinity of Galveston, and from thence northward and westward for a considerable distance. The total loss of life was 275, to which the city of Galveston contributed 11; Galveston Island, 42; and the dredges Houston and San Bernard and the tug Helen Hendersson, 69... It has been estimated that the damage from this storm to crops, buildings, railroads, shipping live stock, and other property will aggregate close to $50,000,000, but these figures are probably much too large. Of the total amount approximately $6,000,000 occurred at Galveston. In the city of Houston the damage amounted to about $1,000,000, mainly to buildings, railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines, and nearly every building shared in the damage. Crops in fully one-half the State of Texas suffered severely. Nearly all open cotton was blown away, and much cotton, late corn and rice was flattened by the wind and rain" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Texas: Aug. 16-17, Upper Coast, Extreme Intensity, 275 killed, $50,000,000 damage ... Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama: Aug. 17, Louisiana, Minor Intensity, Center remained offshore" (Dunn and Miller). "TX-N 4, MSLP 945 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Environmental pressure 1008 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds [converted to 1 min] 100 kt" (Schwerdt et al.) "948 mb central pressure, 29 nmi RMW, landfall point 29.0N, 95.2W" (Ho et al.) "August 15-17, 1915: A hurricane made landfall just west of Galveston. Gales howled throughout Cameron and Vermilion Parishes and as far east as Mobile. Produced tides of 11 feet at Cameron (called Leesburg at the time), 10 feet at Grand Cheniere, and 9.5 feet at Marsh Island; Grand Isle reported water 6 feet deep across the city. The lightkeeper at the Sabine Pass lighthouse had to turn the lens by hand, as vibrations caused by the wave action put the clockwork out of order. At Sabine Bank, 17 miles offshore the Mouth of the Sabine, damage was noted ... . A storm surge of 15.3 feet above mean low gulf was noted at Virginia Point. " (Roth). "Aug. 17 1915, Center crossed coast: 35 miles SW Galveston. Estimated lowest pressure 27.90 inches, Tide info - Galveston 12.8', GLS seawall 15.5', Sabine 11.0', Vermillion Bay 9.5'" (Connor). SLOSH runs for this system were generated using a delta-P of 55 mb at landfall (~954 mb central pressure), RMW of 35 statute miles (30 nmi) and landfall of the eye center about 8 miles southwest of San Luis Pass (landfall near 29.1N, 95.1W) before 1 a.m. on August 17th (Wiggert and Jarvinen). August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low over northeast Texas with a cold front extending west and a stationary front extending east-northeast of the system. However, the evidence for frontal boundaries is somewhat weak at this point. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is centered at 31.5N, 97W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at 31.7N, 96.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows lists it at 32N, 97W and 999 mb (a.m.) and at 32.8N, 96W and 1000 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a position just south of HURDAT is most reasonable. Station highlights: 42 kt N at 04 UTC at Dallas (OMR); 16 kt SE and 995 mb at 01 UTC at Palestine (OMR). "On the morning of August 18 the storm was central over the northern portion of east Texas, with a barometer reading of 29.50 inches at Forth Worth and Dallas, with northeast gales of 44 to 48 miles an hour with heavy rains" (MWR). August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low at the border of Texas and Oklahoma with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of the center. However, again the evidence that frontal boundaries are actually present is weak. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is centered near 33.5N, 96W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 33.6N, 96.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 33.5N, 95W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 93.7W with 999 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 10 kt NE and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Fort Worth (OMR). August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low over southeast Missouri with a cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the southeast. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is centered near 37N, 90W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 37N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 36.8N, 90.5W and 996 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 88W and 996 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 35 kt SW at Memphis (MWR); 35 kt W at Nashville (MWR); 35 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at St. Louis (HWM). August 21: HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over Indiana with frontal boundaries extending to the east and south of the center. The center has at most a 1000 mb pressure and is centered near 39.5N and 86W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 39.5N, 85.8W with 1000 mb (a.m.) and at 41.3N, 83W with 999 mb (p.m.). Station highlights: 10 SSE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Dayton. August 22: HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over the border of New York and Pennsylvania with frontal boundaries extending east and south of the center. The closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered at 43N, 79W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 43.5N, 79W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 43.2N, 79.7W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and at 45.7N, 75.8W with 1002 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that HURDAT is the most accurate center. Station highlights: 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit (HWM). August 23: HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over southwest Quebec with frontal boundaries extending to the southeast of the center. The closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered near 48N, 74W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 46.2N, 73.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 47.2N, 73.3W with 1006 mb (a.m.) and at 48.5N, 69.7W with 1007 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 24: HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over northern Quebec with an occluded frontal boundary to its east. The closed low has at most 1000 mb pressure and is centered near 53N, 70W. However, no observations are available to substantiate the system's existence at this date. Track is adjusted significantly to the southwest on the 6th to the 9th, based on available observations and continuity. Remaining track changes are relatively minor. Last position revised to provide a more realistic translational velocity and to better account for available observations. Extratropical transition is delayed 36 hours from that originally shown in HURDAT as no significant frontal boundaries became apparent in the cyclone until early on the 20th. Intensity slightly reduced on the 5th to begin system as tropical depression based upon ship and Cape Verde Island observations. Measurement of 998 mb from Dominica at 18 UTC on the 10th was considered for the possibility to be a central pressure, but newspaper accounts from the _Dominican Guardian_ clearly show that it would not have been the lowest pressure measured at that location. Impacts described for Dominica and other islands in the Lesser Antilles match minimal hurricane intensity in HURDAT. High seas and wind impacts reported at Puerto Rico on the 11th are consistent with a Category 2 hurricane passing to the south, so this intensity is retained. The system passed just over the western tip of Cuba, causing Category 3 hurricane conditions according to Perez et al. Thus intensities are retained unchanged on the 15th. No ship went through the inner core of the hurricane during its transit of the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane made landfall in Texas early on the 17th. Peak observed winds at landfall were from Galveston, Texas with 80 kt 5 min wind, which converts to 65 kt 1 min wind after adjusting for the high bias of the 4 cup Robinson anemometer and converting to 1 min peak wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). However, the hurricane made landfall well to the southwest of Galveston, so these are likely not the peak winds in the system. At landfall, minimum pressures observed were 953 mb with a windshift from N to NW at Velasco, Texas at 07 UTC on the 17th and 955 mb with 70 kt NE wind (shifting to SE) at Houston, Texas at 1125 UTC. The center of the hurricane passed between both cities without either observing the central pressure. Ho et al. analyzed a landfall point of 29.0N, 95.2W, an RMW of 29 nmi and an estimate of the central pressure of 948 mb (using the Schloemer equation). However, MWR analyzed a landfall position farther from Velasco at San Luis Pass at 29.1N, 95.1W. Given that it is likely that Velasco was inside the RMW, but not in the eye, a central pressure lower than 948 mb appears more reasonable. Another line of evidence of a deeper central is from the 955 mb observed in Houston accompanied by 70 kt wind. Application of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model suggests a pressure of 936 mb due to the four hours of filling over land. Given that Houston's location is close to Galveston Bay, perhaps the amount of weakening is overestimated (and thus the 936 mb too high). However, the 955 mb in Houston was not a central pressure value, but taken in the eyewall. These estimates are all substantially stronger than the 954 mb central pressure obtained in Wiggert and Jarvinen. The 940 mb central pressure estimate is accepted at landfall, which is slightly deeper than that given in in Jarrell et al. (apparently obtained from Connor's estimate). 940 mb central pressure at landfall suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The 25 nmi RMW is slightly larger than that expected by climatology (19 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure, which would suggest a reduction from this 119 kt value. The new northern (north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. (2006) suggests 115 kt for a 940 mb central pressure. Thus the estimated maximum sustained winds at landfall are 115 kt, which is a slight reduction from the 120 kt originally contained in HURDAT at 00 UTC but higher than the 105 kt at 06 UTC. Given the uncertainty, this system could have been a high end Category 3 hurricane at landfall. Keeping Category 4 retains the analyzed Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale status as given in HURDAT and Neumann et al. for this system. Peak observed winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times): 70 kt at Houston at 12 UTC/17th, 53 kt at Galveston at 18 UTC/17th, and 40 kt at Dallas at 00 UTC/18th. These convert to 57, 44, and 34 kt, respectively, after adjustment. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 74, 51, and 39 kt, respectively. As wind observations are fairly sparse in this area and this was a larger than usual hurricane, winds are chosen to be close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model: at 12 UTC winds are thus increased from 65 kt in HURDAT to 75 kt, reduced at 18 UTC from 60 kt to 50 kt, and reduced from 55 kt to 40 kt at 00 UTC/18th. The central Texas coast and Louisiana are added as experiencing Category 1 conditions from an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al. 1915/02 - 2008 SECOND REVISION: 20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 260 30 0*140 278 30 0* 20735 08/06*141 296 35 0*141 313 35 0*142 330 35 0*142 345 35 0* 20740 08/07*143 360 35 0*144 375 35 0*145 390 40 0*146 405 40 0* 20745 08/08*146 420 45 0*147 435 50 0*148 450 55 0*148 468 60 0* 20750 08/09*149 487 65 0*150 506 70 0*151 525 70 0*153 542 70 0* 20750 08/09*149 488 65 0*150 508 70 0*151 525 70 0*151 540 70 0* *** *** 20755 08/10*155 558 75 0*157 574 75 0*159 590 75 0*161 605 80 0* 20755 08/10*152 555 75 0*152 570 75 0*153 585 75 0*153 597 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20760 08/11*163 619 80 0*165 634 80 0*166 650 85 0*167 668 85 0* 20760 08/11*154 606 80 0*155 615 80 0*157 627 85 0*160 644 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20765 08/12*169 688 85 0*171 710 90 0*173 730 90 0*177 744 90 0* 20765 08/12*163 664 85 0*166 684 90 0*170 704 90 0*174 724 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20770 08/13*181 757 95 0*185 770 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0* 20770 08/13*178 744 95 0*183 764 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0* *** *** *** *** 20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 818 105 0*208 830 105 0*215 843 105 0* 20780 08/15*222 856 105 0*229 866 105 0*235 875 110 0*241 884 110 0* 20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*254 901 115 0*262 911 115 0*271 924 115 0* 20790 08/17*280 937 115 0*289 950 115 940*296 959 75 0*302 965 50 0* 20795 08/18*306 967 40 0*310 966 40 0*313 964 35 0*317 961 35 0* 20800 08/19*323 958 30 0*329 953 30 0*336 946 30 0*343 935 30 0* 20805 08/20E352 924 35 0E362 912 35 0E370 901 35 0E377 891 35 0* 20810 08/21E382 881 35 0E388 871 35 0E395 860 35 0E404 845 35 0* 20815 08/22E415 827 35 0E426 807 30 0E435 790 25 0E443 775 25 0* 20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E470 724 25 0* 20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1 Positions adjusted from late on the 9th through early on the 12th to better account for observations indicating a close pass over Dominca early on the 11th. (Description and observations are provided in the metadata for the first 2008 revision.) 1915/02 - 2011 REVISION: 21035 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 21040 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 260 30 0*140 278 30 0* 21045 08/06*141 296 35 0*141 313 35 0*142 330 35 0*142 345 35 0* 21050 08/07*143 360 35 0*144 375 35 0*145 390 40 0*146 405 40 0* 21055 08/08*146 420 45 0*147 435 50 0*148 450 55 0*148 468 60 0* 21060 08/09*149 488 65 0*150 508 70 0*151 525 70 0*151 540 70 0* 21065 08/10*152 555 75 0*152 570 75 0*153 585 75 0*153 597 80 0* 21070 08/11*154 606 80 0*155 615 80 0*157 627 85 0*160 644 85 0* 21075 08/12*163 664 85 0*166 684 90 0*170 704 90 0*174 724 90 0* 21080 08/13*178 744 95 0*183 764 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0* 21085 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 818 105 0*208 830 105 0*215 843 105 0* 21085 08/14*198 806 105 0*204 821 115 0*210 834 125 0*217 847 125 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21090 08/15*222 856 105 0*229 866 105 0*235 875 110 0*241 884 110 0* 21090 08/15*223 858 125 0*229 866 125 0*235 875 120 0*241 884 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 21095 08/16*247 892 115 0*254 901 115 0*262 911 115 0*271 924 115 0* 21100 08/17*280 937 115 0*289 950 115 940*296 959 75 0*302 965 50 0* 21105 08/18*306 967 40 0*310 966 40 0*313 964 35 0*317 961 35 0* 21110 08/19*323 958 30 0*329 953 30 0*336 946 30 0*343 935 30 0* 21115 08/20E352 924 35 0E362 912 35 0E370 901 35 0E377 891 35 0* 21120 08/21E382 881 35 0E388 871 35 0E395 860 35 0E404 845 35 0* 21125 08/22E415 827 35 0E426 807 30 0E435 790 25 0E443 775 25 0* 21130 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E470 724 25 0* 21135 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1 On August 14, a peripheral pressure of 914 mb was reported at Cape San Antonio, Cuba, at 1900Z. According to Monthly Weather Review Supplement No. 24 (page 31), "The barometer at Cape San Antonio, Cuba, at 9 a.m. of that date measured 29.39 inches [991 mb]...Later an aneroid that was constructed to read down to only 27 inches [914 mb] was put into use, the observer reporting that the pointer reached the lower end of the scale-27 inches-at 2 p.m." The 914 mb measurement is also cited by Partagas (1993): "...a possible pressure value of 27.00 inches of mercury at Cape San Antonio (western tip of Cuba) during the August 14, 1915 was discarded as well because Mitchell (1924a) stated: means of determining the correctness of that reading are not at hand. ...It should be noted that a possible reading of 27.00 inches of mercury at Cape San Antonio during the August 14, 1915 hurricane (Mitchell, 1924a) was discarded due to insufficient information." The center of the hurricane passed over the town around 1930Z (MWR). Additionally, the damage descriptions in MWR Supplement No. 24 suggest that HURDAT's Category 3 designation is too low. With regards to the track, the original HURDAT file was too slow from 06Z (August 14) through 00Z (August 15). On August 14, the 18Z and 00Z coordinates indicated that the system passed near Cape San Antonio around 21Z. This time does not correlate with the MWR's description of the eye passage around 1930Z. Therefore, the coordinates and translation velocity have been adjusted to conform to the MWR's description and available data. The following additional information was provided by Ramon Perez, at the Cuban Institute of Meteorology: "I couldn't find any information to confirm the sea level pressure recorded at western tip of Cuba. The annual reports of the Observatorio del Colegio de Belen" didn´t record any information on western Cuba sea level pressure. Gutierrez Lanz wrote: "Ciclón de notable intensidad (we can understand as a major hurricane) pasó por el Sur de la Isla, alcanzando su lado derecho con fuerza moderada la región Sur de la provincia oriental y bastante más en Pinar del Río. En La Habana y provincias centrales se sintió débilmente. Los daños causados fueron de consideración en la provincia de Pinar del Río, principalmente en los frutos menores y en las casas de curar tabaco, en las otras provincias fueron muy ligeros. En este ciclón se perdió el vapor "Marouwinje", de la United Fruit Co., con 28 pasajeros y 65 tripulantes, el cual salió de Belice el 13 de agosto y del que nada se volvió a saber." Furthermore, it is clear to me that Gutierrez Lanza and his colleagues didn't see this hurricane as intense as the 1924 hurricane. They named the 1924 hurricane as the "Huracán sin precedents" and comparing it with the 1846 hurricane (La Tormenta de San Francisco de Borja). However, damages related by MWR in western Cuba are very important. We can upgrade this 1915 hurricane to category 4 or more according to the analysis you could make about it." Given the uncertain nature of this measurement (in that the Cuban meteorologists have no record of it) and that the value itself was quite rough ("27 inches"), it might be placing too much emphasis on this pressure to directly obtain an intensity. The Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship would suggest 144 kt - Category 5 conditions and about 40 kt more than previously in HURDAT. The impacts that are described do suggest wind-caused damages above that of a Category 3. The reanalysis here splits the difference between the original HURDAT and the winds from the pressure-wind relationship because of the uncertain present in the pressure value. Winds are adjusted upward to 125 kt from 12Z on the 14th to 06Z on the 15th, a major change from 105 kt originally. This revises the impact in Cuba to a Category 4 on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. ***************************************************************************** 1915/03 - 2008 REVISION: 20830 08/28/1915 M=15 3 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20830 08/27/1915 M=16 3 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (27th is new to HURDAT.) 20832 08/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 445 40 0*190 458 40 0 20835 08/28*220 470 60 0*229 485 65 0*239 503 70 0*244 507 70 0 20835 08/28*200 471 45 0*210 483 45 0*220 495 50 0*230 504 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20840 08/29*249 514 75 0*254 521 75 0*259 529 80 0*264 537 80 0 20840 08/29*240 512 55 0*250 520 55 0*259 529 60 0*267 537 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 20845 08/30*269 546 85 0*273 555 85 0*278 563 90 0*282 571 90 0 20845 08/30*274 546 65 0*281 555 65 0*287 563 70 0*293 571 70 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20850 08/31*286 578 90 0*290 585 95 0*294 590 95 0*298 594 95 0 20850 08/31*299 578 75 0*305 585 75 0*310 590 80 0*313 594 80 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 20855 09/01*302 598 95 0*305 602 100 0*307 606 100 0*312 610 100 0 20855 09/01*314 598 85 0*315 602 85 0*315 606 90 0*315 610 95 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20860 09/02*315 613 100 0*318 616 105 0*320 620 105 0*323 626 105 0 20860 09/02*316 615 100 0*318 620 105 0*320 625 105 0*323 632 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** 20865 09/03*325 635 105 0*327 643 105 0*327 649 105 0*325 652 105 0 20865 09/03*325 642 105 0*327 649 105 0*327 653 105 0*325 654 105 0 *** *** *** *** 20870 09/04*322 653 105 0*318 652 105 0*315 648 105 0*313 645 105 0 20875 09/05*312 643 105 0*309 641 105 0*307 640 105 0*305 641 105 0 20875 09/05*312 643 105 0*309 641 105 0*307 640 105 0*305 640 105 0 *** 20880 09/06*304 643 100 0*303 645 100 0*302 648 95 0*302 651 95 0 20880 09/06*304 640 100 0*303 640 100 0*302 640 95 0*302 643 95 0 *** *** *** *** 20885 09/07*303 655 90 0*305 658 90 0*308 661 90 0*312 663 90 0 20885 09/07*302 649 90 0*303 659 90 0*305 665 90 0*310 667 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20890 09/08*317 665 90 0*322 666 85 0*325 667 85 0*332 667 85 0 20890 09/08*315 666 90 0*320 665 85 0*325 664 85 0*330 663 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20895 09/09*337 665 85 0*342 662 80 0*348 657 80 0*355 651 75 0 20895 09/09*336 662 85 0*342 660 80 0*348 657 80 0*355 651 75 0 *** *** *** 20900 09/10*364 642 70 0*375 631 65 0*387 619 60 0E410 581 55 0 20900 09/10*363 642 70 0*371 631 65 0*380 619 60 0E390 590 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** 20905 09/11E427 560 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 20905 09/11E400 560 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** 20910 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations provided for Bermuda by Mark Guishard. August 27: HWM analyzed an open trough along 42W. Available observations and continuity with the 28th suggest a closed low near 18N, 44.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 49W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.9N, 50.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was between these two estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 53W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 25.9N, 52.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's position is more accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 23N, 56W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.8N, 56.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations and continuity with the 31st suggest a position north of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 58W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.4N, 59W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position north of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 50 kt VAR and 993 mb at 32.1N, 58.2W at 12 UTC (COA). "Without the aid of mail reports from vessels on the western Atlantic, the geographic position of the origin of this disturbance cannot be definitely determined, but there is some evidence that it was present during the last days of August to the east-northeastward of the Lesser Antilles, whence it, in all probability, moved northwestward to the vicinity of Bermuda" (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31.5N, 59W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 60.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position at HWM's latitude and HURDAT's longitude. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNW and 1018 mb at 24.9N, 66.2W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 1st of the month the 8 a.m. cablegram from Hamilton, Bermuda, showed a pressure of 29.91 inches, the wind north and 26 miles an hour, and the weather cloudy. During the 1st, pressure fell steadily at Hamilton" (MWR). September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 32.5N, 63W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32N, 62W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the position was between these two estimates. Ship highlights: W wind and 990 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR); 50 kt NW and 1016 mb at 28.8N, 68.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 30 kt NW and 998 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "...at 8 a.m. of the 2n the pressure was 29.46 inches, the wind northwest, 36 miles, and raining. The pressure continued to fall" (MWR). [From the 'Royal Gazette' of 7 Sep.] "...The rain cam on Thursday [2 Sep] accompanied by violent gusts of wind" (Tucker). September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 32N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.7N, 64.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 33.3N, 65.5W and 988 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt S and 984 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 40 kt NE at Cape Henry at 00 UTC (MWR); 25 kt S and 988 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "...and at 8 p.m. on the 2n, the barometer reported was 29.18 inches with the wind northwest, 24 miles, and raining ... The highest winds were off the Virginia Capes, Cape Henry reported a maximum velocity of 48 miles from the northeast at 8 p.m. of the 2d" (MWR). "The Hurricane of 1915 commenced early on Sept. 3rd after very sultry weather - calm sea and very rosy sunsets. Its full force was experienced from the N.E. to E. and continued for 4 days. A considerable amount of damage was caused to buildings, especially Commissioners House which was partially unroofed ... Continuing through Thursday, it culminated on Friday [3 Sep], by 12 o'clock that night had reached a tremendous velocity ... Many of the fisherman round Coney Island find their boats are total wrecks through the storm ... The damage occasioned at St. George's is considerable, both on land and water. The dredgers 'King George' and 'Queen Mary' were both blown ashore ... The tugboat 'Powerful' dragged all over the harbor and finally went ashore between Market Wharf and Orinance Island ... Many smaller craft were damaged. The St. George Hotel was unslated. The entire north side of the roof of a very long house on Water Street, occupied by Mr. Hodsel and family, was taken off and they had to make a rapid move ... The Cathedral suffered pretty badly" (Tucker). September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb at 30.5N, 65W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.5N, 64.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31.8N, 65.3W and 992 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 and 03 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 987 mb at 00 UTC and 40 kt NE and 997 mb at 12 UTC at Bermuda (BER, HWM). "This disturbance remained central in the region of Bermudas until the 8th and much of this time the wind blew a gale from nearly all points of the compass" (MWR). "During the night of Sept. 4th at 2 a.m. the drydock, which it had been impossible to sink owing to two small vessels being in it at the time, broke adrift and damaged itself considerably against the wall by the Bascule Bridge" (Tucker). September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 30.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 64W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31N, 64.3W and 1003 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is the most accurate. Ship highlights: 996 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and 1001 mb at 32.6N, 62.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 60.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 30 kt NE and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30N, 64W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 64.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 29.7N, 64.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 31.2N, 60W at 12 UTC (COA); 1001 mb and W wind at 35.8N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA). September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 29.5N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.8N, 66.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 30.5N, 66.2W and 1005 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that a position just west of the MWR Tracks of Lows estimate is most accurate. Ship highlights: 999 mb and ESE wind at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at 31N, 63.3W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "The gale got lively again on Monday [6 Sep] night and Tuesday [7 Sep] morning ... and the most dramatic result was wreck on the South Shore ... The doomed ship struck on September 7th, oppressed by high winds and seas still continuing from the hurricane just passed" (Tucker). September 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 66.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 32N, 67W and 999 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center was west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 997 mb and SE-SSE-S-SW wind at 32.2N, 64.9W at 02-06-18-21 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E at 35.9N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA). September 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 35N, 66W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.8N, 65.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 35N, 65.3W and 1010 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 38.4N, 63W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.5N, 64.6W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 9th the storm recurved west and north of Bermuda" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 38.5N, 63W, with a cold front advancing from the northwest of the system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 38.7N, 61.9N at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1017 mb at 33.8N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 15 kt N and 1000 mb at 38.2N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 11: HWM analyzed a large extratropical system and associated cold front had absorbed the tropical cyclone and that the latter no longer existed as a separate entity by 12 UTC. The genesis of this system is begun a day earlier on the 27th of August, primarily on the basis of a north wind from a lone ship likely west of the tropical cyclone's center. Track changes are largest on the 28th and late on the 10th/early on the 11th with both dates having positions south of HURDAT. While the peak intensity of this cyclone is uncertain, as no ship or station made observations in the eye, it is likely that it was near the Category 3 (105 kt) given in HURDAT as it made its closest approach to Bermuda. A 984 mb peripheral pressure reading from a ship near Bermuda on the 3rd (the Kilbride) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Bermuda's lowest pressure reading (twice daily) was 987 mb at 00 UTC on the 4th, suggsting 67 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Bermuda suffered widespread, moderate wind and wave/surge damages, consistent with what one would expect from about 12 hours of impact from a nearby Category 3 hurricane. A latter peripheral pressure of 1000 mb on the 10th suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt retained. Extratropical transition late on the 10th and early on the 11th as shown in HURDAT is not changed. 1915/04 - 2006 REVISION: 21225 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 21230 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 788 55 0*158 788 55 0* 21235 09/01*164 789 60 0*170 791 65 0*176 796 70 0*182 803 70 0* 21240 09/02*189 811 75 0*197 819 75 0*205 826 80 0*214 832 80 0* 21245 09/03*225 837 85 0*236 842 85 0*248 848 85 0*260 851 85 0* 21250 09/04*274 853 80 0*287 854 80 0*302 854 75 0*318 853 65 1003* 21255 09/05*335 850 45 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0* 21260 09/06*398 846 20 0*411 847 20 0*424 849 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 21265 HRAFL1 21265 HRAFL1IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1915/04 - 2008 REVISION: 20915 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 20915 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** 20920 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 788 55 0*158 788 55 0 20920 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 795 30 0*160 800 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 20925 09/01*164 789 60 0*170 791 65 0*176 796 70 0*182 803 70 0 20925 09/01*170 804 40 0*180 808 45 0*190 810 50 0*193 811 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20930 09/02*189 811 75 0*197 819 75 0*205 826 80 0*214 832 80 0 20930 09/02*196 812 60 0*200 813 65 0*205 815 75 0*211 821 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 20935 09/03*225 837 85 0*236 842 85 0*248 848 85 0*260 851 85 0 20935 09/03*217 828 85 0*226 836 80 0*240 840 80 0*256 844 80 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 20940 09/04*274 853 80 0*287 854 80 0*302 854 75 0*318 853 65 1003 20940 09/04*272 848 80 0*287 852 80 0*302 854 70 982*318 853 50 1003 *** *** *** ** *** ** 20945 09/05*335 850 45 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0 20945 09/05*335 850 35 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0 ** 20950 09/06*398 846 20 0*411 847 20 0*424 849 15 0* 0 0 0 0 20950 09/06*398 846 25 0*411 847 25 0*424 849 25 0*435 852 20 0 ** ** ** *** *** ** 20955 HRAFL1IGA1 20955 HRAFL1 **** Landfall: 9/4/1915 1100Z 30.0N 85.4W 80kt 25nmi 982mb 1012mb AFL1 Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000). August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 78.8W at 12 UTC. However, available observations suggest that no closed circulation exists yet for this system and it is to be removed from HURDAT on this date. September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 18.5N, 82W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.6N, 79.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system is northwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.5N, 82.6W. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.2N, 82W (a.m.). A position northeast of the MWR Tracks estimate appears most reasonable. Station highlight: 1000 mb at Isle of Pines at 21 UTC (MWR). "This storm apparently originated south of Cuba and passed northward near Isle of Pines ... The minimum barometer at the Isle of Pines was 29.52 inches at 5 p.m., to which it had fallen from 29.72 at noon." (MWR). September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 24N, 84.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 25.3N, 84.7W (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center to the southeast of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 985 mb at 24.3N, 84W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N and 995 mb at 24.8N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at Havana at 04 UTC (MWR). "A report from the Cuban Meteorological Service states that the barometer at Pinar del Rio on the 2d at 7:30 p.m. was 29.74 inches, wind northeast, 20 miles; and at 10:30 p.m., the barometer was 29.70, wind northwest, 26 miles. The wind having backed from northeast to north-northwest, it may be inferred that the center of the hurricane passed to the east of the city. Comparing these observations with those at Habana, where the minimum pressure, 29.66 inches, was observed at 11:45 p.m. of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity of 50 miles from the southeast at the same hour, it follows that the center of the disturbance passed in the vicinity of San Cristobal, in Pinar del Rio, and passed to the Gulf near La Mulata" (MWR). "Category 2 hurricane in Cuba. Track is shifted to east of the Isle of Youth and landfall near 22.7N, 82.7W" (Perez). "Key West report - No casualties or damage at or in the vicinity of this station. Lowest barometer 29.76 inches about 3 a.m. of the 3d. Tampa report - In this vicinity very high tides were reported, some of the highest of record. At St. Petersburg, Fla., the tide exceeded by 4 feet 10 inches, the previous high record. Damage from wind and tide is confined to that portion of the coast north of Manatee. At Passa Grille the sea wall was considerably damaged by the extremely high seas. An aneroid barometer (recently compared) at Passa Grille showed a reading of 29.60 inches, 0.18 inch lower than at Tampa. The official in charge at Tampa remarks: This means a gradient of 0.18 inch in 25 miles. The tide was the highest of record at Manatee. At Clearwater there was not much wind but the highest tides in years" (MWR). September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 29.5N, 85.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.2N, 85.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 30.5N, 85.3W with 993 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that HURDAT is an accurate estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 24.2N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 993 mb and SW wind at Apalachicola at 1140 UTC (MWR); 996 mb at St. Andrews (Panama City) at 12 UTC (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Florida: 1915 Sept. 4, Apalachicola, Minimal Intensity, Some loss of life" (Dunn and Miller). Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their U.S. hurricane listing, implying that the system had a central pressure greater than 981 mb which was their maximum criterion. "Jacksonville report - The tide was unusually high at all Gulf stations, unprecedented some reports indicate.. At Apalachicola the wind was highest, 60 to 70 miles an hour, from the east-southeast between 4 and 7 a.m. of the 4th, veering to southwest. The loss of timber on turpentine farms will be about 10 to 15 per cent or more. The damage to buildings, small boats, and other exposed property, including telegraph and telephone wires will approximate $25,000. The tide was highest about 5 a.m., having risen 4 feet above normal within about an hour.From 4 a.m. to 7 a.m. the wind blew from 50 to 60 miles an hour, and for 30 or 40 minutes it was 70 miles.The lowest barometer reading was 29.32 inches at 6:40 a.m. At Carrabelle the tide was 7 feet above normal. No lives were lost, but fences, telephone poles and smokestacks were blown down, piers were washed away, several barges and small boats were blown ashore into the marshes and left high and dry after the storm. The highest wind velocity of 60 to 70 miles an hour (estimated) occurred about 7 a.m. Some roofs were blown off and several fishing vessels went ashore. Pensacola report - The tide was not unusually high. The highest wind velocity was 33 miles an hour from the north at 11:08 a.m. of the 4th. The lowest pressure was 29.80 inches at 10 a.m. of the 4th. There was no damage. At St. Andrew the lowest barometer reading of 29.40 inches occurred at 7:45 a.m. On the morning of the 4th the wind had backed to north, and by 5 a.m. began to increase in velocity and was coming in gusts of 50 to 60 miles an hour. A little before 7 a.m. the wind shifted to northwest and possibly for a moment blew 80 miles an hour. It was then that the most damage was done in the way of uprooting and twisting off of trees" (MWR). "The category 1 hurricane that made landfall near the mouth of the Apalachicola River on September 4, 1915, was not a significant storm in Florida history. Much like a category 1 storm that struck Pensacola in August 1911, its impact on the coast was minor when compared to the great storms of the past. Its arrival was nevertheless unwelcome to the people of the Apalachicola region, who endured winds of 70 mph and damages that totaled $100,000. Numerous boats and wharfs were wrecked, including several vessels from the sponge fleet. In all, twenty-one deaths were attributed to the modest hurricane" (Barnes). "Sep 4 1915, Estimate Lowest Central Pressure during Lifetime (and also at landfall) 982 mb, Tide Information - Carrabelle 7', Apalachicola 4'" (Connor) September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 37N, 85W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 36.9N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 36.7N, 83.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 35 kt SE at Atlanta at 02 UTC (OMR). September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 42.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 42.4N, 84.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 44.2N, 84.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 7: The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 46.2N, 82W with 1009 mb (a.m.). However, HWM showed no closed low and available observations suggest that the system had dissipated. "After crossing the coast line this disturbance decreased in intensity as it passed northward to Lake Huron and lost its identity by the evening of the 7th" (MWR). No change in genesis date, though weaker intensity is indicated from the 31st through the 2nd based upon available observations that hurricane intensity was not reached until the 2nd. Minor changes to the track are introduced from the 31st until the 4th. The tropical cyclone is retained as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall in Cuba, which was confirmed by the analysis by Perez though with a position farther east (taking the center on the east side of the Isle of Pines, rather than on the west side of the island as originally in HURDAT). A peripheral pressure of 985 mb at 08 UTC on the 3rd suggest winds of 71 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 80 kt chosen for HURDAT. The hurricane made landfall early on the 4th in the Florida panhandle. While no high winds were explicitly measured at landfall in Florida, estimates of about 70 kt were reported at St. Andrews (Panama City) on the weak side of the storm. Two peripheral pressures of 993 mb (1140 UTC at Apalachicola) and 996 mb (12 UTC at St. Andrews [Panama City]) are the basis for the estimated central pressures of 982 mb from Connor and 988 mb from Jarrell. Given the impacts of surge and wind-caused damages and the estimate of hurricane force winds on the weak side of the system, it is estimated that the 982 mb central pressure at landfall around 11 UTC is most accurate. 982 mb pressure suggest winds of 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. As the hurricane was moving quite fast (~16 kt) toward the north at landfall, winds at landfall are estimated to be 80 kt. This confirms the Neumann et al. analysis of Category 1 hurricane making landfall in northwest Florida. After landfall, a run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 68 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th, 48 kt at 18 UTC, 35 kt at 00 UTC on the 5th and 27 kt at 06 UTC. Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these synoptic times are the following: 35 kt (but with estimates of up to 70 kt), no data, 35 kt, and no data. Thus winds are chosen for HURDAT to be 70 kt, 50 kt, 35 kt, and 30 kt. A central pressure of 1003 mb was listed in HURDAT on 18 UTC on the 4th, about 7 hours after landfall. While no confirmation of this value could be found, it does appear to be reasonable and is thus retained in HURDAT. With the reduction of the winds at 18 UTC on the 4th from 65 to 50 kt, the inland Georgia Category 1 hurricane designation has been removed. Winds were increased slightly on the 6th due to available observed station winds. The lifetime of the tropical cyclone was extended an additional 6 hr due to the still moderately well defined vortex at 12 UTC on the 6th, the previously last position in HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1915/05 - 2008 REVISION: 20956 09/19/1915 M= 5 5 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 20957 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 635 30 0*267 634 30 0* 20958 09/20*279 633 35 0*292 630 35 0*305 625 40 0*319 615 40 0* 20959 09/21*334 595 45 0*348 560 45 0*360 530 45 0*370 510 45 0* 20959 09/22*373 495 45 0*374 485 50 0*375 480 50 0*376 475 50 0* 20959 09/23E377 468 40 0E378 460 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 20959 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 18: A surface trough is evident near the longitude of 63W between 20 and 25N from HWM and COADS data. A closed circulation might be present, but observations are sparse near the possible center. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 19: HWM analyzes a closed circulation with at most 1012.5 mb pressure at 25.5N, 63.5W. Available observations suggest that this is a reasonable center. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 30N, 62W. Available observations suggest the center is slightly north and west of this location. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 29.8N, 63.4W (HWM/COA). September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 33.5N, 59W. A warm front is depicted north of this location. Available observations suggest that the center is actually substantially east-northeast of HWM's location, closer to 36N, 53W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 35.2N, 56W (COA). September 22: HWM depicts a large extratropical low centered just north of Nova Scotia with a cold front extending southwest of the center and a warm front extending southeast of the center. However, additional observations from COADS indicates a center to be present near 37.5N, 48W. The structure appears to still be a tropical cyclone, rather than extratropical as no well-defined frontal boundary is yet present. Ship highlights: 45 kt W at 12 UTC at 33.3N, 48W (COA); 45 kt WSW at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 47.7W (COA). September 23: HWM depicts a large extratropical storm centered north of Newfoundland with frontal features extending south and east of the center. A closed low from the tropical system is no longer present, but HWM and COADS data suggest that the remnants may be near 38N, 45W as it was absorbed into the front from the extratropical low. Genesis of this new tropical storm occurs on the 19th with the appearance of a closed, non-frontal circulation. A 1006 mb peripheral pressure on the 20th suggests winds of at least 36 kt from the subtropical pressure- wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT. A second ship reported 35 kt N winds and 1007 mb pressure early on the 21st - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT. Two ships reported 45 kt on the 22nd - 50 kt selected for HURDAT, which may be the peak intensity for this system. The tropical storm was likely to have been absorbed within the warm frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23nd near 38N, 45N. ***************************************************************************** 1915/06 - 2008 REVISION: 20960 09/22/1915 M=10 5 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 20960 09/21/1915 M=11 6 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * *** * (The 21st is new to HURDAT.) 20962 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 610 35 0*128 615 40 0 20965 09/22* 0 0 0 0*146 621 60 0*147 634 65 0*147 646 70 0 20965 09/22*132 621 45 0*135 628 50 0*138 636 55 0*140 646 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 20970 09/23*148 658 70 0*148 672 70 0*148 684 75 0*149 698 75 0 20970 09/23*141 658 65 0*142 669 70 0*143 680 75 0*143 690 75 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20975 09/24*150 709 80 0*151 720 80 0*153 732 85 0*155 744 85 0 20975 09/24*144 700 80 0*145 710 85 0*145 720 95 0*146 731 105 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 20980 09/25*158 757 85 0*161 769 85 0*165 783 90 0*169 792 90 0 20980 09/25*148 742 115 0*150 753 120 0*153 765 125 0*156 777 125 931 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20985 09/26*173 801 90 0*178 809 90 0*183 817 95 0*188 825 95 0 20985 09/26*159 788 125 0*162 799 125 0*166 810 125 0*173 819 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20990 09/27*194 832 95 0*200 839 95 0*207 846 95 0*215 853 95 0 20990 09/27*184 828 125 0*196 837 125 0*207 846 125 0*215 853 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 20995 09/28*223 859 95 0*231 866 100 0*238 872 100 0*249 878 100 0 20995 09/28*223 859 125 0*231 866 125 0*238 872 125 0*247 878 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21000 09/29*259 885 105 0*268 891 110 0*278 897 115 935*288 901 85 0 21000 09/29*257 885 120 0*268 892 120 935*279 898 115 0*290 903 110 944 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21005 09/30*299 901 60 952*311 898 60 0E323 893 50 0E337 884 40 0 21005 09/30*301 902 70 949*312 900 60 0E323 893 50 0E336 884 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 21010 10/01E352 868 35 0E369 848 35 0E387 824 35 0E405 798 35 0 21010 10/01E350 868 35 0E365 848 35 0E382 824 35 0E402 798 35 0 *** *** *** *** 21015 HR LA4 21015 HR LA3 MS2 *** *** Landfall: 9/29/1915 1800Z 29.1N 90.3W 110kt 20 and 55 nmi 944mb LA3,MS2 Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Sullivan (1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. (2000), and Caribbean newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth. September 21: HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. However, examination of observations suggest a weak closed low was found near 12.3N, 61.0W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 22: HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations are ambiguous about whether a closed circulation exists or not. A position just southwest of the original HURDAT is chosen for continuity with the 21st. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. However, newspaper accounts from Antigua are suggestive that tropical storm force conditions were occurring on this date. "...the forecasters on duty... detected the first signs of the formation of another hurricane, although he had no reports from that immediate region. This storm began to manifest its presence by the changed wind directions, by the clouds and the peculiar movements" (MWR). Antigua Sun, Thursday, September 23, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) "Very high winds prevailed here yesterday which were responsible for a few incidents. A sailing boat ... capsized off Keeling Point...six men were rescued. All the droghers, etc. in the harbor had to put out extra anchors. Fences were blown down in several places. The sea was exceedingly rough so that the shipping of produce to the steamer and other craft had to be suspended." September 23: HWM analyzed a weak trough along 72W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.8N, 68.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations and continuity with the next two days suggest a position just east and south of HURDAT's estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 24: HWM analyzed a weak trough along 77W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.3N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations and continuity with the 25th suggest a position east and south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 19.6N, 69.2W at 11 UTC (COA/HWM). September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 14N, 76W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 78.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlight: 931 mb at 15.5N, 77.3W, S.S. Almirante (Connor); 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 15.6N, 77.5W at 05 UTC (COA). "Latitude 15.50N and longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante, Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60" (Connor). September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 16N, 80W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.3N, 81.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlight: 25 kt W and 994 mb at 16.9N, 82.4W at 23 UTC (COA). September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.5N, 84W (a.m.). The HURDAT position looks most reasonable given available observations. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 20.6N, 86.5W at 23 UTC (COA); 50 kt E and 997 mb at 23.2N, 85.8W at 23 UTC (COA). September 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 22.5N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.8N, 87.2N at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 23.5N, 87.2W (a.m.). The HURDAT position looks most reasonable. Ship highlight: 60 kt SE and 993 mb at 23.3N, 86W at 12 UTC (COA). Hurricane is listed as causing tropical storm impact in western Cuba as the eye passed well offshore (Perez et al.) September 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 91W. HWM indicated a stationary front existed to the northeast of the hurricane (but without much evidence) and a moderate cold front was advancing toward the system from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 27.8N, 89.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 27.8N, 90W (a.m.). A position very close to the HURDAT estimate appears most reasonable. Ship highlights: 935 mb at 27.0N, 89.3W (Ho); 70 kt SE and 997 mb at 27.5N, 88W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt SE and 952 mb at New Orleans at 2350 UTC (MWR); 952 mb at Tulane University at 2330-0000 (30th) UTC; 106 kt at Burrwood at 2145 UTC (MWR). "The New Orleans hurricane was equal to and possibly surpassed in intensity the one that occurred at Galveston in August. At New Orleans the lowest pressure, reduced to sea level, standard gravity, etc., was 28.11 inches, which is the lowest reading ever recorded at a Weather Bureau station, and the extreme wind velocity was approximately 130 miles an hour from the east. ... "From midnight to 2:45 a.m. of the 29th; the wind was blowing steadily from the northeast with a velocity of from 17 to 18 miles per hour. From 2:45 to 8 a.m. the prevailing direction was east, oscillating occasionally between northeast and southeast; when the wind changed from northeast to east the velocity increased to 25 miles per hour, and a maximum velocity of 34 miles per hour occurred for a period of five minutes at 3:50 a.m. At 8 a.m. the wind backed to northeast and continued from that direction until 1:10 p.m.; from 1:10 p.m. to 4:15 p.m. the prevailing direction was east, oscillating at frequent intervals to the southeast; from 4:15 p.m. to 5:20 p.m. the prevailing direction was southeast, but there were intervals of three to five minutes with the direction from the east. From 5:20 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. the wind was steady from the southeast. The wind shifted from southeast to south at 6:35 p.m. and to southwest at 6:45 p.m., continuing from that direction during the night. The velocity now subsided rapidly, falling below 30 mis./hr. during the hour ending at 9 p.m.; however, maximum velocities of 32 to 36 miles were recorded in each hour from 11 p.m. of the 29th to 3 a.m. of the 30th. The wind velocity was 50 mis./hr. or higher for four hours and 60 or above for two hours, the maximum velocity, 86 mis./hr., was 20 miles in excess of the highest velocity, 66 miles, previously recorded at New Orleans. The wind attained the greatest velocity when it shifted from east to southeast...The wind, when at its height, was not steady but came in rapid succession of gusts of a few seconds duration, which may be likened to pulsations. The extreme velocity of 130 miles per hour, from the southeast, occurred at 4:58 p.m., while the maximum velocity for five minutes, 86 miles per hour, occurred from 5:11 to 5:16 p.m. The velocity in the pulsating gusts of a few seconds duration was, at times, undoubtedly much greater than the extreme velocity for a whole single mile... The wind velocity 50 miles distant from the center was evidently much greater than it was at New Orleans. At Burrwood, La., 100 miles south of New Orleans and located at the mouth of the southwest pass of the Mississippi delta, unprecedented high winds for this section of the country were recorded and the velocity exceeded any winds previously recorded on the Gulf coast. In fact, this was the most intense hurricane known to th the recorded history of this part of the country. [The automatic record of the anemometer at Burrwood is unusually perfect and distinct, notably so when one considers the abnormally high winds it records; much credit is due G. E. Henderson, the observer, for having maintained his instrument in such perfect condition and for securing such a record.]...The pressure and wind records at New Orleans, Burrwood, and Morgan City, La., Bay St. Louis, Miss., and other places, especially the fact that the barometer remained nearly stationary at Burrwood from 9:45 a.m., the time of the occurrence of the lowest barometer, until the time of the occurrence of the lowest barometer, until 2 p.m. of the 29th, more than four hours, taken along with the wind reports from surrounding stations, indicates that the storm center struck the Louisiana coast about halfway between the mouth of the Mississippi River and Atchafalaya Bay, the center being then about 50 miles west of Burrwood and recurving slowly toward the northeast. The slight change in pressure conditions at Mobile and Pensacola from 8 p.m. of the 28th to 8 a.m. of the 29th also shows that the storm recurved over southeastern Louisiana, and was probably moving toward the northwest up to the time that its northern segment struck the marshes of southeastern Louisiana. The storm center passed near and east of La Rose and Lockport on Bayou Lafourche, where the wind backed suddenly without an intermediate direction from northeast to northwest during the afternoon of the 29th. At Thibodaux, in the northwestern part of Lafourche Parish, the wind backed more gradually from northeast to northwest and west. The prevailing wind at New Orleans being northeast from 8 a.m. until 1 p.m., five hours, east from 1 p.m. until 4 p.m., three hours, southeast from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m., three hours, then southerly the remainder of the day, indicates that the storm curved to the northeastward around New Orleans ... The lowest pressure at Morgan City, La., 67 miles west of New Orleans, was 29.05 inches and lowest at Bay St. Luis, Miss., 50 miles east of New Orleans, was 29.12 inches. The gradient between Bay St. Louis and New Orleans, when applied from Morgan City eastward to the path of the center of the hurricane, would bring the 28.11 inches isobar on the west side of the center to within about 25 miles of the local office, Weather Bureau, New Orleans. This would place the center of the hurricane about 12 miles to the west of the New Orleans office. This is also in harmony with the reports of changes in wind direction at the sugar experiment station and Loyal University, just 7 miles west of the local office, Weather Bureau, where the wind was reported by two trained independent observers, 1 mile apart, as shifting from northeast to southeast without any intermediate direction. Further, a complete calm, with the wind shifting from northeast to southeast without any intermediate direction was reported by Mr. C. E. Heckathorn, observer, Weather Bureau, as occurring at his residence from 5:30 to 6 p.m., 1 mile farther west than the above stations, indicates that eastern limit of the imaginary center, or calm area of the hurricane, passed about 8 miles west of the local office, Weather Bureau, and that the diameter of the comparatively calm area was about 8 miles. The barometer reading at New Orleans probably represented as low a barometer as occurred at any point, even in the center of the hurricane. At Tulane University the barometer at 20 feet altitude was 28.10 inches for 30 minutes and another barometer nearby read 28.09 at 5:42 p.m. ... . The tide continued to rise as the hurricane advanced and during the afternoon of the 29th covered all low lying lands south of New Orleans and in places the tide was reported to be as much as 15 to 20 feet above sea level. It was undoubtedly the highest tide of record in this section. At the junction of Harveys Canal with the Mississippi River, just above New Orleans, and 100 miles from the Gulf, the tide was 6 feet in the river. Swells rolled up the river during the hurricane 10 to 12 feet above the high tide. The water was carried into Lake Ponchartrain by the storm, overflowed the protection levees, and flooded a large area in the western part of New Orleans. Over that portion of the city lying between the Old Basin Canal and Broadway and from Claiborne Avenue out to Lake Ponchartrain, the water driven in by the storm ranged from 1 to 8 feet in depth. After the passage of the storm center the tide receded rapidly, except in New Orleans where the water had to be removed by the drainage system and remained for three or four days. ... The damage to property and the loss of human life were remarkably small when the intensity of the hurricane is taken into consideration. In New Orleans several buildings were totally destroyed and nearly every building suffered injury to some extent, amounting in some cases to several thousand dollars. For small steamers, or tugs, were sunk in the harbor and several steamers broke from their moorings and were blown ashore. A great many small craft which had sought refuge in the bays and bayous were blown ashore and left by the tide on dry land; several coal barges loaded with coal were sunk. The destruction of buildings was very great in the country surrounding New Orleans. At Leeville on the lower Lafourche, of the 100 houses in the village, only one was left standing, but no one was killed. At Golden Meadow and from that point to Cut Off, 100 houses were demolished, but no lives reported lost. At several places on the Mississippi River below New Orleans and on Lake Ponchartrain 90 per cent of the buildings were completely destroyed. I have checked the deaths closely and 275 will cover the entire loss of life resulting from this unprecedented hurricane. The damage done by the hurricane on the middle Gulf coast will probably exceed $13,000,000, and approximately may be distributed as follows: In the city of New Orleans the damage has been heavy. The damage to municipal property has been appraised at nearly $500,000. As late as October 13, more than two weeks after the hurricane, the Dealers and Contractors Exchange stated that a survey of the city indicated that 25,000 houses were then in a leaky condition as a result of the hurricane. The total damage to property in New Orleans may be safely estimated as at least ten times the amount of damage suffered by the public buildings belonging to the municipality, and on this basis the damage to property in New Orleans is placed at about $5,000,000; to shipping and coal interests on the river, $1,750,000; in the country outside of New Orleans, to buildings, railroads, small craft, crops, and telegraph and telephone systems about $6,500,000" (MWR). "The barometer at Tulane University remained stationary from 5.30 p.m. to 6.00 p.m. at 28.10 inches. Three other observers in the immediate vicinity of Tulane University reported almost a dead calm during this period" (Cline). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Sept. 29-30 Louisiana Extreme intensity, 275 killed, damage $13,000,000" (Dunn and Miller). Estimated lifetime minimum central pressure (and that at landfall) - 931 mb [latitude 15.50N and longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante, Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60], Tide Information - West end of Lake Ponchartrain 13', Mobile 7.2', SE of New Orleans 15-20', Biloxi 9', Bay St. Louis 11.8', Pensacola 4', Timbalier Light 8.4', Gulfport 9.6' " (Connor). "1915 Sep LA 4, MSLP 931 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Sept. 29, 1915, 932 mb central pressure at landfall at 29.2N, 90.0W, based upon 935 mb pressure from HMS Hermione (experienced some eye effects at an unknown distance from the point of minimum pressure), 26 nmi RMW" (Ho et al.). "1007 mb environmental pressure, 110 kt estimated 1 min maximum surface winds" (Schwerdt et al.) September 30: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 31.5N, 90.5W with a cold front extending from its center to the south and southwest and a warm front extending to the east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm at 32.3N, 89.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 33N, 89.7W with 993 mb (a.m.). The HURDAT estimate appears to be most reasonable. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 948 mb on the Mississippi River 3 nmi NE of New Orleans at 0040 UTC. Station highlights: 74 kt SE and 953 mb at New Orleans at 00 UTC (MWR). October 1: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 38N, 82W with a cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the east-southeast. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at 38.7N, 82.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 39N, 82.5W with 1004 mb (a.m.). A position between the HURDAT and HWM estimates appears most reasonable. Station highlight: 15 NNW and 1004 mb at Louisville at 12 UTC (HWM). October 2: The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 43.2N, 78.3W with 1008 mb (a.m.). However, analysis of the HWM suggests that the system that originally was the hurricane dissipated. HURDAT likewise also had dissipated the system as of 18 UTC on the 1st. Genesis of this hurricane is indicated to be a day earlier, based upon observations in the Lesser Antilles on the 21st. The intensity was reduced slightly on the 22nd and 23rd based upon available observations which suggest a more gradual intensification rather than formation as a 60 kt tropical storm becoming a hurricane six hours later. The minor to moderate track changes were made with the system somewhat to the south and west of the existing HURDAT from the 23rd to the 27th. The 931 mb central pressure provided by Connor in the central Caribbean - likely late on the 25th - indicates that the intensity estimates were too low from the 24th through the 28th. 931 mb suggests winds of 126 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 125 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 90 kt previously. Given that the next inner core measurement had 935 mb central pressure early on the 29th, it is likely that the hurricane stayed extremely strong from the 25th through the 29th and the intensity is revised accordingly. A 935 mb central pressure around 06 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 124 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) northern (north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 119 kt. 120 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT. This value 935 mb was incorrectly listed originally as a 12 UTC measurement. The hurricane made landfall in Louisiana on the 29th. In Louisiana, the highest winds observed were at Burrwood with a peak 5 min wind of 106 kt at 2145 UTC on the 29th. This converts (after adjusting for the high bias of this era's anemometer and switching to a peak 1 min wind - Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996) to 87 kt true. Lowest observed pressure was 952 mb both at the Weather Bureau's New Orleans office (at 2350 UTC on the 29th) and at Tulane University (at 2330-0000 [30th] UTC). While the Weather Bureau did not drop below gale force during the minimum pressure, Cline indicates that the Tulane observation was in the eye. Comparison of Tulane's aneroid barometer readings with the Weather Bureau's calibrated mercurial barometer seven miles away reveals that the Tulane barometer was reading about three millibars too high before the hurricane's inner core approached New Orleans. Thus Tulane's corrected pressure and thus central pressure should have been about 949 mb around 00 UTC on the 30th at its closest approach to New Orleans after being over land (swamp) for 5 to 5 1/2 hours. Thus the 952 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at that time is replaced with 949 mb. (There was also an observation from a ship on the Mississippi of 948 mb pressure. But given that it was farther from the center of the hurricane than the New Orleans' office, it is likely that its measurements were a few to several millibars too low.) Landfall in Louisiana is analyzed to be around 1830 UTC at 29.1N, 90.3W, quite close to the estimated positions from Cline and Ho et al., and just slightly earlier in time than that inferred from HURDAT originally (but at the same location). Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model (using the Florida peninsula curve), one would arrive at a central pressure at landfall of 939 mb. However, given the swampy nature of the land in south central Louisiana, a lesser decay by half may be more appropriate: 944 mb at landfall. This value is substantially higher than that utilized by Ho et al. (932 mb) and that by Connor and Jarrell et al. (931 mb). (The 931 mb central pressure at landfall used in Jarrell et al., originated from Connor's work. Connor in turn based it upon a reported ship reading in the central Caribbean four days before landfall. However, Connor's report referred to the "Estimate Lowest" pressure during the lifetime of the hurricane and not necessarily that at U.S. landfall, though in some cases in Connor this is the case.) 944 mb suggests winds of 116 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 26 nmi for this system at landfall. However, examination of the New Orleans observations suggests a slightly smaller RMW of about 20 nmi as well as an outer RMW likely associated with a concentric eyewall at about 55 nmi. This hurricane's RMW of 20 nmi is close to that expected from climatology for this latitude and central pressure (19 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), suggesting no large alteration from this overall pressure-wind relationship is needed. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships for weakening cyclones north of 25N suggests winds of 106 kt for 944 mb. The analyzed maximum sustained surface winds at landfall are between these two estimates (116 kt and 106 kt) - 110 kt. This makes this cyclone a high-end Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, which is a reduction from that given in Neumann et al. and provided in HURDAT. (It is suggested that the hurricane was weakening from its peak of 935 mb & 120 kt earlier on the 29th as it moved to the coast.) Peak observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) were: 75 kt, 55 kt, 55 kt, and 48 kt, for 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC on the 30th. These adjust to 61 kt, 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt, respectively. Application of the Kaplan-DeMaria (1995) inland decay model gives 66 kt, 49 kt, 36 kt, and 28 kt, respectively. It is likely that the large size from the concentric eye structure and movement over swampy land allowed for the system retaining stronger winds than the Kaplan-DeMaria model would suggest. Winds in HURDAT are increased from 60 to 70 kt at 00 UTC and retained at the remaining times. The Mississippi coast is added as experiencing Category 2 conditions from a combination of a concentric eyewall structure with the outer wind maximum affecting Mississippi and the impact described in Sullivan (1986). ***************************************************************************** 1915 - Additional Notes: 1) April 29-May 2: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed north of Hispanola on 29 April 1915. The system moved toward the north-northeast for the next three days and was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone on 2 May. Highest winds observed from ship reports were 20 kt on the 29th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1006 mb on the 29th (HWM). Such pressures do support winds of 34 kt from the southern pressure- wind relationship. However, with no explicit observed gale force winds and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this a tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical depression and will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 28 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~72W Apr 29 23N 73W Tropical Depression Apr 30 28N 70W Tropical Depression May 01 33N 65W Tropical Depression (being absorbed) May 02 --- --- Absorbed by Extratropical Storm 2) September 16-21: The Monthly Weather Review reported: "From the 16th to the 18th there were indications of a disturbance of minor character near the extreme western end of Cuba and in the central Gulf, and shipping interests were advised accordingly. The storm, however, did not advance northward." Available data from Historical Weather Maps, MWR and COADS suggests that the system became a tropical depression on the 17th moved across the Gulf of Mexico, made landfall near the Texas-Mexico border late on the 20th and dissipated on the 21st. Lowest observed pressures were 1007 mb on the 18th (HWM and COADS) and highest observed winds were 30 kt on the 17th (COADS). The system may have reached tropical storm intensity over the Gulf of Mexico though without observational evidence this system is analyzed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 16 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~83W Sep 17 23N 85W Tropical Depression Sep 18 23N 89W Tropical Depression Sep 19 24N 91W Tropical Depression Sep 20 25N 95W Tropical Depression Sep 21 26N 99W Tropical Depression - dissipating 3) October 6-10: Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression (possibly a tropical storm) formed in the tropical North Atlantic on the 6th, moved westward and impacted the Leeward Islands on the 8th and 9th, and turned toward the northwest and dissipated on the 10th. Highest observed winds were 20 kt on the 9th. Lowest observed pressure was 1005 mb and 10 kt WSW wind on the 6th (COADS). This peripheral pressure value suggests winds of at least 36 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. (Two other low pressures - 1003 and 1005 mb - were observed from a British ship "KAD.", which appear to be at least 6 mb too low.) Without further confirmation of tropical storm intensity, this system will be kept as a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 6 13N 47W Tropical Depression Oct 7 14N 53W Tropical Depression Oct 8 15N 58W Tropical Depression Oct 9 17N 60W Tropical Depression Oct 10 22N 62W Tropical Depression - dissipating 4) October 20-23: Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicated that a tropical depression formed south of Bermuda on the 20th, moved to the northeast over the next two days, turned to the north and was absorbed by a large extratropical storm on the 23rd. (A tropical cyclone status is analyzed for the 20th-22nd because of the warm, isothermal airmass that surrounded the system on these dates, despite the frontal analyses shown in HWM.) No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed during its tropical cyclone stage. It is possible that this reached tropical storm intensity, but barring such observations this system is assessed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 20 29N 63W Tropical Depression Oct 21 33N 56W Tropical Depression Oct 22 35N 54W Tropical Depression Oct 23 41N 53W Absorbed by Extratropical Storm 5) October 28-31: The Monthly Weather Review reported: "A general depression of moderate character covered the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies on the 28th and 29th and extended into southern Florida and the adjacent Gulf and ocean. No definite center of disturbance was located, however, and by the 31st pressure was rising generally, though slowly." Available observations from Historical Weather Maps and COADS agrees with this assessment and suggests that this system was not a tropical cyclone. ************************************************************************ 1916/01 - 2008 REVISION: 21011 05/13/1916 M= 6 1 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 21012 05/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 800 25 0*224 804 30 0 21013 05/14*238 807 30 0*251 810 35 1006*262 813 40 0*272 816 40 1004 21014 05/15*278 819 40 0*283 821 35 0*290 822 35 0*299 819 35 0 21015 05/16*310 814 35 0*322 806 35 0*335 795 35 0*352 781 35 0 21016 05/17E371 764 40 0E390 745 45 0E410 725 50 990E430 710 50 0 21017 05/18E450 705 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21018 TS Landfall: 5/14/1916 0600Z 25.1N 81.0W 35kt FL This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship database, and observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. May 13: Historical Weather Map depicts a sharp trough along 80W, with a decaying stationary frontal boundary to the north of the trough over Florida. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 21.5N 80W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 10th there was evidences of an approach of a disturbance toward Cuba. It did not appear to be of serious character" (MWR). "[A] perturbation was location on the morning of the 13th between western Jamaica and Grand Cayman moving northward. This system produced torrential rainfall in Camaguey" (Resena Meteorologica). May 14: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N 81W. No frontal features are analyzed in the area and no significant baroclinic zones are noted. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 25N 82W with 1007 mb pressure at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1006 mb and NE 4 kt at 08 UTC at Key West (OMR); 1005 mb and NE 11 kt at 20 UTC at Tampa (OMR); "Fresh Gale" between 00 UTC and 12 UTC/14th at Titusville (OMR); 39 kt between 12 UTC/14th and 00 UTC/15th at Jacksonville (OMR). "...the evening of the 13th, when it was approaching the southern Florida coast...On the following morning (the 14th) with steadily falling although not ver low, pressure over Florida, with increasing easterly winds...During the day moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida coast and fresh to strong winds on the Georgia and southern Carolina coasts" (MWR). "On the 14th, the disturbance was over south Florida" (Resena Meteorologica). May 15: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N 82W. No frontal features are analyzed in its vicinity. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low of 1008 mb near 28N 82W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The disturbance continued to move slowly up the coast with steadily falling pressure and some rain but without strong winds" (MWR). May 16: HWM no longer depicts a closed low, but does show the intersection of a cold and warm front over the Carolinas. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a 1006 mb low centered near 34N 79.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1002 mb at 23 UTC at 37.4N 74.2W (COA). "On the morning of the 16th it was central over eastern South Carolina" (MWR). May 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N 73W, with a stationary front extending north of the low and warm/cold frontal boundaries extending southeast and south from the low. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzs a 994 mb low centered near 41.5N 73W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 45 kt NW in New York City (MWR); 25 kt SE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at Nantucket (HWM). Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1003 mb at 07 UTC at 36.0N 70.8W (COA); 20 kt W and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 40.4N 71.8W (COA). "The storm had now increased considerably in energy, and on the morning of the 17th was central in southern New England with lowest barometer reading of 29.32 inches, and moderate gales had occurred from northern New Jersey to Cape Cod" (MWR). May 18: HWM analyzed an elongated NW-SE low of at most 1000 mb centered near 48N 74W, with a stationary front extending northwest along the low axis and warm/cold frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest from the low. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed (last position shown) a 998 mb low near 45.5N 70W. Station highlights: 20 kt NE and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Quebec (HWM). "By the evening of the 17th strong gales had occurred on the coast from New York to Maine, the storm center at that time being at the western Main coast (29.28). After this time there was some interference on the part of the western storm...and a consequent rapid diminution in energy, although pressure continued comparatively low until the night of the 19th" (MWR). The genesis of this new tropical storm is begun around 12 UTC on the 13th just south of Cuba as a tropical depression. This is agreement with the Cuban meteorological journal and with Ramon Perez' assessment. As the system moved north-northwestward during the 14th it developed a large area of cyclonic circulation - perhaps indicative of a subtropical cyclone (though that classification is not utilized until the satellite era). Four pieces of evidence suggest that this system reached gale force intensity before evolving into an extratropical low: 1) Near-gale force winds were directly measured in Jacksonville, with the 39 kt observed converting (after adjusting for the high bias of the instrument of the era - Fergusson and Covert 1924 - and adjusting to a 1 min wind - Powell et al. 1996) to 33 kt 1 min true; 2) Visual estimates of "Fresh Gale" at the USWB Titusville office (no anemometer available), which correponds to 34-40 kt; 3) Description in the MWR of "moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida coast"; 4) Central pressure value of 1004 mb at 20 UTC inferred from observations in Tampa, suggesting winds of about 37 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Thus it is estimated that it reached tropical storm intensity at 06 UTC on the 14th as it was making landfall over south Florida. Despite the center going over land, the cyclone stayed about the same intensity or perhaps even deepened slightly on the 14th. A central pressure of 1006 mb from the Key West USWB office was measured at 08 UTC on the 14th and a central pressure of about 1004 mb could be inferred from observations from the Tampa USWB office at 20 UTC on the 14th. The system weakened slightly on the 15th as the cyclone continued northward through Florida. By the 16th, the cyclone was over the Carolinas and was beginning to transform into an extratropial low by interacting with a pre-existing frontal boundary. It is estimated that the cyclone became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 17th. The cyclone re-intensified as an extratropical low and impacted the upper Atlantic and New England coasts of the United States with numerous gales. A ship at 12 UTC on the 17th observed 992 mb and 20 kt of wind, suggesting about a central pressure of 990 mb right before the center went over New England. The cyclone then was absorbed by a larger extratropical low early on the 18th. ************************************************************************ 1916/02 - 2008 REVISION: 21020 06/29/1916 M=12 1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 21020 06/28/1916 M=13 2 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * *** (The 28th is new to HURDAT.) 21025 06/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 795 25 0*125 798 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 21025 06/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 809 35 0*125 811 35 0 21025 06/29*125 801 25 0*125 805 25 0*127 809 25 0*130 813 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21030 06/30*129 814 35 0*133 816 35 0*138 818 35 0*143 822 40 0 21030 06/30*135 817 30 0*140 821 30 0*145 825 30 0*150 828 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21035 07/01*148 825 40 0*154 829 45 0*161 833 50 0*166 837 55 0 21035 07/01*155 830 30 0*160 831 30 0*165 833 30 0*169 837 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21040 07/02*170 839 55 0*175 841 60 0*180 844 65 0*185 846 70 0 21040 07/02*172 841 35 0*176 846 35 0*180 850 40 0*185 852 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21045 07/03*189 848 70 0*194 850 75 0*200 853 80 0*209 856 85 0 21045 07/03*189 853 50 0*194 855 55 0*200 857 60 0*207 860 65 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21050 07/04*219 860 90 0*231 864 95 0*241 867 95 0*253 870 100 0 21050 07/04*215 864 70 0*224 867 75 0*235 870 80 0*248 872 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 21055 07/05*264 874 100 0*275 877 105 0*285 880 105 0*296 884 105 0 21055 07/05*263 873 90 0*276 875 95 0*288 877 100 0*299 880 105 950 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21060 07/06*305 890 90 979*313 895 60 0*321 900 50 0*327 901 40 0 21060 07/06*308 886 80 0*317 894 55 0*324 900 45 994*328 901 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 21065 07/07*332 902 40 0*335 902 40 0*337 901 40 0*339 894 40 0 21065 07/07*331 902 40 0*334 902 40 0*337 901 40 0*338 894 40 0 *** *** *** 21070 07/08*337 885 40 0*336 876 30 0*338 869 30 0*339 866 30 0 21070 07/08*337 885 40 0*335 876 40 0*332 869 35 0*332 866 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** 21075 07/09*340 864 25 0*342 862 25 0*345 860 20 0*348 859 20 0 21075 07/09*334 864 30 0*337 862 30 0*340 860 25 0*343 859 25 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21080 07/10*351 858 20 0*354 857 20 0*358 856 20 0*362 858 20 0 21080 07/10*346 858 20 0*348 857 20 0*350 856 20 0*352 855 20 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21085 HR MS3 AL3 21085 HR MS3 AL2AFL2 ******* Landfall: 7/5/1916 2100Z 30.4N 88.4W 105kt 18nmi 950 mb MS3,AL2,AFL2 Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the western Caribbean. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 29: HWM indicates an open wave near of 11N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.7N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 83.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 83.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 17.3N, 84.3W at 18 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.1N, 83.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The first definite indications of this disturbance were noted on the morning of July 1 at Swan Island , when after a day or two of unsettled weather the barometer had fallen to 29.78 inches [1009 mb]" (MWR). July 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 18.2N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18N, 85W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 2d it was clearly evident that the disturbance was well defined with a northward movement" (MWR). July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 85.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 20N, 85W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 20.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 20N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 21.5N, 84.7W at ~18 UTC (MWR). "One the morning of the 3d the storm center was estimated to be about latitude 20N., longitude 85W., but the absence of radio reports prevented a more precise location Thus far the storm was apparently of not much intensity The United States Coast Guard cutter Itasca had encountered a severe disturbance on the afternoon of July 3 about 25 miles south of Cape San Antonio with a whole gale [35 kt] from the east" (MWR). July 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24N, 87.3W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.1N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 87W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 24N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 23.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 23.5N, 87W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W at 04 UTC (MWR); 55 kt E and 999 mb at 23N, 86W at ~06 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W at 06 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt (no direction) at Havana at 16 UTC (MWR); 50 kt and 1006 mb at Burwood, Louisiana at 19 UTC (MWR). "The storm passed through the Yucatan Channel during the early night of the 3d and apparently had attained only moderate intensity until just before that channel was reached, after which there was a marked increase in its activity" (MWR). July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 88W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1001 mb with a center near 28N, 89W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 28.7N, 88W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 28.8N, 88.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 28.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 29.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC (COA); 5 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22.7N, 95.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 90 kt SE at Pensacola at 30N, 87.6W at 1832 UTC (MWR); 961 mb (peripheral pressure) at Fort Morgan at 20 UTC (MWR); 93 kt E at Mobile at 20 UTC (OMR). Tide information: Mobile 11.6', Biloxi 4.0', Pensacola 5.0', and Fort Morgan 6.3'. Estimated Lowest: 948 mb ("28.00") (Connor). "On the morning of the 5th the storm center had moved across the Gulf with unusual rapidity and was near to and approaching the middle Gulf coast, and apparently somewhere between Mobile Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi River" (MWR). July 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 32.5N, 90W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 90W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with a center near 33.5N, 90W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 32N, 90W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33N, 90W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 32.4N, 90W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 85 kt SE and 984 mb at Pensacola at 00 UTC (OMR); 987 mb at Pass Christian, Mississippi at 0030 UTC (MWR); 994 mb with a N wind at Jackson, Mississippi at 12 UTC (OMR). "Unfortunately, several lives were lost along the middle Gulf coast, mainly persons in small boats. Marine casualties were of a minor character but the aggregate losses amounted to several millions of dollars, distributed principally between the cities of Pensacola and Mobile and the agricultural sections of southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama. The high tides were responsible for the major portion of the coast damage. At Mobile the tide was somewhat more than 2 feet above the previous highest tide of 9.87 feet above mean tide in September, 1906, and the entire business district was inundated. At Pensacola the tide was 5 feet above normal high tide, or 3 « feet lower than the highest reached during the storm of September, 1906" (MWR). July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 89.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 31N, 89.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33.5N, 89.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.7N, 89.7W at 18 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT analysis of 33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 38 kt S at Pensacola at 14 UTC (OMR); 1003 mb with a SW wind at Jackson 00 UTC (OMR). "After the morning of the 6th the storm hovered over Mississippi and Alabama for three days with steadily decreasing intensity, but with torrential rains that caused great floods and enormous damage to growing crops After the storm center passed inland torrential rains set in over the east Gulf State, and western Georgia and continued in the form of heavy showers for about a week. These rains of course caused enormous losses of staple crops and caused great floods in the rivers of eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and western Georgia" (MWR). July 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 33.8N, 86.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.2N, 86.9W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 45 kt SW at Pensacola at 12 UTC (MWR); 10 kt S and 1006 mb at Birmingham at 12 UTC (OMR). July 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 85.5W with a weakening cold front north of the low. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 34.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 34.5N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 34.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 34N, 86W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1004 mb at Birmingham at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb at Montgomery at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb and a W wind at Florence, Alabama at 12 UTC (OMR). July 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 85W with no significant frontal boundaries in the vicinity. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 35.8N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 36N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 36.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 10 kt W and 1006 mb at Montgomery at 00 UTC (OMR). Genesis for storm 1 began at 12 UTC on June 28th, 24 hours earlier than previous HURDAT, in the southwest Caribbean Sea based upon HWM and COADS observations. Intensity at first occurrence is determined as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. The system progressed on a general northwest to north-northwest track until landfall in extreme southeast Mississippi on the 5th. Available observations suggest the system intensified slower than first indicated by HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed until July 3rd, when the storm began to pass through the Yucatan Channel. A 35 kt wind was observed southwest of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the afternoon of the 3rd (MWR). 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than previous HURDAT. On the 4th the hurricane emerged in the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 1 hurricane. Highest observed winds on the 4th were 55 kt. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 4th, down 15 kt from original HURDAT. It is unknown as to whether the hurricane reached peak intensity over the open Gulf of Mexico or at landfall on the Mississippi coast, due to the lack of inner core observations before landfall. The hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at 20 UTC on the 5th. Lowest pressure at landfall was 961 mb (peripheral pressure) observed at Fort Morgan, Alabama around 20 UTC. Highest observed winds were 93 kt from Mobile around 20 UTC. This wind reduces to 76 kt true after accounting for the high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Connor (1956) estimated the lowest sea level pressure for this hurricane to be 28.00 [948 mb], based primarily upon data at landfall in the U.S. Dunn and Miller (1960) note the occurrence as a major hurricane for Florida, Mississippi and Alabama. Ho et al (1987) noted this hurricane as possessing a 950 mb central pressure, 26 nmi radius of maximum winds (RMW), 25 kt forward speed, and a landfall point of 30.4N, 88.3W. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested a 94 kt maximum 1 min surface wind and environmental pressure of 1007 mb. Jarrell et al (1992) suggests a Category 3 hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama and a central pressure of 948 mb (no doubt originally from Connor). Ho's estimate of 26 nmi for the RMW may be somewhat too large, given the discussion of the hurricane's impact in Monthly Weather Review. An RMW of 15-20 nmi is utilized here, which is close to the climatology for this latitude and central pressure (20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000). A rather tight RMW also suggests that the hurricane may not have weakened substantially before landfall. 950 mb implies winds of 110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure- wind relationship. The new north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. (2006) suggests slightly less at 105 kt, which is retained for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 5th and is estimated to have occurred at landfall around 21 UTC. The 950 mb central pressure at landfall is also added to HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 5th. Application of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind model gives Category 2 wind impact in both Alabama and northwest Florida and only tropical storm conditions in Louisiana. After landfall the system meandered over Mississippi and Alabama from the 6th through the 9th. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 00 UTC 6th 85 kt (69 kt true), 06 UTC 70 kt (57 kt true), 12 UTC 50 kt (42 kt true), and 18 UTC 42 kt (35 kt true). Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 79, 56, 41, and 32 kt, accordingly. Winds for revised HURDAT are reduced from 90 down to 80 kt at 00 UTC on the 6th and maintained at 60 kt at 06 UTC. A possible central pressure observation on the 6th of 994 mb at 12 UTC in Jackson, Mississippi implies winds of 56 kt. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC as the storm was well inland, a 5 kt reduction to original HURDAT. Pensacola observed 38 kt (33 kt true) winds on the 7th, thus HURDAT is maintained at 40 kt. The system continued to produce gale force winds at Pensacola on the 8th and Birmingham observed pressures around 1006 mb. 35 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher than previous HURDAT. Moderately low pressures were found in Alabama as the system finally weakened to a tropical depression on the 9th. Storm #2, 1916 - 2012 Revision 21580 06/28/1916 M=13 2 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 21585 06/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 795 25 0*125 798 25 0* 21590 06/29*125 801 25 0*125 805 25 0*127 809 25 0*130 813 25 0* 21595 06/30*135 817 30 0*140 821 30 0*145 825 30 0*150 828 30 0* 21600 07/01*155 830 30 0*160 831 30 0*165 833 30 0*169 837 30 0* 21605 07/02*172 841 35 0*176 846 35 0*180 850 40 0*185 852 45 0* 21610 07/03*189 853 50 0*194 855 55 0*200 857 60 0*207 860 65 0* 21615 07/04*215 864 70 0*224 867 75 0*235 870 80 0*248 872 85 0* 21620 07/05*263 873 90 0*276 875 95 0*288 877 100 0*299 880 105 950* 21625 07/06*308 886 80 0*317 894 55 0*324 900 45 994*328 901 40 0* 21630 07/07*331 902 40 0*334 902 40 0*337 901 40 0*338 894 40 0* 21635 07/08*337 885 40 0*335 876 40 0*332 869 35 0*332 866 35 0* 21640 07/09*334 864 30 0*337 862 30 0*340 860 25 0*343 859 25 0* 21645 07/10*346 858 20 0*348 857 20 0*350 856 20 0*352 855 20 0* 21650 HR MS3 AL2AFL2 21650 HR MS3 AL3AFL2 *** 1916 #2 made landfall near Pascagoula, MS as a 105 kt storm, with a RMW of 15-20 n mi. Originally it was in HURDAT as a Cat 3 for both MS/AL. In the reanalysis it was decided to reduce it to a Category 2 impact for AL. However, it is stated in the metadata that only Category 2 impacts were given in Alabama due to the Schwedt et al parametric wind model, which was the reason for reducing the impact. However, Pascagoula is very close to the Alabama border. Even using the smallest RMW estimate of 15 n mi brings the right side RMW across western Dauphin Island and well into Mobile County AL. It is quite likely that Alabama did experience Category 3 impact, given the track, intensity and RMW location. Thus this system is reanalyzed to retain the Category 3 impact for Alabama, in addition to Mississippi. ***************************************************************************** 1916/03 - 2008 REVISION: 21090 07/10/1916 M=13 2 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 21090 07/10/1916 M=13 3 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** * 21095 07/10* 0 0 0 0*120 521 35 0*121 532 35 0*124 544 35 0 21095 07/10* 0 0 0 0*115 521 30 0*115 532 30 0*116 544 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** 21100 07/11*126 556 35 0*128 567 35 0*130 578 35 0*136 587 35 0 21100 07/11*117 556 30 0*118 567 30 0*120 578 30 0*124 588 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21105 07/12*145 598 35 0*153 608 35 0*160 617 35 0*165 626 35 0 21105 07/12*130 598 35 0*137 608 35 0*145 617 35 0*154 627 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21110 07/13*173 635 35 0*179 643 40 0*184 651 45 0*188 657 45 0 21110 07/13*164 638 35 0*175 650 40 0*184 660 45 0*191 667 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21115 07/14*191 661 50 0*194 666 50 0*198 672 55 0*203 675 60 0 21115 07/14*197 672 50 0*203 676 50 0*208 680 55 0*213 683 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21120 07/15*208 679 65 0*212 683 70 0*217 687 75 0*222 690 75 0 21120 07/15*217 685 65 0*221 686 70 0*225 687 75 0*229 688 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21125 07/16*227 694 80 0*231 697 85 0*238 700 90 0*243 704 90 0 21125 07/16*232 690 80 0*235 692 85 0*238 695 90 0*240 700 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21130 07/17*247 707 95 0*253 711 95 0*260 715 100 0*268 719 100 0 21130 07/17*242 705 90 0*246 710 90 0*253 715 90 0*261 719 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 21135 07/18*276 723 105 0*283 726 105 0*291 728 105 0*300 731 105 0 21135 07/18*270 722 90 0*280 725 85 0*291 728 85 0*302 730 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21140 07/19*309 732 100 0*318 733 100 0*328 733 95 0*338 732 95 0 21140 07/19*312 732 80 0*322 733 75 980*332 733 75 0*341 731 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21145 07/20*347 731 90 0*356 730 90 0*366 728 90 0*376 725 85 0 21145 07/20*349 729 75 0*357 727 75 0*366 725 75 0*376 723 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21150 07/21*388 720 85 0*399 714 80 0*411 709 75 0*425 701 65 0 21150 07/21*388 721 70 0*399 718 65 0*411 714 60 993*430 704 45 1001 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** 21155 07/22*447 687 55 0*469 662 45 0E485 626 35 0E510 555 30 0 21155 07/22*447 684 40 0*469 655 35 0E485 617 30 0E510 565 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 21160 HR MA1 21160 HR **** Landfall: 7/21/1916 1300Z 41.4N 71.2W 60kt MA Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960), Roth and Cobb (2001), Boose et al. (2001), and observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. July 10: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 11.5N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 11N, 57.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.0N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 14N, 61.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 14.8N, 61.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 35 kt NE at San Juan (MWR). "The first indication of this disturbance was a marked fall in pressure over the Windward Islands during the 24 hours ending at 8 a. m. of July 12. Light southeast winds were blowing from St. Kitts to Port of Spain, with an average pressure of 29.90 inches, while at San Juan, P. R., the barometer read 29.96 inches with a fresh northeast wind" (MWR). July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 17.8N, 65W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 18.4N, 66W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "During the five succeeding days this storm center moved slowly northwestward and apparently of but moderate intensity" (MWR). July 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 67.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 67.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 19.5N, 67.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 19.5N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 20.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1021 mb at 27.1N, 67.0W at 12 UTC (COA). July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 68.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.7N, 68.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 21N, 69W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 20.6N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 22.5N 68.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1015 mb at 25.9N, 66.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1016 mb at 24.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA). July 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 70W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 21.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologicasuggest a center near 23.8N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at 21.8N, 67.4W at 16 UTC (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 25.3N, 66.2W at 16 UTC (COA). July 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 24N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.0N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 25N, 72W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 24N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 25.3N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 67.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt N and 995 mb at 24.3N, 74.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1012 mb at 24.9N, 66.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 17th it was central at approximately 23N, 73W with a northward tendency" (MWR). July 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 30N, 73W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 74W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the HURDAT analysis of 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 31.6N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 31.2N, 71.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 31.0N, 73.0W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The evening of the 18th, the storm center was about at 30N, 74W with a northward movement" (MWR). July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 33.5N, 75W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33.4N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 33.2N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE and 991 mb at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 980 mb (central pressure) at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt SW at 32.3N, 73.0W at 12 UTC (COA). "When the ship the S.S. Ausable intercepted the hurricane around 06 UTC, the wind continued east-southeasterly until the ship was in the center of the hurricane, when the barometer read 28.94 inches [980 mb]" (MWR). July 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 36.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.6N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 37N, 74.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 37N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 36.6N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 997 mb at 34.3N, 74.1W at 01 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 35.1N, 74.1W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 42 kt at Norfolk (Roth and Cobb). "On the morning of the 20th the storm was apparently central at 37N, 74W with a tendency toward a slight recurve to the northeastward" (MWR). July 21: HWM indicates an approaching cold frontal from the west while the system retained a closed low of 995 mb near of 41N, 72W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 41.1N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 41.5N, 72W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 41.1N, 71.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt E and 998 mb at 41.5N, 71.3W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt E at Block Island at 09 UTC (OMR); 20 kt N and 995 mb (peripheral pressure) at Block Island at 12 UTC (OMR); 43 kt SW at Nantucket at 15 UTC (OMR); 11 kt N and 1001 mb (central pressure) at Portland at 20 UTC (OMR). "On the morning of the 21st the storm was central south of and very near the New England coast, the barometer reading this day of 29.38 inches [995 mb] at Block Island, R.I striking the southern New England coast with diminished intensity" (MWR). July 22: HWM analyzed a frontal boundary paralleling the U.S. northeast coastline and the Canadian maritime provinces. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 48.5N, 62.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 47.5N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 48.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt W and 1003 mb at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Portland at 00 UTC (OMR); 10 kt SW and 1006 mb at Boston, Massachusetts at 00 UTC (OMR). "The storm continued northeastward with diminishing intensity and without strong winds north of Massachusetts. By the morning of the 22nd this storm had passed into Newfoundland" (MWR). Genesis for this hurricane is retained at 06 UTC on July 10th. The storm's intensity is initially analyzed as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. A rather weak vortex for the first few days of its existence is supported by MWR's assertion that the system had its origins over the central Lesser Antilles around the 12th. The storm originated southeast of Barbados on the 10th and progressed on a general west-northwest to northwest track through the eastern Caribbean Sea. 35 kt NE winds in San Juan on the 12th indicate that the cyclone was of tropical storm intensity while passing through the northeast Caribbean. No changes made to the intensity from the 12th to the 16th. Its becoming a hurricane on the 15th is retained, as a few ship observations indicated quite strong winds not in the core of the cyclone on that date. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb was observed on the 17th, implying winds of at least 56 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt less than previous HURDAT. Peak wind observations on the 18th were 55 kt. 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than originally. The hurricane's peak intensity is analyzed to be 90 kt from the 16th to the 18th (down from 105 kt previously on the 18th), though few inner core observations were available. A central pressure of 980 mb was observed on the 19th at 06 UTC, implying winds of 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 19th, a 25 kt downgrade. On the 20th, a peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed around 00 UTC, implying winds of at least 53 kt from the northern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships. For continuity, 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 12 UTC, 15 kt less than previously. The cyclone made landfall near the border of Massachusetts and Rhode Island at 41.4N, 71.2W around 12 UTC on July 21st. Peak observations at landfall were 43 kt SW winds at Nantucket at 14 UTC on the 21st and 995 mb at Block Island at 11-12 UTC. The low pressure at Block Island was accompanied by 20 kt N winds making it a peripheral pressure. The central pressure at landfall was likely around 993 mb, which would imply winds of 59 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship (central pressure also added to HURDAT). Boose et al. analyzed the radius of maximum winds (RMW) to be around 27 nmi, moderately smaller than climatology of 36 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000). Environmental pressures at landfall were quite low around 1007 mb outer closed isobar as a moderately strong cold front was approaching the storm during the landfall. Thus given the storm's moderately small RMW but in a low environmental pressure, 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 21st, a 15 kt downgrade. This reduces the intensity at landfall to tropical storm strength and removes the Category 1 hurricane impact for Massachusetts from HURDAT. This agrees with the rather minimal impacts that this system caused at landfall, the weak winds observed and also Dunn and Millers' characterization of the system's intensity at landfall in the Rhode Island and Cape Cod area as Minor (meaning less than hurricane intensity). A downgrade to tropical storm intensity at landfall also is in agreement with the recommendations by Boose et al. and E. Boose personal communication, based upon the observed wind impact on structures in New England. The system weakened rapidly as it raced off towards the northern latitudes on the 21st and 22nd. Portland observed a pressure of 1001 mb and winds of 11 kt N at 20 UTC on the 21st, which may have been a central pressure (and is added into HURDAT). 1001 mb central pressure suggests winds of 47 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 21st. The system transitioned to an extratropical storm by 12 UTC. Overall, the storm is analyzed to be significantly weaker than original HURDAT; however, the system did attain Category 1 hurricane intensity from the 17th to the 21st. ***************************************************************************** 1916/04 - 2008 REVISION: 21165 07/11/1916 M= 5 3 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 21165 07/11/1916 M= 5 4 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * *** * 21170 07/11* 0 0 0 0*253 724 40 0*256 735 40 0*261 743 45 0 21170 07/11* 0 0 0 0*259 712 40 0*265 720 40 0*271 728 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 21175 07/12*265 750 50 0*270 757 60 0*277 763 60 0*284 768 70 0 21175 07/12*277 736 50 0*282 744 60 0*287 752 60 0*292 760 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21180 07/13*290 772 75 0*296 776 80 0*302 779 85 0*309 782 85 0 21180 07/13*297 769 75 0*302 777 80 0*307 784 90 0*313 789 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** 21185 07/14*316 786 85 0*324 790 75 0*330 797 60 983*336 803 55 0 21185 07/14*320 792 100 0*326 794 95 960*332 797 70 0*337 802 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 21190 07/15*343 813 50 0*348 820 45 0*352 830 30 0* 0 0 0 0 21190 07/15*342 809 50 0*346 818 45 0*350 827 35 0*354 836 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21195 HR SC1 21195 HR SC2 *** Landfall: 7/14/1916 0800Z 32.9N 79.5W 95kt 20nmi 960mb 1013mb SC2 Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Glenn. July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27N, 72W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.6N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 26.5N, 72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 995 mb near 29.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26.3N, 76W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 28.7N, 75.2W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 28.4N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1016 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston at 16 UTC (MWR). "On July 12 a vessel radio report from about 27N, 72.5W gave the first notice of this disturbance" (MWR). July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 960 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 31N, 78W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 30.7N, 78.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1011 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston at 12 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 971 mb at 31.7N, 78.9W at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 961 mb at 31.8N, 78.9W at 1930 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt N at Savannah at 18 UTC (OMR); 45 kt NE at Charleston at 18 UTC (MWR); 56 kt at Charleston at 21 UTC (OMR). "The U.S.S. Hector reported a barometer reading (aneroid) of 28.37 inches [961 mb] which, upon subsequent comparison of the instrument, is thought to be reasonably accurate" (MWR). July 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb just inland over South Carolina near 33N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate a low pressure of 996 mb near 33.5N, 80W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33N, 80W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 33.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 971 mb at 31.8N, 78.8W at 00 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SE and 976 mb at 31.9N, 78.8W at 02 UTC (MWR); 70 kt S and 985 mb at 32N, 78.8W at 04 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 987 mb at Georgetown, South Carolina, at 07 UTC (MWR); 55 kt NW and 983 mb at Charleston at 08 UTC (OMR); 997 mb at Columbia at 2045 UTC (OMR). "This storm passed inland over or very near Charleston about 4 a.m. of the 14th, with a lowest barometer reading of 29.02 inches [983 mb] ... It was of unusual severity, though its path of destructiveness was comparatively narrow ... The material damage locally was not great. Most houses suffered minor damage to roofs and consequent water damage. Some signs were blown down and a few valuable plate-glass windows were broken. No large vessels suffered material injury, though a number of small boats were sunk at their wharves, and a few of them were crushed, though most of them suffered only minor damage One of the most lamentable results of the storm from a community point of view was the damage to shade trees, the soaking rain and the shifting winds combining to uproot many of them. There were two lives lost in Charleston and vicinity The damage south of Charleston to North Edisto River seems to have been confined almost wholly to crop injury. To the northward the destruction was much greater. Large tracks of cultivated land in McClellanville section were inundated Friday morning, causing a total loss of crops. Water stood 4 or 5 feet deep in the town and left a heavy deposit of sea sledge covering dead animals and fowls. The tide is said to have been higher than in 1893 or 1911 The crop damage from about 15 to 20 miles northeast of Charleston on to McClellanville and the Santee River is estimated by the competent to judge at from 75 to 90 per cent. Almost all the trees in McClellanville were uprooted. Numerous houses were blown down, but they were of flimsy construction. Loss of live stock was rather heavy from wrecking of barns, and some hogs and other small animals were drowned. Notwithstanding the great material damage there was no loss of human life. In Georgetown the damage was apparently little worse than stores on the water front ... North of Georgetown the storm was less severe, though the tide was very high at Pawleys Island and Murrels Inlet. No damage of consequence occurred there, however, or at Myrtle Beach, farther up the coast. The hurricane is believed to have been one of the most severe that has visited this coast since the Weather Bureau was established, but its destructive effects were confined to unusually narrow limits. This is due partly at least to the fact that its course was practically normal to the coast line. Its center is thought to have passed inland over Bulls Bay, about 25 miles northeast of Charleston and some 10 miles southwest of McClellanville It is practically impossible at this time to estimate with any degree of accuracy the total losses occasioned by the hurricane It will certainly run high into the millions if the floods which resulted from the storms inland progress be taken into account" (MWR). From the _Georgetown Times_, July 22, 1916 - provided by Prof. Cary Mock: "SUMMER COLONY ON PAWLEY'S ISLAND LEAVE THE BEACH IN STORM - Bridges Overflowed But Note Enough to Block Passage - Vivid Description by our Correspondent of the Terrible Experiences of the People During the Hurricane, Although No Serious Results Followed Pawley's Island and the immediate vicinity got a full share of the hurricane Thursday night and Friday [probably the previous week]. This storm will go down in history as second only to the storm of '93, when so many memorable tragedies took place ... The northeast wind set in before Wednesday. Before morning it had become a stiff gale ... Before dark [on Thursday] the causeway connecting island and mainland was submerged, the water reaching almost to the boards on the bridges dashing in waves waist high over the lower parts of the roadway ... In the eastern part of the island the surf had washed away the sand hills ... The hurricane raged and shrieked, snapping off trees and rocking the houses ... But at about 4 o'clock [Friday morning] the wind began to change, shifting to east, then to southeast, and the immediate danger began to pass ... No loss of life is reported and but little damage to property. The hardest of the loss falls where it will hurt most, though - on the Negroes, whose crops are ruined and fences down, and these will suffer greatly. Along the beach the sand hills are cut as if sliced off with a giant knife ... Fishing boats are washed high on the big sandhills and steps carried to the end of the island." Charleston News and Courier, July 14th 1916 - "Late trains from Tybee tonight came over tracks which were covered with water nearly a foot deep for a stretch of several miles...Time and tide for week High, July 14th, 6:36 a.m... Smother of spume off Battery --- Tide was running high. The wind blowing as high as sixty-two miles an hour at one time, made the seas heavy. Wave after wave dashed against the wall, its spume being thrown high into the air. The water rushed over the wall and into roadways and streets. The high wall along South Battery was being continually washed as wave after wave dashed over the Battery wall." Charleston News and Courier, July 15th 1916 - "Storm Heavy at Florence - Florence, July 14th: The tropical storm, which so suddenly swept in on the Southeast Atlantic coast early last evening struck this section shortly before midnight last night, and grew in intensity as the night passed, until today it is sweeping the Pee-Dee section with hurricane proportions." Charleston News and Courier, July 16th 1916 - "Florence Bridges are Washed Away - Florence, July 15th: Never in the history of this section has there ever fallen such a quantity of rain as fell yesterday and last night. The United States weather bureau at this place gives the official figures for the thirty-six hours as 14.25 inches of rain, an unprecedented record...The Weather - The Southeastern storm has caused torrential rains over a large part of South Carolina and portions of North Carolina. It has lost a great portion of its energy and is now central on the North Carolina-Tennessee boundary." Charleston News and Courier, July 17th 1916 - "Georgetown Felt Storm Severely - Whilst at the wharf in Georgetown the glass fell to 29.30. Between 3 and 5 oclock Friday morning the wind blew more than seventy-five miles an hour. The tide was high between 7 and 8 oclock that morning, and the wharf front was completely submerged...It is probably quite as bad as if not worse than the floods which occurred in the upper part of the State in August of 1908 and it has covered a wider area." Charleston News and Courier, July 18th 1916 - "Georgetown, July 17th - The hurricane that struck Georgetown Thursday night, beginning at about 10 oclock and lasting until Friday afternoon, has left in its wake a scene of devastation attesting the violence of the wind which is said, by old mariners, to have reached 85 to 100 miles an hour at 4 a.m. Friday...McClellanville, July 17th - McClellanville has just been visited by the biggest storm since 1893. The tide overflowed all yards on the waterfront several feet deep." Charleston News and Courier, July 20th 1916 - "No other storm in the memory of men now living in that section approached in destructiveness the furious hurricane that swept McClellanville Thursday night and Friday morning. No other storm save possibly the great hurricane of 1822 wrought such havoc among the crops of all that section or did such terrific damage to the timber. Conservative estimates made by men who have spent much time on the water fix the velocity of the wind from Friday morning at from ninety-eight to 110 miles an hour. This wind blew steadily from the southeast and it banked up the incoming tide...McClellanville, July 19th - All contend that this hurricane was more violent than that of 1893, and the destruction greater." Charleston News and Courier, July 22nd 1916 - "On Pawley's Island - On Pawley's Island the storm was not so severe as in the city. The wind blew a hurricane for hours and tides as high as the storm of 1893 were swept into the inlet behind the island." July 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb inland over Alabama near 34N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 35.2N, 83W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 35.2N, 82W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 47 kt E and 1008 mb at Charlotte at 00 UTC (OMR); 49 kt at Charlotte at 03 UTC (OMR); 52 kt E at Charlotte at 04 UTC (OMR). "On the morning of the 15th the remnants of the storm were lost in the mountains of western North Carolina" (MWR). Genesis for storm number 3 is retained at 06 UTC on July 11th as a minimal tropical storm in the western Atlantic Ocean. The system originated just northeast of the Bahamas and progressed on a northwestward track throughout its lifetime. Gale force winds were first observed on the 12th as a ship recorded 35 kt winds. 60 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th because of the hurricane intensity reports on the following day. The storm deepened rapidly on the 12th and 13th. A peripheral pressure of 961 mb was observed late on the 13th, implying winds of at least 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, a 15 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. The hurricane made landfall near Bulls Bay, South Carolina, around 08 UTC on the 14th. A central pressure value of 983 mb was included originally in HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 14th. This pressure reading was likely that of Charleston at 08 UTC on the 14th, which as it was accompanied by 55 kt NW wind indicates that it was a peripheral pressure measurement, not a central pressure. Thus 983 mb is removed from HURDAT. It is of note that Ho et al. did not analyze this US landfalling hurricane - implying that it was of central pressure higher than 982 mb (possibly because of this 983 mb observation). Dunn and Miller list this as a minimal (Category 1 or 2) hurricane causing severe flooding in South Carolina. Jarrell et al. analyzed a 980 mb central pressure at landfall. However, because of the 961 mb peripheral pressure/hurricane force wind readings twelve hours before landfall and the 983 mb/55 kt wind readings from Charleston, a substantially lower central pressure is estimated for landfall: 960 mb. This pressure suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. The system is described as small in area (which could increase the pressure gradient and winds), but was also moving slowly at landfall (which would decrease the winds on the strong semicircle), so 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC and also at landfall a couple hours later. This is a 20 kt increase from the original HURDAT and it does upgrade the system from a Category 1 to Category 2 (borderline Category 3) hurricane strike for South Carolina. This intensity is consistent with the moderate impacts documented in the newspaper accounts, though it is possible that the hurricane was slightly stronger. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 12 UTC 14th - 60 kt (ship), 18 UTC - 45 kt (ship), 00 UTC 15th - 47kt, 06 UTC - 52 kt. These last two values reduce down to 40 and 43 kt, respectively, after for correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.) Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 72, 51, 35, and 24 kt, accordingly. Winds for HURDAT after landfall were analyzed to be 70 kt (10 kt increase), 55 kt (no change), 50 kt (no change), and 45 kt (no change), respectively. "This is the first July storm of record that passed northwestward from the region of the Bahamas and struck the south Atlantic [U.S.] coast" (MWR). ***************************************************************************** 1916/05 - 2008 REVISION: 21011 08/04/1916 M= 3 5 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21012 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 940 35 0*240 945 35 0 21013 08/05*241 950 40 0*242 955 40 0*243 960 45 0*244 965 45 0 21014 08/06*246 971 50 0*248 977 50 0*250 985 35 0*252 995 25 0 21018 TS This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, and the COADS ship database. August 4: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure in the western Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest a closed low was near 24N 94W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 5: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure in the western Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest a closed low was near 24.3N 96W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 6: The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest in the region. Station highlights: 26 kt E and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at Brownsville (OMR); 38 kt SE at 07 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR). "A small disturbance was central off of the mouth of the Rio Grande Valley at 8 p. m. on August 5th, and northeast storm warnings were ordered for the Texas coast stations at 8:30 p. m. The storm moved westward into Mexico and its passage was attended by storm winds on the Texas coast." This new cyclone was difficult to analyze because of both the lack of ship observations in the Western Gulf of Mexico and because of having no station data over Mexico due to the Mexican Revolution. However, the available station observations from both Brownsville (twice daily) and Corpus Christi (hourly) clearly indicate that a well-organized tropical low pressure system made landfall south of the U.S.-Mexico border around 06 UTC on the 6th. Highest observed winds were 38 kt at Corpus Christi early on the 6th, which reduces to 32 kt true after accounting for the high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Unfortunately, Brownsville's twice daily observations missed the highest winds/ lowest pressures as the system made its closest approach just south of the town. However, the Monthly Weather Review writeup clearly indicates that "storm winds" (about 50 kt) occurred along the Texas coast. It is estimated that the cyclone formed on the 4th and moved west-northwestward making landfall early on the 6th just south of the U.S.-Mexico border as a 50 kt tropical storm. It is quite possible given the absence of information from Mexico that the system was stronger, perhaps even hurricane intensity. Dissipation is estimated to have occurred over northeast Mexico late on the 6th. ***************************************************************************** 1916/06 - 2008 REVISION: 21200 08/12/1916 M= 8 4 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 21200 08/12/1916 M= 9 6 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 * * *** 21205 08/12* 0 0 0 0*140 550 60 0*140 564 60 0*140 579 70 0 21205 08/12* 0 0 0 0*134 550 35 0*135 564 40 0*136 578 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21210 08/13*141 594 75 0*142 610 75 0*143 625 80 0*143 641 80 0 21210 08/13*138 592 45 0*139 606 45 0*140 620 50 0*141 636 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21215 08/14*145 657 85 0*147 674 85 0*150 690 85 0*153 704 85 0 21215 08/14*142 653 55 0*143 669 60 0*145 685 60 0*147 700 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21220 08/15*156 715 85 0*161 728 85 0*165 740 90 0*173 756 90 0 21220 08/15*150 713 65 0*154 726 65 0*160 740 70 0*168 756 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21225 08/16*180 771 95 0*187 790 95 0*194 807 95 0*199 823 100 0 21225 08/16*178 773 75 0*189 790 75 0*198 807 80 0*205 824 85 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 21230 08/17*204 838 100 0*209 854 105 0*218 871 105 0*225 887 105 0 21230 08/17*210 841 90 0*215 858 95 0*220 876 105 0*228 894 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21235 08/18*231 902 110 0*240 920 110 0*253 947 110 948*262 964 100 0 21235 08/18*237 912 115 0*246 930 115 0*255 947 115 0*264 963 115 932 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21240 08/19*271 980 65 0*279 996 50 0*2911009 35 0*3121014 30 0 21240 08/19*272 978 90 940*281 993 60 0*2911007 40 0*3011017 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** ** *** *** (The 20th is new to HURDAT.) 21242 08/20*3121025 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21245 HRATX3 21245 HRATX4 **** Landfall: 8/18/1916 2200Z 27.0N 97.4W 115kt 25nmi 932mb 1012mb ATX4 Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al (1979), Ho et al (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 12: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 13N, 56W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 14N, 56.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 13.5N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1015 mb at 15.8N, 56.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "... first observed on the morning of the 12th in the vicinity of Barbados" (MWR). August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 62W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 14.5N, 62W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 62W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15N, 69W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.5N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 74W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 17.9N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18.9N, 76W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 19.5N, 76W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Jamaica at 12 UTC (HWM). MWR notes the storm "passed westward a short distance south of Jamaica on the 15th and into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Yucatan Channel on the night of the 16th." August 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of 990 mb near 19N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 19.4N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.8N, 81W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 19.8N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 998 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 23 UTC (COA). August 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 22N, 88.5W just north of the Yucatan of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21.8N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 22N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 22.3N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 22N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at 25.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 21.7N, 89.7W at 23 UTC (COA). August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 950 mb near 25.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.3N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 26N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 25.5N, 94W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 25.5N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Brownsville at 12 UTC (OMR); 984 mb at Corpus Christi at 2315 UTC (MWR); 53 kt at Corpus Christi at 20 UTC (OMR). "It was approaching the south Texas coast on the morning of the 18th, and passed inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville the afternoon and evening of the 18th" (MWR). August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28.5N, 101W inland over northeast Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 100.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 102W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.1N, 100.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 948 mb (likely a peripheral pressure) at Kingsville, Texas, at 0115 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE and 1003 mb at San Antonio at 06 UTC (OMR); 971 mb (peripheral pressure) at Del Rio, Texas, at 1130 UTC (MWR); 51 kt SE at Del Rio, Texas, at 11 UTC (OMR). "At the office of the Santa Gertrudis ranch at Kingsville, 14 miles north of Riviera, the aneroid barometer was carefully watched by Mr. J.B. Wright, the manager of the ranch, and he took the lowest reading of 28.00 [948 mb] inches at 8:15 p.m. [0115 UTC on the 19th] ... Six lives were lost by the foundering of the coastwise steamer Pilot Boy off Port Aransas, Tex.; three additional lives were lost by drowning along the coast near Corpus Christi, Tex., and six at various interior points, as a result of hurricane winds in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Newspaper reports place the damage sustained in southwest Texas at $1,800,000. The damage, while largely confined to coast regions, was more or less general over a wide area. In the interior, crops were badly damaged by wind and rain and windmills, fences, and barns were blown down. The cities of Bishop, Kingsville, and Corpus Christi being the largest sufferers. In Corpus Christi it was the water front that sustained the heaviest damage. All the wharves and most of the buildings on the wharves were destroyed, even the solid timber head of the municipal wharf was unfloored, taking down the storm-warning display tower. Hardly a property in Corpus Christi escaped without damage of some kind, and vegetation where not destroyed suffered heavily ... there can be no question but that the storm was a fully developed hurricane with a central pressure at least 1 inch lower [950 mb] than that observed at Corpus Christi [984 mb]. The relatively low property losses along the coast must be ascribed to the rapidity with which the storm advanced and passed. Because of this rapidity of movement its chance of creating a big tidal wave were greatly diminished. Also it must be borne in mind that the whole length of the Texas coast is protected by sand islands stretching from the mouth of the Rio Grande to Galveston, with few inlets and sparsely settled After passing inland a short distance south of Corpus Christi, the cyclone continued to move in a west-northwest direction, reaching Del Rio, Tex., at about 7:30 a. m. local mean time August 19, with a minimum pressure of 28.69 inches [971 mb]. Since it passed Corpus Christi, 200 miles distant, 12 hours earlier, we may assign it a movement of about 17 miles per hour. The recovery of the pressure after the passage of the center of the storm was extremely rapid The next observing station in the path of the storm is El Paso, Tex., distant about 300 miles. The barograph at that and other stations in that vicinity do not show any trace of the storm in question; we must therefore consider that it dissipated over southwest Texas during the daylight hours of the 19th" (MWR). August 20: HWM shows an open trough along the Texas-New Mexico border. Thus it is analyzed that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM,COADS, and OMR suggest a center near 31.2N, 102.5W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 06 UTC on August 12th as a tropical storm just west of the Lesser Antilles. Peak observed winds on the 12th were noted as 35 kt. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than previous HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were again observed until late on the 15th, when the system was centered near Jamaica. A gradual increase in intensity is maintained for the storm during the 13th through the 16th, although substantially weaker than original HURDAT based upon available observations from HWM and COADS. The hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel during the morning of the 17th. Peak observed winds on the 17th were only 35 kt but available data near the center were scarce on this date. 105 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. On the 18th, the hurricane quickly traveled across the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall on the 18th. Landfall is estimated to have occurred near Baffin Bay, Texas, around 22 UTC on August 18th near 27.0N 97.4W . Dunn and Miller classified this hurricane for the lower coast of Texas as Extreme (Category 4 or 5). The closest Weather Bureau anemometer in Corpus Christi was destroyed by the winds before the peak of the hurricane, but the observer there estimated a peak "maximum" wind (5 min) of 90 mph [78 kt] and a peak "extreme" wind (1 min) of 96 mph [83 kt]. (Of course, visual estimates of hurricane force winds are not reliable.) Schwerdt et al. analyzed the hurricane to have 103 kt estimated maximum sustained surface winds at landfall (converted to 1 min) and with a 1010 mb environmental pressure. Ho et al listed the hurricane on August 18th as possessing 948 mb central pressure at landfall, 25 nmi radius of maximum winds (RMW), and a landfall point of 26.8N, 97.4W. Connor analyzed the lowest central pressure for the lifetime of this system (in this case at landfall in Texas) of "28.00 inches [948 mb] or less". Jarrell et al. utilized the Connor and Ho et al. central pressure estimates in their assessment of a 948 mb Category 3 hurricane for southern Texas. However, the 948 mb measurement came from Kingsville, Tx. - an inland location - and from the description in Monthly Weather Review was not likely to be a central pressure value. (Riviera, 14 miles south of Kingsville, experienced winds out of the north, then east, then south as the hurricane passed just to the south of that location.) It is estimated that the central pressure at its closest approach to Kingsville was around 940 mb. An application of the Ho et al. pressure-decay model using an hour and a half transit over land indicates a central pressure at landfall of about 932 mb. This landfall pressure suggests winds of 127 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure- wind relationship. The new (Brown et al. 2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N suggests winds of 122 kt for 932 mb. A series of SLOSH runs were undertaken to better ascertain the intensity of the hurricane. Given the revised track and a 932 mb central pressure, a SLOSH run with a 25 nmi RMW has the best fit to observed storm surge values. Given an RMW (25 nmi) that is larger than climatology of 16 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000), this suggests a decrease in the hurricane's wind intensity versus the pressure-wind relationship of 122 kt. Thus intensity at landfall is estimated at 115 kt, a 15 kt increase from original HURDAT. This revision upgrades the impact for south Texas from a Category 3 to a Category 4 at landfall. MWR notes the hurricane as, severe and moderate to large in extent, which is consistent with the SLOSH modeling run conducted. The revised landfall location in Texas is near 27.0N, 97.4W, somewhat north of the Ho et al and HURDAT estimates. On the 19th and 20th the hurricane quickly diminished in intensity as it continued on its west-northwest progression over Texas. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 00 UTC 19th - less than gale force (Corpus Christi's anemometer was disabled after 22 UTC), 06 UTC - 45 kt, 12 UTC - 50 kt, 18 UTC - less than gale force. These second two values reduce down to 38 and 42 kt, respectively, after for correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.) Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 91, 62, 41, and 35 kt, accordingly. The 940 mb estimated central pressure inland at 0115 UTC on the 19th suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship, 115 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship, and 110 kt from the weakening Brown et al. north of 25N relationship. Winds after landfall are chosen to be 90 kt (increased by 25 kt), 60 kt (increased by 10 kt), 40 kt (increased by 5 kt), and 30 kt (no change), respectively, because of the sparse data coverage after landfall. The system is extended an additional six hours to a position as a decaying tropical depression on 00 UTC on the 20th. Dunn and Miller listed this as an extreme hurricane for the lower Texas coast on August 18th with 20 fatalities and $1.8 million in damage. Storm surge associated with the passage of this hurricane were noted by Ellis and Conner as 9.2 feet in Corpus Christi, 4 feet in Galveston, and 2.4 feet in Fort Point. Intensity for this system was overestimated by 15-20 kt early on and underestimated by 15 kt at landfall in Texas. August 8th through the 11th were analyzed to determine if the system could have originated closer to Africa but due to the limited amount of available ship observations the current genesis position is maintained at 06 UTC on the 12th. ***************************************************************************** 1916/07 - 2008 REVISION: 21250 08/21/1916 M= 5 5 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21250 08/21/1916 M= 6 7 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** * 21255 08/21* 0 0 0 0*180 610 55 0*180 625 65 0*181 632 75 0 21255 08/21* 0 0 0 0*160 603 55 0*165 615 65 0*170 627 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 21260 08/22*182 641 85 988*182 653 80 0*182 665 70 0*185 680 65 0 21260 08/22*174 639 85 0*178 652 95 0*182 665 75 0*186 680 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** ** *** 21265 08/23*188 697 60 0*192 712 55 0*195 729 45 0*200 746 45 0 21265 08/23*190 697 60 0*195 714 55 0*200 729 45 0*207 741 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 21270 08/24*210 763 40 0*217 776 40 0*225 785 35 0*232 790 35 0 21270 08/24*215 752 40 0*222 762 40 0*230 772 35 0*237 782 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21275 08/25*238 793 35 0*245 796 30 0*252 798 30 0*261 798 30 0 21275 08/25*244 792 40 0*252 801 40 0*260 805 40 0*269 807 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 26th is new to HURDAT.) 21277 08/26*279 808 30 0*290 808 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21280 HR Landfall: 8/22/1916 1000Z 18.0N 65.9W 95kt PR2 8/25/1916 0800Z 25.6N 80.3W 40kt FL Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), Perez et al. ( 2000), and Boose et al. (2004). August 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.0N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 61.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 18N, 68W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT analysis of 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 80 kt at San Juan at ~12 UTC (MWR); 997 mb at San Juan at 11 UTC (Perez). . "Hurricane of comparatively small diameter passed over Porto Rico this forenoon, vortex entering the island at about Naguabo and leaving between Arecibo and Isabelia. Wind velocity at San Juan 90 miles per hour for about 45 minutes. Highest 10-minute period about 92 miles per hour. Much damage was done throughout the island, a million dollars being a conservative estimate of the money loss. Area of destruction was probably 45 or 50 miles wide and time or passing about two and a quarter hours" (MWR). August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 72.9W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23N, 77.2W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23N, 77W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA). "The center of the storm did not approach any of the meteorological stations in the Bahamas or Cuba" (MWR). August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 25.2N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 24.5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1008 mb at 0430 UTC and 35 kt S at 17 UTC at Miami (OMR). MWR notes the location on of the system as, "a feeble disturbance east of the Florida peninsula on the 25th and 26th." August 26: HWM indicates an open wave near 30N, 75W. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29N, 80W at 06 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Storm 5 originated as a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea at 06 UTC on August 21st though it is possible that the system began east of the Lesser Antilles but observations are sparse. The system progressed west-northwestward on the 21st and 22nd as it neared the Greater Antilles. On the 22nd the hurricane made landfall at Naguabo, Puerto Rico around 10 UTC (Perez). Peak observed winds on the 22nd were 80 kt around 12 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico (MWR). This converts to 69 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) as well as converting from a peak 10 min to a peak 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Boose et al. analyzed peak structural damage as F2, which roughly corresponds to Category 2 hurricane intensity. Boose et al. also suggest boosting the landfall intensity to 95 kt to best take into account the spatial distribution and the peak of the structural damage observed. Thus, a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC, up 15kt from original HURDAT. The hurricane decreased in intensity late on the 22nd after the storm made landfall in Hispanola. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd and thus HURDAT is maintained at 45 kt at 12 UTC as data coverage was sparse hear Hispanola. The storm paralleled Cuba's northern coastline on the 24th and began to turn north just northeast of Santa Clara, Cuba, late in the day. The alteration in track to keeping the cyclone just offshore of Cuba is in agreement with Perez et al. (2000). No gale force winds or low pressures were found on the 24th and therefore the original HURDAT is maintained at 35 kt at 12 UTC on the 24th. The storm tracked over the Florida peninsula, rather than just east of the coast as evidenced by the observed 35 kt (29 kt 1 min true) southerly winds in Miami. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 25th, 10 kt higher than original HURDAT. Storm 7 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 12 hours later than that in HURDAT originally. ***************************************************************************** 1916/08 - 2008 REVISION: 21285 08/27/1916 M= 7 6 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21285 08/27/1916 M= 7 8 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 21290 08/27* 0 0 0 0*140 463 60 0*140 485 60 0*143 512 65 0 21290 08/27* 0 0 0 0*140 476 60 0*140 493 60 0*143 512 65 0 *** *** 21295 08/28*147 535 65 0*151 560 70 0*153 585 75 0*154 605 75 0 21295 08/28*147 532 65 0*151 552 70 0*153 572 70 0*154 594 70 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 21300 08/29*155 628 80 989*156 651 85 0*156 676 85 0*157 692 85 0 21300 08/29*155 616 70 986*156 638 70 0*156 660 70 0*157 681 70 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21305 08/30*159 713 85 0*160 731 85 0*162 751 85 0*166 767 85 0 21305 08/30*159 702 70 0*160 722 65 0*162 742 60 0*166 762 55 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21310 08/31*168 782 85 0*170 796 85 0*174 810 80 0*177 820 80 0 21310 08/31*168 782 50 0*170 801 45 0*174 820 40 0*177 832 40 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21315 09/01*180 832 75 0*181 841 75 0*182 853 70 0*182 864 70 0 21315 09/01*180 843 40 0*181 854 45 0*182 865 50 0*181 876 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21320 09/02*181 876 65 0*179 893 55 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0 21320 09/02*179 887 40 0*175 898 35 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 21325 HR Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, and Tannehill (1952). August 23-26: The HWM and COADS data were examined on the possibility of extending the track farther east. While observations on the 23rd and 24th near the Cape Verde Islands that a closed low existed, these were not conclusive. No ship data were available on the 25th and 26th. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 27: HWM analyzed no significant features east of the Lesser Antilles Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14N, 48.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 49.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The exact origin of the disturbance is unknown, but was undoubtedly some distance to the east of the island of Dominica" (MWR). August 28: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 13N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.1N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.3N, 57.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 986 mb (possible central pressure) at Roseau, Dominica, at 2330 UTC (MWR). "An intense storm passed over Dominica during the afternoon and evening of the 28th. The hurricane advanced over the island with but little warning; a number of lives were lost and much property was destroyed on the northern and eastern sides It was evidently of small diameter and great intensity while passing over Dominica" (MWR). August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.6N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.6N, 66W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 74.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.2N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.5N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.2N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It moved thence westward and passed immediately north of the island of Jamaica, with greatly decreased intensity" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17.4N, 82W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 86W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.7N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18.2N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "...to a position to the northwest of Swam Island, in which vicinity it lost intensity" (MWR). September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 91W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 94W. However, available observations do not support this analysis and it appears that the system had dissipated by this date. Genesis for this cyclone is unchanged from HURDAT, though it is possible that the system passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands on the 23rd. (It is noted that Tannehill began the hurricane near 13N, 28W on the 22nd.) No gale force winds or low pressures were observed until it made landfall in Dominica late on the 28th. However, given the sparse data available, no changes were made to the intensity on the 27th and early on the 28th. A possible central pressure of 986 mb at Dominica was observed at 2330 UTC (28th) which implies winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. (986 mb replaced 989 mb in HURDAT for the 00 UTC 29th entry.) 70 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 29th, 10 kt less than previous HURDAT. The storm was centered southeast of Jamaica on the 30th. This intensity (Category 1 hurricane at 70 kt) appears to have been the maximum intensity for the system's lifetime. MWR notes the storm's intensity on the 30th as, "greatly decreased intensity". No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 30th. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, down from 85 kt, in agreement with MWR's assessment of the intensity trend of the system. Barometric pressure increased at Swan Island despite the system's approach to the island on the 31st, indicating the storm continued to weaken. Based upon available observations, 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 31st, a 40 kt decrease from original HURDAT. On September 1st the storm passed north of Swan Island before making its second landfall near the Belize/Mexico border around 2100 UTC on the 1st. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 1st despite fair data coverage, suggesting the storm was weaker than originally suggested in HURDAT. The system is analyzed to have made landfall in Central America as a 50 kt tropical storm, weaker than the 65 kt Category 1 hurricane originally in HURDAT. The system appears to have dissipated over land by 18 UTC on the 2nd. ***************************************************************************** 1916/09 - 2008 REVISION: 21330 09/04/1916 M= 3 7 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 21330 09/04/1916 M= 4 9 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 21335 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*242 748 35 0*259 758 35 0 21335 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*242 755 35 0*259 765 35 0 *** *** 21340 09/05*275 767 35 0*290 773 35 0*305 779 35 0*319 783 35 0 21340 09/05*275 774 40 0*290 781 40 0*305 785 45 0*317 786 45 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21345 09/06*333 783 35 0*347 782 35 0*360 781 25 0* 0 0 0 0 21345 09/06*328 785 45 0*339 783 45 0*350 781 35 0*359 777 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 7th is new to HURDAT.) 21347 09/07*365 770 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21350 TS Landfall: 9/06/1916 09Z 33.9N 78.3W 45kt NC Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 4: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 23N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 24.2N, 75.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1017 mb at 31.7N, 76W at 22 UTC (COA). September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 78W over North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 36N, 78.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 78.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 7: HWM indicates the system to have dissipated before 12 UTC near the North Carolina/Virginia border. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 39N, 75W at 8 a.m. However, available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the HURDAT in that the cyclone had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis is retained for storm 9 at 12 UTC on September 4th as a tropical storm just northeast of the central Bahamas. The storm progressed north-northwestward and eventually north before striking the southeast tip of North Carolina early on the 6th. Gale force winds of 35 kt were first observed by a ship on the 5th as the storm neared the U.S. East Coast. Given the distance of the ship report from the center and the high pressure accompanying 35 kt report, it is estimate that the intensity was somewhat higher - 45 kt. This likely was the peak intensity for the cyclone. Storm 9 made landfall in southeast North Carolina early on the 6th. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed by coastal stations for the duration of the storm. The system made landfall around 06 UTC on the 6th as a 45 kt tropical storm, which is 10 kt higher in intensity from that originally shown in HURDAT. The lifetime of the storm was extended 12 hours from original HURDAT to account for weakening and eventual dissipation on the 7th around 00 UTC. ***************************************************************************** 1916/10 - 2008 REVISION: 21395 09/14/1916 M= 8 9 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21395 09/13/1916 M=10 10 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** *** (The 13th is new to HURDAT.) 21400 09/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 560 30 0*207 572 30 0 21400 09/14* 0 0 0 0*211 597 35 0*213 607 35 0*214 616 35 0 21400 09/14*208 584 30 0*209 596 35 0*210 607 35 0*211 616 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 21405 09/15*215 623 35 0*218 630 40 0*224 637 40 0*231 637 45 0 21405 09/15*212 625 35 0*213 634 40 0*215 640 40 0*220 641 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 21410 09/16*236 635 45 0*241 633 50 0*248 630 55 0*260 626 55 0 21410 09/16*227 639 40 0*237 635 40 0*248 630 40 0*260 625 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 21415 09/17*272 620 60 0*285 611 60 0*297 598 65 0*309 589 70 0 21415 09/17*272 620 45 0*285 615 50 0*297 610 55 0*307 601 60 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21420 09/18*321 580 75 0*331 571 80 0*342 559 85 0*351 546 90 0 21420 09/18*317 589 65 0*327 574 70 0*337 559 75 0*346 546 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21425 09/19*359 532 90 0*365 519 85 0*370 505 80 0*376 491 70 0 21425 09/19*354 532 75 0*362 519 75 0*370 505 70 0*376 490 70 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** 21430 09/20*380 477 70 0*383 464 70 0*386 450 65 0*388 437 65 0 21430 09/20*380 475 70 0*383 460 65 0*386 445 65 0*387 431 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 21435 09/21*390 424 55 0*391 412 45 0*392 400 35 0*392 370 25 0 21435 09/21*387 418 50 0*387 406 40 0*387 395 35 0*387 385 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** (The 22nd is new to HURDAT.) 21437 09/22E387 375 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21440 HR Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 9. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 13: HWM analyzed an open wave well northeast of the Lesser Antilles Islands. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20.5N, 56W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: HWM indicates an open wave north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 21N, 64W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21.5N, 64W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24.5N, 63W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.3N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.7N, 59.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.7N, 61W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N, 56W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 34.2N, 55.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.7N, 55.9W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 31.2N, 54.3W at 12 UTC (COA). September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36.5N, 51.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 50.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 18N, 85W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39N, 45W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.6N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.6N, 44.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 37.4N, 42.4W at 12 UTC (COA). September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38.5N, 39.5W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 39.2N, 38.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.7N, 39.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 22: HWM indicates that the system has been absorbed by a cold front by 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis is begun for storm number 10 at 12 UTC on September 13th as a tropical depression, 18 hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. Storm 10 is kept as attaining tropical storm intensity on the 14th as the system traversed on a westward course north of the Lesser Antilles Islands though sparse observations make this somewhat uncertain. The system recurved on the 15th and 16th taking a northeastward path well southeast of Bermuda. The system is analyzed as having slightly weaker intensity from the 16th through the 20th based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Highest observations with this system were only 45 kt, but these were taken at significant distance from the center of the cyclone - suggesting that hurricane force winds may have occurred near the center. Peak analyzed intensity is estimated to be 75 kt on the 18th and 19th, down from the 90 kt originally analyzed in HURDAT. The storm continued on an eastward progression as it began to weaken on the 21st and 22nd. The storm transitioned to extratropical status as it was absorbed by a frontal boundary at 00 UTC on the 22nd and dissipated quickly thereafter. ***************************************************************************** 1916/11 - 2008 REVISION: 21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 10 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 11 SNBR= 493 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 21450 09/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 455 35 0*135 467 35 0 21455 09/18*140 477 40 0*145 488 45 0*150 500 50 0*155 513 50 0 21460 09/19*160 525 60 0*165 538 65 0*170 550 75 0*173 563 80 0 21460 09/19*161 525 55 0*168 538 55 0*175 550 60 0*181 563 65 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21465 09/20*175 575 85 0*177 588 90 0*180 600 95 0*187 608 95 0 21465 09/20*187 577 70 0*193 592 75 0*200 607 80 0*207 621 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21470 09/21*194 617 95 0*202 624 100 0*210 632 100 0*221 642 105 0 21470 09/21*213 634 85 0*219 646 85 0*225 655 90 0*232 662 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21475 09/22*233 653 105 0*245 665 105 0*258 675 105 0*271 682 105 0 21475 09/22*240 667 95 0*249 671 100 0*258 675 105 0*268 677 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21480 09/23*284 685 100 0*297 685 100 0*309 682 95 0*325 670 95 0 21480 09/23*279 678 105 0*291 678 105 0*305 675 105 0*320 670 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21485 09/24*339 652 90 0*354 638 90 0*369 623 85 0*395 605 85 0 21485 09/24*337 655 100 0*355 638 95 0*375 617 85 0*395 595 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 21490 09/25E430 578 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21490 09/25E420 570 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** 21495 HR Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm number 10 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Tucker (1995), and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard. September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 45.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS are quite sparse. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.3N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 18N, 55W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17N, 55W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 17.5N, 55W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 20N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18N, 60W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 61.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 20N, 61.7W at 12 UTC (COA). MWR noted this storm as, "originating near Antigua, whence it passed northwestward as far as can be ascertained from a limited number of vessel reports and recurved to the west of Bermuda". September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 21.8N, 65.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 22.5N, 65.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 25.2N, 57.2W at 12 UTC (COA). September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975 mb near 25.8N, 67W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25N, 66.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 30N, 67W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.9N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 30.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 31N, 69.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 50 kt SE at Bermuda at 18 UTC (Tucker); 60 kt SE at Bermuda at 20 UTC (Tucker); 70 kt SSE at Bermuda at 2045-2300 UTC (Tucker); 73 kt at Bermuda (Tucker). "A really terrible hurricane struck Bermuda on this date, with raging winds of 84 mph, and greater losses occasioned than in that of 1899" (Tucker). September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 61W with a cold frontal boundary approaching the system from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.9N, 62.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 981 mb at 37.4N, 61.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt NW at 36.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 42N, 53.7W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 40 kt SW and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC (BER). September 25: HWM analyzed the system as being absorbed by an extratropical storm. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 43N, 57.8W at 00 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42N, 57W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It was of only moderate extent and slight to moderate intensity" (MWR). Genesis for storm 11, originally 10, is retained at 12 UTC on September 17th as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles, though there is little data available near the system until the 19th. September 13th through 16th were analyzed to determine if the system could have originated closer to Africa but due to the limited amount of available ship observations the current genesis position is maintained at 12 UTC on the 17th. Storm 11 progressed on a west-northwestward track from the 17th through the 19th, before recurving towards Bermuda on the 22nd and 23rd. The first gale force wind of 60 kt was observed on the 20th. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th, 15 kt less than original HURDAT. The hurricane passed very close by Bermuda late on the 23rd. Peak observations with this hurricane were 73 kt in Bermuda as the storm passed close-by on the 23rd. (These winds reduce down to 59 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Bermuda experienced south-southeasterly hurricane force winds and greater losses than the Hurricane of 1899 (Tucker, 1982). The cyclone is maintained as a major hurricane until passing north of Bermuda's latitude - a boost from 95 kt to 105 kt at 12 UTC on the 23rd. Peak intensity of this cyclone is maintained as a 105 kt Category 3 hurricane on the 22nd and 23rd (originally the peak was indicated on the 21st and 22nd). Gale force winds were not observed by ship again until the 24th where two different ships measured 35 kt and 70 kt winds, respectively. One ship also had a low pressure of 981 mb, implying winds of at least 72 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th. The system began to weaken on the 24th due to an approaching cold front. Storm 11 began extratropical transition late on the 24th and available observations indicate the storm to have dissipated at 06 UTC on the 25th as it was absorbed into a larger extratropical storm. ***************************************************************************** 1916/12 - 2008 REVISION: 21500 10/02/1916 M= 3 11 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21500 10/02/1916 M= 4 12 SNBR= 494 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * ** *** * 21505 10/02* 0 0 0 0*265 722 40 0*271 729 40 0*276 735 40 0 21505 10/02* 0 0 0 0*265 746 40 0*271 750 40 0*278 754 40 0 *** *** *** *** 21510 10/03*282 742 40 0*286 748 40 0*291 755 40 0*296 762 40 0 21510 10/03*286 758 45 0*294 762 45 0*300 765 50 0*305 768 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21515 10/04*302 770 40 0*307 778 40 0*313 787 40 0*318 801 30 0 21515 10/04*310 772 50 0*314 777 50 0*317 784 50 1000*316 801 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 21517 10/05*314 830 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21520 TS Landfall: 10/4 21 UTC 31.5N 81.4W 50 kt GA Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm number 11 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records station data, and Monthly Weather Review. October 2: HWM analyzed a stationary front extending east-northeast from the southern Bahamas to south of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.1N 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows does not indicate this system on this date suggesting that it was not yet have a closed circulation. Available observations from HWM and COADS and continuity from the 3rd suggest that the center may have been near 27N 75W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 23 UTC at 33.9N 77.0W (COA). October 3: HWM indicated an extratropical storm centered near 28N 73W though the significant temperature gradient existed well to the north and west of the system. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.1N 75.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb near 29N 75W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center roughly near 30N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 33.3N 77.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1016 mb at 33.6N, 75.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt and 1006 mb at 30.9N 79.7W at 23 UTC (COA). "On the evening of October 2, when radio reports indicated the presence of a disturbance about 200 miles off the Georgia or south Carolina coast...More complete reports on the following morning indicated that center of the storm was off the Florida coast, farther south than had been first stated" (MWR). October 4: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 31N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.3N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1003 mb centered near 32,5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a substantial temperature gradient was associated with this system, around a center near 32N, 78.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1003 mb at 32.2N, 78.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 32.2N 78.8W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 33.9N, 74.2W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt and 1020 mb at 35.1N, 74.2W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt NE at 17 UTC and 23 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18 UTC at Savannah (OMR); 34 kt NE at 13 UTC and 29 kt N and 1007 mb at 0940 UTC at Charleston (OMR); "At 8 p. m. October 3, there were some evidences of a further increase in the storm intensity...Up to this time strong northeast gales had been reported off the South Atlantic coast, and during the 4th moderate northeast gales occurred on the South Carolina and Georgia coast" (MWR). October 5: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the area where the system may have been. "By 8 p.m. of the 4th the storm had passed inland to northern Florida with greatly diminished energy" (MWR). Genesis for this cyclone is not changed, except for its first position being substantially farther west. The cyclone likely had its origins along a pre-existing stationary frontal boundary. While the HWM analyzed the cyclone as being a frontal wave throughout its lifetime, most of the temperature gradient associated with the system was west and north of the center. However, the cyclone - especially on the 3rd - showed an elongated SW-NE center and pressure field with strongest winds well away from the center. The system was somewhat more symmetric on the 4th before landfall along a westward track. A possible central pressure of 1000 mb at 12 UTC on the 4th suggests winds of 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt is analyzed for the winds at this time, which is also supported by a ship report of 45 kt at 17 UTC. The cyclone made landfall around 21 UTC on the 4th at 31.4N 81.4W, just south of Savannah. Peak observed winds at landfall were 35 kt at Savannah, which converts to 29 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) An extension of the track of this cyclone by six hours to 00 UTC on the 5th was based upon observations of a closed circulation still existing at this time. Thus while this cyclone exhibited some hybrid characteristics, since the first official subtropical storm designations in HURDAT are in the late 1960s (at the advent of geostationary satellite coverage), this system is retained as a tropical storm. ***************************************************************************** 1916/13 - 2008 REVISION: 21525 10/06/1916 M=10 12 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21525 10/06/1916 M=10 13 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** 21530 10/06* 0 0 0 0*115 583 35 0*121 589 35 0*123 594 35 0 21530 10/06* 0 0 0 0*117 592 30 0*121 595 30 0*125 598 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21535 10/07*125 599 35 0*128 604 35 0*130 610 35 0*134 617 35 0 21535 10/07*129 602 30 0*132 606 30 0*135 610 35 0*137 615 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 21540 10/08*137 623 35 0*142 628 40 0*148 634 45 0*154 638 45 0 21540 10/08*139 620 45 0*142 625 50 0*145 630 55 0*150 633 60 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21545 10/09*159 640 50 0*164 643 55 0*171 645 60 0*180 648 85 970 21545 10/09*155 636 65 0*160 639 75 0*165 642 85 0*173 644 95 963 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 21550 10/10*190 649 90 0*199 649 90 0*209 647 85 0*219 643 85 0 21550 10/10*184 645 95 0*197 646 95 0*209 647 95 0*219 647 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 21555 10/11*227 640 85 0*238 636 90 0*248 630 90 0*257 625 95 0 21555 10/11*229 647 95 0*239 646 95 0*248 645 100 0*256 642 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 21560 10/12*264 621 95 0*271 617 100 0*279 610 105 0*285 600 105 0 21560 10/12*263 638 100 0*271 633 100 0*279 625 105 0*289 612 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21565 10/13*291 580 100 0*299 562 90 0*308 550 80 0*321 531 75 0 21565 10/13*300 592 100 0*312 571 90 0*325 550 80 0*343 528 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21570 10/14*335 516 65 0*361 488 60 0*392 460 55 0*417 435 50 0 21570 10/14E368 506 65 0E396 483 60 0E425 460 55 0E455 435 50 0 **** *** **** *** **** **** 21575 10/15*444 411 45 0E471 386 45 0E500 356 40 0* 0 0 0 0 21575 10/15E485 411 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** **** *** ** **** *** ** 21580 HR Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 12. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. October 6: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 58.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.1N, 59.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 63W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggest a center near 14.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13.5N, 61W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the afternoon of the 7th there were some indications of a disturbance near and slightly west of Martinique" (MWR). October 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 64.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16N, 63.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 63W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.5N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.1N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 64W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 64W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 963 mb (likely central pressure) at St. Croix at 23 UTC (MWR); 991 mb at St. Thomas at 22 UTC (MWR); 996 mb at Tortola, Virgin Islands, at 2330 UTC (MWR). "The lowest reading at St. Croix was 28.45 inches [963 mb] during the night of the 9th-10th. The disturbance evidently passed nearly over and a little to the south of St. Thomas" (MWR). October 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21N, 66.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 20.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 15.2N, 63W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlights: 975 mb at Tortola, Virgin Islands, at 0050 UTC (MWR); 991 mb at St.Thomas at 04 UTC (MWR). "By the morning of the 10th the storm had recurved slightly and had passed to the northeast of Puerto Rico" (MWR). October 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23.5N, 66W with a decaying stationary front to the northwest of the system. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 24.8N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW at 24.7N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt SW and 966 mb at 25.3N, 63.2W at 20 UTC (MWR). October 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 27N, 60W with a cold frontal boundary well north of the system. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 27.9N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 27.3N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 27.9N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 30.6N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA). "The ship Bellas reported a severe hurricane with southeast to southwest gales on October 12 in latitude 27.6N, 62.3W" (MWR). October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 55W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.8N, 55W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 32.5N, 55W at 12 UTC though data are somewhat sparse. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 41N, 47W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.2N, 46W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42.5N, 46W at 12 UTC. Observations also indicate that the system had transformed into an extratropical cyclone with significant temperature gradients occurring near the system's center. Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 42.7N, 47.1W at 12 UTC (COA). October 15: HWM indicates the system has been absorbed by a very large extratropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical cyclone at 44.4N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 48.5N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1021 mb at 52.1N, 31W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 49.1N, 40.1W at 12 UTC (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 52.7N, 37W at 12 UTC (COA). Genesis for storm 13, originally 12, is retained at 06 UTC on October 6th. The system originated a short distance southeast of Barbados and progressed on a northwestward track from the 7th to the 9th through the northeastern Caribbean Sea before recurving well south of Bermuda by October 12th. Gale force winds or low pressures were not observed as the storm traversed the southern Lesser Antilles and development into a tropical storm is delayed until the 7th. The system made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands late on the 9th apparently much increased in intensity as a likely central pressure of 963 mb was observed at 23 UTC at St. Croix. 963 mb implies winds of at 97 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 9th, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. It is possible that the cyclone was of major hurricane intensity during its passage through the Virgin Islands. On the 10th the cyclone progressed on a northward track through the Virgin Islands. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb was observed on the 11th as the hurricane began to recurve, implying winds of at least 94 and 89 kt, respectively, from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th, 5 kt higher than previous HURDAT. MWR noted that a ship observed a 'severe hurricane' (90 kt) on October 12th. 105 kt is retained in HURDAT for late on the 12th. The hurricane continued northeastward on the 13th, 14th, and 15th as the system began to weaken and transition to extratropical storm status. Available observations indicate the hurricane transitioned to an extratropical storm by 00 UTC on the 14th. The system had a last position at 00 UTC on the 15th, 12 hours later than original HURDAT, as it was absorbed by a very large extratropical storm. MWR noted the hurricane as, "of small area and of great intensity" (MWR). Peak intensity with storm 13 is 105 kt on the 12th, the same as that originally in HURDAT, maintaining the previous Category 3 hurricane classification. September 30th through October 5th were analyzed to determine if the storm's origin could have occurred closer to the African coast. Unfortunately, due to sparse data coverage a center position cannot be defined before the original HURDAT genesis of 06 UTC on October 6th. ***************************************************************************** 1916/14 - 2008 REVISION: 21585 10/12/1916 M= 8 13 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 21585 10/09/1916 M= 11 14 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** ** ** *** (The 9th, 10th, and 11th are new to HURDAT.) 21586 10/09* 0 0 0*185 756 25 0*180 760 25 0*176 764 25 0 21587 10/10*172 768 30 0*168 772 30 0*165 775 30 0*163 778 30 0 21588 10/11*161 780 30 0*160 782 30 0*160 785 30 0*161 788 30 0 21590 10/12* 0 0 0*154 747 60 0*155 756 60 0*156 765 60 0 21590 10/12*163 790 35 0*164 792 40 0*165 795 45 0*165 797 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21595 10/13*157 774 70 0*158 783 75 0*160 792 85 0*162 804 90 0 21595 10/13*165 799 55 0*165 801 60 0*165 805 65 0*165 811 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21600 10/14*165 813 90 0*167 822 95 0*170 831 95 0*173 841 95 0 21600 10/14*165 818 85 0*167 827 95 0*170 836 95 0*173 845 95 0 *** ** *** *** *** 21605 10/15*177 851 95 0*181 862 90 0*186 872 85 0*191 882 85 0 21605 10/15*177 854 95 0*181 863 95 0*186 872 95 0*191 882 65 0 *** *** ** ** ** 21610 10/16*197 890 85 0*203 897 90 0*210 905 95 0*217 907 100 0 21610 10/16*197 890 50 0*203 899 40 0*210 905 40 0*217 907 50 0 ** *** ** ** *** 21615 10/17*225 908 100 0*235 901 105 0*240 894 105 0*252 889 105 0 21615 10/17*224 908 60 0*232 906 70 0*240 903 80 0*252 897 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21620 10/18*265 885 105 0*279 881 105 0*296 875 100 974*316 871 65 0 21620 10/18*265 890 90 0*279 882 95 0*296 875 95 970*316 872 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 21625 10/19*339 874 55 0*366 876 50 0E395 860 45 0* 0 0 0 0 21625 10/19*339 876 45 0*362 882 30 0E385 890 25 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21630 HRAL2AFL2 Landfall: 10/18/1916 1400Z 30.4N 87.4W 95kt 19nmi 970mb 1010mb AL2,AFL2 Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 14, originally 13, shown in Neumann et al (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). October 9: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 17.5N, 66W pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18N, 76W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 10: HWM indicates a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 21N, 67W pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16N, 78.5W. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 11th the first evidences of distinct cyclonic circulation with a center apparently a short distance south of Jamaica" (MWR). October 12: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb in the western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 75.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 77W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt N and 1006 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM). October 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.7N, 79.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 79.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.4N, 80W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 20.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA). October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 17N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.7N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 83.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18.8N, 84.9W at 12 UTC (HWM); 40 kt NE and 1009 mb at 20N, 85.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 20.2N, 85.7W at 14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 70 kt N and 980 mb at Swan Island at 1530 UTC (MWR). "During the succeeding 24 hours (on the 24th) the storm appeared to greatly increase in intensity and at 11:30 a.m. passed very close to Swan Island , the barometer reading 28.94 inches [980 mb] with hurricane force from the north ... The observer at Swan Island reported that the wind blew at the rate of at least 100 miles an hour at times and with hurricane force from 8 a. m. of the 14th until 3 a. m. of the 15th" (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 19N, 87.5W close to the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.2N, 86W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 996 mb at 20.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt ESE and 997 mb at 20.3N, 86.8W at 14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1007 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (MWR). October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 21N, 90.5W just offshore of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center near 22N, 88.7W at 8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 19.6N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 16th the storm center was apparently crossing the northern Yucatan Peninsula, moving northwestward or northward" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of 995 mb near 24N, 90.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with a center near 25.5N, 89W at 8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.5N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 24N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 27.2N, 88.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 23.5N, 92W at 12 UTC (HWM). October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 88W just offshore from Alabama and the panhandle of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.6N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 968 mb with a center near 27N, 89W at 1 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.3N, 87.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.6N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 981 mb near 27N, 89W at 05 UTC (MWR); 30 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 93.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 26.6N, 85.8W at 16 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 100 kt E and 989 mb at Mobile at 1235 UTC (MWR); 100 kt SE at Pensacola at 1412 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE and 974 mb (a peripheral pressure) at Pensacola at 1430 UTC (MWR);). "The center passed almost directly over the city of Pensacola, Florida, at 10:30 a.m., when the barometer read 28.76 inches [974 mb] with a wind of 48 miles an hour from the southeast. After the lull attending the passage of the storms center the wind again increased from the west. After 11 a.m. the wind subsided to less than a gale (MWR). Pensacola experienced both the easterly and westerly gales of this hurricane, and a distinct lull in the wind when the center of the storm passed" (Pensacola OMR). October 19: HWM analyzed the low as merged with an approaching frontal system near southern Illinois (~38.5N, ~89W). HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical storm at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1002 mb with a center near 39N, 87.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 89W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Fort Wayne, Indiana, at 12 UTC (HWM); 5 kt S and 1004 mb at Nashville at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Chicago at 12 UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 19th the storm was central over Indiana, with a lowest reported pressure of 29.58 inches [1002 mb]" (MWR). Genesis is begun for storm 14, originally storm 13, on October 9th at 06 UTC as a 25 kt tropical depression southeast of Jamaica, approximately three days earlier than previously in HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 9th through the 11th as the system progressed slowly southwestward towards the western Caribbean Sea. On the 12th a peripheral pressure of 1006 mb was observed at Jamaica, implying winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 15 kt less than previous HURDAT. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed on the 13th. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 13th, 20 kt less than originally in HURDAT. On the 14th the hurricane passed very close to Swan Island. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with hurricane force winds was observed at Swan Island, implying winds of at least 78 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. The observer also estimated 85 kt winds at their peak in Swan Island, though this is visual estimate. 95 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 14th. The hurricane progressed west-northwestward from the 12th through the 15th before making landfall just north of the Belize/Mexico border. The storm's intensity at landfall is estimated to be 95 kt based upon the earlier observations from Swan Island and because of the sparse data coverage near the storm at landfall in Central America. The original HURDAT intensity estimates had the hurricane unrealistically intensifying (from 85 to 90 kt) after landfall while being well inland over Yucatan. Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland wind decay model was utilized to provide a more realistic wind intensity value: 67 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th, 50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, and 40 kt at 06 UTC on the 16th. Winds for HURDAT are chosen at 65, 50, and 40 kt, which are reductions of 20, 35 and 50 kt, respectively, from the original HURDAT. The storm emerged in the lower Gulf of Mexico around 12 UTC on the 16th. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 16th, a 55 kt downgrade from original HURDAT, which again was primarily due to not accounting for any weakening over land. On the 17th, the storm began to recurve towards the central Gulf region. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed by ship on the 17th, however available data near the storm was sparse on this date. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th, a 25 kt downgrade from previous HURDAT. The hurricane's northward motion increased on the 17th and 18th before making landfall near Pensacola, Florida, on the 18th. Pensacola observed a pressure of 974 mb and winds of 40 kt SE at 1430 UTC. Connor analyzed a central pressure of 28.70 [972 mb], which is what was utilized in Jarrell et al as well. Ho et al. instead perhaps erroneously accepted the 974 mb as a central pressure and also analyzed the radius of maximum winds to be 19 nmi., slightly smaller than climatology of 23 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000). Ho et al. also suggested a landfall point of 30.3N, 87.5W and a forward speed of 21 kt at landfall. While observed 5 min winds of 100 kt were recorded both in Mobile and Pensacola, these convert to 84 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) A central pressure of 970 mb is estimated for the hurricane at landfall in the U.S. Thi implies winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship suggests 84 kt from 972 mb. Schwerdt et al. suggested an environmental pressure of 1011 mb and an equivalent 1 min 10 m wind at landfall of 84 kt. Given a fast moving system along with smaller than climatology RMW suggests a significant boost in the intensity at landfall over the pressure-wind relationship. An increase over the pressure-wind relationship would also be consistent with the observed 84 kt true wind at both Pensacola and Mobile. Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 14 UTC on the 18th. This makes the hurricane a Category 2 (borderline 3) at landfall which agrees with the original HURDAT and Neumann et al. assessment for northwest Florida and Alabama (AL2 AFL2), but is lower than the winds in HURDAT of 100 kt (Category 3). Peak intensity with this hurricane was found to be 95 kt on the 18th just before and at landfall, 10 kt less original HURDAT. Dunn and Miller (1960) indicate a Major hurricane in Florida (Pensacola), though as a Minimal hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama. After reanalysis, it appears that the center made landfall near 30.4N, 87.4W around 1400 UTC. Peak observed winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times): 35 kt at two ships at 18 UTC/18th, 35 kt at a ship at 00 UTC/19th, and below gale force at 06 UTC/19th. (This is because the anemometers at Pensacola and Mobile were disabled during the peak of the hurricane.) A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 67, 45, and 30 kt, respectively. As wind observations were fairly sparse, winds are chosen to be close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model: at 18 UTC winds are kept at 65 kt in HURDAT, reduced at 00 UTC from 55 kt to 45 kt, and reduced from 50 kt to 30 kt at 06 UTC. Storm surge is noted by Connor, OMR, and MWR as four feet above normal in Mobile and three feet above normal in Pensacola. The hurricane diminished rapidly after landfall and merged with a low near the Great Lakes by 12 UTC on the 19th. Damage estimates associated with the passage of this storm were approximately $100,000, mainly in Florida and Alabama (Barnes). ***************************************************************************** 1916/15 - 2008 REVISION: 21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 14 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 15 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** *** * * 21640 11/11*127 750 35 0*128 763 35 0*129 772 35 0*130 783 35 0 21640 11/11*123 755 30 0*124 765 30 0*125 775 30 0*126 785 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21645 11/12*131 791 35 0*133 798 35 0*136 807 40 0*140 817 40 0 21645 11/12*127 795 35 0*128 805 35 0*130 815 40 0*136 825 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 21650 11/13*147 827 45 0*159 838 45 0*173 847 50 0*180 853 50 0 21650 11/13*146 834 40 0*157 841 35 0*168 847 45 1002*177 852 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** *** 21655 11/14*186 856 55 0*193 857 60 0*200 857 60 0*208 857 60 0 21655 11/14*186 856 55 0*193 859 60 0*200 860 60 0*208 860 60 0 *** *** *** 21660 11/15*216 855 70 0*223 851 70 0*231 845 70 0*245 820 70 0 21660 11/15*216 860 60 0*223 859 60 0E231 857 55 0E242 832 55 1006 *** ** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** 21665 11/16*256 795 60 0E270 770 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21665 11/16E255 802 50 0E270 770 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** ** 21670 HRBFL1 21670 TS ****** Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 14. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review and Perez et al. (2000). November 11: HWM analyzed an open wave near the west central Caribbean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.9N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 12.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.6N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 12N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 14.2N, 81.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). "The disturbance originated in approximately 12N, 81W" (MWR). November 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 86W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.5N, 85W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16.8N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 22N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlights: 5 kt E wind and 1002 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (OMR). November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 86W with a cold front advancing from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 19.3N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 16.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SE and 1004 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (HWM). "This disturbance was evidently of marked intensity in the lower latitudes, for according to press reports considerable damage was caused to property along the coast of Spanish Honduras and in Yucatan" (MWR). November 15: HWM analyzed an asymmetric closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 82W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the system. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.1N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.2N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a closed low of 1002 mb near 24N, 83.7W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.1N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1002 mb at 21.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 62 kt N at Sand Key, Florida (MWR); 57 kt at Havana (MWR); 1006 mb (central pressure) and 10 kt SE at Key West at 20 UTC (OMR); 45 kt N at Key West at 21 and 22 UTC (OMR). MWR notes the system as, "advanced rapidly east-northeastward over extreme southern Florida during the 15th". November 16: HWM indicates a frontal system situated across the eastern Bahamas, stretching from southwest to northeast. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 27N, 77W at 06 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows suggests a center near 39.7N, 60W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 27N, 77W at 06 UTC, but that it likely had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis is retained for storm 15 at 00 UTC on November 11th, but as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea. The system likely became a tropical storm on the 12th as a low pressure of 1004 mb was observed, implying winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th. The tropical storm progressed northeastward clipping the eastern tip of Honduras before tracking just west of Swan Island on the 13th. A likely central pressure on the 13th was observed at Swan Island as 1002 mb, implying winds of 43 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt (down from 50 kt) is chosen for HURDAT on the 13th at 12 UTC. The storm tracked nearly due north on the 14th and passed through the Yucatan channel on the 15th. HWM indicates the system became elongated northeast to southwest with an asymmetric wind field by 12 UTC on the 15th. Available observations suggest the system transitioned to an extratropical storm by 12 UTC on the 15th, 18 hours earlier than originally suggested in HURDAT. A central pressure of 1006 mb was observed 21 UTC on the 15th at Key West implying winds of 32 kt and 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico and southern pressure-wind relationships. However, peak observed winds (corrected to a peak 1 min wind - [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]) with this system are 51 kt at Sand Key and 46 kt at Havana, which occurred primarily in association with the cyclone after it had already transformed into an extratropical system on the 15th. 55 kt at 21 UTC on the 15th is analyzed for the intensity of the now extratropical system, down from 70 kt. The system has been downgraded from a Category 1 hurricane on the 15th to a tropical storm before the extratropical transition. This is also consistent with the Cuban analysis of a tropical storm impact in western Cuba, not a hurricane (Perez et al. 2000). Neumann et al. listed storm 15 (originally 14) to be a Category 1 hurricane in southwest Florida, w hile Schwerdt et al and Ho et al did not list the system indicating that the storm had a central pressure of at least 982 mb. Dunn and Miller (1960) listed this as a "minimal" system that affected the Straits of Florida. Available observations indicate the system acquired peak intensity of 60 kt on the 15th before transitioning to extratropical status. ***************************************************************************** 1916 Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a closed low pressure area developed along a frontal boundary around 35N on 4 August. The system moved to the northeast fairly rapidly until becoming absorbed into a larger extratropical system on the 7th. Two separate ships recorded gale force winds on the 5th, and minimum pressures were around 1015 mb. The lack of cold air funneling on the west side of the system suggests that the system hay have had some tropical characteristics, but the temperature gradient along the front was over 10 degrees in most cases. South of 40N the temperatures ranged from 70-78 while north of 40N, the temperatures were in the low-mid 60s. Thus, the low is analyzed to have been baroclinic, and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 4 37N 69W Extratropical Aug 5 39N 65W Extratropical Aug 6 44N 60W Extratropical Aug 7 ----- ----- Absorbed by larger extratropical system 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area closed off along a stationary frontal boundary around 37N on 17 August. Initially, the system moved southeast until the 19th, when it became nearly stationary. On the 21st, it began a slow northwesterly movement toward Long Island. The system was baroclinic in structure until the 19th when temperatures on the backside of the front started to moderate. A minimum pressure of 995 mb was reported by a ship on that day; however, there appeared to have been a 5 mb low bias with that ship, so the actual pressure is adjusted to 1000 mb. While the storm was no longer baroclinic and had gale force winds were reported on the 19th and 20th, these observations were just off of Cape Hatteras, about 250 miles from the center. It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical gale center on these dates. The wind field never consolidated, and on the 21st the system started to weaken. Gales were no longer being reported, and the system appears to have dissipated on the 22nd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 17 37N 68W Extratropical Aug 18 36N 66W Extratropical Aug 19 34N 69W Non-tropical gale center Aug 20 36N 69W Non-tropical gale center Aug 21 37N 70W Non-tropical low center Aug 22 ----- ----- Dissipated 3) September 9-14: 21355 09/09/1916 M= 6 8 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 21360 09/09* 0 0 0 0*188 570 35 0*190 583 35 0*193 598 35 0 21365 09/10*197 613 35 0*202 627 35 0*206 642 35 0*212 659 35 0 21370 09/11*216 671 40 0*221 685 40 0*227 700 45 0*231 715 45 0 21375 09/12*236 730 45 0*240 745 45 0*251 759 45 0*263 770 45 0 21380 09/13*274 783 40 0*283 798 40 0*293 816 30 0*297 828 30 0 21385 09/14*301 839 25 0*308 849 20 0*315 858 20 0*322 849 20 0 21390 TS This system - originally storm number 8 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity. Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 9: HWM analyzed no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 58.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near 18N, 59W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 10: HWM indicated no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.6N, 64.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N, 71W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 24.7N, 74W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest that a center may be located near 23.5N, 71W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 26N, 75.7W at 8 a.m. However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has weakened to an open wave and no longer has a defined center. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 29.3N, 81.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1011 mb near 30N, 82.5W at 8 a.m. However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has an open NE-SW oriented trough and thus a center cannot be defined on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the vicinity of southern Georgia (31N, 83W). HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 31.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1012 mb near 31.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has an ill-defined center near 30.5N, 85W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this system began at 06 UTC on September 9th as a tropical depression east of the northern Lesser Antilles. A peak observation of 1013 mb and 15 kt indicates the system had not yet attained tropical storm status on the 9th (HWM). On the 10th it again appears that the system was not of tropical storm intensity as previously suggested by HURDAT. Peak observations on the 10th were 1014 mb and 15 kt (COA). The system continued on a west-northwestward track on the 10th and 11th as depression approached the eastern edge of the Bahamas. Peak observations on the 11th were 1013 mb and 10 kt at Turks Islands (HWM). Available observations suggest the system lacked a closed surface circulation on the 12th and 13th. Peak observations on the 12th as the system traverses the central Bahamas were only 1009 mb and 15 kt (HWM). MWR notes this system as, "originating east of the northern Bahamas and moved northwest, passing to the coast near and south of Jacksonville, FL". As the system moved over central Florida on the 13th peak observations of 1012 mb and 15 kt were found at Pensacola. "It was of slight energy and extent" as indicated by MWR. The absence of a closed surface circulation prevailed on the 12th and 13th and was only weakly present on other days in its lifetime. The tropical system was near land and close to numerous ship observations on the 11th-14th and as noted above, no gale force winds or low pressures were observed on these days. Therefore, due to evidence that the peak intensity of this system was less than gale force wind from substantial ship and coastal data, this indicates that storm number 8 should be downgraded to a tropical depression, thereby removing it from HURDAT. Note that this is consistent with MWR's assessment that the system was "of slight energy and extent". 4) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed on 3 October near 17N, 81W from a broad area of low pressure that had persisted in the southwestern Caribbean Sea since the 1st. The system drifted to the northwest while gaining little strength. There were no gales reported in the vicinity of the storm, although a few cases of 25-30 knot winds were reported in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with pressures around 1007 mb. By 6 October, the storm began to lose its closed circulation; the pressure rose to around 1015 mb, and is estimated to have dissipated later that day. Based on the lack of sufficient wind observations, this system is estimated to have stayed as a tropical depression, and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 3 17N 81W Tropical Depression Oct 4 17N 82W Tropical Depression Oct 5 19N 85W Tropical Depression Oct 6 20N 85W Dissipated 5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed from the tail end of a decaying frontal boundary near 15N, 76W on 24 October. The low meandered in the central Caribbean Sea for the next several days, peaking in intensity on the 25th. Thereafter, it slowly weakened while drifting northwest. As it approached the western side of Jamaica, it began to get entangled within another frontal boundary, and on the 31st, it became absorbed. Only one gale was reported from COADS on the 25th (also mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review - October 1917), and it was about 400 nmi to the north of the system. The lowest observed pressures were 1006 mb. Because only one gale was observed, the system is being kept as a tropical depression, thus it is not being added to HURDAT. It is possible that it may have been a weak tropical storm at some point on the 25th to the 27th based on the numerous 25-30 kt observations, but sufficient evidence for upgrading is lacking. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 24 15N 76W Tropical Depression Oct 25 16N 76W Tropical Depression Oct 26 17N 78W Tropical Depression Oct 27 19N 80W Tropical Depression Oct 28 20N 80W Tropical Depression Oct 29 20N 80W Tropical Depression Oct 30 22N 79W Tropical Depression Oct 31 ----- ----- Absorbed by front ***************************************************************************** 1917/01 - 2008 REVISION: 21671 07/06/1917 M= 9 1 SNBR= 498 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21672 07/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 590 25 0*122 605 25 0 21672 07/07*125 620 30 0*127 635 30 0*130 650 35 0*132 663 35 0 21672 07/08*135 676 40 0*137 688 40 0*140 700 45 0*142 712 45 0 21672 07/09*145 724 40 0*147 737 40 0*150 750 35 0*152 765 35 0 21672 07/10*153 780 30 0*154 795 30 0*155 810 30 0*156 825 30 0 21672 07/11*157 840 30 0*158 853 30 0*160 865 30 0*165 875 30 0 21672 07/12*170 882 30 0*175 885 30 0*180 890 30 0*185 898 25 0 21672 07/13*190 908 25 0*195 919 30 0*200 930 30 0*205 942 30 0 21672 07/14*210 954 30 0*215 967 30 0*220 980 25 0* 0 0 0 0 21705 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. July 6: HWM analyzed an open trough around 58W, just east of the Windward Islands. Available observations indicate that a closed low existed near 12N, 59W. July 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 16.5N, 66W. Available observations suggest that the system was closer to 13N, 65W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 8: HWM analyzed an open wave around 72W. Available observations indicate that the system was closed and was located near 14N, 70W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W in the eastern Caribbean (MWR). "On the 8th two vessels between the Island of Haiti and the Barbados, encountered westerly winds of 40 miles an hour, although there was no well-developed depression in that region and vessels near by reported only moderate velocities" (MWR). July 9: HWM analyzed an open wave around 76W. Available observations and interpolation suggest a closed low near 15N, 75W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 10: HWM analyzed an open wave around 83W. Available observations and interpolation suggest a closed low near 15.5N, 81W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 13.5N, 86W. Available observations suggest a center at 16N, 86.5W near the coast of Honduras. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb pressure at 17N, 89W. Available observations suggest a center at 18N, 89W near the border of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. Station highlight: 25 kt SE and 1006 mb at Belize City at 12 UTC (HWM). July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 19N, 91.5W. While data are sparse, a closed low is estimated to be near 20N, 93W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 14: HWM analyzed an open trough along 97W. While data are sparse, a closed low is estimated to be near 22N, 98W along the coast of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this system is begun on the 6th as a tropical depression just southeast of Barbados. Modest winds and rain were reported during its crossing through the Windward Islands. Two separate ships reported west 35 kt winds on the 8th, indicating the system was still a closed low at this time and likely had an intensity of at least 45 kt. Unfortunately, these two ship reports were not given with exact locations at the time of the observations. 45 kt may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone as observations indicate a less well-defined circulation on the 9th and 10th. Weakening to a tropical depression is analyzed on the 10th, before the system made landfall in Honduras. The system might have reached tropical storm intensity a second time as it reached the Gulf of Honduras, with the pressure dropping 4 mb to 1006 mb in 24 hours with 25 kt SE winds in Belize City on the 12th. 1006 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. However, without more corroborative evidence, the cyclone will be kept as a tropical depression at landfall in Belize. While observations are somewhat sparse, it is analyzed that the system moved into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression and dissipated after striking Mexico near Tampico on the 14th. (While no Tampico observations are available, almost four inches of rain were reported in Veracruz in the 24 hr period ending on the morning of the 14th.) ***************************************************************************** 1917/02 - 2008 REVISION: 21675 08/06/1917 M= 5 1 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21675 08/06/1917 M= 6 2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * *** 21680 08/06*320 675 35 0*320 680 35 0*320 685 35 0*320 690 35 0 21685 08/07*320 694 35 0*320 699 35 0*320 703 35 0*320 707 35 0 21690 08/08*320 712 40 0*321 716 40 0*321 720 40 0*323 724 40 0 21695 08/09*325 728 45 0*328 732 45 0*332 735 45 0*341 738 45 0 21695 08/09*325 728 45 0*328 732 45 0*332 735 45 0*341 736 50 0 *** ** 21700 08/10*357 736 40 0*377 726 40 0*401 706 30 0*418 680 30 0 21700 08/10*358 733 55 0*380 718 60 0*405 702 60 0*430 680 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 21702 08/11E457 650 50 0E487 610 45 0E520 570 35 0E560 530 30 0 21705 TS Major changes to both the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the _Monthly Weather Review_. August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 31.5N, 69W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 30.5N, 70W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 70.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 31N, 72W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 9: HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb at 33N, 73W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 33.2N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 35N, 75.5W with 1015 mb pressure (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 32.8N, 71.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1013 mb at 32N, 74W at 12 UTC (HWM); 20 kt N and 1006 mb at 33.8N, 74.3W at 15 UTC (COA). "Storm of August 9 - Information concerning this storm is extremely meager. What at the time was believed to be a secondary center of a barometric depression moving eastward near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River appeared off the North Carolina coast. Later advices seem to disclose that this storm was of tropical origin, having formed east of the Virgin Islands and passing thence northwestward to the position charted [33N 71W] on August 9" (MWR). August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 40.5N, 70.5W with a cold front advancing on the system from the west. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 40.1N, 70.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 40N, 69W with 994 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that the system had begun, but had not yet completed, extratropical transition and was slightly northeast of the HURDAT's position. Ship highlight: 55 kt NE and 994 mb at Nantucket Shoals Lightship (MWR). Station highlight: 46 kt NE at Eastport (MWR). "Four fishing vessels in the path of the storm after it left Nantucket were lost, and the total number of fisherman who perished is believed to be 41. After leaving the place where the fishing vessels were lost - about 50 miles south-southeast of Highland Light, Mass. - no further observation of the storm has come to hand. Evidently it dissipated before reaching the Grand Banks" (MWR). August 11: HWM indicated an extratropical low centered near 57N, 58W with a cold front extending south and east of the low. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 44N 60W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations instead suggest a center closer to 52N, 57W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 6th and no changes in the track or intensity were made from the 6th through early on the 9th. (This is in spite of the comments in MWR that the cyclone "formed east of the Virgin Islands and passing thense northwestward". No observations were found to support this analysis in MWR and thus no changes were made to genesis.) 1006 mb peripheral pressure on the 9th suggests winds of at least 37 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT. Even though the center stayed just offshore, the tropical storm impacted New England with particular vigor as it caused gale force winds at Nantucket, Block Island and Eastport. (The peak winds of 55 kt at the Nantucket Shoals Lighthouse convert to 46 kt after adjusting for the high bias of this era's anemometer and converting to a 1 min wind - [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) 994 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationships. Maximum winds of 60 kt are estimated for both 06 and 12 UTC on the 10th. The structure of the system is determined to have transitioned to an extratropical storm by about 00 UTC on the 11th, though the process of transition had begun about 12 hours earlier. While both HURDAT and the MWR Tracks of Lows had the system dissipating south of Nova Scotia late on the 10th and 12 UTC on the 11th, respectively, available observations indicate that the system continued accelerating northeastward, causing the strong winds at Eastport late on the 10th, and was near the north end of Newfoundland at 12 UTC on the 11th. The system likely dissipated later on the 11th or early on the 12th over the far North Atlantic. ***************************************************************************** 1917/03 - 2008 REVISION: 21710 08/30/1917 M= 8 2 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21710 08/30/1917 M= 9 3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * *** 21715 08/30* 0 0 0 0*166 435 60 0*170 452 60 0*173 469 60 0 21715 08/30* 0 0 0 0*155 445 60 0*160 460 60 0*165 476 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 21720 08/31*176 486 60 0*180 500 65 0*184 513 70 0*187 523 70 0 21720 08/31*170 492 60 0*175 507 65 0*180 520 70 0*185 530 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21725 09/01*190 532 75 0*193 540 80 0*197 551 80 0*202 563 85 0 21725 09/01*190 540 75 0*196 550 80 0*202 560 80 0*207 570 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21730 09/02*210 578 85 0*219 592 90 0*228 605 90 0*236 614 90 0 21730 09/02*213 580 85 0*219 590 90 0*225 600 90 0*231 609 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21735 09/03*245 621 95 0*254 627 95 0*263 632 95 0*273 636 100 0 21735 09/03*238 618 95 0*246 626 95 0*255 632 95 0*266 636 100 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 21740 09/04*285 638 100 0*299 636 105 0*313 631 105 0*325 622 105 0 21740 09/04*280 638 100 0*296 636 105 0*313 631 105 0*329 622 105 0 *** *** *** 21745 09/05*342 607 105 0*360 585 100 0*379 561 95 0*407 530 90 0 21745 09/05*345 607 105 0*362 585 100 0*379 561 95 0*402 530 90 0 *** *** 21750 09/06E432 501 80 0E463 476 70 0E498 450 55 0* 0 0 0 0 21750 09/06E430 501 80 0E463 476 70 0E498 445 55 0E530 410 50 0 *** *** **** *** (The 7th is new to HURDAT.) 21752 09/07E558 370 50 0E585 325 50 0E610 280 45 0E630 230 40 0 21755 HR Minor changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tucker (1995). August 30: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1012.5 mb centered near 14N, 45W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 17N, 46W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a position between the the HURDAT and HWM estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 31: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010 mb centered near 16N, 52.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.4N, 51.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a center between the two estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 1: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at 20.5N, 55.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane centered at 19.7N, 55.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a center northwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at 22N, 60.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 22.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a center northeast of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at 26N, 63.3W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 26.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and HWM estimates. Ship highlight: 35 kt ESE and 1014 mb at 24.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). September 4: HWM indicates a closed low with 980 mb central pressure at 31N, 63W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.3N, 63.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 32N, 64W with 998 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 31.4N, 64.1W. Ship highlight: 45 kt SW and 984 mb at 31N, 62.7W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 40 kt NE and 998 mb at Bermuda (HWM). "Storm of September 4 - On September 4 a storm appeared south of the Bermuda Islands as shown by the weather report from Hamilton ... The center of the disturbance passed to the eastward and northward of the islands some time between 12 o'clock noon and 4 p. m. of the same date. No further facts in reference to this storm have been received" (MWR). "This storm was accompanied by unprecedented high tides. For several days previously the 'mountain-high' rollers eastward of St. George's had been watched by many people, and by Monday morning the sea was covering the Market Square as far as the Market door ... Residents of St. David's Island reported that the ground swell to the south was heavier than ever remembered and that the water breaking over the 'boilers' looked like Niagara Falls ... By 11 p.m., Market Square was entirely submerged and on Tuesday morning customers and clerks at the Town Hall were prisoners within the market ... The sea which set in at St. Catherine's Bay was tremendous, breaking clear across into 'Spindles' Pond' and carrying with it tons of seaweed. A monster piece of Higgs Island was completely cut away and immediate arrangements had to made to blast it into movable pieces to prevent it blocking the channel" (Tucker). September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 985 mb central pressure at 38.2N, 56W with an approaching frontal boundary to its west. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.9N, 56.1W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1002 mb at 36.9N, 53.7W at 13 UTC (COA); 40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 36.8N, 53.8W (COA). September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at 50N, 45W with a warm front extending to its east and a cold front extending to its south. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at 49.8N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just east of both estimates. Ship highlight: 20 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 52.2N, 41.4W (COA). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at 61N, 28W with fronts extending south and east of its center. Ship highlight: 35 kt W and 995 mb at 59.7N, 25W at 12 UTC (HWM). Genesis for this hurricane was unchanged. Its revised track incorporated relatively minor alterations for its lifetime, though an additional day was added during its extratropical stage on the 7th. A 984 mb peripheral pressure on the 4th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Winds are retained at 105 kt in HURDAT. (This was the only measurement indicative of hurricane intensity throughout its lifetime that was observed, though the swell seen in Bermuda would also be substanial - but indirect - evidence of hurricane intensity.) The system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have reached a peak of Category 3 status for three days (3rd to 5th). While no meteorological observations were able to directly confirm this, the massive swells/wave impact in Bermuda do suggest a major hurricane passing just to the east of the island. Therefore, no alterations to the peak intensity were made to this cyclone. Also, given the very sparse nature of observations throughout the lifetime of the system, no changes were made at all to the intensity record. It should be noted that the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" seasonal summary stated that there was "only one disturbance that could be classed as a hurricane of the first magnitude viz, September 22-30 [Storm 4], came within the field of our observations," implying that this cyclone was not of major hurricane status. ***************************************************************************** 1917/04 - 2008 REVISION: 21760 09/21/1917 M= 9 3 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 21760 09/20/1917 M=11 4 SNBR= 501 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * *** (The 20th is new to HURDAT.) 21762 09/20*134 571 40 0*137 583 40 0*140 595 40 0*143 607 45 0 21765 09/21*160 609 60 0*161 625 60 0*162 644 65 0*164 661 70 0 21765 09/21*147 619 50 0*151 631 55 0*155 644 60 0*158 661 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21770 09/22*165 679 70 0*167 696 75 0*169 716 80 0*173 729 85 0 21770 09/22*162 679 70 0*165 699 75 0*169 716 80 0*173 731 85 0 *** *** *** *** 21775 09/23*177 743 85 0*182 757 90 0*188 769 90 0*191 776 95 0 21775 09/23*177 745 85 0*181 759 90 0*184 772 90 0*188 782 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21780 09/24*194 784 95 0*197 791 100 0*201 799 100 0*206 805 100 0 21780 09/24*192 790 95 0*196 796 100 0*201 802 100 0*206 808 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21785 09/25*210 812 100 0*214 818 100 0*218 825 100 0*223 832 105 0 21785 09/25*210 813 110 0*214 819 120 0*218 825 130 928*223 832 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21790 09/26*228 839 105 0*233 846 105 0*239 852 105 0*244 862 105 0 21790 09/26*228 839 120 0*233 846 120 0*239 852 120 0*244 860 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21795 09/27*247 870 105 0*251 880 105 0*257 889 105 0*263 892 100 0 21795 09/27*247 870 115 0*251 881 115 0*257 889 110 0*263 892 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21800 09/28*271 894 100 0*280 892 95 0*288 888 95 0*295 879 90 0 21800 09/28*271 894 105 0*280 892 105 0*288 888 105 0*295 879 100 0 *** *** *** *** 21805 09/29*301 870 85 966*307 862 60 0*312 852 30 0*316 839 25 0 21805 09/29*302 869 100 949*309 860 75 0*315 852 55 0*319 844 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 21807 09/30*320 832 35 0E320 825 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21810 HRAFL3 21810 HRAFL3 LA2 AL1 *** *** Landfall: 9/29/1917 0200Z 30.4N 86.6W 100kt 40nmi 949mb 1011mb AFL3,LA2,AL1 Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). September 20: HWM analyzes an open trough along 65W. However, available observations suggest that a closed low was forming near 14N, 59.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1000 mb pressure at 16N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.2N, 64.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at Antigua at 04 UTC (see below). Mike Chenoweth provided the following information from the _Barbados Agricultural Reporter_, 24 September: St. Lucia heavy rains and high winds in the night of 20-21 September; Dominica strong winds & heavy rain all night of 20-21 September, sea rough; Guadeloupe Heavy weather all night Antigua ~11pm [20 Sep] barometer began to fall and by 1 A.M. [Sep 21] was at 29.86 with a strong ne gale, heavy sea and rain; the barometer remained steady to 4 A.M. then rose to 29.98 at 7A.M., with a SE wind; St. Kitts From Midnight stormy weather with the wind from the east; before day barometer 29.88, sea becoming rough and the barometer later rising". "One the morning of September 21 heavy southeast and south sea swells were reported from the Leeward Islands" (MWR). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb central pressure at 17.2N, 72W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.9N, 71.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 16.8N, 71.9W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "... the disturbance was a short distance south of the Island of Santo Domingo, moving westward or west-northwestward" (MWR). September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of 980 mb central pressure at 17.5N, 77W just south of Jamaica. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC just north of Jamaica. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 18.5N, 77W with 991 mb just north of Jamaica (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 18.5N, 77.2W on the north coast of Jamaica. Available observations indicate that the center was closest to the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" position. Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Jamaica at 12 UTC (HWM); 987 mb at Jamaica at 0845 UTC (MWR). "...early in the morning of the 23d it passed with great intensity directly north of the Island of Jamaica, moving in a northwesterly direction ... press reports stated that great damage had been done over the northern portion of the Island ... The center of the track crossed Jamaica and great destruction was caused on that island, the banana industry having been almost wiped out" (MWR). September 24: HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at 19N, 81W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.1N, 80.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 19.5N, 80W (a.m). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 19.8N, 80.6W. Available observations suggest the center is just west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 24th the storm center was apparently in the vicinity of the Grand Cayman Island" (MWR). September 25: HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at 21N, 83W just south of the Isle of Pines. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 21.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC over the Isle of Pines. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 21N, 83W with 996 mb south of the Isle of Pines (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 20.8N, 82.6W south of the Isle of Pines. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1001 mb at 23.3N, 82.3W at 21 UTC (COA); several 35 kt ship reports (COA). Station highlight: 939 mb at Nueva Gerona at 17 UTC (MWR). Perez et al. analyzed this system as a Category 4 hurricane impact in Cuba from the 939 mb peripheral pressure observed in Nueva Gerona and an estimated central pressure of 928 mb, via the Schloemer (1954) equation (Perez et al.). "Mr. O. L. Fassig, Meteorologist, U.S. Weather Bureau, who visited the Isle of Pines shortly after the passage of the hurricane there states that the town of Nueva Gerona was devastated, many of the staunchest structures in the town having been leveled ... In the Pinar region of western Cuba orchards and other crops were ruined" (MWR). September 26: HWM shows a closed low with 945 mb central pressure at 23N, 85W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.9N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 23N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 22.4N, 84.9W just off of the western tip of Cuba. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE at 25N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at 21.5N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 51 kt SE at Sand Key (MWR). September 27: HWM shows a closed low of 955 mb central pressure at 25.5N, 87.3W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.7N, 88.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 87.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a center at 25.7N, 87.6W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1003 mb at 26.5N, 84.9W at 17 UTC (COA/MWR); 70 kt SE and 1002 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W at 19 UTC (COA); 70 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA). September 28: HWM shows a closed low of 965 mb central pressure at 28.5N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.8N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 28.5N, 88W with 988 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a center at 28.5N, 88W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 984 mb at 29.2N, 89.3W at 14 UTC (MWR); ENE-N-NW winds and 955 mb at 29.8N, 88.5W at 22 UTC (OMR). Station highlights: 85 kt N at 21 UTC and 987 mb at 2115 UTC at Mobile (OMR); 90 kt SE at 2048 UTC and 965 mb at 23 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). "Sept. 29, 1917, 964 mb estimated central pressure, 33 nmi radius of maximum wind, landfall point 30.4N, 86.7W" (Ho et al.). "91 kt estimated maximum sustained surface winds at landfall, 1012 mb outer closed isobar environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.). "Estimated lowest central pressure - 958 mb, Tide Information - Fort Baransas - 7.8', Morgan City - 3', Johnson's Bayou 2.5', Grand Isle - 4', Port Eads - 4'" (Connor). "Central pressure at landfall in US - 958 mb, Category 3 for northwest Florida" (Jarrell et al.) "The tropical storm that occurred during the last week of September, 1917, was of more than ordinary extent and severity, as appeared when the western segment of the hurricane passed over extreme southeastern Louisiana on the 28th ... the path of the center was close to Port Eads ... It is probable that hurricane winds did not occur much farther up the river than Fort St. Philip, although there was considerable damage to the rice, sugar, and orange crops farther north in Plaquemines Parish. The greatest damage to crops was on the eastern side of the river. The western side escaped with small loss ... Below Buras numerous buildings were dislodged from their foundations, and several houses and barns were blown down ... the only loss of life was that of an 8-year old boy ... there had been no injurious tides [in Mobile] (owing to the prevailing northerly winds); that there had been no deaths in Mobile ... The damage [in Mobile] was limited mainly to roofs and frail structures ... The storm evidently recurved very close to and just east of the mouth of the Mississippi River, moved thence northeastward, passing to the southward of Mobile, and at 7 p.m. [on the 28th] passed south of Pensacola, Fla ... The damage [in Pensacola] was estimated to have been rather less than during the hurricane of October 18, 1916 ... During the storm of September 28 the tide at Pensacola rose 4 1/2 feet above the normal height ... The full force of the storm at Pensacola was felt near 4 p. m. on the afternoon of September 28 ... The center of the hurricane evidently passed south of Pensacola, probably a distance of 50 miles. The damage at Pensacola and vicinity was largely due to wind and wave action. A number of small craft, including the U.S.S. Quincy, were washed ashore or grounded and considerable damage was done to wharves, docks and boat houses along the Gulf shore. The damage by wind is estimated at $100,000; The damage by wave action and water at $50,000; The damage to small craft $20,000; Total for Pensacola and vicinity $170,000. Heavy damage appears to have been sustained in Santa Rosa County, where much timber was blown down and crops, live stock, and buildings suffered from wind and rain. Press reports stated that five lives were lost at Crestview, Fla., and inland town about 40 miles northeast of Pensacola. No other loss of life was reported" (MWR). September 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 86W inland over southeast Alabama. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression at 31.2N, 85.2W at 12 UTC near the Alabama/Georgia/Florida border. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the center near 31N, 86W with 998 mb (a.m.) along the Florida/Alabama border. The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a center at 31.5N, 85.2W along the Georgia/Alabama border. Available observations suggest that the MWR summary estimate is the most accurate position. Ship highlight: 948 mb at 30N, 86.8W at 00 UTC (OMR). Station highlight: 84 kt NE and 966 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). "On the morning of the 29th the storm was central over southeastern Alabama with greatly decreased intensity" (MWR). September 30: HWM shows a frontal boundary moving through the SE United States with no indication of a closed low in the vicinity of the system. HURDAT, the MWR Tracks of Lows and the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" all had the system dissipated by 12 UTC. However, the MWR Tracks of Lows still indicated a system near 31.5N, 83.5W on the evening of the 29th (00 UTC 30th) with 1004 mb. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the evening of the 29th the center was over southwestern Georgia with a still further decrease in intensity ... and by the morning of the 30th the remnants had passed off the Georgia coast, the general low-pressure conditions along the South Atlantic coast having joined forces with another disturbance from the West that was central over Ontario" (MWR). Genesis on this hurricane is begun a day earlier based upon available observations showing a closed low and gale force conditions during its track across the Lesser Antilles. Otherwise, minor track changes were made on all days except for the 25th (no change that date). The system's dissipation was delayed 12 hours through the 30th, until it was absorbed by a frontal boundary around 06 UTC on that date. The 987 mb peripheral pressure in Kingston on the 23rd suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the southern pressure- wind relationship - 90 kt retained in HURDAT. Based upon description and track in the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary, the track of the system was moved slightly south to indicate landfall along the northern coast of Jamaica. The 928 mb estimated central pressure at landfall in Cuba on the 25th (from a 939 mb peripheral pressure observation in Nueva Gerona) suggests winds of 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 130 kt chosen for HURDAT, which is substantially above the 100 kt in HURDAT originally. This makes this a Category 4 impact in Cuba which agrees with the assessment of Perez et al. (2000). The hurricane made landfall in northwest Florida around 02 UTC on the 29th of September. The 965 mb pressure value measured at Pensacola was not a central pressure, as the winds were 89 kt at the time. The Ho et al. estimate central pressure at landfall of 964 mb is thus discounted as not being low enough given the Pensacola measurements. Likewise, the 958 mb central pressure estimated at landfall suggested by Connor and adopted by Jarrell et al. also appears to be too high a value, given the extreme winds still occurring at time of 965 mb pressure. An application of the Schloemer (1954) equation with an RMW of 40 nmi (analyzed from the Pensacola wind record and track of the system) gives a new estimate of 949 mb central pressure at landfall in northwest Florida, east of Pensacola. This also agrees with the approximate 948 mb pressure reading (possibly in the eye) from the ship the "Asp" southeast of Pensacola right before landfall. The 949 mb value suggests winds of 111 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. However, given the slow translational speed of this system (11 kt) and an RMW size much larger than suggested by climatology size (20 nmi given the central pressure and latitude - Vickery et al. (2000)), the winds should be lower than this estimate. Moreover, the new northern pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N systems that are weakening (note filling of 928 mb in Cuba up to 949 mb in Florida) suggests winds of 101 kt for 949 mb. Thus wind chosen at landfall is 100 kt. This is higher than the 85 kt originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 3 assessment at landfall in northwest Florida in HURDAT and Jarrell et al. The analyzed landfall position is at 30.4N, 86.6W around 02 UTC on the 29th. An application of the Schwerdt et al. analytic wind model suggests Category 2 conditions also impacted Louisiana and Category 1 conditions impacted Alabama. This is corroborated with observed winds and impacts in those states. Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic times after landfall were 65 kt, 43 kt, and 37 kt at 06 UTC, 12 UTC and 18 UTC on the 29th. These reduce down to 54, 37 and 31 kt, respectively after adjusting for the high bias of the anemometer and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). An application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model gives winds of 76 kt, 55 kt, and 39 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC respectively. Given the data coverage over Florida, Georgia and Alabama was quite sparse and that the observed values likely do not represent peak winds that occurred, winds are chosen to be 75, 55 and 40 kt, respectively for these times in HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1917 - Additional Notes: 1) September 12-15, 1917 This system probably developed from an easterly wave off of the African coast noted on September 12 as the Historical Weather Map and COADS shows a closed low. The system was maintained as a tropical depression through the 14th. By the 15th, lack of data does not allow a definite determination of a location of the system or whether it maintained a closed circulation. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 12 14N 23W Tropical Depression Sep 13 16N 27W Tropical Depression Sep 14 17N 31W Tropical Depression 2) September 12-17, 1917 This system appears in the Historical Weather Map for September 12 as a closed circulation, but observations and COADS data are too sparse to state this definitely. On September 13, the system was probably a tropical depression. On September 14, the system approached the Lesser Antilles and began recurvature. On the 15th, the system may have attained tropical storm strength as a ship located near 19.5 N and 51 W, reported a 35 knot S wind. There were, however, no other reports of gales. By September 17, the tropical cyclone had apparently dissipated. Without a second report of gale force winds to confirm the tropical storm status of this system, this will not be added to HURDAT but kept as a possible tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 12 11N 44W Tropical Depression? Sep 13 12N 48W Tropical Depression Sep 14 13N 53W Tropical Depression Sep 15 20N 52W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm Sep 16 23N 56W Tropical Depression Sep 17 --- --- Dissipated? 3) September 13-20, 1917 - The storm of September 13-18 is mentioned in the review of the 1917 hurricane season in the Monthly Weather Review of December 1917. The article states that a definite disturbance was observed over eastern Cuba during the morning of September 13, and that within 24 hours, this storm was off the east coast of Florida. The storm advanced northeastward, and by the night of September 17-18 was off Cape Cod, then passed beyond Newfoundland on September 20. Analysis of HWM and COADS data did not find definitive evidence of a closed circulation on the 12th and 13th. On September 14, the system did obtain a closed circulation and had highest observed winds of 30 kt during its movement over the Bahamas and near the east coast of Florida. By September 15, this system was transforming into an extratropical storm system and gale force winds began to be reported. It reached its peak intensity on the 18th with winds around 60 kt being reported at the coast (Nantucket). It is possible that the system reached tropical storm status as a tropical cyclone on the 14th before becoming a vigorous extratropical system. But without confirming observations, this system will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 13 --- 77W Trough along 77W Sep 14 28N 78W Tropical Depression Sep 15 35N 78W Extratropical Storm Sep 16 36N 75W Extratropical Storm Sep 17 37N 72W Extratropical Storm Sep 18 41N 68W Extratropical Storm Sep 19 44N 57W Extratropical Storm Sep 20 50N 42W Extratropical Storm 4) September 14-16, 1917 - This system developed from a trough located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico September 11 through 13. On September 14, the system may have a tropical depression centered at about the location indicated on the Historical Weather Map of that date. Significant pressure drops are noted for New Orleans, Brownsville, Galveston, and Pensacola on that date. The system was a tropical depression on September 15 and made landfall in Louisiana on that day. By the 16th, it was a disorganized area of thunderstorms over Mississippi and Arkansas. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 14 22N 90W Tropical Depression? Sep 15 29N 91W Tropical Depression Sep 16 --- --- Dissipated inland 5) October 18-21, 1917 - This system developed from a trough located at 68 W on October 18. On October 19, the circulation was closed and probably a tropical depression. There were no gales reported. On the 20th, the system may have reached tropical storm intensity as a single gale force wind was reported early in the day. Late on the October 20, the depression began to interact with a cold front. By October 21, the system had been absorbed. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 18 --- 68W Trough Oct 19 23N 73W Tropical Depression Oct 20 30N 71W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm Oct 21 --- --- Absorbed by cold front ***************************************************************************** 1918/01 - 2008 REVISION: 21815 08/01/1918 M= 7 1 SNBR= 502 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 21820 08/01*127 585 35 0*126 599 35 0*126 609 35 0*127 619 35 0* 21820 08/01*126 585 35 0*128 603 35 0*130 620 35 0*132 638 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21825 08/02*129 633 35 0*131 648 40 0*133 666 40 0*135 681 40 0* 21825 08/02*134 655 35 0*137 673 40 0*140 690 40 0*144 708 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21830 08/03*140 698 45 0*146 716 45 0*152 736 45 0*159 753 50 0* 21830 08/03*149 725 45 0*154 743 45 0*160 760 45 0*168 776 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21835 08/04*167 774 50 0*175 794 50 0*184 814 55 0*191 828 55 0* 21835 08/04*177 793 50 0*186 809 50 0*195 825 55 0*205 840 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21840 08/05*200 845 55 0*210 860 60 0*224 876 60 0*235 888 60 0* 21840 08/05*215 855 55 0*225 869 60 0*235 883 70 0*246 894 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21845 08/06*246 897 70 0*259 909 80 0*272 917 90 0*286 925 85 960* 21845 08/06*258 904 90 0*271 914 100 0*285 923 105 0*298 932 105 955 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21850 08/07*300 934 40 0*315 942 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 21850 08/07*310 940 60 0*322 946 45 0*337 950 35 0*355 952 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21855 HR LA3 21855 HR LA3CTX1 **** Landfall: 8/6/18Z 29.8N 93.2W 105 kt 955 mb RMW 12 nmi LA3, CTX1 Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 1: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the vicinity of the tropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 60.9W at 12 UTC. While observations from HWM and COADS are ambiguous, a position to northwest of the HURDAT position is estimated. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The center of this storm did not pass near any observing station and it was not encountered by any vessels navigating the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The cable reports of the 1st showed that a disturbance was evidently south of Bridgetown, Barbados" (MWR). August 2: HWM analyzed a weak inverted trough along 68W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 66.6W at 12 UTC. Observations are sparse near the tropical cyclone on the 2nd, but available data and interpolation between the 1st and 3rd suggest a position farther to the northwest of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 3: HWM analyzed an inverted trough in the vicinity of 15N, 73.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 73.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16N, 76W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The disturbance moved west-northwest, passing to the south of Jamaica some time in the afternoon of the 3d" (MWR). August 4: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 18N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA). "It seems to have passed across the Yucatan Peninsula or possibly through the Yucatan channel Sunday [4th] afternoon" (MWR). August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 88W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 87W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.5N, 88.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW at 21.1N, 86.7W (COA). August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.2N, 91.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 93.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.5N, 92.3W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: calm winds and 960 mb at Sulphur at 19 UTC (MWR); 70 kt at Lake Charles (LA) at 1958 UTC (MWR). "...was not again observed until Tuesday morning [6th], when falling pressure and freshening winds from the southeast that it was approaching the Gulf coast...The hurricane struck the Louisiana coast a few miles east of Calcasieu Pass, or about 30 miles east of the mouth of the Sabine...The storm passed a little west of north through the parishes of Cameron, Calcasieu, and Beauregard, La., and thence into Newton County, Tex., near where the Gulf Coast Line Railroad crosses the Sabine River - a total distance of about 80 miles...The fact that the disturbance did not cause northeast or even east winds at New Orleans during any time while it was moving northwestward across the Gulf is one indication of its small diameter... The wind velocity, when the storm was nearing the coast, did not exceed 35 miles and hour at Burrwood and 25 miles at New Orleans...The area in which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles wide, and winds of great force lasted only two to three hours. The storm was about 100 miles in diameter, but approaching the outer edges the damage was slight or entirely absent...we have the partial record at Lake Charles... 48 miles at 2:30 p.m., and 80 miles an hour in the five-minute period terminating at 2:58 a.m. [typo in MWR - should be 2:58 p.m.], with an extreme velocity of at least 100 miles an hour. It was at this point that the anemometer was put out of service by the wind or flying debris. Two reports of tides have been received. At Johnsons Bayou, 10 miles east of the mouth of Sabine Pass...the tide was 2 feet and 5 inches above normal. At Morgan City the tide rose 3 feet. Between these points the tide was doubtless somewhat higher, especially along the coast in the eastern portion of Cameron Parish...Thirty-four deaths are reported as due to the storm and the number of persons injured is more than twice that number...The damage to property is roughly estimated at $5,000,000. This includes damage at Lake Charles, Gerstner Field, and Sulphur, La., and to crops and standing timber; but it does not include losses from dwellings blown down in numerous villages, and live sotck, possibly numbering a hundred, drowned in Cameron Parish" (MWR). August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as dissipated at 31.5N, 94.2W by 06 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones gives a position of 31.5N, 94W at 8 p.m. 6th (~00 UTC 7th) with a pressure of 1008 mb. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33N, 95W at 12 UTC. Genesis is unchanged from that previously depicted in HURDAT. Large changes in the track is introduced on the 2nd and 3rd, with positions farther to the west. Observations are somewhat ambiguous if a closed circulation existed on the 1st and 2nd as it crossed the Lesser Antillies and moved into the Caribbean. The intensity of the tropical cyclone is unchanged from the 1st until the 4th. Gale force winds were first observed late on the 4th and evidence indicates the tropical storm became a hurricane around 12 UTC on the 5th just north of the Yucatan, 12 hours earlier that originally suggested in HURDAT. Available observations estimate landfall to have occurred at 1730 UTC on the 6th near Cameron, Louisiana (29.8N, 93.2W). Highest observed winds were 70 kt from Lake Charles (57 kt true after adjusting for high bias of the instrument and converting to 1 min - Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). The instrument failed before the highest winds occurred. A central intensity of 955 mb at landfall has been estimated using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model from an inland central pressure observation at Sulphur, Louisiana [960 mb]. 955 mb central pressure at landfall agrees with the Connor and Jarrell et al estimates. (For some unknown reason, both Schwerdt et al. and Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their analysis of 20th Century U.S. hurricanes.) HURDAT previously had listed 960 mb at 18 UTC on the 6th (which was an inland measurement), which is now replaced with the 955 mb value. This revised central pressure suggests 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship and 100 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Regarding the probable radius of maximum winds (RMW): "The area in which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles wide" (MWR). This suggest a small RMW of about 15 nmi, which would be somewhat smaller than climatology (21 nmi). 105 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 6th (and at landfall just before 18 UTC), upgraded from 85 kt previously. This increases storm 1 from a Category 2 hurricane to a Category 3, making it the only major hurricane of 1918. The hurricane progressed on a north-northwest track as it made landfall, nearly paralleling the Texas/Louisiana border. After landfall, no gale force winds were observed. Use of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th, 48 kt at 06 UTC, and 39 kt at 12 UTC. Slightly lower values were utilized to take into account the small size (and quicker weakening) of the hurricane. Despite going lower than Kaplan and DeMaria, winds in HURDAT were boosted from 45 to 60 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th and 30 to 45 kt at 06 UTC. Previously, the tropical cyclone had been listed as dissipating at 12 UTC on the 7th. Because of observations and the Kaplan/DeMaria decay model, the tropical cyclone's lifetime is extended 12 hours through 18 UTC on the 7th. Jarrell et al. (1992) lists this storm as the 29th deadliest hurricane with 34 fatalities and indicates it was of Category 3 intensity in southwest Louisiana. Dunn and Miller (1960) notes an extreme hurricane in southwest Louisiana with a death toll of 34 persons and a damage estimate of $5,000,000. North Texas is added as having Category 1 impact from storm number 1 by utilizing the Schwerdt et al (1987) wind model. The revised Category 3 assessment at landfall does corroborate previous studies by Jarrell et al. (1992) and Neumann et al. (1999). ******************************************************************************** 1918/02 - 2008 REVISION: 21860 08/22/1918 M= 5 2 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21865 08/22* 0 0 0 0*117 560 60 0*121 590 60 0*123 606 60 0 21865 08/22* 0 0 0 0*120 575 60 0*121 590 60 0*123 606 60 0 *** *** 21870 08/23*125 618 65 0*127 636 70 0*130 665 70 0*133 684 70 0 21870 08/23*127 624 60 0*132 644 60 0*137 665 60 0*141 684 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21875 08/24*136 704 70 0*140 723 70 0*145 744 70 0*148 764 70 0 21875 08/24*145 704 60 0*149 723 65 0*152 744 70 0*153 764 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21880 08/25*152 788 70 0*157 809 70 0*160 830 70 0*165 852 65 0 21880 08/25*154 788 80 0*155 809 85 0*156 830 90 968*158 852 80 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21885 08/26*169 876 55 0*168 894 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21885 08/26*161 876 70 0*165 894 45 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21890 HR Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review. August 22: HWM indicates an open wave near 14N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 42 kt SE and 1010 mb at Bridgetown, Barbados at ~18 UTC (MWR). "The second tropical disturance of the month passed Barbados, moving to the west, during the forenoon of the 22d" (MWR). August 23: HWM analyzed an open wave near 15N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 13N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13.7N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 14.3N, 66.2W at 11 UTC (NCDC). "During the next 72 hours reports from land stations merely indicated a disturbance over Central Caribbean region probably of little intensity" (MWR). August 24: HWM indicates a broad inverted trough near 18N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 15.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "center passed south of Jamaica moving west (MWR)." August 25: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 16.5N, 82W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 83W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM, COADS and NCDC suggests a center near 15.6N, 83W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 972 mb at 08 UTC and calm winds and 968 mb at 09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). "On Sunday morning, August 25, the observer at Kingston, Jamaica, reports: 'Center passed south Jamaica moving west yesterday afternoon'" (MWR). August 26: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 12.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as dissipated at 16.8N, 89.4W by 06 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Subsequent reports indicate that the disturbance, much diminished in intensity, passed inland over Honduras Sunday night [25th] and dissipated over that region during the next 48 hours (MWR)." Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on August 22nd. Minor alterations were made in the track for the duration of the system. First reports of this tropical storm occurred at 18 UTC on the 22nd at Barbados where gale force winds [42 kt] and moderately low pressure [1010 mb] were observed. 60 kt is retained in HURDAT as it passed south of Barbados and through the Lesser Antillies. Tropical storm force winds [50 kt] were reported throughout the morning hours of the 23rd by the ship S.S. Mohegan as the storm progressed westward across the eastern Caribbean Sea. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 23rd, a reduction down from 70 kt. Gale force winds or low pressures were not observed again until the early morning of the 25th where the ship S.S. Kaeo Samud measured a central pressure of 968 mb at 09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). A central pressure of 968 mb indicates winds of 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 90 kt is chosen for 12 UTC on the 25th, increased from 70 kt originally. Evidence indicates the hurricane made landfall in northern Honduras late on the 25th and continued a westward track into southern Belize by the 26th, but due to the lack of land observations, the exact location of such landfall is uncertain. However, it is apparent that the hurricane was greatly diminished in intensity after landfall since no gale force winds or low pressures were observed by either land or ship stations on the 26th. Available observations indicate the storm dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 6 hours later than suggested in HURDAT. The ship observation on the 25th led to an increase in the peak intensity for storm 2 from Category 1 [70 kt] to Category 2 [90 kt]. ******************************************************************************** 1918/03 - 2008 REVISION: 21895 08/23/1918 M= 4 3 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 21895 08/23/1918 M= 4 3 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 *** * 21900 08/23* 0 0 0 0*277 733 35 0*288 745 35 0*304 757 40 0 21900 08/23* 0 0 0 0*277 733 35 0*288 745 35 0*300 757 40 0 *** 21905 08/24*319 766 40 0*332 771 45 0*340 773 50 0*347 770 50 0 21905 08/24*312 766 40 0*324 771 50 0*335 773 60 0*344 770 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 21910 08/25*354 766 50 0*358 762 45 0*362 758 40 0*367 752 35 0 21910 08/25*351 765 60 0*357 759 60 0*362 753 60 0*368 746 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 21915 08/26*374 742 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21915 08/26*375 738 45 0*382 729 35 0E390 720 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21920 TS 21920 HR NC1 ** *** Landfall: 8/24 21 UTC 34.8N 76.8W 65 kt 988 mb 30nmi NC1 Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, individual station observations from NCDC, and the COADS ship database. August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 28.8N, 74.5W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 75W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.8N, 74.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.5N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 32.8N, 78.3W at 11 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 30 kt N and 1006 mb at Wilmington (NC) at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt NW and 1002 mb at Wilmington at 16 UTC (OMR). "Barometer [at Wilmington] fell rapidly with increasing northeast winds becoming high and shifting to northwest at midday with a maximum velocity of 38 miles from the northwest at 12:10 p.m. Reports from this section state that some damage was done by the storm blowing down crops, fencing, buildings, etc. High sea and gales reported at the beaches. Damage in this section probably does not exceed fifteen thousand dollars" (OMR). "Low No. X apparently developed on the Carolina coast during the night of the 23rd. On the morning of the 24th the center was at Wilmington, N. C., and the pressure was decreasing rapidly at that place but not at surrounding stations" (MWR). August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 36.2N, 75.8W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 37N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36.2N, 75.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 36.1N, 75.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 56 kt SW at 06 UTC and 1007 mb at 0830 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR). Rather unexpectedly the disturbance moved very slowly - about 8 miles an hour for the first 24 hours - reaching the Virginia Capes on the morning of the 25th. It's subsequent movement was probably northeastward over the Gulf Stream. The storm, while severe on the immediate coast, did not extend more than 50 miles inland. Considerable damage was done at beach resorts and towns along the North Carolina and Virginia coasts" (MWR). August 26: HWM indicates the cyclone is merging with a frontal system. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 37.4N, 74.2W by 00 UTC for its last position. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Minor alterations are suggested to the track and intensity of storm number 3. Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on the 23rd. Gale force winds were first observed on the 24th [35 kt] with a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb. The tropical cyclone made landfall northeast of New Bern, North Carolina, near 21 UTC on the 24th. Peak observed winds were SW 56 kt from Cape Hatteras at 06 UTC on the 25th, which corrects to 46 kt after adjustment for the high bias of the instrument and 1 min averaging time (Covert and Fergusson 1925, Powell et al. 1996). A ship observation of 60 kt was observed at 12 UTC on the 25th, just northeast of Hatteras. Observed impacts described in the Original Monthly Records and in Monthly Weather Review are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall. It is estimated that the tropical cyclone struck the coast with 65 kt maximum wind and a central pressure of 988 mb, making it a Category 1 hurricane at landfall. This is moderately stronger than that originally indicated in HURDAT (50 kt) just before landfall. The storm stayed over land for ~18 hours, moving back over the Atlantic Ocean around 18 UTC on the 25th. Dissipation occurred by 12 UTC on the 26th, 12 hours later than suggested by HURDAT, as the tropical cyclone merged with an approaching frontal boundary. ******************************************************************************** 1918/04 - 2008 REVISION: (This storm is new to HURDAT.) 21921 08/31/1918 M= 7 4 SNBR= 505 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21922 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*350 510 35 0*352 513 35 0 21923 09/01*355 516 35 0*358 519 35 0*360 520 35 0*362 520 35 0 21924 09/02*365 519 40 0*367 518 40 0*370 515 45 0*373 510 45 0 21924 09/03*376 505 50 0*378 500 50 0*380 495 55 0*382 492 55 0 21924 09/04*383 490 60 0*384 488 60 0*385 485 60 0*386 482 60 0 21924 09/05*387 479 55 0*388 475 50 0*390 470 45 0*392 462 40 0 21924 09/06*395 452 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 21924 TS This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 49W. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 51W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1022 mb at 38N, 50.1W at 12 UTC (COA). September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 52W with a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36N, 52W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 50W with a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37N, 51.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36N, 50W with a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 49.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E at 39.1N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA). September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 50W with a stationary front extending out to the east from the center. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 48.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 996 mb at 37.9N, 48.6W at 07 UTC (COA); 30 kt NW and 993 mb at 38.1N, 48.3W at 09 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and 992 mb at 38.3N, 47.9W at 11 UTC (COA). September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 39N, 48W with a dissipating stationary front extending out to the east of the center. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 47W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 6: HWM indicates an open trough along 40W longitude. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39.5N, 45.2W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this tropical storm began around 12 UTC on August 31st where evidence first indicates a closed circulation. Despite the Historical Weather Map depictions of frontal boundaries from the 1st through the 5th, the surface baroclinicity was quite minimal and no fronts likely were involved with the system though the observations are somewhat sparse. Gale force winds [35 kt] were observed on 31st at 12 UTC northeast of Bermuda. 35 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Gale force winds were not observed on September 1st or 2nd although HURDAT is maintained at minimal tropical storm strength. A 50 kt wind was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. A peripheral pressure of 992 mb at 11 UTC on the 4th suggests winds of at least 60 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Peak observations with this tropical storm were 50 kts on the 3rd and 992 mb on the 4th. Maximum winds chosen for HURDAT are 60 kt based on both observed winds and pressure, although it is possible that this system reached minimal hurricane status. Dissipation occurred on the 6th as the system became absorbed by a frontal boundary. Storm 4 meandered east and northeast of Bermuda for the duration of its existence. ******************************************************************************** 1918/05 - 2008 REVISION: 21925 09/02/1918 M= 6 4 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21925 09/02/1918 M= 7 5 SNBR= 506 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * *** 21930 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*246 551 60 0 21930 09/02*246 570 40 0*248 578 45 0*250 585 50 0*252 590 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 21935 09/03*256 570 65 0*262 580 70 0*269 590 70 0*275 6 2 75 0 21935 09/03*254 595 65 0*257 600 70 0*260 605 70 0*266 612 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21940 09/04*282 614 75 0*290 626 80 0*298 638 80 0*308 648 85 0 21940 09/04*277 620 75 0*288 629 80 0*298 638 80 0*308 646 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21945 09/05*318 656 85 0*328 662 85 0*338 668 85 0*353 672 80 0 21945 09/05*318 653 90 0*328 658 95 0*338 663 95 0*348 668 95 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 21950 09/06*363 674 75 0*380 676 65 0*397 675 65 0*420 668 55 0 21950 09/06*358 672 90 0*368 673 80 0*380 672 70 0*397 665 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 21955 09/07E438 655 50 0E451 641 45 0E468 624 40 0E480 600 40 0 21955 09/07E425 650 50 0E455 630 45 0E475 605 40 0E485 580 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 8th is new to HURDAT.) 21957 09/08E489 565 40 0E490 555 35 0E490 550 30 0* 0 0 0 0 21960 HR Major changes to the track and no changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1995). September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.6N, 55.1W at 18 UTC at its first listing. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 26.5N, 60.6W at 12 UTC (COA). September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.9N, 59.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 25.7N, 59.7W at 12 UTC (COA - likely the S. S. Texas, see below). "The earliest report of the existence of this storm came from the Swedish S.S. Texas on September 3, the vessel being some distance southeast of Bermuda, in latitude 25 deg 42 minutes north, longitude 59 deg 43 minutes west" (MWR). September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23.5N, 64W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "The lowest reported pressure for this storm was 28.88 inches [978 mb], at Hamilton, Bermuda, on the 4th" (MWR). "The barometer was around 28.70 inches on Wednesday night...A great deal of damage was done to trees in and around Hamilton, and the bottom of the Lane traffic was blocked. The local freight boats were either driven ashore or swamped, some being quite beyond repairs. Market Whaft at St. George's had seas foaming over it in billows, -- and by Thursday morning [5th] the old Town presented a scene of desolation, windows being blown in, houses benerally having been flooded during the night, boats sunk, and trees down everywhere" (Tucker). September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 70W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 978 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC (MWR); 972 mb at Bermuda around 00 UTC (Tucker). "...the storm advanced northwestward, passing to the west of Bermuda on the night of the 4th-5th" (MWR). September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 69W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.7N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 39N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 991 mb at 39.5N, 68.4W at 15 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 39.6N, 69.2W at 19 UTC (COA). September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 47.5N, 60.5W. HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical storm at 46.8N, 62.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 48.5N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 47.5N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 997 mb at 47.1N, 65.3W at 15 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 20 kt N and 1005 mb at St. Pierre at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt W and 998 mb at Glace Bay at 12 UTC (HWM). "The storm recurved some distance out to sea from the coast of the United States, but crossed Nova Scotia on the night of the 6th-7th, much diminished in intensity" (MWR). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 50N, 54W. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 49N, 55W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. This tropical system originated east of Bermuda early on the 2nd as a tropical storm as indicated by available wind observations, 18 hours earlier than originally in HURDAT. A wind observation of 70 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd confirms the system attained hurricane intensity. 70 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 3rd. As the hurricane traversed near Bermuda, a peripheral pressure observation of 978 mb at 00 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least 77 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. The pressure report from Tucker of 972 mb may be reasonable as well, given the length of the islands of Bermuda. 972 mb would suggest of at least 84 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 5th, up from 85 kt originally, and the track is brought a bit closer to Bermuda. A peripheral pressure observation of 991 mb at 15 UTC on the 6th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt is used in HURDAT, up from 65 kt originally at 12 UTC. The Category 2 hurricane paralleled the United States east coast on the 5th and 6th until landfall in Nova Scotia as a weaker extratropical storm early on the 7th. The storm dissipated as an extratropical storm on the 8th at 12 UTC, 18 hours later than indicated in HURDAT. Minor alterations are suggested for the track of this storm. ******************************************************************************* 1918/06 - 2008 REVISION: 21965 09/09/1918 M= 6 5 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 21965 09/09/1918 M= 6 6 SNBR= 507 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 21970 09/09*135 580 35 0*143 605 35 0*147 616 35 0*150 622 35 0 21970 09/09*139 598 35 0*143 607 35 0*147 616 35 0*151 625 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** 21975 09/10*153 629 35 0*156 636 35 0*160 643 35 0*162 650 35 0 21975 09/10*154 633 35 0*157 641 35 0*160 650 35 0*162 662 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 21980 09/11*165 657 35 0*167 663 40 0*170 670 40 0*173 676 40 0 21980 09/11*164 675 35 0*166 687 40 0*168 700 40 0*169 712 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21985 09/12*176 682 40 0*179 688 40 0*184 694 40 0*189 701 35 0 21985 09/12*170 725 40 0*171 737 40 0*172 750 40 0*172 762 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21990 09/13*195 707 35 0*204 715 35 0*215 727 35 0*227 734 35 0 21990 09/13*172 775 35 0*173 787 35 0*175 800 35 0*178 812 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 21995 09/14*243 741 35 0*258 747 30 0*277 750 25 0* 0 0 0 0 21995 09/14*184 823 35 0*189 833 30 0*195 840 25 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22000 TS Major changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000). September 9: HWM analyzed an open wave near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.7N, 61.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests the system is closed near the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It was first noted on the 9th near Barbados Island, and thence a track toward the northwest, across the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea, was taken" (MWR). September 10: HWM indicates an open wave located near the northeastern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 64.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest that the center was farther to the west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 11: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 17N, 67W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests the center was farther to the west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 12: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure in the central Caribbean Sea near 15N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 69.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb near 19N, 73.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicates the center was substantially farther to the west-southwest of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "After crossing Haiti on the 12th, the path inclined to a more nearly northerly direction" (MWR). September 13: HWM analyzed a a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15.5N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. and near 24N 74.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests the center is substantially farther southwest, closer to the HWM analyzed low. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the northwestern Caribbean Sea near Cuba with an approaching frontal system moving into the Bahamas. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 75W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 75W at 8 a.m. and dissipated by 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate the system is about 700 nmi to the southwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "...the storm disappeared on the 14th near the Great Abaco Island" (MWR). Genesis for this tropical storm is unchanged. The initial position at 00 UTC on the 9th was adjusted for a more realistic initial translational velocity. Otherwise, only minor track changes were made on the 9th and 10th as it went across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern Caribbean Sea. While observations do suggest a closed circulation of a tropical cyclone going across the Lesser Antilles, no gale force winds or low pressures could confirm minimal tropical storm force intensity. On the 11th, the lowering pressures over Hispanola and lack of pressure drops over San Juan and the Virgin Islands along with wind shifts at all of these locations suggest an adjustment of the tropical cyclone position closer to Hispanola on this date. Likewise on the 12th, observations from Hispanola, Jamaica and Cuba suggest a position between (and just south of) Hispanola and Jamaica, rather than crossing eastern Hispanola. Observations on the 13th are more ambiguous because of the sparsity of data as well as apparent weakening of the tropical cyclone. However, it is analyzed that the tropical cyclone was southwest of Jamaica, closer to the low analyzed in HWM. On the 14th, again observations are quite ambiguous, though it is judged that the tropical cyclone was south of western Cuba and dissipating. This track reanalysis is quite different from that of a tropical cyclone dissipating while moving northward east of Florida shown originally in MWR and HURDAT on the 14th. Note that there was no confirmation of tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in pressure) during the duration of the cyclone. Highest observed winds were 20 kt on the 9th and 10th. However, as is often the case, the observational data available were quite sparse for many days. This system is retained as a minimal tropical storm, though the evidence for keeping it is not conclusive. ******************************************************************************* 1918 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a cyclonic system developed in the Gulf of Mexico at the tail end of a frontal boundary, became a tropical depression, moved across south Florida and merged with a frontal boundary. Highest winds with this system were 15 kt (a few days) and lowest pressure of 1008 mb (on the 23rd - COA). Thus no gales or pressures supporting gale force were observed. While it is possible that this system did attain tropical storm force, this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 18 --- --- Trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico Jun 19 25N 90W Possible Tropical Depression Jun 20 26N 87W Tropical Depression Jun 21 26N 86W Tropical Depression Jun 22 25N 81W Tropical Depression (over south Florida) Jun 23 29N 79W Extratropical - merging with front 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a well-developed tropical wave left the coast of West Africa, became a tropical depression soon thereafter, traveled west for two days, then was lost in the data void of the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Peak observed winds were 25 kt on the 14th (HWM) and sea level pressures dropped 5 mb at Praia, Cape Verde Islands (down to 1010 mb) in one day as the tropical depression passed through. No gales or pressures supporting gale force were observed. While it is possible that this system did attain tropical storm force, this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 13 15N 19W Tropical Depression Sep 15 15N 24W Tropical Depression Sep 16 15N 29W Tropical Depression Sep 17 --- --- System lost over open ocean 3) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate that a tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 25th of September, moved north over the next two days with no change in intensity, became extratropical on the 28th in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and dissipated in place on the 30th. Peak observations as a tropical cyclone were 30 kt ship (COA) and 1007 mb (Belize City and ship, HWM and COA) on the 25th and 33 kt at Sand Key, FL on the 27th (MWR). (The 33 kt at Sand Key corrects to 29 kt after accounting for the high bias of instrumentation of the era and converting from maximum 5 min to 1 min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) Higher winds were observed (36 kt at Pensacola - 32 kt after adjustment) after the system transitioned to an extratropical storm on the 28th. It is possible that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but without supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 24 --- --- Open trough over Central America Sep 25 18N 87W Tropical Depression Sep 26 20N 87W Tropical Depression Sep 27 23N 88W Tropical Depression Sep 28 28N 84W Extratropical Storm Sep 29 28N 85W Extratropical Storm Sep 30 27N 85W Extratropical Storm - dissipating 4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate that a tropical depression formed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on the 14th of October, moved slowly northwestward over the next three days without significant change in intensity, made landfall in Louisiana late on the 17th, and dissipated over Arkansas on the 19th. No gale force winds or pressures were reported lower than 1006 mb throughout the lifetime of the system. It is possible that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but without supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 14 22N 85W Tropical Depression (?) Oct 15 24N 88W Tropical Depression Oct 16 26N 91W Tropical Depression Oct 17 29N 92W Tropical Depression Oct 18 31N 93W Tropical Depression - over land Oct 19 33N 94W Tropical Depression - over land, dissipating ***************************************************************************** 1919/01 - 2008 REVISION: 22005 07/02/1919 M= 4 1 SNBR= 508 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22010 07/02* 0 0 0 0*242 843 40 0*250 847 40 0*254 850 40 0 22010 07/02* 0 0 0 0*246 843 25 0*250 847 30 0*254 851 35 0 *** ** ** *** ** 22015 07/03*260 853 40 0*267 856 45 0*275 860 50 0*283 862 50 0 22015 07/03*260 855 40 0*267 859 45 0*275 863 50 0*283 866 55 0 *** *** *** *** ** 22020 07/04*291 866 50 0*299 869 50 0*306 871 40 0*312 873 35 0 22020 07/04*291 868 55 0*299 869 55 995*306 871 45 0*312 873 35 0 *** ** ** *** ** 22025 07/05*318 876 30 0*324 879 25 0*330 882 20 0*335 885 20 0 22025 07/05*317 876 30 0*322 879 25 0*327 882 20 0*332 885 20 0 *** *** *** *** 22030 TS Landfall: 7/4/1919 - 1100 UTC 30.4N 87.0W 55kt FL Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original Monthly Records from NCDC. July 2: HWM shows an open wave along 81W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 25N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows did not analyze a position for this system during the morning of the 2nd. Available observations suggest that the system was not a closed low as of 12 UTC, but likely did become a tropical cyclone over the next six or twelve hours. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "This storm developed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 2d, was at all times of very small diameter, but with isobars exhibiting the vortex core of the true hurricane" (MWR). July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 86.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 26N, 86.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.). The MWR Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920 and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 85.5W. Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and HWM estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 86.6W at 05 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NW and 1002 mb at 27.2N, 86.6W at 11 UTC (COA). "The storm area was evidently of very limited extent, as a number of vessels not over 100 to 200 miles away from the Creole, experienced light to moderate winds, although heavy swells were reported at a considerable distance from the storm center" (MWR). July 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31N, 87W near the coast and the Florida-Alabama border. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.6N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 30N, 87W with 1003 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 50 kt NE (10 UTC) and 999 mb (1215 UTC) at Pensacola (OMR). "[The storm struck] the coast a short distance east of Pensacola, Fla. Some damage was done but storm winds were of short duration" (MWR). "The only day with gales was on the 4th during the passing inland of the Gulf disturbance a short distance east of the station, when a maximum velocity of 58 miles from the northeast was attained. This storm caused the total loss of the auxiliary schooner-smack 'Nautilus' of the E. E. Saunders Fish Company's fleet, representing a valuation of about $1500. The schooner 'W.D. Hossack' was abandoned by the master and crew in a derelict condition, though this vessel was later salvaged by the schooner 'Bluefields' and the tug 'Echo'. Apparently slight damages to crops were caused by the above storm, some of the corn being laid low but recovering later in the month" (OMR - Pensacola). July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32.5N, 88W inland on the border of Alabama and Mississippi. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 33N, 88.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 35N, 87W with 1011 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that a position between the HURDAT and HWM estimates is most accurate, but that the center was becoming indistinct along an east-west oriented trough. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. While the data is somewhat amiguous as to the timing of the formation of a closed circulation, genesis is retained at 00 UTC on the 2nd without change. Track changes throughout the short lifetime of this system were for small alterations. Peak 5 min winds at landfall were 50 kt at Pensacola, which adjust to a maximum 1 min wind of 42 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument of that era and converting from 5 to 1 min winds (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). A peripheral pressure of 999 mb at 1215 UTC at Pensacola suggest winds of at least 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Given that the peak 5 min winds between 11-12 and 12-13 UTC were both 43 kt (36 kt true), the central pressure was likely close to 995 mb. 995 mb suggests winds of 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt chosen for HURDAT, up slight from 50 kt in HURDAT originally. This may also have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. No change in the decay of the tropical storm. ***************************************************************************** 1919/02 - 2008 REVISION: 22035 09/02/1919 M=14 2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 22035 09/02/1919 M=15 2 SNBR= 509 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 ** *** 22040 09/02*146 615 40 0*150 627 40 0*154 635 40 0*157 645 40 0 22040 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 610 25 0*163 623 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22045 09/03*161 655 40 0*165 661 40 0*170 670 45 0*175 676 45 0 22045 09/03*167 636 30 0*171 648 35 0*175 660 40 0*180 670 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 22050 09/04*181 680 45 0*189 682 50 0*192 690 55 0*197 697 55 0 22050 09/04*186 680 45 0*191 690 40 0*195 700 35 0*198 708 35 0 *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22055 09/05*202 707 60 0*206 712 65 0*210 718 65 0*213 720 70 0 22055 09/05*200 716 35 0*202 722 35 0*205 725 35 0*209 726 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22060 09/06*216 722 70 0*219 723 75 0*222 724 75 0*226 727 80 0 22060 09/06*214 726 40 0*218 727 45 0*222 728 50 0*225 731 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22065 09/07*229 730 80 0*232 734 85 0*234 741 90 0*236 747 90 0 22065 09/07*228 735 60 0*230 740 65 0*232 745 75 0*234 751 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22070 09/08*237 755 95 0*238 763 95 0*239 770 100 0*239 777 100 0 22070 09/08*235 758 95 0*236 765 95 0*237 773 100 0*238 781 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22075 09/09*240 784 105 0*240 791 105 0*240 798 110 0*241 805 110 0 22075 09/09*239 789 110 0*240 797 115 0*240 805 120 0*241 813 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22080 09/10*242 812 115 0*244 820 115 0*246 827 120 0*248 831 120 0 22080 09/10*243 821 130 0*246 828 130 927*248 834 130 0*249 840 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22085 09/11*250 836 120 0*253 841 120 0*256 847 120 0*260 855 120 0 22085 09/11*250 845 130 0*250 850 130 0*251 855 130 0*253 861 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22090 09/12*263 863 120 0*265 871 120 0*267 880 120 0*266 889 120 0 22090 09/12*256 867 120 0*259 873 115 0*262 880 110 944*264 890 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22095 09/13*265 898 120 0*265 907 115 0*265 916 115 0*266 926 105 0 22095 09/13*265 900 115 942*265 910 125 931*265 920 125 0*266 929 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22100 09/14*267 936 100 0*268 946 90 0*270 957 85 0*271 968 75 0 22100 09/14*267 938 115 0*268 946 110 0*270 955 105 0*272 966 100 950 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22105 09/15*274 979 65 0*278 990 55 0*2821002 30 0*2891010 20 0 22105 09/15*274 980 75 0*278 995 55 0*2821010 40 0*2891024 35 0 *** ** *** **** ** ******* ** (The 16th is new to HURDAT.) 22107 09/16*2971038 30 0*3061050 25 0*3151060 20 0* 0 0 0 0 22110 HRBFL4ATX4 22110 HRBFL4CFL2ATX3BTX3 ************ Landfall: 9/10/1919 0700Z 24.6N 82.9W 130kt 15nmi 927mb BFL4,CFL2 9/14/1919 2100Z 27.2N 97.3W 100kt 35nmi 950mb ATX3,BTX3 Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarvinen et al. (1985), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). September 1: HWM and COADS observations possibly indicate a wave approaching the Lesser Antilles without any indication of a closed low (though data are sparse east of the islands). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 64W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.4N, 63.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" does not begin the system until either late on the 2nd or early on the 3rd. Available observations suggest that the cyclone was substantially east-northeast of HURDAT's postion. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The minor disturbance ... was first noted on the evening of September 2 ... a little west of the island of Antigua" (MWR). September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 66W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 18N, 65W. Available observations suggest a center east-northeast of HURDAT's estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "This ... minor disturbance moved west-northwestward at about a normal rate, passing near the southern portion of the island of Porto Rico" (MWR). September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20N, 70W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.2N, 69W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 19N, 69.5W. Available observations suggest a center between all three estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 73W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 71.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 20.5N, 72W. Available observations suggest a center west of the MWR Summary estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "By the evening of the 4th it had reached the north coast of the island of Santo Domingo with a barometer reading of about 29.80 inches. On the morning of the 5th the center of the disturbance was approximately 100 miles southwest of Turks Island with about the same barometric pressure" (MWR). September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 22.2N, 72.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 21.5N, 72.5W. Available observations suggest a center west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "By the evening of the 5th the winds at Turks Island had changed from east to west, and were southerly over Santo Domingo and Haiti, still light in character, apparent evidence that the disturbance had recurved to the northeastward during the day, and that it was moving in that direction in very moderate form" (MWR). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.4N, 74.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 23N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 23N, 74.5W with 1003 mb (a.m). Available observations suggest a center just southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 26N, 74.4W at 23 UTC (COA). "On the evening of the 6th pressure and wind conditions over Santo Domingo and the Bahamas indicated the possible presence of a disturbance over the eastern Bahamas. Conditions were slightly more pronounced on the morning of the 7th ... there were slight indications of a disturbance over the central Bahamas" (MWR). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 21.5N, 76W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.9N, 77W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 23.5N, 76W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 23.5N, 77W with 998 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position just southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 25.5N, 80.5W at 21 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 51 kt NE and 998 mb at Nassau at 01 UTC (MWR) "A belated report on September 8 that a severe storm could be located south of and near the Andros Islands" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 24N, 79.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24N, 79.5W. Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 938 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W at 21 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 50 kt NE and 986 mb at Key West at 23 UTC (MWR); 57 kt NE at Sand Key at 1748 UTC (MWR). "Considerable local damage was done in Miami and vicinity, although nothing very serious resulted. Tides were unusually high and many small boats suffered. The greatest loss was probably in the fruit crop ... Press reports indicated that considerable damage was also done along the northwest coast of Cuba" (MWR) ... The greatest [shipping loss was] the Spanish steamship Valbanera, off Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West. The vessel arrived off Morro Castle, Habana, on September 9, but owing to the hurricane, was unable to enter the harbor, and nothing further was heard from her until a diver discovered her beneath the waters off Rebecca Shoals. The Valbanera was from Spanish ports for New Orleans, via Habana, and her 400 passengers and crew of 88 must have perished" (MWR). "El Huracan del Valvanera - Category 1 in Cuba - September 9 and 10" (Perez et al.). September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 24N, 82W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.6N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 24.5N, 83W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24.5N, 83W. Available observations suggest that the center is west-northwest of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlights: 927 mb (eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W (MWR); 930 mb (eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W at 05 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 937 mb at Rebecca Shoals Light; 932 mb (eye) at Dry Tortugas; 82 kt NE at 0148 UTC and 960 mb at 0510 UTC at Sand Key. "The storm center passed about 30 or 40 miles south of Key West about midnight of September 9. At this time the barometer at Key West read 28.83 inches with an east wind of an estimated velocity of 105 miles an hour, which increased slightly during the next hour. At Sand Key, the lowest barometer at about the same time was 28.35 inches, a difference of 0.48 inch within a distance of 8 miles ... The following report on the storm at Key West and vicinity was prepared by Mr. H. B. Boyer, official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at that place: `The storm that passed over Key West on September 9 and 10 was, without question, the most violent experienced since records at this station began. While the minimum barometric reading, 28.81 inches, was not as low as that recorded in 1909 (28.52) and in 1910 (28.47), the violence of the wind was undoubtedly greater. It is to be regretted that owing to the vibrations of the tower supporting the wind instruments the anemometer cups were shaken loose and blown away at 7:30 pm on the 9th in gusts ranging between 75 and 80 miles an hour, and thereafter until 3:35 p.m. of the 10th the wind-velocity record was lost. The wind-vane was blown away at 12:45 a.m. of the 10th during the winds of greatest intensity ... In the terrific gusts that prevailed during the height of the storm stanch brick structures had walls blown out and large vessels, firmly secured, were torn from their fastenings or moorings and blown on the bank ... the great loss, estimated at $2,000,000 ... Owing to the very slow progressive movement of the storm in this vicinity, winds of gale force and over lasted continuously from about 7 a.m. of the 9th to about 9:30 p.m. of the 10th ... From the forenoon of the 9th squalls of wind and rain progressively increased in force and frequency, culminating in terrific gusts of great violence between midnight of the 9th and 2 a.m. of the 10th ... Probably not a structure on the island escaped being damaged more or less ... three lives were lost by drowning' ... The report of the storm experiences at Sand Key, Fla., was prepared by Mr. Eugene M. Barto, observer, and is as follows: `The record showed that the anemometer cups blew away at 9:35 p.m. with a wind velocity of 84 miles an hour. The wind vane was probably blown away shortly after midnight. This was also the time of the lowest barograph record, which was 28.35 ... The highest [wind] recorded was 94 miles an hour from the northeast at 8:39 p.m.' ... The center of the storm passed directly over Dry Tortugas, 65 miles west of Key West, with a reported barometer reading of 27.51 inches, while at Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West, the lowest reading was 27.66 inches ... The steamship Winona went ashore at 10 a.m., September 10, on a reef on the northeast portion of the Tortugas group, near Pulaski Shoals ... the barometer [fell at midnight on the 9th] to 27.45 inches ... A later report from the tank steamer, Fred W. Weller, showed a barometer reading of 27.36 inches in the vicinity of Dry Tortugas on September 9 ... These [close readings] within a very limited area, make it safe to assume that they were substantially correct" (MWR). "September 10, 1919, 929 mb Central Pressure, 24.6N, 82.9W Landfall Point, 15 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind" (Ho et al.) "1008 mb environmental pressure, 115 kt maximum 1 min surface wind" (Schwerdt et al.) "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, September 9-10, Key West, Major, Marine casualties 300 plus" (Dunn and Miller). "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 for FL Keys/S TX with 927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL landfall) (Jarrell et al.) September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 25.5N, 87W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.6N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 25.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 85.5W. Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 26.6N, 85.8W at 23 UTC (COA). "[One the 11th], the tide reached a crest of 5.55 feet above low-water mark, 2 feet higher than ever before recorded in the annals of the United States Engineers. The tide did some little damage along that section of the coast, but none of consequence" (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 89W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.7N, 88W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 26.5N, 88W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 88W. Available observations suggest that the center is just south of the MWR Summary and Tracks estimates. Ship highlights: 944 mb (eye?) at 26.2N, 87.8W at 14 UTC (MWR); 948 mb at 27N, 89W at 22 UTC (MWR); 942 mb (eye?) at 27N, 88.5W at 23 UTC (MWR). "After the morning of the 10th, at which time the storm center was apparently very near Dry Tortugas, Fla., its path could only be approximated. It happened, however, that a report received by mail from the steamship Lake Deval nearly two weeks after the storm located the center with a fair degree of definiteness on the morning of the 12th [about 150 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River]" (MWR). September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 91.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 26N, 91W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 91W. Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT estimate. Station highlights: 36 kt SE and 1002 mb at Burrwood at 12 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 931 mb (eye) at 26.5N, 90.5W at 05 UTC (MWR). "The tide was 6 feet above normal on Lake Borgne and on Grand Isle, and 5 to 6 feet above normal on Lake Ponchartrain, on the afternoon of the 13th ... By a little after sunset the tide [at Port Aransas] had reached 5 feet above mean sea level" (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane offshore Texas at 27N, 95.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 27N, 95.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 27N, 96W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate. Station highlights: 61 kt at 18 UTC and 970 mb at 21 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR). Ship highlights: 950 mb (eye?) at 27N, 95W at 14 UTC (MWR). "On the morning of September 14 the storm center was not far from the coast of Texas, between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, and during the day in passed inland, with marked although with steadily diminishing intensity ... The tide ... reached its highest point of 8.8 feet [at Galveston] at 7 a.m. of the 14th. Two men lost their lives in the storm in this immediate vicinity [Galveston] ... both men were apparently overtaken by the rising tide and drowned. ... From reports received the height of the tide accompanying the storm ranged in this district from about 4 feet at Orange, Tex., to approximately 13 feet at Port O'Connor, Tex. With this tide and the high wind accompanying it, some damage resulted at many points, especially along the water front. At Seabrook, Tex., there were a few buildings, mostly light structures, destroyed ... At points to the south of Galveston, however, there was more damage done ... At Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, Tex., there was considerable damage to wharves, fish houses, and small boats. Similar damage resulted at Port O'Connor, Tex. ... Stretching along the beach [of Corpus Christi] for 23 blocks homes were crushed and hurled away or wrecked by the tidal wave, which reached a depth of 15 feet in some places. Over much of the beach section not an indication of former homes now remains, except here and there a bathtub or part of a brick chimney ... In the downtown [Corpus Christi] district utter demolition of some of the city's most important industrial and public plants marked an area extending for six blocks along the water front and more than a block in width, while beyond that block, extending back toward the bluff section, every commercial establishment's first floor was wrecked, and in some cases the entire building rendered useless, over a corresponding area two blocks wide. The tremendous property damage is becoming daily more apparent and prominent business men and other trained observers predicted to-night [Sep. 18] that $20,000,000 would be a conservative estimate of the monetary loss in Corpus Christi. 284 bodies, almost entirely those of Corpus Christi victims, have been found ... Details of conditions at Port Aransas and other parts of the islands between Corpus Christi Bay and the Gulf were ascertained ... The docks and buildings in Port Aransas have been wiped out with the exception of a school building ... The large oil tanks there also were destroyed. The five who lost their lives [at Port Aransas] were drowned while attempting to leave the island in a lifeboat ... The Gulf storm caused a 6-foot tide here [Anahuac, Mexico], but Anahuac is situated on a 25-foot bank of Trinity Bay, hence no damage was done. The wind reached a velocity of perhaps 30 miles. ... The storm was only the second September storm of this character of any consequence that reached the south Texas coast during the last 45 years, the other having occurred in 1910. The storm of 1919 was by far the more violent of the two, and was probably the greatest of all Gulf storms ... The full force of the storm was experienced between Aransas Bay and the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the high tides resulted in a toll of 183 dead and 174 missing" (MWR). "Sep. 14, Estimated Lowest Pressure 27.36" [for Dry Tortugas on the 10th], Tide Info - Corpus Christi 16', Galveston 8.8', Aransas Pass 11.5', Brownsville 3.6', Port Isabel 8', Sabine 8', Anahuac 10', La Porte 8.5', Carancahua 13', Ingleside 12', Velasco 10', Port O'Connor 13' " (Connor). "Sep. 14, Landfall point of 27.2N, 97.3W, 950 mb Central Pressure, 35 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind" (Ho et al.). "1007 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.) "Tropical Cyclones in Texas, Sep. 14, Corpus Christi, Extreme, 300-600 killed, damage $20,270,000" (Dunn and Miller). "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 in FL Keys/S TX with 927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL, not TX) (Jarrell et al.) "Landfall around 18 UTC on the 14th, 950 mb central pressure, 35 nmi radius of maximum wind, 1010 mb ambient pressure, assumed that central pressure filled from 931 mb to 950 mb the six hours before landfall, after landfall analyzed 977 mb around 00 UTC on the 15th (Jarvinen et al.) September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 100.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 28N, 100.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 28.2N, 100.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a center west of the HURDAT estimate. Station highlights: 49 kt E at 14 UTC and 993 mb at 1140 UTC at Del Rio (OMR). September 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low, though a weak center is near 31.5N 106W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this tropical cyclone was delayed by 12 hours consistent with the poorly organized circulation exhibited by numerous observations on the 2nd at 12 UTC. Minor changes to the track were made on most days in accordance with available observations. The exception was the 2nd where a major shift to the east-northeast was introduced. Decay of the tropical cyclone was delayed a day to account for a more intense system still in existence on the 15th as well as a weak vortex apparent from observations on the 16th. Intensity from the 2nd to the 6th reduced significantly based upon available observations, which also agrees with Monthly Weather Review analyses of a weak tropical cyclone during these dates. Hurricane intensity is analyzed to have been attained on the 7th (two days later than originally shown in HURDAT). A 998 mb peripheral pressure with 51 kt winds from Nassau at 01 UTC on the 8th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT, as it appears that Nassau was on the outskirts of a large hurricane. Winds are also retained from 00 to 12 UTC on the 8th as the cyclone became a major hurricane. A 938 mb peripheral pressure (not eye) at 21 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of at least 120 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 125 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 110 kt originally). Three eye pressure measurements were observed near Dry Tortugas, Florida early on the 10th: 927, 930 and 932 mb. 927 mb was selected by Jarrell et al. and is retained here for HURDAT, which suggests 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Ho's estimate of an RMW of 15 nmi is quite close to the 14 nmi for climatology for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.). Thus 130 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 10th, up from 115 kt originally. This retains the Category 4 assessment for the Florida Keys. Because of the revised definitions of the boundary between southwest and southeast Florida (BFL and CFL, accordingly) and through an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al., Category 2 conditions are estimated to have occurred in the Upper Keys and thus southeast Florida (CFL2). As is typical, anemometers at Key West and Sand Key were rendered inoperable before the passage of peak winds and these only recorded at most Category 1 conditions. Three low pressure readings were observed from ships on the 12th - 944 mb at 14 UTC, 948 mb at 21 UTC, and 942 mb at 22 UTC. It is likely that the 944 and 942 mb values were central pressure readings and these are included as such into HURDAT. 944 mb and 942 mb suggest winds of 118 and 116 kt, respectively, from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship gives winds of 111 and 113 kt, respectively. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT late on the 12th and early on the 13th based upon these observations. However, an eye reading of 931 mb was measured by ship on 04 UTC of the next day on the 13th. This value suggests winds of 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N suggests winds of 123 kt. 125 kt is chosen for HURDAT, up from 115 kt originally at 06 UTC on the 13th. The hurricane weakened significantly before landfall in Texas. A likely central pressure reading of 950 mb on 15 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of 110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Both Ho et al. and Jarvinen et al. accepted this value as a likely landfall pressure along with an RMW of about 35 nmi. Climatological RMW for this latitude of landfall and central pressure is substantially smaller - 18 nmi (Vickery et al.). This would suggest that the maximum sustained winds were about 100 kt both at 15 UTC at the ship report and at about 21 UTC at landfall in Texas. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N filling cyclones also analyzes about 101 kt. 100 kt at landfall represents a reduction in the analyzed Saffir-Simpson Category assigned to south Texas from a 4 down to a 3 (ATX3). However, the wind speed in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 14th right before landfall is adjusted upward sharply from 75 to 100 kt in the reanalysis. Application of the Schwerdt et al. idealized hurricane wind profile suggests that central Texas (BTX) should also be considered a Category 3 impact (BTX3), which is reasonable given the landfall position was very close to the boundary between south and central Texas coast. Peak observed winds after landfall (within plus/minus two hours of synoptic times) were 34 kt at San Antonio at 00 UTC on the 15th, 44 kt at San Antonio at 06 UTC, and 49 kt at Del Rio at 12 UTC. (These convert to 29, 37, and 41 kt, respectively, after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind from these peak 5 min values [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). However, with the landfall between Corpus Christi and Brownsville and with the anemometer at Corpus Christi becoming inoperable after 17 UTC, higher winds were quite likely present at 00 and 06 UTC on the 15th. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model suggests winds of 71, 49, and 35 kt, for the same synoptic periods. Given the low bias of the Kaplan and DeMaria model for the 12 UTC time, winds after landfall are chosen to be somewhat higher than the model: 75, 55 and 40 kt, respectively. ***************************************************************************** 1919/03 - 2008 REVISION: 22035 09/02/1919 M= 4 3 SNBR= 510 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22040 09/02*330 727 30 0*340 720 35 0*350 710 45 0*360 697 55 0 22041 09/03*370 684 65 0*380 672 75 0*390 660 85 0*400 650 85 0 22042 09/04*410 640 70 0*420 630 55 0*430 620 45 0*442 610 35 0 22043 09/05E455 600 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22110 HR This is a new hurricane, previously documented in Tannehill (1938), but not included in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tannehill (1938). September 1: HWM depicts stationary front just offshore the U.S. Atlantic seaboard near the Carolinas, past New England, and extending northeast south of Nova Scotia. No closed low is shown. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center on the morning of the 1st at 35.5N 73.5W. Available observations indicate that the frontal structure is accurate, but that no closed circulation was likely present on this date. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 2: HWM indicates a warm and cold frontal intersection near 40N 71W with the warm front extending eastward and the cold front extending southward from the intersection, though with no closed low indicated. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a center near 37.5N 72W around 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the cold frontal boundary to either be dissipating or non-existant. Additionally, the center indicated in HWM appears to be too far to the north and it was more likely to be centered near 35N 70W, though this is uncertain due to lack of observations in the region. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41N 67W, with a warm front extending east of the center and a cold front extending to the south. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a position near 41N 69W with a 1013 mb pressure at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the cold front did not exist and that the cyclone's center was significantly southeast of the HWM and MWR positions. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 977 mb at 17 UTC at 40N 64.5W from the "City of Oran" (MWR); 50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 20 UTC at 39.7N 61.2W from "Zeppelin" (MWR). MWR QUOTES ??? Tannehill (1938) showed a tropical cyclone occurring from 1 to 4 September 1919, forming west of Bermuda, recurving before striking the United States, and clipping Newfoundland before dissipation. No specific daily positions were given with his track. September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered over Newfoundland near 48N 55W with a dissipating stationary front extending to the southwest back toward south of Nova Scotia and an occluded front extending to the southeast attached to a trailing cold front extending southwest toward Bermuda. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a 12 UTC position at 44N 64.5W with 1000 mb pressure. Available observations indicate that there were two separate low pressure centers, one near the HWM's position and one near the MWR's position. The tropical cyclone is the southwesternmost system (MWR version), which is beginning to merge with the larger extratropical low to its northeast. The cold front, especially the portion south of 40N, does not appear to exist in reality. Station highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 43N 59.5W at 12 UTC (COA). September 5: HWM indicates a large extratropical low centered near 52N 43W having a central pressure of at most 995 mb with an occluded front extending east and south of the cyclone. Genesis for this cyclone is began around 00 UTC on the 2nd east of the Carolinas with origins from an decaying stationary front. Based upon two separate ship reports on the 3rd, the cyclone quickly spun up during the 3rd (and presumably late on the 2nd as well). Both wind and pressure from the "City of Oran" ship support this cyclone reaching hurricane intensity on the 3rd and early on the 4th. The 977 mb peripheral pressure reading at 17 UTC on the 3rd (concurrent with estimated 70 kt of wind) suggest maximum winds of at least 76 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Given that the "City of Oran"'s minimum pressure reading was observed during the peak (hurricane force) winds, the central pressure was likely substantially lower than 977 mb. Thus an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12 and 18 UTC on the 3rd, which may have been the peak for this cyclone. A likely quick decay of the hurricane occurred as it moved north of the Gulf Stream on the 4th. A lowest pressure of 1000 mb was observed at 12 UTC on the 4th (suggesting at least 49 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship), but environmental pressures were low and no gales were observed on this date. Intensity is estimated to be 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th. Absorption of the cyclone into a larger, developing extratropical storm occurred early on the 5th. ***************************************************************************** 1919/04 - 2008 REVISION: 22111 09/29/1919 M= 4 4 SNBR= 511 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22112 09/29*275 755 30 0*280 760 30 0*285 765 35 0*290 770 35 0 22113 09/30*295 776 35 0*300 782 40 0*305 790 40 0*309 800 40 0 22114 10/01*312 811 40 0*314 823 35 0*315 835 30 0*315 847 25 0 22114 10/02*315 860 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22114 TS Landfall: 10/01/1919 - 01 UTC - 31.2N 81.3W 40 kt GA This is a new tropical storm, previously documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ but not included in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the Original Monthly Records. September 26: HWM indicates a baroclinic storm system off the Carolina coast with a trough extending southwestward over the Florida peninsula. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 22.5N, 69.5W. However, available observations suggest that no closed low yet exists. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 27: HWM indicates a vigorous cold front had pushed through the region and a portion of it was located near Bermuda to the northern Bahamas. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 24N, 71W. However, available observations suggest that no closed low yet exists. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 28: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near Bermuda toward the central Bahamas. Temperatures on the poleward side of the front (away from the United States' coast) were moderating. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 26N, 72W. However, available observations are inconclusive as to whether a closed low exists by this point. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 29: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near Bermuda toward the central Florida coast. Temperatures had returned to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of this frontal boundary, though temperatures remained cool over the southeast United States. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 27.5N, 74.5W. The "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" indicates a center at 29N, 74W. Available observations suggest a center did exist and was near 28.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE (and 78F) at 32.8N, 75.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt N at 30.2N, 80W at 23 UTC (COA). "Storm of September 29-October 1, 1919 - This was a tropical disturbance which developed and moved nearly westward along the southern edge of a belt of high pressure" (MWR). September 30: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from north of Bermuda to off the Georgia coast. Temperatures over the ocean had returned to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of this frontal boundary and it appears that the front was dissipating. The MWR Tracks of Lows and the "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" both show a center near 30.5N, 78.5W. Available observations suggest that the center is slightly west of these estimates. Ship highlights: 20 kt N (and 80F) and 1005 mb at 30.6N, 79.6W at 12 UTC (COA). October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but available observations suggest a center near 31.5N, 83.5W with no frontal boundary present. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center a 31.5N, 83.5W. Station highlights: 36 kt NE at 01 UTC and 1008 mb at 0040 UTC at Savannah (OMR). "[It passed] inland south of Savannah, Ga., but lacked the energy of a hurricane" (MWR). October 2: HWM and available observations indicate that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. This tropical storm had its origins along a frontal boundary from an early vigorous polar air mass outbreak. The front became stationary by the 28th and the cool air moderated during the next two days in the presence of ocean temperatures in the low 80s F. Despite the MWR Tracks of Lows suggesting the formation of this system as early as the 26th, a definitive closed low could not be analyzed until the 29th. This is in agreement with the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" with genesis of the system on that date. Because of the moderating of the cool air on the poleward side of the front, the system is analyzed to form as a tropical cyclone. A 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests winds of at least 38 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT. This was also the peak intensity of the tropical storm. Based upon the Savannah observations, the system made landfall in Georgia south of the station around 01 UTC with maximum 1 min surface winds of around 40 kt. The system dissipated early on the 2nd near the border of Georgia and Alabama. It is unclear why this system was included in the three-year tropical cyclone MWR Summary article, yet was left out of HURDAT and Neumann et al. Perhaps the system was originally considered too baroclinic or perhaps of not enough intensity. However, analyses here indicate that it had enough of both tropical characteristics and multiple evidence of gale force winds to consider this system to be a tropical storm. It is possible - for at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone - that it was a subtropical storm. However, this classification is not officially utilized until the advent of satellite imagery. ***************************************************************************** 1919/05 - 2008 REVISION: 22115 11/11/1919 M= 4 3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22115 11/10/1919 M= 6 5 SNBR= 512 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 22118 11/10E320 585 30 0E310 593 30 0E300 600 35 0E291 607 35 0 22120 11/11* 0 0 0 0*274 595 40 0*279 611 40 0*281 625 40 0 22120 11/11E283 613 40 0E276 619 45 0E270 625 50 0E266 631 55 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 22125 11/12*284 635 40 0*287 644 40 0*290 650 40 0*293 654 40 0 22125 11/12*263 638 60 0*261 644 60 0*260 650 60 0*263 656 60 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22130 11/13*295 656 40 0*297 657 40 0*300 658 40 0*305 660 40 0 22130 11/13*270 662 55 0*277 665 55 0*280 664 50 0*280 658 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22135 11/14*314 659 40 0*326 653 40 0*340 640 30 0*351 615 30 0 22135 11/14*278 648 45 0*276 634 45 0*275 620 40 0*283 607 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 22137 11/15*290 595 35 0*295 585 35 0E300 575 30 0E307 565 30 0 22140 TS Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), previously storm #3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard. November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 62W with a stationary front extending off to the east of the system. Available observations however do not confirm that a low pressure had yet formed. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 30.5N, 56W with a warm front extending to the northeast of the system. Available observations suggest the center is southwest of HWM's estimate, however it was difficult to know precisely because of sparse observations on the south side. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. (A 1002 mb ship report is discarded because of it being inconsistent with nearby ship reports.) November 11: HWM indicates a trough of low pressure south and east of Bermuda with a stationary front placed within the trough east of Bermuda. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.9N, 61.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations are able to close off a center southwest of the HURDAT position, although the system does appear to still exhibit extratropical characteristics. Ship highlight: 45 kt ENE at 31.4N, 62.1W at 12 UTC (COA). November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W with a warm front extending east of the center. However, it appears that frontal boundary has minimal to no temperature contrast and that the system may at this point be considered tropical (or hybrid) in nature. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29N, 65W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1007 mb "near Bermuda" around 12 UTC (MWR); 25 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 24.5N, 69.5W at 05 UTC (COA). November 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 25N, 66W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30N, 65.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a center near 28N, 66.5W. Station highlights: 5 kt E and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at Bermuda (BER). November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 26N, 62W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 34N, 64W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a center northwest of the HWM position, well south of the HURDAT location. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. (A ship near Bermuda with 1003 mb was determined to be unreliable in comparison on this day and later days with other nearby ships.) November 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 57W with a stationary front extending northeast and a cold front extending southwest of the system. Available observations suggest a position just south of HWM. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. (A ship east of Bermuda with 1004 mb was determined to be unreliable in comparison to other nearby ships on this and other days.) Genesis is begun one day earlier than HURDAT as an extratropical frontal cyclone. The system was likely still extratropical on the 11th based upon available observations and this is now noted in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb early on the 12th suggest winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT, based partially on this reading and also upon an observed 60 kt ship report. 60 kt is the new peak intensity of this system, up from 40 kt previously. The track of the system is changed dramatically throughout its lifetime, though there are enough observations to substantiate such changes. In particular, the cyclone's track is changed from recurving just west of Bermuda on the 14th to moving south of Bermuda on the 14th ahead of a strong cold front. These changes now match the thrice daily observations from the Bermuda station. An additional day at the end of the system's lifetime is added in along with a short transition to an extratropical system as the storm was being absorbed by a frontal boundary. If this system were to occur today, it might be considered a subtropical storm rather than a tropical storm based upon the observed structure. ***************************************************************************** 1919 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps indicate a low pressure area formed on the 1st of June in the Caribbean just off the coast of Belize, then moved across the Yucatan Peninsula and into the extreme southern region of the Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd, before dissipating on the 3rd. The storm may have reached tropical depression status (or even tropical storm intensity), but not enough data was available in HWM and COADS to determine if a closed circulation was present. Highest winds observed were only 20 kt on the 1st, but a low pressure of 1004 mb was observed at Belize on the 1st indicating maximum wind speeds of at least 39 kt through the southern pressure-wind relationship. However, the low environmental pressure at the time would suggest a lower wind than the 39 kt. Due to a lack of confirmation of a closed low and a secondary observation suggesting gale force, this storm is not added to HURDAT but listed here as a possible tropical depression. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun. 1 17N 87W Tropical Depression Jun. 2 19N 93W Tropical Depression 2) Historical Weather Maps indicate an extra-tropical low forming on June 13, off of a stationary front northwest of Bermuda. On the 14th the storm transitioned to tropical as the circulation became closed. The system propagated to the southwest where it hovered just west of Bermuda for the next several days. The depression expanded during its existence and became extra-tropical again on the 18th. HWM and COADS indicate that peak winds reached 25 kt and minimum pressure was 1010-1012 mb on the 15th. Data indicates that although a tropical depression status was probable, the system was not observed to reach tropical storm intensity and will thus not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun. 13 35N 66W Extratropical Jun. 14 33N 69W Extratropical Jun. 15 32N 72W Tropical Depression Jun. 16 32N 71W Tropical Depression Jun. 17 33N 70W Tropical Depression Jun. 18 35N 70W Extratropical 3) The Monthly Weather Review indicated that a "tropical disturbance" passed through the Windward Islands on the 8th of August, with a 4 mb pressure drop at St. Lucia in 12 hours and a moderate sea swell from the south felt late in the day at Roseau, Dominica. The Historical Weather Map on the 8th showed between 1.5 and 2.0" of rain at St. Lucia, Dominica and Barbados with lowest pressure of 1008.5 mb at St. Lucia and strongest winds of 20 kt, but no closed circulation present. Mr. Michael Chenoweth also provided the following from the _Barbados Agricultural Reporter_, 9 August 1919 "Heavy weather was experienced here Thursday night [7th]; two ships ran aground. Weather reports from region on 8 August - Antigua 730am 30.00 930am 30.01 ene, occasional rain St. Kitts 9am 29.94 gusty ene Guadeloupe 10am 29.95 north, cloudy, rainy, sea white-capped Dominica 730am 29.87 east, gusty, heavy rain all night St. Lucia 7am 29.78 south, Thunderstorm and heavy rain St. Vincent 730am 29.96 south, sea rough, raining Grenada 730am 29.93 heavy rain, high tides, calm" The Monthly Weather Review further described advisories issued by the U.S. Weather Bureau for the disturbance through the 11th as it moved toward the west. The data on the 8th is somewhat suggestive that a closed low near 13N 61W may have been present and that the system was a tropical depression or tropical storm. Other that that date, analyses of HWM, MWR and COADS data, no closed low for this system could be found, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure). (The press report of two ships running aground in Barbados, however, might be construed as evidence for tropical storm conditions.) Because of this lack of a clear cut closed low and no definitive gale force winds, this system is not added into HURDAT. It is possible though that the system did have a closed circulation and was briefly of tropical storm intensity. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 8 13N 61W Tropical Depression/Storm? Aug. 9 --N 67W Tropical Wave Aug. 10 --N 73W Tropical Wave 4) The Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary front draped across the southeastern US and over the Atlantic toward Bermuda on the 12th of August. On the 13th, a cyclone was centered near 36N 76W over the North Carolina coast with a warm front extending southeast from the center and a cold front extending south from the center. The system deepened to about 1004 mb according to the MWR Tracks of Centers of Low Areas around 00 UTC on the 14th with the center just offshore, near 38N 73W. On the 14th, HWM depicts the system as beginning to occlude near Nova Scotia. The cyclone continued to move east-north east in the next two days as it decayed over the Atlantic. Peak observed winds from this cyclone over land were 53 kt at Cape Henry and 49 kt at Block Island on the 13th and 14th, respectively. Several ships also reported gale to storm force winds on these two dates as well. However, the cyclone appears to correctly be analyzed as extratropical for the duration of its lifecycle. There is the possibility that the system was subtropical on the 13th, which is why it is included here. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 13 36N 76W Extratropical Storm Aug. 14 40N 70W Extratropical Storm Aug. 15 42N 66W Extratropical Low - Occluded Aug. 16 45N 57W Extratropical Low - Occluded 5) According to Historical Weather Maps a tropical depression formed off of western Africa on August 25th (and possibly earlier). The system moved to the west for a period of about two days before being lost in a data void region. The depression reached its peak intensity on the 25th when observed winds reached 20 kt. Minimum pressure observed was 1007 mb, which suggests at least 31 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. No data was available to indicate gale force winds at any point though the ship data was quite sparse from HWM and COADS, thus the system will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 25 17N 27W Tropical Depression Aug. 26 17N 32W Tropical Depression 6) A tropical depression formed on September 9th in the region of 27N and 60W, according to Historical Weather Maps. The depression strengthened as it moved to the northwest on the 10th before curving back to the northeast. The system reached its point of maximum intensity on the 11th when NW winds of 30 kt and minimum pressures of 1008 mb were observed at Bermuda (and a 24 hr pressure drop of about 4 mb). The cyclone became extratropical on the 12th. No data were available to support classification of a tropical storm from MWR, HWM, or COADS. The system will be listed here as a strong tropical depression but will not be added into HURDAT due to a lack of observed gale force winds. However, it is quite possible that this cyclone did become a tropical storm at some point in its lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 9 27N 60W Tropical Depression Sep. 10 27N 65W Tropical Depression Sep. 11 32N 63W Tropical Depression Sep. 12 37N 57W Extratropical 7) On the 13th of September, a trough west of the Azores pushed southward and possibly formed a closed low according to Historical Weather Maps. On the 14th, a closed low existed near 36N and 23W with one observed gale force wind. The system was analyzed in HWM on the 14th to the 16th as being an occluding extratropical storm, though the temperature gradients present were quite weak with absolute temperatures in the low to mid 70F. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were then observed from the 15th to the 18th, as the system remained just southeast of the Azores. On the 19th a single ship reported multiple gale force winds (up to 45 kt) and low pressures (down to 1007 mb). However, comparison with other ships indicates a high bias in winds and low bias in pressure, making these readings suspect. On the 20th the system was absorbed by a frontal boundary is it approached the coast of Spain. The system is not included into HURDAT because of the lack of two independent reliable gale force wind observations and also because of uncertainty in the structure of the system (extratropical versus tropical cyclone). DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 14 36N 23W Extratropical Storm (?) Sep. 15 35N 23W Extratropical Storm (?) Sep. 16 34N 23W Extratropical Storm (?) Sep. 17 32N 22W Extratropical Storm (?) Sep. 18 34N 20W Extratropical Storm (?) Sep. 19 36N 15W Extratropical Storm (?) 8) Historical Weather Maps show that on the 13th and 14th of November a strong cold front pushed through Florida. A strong high to the northeast of Florida continued to advect cold air across the state and adjacent waters on the 15th and 16th. On the 17th, a weak low was analyzed over the central Bahamas. On the 18th, a low deeper than 1000 mb was depicted east of Jacksonville not attached to any frontal features. By the 19th, the cyclone - centered halfway between the Carolinas and Bermuda - was beginning to be absorbed by a larger extratropical low and it was analyzed to have a cold to the south extending from the center. The system did produce numerous gale force winds over water on the 18th and 19th. However, contratry to the HWM depiction, the system appears to have been baroclinic throughout its lifetime. It is possible, but not likely, that it was subtropical on the 17th and 18th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 17 23N 78W Extratropical Low Nov. 18 29N 77W Extratropical Storm Nov. 19 33N 71W Extratropical Storm Nov. 20 ---------- Absorbed by larger extratropical storm ******************************************************************************** 1920/01 - 2008 REVISION: 22145 09/07/1920 M=10 1 SNBR= 513 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22150 09/07*111 361 35 0*115 378 35 0*120 390 35 0*127 401 35 0 22150 09/07*111 366 35 0*115 378 35 0*120 390 35 0*127 401 35 0 *** 22155 09/08*134 411 35 0*141 421 40 0*148 430 40 0*155 439 45 0 22155 09/08*134 411 35 0*141 421 40 0*148 430 40 0*154 440 45 0 *** *** 22160 09/09*163 447 50 0*170 456 55 0*178 464 60 0*187 472 65 0 22160 09/09*161 450 50 0*168 460 55 0*175 470 60 0*183 480 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22165 09/10*196 480 70 0*206 488 75 0*215 494 75 0*223 499 80 0 22165 09/10*192 490 70 0*201 500 75 0*210 508 75 0*219 515 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22170 09/11*230 503 80 0*237 507 85 0*246 510 85 0*256 514 85 0 22170 09/11*228 518 80 0*237 519 85 0*246 520 85 0*256 521 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22175 09/12*267 517 90 0*278 520 95 0*290 522 95 0*302 520 95 0 22175 09/12*267 522 90 0*278 523 95 0*290 522 95 0*302 519 95 0 *** *** *** 22180 09/13*314 517 95 0*326 511 95 0*338 503 95 0*350 494 90 0 22180 09/13*313 514 90 0*324 508 90 0*335 500 85 0*346 491 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22185 09/14*363 482 90 0E376 467 90 0E388 450 85 0E398 430 80 0 22185 09/14*358 481 80 0*369 470 80 0*380 455 75 0*390 435 70 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 22190 09/15E405 406 70 0E410 379 65 0E414 350 55 0E418 319 50 0 22190 09/15E399 410 60 0E407 382 50 0E414 350 45 0E418 319 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 22195 09/16E420 285 45 0E421 249 40 0E420 210 35 0E419 172 35 0 22195 09/16E420 285 35 0E421 249 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 22200 HR Minor track changes and mostly downward minor alterations of intensity originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, ship observations from the SS Hammershus provided by NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, and the Historical Weather Map series. September 7: HURDAT lists this as a minimal tropical storm near 12N, 39W. HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Very sparse data were in the area of the cyclone, therefore no changes were made to either the position or the intensity. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 8: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Still little to no data to support any changes, so current position of 14.8N, 43W and intensity of 40 kt based on HURDAT remains unchanged. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 9: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 46.4W. Slight southwestward adjustment of position to 17.5N, 47W is based on rather dramatic changes made on the next day. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 10: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT position is 21.5N, 49.4W and 75 kt intensity. Wind direction observations indicate that the storm passed very slightly to the east of the ship. Rather large westward shift in track to 21N, 50.8W based on the cyclone's close approach to the ship. Ship highlight: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb from the ship Hammershus at 20.2N, 50.7W at 10 UTC (NCDC). September 11: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT indicates a Category 2 hurricane located near 24.6N, 51.0W. Position has been shifted slightly to the west to account for the changes made the day before. New position is 24.6N, 52W, although there is little data in the immediate vicinity of the storm on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 12: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though there is a cold front approaching the hurricane from the northwest. HURDAT listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.0N, 52.2W. No changes are made to the position as there is still very little data to utilize. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 13: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though there is a stationary front analyzed just north of the hurricane. HURDAT lists the system at 33.8N, 50.3W as a Category 2 hurricane. Position is shifted slightly southeast to 33.5N, 50W based on ship data to the northeast and west of the storm. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low and a stationary front is depicted the region lying west to east-northeast. HURDAT listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 38.8N, 45W and is adjusted lightly southwest to 38N, 45.5W based on COADS and HWM data. HURDAT shows that the storm has become extratropical as of 06Z, but COADS data suggest that it is still tropical and not yet baroclinic based on the stationary front being 2-3 degrees north of the system. Winds to the north of the system are not cyclonic, so the cyclone is appears to have a small wind field. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE-NNW and 999 mb at 36.3N, 45.1W at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 37.7N, 45W (COA). "On the [14th] heavy weather was also encountered in southern waters" (MWR). September 15: Cyclone is analyzed in HWM to be an extratropical cyclone of at most 1020 mb at 41.5N, 35.5W with a warm front extending to the east and a cold front extending to the southwest. HURDAT listed the system as an extratropical storm at 41.4N, 35W. The position will remain unchanged. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 16: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1015 mb at 42N, 22W with a warm front extending southeast and a cold front extending southwest of the low. HURDAT listed the system as an extratropical storm at 42N, 21W. However, available observations indicated that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC, since no closed circulation was present despite numerous observations. Numerous gale force winds were present in the northwesterly flow behind the front. No changes to the genesis of this hurricane, except to adjust the initial position for allow for a more realistic translational speed. Minor track changes based upon available observations were also made for most of the system's lifetime. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb on the 10th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 75 kt retained in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC. Peak intensity of 95 kt is retained, though there are only sparse observations available around the 12th. Intensity is reduced moderately on the 13th through the 16th, as system weakened quicker than originally shown in HURDAT. Transition to extratropical is determined to have occurred early on the 15th, rather than on the 14th as the front did not overtake the hurricane until that point in time. System dissipated by 12 UTC on the 16th, twelve hours early than HURDAT indicated, as the circulation was absorbed within a strong frontal boundary. ******************************************************************************** 1920/02 - 2008 REVISION: 22205 09/16/1920 M= 8 2 SNBR= 514 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 22210 09/16* 0 0 0 0*122 765 35 0*124 770 35 0*125 780 35 0 22210 09/16* 0 0 0 0*117 765 30 0*120 775 30 0*124 786 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22215 09/17*127 790 35 0*130 800 35 0*133 808 35 0*137 816 35 0 22215 09/17*129 797 30 0*133 807 30 0*137 815 30 0*141 823 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22220 09/18*141 823 35 0*146 830 35 0*152 837 35 0*159 844 35 0 22220 09/18*145 831 30 0*149 838 30 0*152 845 30 0*155 852 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22225 09/19*166 851 35 0*173 857 35 0*180 863 40 0*187 868 40 0 22225 09/19*159 859 35 0*164 865 35 0*170 870 40 0*178 873 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22230 09/20*195 873 45 0*203 877 45 0*212 882 50 0*223 887 50 0 22230 09/20*188 876 45 0*200 879 40 0*212 882 35 0*224 885 45 0 *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 22235 09/21*235 891 55 0*249 895 60 0*264 900 65 0*279 905 75 0 22235 09/21*236 888 55 999*248 891 65 0*260 895 70 0*274 901 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 22240 09/22*294 910 90 982*309 917 65 987*322 926 45 0*340 932 35 0 22240 09/22*289 907 85 975*305 916 60 986*322 926 40 0*340 934 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22245 09/23*355 938 30 0*382 948 25 0*410 950 20 0* 0 0 0 0 22245 09/23*360 941 30 0*382 948 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** ** 22250 HR LA2 Landfall: 9/22 01 UTC 29.1N 90.8W 85 kt 975 mb LA2 Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992), September 15: No evidence of a closed low on HWM, though available observations suggest a trough was located in the central Caribbean. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 16: HWM indicated a closed sub-1005 mb low centered near 11.5N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12.4N, 77W at 12 UTC. Position is adjusted to the southwest to near 12N, 77.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 17: HWM continues to indicate a sub-1005 mb closed low centered near 14N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 80.8W at 12 UTC. The position is adjusted to the northwest from 13.7N, 81.5W based on available HWM and COADS observations. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Storm of September 17-22, 1920 - This storm developed in the vicinity of the Swan Islands" (MWR). September 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.5N, 86W in the Gulf of Honduras. HURDAT this the system as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 83.7W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 14.5N, 83.5W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua. The position is shifted west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The tropical storms ... appeared in the Caribbean Sea September 18" (MWR). September 19: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 18N, 86.3W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 17.5N, 86W. HURDAT. Available observations suggest a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The storm] moved north-northwestward with increasing intensity, but retaining its small diameter" (MWR). September 20: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb over the Yucatan of Mexico near 21N, 89.5W. HURDAT shows it a tropical storm located at 21.2N, 88.2W overland near the northern coast of the Yucatan peninsula. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 20.5N, 88.5W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 20N, 88W. No changes are made to the HURDAT position. Ship highlight: 30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 22.7N, 87W at 22 UTC (COA). "...crossed the Gulf of Mexico during the 19th and 20th" (MWR). September 21: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 995 mb. HURDAT shows a Category 1 hurricane located at 26.4N, 90W. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 26N, 90W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 24.5N, 89.5W. Available observations indicate a position south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 1002 mb at 23.5N, 89.9W at 02 UTC (NCDC); 999 mb and calm (eye) at 23.7N, 88.8W at 03 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt E-SSW and 991 mb at 25.8N, 88.8W at 13 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ESE and 986 mb at 28.3N, 89.2W at 23 UTC (NCDC). September 22: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb inland over Louisiana. HURDAT has the system inland as well at 12Z at 32.2N, 92.6W as a tropical storm. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 32N, 92.5W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 31.5N, 91.5W. No changes are made to HURDAT's position. Ship highlight: 70 kt at 29.2N, 90W at 0145 UTC (NCDC). Station highlights: 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at New Orleans at 02 UTC (OMR); 982 mb at Houma at 0315 UTC (MWR); 986 mb (eye?) at Bayou Goala at 0530 UTC (MWR). Landfall point at 29.2N, 90.6W, RMW of 28 nmi, 982 mb at Houma accepted as central pressure after landfall, 980 mb central pressure estimated at landfall (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum 1 min surface winds at the coast of 80 kt (Schwerdt et al.). Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound had tides of 5-6 ft while Biloxi reported tides of 5.4 ft. Outer closed isobar - 1011 mb. Estimated minimum central pressure (and in this case at landfall) - 975 mb (Connor). Hurricane listed as 975 mb and Category 2 impact in Louisiana (Jarrell et al.) One person was killed and damage is estimated at $1.45 million (Dunn and Miller). "The lowest pressure, 28.99, was reported from Houma, La., about 30 miles inland from the nearest coast line at 10:15 p.m. on September 21st; the next lowest was 29.09 at 11:20 pm.m at Morgan City, La., 10 miles to the north and 30 miles to the west of Houma. The next lowest was 29.13 at Bayou Goula, La., at 12:30 a.m. of the 22nd, 80 miles from the coast. The topographical and physical features of the country for 50 miles from the coast are such that the hurricane, while traversing the area, retained the characteristics which it had in the open Gulf, and the wind and pressure conditions at Grand Isle, Morgan City, and Houma, represent the full intensity of the storm...Moderate gales occurred at New Orleans and Burrwood, the only regular Weather Bureau stations with self-recording instruments directly in the hurricane proper...Hurricane winds occurred in Jefferson, Lafourche, Terrebonne, and St. Charles Parishes and destructive gales occurred in St. John, Ascension, and Iberville Parishes...At Morgan City the wind changed from northeast to northwest at 10:30 p.m., then calmed down shortly afterwards came up light from the southwest. The lowest barometer occurred at 11:30 p.m., during the period in the lull in the wind. This indicates that the center of the storm passed nearly over Morgan City, and that the exact center of the storm passed to the right of that place. No severe winds occurred at Morgan City, but a few miles to the right of that place the wind was of hurricane force... The storm moved inland over the central and east Louisiana and the Mississippi coasts. The center of the cyclonic area advanced northward in Louisiana along a line running close to longitude 91 degrees, and the calm area of the center passed partly over Morgan City, La., and then northward over the interior into Iberville Parish near Bayou Goula...[The] two hours' time intervened between the time of the lowest barometer at Houma and its occurrence at Burnside and Bayou Goula, which shows the storm advanced with a speed of 25 miles an hour, an unusually rapid movement for a tropical cyclone in this region...Damage was confined mainly to railroad, telegraph, and telephone systems, the losses sustained by these interested being estimated at $750,000...Damage to rice and sugar cane was confined mainly to Terrebonne, Lafourche, Palquemine, and Jefferson Parishes. The total damage to crops is estimated at about $700,000. Only one death was reported and that as a result of an electric wire which had been broken down by the wind at New Orleans...This storm came in at low tide [so] the damage along the coast was not so great as it would have been if the storm had moved inland in the forenoon" (MWR). September 23: HWM shows the system having dissipated by 12 UTC. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" had the system at 12Z near 41N, 95.7W. HURDAT listed the as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 41N, 95W. Based upon available observations, the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed this day. No changes are made to the genesis of this system, except to delay its intensification to a tropical storm until the 19th when it reached the Gulf of Honduras. The original HURDAT unrealistically showed no weakening at all of the system during its transit over the Yucatan of Mexico. Here we bring it down to a minimal tropical storm on the 20th, before re-emerging over the Gulf of Mexico. A 999 mb central pressure value at 03 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt at 00 UTC and 60 kt at 06 UTC retained due to 60 kt observed winds at 02 UTC. A 986 mb peripheral pressure measurement at 23 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al.'s suggestion of a 980 mb central pressure at landfall in Louisiana was based upon assuming that the value of 982 mb at Houma was a central pressure, which it was not based upon the analysis shown in Monthly Weather Review (see Fig. 1 on page 521). Instead the Connor (and Jarrell et al.) central pressure reading of 975 mb appears to be more reasonable, given the close passage (but not eye passage) of this hurricane to Houma. The 982 mb central pressure value shown in HURDAT is thus replaced with 975 mb for the 00 UTC 22nd synoptic time. Landfall location is estimated to have occurred near 29.1N, 90.8W around 01 UTC on the 22nd, which is close to where the original HURDAT had it making landfall though a couple hours later in time. 975 mb at landfall suggests winds of 83 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 79 kt and 82 kt for intensifying cyclones (which this was based upon deepening from 999 mb 24 hours before). Given the near climatological value of RMW (28 nmi observed versus 23 nmi climatology - Vickery et al.) and a fast translational speed (18 kt), a slight increase in estimated maximum sustained winds is analyzed at landfall: 85 kt. This value is a small downward adjustment (from 90 kt) from that originally in HURDAT, though it still retains this system as a Category 2 hurricane for Louisiana. Highest observed station winds at landfall were only 40 kt at New Orleans, due to the distance of the hurricane's landfall to the Weather Bureau stations. Peak observed winds after landfall were less than gale force. Bayou Goula had a minimum pressure reading that was likely a central pressure measurement with 986 mb at 0530 UTC. This would suggest winds of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT due to inland location and exposure (down from 65 kt originally). Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 58 kt at 06 UTC on the 22nd, 42 kt at 12 UTC, and 30 kt at 18 UTC. Winds for HURDAT are chosen at 60 kt, 40 kt and 30 kt, respectively, which is down slightly from that originally in HURDAT. Dissipation of the system is moved ahead by six hours, with a last position as a tropical depression at 06 UTC on the 23rd based upon numerous land-based stations. ******************************************************************************** 1920/03 - 2008 REVISION: 22255 09/20/1920 M= 4 3 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 22255 09/19/1920 M= 6 3 SNBR= 515 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * *** * (The 19th is new to HURDAT.) 22257 09/19* 0 0 0 0*304 768 25 0*305 765 30 0*306 762 30 0 22260 09/20* 0 0 0 0*298 735 50 0*302 738 50 0*304 740 50 0 22260 09/20*307 759 30 0*308 757 30 0*307 755 35 0*305 754 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22265 09/21*307 743 50 0*311 748 50 0*313 750 55 0*315 752 55 0 22265 09/21*300 753 35 0*296 754 40 0*295 755 45 0*296 757 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22270 09/22*317 754 60 0*321 759 65 0*325 764 65 0*330 770 70 0 22270 09/22*299 759 55 0*304 761 60 0*310 764 70 0*318 769 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22275 09/23*337 778 65 0*344 788 55 0*352 798 30 0*358 808 25 0 22275 09/23*327 775 65 0*337 782 55 0*348 790 35 0*359 799 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 22277 09/24*370 810 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22280 HR NC1 22280 HR *** Landfall: 9/23 07 UTC 33.9N 78.3W 55kt NC Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). September 19: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. Tail end of a weakening stationary frontal boundary is located near 27N, 77W. HURDAT does not initiate the system until 06Z on the 20th. Center appears to be located near 30.5N, 76.5W. No gale force winds were reported on this date. September 20: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 1010 mb located near 29N, 76W, at the tail end of the stationary front. Temperature differences on either side of the front are minimal, so the front had likely dissipated by this point. MWR summary map has the low at 30.5N, 74.5W. HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 30.2N, 73.8W. Wind field is somewhat asymmetric (oriented southwest-northeast) so it may be a hybrid system. A center is analyzed to be near 30.7N, 75.5W. No gales were reported on this date. "Storm of September 20-23, 1920 - This storm... developed off the South Atlantic coast in an area of low barometer which had stagnated there" (MWR). September 21: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. A stationary front is still analyzed to be near 30N, 75W and extending off to the east-northeast, although near the system's center the temperature gradient appears to be quite weak. MWR summary map has the low at 31.5N, 76W. HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 31.3N, 75.0W. Storm still appears to be hybrid as the wind field remains asymmetric. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1018 mb at 32.3N, 77.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 33.3N, 76.6W at 23 UTC (COA); 25 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 30.9N, 74.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Available observations suggest a revised position of 29.5N, 75.5W. September 22: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low and the front is now analyzed as dissipating near 30N, 75W and extending eastward. MWR summary map shows the storm near 33N, 77W. HURDAT has a Category 1 hurricane at 32.5N, 76.4W. Wind field appears to have become symmetric, though quite small in areal extent. Available observations indicate a center at 31N, 76.4W. Ship highlight: 70 kt N at unknown time/ position (MWR). "The S. S. Louisiana encountered this storm off the Carolina coast on the 22d and estimated the velocity of the wind at 90 miles per hour and from the north" (MWR). September 23: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 1015 mb located inland over South Carolina near 34N, 80W. MWR summary map has the storm positioned near 34.5N, 79W. HURDAT has the system as a tropical depression at 35.2N, 79.8W. Interpolating the HURDAT positions suggests a landfall around 03Z just north of the NC/SC border. MWR summary map has a similar landfall position. Ship highlight: 63 kt at 33.7N, 77.8W around 06 UTC (MWR). No land-based gales or low pressures were observed. (Peak station observations were 28 kt NE at Wilmington at 22 UTC on the 22nd.) A new center position is estimated to be at 12Z is 34.8N, 80.2W, southeastward of the original HURDAT. North Carolina - Minimal, Damage Slight (Dunn and Miller). North Carolina Category 1 hurricane with no estimated central pressure (Jarvinen et al. 1992). "The second disturbance of a tropical nature passed inland over North Carolina during the night of the 22d; it was of small diameter but of moderate intensity ... It is reported to have caused a gale of 72 miles per hour at the mouth of the Cape Fear River during the night of the 22d, carrying the light ship several miles west of its position where anchored ... This disturbance, of considerable intensity but apparently of very small diameter, passed inland near and west of the mouth of the Cape Fear River during the night of the 22d... No low barometer readings were recorded at Weather Bureau stations in the vicinity because of the extremely small diameter of the storm" (MWR). September 24: System has dissipated by 12 UTC according to all available observations and analyses. Genesis for this system is begun on the 19th, a day earlier than originally shown in HURDAT based upon numerous ship and coastal observations showing a closed low. Intensity is started as a tropical depression and maintained until 06 UTC on the 20th. Intensity reduced moderately from the 20th to early on the 22nd based upon numerous ship measurements near the center. The system did attain hurricane force intensity briefly based upon marine observations on the 22nd from the ship S. S. Louisiana. The cyclone may have reached its peak intensity - estimated to be 75 kt - late on the 22nd, based upon this ship's observations. The 63 kt anemometer measurement from the lightship off of Cape Fear adjusts to 52 kt 1 min wind after converting from 5 min to 1 min and also correcting for the high bias of the instrument - Fergusson and Covert 1924, Powell et al. 1996. It is of note that Ho et al. (1987) do not include this system as a U.S. hurricane, implying (by their criterion) a central pressure higher than 982 mb. This small system is analyzed to have weakened to below hurricane force at landfall based upon very low winds, high pressures and extremely minor impacts in Wilmington (which should have been close to the radius of maximum winds on the right front quadrant of the system) and elsewhere in North Carolina. A reduced intensity of the system is consistent with the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Lows, which did not even provide a track for this system, and the Historical Weather Map series, which did not analyze a closed low on the 21st and 22nd. The impact of this system was so slight that it did not warrant inclusion in the comprehensive North Carolina hurricane history by Barnes. Landfall intensity is thus estimated to be 55 kt around 07 UTC on the 23rd near 33.9N, 78.3W. The system is analyzed to have existed until early on the 24th as a tropical depression, six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1920/04 - 2008 REVISION: 22281 09/23/1920 M= 5 4 SNBR= 516 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22282 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*325 570 30 0*328 569 30 0 22282 09/24*331 568 35 0*334 567 35 0*335 565 40 0*335 563 40 0 22282 09/25*335 561 40 0*335 558 40 0*335 555 40 0*333 552 40 0 22282 09/26*330 549 40 0*327 545 40 0*325 540 40 0*325 532 40 0 22282 09/27*326 522 35 0*328 511 35 0*330 500 30 0E334 488 25 0 22283 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 22: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. Stationary frontal boundary is located in the North Central Atlantic along 33N. System is baroclinic in nature since the front still exists, and is not added to HURDAT for this date. No gales were reported. September 23: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1010 mb on the tail end of the stationary frontal boundary. The low is estimated by HWM to be near 32.5N, 57W. The frontal boundary is beginning to dissipate so the system is transitioning to (or is) a tropical cyclone. No gales reported on this date. September 24: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 1010 mb located near 33N, 54W. The stationary front appears to have dissipated in the vicinity of the low, so the system is now considered fully tropical. Based upon available ship observations, the center appears to be a little farther west, near 33.5N, 56.5W. Ship highlight: 35 kts E and 1016 mb at 37.1N, 55.8W 12 UTC (COA). September 25: HWM isobaric analysis shows an elongated closed low of no more than 1010 mb near 32N, 55W. Another cold front around 40N is approaching the system from the north. Based upon available ship observations, the center appears to be north-northwest of the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kts SW at four separate times near 33N, 54W (COA). September 26: HWM isobaric analysis continues to indicate a closed low of no more than 1010 mb near 35N, 52.5W. The cold front continues to approach the storm and is now along 39N. Based upon available ship observations, the center position estimate is southwest near 32.5N, 54W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 04 UTC (COA). September 27: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a more elongated closed low near 34N, 46W with no more than a 1010 mb pressure. The cold front is analyzed to be along 39N at the longitude of the storm, but given the temperature readings it seems to actually be farther south, near 37N. HWM estimate appears to be too far east so the center position estimate is 33N, 50W. There were no gales reported on this day, although the data was more sparse on this day than on others. September 28: Low is no longer discernible on HWM by either isobaric analysis or wind observations. Cold front is now located near 30N, so the storm has been likely absorbed by it. This is a new tropical storm that is being added to HURDAT. The system began as a weak low along a decaying stationary frontal boundary in the North Atlantic Ocean. By late on the 23rd or early on the 24th, the front dissipated in the vicinity of the system and the low is analyzed to have become a tropical depression by 12 UTC on the 23rd and a tropical storm by 00 UTC on the 24th. Observations suggest that it peaked at only a minimal tropical storm status with estimated 40 kt winds from late on the 24th until late on the 26th. The system weakened to a tropical depression on 27th and was absorbed by an approaching cold front by 18 UTC. ******************************************************************************** 1920/05 - 2008 REVISION: 22285 09/25/1920 M= 6 4 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22285 09/25/1920 M= 6 5 SNBR= 517 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 22290 09/25* 0 0 0 0*250 833 35 0*248 837 35 0*247 840 35 0 22290 09/25* 0 0 0 0*250 830 25 0*250 837 25 0*251 844 25 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22295 09/26*245 842 35 0*243 846 35 0*242 849 35 0*241 856 35 0 22295 09/26*253 852 25 0*254 859 25 0*255 865 30 0*255 870 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22300 09/27*241 863 35 0*241 869 40 0*242 876 40 0*243 879 45 0 22300 09/27*254 874 30 0*253 877 30 0*252 880 35 0*251 883 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22305 09/28*244 882 50 0*246 885 50 0*248 887 55 0*250 889 60 0 22305 09/28*250 885 40 0*249 886 40 0*248 887 45 0*249 888 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 22310 09/29*253 890 65 0*257 890 70 0*261 889 70 0*267 883 70 0 22310 09/29*251 889 55 0*254 890 60 0*258 889 70 0*264 883 75 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22315 09/30*277 865 65 0*289 840 55 0*303 810 35 0*311 780 20 0 22315 09/30*272 868 65 0*282 844 55 0E295 815 45 0E311 780 45 0 *** *** *** *** **** *** ** * ** 22320 HR Landfall: 9/30 09 UTC 28.9N 82.9W 55 kt FL Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Kasper et al. (1998). September 25: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 1010 mb located near 25.5N, 83W. HURDAT list the system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 83.7W. While somewhat ambiguous whether a closed circulation existed, a center may have been just north of the HURDAT postion. No gales were reported on the 25th. September 26: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 1005 mb near 25.5N, 86.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the center near 26N, 88W and stationary. The MWR summary track has it farther south near 23.5N, 85W. HURDAT has the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 84.9W. Analysis of wind field does indicates a closed, but ill-defined depression near 25.5N, 86.5W. No gales or equivalent pressures were reported on this day. "Storm of September 26-30, 1920 - The first evidences of this disturbance were noted on the morning of the 26th over the eastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 27: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 1010 mb located near 25N, 88W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the storm at 25.5N, 88W, while the MWR summary map shows it at 24N, 86.5W. HURDAT listed the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 87.6W. Center is becoming better defined based on wind analysis and the position is adjusted northwest to 25.2N, 88W. No gales were reported on this day. September 28: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 1005 mb located at 23.5N, 89.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows keeps the center near 26N, 88W, while the MWR summary map has it located near 25N, 88W. HURDAT position is 24.8N, 88.7W as a tropical storm. Despite the lack of observations on the west side of the storm, the wind field appears to be becoming more distinct. The center is kept at the HURDAT position. Ship highlight: 35 kt E at 26.8N, 88.3W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 28th it cam under the influence of a rapidly developing trough of low pressure, recurved, and moved rapidly northeast" (MWR). September 29: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 1000 mb located near 24.5N, 88W. A cold front is located in the southern United States about 50 miles from the Gulf Coast and moving southward. MWR Tracks of Lows has the storm located at 27.5N, 87W. MWR summary map has the storm near 26N, 88.5W. HURDAT has the system as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.1N, 88.9W. The HWM position appears to be farther south than the actual center, and the monthly Tracks of Lows position appears to be too far to the north. The revised location of the storm is 25.8N, 88.9W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 990 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 21 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNE and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 22 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 987 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 23 UTC (NCDC). "[This storm] did not reach hurricane force until the morning of the 29th. This disturbance was very violent, and among the vessels lost were the American S. S. Speedwell and the American schooner Three Mary's, while a large number of casualties were also reported" (MWR). September 30: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 995 mb located on the west coast of Florida just southeast of Tampa near 27N, 82W. A cold front is analyzed to be extending from the northern Gulf of Mexico at 27N, 90W, through the southeast United States and up the Eastern Seaboard. The MWR monthly Tracks of Lows position is off of the east coast of Florida near 31N, 80.5W. The MWR summary map position is inland just south of Jacksonville near 29.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT places the center at 30.3N, 81.0W which is just east of Jacksonville as a tropical storm. Temperature observations suggest that the front analyzed on the HWM is farther south than depicted, likely reaching Tampa at 12 UTC. Also, Jacksonville had a minimum pressure at 1030 UTC, nearly two hours earlier than Tampa. This suggests that the low had merged with the front and complex extratropical system by 12 UTC and that the ill-defined center is elongated SW-NE at a position farther north than given in HWM. The adjusted 12 UTC position is near 29.5N, 89.5W, in line with what is shown in the MWR summary map. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 00 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 27.3N, 84.8W at 03 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSE-SW and 996 mb at 28N, 84W at 0730 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt SSE at Egmont Key at 0630 UTC (OMR); 25 kt N and 998 mb (minimum pressure) at Tampa at 1210 UTC (OMR); 998 mb at Jacksonville at 1030 UTC (minimum pressure). "But in crossing Florida it lost its identity as a hurricane, and on the morning of the 30th could not be separately identified in the general rough formation which covered the Atlantic coast region. This large and elongated disturbance developed into a severe coast storm, which should not, however, be confused with the original hurricane. In fact, there is some doubt whether the Gulf disturbance was ever a true hurricane. The heavy north winds which occurred over the Gulf on the 30th, long after the passage of the storm center, were due to the steep-pressure gradient formed as a great HIGH moved down from the northwest in the rear of the trough ... Gales occurred, however, from Key West northward during the night of the 29th and early on the 30th. And considerable damage was done along the west coast from about Fort Myers northward to St. Marks. High tides, salt spray, and high winds inundated low lands on the immediate coast, and heavy rains flooded fields more inland, where truck and fruit suffered to a considerable extent. As the result of a prostrated wire one person was killed at St. Petersburg. A yacht was sunk at Fort Myers, and a number of vessels were wrecked or dismantled in the Gulf, among which was the American steamer Speedwell" (MWR). Florida - Minor Intensity (Dunn and Miller). Storm tide 5' in Tampa (Kasper et al.). October 1: Storm merged with larger extratropical low off the U.S. Eastern Seaboard. Genesis of this hurricane is unchanged, though it is somewhat ambiguous as to whether a closed low existed on the 25th. Transition to a tropical storm delayed from the 25th to the 27th based upon numerous ship and coastal observations showing a weak, disorganized low until the later date. The system did quickly intensify into a hurricane on the 29th based upon both pressure and wind observations. (Despite MWR's ambiguous statement regarding the tropical nature of this system, it does appear that it was a true hurricane before being disrupted and accelerated off to the northeast by a cold front.) A 987 mb peripheral pressure reading late on the 29th suggests winds of at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure- wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 70 kt originally), which is also the peak intensity of this cyclone. The system rapidly accelerated to the northeast and weakened on the 30th with the arrival of a strong cold frontal boundary. Peak observed winds on the coast were 49 kt at Egmont Key, which converts to 41 kt peak 1 min wind after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind from this 5 min values (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 09 UTC north of Tampa as a 55 kt tropical storm, which is the same as that originally shown in HURDAT. The system shortly thereafter became absorbed within a larger extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1920 Additional Notes: 1) Monthly Weather Review wrote: "Four disturbances of tropical origin reached the American coast during the month [of September]. The first of these, one of moderate intensity, was off the south Atlantic coast on the 5th and passed thence northeastward along the coast and reached the Canadian Maritime Provinces on the 8th and 9th." The Tracks of Lows shows a similar track, which just skirted the coast of North Carolina on the 6th. However, observations from the Historical Weather Maps show that the system was quite ill-defined during the 6th through the 8th with no closed low. Moreover, the trough definitively acquired baroclinic features between 8th and 9th, while a closed low developed. (It is noted though that the position of the center analyzed on the 9th does not match very well the description and Tracks of Lows described and shown in MWR.) The system then quickly sped off to the east-northeast as an extratropical cyclone through the 12th. The system may have had an opportunity on the 6th and 7th to become a tropical cyclone before being entangled in a baroclinic zone, but available observations indicate that it did not develop the closed low needed to be called a tropical cyclone. Thus this system will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 5 --N --W (No features of interest in the morning) Sep 6 --N --W Trough off the Carolina coast Sep 7 --N --W Trough/frontal boundary off the mid-Atlantic coast Sep 8 --N --W Trough/frontal boundary between New England and Bermuda Sep 9 38N 65W Extratropical cyclone Sep 10 40N 57W Extratropical cyclone Sep 11 43N 42W Extratropical cyclone Sep 12 52N 24W Extratropical cyclone 2) Mr. Michael Chenoweth provided the following information regarding a possible system impacting the Lesser Antilles in mid-September 1920: Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920 "....The heat continued with more or less intensity up to Sunday evening last, when a change became apparent from the threatening aspect of the clouds. Owing to forecasts of stormy weather by local weather observers, many people remained indoors on Sunday evening, preparing for any contingency that might arise. In the early hours of yesterday morning high winds prevailed, accompanied with heavy showers, which, however, were not continuous. At about 8 o'clock, the clouds which had been gathering burst and there was a heavy downpour. The wind blew with great force from the southeast, and slight damage was done to vegetable crops. Fortunately, there has been no serious damage sustained in the City and suburbs. Reports from the rural districts have not yet reached us, but it is believed that there has been no occurrence of an alarming nature in those districts. A cable despatch from St. Lucia received here about noon yesterday reported that there was "evidence of small disturbance passing from east; frequent squalls of rain. Barometer 29.85; steady." Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920 "Telegram from Dominica, at 10 A.M. the barometer 29.93, wind se, weather squally" Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 18, 1920 "On the 12th inst. [12 September] the wind increased to nearly hurricane pitch and some damage was done to vegetables and crops. In some places banana trees were uprooted and corn fields laid low. Some forward fields of plant canes were blown down." Examination of the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and ship reports from COADS reveals that a strong tropical wave went through the Windward Islands on the 12th and 13th. However, no closed circulation could be detected from these observations, suggesting that it was not a tropical cyclone. The reports of winds ("to nearly hurricane pitch") and damage to agriculture ("banana trees uprooted and corn fields laid low") do though indicate that gale force winds (or more) were present in this system. These may have been due to a gust front/outflow boundary from a thunderstorm complex. With the lack of a closed circulation though, the system is not considered a tropical storm and is thus not added into HURDAT. 3) The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that "between Hatteras and Cape Henry on the 9th, when a moderate disturbance was central some distance off the coast." The Historical Weather Map shows a pre-existing stationary frontal boundary with a weak frontal low on the 7th. The extratropical cyclone intensified on the 8th and 9th as it moved north-northeastward. On both the 8th and 9th, gales were reported by ships. On the 10th and 11th, the cyclone occluded and by late on the 11th/early on the 12th was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. While this system appears to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime, it is included here due to its formation at relatively low latitudes during the peak of the hurricane season. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 7 27N 76W Extratropical Oct 8 31N 75W Extratropical Oct 9 35N 73W Extratropical Oct 10 39N 70W Extratropical Oct 11 48N 55W Extratropical 4) The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that storm warnings were issued for "extreme southern Florida coast on the afternoon of the 18th, at which time a disturbance was apparently central immediately north of Cuba. However, this disturbance moved westward and lost intensity, after causing strong northeast winds in the Florida Straits." Examination of the Historical Weather Maps indicates a weak trough with no closed low were present on the 18th and 19th. Additionally, the Cuban records (Ramon Perez, personal communication) do not suggest that a tropical cyclone occurred near Cuba on these dates. Due to lack of both a closed circulation and no observed gale force winds, the system is not added into HURDAT as a tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 18 --- 80W Trough Oct 19 --- 85W Trough - dissipating 5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed on 20 October near 20N, 61W from a westward moving tropical wave. It moved steadily to the northwest over the next three days until turning north in response to an approaching frontal boundary. Although the system persisted for several days over the central Atlantic Ocean, it never attained gale-force winds until the 27th, when it had already merged with a frontal boundary and became baroclinic. The highest winds associated with the system as a tropical cyclone were 30 kt and pressures were generally around 1010 mb. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 20 20N 61W Tropical Depression Oct 21 20N 62W Tropical Depression Oct 22 22N 64W Tropical Depression Oct 23 25N 65W Tropical Depression Oct 24 27N 62W Tropical Depression Oct 25 31N 59W Merging with front Oct 26 35N 58W Baroclinic Oct 27 37N 56W Baroclinic Oct 28 ----- ----- Absorbed ******************************************************************************** 1921/01 - 2009 REVISION: 22325 06/15/1921 M=12 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 22325 06/16/1921 M=11 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 22330 06/15*141 789 35 0*144 797 35 0*148 805 35 0*150 815 35 0 22335 06/16*153 824 35 0*156 832 40 0*158 840 40 0*160 848 45 0 22335 06/16*165 824 30 0*165 832 30 0*165 840 30 0*165 847 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22340 06/17*161 856 45 0*162 864 45 0*165 872 40 0*170 882 35 0 22340 06/17*165 853 35 0*167 860 40 0*171 867 45 0*177 877 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22345 06/18*175 891 35 0*181 902 40 0*187 912 45 0*193 921 55 0 22345 06/18*187 891 40 0*196 906 35 0*203 920 45 0*208 930 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 22350 06/19*199 931 60 0*204 936 60 0*210 943 75 0*216 947 75 0 22350 06/19*212 935 50 0*216 938 50 0*220 940 50 0*224 942 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22355 06/20*221 950 80 0*227 952 85 0*233 954 85 0*238 956 85 0 22355 06/20*228 945 60 0*232 947 60 0*237 950 65 0*242 952 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22360 06/21*242 957 85 0*247 959 85 0*251 960 85 0*256 961 85 0 22360 06/21*247 953 65 0*251 954 65 0*255 955 70 0*260 956 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22365 06/22*260 961 85 0*267 962 80 0*276 962 75 0*287 963 65 0 22365 06/22*265 956 75 0*270 957 80 0*276 958 80 0*285 959 80 980 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22370 06/23*299 965 50 0*310 966 45 0*321 967 40 0*332 965 40 0 22370 06/23*296 960 50 0*309 961 40 0*321 962 30 0*332 961 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22375 06/24*343 961 35 0*355 956 30 0*366 953 30 0*375 951 30 0 22375 06/24*343 957 30 0*353 953 30 0*363 950 30 0*369 949 30 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22380 06/25*381 950 30 0*385 949 30 0*389 948 25 0*394 947 20 0 22380 06/25*373 948 30 0*376 948 30 0*379 948 25 0*383 948 20 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22385 06/26*399 947 20 0*404 947 15 0*408 947 15 0* 0 0 0 0 22385 06/26*388 949 20 0*394 950 15 0*400 952 15 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22390 HRBTX2 22390 HRBTX1CTX1 ******** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/22/1921 1800Z 28.6N 95.9W 80kt 1 17nmi 980mb BTX1,CTX1 Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while genesis is indicated to have occurred one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bunnemeyer [1921] and Day [1921]), Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 15: Observations from HWM and COADS shows somewhat low pressures (~1009 mb), but a closed circulation does not exist. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present. "This storm apparently developed over the Western Caribbean Sea about the 14th and was carried northwestward" (MWR). June 16: HWM and COADS indicate a possible closed circulation near 16.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.0W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present. "The 16th...Disturbance of moderate intensity over western Caribbean Sea central near coast of Honduras southwest of Swan Island this morning apparently moving slowly northwestward" (MWR). June 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 87W, just offshore of Honduras. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 16.5N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center is slightly northeast of the HWM position. Ship highlights: 45 kt E at 19.0W, 86.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 30 kt E and 1002 mb at 16.9N, 86.6W at 12 UTC (COA). "By the morning of the 17th the disturbance had increased somewhat in intensity" (MWR). June 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 93.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.2W. Available observations suggest that the center east of the HWM estimate. Station highlights: 45 kt SE at Progresso at 12 UTC (MWR). "During the following night [17th-18th] the disturbance passed inland over British Honduras in the vicinity of Belize, continuing its slow northwestward movement" (MWR). June 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.0N, 94.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 20N, 93W (a.m.) and at 21N, 93.5W (p.m.). Available observations and continuity suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were present. "The storm entered the southwestern Gulf of Mexico during the early morning of the 19th" (MWR). June 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 24N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.3N, 95.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22N, 94.2W (a.m.) and at 23.5N, 94.7W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at 23.0N, 94.7W at 13 UTC (MWR). June 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 25.1N, 96.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center 24.8N, 95.5W (a.m.) and at 26N, 96W with 991 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 22.8N, 94.8W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 42 kt NE at Corpus Christi at 2240 UTC (MWR). "[On] the late afternoon of the 21st ... special observations indicated its position some-distance off the Rio Grande" (MWR). June 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 97W, just offshore southern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 27.6N, 96.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22.5N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 96.5W with 996 mb (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the center is just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 26.5N, 95.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE at 28.0N, 95.0W at 1135 UTC (MWR); Calm and 980 mb at 28.0N, 95.0W at 16 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 59 kt NE and 1003 mb at Corpus Christi at 1130 UTC (OMR); 52 kt SE and 995 mb at Galveston at 2340 UTC (OMR). Estimated central pressure at landfall in Texas - 954 mb, radius of maximum wind - 17 nmi, landfall position - 28.5N, 96.2W (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum 1 min surface wind at landfall - 99 kt, Environmental pressure - 1010 mb (Schwerdt et al.) Estimated minimum central pressure for life of storm (and at landfall) - 979 mb (Connor). "Minimal intensity" at landfall in Texas (Dunn and Miller). Category 2 for North Texas coast with central pressure estimate of 979 mb (Jarrell et al.). Category 2 for North Texas coast (Neumann et al.) Category 2 for central Texas coast (HURDAT). "The tropical storm that swept northward over the Texas coast, passing northward over Matagorda Bay to the westward of Galveston on the 22nd gave a tide of about 5 feet above mean low tide, though the tide was above 7 feet in West Bay near the causeway, and considerable of the track of the Gulf, Colorado, & Santa Fe Railroad was washed out between Virginia Point and Highland Bayou. Several launches and other small boats were sunk, and the fishing pier on the north jetties was damaged to some extent. Crops in this vicinity were damage to a greater or lesser degree, while some windows were broken and some trees were blown down. The damage in this immediate vicinity will probably amount to $8,000.00 or more" (Galveston - Original Monthly Record). "A hurricane occurred on the 22d, the center passing about 50 miles west of Houston in a northerly direction. The damage by wind and rain was confined to prostrating some shade trees, breaking windows, blowing down signs, and beating down plants and flowers" (Houston - Original Monthly Record). "During the night of the 21st-22d the storm caused a maximum wind velocity of 68 miles an hour from the northeast at Corpus Christi and a strong northeast gale and high sea at Point Isabel, and by 8 a. m. of the 22d the wind was blowing 42 miles an hour from the east at Galveston, with rising tide. Special observations at 10 a. m. showed rising pressure at Corpus Christi and slowly falling pressure at Galveston and Houston ... The wind reached a velocity of 60 miles an hour from the southeast at both Galveston and Houston, and the lowest barometer reading at a land station was 29.37 inches at Houston at 5:40 p. m. of the 22nd ... a storm tide of 4 feet at Corpus Christi Pass" (MWR). "Later reports showed a north-northwest movement and a fully developed hurricane. The storm center crossed the Texas coast line at Matagorda Bay and moved nearly due north over Palacios, Wharton, and Wallis, Tex., the last-named place being about 40 miles west of Houston, Tex., the nearest approach to a regular Weather Bureau station" (MWR). "The center passing in a northerly direction over Palacios, Wharton and Wallis, each of which reported a distinct calm, with wind coming from northwest and west after the calm" (MWR). June 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N, 95W, inland over eastern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 96.7W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 32N, 96W with 1004 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 94.5W with 1004 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is closer to the MWR estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 28.9N, 94.5W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 50 kt SE and 995 mb at Houston at 00 UTC (OMR). "the storm continued to move slowly northward, with diminishing intensity, over the eastern portions of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, thence northeastward over the Lake region" (MWR). June 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 94W, inland over the Arkansas-Oklahoma border. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 36.6N, 95.3W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 36N, 94W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 94W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is between the HURDAT and HWM/MWR positions. Station highlight: 20 kt S and 1004 mb at Fort Smith at 12 UTC (HWM). June 25: HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW from Missouri to Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 38.9N, 94.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m. and p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is south of the HURDAT position and is still a closed, barotropic circulation. No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed. June 26: HWM does not indicate a low or trough. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 40.8N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m.) and at 40N, 93.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is farther south and west of the HURDAT estimate, but that the center - while identifiable - is becoming indistinct. No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed. June 27: The tropical cyclone has dissipated. Despite this, the MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a reformation and movement toward the east over the next three days, a drop southward on the 30th and 1st of July, then a movement to the northeast on the 2nd. The system that was tracked from the 27th onward was a separate, baroclinic storm. The genesis of this hurricane is delayed from the 15th to the 16th because of evidence that a closed circulation did not exist until the latter date. It is noted that Tropical Storm Gamma in 2005 may be an close analog for the developmental phase of this hurricane in 1921. The track has minor modifications for the remainder of the hurricane's lifetime. The intensity is reduced on the 16th, as tropical storm status was not reached until early on the 17th according to available observations. Peripheral pressure of 1002 mb on the 17th suggests at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Additionally, the intensity is reduced from the 19th until early on the 22nd as observations indicate that hurricane status was not reached until the 20th. A central pressure measure of 980 mb just before landfall in Texas on 16 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of 76 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. (The central pressure at landfall indicated by Jarrell et al. and Connor before them was 979 mb - likely a roundoff error.) Ho et al.'s estimate of 954 mb is due to their application of the Schloemer (1954) equation with the 995 mb peripheral pressure in Houston. Such an application from a far-removed observation has quite large errors. Apparently, they were not aware of the ship with a 980 mb central pressure measurement. Likewise, the Schwerdt et al. estimate of maximum wind is overestimated. Analyses show that landfall occurred around 18 UTC at 28.6N, 95.9W. The highest observed winds from this hurricane were 59 kt at Corpus Christi (which reduces down to 49 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]) and two ship reports of Beaufort 12 (~70 kt). Ho et al.'s estimate of 17 nmi RMW is somewhat smaller than the 22 nmi that climatology for this central pressure and latitude would suggest (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at landfall are boosted up to 80 kt. This makes the hurricane a high end Category 1 system at landfall for the central and north Texas coast. (The landfall location is very close to the boundary between the two regions and sustained hurricane force winds were likely to impact both portions of the state). This is a reduction from the Category 2 indicated earlier in Jarrell et al. and HURDAT and substantially lower than the Category 3 hurricane that Ho et al.'s central pressure would have suggested. The highest observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) were 52, 33 and 25 kt for 00, 06 and 12 UTC on the 23rd, respectively. (The 52 kt reduces to 43 kt after adjustment.) A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model gives 49, 37, and 26 kt, accordingly. Given the somewhat sparse data coverage for this storm after landfall, winds are kept at 50 kt at 00 UTC, reduced from 45 to 40 kt at 06 UTC, and kept at 30 kt at 12 UTC. ******************************************************************************** 1921/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22425 09/06/1921 M= 3 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22425 09/04/1921 M= 5 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT.) 22426 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 950 30 0*211 952 30 0 22427 09/05*213 953 30 0*214 954 30 0*215 955 30 0*217 957 30 0 22430 09/06* 0 0 0 0*214 938 60 0*215 953 60 0*216 961 70 0 22430 09/06*218 959 35 0*219 961 40 0*220 965 50 0*222 970 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22435 09/07*217 969 70 0*219 978 70 0*224 986 60 0*232 989 60 0 22435 09/07*224 976 70 0*226 981 55 0*228 986 45 0*232 989 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** ** 22440 09/08*240 988 50 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22440 09/08*238 988 35 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** 22445 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while genesis for this system is indicated to be two days earlier than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. September 2 and 3: HWM and COADS observations indicate a trough is present in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 4: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the trough had organized enough to be considered a closed low near 21N, 95W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 99W, inland over Mexico. Available observations suggest that the center at 21.5N, 95.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 6: HWM indicates an open trough over the western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 95.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 21N, 96W with 996 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is farther north and west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "There were signs of a disturbance over the southwest Gulf of Mexico, as indicated by reports by radio from vessels in that region" (MWR). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 22N, 99W, inland over Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 98.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 22N, 97W (a.m.) and at 23N, 98W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position north of HURDAT is most reasonable, with the center going inland just north of Tampico around 03 UTC according to observations from that station. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.3N, 97.8W at 01 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt NW and 1003 mb in Tampico at 03 UTC (Mex). "It passed on to the Mexican coast during the 7th and was dissipated" (MWR). Estimated minimum central pressure during its lifetime (and likely at landfall in Mexico) - 992 mb (Connor). September 8: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the tropical cyclone has dissipated, but its remnants continued to move northward into Texas. "There is reason to believe that the phenomenal rains in southern Texas on the 9th and 10th were associated with this disturbance" (MWR). Minor intensity, 51 people killed from subsequent flooding (Dunn and Miller). Genesis for this hurricane is begun two days earlier (on the 4th) when observations were sufficient to close off a circulation center. The track has minor adjustments made for this system for the remainder of its lifetime (3 more days). Intensity of 70 kt at landfall in Mexico retained, as provided by confirmation of hurricane force winds (Beaufort 12) and a pressure of 996 mb from a ship at 01 UTC on the 7th. An 992 mb estimated minimum center pressure at landfall was suggested by Connor. However, it is likely that the central pressure at landfall was somewhat lower, given the 996 mb measured simulataneously with 70 kt wind estimate. A central pressure of 985 mb is suggested here. This suggests winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship, which is retained in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 7th. Landfall time moved forward to around 03 UTC at 22.5N, 97.8W. Winds are reduced after landfall on the 7th in accordance with the earlier landfall time as well as from available Mexican observations. It is to be noted that the remnants from this hurricane caused very large rainfall (up to 23") in Texas and resulting extensive flooding from the 8th to the 10th of September. 215 people were killed and over $19 million damage was caused as a result. Three articles in the Monthly Weather Review were in the September 1921 edition about these impacts. However, these effects occurred after the tropical cyclone had dissipated. ******************************************************************************** 1921/03 - 2009 REVISION: 22450 09/08/1921 M= 9 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22450 09/06/1921 M=12 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.) 22451 09/06*100 400 40 0*100 420 40 0*100 440 45 0*101 460 45 0 22452 09/07*102 481 50 0*103 503 50 0*104 525 50 0*105 543 50 0 22455 09/08*102 551 60 0*110 573 65 0*116 586 70 0*122 598 70 0 22455 09/08*106 559 60 0*107 575 65 0*110 590 70 0*116 604 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22460 09/09*131 611 70 0*139 623 70 0*147 636 70 0*150 649 70 0 22460 09/09*124 618 90 0*132 632 95 0*140 645 100 0*146 655 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22465 09/10*153 661 75 0*157 676 75 0*163 690 80 0*172 693 80 0 22465 09/10*151 663 100 0*157 670 100 0*163 676 100 0*169 680 100 961 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22470 09/11*180 695 85 0*189 696 80 0*198 696 80 0*206 697 80 0 22470 09/11*176 683 110 0*183 685 110 0*190 686 90 0*198 687 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22475 09/12*215 697 85 0*223 697 90 0*231 697 95 0*239 697 95 0 22475 09/12*207 688 95 0*216 690 95 0*225 692 95 0*235 692 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22480 09/13*248 697 100 0*256 696 100 0*264 695 105 0*272 692 105 0 22480 09/13*247 693 100 0*259 694 100 0*270 695 105 0*277 695 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22485 09/14*280 689 105 0*287 685 105 0*295 680 105 0*303 676 105 0 22485 09/14*283 695 105 0*289 695 105 0*295 692 105 0*302 687 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22490 09/15*311 670 100 0*319 662 100 0*325 657 95 0*344 635 95 0 22490 09/15*309 678 100 0*316 666 100 0*323 651 95 0*333 633 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22495 09/16*360 610 90 0*380 583 90 0*401 551 90 0E439 503 85 0 22495 09/16*346 612 90 0*363 587 90 0*385 555 90 0*412 523 85 964 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 17th is new to HURDAT.) 22496 09/17*445 492 80 0E480 461 75 959E520 430 70 0E565 400 65 0 22500 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Day 1921), Perez (1971), Boose et al. (2002), and newspaper accounts from Michael Chenoweth. September 6: HWM, COADS and MWR observations indicate that a closed circulation with gale force winds existed near 10N, 44W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 10.2N, 45.8W at 1715 and 20 UTC (MWR). September 7: HWM, COADS and MWR observations do not show a closed circulation, though data is quite sparse near the location that the system may be at. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 00 UTC at unknown location (MWR). "The one originating southeastward of the Windward Islands probably on the 7th or 8th, formed at a point unusually far south, about due east of the Island of Trinidad" (MWR). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 10.5N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 11.6N, 58.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is between these two estimates. Ship highlight: 55 kt at 13.1N, 59.6W at 16-18 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 996 mb pressure at Grenada (PR). "This disturbance made its appearance the morning of the 8th to the southeastward of Barbados" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 14.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is farther to the south and west of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW, SW and S at 13.3N, 63.5W, 13.2N, 63.5W, and 13.1N, 63.6W at 1030, 1105, and 1230 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 996 mb at St. Lucia (Perez). "...crossed the Grenadines during the night of the 8th and passed on to the Caribbean Sea ... In the beginning the area affected by the hurricane was rather large and damage was caused at both Trinidad and Barbados ... Upward of 80 lives were lost and in the Windward Islands great numbers of people were rendered homeless" (MWR). Newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Wed., Sept. 14, 1921 - Grenada, Sept. 12. At 1 p.m. Thursday 8th, it became apparent that the storm would probably strike Grenada, which it did about 4:30 p.m., coming from W.N.W. and increasing in force at 7 p.m. There was a short lull from about 10.30 to 11.30 when the wind shifted, coming with redoubled force from E.N.E. Such information as has been received give serious accounts of damage done to estates, plantations and gardens in the out districts. Numerous peasant houses have been completely destroyed and some more substantial buildings damaged. One hundred thousand pounds is a moderate estimate of loss to nutmeg and cocoa plantations, which will require at least seven years to re-establish. Crops of ground provisions have also been completely ruined. Telephone communication with the out districts still have been lost. As far as known two lives have been lost. Anxiously awaiting news from Carriacou." _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Sat., Sept. 10, 1921 - Weather bulletins. Barbados 8th Sept. 5 a.m. -- S.S. Guiana and Canadian Beaver put to sea this morning not yet returned. Wind southeast, strong and gusty. Barometer 29.77 steady. Dominica 7:45 a.m. barometer 29.99 northeast cloudy. St. Vincent 8th Sept. 6:15 p.m. Barometer 29.72 Weather continuous threatening wind bow blowing in very heavy gusts from north-east. Branches being blown from trees. Trinidad 9.30 p.m. Barometer corrected reading 29.725 Wind strong and variable, now SW. Heavy rain. Grenada, 1 p.m. Barometer corrected 29.825. Wind moderate now. Sea rough. Barbados 9 Sept. 6a.m. barometer 29.86 with upwards tendency. Fresh wind NE, rain. 10 a.m. Barometer 29.76 NE squally, sea rough from southeast. St. Lucia, 9 Sept. at 6 this morning the local reading was 29.852. Wind NE 2.30 p.m. Barometer 29.702 NE 4 p.m. 29.734. Barbados, 9 Sept. - Yesterday morning opened with rain accompanied by strong winds which gradually increased until about 10 a.m. when it blew with greater force. Trees in many places lost some of their branches and in others they were wholly upturned. The waves broke on 10 fathoms of water in Carlisle Bay, S.S. Guiana and S.S. Canadian Beaver put out to sea on account of the unsafe condition of the harbor. Considerable damage reported to have been done inland by the high winds but particulars are not yet to hand. One telegraph pole was blown down about 4 miles from town. St. Vincent, 9 Sept. From about 4:30 p.m. yesterday it started to blow a gale from NE which continued until about 11 p.m. with very rough sea. Trees were uprooted. Serious damage to telegraph and telephone lines. No telephone communications with out districts. It is found that much damage done to crops and property. Wind has abated. Sea still rough. Cable hut at Prospect partly destroyed. Trinidad, 9th. At 3 p.m. yesterday the storm had increased in intensity to a heavy gale which continued with torrents of rain up to nightfall. Many lighters and small craft have been sunk or driven ashore at Port of Spain and San Fernando and two fatalities are reported, one from drowning and one from electrocution by coming into contact with fallen electric light wires. The rain ceased about 10 p.m. but the wind continued high until daylight this morning. There has been much interruption of telegraphic communications. Trinidad, 8th. Wireless reports from Tobago. We have been having very heavy rains and winds since 4 a.m. this morning. R.M.S. Belize reports unable work ... on account of very rough sea. At Plymouth ten fishing boats and schooner driven ashore totally destroyed. Very high winds and rain continuing. Barbados 9th Barometer 29.97 wind SE sea still rough. Guiana and Canadian Beaver not yet returned to port. Weather clear. Grenada, 9th. The storm reached Grenada at 5 p.m. yesterday and reached its highest intensity at midnight." September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 16.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.3N, 69.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is farther east than both of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and NW at 17.2N, 67.9W at 12-16 and 1915 UTC (NCDC); 961 mb and calm at 17.2N, 67.9W at 1820 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 55 kt and 1005 mb at Cabo Rojo at 04 UTC (Perez). "After passing the Grenadines, however, the area affected appeared to contract somewhat" (MWR). September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb on the northern coastline of Dominican Republic near 19N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 19.8N, 69.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 19N, 69W (a.m.) and 21N, 69.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest the position is closer to, but farther east of the HWM and MWR positions. Ship highlight: 992 mb and 60 kt NNW at 18.5N, 69.3W (MWR). This hurricane was designated "San Pedro" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Perez). A stronger hurricane than indicated in HURDAT (by about 10 kt) is recommended to better match the observed wind damage that occurred in Puerto Rico (Boose et al.) "Its center crossed Haiti and then pursued a northerly course" (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 23N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 69.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 23N, 69.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 69.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest the center is farther south and east of all of these estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE at 25.7N, 66.5W (MWR); 989 mb at 22.6N, 69.0W (NCDC). September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 27.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as Category 3 hurricane at 26.4N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position at 26.5N, 69W with 992 mb (a.m.) and 28N, 68W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is north of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 999 mb and 70 kt NNE at 28.9N, 71.3W at 1352 UTC (MWR); 967 mb at 27.8N, 69.8W at 15 UTC (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 29N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.5N, 68.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 29.5N, 67W (a.m.) and 31N, 66W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: four 70 kt ship reports (NCDC and COA); 995 mb and 50 kt S at 30.4N, 61.8W at 2230 UTC (MWR). " ... to have again increased in size only after the storm reached the higher latitudes in mid-ocean" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 32N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 65.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 32.5N, 64.5W with 984 mb (a.m.) and 33.5N, 63.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and MWR positions. Ship highlights: numerous 70 kt ship reports (COA, NCDC, MWR); 980 mb and 70 kt SW at 32.3N, 64.9N at 1300-1430 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 87 kt SW and 984 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda at 13 and 15 UTC (NCDC). "...passing the Bermudas on the 15th ... The disturbance was of rather small diameter but of great intensity throughout its course. It is reported to have caused considerable damage to shipping, buildings, and crops and to have caused the loss of a number of lives in the eastern islands of the West Indies and the Bermudas ... Its center passed near the Bermudas the morning of the 15th, when the pressure fell to near 29 inches with winds of hurricane force" (MWR). September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 40N, 56W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.1N, 55.1W. Available observations suggest the center is to the south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 982 mb and 70 kt WSW at 37.6N, 54.7W at 05 UTC (MWR); 991 mb and 70 kt SW at 37.5N, 54.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 964 mb and calm at 40.6N, 53.7W at 1730 UTC (MWR). September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 52N, 43W, with a cold front extending off to the southwest and a warm front extending off to the southeast. Ship highlights: 970 mb and 70 kt SW at 47.5N, 42.0W at 01 UTC (MWR); Calm and 959 mb at 04 UTC and 70 kt NW at 0430 UTC at 46.8N, 45.0W at 0430 UTC (MWR). September 18: System is absorbed into a larger extratropical storm. "This storm was in the vicinity of Iceland on the 22d" (MWR). (The storm in question was likely a separate extratropical system that absorbed the hurricane, rather than the transformed hurricane itself.) Genesis for this major hurricane is begun two days earlier on the 6th based upon ship reports. Minor alterations are made to the track for the duration of the system's lifetime. Intensity significantly increased on the 8th to the 11th based upon newspaper accounts of hurricane impacts in the Lesser Antilles as well as the 961 mb central pressure measurement at 1820 UTC on the 10th, which suggested winds of 99 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt indicated for that synoptic time. Given the intensification up until then, it is likely that the cyclone continued to intensify a bit more before making landfall on the Dominican Republic around 06 UTC on the 11th. Thus a 110 kt Category 3 major hurricane is estimated to have struck that country. The system likely weakened back to a a Category 2 (90 kt) after landfall. After moving back over water on the 12th, the hurricane likely reintensified to major hurricane status sometime on the 13th. Lowest observed peripheral pressure during the 13th to the 15th was 967 mb, which suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt are retained in HURDAT during the 13th and 14th. An observation of 87 kt was measured in Bermuda late on the 15th before the anemometer was toppled, which converts to 71 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Additionally, a peripheral pressure of 980 mb was observed late on the 15th in Bermuda, suggesting winds of at least 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt retained in HURDAT late on the 15th, keeping this as a Category 2 (almost Category 3) impact in Bermuda, which is consistent with wind- caused damage on the island. Late on the 16th, a central pressure of 964 mb was observed, which suggests winds of 87 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship; 85 kt is retained in HURDAT. Available observations suggest that the hurricane maintained tropical characteristics for longer than indicated in HURDAT by about a half day. Finally, the track of the system is extended for an additional day on the 17th as an extratropical storm moving swiftly off to the northeast. ******************************************************************************* 1921/04 - 2009 REVISION: 22505 09/10/1921 M= 4 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22505 09/08/1921 M= 7 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 8th and 9th are new to HURDAT). 22510 09/08*230 634 35 0*233 639 35 0*235 643 35 0*236 646 35 0 22510 09/09*238 649 35 0*240 652 35 0*242 655 35 0*244 658 35 0 22510 09/10*232 640 35 0*254 647 35 0*259 647 35 0*264 648 35 0 22510 09/10*246 661 35 0*248 663 35 0*250 665 35 0*254 665 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22515 09/11*270 648 35 0*276 647 35 0*282 647 35 0*288 645 35 0 22515 09/11*259 663 35 0*266 660 45 0*275 655 55 0*285 650 65 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22520 09/12*293 643 35 0*298 640 40 0*304 638 50 0*319 626 55 0 22520 09/12*295 644 75 0*305 638 80 0*315 630 80 0*326 621 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22525 09/13*334 615 60 0*348 602 60 0*360 590 45 0*374 575 30 0 22525 09/13*337 611 80 0*348 601 80 0*360 590 80 0*373 575 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** *** ** (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 22525 09/14*387 555 80 0*401 530 80 979E415 495 75 0E430 455 70 0 22530 TS 22530 HR ** Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC and _Monthly Weather Review_ (Day 1921). September 5-7: A figure from the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" show a center for this tropical cyclone near 22N, 53W on the 5th, 22.5N, 57W on the 6th, and 23N, 61W on the 7th. Tannehill (1952) also provides a track back to the 5th. However, inspection of available observations from HWM and COADS show no evidence of a closed circulation on these dates. September 8: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 23.5N, 64.3W, though data on the north and west sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 23.5N, 64W. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA). September 9: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 24.2N, 65.5W, though data on the north and west sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 25N, 66W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 10: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 25N, 66.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 25.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 66.5N. Ship highlights: 35 kt S at 24.5N, 66.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt SE at 28.9N, 63.5W at 20 UTC (MWR). September 11: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 64W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.2N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 66.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 30.8N, 63.9W at 2322 UTC (MWR). September 12: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 64W, with a warm front extending east-northeastward out from the center. (However, available observations cast doubt on the reality of such a frontal analysis.) HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 30.4N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 32N, 63W. Available observations suggest a position near the MWR estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 985 mb at 30.8N, 63.9W at 0126 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 992 mb at 30.8N, 64.4W at 03 UTC (COA). "It is a remarkable coincidence that at the time the southern hurricane [storm #3] was centered north of Haiti that the steamship Capillo reported by radio having encountered on the 12th a hurricane of small diameter, barometer below 29 inches, near and immediately southeast of the Bermudas, moving rapidly northeast. This disturbance was separate and distinct from the primary disturbance herein referred to [storm #3]" (MWR). September 13: HWM does not analyze the system as a closed low, but has a stationary front extending to the southwest and a warm front extending to the east, near a center near 37N, 58W. However, available observations from HWM and COADS indicates a center near 36N, 59W, with no frontal features actually present. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 36N, 59W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 37N, 56.5W. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at 31.5N, 61.5W at 00 UTC (COA). September 14: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered near 48N, 53W with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending southeast. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 43N, 48W. However, available observations indicate that a separate center of the pre-existing tropical cyclone could be discerned near 41.5N, 49.5W. The cold front appears to have just begun interacting with the tropical cyclone, so extratropical transition is likely to have begun around 12 UTC on this date. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 04 UTC (NCDC); calm and 979 mb at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt N at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNW and 982 mb at 41N, 51W at 10 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NW and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 12 UTC (NCDC). "[This storm] attained great severity over the steamer lanes as [it] passed into higher latitudes (MWR). September 15: The remnants of the tropical cyclone had been absorbed into the larger extratropical cyclone. Genesis for this tropical cyclone is begun two days earlier (8th) than previously provided in HURDAT, based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Minor track alterations were made for the 10th through the 13th based upon ship observations provided by HWM, COADS, MWR and NCDC data. The tropical cyclone track is extended an extra day through the 14th as indicated by available observations. It transitioned to an extratropical cyclone during 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th as it was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. Multiple ship observations on the 12th and 14th indicate hurricane force winds. A 985 mb peripheral pressure on the 12th suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 12th based upon the pressure and that the hurricane force winds were observed on the weak (left) semi-circle. A 979 mb central pressure at 09 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of 74 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship; 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC and 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Thus based upon multiple observations of hurricane force and supporting pressure readings, this system was upgraded to a hurricane for three days of its lifetime (late on 11th to early on the 14th). ******************************************************************************* 1921/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22535 10/16/1921 M= 8 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22535 10/15/1921 M=10 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 22537 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 840 30 0*255 830 30 0 22540 10/16* 0 0 0 0*307 776 35 0*317 762 40 0*331 738 40 0 22540 10/16*270 818 30 0*285 803 35 0*300 785 45 0*317 760 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22545 10/17*345 714 40 0*358 685 45 0*370 660 45 0*382 631 45 0 22545 10/17*335 730 55 0*353 695 60 0*370 660 60 0*382 630 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 22550 10/18*394 601 45 0*404 571 50 0*411 541 50 0*415 511 50 0 22550 10/18E394 602 60 0E404 574 60 0E411 545 60 0E415 513 60 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22555 10/19*417 480 50 0*419 450 50 0*420 420 50 0*422 394 50 0 22555 10/19E418 485 60 0E420 457 60 0E422 430 60 0E422 405 60 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** * *** ** 22560 10/20*423 373 45 0*423 355 45 0*422 342 40 0*418 328 40 0 22560 10/20E423 385 60 0E423 373 60 0E422 360 60 0E418 345 65 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22565 10/21*412 318 40 0*407 309 35 0*400 300 35 0*392 290 35 0 22565 10/21E412 330 70 0E407 315 70 0E400 305 65 0E392 300 60 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22570 10/22*383 287 35 0*373 290 35 0*367 300 35 0*363 307 35 0 22570 10/22E384 298 55 0E377 298 50 0E370 300 45 0E365 305 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** ** **** *** ** 22575 10/23*360 315 35 0*358 321 35 0*356 330 30 0*356 340 30 0 22575 10/23E360 311 35 0E358 318 35 0E356 325 30 0E356 330 30 0 * *** * *** * *** * *** (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 22572 10/24E355 332 35 0E355 340 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22580 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The extratropical designation was made for seven days of the cyclone's lifetime, while originally the system never made the transition to extratropical. Major changes were made to the intensity while as an extratropical cyclone. In addition, genesis for this cyclone was indicated one day earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 23.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 24N, 82W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26N, 81.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center at 24N, 84W. No gale force winds (or equivalent from pressure) were observed near the system, though some gales were observed well to its northeast as a result of a large pressure gradient between it and a strong ridge. October 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 76.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 30N, 79W (a.m.) and at 35N, 72W with 1004 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position close to the MWR Tracks of Lows is most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 34.0N, 76.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt NE at 34.3N, 75.1W at 21 UTC (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 37.0N, 66.0W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: 60 kt ENE and 998 mb at 38.4N, 65.8W at 12 UTC (COA). October 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 41N, 54.5W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed this system as a tropical storm at 41.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the HWM is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 988 mb at 39.1N, 58.9W at 10 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 991 mb at 39.4N, 59.1W at 12 UTC (COA). October 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 42N, 42W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed this system as a tropical storm at 42.0N, 42.0W at 12 UTC. Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that the center is farther west than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 990 mb at 40.5N, 48.4W at 10 UTC (MWR); 25 kt WSW and 977 mb at 42N, 43W at 12 UTC (HWM). October 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 42.5N, 34W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was an extratropical cyclone becoming occluded by this date. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 42.2N, 34.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was farther west than both the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 43.2N, 29.0W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt S and 986 mb at 41.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA). October 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 40N, 31W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was an occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 40.0N, 30.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 41.6N, 31.7W at 07 UTC (MWR). October 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 32W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 36.7N, 30.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system was slightly farther north than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 38.5N, 34.5W at 02 UTC (COA); 45 kt N and 1006 mb at 39.4N, 34.4W at 02 UTC (COA); 25 kt NNE and 996 mb at 37.3N, 30.2W at 12 UTC (COA). October 23: HWM analyzed a distinct closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36.5N, 32.5W with a cold front approaching from the west. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical depression at 35.6N, 33.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system was farther east than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 34.5N, 32.5W at 14 UTC (COA). October 24: HWM analyze a cold front extending from north of 45N, 35W down to 35N, 35W. Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that the system was absorbed by this front by this time. Genesis is begun for this tropical storm a day earlier (15th) in the Gulf of Mexico than shown originally in HURDAT. Minor track changes are made from the 16th to the 23rd based upon available ship observations. The track is extended a half day on the 24th as indicated by data from HWM and COADS ship measurements. A major change in structure is to include an extratropical storm stage from the 18th until dissipation on the 24th. The original HURDAT did not have the system undergoing extratropical transition, though observations clearly indicate its transformation to a baroclinic storm on the 18th. The intensity is boosted on the 17th to just below hurricane force based upon Beaufort 11 (~60 kt) ship observations as well as a peripheral pressure of 998 mb. (This pressure suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship.) Intensity kept substantially higher than HURDAT on the 19th through the 21st (as an extratropical system) due to numerous high wind/low pressure ship measurements. Winds actually increased to hurricane force late on the 20th and on the 21st, though the system was extratropical at the time. However, since the estimated maximum 1 min surface winds during its tropical cyclone stage were 60 kt on the 17th, this system is listed as reaching tropical storm, not hurricane, intensity at its peak as a tropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1921/06 - 2009 REVISION: 22585 10/20/1921 M=11 6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 22590 10/20*123 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*137 806 35 0*143 809 40 0 22590 10/20*127 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*135 806 35 0*138 809 40 0 *** *** *** 22595 10/21*148 812 45 0*153 815 50 0*158 818 50 0*162 821 55 0 22595 10/21*142 812 45 0*146 815 50 0*150 818 50 0*155 822 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** 22600 10/22*166 824 65 0*170 827 70 0*175 830 75 0*181 834 80 0 22600 10/22*160 826 65 0*165 830 70 0*170 835 75 0*176 840 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22605 10/23*187 838 85 0*194 843 90 0*202 848 95 0*210 854 100 0 22605 10/23*183 845 90 0*191 850 100 0*200 853 110 0*209 854 120 941 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22610 10/24*218 858 110 0*226 860 115 0*234 860 120 0*243 857 120 0 22610 10/24*218 855 120 0*228 855 120 0*238 855 120 0*247 852 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22615 10/25*251 852 120 0*260 846 115 0*269 840 105 0*278 831 90 952 22615 10/25*256 848 120 943*264 844 115 0*271 839 110 0*278 831 105 952 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22620 10/26*285 820 85 0*290 809 80 0*291 796 75 0*289 780 75 0 22620 10/26*285 822 80 0*290 810 70 0*295 796 75 0*295 780 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 22625 10/27*286 763 80 0*284 746 80 0*281 731 85 0*279 718 85 0 22625 10/27*294 763 80 0*292 746 80 0*290 731 75 0*287 718 75 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 22630 10/28*276 705 85 0*274 693 75 0E272 680 70 0E271 667 70 0 22630 10/28*284 707 75 0*281 697 75 0*278 688 75 0*273 678 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** **** *** 22635 10/29E270 655 70 0E271 642 70 0E272 630 70 0E274 613 70 0 22635 10/29*268 667 70 0*266 655 70 0*265 640 70 0*270 620 60 0 **** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** ** 22640 10/30E310 552 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22640 10/30E285 590 50 0E305 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** 22645 HRBFL3DFL2 22645 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1 ************ U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/25/1921 2000Z 28.1N 82.8W 105kt 3 18nmi 952mb BFL3,AFL2,DFL1 Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as indicating extratropical transition occurring two days later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bowie 1921 and Day 1921), Cline (1926), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). October 17-19: Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a trough formed in conjunction with significant pressure falls in the western Caribbean on the 17th. This trough persisted but did not develop a closed circulation until the 20th. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 20: HWM indicates that a closed low formed with at most 1007.5 mb pressure near 14N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.7N, 80.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was slightly south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 80.5W at 19 UTC (COA). "A disturbed condition was first noted to the southwest of Jamaica about the 20th" (MWR). October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 15N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the HWM position is more accurate than HURDAT. Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 993 mb (likely biased too low - 997 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.7N, 82.0W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 996 mb (likely biased too low - 1000 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.3N, 81.9W at 23 UTC (COA). October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb as 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.5N, 83.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 17N, 83W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Station highlights: 70 kt SW at Swan Island at ~20 UTC (MWR); 989 mb at Swan Island at ~16 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 998 mb (likely biased too low - 1002 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.2N, 81.8W at 00 UTC (COA); two other ship reports of 35 kt (COA). "Passing north-northwestward from the position southwest of Jamaica, the cyclone passed near and to the east of Swan Islands on the morning of the 22d" (MWR). October 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 20N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 20N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 20N, 85W (a.m.) and 21.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlights: Calm and 941 mb at 21.5N, 85.5W at ~22 UTC (MWR); 50 kt reported three times (MWR and COA). "Passing Swan Islands the cyclone reached the Yucatan Channel during the 23d, its center passing near Cape San Antonio, Cuba. It seems to have acquired its maximum intensity in this region..." (MWR). October 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 23.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.4N, 86.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 23.5N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 23.5N, 85W (a.m.) and 25.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 959 mb at 24.0N, 85.2W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E and 986 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 30 kt S (~2330 UTC) and 1004 mb (21, 22, 23 UTC) at Key West (Cline). According to reports from Sand Key station, eight miles south of Key West, "The heavy seas from the southeast, south, and southwest rolled in over the reef and practically washed away the island that had slowly built up since the hurricane of September 1919" (MWR). Regarding the storm track, "...during the 24th, with high pressure breaking down in front and under the influence of a southwest current in the upper air, the hurricane recurved..." (MWR). October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 83.5W, right offshore of western Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.9N, 84.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 83.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates at center at 27N, 83.5W with 975 mb (a.m.) and at 28.5N, 81.5N with 990 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the position was north and east of HURDAT. Ship highlights: Calm and 943 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 03 UTC (MWR); ~90 kt SE at 25.6N, 84.4W at 01 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: Calm and 952 mb at Tarpon Springs at 19 UTC (MWR). 59 kt S at Tampa at 1918 UTC (MWR). With regard to landfall, "At Tarpon Springs the barometer as read by Mr. A. P. Albaugh showed a reading of 28.12 inches and at the same time the wind was a dead calm which lasted an hour or more, following 2:15 p.m. of October 25" (MWR). Furthermore, Cline (1926) provides this account from Dr. Albaugh: "1:20 p.m. Wind southeast and stronger; our highest wind from 1:30 to 2:00 p.m.; about 2:15 p.m. wind getting lighter; about 2:40 p.m. almost calm and remained so for one hour or more, then started from the northwest and heightened for one hour or more then grew lighter." According to the Tampa Weather Bureau office, "The highest tide...reached 10.5 feet above mean low water at 2 p.m. as calculated afterwards by the United States engineers. This is by far the highest ever recorded, the previous record [1848] being 5.55 feet" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "An east-west line at the evening observation of the 24th, bisecting the State about Titusville, showed the wind to be east-southeast and south below, and northeast above, the line of demarcation. The morning reports of the 25th...Gales were blowing east of the Suwanee River, attended by torrential rains in much of the central and north-central portion of the peninsula...The center of the hurricane passed inland just north of Tampa" (MWR). Also, "...[at Tampa] the greatest hourly precipitation intensity occurred eight hours before passage of the cyclonic center and at Jacksonville...it occurred five hours before passage of the cyclonic center." (Cline 1926). Regarding tides and storm surge, "Egmont and Sanibel Island: Both were practically covered by water. Fort Myers: Tide was 12 to 18 inches higher than previous records for 30 to 35 years. Punta Gorda: Tide was 7 feet above normal high tide at 3 p.m. of 25th; water was in streets off city. Punta Rassa: Tide was 6 feet above normal high water. Boca Grande: tide 5 feet 4 inches above normal high tide at 7:15 a.m. Clearwater: Tide 5 feet above normal high tide, 1:30-4 p.m. St. Petersburg: Tide 8 feet 5 inches above mean low water at 2 p.m." (MWR). "In Tampa the tide swept over the seawall along Bayshore Drive and into some of the finest homes in the city. The flooding was even more severe at Palmetto Beach, Edgewater Park, and DeSoto Park, where no seawall offered protection. These areas suffered the greatest damages; some houses had water lapping at second-story windows, and many were demolished by breaking waves" (Barnes). The total number of hurricane-related deaths is unknown; however, Barnes states that "at least eight died on the west coast." Damage included a citrus crop loss of 800,000 to 1,000,000 boxes of fruit valued at more than $1 million, truck crops and fertilizer adjacent to the coast totaling at least $1 million, salt water flooding of agricultural areas (MWR). "At St. Petersburg all four downtown piers were badly damaged or destroyed. Many vessels of all sizes and descriptions were wrecked in the storm, including the Home Line's `Genevieve' and the trawler `Hynoptist', which crashed into the Atlantic Coast Line pier, dashing its crew of seven into the raging waters. The steamer `Pokonoket' was washed ashore high on the grounds of the Tampa Bay Hotel, and the Wilson Line's steamer `Favorite' was also driven ashore and totally wrecked" (Barnes). "The damage to residences, docks, warehouses, buildings, bridges, and miscellaneous property at Tampa, Tarpon Springs, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Punta Gorda, Marco, Caxambus, and Fort Myers; in short, along the coast from a point near Cedar Keys, southward, will exceed $1,000,000, and the aggregate of losses will probably total $3,000,000" (MWR). October 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 80W, just off the east coast of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.1N, 79.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 79.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 28.5N, 79.5W with 990 mb (a.m.) and at 28.5N, 77W with 992 mb (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the center was farther north than HURDAT. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 991 mb at 27.5N, 78.5W at 19 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 988 mb at 28.5N, 78.0W at 19 UTC (NCDC). Station highlights: 56 kt NE at Jacksonville between 00 and 12 UTC 26th (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at Tampa (00 and 01 UTC) and Titusville (01 UTC) (MWR/Cline/OMR). "After crossing the Florida Peninsula the storm moved almost due east" (MWR). According to the Tampa Weather Bureau office, "It began to rain about 4 a.m. Sunday, October 23, and continued with hardly a break until 9:15 p.m. of the 25th. The total recorded rainfall was 8.53 inches, but much more probably fell and was blown out of the gage" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "It will be seen that the greatest rainfall occurred near the path and over the upper-right front and the lower-right rear quadrants as the storm center approached the coast and progressed northeastward across the peninsula" (MWR). "Significant losses were reported to crops and farms in the inland portions of the state as the hurricane crossed over to the Atlantic" (Barnes). "The damage on the east coast, while considerable locally, was altogether of little moment when compared with that which befell the west coast" (MWR). October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 71W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 73.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.) and 28N, 72W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center was farther north than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 996 mb at 30.0N, 73.1W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt ESE and 981 mb at 28.3N, 70.5W at 18 UTC (MWR). Regarding the track, "...a great HIGH was bearing down from the north and under its influence the storm, which had lost considerable intensity while crossing Florida, was forced to take a new path to the east-southeast..." (MWR). October 28: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 69W, with a cold front extending south and west. HURDAT listed this as a strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC. However, available observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near the storm. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.) and near 27.5N, 66.5W (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position may be a better fit than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 979 mb at 27.2N, 68.7W at 00 UTC (COA); 60 kt ship report five times (NCDC). October 29: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1000 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W, with a cold front extending to the south of the storm and a warm front extending to the east of the storm. HURDAT listed this as a strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 63.0W at 12 UTC. However, available observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near the storm. Available observations suggest that the center was farther south and west of the HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt N at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt WSW at 24.1N, 64.3W at 12 UTC (HWM); 30 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 23.5N, 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W at 20 UTC (COA). October 30: HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near 38.5N, 48.5W with a strong cold front extending to the southwest. This system absorbed the tropical cyclone earlier on the 30th. Ship highlight: 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W. at 00 UTC (COA); 30 kt and 1002 mb at 34.4N, 41.4W at 06 UTC (COA). Minor track changes are introduced for the duration of the the hurricane. This system is retained as a tropical cyclone for an additional day and a half as indicated by available ship observations before transitioning into an extratropical storm. Storm track is extended an extra 6 hours on the 30th to better match available observations showing that this system was absorbed into a larger extratropical cyclone around 12 UTC on the 30th and also to provide a more realistic translational velocity at the end of the storm. No changes are made to the intensity for the cyclone's first three days. The 997 mb peripheral pressure on the 21st (adjusted from 993 mb raw) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 21st. Late on the 22nd, Swan Island reported 70 kt SW (~20 UTC) and 989 mb minimum pressure (~16 UTC). The 70 kt converts down to 57 kt after adjusting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). The 989 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 22nd. At 22 UTC on the 23rd, a 941 mb pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 118 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. 120 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT, an increase from the original value of 100 kt at 18 UTC on the 23rd. At 03 UTC on the 25th, a 943 mb pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 117 from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships suggest 118 kt and 112 kt for the south and north of 25N latitude, respectively. With the central pressure observation occuring near 25N, a constant intensity of 120 kt is therefore retained through 00 UTC and then reduced to 115 kt at 06 UTC. Another ship went through the eye around 1520 UTC on the 25th and measured a pressure of at most 958 mb. However, based upon lower pressure observed later at landfall in Tarpon Springs with a longer calm period, this measurement is probably biased high relative to the central pressure at that time. The difference may be due to an incorrectly calibrated barometer, the ship not passing through the center of the eye, a measurement taken while not in while in the center of the eye, or some combination of the preceding. The hurricane made landfall in southwest Florida with a central pressure of 952 mb measured in Tarpon Springs at 1940-2040 UTC on the 25th. 952 mb suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship suggests 103 kt from the north of 25N associations. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested an environmental pressure of 1006 mb, maximum 1 min surface wind at the coast of 98 kt, suggesting a low end Category 3 hurricane. Ho et al. analyzed a landfall position of 27.9N, 82.8W with a 952 mb central pressure and an RMW of 18 nmi. Such an RMW is close to the average value for that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), thus 105 kt is chosen for intensity at landfall, making the storm a Category 3. This is in agreement with HURDAT, Neumann et al., and Jarrell et al. Highest observed winds for this system from Tampa at 1918 UTC on the 25th were 59 kt, which converts to 49 kt after adjustment. However, the landfall position from Ho et al. is too far south given the clearcut eye passage over Tarpon Springs. A landfall position of 28.1N 82.8W is used instead, which retains the original HURDAT position at 18 UTC on the 25th. Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the 00 and 06 UTC synoptic times on the 26th were 50 kt and 45 kt from ship observations in the Gulf of Mexico. (Highest land based winds were 49 kt around 00 UTC [Jacksonville] and 37 kt around 06 UTC [Charleston and Savannah].) A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 78 and 70 kt at 00 and 06 UTC, respectively. Winds in HURDAT are reduced from 85 to 80 kt at 00 UTC and 80 to 70 kt at 06 UTC, accordingly. (The winds could have been reduced even further; however, due to the dearth of station data, higher winds might have possibly occurred.) For the Florida regional breakdown, the hurricane is considered a Category 3 impact in Southwest Florida (BFL3), a Category 2 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL2), and Category 1 impact in Northeast Florida (DFL1) and in Southeast Florida (CFL1). After passing back over the Atlantic, a 988 mb peripheral pressure observation at 19 UTC on the 26th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 26th. Available observations on the 27th and early on the 28th suggest that the hurricane did not reattain Category 2 intensity. Winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 75 kt on the 27th and 28th, accordingly. On the 28th, 979 mb and 984 mb peripheral pressures were measured from ships. These suggest winds of at least 76 and 71 kt, respectively. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, which is a slight increase from the original database. Available observations indicate a weakening of the system late on the 29th and on the 30th as it was being absorbed by a larger extratropical low. 1921/06 - 2011 REVISION: 23275 10/20/1921 M=11 6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 23280 10/20*127 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*135 806 35 0*138 809 40 0* 23285 10/21*142 812 45 0*146 815 50 0*150 818 50 0*155 822 55 0* 23290 10/22*160 826 65 0*165 830 70 0*170 835 75 0*176 840 80 0* 23295 10/23*183 845 90 0*191 850 100 0*200 853 110 0*209 854 120 941* 23300 10/24*218 855 120 0*228 855 120 0*238 855 120 0*247 852 120 0* 23305 10/25*256 848 120 943*264 844 115 0*271 839 110 0*278 831 105 952* 23305 10/25*256 848 120 943*264 844 115 0*271 839 105 0*278 831 100 958* *** *** *** 23310 10/26*285 822 80 0*290 810 70 0*295 796 75 0*295 780 75 0* 23315 10/27*294 763 80 0*292 746 80 0*290 731 75 0*287 718 75 0* 23320 10/28*284 707 75 0*281 697 75 0*278 688 75 0*273 678 70 0* 23325 10/29*268 667 70 0*266 655 70 0*265 640 70 0*270 620 60 0* 23330 10/30E285 590 50 0E305 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 23335 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/25/1921 2000Z 28.1N 82.8W 105kt 3 18nmi 952mb BFL3,AFL2,DFL1,CFL1 6-10/25/1921 2000Z 28.1N 82.8W 100kt 3 18nmi 958mb BFL3,AFL2,DFL1,CFL1 *** *** The hurricane made landfall on October 25. According to the Monthly Weather Review, the lowest recorded pressure in Florida was 952 mb at Tarpon Springs around 19Z. However, the October 1921 (Florida) issue of Climatological Data indicates that this value was corrected to 28.29 inches [958 mb]. The MWR value was likely uncorrected. Additionally, the 958 mb value correlates with a central pressure report of 958 mb from a ship, which passed through the center on the same date (1520Z). Winds are reduced to 105 kt and 100 kt at 12Z and 18Z, respectively. ******************************************************************************* 1921/07 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 11/19/1921 M= 7 7 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22827 11/19*209 650 25 0*212 660 25 0*215 670 30 0*218 680 30 0 22827 11/20*221 690 30 0*223 700 35 0*225 710 35 0*227 720 40 0 22827 11/21*228 729 40 0*229 737 45 0*230 745 50 0*229 752 50 0 22827 11/22*228 758 45 0*227 765 45 0*225 775 40 0*223 788 40 0 22827 11/23*222 803 35 0*221 815 35 0*220 825 30 0*220 834 30 0 22827 11/24*221 843 30 0*223 852 30 0*225 860 25 0*227 864 25 0 22827 11/25*229 865 25 0*232 865 25 0*235 865 25 0*240 865 25 0 22828 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the _Monthly Weather Review_. November 19: The Historical Weather Map does not indicate any significant features in the vicinity of this system. The Monthly Weather Review's Track of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22N 68.5W (p.m.) with a pressure of 1009 mb. Available observations suggest that a tropical cyclone had formed on this date and was near 21.5N 67W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 19th there was a LOW near Porto Rico that moved westward with all the characteristics of a tropical hurricane, which was most unusual for so late in the season" (MWR). November 20: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough along 72W with a cold front situated over the Florida peninsula to the Carolinas. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22.5N 71.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.) and near 22.5N 73W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center was near 22.5N 71W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 21.5N 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 21.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA). November 21: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough/cold front boundary extending from Cuba northeastward across the Bahamas to west of Bermuda. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 21.5N 74.5W (a.m.) and near 22.5N 76.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center was near 23N 74.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE (no time) and 30 kt NE and 1007 mb (no time) at 23.7N 74.4W from the S.S. Mexican (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 25.9N 75.7W (COA). November 22: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure over the western Bahamas and central Cuba with a dissipating cold front extending northeastward toward Bermuda. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center 22.5N 78W (a.m.) and 23N 80.5W with 1009 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22.5N 77.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE at 24.7N 80.6W at 05 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 24.2N 82.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 22 UTC (COA). November 23: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure over western Cuba. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 82.5W and 1009 mb (a.m.) and 23N 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22N 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 36 kt NE at Sand Key (MWR). "On the 23rd and 24th the center was in the western Caribbean Sea, and on the latter date in began to fill in, as by the 25th it had practically disappeared. This was a moderate depression and limited in extent, as only one of the many vessels that were in its path reported winds of gale force" (MWR). November 24: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north of the Yucatan of Mexico. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 87.5W (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22.5N 86W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 25: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north of the Yucatan of Mexico. Available observations suggest a center was near 23.5N 86.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. This tropical cyclone formed early on the 19th of November east of the Turks and Caicos Islands, though observations were sparse in this location. Genesis occurred with no suggestions of interactions with a frontal boundary or baroclinic forcing. The analyzed track is nearly due west for the first five days of its lifetime with a slow turn to the northwest as it was decaying over the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Several observations from the 20th through the 23rd indicate that tropical storm intensity of this system was reached. Data from the S.S. Mexican on the 21st are the reason for analyzing a peak intensity of 50 kt. Highest observed winds at a land station were 36 kt sustained in Sand Key, FL on the 23rd. The cyclone did interact with the tail end of a frontal boundary on the 21st and 22nd, but it appears that the cyclone was well south of the main baroclinic zone of this front and that the cyclone remained a separate entity throughout its lifetime. Analyses from Cuban meteorologists at the time (Ramon Perez, personal communication, 2008) suggested that this system was a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba. The observed gales were located well-removed from the center northwest of the cyclone, suggesting that the system had some subtropical storm characteristics. At landfall in Cuba late on the 22nd, the cyclone's peak winds had weakened to around 40 kt, primarily occurring in the Florida Straits and the Keys. The system continued to weakened after passing through Cuba and it is estimated to have dropped to tropical depression intensity on the 23rd and dissipated late on the 25th. No significant impacts of this cyclone were observed in the Bahamas, Cuba or Florida. ********************************************************************************* 1921 - Additional Notes: 1) This cyclone had its origins as an extratropical storm along a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of March. By the 28th and 29th, the system occluded and may have gained some tropical (or subtropical) cyclone characteristics. The cyclone weakened below gale force by late on the 29th and was absorbed by a frontal boundary from a large extratropical cyclone early on the 30th. However, the cyclone remained very large, with little evidence of strong, or strengthening, winds near the center. Also an isothermal analysis also seems to support primarily a baroclinic system throughout its lifetime. Thus the cyclone is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar. 25 37N 43W Extratropical Low Mar. 26 34N 41W Extratropical Low Mar. 27 30N 43W Extratropical Low Mar. 28 33N 47W Extratropical Low - Occluded Mar. 29 36N 52W Extratropical Low - Occluded Mar. 30 --N --W Absorbed 2) The Historical Weather Maps show a cold front that moves into the Gulf of Mexico on 14 May. The front becomes stationary by the 16th as a closed low formed along the front in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone - which did not exhibit any gales during its duration - weakened on the 17th. It appears that the cyclone remained baroclinic throughout its lifetime, so it is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 14 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico May 15 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico May 16 27N 84W Extratropical low May 17 27N 85W Extratropical low (closed?) 3) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" in _Monthly_Weather_Review_ (MWR) for June 1921 indicate a system moving northeast from the Northwestern Caribbean on 1 Jun across Cuba early on 2 Jun. It continued ENE through the central Bahamas, turning towards the north on the 4th and passing about 150 km west of Bermuda on the 5th before turning back to the right early on the 6th. COADS and Historical Weather Map observations show some evidence of a weak circulation with tropical characteristics nearly along this track from the 1st through the 2nd, which then encounters an approaching cold front on the 3rd. Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) also show an analyzed low pressure area in the Western Caribbean on the 1st that is coincident with the MWR center position. However, the track diverges from MWR beyond that point, as the analyzed low lingers in the Caribbean through the 4th before dissipating; and observations do not support a closed circulation in this location beyond the 1st. The HWMs then show a weak analyzed low on the 5th and 6th nearly coincident with the MWR positions that formed as a baroclinic wave along the frontal system. This low was analyzed until the 7th and then weakened as it accelerated northeast towards Cape Race. No gale force winds were noted before the 6th, by which time the low was clearly extratropical. Because maximum wind observations were 20 knots and the lowest believable pressure from a COADS ship observation was 1005 mb on the 1st, it was probably only a tropical depression in the barotropic stage and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun. 1 19N 85W Tropical Depression Jun. 2 23N 78W Tropical Depression Jun. 3 25N 73W Tropical Depression (becoming extratropical) Jun. 4 28N 66W Extratropical Storm Jun. 5 32N 67W Extratropical Storm Jun. 6 35N 62W Extratropical Storm Jun. 7 42N 55W Extratropical Storm 4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS, and the July 1922 issue of _Monthly_Weather_Review_ in the "Storms and Weather Warnings" section suggest an area of low pressure formed in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico northwest of Cedar Key on the morning of 5 July along a surface trough axis oriented ENE-WSW. The system moved slowly in a general westward direction just south of the Gulf Coast as a distinct entity through 7 July. It appears to have deteriorated to an open inverted trough on the 8th and 9th with no evidence of westerly or northwesterly winds, despite maximum five-minute wind observations of 34 and 35 knots recorded at Galveston and Corpus Christi, respectively, on the 8th and a COADS ship observation of 25 kt at 28.9N and 91.6W on the 9th. (Moreover, the two gale reports convert to 30 and 31 kt, respectively, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It is possible that a closed circulation did exist on these dates, but that there were not enough observations on the sound side of the system to be certain. A closed circulation was again analyzed in the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th, as it moved inland near Galveston towards Houston. The low then drifted northwest over north Texas on the 11th before dissipating. Since no ship or station observations reported gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure), it is considered to be only a tropical depression as a closed circulation and is therefore not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul. 5 29N 84W Tropical Depression Jul. 6 28N 86W Tropical Depression Jul. 7 28N 89W Tropical Depression Jul. 8 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~92W (closed?) Jul. 9 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~94W (closed?) Jul. 10 30N 96W Tropical Depression Jul. 11 32N 98W Tropical Depression (dissipating) 5) Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) indicate that a low pressure area formed in a weakness that had developed in a westward extension of the Bermuda high over southeast GA, northeast FL, and the Northeast Gulf of Mexico on 28 July. The HWMs and COADS ship observations show that this system was only a weak tropical depression, which moved slowly northward and made landfall over Apalachicola on the morning of the 29th. It then turned towards the NNE and then NE on the 30th, moving over GA, and dissipated by the 31st over the Carolina piedmont. Maximum winds were 20 kt or less, and the lowest ship and station pressure observations were 1013 mb on the 30th. This system is consequently not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul. 28 28N 85W Tropical Depression Jul. 29 30N 85W Tropical Depression Jul. 30 32N 83W Tropical Depression 6) This system is depicted as an extratropical cyclone on the Historical Weather Maps over the Atlantic north, then east of Bermuda from September 8th through the 13th. Genesis for this cyclone is begun on the 9th of September when the storm obtained a closed circulation distinct from the surface trough associated with a frontal boundary. It appears that the system came closest to becoming a tropical storm (or subtropical storm) on the 9th and 10th, before becoming a strong extratropical storm on the 11th and 12th as it quickly moved westward across the North Atlantic. Because the cyclone apparently never fully lost its frontal characteristics, it will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 8 --- --- Frontal Boundary Sep. 9 37N 67W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 10 40N 57W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 11 43N 40W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 12 51N 23W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 13 54N 16W Extratropical Cyclone 7) September 19-October 8: A Monthly Weather Review article in 1945 briefly mentions a tropical cyclone that supposedly formed in the Caribbean Sea, moved across Central America and then over the Pacific Ocean, made landfall in northwestern Mexico, moved across the United States, back over the Atlantic before dissipating west of the British Isles from September 19th through October 8th. A review of all available data, including MWR, Historical Weather Maps, and COADS ship reports was conducted. There are no indications that any tropical cyclone formed in the Caribbean Sea during the second half of September. There is amble evidence, though, for a tropical storm to have occurred from September 23-October 1st in the Northeast Pacific basin. This system recurved and made landfall in northern Baja California, Mexico on the 30th of September and affected Southern California on the 30th of September and 1st of October. The October 1921 MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows map shows the system moving across the United States from the 30th of September through the 4th of October. However, a review of the system shows it dissipated by the 2nd of October and that the MWR track from then onward represents a separate baroclinic development that did not have a closed low until the 3rd or 4th. The MWR of 1921 only briefly mentioned this system (pages 524-525): "On the 30th a storm of the Sonora type caused heavy rains in southern California, which probably did considerable damage to drying fruit and beans in that section. This storm moved rapidly north from the Gulf of California and rain had begun in the extreme south before warnings were issued." Thus this system is not added into HURDAT as an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone, but is included in the Additional Notes section because of the(incorrect) analysis provided in the 1945 Monthly Weather Review. 1945 Monthly Weather Review: "Although there are several instances of North Pacific hurricanes traveling eastward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and entering the Gulf of Mexico, there is apparently only one other account of a tropical storm passing westward from the Caribbean Sea into the Pacific Ocean. This was the storm of September 19 - October 8, 1921, which moved from the western part of the Caribbean into the Pacific Ocean, and then across the United States and the Atlantic Ocean to a point west of the British isles. This complete track, covering a distance of approximately 7,000 miles, is the longest of any Mexican typhoon plotted. A complete account is carried on the reverse side of the North Pacific Pilot chart for August 1944." Date Latitude Longitude Type Sep. 23 15N 104W Tropical Cyclone Sep. 24 16N 107W '' Sep. 25 18N 110W '' Sep. 26 20N 113W '' Sep. 27 22N 115W '' Sep. 28 25N 117W '' Sep. 29 27N 118W '' Sep. 30 30N 116W '' Oct. 1 35N 115W '' 8) The 23 September Historical Weather Map shows a low pressure system analyzed in the western Bay of Campeche about 50 km northeast of Veracruz. The low formed that morning, as the surface pressure at Veracruz dropped 3 mb from the previous day to 1010 mb. This system apparently moved westward and was inland by the evening. It produced large amounts of rainfall over eastern and central Mexico. By the morning of the 24th, it had already dissipated over the mountains northeast of Mexico City. The maximum winds registered from Veracruz and a couple of COADS ship observations were 25 kt. Since no gale force winds were evident, the lowest pressure reading was 1009 mb, and the low moved inland rather quickly, this system was probably just a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 23 20N 95W Tropical Depression 9) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicates that a closed cyclonic circulation formed at the tail end of a decaying cold front in the Bay of Campeche on 5 October. The system, which was devoid of baroclinic characteristics, moved inland towards the southeast and dissipated over Central America by the morning of the 6th. 35 kt winds were reported at Veracruz and Villhermosa on the 5th, but surface pressures at these stations were 1009 and 1007 mb, respectively. (Moreover, these convert to only 30 kt, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). A COADS ship observation at 21.0N and 97.3W shows a wind speed of 30 kt. Since no observations gale force winds or equivalent in pressure, this system is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. However, it could have potentially been a tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 5 19N 94W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************** 1922/01 - 2009 REVISION: 22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 35 0*163 834 40 0 22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 25 0*163 834 25 0 ** ** 22630 06/13*171 843 40 0*178 853 40 0*183 862 40 0*188 871 35 0 22630 06/13*171 845 25 0*178 856 25 0*183 865 30 0*185 870 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22635 06/14*192 881 35 0*196 890 35 0*201 900 35 0*206 911 35 0 22635 06/14*187 876 30 0*190 885 30 0*195 895 25 0*201 908 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22640 06/15*210 924 35 0*215 938 40 0*220 950 40 0*227 960 45 0 22640 06/15*207 923 30 0*213 940 35 0*220 955 40 0*230 967 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 22645 06/16*233 968 45 0*241 976 40 0*249 982 35 0*2751000 30 0 22645 06/16*240 977 45 0*250 986 35 0*260 995 30 1006*2701002 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 22650 TS Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. June 12: Historical Weather Map and COADS data indicate that no closed low was developed by this date, though easterly winds up to 30 kt were observed in the northwestern Caribbean. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 82.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "This disturbance seemingly had its inception over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on the 12th, although the indications were that it was of but minor intensity. Nevertheless, it caused torrential rains in the vicinity of the Swan Islands during the 12th and 13th" (MWR). June 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low existed on this day. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 86.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 17.2N, 87.3W. Available observations do confirm that weak closed low existed just west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 13th there were indications of an imperfectly organized disturbance in the Gulf of Honduras" (MWR). June 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed a broad low pressure of at most 1010 mb region over Honduras and Nicaragua. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 20.1N, 90.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 19.3N, 91.3W. Available observations suggest a center over Mexico southwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "During its movement westward through British Honduras and Yucatan, press reports tell of torrential rains and unprecedented floods in Salvador, and it is probable that similar conditions prevailed in the adjoining republics, but confirmation of this statement is lacking" (MWR). June 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 22N, 95.1W with a central pressure of 1003 mb. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 21.5N, 94.5W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicated a possible center west of the HURDAT and MWR summary plot estimates. Ship highlight: 10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22.3N, 96.3W at 12 UTC (COA). "The morning of the 15th meteorological observations by radio fro vessels in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico disclosed the presence of a disturbance of moderate intensity central off the port of Tampico, Mexico" (MWR). June 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 24.9N, 98.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center over Mexico at 26.5N, 100W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 99.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that a closed low did exist near the Tracks of Lows estimate. Station highlight: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at Monterrey (HWM). "The cyclone passed inland during the morning of the 16th immediately south of the Rio Grande" (MWR). June 17-23: The tropical cyclone dissipated, but associated rainfall over the next couple of days resulted in destructive flooding in the lower Rio Grande valley from the 18th through the 23rd. "[The cyclone] passed up the valley of that [Rio Grande] river, attended by excessive rains which resulted in unprecedented floods in the lower Rio Grande valley ... The flood waters reached the Rio Grande first from the San Juan, a tributary from Mexico entering the river just above Rio Grande City, Tex. The river rose at this station to 26.5 feet, a stage exceeded by 0.3 foot the great flood of September, 1919. A second rise caused by water coming down the main channel of the Rio Grande took the stage at Rio Grande City to 29.5 feet, 14.5 feet above flood stage, on June 22. This is the highest stage reached at this station since 1909, when the estimated stage was 30 feet. The water that caused the record rises came into the river above Eagle Pass, where the river reached a stage of 45.6 feet on the 19th, or 29.6 feet above flood stage. The Southern Pacific and International bridges were washed away, and stores and houses on the west side of Commercial Street were damaged. At Piedras Negras, the town on the Mexican side of the river, several blocks of houses were destroyed. The crest moved rapidly downstream between high river banks with stage at Laredo of 43.9 feet, 15.9 feet above flood stages, on the 20th. The flood reached the lower Rio Grande while the river was still swollen by water from the San Juan. Tow crests moved toward the Gulf, but the flat nature of the Lower Valley, with a fall of less than a foot to the mile, together with the many levees built in recent years, caused the crests of the two floods to merge into one, producing unprecedented conditions. The crest stage at Mission, Tex., was 28.4 feet, 4.4 feet above flood stage on the 23d ... The flooded districts ranged in width from 6 to 20 miles across Hidalgo County; and 20 to 40 miles across Cameron County. A corresponding inundation occurred in Mexico ... It is estimated that 30,000 acres of agricultural lands were inundated with loss of crops. The was much damage to levees, bridges, roads, irrigation systems, transportation lines, and buildings of all kinds. Many towns from the western border of Hidalgo County to the Gulf suffered complete or partial inundation, with great property losses ... Much damage would have resulted from the great overflow at any time of the year, but the flood, coming as it did in the height of the growing season, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of crops. Another million will have to be spent to repair levees, roads, buildings, and to put the irrigation systems in working order. Few, if any, lives were lost on the American side of the Rio Grande, which is remarkable when the magnitude of the flood is considered" (MWR). Genesis for this system is unchanged from that indicated in HURDAT, though as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. This is consistent with that shown also in the MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot. Track changes introduced for the duration of this tropical storms were minor. While no explicit gale force winds were observed, a peripheral pressure of 1006 mb from a ship on the 15th suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure- wind relationship - 40 kt retained in HURDAT. A pressure (possibly a central pressure) of 1006 mb at Monterrey on the 16th suggests winds of at least 32 kt - 30 kt chosen as the center was inland by this time. (The sea level pressure value from Monterrey may be suspect because of its high elevation, but the 6.4 mb drop from 12 UTC on the 15th to 12 UTC on the 16th is consistent with a moderate tropical storm making landfall on the coast.) Only minor changes were made to the system during its decay, but it is to be noted that the remnants of this tropical storm caused one of the largest flooding events ever for the Lower Rio Grande valley. ******************************************************************************** 1922/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 22660 09/13*104 468 35 0*107 488 35 0*110 500 40 0*112 509 40 0 22660 09/13*104 468 30 0*107 481 30 0*110 493 30 0*112 505 35 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22665 09/14*116 519 45 0*120 529 50 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0 22665 09/14*116 517 40 0*120 529 45 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0 *** ** ** 22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 65 0*164 598 70 0 22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 70 0*164 598 80 0 ** ** 22675 09/16*170 609 80 0*176 619 85 0*181 629 90 0*187 639 95 0 22675 09/16*170 609 90 0*176 619 100 0*181 629 100 0*187 639 100 0 ** *** *** *** 22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 674 105 0 22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 672 105 0 *** 22685 09/18*219 679 105 0*225 681 110 0*232 682 110 0*240 682 115 0 22685 09/18*219 673 105 0*225 674 105 0*232 675 105 0*240 676 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22690 09/19*249 681 115 0*258 680 115 0*265 678 120 0*273 673 120 0 22690 09/19*249 677 105 0*258 678 105 0*265 678 105 0*273 676 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22695 09/20*279 670 125 0*286 665 125 0*292 660 125 0*299 655 130 0 22695 09/20*279 673 105 0*286 669 105 0*292 665 105 0*299 661 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22700 09/21*306 650 130 0*313 643 130 0*321 632 130 0*335 615 130 0 22700 09/21*306 657 100 0*313 653 100 0*323 648 100 960*336 638 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22705 09/22*358 590 130 0*382 564 125 0*400 540 115 0E412 523 105 0 22705 09/22*351 620 100 0*367 600 95 0*380 575 90 0*390 550 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 22710 09/23E423 506 95 0E434 490 95 0E446 465 90 0E459 432 90 0 22710 09/23E400 525 80 0E410 500 75 0E420 475 75 0E435 445 75 971 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22715 09/24E473 390 90 0E487 344 85 0E498 300 85 0E502 277 80 0 22715 09/24E455 400 75 0E475 344 75 0E490 295 75 0E500 260 75 952 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22720 09/25E505 255 80 0E508 222 80 0E510 204 75 0E511 191 75 0 22720 09/25E505 230 75 0E508 200 75 939E510 175 75 0E510 158 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22725 09/26E511 176 70 0E511 158 70 0E510 140 70 0E509 101 70 0 22725 09/26E508 143 70 0E505 130 65 0E500 120 60 0E495 110 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22730 HR Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service. September 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed circulation on this date. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 11N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available observations do indeed suggest a closed circulation was present near 11N, 49.3W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed circulation on this date. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 12.2N, 54.3W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 54W at 12 UTC. Available observations do show a closed circulation near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a NE-SW oriented trough extending from 17N, 58W to 12N, 65W. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 14.9N, 58.4W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.8N, 58.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a center near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The hurricane] originated in low latitudes east of the Lesser Antilles, the French S.S. Mont Rose encountering it about 200 miles east of Martinique. This vessel received slight damage" (MWR). September 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center near 17.7N, 62W with a pressure of 1002 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation near the HURDAT position. Station highlights: 70 kt NW and 968 mb pressure at Barbuda at 0530 UTC (MWR); calm wind (eye) at Barbuda at 0545 UTC (MWR). "The next period began with the reporting of a fully developed hurricane to the east of the Windward Islands. Moving northwest, this storm passed near Barbuda of the Leeward group on the morning of the 15th of September (lowest barometer reading 28.58 inches ... a very intense storm of small diameter, which was noted at Barbuda and Bermuda" (MWR). September 17: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center near 21N, 64.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.6N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations do indicate a closed center near the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt and 1004 mb at 22.2N, 67.1W (MWR). September 18: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center 23.7N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.2N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed east of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 19: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center 26.1N, 66.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 67.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 20: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 31N, 75W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south and west. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 28.4N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 29.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 21: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 32N, 71W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 31.8N, 64.4W with 1003 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 32.1N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed substantially west-northwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt E and 967 mb at 32.1N, 64.8W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 70 kt NE-WNW-W at Bermuda at 1230-1330 UTC (Tucker); 967 mb (near eye) at Bermuda 1240 UTC (Tucker); 965 mb and 15 kt at Bermuda at 1245 UTC (Guishard). "After recurving the hurricane passed near Bermuda on the morning of the 21st (lowest barometer reading 28.57 inches)" (MWR). "Observations from Fort Prospect Observatory...8 to 8:10am worst period before the lull, the velocity estimated at over 100 mph...8:45 a.m. 28.51 inches, winds fell to 18 mph... from 8:45am onwards until 11am the wind continued at hurricane force, and only an estimate of the velocity can be given, at times during these gusts the velocity must have reached well over 100 mph" (Royal Gazette and Colonist Daily, Sep. 23, 1922 - provided by Mark Guishard). "Early next [21st] morning the winds made up from E.N.E., the force gradually increasing till by 8 a.m. it had a velocity of one hundred and twenty miles an hour. The North Shore [of Bermuda] presented a most magnificent spectacle with furious waters carrying rocks, several tons in weight, and tossing them like pebbles. The centre of the storm passed right over the islands, for at 9 a.m. came the lull, lasting nearly an hour. But as is so often the case, when the winds of the second half of the storm sprang at the land, now from the southwest, it had renewed vigor. And it was during this second half of the hurricane that most of the damage was sustained. By early afternoon the sun was shining brightly and all was over. Short as this storm was, it was most severe as the destruction it its wake mutely testified. A great deal more damage was done than by the hurricane of the previous year and one fatality was recorded, -- that of a sailor from H.M.S. "Capetown" who fell overboard at the Dockyard owing to all lights having been blown away ... Vegetation suffered enormously, owners of banana plantations being among the heaviest losers. Other damage was general and severe, -- the streets were full of fallen trees, roofs were shattered, walls blown out, shutters wrenched away. The Bermuda Cathedral not only lost the Cross from the western end, but the roof was damaged badly by its fall. Along the Paget short, all the wharfage was swept away, and the bungalows were blown off White's Island into the Harbour. The old City Hall on Front Street in Hamilton was partly destroyed ... The tide was at its highest since 1899. A normal tide rise it two to three feet, but with this hundred-and-twenty-mile an hour hurricane behind it, it rose eight feet and flooded many houses around the harbours, besides pounding down wharfage and frontage along the shores. Flatts Bridge, and many roads, were under water. On the South Shore, crested waves of sixty feet in height formed a magnificent picture. Between 8 and 9 a.m. a wind velocity of 120 m.p.h. was recorded at the Dockyard. A scene of desolation was left in its wake. The dock in the Cambre was half-sunk by the Dockyard authorities with H.M.S. "Capetown" inside. H.M.S. "Valerian" lost her after-mast, H.M.S. "Dartmouth" her foretopmast, while H.M.S. "Constance" broke adrift from her bowlines. ... Apart from private losses, the Colonial Government was faced with a repair bill of some fifty thousand pounds sterling consequent on this hurricane ... Part of a report on Hurricane of Thursday, 21st September at Bermuda, as set down in the Record Book at H. M. Dockyard - ... The velocity of the wind during the heaviest squalls (after the centre had passed) was estimated as being somewhere between 110-120 mph" (Tucker). September 22: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 37N, 68W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 40N, 54W at 12 UTC. Available observations do suggest a closed circulation existed substantially south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1003 mb at 39.6N, 61.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt ENE at 40N, 65W at 12 UTC (HWM). "[The hurricane] continued northeastward into the steamer lanes and was encountered by a large number of vessels before reaching the English coast in a modified form ... the storm enlarged its area enormously in the northern latitudes and retained much of its vortical energy" (MWR). September 23: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb at 43.5N, 48W with a warm front extending to the east and a cold front extending down to the south and west. This system is the hurricane, which by this time has become baroclinic in structure. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 44.6N, 46.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt at 43.3N, 44.7W (MWR); 971 mb central pressure at 43.3N, 44.7W at 16 UTC (MWR). September 24: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 50N, 29W with a warm front extending to the east and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 49.8N, 30W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt N at 49.7N, 29.7W (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 968 mb at 49N, 21W at 23 UTC (MWR); 25 kt ESE and 952 mb (possible central pressure) at 50N, 23.8W at 17 UTC (MWR). September 25: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluding extratropical cyclone of at most 975 mb at 50N, 19W with an occluded front extending to the east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 51N, 20.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 956 mb at 02 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSE and 944 mb at 51.2N 19.0W at 06Z (MWR). "From the 24th to the 26th... the storm developed into one of the most violent encountered in years. Especially interesting was the newspaper account of the experience of the Cunard liner Aquitania which was evidently near the center on the 25th. Some idea of the force of the sea can be gathered by the fact that 10 ports on the "B" deck 50 feet above the water line were smashed in, and 40 feet of the teak-wood coping which inclosed the windows on the shelter dec, 50 feek above the water line, were swept away" (MWR). September 26: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 52N, 13W with an occluded front extending to the north and east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 51N, 14W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 986 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 01 UTC (COA); 70 kt W and 989 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 05 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 974 mb at 49.5N, 10.5W at 13 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 35 kt S and 992 mb at Skokholm Island at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt SE and 982 mb at Valencia Island at 12 UTC (HWM). No change was made in the genesis of this hurricane, though the transition from tropical depression to tropical storm was delayed 18 hours based upon substantial ship observations found on the 13th. Minor track changes were made on the 13th-14th, the 17th-20th, and the 24th. Larger track alterations were made on the 21st-23rd and 25th-26th based upon available observations. A peripheral pressure of 968 mb early on the 16th in Barbuda suggests winds of at least 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - winds are boosted from 85 to 100 kt at 06 UTC. A near-eye pressure of 967 mb from the Dockyard in Bermuda on the morning of the 21st indicates a central pressure of about 960 mb. 960 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced from 130 down to 100 kt at 12 UTC. In both cases, the winds were increased slightly above the suggested pressure-wind relationship because of the smaller than usual size of the hurricane. It is noted that the 120 mph (104 kt) "recorded" in Bermuda was actually a visual estimate rather than an anemometer reading. Nevertheless, it is consistent with a major hurricane (Category 3) passing over a portion of Bermuda. It is analyzed that the hurricane became a very vigorous extratropical storm early on the 23rd. A central pressure reading of 971 mb on 16 UTC on the 23rd suggests winds of 81 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced from 90 to 75 kt at 18 UTC as the system had already transitioned to an extratropical storm structure and would have weaker winds for the same pressure. The winds are then kept at 75 kt from the 23rd until the 25th, as the system maintained itself as a strong extratropical low. The system finally weakened to below hurricane-force winds on the 26th as it began impacting Great Britain. This hurricane is one of the strongest on record to have directly impacted Bermuda, in this case as a Category 3 with maximum sustained winds of about 100 kt. 1922/02 - 2011 REVISION: 23420 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23420 09/13/1922 M=16 2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 23425 09/13*104 468 30 0*107 481 30 0*110 493 30 0*112 505 35 0* 23430 09/14*116 517 40 0*120 529 45 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0* 23435 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 70 0*164 598 80 0* 23440 09/16*170 609 90 0*176 619 100 0*181 629 100 0*187 639 100 0* 23445 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 672 105 0* 23450 09/18*219 673 105 0*225 674 105 0*232 675 105 0*240 676 105 0* 23455 09/19*249 677 105 0*258 678 105 0*265 678 105 0*273 676 105 0* 23460 09/20*279 673 105 0*286 669 105 0*292 665 105 0*299 661 105 0* 23465 09/21*306 657 100 0*313 653 100 0*323 648 100 960*336 638 100 0* 23470 09/22*351 620 100 0*367 600 95 0*380 575 90 0*390 550 85 0* 23475 09/23E400 525 80 0E410 500 75 0E420 475 75 0E435 445 75 971* 23480 09/24E455 400 75 0E475 344 75 0E490 295 75 0E500 260 75 952* 23485 09/25E505 230 75 0E508 200 75 939E510 175 75 0E510 158 75 0* 23490 09/26E508 143 70 0E505 130 65 0E500 120 60 0E495 110 50 0* (The 27th and 28th are new to HURDAT.) 22727 09/27E495 100 50 0E495 090 45 0E495 080 40 0E495 070 40 0 22728 09/28E495 052 35 0E495 030 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23495 HR It was uncovered in providing the scanned in Historical Weather Maps that an additional two days of this system while an extratropical cyclone were inadvertently not included. These are now provided. September 27: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb at 47N, 5W with an occluded front extending to the east. Previously not in HURDAT. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 991 mb at 50.5N, 3.5W at 00 UTC (COA). 30 kt NW and 989 mb at 49.5N, 11.5W at 5 UTC (COA). 35 kts NW and 989 mb at 49.5N, 12.5W at 01 UTC (COA). 30 kt NW and 995 mb at 49.5N, 13.5W at 9 UTC (COA). 35 kt N and 993 mb at 48.7N, 11.9W at 12 UTC (COA). 35 kt W and 990 mb at 48.5N, 9.8W at 12 UTC (COA). September 28: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded extratropical cyclone over western Europe of at most 1005 mb at 49N, 3E with an occluded front extending to the east and a cold front extending to the south where another low pressure has developed. Previously not in HURDAT. Station highlights: 15 kt E and 1001 mb at Paris, France at 12 UTC (HWM). September 29: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded extratropical cyclone over northern Europe of at most 1010 mb at 55N, 7E with an occluded front extending to the southeast and a cold front extending to the south attached to another low pressure. Previously not in HURDAT. Station highlights: 25 kt NW and 1014 mb at Amsterdam, Netherlands at 12 UTC (HWM). 15 kt ESE and 1009 mb at Esbjerg, Denmark at 12 UTC (HWM). 10 kt SW at Hamburg, Germany at 12 UTC (HWM). September 30: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates that the extratropical cyclone had dissipated. The system remained a vigorous extratropical cyclone on the 27th, but weakened on the 28th and was absorbed into a larger extratropical low after 06Z on the 28th. ******************************************************************************* 1922/03 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 09/18/1922 M= 7 3 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22827 09/18*288 794 30 0*289 792 30 0*290 790 35 0*291 787 35 0 22827 09/19*292 785 40 0*293 782 40 0*295 780 45 0*297 778 50 0 22827 09/20*299 776 55 0*302 773 60 0*305 770 65 0*308 765 70 0 22827 09/21*312 760 70 0*316 755 70 0*320 750 70 0*323 745 70 0 22827 09/22*326 740 70 0*330 735 70 0*335 730 70 0*343 722 65 0 22827 09/23*355 712 60 0*366 700 55 0*375 690 50 0*381 684 45 0 22827 09/24*385 682 40 0*383 681 35 0*390 680 35 0*392 680 35 0 22827 09/25E394 680 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22828 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tannehill (1952). September 17: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a cold front stretching across Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico. No low center is shown. September 18: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect near 30N 78W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions of 27N 82W and 1012 mb pressure (17th PM), 29N 80W 1013 mb (18th AM), 30N 79W 1011 mb (18th PM). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "In September a disturbance moved from the Gulf into Florida near Tampa on the 17th and into the Atlantic. It was of slight force" (Tannehill). "Another [disturbance] developed off the east Florida coast, the first evidences of it appearing the morning of the 18th...This disturbance increased in intensity and moved slowly northwestward during the 18th" (MWR). September 19: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect near 29N 77W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions of 31N 78W and 1009 mb pressure (19th AM) and 31.5N 76.5W (19th PM). Ship highlights: numerous 35 kt winds. Station highlights: 36 kt N wind at Jacksonville (MWR). "On the morning of the 19th its center was near 30N and longitude 78W, and moving more to the northward, but slowly" (MWR). September 20: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N 76W with a warm front extending east of the low and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the cyclone as stationary on the 20th at 31.5N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1010 mb from the Paloma at 06Z at 31.2N 76.7W (MWR); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 30.8N 79.2W (COA). "From its position on the 19th this disturbance advanced north and then northeastward and passed off Cape Hatteras in an easterly direction on the 22d" (MWR). September 21: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 31N 71W with a warm front extending east of the low and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 33N 74.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and 34N 73W with 1000 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 36.5N 73W (COA); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 32.4N 76.9W (COA). Station highlights: 43 kt N at Hatteras (MWR); 42 kt NE at Atlantic City (MWR). "No observations have been received of the lowest barometer readings in the immediate center of this disturbance, but the fact that winds of hurricane velocity occurred off the North Carolina coast would lead to the supposition that the disturbance was one of major intensity, but not actually of tropical orgin. So far as known no American vessels were destroyed in either of these disturbances. It is a fact of importance, however, that the Diamond Shoals Lightship was blown 12 miles from its moored position by the second of these disturbances" (MWR). "From the 18th to the 22d there was a second tropical storm...This was central on the 18th near latitude 29N, longitude 79W, and moved slowly northeastward until the 22d, when the center was near latitude 35N, 70W. It was only natural that this disturbance should be confused with the one just described [Storm #2, 1922], as on the 18th, 19th, and 20th the centers of the two areas of low pressure were not far apart. This disturbance, while of a tropical nature was not fully developed, and no unusually low barometric readings were reported" (MWR). September 22: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N 71W with a dissipating occluded front extending northeast of the low, a warm front extending east of the occluded front, and a cold front extending southwest of the occluded front. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 35N 70.5W with 1003 mb (a.m.) and 36N 69W with 1002 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 993 mb at 12Z at 33.3N 74W (COA). September 23: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38N 68W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed low. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 24: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N 68W with an extratropical cyclone to the northeast of the system. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed low. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0Z at 33.4N 72.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 16Z at 40.5N 67.5W (COA). Despite the start of the track on the 17th by Tannehill, a closed low first became evidence early on the 18th just east of the Florida peninsula. The frontal structure depicted from the 18th until the 22nd does not appear to be valid, as little to no temperature gradient is analyzed near the system's center. The cyclone is analyzed to have achieved tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 18th based upon numerous reports of 30 kt and the first report of gale force winds at 01Z on the 19th. The cyclone slowly intensified on the 18th and 19th and the winds were aided to some degree by the strong gradient to the north of the storm in conjunction with a high pressure center over New England. The system slowly moved toward the northeast from the 18th through the 22nd. The ship the SS Paloma recorded winds of 60 kt SE near the center early on the 20th. A ship from COADS recorded winds 60 kt NE with 1007 mb at 12Z on the 21st and then 60 kt NE with 993 mb at 12Z on the 22nd. Using this last observation, one can estimate a central pressure of about 987 mb. This would suggest winds of 64 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. With the high environmental pressures, winds would be expected to be higher than the standard relationship. Based upon these, it is estimated that the system reached minimal hurricane intensity from late on the 20th until the 22nd. This is consistent with the statement in _Monthly Weather Review_ about "winds of hurricane force off the North Carolina coast", though no explicit data could be found that verified this. The cyclone likely weakened as it moved closer to New England on the 23rd, though little data was in the vicinity of the system on that date. The system was absorbed into an extratropical cyclone on the 24th, just southeast of New England. The cyclone did cause sustained tropical storm force winds in Florida, North Carolina, and New Jersey. Given the influence of the strong gradient to the north of the cyclone for a few days, the system did exhibit some hybrid characteristics. Additionally, this cyclone may have had some Fujiwara interactions with storm #2, a strong but small hurricane that directly struck Bermuda. ******************************************************************************* 1922/04 - 2009 REVISION: 22775 10/14/1922 M= 9 4 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22775 10/11/1922 M=12 4 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (The 11th to the 13th are new to HURDAT.) 22780 10/11*120 755 25 0*120 758 25 0*120 760 25 0*120 763 25 0 22780 10/12*120 765 25 0*120 767 25 0*120 770 25 0*122 772 25 0 22780 10/13*125 774 25 0*129 776 25 0*135 780 25 0*143 785 25 0 22780 10/14*164 804 35 0*167 807 35 0*170 810 35 0*172 811 35 0 22780 10/14*152 790 30 0*162 795 30 0*170 800 30 0*176 805 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22785 10/15*174 813 35 0*176 815 35 0*179 817 35 0*182 820 40 0 22785 10/15*179 810 30 0*181 815 30 0*182 820 35 0*184 823 40 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22790 10/16*185 823 40 0*188 826 45 0*191 830 50 0*194 834 50 0 22790 10/16*186 825 45 0*188 827 50 0*191 830 60 0*193 833 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 22795 10/17*198 839 60 0*201 843 65 0*204 848 75 0*207 853 85 0 22795 10/17*195 837 70 0*199 841 75 0*204 845 80 0*207 852 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 22800 10/18*209 857 85 0*210 862 80 0*210 867 70 0*210 872 70 0 22800 10/18*207 859 95 0*206 866 95 0*205 873 85 0*205 879 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22805 10/19*211 878 70 0*209 885 70 0*208 890 70 0*207 895 70 0 22805 10/19*204 884 55 0*204 889 50 0*203 895 50 0*202 900 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22810 10/20*206 899 75 0*204 903 80 0*202 907 80 0*200 911 80 0 22810 10/20*201 906 60 0*200 913 65 0*198 918 70 0*196 921 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22815 10/21*198 914 80 0*196 918 70 0*194 921 65 0*191 924 35 0 22815 10/21*194 924 70 0*191 926 70 0*188 928 70 0*185 930 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22820 10/22*187 927 35 0*183 937 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22820 10/22*183 932 45 0*181 934 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** 22825 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records (for Swan Island), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. October 11: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low had formed near 12N 76W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Reports have come out of the Magdalena Department of Columbia of a storm which swept that region during the 48 hours between October 10 and 11, with great destruction to the banana plantations" (MWR). October 12: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low was near 12N 77W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 13: Historical Weather Map analyzed an area of disturbed weather near 14N 77W. Aailable observations suggest a closed low was near 13.5N 78W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 14: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1005 mb near 23N, 83W with a warm front extending to the northeast and a dissipating cold front extending to the south. The center analyzed in HWM is actually storm #3. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricane during 1922 track chart notably did not show a center on this date for storm #4. Available observations indicate that storm #4 had a closed low near 17N, 80W and storm #3 was in existence nearby over western Cuba. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 14th, falling barometer, wind shifts, and squally weather were reported by a vessel immediately southwest of Jamaica" (MWR). October 15: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 79.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 81.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 17.8N, 81.2W. Available observations suggest a closed center just northwest of the HURDAT estimate. Station highlight: 19 kt W and 1005 mb at Swan Island at 21 UTC (OMR). October 16: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 83W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 18.3N, 82.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt at 18.1N, 83.4W (MWR); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 18.1N, 83.4W at 2030 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 26 kt W and 1003 mb at Swan Island at 2015 UTC (OMR). "In contrast to the preceding disturbance [storm #3], this storm developed rapidly both in intensity and area, becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" (MWR). October 17: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 20.5N, 85W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.4N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 19.1N, 84.9W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19.5N, 84W (a.m.). Available observations indicate a center just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 21.3N, 84.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 18.6N, 83.3W at 00 UTC (COA); 40 kt E and 1000 mb at 21.2N, 84.7w at 12 UTC (HWM). October 18: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 21N, 86W with a dissipating cold front north of the low across the southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 20N, 87.1W with 984 mb central pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones has a center near 20N, 87W with 984 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just inland over the Yucatan of Mexico. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 996 mb at 20.1N, 86.1W at 0030 UTC (MWR); 55 kt S and 984 mb at 20.2N, 87.1W at ~12 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt NW and 1008 mb at Peto at 12 UTC (HWM); 30 kt N and 1004 mb at Progreso at 20 UTC (MEX). "Moving at first west- northwest it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula ... The governor of Quintana Roo, eastern Province of Yucatan [ ] telegraphed that the entire coast had been lashed by a severe storm, destroying property and crops and causing some loss of life. The islands of Mujeras and Cozumel, off the northeastern coast of Yucatan, were reported to have been swept bare. Newspaper dispatches from Yucatan reported the foundering of several small vessels" (MWR). October 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 20.5N, 89W over the Yucatan of Mexico with a dissipating cold front indicated west of the low and a stationary front shown northeast of the low. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.8N, 89w at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 shows the low at 20.3N, 89.3W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center near 20N, 89.5W with 998 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that the system was southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE and 999 mb at 20.2N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20N, 91.9W at 20 UTC (COA); 45 kt and 1001 mb at 19.7N, 92W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 40 kt N and 1000 mb at Campeche at 12 UTC (HWM); 40 kt ENE and 1001 mb at Progreso at 13 UTC (MEX). October 20: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 19.5N, 91W just leaving the coast of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.N, 90.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart shows the center at 19.2N, 92W. Available observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 20.2N, 92.1W at 11 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 52 kt NW at Veracruz (MWR). October 21: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 18.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 19.4N, 92.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations indicate the center was southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just offshore of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche. Ship highlight: 70 kt NW at 19.5N, 95.5W at 10 UTC (COA). "[The hurricane] was last charted on the 21st, decreased in energy and modified in form after its passage across land areas, in the vicinity of Frontera in the Province of Tabasco, Mexico ... The following press dispatch from Mexico city, dated October 22: Reports received here from Vera Cruz, Progresso, Tampico, Tuxpan, and other reports indicated that the storm which has swept the Gulf of Mexico in these regions during the past few days has done considerable damage to shipping. Several small vessels were sunk. the Ward liners Esperanza and Morro Castle are still outside Vera Cruz unable to enter the harbor after having fought the waves for two days" (MWR). October 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 21N, 94.5W. HURDAT had dissipated the system by 12 UTC and had a final position for it as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 93.7W at 06 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC over mainland Mexico near 18N, 94W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNE at 19.5N, 95.5W at 02 UTC (COA). "This storm dissipated after moving inland, but heavy rains continued for a day or two longer over the eastern States of Mexico" (MWR). Genesis for this hurricane was begun three days later than originally indicated in HURDAT based upon available observations. Otherwise, changes in track for this system are relatively minor. Intensity is adjusted upward on the 16th based upon an observed 60 kt ship report. (However, the statement in MWR regarding "becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" does not appear to be corroborated with any observations. Minimal hurricane intensity, while achieved 12 hours earlier than that originally shown in HURDAT, is analyzed here to have occurred on the 16th at 18 UTC.) A peripheral pressure of 984 mb on the 18th suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. The press reports from the eastern coast of the Yucatan of Mexico suggest that at least Category 2 hurricane conditions impacted the region. Winds are boosted to 95 kt (borderline Category 2/3 conditions) accordingly, though it is possible that this system achieved major hurricane status before landfall on the 18th. Winds are decreased after landfall on the 19th to tropical storm intensity, which is consistent with numerous ship and station observations available. The system is analyzed to have regained hurricane intensity early on the 20th based upon observed hurricane force winds from a ship report. Category 1 hurricane intensity is retained until landfall after 18 UTC on the 21st, six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. Dissipation over the mountainous region of Mexico occurred early on the 22nd, similar to that already shown in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1922/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 3 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 5 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** * 22740 10/12*162 830 35 0*168 821 35 0*175 818 35 0*180 817 35 0 22740 10/12*165 845 25 0*165 842 25 0*165 840 25 0*167 837 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22745 10/13*186 817 40 0*192 818 40 0*198 820 35 0*205 824 40 0 22745 10/13*170 834 30 0*174 831 30 0*180 830 35 0*190 830 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 22750 10/14*212 828 40 0*220 833 40 0*228 837 40 0*237 841 40 0 22750 10/14*202 830 35 0*215 830 35 0*228 830 35 0*242 834 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 22755 10/15*248 845 45 0*258 849 45 0*266 853 45 0*273 857 45 0 22755 10/15*253 840 45 0*261 847 45 0*266 853 45 0*270 858 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22760 10/16*279 861 45 0*284 864 45 0*289 868 45 0*294 871 45 0 22760 10/16*273 863 45 0*276 868 40 0*280 872 35 0*286 875 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22765 10/17*299 874 40 0*304 877 40 0*308 879 35 0*312 882 30 0 22765 10/17*293 877 30 0*300 878 25 0E308 879 25 0E316 880 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** * **** *** ** 22770 TS Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001). October 11: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a substantial frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern Caribbean Sea. No closed circulation is yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 12: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a stationary frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 17.2N, 82.2W. Available observations indicate that the baroclinic zone with the front was rather weak and that a closed circulation may have existed west of the original HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "A slight disturbance [was noted] in the northwestern Caribbean on the 12th and moved northwest and north without gaining any great intensity, a sort of abortive hurricane" (MWR). October 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical low centered near 20N, 82W with at most 1010 mb pressure with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 19.1N, 82.8W. Available observations suggest that the front had weakened and that the cyclone was likely centered near 18N, 83W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1016 mb at 24.8N, 78.9W at 12 UTC (COA). October 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical low centered near 23N, 83.5W with at most 1005 mb pressure with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22.8N, 83.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 21.8N, 83.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 22N, 83W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the system exhibited a tropical storm structure and was centered just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 24.6N, 83.4W at 23 UTC (MWR); 42 kt NE at 25.2N, 85.7W (MWR). This system is analyzed to be a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba, instead of a tropical storm as currently in HURDAT (Perez et al.) October 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a northwest to southeast oriented trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico with a warm front extending off to the northeast. The southern end of the trough is associated with storm #4. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 26.6N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 26N, 85.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 26.5N, 85W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations do indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate and that it may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was still present. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W at 09 UTC (COA); 42 kt W at 26N, 85.7W (MWR). Station highlights: 42 kt S at Sand Key (MWR). October 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 28N, 87.5W with a warm front extending off to the northeast. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.9N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 28.8N, 88.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 28N, 86W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations do indicate that a closed low was present southwest of the HURDAT estimate and that may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was still present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 17: The Historical Weather Map analyzes no closed low, but does indicate a cold front extending over the northern Gulf of Mexico and a warm front extending over the southeastern United States. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 30.8N, 87.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 31N, 87.8W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 30.5N, 87.5W with 1013 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations possibly indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate, but it was being absorbed into the frontal boundary. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The system passed] inland on the Gulf coast between Mobile and Pensacola on the 17th" (MWR). Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 12th, but as a tropical depression. Track changes introduced for the duration of this system were relatively small alterations. While Perez et al. (2000) consider this system as causing less than tropical storm impact in Cuba on the 14th, minimal tropical storm intensity was retained based upon gale force winds recorded in the Florida Straits north of Cuba while the broad center of the system was still just south of Cuba. The 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 14th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt retained at 18 UTC. 1003 mb peripheral pressure early on the 15th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT. The system weakened below tropical storm intensity in the northern Gulf of Mexico late on the 16th before making landfall around 09 UTC on the 17th as a tropical depression. Thus the XING category was changed from a "1" to a "0". The system was absorbed within a new frontal boundary later on the 17th. The cyclone did exhibit some hybrid characteristics throughout its lifetime and in the modern era may be been categorized as a subtropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1922 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION: 1) The "Weather of North America and Adjacent Oceans" section in the May 1922 MWR reported that a ship encountered a "cyclonic" storm that had impacted the coast of Columbia on 11-12 May. Historical Weather Map (HWM) analyses do not display any circulation or anomalous cyclonic curvature in the Caribbean during this time. However, a combination of HWM and COADS observations shows evidence of a trough axis in the Southwestern Caribbean oriented NNE-SSW along 79-80W on the 11th. A weak circulation then formed on the 12th north of eastern Panama and it appears to have drifted slowly NW without gaining strength before moving inland over southern Nicaragua on the 15th. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure reading was 1008 mb on 12 May, this system is determined to be a tropical depression and is hence not added to HURDAT. It is possible that the depression existed before the 12th, but there are no available observations showing a closed circulation. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 12 10N 81W Tropical Depression May 13 11N 82W Tropical Depression May 14 12N 83W Tropical Depression May 15 13N 84W Inland and Dissipating 2) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the June 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system moving ESE off the Carolina coast near Wilmington late on 14 June and then east and ENE into the Western Atlantic to north of Bermuda through the evening of the 15th. Historical Weather Maps and COADS data show an a weak frontal boundary extending from KY through NC and then ENE into the Atlantic with no apparent circulation on the 14th. As the front moved south and the western extent decayed on the 15th, a weak low formed to its south about 250 km east of Jacksonville. This low appears to have acquired tropical characteristics, as ship observations indicate only a marginal temperature gradient and warm SSTs. By the morning of the 16th, the front had dissolved west of 72W, but the residual, broad circulation moved east and was elongated about an east-west trough axis. It then dissipated during the afternoon. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure was 1013 mb, it was probably a weak tropical depression and is therefore not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS June 15 30N 79W Tropical Depression June 16 30N 76W Tropical Depression 3) Historical Weather Maps (HWM) observations hint that a possible Cape Verde low existed in the Eastern Atlantic at the end of July and beginning of August. A combination of HWM and COADS data shows just an open wave/shear line extending SSW of the Cape Verde Islands on 31 July. However, on 1 August evidence exists of a weak tropical depression forming about 325 km SW of the southern islands. The depression apparently moved to the north on the 2nd and then NNE on the 3rd, where it was located about 100 km south of Sao Vicente. Due to a lack of available corroborating observations, its existence and status is inconclusive beyond the 3rd. Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure reading was just below 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 3rd, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 1 13N 26W Tropical Depression Aug. 2 14N 26W Tropical Depression Aug. 3 16N 25W Tropical Depression 4) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the August 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system forming in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico on the morning of 17 August. It tracked NE across north Florida on the 18th, moved offshore and paralleled the U.S. East Coast on the 19th, moved over Nova Scotia late on the 20th, and then crossed Newfoundland on the 21st at increasing forward speed. HWM analyses only show open inverted troughs over the Eastern Gulf and the Southeast U.S. coast on the 17th and 18th, respectively, and no coherent feature on the 19th; a well-defined baroclinic low embedded within a mid-latitude storm system is analyzed though about 200 km east of Long Island on morning of the 20th. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that there was a weak, broad cyclonic circulation over the Eastern Gulf on the 17th elongated NE-SW. It moved on a path similar to the MWR low-centers track and strengthened slightly before merging with the mid-latitude system and becoming extratropical early on the 20th. It then deepened to 995 mb on the 21st and accelerated northeastward to a final position about 450 km SSE of the southern tip of Greenland on the 23rd. Peak winds were 25 kt from multiple ships observations (COA) during the barotropic phase, except for one 35 kt SSE wind reported at 12 UTC on the 19th at 32.5N, 77.0W. Norfolk also reported a peak 5-minute wind of 30 kt S on the 19th, which converts to 27 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Because there is evidence of only a single gale-force wind observation, this system is considered to be entirely a tropical depression before merging and is not added to HURDAT. However, it could have possibly been a minimal tropical storm from the 19th to early on the 20th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 17 27N 85W Tropical Depression Aug. 18 28N 84W Tropical Depression Aug. 19 32N 79W Tropical Depression Aug. 20 35N 70W Extratropical Storm Aug. 21 43N 56W Extratropical Storm Aug. 22 52N 42W Extratropical Storm Aug. 23 57N 39W Extratropical Storm 5) Historical Weather Maps show an inverted surface trough forming in the vicinity of an old frontal wave off the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Atlantic coast on 2-3 September. A broad, weak circulation is hinted around the trough axis initially as it moved slowly to the southwest. The trough then moved across Florida on 6 September and then rapidly across the Gulf of Mexico 7-9 September. A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggests that there was just a weakness with light winds on the 2nd in the western extension of a surface ridge, south of the frontal boundary aligned east of the Delmarva peninsula. However, a small cyclonic circulation, centered about 200 km east of the NC Outer Banks, is apparent on the 3rd. Although it was near the Gulf Stream and SSTs are near 26C, there was still a slight meridional temperature gradient and peripheral pressures were high. The system appears to have drifted southward on the 4th, intensified slightly, and become totally barotropic. By the 5th, the circulation was no longer discernible, but an open inverted trough persisted from the Carolina coast across northeast FL and into the NE Gulf. The observations support the trough moving SW on the 6th and then westward through the Gulf without a closed circulation reforming, despite a maximum 5-minute wind observation of 37 kt at Pensacola on the 6th (which converts to 33 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a 1-minute peak wind [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Since there was only a viable circulation on the 3rd and 4th with a peak wind of 25 kt S from a ship (COA) at 34.4N and 71.8W and a minimum pressure of 1011 mb on the 4th, the system is classified as a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. It could also be considered to be a hybrid system on the 3rd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 3 36N 75W Tropical Depression Sept. 4 35N 75W Tropical Depression 6) The Historical Weather Map analysis on 10 September shows an inverted trough occurring within a weakness in the Bermuda High off of the U.S. Southeast Coast, which was in phase with a tropical wave axis to the SSW. Although this feature is not analyzed the next day, HWM and COADS ship observations suggest that a small, concentrated cyclonic circulation with barotropic attributes had formed on the 11th several hundred km east of the GA and SC coastline. This circulation though is not present on the 12th, as it either had dissipated or was absorbed by a cold front that had moved offshore the East Coast north of Jacksonville. Since the peak winds were well below gale force and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1013-1014 mb, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 11 320 760 Tropical Depression 7) A combination of Historical Weather Map and COADS ship observations show a strong tropical wave had moved off the African coast and into the Eastern Atlantic on the 19-20 September, while station pressures at Sao Tiago and Sao Vicente in the Cape Verde Islands fell steadily fell during this time. On the 21st, the observations suggest that a closed circulation may have possibly organized to the ESE of the Cape Verdes. This system intensified as it moved west on the 22nd and was near the island of Fogo. By the 23rd, the system is no longer detectable due to a lack of available observations, and its status and existence is therefore inconclusive on and beyond this date. Peak wind speeds of 25 kt were reported by ships (COA) on the 22nd at 01 UTC at 13.5N, 22.5W (southwest) and at 12Z at 17.5N, 24.5W (east). Sao Tiago recorded a peak 35 kt S wind at 12 UTC on the 22nd, which converts to 31 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Since there was no other evidence of gale-force winds and the lowest available pressure reading was 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 22nd, this system is classified just as a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. It though may have been a minimal tropical storm on the 22nd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 21 15N 20W Possible Tropical Depression Sept. 22 15N 24W Tropical Depression 8) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" chart in the October 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system forming in the North Central Gulf of Mexico on 2 October and moving slowly westward until making landfall and dissipating north of Corpus Christi on the morning of the 5th. MWR also reported that a disturbance of "moderate intensity" had developed over the Gulf on the 2nd and moved slowly westward before weakening and dissipating on the 4th, in which the lowest reported pressure was 1006 mb at Burrwood, LA and the highest station wind observation was 28 kt at Pensacola (which converts to 25 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggest that a tropical depression likely formed about 450 km south of Panama City, FL on the 2nd and moved to about 500 km south of Mobile, AL on the 3rd. While it appears to have continued westward on the 4th and 5th, there are no available observations on the south side confirming a closed circulation. Therefore, it may have degraded to an open wave on those days. The highest wind from a ship observation (COA) was 35 kt NE at 18 UTC on the 2nd at 28.5N, 89.5W. In addition to Burrwood, the lowest pressure from a ship observation was 1006 mb at 28.0N, 88.8W on the 3rd at 11 UTC, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Since no other gale-force winds are evident, this system is not added to HURDAT. However, it might have been a minimal tropical storm on the 2nd and 3rd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 2 26W 86W Tropical Depression Oct. 3 26W 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 4 26W 91W Possible Tropical Depression Oct. 5 26W 94W Possible Tropical Depression 9) Genesis of this system began as an extratropical low developing along a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of October. The baroclinic nature of the cyclone diminished over the next two to three days. By early on the 28th, the system is characterized as a tropical cyclone (though today it may instead have been called a subtropical cyclone). Gale force (35 kt) winds were present on the 26th while it was still an extratropical cyclone. (Available observations do not support the idea presented in Monthly Weather Review that there were two separate systems - one from the 26th to the 27th and one from the 28th to the 30th. Instead, a single system occurred here which prescribed a slow clockwise loop in the Gulf of Mexico between the 27th and 29th, which is very similar to that shown in the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclone plot.) Pressure of 1002 and 1003 mb were observed from ships on the 28th and 29th. However, given that the environmental pressures were quite low, these do not provide definitive evidence of gale force winds on those dates. Peak obseved winds over land of 37 kt for 5 min in Pensacola on the 29th adjust to 31 kt 1 min true winds after accounting for the high bias of the instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to 1 min (Powell et al. 1996). The cyclone was close to (and may have been) a tropical storm on the 28th and 29th. The system weakened on the 30th and was likely of most tropical depression intensity when it made landfall around late on the 30th between Mobile and Gulfport. The last position for this system was early on the 31st, while dissipating over the Louisiana/ Mississippi border. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 25 25N 93W Extratropical Storm Oct. 26 28N 91W Extratropical Storm Oct. 27 27N 88W Extratropical Storm - Occluding Oct. 28 26N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 29 28N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 30 29N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 31 --- --- Dissipated over Mississippi 10) Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that a low-pressure center formed in the western Bay of Campeche on 22 November. It appears oriented along an unanalyzed trough axis stretching ENE-WSW over the Gulf of Mexico that connects to a stationary front in the Florida Straits (HWM). The low apparently moved ENE into the Central and Eastern Gulf on the 23rd and 24th but was no longer discernible by the morning of the 25th. Although three ships (COA and MWR) recorded at least gale force winds on the 23rd and SSTs were 25-26 C, the gales were far removed from the center and there was a substantial large-scale temperature gradient over the Gulf. Given that the ambient temperatures were nearly isothermal only in close proximity of the center, this system most likely had experienced baroclinic cyclogenesis and is not added to HURDAT. However, it may have been a hybrid. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 22 21N 95W Developing Extratropical Storm Nov. 23 23N 91W Extratropical Storm Nov. 24 24N 86W Extratropical Storm ****************************************************************************** 1923/01 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 06/22/1923 M= 8 1 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22826 06/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 950 25 0*200 948 25 0 22826 06/23*200 945 25 0*201 943 25 0*202 940 25 0*203 937 25 0 22826 06/24*205 934 25 0*207 932 25 0*210 930 25 0*215 929 25 0 22826 06/25*222 929 25 0*230 928 30 0*240 925 30 0*255 919 35 0 22826 06/26*275 910 40 0*295 898 40 0*310 880 35 0*317 860 30 1006 22826 06/27*319 840 30 0*320 820 30 0*320 800 40 0*320 782 40 0 22826 06/28*320 765 45 0*322 750 50 0*325 735 50 0*330 720 45 0 22826 06/29E340 705 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22826 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original Monthly Records station data. June 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered near the Mexican coast at 18.5N, 95W. Available observations suggest a center farther north near 20N, 95W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 23: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered inland in Mexico near 17.5N, 93.5W. Available observations suggest a center substantially farther northwest near 20.2N, 94W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 24: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb centered near 20N, 93.5W. Available observations suggest a center north-northeast of that estimate near 21N, 93W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 25: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25N, 94W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a position near 28N, 91W with 1007 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center southeast of the HWM estimate at 24N, 92.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 26: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline near 30N, 88W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 30.5N, 88.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position at 31N, 88W. Station highlights: 43 kt SW at 08 UTC and 17 kt W and 1008 mb at 1540 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). "On the evening of the 25th...a disturbance of slight intensity [was] off the Louisiana coast. The disturbance advanced east-northeastward during the night of the 25th and during the 26th it passed off the South Atlantic coast in the vicinity of Charleston. It was attended by excessive rains over a narrow belt extending from the Louisiana coast eastward to the Atlantic coast and by winds of more than 40 miles an hour in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla." (MWR). June 27: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb along the South Carolina-Georgia coastline near 32.5N, 80W. Also seen in HWM is a developing extratropical cyclone north of the system with a frontal boundary extending along 37N. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a position of 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb. Available observations suggest just south of the HWM estimate at 32N, 80W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at 32.1N, 80.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WSW at 30.5N, 80W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 1004 mb at Savannah at 1030 UTC (OMR); 1001 mb at Charleston at 2150 UTC (OMR). "From the 26th to the 28th westerly to southerly gales were reported from the area between the Bermudas and Hatteras" (MWR). June 28: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 35N, 73.5W. A complex extratropical cyclone was north and west of the system with an associated frontal boundary stretching along 39N. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones no longer shows the system, though they do identify two centers for the complex extratropical storm. Available observations suggest a center near 32.5N, 73.5W, substantially farther south than the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 1005 mb at 29.8N, 74.8W at 09 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 32.1N, 72.3W at 11 UTC (MWR). June 29: Historical Weather Map analyzed a cold front along the mid-Atlantic coast in conjunction with an extratropical cyclone centered in New England. The system appears to have been absorbed within the strong southwesterly flow of the extratropical cyclone in advance of the cold front. Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun on the 22nd in the Bay of Campeche. The system - started as a tropical depression - drifted slowly northeastward for three days with no change in intensity. Organization of the tropical cyclone increased on the 25th and 26th as it accelerated north-northeastward. The cyclone clipped the southeastern point of Louisiana and moved inland over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama. It is estimated that the cyclone made landfall over Louisiana's Mississippi Delta around 05 UTC on the 26th. Pensacola reported gale force winds for three hours (only gale force reported at the coast). Their peak of 43 kt at 08 UTC reduces to 36 kt true after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). The lowest pressure recorded along the coast was also at Pensacola with 1008 mb concurrent with 17 kt wind, suggesting about a 1006 mb central pressure at 1540 UTC. Thus the system was a low-end (about 40 kt) tropical storm at landfall in the Gulf coast. The system then turned toward the east weakened slightly over land. It regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic off of the Georgia-South Carolina coast just before 12 UTC on the 27th. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb late on the 27th in Charleston suggests winds of at least 46 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen at 00 UTC on the 28th for HURDAT because of the quite low environmental pressures. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb at 11 UTC on the 28th suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. A 50 kt ship report was also recorded at about this time, which supports the use of 50 kt for HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 28th. The system quickly became indistinct from the much larger extratropical cyclone to its north and west and it likely lost its closed circulation around 00 UTC on the 29th, if not earlier. Thus it is indicated to be extratropical in its last position at 00 UTC on the 29th. ****************************************************************************** 1923/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22830 08/30/1923 M=12 1 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22830 09/01/1923 M=10 2 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** * *** (The 30th and 31st are removed from HURDAT.) 22835 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 690 35 0 22840 08/31*251 693 35 0*257 696 35 0*262 698 35 0*265 700 35 0 22845 09/01*269 701 35 0*273 701 35 0*278 700 35 0*284 699 35 0 22845 09/01*294 730 25 0*297 722 25 0*300 715 25 0*303 708 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22850 09/02*290 698 35 0*296 696 40 0*302 692 40 0*308 688 40 0 22850 09/02*306 702 30 0*308 698 30 0*310 695 30 0*312 694 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22855 09/03*313 684 45 0*319 679 45 0*323 674 50 0*326 669 50 0 22855 09/03*313 694 30 0*313 693 30 0*315 690 30 0*319 682 35 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22860 09/04*328 664 55 0*330 659 55 0*332 653 60 0*334 645 60 0 22860 09/04*324 672 40 0*330 661 45 0*335 650 50 0*340 638 55 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22865 09/05*335 635 65 0*336 624 70 0*338 614 70 0*342 606 75 0 22865 09/05*344 623 60 0*348 610 65 0*352 600 70 0*356 592 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22870 09/06*349 597 80 0*355 593 80 0*360 590 85 0*363 588 85 0 22870 09/06*359 586 80 0*362 582 80 0*365 580 85 0*367 579 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22875 09/07*366 587 85 0*368 587 90 0*371 587 90 0*374 587 85 0 22875 09/07*369 579 85 0*370 580 90 0*371 580 90 0*371 580 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22880 09/08*376 586 85 0*378 586 80 0*381 585 80 0*385 585 75 0 22880 09/08*371 581 85 0*372 583 80 0*375 585 80 0*380 587 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22885 09/09*392 585 75 0*401 585 70 0*410 585 70 0*430 580 65 0 22885 09/09*387 589 75 0*395 590 70 0*405 588 70 0*418 582 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22890 09/10E458 568 55 0*476 555 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22890 09/10E435 575 55 0E454 565 45 0E475 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22895 HR Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1. Genesis for this cyclone was delayed two days compared to that originally in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. August 30: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18 UTC at 24.7N, 69.0W. Available observations indicate that no surface trough nor a closed low were yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "There were indications furnished by abnormal wind directions, the evening of the 29th that there was a disturbance some distance to the eastward of the island of St. Martin...There were some indications of this disturbance as a depression north of the Lesser Antilles during the last day or so of August" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 69.8W. Available observations indicate that while a surface trough was present near 70W, no closed low was yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 1: HWM analyzes a SW-NE cold front extending from the northwest Bahamas to north of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.8N, 70.0W. Available observations indicate that there was a closed low along the depicted front, a 25 kt tropical depression, and it was centered near 30.0N, 71.5W. Observations also indicate that the front had in reality dissipated. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 68.5W. There is no longer a front through the low. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm located near 30.2N, 69.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.5N, 68W. Available observations indicate that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 31.0N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressure were observed. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.3N, 67.4N. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.5N, 67W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was near 31.5N, 69.0W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1005 mb located near 34N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 65.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 34N, 65W. Available observations and interpolation from analyzed intensity on the 5th suggest that the low intensified to a 50 kt tropical storm and was located near 33.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressured were observed. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb located near 33.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 33.8N, 61.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 61W with a pressure of 993 mb. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm intensified to 70 kt and was centered near 35.2N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 993 mb at 06 UTC at 36.0N, 61.0W (MWR). Regarding the intensity, "...characteristics of a hurricane were noted on the morning of September 5 near latitude 36N and longitude 61W, the S.S. Evergreen City reporting a pressure of 29.32 inches [993 mb] with force 10 [50 kt] (Beaufort wind scale) from the northeast. The storm appeared to be of small diameter, forming a small part of a larger depression or trough of low pressure extending northeast from Bermuda. Previously a rather ill-defined depression had been traced as it recurved around Bermuda; but it was not until the 5th that either low barometer or high wind was detected" (MWR). September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 35N, 59.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.0N, 59.0W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 59.5W. Available observations indicate that the center of this cyclone was near 36.5N, 58.0W. Unfortunately, few observations are near the system's center, so that the 85 kt in HURDAT found originally is unchanged. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1013 mb at 20 UTC at 40.5N, 58.5W (COA). September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 36N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 58.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 37N, 58W. No observations were available near the center of the hurricane, so the 90 kt analyzed in HURDAT is unchanged. The position is estimated to be near the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones analysis. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt were recorded. There were no observations of low pressures. "Meanwhile, a high-pressure area had obtruded itself into the path of the storm and its direction of motion was changed from northeast to north-northwest and greatly retarded" (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 37N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 38.1N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 38N, 58W. Available observations indicate that the center was near 37.5N, 58.5W. However, no data were available near the hurricane's center, so the 80 kt originally listed in HURDAT is unchanged. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt were recorded. 25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 59.5W (HWM). September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb near 41N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 41.0N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 41N, 58W with a pressure of 995 mb. Available observations indicate that the 70 kt hurricane was located near 40.5N, 58.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA); 50 kt S and 989 mb at 19 UTC at 41.0N, 58.5W (MWR). "The center of the storm was again noted on the morning of the 9th as it crossed the steamer lanes near latitude 41N, longitude 58.3W, the S.S. Emergency Aid recording a pressure of 29.20 inches [989 mb] at 3 p.m. with a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the south. The storm was now under the influence of a LOW moving along the northern border and, being caught in its attendant upper currents, was carried rapidly north-northeast, but with diminishing intensity over the colder waters of the Labrador Current" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb, located near 48.5N, 55.5W, at the boundary of a cold front to the southwest and a warm front to the southeast. HURDAT ended this storm at 06 UTC on the 10th with winds of 45 kt and a location at 47.6N, 55.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 47N 56W, with a pressure of 998 mb. Available observations suggest that the low became extratropical and the winds weakened to 40 kt. The center was located near 47.5N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 56.5W (COA); 10 kt S and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 47.5N, 52.8W (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM). Genesis for this system was delayed 30 hours because of a lack of a closed low on the 30th and 31st of August, despite suggestions in Monthly Weather Review and in HURDAT that the system began earlier than the 1st of September. Based upon numerous observations of weak winds and high pressures, the tropical cyclone was kept as a tropical depression until late on the 3rd. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 0540 UTC on the 5th suggest winds of at least 59 kt from both the subtropical and northern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT (confirming hurricane intensity), down slightly from 70 kt originally. Peak intensity of 90 kt on the 7th retained given the lack of inner core observations to make reasonable alterations. A 989 mb peripheral pressure value at 19 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the northern pressure- wind relationship - 65 kt retained in HURDAT as the system was undergoing extratropical transition at that point in time. Dissipation of the system was delayed 6 hours, as a closed extratropical low could still be analyzed at 12 UTC on the 10th. Except for the large changes to the track on the 30th and 31st (with the removal of those two dates from HURDAT), the only other large alteration to the track occurred on the 1st as the system was analyzed to be substantially further northwest than originally in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1923/03 - 2009 ADDITION: 22896 09/07/1923 M= 5 3 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22896 09/07*117 194 30 0*123 197 30 0*130 200 35 0*137 203 35 0 22896 09/08*145 207 40 0*152 211 40 0*160 215 45 0*167 220 45 0 22896 09/09*175 226 45 0*183 233 45 0*190 240 40 0*195 247 40 0 22896 09/10*200 254 35 0*205 262 35 0*210 270 35 0*215 278 30 0 22896 09/11*220 286 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22896 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 7: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 12.5N, 21.5W. Available observations suggest the center is east- northeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 13.5N, 17.5W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 12.5N, 17.5W at 21 UTC (COA). September 8: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.5N, 22.5W. Available observations indicate that the center is substantially south-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight: 1003 mb at 17.5N, 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA). September 9: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 26W. Available observations indicate that the center is east-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18.5N, 22.5W at 01 UTC (COA). September 10: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 26W. Available observations are quite sparse near the system, but they suggest that it was centered substantially to the south-southwest of the HWM estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 11: Historical Weather Map shows an open trough halfway between the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. Available observations are insufficient for determining if a closed circulation still existed because of the lack of data. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun on 00 UTC of the 7th of September, southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. Two gale force wind reports late on the 7th are the basis for upgrading it from a tropical depression to tropical storm by 12 UTC. A peripheral pressure (possibly a central pressure) of 1003 mb on the 8th suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen in HURDAT for late on the 8th. This windspeed is also analyzed to be the peak intensity of the system. Available observations late on the 9th and on the 10th suggest that the system was weakening as in moved north-northwestward in the extreme eastern North Atlantic. The system is brought down to tropical depression intensity late on the 10th and the last position for the system is given at 00 UTC on the 11th. However, due to the sparse data coverage, it is possible that this system continued over the open Atlantic beyond the 11th. It is noted that the system appears similar in location, time of year and intensity to both TS Florence (1964) and TS Debby (2006). ******************************************************************************** 1923/04 - 2009 ADDITION: 22896 09/10/1923 M= 6 4 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22896 09/10*270 730 25 0*280 725 25 0*290 720 30 0*300 714 30 0 22896 09/11*310 707 35 0*320 699 35 0*330 690 40 0*340 680 45 0 22896 09/12*350 670 50 0*360 658 60 0*370 645 70 0*390 628 70 0 22896 09/13*420 610 70 0E450 588 60 0E475 560 50 0E485 525 45 0 22896 09/14E490 480 40 0E488 425 35 0E485 380 30 0E480 360 30 0 22896 09/15E475 350 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22896 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the Monthly Weather Review. September 10: The Historical Weather Map series analyzes a cold front intersecting a warm front near 33N 74W. However, observations suggest that the frontal structure south of 35N likely was not actually present. Available observations indicate a center near 29N 72W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 11: The Historical Weather Map depicts a weak low of at most 1020 mb pressure near 36N 67W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations suggest that the frontal structure did not exist in reality south of 40N. Available data indicate a center near 33N 69W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 12: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1000 mb pressure near 37N 70W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations indicate that the front structure did not actually exist south of 40N. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 37.5N 64W with 996 mb (a.m.) and at 42N 59.5W with 986 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 37N 64.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N 65.2W (COA); 60 kt SW and 997 mb at 19 UTC at 36N 64.7W from the S.S. Emergency Aid (MWR); 60 kt NW and 986 mb at 23 UTC at 42.1N 61.7W from the S.S. City of Joseph (MWR). "A severe storm of short duration appeared...The next disturbance also developed north of the Tropics but well within the Gulf Stream, and was first noted to be of hurricane intensity when the S.S. Emergency Aid... recorded a pressure of 29.42 inches and winds as high as force 11, on the morning of September 12, near latitude 36N and longitude 64.5W. This storm was carried northeast much more rapidly than the preceding one and by 4 p.m. was near latitude 42N and longitude 60W, the S.S. City of St. Joseph recording a pressure of 29.11 inches and wind force 12 from the northwest" (MWR). September 13: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 49N 57W with a warm front extending east-southeastward and a cold front extending toward the south. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 47N 54.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 47.5N 56W as an extratropical cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 995 mb at 08 UTC at 45.5N 56.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 46.5N 55.5W (COA). "Like its predecessor, it showed a marked loss of intensity upon striking colder water and there was but little indication of it on the following morning [13th]" (MWR). September 14: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1015 mb pressure near 48N 38W with a dissipating stationary boundary extending toward the southwest. Available observations suggest a center near 48.5N 38W as an extratropical cyclone. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 15: The Historical Weather Map depicts a trough extending NW-SE from near 50N 40W to 42N 32W with no closed low. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. This cyclone formed early on the 10th between the Bahamas and Bermuda. It likely reached tropical storm status early on the 11th. The system apparently quickly intensified on the 11th and 12th and weakened nearly as rapidly on the 13th. The 986 mb peripheral pressure - measured at the same time of 70 kt winds - supports winds of at least 67 kt from the high latitude pressure-wind relationship. It is estimated that the cyclone peaked at 70 kt late on the 12th and early on the 13th. Despite frontal boundaries being drawn on the Historical Weather Map series from the 10th to the 12th, analyses of the rather numerous ship observations suggest instead that no frontal boundaries were present near the system on those dates. The cyclone likely became extratropical early on the 13th when it was a couple hundred nm south of Newfoundland. It is noted that the 1923 Monthly Weather Review "Tropical Disturbances during the Hurricane Season of 1923" considered this system as a hurricane and included it in the track map for the year - "Hurricane Tracks in 1923". It is curious that with such designation in MWR that this cyclone was not included into HURDAT. It is guessed that the choice by Ivan Tannehill in his 1938 and 1952 "Hurricanes" editions to leave this system out was why it was not carried as an Atlantic hurricane in future climatology studies and databases. ******************************************************************************** 1923/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22900 09/24/1923 M=11 2 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22900 09/24/1923 M=11 5 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0*203 683 55 0*212 703 55 0*216 713 60 0 22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 730 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22910 09/25*221 722 65 0*226 729 70 0*231 736 70 0*237 745 75 0 22910 09/25*215 733 45 0*220 736 50 0*225 740 55 0*231 745 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 22915 09/26*243 752 80 0*248 757 80 0*254 761 85 0*260 763 85 0 22915 09/26*237 751 65 0*243 757 65 0*250 761 65 0*258 763 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22920 09/27*265 764 90 0*271 764 90 0*277 763 95 0*283 761 95 0 22920 09/27*267 764 65 0*275 764 65 0*283 763 70 0*289 761 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22925 09/28*289 758 100 0*296 753 100 0*302 748 100 0*307 743 105 0 22925 09/28*294 758 80 0*298 753 85 0*302 748 90 0*306 743 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22930 09/29*312 738 105 0*316 733 105 0*320 727 105 0*325 719 105 0 22930 09/29*309 738 100 0*312 733 105 0*315 727 105 0*318 720 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22935 09/30*330 709 105 0*337 696 100 0*345 683 95 0*355 665 95 0 22935 09/30*321 711 105 0*324 700 100 0*330 687 95 0*342 670 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22940 10/01*378 632 90 0*391 619 90 0E417 601 85 0E430 595 80 0 22940 10/01*360 645 90 0*385 615 85 0E417 590 80 0E442 580 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22945 10/02E443 590 75 0E456 586 70 0E470 580 70 0E486 570 60 0 22945 10/02E457 576 70 0E464 575 65 0E470 575 60 0E480 570 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22950 10/03E504 548 55 0E521 528 50 0E537 506 45 0E552 482 40 0 22950 10/03E500 553 50 0E525 523 50 0E550 490 45 0E570 460 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22955 10/04E565 456 40 0E578 429 40 0E590 400 40 0E610 340 40 0 22955 10/04E585 430 45 0E595 400 45 0E600 370 45 0E603 340 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 22960 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, and Tucker (1995). September 24: HWM analyzes an open wave at 12 UTC in the vicinity of Hispanola. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm located at 21.2N, 70.3W. Available data indicate that low became closed at 18 UTC on the 24th. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 19.5N, 66.5W (COA). No low pressures were observed. "During September 23 unsettled conditions were noted to the southeast of Turks Island, the barometer falling slowly and wind shifts indicating the presence of a disturbance" (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 73.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 22.5N, 74W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 22.5N, 74.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb ~12 UTC at 23.4N, 74W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures were observed. "[The storm] was more definitively located on the morning of the 25th, when the S.S. Tulsa reported a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the northeast, pressure 29.86 inches [1011 mb] in latitude 23.4N, longitude 74W" (MWR). September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 25N, 76W with an 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 65 kt hurricane was near 25.0N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW at 28.5N, 71.8N (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 994 mb at 15 UTC at 28.5N 71.8W (MWR). A few other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at ~12 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.5W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "American S.S. Hera: Gale began on the 26th, wind SSE. Lowest barometer 29.34 inches [994 mb] at 10 a.m. on the 26th, wind SSE., 5 [20 kt], in latitude 28.5N, longitude 71.8W. End on the 27th, wind S. Highest force of wind 10 [50 kt], SSW.; shifts SSE.-S" (MWR). "The storm was moving northwest at this time and passed just east of Nassau, Bahamas, on the 26th, the morning barometer reading 29.54 inches [1000 mb] and wind 40 m.p.h. [34 kt] from the northwest" (MWR). September 27: (No HWM analysis was available for this date.) HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 76.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 27.5N, 76W and 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 70 kt hurricane was at 28.3N, 76.3W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 29.6N, 76.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N, 76.6W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 989 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N 74.5W (COA). "However, a large high-pressure area was now blocking its forward motion and the storm, though not diverted from its recurve to the northeast, showed very little movement during the next two or three days, but gradually increased its area of influence and its intensity with winds of gale force over a large area and wind force as high as 11 [60 kt] reported by vessels which approached its center" (MWR). September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N 75W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 30N, 75W and 994 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 90 kt hurricane was near the HURDAT location. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 32.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt E and 1003 mb at 07 UTC at 32.7N, 74.7W (NCDC); 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 74.0W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N and 73W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 32.0N 72.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 31.5N, 73W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was near 31.5N, 72.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 994 mb at 01 UTC at 32.1N, 76W (NCDC); 35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N 70.3W (COA). Several other strong gales and low pressures. "It was not until the morning of the 29th that the eastward movement of the HIGH allowed a strenghtening of the southwest drift aloft and a corresponding acceleration in the northeastward movement of the storm. The hurricane was now near latitude 31.5N and longitude 73W with lowest pressure somewhat below 29 inches [982 mb]" (MWR). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 33.5N, 70W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.5N 68.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 33.2N, 69.8W with a 969 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that center of the 95 kt hurricane was near 33.0N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 34.8N 70.7W (MWR); 50 kt E and 969 mb at 11 UTC at 33.3N 69W (MWR/NCDC). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 70 kt at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W ~18 UTC (Tucker). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "British S.S. Maraval: Gale began on the 29th, wind ESE. Lowest Barometer 28.98 inches [981 mb] on the 30th, wind ESE., in latitude 34.8N., longitude 70.7W. End on the 30th, wind NW. Highest force of wind 12 [70 kt], NE" (MWR). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 61W, with a large temperature gradient existing across the low. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt extratropical system at 41.7N, 60.1W. The MWR tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 41.5N, 59.5W with a 965 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 80 kt extratropical low was near 41.7N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 965 mb at 06 UTC at 41.5N, 59.0W (MWR). 70 kt S and 988 mb at 40.3N, 58.8W (MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "At 2 a.m. [6 UTC] ... (October 1) the S.S. West Cobalt reported passing through the storm near latitude 41.5N, and longitude 59W, with lowest barometer 28.50 inches [965 mb] and wind force 12 [70 kt]" (MWR). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb near 47N, 58W with a SW-NE cold front to the south of the low, and a W-E warm front to the north of the low, hinting that the low is becoming occluded. A huge temperature gradient persists across the low. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical system at 47N, 58W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 47N, 58W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was near 47.0N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 59.5W (COA); 977 mb at 00 UTC at 45.6N 61.2W (MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. "Turning northward to western Newfoundland, the hurricane lost intensity over colder water" (MWR). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 985 mb near 56N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical system at 53.7N, 50.6W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near 55.0N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 990 mb at 19 UTC at 54.5N 46.5W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb at 23 UTC at 54.5N 47.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 983 mb at 15 UTC at 54.5N 45.5W (COA). A few other observed low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes the closed, occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 61N, 30W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical system at 59N, 40W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near 60.0N, 37.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 64.2N 22.0W (HWM); 25 kt E and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 64.9N, 23.7W; 45 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 22 UTC at 60.5N, 35.5W (COA). Genesis of this system was delayed twelve hours due to numerous observations indicating a closed low had not formed until after 12 UTC on the 24th of September. A 994 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 26th suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical pressure- wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 kt. Transition to a hurricane is delayed from early on the 25th to 12 UTC on the 26th. A 989 mb peripheral pressure on the 27 suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 95 kt. Peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT for the 29th and early on the 30th is retained, due to lack of inner core observations with which to make alterations. A 969 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the subtropical pressure- wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT. A 965 mb pressure observation (may have been a central pressure) on the 1st suggests winds of 86 kt (or more, if the pressure was perpheral) from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in HURDAT as the system had transformed into an extratropical storm by this time. No changes were made to the dissipation of the cyclone. Most track changes for this hurricane were small, except for the 12 hr delay to genesis and a larger east-northeast adjustment on the 4th. Hurricane force winds reported in Bermuda on the 30th and the track of the system's center well to the west of the island are indicative of the very large size of this hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 1923/06 - 2009 REVISION: 22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 3 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 6 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 920 35 0*119 938 35 0*134 944 35 0 22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 930 35 0*119 938 40 0*134 945 40 0 *** ** *** ** 22975 10/13*148 948 40 0*160 951 40 0*171 953 35 0*180 954 40 0 22975 10/13*148 951 40 0*160 956 40 0*171 960 35 0*182 961 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 22980 10/14*189 953 45 0*198 950 55 0*207 947 65 0*216 942 70 0 22980 10/14*194 957 30 0*205 952 35 0*215 947 40 0*224 942 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22985 10/15*224 937 75 0*233 932 80 0*242 927 85 0*256 918 85 0 22985 10/15*231 937 50 0*236 931 55 0*242 924 60 0*254 916 65 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22990 10/16*277 911 85 0*300 912 60 0*320 916 40 0E337 917 35 0 22990 10/16*272 910 70 0*292 910 70 983*315 910 50 991*337 912 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** 22995 10/17E352 918 30 0E368 919 30 0E385 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0 22995 10/17*357 914 45 0*375 917 35 0*390 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** 23000 HR LA1 23000 HR LA1 MS1 *** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/16/1923 0600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 45nmi 983mb LA1,MS1 Minor changes to the track and large changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Revision to this cyclone include removal of the extratropical stage for the last 18 hours of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. October 12: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure pertaining to an open tropical wave off of the Pacific Coast of El Salvador. HURDAT closes the low at 06 UTC with minimal tropical storm status. At 12 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 11.9N 93.8W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was the same as HURDAT's previous position of 11.9N, 93.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 12.8N, 93.2W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. october 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over southern Mexico at 17N, 96W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 95.3W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 17.1N, 96.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 15.9N, 99.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Oaxaca, Mexico (HWM). No other gales or low pressures. "[This system] apparently originated in low latitudes off the Pacific coast of Guatemala and was central on the morning of the 13th of October southeast of the Mexican Pacific port of Salina Cruz on the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It moved rapidly northward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the western Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 22N, 94.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N 94.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 21.5N, 94.7W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 21.5N, 97.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 23.5N, 93W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.2N 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 92.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E at 22 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 992 mb at 20 UTC at 28.2N 91.8W (COA). Several other gales after 18 UTC. Several other low pressures after 12 UTC. Regarding the intensity and damage (Pensacola, FL): "The gales which began during the late afternoon of the 15th and continued through the 17th, caused great anxiety, and interrupted port and business activities, but the damage was comparatively slight, amounting in the aggregate to about $5,000..." (OMR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm, inland at 32.0N 91.6W. The MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center inland near 32N, 92W, with a 990 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 31.5N, 91.0W. Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 989 mb at 01 UTC at 28.3N, 92.0W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 27.8N 91.3W (MWR). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 56 kt SE at 13 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at 07 UTC at Morgan City at 29.7N 91.2W (MWR); 991 mb (likely central pressure) in the "morning" at Vicksburg (MWR). Storm surge: 7' above MLT at 09 UTC at Gulfport at 30.4N 89.1W (OMR). Regarding the intensity, "Radio reports were received [~02 UTC] from the S. S. El Siglo in lat. 28.3N, long. 92W, and from the S. S. Corning in lat. 27.3N, long. 91.5W, indicating that the storm had developed hurricane intensity. The former reported a barometer reading of 29.22 inches [989 mb] and a wind velocity of 74 miles an hour from the east, and the latter a barometer reading of 29.18 inches [988 mb] and a wind velocity of 64 miles an hour from the east, with a two-hour pressure fall of 0.20 inch" (MWR). "The storm center reached the coast at about 1 a.m. [06 UTC] on the 16th, near longitude 91.5 west, slightly west of Morgan City, La. ... a lowest reading of 29.25 inches at Morgan City at 1:20 a.m. to 2:45 a.m. (MWR)." From Mobile, Alabama OMR: The highest velocity was 60 miles from the southeast at 7a.m. ... A maximum stage was reached at about 7 a.m. ... according to the information supplied by City Engineer Wright Smith was 5.5 feet above mean low tide" (OMR). "At Biloxi: The tide ... reached the highest stage at about 4 a.m. (10 UTC), October 16th, estimated at 8 feet above mean low tide" (OMR). 985 mb central pressure minimum for the lifetime of the hurricane (and also at landfall) (Connor). Hurricane not addressed in Ho et al. or Schwerdt et al., implying that the landfall central pressure was higher than 981 mb (their criterion for inclusion). "Tropical Cyclones in Lousiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 16 - Louisiana - Minimal. Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 16 - Pensacola - Minor - Center Louisiana coast" (Dunn and Miller). "By the following morning [16th] it had crossed the Louisiana coast and was central near Vicksburg, Miss., with a pressure of 29.26 inches [991 mb]; and during the night of the 16th dissipated over Arkansas and southern Missouri. The contour of the isobars was considerably distorted from the ideal by a strong pressure gradient from northeast fo southwest over the United States, which tended to squeeze the isobars together on the northeast quarter of the storm and throw them wide apart to the southwest. The closing up of the isobars was especially effective in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla., which was about 250 miles from the path of the center but recorded the highest wind velocity (64 miles from the southeast) of any land station. The storm in general lacked the intensity near the center that we normally expect of a true hurricane" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a stationary front west of the remnance of the tropical cyclone. HWM did not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.5N, 92W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.5N, 92w and an 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was 39.0N, 92.0W. Land highlights: 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Saint Louis at 38.7N 90.3W (HWM). 997 mb at 17 UTC at Meridian at 32.3N, 88.8W (OMR). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 17th a disturbance that had moved up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of Mexico appeared to call for southeast warnings [for the Great Lakes]" (MWR). No changes were made to the (somewhat rare) genesis of this hurricane in the Northeast Pacific basin. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb on the 12th of October suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. A lower value of 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT because of the low environmental pressures, though this is an increase over the 35 shown originally. The system likely made landfall in southeastern Mexico as a 40 kt tropical storm around 06 UTC on the 13th. The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico just before 00 UTC on the 14th and began to reintensify. A peripheral pressure of 992 mb suggests winds of at least 56 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship and at least 59 kt for the subset of those systems intensifying north of 25N. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, down from 85 kt originally. Thus the onset of hurricane intensity is delayed from 12 UTC on the 14th originally to 18 UTC on the 15th, as suggested by numerous relatively weak observations taken within the cyclone on those dates. The cyclone made a U.S. landfall near 29.2N 91.0W around 06 UTC on the 16th. The ship the Corning at 01 UTC just before landfall measured a peripheral pressure of 987 mb (along with a concurrent 50 kt ESE wind). At the same time, another ship - the El Siglo - observed 65 kt E with 989 mb. Lowest pressure observed on the coast was 990 mb at Morgan City, but this may not have been a central pressure as the cyclone moved just east of the city. However, Vicksburg - well inland - recorded a likely central pressure of 991 mb. A run of the inland pressure decay model (Ho et al.) gives a central pressure at the coast of 983 mb. This value would also be a good match with the ship reports close to the coast as well. 983 mb central pressure at landfall is slightly deeper than the 985 mb estimate from Connor (which was used in Jarrell et al.) this pressure suggests a wind of 69 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the counteracting influences of a fast forward speed (~22 kt) and quite low environmental pressure (1001 mb outer closed isobar), 70 kt is chosen as the landfall winds. This is down substantially from the 85 kt winds originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 1 assessment for Louisiana. Impacts of this system were spread quite a distance along the Gulf Coast to the right of track, suggesting a rather large RMW (~45 nmi). Given the storm surge peak values of 8' at Biloxi and 7' at Gulfport, minimal hurricane force winds likely occurred in along the Mississippi. Thus both Mississippi and Louisiana are indicated as receiving Catetory 1 hurricane conditions. Peak winds observed after landfall (within 2 hr of synoptic time) were: 56 kt at 12 UTC on the 16th, 52 kt at 18 UTC, and 53 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th. These reduced to 46, 43, and 44 kt after taking into consideration adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds and accounting for the high bias of anemometers of the era - Fergusson and Covert (1924) and Powell et al. (1996). A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model gives 48, 33, and 25 kt, respectively. Because of the higher winds observed, winds in HURDAT are chosen at 50, 45, and 45 kt accordingly - substantially higher than the 40, 35, and 30 kt originally. The decay phase of this system was analyzed as a tropical depression, rather than going through an extratropical phase as no baroclinic development or absorption occurred. ******************************************************************************* 1923/07 - 2009 REVISION: 23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 5 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 7 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*227 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*250 615 35 0 23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*226 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*246 618 35 0 *** *** *** 23105 10/16*264 609 35 0*277 606 35 0*289 603 35 0*300 603 35 0 23105 10/16*256 614 40 0*267 612 45 0*280 610 50 0*293 610 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23110 10/17*310 606 35 0*320 612 35 0*331 620 40 0*343 633 40 0 23110 10/17*307 611 55 0*321 613 55 0*335 620 55 0*346 631 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23115 10/18*355 650 40 0*366 667 40 0*378 680 45 0*390 690 45 0 23115 10/18*355 644 55 0*362 658 55 0*370 670 55 0*381 680 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23120 10/19*402 698 45 0*413 705 40 0*425 710 35 0*437 713 30 0 23120 10/19*395 690 55 0*405 700 50 0*425 710 45 994E445 718 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ******* *** ** 23125 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22.5N, 62.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.6N, 62.3W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was in the same location given by HURDAT, at 23.6N, 62.3W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 986 mb at 22 UTC at 19.2N, 62.2W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. "A disturbance became apparent just north of the Leeward Islands and began to move north-northeastward" (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.5N, 62.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.9N 60.3W. Available observations suggest that center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 28.0N. 61.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 29.5N 62.5W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 29.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 28.5N, 59.7W (MWR); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 57.2W (MWR). One other gale. One other low pressure. "...But with the strengthening of a large high pressure area to the north and northeast, the storm was slowed up and deflected to the northwest" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 34.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.1N 62.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N 62.5W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 33.5N 62.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 60.0W (HWM); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA); 30 kt NW and 999 mb at 16 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. "It passed just northeast of Bermuda on the 17th" (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 36.5N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 37.8N 68.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N and 67.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 37.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N 66.0W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 39.2N, 70.6W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes a N-S occluded front well inland from the coast with a W-E warm front extending eastward from the occluded front near North Carolina. HWM indicates that the system had moved inland and was located northwest of Boston, near 42.4N, 71W, with Boston's pressure reading being 999 mb at 12 UTC. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 42.5N, 71.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.4N, 71W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt extratropical low was the same as the previous HURDAT position of 42.5N, 71.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 40.2N 69.6W (MWR); 30 kt SW and 982 mb at 05 UTC at 40.0N, 70.0W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nantucket, MA at 41.3N, 70.1W (MWR); 997 mb at 0515 UTC at Nantucket, MA; 994 mb (central pressure) at 1040 UTC at Boston. No other gales. Several other low pressures. "[It] crossed the Atlantic coast near Nantucket, Mass., on the night of October 18th and was still in evidence near Boston the following morning. The storm lack the intensity necessary to be classed as a hurricane, but the shape and distribution of the isobars showed a close resemblance to this type" (MWR). No alterations were made for the genesis of this tropical storm. Peripheral pressures of 999 mb on the 16th and 17th suggest winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 35 kt at 18 UTC on the 16th and 40 kt at 18 UTC on the 17th). A 998 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 18th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 45 kt previously). The system on the 18th was moving northwest into an increasingly baroclinic environment. A 982 mb peripheral pressure was measured on the 19th, though the ship appears to have about a 5 mb low bias when a time series for it is considered. Thus 987 mb peripheral pressure (both from this ship and a separate 987 mb ship observation) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT at 00 UTC as the storm was embedded in low environmental pressure and was slower moving than is typical for systems in this region (up from 45 kt previously). It is estimated that the system made landfall in Massachusetts around 09 UTC on the 19th near 41.3N 70.6W with maximum sustained winds of around 50 kt. Peak observed winds along the coast were 42 kt in Nantucket early on the 19th. After landfall, the weakening cyclone was absorbed in a large extratropical storm moving in from the west. Decay phase of the system is changed in that previously there was no extratropical transition. ******************************************************************************* 1923/08 - 2009 REVISION: 23130 10/16/1923 M= 4 6 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23130 10/16/1923 M= 6 8 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 929 35 0*220 919 35 0 23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 950 35 0*210 940 35 0 *** *** *** *** 23140 10/17*229 913 35 0*242 905 40 0*260 895 45 0*282 889 45 0 23140 10/17*218 930 35 0*228 916 40 0*240 900 45 0*265 889 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 23145 10/18*306 890 40 0E329 892 35 0E351 895 30 0E372 887 25 0 23145 10/18*300 890 50 992*329 891 40 997E355 892 35 0E375 887 30 0 *** ** **** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 23150 10/19E394 875 25 0E415 859 25 0E435 840 25 0E462 815 25 0 23150 10/19E395 875 30 0E415 859 35 0E435 840 35 0E454 822 35 0 *** ** ** ** *** *** ** (The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.) 23151 10/20E472 806 35 0E491 790 35 0E510 770 35 0E530 745 35 0 23152 10/21E555 715 30 0E585 680 30 0E625 640 30 0E670 600 30 0 23155 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 13: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18N 113.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 18.5N, 105.5W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 99.5W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at Manzanillo, Mexico at 19.0N, 104.3W (HWM). No other gales. A few low pressures of 1005 mb at 12 UTC between 21-25N and 106-108W. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 108.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 19.5N, 107.0W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Islas Marias, Mexico at 21.4N, 106.5W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in Mexico, near 19.3N 102.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 35 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 20.0N, 103.0W. Ship highlights: No gales and no low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at Salina Cruz, Mexico at 16.2N, 95.0W (HWM). No other gales. Several low pressures of between 1002 and 1005 mb. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 92.9W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.5N, 95.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 88.3W (MWR); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 27.2N, 90.9W (HWM); 20 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 94.5W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Veracruz, Mexico at 19.2N, 96.1W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Tampico, Mexico at 22.3N, 97.9W (HWM). No gales. All other available land observations are low pressures (< 1006 mb). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N, 89.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 89.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.5N, 89.1W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was 24.0N, 90.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE at 18 UTC at 30.5N, 87.1W (COA); 45 kt NW at 27.0N, 91.1W (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 28.7N, 89.0W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 54 kt SE at 01 UTC at Pensacola at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 997 mb at 21 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR). Storm tide 4+' at Apalachacola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm [storm #5] moved northward, with rapidly decreasing energy, and was quickly followed by another [this storm] from the Gulf moving rapidly northward over nearly the same territory, which likewise brought heavy rains over the immediate Mississippi Valley and northward into the Great Lakes region during the 17th and 18th, and to most districts to the eastward during the following 36 hours. In fact this was the most widespread storm of the month..." (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes an asymmetric low of at most 1000 mb that merged with a cold front centered over the southeastern U.S. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 35.1N, 89.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 88.6W with a 997 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 35.5N, 89.2W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 90.5W (HWM); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 87.2W (HWM). No gales. One other low pressure. Land highlights: 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 50 kt S and 999 mb at 02 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 996 mb at 00 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR)- min pressure at Mobile of 996 mb at 01 UTC; 10 kt N and 996 mb at Cairo, Illinois at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 89.2W (HWM). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At 8 p.m. [on the 17th] (00 UTC on the 18th) its center was between Mobile and New Orleans, and shortly thereafter a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast was registered at Mobile and 56 miles an hour from the southeast at Pensacola" (MWR). October 19: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 995 mb near 44.5N 84W with a warm front extending northeast of the low and a cold front extending to the south of the low. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 43.5N 84W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44N 84W with a 991 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt extratropical low was near 43.5N 84W. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 37 kt SW at Toledo, Ohio (MWR); 37 kt NW at Grand Haven, Canada (MWR); calm and 993 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit, Michigan (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb near 51N 77W with a warm front extending northeast from the low and a cold front extending south of the low. HURDAT did not document the storm on this date. Available observations indicate that the center of the 35 kt extratropical low was near the HWM position. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Colombiere, Canada (HWM). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 62.5N 63.5W at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT did not document the storm on this date. Avialbel observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 62.5N 64W. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 20 kt E and 985 mb at 12 UTC at Godthab, Greenland (HWM). No gales. A few other low pressures. Observational evidence is convincing that a moderate tropical storm was in existance along the west coast of Mexico on the 13th and 14th, it made landfall around 00 UTC on the 15th near Tepio and was inland in west central Mexico near Guadalajara at 12 UTC on the 15th. On the next day, a tropical storm was occurring in the Bay of Campeche. Because of the extreme mountainous terrain of central Mexico, it is unlikely that the two cyclones were, in fact, part of one continuous tropical cyclone track. Instead, it is judged that remnants from the first may have contributed toward development of the second tropical storm. Thus the genesis for this existing Atlantic basin tropical cyclone is retained at 12 UTC on the 16th, though in a location substantially farther west than originally seen in HURDAT. 999 mb pressures at 12 UTC on the 16th from both Veracruz and Tampico suggest winds of least 49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 35 kt is retained in HURDAT because of the extremely low environmental pressures at that time. A 995 mb peripheral ship pressure at 12 UTC on the 27th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained in HURDAT for the same reason as above. Landfall occurred along the Mississippi coastline around 01 UTC on the 18th with a central pressure of about 992 mb (based upon Mobile's minmum of 996 mb with 37 kt SE wind). 992 mb central pressure suggests winds of 58 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship - winds of 50 kt are chosen for HURDAT (up from 40 kt) due to the very low environmental pressures somewhat counteracted by the quick forward speed (~32 kt). Highest obseved winds were 54 kt in Pensacola at 01 UTC on the 17th and 50 kt at Pensacola at 00 and 02 UTC on the 18th. However, the peak on the 17th was primarily due to storm number 5. Transition to an extratropical storm was delayed by 6 hours until 12 UTC on the 18th, as the frontal boundary and the storm would not have coincided until then. An additional two days (October 20th and 21st) were added to HURDAT, as observations and the HWM analyses indicate that the extratropical storm existed longer than originally recognized. While large changes were made to the track near the beginning of the cyclone and to both the track and intensity near the cyclone's end, relatively small alterations were made on the 17th through the 19th. Together, storms 5 and 7 represent a rather rare event with both making landfall in the north central Gulf coast only about 42 hours apart. ******************************************************************************* 1923/09 - 2009 REVISION: 23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 7 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 9 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*183 612 35 0*190 610 35 0*198 606 35 0 23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*193 598 35 0*200 600 35 0*207 602 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23170 10/25*207 605 35 0*215 604 35 0*224 605 35 0*233 611 35 0 23170 10/25*214 604 35 0*222 606 35 0*230 610 35 0*238 618 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23175 10/26*242 622 40 0*251 638 45 0*261 656 45 0*274 666 45 0 23175 10/26*247 630 40 0*256 642 40 0*265 650 40 0*277 652 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23180 10/27E287 669 45 0E320 643 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23180 10/27E290 650 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** 23185 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #7. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NCDC's Original Monthly Record station data, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N, 57.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 61.0W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.0N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.2N, 61.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 60.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 23.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 23.5N 60.5W (COA). October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb that merged with a front and became elongated, centered in the vicinity of 26N, 66W. There is no temperature gradient across the low, however. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.1N, 65.6W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 26.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 63.9W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 27: HURDAT listed that the low became extratropical at 00 UTC with the last position at 06 UTC and 45 kt winds. Available observations suggest that the low became extratropical at 18 UTC on the 26th, and the last advisory is at 00 UTC on the 27th with 35 kt winds. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW at 20 UTC at 41.0N, 60.0W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 53.5W (COA); 25 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 57.4W (COA). No other gales. A few other low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm. A peripheral pressure of 1006 mb on the 25th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 35 kt retained in HURDAT. The 995 mb pressure value recorded from a ship on the 26th in COADS is listed as 1003 mb in Historical Weather Map and from comparison with surrounding data suggests that HWM is correct. 1003 mb peripheral pressure values suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT (down from 45 kt) as the system was undergoing extratropical transition. Change to extratropical is retained at 00 UTC on the 27th, which is not as early as seen in Historical Weather Map analysis for 12 UTC on the 26th. While no gales were observed with this system during its tropical cyclone stage, the data are relatively sparse from the 23rd until the 26th. Thus as the cyclone is already classified in HURDAT as a tropical storm, it will be retained as such because of the moderate probability that gale force winds actually existed. ****************************************************************************** 1923 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION: 1) A combination of Historical Weather Maps and COADS ships observations shows a remnant gale center on 4 January in the Subtropical Central Atlantic left behind by a decaying mid-latitude storm system. This circulation moved NW on the 5th and was located well east of Bermuda. By the 6th, it had been absorbed by a cold front approaching from the west. Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, the low had acquired barotropic characteristics. However, gale-force wind observations of 35 kt from three independent ships at 03, 07, and 19 UTC on the 4th were recorded more than 100 km from the center, while weaker winds were observed at closer distances. Therefore, this low was likely still extratropical and is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a subtropical storm using modern classification criteria. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan. 4 27N 47W Extratropical Storm Jan. 5 30N 50W Extratropical Storm 2) On 19 June, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of a cyclonic circulation at the tail end of an old, zonally-oriented surface front over the Atlantic, north of the Western Bahamas and east of Florida. HWM and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression formed in this area and moved generally north to a position about 450 km east of Savannah on the 21st. It was absorbed by a cold front sweeping down the U.S. East Coast on the 22nd. The peak wind recorded by a ship observation (COA) was 25 kt NE at 12 UTC on the 19th at 30.9N and 79.5W. Since there were no gale force winds and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1012 mb on the 20th and 21st (COA), this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS June 19 28N 77W Tropical Depression June 20 30N 78W Tropical Depression June 21 32N 77W Tropical Depression 3) The 1923 _Monthly Weather Review_ indicated that "From the 9th to the 12th [of October] low pressure prevailed in the Caribbean Sea and vessels in the Gulf of Mexico experienced northeasterly to easterly gales". Examination of the Historical Weather Maps do indicate that a low pressure in the western Gulf was attached to the western end of a frontal boundary on the 7th and 8th. By the 9th, the frontal boundary was dissipating. Moderate east to northeast winds prevailed over the northern half of the Gulf from the 9th to the 11th, primarily under the influence of a strong high pressure over the southeast U.S. Only one gale force wind was observed (10th from COADS), well-away from the possible low pressure center. Moreover, on the 10th and 11th a well-defined circulation center is not evident from available observations. It is possible that this system did tranform briefly to a tropical storm, or perhaps a subtropical storm, especially on the 8th or 9th. But no gale force winds or low pressures were observed in direct connection to the cyclone. Thus this system is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 7 23N 94W Extratropical Low Oct. 8 24N 94W Extratropical Low Oct. 9 23N 92W Extratropical Low Oct. 10 22N? 91W? Open Trough? Oct. 11 --N --W Open Trough 4) This system - originally storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity as a tropical cyclone. Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, station data from the Original Monthly Records, and personal communication from R. Perez (2005). 23005 10/14/1923 M=16 4 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23010 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*104 803 35 0*108 802 35 0 23015 10/15*112 802 35 0*117 801 35 0*123 801 35 0*130 801 35 0 23020 10/16*138 802 35 0*146 803 35 0*152 804 35 0*156 805 35 0 23025 10/17*160 805 35 0*163 806 35 0*167 807 35 0*171 807 35 0 23030 10/18*174 808 35 0*177 809 35 0*181 808 35 0*185 807 35 0 23035 10/19*191 805 40 0*197 801 40 0*204 796 40 0*211 790 40 0 23040 10/20*220 783 35 0*229 775 35 0E239 770 35 0E252 767 40 0 23045 10/21E267 766 40 0E281 764 40 0E292 762 45 0E299 758 50 0 23050 10/22E306 753 55 0E313 748 60 0E320 744 60 0E326 742 60 0 23055 10/23E333 742 60 0E339 743 60 0E346 746 60 0E357 751 55 0 23060 10/24E374 756 50 0E392 760 45 0E408 761 40 0E422 765 35 0 23065 10/25E436 769 35 0E448 767 30 0E463 758 30 0E475 731 25 0 23070 10/26E480 695 25 0E482 657 25 0E485 625 30 0E493 598 30 0 23075 10/27E501 572 35 0E509 545 35 0E517 517 35 0E525 488 40 0 23080 10/28E534 459 40 0E542 430 40 0E550 400 40 0E557 379 45 0 23085 10/29E564 360 45 0E570 344 45 0E576 326 45 0E585 293 40 0 23090 TS October 14: HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1005 mb entirely over South America. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm located at 10.4N, 80.3W. Available observations suggest that the low is not closed. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 7.1N, 80.9W (COA); 5 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 12.5N, 75.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. October 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of HURDAT's tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 80.1W. Available observations suggest that there is a 25 kt tropical depression centered near 12.3N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity on HURDAT's tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.2N, 80.4W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression is at 15.2N, 82.0W. Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 81.6W (COA); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 77.4W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 3 kt E and 1005 mb at 0 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 8 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (HWM/OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 80.7W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 16N, 82W. Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 21 UTC at 12.5N, 80.5W (COA). No gales. Several other low pressures (> 1006 mb). Land highlights: 10 kt E and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered on the coast of Central America near 15N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.1N, 80.8W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 18.1N, 81.5W. Ship and land highlights: No gales. Several low pressures between 1003 and 1005 mb. October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 78.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.4N, 79.6W. Available observations or lack thereof suggest that the low is not closed on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 84.8W (HWM); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 24.3N, 81.7W (COA). 1 other gale. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 9 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front extending from south of Cuba up the eastern seaboard of the U.S. HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 23.9N, 77.0W. Available observations suggest that this is a 25 kt tropical depression centered at 23.9N, 77.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb along a SSW-NNE stationary front centered near 29N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 29.2N, 76.2W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low is centered at 29.2N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 22: HWM analyzes a stationary front off the east coast of the U.S. There is no closed low on the HWM map. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 32.0N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27N, 76W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that there is a 50 kt extratropical low near 32.0N, 74.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1017 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 36.5N, 72.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 43 kt N at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA HIST.). A few other gales. No low pressures. "The severe storm of the 22d-25th of October, which developed north of the Bahamas and moved northward to Hatteras and thence north-northwestward to extreme northwest Pennsylvania, was formed and maintained by the usual processes attending extra-tropical storms and bore no resemblance to a hurricane" (MWR). October 23: HWM analyzes a front with a sharp temperature and pressure gradient from off the coast of NC to NJ. HWM analyzes the lowest pressure to be at most 1005 mb, but it is very elongated and does not resemble a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 34.6N, 74.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34N, 75W with an 1003 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that this 75 kt extratropical low was centered at 34.6N, 74.6W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N, 73.9W (COA); 15 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 32.6N, 76.7W (COA). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures between 999 and 1005 mb. Land highlights: 71 kt NE at Atlantic City at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Hatteras at 35.3N, 75.6W (HWM). Several other strong gales from NC to MA. No other low pressures. October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 40N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 40.8N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center inland near 40.2N, 78W with an 1002 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that this 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 40.8N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 73.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 72.5W (COA); 25 kt SE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 36.1N, 75.0W (COA). One other gale and one other low pressure. Land highlights: 47 kt SE at New York 40.8N, 74.0W (MWR); 20 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Harrisburg, PA at 40.3N, 76.5W (HWM). One other gale. A few other low pressures. October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 45N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 46.3N, 75.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center over Canada near 46N, 76.5W. Available observations suggest that this 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 46.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures were observed. October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 46N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 48.5N, 62.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 47.5N, 64W with a 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 48.5N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Chatham at 47.0N, 65.5W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Sydney at 46.2N, 60.2W (HWM). No gales and no other low pressures. October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb embedded in an occluded front located south-southwest of the southern tip of Greenland near 52N, 48.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 51.7N, 51.7W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 51.7N, 51.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 54.0N, 47.8W (COA). No other gales. All other observations are low pressures. Land highlights: No gales. October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb in an occluded front near 55N, 37W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 55.0N, 40.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 55.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR); 45 kt N and 970 mb at 17 UTC at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR). Several other gales. All observations are low pressures. October 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb at the end of a stationary front centered near 57.5N, 27.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 57.6N, 32.6W. Available observations indicate that the 50 kt extratropical storm was centered near 57.6N, 32.6W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 976 mb at 07 UTC at 55.5N, 33.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 977 mb at 13 UTC at 55.5N, 31.5W (COA); 50 kt NW at 22 UTC at 56.5N, 29.5W (COA); 10 kt W and 964 mb at 10 UTC at 56.5N, 28.5W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 30 kt E and 986 mb at 12 UTC at Reykjavik, Iceland at 64.2N, 22.0W (HWM). One other low pressure. This system became a tropical depression around 00 UTC on the 15th, about twelve hours after that originally indicated. No gale force winds were observed from the 14th through the 18th. Numerous low pressure observations (less than 1006 mb) were taken, but the environmental pressures were around 1008 mb, so none of these suggest gale force winds were present on these dates. On the 19th, the system became elongated northeast-southwest (and may no longer have had a well-defined closed center) as a strong cold front approached from the northwest. Two 35 kt west winds were observed on this date, but were more than 300 nmi from the center, which suggests a structure more descriptive of a monsoonal low or developing extratropical low. On the 20th, a well-defined closed center could no longer be located as the strong frontal boundary approached, but the lack of a closed low may have been due on this date to sparse data. HURDAT originally had the system becoming extratropical on the 20th at 12 UTC, but the timing of this appears to be about 6-12 hours too early. By 12 UTC on the 21st, the system had transformed into a purely extratropical storm with gales developing on the 22nd. (It is possible that the original tropical depression dissipated completely late on the 19th/early on the 20th and that a separate extratropical low developed on the 21st. This scenario is consistent with the Monthly Weather Reviews description of the system: "There was evidence that a disturbance was forming [on the 16th and 17th] between the Island of Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama ... Over the western Caribbean Sea pressure continued low with some evidence of a slight disturbance central southwest of Jamaica. Following a slight rise in pressure over the western Caribbean Sea, Cuba and the vicinity of the Bahama Islands on the 20th, the barometer again began to fall over Cuba and the Bahamas region during the 21st, and by the morning of the 22d a disturbance of slight intensity had developed with its center near Nassau, Bahama Islands.") The extratropical storm became quite intense with hurricane force winds reported on the 23rd. HURDAT continued the system through the 29th of October, but the Historical Weather Map series suggest that the system remained a separate extratropical storm until the 2nd of November in the far North Atlantic. Because the system had no direct gales associated with it from the 14th until the 19th while it was a tropical cyclone, this system is removed from HURDAT as it likely never reached tropical storm status. This assessment is in agreement with Cuban meteorologist Ramon Perez, who stated that "This system looks like a low pressure or a tropical depression over Cuba. It does not look like a tropical storm, as Neumann and Ortiz tracked. A copy of several of our historical weather maps are attached." (These maps are included.) Thus the removal of this system from HURDAT is consistent with both the Cuban assessment as well as from U.S. Weather Bureau (in the Monthly Weather Review) descriptions at the time of the system. In our assessment, this cyclone had a large circulation with peak winds below gale-force and with no well-defined center. However, it is possible that a well-defined center did exist embedded within the large circulation envelope, but that it was just not sampled from the available observations. The system (if we are correct that no well-defined center was present) is likely somewhat analogous to Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, but without gale force winds present. 5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship observations show large, residual occluded lows on 16-17 October in the Eastern Atlantic near the Azores, 4-6 November in the Western Atlantic to the east and northeast of Bermuda, and 23-24 November in the Subtropical Central Atlantic. While all exhibited ambient temperatures that had become nearly isothermal towards the center, significant large-scale air and sea-surface temperature gradients still existed. Also, any available gale-force wind observations were located far away from the center. Consequently, these systems are considered to be extratropical gale centers and are not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 16 39N 23W Extratropical Storm Oct. 17 39N 25W Extratropical Storm DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 4 30N 58W Extratropical Storm Nov. 5 36N 63W Extratropical Storm Nov. 6 35N 60W Extratropical Storm DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 23 27N 58W Extratropical Storm Nov. 24 28N 56W Extratropical Storm ******************************************************************************* 1924/01 - 2009 REVISION: 23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 23195 06/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*176 876 40 0*180 885 35 0 23195 06/18*176 852 35 0*178 866 40 0*180 880 40 0*182 894 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 23200 06/19*184 895 35 0*187 904 35 0*190 913 35 0*193 922 40 0 23200 06/19*184 907 30 0*187 919 30 0*190 930 35 0*194 940 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 23205 06/20*195 931 40 0*197 939 40 0*200 948 40 0*203 958 40 0 23205 06/20*199 949 40 0*204 957 40 0*210 965 40 0*217 972 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23210 06/21*206 968 40 0*209 979 40 0*212 990 35 0*214 998 25 0 23210 06/21*225 978 35 0*235 983 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23215 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. June 17: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Available observations show that no closed low existed on this date. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures were observed. "Pressure fell gradually over the northwestern Caribbean Sea during the 15th-17th, the decrease in that time amounting to 0.14 inch at Tela, Spanish Honduras, and Belize, British Honduras, and 0.04 inch at Swan Island" (MWR). June 18: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 87.6W. Available observations do suggest a closed low exists near 18N, 88W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures were observed. "The first disturbance, which was followed from the 18th to the 20th of June from the northwestern Caribbean to the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, caused heavy rains but apparently no high winds" (MWR). June 19: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 92.5W of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.0N, 91.3W. Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one does it may be somewhat west of the HURDAT position near 19N, 93W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. June 20th: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 98W of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 94.8W. Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one does it may be somewhat northwest of the HURDAT position near 21N, 96.5W, mainly because of low pressure observed in Tampico, MX. Station highlight: 1005 mb at Tampico (MWR). June 21st: HWM indicates no significant features near the system in question. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm inland over eastern Mexico at 21.2N, 99.0W. Available observations do suggest that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. Genesis is begun 12 hours earlier than original HURDAT with this tropical cyclone, as it had a fairly well-defined circulation at 12 UTC on the 18th. Alterations - mainly minor - were introduced to the track for all dates, though the changes on the 20th and 21st were quite large adjustments to the northwest, mainly due to the MWR observation of 1005 mb pressre at Tampcio. Winds are reduced below tropical storm intensity on the 19th as the cyclone transited the Yucatan. A peripheral pressure observation - 1005 mb at Tampico on the 20th was measured - which does suggest at least winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, environmental pressures were low, suggesting lower winds than usual for the given pressure observation. 40 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th. Dissipation of the cyclone is revised to be 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. This is mainly because the original track had it make landfall in Mexico too late compared with available observations suggest. No tropical storm force winds were observed with this cyclone. However, as is fairly typical for Central America and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, observations were quite sparse. Additionally, the location and time of year of this system do match that expected by climatology. Thus the cyclone will be retained in HURDAT, though evidence for keeping it in is somewhat mixed. ******************************************************************************* 1924/02 - 2009 ADDITION: 23190 07/28/1924 M= 3 2 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23195 07/28* 0 0 0 0*285 785 30 0*300 775 35 0*315 765 40 0 23195 07/29*330 755 40 0*345 744 45 0*360 730 50 0*372 714 55 0 23195 07/30*382 697 55 0*390 679 50 0*395 660 45 0E400 640 40 0 23215 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. July 27: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low with at most a 1015 mb central pressure situated near 28.5N, 84W at the tail end of a cold front that extended off the Carolinas through central Florida. However, examination of HWM and COADS data reveals that the system was better described as an open trough, oriented east-northeast to west-southwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 28: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most 1015 mb centered near 31.2N, 77.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.1N, 79.7W with an 1014 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary had dissipated and a center of the 35 kt tropical storm was near 30.0N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 21 UTC at 32.5N, 77.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most 1015 mb centered near 36N, 73W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34.9N, 73.3W. Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary had instead dissipated and that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 36.0N, 73.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 09 UTC at 33.5N, 75.5W (COA). 45 kt N and 999 mb at 22 UTC at 37.2N, 70.3W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 29th there was a disturbance central near Hatteras that moved northeastward along the coast ... vessels in the southernly quadrant reported moderate to strong gales" (MWR). July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 63.8W, attached to the end of a weak front, but just south of a W-E stationary front. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.8N, 60W. Available observations suggest that the weak front attached to the system had dissipated, but that the stationary front the system was approaching from the south was a more significant baroclinic feature. The 50 kt tropical storm was centered near 39.5N, 66.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (COA); 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 37.3N, 65.6W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1003 mb at ~ 14 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 31st [it] covered the region between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia" (MWR). Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun at 06 UTC on the 28th of July east of Florida, as it was likely still an open trough up until that time. The system's origins were from a frontal boundary and it - especially on the 28th - may still have had some hybrid characteristics. The temperature gradients were quite weak on the 28th and 29th, with a value of ~5F in 5 degree latitude diameter and nearly 0F in 5 degree longitude on the 28th and ~5F in 5 degree latitude and ~4F in 5 degree longitude on the 29th. The system was upgraded to a tropical storm late on the 28th based upon two 35 kt ship reports. The system peaked in intensity with an estimated 55 kt late on the 29th and early on the 30th as it moved north-northeastward, paralleling the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. This intensity was supported by a 999 mb pressure, which suggested at least 50 kt from both the subtropical and high latitude pressure-wind relationships. Highest observed winds in the tropical storm were 45 kt late on the 30th. The storm weakened afterwards, moving into the cool waters south of Nova Scotia. It likely became extratropical late on the 30th, as it merged with a stationary front. The statement in Monthly Weather Review regarding the system being between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia on the 31st is incorrect, as that was judged to be due to a strong baroclinic system moving in from the west. ******************************************************************************* 1924/03 - 2009 REVISION: 23220 08/16/1924 M=13 2 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23220 08/16/1924 M=13 3 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * *** * 23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 540 35 0*110 552 35 0*115 561 35 0 23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 546 25 0*110 560 25 0*116 575 25 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23230 08/17*120 570 35 0*126 580 35 0*134 591 35 0*142 604 35 0 23230 08/17*123 590 30 0*130 604 30 0*138 615 30 0*145 623 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23235 08/18*150 613 35 0*159 626 35 0*168 635 35 0*176 645 40 0 23235 08/18*152 629 30 0*160 635 30 0*168 640 30 0*176 646 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23240 08/19*185 655 40 0*194 664 40 0*202 672 45 0*210 679 45 0 23240 08/19*185 653 40 0*194 660 40 0*202 667 45 0*210 673 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** 23245 08/20*217 685 50 0*225 691 55 0*232 698 60 0*240 706 60 0 23245 08/20*217 679 55 0*225 685 60 0*232 692 60 0*240 701 60 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 23250 08/21*250 715 65 0*259 724 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0 23250 08/21*250 712 65 0*259 722 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0 *** *** 23255 08/22*276 740 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0 23255 08/22*276 742 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0 *** 23260 08/23*282 752 100 0*282 754 105 0*283 756 105 0*283 759 105 0 23260 08/23*282 753 100 0*282 757 105 0*283 762 105 0*283 766 105 0 *** *** *** *** 23265 08/24*282 762 110 0*282 766 110 0*282 769 110 0*282 775 115 0 23265 08/24*282 770 105 0*282 773 105 0*282 775 100 0*286 777 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23270 08/25*298 771 115 0*307 769 115 0*318 765 115 0*330 760 110 0 23270 08/25*294 779 90 0*302 777 85 0*312 770 85 969*327 763 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 23275 08/26*344 755 110 0*360 743 105 0*379 729 100 0*406 703 90 0 23275 08/26*344 755 90 0*363 743 90 963*385 729 85 0*409 703 80 968 ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 23280 08/27E435 672 85 0E463 631 80 0E482 598 75 0E498 560 65 0 23280 08/27E435 672 75 0E463 631 65 0E490 598 60 0E510 560 55 0 ** ** *** ** *** ** 23285 08/28E518 526 55 0E538 488 50 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0 23285 08/28E525 526 50 0E540 488 45 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** ** 23290 HR 23290 HR NC1 MA1 *** *** U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 8/26/1924 0400Z 35.5N 74.8W 65kt 1 34nmi RMW 963mb NC1 8/26/1924 1900Z 41.2N 70.2W 65kt 1 40nmi RMW 968mb MA1 (Both were close approaches, but not landfall.) Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather Review_, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001). August 16: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 tropical storm at 11.0N, 55.2W. Available observation suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression was at 11.0N, 56.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM analyzes rotation over the Leeward Islands but does not analyze a low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.4N, 59.1W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was at 13.8N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the Lesser Antilles" (MWR). August 18: HWM analyzes an elongated (SW - NE), closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.5N, 67.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.8N, 63.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was at 16.8N, 64.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N, 67.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 67.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20N, 67.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was at 20.2N, 66.7W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 23.8N, 66.8W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 21.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 22.5N, 63.5W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It moved northwest, reaching the Virgin Islands on the 19th without any increase in intensity. It was accompanied by heavy rain but no damaging winds" (MWR). August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.3N, 68.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.2N, 69.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.7N, 70.8W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was at 23.2N, 69.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It increased gradually, however, both in intensity and size after passing to the north of Porto Rico and within three days, when its center was in about latitude 27.5N, and longitude 74.5W, the winds near the center had increased to hurricane force" (MWR). August 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 73.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 73.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 75 kt hurricane was at 26.7N, 73.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 19 UTC at 26.7N, 73.7W (MWR); 60 kt and 1000 mb (MWR); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 73.8W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 75.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 76W with a 992 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 95 kt hurricane was at 28.0N, 74.8W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 74.0W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.1N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 75.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 77W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was at 28.3N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.8N, 73.5W (COA); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at 20 UTC at 26.7N, 79.6W (COA). One other gale. Several other low pressures between 1002 and 1005 mb. August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.3N, 76.1W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 76.9W. The MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center near 28.7N, 78W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 100 kt hurricane was at 28.2N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 972 mb (no time or position) (MWR); 60 kt N and 996 mb at 05 UTC at 28.8N, 78.4W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00 UTC at 29.6N, 77.9W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It did not start north again until the night of the 24th, meanwhile developing the greatest intensity just north of the Bahamas with hurricane velocities and barometer readings as low as 28.70 inches [972 mb]" (MWR). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.8N, 78.2W, with a front a little to the northwest of the low. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane near 31.8N, 76.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 77W. It showed a 972 mb pressure at 00 UTC slightly south-southwest of the position at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 31.2N, 77.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 984 mb at 21 UTC at 31.5N, 75.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 973 mb at 32.0N, 76.5W (MWR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC); 38 kt E and 997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the location/intensity: "At noon [16 UTC], [the center] was very accurately located by three vessels near latitude 32N, and longitude 76.5W" (MWR). Savannah: "Tropical storm... moved rapidly northward, passing about 100 miles east of Savannah" (OMR). Wilmington: "Rain set in at about 4:20 a.m. [0920 UTC], continuing with a few short interruptions until 6:30 p.m. [2330 UTC]. Winds at Wilmington shifted from ENE-N-NW-WNW between the morning of the 25th and early on the 26th. The storm center passed an estimated distance of 100 to 120 miles to the eastward of the station. Morehead City and Beaufort indicate that severe winds were experienced at those places, causing some damage to property on shore and small craft in the harbor" (OMR). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39N, 72.5W, with the west edge of a warm front just to the northeast of the low. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 37.9N, 72.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.1N, 72.5W. It showed a 971 mb pressure at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 75.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 38.5N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 39.1N, 68.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 72.4W (COA). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 64 kt NW at 03 and 04 UTC and 975 mb at 02 and 03 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 68 kt N at 16 UTC at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (OMR); 20 kt E and 972 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. "Maximum sustained winds reached 72 mph at Cape Henry" (VA Hurricanes). Norfolk: "Heavy rain and winds of strong gale force accompanied the storm. A number of trees were blown down and there was other minor damage" (OMR). Block Island: "The gale commenced during the early morning, reaching 78 miles at 11 a.m.; continued with hurricane force until 2 p.m. with an extreme of 82 miles per hour" (OMR). Providence: Damage to shipping, boats, telephone lines, trees, poles, fruit crops, and electricity (OMR). Nantucket Island: "The tropical storm which passed to the south of the station at 2:00 pm was of great intensity doing extensive damage to the water front" (OMR). Near North Carolina: Central pressure of 972 mb, radius of maximum wind 34 nmi, no landfall (Ho et al.). Near Massachusetts: Central Pressure of 960 mb, radius of maximum wind 40 nmi, "storm becoming extratropical" (Ho et al.). Two reports of F2 and numerous reports of F1 structural damage in New England, analyzed a 60 nmi radius of maximum wind (Boose et al.). "1924 Aug. 25, Cape Hatteras, Minimal, Center offshore ... 1924 Aug. 26, R.I., Cape Cod, Minimal, Severe at Block Island" (Dunn and Miller - Note "Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds). Jarrell et al. did not consider this system to cause hurricane impacts in either North Carolina or in New England. "Environmental pressure of 1006 mb, Maximum Sustained Surface Wind Estimate [felt offshore due to bypass] of 84 kt near North Carolina and 79 kt near Massachusetts" (Schwerdt et al.). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low, now embedded in an occluded front, of at most 980 mb centered near 49N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt extratropical low at 48.2N, 59.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 48.2N, 59.5W with a 981 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was at 49.0N, 59.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 60.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 40 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC at Harrington H., Canada at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.9N, 42.5W, at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 55.3N, 45.2W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was at 55.3N, 45.2W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 53.5N, 46.8W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. The most significant track alteration was done on the 17th with a shift 150 nmi to the west-northwest of the original HURDAT location based upon ship and island observations showing an earlier track across the Lesser Antilles. Minor changes to the track were introduced for the remainder of the hurricane's lifetime. The system's development into a tropical storm was delayed until late on the 18th based upon numerous ship and island station observations. This is consistent with the Monthly Weather Review's assessment of "a disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the Lesser Antilles". Observation of 993 mb peripheral pressure late on the 21st suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 80 kt originally. Little in the way of inner core observations were available until the 25th. Intensity of 95 kt and 105 kt on the 22nd and 23rd are retained and 105 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, though this could not be verified by observations. At an unknown time on the 25th the ship Harvester reported a surface pressure of 973 mb with a wind of 35 kt east with a peak wind of 70 kt (force 12) east-southeast. The weakening of the wind at time of lowest pressure suggests a measurement inside the radius of maximum wind near the eye and an estimate of 969 mb central pressure is made (assuming about 1 mb drop per 10 kt wind). 969 mb pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt chosen for HURDAT down from 115 kt at 12 UTC and 110 kt at 18 UTC. Winds are lowered accordingly from the 22nd through the 25th. Early on the 26th the hurricane made a close pass to the east of North Carolina with 64 kt 5 min northwest winds and 975 mb pressure recorded at Hatteras. Ho et al. (1987) analyzed a central pressure of the hurricane as it was bypassing Hatteras of 972 mb, though this value appears to be too high given the hurricane force winds being observed with 975 mb pressure recorded. A central pressure early on the 26th is estimated to be about 963 mb, which suggests winds of 92 and 88 kt from the subtropical and northern pressure-wind relationships, accordingly. Winds are chosen at 90 kt for 00 and 06 UTC on the 26th, down from 110 and 105 kt originally. (This is similar to the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near the Carolinas.) 115 kt previously from late of the 24th until 12 UTC on the 25th were the peak intensity of this hurricane. In these revisions, the peak is reached later - late on the 25th and early on the 26th with a reduced peak intensity of 90 kt. The observed 64 kt at Hatteras reduces down to 53 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). However, given the impact along portions of the Outer Banks, it is estimated that at least minimal sustained hurricane force (Category 1) winds occurred in North Carolina. Thus this hurricane is counted as a Category 1 hurricane strike in North Carolina, though it remained offshore and did not make a landfall. After passing the Carolinas, the hurricane accelerated off to the northeast and passed just offshore of Massachusetts. Key observations at Nantucket were a minimum pressure of 972 mb and winds of 20 kt east at 19 UTC on the 26th, suggesting that the island was very close to the center of the system. Ho et al.'s analysis of 960 mb central pressure thus appears to be too deep and 968 mb is instead utilized. Structurally, this system had begun transitioning to an extratropical storm, but likely retained enough tropical characteristics to consider it a New England hurricane impact. (As an example, Boston's temperatures/dew points went from 65F/64F at 12 UTC on the 26th before the system's passage to 70F/65F at 12 UTC on the 27th after the passage. Thus any surface baroclinicity appears to be minimal or non-existent near New England.) 968 mb central pressure suggests winds of 84 kt from the northern pressure- wind relationship. A RMW of 40 nmi is larger than that suggested from climatology for this latitude and central pressure (33 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000). The hurricane was accelerating northeastward at 30-35 kt around the time of closest approach to New England, which while fast is close to climatological for this region. Thus winds are reduced to 80 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th, down from 90 kt originally. (This is similar to the 79 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near Massachusetts.) A peak 5 min wind of 68 kt was recorded at Block Island at 16 UTC, which adjusts downward to 55 kt after accounting for bias and conversion to 1 min. Thus only Massachusetts is considered a Category 1 hurricane strike from this system. Characterization of system as a Category 1 hurricane in New England is also consistent with Boose et al.'s assessment based upon structural damages in the area. No change is made to when the system underwent extratropical transition (at 00 UTC on the 27th). Winds are reduced on the 27th and 28th consistent with relatively lower intensity indicated by Canadian and marine observations of a large, but weaker extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1924/04 - 2009 REVISION: 23295 08/26/1924 M=12 3 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23295 08/26/1924 M=12 4 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 23300 08/26*137 500 35 0*137 532 35 0*138 546 35 0*140 558 35 0 23300 08/26*137 480 35 0*137 495 35 0*138 510 35 0*140 525 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** 23305 08/27*144 570 40 0*149 581 40 0*153 590 45 0*156 598 50 0 23305 08/27*144 540 45 0*149 555 55 0*153 570 65 0*156 586 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23310 08/28*161 606 55 0*166 613 65 0*171 620 65 0*176 627 70 0 23310 08/28*161 602 85 0*166 618 95 965*171 630 95 0*176 638 95 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 23315 08/29*183 634 75 0*190 640 80 0*196 646 80 0*199 649 85 0 23315 08/29*181 644 95 0*185 649 95 967*190 654 95 0*195 659 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23320 08/30*202 651 85 0*204 653 85 0*207 656 85 0*211 658 85 0 23320 08/30*200 663 90 0*205 667 90 0*210 670 90 0*213 672 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23325 08/31*214 660 90 0*218 662 90 0*222 665 90 0*226 668 90 0 23325 08/31*215 674 90 0*216 676 90 0*218 678 90 0*220 680 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23330 09/01*231 671 90 0*236 675 90 0*241 678 90 0*246 681 90 0 23330 09/01*223 681 90 0*226 682 90 0*230 683 90 0*236 684 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23335 09/02*252 684 90 0*258 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*272 688 85 0 23335 09/02*243 685 90 0*252 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*275 688 85 0 *** *** *** *** 23340 09/03*284 689 85 0*300 688 80 0*319 685 80 0*341 680 80 0 23340 09/03*289 689 85 0*305 688 80 0*322 685 80 0*341 680 80 0 *** *** *** 23345 09/04*363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0 23345 09/04E363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0 * 23350 09/05E451 611 65 0E472 587 55 0E492 560 50 0E506 524 45 0 23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 362 35 0 23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 386 35 0 *** 23360 HR Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. August 26: HWM analyzes an open trough east-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands near 54W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 54.6W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 13.8N, 51.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N, 58.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 59.0W. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 15.3N, 57.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.7N, 63.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.1N, 62.0W. Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 17.1N, 63.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 965 mb at ~0730 UTC at Cudjoc Head, Montserrat, at 16.7N, 62.2W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "The center passed over Cudjoc Head, Montserrat at 3:30 a.m. of the 28th with readings on nearby barometers as low as 28.50 inches. Estimates of 100 to 110 miles per hour were made at Montserrat and Antigua between 3 a.m. and 4 a.m." (MWR). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.8N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 64.6W. Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 65.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1009 mb at 16 UTC at 20.5N, 66.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 967 mb at 0530 UTC at Tortola, Virgin Islands at 18.8N, 64.9W (MWR); 967 mb at 06 UTC at St. John at 18.3N, 64.8W (MWR). One other gale. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The center was again exactly located as it passed over the western end of Tortola of the Virgin group. The lowest reading at this point was 28.56 inches at 1:30 a.m. of the 29th... The islands in the direct path of the center of the hurricane were almost completely devastated by the wind and by flood waters from the extremely heavy rainfall" (MWR). "Great damage was done by the storm in these Islands [Virgin Islands]. A number of lives were lost, hundreds of houses were destroyed and thousands damaged, and much damage was done to crops" (MWR). "At 2 a.m. of the 29th the center with a reading of 28.56 inches passed over the eastern end of the island of St. John. The western end of the island of Tortola experienced hurricane winds from 6 p.m. of the 28th to 6 a.m. of the 29th... winds estimated about 100 to 110 miles an hour. The observer at St. Thomas estimated the wind at 110 miles per hour from the north-northeast between midnight and 2 a.m. of the 29th" (MWR). August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 66.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 65.6W. The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a center near 19.8N, 66.3W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 21.8N, 65.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 21.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 66.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 66.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 67.6W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.8N, 67.8W. Ship highlights: Four obs of 35 kt. 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 19.1N, 66.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 68.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 67.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 69W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 23.0N, 68.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 04 UTC at 24.9N, 68.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 24.4N, 68.1W (COA). One other gale. One other low pressure. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N, 71.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 68.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclone shows a center near 26.2N, 69.2W, with a 982 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 26.3N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 983 mb at 16 UTC at 26.7N, 66.2W (MWR); 40 kt SE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 68.5W (HWM); 50 kt SW and 988 mb at 23 UTC at 27.9N, 68.7W (COA). One other gale and one other low pressure. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.1N, 68.7W. A cold frontal boundary is analyzed in HWM a few hundred miles northwest of the hurricane. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 68.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.9N, 67.9W. Available observations suggest that the 80 kt hurricane was centered at 32.2N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.7N, 67.4W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 985 mb at 03 UTC at 29.8N, 69.0W (COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Its center passed about 150 miles...west of Bermuda...Bermuda reported a wind velocity of 36 miles an hour from the southwest the morning of September 3" (and 1008 mb pressure) (MWR). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N, 65W, now embedded within a frontal boundary with a strong temperature gradient across the low. HURDAT listed this as a a 70 kt extratropical low at 40.8N, 64.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 40.9N, 63.2W (COA); 45 kt NE and 980 mb at 14 UTC at 41.2N, 65.1W (MWR). Several other gales. Several other low pressures. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb in an occluded front centered near 49N, 55.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 49.2N, 56.0W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of attached to the end of a front centered near 50.5N, 41.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 52.1N, 42.6W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. Large alterations to the track were made on the 26th and 27th with positions significantly farther east than originally in HURDAT due to ship observations on the 26th and Lesser Antilles station data on the 27th. A large change was also made for the very last HURDAT position at 18Z on the 6th to provide a more realistic acceleration in accordance with observations. Changes for track from the 28th through the 3rd were minor, with no track corrections for the 4th through 12Z on the 6th. A possible central pressure of 965 mb at 0730Z on the 28th from Montserrat suggests winds of 95 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt chosen for 06 and 12Z (above the 65 kt in HURDAT previously) and winds bumped up on the 26th and 27th appropriately to indicate a stronger system than recorded originally. Additional possible central pressures of 967 mb on the 29th from Tortola at 0530Z and St. John at 06Z suggest winds of 93 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt chosen for HURDAT on the 29th. Description of damages and estimates of winds support (at least) a high end Category 2 hurricane in the islands, which is an upgrade from Category 1 originally indicated. Few observations were available near the hurricane's center from the 30th through the 1st, so no changes to the intensity (of 90 kt) were indicated. A 982 mb peripheral pressure reading from ship at 12Z on the 2nd indicates winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb from a ship at 03Z on the 3rd suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 and 80 kt retained in HURDAT for 00 and 06Z, respectively. Extratropical transition is indicated here at 00Z on the 4th, six hours earlier than originally, due to timing of the fronts arrival upon the hurricane. A 980 mb peripheral pressure at 14Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt retained in HURDAT as the system has already become extratropical. ******************************************************************************* 1924/05 - 2009 REVISION: 23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 4 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 5 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 23370 09/13*240 830 60 0*254 852 60 0*260 860 65 0*266 866 70 0 23370 09/13*240 845 35 0*248 855 40 0*255 865 45 0*262 872 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23375 09/14*271 869 70 0*277 872 70 0*282 874 70 0*287 874 70 0 23375 09/14*269 877 50 0*276 879 50 0*282 880 55 0*286 876 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23380 09/15*291 871 70 0*296 865 65 0*300 860 65 0*303 855 55 0 23380 09/15*290 870 65 0*293 862 70 0*296 855 75 980*299 849 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 23385 09/16*306 848 50 0*310 839 45 0*314 828 45 0*319 813 40 0 23385 09/16*302 843 50 0*305 836 45 0*310 828 40 0*318 817 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23390 09/17*328 790 40 0*340 770 40 0E353 744 40 0E366 720 40 0 23390 09/17*329 802 35 0E341 782 40 0E353 758 45 0E367 723 45 0 *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23395 09/18E382 691 40 0E394 667 40 0E410 628 40 0E422 595 40 0 23395 09/18E383 697 45 0E400 670 45 0E415 645 50 0E428 620 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23400 09/19E434 565 40 0E445 533 40 0E455 500 40 0E473 414 40 0 23400 09/19E439 595 50 0E448 570 50 0E455 545 50 0E460 520 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23405 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 9/15/1924 1400Z 29.7N 85.3W 75kt 1 No RMW estimate 980mb AFL1 Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). September 12: HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Caribbean and southeast Gulf of Mexico. A closed low does not yet exist for this system, despite gale force wind observations. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE at 09 UTC at 25.5N, 80.5W (COA) and 35 kt ENE at 13 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA). A short article in Monthly Weather Review (May 1930, page 210, by "A. J. H." suggested that this system began as a tropical storm in the northeast Pacific from the 7th to the 9th, crossed the Mexican highlands on the 10th and 11th, re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on the 12th, and redeveloped on the 13th. A similar scenario was suggested by P. Vazquez Schiaffino of the Encargado del Observatorio de Mazatlan in an unpublished letter entitled "Ciclon tropical de Septiembre 6 - 16 de 1924". However, examination of all available observations strongly suggests that storm 4 instead formed independently in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 13th. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N, 86.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 86.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 87W with an 1008 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 25.5N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 13th of September a disturbance was noted in the central portion of the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.1N, 86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 87.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.2N, 87.7W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.2N, 88.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 21 UTC at 27.0N, 86.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 23 UTC at 27.2N, 87.2W (COA); 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 87.6W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30N, 84.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 86.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 85.6W with a 985 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 85.5W. Land highlights: 58 kt SE and 997 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 23 kt SW and 986 mb at Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (OMR); 985 mb at 1930 UTC at Carrabelle, FL at 29.9N, 84.7W (MWR). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The highest winds at Port St. Joe have been estimated at 75 to 80 miles per hour from the northwest. The harbor damages were relatively small considering the force and duration of the storm, which is probably explained by the timely warnings ... At St. Andrews the winds at their highest were estimated at from 60 to 75 miles per hour and at Carrabelle from 40 to 50 miles with lowest barometer reading at the latter 29.10 inches [985 mb] at about 2:30 pm on the 15th" (MWR). Charleston, SC: "Rain fell at excessive rates on the 15th-16th" (OMR). Apalachicola, FL: The storm of the 15th was of about hurricane intensity" (OMR). Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1924 Sept. 15, St. Joe, Minimal, Damage $275,000; Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia, 1924 Sept. 16-17, Ga., S.C., Minor, Heavy Rain (Dunn & Miller - Note "Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds and "Minor" is for winds less than 74 mph). "Wind damages were not significant, but heavy rains flooded fields and washed away acres of crops. The heaviest rainfall was measured at Quincy, in Gadsden County, where 12.93 inches were recorded within twenty-four hours. The Suwannee and Aucilla Rivers were far above flood stage, and thousands of acres were submerged. The heaviest damages occurred to cotton, corn, sugarcane, peanut, sweet potato, and pecan crops" (Barnes). "Sep. 15, 1924, Center Crossed Coast near Apalachicola, Estimate Lowest 985 mb" (Connor). "1924 Sep, FL, 1NW, Category 1, 985 mb" (Jarrell et al.). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low centered near 30.5N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 82.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 82.8W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 31.0N, 82.8W. Ship highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR); 40 kt SW and 1008 mb at 1545 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 26 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). One other gale. No other low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 35N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 35.3N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.1N, 75W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 35.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 13 UTC at 36.5N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 37.8N, 66.5W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 74.9W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Cape Henry, Virginia at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA Hist); 42 kt SE and 999 mb at 11 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Nantucket, MA: "A northeaster of marked intensity from 12:20 p.m. to 2:39 a.m. the 18, the storm was of southern origin..." (OMR). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41N, 65W, embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low near 41.0N, 62.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.9N, 64.7W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered at 41.5N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW at 40.6N, 66.1W (MWR); 35 kt WSW and 997 mb at 16 UTC at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 50 kt N at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR) at 0417 UTC; 1002 mb at Nantucket Island, MA at 0540 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. September 19: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure associated with a frontal system centered near 45N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 45.5N, 50.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered at 45.5N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W at 12 UTC at 43.5N, 54.3W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 45.6N, 53.2W (COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race, Canada at 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM). No changes are made to either the genesis or decay of this system. Track changes are minor from the 13th until early on the 18th. From late on the 18th through the 19th, a significant track alteration is introduced (substantially farther west than in original HURDAT) based on marine and Canadian observations. Numerous ship and Gulf coastal data indicates a weaker system on the 13th and 14th. Winds reduced at 12 UTC on the 13th from 65 to 45 kt and on the 14th from 70 to 50 kt. The system intensified to a hurricane before making landfall in Florida around 14 UTC on the 15th. (It is noted that an intensification after recurvature toward the northeast is rather unusual.) No sustained hurricane force winds were recorded, as 58 kt SE 5 min winds were the highest observed (which reduces to 48 kt 1 min true wind after correction for the high bias of the anemometers of the era [Fergusson and Covert 1924] and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds [Powell et al. 1996]). However, two locations had estimated hurricane force winds (Port St. Joe and Panama City). Lowest observed pressures were 985 mb from Carrabelle at 1930 UTC (with estimated 35 to 45 kt at the time) and 986 mb from Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (with observed 23 kt SW wind). Both of these occurred after landfall and neither were central pressures as the winds were still substantial. (Thus the Jarrell et al. assessment of 985 mb central pressure at landfall is incorrect. It is also noted that Ho et al. did not have this hurricane in their listing, which included hurricanes of less than 982 mb.) Taking into account the distance of Carrabelle and Apalachicola from the center as well as filling since the landfall at around 14 UTC, the central pressure at landfall is estimated to be 980 mb. A 980 mb central pressure suggests winds of 73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt from the subset of those systems that were intensifying. 75 kt is chosen for landfall intensity, keeping the hurricane as a Category 1 system at landfall for northwest Florida. Highest sustained winds after landfall are 49 kt within two hours of 18 UTC on the 15th (41 kt corrected) and less than gale force at 00 UTC on the 16th. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 1995) suggests winds of 57 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th and 47 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. Given the sparse coverage of wind observations after landfall, more weight is given to the Kaplan-DeMaria model. Winds are unchanged in HURDAT from the 55 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th and 50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. The system is transitioned to extratropical at 06 UTC on the 17th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT) based upon land observations showing that a frontal boundary intercepted the storm earlier than originally indicated. Winds are boosted slightly late on the 17th through the 19th based upon coastal and marine observations of winds up to 50 kt. ******************************************************************************* 1924/06 - 2009 ADDITION: 23410 09/20/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23415 09/20*158 226 25 0*159 228 30 0*160 230 35 0*161 232 40 0 23415 09/21*162 234 40 0*163 237 40 0*165 240 40 0*168 245 40 0 23415 09/22*172 252 35 1005*176 261 35 0*180 270 35 0*185 280 35 0 23435 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N 22.5W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the system was still a SW-NE open trough. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N 23W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 16N 23W. Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 16.5N 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA). September 21: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 21.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 16.5N 24W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 20W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 18N 27W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 17.5N 25.5W at 10 UTC (COA), calm and 1005 mb at 17.5N 24.5W at 02 UTC (COA). September 23: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the region. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. This system likely formed around 00 UTC on the 20th near the Cape Verde Islands. The 1005 mb peripheral pressure at 17 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 37 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Based upon this, it is analyzed that the cyclone became a tropical storm around 12 UTC on the 20th and winds are analyzed at 40 kt at 18 UTC. This is the peak intensity of the tropical cyclone and may have continued at this intensity on the 21st (though the observations were sparse on that date). A possible central pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 02 UTC on the 22nd and a second ship recorded 35 kt SE winds at 10 UTC. The tropical cyclone moved slowly west-northwest from the 20th to the 22nd. Due to the lack of available observations, its existence and status cannot be documented beyond this date. ***************************************************************************** 1924/07 - 2009 ADDITION: 23410 09/24/1924 M=12 7 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23415 09/24*113 222 25 0*114 236 25 0*115 250 25 0*117 264 25 0 23415 09/25*118 278 30 0*119 292 30 0*120 305 30 0*121 318 30 0 23415 09/26*122 332 35 0*123 346 35 0*125 360 35 0*127 375 35 0 23415 09/27*129 390 40 0*132 405 40 0*135 420 40 0*138 434 40 0 23415 09/28*141 448 40 0*145 462 40 0*150 475 45 0*158 487 45 0 23415 09/29*167 499 45 0*176 511 45 0*185 520 40 0*193 526 40 0 23415 09/30*199 531 35 0*204 536 35 0*210 540 35 0*219 544 35 0 23415 10/01*231 547 35 0*246 549 35 0*260 550 35 0*272 550 35 0 23415 10/02*282 550 40 0*290 550 40 0*300 550 45 0*313 550 45 0 23415 10/03*328 550 45 0*345 549 45 0E360 545 45 0E374 537 45 0 23415 10/04E388 525 45 0E402 510 45 0E415 490 45 0E428 469 45 0 23415 10/05E442 447 50 0E456 424 50 0E470 400 50 0E485 375 50 0 23435 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 24: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the 25 kt tropical depression was centered near 11.5N, 25.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered near 12.0N, 30.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low pressure at 42W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 12.5N, 36.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 13.5N, 42.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 46.4W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 15.0N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 15.6N, 46.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. September 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 18.5N, 52.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 21.0N, 54.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low pressure around 55W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered near 26.0N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day, but analyzes a SW-NE front extending from the Bahamas to 40N, 60W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 30.0N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 53.6W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. October 3: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low along the front centered near 37N, 56W. Available observation suggest that the 45 et extratropical low was centered near 36.0N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 53.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 53.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 49W, embedded in an occluded front. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered near 41.5N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at 03 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW at 15 UTC at 41.5N, 50.5W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 46.2N, 40W attached to the north end of a front. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 47.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 42.6W (COA); 35 kt NE at 10 UTC at 46.0N, 39.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW at 19 UTC at 45.0N, 42.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Genesis for this system occurred early on the 24th south of the Cape Verde Islands, based upon ship, island, and coastal observations. While the first gale force wind (45 kt) was reported on the 28th, it is estimated that the system became a tropical storm on the 26th though ship reports are sparse between the 25th and early on the 28th. Ship observations on the 30th were able to relatively accurately depict the system's location and also to indicate that the circulation had weakened. The system is judged to have weakened to a minimal tropical storm on this date. A gale force observation again is reported on the 2nd (45 kt), suggesting some re-strengthening late on the 1st. The system was overtaken by a frontal boundary by 12 UTC on the 4th, thus extratropical transition is indicated at that time. Numerous gales up to 50 kt were observed during its extratropical phase. Late on the 5th the system was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. This new tropical storm followed a classic, Cape Verde-type recurvature track. It was only the fortuitous discovery of two separate gale force observations in the generally data sparse eastern North Atlantic that led to its inclusion into HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1924/08 - 2009 REVISION: 23410 09/27/1924 M= 4 5 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23410 09/27/1924 M= 5 8 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 23415 09/27* 0 0 0 0*164 860 35 0*171 861 35 0*175 861 35 0 23415 09/27*165 860 25 0*170 860 25 0*175 861 30 0*180 861 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23420 09/28*181 861 35 0*189 862 35 0*200 862 35 0*213 862 40 0 23420 09/28*186 861 30 0*192 862 30 0*200 862 30 0*213 862 35 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 23425 09/29*228 862 45 0*245 865 45 0E263 866 50 0E283 850 50 0 23425 09/29*230 862 40 0*250 865 45 0*270 866 50 999*290 850 55 0 *** ** *** **** ******* ** 23430 09/30E304 830 45 0E326 810 35 0E350 785 35 0E375 758 30 0 23430 09/30E310 830 55 0E330 807 55 1001E350 780 60 0E380 755 65 0 *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** (The 1st of October is new to HURDAT.) 23432 10/01E425 730 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 23435 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Strike Info: 9/29/1924 2100Z 30.0N 84.0W 55kt FL Minor changes to the track and to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Major changes were made to the intensity while the system was an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station data, and Kasper et al. (1998). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 86.1W. Available observation suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 17.5N, 86.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.8N, 86.9W. HURDAT listed this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 86.2W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 20.0N, 86.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in the middle of a SSW-NNE front. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 26.3N, 86.6W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 27.0N, 86.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt VAR and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.9N, 85.8W (COA); 35 kt N and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 93.2W (HWM); 25 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 86.2W (COA). No other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt at 23 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). Several other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the track: "The disturbance advanced rapidly north and northeastward and crossed the northwest Florida coast near Cedar Keys during the late afternoon of the 29th" (MWR). Status: "Tropical storm/ET cyclone." Surge at Cedar Key: "probably less than 5 feet" (Kasper et al.). Apalachicola: "The disturbance of the 29th developed over the East Gulf and passed inland, probably about midway between here and Cedar Keys, Fla., about 4 p.m. The winds were gentle... they reached the verifying velocity of 34 miles from the north at 4:17 p.m.; the same velocity occurred at intervals until 6:24 p.m., then decreased gradually during the night. Torrential rains occurred on the 28th and 29th; total amount for the two days was 9.74 inches. The highest tide was about 3 feet, probably about 4:30 p.m. No damage occurred in this vicinity" (OMR). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 77.8W embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 35.0N, 78.5W. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt extratropical low was centered at 35.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 60 kt S at Jacksonville (early in day - OMR); 1001 mb at 0715 UTC at Savannah (central pressure) (OMR); 57 kt W at 16 UTC at Norfolk, Virginia at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR); 71 kt SE at Atlantic City (no time - MWR); 56 kt SE and 996 mb at 21 UTC and 57 kt S at 12 UTC at New York at 40.8N, 74.0W (OMR); 57 kt SE at Providence at 2316 UTC (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: (By the morning of the 30th) "the storm was over the North Carolina coast with increased intensity. The disturbance moved rapidly northward and easterly gales were experienced along the entire Atlantic seaboard" (MWR). Savannah, GA: This storm passed directly over the station about 2 a.m. of the 30th and, in addition to the rain, gave a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles from the northwest and a fall in pressure to 29.57 inches" (OMR). New York: "A hurricane of marked intensity and severity, passing by on the 29th and 30th, caused wide-spread damage throughout the Greater City, along the coast, and in inland parts of New Jersey and New York State. The death of several persons was reported, being caused by exposure to the fury of the wind and rain" (OMR). October 1: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1000 mb embedded in the end of a front centered near 50N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. HURDAT did not previously analyze this day. Available observations suggest that at 00 UTC, the 55 kt extratropical low was centered near 42.5N, 73.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: 56 kt S at Providence, RI at 01 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W (OMR); 17 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Hartford, Connecticut at 41.8N, 72.7W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Genesis of this tropical storm was begun six hours earlier at 00 UTC on the 27th due to observations of a well defined circulation by 12 UTC on the 27th. Minor changes in the track are introduced from the 27th until the 30th based upon ship and coastal observations. Transition to a tropical storm was delayed until early on the 29th as plentiful observations on the 27th and 28th showed at most 25 kt winds associated with the system. The system deepened significantly on the 29th with a peripheral pressure dropping to 1002 mb and one gale force (35 kt) report by 12 UTC. 1002 mb peripheral pressure suggests at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 29th. This 1002 mb ship (with concurrent 25 kt wind) suggests a central pressure of 999 mb at 12 UTC on the 29th. On the same day, a strong cold front was approaching from the west. The system is judged to have become extratropical by 00 UTC on the 30th, 12 hours later than originally analyzed in HURDAT. The system made landfall late on the 29th in northwest Florida as a tropical storm which was undergoing extratropical transition. Peak observed winds near the time of landfall were 60 kt in Jacksonville. This converts to 50 kt 1 min true after accounting for the high bias of the instrument at the time and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It further intensified as an extratropical storm along the Atlantic seaboard on the 30th with peak winds of hurricane force. The cyclone's center went directly over Savannah early on the 30th and a central pressure of 1001 mb was recorded. The 71 kt observed 5 min winds in Atlantic City adjust downward to 58 kt. Winds in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 30th boosted from 30 kt to 65 kt as a very strong extratropical storm. An additional six hourly position and intensity were provided for 00 UTC on the 1st based upon land observations in New England. The system was absorbed by a larger extratropical low by 06 UTC on the 1st. ******************************************************************************* 1924/09 - 2009 REVISION: 23440 10/12/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23440 10/11/1924 M= 5 9 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 23442 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 880 30 0*259 881 35 0 23445 10/12* 0 0 0 0*267 870 50 0*263 890 50 0*259 901 50 0 23445 10/12*263 883 40 0*266 886 45 0*267 890 50 0*263 896 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 23450 10/13*255 911 45 0*249 919 45 0*242 927 40 0*237 931 40 0 23450 10/13*257 905 50 0*249 916 50 0*242 924 50 0*237 932 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23455 10/14*233 934 35 0*230 936 30 0*225 939 20 0* 0 0 0 0 23455 10/14*233 940 50 0*229 948 50 0*225 956 50 0*220 964 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 23455 10/15*215 972 50 0*210 980 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23460 TS Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Additionally, genesis is now indicated one day earlier and dissipation shown one day later than originally in HURDAT. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 8-10: Persistent low pressure was found in the northwestern Caribbean during the 8th to the 10th. However, no closed circulation was present, nor were there any gale force winds or equivalent in pressure. October 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 26N 76W with a weak cold front extending back toward the Straits of Florida. The front and low might have been better described as a trough. Farther to the west in the central Gulf of Mexico, a weak closed low is apparent from the available observations near 25.5N 88W. Neither HURDAT nor the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones analyzed a system on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.8N, 88.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 89.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.1N, 88.9W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 89.0W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NE at ~0930 UTC at 27.7N, 87.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 27.7N, 87.9W (COA); 30 kt E and 1004 mb at 22 UTC at 27.6N, 90.0W (COA). One other gale. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 12th of October a well-defined disturbance developed over the north-central Gulf of Mexico, but was forced southwestward and apparently dissipated over the southwestern Gulf on the 14th" (MWR). October 13: HWM does not analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a trough of low pressure near 27N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 92.3W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at 26.3N, 91.1W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. October 14: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 93.9W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.5N, 93.9W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NW observation from near Tampico (MWR). Genesis of this system was began 18 hours earlier (12 UTC on the 11th) than original HURDAT, due to ship observations indicating a closed low had formed by that time. 50 kt peak intensity retained through early on the 14th to account for ship observation of the intensity offshore of Tampico. Thus winds revised upward on the 13th and 14th. Given the rather sparse observations available on the 14th, one scenario (that was shown in HURDAT and the Tracks for the Centers of Cyclones) is that the system dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico, which would be a rather rare event. However, the ship offshore of Tampico with 49 kt instead suggests that the cyclone made landfall in Mexico south of Tampico. This is what is utilized in the reanalysis here. Dissipation is delayed 18 hours to a last position over Mexico at 06 UTC on the 15th. The movement southwestward across the Gulf is consistent with the steering influence by the much larger system that becomes a major hurricane in the Caribbean (storm #10). ******************************************************************************** 1924/10 - 2009 REVISION: 23465 10/14/1924 M=10 7 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23465 10/14/1924 M=10 10 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** *** 23470 10/14*158 820 35 0*158 832 35 0*159 835 35 0*160 838 35 0 23470 10/14*157 835 25 0*161 839 25 0*165 842 30 0*169 844 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23475 10/15*161 840 35 0*162 842 35 0*164 844 35 0*166 846 35 0 23475 10/15*173 846 30 0*177 848 35 0*180 850 40 0*183 852 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23480 10/16*168 847 40 0*170 848 45 0*173 849 45 0*176 850 50 0 23480 10/16*186 855 60 0*189 858 70 0*190 860 80 0*189 862 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23485 10/17*178 851 50 0*181 852 55 0*184 852 60 0*187 852 60 0 23485 10/17*188 864 80 0*186 865 85 0*184 865 85 0*183 864 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23490 10/18*190 852 65 0*193 852 70 0*196 851 75 0*200 851 80 0 23490 10/18*183 862 90 0*184 860 95 0*186 858 100 0*191 856 110 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23495 10/19*204 850 90 0*209 849 95 0*215 848 100 0*223 846 105 0 23495 10/19*197 853 120 0*204 850 130 0*213 847 145 0*224 844 145 910 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23500 10/20*232 843 105 0*241 839 100 0*248 834 95 0*253 827 90 0 23500 10/20*234 840 130 0*244 835 115 0*252 830 100 0*255 825 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23505 10/21*257 820 80 0*260 810 60 0*262 802 55 0*266 792 50 0 23505 10/21*258 819 80 975*259 810 70 0*260 801 60 986*263 789 60 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 23510 10/22*270 776 50 0*272 760 45 0*280 735 40 0*287 715 40 0 23510 10/22*268 774 60 0*273 756 60 0*280 735 55 0*287 714 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 23515 10/23*295 699 35 0*306 679 30 0*318 666 25 0* 0 0 0 0 23515 10/23*294 693 45 0*301 672 40 0E310 650 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 23520 HRBFL1 23520 HRBFL1CFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 10/21/1924 0100Z 25.8N 81.8W 80kt 1 21nmi 975mb BFL1,CFL1 Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Additionally, a brief extratropical stage is now indicated right before dissipation. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, _Climatological Data_, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000). October 14: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 84.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 83.5W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 16c5N, 84.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At the same time [14th of October] the air pressure began to fall in the vicinity of the Swan Islands. This new disturbance remained nearly stationary until about the 18th" (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.9N, 84.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.4W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 18.0N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales. A few observations of 1004 mb. Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 17.9N, 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.9W. Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 86.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 19.0N, 86.3W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 983 mb at 13 UTC at 19.0N, 86.3W (COA,MWR). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 24 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 20N, 86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 85.2W. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 18.4N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 994 mb at 12 UTC at 17.1N, 87.0W (COA); 45 kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 16.1N, 86.1W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 21 kt S and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 20.3N, 85.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.1W. Available observations suggest that the 100 kt hurricane was centered at 18.6N, 85.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 17.3N, 85.8W (MWR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 38 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 21 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low pressures. "A change on this hurricane track is likely, taking in account our assessment. During many years our hurricane specialist spoke about the loop of this hurricane track. Millas was the first during his operational work with this TC. Ortiz recorded a track similar to the Millas one" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005). October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 920 mb centered near 21.7N, 84.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 21.5N, 84.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 84.6W with a 932 mb pressure. The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a 922 mb pressure sometime between 12 UTC on the 19th and 00 UTC on the 20th. Available observations suggest that the 140 kt hurricane was centered at 21.3N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 104 kt E at 23.8N, 84.2W (MWR); >70 kt SE and 924 mb at 20 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); 25 kt SSW and 922 mb at 2030 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); >70 kt SSW and 923 mb at 2055 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR). Several other hurricane force winds. Several other low pressures between 922-950 mb. Land highlights: 38 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 932 mb at Low Arroyos, Cuba at 22.4N, 84.4W (MWR). No other recorded gales. Several other low pressures, (Four others record in Cuba below 960 mb). Regarding the intensity: "Photographs clipped from El Mundo, Habana, taken in Los Arroyos and Arroyos de Mantua, Pinar del Rio Province, which suggest that the force of wind was almost comparable to that in a tornado. The steel wireless tower at La Fe was blown down. Press reports indicate that in Arroyos de Mantua about a dozen persons were killed and 50 injured and that almost every building in the town sustained heavy damage, besides the severe damage done to the tobacco crop" (MWR). "Huracan sin Precedentes, 1924 Oct. 19, Category 5, 932 mb peripheral pressure observed, estimated central pressure at landfall of 905 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds 135-145 kt, Extraordinary damages occurred in the province of Pinar del Rio" (Perez et al.). "We estimated before a SLP of 905, from the 932 recorded over land and the 917 over the steam ship Toledo. We made a new reanalysis and estimate a SLP of 915 (from r~0.25 RMW) over Toledo) and a SLP of 909 (from r~0.66 RMW over land). I propose you a 910 hPa before and during the approach to Cuba and 915 hPa after that" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005). "It had developed greatly in intensity with a central pressure below 28 inches and hurricane winds. It began to move northward on the 18th and passed over the extreme western end of Cuba on the 19th, Los Arroyos reporting a pressure of 27.52 inches and the S. S. Toledo near Jutias Cay (northwest coast) 27.22 inches ... Recent reports indicate that the hurricane of October 14-23, 1924 was one of great intensity. Dr. Jose C. Millas, director, Observatorio Nacional, Habana, Cuba, writes: `I believe that this hurricane is one of the most severe ever experienced in our latitudes" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.8N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 83.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 83W. Available observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 25.2N, 83.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 962 mb at 05 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC); 70 kt N and 962 mb at 07 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC). A few other 70 kt winds. One other 962 mb pressure. Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm made landfall near Cape Romano, FL. It was one of the most severe on record in Cuba. The hurricane weakened considerably prior to its arrival on Florida's southwestern coast the following day. Winds at Marco Island were estimated at 90 mph, and the barometer there measured at 28.80 inches [975 mb]. The Weather Bureau reported a twenty-four-hour rainfall total of 23.22 inches during the passing of this storm, which established a new one-day record in Florida" (BARNES). Key West: "The center impinging on the west coast of Florida, south of Punta Rassa and probably near Cape Romano, shortly after 8 p.m. on the 20th [00 UTC on the 21st]. The storm's center, at its nearest approach to Key West, was about 90 miles distant at about noon on the 20th. For 17 hours the wind maintained a velocity averaging 51 miles an hour. While the maximum velocity (for 5 minutes) was 66 miles an hour from the southwest at 2 p.m. [18 UTC] on the 20th, there were gusts from 54 to 74 miles an hour. Shipping suffered no loss. There was no damage except of a minor nature to trees and shrubbery" (OMR). "Oct. 20, 1924, Central Pressure of 972 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry Tortugas), 19 nmi radius of maximum wind, Parameters obtained by interpolation between SS Toledo (off western end of Cuba) and Miami, FL and applied to the vicinity of Dry Tortugas, FL" (Ho et al.). "Environmental pressure was 1008 mb and maximum sustained surface wind estimate (at time of closest approach to Florida Keys) was 80 kt" (Schwerdt et al.). "The storm struck the Florida coast in the unsettled region south of Punta Rassa and quickly diminished in intensity, passing off into the Atlantic just north of Miami" (MWR). October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.9N, 79.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 80.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.0N, 80.2W with a 986 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 26.0N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW at 25.5N, 79.4W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.1W (COA); EYE: at 1520 UTC at 26.3N, 79.4W (MWR). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 975 mb at Caxambas, Marco Island at 25.9N, 81.6W (BARNES, Climatological Data); EYE: 0 kt and 986 mb at 1250 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). Several other gales and low pressures. "Remarking further on barometer readings, Mr. Hugh J. Goldie of Caxambas, to the south of Ft. Myers, reported to the Official in Change, Tampa: 'My three barometers fell to 28.80 inches during the storm. We had wind southeast to south which blew in puffs about 90 miles per hour.' It is assumed that these barometers were previously compared at Tampa." (Climatological Data). Miami: "passed over this station [Miami] at 8 a.m. [13 UTC], the center apparently being only a few miles north of Miami. The lowest pressure, 29.12 inches [986 mb], occurred at 7:50 a.m. [1250 UTC], and for a few minutes preceding and following this time the air was practically calm... wind shifted from east-southeast to northwest... maximum velocity recorded was 34 miles per hour from the northwest at 1:12 pm [1812 UTC]... from the 16th to the 21st inclusive, 12.18 inches of rain fell... damage done by strong winds to avocado and citrus crops, the loss however, being only about five per cent" (OMR). "Oct. 21, 1924, 978 mb central pressure, 21 nmi RMW,landfall point 25.9N, 81.7W" (Ho et al.). "1924 Oct, FL, 1SW, Category 1 maximum for United States, 980 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.). October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 28.1N, 73.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 73.8W. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.0N, 73.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 993 mb at 09 UTC at 26.5N, 74.5W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1002 mb at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32N, 66.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front a little northeast of the center. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.8N, 66.6W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 31.0N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. All track alterations are minor for this system, though a small counterclockwise loop was introduced from the 16th to the 18th consistent with available observations as well as from the analysis by Perez et al. Winds are reduced slightly on the 14th and early on the 15th, as numerous ship and coastal observations suggest intensification into a tropical cyclone likely occurred around 06 UTC on the 15th rather than at genesis at 00 UTC on the 14th. 1004 mb peripheral pressures from ships and Swan Island at 12 UTC and 16 UTC suggest winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (up from 35 kt originally) as the environmental pressures are rather low to support more wind. A peripheral pressure of 983 mb (with 35 kt NW wind) at 12 UTC on the 16th suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 45 kt originally. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (with 70 kt SW wind) at 11 UTC on the 18th suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 100 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 75 kt previously. The hurricane was likely rapidly intensifying on the 18th and 19th as extremely low pressures were recorded over the western tip of Cuba and aboard ships. The lowest pressure observed in Cuba was 932 mb in Los Arroyos on the 19th, though it is not clear if this was a peripheral or central pressure. The lowest ship pressures were 924 mb with 70 kt SE at 2000 UTC on the 19th, 922 mb with 25 kt SSW wind at 2030 UTC, and 923 mb with 70 kt SSW winds at 2055 UTC from the ship Toledo near Jutias Cay off the northwestern coast of Cuba. These ship observations suggests that the hurricane made a close pass just west of the ship's location (the ship was likely inside the radius of maximum wind) and that the central pressure was likely to be a few mb lower. The barometer was calibrated by Cuban meteorologists in Havana and was found to be 5 mb too high (R. Perez, 2009, personal communication) and that 917 mb is a corrected value from the Toledo. This value suggests a central pressure of 910 mb, based upon the 70 kt winds occurring with corrected pressures of 919 and 918 mb. A 910 mb central pressure suggests winds of 147 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 145 kt is thus utilized for the winds at 12 and 18 UTC on the 19th, making this a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in Cuba. This is an upgrade from 105 kt Category 3 hurricane in HURDAT previously. After impacting western Cuba, the hurricane accelerated to the northeast, weakened and struck southwest Florida. A 962 mb peripheral pressure (with hurricane force winds) at 06 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the south of 25N and 93 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships - 115 kt used in HURDAT, up from 100 kt originally. The hurricane made landfall near Cape Romano, Florida at 25.8N, 81.8W around 01 UTC on the 21st. Marco, FL recorded a 975 mb pressure which may have been a central pressure. The hurricane also passed over Miami which had a 986 mb central pressure reading. Using the Ho et al. (1989) inland pressure decay model, this suggests about 977 mb central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida given the time over land. Thus 975 mb is used as central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida, which is slightly lower than both the Ho et al. (1987) estimate of 978 mb and the Jarrell et al. estimate of 980 mb. 975 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from south of 25N and 79 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. However, given that the cyclone was weakening from its peak, use of the pressure-wind relationships for filling storms would be more appropriate: 83 and 75 kt, accordingly. 80 kt chosen for 00 UTC on the 21st (the same as HURDAT originally), making this a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in southwest Florida. The 986 mb central pressure value from Miami at 1250 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 70 kt from the south of 25N and 65 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships (68 and 62 kt for filling cyclones) - 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT (up from 55 kt previously) as the system was over land. Late on the 21st of October, the tropical cyclone moved over the Atlantic Ocean. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 09 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for 06 UTC (up from 45 originally) and 55 kt chosen for 12 UTC (up from 50 originally). These values are slightly reduced from what could be used due to low environmental pressures on this date. The system was absorbed within a frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23rd and thus extratropical transition is indicated at that time (which was not shown originally). ******************************************************************************** 1924/11 - 2009 REVISION: 23525 11/05/1924 M=11 8 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23525 11/05/1924 M=10 11 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** 23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 800 35 0*132 795 35 0 23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 800 35 0*128 797 35 0 *** *** *** 23535 11/06*135 790 35 0*138 786 35 0*143 783 35 0*149 781 35 0 23535 11/06*132 794 35 0*136 792 35 0*140 790 35 0*145 789 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23540 11/07*155 778 35 0*161 777 35 0*167 775 35 0*173 774 35 0 23540 11/07*150 789 35 0*155 788 35 0*160 785 35 0*166 780 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23545 11/08*178 773 35 0*184 772 40 0*189 770 40 0*193 768 40 0 23545 11/08*174 773 35 0*182 768 40 0*189 765 40 0*196 763 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23550 11/09*197 765 45 0*201 763 45 0*206 760 50 0*210 757 55 0 23550 11/09*202 762 40 0*206 761 35 0*210 760 35 0*213 760 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23555 11/10*213 755 65 0*215 752 65 0*218 748 65 0*222 742 70 0 23555 11/10*216 759 50 0*218 758 60 0*221 755 65 0*226 747 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 23560 11/11*225 734 75 0*228 724 80 0*232 712 80 0*238 696 85 0 23560 11/11*234 732 70 0*243 712 70 0*252 695 70 0*258 680 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23565 11/12*248 679 85 0*258 666 85 0*270 651 85 0*277 645 85 0 23565 11/12*262 665 70 0*265 657 70 0*270 651 70 0*277 645 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 23570 11/13*286 639 85 0*293 634 85 0*302 627 80 0*313 618 80 0 23570 11/13*286 637 65 0*295 625 65 0*305 615 60 0*315 611 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23575 11/14*331 608 75 0*344 597 70 0*362 585 60 0*386 562 50 0 23575 11/14*326 610 50 0*338 610 45 0*350 610 40 0E365 610 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 23580 11/15E412 530 40 0E438 505 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23585 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001). November 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 80.0W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 12.5N, 80.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 9.8N, 79.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 77.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N, 78.3W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 14.0N, 79.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.9N, 76.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 77.5W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 16.0N, 78.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 76.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 77.0W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 18.9N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N, 75.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 76.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20.5N, 76.3W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 21.0N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Guantanamo at 20.0N, 75.2W (HWM) and at Navassa Island at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the evening of the 8th [~00 UTC on the 9th], a tropical disturbance of slight intensity was near Santiago, Cuba" (MWR). "On the 8th of November a definite cyclonic circulation was noted over Jamaica, which moved slowly north across eastern Cuba on the 9th accompanied by gales. It then turned toward the northeast and was encountered by the U.S.S. Concord in the southeastern Bahamas as a storm of considerable intensity. It continued in a northeasterly direction, passing [200 miles] southeast of Bermuda on the 13th and was last noted south of the Grand Banks on the 15th" (MWR). "Tropical Storm, November 8-9, 1924" (Perez et al.). November 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21N, 74.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 ,t hurricane at 21.8N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 75.1W with an 1002 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 22.1N, 75.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 997 mb at 03 UTC at 21.6N, 76.8W (COA). Several other strong gales and several other pressures between 997 and 1000 mb. November 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.1N, 68.9W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 71.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.1N, 72.9W. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near 25.2N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: 71 kt and 996 mb (near eye) at ~00 UTC at 21.6N, 74.3W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N, 65.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 65.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 67.3W. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 60 kt E at 04 UTC at 31.0N, 63.0W (COA); 10 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 27.3N, 67.5W (HWM). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N, 61.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 62.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 30.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 58.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 64.8W (COA); 15 kt NNW and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 63.2W (COA). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At noon, Nov. 13, our position was 33.3N, 54.2W. While the direction of the wind had not changed noticeably, we were in the path of the storm center and decided to cross the track and avail ourselves to the easterly wind. We steered a northerly course, perpendicular to the storm track and ran before the wind. The barometer fell and at times we had very strong squalls with rain resembling cloud bursts. The wind increased to force 7 [35 kts] with high, easterly swells" (River Delaware- a British steamer). November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 63W at the west end of a W-E warm front and with an occluded front to the north-northwest of this low. A second, extratropical low was centered near 42N 67W at the same time. HURDAT listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 36.2N, 58.5W. Available observations suggest that there is no temperature gradient across the low, and that this system remains tropical. The 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt NW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 31.5N, 63.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane. Track alterations are small from the 5th through the 10th and on the 12th and 13th. The hurricane's position is shifted substantially northeast on the 11th based upon ship observations near its center. The system was relocated to the west-southwest on the 14th based upon numerous marine observations on that date. No changes were made to the intensity from the 5th through the 8th. Winds reduced on the 9th accounting for available coastal and ship observations as well as for weakening of the slow moving system over land (Cuba). Hurricane intensity for this system was confirmed from ship-based wind observations on the 11th. However, on the 12th the system displayed a large radius of maximum winds and a broad central area of low (1000-1005 mb) pressures and weak winds. The system may have been transitioning on this date to a hybrid-type cyclone. Winds are reduced on the 12th to a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane (from 85 kt Category 2 originally) based upon a 60 kt ship report and the weakening pressure gradient. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb (with 15 kt winds) at 12 UTC on the 13th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are chosen to be 60 kt, down from 80 kt originally. Winds are further reduced on the 14th based upon substantial ship observations showing weakening winds and filling pressures - 12 UTC winds set to 40 kt down from 60 kt originally. System is absorbed by a developing extratropical low around 00 UTC on the 15th (by the extratropical low that was near 42N 67W on the 14th and near 47N 45W on the 15th). Thus the two synoptic positions on the 15th are removed. ******************************************************************************** 1924 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION: 1) Historical Weather Map analyses show a residual occluded low that became a large gale center on 17-19 January in the Eastern Atlantic, well to the northwest of the Cape Verde Islands. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations provides inconclusive verification of this storm on the 17th since there were no available data within 750 miles of the analyzed HWM center. However, the observations depict a well-defined cyclonic circulation on the 18th, particularly delineated by a cluster of strong gales north and northwest of the center. It then drifted slightly to the northwest on the 19th and was absorbed by an intense maritime frontal system early on the 20th. Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, nearly isothermal conditions existed within a few hundred km of the center. The strongest gale-force winds (peak of 60 kt N at 14 UTC on the 18th [COA]), however, were measured more than 100 km away from the center, and some large-scale baroclinicity was still present. Therefore, this is considered to be an extratropical system and is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a subtropical storm, using modern classification criteria. It is also possible that the system existed before the 18th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan. 18 22N 32W Extratropical Storm Jan. 19 23N 33W Extratropical Storm 2) Historical Weather Maps suggest that a Cape Verde low formed quickly in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic on 22 August from a strong tropical wave that had moved off of Africa. HWM and COADS observations show that this closed cyclonic circulation moved WNW from a position about 400 km east of Sao Tiago in the Cape Verdes on the 22nd to about 100 km south of Sao Vicente on the 23rd. By the 24th, this system is no longer detectable due to a lack of available observations; thus its status and existence is inconclusive on and beyond this date. A single peak wind observation of 35 kt WSW was reported by a ship (COA) at 21 UTC on the 22nd at 15.5N and 21.5W, and the lowest pressure observation was 1009 mb, as recorded by the same ship four hours earlier. Because there is no other evidence of gale force winds, is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. However, it may have been a minimal tropical storm. (Another possibility is that the gale force wind was part of the monsoonal flow.) DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 22 15N 20W Tropical Depression Aug. 23 16N 25W Tropical Depression 3) In the latter part of November, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of an area of disturbed weather lingering in the Southwestern Caribbean Sea with an analyzed closed low of at most 1010 mb. HWM and COADS ship observations suggest that a tropical depression possibly formed between Jamaica and eastern Panama on 22 November. Over the next two days, it became better organized as it tracked generally westward. It then moved inland and dissipated over Nicaragua during the afternoon of the 24th. The highest observed winds were 25 kt, recorded by two ships at 13 UTC on the 23rd at 11.4N, 82.1W and at 01 UTC on the 24th at 13.2N, 82.2W (COA). Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure observations associated with this system were 1008 mb (COA), it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 22 14N 78W Possible Tropical Depression Nov. 23 13N 80W Tropical Depression Nov. 24 13N 83W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************* 1925/01 - 2009 ADDITION: 23588 08/18/1925 M= 4 1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23588 08/18*290 755 25 0*295 748 25 0*300 740 30 0*305 732 35 0 23588 08/19*310 723 40 0*315 714 45 0*320 705 50 0*328 693 55 0 23588 08/20*339 676 60 0*352 651 70 0*365 615 70 0*378 585 70 0 23588 08/21*391 565 65 0E405 555 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23588 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 16 and 17: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary between the southeast United States and Bermuda. No closed low could be discerned on either day. One gale force wind (south 35 kt near Bermuda) was observed on the 17th. August 18: HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front, with the SW end at 29N, 76W. HURDAT did not previously include this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 74.2W. Available observations suggest that there was a closed low, and the tropical depression was centered at 30.0N, 74.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb extending from 29N, 72W to 40N, 63W along a SW-NE stationary front. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.1N, 70.5W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.0N, 70.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM analyzes a bending frontal boundary, but no closed low. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.2N, 60.6W. Available observations suggest that the low is closed and the Category 1 hurricane was centered at 36.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 994 mb at 0630 UTC at 34.6N, 63.1W (MWR). No other observed gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Early in the morning on the 20th, the American S.S. Antinous, about 150 miles to the northeast of the islands [Bermuda], ran into a gale of short duration that attained hurricane force. No storm logs have as yet been received from any other vessel near the Antinous- and there were several not far away- although a heavy and confused sea was reported" (MWR). "The S.S. Antinous at 2:30 a.m. of August 20 in latitude 34.6N, and 63.1W passed near the center of a small hurricane (the wind and pressure are indicated above in ship highlights).This storm began to form in the remnants of a low-pressure trough on the 18th,about halfway between Bermuda and the Florida peninsula, moved thence slowly northeastward and apparently reached its greatest intensity while in the vicinity of the S.S. Antinous. It merged with a more extensive disturbance to the north, but could still be identified on the morning of the 21st near latitude 41N, and longitude 52W" (MWR). August 21: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary, but no closed low. Available observations suggest that the system became extratropical around 06 UTC at 40.5N, 55.5W. This is the last position analyzed by HURDAT. Ship highlights before 12 UTC: 35 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 03 UTC and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 07 UTC at 42.5N, 62.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 49.5N, 62.5W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. Genesis for this new hurricane occurred around 00 UTC on the 18th, as it was determined that a closed low was discernible at that time. The system formed along on old frontal boundary, but the baroclinicity had diminished by the 18th and it is suggested that the system began as a tropical cyclone on that date. Intensification to a tropical storm likely occurred late on the 18th or early on the 19th, though few observations were obtained near the system's center around this time. Evidence for hurricane force was from a ship with 70 kt (Beaufort 12) and 994 mb at 0630 UTC on the 20th. 994 mb suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, which was also the system's peak intensity. The system moved quickly to the northeast on the 20th and 21st and by 06 UTC on the 21st was being absorbed into a large extratropical storm. By 12 UTC on the 21st the system no longer had a closed circulation. ******************************************************************************* 1925/02 - 2009 ADDITION: 23589 08/25/1925 M= 4 2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23589 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*300 780 25 0*306 777 30 0 23589 08/26*312 774 30 0*318 770 35 0*325 765 35 0*332 756 35 0 23589 08/27*338 742 35 0*344 723 35 0*350 700 35 0*355 675 35 0 23589 08/28E360 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23589 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.4N, 78.1W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.9N, 77.4W with an 1017 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical depression was centered at 30.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N, 75.9W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 74.6W with an 1016 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 32.8N, 75.3W (COA); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 75.1W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a SW-NE front in the area, but no closed low. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 69.1W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 70.0W. Ship and station highlights: No gales near center. No low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes (at 12 UTC) a frontal system and a very large area of low pressure of at most 1010 mb all north of 34N and all east of 62W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the system became extratropical at 00 UTC at 36.0N, 64.5W, and this is the last position to be included in the HURDAT reanalysis. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 40.8N, 58.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. This system began along a stationary frontal boundary off of the Georgia- Florida coast. By the 25th, the system had developed a closed circulation and had a small amount of baroclinicity (~5F across the center). It is considered to have become a tropical depression around 12 UTC on the 25th, though the system may still have had some hybrid characteristics. By the 26th, the system had lost all of its surface temperature gradient and thus became completely tropical at the same time that two separate ships reported gales near the center. It is estimated that it reached tropical storm strength around 06 UTC on the 26th. On the 27th a NE-SW frontal boundary is depicted near the vicinity of the storm. However, it instead appears that the front around 12 UTC was substantially farther north and west of the storm and that the system was still likely a tropical cyclone. By the 28th at 12 UTC, the strong front had overtaken and absorbed the system. The last estimated position for the system is at 00 UTC on the 28th, becoming extratropical. Overall, this is a short-lived (42 hours as a tropical storm), relatively weak (35 kt peak wind) tropical storm, though it was confirmed as such through two separate ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1925/03 - 2009 REVISION: 23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** * 23595 09/06*213 912 40 0*235 939 40 0*245 952 40 0*253 962 40 0 23595 09/06*220 932 30 0*227 942 35 0*235 952 40 0*243 962 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23600 09/07*260 973 40 0*268 983 35 0*275 993 35 0*2831000 30 0 23600 09/07*251 973 45 0*259 983 40 0*267 993 35 0*2771000 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 23605 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 6: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 95.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 96W, with an 1006 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 23.5N, 95.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 22.9N, 93.6W (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 5th of September, the S.S. Baja California in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico experienced a storm with winds shifting from north through east to southeast. The storm moved rapidly northwest to the mouth of the Rio Grande by the evening of the 6th, and caused heavy rains and moderate gales over the lower Rio Grande valley" (MWR). "Date: September 6-7; Intensity: Minor; center entered Mexico" (Dunn and Miller). September 7: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 99.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.3N, 99.3W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 99.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 37 kt S at 08 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR); 1002 mb at 0450 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Heavy rains in the lower portion of the watershed again raised the river to above flood stage at Rio Grande City and San Benito on the 8th and 9th" (MWR). No significant changes were made to either the genesis or dissipation of this tropical storm. The track was altered slightly - the most noteworthy change was to show landfall in northeast Mexico, rather than Texas, based upon hourly observations from Brownsville. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb from Brownsville at 0450 UTC on the 7th suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Winds are thus boosted slightly from 40 to 45 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th just before landfall in Mexico. Highest observed winds for this system were a ship of 35 kt E on the 6th and Brownsville with 37 kt S and Corpus Christi with 36 kt SE both on the 7th. It is estimated that 45 kt was the peak intensity of this tropical storm. ****************************************************************************** 1925/04 - 2009 REVISION: 23610 11/29/1925 M= 6 2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23610 11/27/1925 M= 9 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * * *** (The 27th and the 28th are new to HURDAT.) 23612 11/27*202 859 30 0*201 858 30 0*200 857 35 0*199 856 35 0 23613 11/28*198 854 35 0*197 852 35 0*195 850 35 0*193 847 35 0 23615 11/29* 0 0 0 0*162 835 35 0*175 840 35 0*185 844 35 0 23615 11/29*191 842 35 0*190 837 35 0*190 835 35 0*193 837 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23620 11/30*197 848 35 0*209 853 40 0*223 857 45 0*240 854 50 0 23620 11/30*199 841 35 0*208 846 40 0*220 847 45 0*237 843 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23625 12/01*259 837 65 0*278 819 60 0*292 808 65 0*302 799 75 0 23625 12/01*255 830 65 0E275 815 60 0E290 805 65 0E300 795 75 0 *** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** 23630 12/02*310 792 85 0*320 783 80 0*333 775 65 0*344 768 55 0 23630 12/02E310 787 80 0E320 781 75 0E333 775 70 0E344 769 65 980 * *** ** * *** ** * ** * *** ** *** 23635 12/03*355 760 45 0*365 752 40 0*376 735 40 0*379 725 35 0 23635 12/03E355 762 60 0E365 754 60 0E372 745 55 0E377 735 55 0 * *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 23640 12/04*379 717 35 0*378 708 30 0*376 700 30 0*371 689 25 0 23640 12/04E379 724 50 0E378 712 50 0E376 700 45 0E372 690 45 0 * *** ** * *** ** * ** **** *** ** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 23642 12/05E368 682 40 0E364 677 35 0E360 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0 23645 HRBFL1 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 12/1/1925 0400Z 26.5N 82.2W 65kt 1 ----- (985mb) SWFL1 Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Genesis was begun two days earlier and dissipation was indicated one day later for this cyclone. A transformation to an extratropical cyclone was newly indicated, which occurred five days before dissipation. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Barnes (1998), and Kasper et al. (1998). November 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 20.0N, 85.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 13 UTC at 20.7N, 85.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. November 28: HWM analyzes an open trough in the northwest Caribbean Sea. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.5N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 84.0W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.0N, 83.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "The tropical cyclone...was central a short distance east or southeast of Swan Island at 8 a.m. It was of slight intensity at the time, but increased rapidly in intensity after passing through the Yucatan Channel during the following night, and by 8 p.m. of the 30th the barometer at Key West, Fla., had fallen to 29.62 inches (1003 mb) and the wind had shifted to southwest" (MWR). November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.4N, 79.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.3N, 85.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 85.6W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.0N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 22 UTC at 23.5N, 83.5W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 21 UTC at 25.4N, 85.6W (MWR). One other gale. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 1004 mb at 17 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At 3:00 pm on the 30th... a disturbance of tropical origin central slightly west or northwest of the Tortugas. The disturbance moved northeastward with increased intensity across the Florida peninsula, passing near and south of Tampa. It was attended by heavy rains, especially in the right front quadrant, a fall of 14.08 inches occurring at Miami" (MWR). "Area: S. Fla.; Intensity: Minimal; 50 killed, damage $1,600,000" (Dunn and Miller). "The bottom of Tampa Bay was reportedly visible in some locations due to extreme low water levels. In Florida, there were four storm related deaths" (Kasper et al.). Tampa: "The chief property damage was to electric, telegraph and telephone wires and poles, trees, signs, windows, tents, automobiles, cheap roofing, old and flimsy building and buildings under construction. Between 5000 and 6000 telephones were down in Tampa alone, and most of the long distance wire went down. Electric current was cut off on account of the grounding of many live wires and danger therefrom. Many big oaks went down in the wind, and in some cases damaged automobiles and roofs. Electric lights were out in some sections of the city until the 2nd" (OMR). December 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.7N, 77.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 80.8W The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 80.1W with a 992 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the extratropical low was centered at 29.0N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 994 mb at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 79.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW and 996 mb at 09 UTC at 27.7N, 79.0W (MWR); 50 kt NE and 992 mb at 17 UTC at 29.7N, 79.2W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt N at 1753 UTC at Key West, FL at 24.5N, 81.8W (OMR); 999 mb at 06 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 45 kt NE at 0609 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 1000 mb at 08 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W; 45 kt N at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Key West: "The maximum velocity for the day (30th), and for the month, was 36 miles per hour from the southwest at 9:25 p.m. However, the wind rapidly veered from southwest to northwest between 11 p.m. and midnight, and although it increased in force to a strong gale of 52 miles an hour (5 minute) and 62 miles an hour (one-minute) shortly before 2 p.m. on December 1st, no damage resulted" (OMR). Regarding the rainfall: "As the month closed, a tropical storm passing over the Florida Peninsula gave some of the heaviest rains ever known over the more southern portions. At Miami, total fall of more than 15 inches occurred, 14.10 inches falling in 14 hours" (MWR). "At Tampa the barometer fell to 29.50 inches (999 mb) and the wind reached a maximum velocity of 52 miles from the northeast about 1 a.m. of December 1. About 8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of Titusville, and the pressure at the center was somewhat under 29.50 inches. Jacksonville reported a maximum wind velocity of 48 miles from the north" (MWR). Regarding the damage and loss of life: "Fruit was blown from trees... lowlands were flooded...structures in process of completion suffered considerably... many small boats were damaged or sunk at anchor. As a result of the phenomenally high tides and seas, damage to beaches and beach property from the mouth of the St. Johns southward was very great- only in the millions can the computation be made...pavilions, small cottages, and even pretentious structures were undermined, and hotels, whose safety hitherto had never been questioned, were in imminent danger. The Citrus Exchange estimated the loss at 300,000 boxes, which, at $2 per box, evidences a formidable sum." At least 55 lives were lost at sea (MWR). Savannah, GA: "The passage of a tropical storm northward on the 1st and 2nd was attended by a rather heavy rain of 1.71 inches and a high wind of 51 miles NW" (OMR). December 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33N, 76.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 77.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33.5N, 77.4W with a 979 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the strong extratropical low was centered at 33.3N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 08 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (MWR); 70 kt E at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (COA) (same ship as previous); 70 kt at 29.2N, 81.2W (MWR); and 45 kt E and 979 mb at 13 UTC near the NC coast (MWR). Land highlights: 61 kt NE at Atlantic City, NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 988 mb at 1745 UTC at Wilmington, NC at 34.3N, 77.9W (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "8 p.m. (01 UTC)...the hurricane center, which was apparently about 150 miles due east of Savannah, Ga., at that time. The wind had increased to 42 miles an hour at both Savannah and Charleston. At 8 a.m. (13 UTC) the hurricane was central about 100 miles south-southeast of Wilmington, N.C. The storm center passed inland between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras at about 6 p.m., and out to sea again a short distance south of Cape Henry during the night" (MWR). "Area: N.C. capes; Intensity: Minimal; Damage slight" (Dunn and Miller). "In Florida and along the coastal waters of the eastern states, over fifty lives were lost to the storm" (Barnes). "Landfall point: 34.9N, 76.3W. Central pressure of 980 mb. 54 nmi RMW. Forward speed of 15 kt. WB Technical Paper No. 55 implies that this storm was becoming extratropical and did not have hurricane-force winds when it struck the NC coast" (Ho et al.). "Environmental pressure 1012 mb, 75 kt maximum sustained surface wind estimate" (Schwerdt et al.) December 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N, 74.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 37.6N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 75W with an 1001 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.2N, 74.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 75.8W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 08 UTC at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (MWR); 26 kt S and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. "Area Va. Capes to N.J.; Intensity: Minor; 2 killed" (Dunn and Miller). Norfolk, VA: "The storm caused winds of strong gale force, but no serious damage was reported in this immediate vicinity" (OMR). December 4: HWM analyzes two separate closed lows, one of at most 1005 mb near 37.3N, 71W, and the other of at most 1010 mb near 29.9N, 60.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.6N, 70.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N, 69W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.6N, 70.0W. Ship highlights: Several observations of 45 kt. Several low pressures between 1002 and 1005 mb. December 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered at 36N, 67.3W. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 36.0N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 08 UTC at 34.5N, 57.5W (COA). A few other gales before 12 UTC. A few other low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "Its center passed close to Horta (Azores) at 4 a.m. of the 9th, with a barometer reading of 29.32 inches (993 mb) and a maximum wind velocity of 40 miles an hour from the northeast" (MWR). Genesis of this system is begun two days earlier than HURDAT, as observations from HWM and COADS show a well defined vortex on the 27th. Gale force winds were also observed on the 27th, so the system is analyzed to have reached tropical storm intensity by 12 UTC on the 27th. For the next two days, the storm meandered slowly to the east-southeast and a major northward adjustment to its track is made on the 29th, with no detectable change in intensity. In the 30th, the system intensified as it began accelerating to the north and northeast before reaching the southwest Florida coast early on the 1st. Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 04 UTC on the 1st near 26.5N 82.2W. Peak observations in the Gulf were a ship at 00 UTC on the 1st with 50 kt NNW and 1002 mb, Key West with 1003 mb minimum pressure at 03 UTC, and Tampa with 999 mb minimum pressure and 45 kt NE maximum wind at 06 UTC. As the system was making landfall in Florida, it was interacting with a strong pre-existing baroclinic zone. However, HWM did not analyze any frontal features from the 30th through the 5th with the system, which is consistent with the original HURDAT that kept the system as a tropical cyclone all the way through December 4th. Reanalysis of this event, though, suggests that the storm reached the frontal boundary and became extratropical around 06 UTC, just after landfall of the storm in Florida. Observations near the center of this system are sparse both in the Gulf of Mexico and in southwestern Florida near landfall. However, the wind-caused impacts in Tampa and inland, the storm surges noted (both substantially below normal in Tampa and above normal near Jacksonville), and 60 kt/996 mb ship observations just off of the Florida east coast are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall. Intensity at landfall is maintained at 65 kt from the original HURDAT, making this a Category 1 hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL1"). After passing through Florida and transition to an extratropical storm, the system re-intensified over the Atlantic Ocean. Three hurricane force ship observations, a ship peripheral pressure reading of 979 mb, and Wilmington's peripheral pressure reading of 988 mb confirm that the extratropical system reached hurricane intensity late on the 1st and early on the 2nd. Peak intensity for this cyclone actually occurred as an extratropical cyclone, with estimated peak of about 80 kt at 00Z on the 2nd (down slightly from 85 kt originally in HURDAT) based upon numerous ship and land based observations. The system made a second landfall in North Carolina as an extratropical storm late on the 2nd with a central pressure of about 980 mb and minimal hurricane-force winds. While the system weakened on the 3rd and 4th, coastal and ship observations indicate a stronger extratropical storm than originally listed: 55 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd (up from 40 kt) and 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th (up from 30 kt). An additional 18 hours were added to HURDAT for this system as the occluded and weakening low was still identifiable on the 5th. Despite the Monthly Weather Review stating that the cyclone continued eastward to near the Azores on the 9th, daily analysis including the Historical Weather Maps indicates that a second, extratropical system which formed east of Bermuda on the 4th was the system that moved toward the Azores. 1925/04 - 2011 REVISION: 24665 11/27/1925 M= 9 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 L 24665 11/27/1925 M= 9 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L * 24670 11/27*202 859 30 0*201 858 30 0*200 857 35 0*199 856 35 0* 24675 11/28*198 854 35 0*197 852 35 0*195 850 35 0*193 847 35 0* 24680 11/29*191 842 35 0*190 837 35 0*190 835 35 0*193 837 35 0* 24685 11/30*199 841 35 0*208 846 40 0*220 847 45 0*237 843 50 0* 24685 11/30*199 841 35 0*208 846 35 0*220 847 40 0*236 842 45 0* ** ** *** *** ** 24690 12/01*255 830 65 0E275 815 60 0E290 805 65 0E300 795 75 0* 24690 12/01*256 828 55 0E273 811 50 0E287 801 60 0E300 795 70 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** ** 24695 12/02E310 787 80 0E320 781 75 0E333 775 70 0E344 769 65 980* 24700 12/03E355 762 60 0E365 754 60 0E372 745 55 0E377 735 55 0* 24705 12/04E379 724 50 0E378 712 50 0E376 700 45 0E372 690 45 0* 24710 12/05E368 682 40 0E364 677 35 0E360 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 24715 HRBFL1 24715 TS ****** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 12/1/1925 0400Z 26.5N 82.2W 65kt 1 ----- (985mb) SWFL1 12/1/1925 0300Z 26.3N 81.9W 55kt TS ----- ------- ----- **** **** **** ** ** *** ***** According to the November 1925 Fort Myers OMR, "Mr. Colcord writes: the barometers that are rated with mine here in town went down just under 29.60 [1002 mb], and just after the height of the wind, rose to 29.65 [1004 mb] and stayed there for a while and then rose very gradually. The tide was lower than usual and the strongest wind was north-northeast and then went around to the northwest. The only damage to amount to anything was to matured vegetables from the beating rain." The data, including wind direction, low tides, and minimum pressure, suggests that the center passed east of Fort Myers. Additionally, the Monthly Weather Review notes, "About 8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of Titusville." Currently, the revised HURDAT suggests that the center was north of Titusville at 12Z. Therefore, HURDAT positions are adjusted southeast from 00Z through 12Z on December 1. The center likely made landfall 20-25 miles south of Fort Myers around 03Z. These observations also indicate that the system was not of hurricane intensity when it made landfall in Florida. Landfall intensity is analyzed to be 55 kt. While the cyclone did reintensify and did produce hurricane-force winds over the Atlantic, it did so as a vigorous extratropical system. Thus this system loses its place in history as the latest U.S. landfalling hurricane. The cyclone that currently has that status is Hurricane Kate in 1985, which made landfall on the 21st of November. ****************************************************************************** 1925 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION: 1) Historical Weather Maps depict an unusual March storm that persisted nearly three weeks over much of the Subtropical and Central Atlantic. HWM and COADS observations show a frontal low developing on 5 March about 225 km east of GA. This low moved ENE, quickly intensified into a strong baroclinic gale center on the 6th, became occluded on the 7th, and then tracked ESE through the 8th, passing about 200 km south of Bermuda. It next moved rapidly eastward through the 10th and transitioned to a quasi-barotropic system, exhibiting nearly isothermal conditions within a few hundred km of the center even though air and sea-surface temperatures were much cooler than those typically inherent of a tropical cyclone. It then decelerated in the Central Atlantic as it moved SE through the 12th. Following that, it apparently tracked faster towards the ESE, E, and then ENE until the 17th, passing 675 km WNW of the Canary Islands. On the 17th, the S.S. "El Cantara" reported 50 kt WSW-SW winds and a pressure of 998 mb near the center (MWR and COA). The low turned to the north on the 18th and weakened as it traversed over colder waters. It then moved quickly to the WNW, W, and WSW through the 20th, passing about 500 km south of the Azores. Strong gale force winds were observed several hundred km to the north and west of the system, resulting from a strong pressure gradient that had developed between the low and a strong polar, maritime air mass over the North Atlantic. It then decelerated again and became quasi-stationary through the 23rd, during which time it made a small cyclonic loop. Finally, it started moving to the WNW on the 24th and was absorbed by a potent extratropical system early on the 25th in the Central Atlantic. Although this system had barotropic characteristics for much of its existence and strong winds in its inner-core on the 17th, there is insufficient evidence to classify it at any point as a tropical cyclone. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be partially considered a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar. 5 31N 78W Extratropical Storm Mar. 6 33N 73W Extratropical Storm Mar. 7 32N 71W Occluded Low Mar. 8 30N 67W Occluded Low Mar. 9 30N 62W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 10 29N 55W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 11 28N 54W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 12 28N 53W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 13 27N 48W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 14 27N 43W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 15 28N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 16 29N 31W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 17 31N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 18 34N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 19 35N 32W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 20 34N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 21 33N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 22 32N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 23 33N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 24 34N 40W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid 2) Michael Chenoweth obtained observations from Dominica in the Lesser Antilles that suggested that a strong wave or possible tropical depression came through the region on the 25th and 26th of September with pressure dropping to 1010 mb. Historical Weather Maps showed substantial rainfall and pressure drops in the Lesser Antilles on the 25th and 26th but no evidence of a closed low. COADS ship data likewise showed no closed circulation but did have ship observations of 20 kt ENE on the west side of the system and 25 kt ESE on the east side of the system. While the system could have been a tropical cyclone, without confirmation of a closed circulation and because of a lack of gale force winds this will not be counted as a tropical storm and not included into HURDAT. 3) Historical Weather Maps show evidence of a cyclonic circulation forming around the southern extent of a decaying frontal system ENE of Bermuda at the end of September. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that a broad, elongated area of low pressure with a small degree of baroclinicity was developing along a NNE-SSW oriented trough axis in the West Central Atlantic on the morning of the 29th. This system was over an area of SSTs of 25-27 C, and by the afternoon, a tropical depression formed as it acquired tropical characteristics. It moved to the west until early on 1 October, then merged with an approaching frontal system from the west, and became extratropical. The depression had a peak observed wind of 25 kt (COA), measured by multiple ships on the 29th and 30th; once it became extratropical, gale force winds of 35-50 kt were observed. The lowest pressure reading was 1006 mb on the 30th, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since all the available wind observations were under gale force during the tropical phase, it is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a minimal tropical storm from the 30th until the frontal merger on the 1st. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 29 31N 56W Developing Tropical Depression Sept. 30 31N 59W Tropical Depression Oct. 1 36N 55W Extratropical Storm ******************************************************************************* 1926/01 - 2010 REVISION: 23650 07/22/1926 M=12 1 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 23655 07/22* 0 0 0 0*140 579 35 0*142 588 40 0*146 603 40 0 23655 07/22* 0 0 0 0*128 565 35 0*135 580 40 0*142 596 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 23660 07/23*151 618 45 0*156 632 55 0*163 645 60 0*171 658 65 0 23660 07/23*149 613 60 0*156 629 70 0*163 645 80 0*171 658 90 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** ** 23665 07/24*179 671 70 0*187 682 80 0*195 693 85 0*202 703 90 0 23665 07/24*179 671 90 0*187 682 85 0*195 693 80 0*202 703 75 0 ** ** ** ** 23670 07/25*209 713 95 0*215 722 100 0*222 732 110 0*229 742 115 0 23670 07/25*210 713 85 0*218 724 95 0*225 735 105 0*231 744 115 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23675 07/26*235 751 120 0*242 761 120 0*248 770 115 0*253 778 110 0 23675 07/26*237 753 120 0*243 762 120 0*248 770 115 0*252 776 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23680 07/27*257 784 105 0*260 789 95 0*265 794 90 0*271 799 85 0 23680 07/27*256 781 105 0*259 785 95 0*263 790 95 0*269 795 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23685 07/28*277 802 80 0*283 806 75 0*289 811 60 975*296 817 60 0 23685 07/28*277 800 90 0*285 805 90 967*292 811 75 0*298 818 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 23690 07/29*303 825 50 0*310 834 40 0*316 843 35 0*320 854 30 0 23690 07/29*305 826 50 0*313 835 40 0*320 845 35 0*324 855 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23695 07/30*323 866 25 0*325 879 20 0*328 891 20 0*332 902 20 0 23695 07/30*327 866 30 0*329 878 25 0*330 888 25 0*332 896 25 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 23700 07/31*335 910 20 0*341 914 20 0*350 910 20 0*361 900 25 0 23700 07/31*335 901 25 0*339 904 25 0*345 905 25 0*355 900 25 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 23705 08/01E373 887 25 0E384 871 25 0E395 855 25 0E406 839 25 0 23705 08/01E370 887 25 0E384 871 25 0E395 855 25 0E406 839 25 0 *** 23710 08/02E418 822 25 0E429 806 25 0E440 788 25 0* 0 0 0 0 23715 HRDFL2 23715 HRDFL2CFL1 **** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/28/1926 1000Z 29.0N 80.8W 90kt 2 15nmi 967mb DFL2,CFL1 Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2004), Neely (2006), and observations from English archives for the Caribbean provided by Mike Chenoweth. July 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12N, 56W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 58.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.3N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE (no time) and 60 kt ENE with 1004 mb at 18 UTC at 17.4N, 63.9W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 17.4N, 63.9W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 57 kt E and 1006 mb at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.2W (MWR); 20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (HWM). 1006 mb minimum pressure at 0730 UTC at Montserrat (Chenoweth). No other gales or low pressures. "Storm on night of 22nd" - Comments from observer at Dominica (Chenoweth). "1926 July 23-24 San Liborio - Hurricane of great diameter and moderate intensity. The entire island experienced high winds and damagers were general...passed east-west along or near the south coast of Puerto Rico and over Cabo Rojo, beginning at sunset July 23rd and continuing through the night until the early morning hours of the 24th...San Liborio battered southern Puerto Rico with hurricane force winds. Floods of the Arecibo, Guacio, Loiza, Bayamon, La Plata, Yauco, Penuelas, manati, and all rivers in southern Puerto rico. $5 million damages. 25 deaths" (Perez). 25 lives were lost and the damage was $2,350,000 in Puerto Rico (MWR). Boose et al. analyzed this system to be a Category 2 hurricane in Puerto Rico due to structural damage that occurred. July 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 18.8N, 69.4W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.5N, 69.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19N, 69W with an 1002 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. $3,000,000 in damage was done in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (MWR). July 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 22.7N, 75.7W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 73.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 74W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 22.8N, 74.5W (COA); 70 kt E (no time) and 50 kt ENE with 1000 mb at 17 UTC at 23.7N, 70.0W (MWR); 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 20 UTC at 24.5N, 73.4W (MWR). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 33 kt SE and 1005 mb at 01 UTC at Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR); 52 kt NE and 1008 mb at 21 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.4W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "At 8 p.m [24th] [00 UTC]... Turks Island...velocity of 74 miles an hour from the northeast had shifted to southeast and decreased to 38 miles an hour" (MWR). July 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 24N, 77.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 77.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 77W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 07 UTC at 25.0N, 74.2W (MWR); 60 kt NE at 19 UTC (MWR). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Unofficial reports indicated that the wind reached an estimated velocity of 135 miles an hour at that place (Nassau, Bahamas)" (MWR). MWR also contained a very vivid account of the damage done to Nassau by this hurricane taken from a copy of the Nassau Guardian of July 28th. "This hurricane [is] often referred to as the unnamed hurricane of 1926, the Nassau Hurricane of 1926 or Hurricane #1 of 1926. This hurricane inflicted widespread devastation and loss of life here in The Bahamas and is one of the most deadly hurricanes to ever cross these islands. It was estimated that 106 persons lost their lives in this storm here in The Bahamas... It was reported as one of the most severe storm to affect Nassau in several years... The storm also delivered flooding rains and loss of crops to many islands in The Bahamas... On July 26th while still moving on a northwest track, the storm's eye passed directly over Nassau, where winds were unofficially estimated at 135 mph. Heavy damage was reported... the storm was reported to be most destructive around Nassau, where 'some roofs were torn off entirely'" (Neely). Additional extensive descriptions of the damage at Nassau and other islands of the Bahamas can be found in Neely (2006), but no additional meteorological data. July 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.8N, 78.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 26.5N, 79.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 79W with a 984 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 982 mb at 17 UTC at 28.4N, 79.6W (MWR); 70 kt N and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.6W (MWR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 978 mb at 2130 UTC at Ft. Pierce, FL at 27.5N, 80.4W (MWR). No gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: Miami, FL: "It is estimated that the wind reached a velocity of 50 mph on Biscayne Bay and Miami Beach. The lowest pressure recorded was 29.49 inches (999 mb), at 5:30 am (0930 UTC). The total damage from the storm in Miami was about $75,000" (OMR). July 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 29.2N, 80.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 81.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 81W with a 992 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW and 982 mb at 00 UTC at 27.5N, 79.8W (COA); 70 kt SW and 996 mb at 00 UTC at 26.7N, 79.5W (COA); 70 kt NE and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 28.8N, 80.2W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 978 mb at 02 UTC at 27.5N, 79.8W (COA). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 47 kt SE at Charleston, SC at 32.9N, 80.1W (MWR); 975 mb at 0430 UTC at Merritt Island, FL at 28.3N, 80.3W (MWR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: Jacksonville: Minimum pressure of 989 mb at 1845 UTC (OMR). Titusville, FL: Pressure was 992 mb at 12 UTC (not minimum pressure) (OMR). Savannah, GA: Max wind was 48 miles SE at 4:54 pm [2054 UTC] of the 28th (OMR). Tampa, FL: "The barometer fell slowly, reaching its lowest point 29.60 (1002 mb) sea-level 4 am of the 28th. The maximum wind was 34 miles from the north at 4:02 am... extreme velocity was 45" (OMR). "The 'Eftihia,' a 36 foot, 7 ton fishing boat from this port (Apalachicola) with a crew of 6 men was doubtless sunk with all on board in the Gulf on the 28th" (OMR). "July 28, 1926, 960 mb central pressure at landfall, 14 nmi RMW, 8 kt forward speed, 29.9N 81.3W landfall position" (Ho et al.). "95 kt maximum sustained 1 min surface winds, 1010 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.). "967 mb central pressure estimate at landfall, Category 2 impact for NE Florida" (Jarrell et al.). "Minimal Hurricane" (Dunn and Miller). July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over Georgia near 32.5N, 83.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 31.6N, 84.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.9N, 83.7W with an 1002 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 00 UTC at 31.0N, 79.1W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 47 kt SE at 01 UTC and 02 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.9N, 80.1W (OMR); 26 kt SW and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR). Several other gales. One other low pressure. July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Alabama near 33N, 87.4W HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 32.8N, 89.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N, 89W and an 1010 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system on this day. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 31: HWM analyzes a very broad area of low pressure centered over Mississippi and Arkansas near 34.9N, 91W. HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depressions at 35.0N, 91.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34.9N, 91W with an 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 1: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low embedded in a W-E occluded front centered in extreme southern Illinois near 37N, 88.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 39.5N, 85.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 39.3N, 86W with an 1004 mb pressure. No ship or land highlights. August 2: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front centers near 43N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 44.0N, 78.8W. No ship or land highlights. No change is made to the genesis of this hurricane, though the lack of observations east of the Lesser Antilles makes knowing the actual date and location of genesis problematic. Minor track changes were introduced for all days of the cyclone except for the 24th of July and the 2nd of August. Intensity boosted from 65 kt Category 1 to 90 kt Category 2 based upon impact in Puerto Rico on the 23rd and 24th, as documented by Perez (1971) and Boose et al. (2004). (Unfortunately, the only instrumental record in Puerto Rico - San Juan - was too far from the landfall of the hurricane in SW Puerto Rico to measure such conditions.) The changes to the intensity on the 23rd and 24th are the only major alterations to the intensity record for this cyclone. After striking Puerto Rico, the hurricane likely weakened some as it brushed the mountainous coastline of the Dominican Republic. Immediately afterwards, the hurricane re-intensified as it moved off toward the northwest. The system certainly impacted the Bahamas as a major hurricane, based upon the impacts described in Monthly Weather Review and in Neely (2006). However, there is insufficient evidence for making a change in intensity from the Category 4 for the Bahamas, as there are virtually no observations available from the islands impacted directly. Thus Category 4 intensity on the 25th and 26th with a peak of 120 kt on the 26th is retained. The hurricane apparently weakened some before making landfall in Northeast Florida. Lowest observed pressure was 975 mb at Merritt Island, but the center made landfall north of that location (28.3N). Ho et al. (1984)'s latitude of landfall was at 29.9N, which led them to estimate a central pressure of 960 mb. Our analysis gives a landfall latitude closer to 29.0N, suggesting a slightly shallower central pressure of 967 mb, which agrees with that analyzed by Jarrell et al. (1992). (Thus the 975 mb supposed central pressure value shown in HURDAT originally on the 28th is replaced by 967 mb.) 967mb central pressure indicates a wind of 88 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship by Brown et al. and 84 kt for the subset of cyclones north of 25N that were weakening (which this likely was). Ho et al. estimated a 14 nmi RMW for this hurricane at landfall based upon the wind records at Jacksonville, which the hurricane impacted a few hours after landfall. Given the small (~15 nmi) RMW compared with about 22 nmi climatologically for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), the maximum sustained surface winds at Florida landfall are estimated to be 90 kt. This retains the Category 2 for Northeast Florida, though the last wind in HURDAT before landfall is boosted from 75 kt originally up to 90 kt. Southeast Florida (CFL) is added as a Category 1 impact, due to the close proximity of the hurricane to the coast south of Cape Canaveral. After landfall the highest observed winds were (within two hours of synoptic time): 50 kt at 12Z on the 28th, 45 kt at 18Z, and 47 kt at 00Z on the 29th. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model suggest winds of 75 kt, 54 kt, and 41 kt, respectively. Winds are chosen to be 75 kt (up from 60 kt originally) at 12Z, 55 kt (down from 60 kt) at 18Z, and 50 kt (retained) at 00Z. There were no changes to the dissipation of this cyclone. ****************************************************************************** 1926/02 - 2010 REVISION: 23720 07/31/1926 M= 9 2 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23720 07/29/1926 M=11 2 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.) 23722 07/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 460 25 0*161 470 25 0 23723 07/30*162 480 30 0*163 490 30 0*165 500 30 0*167 509 30 0 23725 07/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 540 40 0 23725 07/31*169 518 35 0*172 527 35 0*175 535 35 0*181 544 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 23730 08/01*205 559 45 0*210 564 45 0*216 570 45 0*220 574 50 0 23730 08/01*190 553 45 0*200 562 50 0*210 570 60 0*221 576 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23735 08/02*225 579 55 0*229 583 55 0*233 587 60 0*237 591 65 0 23735 08/02*231 582 80 0*241 587 90 0*251 592 100 0*257 597 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23740 08/03*240 594 70 0*244 598 75 0*248 602 80 0*253 607 85 0 23740 08/03*261 602 100 0*263 606 100 0*265 610 100 0*266 612 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23745 08/04*258 612 90 0*264 617 95 0*270 622 100 0*276 627 100 0 23745 08/04*267 613 100 0*268 614 100 0*270 615 100 0*273 618 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23750 08/05*282 632 100 0*288 638 105 0*294 643 105 0*299 648 105 0 23750 08/05*277 622 100 0*281 626 105 0*285 630 105 0*289 635 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23755 08/06*304 652 105 0*308 655 105 0*314 659 100 0*324 663 100 0 23755 08/06*293 641 105 0*298 648 100 0*305 655 95 0*317 660 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23760 08/07*339 668 95 0*358 665 90 0*377 662 85 0*396 656 80 0 23760 08/07*335 661 90 0*355 662 90 0*377 662 85 0*396 656 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 23765 08/08*416 645 75 0E436 629 70 0E458 610 65 0E480 590 55 0 23765 08/08*416 645 80 0E436 629 70 0E458 610 65 0E480 590 55 0 ** 23770 HR Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service. July 29: HWM analyzes an open trough near 15N, 45W. This day is new to HURDAT. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 46.1W. This day is new to HURDAT. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.7N, 51.3W. HURDAT did not list this system until 18 UTC. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.6N, 57.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.6N, 57.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 995 mb at 2050 UTC at 22.3N, 56.0W (MWR); 60 kt N at 22.3N, 56.0W (MWR). A few other gales. One other low pressure. "In southern waters, however, a tropical disturbance was moving westward in mid-ocean... From reports now available it is apparent that a disturbance of slight intensity moving on a WNW course was about 500 miles northeast of Basseterre, St. Kitts, on the morning of the 1st" (MWR). August 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 24.8N, 59.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.3N, 58.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 25.4N, 59.1W (COA); 70 kt E at 12 UTC and 70 kt S at 16 UTC at 25.5N, 59.5W (COA); 968 mb at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 59.5W (COA). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. August 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25N, 62W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 60.2W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 26.5N, 58.5W (COA); 45 kt E and 1008 mb at 1252 UTC at 29.5N, 61.9W (MWR). A few other strong gales. No other low pressures. August 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.7N, 63.3W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 62.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 04 UTC at 26.5N, 58.5W (COA). No other gales. No observed low pressures. August 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 29.1N, 64.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.4N, 64.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.8N, 64.1W with a 980 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb at 2230 UTC at 30.4N, 65.1W (MWR); 70 kt and 980 mb at 17 UTC at 28.7N, 63.4W (MWR). A few other strong gales. One other low pressure. "It then moved NW with increasing intensity to a point about 250 miles S by W of Bermuda by the evening of the 5th, when the first definite indications were received in the report of falling pressure and increasing NE winds at Bermuda" (MWR). August 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.7N, 65.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 65.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.1N, 66.7W with a 979 mb pressure. Station highlights: 1000 mb minimum pressure and 47 kt SE maximum winds at Prospect Hill, Bermuda (Guishard). Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 978 mb at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 65.0W (COA); 70 kt NE and 978 mb at 08 UTC at 31.5N, 66.9W (MWR); 70 kt N and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 31.5N, 67.6W (MWR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Note that Tucker (1995) - the Bermuda Hurricane History - has no mention of this system despite its supposed very close approach as a major hurricane (though the October hurricane that hit Bermuda was substantially described). August 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.2N, 65.7W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 37.7N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.8N, 64.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 975 mb at 23 UTC at 40.9N, 62.2W (MWR); 50 kt S and 993 mb at 12 UTC at 38.0N, 63.0W (COA/MWR); 50 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 36.6N, 67.7W (COA). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity/damage: "It is reported to have caused a number of casualties in the fishing fleets on the Grand Banks on the 7th and 8th... On the evening of the 7th there seemed to be some chance of gales off the Maine coast and storm warnings were displayed from Portland to Eastport, but strong winds were not reported from Maine coast stations" (MWR). August 8: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in a frontal system of at most 995 mb centered near 46N, 61.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt extratropical low at 45.8N, 61.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 45.4N, 59.2W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 40 kt S with 996 mb at 0430 UTC at 41.5N, 60.8W (MWR); 55 kt SW and 40 kt SSE with 1005 mb at 15 UTC at 44.5N, 57.5W (MWR). A few other gales. No other low pressures. "The storm moved northward and passed over Newfoundland, attended by winds of hurricane force" (MWR). Genesis is begun two days earlier than indicated in HURDAT based upon COADS and Historical Weather Map ship observations. Changes to the track are otherwise minor alterations, except for no change introduced for the 8th. Late on the first, the steamship Bellatrix measured 995 mb with winds 50 kt at the time as well as a peak wind of 60 kt. 995 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 56 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Winds in HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st are boosted from 50 to 70 kt. A 968 mb observation concurrent with 70 kt of wind suggests winds of at least 92 kt and 87 kt from the south of 25N and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships (the observation was at 25N). However, given that the cyclone was intensifying, the intensifying pressure-wind relationships for 968 mb suggest winds of at least 93 and 91 kt for south and north of 25N, respectively. Intensity in HURDAT assessed at 100 kt at 12Z on the 2nd, up from 60 kt originally. On the 3rd and 4th, no ship observations were available in the inner core, so 100 kt is maintained (revised upward from 80 kt on the 3rd) until the 4th, which was 100 kt at 12Z originally. On the 5th, two ships reported peripheral pressures of 980 and 985 mb concurrent with hurricane force winds. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb in the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of at least 73 kt. 105 kt at 18Z on the 5th retained. A 978 mb peripheral pressure simultaneously with hurricane force winds at 08Z on the 6th suggests winds of at least 75 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Late on the 6th, Bermuda experienced tropical storm conditions (1000 mb minimum pressure and 47 kt maximum winds), but no substantial impact as this system was not included in the Bermuda hurricane history. The above mentioned ship report on the 6th, however, does indicate a track of the hurricane close to what was originally in HURDAT - coming about 70 nm west of Bermuda. While the hurricane does appear to be rather compact on this date, a slight reduction in intensity is now indicated based upon the revised track, the ship and the Bermuda observations. At its closest approach to Bermuda around 20Z on the 6th, the intensity is adjusted downward by 5 kt to 95 kt at 18Z and to 90 kt at 00Z on the 7th. A 975 mb peripheral pressure concurrent with hurricane force winds late on the 7th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the north of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship. As the system was undergoing extratropical transition, winds are boosted slightly from 75 to 80 kt at 00Z on the 8th. The cyclone retained hurricane force as an extratropical storm into Newfoundland, based upon description in the Monthly Weather Review. No change to the extratropical transition or dissipation. ******************************************************************************* 1926/03 - 2010 REVISION: 23775 08/22/1926 M= 6 3 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 23775 08/20/1926 M= 8 3 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** * (The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.) 23777 08/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 755 25 0*135 770 25 0 23779 08/21*145 785 30 0*155 800 30 0*165 815 35 0*177 825 40 0 23780 08/22*198 823 60 0*209 840 60 0*215 850 60 0*222 863 60 0 23780 08/22*191 833 45 0*204 841 50 0*215 850 55 0*222 860 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 23785 08/23*229 874 65 0*235 883 70 0*241 891 70 0*246 897 75 0 23785 08/23*227 870 65 0*230 880 65 0*235 888 70 0*241 895 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 23790 08/24*251 902 80 0*255 906 85 0*260 908 85 0*264 909 85 0 23790 08/24*248 901 80 0*254 906 85 0*260 908 85 0*264 908 95 0 *** *** *** *** ** 23795 08/25*268 909 90 0*273 910 90 0*277 911 90 0*283 911 90 0 23795 08/25*268 908 100 0*272 908 100 0*277 908 100 0*285 908 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23800 08/26*289 912 85 0*296 913 80 0*302 914 65 0*307 917 55 0 23800 08/26*293 909 95 955*299 910 70 986*304 913 55 0*307 918 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 23805 08/27*312 924 45 0*316 934 35 0*320 948 25 0*320 958 20 0 23805 08/27*308 928 35 0*310 940 30 0*315 955 25 0*320 970 20 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 23810 HR LA3 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 3-8/25/1926 2300Z 29.2N 90.9W 100kt 3 20nmi 955mb LA3 Major changes to the track but minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Additionally, two additional days were added to HURDAT at the beginning of this system. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Ortiz (1975), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). August 20: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, however HWM analyzes a broad area of low pressure over South America near 10N, 74W. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 20th and 21st between Jamaica and the Yucatan Channel conditions were somewhat unsettled" (MWR). "Taking in account Ortiz, this TC formed on August 20th, near 14N and 77W" (Perez et al.) August 21: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure centered along 82W between 10 and 15N. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.3N, 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 21.5N, 85.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.3N, 85.6W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 22.0N, 86.0W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. "On the following day [the 22nd] there were indications of a circulation on the extreme western coast of Cuba" (MWR). "Tropical Storms impacting Cuba - August 22nd, 1926" (Perez). August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.5N, 89.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 89.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 89W. Ship highlights: 55 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06 UTC at 23.9N, 87.9W (MWR); 40 kt NE and 994 mb at 05 UTC at 23.7N, 88.1W (MWR). 994 mb at ~05 UTC at 22.7N, 88.0W (MWR). No other gales. A few other low pressures. August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26N, 91.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 90.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 91W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1014 mb at 19 UTC at 26.8N, 88.2W (COA); 30 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 25.2N, 92.7W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1005 mb at 16 UTC at 25.4N, 92.1W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N, 92.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 91.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 91.1W with a 973 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 90 kt NE at 27.0N, 90.5W (ROTH); EYE: 959 mb at 21 UTC at 28.9N, 91.1W at the Ship Shoal Lighthouse (WBO NO); 70 kt N at 14 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt SW and 1000 mb at at 23 UTC Burrwood, LA at 29.0N, 98.4W (OMR); 985 mb at Grand Isle, LA at 29.1N, 89.6W (CONNOR); 994 mb and 38 kt NE at 2220Z at Morgan City (OMR). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. Storm tide 15' at Houma, LA at 29.6N, 90.7W (CONNOR). "Ship Shoal Lighthouse [noted above in ship highlights], latitude 28.9N, longitude 91.1W, was in the western part of the central calm area at 4 to 5 p.m. [21-22 UTC] of the 25th, with the lowest barometer reading (uncorrected) of 28.30 inches [958 mb], the wind changing through north to west and increasing to hurricane force after the passage of the storm center" (MWR). August 26: At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones placed the storm near 29.2N, 91W with a 959 mb pressure. 12 UTC: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered inland near 30N, 91.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 91.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.7N, 91.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 999 mb at 0630 UTC at 28.9N, 89.1W (MWR); 50 kt SE and 996 mb at 03 UTC at 29.9N, 89.9W (MWR/WBO NO). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 959 mb at 0230 UTC at Houma, LA at 29.6N, 90.7W (MWR/CONNOR); 60 kt NE and 979 mb at 0430 UTC at Morgan City, LA at 29.7N, 91.2W (OMR/MWR/CONNOR); 975 mb (no wind available) at 0540 UTC at Morgan City; 45 kt ~04 UTC and 994 mb at 0645 UTC at New Orleans, LA at 30.0N, 90.0W (MWR); 986 mb minimum pressure 0930 UTC at Plaquemine, LA at 30.2N 91.2W (MWR/WBO NO). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Category 3 hurricane for LA with 955 mb central pressure (Jarrell et al.). "Major" hurricane for Louisiana (Dunn and Miller). 959 mb central pressure (observed in Houma) at landfall with RMW 27 nmi at 29.1N 90.8W (Ho et al.). 1012 mb outer closed isobar and 94 kt maximum sustained wind at landfall (Schwerdt et al.) "This disturbance was of limited extent but of great intensity... At 9:40 pm of the 25th [0240 UTC of the 26th], when the pressure was lowest at Houma, 28.31 inches [959 mb], the pressure at Morgan City was about 28.97 inches [981 mb], a difference of 0.66 inch [22 mb] in a distance of 29 miles, or a gradient of 0.0228 inch [0.76 mb] per mile. However the center passed west of Houma and east of Morgan City, thereby reducing the distance, as near as can be estimated, to 22 miles... After crossing the coast the disturbance rapidly decreased in intensity. Within 24 hours the lowest pressure reported was 29.72" and highest wind 16 miles per hour, and in the following 12 hours it had disappeared. The rapidity with which intense tropical disturbances decrease in intensity after passing inland is truly remarkable" (MWR). August 27: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb near 27N, 100W. HWM also analyzes a trough of low pressure near 30N, 91W. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.0N, 94.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.9N, 97W with a 1010 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 3 kt SW and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at Lake Charles, LA at 30.1N, 93.2W (OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. Genesis on this hurricane is begun 36 hours earlier based upon available ship and land observations, which is consistent with the recommendation by Perez et al. Aside for the introduction of the track on the 20th and 21st, no other major changes were introduced to the track of the cyclone. Perez indicated a tropical storm impact on the 22nd from this system that moved northwestward just west of the western tip of Cuba. Relatively few observations are available for this system. Instead of HURDAT beginning this as an instantaneous 60 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 22nd, it is estimated that it became a tropical storm around 12Z on the 21st and steadily increased in intensity. A 994 mb peripheral pressure accompanied by 40 kt wind at 05Z on the 23rd suggests at least 58 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship of Brown et al. (2004). 65 kt chosen for HURDAT at 06Z, just slightly lower than the 70 kt originally. No ships were in the inner core of the developing hurricane on the 24th and HURDAT's winds of 85 kt at 12Z are unchanged. A ship - the Cranford - went through the eye of the hurricane near 12Z on the 25th south of Louisiana, but without a central pressure measurement. The hurricane is estimated to have made landfall around 23Z on the 25th near 29.2N 90.9W based upon a combination of the Ship Shoal Lighthouse, Houma, and Morgan City observations. The Ship Shoal Lighthouse was inside the RMW and observed close to the central pressure with a 959 mb value at 21Z on the 25th. Houma, LA also measured a 959 mb pressure at 0230Z on the 26th, but this was recorded - according to the MWR - about 6 nm east of the center. A somewhat lower value of 955 mb is estimated to be the central pressure at landfall, which matches that also analyzed by Connor and Jarrell et al. This pressure is equivalent to 100 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind all TC relationship of Brown et al and 103 kt from the north of 25N for intensifying TCs. The hurricane was moving at a relatively slow - 7 kt - of speed. Ho et al's estimate of 27 nmi (slightly larger than climatology at that latitude and pressure - Vickery et al.) appears to be too large, given the descriptions of limited extent and very quick decay over land. Our estimate is that the RMW was about 20 nmi, right at the climatological value. Intensity is analyzed to be 100 kt at landfall in Louisiana. This would retain the hurricane as a Category 3 major hurricane at landfall, but would necessitate boosting up of the winds in HURDAT on the 25th from 90 to 100 kt. There was a storm surge value of 15' at Houma, Louisiana. This was compared versus SLOSH MEOWs for both Category 3 and Category 4 hurricanes that were moving northward at 15 mph. The Category 3 MEOW captured 13.8 ft above the datum (NAVD88) while the Category 4 MEOW captured 17.0 ft above the datum (NAVD88). Thus the assignment of Category 3 at landfall in Louisiana for this hurricane appears reasonable based upon this one observation and the SLOSH MEOWs. After landfall, a run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 85 kt at 00Z 26th, 62 kt at 06Z, 48 kt at 12Z, and 37 kt at 18Z. Highest observed winds (within 2 hr of synoptic time) were 50 kt at 00Z, 70 kt at 06Z, 50 kt at 12Z, and below gale force at 18Z. At 0830Z, a 986 mb sea level pressure was measured in Plaquemine, LA, which may have been a central pressure value. This suggests winds of 65 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are chosen to be 95, 70, 55, and 45 kt, accordingly, somewhat above the inland decay model to account for the swampy terrain that the hurricane traversed. The 95 kt value at 00Z (just one hour after landfall) is higher than the 85 kt originally contained in HURDAT, but the values for 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z are lower than what was in HURDAT originally. This downward revision is consistent with the description contained in HURDAT of a rather quick demise to the hurricane. No change is made to the dissipation of this hurricane after 18Z on the 27th. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/04 - 2010 REVISION: 23815 09/02/1926 M=23 4 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23815 09/01/1926 M=24 4 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 1st is new to HURDAT.) 23818 09/01*138 412 30 0*139 419 30 0*140 425 30 0*141 431 30 0 23820 09/02*138 429 35 0*143 443 35 0*145 449 35 0*146 453 40 0 23820 09/02*142 437 35 0*143 443 35 0*145 449 40 0*146 454 40 0 *** *** ** *** 23825 09/03*148 458 40 0*149 462 45 0*150 467 45 0*151 471 50 0 23830 09/04*152 476 50 0*153 480 55 0*155 486 55 0*157 493 60 0 23835 09/05*159 500 65 0*161 507 70 0*164 515 70 0*167 522 75 0 23840 09/06*172 530 80 0*176 537 80 0*182 545 85 0*188 553 85 0 23845 09/07*195 562 85 0*202 571 90 0*208 580 90 0*214 588 90 0 23845 09/07*195 562 85 0*202 571 90 0*208 580 95 0*215 588 100 0 ** *** *** 23850 09/08*219 595 95 0*224 602 95 0*229 608 95 0*233 614 100 0 23850 09/08*222 595 105 0*230 602 105 957*236 610 105 0*240 618 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23855 09/09*237 619 100 0*241 624 100 0*244 628 100 0*247 632 105 0 23855 09/09*242 626 105 0*243 634 105 0*244 640 105 0*247 645 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23860 09/10*250 635 105 0*253 638 105 0*256 642 105 0*260 646 105 0 23860 09/10*250 650 105 0*253 655 105 0*256 660 105 0*260 662 105 0 *** *** *** *** 23865 09/11*264 650 110 0*267 654 110 0*271 658 110 0*275 662 110 0 23865 09/11*266 663 110 0*273 664 110 0*280 665 110 0*286 667 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23870 09/12*278 665 110 0*282 669 110 0*286 672 115 0*290 675 115 0 23870 09/12*290 670 110 0*293 673 110 0*295 675 115 0*298 677 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23875 09/13*294 679 115 0*298 682 115 0*302 685 115 0*306 689 115 0 23875 09/13*300 678 110 0*303 679 110 0*305 680 105 0*307 681 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23880 09/14*311 693 115 0*315 696 115 0*320 700 120 0*324 703 120 0 23880 09/14*309 682 100 0*311 683 100 0*313 685 95 0*315 690 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23885 09/15*329 706 120 0*334 708 120 0*340 710 115 0*344 711 115 0 23885 09/15*317 697 95 0*320 704 95 0*325 710 95 0*332 712 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23890 09/16*349 711 115 0*353 711 115 0*358 709 110 0*375 696 110 0 23890 09/16*340 713 90 0*349 712 90 0*358 709 90 0*368 696 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23895 09/17*384 680 105 0*390 665 105 0*396 650 100 0*399 630 100 0 23895 09/17*378 680 90 0*388 663 90 0*396 645 90 0*399 630 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23900 09/18*397 610 95 0*387 603 95 0*380 603 90 0*377 605 90 0 23900 09/18*397 617 85 0*394 607 85 0*390 603 85 0*388 600 85 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23905 09/19*376 608 85 0*375 611 85 0*375 615 80 0*376 617 80 0 23905 09/19*387 601 80 0*386 605 80 0*385 610 75 0*383 616 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23910 09/20*377 619 80 0*378 621 75 0*380 624 75 0*385 623 75 0 23910 09/20*380 622 70 0*377 627 70 0*375 630 65 0*375 628 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23915 09/21*391 616 70 0*395 608 70 0E400 600 70 0E407 589 65 0 23915 09/21*377 618 60 0*380 607 60 0*385 595 60 0*395 584 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 23920 09/22E415 575 65 0E424 562 60 0E434 552 60 0E445 545 55 0 23920 09/22E407 573 65 0E420 562 70 976E434 552 70 0E447 545 70 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23925 09/23E457 541 55 0E472 538 50 0E488 532 50 0E507 524 50 0 23925 09/23E460 541 55 0E473 538 50 0E488 532 50 0E507 524 50 0 *** *** 23930 09/24E529 514 50 0E554 504 45 0E582 492 45 0* 0 0 0 0 23935 HR Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change for the cyclone's genesis is also made with its formation one day earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, miscellaneous ship observations obtained at NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service. September 1: HWM does not analyze any significant features in the region. HURDAT did not previously record the system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.5N, 44.9W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 3: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 46.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 15.5N, 48.6W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The hurricane of the 4th-21st was notable both for its length of life and widespread influence on shipping and was also responsible, in all probability, for the loss of two ships, the American steamship Haleakala, on the 9th and the British steamship Loyal Citizen on the 14th. The first telegraphic indications of this hurricane to reach the Weather Bureau were received on the 8th and 9th, but reports subsequently received by mail show that it was in existence as early as the 4th. On this date the British steamship Stornest, bound from Newport News to Santos, came under its influence and on the early morning of the 5th experienced full hurricane force winds. From the latter date it moved on a northwesterly course with diminishing speed and reached a position about 300 miles west of Bermuda on the 14th, whence it began to recurve" (MWR). September 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 16.4N, 51.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE and 990 mb at 17.2N, 50.8W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 20.8N, 58.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.5N, 63.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.9N, 60.8W. Ship highlights: 957 mb (eye) at 06Z at ~23N 60W (NCDC). "The following is a copy of extract from the Log Book of the R.N.S.P. S.S. NARENTA, covering the experience of that vessel in a tropical hurricane on Sept. 7-8, 1926... Sep. 7, 1926. Noon. Position (Acc) 24 07 N, 58 29 W. Wind ESE., force 5, bar. 29.88... Heavy rain commencing... 5 p.m. Wind NNE., force 9, Bar. 29.72... 11.45 p.m. Vessel shipping very heavy seas which lifted the Accident Boat on board, bent Nos. 2 and 3 derrick crutches, stripped tarpaulins off Nos. 3 and 5 Hatches, water getting below decks. Stward's pantry flooded and water reaching store rooms. Engineers' and Officers' accommodation flooded out. Lifeboard covers blew away and awnings on boat decks and Captains' deck (six in all) became unfurled and blew away. Two lifebuoys washed overboard. Mdt. Wind NE., force 11/12. Bar. 28.80. Hove to, ship's head north. Wind of hurricane force with very high confused sea and swell. Vessel labouring and rolling most violently. Shipping heavy seas fore and aft with continuous blinding spray. P. Log carried away. All hands on deck, securing hatches and derricks. Ash A. B. and Winch A. B. were washed across the aft deck, wilst securing No. 5 hatch. Ash A.B. severlly [sp.] spraining or fracturing the right arm and Winch severely bruised across the chest and ribs... 1 a. m., wind NE., force 12, Bar. 28.50... 2 a.m. wind lt. and varl, force 1; Bar. 28.27. Wind fell light. Ship labouring violently in high confused sea and swell... 4 a.m. Wind W'ly, force 10. Bar. 28.92. Heavily overcast with continuous driving rain and spray. Ship pitching and rolling most violently to high WSW. Sea and swell. Shipping water fore and aft...8 a.m. Wind SSW., force 8. Bar. 29.55. Weather slightly moderating; high confused heavy sea. Vessel pitching and rolling most violently. Shipping water fore and aft." (NCDC). September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.5N, 63.7W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 24.4N, 62.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.8N, 66.9W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 64.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.8N, 64.4W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 27.1N, 65.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 65.2W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 08 UTC at 29.1N, 65.1W (MWR); 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 30.0N, 64.5W (COA). One other gale. One other low pressure. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.9N, 67.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 28.6N, 67.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27N, 67W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW at 16 UTC at 27.0N, 66.0W (COA); 50 kt SSW at 12 UTC at 28.0N, 65.0W (COA). Several other gales. No low pressures. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30N, 68.3W. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 68.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 68W. Station highlights: 1006 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda (Guishard). Ship highlights: 70 kt at 29.3N 67.3W (MWR); 50 kt NNE and 999 mb at 30.5N, 70W (MWR); 45 kt N and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 31.8N, 69.1W (COA). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.4N, 68.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 120 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 70.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.8N, 69W with a 972 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 975 mb at 12 UTC at 31.8N, 69.2W (S.S. Mayaro - MWR); 70 kt NE (no time) at 31.8N, 69.2W (S.S. Mayaro - MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 14th the British steamship Mayaro was in the calm center of the hurricane from 10.15 a.m. to 4 p.m. in a special report to the Weather Bureau. Capt. A. Y. Drysdale states that he was surprised to find the sea within the center so moderate that a small boat could have been used with perfect safety. The atmosphere was `clammy and stuffy' and the weather cleared so that blue sky appeared in patches. Captain Drysdale was able to obtain sights to determine the position of his vessel - 31 49N, 69 11W" (MWR). September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.8N, 71.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 34.0N, 71.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 70W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 69.6W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt N at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.1N, 75.4W (MWR). "After recurving, this storm moved rapidly east-northeastward, its center passing about 300 miles south of Sable Island on the 18th" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 35.2N, 70.9W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 35.8N, 70.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.2N, 70.6W. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 992 mb at 03 UTC at 33.8N, 67.0W (MWR); 70 kt NNE at 33.8N, 70.9W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 983 mb at 22 UTC at 36.5N, 69.2W (MWR). Several other strong gales. One other low pressure. September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39.4N, 65.4W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 39.6N, 65.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.9N, 68.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 988 mb at 36.5N, 69.1W (COA); 70 kt NE at 12 UTC at 40.6N, 66.2W (COA); 70 kt and 995 mb at 23 UTC at 40.7N, 61.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 37 kt N at Nantucket (MWR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 38.3N, 60.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 60.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 39.8N, 60W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 988 mb at 17 UTC at 41.0N, 61.7W (MWR); 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 40.1N, 62.8W (COA). Several other hurricane force winds. A few other low pressures. September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 37.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 05 UTC at 37.5N, 60.1W (MWR); 60 kt NNW and 1006 mb at 16 UTC at 37.0N, 66.0W (COA). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N, 63.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 62.4W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 00 UTC and 04 UTC at 37.0N, 65.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 64.5W. Several other gales. Several other low pressures. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb, now embedded in a weak occluded front centered near 39.6N, 60.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical low at 40.0N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 39.0N, 60.0W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 996 mb at 16 UTC at 39.0N, 60.0W (COA); 50 kt NE and 997 mb at 20 UTC at 41.5N, 58.5W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 43.4N, 64.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 43.4N, 55.2W. Ship highlights: 70 kt (no direction and no time) and 976 mb with calm winds at 06 UTC at 41.8N, 56.0W (MWR); 70 kt NW and 979 mb at 04 UTC at 41.5N, 56.5W (COA); 70 kt N and 989 mb at 04 UTC at 42.2N, 57.3W (MWR). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures below 1000 mb. September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 49N, 52W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 48.8N, 53.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 49.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 993 mb at 20 UTC at 52.5N, 53.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 52.5N, 50.5W (COA). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 embedded in an occluded front, and the center has jumped north and east to near 58N, 45W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 58.2N, 49.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S at 03 UTC at 53.5N, 46.5W (COA); 35 kt SSW at 07 UTC at 54.5N, 45.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Genesis is begun one day earlier - on the 1st - based upon observations from COADS and Historical Weather Maps. Otherwise, minor track changes were introduced for the cyclone except for no alterations on the 3rd to the 7th and the 24th. Few observations were available from the 2nd to the 4th and but those that were available were not inconsistent with the recorded track and intensity. A peripheral pressure reading of 990 mb with hurricane force winds on the 5th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12Z on the 5th. Ship observations from the Narenta obtained at NCDC document an eye pressure of 957 mb at 06Z on the 8th. This suggests winds of 104 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. Winds in HURDAT are boosted from 95 to 105 kt at that time. No observations were available in the inner core on the 9th and 10th, so intensity retained as a Category 3 hurricane as originally depicted in HURDAT. On the 11th, ship observations from MWR and COADS both document 60 kt and hurricane force winds at rather high pressures, suggesting a rather small circulation was present at that time. 110 kt retained on the 11th. No ships encountered the inner core during the next two days. On the 14th, the ship Mayaro steamed into the calm eye of the hurricane from local time 10:15 am to 4 pm (suggesting either slow motion and/or large size of the eye). A pressure reading of 975 mb was obtained, but it does not appear this was taken in the eye as the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table records that the winds were S Beaufort 11 (60 kt) for this pressure measured at 7 am local - before reaching the eye. 975 mb suggests winds of 79 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N. It is assumed that the central pressure was lower - perhaps significantly so - than this value. However, given the apparent large size of the eye, the report of smooth seas in the eye, and the likelihood that the central pressure was not 940 mb or lower, the intensity is lowered from the 120 kt originally indicated in HURDAT to 95 kt. A peak of 115 kt is now suggested to have occurred on the 12th, which retains what was originally in HURDAT on that date. But winds are now decreased substantially on the 13th and 14th. On the 16th through the 18th, numerous ships encountered hurricane force winds, but none sampled the central pressure nor had peripheral pressure lower than 984 mb. Intensity is assessed as a Category 2 hurricane through the 18th, reduced some from HURDAT originally. Highest observed winds on the 19th and 20th were 60 and 50 kt, respectively, in a fairly data rich region off the US mid-Atlantic states. Winds reduced from 80 kt down to 75 kt on the 19th and 75 kt down to 65 kt on the 20th. Despite a fronts being depicted as extending through this system on the 21st, the temperature gradient near the center was minimal and the winds/pressure field was still quite symmetric. The cyclone is retained as a tropical cyclone an additional 12 hours through 18Z on the 21st. After extratropical transition, the cyclone reintensified with a few hurricane force wind reports and a central pressure reading of 976 mb. Winds are boosted from 60 to 70 kt on the 22nd. Final weakening of the cyclone occurred on the 23rd with dissipation over the far north Atlantic on the 24th. The tropical storm force winds observed late on the 15th at Cape Hatteras (and again on the 17th in Massachusetts) were likely due to the direct effect of the hurricane, but with some enhancement from the substantial cold air advection behind the front. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/05 - 2010 REVISION: 23940 09/10/1926 M= 6 5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23940 09/10/1926 M= 5 5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 23945 09/10* 0 0 0 0*247 535 60 0*253 540 65 0*259 544 70 0 23945 09/10* 0 0 0 0*256 543 60 0*260 545 65 0*264 547 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23950 09/11*265 547 70 0*272 549 75 0*278 551 75 0*284 553 80 0 23950 09/11*268 549 70 0*273 550 75 0*278 551 75 0*283 552 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23955 09/12*290 554 85 0*297 554 90 0*303 553 90 0*310 551 90 0 23955 09/12*289 553 85 0*295 553 90 0*310 553 90 0*314 552 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23960 09/13*318 548 90 0*325 544 80 0*330 541 80 0*335 536 75 0 23960 09/13*318 550 90 0*322 548 80 0*325 545 80 0*327 541 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 23965 09/14*332 530 70 0*326 528 60 0*321 527 60 0*317 525 60 0 23965 09/14*327 537 60 0*325 532 50 0*321 527 40 0*317 522 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 23970 09/15*314 522 50 0*311 520 40 0*308 516 35 0*306 496 30 0 23975 HR Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.3N, 55.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.3N, 54.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with this system. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 55.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.3N, 54.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 30.3N, 55.3W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N, 54.0W (MWR); 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N, 54.0W (HWM). Several other gales. No other low pressures. "On the 12th, a storm of full hurricane intensity appeared east of Bermuda, moving in a northeasterly direction" (MWR). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.5N, 54.1W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 54.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 52.6W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 53.0W (HWM). A few other gales. No low pressures. "This storm was short lived, reports showing little evidence of its existence after the 13th" (MWR). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.7N, 53.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.1N, 52.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 03 UTC at 31.5N, 51.5W (COA); 35 kt SSW at 03 UTC at 29.5N, 51.5W (COA); 0 kt and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 54.4W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.2N, 51.4W with a frontal boundary extending from 37N47W west-southwestward to 32N62W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 51.6W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis is unchanged for this hurricane, though data are sparse over the eastern subtropical North Atlantic before the 10th of September. (Certainly the system did not actually originate as a 60 kt tropical storm initially, but data preclude a more realistic assessment.) Except for the 15th (which is removed from HURDAT), the track changes introduced are all minor and are made on every date. Lack of observations do not allow for a confident assessment of intensity on the 10th and 11th, so intensity is not altered on those dates. A ship with 70 kt ESE wind accompanied by 1000 mb peripheral pressure was observed on the 12th. Intensity of 90 kt not altered. HURDAT winds also retained on the 13th, due to lack of inner core observations. Ship data on the 14th suggest weakening of the system occurred, both with the reduction of peak winds observed (35 kt maximum) and that winds appear to show little to no inflow on the northern semi-circle. The reduction in intensity on the 14th is the only major modification to the system's winds. Winds reduced at 12 UTC on the 14th from 60 down to 40 kt. Observations on the 15th indicate that this system no longer maintained a closed low, as it had opened up into a trough as indicated by numerous observations. (However, the frontal structure shown in HWM on the 15th does look suspect given the rather warm, isothermal field.) Dissipation of the cyclone is indicated on 00 UTC of the 15th, 24 hours earlier than originally indicated. It is also noted that this hurricane was in relatively close proximity (~12 degrees longitude) from the 10th to the 13th with Storm #4, a major hurricane during those dates 1926/05 - 2011 REVISION: 23940 09/10/1926 M= 5 5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23945 09/10* 0 0 0 0*256 543 60 0*260 545 65 0*264 547 70 0 23950 09/11*268 549 70 0*273 550 75 0*278 551 75 0*283 552 80 0 23950 09/11*268 549 70 0*273 550 75 0*279 551 75 0*287 552 80 0 *** *** 23955 09/12*289 553 85 0*295 553 90 0*310 553 90 0*314 552 90 0 23955 09/12*295 553 85 0*303 553 90 0*310 553 90 0*314 552 90 0 *** *** 23960 09/13*318 550 90 0*322 548 80 0*325 545 80 0*327 541 70 0 23960 09/13*318 550 90 0*322 548 80 0*325 545 80 0*327 541 70 0 23965 09/14*327 537 60 0*325 532 50 0*321 527 40 0*317 522 30 0 23970 HR Typographic errors in storm positions. The storm currently is shown to have a dramatically increased forward speed between 06 and 12Z on the 12th. The alterations keep the same general track but correct this temporary and unrealistic speed increase. Correction suggested by Brenden Moses. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/06 - 2010 REVISION: 24050 09/11/1926 M= 7 7 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24050 09/11/1926 M= 7 6 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 24055 09/11*155 791 35 0*160 811 35 0*162 818 35 0*169 827 35 0 24055 09/11*166 817 25 0*168 818 25 0*170 820 30 0*172 825 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24060 09/12*173 832 35 0*178 835 35 0*187 835 35 0*192 833 40 0 24060 09/12*174 830 30 0*177 835 30 0*180 840 30 0*185 841 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24065 09/13*196 830 40 0*200 827 40 0*205 822 40 0*210 817 40 0 24065 09/13*190 840 30 0*195 838 30 0*200 835 30 0*204 831 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24070 09/14*215 811 40 0*220 806 35 0*225 800 35 0*233 792 35 0 24070 09/14*208 826 30 0*212 819 30 0*215 810 30 0*221 800 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24075 09/15*243 781 35 0*253 773 35 0*258 769 35 0*265 771 35 0 24075 09/15*229 790 35 0*237 780 35 0*245 776 35 0*251 776 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24080 09/16*264 783 35 0*259 790 35 0*252 799 35 0*248 805 30 0 24080 09/16*254 780 35 0*254 785 35 0*252 790 35 0*248 795 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24085 09/17*244 811 30 0*241 816 25 0*237 821 25 0* 0 0 0 0 24085 09/17*244 800 30 0*241 805 25 0*237 810 25 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** 24090 TS Major alterations to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000). September 10: HWM analyzes an open trough just northeast of the northeast coast of Honduras. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system. September 11: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.8N, 83.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 81.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.6N, 83.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 83.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "On the 12th... a disturbance appeared near Swan Island, in the western Caribbean Sea, and moved northeastward over Cuba. After pursuing an irregular course and without attaining great intensity it dissipated over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 13: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 82.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19.6N, 79.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance, still of slight intensity, passed northeastward over west-central Cuba the evening of the 13th" (MWR). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.2N, 80.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.5N, 80.0W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21.3N, 78.4W with an 1007 mb pressure. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 77.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Perez et al. - "We classified this one like a tropical depression over Cuba" September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.4N, 77.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 76.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.6N, 76.9W with an 1004 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 37 kt NE and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.4W (MWR). "After leaving Cuba there was a considerable increase in intensity as shown by the a.m. report of the 15th from Nassau, Bahamas, which showed a barometer reading of 29.64 inches and a wind velocity of 42 miles an hour from the northeast. The northeastward progress of the disturbance was blocked about this time and it was forced to the west. It passed through the Florida Straits the night of the 16th-17th and dissipated the next day over the extreme southeastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.1N, 79.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.2N, 79.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.5N, 80W with an 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with this system. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.7N, 82.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system. Station highlights: 23 kt NW at 01 UTC at Key West (OMR). Genesis is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT. The only major change in the track was at the first position, to provide a realistic initial motion. No gales were observed for this system until the 15th of September. The Monthly Weather Review characterized the system to be of "slight intensity" up until its crossing Cuba on the 14th. (Such nomenclature in this era meant without gale force winds.) Likewise, Perez et al. (2000) analyzed the system to be of tropical depression at landfall in Cuba. Thus winds are slightly lowered from the 11th to the 14th from minimal tropical storm intensity to tropical depression intensity. After the system emerged into the Atlantic Ocean, some intensification occurred as documented by the 37 kt winds and 1004 mb peripheral observed in the Bahamas on the 15th. 1004 mb pressure suggests winds of at least 39 kt and 36 kt from the south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-winds relationships from Brown et al. (2004). Winds are chosen to be 35 kt in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th, partly because of the low environmental pressures present with two hurricanes northeast (storm #4) and east-southeast (storm #7) of this system. This tropical cyclone was at its peak on the 15th and 16th only a minimal tropical storm. The system then turned back toward the southeast and weakened on the 16th and 17th. Decay of the system is unchanged. It does not appear that this system caused tropical storm conditions over southeast Florida. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/07 - 2010 REVISION: 23980 09/11/1926 M=12 6 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 23980 09/11/1926 M=12 7 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 * 23985 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*154 460 55 0*157 471 60 0 23990 09/12*161 482 60 0*164 494 60 0*167 506 65 0*170 519 70 0 23995 09/13*173 533 70 0*175 547 75 0*178 560 75 0*181 573 80 0 24000 09/14*184 586 85 0*188 599 85 0*191 611 90 0*194 622 90 0 24005 09/15*196 631 95 0*198 640 100 0*200 650 100 0*202 661 105 0 24005 09/15*196 630 95 0*198 636 100 0*201 642 100 0*205 650 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24010 09/16*205 672 110 0*209 684 120 0*213 697 125 0*218 712 130 0 24010 09/16*207 660 110 0*209 670 120 0*210 680 125 0*213 693 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24015 09/17*224 728 130 0*230 744 130 0*236 758 125 0*241 770 125 0 24015 09/17*217 710 130 0*221 727 130 0*225 743 125 0*232 758 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24020 09/18*246 781 120 0*252 793 120 0*256 803 115 935*262 815 110 950 24020 09/18*242 773 125 0*250 788 125 0*256 803 125 930*262 816 90 950 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24025 09/19*268 827 105 0*274 839 105 0*280 850 105 0*286 858 105 0 24025 09/19*268 825 100 0*273 833 105 0*278 841 105 0*284 848 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24030 09/20*291 861 110 0*295 863 110 0*298 867 110 0*300 872 105 0 24030 09/20*290 855 110 0*296 862 110 0*301 868 105 0*303 873 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24035 09/21*302 878 95 955*303 884 60 0*304 891 60 983*306 899 50 0 24035 09/21*303 877 80 955*303 881 65 0*303 886 60 983*304 894 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 24040 09/22*307 908 35 0*308 918 25 0*310 929 20 0* 0 0 0 0 24040 09/22*305 905 40 0*306 917 30 0*307 929 25 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 24045 HRCFL4BFL3AFL3 AL3 24045 HRCFL4BFL3AFL3 AL3 MS1 *** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 7-9/18/1926 1200Z 25.6N 80.3W 125kt 4 20nmi 930mb CFL4,BFL3 7-9/20/1926 2200Z 30.3N 87.5W 100kt 3 15nmi 955mb AFL3,AL3,MS1 7-9/21/1926 1600Z 30.4N 89.1W 50kt MS Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). September 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 15.4N, 46.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.7N, 50.6W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 57.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 17.8N, 56.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.4N, 61.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 19.1N, 61.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The tropical cyclone of September 14-22 was first observed on the morning of the 14th northeast of St. Kitts" (MWR). September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 19.1N, 64.2W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 976 mb at 11 UTC at 19.9N, 63.9W (MWR); 60 kt S and 989 mb at 12 UTC at 19.0N, 63.8W (COA). A few other gales. No other ship observations of low pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.0W (HWM). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.9N, 69.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 125 kt hurricane at 21.3N, 69.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 48 kt W and 1000 mb at 23 UTC at 19.5N, 75.0W (MWR). No other ship gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 87 kt NW and 991 mb at 18 UTC at Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR); 33 kt NW and 1003 mb at 16 UTC at Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W. No other gales or low pressures. "At 1 p. m. the velocity of the wind had increased to 100 m. p. h. NW., with a very heavy sea swell, the intensity of the storm gradually increasing... At this hour the office was flooded and the sea breaking over the top, carrying all before it. Huge blocks of cement weighing a ton being washed around as if mere pebbles. At 1:55 the storm had reached such intensity as to indicate that everything would be demolished. Wind then about 150 m. p. h. [estimated], unroofing the office buildings, the roof of corrugated iron being carried about one mile inland... the sea reaching inland for about three-quarters of a mile...At 9:30 p. m., the storm having abated somewhat, the wind suddenly veered round to SE., still of a velocity of about 80 m. p. h... The island is a perfect wreck and will take a large amount of money and time to put in any state of order" (MWR). September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 22.7N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 125 kt hurricane centered at 23.6N, 75.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 74.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 24.8N, 72.7W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 74.0W (HWM). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 46 kt N and 1001 mb at 18 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.4W (MWR). No other gales. A few other low pressures. September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.3N, 80.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 80.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.8N, 80.5W with a 935 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1008 mb at 09 UTC at 29.3N, 80.5W (MWR); 55 kt W and 988 mb at 10 UTC at 24.5N, 81.5W (MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NE and 935 mb at 1145 UTC at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR/MWR); 100 kt NE at 10 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (MWR); 111 kt SE at 1230 UTC at Miami Beach, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (MWR); EYE at Bonita Springs at 17 UTC at 26.3N, 81.8W (BARNES); EYE and 950 mb at 2015 and 2030 UTC at Punta Rasa, FL at 26.5N, 82.0W (MWR); 70 kt E and 953 mb at Ft. Myers, FL at 26.5N, 81.9W (MWR); 14-15' storm tide at Coconut Grove, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (BARNES). "It is shown that the strong northeast winds diminished and at 6:10 am became variable, at first shifting to the southeast and for the next 35 minutes momentary winds from all directions were recorded but in the main they were from the southeast at velocities of 10 to 12 miles per hour. At this time the people of Miami, thinking the storm was over, ventured into the streets, as told herein later by Mr. Gray, some of whom doubtless lost their lives by so doing. At the time of the passage of the 'eye' of the storm, Miami was doubtless in or near the northern edge thereof since Homestead 28 miles to the south, the lull was of but 5 minutes duration" (MWR). "From midnight to 6:45 am, at which time the center of the storm passed over Miami, there was a precipitate fall at the rate of 0.28 inch per hour. At 6:45 am a reading of the mercurial barometer showed a pressure of 27.61 inches. By noon it had rose to 29.30 inches. At the Weather Bureau office the wind fell to 10 mph at 6:30 am and at the same time in the northern part of Miami Beach the wind was 80 mph. Ten minutes before, the velocity was 108 mph" (MWR). "At 1:50 am the anemometer reported a velocity of 41 miles, indicating a true velocity of about 57 miles per hour. By 2:35 am the true velocity had increased to 60 mph, and by 3 am telephone service in Miami had ended. At 5:00 am true velocity wind was measured of at least 115 miles per hour" (MWR). "A velocity of 50 miles was recorded at 7:55 am and a velocity of 60 miles at 8:55 am. These recorded velocities are nearly 50 percent less than the actual velocities. A Robinson anemometer on the roof of the Allison Hospital Miami Beach, connected with a Weather Bureau type triple register, recorded a velocity of 128 miles per hour at 7:30 am. The anemometer blew away at 8:12 am at which time it was recording 120 miles per hour. The storm tide on the Miami side of Biscayne Bay was approximately eight feet, and reports indicate a similar tide at Miami Beach" (MWR). "The known loss of life in the Miami district was 114. Many more are missing. Several thousand persons were injured, and 25,000 were without shelter after the storm. Property loss in the greater Miami area has been estimated at $76,000,000. This does not include damage to house, office, and store furnishings. Approximately 4,725 homes were destroyed and 9,100 damaged in the area extending from Fort Lauderdale to Miami" (MWR). "Nearing the west coast of extreme southern Florida, the center passed over Bonita Springs, about 20 miles south of Fort Myers, shortly after noon. it passed into the Gulf of Mexico during the afternoon, the displayman at Punta Rassa, Fla., reporting a calm at 3:15 pm and lowest pressure 28.05 inches at 3:30 pm" (MWR). Miami and Miami Beach: "The tide ranged from 7.5 feet along the northern part of the Miami water-front to 11.7 feet along the lower water-front south of Miami River. At Miami Beach, the tide was 10.6 feet on the ocean side and 6.4 feet on the bay side" (MWR). "Ft. Myers reported barometer 29.04 (983 mb), wind fifty-two miles north at 1:30 pm [1730 UTC]" (MWR). Regarding an interpretation of the wind velocity recorded at Miami Beach, FL: "The hospital is three-fourths of a mile north of the northern limit of the center of the hurricane. The anemometer, a 3-cup Robinson anemometer, cups 5 inches in diameter or arms 6.29 inches long, factor 2.50, was exposed 19 feet above the roof and 40 feet above the ground, the ground being 5 feet above mean sea level. It was on the eastern ocean side of the hospital roof, about 1,200 feet from the ocean, and freely exposed to wind from all directions. The record shows that the wind increased gradually from 29 miles per hour at 9 pm of the 17th [01 UTC of the 18th], reaching 100 by 4:30 am [0830 UTC], and continuing above 100 to a peak of 114 at 6:10 am [1010 UTC], after which there was a slight decrease to a minimum rate of 78 at 6:25 am [1025 UTC]; the wind increasing again to above 100 and reaching a 5-minute maximum of 128 by 7:30 am, after which the rate continued above 120 until the anemometer blew away at 8:12 am." (MWR). Read MWR October 1926 page 415 for more information. Regarding this same topic in OMR: "It was probably between 140 and 150 miles per hour [at the Allison Hospital] (OMR). Regarding a destructive gust at Jupiter, FL following the Miami Hurricane: "Blowing with hurricane force from the northeast and east throughout most of Friday night, the wind veered to southeast and south on Saturday, gradually diminishing in velocity to a whole gale (this happened after the center of the hurricane had passed over the west FL coast and into the Gulf of Mexico) (MWR). Coconut Grove, FL: "The lull came about 5:45 AM and I should judge the wind started the other way about 7:30" (1926 account of the hurricane by a citizen living in Coconut Grove). Key West: Minimum pressure was 998 mb at [17 UTC] and winds did not exceed a strong gale (45 kt) (OMR). Tampa: Minimum pressure was 994 mb at 2130 UTC (OMR). Central pressure at landfall - 931 mb, RMW - 19 nm, speed of motion - 17 kt, landfall position - 25.6N 80.3W (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum sustained wind at landfall - 116 kt, environmental pressure of 1006 mb (Schwerdt et al.). Central pressure at landfall - 935 mb, Category 4 (Jarrell et al.) Tropical cyclones of Florida - Extreme hurricane ("Extreme" has central pressure 948 mb or less and/or maximum winds of at least 117 kt - Dunn and Miller). Central pressure at oceanfall - 950 mb, RMW - 24 nmi (Ho et al.) September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.9N, 85.3W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 85.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 84.4W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1010 mb at 00 UTC at 29.0N, 80.1W (COA); 45 kt SW and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 25.4N, 83.3W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 56 kt NE and 1001 mb at 10 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 56 kt NE at 18 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 37 kt E and 995 mb at 00 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the tide: Tampa: "High tide on September 19 about 2 pm [18 UTC] reached 4.5 feet above mean low tide. It was high again on the 20th, being 3.9 feet above mean low tide" (MWR). Fort Myers: "High water... reaching 4 to 6 feet above normal and flooding certain sections of the city" (MWR). September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 29.1N, 87.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 110 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 86.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.5N, 86.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at 26.3N, 87.0W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 26.0N, 86.0W (COA). A few other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 96 kt SE and 967 mb at 21Z at Pensacola; 955 mb at 2130 UTC at Perdido Beach, AL at 30.4N, 87.5W (MWR). Several other observations of winds of at least 90 kts. Several other low pressures between 955 and 980 mb. Regarding the intensity: "The center closely approached, but did not reach Pensacola, September 20, where the pressure fell to 28.56 inches. The center was definitely located as passing over Perdido Beach, Baldwin Co., Ala., where a minimum reading of 28.20 inches was observed between 3 and 4 pm. It passed a short distance south of Mobile at 9:30 pm [0230 UTC of the 21st] when the barometer at that station reached its minimum of 28.76 inches [974 mb]" (MWR). Regarding the tide at Pensacola: "The high stage of 9.4 feet above mean sea level has been accurately determined. At Bagdad, Fla. there were reports of a tide of 14 feet. Valparaiso reports a tide of about 4 feet above normal; St. Andrews 6 feet; and Port St. Joe about 4.5 feet" (MWR). Pensacola, FL: "Winds of hurricane force began at 4:55 am [0955 UTC] of the 20th and continued for about 17 hours, and winds of 100 mph prevailed continuously for over 4 hours and that rate was recorded at intervals after that time. The maximum velocity was 116 miles. An extreme velocity of 152 miles was recorded... the highest stage 9.4 feet occurred about noon of the 20th. Estimated damage to shipping in Pensacola was about $880,000 and to other property about $200,000" (OMR). Mobile, Alabama: An approximate of all losses in the two counties (Mobile and Baldwin) is $1,500,000. At least 3 people died in these two counties (OMR). Central pressure of 955 mb, landfall point of 30.3N 87.5W, RMW of 17 nm, forward speed of 7 kt (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum sustained surface winds - 96 kt, environmental pressure - 1008 mb (Schwerdt et al.) Tropical cyclones of Florida - "Major" hurricane (which means having winds of 88 to 117 kt - Dunn and Miller). September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.3N, 88.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 30.4N, 89.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 89W with a 985 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 30 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 00 UTC at 28.4N, 88.9W (COA). No gales. Several other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. Land highlights: 87 kt S and 980 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 974 mb at 0330 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.3W (OMR); EYE and 985 mb at 15 UTC at Gulfport, Mississippi at 30.3N, 89.2W (MWR/CONNOR). Several other hurricane force winds between 64-87 kt. Several other low pressures between 974-980 mb. Regarding the intensity: "The center passed a very short distance south of Pascagoula, Miss., at 5:25 am [1025 UTC] with lowest pressure 28.99 inches [982 mb]. The northern edge of the eye of the storm passed over Biloxi about 8 am [13 UTC] with a pressure of 29.03 inches [983 mb]; at 9 am the center reached Gulfport and there was a calm of 10 minutes during which the barometer read 29.08 inches [985 mb]" (MWR). Regarding the tide at Apalachicola, FL: "The tide ... along the water front with highest waves running possibly to 5.0 feet (height of surge after 0930 UTC on the 21st)" (MWR). Gulfport: "Wind was from the southwest by 6:15 pm [2315 UTC] having reached a velocity of about 55 miles from the SSE at 2:30 pm [1930 UTC]" (MWR). Bay St. Louis: "...9:15 am September 21 the tide began to rise and it reached 3 feet above normal" (MWR). New Orleans: 998 mb was lowest pressure at 20 UTC (OMR). Shreveport, LA: Lowest pressure was 1006 mb at 2130 UTC (OMR). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N, 93W. HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 31.0N, 92.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 31N 93W with 1009 mb pressure. "By 8 p. m. [on the 21st] the center was some distance northwest of New Orleans and during the ensuing 24 hours in moved more rapidly westward over Louisiana and dissipated in eastern Texas" (MWR). (The following are details of analyses conducted by Brian Jarvinen, former Storm Surge lead at the National Hurricane Center: "Hi Chris and Jack, Over the years I did a fair amount of research on the 1926 hurricane, especially its impact on south Florida, which includes Miami, Lake Okeechobee and the west coast of Florida. At one point, the storm surge group created the Biscayne Bay basin as it existed in 1926. Of interest is that Miami Beach was just being developed and was mostly sand. Sea-level spoil areas existed where Dodge Island (i.e.the cruise port) exists today. The MacArthur Causeway, with an elevation of about 5-feet above sea level, was the most significant east-west barrier with openings at each end. The Miami Weather Bureau Office obs initially suggested that the hurricane passed directly over that location, but closer inspection of the original record obtained from NCDC shows that the strongest measured gust of 80 mph from the northeast occurred at 4:59 AM as the northwestern part of the eyewall passed over. The next highest gust of 60 mph from the southeast was measured at 8:56 AM when the southeastern portion of the eyewall passed over. One question, are these gust maxima at or near the RMW in that particular quadrant? If so, this suggests the Miami office was in the eye for about 3-4 hours. The wind data from an anemometer on top of the Allison Hospital on Miami Beach suggested that that site was at or near the RMW. When we made a SLOSH model run with the track directly over the Miami office and an RMW of 6 nm and 935 mb central pressure we did not even come close to the observed storm tide elevations along Miami Beach, Miami and Ft. Lauderdale. Further investigation suggested that the southern portion of the eyewall passed south of Homestead and Florida City. I estimated that the northern RMW passed just north of the Allison Hospital on Miami Beach and south of Homestead or a distance of approximately 38 nm. The half-way point is just south of the Charles Deering Estate. A SLOSH model run was made with the track just south of the Charles Deering (25.6N, 80.3W) with an RMW of 19 nm and a central pressure of 930 mb. The SLOSH model results were much closer to the observed high water marks at all locations, including the 7.4 foot value that we measured at the Charles Deering location based upon photos of the debris line near the house, that were taken right after the hurricane. Note: The animation of this SLOSH run, but with the modern day elevations, is available in the SLOSH display program that Will Shaffer's group produces. In the modern basin, the Miami Beach barriers are higher than in 1926 and the Port of Miami is a major east-west barrier with elevations of 13 feet at the east end and 10 feet at the west end. There was a really great eye-witness account by a gentleman who was walking with his friend to view the damage and get some breakfast in downtown Miami when the rain stopped at 7 AM. They were walking in the eye along Biscayne Boulevard. They had difficulty standing because of the strong wind, and had to walk at a 45 degree angle, but made it to a dinner that was open. They did not observe any flooding at Bayfront Park, where many ships were docked, during their walk. They would not have been very far from the Miami Weather Bureau Office. Thus, they were likely walking into the wind which was blowing from the east or southeast. While eating, "the second storm started, was worse than the first storm and was accompanied by a tidal wave, which washed boats up two blocks from the waterfront". The Charles Deering track SLOSH model run confirms, during the first phase of the hurricane, that while Miami Beach was being over topped by the storm tide with a wind from the northeast, the water inside of northern Biscayne Bay was being driven south and not piling up near Bayfront Park. An eye-witness account at Dinner Key also confirms this. The flooding at Biscayne Park and Dinner Key, which pushed and floated the ships inland, occurred when the southeastern part of the eyewall passed over and the water was driven toward the northwest and north. Water piling up in northern Biscayne Bay over-topped Miami Beach from the bay side and created channels across the island. I used 930 mb because of the likely pressure gradient between the center and the Miami office (935 mb). It could have been a little lower. I have tried over the years to find eye-witness accounts south of the track without success. Obviously, wind speeds would have been considerably less on the south side and damage also less. As the hurricane crossed southern Florida the RMW likely expanded and the pressure began rising such that it was 950 mb when the center passed over the "Barracks" on the west coast at Punta Rassa. The Barracks was an old Army Signal Corps Station. Since it took approximately 9 hours to cross the state, the average filling rate was about 2 mb/hr. Using the Lake Okeechobee SLOSH model and inputting the levee locations and elevations that existed in 1926, plus the lake elevation at the time, we were able to replicated the flooding that took place as a result of the levee being over-topped. As you know there were many drowning fatalities in and around Moore Haven due to the over-topping. I think we estimated the maximum sustained wind speed on the lake at 95 to 100 mph. The Miami WFO made a copy of a DVD that we made showing an animated loop of the flooding on Lake Okeechobee for the 1926 and 1928 hurricanes and what would happen with the current levee systems if those hurricanes were to repeat. I believe we labeled the SLOSH input values, at the closest point of approach, in the headers before each animation. I don't remember exactly what we did for our estimates for SLOSH input for Pensacola Bay, but I think your values are reasonable for the Pensacola landfall. The track direction, RMW and 955 mb would likely have produced the 7.2 foot storm tide that was observed at the Pensacola tide gage. Regards, Brian") No changes are made to the genesis of this major hurricane, though the exact location of formation is quite uncertain - and could easily have been farther east - given the sparseness of the ship observations. Few observations are available for this tropical cyclone from the 11th through the 14th. Because of this, no changes are made on these dates. On the 15th, the S.S. Matura measured 976 mb and 60 kt SW wind (with peak winds of hurricane force from the S). This pressure suggests wind of at least 83 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th. Late on the 16th, the hurricane struck Turks Island. Unfortunately, the impact of the cyclone was such that no pressure readings, nor any reliable wind observations were available after 18Z (when 87 kt and 991 mb were observed). The 87 kt converts to 71 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). The described impact of the cyclone in Turks Island is consistent with an extreme hurricane and no change is made to 130 kt recorded in HURDAT at 18Z on the 16th at time of closest approach to Turks Island. No inner core observations were available on the 17th, as the major hurricane progressed through the southern Bahamas toward the west-northwest. The major hurricane made landfall just before 12Z on the 18th of September at 25.6N 80.3W. The eye of the hurricane went over the Miami Weather Bureau office and they recorded a 935 mb pressure as the wind lulled to 10 kt from the northeast. The center of the hurricane was slightly south of the Miami Weather Bureau office and a central pressure at landfall is analyzed to be slightly deeper at 930 mb, in accordance with the analysis conducted by Brian Jarvinen utilizing the SLOSH model in the context of the observed track and storm surge heights. This is slightly more intense than that estimated by Jarrell et al. (which used the 935 mb value), and about the same as analyzed (931 mb) by Ho et al. The 930 mb value replaces the 935 mb indicated previously in HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th. Highest observed winds were 100 kt 5 min from the Miami Weather Bureau using the earlier standard 4 cup anemometer and 111 kt 5 min from a new Patterson 3 cup anemometer at the Allison Hospital at Miami Beach. The first adjusts to 81 kt, while the latter instrument has a much smaller bias (only 4% too high - Kadel 1926) and gives 113 kt 1 min equivalent. From the MWR: "The disparity between the wind velocities at the two exposures mentioned is therefore greater than the figures would indicate; this is due to the blanketing effect of recently erected high buildings which almost completely surround the three-story Federal office building in which the Weather Bureau office is housed." 930 mb central pressure suggests wind of 130 and 124 kt from the north of 25N and south of 25N, respectively, pressure-wind relationships from Brown et al. The outer closed isobar is 1009 mb (analyzed to be higher than indicated in Schwerdt et al.) and the translational velocity is a fairly quick 14 kt. The RMW analysis of about 20 nmi from both Jarvinen and Ho et al. appears reasonable and is slightly larger from climatology for that central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.) The somewhat low environmental pressure and larger RMW may offset the impact of the quick forward speed. Thus the maximum sustained wind at landfall in SE Florida is estimated to be 125 kt. This makes the cyclone a Category 4 hurricane for SE Florida, which is the same as initially indicated in HURDAT and Jarrell et al. Winds at 12Z are boosted from 115 kt shown originally to 125 kt. (All of the Weather Bureau stations were still using the old style 4 cup anemometer until 1 January 1928 (MWR 1927). The Miami Beach reading during the hurricane was with a new 3-cup Robinson anemometer was from Allison Hospital.) The hurricane quickly moved across the state and the eye was observed at Bonita Springs at 17Z and at Punta Rasa at 2030Z along with a central pressure of 950 mb at the latter. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 76 kt at 18Z. Highest observed wind within 2 hr of 18Z were 47 kt at Ft. Myers. The 950 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind wind relationship. However, the maximum winds at this time were still overland. Adjustment from marine exposure to open terrain over land is a 15% reduction (Vickery et al. 2009), or down to about 89 kt. Winds at 18Z are thus estimated to be 90 kt, given that the hurricane was close to the west coast after passing the Everglades (so, higher than Kaplan and DeMaria's model) but still overland (so, substantially less indicated by the pressure-wind relationship). Adjusting HURDAT from 110 kt down to 90 kt at 18Z on the 18th is a major intensity change, the only one introduced for this cyclone. Southwest Florida ("BFL") is estimated to have been impacted by Category 3 winds, which is the same as initially indicated in HURDAT and Jarrell et al. After re-emerging in the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane turned toward the northwest. It is likely that moving back over to marine exposure allowed the hurricane's winds to increase somewhat, given that the system still had 950 mb central pressure right before making oceanfall. No inner core observations were available on the 19th. The hurricane made a second landfall at 30.3N 87.5W near Perdido Beach, AL just before 2200Z on the 20th. There was a central pressure measurement at that location of 955 mb. This suggests winds of 100 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Maximum 5 min winds were 96 kt at Pensacola at 21Z, which adjusts down to 81 kt 1 min true winds. The hurricane made landfall with an RMW of about 15-20 nmi (slightly smaller than climatology of 21 nmi), an outer closed isobar of 1008 mb, and a slow forward motion of 4 kt. Overall, this would suggest a small downward adjustment of the winds from that indicated by the pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 20th (reduced from 105 kt originally) and at landfall, which makes the hurricane a Category 3 for Alabama and NW Florida. (These are the same categorizations as originally indicated in HURDAT.) The hurricane's center went back over the Gulf of Mexico near Mobile and moved westward between the barrier islands and the Alabama and Mississippi coast for just over 12 hours. The third landfall occurred around 16Z on the 21st in Mississippi near 30.4N 89.1W with maximum winds around 60 kt. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind-decay model gives winds of 80, 65, 55, 45, and 41 kt at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z (21st), and 00Z (22nd), respectively. Highest observed winds (within two hours of the synoptic time) were: 87, 64, 43, 57, and 36 kt, but these correct down to 70, 52, 36, 48, and 30 kt, respectively. Winds are chosen for HURDAT near the Kaplan and DeMaria model for the first three time periods, but above it based upon available observations. Also, based upon the track, intensity and size of the cyclone, Category 1 conditions were likely observed in Mississippi as well (along the barrier islands), which is new to HURDAT. No changes are made to the decay of this major hurricane. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/08 - 2010 REVISION: 24095 09/21/1926 M=11 8 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24100 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 516 45 0*285 498 50 0 24100 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 490 45 0*291 484 50 0 *** *** *** *** 24105 09/22*289 482 55 0*293 468 60 0*297 457 65 0*299 449 70 0 24105 09/22*292 478 55 0*293 472 60 0*295 465 65 0*297 456 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24110 09/23*301 442 75 0*303 435 75 0*306 427 80 0*311 419 80 0 24110 09/23*300 447 75 0*303 437 75 0*306 427 80 0*308 418 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** 24115 09/24*316 411 85 0*321 402 85 0*326 392 90 0*330 380 90 0 24115 09/24*310 410 85 0*312 401 85 0*315 392 90 0*323 382 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24120 09/25*335 365 95 0*339 350 100 0*343 335 105 0*347 319 105 0 24120 09/25*348 370 90 0*360 356 90 0*365 340 90 0*366 322 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24125 09/26*352 303 105 0*357 286 100 0*362 271 95 0*372 257 90 0 24125 09/26*365 303 90 0*365 284 90 0*367 265 90 0*372 257 90 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24130 09/27*384 248 90 0*395 250 85 0*404 265 80 0*405 273 80 0 24130 09/27*382 255 90 0*395 258 85 0*404 265 80 0*405 275 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** 24135 09/28*404 285 75 0*395 297 75 0*385 300 70 0*381 299 70 0 24135 09/28*404 285 70 0*395 292 65 0*385 295 60 0*381 295 60 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 24140 09/29*377 297 70 0*373 294 65 0*369 291 60 0*362 288 60 0 24140 09/29*377 293 55 0*373 290 55 0*369 285 50 0*364 282 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24145 09/30*353 284 60 0*343 280 55 0*336 276 50 0*332 270 45 0 24145 09/30*358 280 45 0*352 278 45 0*345 276 40 0*340 270 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 24150 10/01*330 263 40 0*330 255 35 0*332 246 35 0*340 232 30 0 24150 10/01*336 263 40 0*334 255 35 0*332 246 35 0*330 235 30 0 *** *** *** *** 24155 HR Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 52.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 51.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 23 UTC at 29.5N, 47.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.4N, 46.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 45.7W. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 1001 mb at 03 UTC at 29.5N, 47.5W (COA); 45 kt N and 990 mb at 12 UTC at 29.8N, 47.3W (HWM/COA). A few other gales. One other low pressure. September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.9N, 41.1W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.6N, 42.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 19 UTC at 28.5N, 43.5W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 1010 mb at 23 UTC at 28.5N, 43.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.6N, 39.3W with a weak SW-NE cold front just to the northwest of the low. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 32.6N, 39.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 34.4N, 32.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 34.3N, 33.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb at 08 UTC at 36.3N 35.4W (MWR); 50 kt SE at 02 UTC at 35.4N, 36.4W (COA); 20 kt S and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 33.3W (COA); 45 kt N at 10 UTC at 34.4N, 37.4W (COA); 35 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 34.7N, 36.3W (COA). A few other gales. No other low pressures. "On the 25th a fifth disturbance of tropical origin appeared southwest of the Azores, moving on a northeasterly course" (MWR). September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 35.7N, 26.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 36.2N, 27.1W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 02 UTC at 36.5N, 30.5W (COA); 40 kt NNE and 996 mb at 19Z at 38.4N 28W (MWR); 45 kt NNW and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 35.3N, 29.7W (COA). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures between 995-1005 mb. Station highlights: 66 kt N (no time) and 997 mb (no time) at Horta, Azores Islands (MWR). "On the 26th the station at Horta (Azores) reported northerly winds reaching a maximum velocity of 76 mph (66 kts). By 4 pm of that day the center appeared to be somewhat north of the islands, the pressure at Horta having risen from 29.45 [997 mb] to 29.54 [1000 mb] inches and the wind shifted to northwest. During the following 24 hours the center appears to have moved westward or possibly southwestward, and to have increased in intensity. At 4 pm on the 27th the pressure at Horta had fallen to 29.18 inches [988 mb], wind southeast ~35 kt. At 6 am on the 28th, the pressure at Horta was 29.08 inches [985 mb], wind east-southeast at 20 kt" (MWR). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 41.3N, 26.4W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 40.4N, 26.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 980 mb at 02 UTC at 39.5N, 23.5W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 978 mb at 14 UTC at 40.5N, 27.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 980 mb at 21Z at 38.4N, 30.4W (MWR). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures between 978-1000 mb. Station highlights: 1000 mb at 00Z at Horta (MWR). September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.9N, 30.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.5N, 30.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 994 mb at 02 UTC at 39.5N, 29.5W (COA); 25 kt S and 990 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 28.8W (COA). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures between 990-1000 mb. Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 988 mb at 00Z and 20 kt ESE and 985 mb at 08Z at Horta (MWR). September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.1N, 28.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 29.1W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 02 UTC at 36.5N, 31.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 02 UTC at 37.4N, 33.4W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.5N, 26.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 33.6N, 27.6W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N, 24.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 24.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S at 10 UTC at 34.0N, 23.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. No changes were made to the genesis of this hurricane. Large alterations were made to its track on the 21st and 25th based upon available observations, but otherwise small changes were introduced for the remaining portion of the track. A 990 mb peripheral pressure was observed on the 22nd, which suggests at least 59 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. This is consistent with the original HURDAT making the cyclone a hurricane on this date and no changes are made to the intensity for the 22nd. No observations were available on the 23rd and 24th near the center, so no changes were made to the intensity on those dates. On the 25th, a ship observed 985 mb with NNE 70 kt, simultaneously. This suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The combination of this ship at 08Z and a second ship at 12Z with S 20 kt wind/996 mb allows for a fairly accurate positioning of the hurricane. The first ship is estimated to have been about 30 nm from the center of the hurricane, supporting - along with the data from the second ship - a reduction in the intensity. Winds are thus reduced from 105 kt (peak for the system) down to 90 kt (revised peak for the system). Late on the 26th, the hurricane struck the Azores Islands. Observations from Horta indicated that a maximum velocity (5 min) of 66 kt occurred. This reduces down to 54 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). No change made to the 90 kt recorded in HURDAT at the likely time of these winds in Horta (~18Z 26th). On the 27th and 28th as the cyclone was executing a counter-clockwise loop around the Azores, the size of the system became quite large with cool surface temperatures, but little to no temperature gradient and no obvious frontal boundaries. The cyclone in the satellite era might have been characterized as a subtropical storm at this point in its lifecycle. Pressures as low as 985 mb were recorded on the 28th from Horta, which would normally suggest winds of at least 68 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Given the expanded size and reduced pressure gradient, intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 28th to be 60 kt, revised downward from 70 kt originally. Winds are reduced slightly on the 29th and 30th based upon ship observations suggesting a gradually spinning down cyclone as it drifted southward and then eastward. No change is made to the dissipation of the system. 1926/08 - 2011 REVISION: 24095 09/21/1926 M=11 8 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24100 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 490 45 0*291 484 50 0 24105 09/22*292 478 55 0*293 472 60 0*295 465 65 0*297 456 70 0 24110 09/23*300 447 75 0*303 437 75 0*306 427 80 0*308 418 80 0 24115 09/24*310 410 85 0*312 401 85 0*315 392 90 0*323 382 90 0 24115 09/24*310 410 85 0*314 401 85 0*320 392 90 0*333 382 90 0 *** *** *** 24120 09/25*348 370 90 0*360 356 90 0*365 340 90 0*366 322 90 0 24125 09/26*365 303 90 0*365 284 90 0*367 265 90 0*372 257 90 0 24130 09/27*382 255 90 0*395 258 85 0*404 265 80 0*405 275 75 0 24135 09/28*404 285 70 0*395 292 65 0*385 295 60 0*381 295 60 0 24140 09/29*377 293 55 0*373 290 55 0*369 285 50 0*364 282 50 0 24145 09/30*358 280 45 0*352 278 45 0*345 276 40 0*340 270 40 0 24150 10/01*336 263 40 0*334 255 35 0*332 246 35 0*330 235 30 0 24155 HR Typographic errors in storm positions. The storm currently is shown to have a dramatically increased forward speed between 18Z on the 24th and 00Z on the 25th. The alterations keep the same general track but correct this temporary and unrealistic speed increase. Correction suggested by Brenden Moses. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/09 - 2010 REVISION: 24470 10/03/1926 M= 3 9 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24475 10/03* 0 0 0 0*166 800 35 0*166 813 35 0*166 822 35 0* 24475 10/03*145 790 30 0*145 794 35 0*145 800 35 0*146 810 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24480 10/04*165 832 35 0*164 841 35 0*164 850 35 0*163 861 35 0* 24480 10/04*150 822 35 0*155 836 35 0*160 850 35 0*163 864 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 24485 10/05*150 826 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 24485 10/05*164 877 30 0*165 889 30 0*165 900 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24490 TS Major changes to the track but with no alterations to intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 3: HWM analyzes an open trough in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Honduras. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.6N, 81.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 07Z at 18.2N 82.6W (MWR, COA); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 18.2N, 82.5W (HWM); 20 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 13.5N, 78.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight intensity was located south of Swan Island on the morning of the 3rd. It advanced slowly northwestward and was last susceptible of identification on the evening of the 4th off the coast of British Honduras. The highest wind velocity reported in connection with this disturbance was 42 miles per hour, by the S. S. Toloa at 1 a. m. of the 3d in latitude 18 degrees 10', longitude 82 degrees 40', approximately" (MWR). October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 16.5N, 85W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 5: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT last listed this at 00 UTC as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.0N, 82.6W. Ship highlights: None. Genesis for this tropical storm is begun six hours earlier at 00Z on the 3rd based upon observations of gale force around 07Z. A major southward change to the track of the cyclone is introduced on the 3rd because of easterly ship observations south of the original HURDAT position. Data are somewhat inconclusive, however, whether a closed low was actually present on this date. A major alteration on the position of the cyclone is also made on the 5th. (A portion of this major change, however, is in correcting a typo in the original HURDAT, which gave a longitude of 82.6W at 00Z on the 5th, whereas the McAdie et al. track map show a position of 87.6W.) The decay of the cyclone is delayed by 12 hours to a final position inland over Guatemala. The peak intensity of this tropical storm - 35 kt - is unchanged. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/10 - 2010 REVISION: 24185 10/14/1926 M=11 10 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 24185 10/14/1926 M=15 10 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 ** * * 24190 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 95 807 35 0*107 808 35 0*109 809 35 0 24190 10/14* 0 0 0 0*115 812 25 0*115 810 25 0*116 809 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 24195 10/15*111 809 35 0*114 810 35 0*116 811 35 0*119 812 40 0 24195 10/15*117 808 35 0*118 807 35 0*120 807 35 0*121 806 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24200 10/16*121 813 40 0*123 814 45 0*126 814 45 0*129 815 50 0 24200 10/16*122 806 40 0*124 805 45 0*126 805 45 0*129 805 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24205 10/17*132 816 50 0*135 816 55 0*139 817 55 0*144 818 60 0 24205 10/17*132 805 50 0*135 806 55 0*139 807 55 0*143 809 60 993 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24210 10/18*150 820 65 0*156 822 70 0*163 824 75 0*170 826 75 0 24210 10/18*148 812 65 0*153 815 70 0*158 818 75 0*165 823 80 974 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 24215 10/19*177 827 80 0*184 828 85 0*191 829 85 0*198 829 90 0 24215 10/19*173 827 95 0*182 830 115 0*191 829 120 0*198 829 120 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 24220 10/20*205 829 95 0*213 828 100 0*222 824 105 0*231 819 100 0 24220 10/20*205 829 125 0*213 828 125 939*223 827 130 934*234 821 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24225 10/21*243 807 95 0*256 797 95 0*269 780 100 0*280 753 105 0 24225 10/21*245 810 110 949*256 797 110 0*269 780 110 0*280 755 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24230 10/22*291 725 110 0*303 696 115 0*314 667 115 0*327 637 100 0 24230 10/22*291 730 110 0*301 703 110 0*312 675 105 0*324 647 105 962 *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 24235 10/23E342 607 90 0E356 577 70 0E370 548 65 0E382 522 60 0 24235 10/23*338 622 95 0*351 597 85 0*360 572 75 0*364 547 70 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 24240 10/24E392 501 60 0E402 483 60 0E410 467 60 0E454 410 55 0 24240 10/24*366 522 70 0*368 500 70 0*370 480 70 0*372 465 70 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 25th to the 28th are new to HURDAT.) 24241 10/25*373 455 75 0*374 448 75 0*373 445 80 0*368 442 80 0 24242 10/26*356 446 75 0*340 456 65 0*325 470 55 0*313 485 50 0 24243 10/27*303 500 50 0*295 515 50 0*290 530 50 0*288 542 50 0 24244 10/28*290 550 45 0E297 555 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24245 HR 24245 HRBFL1CFL1 ******** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 10-10/21/1926 0300Z 25.0N 80.3W 75kt 1 20nmi 949mb DFL2,CFL1 Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Ho et al. (1987), and Perez et al. (2000). Track changes while over Cuba and near the Florida Keys are provided by Daniel Gladstein. October 14: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure in the western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.7N, 80.8W. Ship highlights: 10 kt VAR and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 11.4N, 77.4W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. "Beginning on the 14th and continuing for several days pressure fell slowly over the southwestern Caribbean and Canal Zone region" (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 18N, 80.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 11.6N, 81.1W. Ship highlights: 5 kt E and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 13.0N, 79.0W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures associated with this system. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.3N, 80.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 12.6N, 81.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 12.0N, 80.8W (HWM); 35 kt NW and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 11.4N, 82.9W (COA); 10 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 18.0N, 78.7W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at ~20 UTC (MWR/NCDC). No other gales. Several other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. Land highlights: 1005 mb at 00 UTC and 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). "From reports now available it would appear that a cyclonic circulation existed as early as the 16th" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 15.7N, 81.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 13.9N, 81.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 13.0N, 83.3W (COA); 25 kt N and 996 mb at 20 UTC at 14.3N, 81.5W (COA/MWR). No other gales. Several other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). 35 kt NW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC 13.0N, 83.3W. One other low pressure. October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 15.5N, 82.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.3N, 82.4W. Ship highlights: calm and 974 mb at 17 UTC and 70 kt S (no time) at 16.5N, 82.3W (MWR); 973 mb at 18 UTC at 16.5N, 82.3W (COA). A few other strong gales. Several other low pressures between 973-996 mb. Land highlights: 28 kt NE and 999 mb at 2340 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. "On the morning of the 18th the tropical disturbance previously referred to was in the vicinity of Swan Island" (MWR). October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of 970 mb centered near 18.3N, 83.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.1N, 82.9W. Ship highlights: ENE 70 kt and 950 mb at 06 UTC at 18.5N, 82.9W (MWR); NE 70 kt and 987 mb at 21 UTC at 20.5N, 84.3W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures between 950-1005 mb. Land highlights: 23 kt NE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 26 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). "The disturbance moved north-northwestward with rapidly increasing intensity, passing near and to the east of Swan Island during the night of the 18th-19th... During the daylight hours of the 19th the center moved almost due north and during the next 12 hours northeast, passing over Nueva Gerona, on the Isle of Pines at 3 am of the 20th, when a calm lasting 30 minutes was noted" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of 950 mb centered near 22.5N, 82.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 82.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 82.2W with a pressure somewhere between 948 and 950 mb. Ship highlights: NE 70 kt and 958 mb at 22 UTC, NW 10 kt and 954 mb at 2220 UTC, NW 70 kt and 956 mb at 2245 UTC at 24.4N, 80.9W (NCDC/MWR); 70 kt N and 984 mb at 07 UTC at 24.1N, 82.2W (MWR); E 70 kt at at ~24.5N 80.7W; calm and 949 mb at 2230Z at ~24.3N 80.8W; NW 70 kt at at ~24.3N 80.8 (S.S. Munplace). Several other strong gales and hurricane force winds. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 86 kt and 951 mb at 1610 UTC at Habana, Cuba at 23.2N, 82.5W (MWR); 939 mb (eye) at Neuva Gerona (Perez); 939 mb (in edge of eye) at Guira De Melena, Cuba at 22.8N, 82.5W; 939 mb (in edge of eye) at Cojimar (Perez). Several other strong gales. "Central pressure estimate of 932 mb at point of closest approach to the Keys, based upon 988 mb observed in Key West, 21 nmi RMW, 16 kt forward speed" (Ho et al.) "The barometer at Habana, Cuba was 951 mb at 11:10 am on the 20th. The lowest swing during a furious gust was 933 mb. The barometer fell about 34 millibars in about 30 minutes. Rainfall at Habana during the 20th was 20.08 inches. Damage was enormous in the Isle of Pines and in the Province of Habana" (MWR). "On 20 October 1926 from 1:00 pm to 10:30 pm between latitude 24.6N, longitude 80.7W and latitude 24.0N, longitude 81.0W, this vessel was in a hurricane. The wind began from the east and blew with a force of 11-12 (approximately 125 miles an hour); heavy rain and lightning. From 5:00 pm to 5:45 pm, the vessel was in the center, with clear sky and calm; barometer registering as low as 28.03 [949 mb]. The wind then came back out of the northwest, force 12" (Report from the American S.S. MUNPLACE). Miami, FL: "The most serious result of the storm (Great Miami Hurricane of 1926) was the effect upon the morale of the residents of the lower east coast of Florida. Alarming and persistent rumors of hurricanes, tidal waves... had kept a large percentage of the population in a state bordering panic since the day following the September storm. The occurrence of another hurricane greatly intensified this condition, and caused many thousands of persons to leave Miami and the neighboring towns. About 5,000 persons left Miami on October 20, after the hurricane warnings were displayed" (OMR). October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 950 mb centered near 26.9N, 77.4W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 26.9N, 78.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.5N, 76.7W with a pressure somewhere between 948 and 950 mb. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 951 mb at 27.3N, 73.8W (MWR); 70 kt S and 963 mb at 18 UTC at 26.8N, 76.5W (MWR); 70 kt SSW at 13 UTC at 26.5N, 76.5W (COA). Several other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt NW and 989 mb at 05 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. "A maximum velocity of 62 (5 minute) or 74 (one minute) miles per hour from the north was recorded at Key West, with gusts 80-85 mph (the center passing 40 miles to the southeastward of Key West). At Miami winds reached gale force with an estimated velocity of 70 miles per hour from the north-northeast. While there was some damage on the southeast and extreme southern Florida coast, it was not severe, as the storm center passed some 30 miles off the coast. The lowest barometer at Key West was 29.18 inches [988 mb] at 4:14 pm [2114 UTC] of the 20th. At Miami it was 29.22 inches [989 mb] at 12:40 am [0540 UTC] of the 21st" (MWR). Miami, FL: "A storm tide was about 4 feet at Miami and Miami Beach" (OMR). Miami had minor damage mostly to crops, structures damaged by several inches of rain from this storm because of no roof as a result of the September storm, and some boats washed ashore (OMR). October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.7N, 65.8W with the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front north of the center. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 66.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.3N, 67W with a 968 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 16Z, 965 mb at 17Z, 70 NW at 18Z at 32.3N 64.8W (NCDC); 70 kt NNE and 987 mb at 1730Z at 33.1N 64.3W (NCDC); 60 kt NE and 991 mb at 13 UTC at 30.5N, 68.5W (COA); 50 kt E and 986 mb at 08 UTC at 30.5N, 67.5W (COA). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 111 kt NW at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR); EYE: 7 kt and 963 mb at 1645 UTC at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR); 99 kt NW and 968 mb at 1730 UTC at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. "The roofs of probably 40 percent to the houses were more or less damaged. No one was killed and one slightly injured, and there was no damage to speak of to the small boats in the harbor. The telephone was hit hard, but the electric lights were back on in Hamilton by the evening of the 22nd and 23rd" (MWR). October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37N, 58W embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt extratropical low centered at 37.0N, 54.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNW and 991 mb at 02 UTC at 35.3N, 62.7W (MWR). Several other gales. Several other low pressures between 991-1000 mb. October 24: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1005 mb in a SSW-NNE occluded front centered at 41N, 49W. The MWR Weather Map of the North Atlantic Ocean, October 24, 1926, shows a center near 41N, 49.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW at 12 UTC at 38.7N 49.2W (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 41.7N, 51.5W (COA); 50 kt N at 19 UTC at 38.5N, 50.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW at 23 UTC at 38.5N, 50.5W (COA). October 25: HWM analyzed a deepening low of a most 1000 mb, with a weakening SSW-NNE occluded front. The low now had a minimal temperature gradient and several strong gales near the center at near 36.5N, 44W. The MWR Weather Map of the North Atlantic Ocean, October 25, 1926, shows a center near 38N, 42.5W. Ship highlights: 979 mb (no time) and 50 kt SW (no time) at 37N 43.5W (NCDC); WSW 60 kt and 999 mb at 21 UTC at 34N 44W (NCDC); 60 kt NW and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 35.4N, 45.3W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 38.6N, 45.8W (COA). October 26: HWM analyzed a low of a most 1000 mb, now not attached to a front, but with a weak WSW-ENE cold front to the north, centered at 29.5N, 47W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 33.0N, 46.1W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33N 46W (HWM). October 27: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N, 54W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 20 UTC at 30.5N, 54.5W (COA). October 28: HWM analyzed a low, no longer closed at 12 UTC, was swept away by 06 UTC by a cold front that approached from the west. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW (no time, no position - NCDC); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 0 UTC at 30.5N 53.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 4 UTC at 30.5N, 53.5W (COA); 45 kt S and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 55.0W (COA). Genesis of this major hurricane is not significantly adjusted. Large track changes were introduced on the 23rd and 24th (adjusted to the west) and the track is extended an additional four days from the 25th to the 28th. All other days (except no track changes on the 20th) had minor adjustments to the position. Intensification to tropical storm is delayed by 18 hours to 00Z on the 15th, based upon a very weak broad low on the 14th and moderately deeper (~2 mb) pressures recorded in the western Caribbean on the 15th. A 996 mb pressure and 25 kt N wind observations suggest a central pressure of about 993 mb at 20Z on the 17th. This pressure would indicate a maximum wind of about 59 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 60 kt at 18Z on the 17th is retained in HURDAT and no changes to the intensity were made for the 15th to the 17th. The S.S. Atenas went through the eye and measured a central pressure of 974 mb at 17Z on the 18th. This suggests winds of 85 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship (86 kt from the intensifying subset south of 25N). Given the slow motion of the hurricane and the low environmental pressures, 80 kt at 18Z is chosen for HURDAT on the 18th, up slightly from 75 kt previously. The S.S. Mojave measured 950 mb pressure accompanied by ENE hurricane force winds at 06Z on the 19th. 950 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 111 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship (at least 113 kt from the subset of intensifying systems). Winds are chosen to be 115 kt at 06Z on the 19th (up from 85 kt originally), as the hurricane had begun accelerating (10 kt speed) though it remained in relatively low environmental pressure (1009 mb outer closed isobar). It appears that the hurricane underwent rapid intensification between the 18th and 19th. The hurricane then struck Cuba on the 20th, with a 939 mb eye pressure observation from Nueva Gerona (on the Isle of Pines) at 08Z and two 939 mb readings on the Cuban mainland, which were at the edge of the eye. Landfall pressure was assessed by Perez et al. to be 939 mb in Isle of Pines and 934 mb on the Cuban mainland. These pressures suggest winds of 122 kt (124 kt for intensifiers) and 126 kt (129 kt for intensifiers), respectively, from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationships. Winds are chosen to be 125 and 130 kt for 06Z and 12Z on the 20th, as the translational speed of the hurricane was now near average (~10 kt) and environmental pressures had risen (1011 mb outer closed isobar). These values indicate a Category 4 impact in Cuba (up from the Category 3 winds shown in HURDAT originally), in agreement with Perez et al.'s assessment. (Note that the 933 mb report mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review writeup for Havana - which was not in the eye of the hurricane - was not considered to be reliable as it was a momentary value associated with "wind-pumping" of the barometer.) (Changes in track provided by Daniel Gladstein: On October 20, the 12 UTC and 18 UTC positions are shifted closer to Guira de Melena, based on the peripheral reading of 939 mb in the town. The 18 UTC position was also adjusted westward, based on the peripheral reading of 951 mb in Havana. Positions are also adjusted on October 21 to account for the location and timing of the ship report from the Munscape. The ship reported a central pressure of 949 mb, which is chosen for 00 UTC.) After the hurricane passed over Cuba, two ships - the Munplace and the Zacapa - were in the eye at nearly the same time late on the 20th just south of the Florida Keys. The Munplace observed 949 mb in calm conditions, while the Zacapa had 954 mb pressure with 10 kt NW wind. Assuming that the 949 mb represents the central pressure, this suggests winds of 112 kt and 106 kt, respectively, from the Brown et al. south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. 110 kt chosen for HURDAT at 00Z, up from 95 kt originally. While hurricane force winds were not observed at either the official Weather Bureau stations in Key West or Miami, both of these locations were on the weak side of the hurricane and were located about 50-60 nmi from the center of the hurricane during the cyclone's closest approach to each. It is likely that Category 1 hurricane conditions occurred in the Middle and Upper Florida Keys and Key Biscayne as the hurricane passed about 20-30 miles offshore (thus "BFL1" and "CFL1"). This is consistent with the description of moderate damages as described in the MWR. (Ho et al.'s estimate of 932 mb central pressure as the hurricane made a close approach to the Florida Keys is an overestimate of the intensity, as observed pressures in the eye at that time were substantially shallower.) The hurricane then rapidly accelerated off to the northeast and made a direct strike on Bermuda on the 22nd. A pressure reading of 963 mb accompanied by 7 kt of wind was measured at Hamilton, Bermuda with a central calm lasting about an hour. The central pressure was likely slightly deeper at 962 mb. Given the quick forward speed of about 25 kt, the eye may have had a 25 nmi diameter (with an implied RMW of about 15-20 nmi). This 962 mb pressure suggests maximum sustained surface winds of 93 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. Climatological RMW for this central pressure and latitude is about 25 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000). Both the smaller size and the fast forward speed suggest increasing the winds above the pressure-wind relationship to about 105 kt. 111 kt from the northwest were observed from the same station after the passing of the eye. This reduces down to 89 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). It is estimated that the hurricane has winds of 105 kt at landfall in Bermuda, making this a Category 3 impact for Bermuda. The winds in HURDAT are slightly increased from 100 to 105 kt at 18Z on the 22nd. After impacting Bermuda, the hurricane continued off toward the east-northeast and - in the original HURDAT - became extratropical early on the 23rd, weakened quickly, and dissipated late on the 24th. However, observations indicate that the system instead continued for an additional four days to the 28th. Moreover, the extratropical transition did not occur (until it was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 28th). Hurricane force winds were observed on the 23rd and 24th, so the intensity is boosted to Category 1 winds on those dates. A 979 mb pressure (may been a central pressure) on the 25th suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. Intensity assessed at 80 kt on the 25th. The system slow weakened through the 28th before absorption by a large extratropical cyclone. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1926/11 - 2010 REVISION: 24560 11/12/1926 M= 5 11 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 24565 11/12* 0 0 0 0*112 786 35 0*121 792 35 0*122 795 35 0* 24565 11/12* 0 0 0 0*112 792 30 0*115 795 30 0*118 798 30 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24570 11/13*126 800 35 0*131 805 35 0*137 811 35 0*145 819 35 0* 24570 11/13*121 802 35 0*125 806 35 0*132 811 35 0*142 819 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 24575 11/14*154 829 35 0*164 840 35 0*172 848 35 0*180 853 35 0* 24575 11/14*154 829 35 0*166 840 35 0*175 848 35 0*182 853 35 0* *** *** *** 24580 11/15*187 856 35 0*194 856 35 0*201 855 35 0*215 843 35 0* 24580 11/15*188 854 35 0*194 853 35 0*201 850 35 0*208 843 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 24585 11/16*224 828 35 0*240 792 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 24585 11/16*216 833 30 0*224 818 30 0E232 802 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** 24590 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2000). November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.9N 76.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.1N 79.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 12.3N 80W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.7N 81.1W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1013 mb at 06Z at 15.5N 83.5W (COA); 30 kt E and 1012 mb at 12Z at 15.1N 81.3W (COA, HWM). November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.7N 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.2N 84.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N, 85W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.1N 85.5W. No gales or low pressures. "Advisory warnings were issued from the 14th to the 16th, inclusive, in connections with a tropical disturbance of minor intensity that developed about 200 miles north of Colon, Canal Zone. This disturbance moved northwestward past Swan Island and later recurved toward the northeast. It passed over western Cuba the night of the 15th - 16th and merged the following day with a trough of low pressure that extended southward from a disturbance of wide extent over the eastern half of the United States" (MWR). November 16: The HWM shows a strong cold front extending from North Carolina southward to Cuba and southwestward to Central America. There is no indication of a closed low existing at 12Z. HURDAT's last position was given at 06 UTC. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a final center near 21.3N, 84.1W with an 1007 mb pressure. At 06 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 24.0N, 79.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures in association with the system. Land highlights: 41 kt NW at Key West (MWR). No other gales. "We classified this one like a tropical depression over Cuba" (Perez). No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm. Generally, minor track alterations are made on all days, except the 16th which had a large change to the track. While no definitive evidence of gale force winds were recorded in conjunction with this system, two separate 30 kt reports on the 13th are supportive of minimal tropical storm status. The lowest believable pressure was a ship on the 13th with 1007 mb and 20 kt E winds, which may also support minimal tropical storm intensity. (The 41 kt NW wind a Key West was in association with the strong cold front, which passed through the island and also absorbed the tropical cyclone.) As per the analysis by Perez et al., the track on the 16th is adjusted westward and intensity downgraded slightly to a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba. Dissipation of the system is extended 6 hours on the 16th and the final position is indicated as extratropical as the circulation was absorbed by a strong frontal boundary. ************************************************************************** 1926 - Additional Notes: 1) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a closed low associated with an occluded front formed in the Atlantic off of the southeast coast of the US and moved northeast. Ship data indicate that this system evolved into a tropical depression from the 23rd to the 24th. On these days there was a minimal temperature gradient across the low and a closed circulation. There were only two observations of gale force winds during the lifetime of this system - 35 kt ESE 22nd at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 74.8W; and 35 kt ESE 23rd at 00 UTC at 36.5N, 71.9W - both of which occurred while the system was still extratropical. During the tropical depression stage there were no gale force wind reports or the equivalent in pressure to support tropical storm intensity classification. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 22 33N 73W Extratropical Aug 23 33N 72W Tropical Depression Aug 24 36N 69W Tropical Depression Aug 25 Dissipated 2) HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a low, associated with an occluded front in the NE Atlantic Ocean, broke off from the front around September 18th at O0 UTC and maintained itself in the vicinity of the Azores until late on September 23rd when another front swept it away. There were gales around the center most days and the minimum pressure was at most 995 mb from the 19th to 21st. Although there were some gales associated with this system, it is not added to HURDAT because the system lacked a tight inner core and is considered to be an occluded low. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 17 46N 27W Extratropical Sep 18 50N 34w Extratropical Sep 19 46N 29W Extratropical Sep 20 40N 25W Extratropical Sep 21 38N 23W Extratropical Sep 22 40N 26W Extratropical Sep 23 40N 26W Extratropical 3) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a low with a closed circulation developed on September 26 north of the Virgin Islands and moved west-northwest until the 29, when it took a sharp east-northeast turn. Early on October 1, the system merged with a front and became extratropical. Although there are not many ship observations to indicate a closed low on the 29th, this is actually the day in which the low HWM analyzes is the deepest - at most 1005 mb. There is only one recorded gale with this system on the 28th at 12 UTC - S at 35 kt at 27.3N, 72.7W (HWM). This same observation recorded a pressure of 1005 mb. With only one recorded gale, there is not enough evidence that this system was a tropical storm and thus it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 26 22N 63W Tropical Depression Sep 27 25N 65W Tropical Depression Sep 28 26N 68W Tropical Depression Sep 29 26N 72W Tropical Depression Sep 30 27N 68W Tropical Depression Oct 01 31N 60W Extratropical 4) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed from a SSW-NNE trough located near of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The system moved toward the northeast first as a trough on the 14th to the 16th, then as a closed low on the 17th and 18th. Although HWM analyzed the low on the 17th and 18th as part of an occluded frontal system, there is sufficient evidence that the system was no longer baroclinic and likely had developed into a tropical depression. While observed pressures were quite low - as deep as 1000 mb at 32.8N, 57.5W with a SW wind on the 17th at 12 UTC, environmental pressures were also low and the resulting winds were quite weak. There were two gales with the system, both of which occurred when the system was not yet a closed low. Thus because of the lack of observed gales during the time the system was a tropical cyclone, this system is not judged to have become a tropical storm and will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 14 Open trough Oct 15 Open trough Oct 16 Open trough Oct 17 33N 57W Tropical Depression Oct 18 34N 51W Tropical Depression Oct 19 Open trough 5) HWM, MWR and COADS data indicate that an elongated area of low pressure broke off the tail end of an stationary front east of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 17th. On the 18th, the low was compact with minimal temperature gradient, and the winds and pressure near the center indicate that it was a tropical depression on this date. On the 19th the center once again became elongated, ending the possibility of becoming better organized and on the 20th it merged with a frontal system. There was one recorded gale on the 20th at 16 UTC - 45 kt ESE at 41.0N, 50.0W (COA). The lowest observed pressure was 1004 mb on the 20th at 12 UTC at 37.2N, 56.9W (COA). Since there were no gales observed when the system had tropical characteristics, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 16 18N 50W Extratropical Nov 17 18N 54W Extratropical Nov 18 27N 57W Possible Tropical Depression Nov 19 30N 57w Extratropical Nov 20 35N 55W Extratropical ****************************************************************************** 1927/01 - 2010 REVISION: 24285 08/19/1927 M= 8 1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24285 08/18/1927 M=12 1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 24287 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 400 35 0*145 415 40 0 24290 08/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 450 60 0*156 475 65 0 24290 08/19*150 430 45 0*155 445 50 0*160 460 60 0*166 475 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 24295 08/20*161 498 70 0*166 519 75 0*172 537 80 0*178 552 85 0 24295 08/20*173 490 70 0*182 505 75 0*190 520 80 0*196 536 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24300 08/21*183 565 90 0*191 579 90 0*202 594 95 0*215 611 100 0 24300 08/21*200 553 90 0*203 571 100 0*207 590 105 0*214 611 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24305 08/22*229 628 100 0*242 645 100 0*256 662 105 0*270 678 105 0 24305 08/22*223 633 105 0*233 657 110 950*245 677 110 0*259 695 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24310 08/23*283 692 105 0*297 706 105 0*311 720 105 0*326 728 100 0 24310 08/23*275 710 110 0*291 723 110 0*308 730 110 0*325 732 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24315 08/24*342 731 100 0E360 730 95 0E380 724 95 0E408 700 90 0 24315 08/24*342 729 105 0*360 723 100 0*380 715 95 0*408 690 90 0 *** *** * *** *** * *** * *** 24320 08/25E445 655 90 0E485 597 90 0E518 548 90 0E544 502 90 0 24320 08/25E445 650 85 0E485 603 85 0E518 548 80 0E544 490 80 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 24325 08/26E568 442 90 0E586 390 85 0E610 323 80 0* 0 0 0 0 24325 08/26E568 435 80 0E586 380 75 0E610 323 70 0E625 250 70 0 *** ** *** ** ** **** *** ** (The 27th through the 29th are new to HURDAT.) 23427 08/27E640 175 65 0E653 120 65 E665 100 60 0E677 105 60 0 23428 08/28E689 110 55 0E700 120 50 E710 130 45 0E715 135 40 0 23429 08/29E718 130 35 0E719 118 35 E720 100 30 0* 0 0 0 0 24330 HR Minor changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change was introduced to the decay phase of this system as an additional three days were added to the extratropical storm stage. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Environment Canada archives, and personal communication from Chris Fogarty (Canadian Hurricane Center). August 18: HWM analyzed an open wave near 12N, 41W. This system did not exist in HURDAT on the 18th. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12N, 46.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 45W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE at 17.5N, 48.5W at 19 UTC (COA). August 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17.5N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.2N, 53.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1021 mb at 21.5N, 51.5W at 23 UTC (COA). August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 59.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 59.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 64.8W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 961 mb at 22.7N, 63W at 2140 UTC (MWR). "The first tropical disturbance of the season made its appearance on the morning of the 21st, about 300 miles northeast of St. Kitts. At that time it was of considerable intensity, as indicated by the heavy northeast swells reported by the S.S. Inanda in approximately 19N, 60W" (MWR). August 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 24.7N, 67.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.6N, 66.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 25N, 68W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt N at 25N, 65.8W at 05 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 950 mb central pressure at 22.8N, 65.8W at 05 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E at 27N, 68W at 20 UTC (COA). "A delayed report from the S. S. Maraval at 1 a.m., August 22, in 22.8N, 65.8W, gives lowest barometer 28.06 inches [950 mb] and wind calm" (MWR). August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 30.5N, 73.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.1N, 72W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 30N, 72W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE at 00 UTC at 27N, 69W (COA); 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 01 UTC at 28.5N, 68.5W (COA); 50 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC at 30N, 69.5W (COA); 25 kt E and 970 mb at 20 UTC at 36.3N, 72.7W (MWR). "On the morning of the 23rd its center was at 31.5N, 73W. During the preceding 12 hours it had begun to recurve to the northward. By the evening of the 23rd it was central about 100 miles east of Cape Hatteras, being attended by winds of hurricane force near its center" (MWR). August 24: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 38N, 72.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 38.5N, 71.5W at 8 a.m. Station highlights: 58 kt N and 992 mb at Nantucket, MA at 17 UTC (OMR); 38 kt N at 13Z UTC and 999 mb at 16 UTC at Block Island, RI (OMR); 38 kt N at 15 UTC and 1006 mb at 1320 UTC at New York City (OMR). Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 00 UTC at 34N, 70.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 71.3W (COA); 70 kt ENE and 981 mb at 14 UTC at 40.2N, 70.5W (MWR); north wind and 966 mb at 20 UTC at 42.3N, 67.5W (MWR). "It continued to move north-northeast, passing 100 miles or less to the east of Nantucket during the daylight hours of the 24th to the Straits of Belle Isle... Although advices were timely and accurate, considerable damage resulted to shipping off the New England coast and in the region of the Canadian Maritime Provinces... Reports in the table give an idea of the violence of this storm, which was responsible for an immense amount of damage and large loss of life, especially in the Maritime Provinces of Canada and on the fishing banks. The coast of New England also suffered considerable damage, but New York escaped with winds of moderate gale force." (MWR). August 25: HWM indicates an extratropical storm centered near 52N, 55W of at most 985 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 51.8N, 54.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 52N, 56W at 8 a.m. Land highlights: 42 kt and 976 mb at Halifax (Fogarty). Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 976 mb at 02 UTC at 44.3N, 63.3W (MWR); 70 kt W at 08 UTC at 47.5N, 59.5W (COA). "By the morning of the 25th, [the storm] attended by gales over the Canadian Maritime Provinces approximately hurricane force near the center" (MWR). "Rainfall data I gathered from our archive, which can indicate the asymmetric and thus tropical nature of the storm: Yarmouth (NS): 115 mm (near track) Liverpool (NS): 28 mm (~50 km right-of-track - about 2 hours after landfall) Digby (NS): 120 mm (near track) Springfield (NS): 107 mm (~20 km right-of-track) Truro (NS): 61 mm (~50 km right-of-track) Halifax: 42 mm (~90 km right-of-track) Mahone Bay (NS): 33 mm (~80 km right-of-track) Saint John: 84 mm (~80 km left-of-track) Moncton: 10 mm (~50 km left-of-track) - Seems low however Fredericton: 28 mm (~200 km left-of-track) Charlottetown: 63 mm (near track) Sydney: 22 mm (~150 km right-of-track) Antigonish (NS) (~100 km right-of-track) - based on that rainfall distribution...the storm appeared to drop a 4-5" rainfall very near the track and skewed a bit heavier to the left, but not skewed enough that would lead me to believe it was very far into the ET process. Based on my experience with ET rainfalls, the maximum being centered near the track itself leads me to believe this one likely did make landfall as more tropical than extratropical in nature" (Fogarty). "- Rainfall data I gathered from our archive, which can indicate the asymmetric and thus tropical nature of the storm: Yarmouth (NS): 115 mm (near track) Liverpool (NS): 28 mm (~50 km right-of-track - about 2 hours after landfall) Digby (NS): 120 mm (near track) Springfield (NS): 107 mm (~20 km right-of-track) Truro (NS): 61 mm (~50 km right-of-track) Halifax: 42 mm (~90 km right-of-track) Mahone Bay (NS): 33 mm (~80 km right-of-track) Saint John: 84 mm (~80 km left-of-track) Moncton: 10 mm (~50 km left-of-track) - Seems low however Fredericton: 28 mm (~200 km left-of-track) Charlottetown: 63 mm (near track) Sydney: 22 mm (~150 km right-of-track) Antigonish (NS) (~100 km right-of-track) - based on that rainfall distribution...the storm appeared to drop a 4-5" rainfall very near the track and skewed a bit heavier to the left, but not skewed enough that would lead me to believe it was very far into the ET process. Based on my experience with ET rainfalls, the maximum being centered near the track itself leads me to believe this one likely did make landfall as more tropical than extratropical in nature" (Fogarty). "New Brunswick reported 6 deaths, Nova Scotia reported 11-15 deaths, and Newfoundland reported 156-171+ deaths. Newfoundland deaths mostly resulted from ships damaged or lost at sea in the storm. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island damage included power failures, flooding, structural damage, damage to crops, and dozens of sunken vessels" - total damages of a few million dollars (Environment Canada). August 26: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 60N, 30W with at most 980 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 61 N, 32.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 976 mb and 35 kt W at 52.8N 46.3W at 01Z (MWR); 1010 mb and 50 kt W at 52.1N 35.8W at 12Z (COA); 1002 mb and 50 kt S at 53.5N 21.5W at 13Z (COA). August 27: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 66N 10W with at most 970 mb. HURDAT did not analyze the system on this date. Station highlights: 974 mb and 35 kt WSW at Faroe Islands at 12 UTC (HWM); 973 mb and 35 kt NNW at Vik, Iceland at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 988 mb and 50 kt SSW at 64.5W 4.5E at 20 UTC (COA); 975 mb and 30 kt N at 64.5N 22.5W at 09 UTC (COA). "It then moved rapidly northeast, being central over Iceland on the morning of the 27th with air pressure 28.44 inches [963 mb] and attended by gales"(MWR). August 28: HWM analyzed an occluding extratropical storm centered near 71W 14W with at most 975 mb. Station highlights: 15 kt SE and 975 mb at Jan Mayen, Norway at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 987 mb at 65.5N 5.5E at 00 UTC (COA); 15 kt SW and 992 mb at 64.5N 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA). August 29: HWM analyzed a fully occluded extratropical cyclone centered near 70N 12W with at most 995 mb with a second, more prominent low centered at 60N 34W with at most 990 mb. Station highlight: 15 kt SW and 992 mb at Jan Mayen, Norway at 12 UTC (HWM). Genesis for storm 1 began on August 18th at 12 UTC as a 35 kt tropical storm, one day and 25 kt less than original HURDAT. The storm progressed on a west-northwestward track from the 20th through the 22nd. Late on the 21st, the ship S.S. Seekonk observed a minimum pressure of 961 mb (accompanied by 70 kt winds) implying maximum winds of at least 100 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 21st, a 10 kt increase from previous HURDAT. Early on the 22nd, a central pressure of 950 mb was observed implying winds of 111 kt and 105 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 5 kt increase from original HURDAT. A new central pressure of 950 mb was also added to HURDAT at 06 UTC. A 970 mb pressure was observed late on the 23rd, though it does not fit with adjacent observations implying that it is incorrect in pressure, position, and/or date/time. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 23rd, based upon maintaining the intensity derived from the day before. Original HURDAT suggests storm 1 to have transitioned to extratropical status by 06 UTC on the 24th. Available observations indicate the system did not transition to an extratropical cyclone until around 00 UTC on the 25th. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb was observed late on the 24th, implying winds of at least 85 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 90 kt are maintained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 24th. Also of note were the tropical storm force winds that impacted New York and parts of New England, primarily between 12 and 18 UTC on the 24th. The highest observed winds at the coast were 58 kt (5 min) at Nantucket, MA. These adjust to 61 kt 1 min using the Powell et al. (1996) conversion. Thus it is possible that sustained hurricane force winds were observed in New England (Massachusetts) as the hurricane made a close bypass of the coast, but 60 kt maximum winds is analyzed - high end tropical storm conditions - as the peak in the U.S. from this hurricane. The hurricane transitioned to an extratropical cyclone early on the 25th as it raced off towards the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Observations indicate a vigorous, but not as intense extratropical system on the 25th and 26th and the intensity is reduced slightly on these dates based upon available ship and coastal observations. The peripheral pressure of 976 mb observed in Halifax suggests winds of at least 77 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. While the system certainly had begun its extratropical transition by late on the 24th, it is judged that the system made landfall as an 85 kt Category 2 hurricane around 23 UTC near 43.9N 66.3W. This agrees with the assessment of Fogarty and the Canadian Hurricane Center as well. Storm 1 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th. Peak observations with storm 1 maintain its original classification as a Category 3 hurricane. 1927/01 - 2011 REVISION: 25395 08/18/1927 M=12 1 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25400 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 400 35 0*145 415 40 0* 25405 08/19*150 430 45 0*155 445 50 0*160 460 60 0*166 475 65 0* 25410 08/20*173 490 70 0*182 505 75 0*190 520 80 0*196 536 85 0* 25415 08/21*200 553 90 0*203 571 100 0*207 590 105 0*214 611 110 0* 25420 08/22*223 633 105 0*233 657 110 950*245 677 110 0*259 695 110 0* 25420 08/22*223 633 110 0*233 657 110 950*245 677 110 0*259 695 110 0* *** 25425 08/23*275 710 110 0*291 723 110 0*308 730 110 0*325 732 110 0* 25430 08/24*342 729 105 0*360 723 100 0*380 715 95 0*408 690 90 0* 25435 08/25E445 650 85 0E485 603 85 0E518 548 80 0E544 490 80 0* 25440 08/26E568 435 80 0E586 380 75 0E610 323 70 0E625 250 70 0* 25445 08/27E640 175 65 0E653 120 65 0E665 100 60 0E677 105 60 0* 25450 08/28E689 110 55 0E700 120 50 0E710 130 45 0E715 135 40 0* 25455 08/29E718 130 35 0E719 118 35 0E720 100 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 25460 HR Typographic error. ****************************************************************************** 1927/02 - 2010 REVISION: 24335 09/01/1927 M=11 2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24335 09/02/1927 M=10 2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 1st is removed from HURDAT.) 24340 09/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*168 193 35 0*165 199 35 0 24345 09/02*163 205 35 0*161 211 35 0*160 217 35 0*159 223 35 0 24345 09/02* 0 0 0 0*167 200 30 0*165 210 35 0*163 219 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 24350 09/03*159 230 35 0*159 238 35 0*159 246 35 0*159 256 35 0 24350 09/03*161 228 40 0*160 237 40 0*159 246 45 0*159 256 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 24355 09/04*160 266 35 0*161 277 35 0*162 288 40 0*163 299 40 0 24355 09/04*160 266 45 0*161 277 45 0*162 288 45 0*163 300 45 0 ** ** ** *** ** 24360 09/05*165 310 40 0*166 321 45 0*168 334 45 0*170 348 50 0 24360 09/05*165 313 45 0*166 326 45 0*168 340 45 0*170 353 50 0 *** ** *** *** *** 24365 09/06*172 362 50 0*174 376 55 0*176 390 55 0*178 404 60 0 24365 09/06*172 365 50 0*174 377 55 0*176 390 55 0*178 404 55 0 *** *** ** 24370 09/07*181 418 65 0*184 433 65 0*187 447 70 0*191 463 70 0 24370 09/07*181 418 60 0*184 432 60 0*187 447 60 0*191 463 60 0 ** *** ** ** ** 24375 09/08*195 481 75 0*199 499 75 0*204 517 80 0*212 536 85 0 24375 09/08*196 481 65 0*202 500 65 0*210 517 70 0*220 532 70 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24380 09/09*218 549 85 0*225 560 90 0*231 569 90 0*247 580 90 0 24380 09/09*232 544 75 0*245 553 75 0*260 560 80 0*275 562 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24385 09/10*272 580 85 0E298 565 80 0E317 538 70 0E324 531 60 0 24385 09/10*290 558 70 0*304 550 65 0*317 538 55 0*326 526 50 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** * ** **** *** ** 24390 09/11E330 523 50 0E335 517 45 0E339 510 40 0E343 498 35 0 24390 09/11*332 518 45 0*336 515 40 0*339 510 35 0*341 498 30 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** * ** **** ** 24395 HR Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major chance was the delay in extratropical transition by 36 hours. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 1: HWM analysis indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 17N 20W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N 19.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 16.5N, 23W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 21.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 24W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.9N, 24.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at Sao Tiago at 15N, 23.3W (HWM). September 4: HWM analyzed no significant features in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.2N, 28.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 33.4W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 6: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 39W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 7: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.7N, 44.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 8: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.4N, 51.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 21.7N, 51W (MWR). "The S.S. Matador received a radiogram from the British S.S. Socrates stating that on the morning of the 8th, in 21.6N, 51W, the barometer reading 29.73 inches [1007 mb] and falling, with winds SE force 10 [50 kt]. Storm center moving toward the NW" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 25N, 57W with a stationary front stretching southwest to northeast across Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 56.9W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 55.5W (COA). September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded within a cold front near 31.5N, 53W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 31.7N, 53.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 52W with a cold front extended from the low southward and a warm front extending northward. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 33.9N, 51.0W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 12: HWM indicates a dissipating frontal boundary in the vicinity of 30-37N and 45-55W with no closed low. HURDAT no longer classified this system on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Storm number 2 is listed in HURDAT as originating as a tropical cyclone (at 35 kt tropical storm intensity) at 12 UTC on the 1st of September. However, observations suggest that the disturbance that developed into the cyclone was still over West African on the 1st. Genesis is delayed 18 hours until 06 UTC on the 2nd.] The only major change for the track was a repositioning of the system the north on the 9th. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd indicating the system had attained tropical storm strength. As the observation was on the left side of the cyclone and about 60 nm from the center, the intensity is boosted to 45 kt - a 10 kt increase from that indicated originally in HURDAT. From September 4th through 7th no gale force winds or low pressures were observed, mainly due to scant weather observations. Based upon continuity, intensity estimates for the 4th and 5th are continued at 45 kt, slightly above the existing HURDAT on the 4th and early on the 5th. The peak observation measured during the lifetime of this system was 50 kt on the 8th. Based upon the revised track, the 50 kt observation on the 8th is about 45 nm to the northeast of the cyclone, though the position of the system is somewhat uncertain. Fair coverage with observations on the 9th and more extensive data on the 10th suggest that the system did not reach as strong a cyclone as originally indicated. There are no explicit observations that support hurricane force, though the data are sparse enough on the 8th and 9th that such an intensity could have been attained. The intensity is moderately adjusted downward by 10-15 kt on the 8th to the 10th. It is of note that the frontal structures shown in the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th and 11th are not supported by available observations. Instead, the system is now reanalyzed to have remained a tropical cyclone until dissipation after 18 UTC on the 11th. Original HURDAT suggested storm 2 was a 90 kt Category 2 hurricane at peak intensity, however the reanalysis indicates that the system may have only attained Category 1 (80 kt) intensity, though this has substantial uncertainty. ****************************************************************************** 1927/03 - 2010 REVISION: 24400 09/22/1927 M= 8 3 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24405 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*103 352 35 0*108 360 35 0 24405 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*103 360 30 0*108 365 30 0 *** ** *** ** 24410 09/23*113 368 35 0*118 374 35 0*122 380 35 0*126 385 35 0 24410 09/23*113 370 35 0*118 375 35 0*122 380 35 0*126 385 35 0 *** *** 24415 09/24*130 390 35 0*134 395 35 0*138 400 35 0*142 405 35 0 24415 09/24*130 390 40 0*134 395 40 0*138 400 40 0*142 406 40 0 ** ** ** *** ** 24420 09/25*145 410 35 0*149 415 35 0*153 420 35 0*157 425 35 0 24420 09/25*145 413 40 0*149 421 40 0*153 430 40 0*157 438 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 24425 09/26*162 430 35 0*168 436 35 0*174 441 35 0*180 446 35 0 24425 09/26*162 446 40 0*168 454 40 0*174 460 40 0*182 463 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24430 09/27*187 450 35 0*193 455 40 0*200 458 45 0*207 460 45 0 24430 09/27*192 464 40 0*203 465 40 0*215 465 45 0*230 466 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24435 09/28*216 461 50 0*225 462 55 0*236 463 60 0*252 467 60 0 24435 09/28*245 469 50 0*260 473 60 0*275 475 70 0*295 475 70 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24440 09/29*278 472 65 0*310 473 70 0*346 476 70 0E410 460 70 0 24440 09/29*317 472 60 0E340 468 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 24445 HR Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 22: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 10.3N, 35.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12.5N, 37W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.2N, 38W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 24: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N, 38W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 40W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 40.4W (COA). September 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 43W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 42W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 46W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.4N, 44.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 27: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the tropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20N, 45.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean ini the vicinity of the tropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.6N, 46.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW at 15 UTC at 28.5N, 47.5W (COA). September 29: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the tropical cyclone indicated originally by HURDAT. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.6N, 47.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 12 UTC at 34.9N, 46.2W (COA); 45 kt S and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 36.2N, 43.5W (COA); 15 kt W and 1005 mb at 15 UTC at 37N, 49.7W (COA). Genesis for storm 3 is begun at 12 UTC on September 22nd as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. The storm progressed on a northwestward track through the 26th before recurving on the 28th. The 1005 mb peripheral pressure along with 20 kt winds about 45 nm from the center of the cyclone suggest winds of at least 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt reanalyzed for the intensity at 12 UTC on the 24th - up from 35 kt originally. Gale force observations were not observed from the 22nd through the 27th due in part to a lack of available data near the system. The 40 kt is maintained by continuity from the 24th through early on the 27th - slightly higher than originally shown in HURDAT. There is a major change in the track for the 28th and 29th, as the system was substantially farther north than originally indicated. A 60 kt ship report (but with no pressure reported) on the 28th is suggestive that hurricane intensity was obtained a day earlier than originally indicated. However, no observations of hurricane force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were obtained for this system. Nonetheless, the cyclone is maintained as reaching Category 1 hurricane status given the uncertainty. On the date that HURDAT originally had this system as a hurricane (the 29th only), the system instead is reanalyzed as being absorbed by storm 4, which by then was a large extratropical storm. The only major change to the intensity of this system is indicated at 06 UTC on the 29th from 70 kt down to 50 kt, as it was undergoing extratropical transition and absorption. Peak intensity for storm 3 as a Category 1 hurricane is unchanged though the timing of its peak was pushed ahead by a day to the 28th. ****************************************************************************** 1927/04 - 2010 REVISION: 24450 09/23/1927 M= 9 4 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24455 09/23*182 482 35 0*199 498 40 0*213 512 45 0*221 523 50 0 24455 09/23*190 492 35 0*201 502 40 0*213 512 45 0*225 522 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24460 09/24*224 534 55 0*237 544 60 0*245 554 65 0*254 563 70 0 24460 09/24*237 532 55 0*249 541 60 0*260 550 65 0*267 558 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24465 09/25*263 572 75 0*272 580 80 0*281 588 85 0*287 594 90 0 24465 09/25*271 566 75 0*275 573 80 0*281 580 80 0*288 587 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24470 09/26*292 598 95 0*297 602 100 0*302 605 105 0*316 613 105 0 24470 09/26*297 594 85 0*308 601 90 967*320 608 95 0*333 613 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 24475 09/27*337 615 105 0*357 609 100 0*370 596 95 0*377 589 90 0 24475 09/27*346 615 90 0*358 609 85 0*370 596 80 0*381 589 80 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 24480 09/28*384 579 90 0*391 571 85 0*398 560 85 0*405 548 80 0 24480 09/28*389 581 80 0E396 573 75 0E403 565 75 0E410 556 75 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 24485 09/29*413 535 80 0E421 521 80 0E428 508 75 0E436 494 70 0 24485 09/29E415 546 75 981E420 535 75 0E428 520 75 0E439 494 70 0 **** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** 24490 09/30E444 479 65 0E452 463 60 0E460 445 55 0E469 421 50 0 24490 09/30E453 460 70 0E468 415 70 0E480 370 70 0E487 335 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24495 10/01E479 388 50 0E489 346 45 0E500 300 40 0E520 200 40 0 24495 10/01E489 310 60 0E490 298 55 0E490 290 50 0E490 285 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 24500 HR Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) though there are major track changes during the extratropical stage. Additionally, a major change was introduced in that the extratropical transition occurred a day earlier than previously indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 51.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 51.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 55W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 24.5N, 55.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 27.4N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 999 mb at 26.5N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "The center on that date (24th) was in approximately latitude 25N, longitude 54 W, with a direction of movement almost due northwest" (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 58.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 54.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 50 kt ESE and 998 mb at 27.5N, 55.9W at 04 UTC (MWR). "The system began to recurve on the 25th with the westernmost point of its path being the 61st meridian, reached midday on the 26th" (MWR). September 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 30N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.2N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 971 mb at 31.5N, 60.3W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N and 984 mb 31.1N, 61W at 11 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 985 mb at 31.5N, 60 W at 12 UTC (COA). September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 37N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 59.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 39.3N, 61.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt N and 994 mb at 37.6N, 60.7W at 14 UTC (MWR); 60 kt ENE and 996 mb at 16 UTC (MWR). September 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 39N, 61W with a warm front extending east-northeast from the center. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 39.8N, 56W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 983 mb at 37.8N, 59W at 03 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE at 40N, 58W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt NE and 981 mb at 42.7N, 52.8W at 22 UTC (MWR). September 29: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone with a low of at most 995 mb near 43N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 42.8N, 50.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 976 mb at 42.5N, 54.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 70 kt NNE and 984 mb at 42.5N, 54.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt N and 1000 mb at 43.5N, 55.5W at 16 UTC (COA). September 30: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 46N, 43W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 46N, 44.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 989 mb at 47.4N, 35.2W at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt SE and 994 mb at 45.4N, 44.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 60 kt WSW and 985 mb at 47.7N, 34.6W at 15 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SSE at 47.7N, 34.6W (MWR). October 1: HWM analyzed an occluded low near 50N, 30W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 50N, 30W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 993 mb at 47.5N, 34.5W at 10 UTC (COA); 45 kt SW at 45.9N, 28.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt N and 996 mb at 49N, 27W at 18 UTC (COA). Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 00 UTC on September 23rd as a minimal tropical storm. The storm progressed northwestward before recurving just east of Bermuda on the 26th. Minor track changes were introduced during the lifetime of this system while a tropical cyclone, though large changes to its position were introduced on the 30th and 1st while the system was an extratropical storm. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb and peak wind of 50 kt were observed on the 25th. The 998 mb pressure suggest winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. As the ship position is at least 60 nm from the center of the cyclone, 80 kt is retained for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 25th. A 971 mb pressure and concurrent 35 kt SE wind at 08 UTC on the 26th is likely a core measurement and the revised track takes the center of the hurricane ~15-20 nm from the ship at the time of the observation. The 971 mb pressure measurement likely taken inside the RMW suggests a central pressure of 967 mb, utilizing the ~1 mb for each 10 kt wind increment guideline. A 967 mb central pressure suggests winds of 88 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 91 kt from the intensifying subset. The 967 mb value is added into HURDAT. Winds are reanalyzed to be 90 kt at 06 UTC and 95 kt at 12 UTC on the 26th, which may have been the peak intensity for this system. Available observations on the 28th indicate an asymmetric wind field and frontal boundary structures had formed, suggesting that the system transitioned to an extratropical cyclone around 06 UTC - a day earlier than previously indicated. Peak observed winds on the 28th were 70 kt. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 10 kt downgrade. At 22 UTC on the 28th a (possible) central pressure of 981 mb was observed, suggesting winds of 72 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are reduced from 80 to 75 kt at 00 UTC on the 29th. Later at 08 UTC on the 29th, a peripheral pressure of 976 mb was observed, implying winds of at least 77 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Given that the system is baroclinic, the pressure-wind relationship can be utilized with slightly weaker winds. Therefore, 75 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 29th. It should also be noted that Storm 4 absorbed storm number 3 on the 29th. A peak wind of 70 kt was observed on the 30th. 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 30th, 15 kt greater than previous HURDAT. Available observations on October 1st indicate that the system had occluded with peak observed winds of 45 kt. 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 1st, a 10 kt upgrade and also the last record for storm 4 in HURDAT. Available observations indicate the peak intensity with this hurricane were about 95 kt, 10 kt less than originally suggested in HURDAT. This reclassifies storm 4 from a Category 3 down to a Category 2 (though upper end Category 2) hurricane. ****************************************************************************** 1927/05 - 2010 REVISION: 24505 10/01/1927 M= 4 5 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 24505 09/30/1927 M= 5 5 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** * (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 24507 09/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 690 30 0*236 704 30 0 24510 10/01*232 730 35 0*240 740 35 0*248 748 35 0*252 754 35 0 24510 10/01*243 718 30 0*249 730 30 0*255 740 30 0*261 749 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24515 10/02*257 761 35 0*265 772 40 0*275 782 45 0*287 792 50 0 24515 10/02*267 757 35 0*273 764 40 0*280 770 45 0*290 778 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24520 10/03*301 801 50 0*316 807 50 0*334 810 40 0*350 807 35 0 24520 10/03*303 789 50 0*318 800 50 0*334 807 40 0*350 808 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24525 10/04*370 795 30 0*390 775 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24525 10/04*370 803 30 0*390 790 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** 24530 TS U.S. Landfall 10/03 09Z 32.5N 80.4W 50 kt SC Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Record station data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina. September 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 23N, 69W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23N, 72W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 27.5N, 77.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 29N, 73W (HWM). October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 80W, with a cold front approaching from the west. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 33.7N, 81W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1008 mb at 04 UTC at 32.3N, 79W (MWR). Station highlights: 43 kt SE at Charleston at 09 and 10 UTC (OMR); 21 kt SW and 1009 mb at Charleston at 12 UTC (OMR); 38 kt at Wilmington (MWR); 37 kt at Raleigh (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - 1927 - Oct 3 - All sections - Minor [less than hurricane intensity]" (Dunn and Miller). "...a disturbance that apparently developed off the northeast Florida coast and moved north-northwest, crossing the coast line between Savannah and Charleston. The only strong winds were reported near Charleston. The disturbance was of very small extent and short duration, but was seemingly quite severe at the time it crossed the coast line" (MWR). The Beaufort Gazette. Thursday, Oct. 6, 1927, p. 1 "LITTLE DAMAGE IN BEAUFORT___By Gale Sunday Night - Slight Trouble With Electric Wires. Few Trees Down___ Very unexpected Beaufort was visited by a fifty-mile gale Sunday night and early Monday morning, that swept in from the Atlantic Ocean. It had rained the greater part of Sunday and early that evening; but none expected to be aroused from sleep by such a gale as that which swept over this section early Monday morning. It was one of those autumn storms, unannounced and unexpected. Many boats were anchored out in the bay but none were damaged as a consequence of the stiff blow. There is no weather bureau here, but reports from Charleston state that the gale reached the velocity of fifty miles per hour. The rainfall in that area was 1.17. It could hardly have been more than that here as this section has just been through a very dry period. Many persons were aroused from their sleep, some unable to return to dreamland. We have heard of one lad who slept through it all with a heavy downpour of rain coming in his open window. The howling of the wind was very audible early in the early morning hours Monday. No severe damage was done to property in the Beaufort section. Many branches were torn from trees in different sections of the city. The fire alarm called forth about 4 o'clock Monday morning due to an electrical disturbance on the wires leading to the house of the northwest intersection of North and Harrington streets. Transformers about the city flared forth but there was no serious damage. The electrical power was cut off for several hours Monday morning crippling those industries dependent upon it for power. The Gazette was delayed a good many hours in the use of its linotype machine. The farmers suffered no ill effect as a result of the blow. Corn was blown down in a few fields. Beaufort weathered the blow better than some of the neighboring cities." (Prof. Mock). October 4: HWM analyzed a cold front nearly paralleling the United States East Coast. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 39N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 43.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for storm #5 began at 12 UTC on September 30th as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm, 12 hours earlier than previously suggested in HURDAT. First gales were observed on October 2nd as the system progressed northwestward towards the United States East Coast. A peak wind of 35 kt on the 2nd indicates that the system did attain tropical storm intensity. This observation, however, is problematic. It is the strongest wind observation uncovered on the 2nd, but it may be in error. As plotted, the ENE wind direction looks suspicious, as well as the fact that there are three other observations closer to the TC center which are substantially weaker (15 kt each). It is possible that the observation was incorrectly plotted at 73W and instead was supposed to be at 78W. Such a position would be a better fit for both the wind speed and direction, though it is unfortunate that this observation was not to be found in the COADS database. While the observation likely cannot be correct as shown, it is agreed to retain the 45 kt intensity on the 2nd, as there are numerous 25 kt winds observed in the western (weaker) semicircle of the TC. The tropical storm made landfall around 09 UTC on the 3rd just southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. Peak observations at landfall occurred at Charleston where maximum winds were 43 kt. This reduces down to 37 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). A direct conversion of the peak "extreme winds" (1 min) to the directly to the equivalent from a reliable 3-cup anemometer would give 48 kt. (However, value was not considered reliable due to the noisiness of the instrument and is why the "maximum velocity" (or 5 min wind) is what was generally reported in the Monthly Weather Review.) The Charleston station record showed a sea-level pressure of 1009 mb 3-4 hours after the strongest winds, and a lower pressure likely occurred at that time. If the station record correctly logged peak conditions, this lower pressure was between 1003-1008 mb, as 1003 mb was the lowest for the month (on the 19th in association with an extratropical low). 50 kt is chosen for landfall and maintains the 50 kt originally shown in HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 3rd. Given the small size of the system and the sparsely populated coast, it is possible that it had a stronger inner core (approaching minimal hurricane intensity) which struck the coast just south of Charleston, but no definitive evidence that this is the case is available. Once over land, the system quickly diminished in intensity and dissipated by 12 UTC on the 4th with no changes made to HURDAT in the dissipation. ****************************************************************************** 1927/06 - 2010 REVISION: 24535 10/17/1927 M= 3 6 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24535 10/16/1927 M= 4 6 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 16th is new to HURDAT.) 24538 10/16*165 870 30 0*166 867 30 0*167 862 30 0*169 854 35 0 24540 10/17*185 865 40 0*187 855 40 0*188 843 40 0*188 833 40 0 24540 10/17*172 844 40 0*175 835 40 0*178 827 40 0*182 820 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24545 10/18*192 822 40 0*191 809 40 0*195 795 40 0*198 779 40 0 24545 10/18*187 814 40 0*193 806 40 0*200 795 40 0*210 777 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24550 10/19*200 762 35 0*214 743 35 0*233 723 35 0*260 702 35 0 24550 10/19*222 750 40 0E237 720 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24555 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000). October 16: HWM analyzed a broad area of low pressure in the western Caribbean Sea. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 17: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1005 mb in the western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.8N, 84.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1000 mb at 17.3N, 83.2W at 12 UTC (COA). October 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 19.5N, 80W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 19.5N, 80.7W at 11 UTC (COA). October 19: HWM indicates a cold front stretching northeast from the eastern Bahamas to Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.3N, 72.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 72.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 999 mb at 22N, 74.3W at 00 UTC (COA). "The disturbance was of small extent but of moderate intensity causing some destruction to crops as it passed northeast over extreme eastern Cuba during the night of the 18th (MWR). "October 18-19 - Tropical Storm - Cuba" (Perez et al.). Genesis for storm #6 began on October 16th at 00 UTC as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm in the western Caribbean Sea, one day earlier than original HURDAT. On the 17th, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb was observed implying winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Environmental pressures were quite low suggesting a slight decrease in the pressure-wind intensity estimates. Thus, 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. The storm progressed east-northeastward throughout its duration. On the 18th a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb was observed implying winds of at least 39 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 18th. The system made landfall around 16 UTC on the 18th in Cuba as a 40 kt tropical storm. Available observations indicate the system became absorbed by a frontal boundary around 06 UTC on the 19th, while the original HURDAT showed a final position (not becoming extratropical) at 18 UTC on the 19th. Peak intensity with this tropical storm is maintained at 40 kt. ****************************************************************************** 1927/07 - 2010 REVISION: 24560 10/30/1927 M= 6 7 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24560 10/30/1927 M= 5 7 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 24565 10/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*188 830 35 0 24565 10/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 800 30 0*200 799 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** 24570 10/31*197 818 35 0*204 806 40 0*209 800 40 0*214 796 40 0 24570 10/31*205 797 35 0*210 796 40 0*215 795 40 0*220 794 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24575 11/01*220 790 35 0*227 784 35 0*236 777 35 0*247 768 35 0 24575 11/01*225 793 35 0*230 792 35 0*236 790 35 0*247 783 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24580 11/02*261 757 35 0*275 746 35 0*286 737 35 0*295 732 35 0 24580 11/02*261 771 35 0*275 755 35 0*290 745 35 0*305 745 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24585 11/03*303 729 35 0*309 728 35 0E314 727 30 0E321 727 30 0 24585 11/03*315 755 35 0*318 759 35 0*320 760 35 0*321 760 30 0 *** *** **** *** **** *** ** *** (The 4th is removed from HURDAT.) 24590 11/04E332 727 30 0E359 727 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24595 TS Major changes to the track and but minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). The new track also removes the extratropical stage from this system. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000). October 30: HWM analyzed a weak low at 18N 80W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at its first position at 18.8N 83.0W at 18 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. (Perez et al. suggested that the system began as a tropical depression in the southwest Caribbean on the 28th and moved northward for the next two days without intensifying. However, analysis of HWM and COADS maps for those days suggest instead that the system was more of a trough feature and did not yet exhibit a closed circulation until the 30th.) October 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.9N, 80W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over central Cuba. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.6N, 77.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "October 31- November 1 - Tropical Storm - Cuba" (Perez et al.). November 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 28.6N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 25N, 74W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1018 mb at 30.3N, 72.3W at 13 UTC (MWR). November 3: HWM analyzed an elongated northwest to southeast closed low of at most 1000 mb near 26N, 66W with a warm frontal boundary analyzed. Additionally, HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36N 76W over North Carolina with an approaching frontal boundary to the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.4N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 30.5N, 72.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 33.7N 72.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). November 4: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 30N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 35.9N, 72.7W at 06 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for storm #7 began on October 30th as a tropical depression in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, six hours earlier than originally indicate. The storm moved northeast from the 30th through November 2nd as the system crossed over Cuba into the western Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT intensity estimates on October 31st and November 1st are retained due to the lack of available data near the system on these dates. Perez et al. confirm that the system was likely a minimal tropical storm that made landfall Cuba around 12 UTC on the 31st, with a track that was farther north than originally indicated. The new storm track for the 3rd and 4th indicates a substantially different evolution than original HURDAT, with the system farther west on the 3rd and dissipated on the 4th. A complex synoptic pattern developed on the 3rd and 4th. As the tropical cyclone moved northward north of the Bahamas on the 3rd, it weakened as a separate, baroclinic system that impacted New England and Canada (and caused significant flooding in New England) began developing over North Carolina and Virginia. At the same time, a large non-tropical low that formed south of Bermuda with gale force winds (this is now included in the Additional Notes section) was occurring on the 3rd and 4th of November. The reanalysis efforts reconfirms that the pre-existing tropical storm, the baroclinic system that impacted New England/Canada, and the third low south of Bermuda were all separate cyclones. It is analyzed that the tropical cyclone remained in that status until dissipation after 18 UTC on the 3rd, while in the warm section of the developing baroclinic low. Storm #7, 1927 - 2012 Revision 25870 10/30/1927 M= 6 7 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25875 10/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 800 30 0*200 799 35 0* 25880 10/31*205 797 35 0*210 796 40 0*215 795 40 0*220 794 40 0* 25885 11/01*225 793 35 0*230 792 35 0*236 790 35 0*247 783 35 0* 25890 11/02*261 771 35 0*275 755 35 0*290 745 35 0*305 745 35 0* 25895 11/03*315 755 35 0*318 759 35 0*320 760 35 0*321 760 30 0* (The 4th is removed from HURDAT.) 25900 11/04E332 727 30 0E359 727 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 25905 TS The 4th was supposed to be removed from HURDAT according to the 2010 revision. However, instead it inadvertently remained in HURDAT. This date is now removed. ****************************************************************************** 1927/08 - 2010 ADDITION: 24596 11/19/1927 M= 3 8 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24597 11/19*205 504 30 0*220 512 30 0*235 520 35 0*251 527 40 0 24598 11/20*268 534 45 0*284 540 50 0*300 545 50 0*315 548 50 0 24599 11/21*328 550 50 0*339 551 45 0E350 550 40 0E360 547 35 0 24599 TS Storm #8 is added to the original hurricane record shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for the addition comes from the Historical Weather Maps series and the COADS ship database. November 16: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1007.5 mb located near 17N, 52W. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 17: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1005 mb located near 18N, 45W. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 18: HWM isobaric analysis continued to indicate a closed low of no more than 1005 mb located near 19N, 50W. No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 19: HWM isobaric analysis continued to indicate a closed low of no more than 1005 mb located near 21.5N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 27.5N, 50.5W (COA). November 20: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a very large closed low of no more than 1005 mb located roughly near 26N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 999 mb at 29.5N, 53.5W at 12Z (COA). November 21: HWM isobaric analysis indicated an elongated closed low of no more than 1005 mb located at the tail end of the cold front near 24N, 59W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. Despite the Historical Weather Map series indicating a closed low as early as November 16th, available observations suggest that the system became a tropical cyclone early on the 19th. Tropical storm intensity is begun at 12 UTC on the 19th and is supported by several gale force wind reports (on the 19th and 20th) and one 999 mb peripheral pressure reading (on the 20th). This pressure suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th. The system encountered a strong frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 21st and extratropical transition is noted at that time. The system likely dissipated late on the 21st. Peak intensity for this late season tropical storm is around 50 kt on the 20th and 21st. It should be noted that this system may have been a subtropical cyclone, but without satellite imagery to confirm the convective structure, it will be considered a tropical cyclone. ****************************************************************************** 1927 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a weak low formed along a weakening frontal boundary on 13 August. The low began to take shape on the 12th along a still-intact front, near 23N, 77W. The next day it moved moderately northeastward as the front dissipated in the vicinity of the low. Winds near the center did not exceed 20 kt, so the system is not being added to HURDAT. Afterwards, the low moved very rapidly to the east-northeast and became absorbed in the remaining frontal boundary. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 12 33N 77W Not closed Aug 13 35N 70W Tropical Depression Aug 14 36N 56W Extratropical 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed on 17 October in the Northern Bahamas near 26N, 78W. It appears that the cyclone originated from a northern piece of the precursor disturbance to Storm #6. It moved rather quickly to the north immediately after it formed in response to an approaching frontal boundary. No gale force winds were reported while the system was presumed to be tropical, but the pressure was about 1004 mb. The highest winds reported were 25 kts. The system continued to deepen after it merged with the front, and several reports of gales were noted, along with a minimum pressure of 996 mb. Due to the lack of gale force winds during its brief period as a tropical cyclone, the system is not being added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 16 ----- ----- Not closed Oct 17 26N 78W Tropical Depression Oct 18 35N 74W Absorbed by front 3) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a broad non-tropical low existed south of Bermuda on the 3rd and 4th of November. This developed as part of a complex synoptic situation with storm #8 slowly moving northward north of the Bahamas and a third, vigorous extratropical cyclone was forming over North Carolina and Virginia. While numerous ships show low pressures below 1005 mb, none of these are co-located with gale force winds - consistent with a non-tropical low structure. There were two ships that reported gales: "UK035419" with 45 kt SW at 12Z on the 3rd and "2061000" with 35 kt SE at 20Z on the 3rd, 50 kt SE at 00Z on the 4th, 70 kt ESE at 04Z on the 4th, and 50 kt SE at 08Z on the 4th. Comparison of the latter ship versus nearby observations suggests, however, that this ship may have reported double the actual winds. By 12Z on the 4th, the system had opened up into a trough. It is possible that this system had acquired some tropical characteristics on the 3rd, but the balance of the evidence indicates that it was a broad non-tropical low with some gale force winds. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 3 28N 55W Non-tropical Low Nov 4 --- --- Trough along 25N50W to 27N58W ****************************************************************************** 1928/01 - 2010 REVISIONS: 24600 08/03/1928 M=10 1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 24600 08/03/1928 M=11 1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** 24605 08/03*113 607 35 0*123 621 35 0*133 636 35 0*142 652 35 0 24605 08/03*188 636 35 0*189 643 35 0*190 650 35 0*191 657 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24610 08/04*150 660 35 0*160 670 35 0*167 678 35 0*176 690 40 0 24610 08/04*192 664 35 0*194 672 35 0*196 680 35 0*200 690 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24615 08/05*185 700 40 0*194 709 40 0*203 720 35 0*212 731 40 0 24615 08/05*205 701 40 0*210 712 40 0*215 723 40 0*221 734 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 24620 08/06*221 743 45 0*230 754 55 0*238 765 65 0*245 774 70 0 24620 08/06*228 745 45 0*235 755 55 0*242 765 65 0*248 774 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24625 08/07*251 781 80 0*255 786 80 0*260 791 85 0*265 795 85 0 24625 08/07*253 782 80 0*258 788 90 971*263 792 90 0*266 795 90 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 24630 08/08*269 799 85 0*274 803 80 977*278 807 70 0*282 812 50 0 24630 08/08*269 798 90 0*272 801 85 977*276 805 70 0*279 809 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 24635 08/09*286 817 40 0*290 822 40 0*294 827 35 0*298 832 35 0 24635 08/09*281 815 45 0*284 821 40 0*287 827 40 0*291 833 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24640 08/10*303 838 35 0*309 843 35 0*317 848 35 0*326 840 30 0 24640 08/10*296 839 35 0*302 844 35 0*310 845 35 0*319 840 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24645 08/11*335 829 30 0E343 817 30 0E352 805 30 0E361 790 30 0 24645 08/11*329 832 30 0E340 822 30 0E352 810 30 0E364 797 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24650 08/12E370 775 30 0E378 759 30 0E387 741 30 0* 0 0 0 0 24650 08/12E372 782 35 0E380 762 45 0E385 745 55 0E385 730 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 13th is new to HURDAT.) 24652 08/13E385 718 50 0E385 708 45 0E385 700 40 0E385 695 35 0 24655 HRCFL2 U.S. Continental Hurricanes (and Tropical Storms): ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8/8/1928 0700Z 27.3N 80.2W 85kt 2 10nmi 977mb CFL2 8/10/1928 0400Z 30.0N 84.3W 35kt TS ----- ----- ---- Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Analysis of this hurricane before and at landfall in Florida was greatly assisted by Daniel Gladstein. August 3: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the eastern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12Z at 13.3N 63.6W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 4: HWM analyzed a broad trough near 67W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12Z at 16.7N 67.8W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "August 3-12, 1928 -s From reports received by mail it is evident that a tropical disturbance, the first of the season, passed on a westward course some 75 to 100 miles north of the Leeward Islands during the 3d and 4th of August" (MWR). August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 72.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.3N, 72W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 22N, 73W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 22.9N, 74.3W at 20 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 22.3N, 74.4W at 21 UTC (COA). "...the first [tropical disturbance of the month] was in the vicinity of Turks Island on the morning of the 5th and following the usual northwesterly path, struck the southeast coast of Florida on the 7th" (MWR). "The first telegraphic report of its existence was received from the S.S. Saraola, just west of Acklin Island on the afternoon of the 5th" (MWR). August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 23.5N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.8N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 24N, 76.5W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The center moved northwestward with slowly increasing intensity and was central on the morning of the 6th about 60 miles southeast of Andros, Bahamas" (MWR). August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 26N, 79.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 26N, 79W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 60 kt NNW and 999 mb at 26.4N, 79.9W at 07 UTC (COA); 10 kt W and a central pressure of 971 mb at 26N, 79.8W at 07 UTC (MWR); 50 kt N and 1010 mb at 26.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC (COA). "By the morning of the 7th a tropical storm, moving from the West Indies, approached the east coast of Florida" (MWR). August 8: HWM indicates a closed low 1005 mb near 28.2N, 80.5W, just off the coast of Cape Canaveral. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 27.8N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 27.8N, 81W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 1001 mb at 26N, 80W at 00 UTC (COA); 70 kt SW and 997 mb at 26.5N, 79.8W at 00 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 27.2N, 79.6W at 09 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 977 mb and "Wind lulled" at Fort Pierce at 09Z (MWR); E wind with 1002 mb at Titusville, Florida, at 20 UTC (OMR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug. 7-9 - N of Palm Beach - Minimal Hurricane - 2 killed, damage $235,000" (Dunn and Miller). "US Hurricane - FL, SE2 (no central pressure)" (Jarrell et al.). No mention of this hurricane in Ho et al. and Schwerdt et al., implying central pressure at landfall higher than 981 mb. "On the evening of the 7th no land observations were available between Titusville and Miami, but vessel reports south of the center indicated that it was beginning to turn north-northwest or possible northwest... At that time the center was about 20 miles southeast of Jupiter. By the morning of the 8th the center was about 60 miles northwest of Jupiter, moving northwest" (MWR). "...and during the following two or three days [8th to 9th or 10th] crossed the State in a northwest direction, attended by torrential rains and high winds, reaching the northing limits by the morning of the 10th, where it recurved sharply and moved then northeastward over the South Atlantic States during the 11th, passing into the Atlantic near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay during the following day. The storm was attended by high winds and heavy rains not only in Florida but in its passage over the central and southern parts of Georgia and South Carolina, the winds diminishing somewhat with the advance of the storm, but heavy rains continued throughout its entire course, reaching high intensities in portions of Virginia and Maryland, particularly in the vicinity of the District of Columbia, where the 23-hour fall on the 11th and 12th was the greatest of record. Much damage to crops, roads, and bridges occurred throughout the course of this storm - in Florida by injury to the citrus and other crops, in the eastern cotton States by damage to open cotton, and in all sections by flattening corn, tobacco, and other crops, blowing fruit from trees, flooding and washing of farm land, roads, etc., and otherwise" (MWR). "The center passed nearly over Fort Pierce as a lull was experienced between 3 and 4 a. m. on the 8th...SW winds (estimated 90 m. p. h.) at 4:30" (MWR). August 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of 1000 mb near 29N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.4N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 30N, 83W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1003 mb at 27.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 14 kt W and 1004 mb at Tampa at 00 UTC (OMR); 1001 mb at Tampa at 06 UTC (OMR); 13 kt SW and 1003 mb at Tampa at 12 UTC (OMR). "The storm continued to move northwestward with decreasing intensity to between Tampa and Apalachicola by the evening of the 9th" (MWR). August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 32N, 83.5W at 8 a.m. Station highlights: 1004 mb at Apalachicola, Florida, at 12 UTC (HWM); 19 kt N and 997 mb at Macon, Georgia, at 20 UTC (OMR); 26 kt S and 1004 mb at Savannah at 20 UTC (OMR); 34 kt S at Savannah at 21 UTC (OMR). "It then turned northward to southern Georgia being more and more northwestward" (MWR). August 11: HWM analyzed a broad extratropical cyclone centered near Charlotte, North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 35.2N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 35N, 81W at 8 a.m. Station highlights: 16 kt NW and 999 mb at Macon, Georgia, at 00 UTC (OMR); 997 mb at Augusta, Georgia, at 03 UTC (OMR). "...until it finally passed off the coast north of the Virginia Capes during the night of the 11th" (MWR). August 12: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone just east of the Chesapeake Bay. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 38.7N, 74.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 38.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1006 mb at 37.2N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 37.7N, 74.6W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 W at 37.5N, 74.5W at 21 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 38 kt NE at Philadelphia (MWR); 53 kt NE Atlantic City (MWR); 37 kt NE at Sandy Hook (MWR); 34 kt W at Norfolk (MWR). "It passed out to sea near the Virginia Capes on the morning of the 12th, with moderate to strong gales along the coast between Hatteras and New York" (MWR). August 13: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone near 40N, 70W. Original HURDAT did not list this system on this date. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 39N, 68W at 06 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1015 mb at 36.5N 73.5W at 09 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 37.5N 73.5W at 13 UTC (COA); 35 kt N and 1019 mb at 38.5N 73.5W at 17 UTC (COA). Three different scenarios were available for the genesis of storm #1: a) The tropical cyclone formed north of Hispaniola on the 5th (MWR - page 336 and HWM), b) The tropical cyclone formed north of the Leeward Islands on the 3rd (MWR - page 441), or c) The tropical cyclone formed near Trinidad and Barbados on the 3rd (HURDAT, McAdie et al.). Examination of the data does suggest that a closed circulation was present on the 3rd (with SW winds at San Juan), but the observations are ambiguous on the 4th. The data are fairly conclusive, however, that a closed circulation was not present in the eastern Caribbean on the 4th. The revised HURDAT positions are closest to scenario b - forming north of the Leeward Islands on the 3rd. Thus major track changes are introduced on the 3rd and 4th. No changes are made to the intensity on these dates as the data - while not showing any observed gales - are ambiguous as to the intensity. On the 3rd and 4th, the system moved west-northwestward turning toward the northwestward on the 5th, which it continued until landfall in central Florida on the 8th. Peak winds on the 5th were reported at 35 kt. 35 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 5th. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 6th as the storm paralleled Cuba's southeastern coast. On the 7th, a central pressure of 971 mb was observed, implying winds of 89 and 83 kt from the south and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Winds of 90 and 87 kt are implied from the intensifying group of systems south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively. 90 kt is retained for HURDAT at 06Z UTC on the 7th, up from 80 kt originally. This may have been the peak intensity of this hurricane. The Category 2 hurricane made landfall in central Florida around 07 UTC, just southeast of Fort Pierce on the 8th. The Fort Pierce measurement of 977 mb accompanied by a "lull" in the wind (along with a 180 degree wind shift from NE to SW) suggests that this was a central pressure reading from the hurricane's eye, shortly after the hurricane made landfall. This value does look reasonable given the 971 mb central pressure recorded from a ship the day previous. The radius of maximum winds (RMW) for this hurricane at landfall was approximately 10 nmi, significantly smaller than climatology (20 nmi - Vickery et al, 2000). (The 10 nmi RMW value is an estimate based upon both the duration of the lull experienced at Fort Pierce (~75 minutes with 180 degree wind shift from NE to SW) relative to the speed of the hurricane (~5 kt) as well as the small radius of outer closed isobar (~140 nm). This 10 nmi RMW could be off by as much as 50%. However, even if the RMW size were 50% larger, this would still suggest a small system with a commensurate boost to the winds from the pressure-wind relationship.) A central pressure of 977 mb implies winds of 81 and 76 kt from the south and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Due to the small RMW, 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC, a 5 kt increase from original HURDAT. However, this does not change the Saffir-Simpson Category 2 hurricane classification at landfall. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 12 UTC 8th - 45 kt, 18 UTC - 30 kt, 00 UTC 9th - 25 kt, and 06 UTC - no wind speed record. Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 67, 52, 41, and 38 kt, accordingly. Winds for revised HURDAT are retained at 70 kt at 12 UTC and 50 kt at 18 UTC. On the 9th winds for revised HURDAT are increased to 45 kt at 00 UTC and maintained at 40 kt at 06 UTC. It appears that the center of the cyclone may have moved into the Gulf of Mexico (though still close to the coast) from about 12Z on the 9th until 04Z on the 10th. Gale force winds were not observed on the 9th but a peripheral pressure of 1003 mb was observed, implying winds of at least 38 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 5 kt upgrade from previous HURDAT. On the 10th, a peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed implying winds of at least 49 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given that the storm is over land, a significant reduction to the implied winds is necessary. Thus, 35 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 10th. Available observations indicate that the storm transitioned to an extratropical storm by 06 UTC on the 11th. Peak winds on the 11th were 25 kt. 30 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC. On the 12th the system reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the Virginia coast. Numerous gale force winds were observed along the coastal mid-Atlantic state US Weather Bureau stations on the 12th. Winds are boosted accordingly in HURDAT. Available observations indicate the system dissipated by 00 UTC on the 14th, 30 hours later than indicated in original HURDAT, in the North Atlantic Ocean. ******************************************************************************* 1928/02 - 2010 REVISIONS: 24660 08/07/1928 M=11 2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 24665 08/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 600 35 0*128 608 35 0 24665 08/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*115 603 30 0*122 612 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 24670 08/08*133 616 35 0*138 625 40 0*142 635 40 0*146 646 45 0 24670 08/08*129 621 35 0*136 630 40 0*142 640 40 0*146 650 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24675 08/09*150 655 50 0*154 669 55 0*158 680 60 0*162 689 65 0 24675 08/09*150 660 50 0*154 670 55 0*158 680 60 0*162 690 65 0 *** *** *** 24680 08/10*165 698 70 0*169 707 70 0*173 716 70 0*179 727 70 0 24680 08/10*165 700 70 0*169 710 75 0*173 720 80 0*177 730 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24685 08/11*186 737 70 0*194 748 70 0*201 759 60 0*207 770 60 0 24685 08/11*180 739 80 0*182 749 75 0*186 759 70 0*191 769 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24690 08/12*213 780 50 0*220 790 45 0*227 798 45 0*235 805 45 0 24690 08/12*197 781 60 0*204 792 55 0*215 800 50 0*228 806 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24695 08/13*244 811 45 0*252 816 50 0*260 822 50 0*268 828 55 0 24695 08/13*242 811 60 0*252 816 60 0*260 822 55 0*269 828 55 0 *** ** ** ** *** 24700 08/14*276 833 50 0*285 839 50 0*293 844 45 0*302 849 40 0 24700 08/14*278 834 50 0*287 840 50 0*296 846 45 0*305 850 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24705 08/15*313 854 40 0*324 856 35 0*334 854 35 0*344 848 30 0 24705 08/15*313 854 35 0*321 856 35 0*330 854 30 0*339 850 30 0 ** *** *** ** *** *** 24710 08/16*353 842 30 0*362 835 30 0*371 827 25 0*379 820 25 0 24710 08/16*347 845 30 0*355 839 30 0*365 833 25 0*375 825 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24715 08/17*386 812 25 0*392 805 20 0*397 797 20 0* 0 0 0 0 24715 08/17*384 816 25 0*392 805 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** ** 24720 HR U.S. Tropical Storms: ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 8/13/1928 0300Z 24.7N 81.4W 60kt FL 8/14/1928 1400Z 29.9N 84.7W 45kt FL Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al (2000). August 7: HWM analyzed no significant features in the eastern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.3N, 60W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The disturbance was first noted as one of slight to moderate intensity west of Bridgetown, Barbados, on the evening of the 7th, advancing west-northwest" (MWR). August 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.2N, 63.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 998 mb at 14 UTC at 15.5N 69W (MWR). August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 71W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 71.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 13.8N, 69.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). "Belated reports indicate that a very small but destructive disturbance passed over extreme southwest Haiti during the 10th" (MWR). August 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 19.8N, 75.8W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt E at ~19N, 75W at 08 UTC (OMR - Key West); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 19.3N, 75W at 11 UTC (MWR); 60 kt E at 19.3N, 75W (MWR); 45 kt E at 19.3N, 75.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "The second disturbance was central near Jamaica on the 11th, and on that day strong easterly gales were encountered in the northerly quadrants... This disturbance decreased in intensity as it moved in a north-northwesterly direction, and was accompanied by comparatively moderate winds on the three succeeding days... On the morning of the 11th the center of the disturbance was over extreme eastern Cuba" (MWR). "On the 11th a disturbance of small area passed on a west-northwest course between Jamaica and the eastern end of Cuba. This disturbance must have been of hurricane intensity as the U.S.S. Arkansas experienced a 78-mile east wind at 4 a.m. of that date off Guantanamo Bay. Judging from the general conditions that prevailed over Cuba to the eastward of Havana the disturbance rapidly lost energy after passing between Jamaica and Cuba, and on the night of the 11th crossed Cuba, moving directly north, the center passing a short distance to the west of Cienfuegos. Although no heavy winds were experienced over that section of Cuba the unsettled conditions, including gusty winds and excessive rainfalls, were typically symptomatic of tropical disturbances. But in crossing the Straits of Florida there occurred a rapid recrudescence" (OMR - Key West). August 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 22N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1014 mb at 25.2N, 80.2W at 18 UTC (COA). "As far as telegraphic reports are concerned, the center was not definitely traceable for the next 24 to 36 hours, but reports received by mail indicate that a small center passed over the province of Oriente, Cuba, where some banana trees were blown down, and was central on the morning of the 12th on the north coast of central Cuba. Observations during the afternoon of the 12th indicated a disturbance southeast of Key West... At 8 p. m. of that date it was evident that a small but intense disturbance was advancing northwestward toward the Florida Keys" (MWR). "No dangerous of destructive winds developed from the disturbance that apparently formed to the eastward of Key West on the 12th and for which hurricane warnings were displayed at 9:30 p.m. of that date. The lowest pressure recorded was 29.72 inches at 8 p.m. on the 12th, and the highest wind velocity was 36 miles an hour from the southwest at 7:05 a.m. on the 13th" (OMR - Key West). "Tropical Storm in central Cuba, August 12th" (Perez). August 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 1000 mb near 26N, 82W, just west of Fort Myers, Florida. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 26N, 82.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25.8N, 82.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 24.6N, 80.9W (MWR); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 24.6N, 80.8W at 07 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt E and 1004 mb at Tampa at 22 UTC (OMR). "On the 13th the center was off the southwest coast of Florida... Gales were also experienced along the coast and over the Florida Keys" (MWR) August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb near 29N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.3N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 29.8N, 84.3W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 26 kt S and 1005 mb at Tampa at 00 UTC (OMR); 21 kt NW and 1004 mb at Apalachicola at 12 UTC (OMR); 1003 mb at Apalachicola at 13 UTC (OMR). "On the 14th [the storm was] near Apalachicola. From this point it began to recurve slightly toward the east and gradually filled in as it moved over the land... This sotrm moved in a track slightly west of that of the preceding few days and was attended by heavy rains over much of the territory affected by the earlier [storm #1] storm, though the winds were generally not so high" (MWR). August 15: HWM analyzed a very broad closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near Montgomery, Alabama. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.4N, 85.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 33N, 85.3W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near the lower Appalachian Mountains. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 37.1N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 37N, 84W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "By the morning of the 16th the storm center had reached the southern Appalachian region, attended by further heavy rains, whence it moved northeasterly during the following day, heavy rains still continuing, and merged into a general low-pressure area passing along the northern border" (MWR). August 17: HWM analyzed a trough centered over Virginia and North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 39.2N, 80.5W at 06 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 38.3N, 80W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for storm 2 began at 12 UTC on August 7th near the Lesser Antilles as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. Intensification to a tropical storm likely occurred early on the 8th. The storm progressed west-northwestward, moving between Haiti and Jamaica and brushing the southwest coast of Haiti, eventually making landfall in south central Cuba and recurving to make a second landfall near Apalachicola on the 14th of August. While the track changes in general were minor, the original track took the cyclone over southeastern Cuba. These new track changes are consistent with recommendations provided by Perez et al. (2000). A peripheral pressure of 998 mb was observed on the 9th, which suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 60 kt are retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 9th. Winds are boosted slightly on the 10th (from 70 to 80 kt, which is the new peak intensity for the cyclone) to account for description of impact in Haiti, though the intensity is highly uncertain. Hurricane intensity for this cyclone was also observed from the U.S.S. Arkansas observations, while south of Cuba early on the 11th and hurricane intensity is maintained until 18 UTC on the 11th, 12 hours longer than previously indicated in HURDAT. Because of the track change introduced, landfall in central Cuba is analyzed to occur around 12 UTC on the 12th as a 50 kt tropical storm rather than just before 12 UTC on the 11th in eastern Cuba as a 70 kt hurricane. This is consistent with the analysis of Perez et al., the Key West OMR, and MWR. The cyclone apparently strengthened some after reaching the Straits of Florida, based both upon the analysis in the OMR as well as ship observations late on the 12th and early on the 13th. A ship in COADS reported 45 kt winds twice and the U.S.S. El Almirante reported peak winds of hurricane force around 00 UTC on the 13th. The track of the cyclone takes it across the Florida Keys east of Key West around 03 UTC on the 13th (unchanged from original HURDAT). Because of the small size of this tropical cyclone, the lack of strong winds in Key West on the weak side of the storm were not of much assistance in determining the intensity of the system. Given the report in the Monthly Weather Review of "gales were also experienced ... over the Florida Keys", it is judged that the ship's reported winds may have been somewhat too high. (It is of note that the ship with hurricane force also reported a minimum pressure of only 1006 mb.) However, winds are boosted from 45 and 50 kt at 00 and 06 UC on the 13th to 60 kt at both time periods and it is possible that this was a minimal hurricane to impact the Florida Keys. The storm then paralleled Florida's west coast on the 13th before making a second U.S. landfall around 14 UTC east of Apalachicola on the 14th. Peak observations before landfall on the 14th, indicates a peripheral pressure report of 1003 mb from Apalachicola. 1003 mb implies at least 38 kt from the north of the 25N pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC and is the estimate for intensity at the second U.S. landfall. Once over land, the tropical storm gradually diminished in intensity and is estimated to have dropped below tropical storm intensity at 12 UTC on the 15th, six hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. The cyclone apparently dissipated over West Virginia around 12 UTC on the 17th, six hours earlier than originally in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1928/03 - 2010 REVISIONS: 24725 09/01/1928 M= 8 3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24730 09/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*172 728 35 0 24730 09/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*172 728 25 0 ** 24735 09/02*173 741 35 0*174 754 35 0*176 767 35 0*179 780 35 0 24735 09/02*173 738 30 0*174 748 30 0*176 760 35 0*177 775 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 24740 09/03*182 793 35 0*184 805 40 0*186 815 40 0*187 824 45 0 24740 09/03*178 792 35 0*179 807 40 0*180 820 40 0*182 830 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24745 09/04*188 833 50 0*189 841 50 0*190 850 50 0*192 858 50 0 24745 09/04*185 838 50 0*187 844 50 0*190 850 50 0*192 858 50 0 *** *** *** *** 24750 09/05*194 867 50 0*196 875 50 0*198 884 40 0*200 893 35 0 24755 09/06*203 903 35 0*205 913 40 0*208 922 40 0*211 930 45 0 24760 09/07*214 938 45 0*217 945 45 0*220 951 45 0*223 957 45 0 24765 09/08*227 964 45 0*231 973 40 0*240 985 35 0*248 993 30 0 24765 09/08*227 964 45 0*231 973 40 0*240 985 35 0*248 997 30 0 *** 24770 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, and Monthly Weather Review. September 1: HWM analyzed no significant features across the Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 72.8W at 18 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 2: HWM indicates no significant features across the Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 76.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "From the 2nd until the 5th a tropical disturbance of moderate intensity moved slowly westward over the Caribbean Sea" (MWR). September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W, just northeast of Honduras. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.6N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 85W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 24N, 80W at 02 UTC (COA); 50 kt ESE at 20.5N, 81.1W at 04 UTC (MWR); 45 kt SE at 19.7N, 83.4W at 12 UTC (COA). "The American S.S. Norma in 20.5N, 81.1W, near midnight of the 3rd, encountered a heavy ESE to SE squall of force 8 to 10 [35 to 50 kt], with a rough cross sea" (MWR). September 5: HWM analyzed an inverted trough along 85W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 88.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ~06 UTC at ~21N, ~85W (MWR). "The American S. S. San Benito on the evening of the 4th ran into a severe squall off Cape San Antonio, accompanied by heavy rain and suddenly shifting winds of a maximum force of 8, though the barometer readers varied by little during the night" (MWR). September 6: HWM indicates no significant features across the western Caribbean Sea or southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.8N, 92.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 7: HWM analyzed no significant features across the southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22N, 95.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 8: HWM indicates no significant features across the southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24N, 98.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for storm 3 is retained at 18 UTC on September 1st, but cyclone is begun as a tropical depression. Timing of the transition to tropical storm is somewhat ambiguous due to the somewhat sparse observations available, but is analyzed to have occurred around 12 UTC on the 2nd - 18 hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. The system originated in the central Caribbean Sea and propagated west to west-northwestward for the storm's entire duration, making landfall twice along the Mexican coastline. Gale force winds were not observed until early on the 4th, when the ship S.S. Norma reported 50 kt winds (MWR). 50 kt is retained in HURDAT for the 4th, which is also the peak intensity for the cyclone. The system made landfall in the Yucatan around 06 UTC on the 5th as a 50 kt tropical storm. The storm reemerged in the southern Gulf of Mexico early on the 6th and eventually made a second landfall in Mexico early on the 8th well south of the United States/Mexico border. Scant data coverage prevailed for the 6th through the 8th. Thus no changes were made to the track or to the intensity from the 5th until 12 UTC on the 8th. The final position - at 18 UTC on the 18th - was adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic ending translational velocity. ******************************************************************************* 1928/04 - 2010 REVISIONS: 24775 09/06/1928 M=15 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 24775 09/06/1928 M=16 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 ** 24780 09/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*137 204 35 0*138 221 35 0 24780 09/06*142 170 30 0*141 185 30 0*140 200 35 0*138 216 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 24785 09/07*139 239 35 0*140 257 35 0*141 275 35 0*142 294 35 0 24785 09/07*137 232 45 0*136 248 50 0*135 265 55 0*135 282 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24790 09/08*144 315 35 0*146 335 40 0*147 352 40 0*148 367 40 0 24790 09/08*135 300 60 0*136 317 60 0*137 335 60 0*138 352 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24795 09/09*148 382 45 0*148 396 50 0*149 411 50 0*150 426 55 0 24795 09/09*139 370 60 0*140 387 60 0*142 405 60 0*143 422 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24800 09/10*151 440 55 0*152 454 60 0*153 469 60 0*154 486 65 0 24800 09/10*144 440 60 0*145 457 60 0*147 475 60 0*149 492 65 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24805 09/11*155 505 70 0*155 525 75 0*156 542 80 0*157 557 85 0 24805 09/11*152 509 70 0*155 526 75 0*158 542 80 0*159 558 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 24810 09/12*158 572 95 0*159 586 100 0*160 599 105 0*162 611 110 940 24810 09/12*159 573 95 0*159 588 100 0*160 603 110 0*162 615 120 940 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24815 09/13*165 623 115 0*169 635 120 0*174 647 135 0*179 658 140 931 24815 09/13*165 626 130 0*170 636 135 0*175 648 140 0*180 659 140 931 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24820 09/14*185 670 140 0*190 680 135 0*196 691 135 0*200 700 135 0 24820 09/14*184 669 120 941*189 680 125 0*194 690 130 0*199 700 135 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24825 09/15*206 708 135 0*213 716 135 0*222 727 135 0*228 736 135 0 24825 09/15*207 708 135 0*215 717 135 0*222 727 135 0*229 738 135 0 *** *** *** *** *** 24830 09/16*235 748 135 0*243 760 135 0*251 772 135 0*258 783 130 0 24830 09/16*237 750 135 0*245 763 135 0*253 776 135 0*260 788 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24835 09/17*265 795 130 929*271 801 115 0*278 815 110 955*288 820 90 0 24835 09/17*267 800 125 929*272 811 100 0*278 820 85 0*286 822 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 24840 09/18*300 819 80 974*313 815 75 0*325 808 60 978*331 800 60 0 24840 09/18*294 820 70 0*301 817 65 977*311 811 75 976*324 805 75 977 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 24845 09/19*341 786 50 981*349 777 45 0*358 770 40 989*370 770 40 0 24845 09/19*338 792 60 0*348 783 60 0E358 775 70 0E368 773 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** * *** ** ******* *** ** 24850 09/20*385 775 40 1002E402 780 40 0E420 784 35 1008E433 790 35 0 24850 09/20E380 775 50 0E397 780 40 0E415 790 35 1008E435 792 30 0 **** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** (The 21st is new to HURDAT.) 24850 09/21E455 790 25 1002* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24855 HRCFL4 DFL2 GA1 SC1 24855 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1 ************ U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 9/17/1928 0000Z 26.7N 80.0W 125kt 4 30nmi 929mb CFL4,BFL3,AFL1, DFL1 9/18/1928 1900Z 32.5N 80.3W 75kt 1 35nmi 976mb SC1 Minor alterations are introduced to the track, but major changes are made to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), Roth and Cobb (2001), Pfost (2003), Kleinberg (2003) and Caribbean observations provided by Mike Chenoweth. Daniel Gladstein also made significant contributions toward the reanalysis of this cyclone. September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.7N, 20.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.1N, 27.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 14 UTC at 13.5N, 26.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 06 UTC at 13.5N, 26.5W (COA). September 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.7N, 35.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures do to lack of ships in the area. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures in the Cape Verde Islands. September 9: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 50kt tropical storm at 14.9N, 41.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 44.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 46.9W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 14 UTC at 14.5N, 48.2W (NCDC); 45 kt SW and 1003 mb at 15 UTC at 14.3N, 48.2W (NCDC); 45 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 14.8N, 48.1W (NCDC). "On the morning of September 10 the S.S. Commack, in latitude 17N, longitude 48.3W, reported a barometer reading of 29.94 inches with wind from the northeast, force 7 [30 kt]... although this hurricane undoubtedly formed near the Cape Verde Islands" (MWR). "At 2 pm the same date the S.S. Clearwater, in latitude 14N, longitude 51W, reported a barometer reading of 29.90 inches with wind from the northwest, force 5 [20 kt], and a pressure fall of 0.10 inch in 2 hours" (MWR). September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.2N, 52.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 54.2W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1011 at 15 UTC at 16.0N, 53.0W (NCDC); 50 kt NE and 1011 mb at 16 UTC at 17.0N, 56.0W (MWR); 999 mb at 08 UTC at 16.0N, 53.0W (NCDC). "At 8 pm of the same date [the 10th] the S.S. Clarissa in latitude 13N, longitude 51W, reported a barometer reading of 29.84 inches with wind from the west, force 6 [25 kt]. The reports from these three vessels definitely established the fact that a tropical cyclone of unknown intensity was moving almost directly westward, being central at 8 pm [the 10th] nearly 600 miles east-northeast of Bridgetown. The following morning a report from S.S. Inanda, in latitude 17N, 56W, was received, the barometer reading 29.86 inches with wind from the northeast, force 10 [50 kt]" (MWR). September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.6N, 60.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 59.9W. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 999 mb at 19 UTC at 14.7N, 61.2W (MWR); 45 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 14.6N, 61.1W (COA/MWR). Land highlights: 40 kt NE at 2320 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.0W (Perez); 4 observations of 940 mb all in the eye between 1730 UTC and 1830 UTC in Guadeloupe at 16.2N, 61.5W (MWR/NCDC); 3 of those observations were at Agronomique, Guadeloupe, and 1 was at Pointe A'Pitre, Guadeloupe, both at 16.2N, 61.5W; 955 mb at Martinique at 2230 UTC (Chenoweth); 35 kt W and 993 mb at 17 UTC at Dominica at 15.3N, 61.4W (MWR). 10-12 foot tidal surge at ~1830 UTC at Agronomique, Guadeloupe at 16.2N, 61.5W (NCDC). Regarding the intensity: "By 8 pm [the 11th] pressure had begun to fall in the Lesser Antilles and the wind at Bridgetown, Barbados, had backed from northeast to northwest. At 8 am of the 12th the barometer at Roseau, Dominica, read 29.44 inches and the wind was 24 mph from the northwest. A report received by mail from Guadeloupe, shows that the center of the hurricane passed close to that place about noon of the 12th with a barometer reading of 27.76 inches. Press dispatches from Paris, France, indicate that great destruction was wrought by the hurricane in Guadeloupe, which is a French possession. The English islands of St. Kitts and Montserrat also suffered heavy losses" (MWR). "Dominica reported lowest barometer at 1 pm of the 12th of 29.32 inches (993 mb) with a west wind of 40 mph" (MWR). "Center was as wide as the distance between Duquerry and Ste. Anne, i.e., about 14 miles. The storm was thus moving at 14 mph. The central or calm of dread of the hurricane was variously estimated to be from 14 to 25 miles in diameter and to occupy 20 minutes to over an hour in crossing a given point..." (NCDC - Station Agronomique de la Guadeloupe). "That the storm was severe as was indicated by the large number of dead (apparently well over 1300) and the heavy material losses which are estimated to be over four million pounds sterling. At 1:30 pm the barometer had reached its minimum of 940 mb, about which point it oscillated until 2:30 pm, when it was still at 940 mb. This period was marked by a slight calm. The wind decreased somewhat in violence and the rain was lighter. Between 2 pm and 2:30 the calm was, for a short period, more marked, and the sky cleared up somewhat, the sun almost piercing the clouds. At 2:30 pm the barometer began to rise and the wind returned with increased violence, coming now from the south. During the 2nd half of the storm, and practically coinciding with the beginning of the South wind there was a sort of bore or tidal wave, caused perhaps, by the wind driving the sea into the 'Petit Cul de Sao," and into the harbor. This wave caused considerable damage and killed many. The water rose from 10 to 12 feet above high-water mark and came into the city, bringing with it boats, barges, etc., which it left high and dry far from the wharf. Luckily the water receded almost immediately as it came in. We were unable to record either wind velocity or rainfall. The wind is estimated to have reached over 150 miles per hour and to have blown with hurricane force for about 16 hours" (NCDC - Station Agronomique de la Guadeloupe). "At 6:30 A.M. storm wind from NE ~25-30 mph, very low barometer 29.731. Storm increasing to hurricane in the day" (Leeward Islands Government Gazette - St. John's Antigua - provided by Mike Chenoweth). "At the Saintes, tiny islands about 22 miles southwest of Pointe a Pitre, the director of a bacteriological laboratory recorded a reading of 27.45 [930 mb]" (Kleinberg). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 17.1N, 65.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 17.4N, 64.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 989 mb at 20 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 931 mb in eye at 15 UTC at 17.6N, 65.2W (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 990 mb at 17 UTC at 18.3N, 64.9W (MWR). Land highlights: 139 kt NE and 976 mb at 18 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.0W (MWR); 936 mb at 1830 UTC at Guayama, Puerto Rico (MWR). "About 11 am of the 13th the hurricane center passed near the S.S. Matura, in latitude 17.6N, longitude 65.2W, a short distance southwest of St. Croix, Virgin Islands, a barograph trace received by mail showing a minimum pressure of about 27.50 inches [931 mb]. A wind velocity of 90 mph was reported from St. Thomas, 50 miles north of the center, and the island of St. Croix suffered heavily in loss of life and in damage to property and crops. The hurricane crossed Puerto Rico during the 13th, causing the loss of many lives and widespread destruction to crops and property" (MWR). "The storm broke over the southeastern portion of the island early Thursday morning with the center near Guayama and passed across the island in a west-northwest direction, leaving between Aguadilla and Isabela. The storm center moved across the island in about 8 hours at the rate of 13 mph. The barometer as the center passed to the south of San Juan at 2:30 pm, registered the very low reading of 976 mb. At Humacao on the east coast of Puerto Rico a reading of [949 mb] was recorded at 1:50 pm. Ponce reported 957 mb at 4:30 pm; Arecibo on the north coast 974 mb at 3:30 pm; Isabela on the northwest coast 941 mb at 9 pm; Mayaguez on the west coast 968 mb at 8 pm. Guayama on the southeast coast reported the lowest barometer 936 mb at 2:30 pm" (MWR). "At 11:44 am of the 13th the anemometer at the office of the United States Weather Bureau in San Juan lost one of the cups- just after recording a maximum velocity (the greatest velocity in 5 minutes) of 150 mph, and an extreme velocity (the highest velocity in 1 minute) of 160 miles. San Juan was about 30 miles from the storm center when these velocities were recorded. Estimated winds of 200 mph near the center of the storm appear to be not much overdrawn. At San Juan the storm increased in intensity for 3 hours after the record of 150 miles (5 minutes) was made. Most of the damage to property on the Weather Bureau Reservations occurred between 2:30 and 3:30 pm. With only 2 cups the anemometer still recorded about 75 mph. The second cup disappeared at 12:47 pm. The arms and shaft of the anemometer with one cup still attached were blown away at 1:33 pm; these parts were later found a third of a mile to the southwest. The 3-cup anemometer in service at San Juan during the recent storm registers 30 per cent less than the 4-cup variety at velocities in excess of 100 mph. In other words, the 4-cup anemometer formerly used at the Weather Bureau stations would have registered not less than 190 miles (5 minutes) at San Juan on the 13th at the time the anemometer lost one cup" (MWR). "Loss of life (in Puerto Rico) will not exceed 300, due mostly to the fact that the approach of the storm was announced in time to take necessary precautions against loss of life" (MWR). "The lowest barometer at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 50 miles north of the path, was 992 mb with a maximum velocity of 90 mph at 10 am" (MWR). "Guayama, on the southeast coast of Porto Rico, was in the vortex of the storm at 2:30 pm of the 13th. Winds of hurricane force prevailed from 4 am to 10 pm, a period of 18 hours - assuming a progressive movement of 13 mph for the storm, the area of winds of hurricane force east to west, would be 234 miles. At San Juan, 30 miles to the north of the vortex, hurricane winds prevailed from 4 am to 4 pm, or 12 hours. Winds of hurricane force were experienced throughout the island to the north of the path (right side); to the south (left side) some portions of the coast were apparently free from hurricane winds. In spite of the great intensity and great extent of the storm no reports of loss of vessels in the vicinity of Porto Rico have been reported" (MWR). "Several hundred thousand people were rendered homeless. Some towns near the center of the storm were practically leveled. Property and crop losses are estimated at approximately $50,000,000" (MWR). San Juan was given 36 hours notice when storm warnings were first issued (MWR). "Eye was 15-20 miles diameter and moved WNW at 9 kt- entered Guayama - Arroyo area at 13/1830 UTC and left Aguadilla at 14/0200 UTC (7 hours and 30 minutes)... The central calm passed over Aibonito, Cayey, Adjuntas" (Perez). "A careful study of all of our records for the storm of Sept. 13th shows clearly that the path of the storm was north of Mayaguez. The barometer at Isabela on the northwest coast was 941 mb and other readings to the north of Mayaguez show lower readings than observed at Mayaguez. Several reporters state that there was an area of comparative calm between 8 and 9 pm and that the NE wind prevailing earlier changed suddenly to the SE after the passage of the lowest barometer, (at 8:10 pm). Aside from the notation of an east wind at 9 pm in the log of the Montoso, we have no evidence of the wind changing from N to S via E" (NCDC - US Dept. of Agriculture - Weather Bureau - San Juan, Puerto Rico). "At 7 A.M. hurricane abated, wind still very high, bar. 29.799, rainfall 7.31, thermometers smashed and no other readings taken" (Leeward Islands Government Gazette - St. John's Antigua - provided by Mike Chenoweth). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 18.9N, 68.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 69.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19.3N, 68W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 970 mb at 00 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt S and 980 mb at 04 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt SSW and 992 mb at 08 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W; 70 kt E at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 67.4W (COA). Land highlights: 941 mb (eye) at 01 UTC at Isabela, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 67.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 970 mb at 00 UTC at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 5 kt E and 971 mb at 01 UTC at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt SSE and 975 mb at 03 UTC at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt S and 980 mb at 04 UTC at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC). The wind remained at least 70 kt S at Mayaguez until past 07 UTC, at which time the pressure rose to 991 mb. "After leaving Puerto Rico, the direction of movement of the hurricane changed from west-northwest to nearly northwest, maintaining the latter course continuously at a rate of about 14.5 miles per hour until after it passed inland over the east Florida coast near West Palm Beach. There was little damage in the island of Haiti, although the center moved near, and almost parallel to, the northeast coast" (MWR). "On the morning of the 14th, the hurricane was central off the northeastern coast of Haiti" (MWR). September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of 965 mb central pressure centered near 20.5N, 73.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 72.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 72.5W. Ship highlights: 90 kt NNE at 20 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W (MWR); 90 kt SSE at 2010 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W (MWR); 0 kt (EYE) and 941 mb at 20 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W (MWR); 70 kt E and 984 mb at 23 UTC at 24.2N, 74.0W (NCDC). Land highlights: 104 kt NE and 965 mb at 05 UTC at Grand Turk Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR). "At midnight [~4 to 5 UTC] the barometer at Grand Turk read 28.50 inches and the wind was 120 mph from the northeast. 'The center apparently passed about 9 miles south of our island, which is Grand Turk'" (MWR). Regarding the ship mentioned in this day's ship highlights for 3 observations at 23.2N, 74.2W: "The German steamer August Leonhardt ... was hove to in latitude 23 deg 10 min W., longitude 74 deg 10 min W, when the center of the hurricane passed over it about 3 p. m. of the 15th, the lowest barometer reading being 27.80 inches. Just previous to the arrival of the center the wind was north-northeast force 12 (and more). After the barometer had remained stationary and the wind had calmed down for a short time, the hurricane started again at 3:10 p. m., this time blowing from the south-southeast... 'The force of the wind, if more or less, could only be judged by the noise made by the storm, which reminded me of the New York subway going full speed passing switches. Rain and spray were carried away horizontally and our whistle started to blow loudly due to the force of wind pressing the wire. The foam and spray went up to the masthead (40 meters above the water), this being proved by our antenna and insulators which we had to take down in order to clean the salt. Hatch tarpaulins, boat ventilators, covers, etc., were torn to pieces and carried away. Spray, rain, and foam were so dense that we could not see our forecastle head'" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.9N, 80.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 25.1N, 77.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.4N, 77.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 976 mb at 18 UTC at 25.8N, 79.7W (NCDC); 70 kt ESE and 982 mb at 00 UTC at 24.2N, 74.0W (NCDC); 70 kt WSW and 983 mb at 21 UTC at 25.7N, 79.8W (NCDC). Land highlights: 83 kt at 0830 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.0N, 77.5W (MWR/NCDC); SW wind and 951 mb at 10 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.0N, 77.5W (MWR/NCDC); 938 mb at 23 UTC at West Palm Beach, FL at 26.7N, 80.1W (MWR); 68 kt (1 min) SW at 2308 UTC at Miami, FL at 26.0N, 80.2W (OMR); 981 mb at 2215 UTC at Miami (min pressure for Miami) at 26.0N, 80.2W (OMR). "Continuing on a practically straight course from Porto Rico to Lake Okeechobee, Fla., the center of the hurricane passed near but slightly north of Nassau, Bahamas, on the morning of the 16th" (MWR). "110 to 120 mph SW and 28.08 inches at 5 am" [at Nassau, after anemometer was disabled] (MWR). "Although considerable damage was done to property and a lesser extent to crops, no loss of life occurred" (MWR). "The center of the hurricane reached the coast in the Palm Beach section about 7:00 pm of the 16th. The corrected sea-level reading is 27.43 inches, 0.18 inch lower than at Miami during the hurricane of September 18, 1926, and is the lowest pressure ever recorded in the United States during a hurricane" (MWR). Key West: "The violent tropical disturbance the center of which, moving from southeastward, impinged on the southeast coast of Florida near West Palm Beach about 6 pm, on the 16th, did not affect this station materially" (OMR). Miami: "A tropical storm of great intensity moving northwestward off the lower east coast of Florida, caused strong northwest winds during the forenoon, increasing to whole gale force during the afternoon. The wind shifted from northwest to southwest shortly after 5 pm and to south between 10 pm and 11 pm. Rain occurred at intervals during the first half of the 16th, and it was continuous after 11:40 am" (OMR). September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 27.7N, 81.8W, or over the very central part of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a 110 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 81.5W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 26.8N, 80.4W with a 929 mb pressure. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28.4N, 81.8W with a 966 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 26.3N, 79.7W (COA); 979 mb with ENE wind at 04 UTC at 30.5N, 80.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW, then S and 991 mb at 00 UTC at 25.7N, 79.8W (NCDC). Land highlights: 929 mb at 00 UTC at West Palm Beach, FL at 26.7N, 80.1W; 66 kt NW and 957 mb at 0115 UTC, and Calm (EYE) and 942 mb at 0245 UTC at Canal Point, FL at 26.9N, 80.6W (MWR). "The hurricane moved northwestward over the Florida peninsula, its center passing over Lake Okeechobee during the early night of the 16th and near and slightly east of Bartow about 7 am of the 17th. Its course changed to north-northwest after leaving the Bartow section..." (MWR). "The hurricane apparently reached Lake Okeechobee with little diminution in intensity. Complete barometric and wind data during the storm were furnished by Mr. B. A. Bourne of Plant Industry's sugar cane breeding station located on the shore of Lake Okeechobee about one-half mile northward from Canal Point. At 5 pm (16th) the barometer was 29.17 inches and the wind 40 mph from the north; at 7:48 pm (16th), the barometer was 28.54 inches and the wind 60 mph from the NW; and at 8:15 pm the anemometer cups blew away after the velocity reached 75 mph from the NW, the barometer at this time reading 28.25 inches. By 9 pm the barometer had fallen to 27.87 inches with an estimated wind velocity of 150 mph from the NW. There was a dead calm between 9:30 and 10:00 pm when the center passed over the station, the lowest barometer reading being 27.82 inches (942 mb) at 9:45 pm (0245 UTC). Shortly after 10 pm, the barometer began to rise and the wind immediately came with hurricane force from the southeast, reaching an estimated velocity of 160 mph about 10:45 pm. The wind force decreased rapidly after 11 pm" (MWR). Miami, FL: "Strong winds, reaching whole gale force at times, continued throughout the day in connections with the tropical storm of the 16th, which passed inland a short distance south of Palm Beach" (OMR). Apalachicola, FL: "A tropical hurricane which recurved to the northeastward some 150 miles to the eastward..." (OMR). "Sep. 17, 935 mb central pressure at landfall in Florida, observed at West Palm Beach Everglades Drainage District Office, 28 nm RMW, 13 kt translational velocity, landfall point 26.7N 80.0W" (Ho et al.). "111 kt 1 min max wind equivalent at landfall, 1007 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.). "SE FL4, NE FL2, GA1, SC1, central pressure at landfall 929 mb" (Jarrell et al.) "1928, Sept. 16-17, Entire peninsula, Extreme, 1,836 killed, damage $25,000,000" (Dunn and Miller). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 31N, 81.1W, or just off the coast of southern Georgia. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 80.8W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.4N, 82W with a 979 mb pressure. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.2N, 81W with a 979 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSW and 981 mb at 11 UTC at 31.8N, 79.8W (MWR); 70 kt SSW and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 31.8N, 79.8W (COA); 60 kt and 980 mb at 07 UTC at 30.4N, 81.6W (MWR). Land highlights: 979 mb at 0730 UTC and 17 kt NW and 979 mb at 0750 UTC at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 26 kt N and 979 mb at 13 UTC at Savannah at 32.1N 81.2W (OMR); 23 kt SE and 980 mb at 21 UTC and 70 kt E (1 min) (no time) at Charleston at 32.8N 79.9W (OMR). "...and after passing between Ocala and Cedar Keys it turned toward the north-northeast, passing a short distance west of Jacksonville about 1 am of the 18th" (MWR). "The damage at Miami was negligible...Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale escaped with only slight structural damage to buildings...From Pompano north to Jupiter, especially at Delray, Lake Worth, Palm Beach, West Palm Beach, and Kelsey City, there was serious structural and water damage, the losses being greatest at Palm Beach and West Palm Beach... In the Lake Okeechobee region, the great loss of life and damage to property were caused by the overflowing of the lake along the southeast shore, principally at Belle Glade, Pahokee, and South Bay. The small houses in those localities were washed away or inundated, and approximately 2,000 persons were drowned" (MWR). "One of the noteworthy features in connection with the storm was the absence of serious structural damage to substantial buildings. This was also the particularly noticeable after the Miami hurricane of 1926. These two hurricanes, both of major intensity, have shown that buildings properly constructed will not suffer serious structural damage from hurricanes, and that the use of storm shutters will prevent practically any damage to such buildings. This statement to frame buildings as well as to those constructed of steel, concrete, brick, or stone" (MWR). "The hurricane center was of great diameter... 25 miles or more (twice as large as the center of the Miami hurricane of 1926)" (MWR). The total property loss in Florida is given at $25,000,000 (MWR). "On October 28, Red Cross officials announced their official casualty estimate, placing the number of dead at 1,836 and injured at 1,870 for the entire storm area in Florida. The detailed casualty list is as follows: West Palm Beach area (from Jupiter to Delray Beach), 26 dead, 1,437 injured; Broward County, one dead, 51 injured; Palm Beach County, 1,700 dead 266 injured; Okeechobee County, 25 dead, none injured; other territory, 84 dead, 67 injured. A total of 10,172 families had registered with the Red Cross applying for aid up to October 28, about two-thirds of this number being in Palm Beach County" (MWR). Atlanta, GA: "29.64 inches occurred on the 18th in connection with the passage of the tropical hurricane up the Georgia coast on that date. No high winds of any consequence attended the passage of this storm at Atlanta, the maximum velocity being 24 miles an hour from the northwest, and the rainfall was negligible" (OMR). Savannah, GA: "The outstanding feature of the weather for the month was the passage of a tropical storm almost over the station on the 18th... Increasing NE and E winds reached 44 miles by midnight (18th) and 48 by 3:40 am of the 18th. Steadily falling barometer during the 17th and to 8 am [13 UTC] of the 18th when it stood at 979 mb. The center of the storm was then evidently a short distance east of the station. The wind had changed to N at 7 am and lulled somewhat, but by 8:30 am it changed to NW and increased to 40 miles or more and maintained a velocity between 40 and 50 to about 2:30 am of the 19th. The heavy rain continued to the time of the passage of the center, then lighter to about 9:30 pm of the 18th, reaching the unprecedented total of 11.68 inches for the entire storm. There was no loss of life here and buildings escaped with little damage except some broken windows, but low-lying sections were flooded and roads were badly washed, trees uprooted or broken, and telephone and telegraph wires laid low in all directions" (OMR). Charleston, SC: "Precipitation on the 18th was extremely heavy, breaking the record at this station for 15 minutes and equaling the ten-minute record. The tropical storm which struck Florida on the 16th passed over this station on the 18th. The winds attained a great velocity during the early morning hours, reaching a maximum of 59 mi. per hour [5 min] at 4:22 am [0922 UTC]. Many trees were uprooted and some small boats were damaged but no one was injured. The sea-level pressure at 4 pm (980 mb) was the lowest since October, 1893" (OMR). Columbia, SC: "Record breaking rains of the 17th-18th attended the tropical storm passing northeastward along the Carolina coast. The high winds of the 18th prostrated about 1,000 fine large shade trees in the city, and these had to be cut and removed. Estimated at $100 per tree, which is a low value for such trees, the general loss approximated $100,000. The trees tilted slowly with each passing squall, and the property damage of consequence was due to the pounding of tree trunks against houses" (OMR). Charlotte, NC: "The rainfall of 5.16 inches on the 17th-18th was the greatest 24-hour fall in any month during the past 50 years. Practically no wind damage occurred in Charlotte, but there was considerable minor flooding of cellars and low places" (OMR). "The 'Okeechobee' hurricane of 1928 [death toll] be raised from 1836 to 2500 (with an asterisk denoting it could be as high as 3000)" (Pfost 2003). September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.2N, 76.7W, or on the mainland coast of North Carolina with a stationary front draped on the northern side of the cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.8N, 77.0W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 33.4N, 79.2W with a 985 mb pressure. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a centered near 35.2N, 77.5W with a 994 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 986 mb at 00 UTC at 33.0N, 78.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 991 mb at 00 UTC at 31.3N, 80.1W (COA); 60 kt S and 996 mb at 00 UTC at 32.7N, 76.0W (COA). Land highlights: 66 kt (1 min) NE at 12 UTC at Atlantic City, NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 63 kt NE (1 min) at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (Roth and Cobb 2001); 28 kt NW and 986 mb at 00 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR). "After leaving Florida the storm decreased steadily in intensity as it moved close to the Georgia and South Carolina coasts and passed into North Carolina the night of the 18th-19th. On the 19th its course again changed to north and later north-northwest, diminishing greatly in intensity and merging with another disturbance over Ontario during the 20th" (MWR). Regarding the flooding in the southeast US: "By the time the hurricane crossed into the sandhills of North Carolina on the night of September 18, its destructive winds had diminished, but tremendous rains fell across the Tar Heel state. The resulting floods were very severe and the highest on record for some upper portions of the Cape Fear River. At Fayetteville, where the bank-full stage is 35 feet, the river reached an unprecedented height of 64.7 feet. At Elizabethtown, the river rose to 41.3 feet. Flooding at Lumberton was reported as 'the worst in history,' and thousands of acres of crop lands were underwater. Many highways were closed because of bridge washouts and deep-standing water" (Barnes). "Tides peaked at 7.2 feet above mean lower low water at Norfolk" (Roth and Cobb). Raleigh, NC: "The month's greatest amount of precipitation in 24 hours, 3.45 inches on the 18th and 19th, sets a new record for September... whereas there was a pressure of 995 mb recorded on September 19 (11 UTC)" (OMR). Norfolk, VA: "The storm of the 18th-19th was accompanied by severe gales. The tropical storm that was central over eastern North Carolina on the morning of September 19th, moved north-northwestward and passed west of Richmond during the night. Northeast winds of gale force began during the afternoon of September 18th and continued until 3:00 am of the 19th, causing an unusually high tide and considerable crop damage. Property damage was mostly of minor character. Many small trees were blown down, cellars flooded, traffic delayed, telephones put out of commission and electric lights cut off in parts of the city" (OMR). Baltimore, MD: "A northeast gale between 10 am and 7 pm. Maximum velocity of 47 miles from the northeast, beginning 12:18 pm. Locally some trees were uprooted and one house was unroofed. One man was killed when an uprooted tree fell on him. Some telephones were put out of order by breaking of wires. On the eastern shore, many telephones were put out of order when wires gave way under uprooted trees. Considerable corn was flattened by the gale and fruit blown off trees. There was no general property damage from the gale in Md. & Del. An unusually high tide resulted along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay" (OMR). Nantucket, MA: "Northeast storm of marked intensity began 2:35 am (48 mph NE 11:03 am ) and continued all day, and ended at 2:03 am the 20th. Storm was accompanied by excessive rain (3.70 inches in 24 hours). Whole gale warnings displayed from 9:30 am the 19th to 9:30 am the 20th" (OMR). September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41N, 79.4W, or over western Pennsylvania, attached to the west end of a WNW-ESE warm front. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 42.0N, 78.4W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37.4N, 78.1W with an 1001 mb pressure. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 41.2N, 79W with an 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 03 UTC at 38.4N, 74.3W (MWR); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 39.5N, 74.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt E at 01 UTC at Richmond, VA at 37.6N, 77.5W (OMR); 8 kt N and 1001 mb at 00 UTC at Richmond, VA at 37.6N, 77.5W (OMR); 21 kt S and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Norfolk, VA at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR). No other gales. A few other low pressures. Baltimore: "During the last night northeast winds gave way to east, southeast, and south winds, which carried the unusually high tide of yesterday along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay some distance up the tributaries. In Baltimore Harbor the water this morning was so high that it covered Light Street and the floors of some piers, damaging goods stored thereon" (OMR). Nantucket, MA: "A thunderstorm of moderate energy came from the south at 1:45 am and moved toward the east through southeast, and the last thunder was heard at 3:20 am" (OMR). Genesis is begun at 00 UTC on the 6th of September for this cyclone, 12 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally due to numerous ship and station observations of a well-defined closed low almost immediately off of the coast of West Africa. Only minor alterations of the cyclone's track were made, though positions every day in its 16 day existence were changed. On the 7th at 06 UTC, a peripheral pressure reading of 1003 mb suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Additionally, a 50 kt ship report was measured on the same date at 14 UTC. Winds are boosted to 50 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 7th, up from 35 kt previously. As is typical for cyclones in between the West Africa and the Caribbean, very few observations were available on the 8th and 9th. Winds were maintained at 50 kt on the 8th and 9th from continuity with the observations on the 7th, which is up from 40 kt at 12 UTC on the 8th and is no change from 12 UTC on the 9th. On the 10th at 14 UTC, the ship Clan Matheson reported 1001 mb with 50 kt of wind. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 45 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity at 12 UTC on the 10th remains unchanged at 60 kt. As the cyclone continued westward late on the 10th through early on the 12th, few observations were available in the inner core of the cyclone. But given observations later on the 12th, the system undoubtedly reached hurricane strength during this period. Winds are unchanged in HURDAT on the 10th to 06 UTC on the 12th. From 1730 to 1830 UTC on the 12th, the eye of the hurricane went over Guadeloupe with calm winds at 940 mb central pressure recorded (at two separate locations on the island). This pressure suggests winds of 121 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 120 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 12th, up from 110 kt originally. This makes the cyclone a Category 4 impact in Guadeloupe, which is consistent with the extreme destruction that was caused by winds and storm surge in the island. (It is of note that Kleinberg erroneously reported a 930 mb reading at the Saintes, tiny islands about 22 miles southwest of Pointe a Pitre. Upon obtaining the original reports, the minimum pressure measured at the Saintes was in actuality 962 mb, substantially higher than that measured at Point a Pitre.) The hurricane then turned slightly toward the west-northwest and made a direct and devastating landfall on Puerto Rico around 18 UTC on the 13th. The cyclone is known as the San Felipe hurricane in Puerto Rico. The center of the hurricane cut across Puerto Rico in about 8 hours with the "central calm" reported in Aibonito, Cayey, and Adjuntas. A possible central pressure was recorded by the ship Matura of 931 mb at 15 UTC on the 13th, just southeast of Puerto Rico. Guayama reported a minimum sea level pressure of 936 mb (and a station pressure of 931 mb). It is of note that Perez explicitly mentioned Aibonito, Cayey, and Adjuntas as experiencing the calm eye, but not Guayama. Thus it appears that Guayama may not have recorded the central pressure and 931 mb from the ship is retained as the central pressure in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 13th and at landfall in Puerto Rico. A 931 mb central pressure suggests winds of 129 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The San Juan Weather Bureau office had recently replaced their old Robinson 4-cup anemometer with the more reliable 3-cup anemometer which has a minimal bias in high winds (Fergusson and Covert 1924). This anemometer measured peak 1 min winds of 139 kt at 1544 UTC at which time the anemometer lost one of its cups. Winds were estimated by the observer to have possibly been higher than this between 1830 and 1930 UTC (at the time of the closest approach of the hurricane). An RMW value of 25 nm is quite well established between the timing of the peak estimated winds at the San Juan Weather Bureau Office at 19 UTC and landfall of the hurricane's center in southeast Puerto Rico just an hour earlier. There is no evidence that the 139 kt winds were caused by funneling between buildings or because of citing the anemometer on a tall building (J. Colon - personal communication). The observed winds, central pressure, and size of the hurricane present a dilemma, in determining its intensity. The observed winds - which appear reliable - would suggest an intensity of at least 140 kt. This would, however, be much above the pressure-wind relationship. Typically, winds can be substantially above the wind suggested by the pressure-wind relationship if the cyclone has a fast translational velocity, small RMW, and/or high environmental pressure (Knaff and Zehr 2007). This hurricane apparently had none of these three, as the hurricane was only moving at about 12 kt in its transit across Puerto Rico, had a RMW of perhaps a large 25 nmi, and was embedded in environmental pressures of about 1010 mb. We are unable here to successfully explain the discrepancy, but will go with the observed winds to estimate an intensity of 140 kt at 18 UTC on the 13th and at landfall in Puerto Rico. (One alternative possibility is that the 139 kt 1 min winds were associated with a transient mesoscale low and were not representative of the maximum winds in the eyewall of the hurricane.) This makes this hurricane - known as San Felipe in Puerto Rico - a Category 5 hurricane, which is consistent with the extreme wind caused damage across the island. No alteration to HURDAT was required at 18 UTC on the 13th, as this wind value was already included. As the hurricane neared the northwest coast of Puerto Rico, an eye reading of 941 mb was observed in Isabella at 01 UTC on the 14th. This would suggest winds of 116 kt from Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship for weakening cyclones. Given that the observed winds were above the pressure-wind relationship at landfall in Puerto Rico, a value of 120 kt is estimated for 00 UTC, which is a 20 kt decrease from that in HURDAT originally. After striking Puerto Rico, the hurricane moved toward the northwest during the next three days. On the 14th, as the center of the hurricane was just north of Hispaniola, no information near the center was available. Early on the 5th, a wind observation of 104 kt NE with a concurrent 965 mb pressure was reported in Grand Turk. It appears that the center of the hurricane was about 30 nm from the island at that time, thus this pressure represents a peripheral reading, not a central pressure. Late of the 15th, a pressure of 941 mb was recorded by the ship August Leonhardt. While the ship was inside the radius of maximum wind as a distinct lull was recorded, it may not have measured the central pressure - as suggested by the peak winds only shifting from NNE to SSE bracketing the lull. This peripheral pressure suggests at least 121 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The original 135 kt in HURDAT is retained on the 15th. The hurricane then directly impacted the Bahamas with Nassau reporting a minimum pressure of 951 mb at 10 UTC on the 16th when the winds were blowing about 100 kt (estimated, as the anemometer was disabled earlier). Reviewing the account of the hurricane in Nassau does suggest a close bypass (winds NE-NW-SW), but without any mention of a lull. Thus the central pressure could have been close to the 929 mb central pressure at landfall in Florida. Winds of 135 kt - high end Category 4 - retained in HURDAT during passage across the Bahamas. The hurricane next made landfall in Southeast Florida around 00 UTC on the 17th of September at 26.7N 80.0W. A 929 mb pressure reading was observed at 00 UTC on the 17th from the AT&T Company office in West Palm Beach and this is what is utilized in HURDAT and also what has been accepted as the central pressure in Jarrell et al. However, Ho et al. (and Schwerdt et al. previously) had used a 935 mb reading from the West Palm Beach Everglades Drainage District Office, as the basis for a 935 mb central pressure at landfall. Given that the pressure readings may vary based upon a true calibration as well as relative location to the exact eye center, the 929 mb value is retained as the central pressure at landfall for this hurricane. 929 mb suggests 124 kt [131 kt] from the north of 25N [south of 25N] Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The hurricane was rather large in size (325 nmi radius of closed isobar and RMW of 25 nmi - compared with 15 nmi from climatology for this landfall latitude and central pressure [Vickery et al. 2001]). (Ho et al. had estimated a 28 nm RMW. However, after reviewing all available observations, it appears that this was somewhat too large. Our best estimate of the RMW is 25 nm, plus/minus 5 nm.) The environmental pressures were somewhat low, with an outer closed isobar of 1009 mb. The translational velocity was moderate at about 13 kt at landfall. Taking an average of the pressure-wind relationship for south and north of 25N gives 128 kt. Accounting for the large size and low environmental pressures would indicate a maximum sustained wind of about 125 kt at landfall in southeast Florida, making this a US Category 4 hurricane. This is a 5 kt reduction from what was in HURDAT originally. Peak observed winds after landfall were 60 kt within 2 hr of 06 UTC on the 17th, 70 kt at 12 UTC, and 42 kt at 18 UTC, though the available observations were extremely sparse (the 60 and 70 kt reports were actually ship reports though the hurricane was overland). A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland-decay model suggests winds of 74 kt at 06 UTC, 58 kt at 12 UTC, and 48 kt at 18 UTC. Because of the large size of the hurricane and that it was likely intensifying right up until landfall, winds are chosen for HURDAT after landfall substantially higher than the inland-decay model would suggest: 100 kt at 06 UTC, 85 kt at 12 UTC, and 75 kt at 18 UTC. These values are reduced from that originally shown in HURDAT by 15, 25, and 15 kt, respectively. Based upon these analyzed winds, SW Florida was impacted by Category 3 hurricane winds and NW Florida was impacted by Category 1 hurricane winds. Neither region was included in the hurricane state impact summary in HURDAT previously. The hurricane recurved over the Florida peninsula late on the 17th and early on the 18th and the center passed just east of Jacksonville. Jacksonville's 17 kt NW concurrent with 979 mb minimum pressure at 0750 UTC on the 18th suggests a central pressure of 977 mb (which is now included into HURDAT at 06 UTC). This central pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (73 kt for filling cyclones). Given that the maximum winds were still over land at 06 UTC, the intensity at this time analyzed to be 65 kt, down from 75 kt originally. (It is noted that pressures were estimated every 12 hours into HURDAT after landfall [955 mb at 12 UTC on the 17th, 974 mb at 00 UTC on the 18th, etc.]. However, none of these are based upon any direct observations as can be determined. These are now removed from HURDAT.) The hurricane made oceanfall around 08 UTC on the 18th back over the Atlantic Ocean. Savannah measured 26 kt N winds with 979 mb pressure at 13 UTC on the 18th. This suggests a central pressure of 976 mb as the hurricane passed just east of the city, which supports winds of 77 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are chosen to be 75 kt in HURDAT at 12 UTC, up from 60 kt originally. The hurricane made a second mainland US landfall near 32.5N 80.3W in southern South Carolina around 19 UTC on the 18th. Charleston reported 23 kt SE wind with 980 mb at 21Z, suggesting about 977 mb central pressure at that time. Peak observed 1 min winds were 70 E kt at Charleston. Maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated to have been 75 kt, making this a Category 1 hurricane for South Carolina. As the revised track was slightly offshore of Georgia, the maximum winds would not have impacted the Georgia coast. However, it is likely that minimal hurricane force sustained winds (~65 kt) impacted parts of the Georgia coastline. Thus Georgia is retained in HURDAT as a Category 1 impact. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 60 kt at 00 UTC on the 19th, 56 kt at 06 UTC, 66 kt at 12 UTC, and 50 kt at 18 UTC. The cyclone was undergoing extratropical transition on the 19th and is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12 UTC on the 19th, 24 hours earlier than identified previously. The system reintensified briefly as an extratropical storm based upon hurricane force winds observed in Atlantic City and close to hurricane force in Cape Henry. Winds are analyzed to be 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 19th (up from 50 kt originally), 60 kt at 06 UTC (up from 45 kt), 70 kt at 12 UTC (up from 40 kt), and 60 kt at 18 UTC (up from 40 kt). Gradual weakening occurred after 12 UTC on the 19th as an extratropical storm. The last entry in HURDAT before dissipation is 00 UTC on the 21st, six hours later than originally in HURDAT. 1928/04 - 2011 REVISION: 25940 09/06/1928 M=16 4 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 25945 09/06*142 170 30 0*141 185 30 0*140 200 35 0*138 216 40 0* 25950 09/07*137 232 45 0*136 248 50 0*135 265 55 0*135 282 60 0* 25955 09/08*135 300 60 0*136 317 60 0*137 335 60 0*138 352 60 0* 25960 09/09*139 370 60 0*140 387 60 0*142 405 60 0*143 422 60 0* 25965 09/10*144 440 60 0*145 457 60 0*147 475 60 0*149 492 65 0* 25970 09/11*152 509 70 0*155 526 75 0*158 542 80 0*159 558 85 0* 25975 09/12*159 573 95 0*159 588 100 0*160 603 110 0*162 615 120 940* 25980 09/13*165 626 130 0*170 636 135 0*175 648 140 0*180 659 140 931* 25985 09/14*184 669 120 941*189 680 125 0*194 690 130 0*199 700 135 0* 25990 09/15*207 708 135 0*215 717 135 0*222 727 135 0*229 738 135 0* 25995 09/16*237 750 135 0*245 763 135 0*253 776 135 0*260 788 130 0* 26000 09/17*267 800 125 929*272 811 100 0*278 820 85 0*286 822 75 0* 26005 09/18*294 820 70 0*301 817 65 977*311 811 75 976*324 805 75 977* 26010 09/19*338 792 60 0*348 783 60 0E358 775 70 0E368 773 60 0* 26015 09/20E380 775 50 0E397 780 40 0E415 790 35 1008E435 792 30 0* 26020 09/21E455 790 25 1002* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 26025 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 26025 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1 *** Typographic errors. South Carolina's impact as a Category 1 hurricane (which was originally shown in HURDAT) was accidentally left out. Correction suggested by Bob Bright. Storm #4, 1928 - 2012 Revision 26115 09/06/1928 M=16 4 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 26120 09/06*142 170 30 0*141 185 30 0*140 200 35 0*138 216 40 0* 26125 09/07*137 232 45 0*136 248 50 0*135 265 55 0*135 282 60 0* 26130 09/08*135 300 60 0*136 317 60 0*137 335 60 0*138 352 60 0* 26135 09/09*139 370 60 0*140 387 60 0*142 405 60 0*143 422 60 0* 26140 09/10*144 440 60 0*145 457 60 0*147 475 60 0*149 492 65 0* 26145 09/11*152 509 70 0*155 526 75 0*158 542 80 0*159 558 85 0* 26150 09/12*159 573 95 0*159 588 100 0*160 603 110 0*162 615 120 940* 26155 09/13*165 626 130 0*170 636 135 0*175 648 140 0*180 659 140 931* 26160 09/14*184 669 120 941*189 680 125 0*194 690 130 0*199 700 135 0* 26165 09/15*207 708 135 0*215 717 135 0*222 727 135 0*229 738 135 0* 26170 09/16*237 750 135 0*245 763 135 0*253 776 135 0*260 788 130 0* 26175 09/17*267 800 125 929*272 811 100 0*278 820 85 0*286 822 75 0* 26180 09/18*294 820 70 0*301 817 65 977*311 811 75 976*324 805 75 977* 26185 09/19*338 792 60 0*348 783 60 0E358 775 70 0E368 773 60 0* 26190 09/20E380 775 50 0E397 780 40 0E415 790 35 1008E435 792 30 0* 26195 09/21E455 790 25 1002* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 26200 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 26200 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1 *** Typographical error: The "SC1" notation was inadvertently left out of the revised HURDAT. It has now been added back in. ******************************************************************************* 1928/05 - 2010 REVISIONS: 24860 09/08/1928 M= 5 5 SNBR= 554 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24860 09/08/1928 M= 6 5 SNBR= 554 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 24865 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*211 477 35 0*218 486 35 0 24865 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 480 35 0*190 486 35 0 *** *** *** 24870 09/09*224 495 35 0*230 502 35 0*236 510 40 0*257 535 40 0 24870 09/09*201 493 40 0*214 501 45 0*230 510 50 0*249 525 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24875 09/10*280 553 40 0*304 556 45 0*324 550 45 0*341 530 45 0 24875 09/10*270 540 60 0*293 543 60 0*315 540 60 0*335 530 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 24880 09/11*359 503 50 0E375 470 50 0E394 423 50 0E412 397 50 0 24880 09/11*354 503 60 0E372 480 60 0E390 450 60 0E406 425 60 984 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 24885 09/12E431 369 50 0E449 347 50 0E468 324 50 0E485 307 50 0 24885 09/12E420 400 60 0E432 375 60 0E445 350 60 0E460 325 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 13th is new to HURDAT.) 24887 09/13E477 305 50 0E495 290 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24890 TS Major changes to the track, but minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 8: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.1N, 47.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 9: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.6N, 51W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 24.5N, 49.5W at 1014 mb (COA); 35 kt SE at 27.8N 51.6W (MWR). "On the evening of the 9th a moderate depression was central near 27N, 51W, that moved slowly north accompanied by moderate winds until the morning of the 11th" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone just east of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.4N, 55W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 28.5N, 53.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 28.5N, 53.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 34N, 50.6W at 20 UTC (MWR). September 11: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone well southeast of Cape Race. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 39.4N, 42.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 10 kt ESE and 985 mb at 40.3N, 43.3W at 18 UTC (MWR); 40 kt NNE at 40.3N, 43.3W (MWR). "By that date [11th] this low was near 40N, 45W, and had deepened considerably, with winds of force 7 [30 kt] near the center at the time of observation" (MWR). September 12: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb pressure near 45N37W in the northern Atlantic Ocean. HWM also depicts a larger extratropical cyclone centered near 60N 40W with a strong cold front extending NE-SW north of the system. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 46.8N, 32.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 993 mb at 41.3N, 36W at 10 UTC (MWR); 60 kt W at 42N, 35.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 43.5N, 29.5W at 18 UTC (COA). September 13: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone of at most 1000 mb pressure near 57N28W. This appears to have merged with the larger, previously separate, extratropical cyclone noted on the 12th. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The... low moved steadily northward and... was by the 16th near the coast of Iceland" (MWR). Genesis is retained for storm 5 at 12 UTC on September 8th as a minimal tropical storm. The storm progressed on a northwestward track after formation and recurved well east of Bermuda. Large track changes were introduced on the 8th, 11th and 12th. Relatively smaller alterations were introduced for the remainder of its lifetime. The HWM analysis of the system being an extratropical storm on the 10th appears to be inconsistent with available data that suggests the system is still barotropic on this date. A wind of 60 kt was reported (with an accompanying 1015 mb pressure) at 00 UTC on the 10th. This is used to adjust the winds upward on the 9th and 10th, though the 60 kt observation might be somewhat too strong given the rather high pressure also recorded simultaneously. 60 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, up previously from 50 kt. Available observations do agree with original HURDAT's analysis of the system becoming an extratropical storm around 06 UTC on the 11th. A measurement of 985 mb with 10 kt wind suggests a central pressure of about 984 mb, which is included into HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th. A 984 mb central pressure implies winds 68 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Given that the system is no longer barotropic, the pressure-wind relationship can be utilized with a reduction from the implied 68 kt. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT, and 60 kt is also selected as the intensity for all of the 11th (which continues the 60 kt intensity estimate from the 10th). On the 12th a peak wind of 60 kt was observed at 10 UTC. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt more than previous HURDAT. An additional 12 hr is included on the track of the cyclone as an extratropical storm on 00 and 06 UTC on the 13th. The system became absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC on the 13th, which differs from what was concluded by MWR. ******************************************************************************* 1928/06 - 2010 REVISION: 24895 10/10/1928 M= 6 6 SNBR= 555 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24900 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*168 358 35 0*180 369 35 0 24900 10/10*167 356 40 0*173 363 45 0*180 370 50 0*187 377 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24905 10/11*194 379 35 0*206 388 35 0*218 398 35 0*229 407 35 0 24905 10/11*194 384 60 0*202 391 60 0*210 398 60 0*218 405 60 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 24910 10/12*240 416 35 0*250 424 40 0*260 432 45 0*270 439 50 0 24910 10/12*227 411 60 0*236 418 60 0*245 425 60 0*255 434 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 24915 10/13*278 445 55 0*287 450 60 0*297 455 60 0*309 459 70 0 24915 10/13*266 445 65 0*277 454 70 0*290 460 70 0*305 459 75 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 24920 10/14*325 453 65 0*343 440 60 0E363 420 60 0E380 400 60 0 24920 10/14*322 452 80 0*342 435 80 0*363 410 80 0*380 390 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 24925 10/15E400 380 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24925 10/15*395 375 65 0E405 365 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** 24930 HR Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. October 10: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 35.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 20.5N, 37.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 20.5N, 37.5W at 18 UTC (COA). "On the 10th a disturbance of tropical origin was somewhere in the vicinity of 22N, 37W, as indicated by the storm report from the Dutch S.S. Prins Frederik Hendrik" (MWR). October 11: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.8N, 39.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 1015 mb at 20.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SSE and 1015 mb at 21.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 21.5N, 37.5W at 06 UTC (COA). October 12: HWM analyzed a cold front extending southwest from 40N, 35W to 27N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 26N, 43.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 13: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 28N, 47W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.7N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1004 mb at 29.9N, 47.2W at 20 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NNE at 29.9N, 47.2W (MWR); 45 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 31.4N, 41.4W at 22 UTC (COA). "Unfortunately, this is an unfrequented part of the ocean and so few reports have been received that it has been difficult to trace its track accurately until the 14th" (MWR). October 14: HWM analyzed a large extratropical cyclone near 38N, 41W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 36.3N, 42W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 990 mb at 35.5N, 41.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt SW and 980 mb at 35.5N, 41W at 14 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SSE and 984 mb at 37.9N, 39.1W at 18 UTC (MWR). "It was on the 14th that the American tanker David C. Reid foundered, her approximate position being given in an SOS as 37N, 38W, apparently not far from the center of the disturbance" (MWR). October 15: HWM indicates a large extratropical cyclone near 55N, 30W, in the process of absorbing a smaller extratropical system near 41N, 41W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 40N, 38W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for storm 6 is begun at 00 UTC on October 10th as a tropical storm, 12 hours earlier that original HURDAT based upon rather plentiful ship observations for that part of the Atlantic. The tropical cyclone progressed northwestward through October 13th before recurving well away from any landmass. Minor modifications are made to the track for all six days of its duration. On the 10th a peak wind of 45 kt was observed around 22 UTC. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 10th, a 20 kt upgrade from the original HURDAT. As mentioned by MWR, the Dutch ship S.S. Prins Frederik Hendrik observed peak winds of 55 kt on the 11th around 00 UTC. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 UTC, a 25 kt increase from the original HURDAT. Gale force winds were not observed again until late on the 13th when a peak wind of 45 kt was reported well removed from the cyclone's center. The intensity is kept at 60 kt through 18 UTC on the 12th. The increase in winds between 18 UTC on the 10th and 06 UTC on the 12th are considered major - at least 20 kt - changes to HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with simultaneous SW hurricane force winds was observed on the 14th, implying winds of at least 73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (and the same from the north of 35N relationship as well). 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 20 kt upgrade from previous HURDAT. HWM consistently analyzed an extratropical system on the 13th and 14th but observational evidence exists that indicates the system had not yet transitioned to baroclinic status. It is apparent, however, that the system weakened and became absorbed by a large extratropical system after 06 UTC on the 15th. The track for the cyclone was extended six hours further in time. Peak intensity of the cyclone is 80 kt on the 14th, up from 70 kt shown originally in HURDAT for the 13th. ******************************************************************************* 1928- Additional Notes 1) The May MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and the Historical Weather Maps show a low developing south of 25N over the Bahamas in early May. This system deepened slightly as it moved north-northwest from the 5th to the 7th and then north-northeast until passing through the Canadian Maritime provinces on the 12th. No gale force winds were observed and the system was extratropical throughout its lifetime with significant frontal boundaries present even while south of 35N. Because of the low latitude formation of this cyclone, this system is included in Additional Notes, but likely never had tropical (or subtropical) characteristics during any portion of its lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 5 24N 76W Extratropical Low May 6 26N 79W Extratropical Low May 7 30N 78W Extratropical Low May 8 33N 75W Extratropical Low May 9 36N 73W Extratropical Low May 10 39N 69W Extratropical Low May 11 42N 67W Extratropical Low May 12 50N 63W Extratropical Low 2) HWM and COADS indicate that a closed low associated with a front formed near Bermuda on the 22nd and moved East-Northeastward until the 25th, when it became absorbed by another frontal system and dissipated. This system is analyzed to be a 25 kt Tropical Depression on the 22nd and 23rd, and it became baroclinic on the 24th. On the 22nd, an East wind at 33.4N, 73.2W (COADS) supports a closed low if this observation is added to the HWM analysis. There was only one gale with this system. It occurred on the 23rd: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 4 UTC at 29.5N, 67.5W. Based on the system's association with the frontal boundary and lack of gales and low pressures, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 22 34N 68W Tropical Depression Sep 23 35N 65W Tropical Depression Sep 24 39N 53W Extratropical Sep 25 40N 49W Extratropical 3) The September MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and the Historical Weather Map series show a low that developed in late September in the Gulf of Mexico. It moved to the east-northeast from late on the 22nd to the 24th. The system did not have any observed gale force winds, though it did have well-defined frontal boundaries during its brief lifetime. Because of its occurrence during the peak of the hurricane season, the system is included here in Additional Notes, even though it was very likely extratropical throughout its short lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 23 25N 93W Extratropical Low Sep 24 27N 88W Extratropical Low ******************************************************************************* 1929/01 - 2010 REVISION: 24935 06/27/1929 M= 3 1 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 24935 06/27/1929 M= 4 1 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 24940 06/27*213 933 35 0*225 932 35 0*236 933 45 0*245 934 55 0 24940 06/27*213 933 35 0*225 934 35 0*236 936 45 0*245 939 55 0 *** *** *** 24945 06/28*255 937 65 0*262 941 70 0*270 948 75 0*278 957 70 986 24945 06/28*254 943 65 0*262 947 70 0*270 953 75 0*278 960 80 982 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 24950 06/29*285 969 60 0E293 982 35 0E300 998 30 0* 0 0 0 0 24950 06/29*288 971 65 985*294 987 55 0*3001010 50 0*3081035 45 0 *** *** ** ******* *** ** * *** ** *** *** ** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 24955 06/30*3181065 40 1008*3301095 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 24955 HRBTX1 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6/28/1929 2100Z 28.3N 96.4W 80kt 1 10nmi 982mb BTX1 Minor alterations are introduced to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Reanalysis of this cyclone indicates that it did not undergo an extratropical transition, as originally shown in HURDAT, but instead remained a tropical cyclone until dissipation. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Climatological Data: Texas Section, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.7N, 95.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.2N, 95.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 94.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.8N, 95.4W with a 998 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1001 mb at 07 UTC at 25.3N, 93.8W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 27.0N, 96.0W (HWM). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 986 mb at 2130 UTC at Port O'Connor, TX (MWR); 15 kt and 1005 at 22 UTC at mb at Corpus Christi, TX (OMR). "Pressure had been low for several days previous to the 28th over the western portion of the Gulf of Mexico, but it was not until this date that any definite disturbance was more than suspected... The storm was extremely small in diameter, but of considerable intensity over a path about 20 miles in diameter from Port O'Connor to San Antonio. The lowest barometer reading probably was not below 29 inches, 29.12 [986 mb] being reported from port O'Connor, 29.10 [985 mb] at Victoria, and 29.44 [997 mb] at San Antonio. Being of such small diameter, the storm did not last more than two or three hours at any one point, but estimated wind velocities of 80 mph were reported. Corpus Christi and Galveston were only slightly affected. Due to the difficulty in locating the storm, which was apparently in process of rapid development even as it struck the coast... The storm passed Port O'Connor at 4:30 pm. The storm lasted from 4:30 pm to 6 pm at Port Lavaca and from 6:30 pm to 8 pm at Victoria" (MWR). "Capt. C. V. Nissen of the American steamship Mexoil states that on June 27, 9 pm., in 25.3N, 93.8W, he encountered this storm, and estimated the strength of winds squalls at 80 mph. The lowest barometer was 29.56 inches (uncorrected)[1001 mb] at 2 am on the 28th, wind SE., force 8 to 10, heavy rain squalls, wind of hurricane force" (MWR). Corpus Christi, TX: "A small tropical disturbance appeared southeast of Corpus Christi on the morning of the 28th, followed by several heavy showers, and the maximum wind velocity was 36 miles an hour from the northeast" (OMR). Houston: Min pressure of 1008 mb at 0930 UTC on the 27th (OMR). Galveston, TX: "A tropical disturbance of small diameter, moving inland on the Texas coast on June 28th, near Port O'Connor, Texas, caused a tide of about 3.5 feet above normal and a maximum wind, 31 miles from the southeast, at Galveston. No damage resulted" (OMR). San Antonio: "Hurricane came inland on night of June 28 passing to the east of San Antonio. Pressure fell from 29.86 [1011 mb] at 2 pm to 29.44 [997 mb] at 11:45 pm. Wind reached velocity of 42 mph from NW for 5 minute period, and 56 mph for one minute. Fields flattened, poles, wires, signs, trees, and some light buildings were blown down. Damage to city estimated to be $100,000" (OMR). "1929, Jun 28, Port O'Connor, Minimal, 3 killed, damage $675,000" ("Minimal" indicates maximum winds of 64 to 87 kt, central pressure of 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Jun 28 1929, Center Crossed Coast - Port O'Connor, Estimate Lowest - 29.00" [982 mb], Movement - NW 15 mph" (Connor). "June 28, 1929, 969 mb central pressure, based upon 986 mb pressure at Port O'Connor, TX, 13 nm RMW, 15 kt speed, Landfall at 28.3N, 96.4W" (Ho). "1929, Jun, TX,1C, 982 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "A tropical storm of small diameter moved out of the Gulf of Mexico during the late afternoon of June 28, entering Texas at Matagorda Bay, with attending winds of estimated hurricane force (75 to 80 miles per hour) over a strip from 16 to 20 miles wide as far inland as Yorktown in DeWitt county and diminishing force along its central path to San Antonio, Bexar County, where a maximum wind of 42 miles per hour from the northwest was recorded at 10:37 p. m. Winds of gale force were common, however, over a path from 60 to 80 miles wide as far inland as Kerr, Kendall, Bexar, and Medina counties - heaviest near coast and diminishing inland... Conservative estimates of wind damage by the storm to crops total $310,000 and to non-crops, such as buildings, windmills, power, telephone, and telegraph lines, $365,000. Three people lost their lives in Wharton County, a score or more received injuries, and many had narrow escapes... Outside of the area of wind damage, the rainfall was highly beneficial to crops and range" (Climatological Data: Texas Section). June 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.7N, 101.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 30.0N, 99.8W. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center just inland on the Texas coast with a pressure of 985 mb. At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.2N, 101W with an 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1014 mb at 01 UTC at 29.4N,93.5W (MWR). One other gale. No other low pressures. Land highlights. 44 kt NE at 05 UTC at Kelly Field, TX (OMR); 985 mb at 00 UTC at Victoria, TX (MWR); 36 kt NW and 997 mb at 0445 UTC at San Antonio, TX (OMR). A few other gales (at Kelly Field and at El Paso - late in the day). No other low pressures. June 30: HWM analyses no features of interest over the south central United States and northern Mexico. Station highlights: 3 kt N and 1008 mb and 79F temperature and 58F dewpoint (highest for the month) at 00Z at El Paso (31.8N 106.5W); 40 kt NE at 01Z at El Paso. "The only appreciable precipitation during the month occurred during thundershowers on the 29th. Excessive precipitation occurred at that time... Strong winds also accompanied the thunderstorm and did some damage to roofs, plate glass windows, etc" (El Paso OMR). No change to the genesis of this hurricane on the 27th of June. Minor track changes were introduced for the three days of this system's existence. The cyclone apparently underwent rapid intensification from the 27th until the 28th (with no changes introduced into HURDAT's winds through 12Z on the 28th), though observations were sparse near the system on the 27th. The system made landfall around 21Z on the 28th at 28.3N 96.4W, just southwest of Port O'Connor. Minimum observed sea level pressures were 986 mb in Port O'Connor at 2130Z and 985 mb at Victoria at 00Z on the 22nd (neither had wind data). Assuming that the 985 mb in Victoria was a central pressure (which is not known to be certain), application of the Ho et al. (1987) inland pressure decay model suggests a central pressure at the coast of 981 mb. This is close to the central pressure at landfall of 982 mb from Connor and Jarrell et al, but is substantially higher than the 969 mb analyzed by Ho et al. It is suspected that Ho et al's value is too deep and 982 mb is chosen as the central pressure at landfall in central Texas. This value is now indicated for HURDAT at 18Z on the 28th, replacing the 986 mb in HURDAT originally (likely using the 986 mb observed from Port O'Connor directly). 982 mb central pressure suggests winds of 70 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship and 73 kt from the subset of cyclones north of 25N that are intensifying. Given the likelihood that the hurricane was intensifying up until landfall (in agreement with the assessment in Monthly Weather Review), the latter value is more applicable. The small RMW of 13 nm estimated by Ho et al. appears to be somewhat too large given the swath of high winds 16 to 20 miles across reported in the Monthly Weather Review. The RMW is analyzed to be about 10 nm, which would be quite small compared with 22 nm climatologically for hurricanes at the same latitude and central pressure - Vickery et al. 2000. Given this, the small outer closed isobar (150 nm radius), somewhat low environmental pressures (1007 mb outer closed isobar), a value stronger than that suggested by the pressure-wind relationship is chosen: 80 kt is the estimated maximum sustained winds at landfall. Winds are thus boosted at 18Z on the 28th from 70 to 80 kt. This retains the system as a Category 1 hurricane for central Texas ("BTX1"), in agreement with the original HURDAT. (However, both Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al. listed this as "CTX1" - north Texas coast - which, given the landfall location in HURDAT originally was likely just a typographic error.) After landfall, highest observed winds were 35 kt at 00Z on the 29th (within two hours of synoptic time), 44 kt at 06Z, 20 kt at 12Z, 20 kt at 18Z, and 40 kt at 00Z on the 30th. Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds around 61 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 45 kt at 06Z, 32 kt at 12Z, 29 kt at 18Z, and 28 kt at 00Z on the 30th. Of particular note is that the system was still of considerable intensity (at least 40 kt) when passing directly over El Paso around 00Z on the 30th. (The weaker observed winds during 12 and 18Z on the 29th were likely due to the very sparse network of observations available over Texas.) Because of the substantially higher observations around 00Z on the 30th compared with the Kaplan and DeMaria model, winds in HURDAT are revised upward: 65 kt (up from 60 kt originally) at 00Z on the 29th, 55 kt (up from 35 kt originally) at 06Z, 50 kt (up from 30 kt originally) at 12Z, 45 kt (no entry in HURDAT originally) at 18Z, 40 kt at 00Z on the 30th, and 30 kt at 06Z. The changes at 06 and 12Z on the 19th are major upward revisions in intensity. Given the still well-defined vortex at 12Z on the 29th and fortuitous observations from El Paso around 00Z on the 30th, the cyclone is extended an additional 18 hr before dissipation after 06Z on the 30th. Originally, HURDAT had this system becoming extratropical around 06Z on the 29th. However, analysis of the synoptic environment show no significant baroclinic zones (or separate extratropical cyclones) and the cyclone's structure remained fairly symmetric. These indicate that instead of a transition to an extratropical cyclone, it remained a tropical cyclone until dissipation. ******************************************************************************* 1929/02 - 2010 REVISION: 24960 09/22/1929 M=13 2 SNBR= 557 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 24960 09/19/1929 M=17 2 SNBR= 557 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** (The 19th to the 21st are new to HURDAT.) 24961 09/19*230 636 30 0*230 638 30 0*230 640 30 0*230 642 30 0 24962 09/20*231 644 30 0*231 647 30 0*232 650 30 0*232 655 30 0 24963 09/21*233 660 30 0*234 665 30 0*235 670 30 0*236 675 30 0 24965 09/22*220 659 35 0*227 650 40 0*237 654 45 0*243 666 50 0 24965 09/22*237 680 35 0*238 685 40 0*240 690 45 0*244 695 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24970 09/23*248 677 55 0*252 689 60 0*257 700 65 0*261 712 70 0 24970 09/23*250 700 55 0*256 706 60 0*260 712 65 0*264 719 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24975 09/24*265 723 75 0*268 734 75 0*270 744 80 0*270 752 85 0 24975 09/24*267 728 75 0*269 737 75 0*270 744 85 0*270 749 95 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 24980 09/25*264 755 90 0*262 758 95 0*259 763 95 0*256 764 100 0 24980 09/25*267 754 105 0*263 759 115 0*259 763 125 0*256 766 135 924 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24985 09/26*253 770 105 0*249 771 110 0*248 774 115 0*244 780 120 0 24985 09/26*252 770 125 936*249 773 120 0*246 777 120 0*244 780 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24990 09/27*244 782 120 936*244 787 120 0*246 791 115 0*247 794 110 0 24990 09/27*242 784 120 0*241 788 120 0*242 791 115 0*243 794 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 24995 09/28*247 796 105 0*248 798 95 0*249 801 90 948*251 807 85 0 24995 09/28*245 797 105 0*247 800 100 0*249 804 100 948*251 810 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 25000 09/29*254 814 85 0*259 820 85 0*264 827 90 0*270 833 90 0 25000 09/29*254 817 90 0*259 825 90 0*264 835 90 0*270 845 90 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 25005 09/30*278 839 85 0*285 845 75 0*292 850 65 0*298 853 60 0 25005 09/30*276 853 85 0*282 857 85 0*288 860 80 0*294 862 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25010 10/01*303 852 50 0*308 849 50 0*314 842 45 0*323 829 40 0 25010 10/01*299 860 70 0*304 854 60 975E310 842 55 986E320 827 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ******* ** ******* *** ** 25015 10/02E335 810 40 0E348 798 40 0E363 785 35 0E379 773 35 0 25015 10/02E335 811 50 0E352 795 50 0E367 780 50 0E383 770 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25020 10/03E396 761 35 0E412 749 30 0E428 737 30 0E441 725 30 0 25020 10/03E399 763 50 0E415 755 50 0E428 745 50 0E441 734 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 25025 10/04E453 713 25 0E463 700 25 0E472 691 25 0E509 615 25 0 25025 10/04E453 721 45 0E463 706 45 0E472 691 40 0E480 671 40 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 25027 10/05E488 645 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25030 HRCFL3AFL2 25030 HRCFL3BFL3AFL1 ******** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 9/28/1929 1300Z 25.0N 80.5W 100kt 3 30nmi 948mb BFL3, CFL3 10/1/1929 0400Z 30.2N 85.7W 70kt 1 ----- 975mb AFL1 Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Genesis for this tropical cyclone was begun three days earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Climatological Data - Florida Section, Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Rosenberg (1970 - unpublished manuscript), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Kasper et al. (1998), Neely (2006), and Barnes (2008). September 15-18: A westward moving trough is depicted in the Historical Weather Maps from the 15th to the 17th north of the Lesser Antilles. On the 18th, a low of at most 1010 mb was shown in HWM near 23N 70W, however, a closed circulation cannot be confirmed. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. HURDAT did not previously list this system on these days. September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 24N, 65W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23N, 63W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N, 65W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.7N, 65.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 23.2N, 67.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.7N, 70.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.5N, 70W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 25.0N, 68.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N, 74.2W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.2N, 74W with an 1004 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures, but several observations of 30 kt winds. September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 25.9N, 76.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 77W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 78.8W (COA); 30 kt W and 1004 mb at 21 UTC at 29.9N, 80.5W (COA). A few other gales of 35 kt. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The steamship Potomac passed near the hurricane center on the 25th about 15 miles west of Abaco Island and reported a barometer reading of 27.30 inches [924 mb] (uncorrected). At Nassau, the lowest pressure was 27.64 inches [936 mb] (unofficial) between 8 pm and midnight [00 UTC to 04 UTC of the 26th]" (MWR). (Note that the statement about "15 miles west of Abaco Island" is likely incorrect given the other information available and that the nearby island instead was Eleuthera, also in the Bahamas.) "No accurate information has been received regarding the force of wind in the Bahamas region, but it must have exceeded 100 mph near the hurricane center" (MWR). "Some of the data such as the high tide of 12 feet on Andros, the death toll of 25 plus on Andros and the 120 to 140 mph winds in Nassau, were not on our records at the National Hurricane Center" (Letter from NHC to Mr. Pierce S. Rosenberg thanking him for his excellent report). Nassau: EYE lasted from 2030 UTC to 2230 UTC with min pressure of 936 mb (Summary from the Nassau Guardian on Saturday, October 12, 1929 - Rosenberg). "Details the loss at sea of 3 boats, 'the Ethel, Myrtle, and Pretoria,' with 33 souls aboard enroute from Nassau Harbor to Fresh Creek" (Rosenberg). "To this day, this storm was one of the most destructive storms to hit the island of Andros because it completely devastated that island. There was 12 feet of storm surge from this hurricane and the hurricane winds and the storm surge from the hurricane lasted nearly 48 hours, as the storm slowed in forward speed from the Tongue of the Ocean to just west of Andros...The eye of the hurricane passed over Nassau at 8:30pm on September 25th but the calm lasted for at least two hours according to local reports, so this hurricane had quite some time over these islands to do tremendous damage with the strong winds and surge of the storm. The lowest barometer reading at the time was 936.2MB or 27.65 inches at Nassau... Impact of the Hurricane on: Nassau - ...seven deaths in Nassau...456 houses totally destroyed, while an additional 640 houses were damaged in some degree or the other... sixty four vessels were wrecked...most of the homes and business (about 73% based on the population of Nassau compared with actual statistics at the time of damaged houses) in Nassau were in some way of the other affected by this storm...Abaco - 19 houses destroyed completely and twelve boats completely destroyed. The hurricane lasted 36 hours and the wind speed was at Hurricane Force between 75 and 100mph.. Andros - ...the hurricane destroyed all crops and most of the fruit trees, livestock, and poultry... It was stated that there were 25 plus persons drowned from this storm in Andros alone... on September 25th, 26th, and 27th the most extreme destructive Hurricane in the history of this district swept the Island. Its extreme duration and sustained violence without precedent in my experience. The whole place appears as through burned with fire and fields once full of premise are naked stripped of all vegetation. The Situation is the most serious the island has ever had to face... Cat Island - Storm reported as not severe and just slight damage and experienced gale force winds... Grand Bahama - No significant damage but experienced severe gale conditions... Eleuthera - Some damage reported and North Eleuthera experienced 75 to 100 knot winds" (Neely). September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.8N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 77.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 26.4N, 76.4W (COA); 45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 26.0N, 75.3W (COA); 25 kt NE and 999 mb at 13 UTC at 26.4N, 79.8W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24N, 78.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.6N, 79.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.6N, 78W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA); 30 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 17 UTC at 25.0N, 80.3W (COA). A few other gales of 35 kt. A few other low pressures from 1003-1005 mb. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.6N, 80.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.9N, 80.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 80.6W with a 949 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 951 mb at 25.0N 80.0W at 12 UTC (MWR). Two additional gales. Several other low pressures between 999-1005 mb. Station highlights: 954 mb at 1330 UTC at Long Key (MWR), 63 kt 1 min wind and 989 mb at 1930 UTC at Key West (OMR, MWR). Regarding the track: "During the 3 and a half day period ending at 12 UTC September 28 the storm center moved only about 300 miles, or less than 4 miles an hour, and the greater part of this time its course was southwest, the center on the 28th being 80 to 90 miles farther south than the 24th" (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "The next report received from near the center was 28.09 inches [951 mb] on the steamship Bessemer in latitude 25N, longitude 80W, at 12 UTC of the 28th. The center passed over Long Key, the barometer falling to 28.18 inches [954 mb] at 9:30 am [1330 UTC] of the 28th. The lowest pressure at Miami was 29.41 inches [996 mb] at 12:30 pm [1630 UTC] and at Key West 29.21 inches [989 mb] at 3:30 pm [1930 UTC] of the 28th. At Everglades City, FL it was 28.95 inches [980 mb] at 5 pm [21 UTC] and at Boca Grande 29.18 inches [988 mb] at 1 am [05 UTC] of the 29th" (MWR). Miami: 49 kt E (MWR). Key West: 57 kt W (MWR). Fort Myers: 51 kt NE (MWR). Those were 5 minute winds. Key West one minute wind: 63 kt (OMR). "The estimated velocity at Key Largo was (during gusts) about 150 mph. There was a 10-minute lull as the hurricane center passed over this key. At Everglades City, the estimated velocity was 90-100 mph" (MWR). "The greatest damage in the Keys seems to have taken place on the northward side of the center- the upper Matecumbe Key, the southern portion of Key Largo, and the Cape Sable and Ten Thousand Island areas" (MWR). Miami: "The heavy rainfall, which equaled 10.42 inches for the 24 hours ending at midnight of the 28th [04 UTC on the 29th], flooded many low sections of the city. The estimated loss from fruit crops in Dade County was $1,500,000. Two tornadoes, occurring at about 5:30 pm [2130 UTC] and moving from southeast to northwest, passed over the southern and western parts of the city demolishing a few buildings and seriously damaging many other buildings. Property damage from the hurricane and tornado winds was $100,000. The destructive Ft. Lauderdale tornado occurred at about the same time as the Miami tornadoes" (OMR). "948 mb central pressure from Key Largo observation, 28 nm RMW, 10 kt forward speed, 25.0N 80.5W landfall point" (Ho). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sep. 27-Oct. 1, Key Largo, NW Florida, Extreme, Key Largo bar. 28" ("Extreme" 136 mph or higher winds, 948 mb or less pressure" (Dunn and Miller). "Key Largo 10 min lull, 28" pressure, 150 mph wind estimate, Everglades City 28.95" winds estimated 90-100 mph, Panama City 28.80" and 100 mph wind estimate" (Barnes 2007). "6' storm surge at Everglades City, 2' Punta Rassa" (Kasper et al. 1998). "8.8' storm tide at Goulds, 6' Long Key" (Harris). "Sep FL SE3 NW2 Lowest central pressure 948 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "1009 mb environmental pressure, 84 kt equivalent 1 min wind" (Schwerdt et al.). "The only fatalities ashore, and ascribed to this storm, were those of a negro woman and child - the former killed at Marathon, Key Vacca, when her shack was razed ; and the child, near Wewhitchee, from a falling tree, and one drowned at Panama City... The damage to property was heavy on the Keys were only slight precautions could be taken. It was considerable at Apalachicola, chiefly, to marine interests, and approximated $66,000. Sundry damage at Pensacola was $60,000. The greatest damage reported from any district occurred in Collier County, as follows: fruit and track, $40,000; highways, $45,000; telephone and telegraph, $6,000; small boats and equipment, $8,000; los of timber, $150,000; building, power plants, and shops, $46,000. It is stated that the damage to highways in the State will approximate $300,000... A tornado occurred at Ft. Lauderdale at 4.40 p. m. September 28th, doing damage of $100,000" (Climatological Data - Florida Section). September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 26N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 26.4N, 82.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 83.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 999 mb at 00 UTC at 24.4N, 81.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 25.2N, 79.6W. No other gales. Several other low pressures from 999-1005 mb. Tampa: 29 kt E (MWR). That was a 5-minute wind. Tampa: "Practically no damage occurred in Tampa or vicinity, and little damage north of Fort Myers. Winds of hurricane force were reported at Everglades City, Naples, and Punta Rassa, and near hurricane force at Ft. Myers. There was considerable damage to roofs, trees and wires, and much fruit blown off the trees, south of Ft. Myers" (OMR). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.6N, 86.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 85.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.6N, 85.2W with a 975 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 26.4N, 85.9W (COA). No gales. Several other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Apalachicola: 51 kt S (MWR). Pensacola: 61 kt NE (MWR). Those were 5 minute winds. Regarding the intensity: Pensacola: "Although winds of hurricane force prevailed on the 30th for over 6 hours and of verifying velocity for a period of 27 hours, damage was slight, due to advance warning, complete preparation, winds being entirely off land, and no high tides" (OMR). Apalachicola: From 7 am of the 29th to 3:30 am of the 30th, the pressure fell from 1008 mb to 990 mb. By 10 am it rose to 995 mb, and then fell to 984 mb by midnight of the 30th/1st (OMR). "975 mb central pressure from Panama City observation, no RMW estimate, 29.9N 85.4W landfall point, 6 kt forward speed, Storm becoming extratropical" (Ho). "1013 mb environmental pressure, 72 kt equivalent 1 min winds" (Schwerdt et al.). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31N, 84.5W with the east end of a W-E cold front close to the center and the west end of a W-E stationary front well northeast of the center. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 84.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 84W with a 986 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at 27.0N, 87.1W (COA); 15 kt W and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at 27.3N, 87.5W (COA). No gales. A few other low pressures between (1003-1005 mb). Regarding the intensity: "The lowest barometer reading at Panama City, FL was 28.80 inches [975 mb] at midnight [04 UTC]. Apalachicola reported a minimum of 29.06 inches [984 mb] at midnight [04 UTC] and Pensacola 29.19 inches [988 mb] at 2:40 pm [1840 UTC] of the 30th" (MWR). "Thomasville, GA reported a pressure of 29.12 inches (986 mb) at 8 am [12 UTC] of October 1. After the 1st there was very little change in intensity until it reached the lower St. Lawrence Valley during the 4th, the nearest station to the center at each observation [between the 1st and the 4th] reporting between 29.30 [992 mb] and 29.36 inches [994 mb]" (MWR). Jacksonville: 53 kt SW (MWR). That was a 5-minute wind. Jacksonville: 998 mb at 18 UTC (OMR). Savannah, GA: Min pressure of 994 mb and winds up to 40 mph (5 minute) (OMR). "Heavy rains of the storm caused very high water in the Savannah river... which did much damage to roads and crops" (OMR). Regarding the overall loss of life from this hurricane: At least 3 people died in FL and at least 8 died at sea. In Nassau, many lives were lost and the casualties were numerous. Doubtless lives were lost at other Bahama Islands (MWR). "The high tide and heavy seas did considerable damage to the new Gulf Coast Highway west of Apalachicola" (MWR). "The hurricane center passed inland at Panama City" (MWR). Damage was $100,000 to $150,000 at Panama City and $60,000 at Pensacola (MWR/OMR). "Tropical Cyclones in South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia, Oct. 1-2, All sections, Minor, Heavy Rains" ("Minor" - less than hurricane force - Dunn and Miller). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 36.5N, 77.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 36.3N, 78.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36.3N, 77.4W with a 993 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 995 mb at 17 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 45 kt S and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 33.7N, 75.2W (COA). Several other gales. Several other low pressures. Station highlights: 22 kt S and 994 mb at 00Z at Savannah (OMR); 51 kt E at Atlantic City (MWR); 41 kt SE at Baltimore (MWR); 41 kt NE at Sandy Hook (MWR). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43N, 74W, with the west end of a WSW-ENE warm front very near the center. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 42.8N, 73.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 43N, 73.6W with a 994 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N, 74.1W (COA); 5 kt E and 997 mb at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 70.0W. No other gales. Several other low pressures. Station highlights: 36 kt NE at Nantucket (MWR). October 4: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 47N, 68W embedded in the west end of a W-E warm front. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low centered at 47.2N, 69.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 48.4N, 67.7W with a 993 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 64.6W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 5: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low. HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day. Ship highlights: None. Genesis for this cyclone is begun at 00Z on the 19th, three days earlier than originally indicated. The system is kept at tropical depression intensity through 18Z on the 21st. (The observations from the 19th to the 21st are quite definitive in demonstrating that a closed, non-baroclinic low was present. Indeed, one could even make the case to extend genesis back to the 18th as well. While it is somewhat unusual for a system to remain as a tropical depression for three days after genesis, observations are not available to indicate/confirm that the system was a stronger tropical cyclone. Without evidence for such a status, the system has to remain classified as a tropical depression from the 19th until the 21st.) An upgrade to tropical storm intensity was retained at 00Z on the 22nd. A large northwestward alteration to the track was made on the 22nd. Late on the 4th, while extratropical, the position of the cyclone was realistic adjusted west-southwestward (the original HURDAT had the system accelerating to from 10 to 62 kt in the final 12 hours of its lifetime). From the 22nd until early on the 24th, the cyclone had a quite small circulation and few observations were observed near its center. Consequently, no alterations were made on these dates to the intensity. Late on the 25th, the ship the Potomac recorded 924 mb. This uncorrected value, if it is a true central pressure, suggests winds of 137 kt and 134 kt from the Brown et al. intensifying hurricane pressure-wind relationships south and north, respectively of 25N. The hurricane is slow moving - about 4 kt - but quite small with a 200 nm mean radius of outer closed isobar. Winds analyzed to be 135 kt at 18Z on the 25th, up from 100 kt originally. Winds are then adjusted accordingly upward late on the 24th and early on the 25th to accommodate a rapidly intensifying hurricane. A central pressure reading of 936 mb at Nassau, Bahamas was observed between 0030 and 0230 UTC early on the 26th. This value suggests winds of 125 and 118 kt from the (whole) Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 125 kt analyzed for the winds at 00Z and 120 kt at 06Z. The hurricane is thus indicated to be a Category 4 hurricane during its trek over Nassau and Andros Islands in the Bahamas, which is unchanged from that originally indicated. This impact is consistent with the extreme surge and wind damage observed. The hurricane then weakened some as it moved slowly west-northwestward toward Florida. The best estimate is that the center of the hurricane made landfall between Key Largo and Long Key near 25.0N 80.5W - over Plantation Key. The 10-min lull in Key Largo was in the edge of the eye, rather than the center. The 948 mb reading - a very suspiciously exact 28.00" - for Key Largo was likely an estimate, not a measurement. There is no mention of this value in either the Key West OMR, the Climatological Data - Florida Section, or the Monthly Weather Review. The first time this value appears in Dunn and Miller's 1960 textbook. It has since been repeated in Ho et al., Jarrell et al., and Barnes. However, given the observed reading of 954 mb at 1330Z at Long Key on the 28th which was likely also in the edge of the eye, a central pressure of 948 mb is quite reasonable and is retained in HURDAT. This central pressure suggests winds of 109 and 102 kt from the filling hurricane Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships south and north, respectively. Given the continued slow motion - 4 kt - and increasing size (outer closed isobar of 300 nm and RMW of about 30 nm - compared with 16 nm for climatology based upon similar central pressures and landfall latitude - Vickery et al. 2001), sustained winds at landfall are analyzed to be 100 kt. This is raised from the 90 kt originally in HURDAT at 12Z. 100 kt makes the system a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in the Keys. Given the landfall right at the separation between southwest and southeast Florida (80.85W), both are indicated to have received Category 3 hurricane conditions ("BFL3" and "CFL3"). The hurricane, despite its slow motion, began moving into the Gulf of Mexico around 00Z on the 29th, as it only skirted the southwest coast of Florida. The hurricane moved northwestward across the eastern Gulf of Mexico during the next two days. The hurricane made a second U.S. landfall over Panama City at 04Z on October 1st, near 30.2N 85.7W. Panama City observed a central pressure of 975 mb, which suggests 79 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. One could argue to use the filling pressure-wind relationship (which would give 75 kt), but given the lack of inner core data for the preceding two dates this relationship may not be strictly appropriate. Given the continued expansion of the wind field (400 nm radius of outer closed isobar) and slow - 4 kt - motion of the hurricane, the winds are estimated to be 70 kt at landfall. This is substantially higher than the 50 kt in HURDAT originally indicated at 00Z, though the original track had landfall closer to 18Z on the 30th which had 60 kt originally. 70 kt at landfall makes the hurricane at Category 1 landfall for northwest Florida ("AFL1"), which is actually a decrease from the Category 2 originally noted. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 57 kt at 06Z on the 1st. Given the large size of the hurricane, winds are selected to be 60 kt at 06Z, 10 kt higher than in HURDAT originally. By 12Z on the same day, the cyclone had transformed enough to be considered an extratropical storm, as well-defined frontal zones had developed within the system - note the significant (20F) north-south temperature gradient through the cyclone and asymmetric structure of the winds and pressure field. This extratropical transition is 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. A 986 mb pressure observation from Thomasville, Georgia is likely a central pressure reading and is thus added into HURDAT. The cyclone maintained strong winds (40-50 kt) as it moved northeastward across the U.S. Atlantic seaboard from the 2nd to the 4th. Dissipation is indicated at 06Z on the 5th, six hours later than shown originally. ******************************************************************************* 1929/03 - 2010 ADDITION: 24931 09/25/1929 M= 5 3 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24932 09/25*320 665 30 0*325 670 30 0*330 675 35 1005*335 680 40 0 24932 09/26*340 685 45 0*347 688 50 0*355 690 50 0*362 691 50 0 24932 09/27*370 690 50 0E379 687 50 0E388 680 50 0E395 671 50 0 24932 09/28E401 661 50 0E407 650 50 0E413 637 50 0E419 619 50 0 24932 09/29E426 595 50 0E433 560 45 0E440 515 40 0E448 465 35 0 24933 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. September 24: HWM analyzes a low embedded in a W-E stationary front in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Available HWM and COADS data suggest that there is not enough evidence that a closed circulation is yet present. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.5N, 67W at the west end of a W-E front. HURDAT did not previously analyze this system. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34.5N, 66.2W. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.0N 68.2W (COA). September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.5N, 69W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36.5N, 69.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1002 mb at 02 UTC at 34.3N, 68.1W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb undergoing extratropical transition attached to the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front centered near 37N, 70W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 39N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 14 UTC at 38.5N, 67.4W (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed, extratropical low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41.5N, 62W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41N, 65W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 42.2N, 62.9W (COA); 15 kt NE and 998 mb at 13 UTC at 41.3N, 63.9W (COA). One other gale. No other low pressures. "Charts VIII to XV cover the period from the 23d to 30th, inclusive, and, besides giving an idea of the movement of the tropical disturbance [Storm #2 1929], also show the conditions over the eastern section of the steamer lanes, where heavy weather occurred on the 23d and again on the last three days of the month" (MWR). September 29: HWM analyzes a closed, extratropical low of at most 1010 mb centered near 44N, 50W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 42.0N, 53.0W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 11 UTC at 43.2N, 50.5W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Genesis for this system is begun at 00Z on the 25th of September, just west of Bermuda and about 500 nm northeast of a major hurricane (Storm #2). While the origins of this cyclone likely did begin as a former frontal boundary, by early on the 25th the baroclinicity of the system had diminished and a more symmetric closed low had developed in the midst of ~80F sea and air surface temperatures. A ship at 12Z on the 25th with 30 kt NW winds and 1008 mb pressure suggests a central pressure of 1005 mb. 1005 mb indicates winds of 34 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 35 kt - and development of the cyclone into a tropical storm - is thus indicated at 12Z on the 25th. The cyclone slowly moved northwestward and then northward on the 25th and 26th, well off the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. On the 26th at 02Z a ship reported 40 kt E and 1002 mb. This pressure suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 45 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are chosen to be 45 kt at 00Z and 50 kt at 06Z on the 26th. 50 kt is analyzed to be the peak intensity for this tropical storm. On the 27th, the cyclone began recurving northeastward and had become extratropical around 06Z. A ship reported 50 kt SW at 14Z on the 27th after the system had transitioned to an extratropical storm. A ship at 12Z on the 28th reported 15 kt NNE and 998 mb, apparently near the center, suggesting that the system may have maintained its intensity around 50 kt through this date. The cyclone accelerated toward the east-northeast on the 28th and 29th as it passed south of the Canadian Maritimes and weakened. The system dissipated around 00Z on the 30th of September. ******************************************************************************* 1929/04 - 2010 REVISION: 25035 10/15/1929 M= 8 3 SNBR= 558 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25035 10/15/1929 M= 6 4 SNBR= 558 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 25040 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*308 396 35 0*307 402 35 0 25040 10/15*318 374 50 0*315 382 55 0*312 390 60 0*310 398 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25045 10/16*306 408 40 0*305 414 40 0*304 420 45 0*302 426 50 0 25045 10/16*308 406 60 0*306 413 60 0*304 420 60 0*302 426 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 25050 10/17*300 431 50 0*299 436 55 0*297 442 65 0*298 450 70 0 25050 10/17*300 431 60 0*299 436 60 0*297 442 60 0*298 450 60 0 ** ** ** ** 25055 10/18*310 470 70 0*317 476 70 0*320 482 70 0*315 485 70 0 25055 10/18*304 460 60 0*313 472 60 0*325 482 60 0*337 492 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25060 10/19*309 489 70 0*303 490 70 0*297 489 75 0*291 488 75 0 25060 10/19*349 502 60 0*362 510 60 0*375 515 60 0E390 513 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 25065 10/20*286 486 75 0*281 484 75 0*276 479 80 0*278 473 80 0 25065 10/20E405 500 45 0E420 480 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 21st and 22nd are incorporated within new storm #5.) 25081 10/21*289 465 80 0*305 456 80 0*323 452 80 0*341 461 75 0 25081 10/22*360 470 70 0E380 471 70 0E403 474 65 0E418 466 65 0 25080 HR 25080 TS ** Major alterations are introduced to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Reanalysis of this cyclone indicates that the system did not undergo a four day (18-21 October) counterclockwise loop over the central Atlantic, as originally shown in HURDAT, but instead continued northward and dissipated on the 20th. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. However, the last two days of this system were indeed a cyclone, but instead a second system, which is now new storm #5. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N, 39W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 39.6W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NNE at 07 UTC at 32.5N, 38.5W (COA); 60 kt N and 1005 mb at 10 UTC at 32.4N, 39.4W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18 UTC at 32.4N, 39.4W (COA). Several other strong gales between 45-60 kt. One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Regarding the intensity or surrounding environment: "On the 15th anticyclonic northerly winds of gale force were encountered by vessels between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth parallels and the thirty-fifth and forty-second meridians, accompanied by barometric readings of from 30.11 [1020 mb] to 30.20 [1023 mb] inches" (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30N, 40.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 30.4N, 42.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE at 03 UTC at 31.5N, 41.5W (COA); 45 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 42.3W (COA). Several other gales between 35-45 kt. No low pressures. October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.5N, 44W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 44.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.2N, 43.9W (COA); 40 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.2N, 43.5W (HWM); 30 kt E and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 43.5W (COA). One other gale. No other low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N, 49W with a stationary frontal boundary a few hundred nm to the west of the cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 48.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 03 UTC at 30.9N, 46.5W (MWR); 35 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 19 UTC at 35.5N, 47.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1014 mb at 23 UTC at 36.5N, 46.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated north-south closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 34N, 52W with a cold frontal boundary passing a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 48.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 37.1N, 50.4W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 50.4W (HWM). Several other gales. No other low pressures. "From the 19th to the 22nd the region between the Bermudas and Azores was swept by a severe disturbance, the wind reaching hurricane force at times" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE cold front and a low pressure area south of that, which is new storm #5. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.6N, 47.9W. (HURDAT was actually analyzing new storm #5 instead of this system.) Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis is indicated to be 12 hours earlier (00Z on the 15th) than originally analyzed in HURDAT, though with the first entry already a 50 kt tropical storm, it is possible that the system existed on the 14th (or earlier) but was not yet detected by the sparse ship observations. Track changes introduced from the 15th to late on the 18th were relatively minor. However, on the 19th, the reanalysis indicated that there were two separate cyclones present: a continuation of the existing system which moved northward and was near 37.5N at 12Z and a secondary development to the south near 26.5N at 12Z. The original HURDAT had interpreted the second system to instead be the same cyclone that had looped back to the south. Thus very large changes to the track were introduced from late on the 18th until the 20th, with removal of entries for this system on the 21st and 22nd. The secondary system did develop into a tropical cyclone (reaching hurricane intensity) and is covered in detail in under new Storm #5 to follow. With regards to this cyclone's intensity, numerous gales including a 60 kt ship report on the 15th necessitated a major increase to the cyclone's winds on the 15th and 16th. It was closely considered whether to analyze this system as reaching hurricane intensity. For the 60 kt report on the 15th, the ship - which reported every four hours on that date while in the cyclone - only reported their position rounded to a precision of 1.0 degree latitude and 1.0 degree longitude (e.g., at 03Z they were at 33.5N 38.5W, at 07Z 32.5N 38.5W, at 11Z 32.5N 39.5W, etc.). This means that the ship position has an uncertainty of +/- 30 nm both in the north-south and in the east-west positions. Thus it is unknown as to the exact location of the ship relative to the cyclone, though the best guess is about 60 nm (+/- 45 nm). Because of this, it is also unsure whether the ship was near the RMW at the time it measured the 60 kt. The ship on the 19th which reported the 60 kt wind does appear to be reporting its position to the nearest 0.1 degree latitude and longitude, but only one measurement was reported on that date. The cyclone on the 19th was undergoing extratropical transition on that date and it may very well be the case that the 60 kt was observed about 60 nm from the TC's center near the RMW in the right front (strong) quadrant of the system. Thus 60 kt is retained as the peak intensity for this system, though it is quite possible that this system reached hurricane intensity at some point during its lifetime. Peak intensity of this cyclone is reanalyzed to be 60 kt (down from 80 kt originally), based upon fairly extensive ship observations available from the 17th through the 19th. The cyclone is now listed as becoming extratropical at 18Z on the 19th with dissipation along a frontal boundary by 12Z on the 20th. ******************************************************************************* 1929/05 - 2010 ADDITION: 25081 10/19/1929 M= 5 5 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 (The original best track entries below were part of original storm #3, which is now recognized to be two separate systems.) 25081 10/19*309 489 70 0*303 490 70 0*297 489 75 0*291 488 75 0 25081 10/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*265 515 30 0*265 509 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25081 10/20*286 486 75 0*281 484 75 0*276 479 80 0*278 473 80 0 25081 10/20*265 503 35 0*265 497 40 0*267 490 45 0*275 480 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25081 10/21*289 465 80 0*305 456 80 0*323 452 80 0*341 461 75 0 25081 10/21*288 468 55 0*306 456 60 0*327 452 65 0*347 456 70 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25081 10/22*360 470 70 0E380 471 70 0E403 474 65 0E418 466 65 0 25081 10/22*365 461 70 0E384 467 70 0E403 474 65 0E420 479 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** (The 23rd is new to HURDAT.) 25081 10/23E435 480 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25081 HR This is hurricane is not specifically new, as its track for the 19th to the 22nd was originally in HURDAT. However, the reanalysis has indicated that the original storm #3 (new storm #4) was instead two separate tropical cyclones. Major alterations are introduced to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 34N, 52W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 48.9W. Available observations suggest that the tropical depression was centered at 26.5N, 51.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "From the 19th to the 22nd the region between the Bermudas and Azores was swept by a severe disturbance, the wind reaching hurricane force at times" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N, 49W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.6N, 47.9W. Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 27.0N 52.0W. October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N, 47W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 32.3N, 45.2W. Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 35.1N, 43.7W (MWR); 60 kt and 997 mb at 22 UTC at 36.0N, 46.0W (MWR); 45 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 23 UTC at 36.5N, 46.5W (COA). Several other gales starting at 12 UTC. One other low pressure. October 22: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 42N, 47W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt extratropical low at 40.3N, 47.4W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 40.7N, 45.3W (COA); 50 kt SW at 12 UTC at 40.6N, 44.0W (COA). No other gales. No other low pressures. October 23: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure associated with a frontal system located near 43N, 42W. HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day. Ship highlights: None. Genesis for this system is begun as a tropical depression at 12Z on the 19th, as troughing extending southward from the existing storm #4 (originally storm #3) closed off around 26.5N 51.5W. The revised track had large alterations on the 19th and early on the 20th with smaller changes late on the 20th until the 22nd. No gales were observed on the 19th and 20th, though observations were typically sparse over the open North Atlantic. It is estimated that the system became a tropical storm early on the 20th and gradually intensified. Two ships late on the 21st indicated significant strengthening occurred with this cyclone: 60 kt with 997 mb at 22Z and 70 kt (no time). It is analyzed that hurricane intensity was reached around 12Z on the 21st. Peak intensity is reanalyzed to reach 70 kt early on the 22nd. This is less than the 80 kt on the 20th and 21st as previously shown in HURDAT for original storm #3, though direct comparisons are problematic as it was not previously realized that there were two separate systems. The cyclone underwent extratropical transition on the 22nd, which was not altered from that shown in HURDAT. The final position for this system is analyzed to be at 00Z on the 23rd, six hours later than originally in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1929 - Additional Notes 1) The May 1930 MWR had a short article (page 210) that discussed some Atlantic basin tropical cyclones that began in the Northeast Pacific and crossed central America. One such system listed was September 14-22, 1929. Michael Chenoweth had also suggested that this system was one worth investigation based upon station reports from Montserrat and Belize. HWM, COADS, and MWR Ocean Gales indicate the following occurred: Sep 9th - a strong tropical wave passed through the Lesser Antilles. Sep 10th - system became a tropical depression in the central Caribbean. Sep 11th - system continued slowly westward in the Caribbean. Sep 12th - system continued slowly westward in the Caribbean and at the same time a Northeast Pacific hurricane was occurring based upon MWR Ocean Gales reports near 16N 100W. Sep 13th - system was inland over Central America as a tropical depression while the NE Pacific hurricane moved toward the west-northwest and was near 17N 104W. Sep 14th - system was either over Central America or in the extreme northwestern Caribbean as a tropical depression, while the NE Pacific hurricane was near 18N 106W slowly moving west-northwestward. Also a substantial monsoonal west to southwesterly flow was being established west of Central America. A low indicated by HWM near 11N 79W does not appear to be realistic. Sep. 15th - the system was over Central America as a tropical depression. The NE Pacific hurricane was near 20N 109W, moving toward the northwest. Note that the two low pressures shown by the HWM are in error and instead a single low (the tropical depression) was centered somewhere between these. Sep. 16th - the system was over Central America and may still have been a tropical depression, while the monsoonal flow south of Mexico intensified. The NE Pacific hurricane was near 23N 109W, moving northward. Sep. 17th - the system may have dissipated by this date or possibly have reached near the Bay of Campeche. The NE Pacific system likely had weakened to a tropical storm centered near 28N 115W. Highest observed winds with the Atlantic system was 30 kt on the 16th and lowest observed pressures were 1005 mb on the 15th and 16th. It is quite possible that this system did become a tropical storm, anytime between the 12th and 16th. However, without direct supporting evidence of tropical storm intensity, this system cannot be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 9 --- 65W Tropical Wave Sep 10 13N 71W Tropical Depression Sep 11 13N 75W Tropical Depression Sep 12 13N 79W Tropical Depression Sep 13 14N 84W Tropical Depression inland Sep 14 16N 88W Tropical Depression inland? Sep 15 17N 90W Tropical Depression inland Sep 16 18N 91W Tropical Depression inland Sep 17 19N 93W Tropical Depression? Sep 18 --- --- Dissipated 2) The July Monthly Weather Review mentions a low pressure area that caused a small-scale heavy rain event at Cape Hatteras on 21 July. The July Cyclone Tracks Maps shows the low came up to the Hatteras area from the south. The Historical Weather Map series shows that this system was a short-lived frontal low without any tropical storm force winds. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 20 29N 77W Extratropical Low Jul 21 33N 76W Extratropical Low 3) The August Monthly Weather Review mentions a tropical disturbance of "limited extent and intensity" that was near St. Lucia on 19 August and northwest of Grand Cayman on 22 August. The Historical Weather Map series shows that this system was a moderate tropical wave moving across the Caribbean. However, on the four days that the system was evident, there was no evidence of a closed low. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 19 --- 65W Tropical Wave Aug 20 --- 72W Tropical Wave Aug 21 --- 78W Tropical Wave Aug 22 --- 83W Tropical Wave 4) The August Monthly Weather Review Cyclone Tracks Map shows a low that formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 27 August and moved northeast across Florida into the Atlantic. There is no other mention of this system, which suggests it was not very strong. The Historical Weather Map series shows that this system was an open trough on the 27th and 28th of August. It did form a closed low on the 29th when it was off of the Georgia coast, but the system by then was embedded in a frontal boundary and considered extratropical. No gales were observed from the 27th through the 29th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 27 --- 83W Trough Aug 28 --- 81W Trough Aug 29 31N 77W Extratropical Low Aug 30 36N 70W Extratropical Low Aug 31 42N 61W Extratropical Low 5) HWM and MWR indicate that convection behind a cold front off the southeast coast of the US on the 19th formed an elongated closed low on the 21st along the front. On the 22nd, the low was much tighter, and it was at the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE stationary front. There were many gales to the north of the center, a few to nearly hurricane force on this day, however, there was a large temperature gradient across the low, and the high winds were associated with an extremely tight pressure gradient just north of the low. Thus, this system will not be added into HURDAT. The next day, the low was gone, but the front stayed in the northwest Atlantic and would not go away. A few days later, a new low formed on this front and became a tropical storm, not previously documented in HURDAT. This tropical storm will be presented as a 1929 tropical storm suspect. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 30N 76W Extratropical Sep 22 33N 75W Extratropical 6) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed on the 21st just south of the Cape Verde Islands. Available observations indicate that as the system traveled west, it maintained a closed circulation until the 26th, but then dissipated. However, on the 25th there is no data indicating that there was a closed circulation. There were no gales with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 13N 21W Tropical Depression Sep 22 14N 26W Tropical Depression Sep 23 15N 31W Tropical Depression Sep 24 15N 36W Tropical Depression Sep 25 15N 41W Tropical Depression? Sep 26 16N 47W Tropical Depression Sep 27 Dissipated 7) HWM and COADS indicate that a series of two lows formed in the Gulf of Mexico in late September. The first formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 22nd. There were no observed gales associated with this system. However, north of this low, the pressure gradient was tight - especially on the 22nd - so there may have been gales that occurred. Additionally, even though the Historical Weather Map analysis did not depict any frontal boundaries, significant baroclinicity across the Gulf was present from the 21st to the 25th. This weak low moved west-southwestward and likely opened up to a trough on the 25h. Also on the 25th, a second low developed along the frontal boundary in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. This short-lived low dissipated the next day. These two lows likely remained extratropical throughout their lifetime (and the second very likely had no gale force winds) and thus neither will be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 --- 87W Open trough/frontal boundary Sep 22 25N 89W Extratropical low Sep 23 24N 92W Extratropical low Sep 24 23N 94W Extratropical low Sep 25 --- 94W Open Trough and 28N 88W Extratropical low 8) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a trough associated with an area of convection near the Bahamas formed a tropical depression on the 14th. The low became elongated on the 15th. There were no gales observed with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 13 Open trough Oct 14 27N 73W Tropical Depression Oct 15 30N 70W Extratropical 9) HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed in the Western Caribbean Sea, crossed western Cuba and hit southwest Florida. Ramon Perez of the Cuban Climate Institute indicated that this system was of tropical depression intensity while crossing Cuba early on the 21st. The Climatological Data for Florida was obtained for October 1929 to better examine this system. The US Weather Bureau had six official stations, the closest to this system being Key West and Miami. Neither reported tropical storm force winds, though Key West did reach a minimum sea level pressure for the month of 1005 mb on the 21st. Such a low pressure would often be accompanied by tropical storm intensity winds. However, as the system was in the warm sector of a large, developing extratropical system, the environmental pressures were quite low (roughly 1007 mb outer closed isobar). There were also a few dozen cooperative observing stations in Florida as well, but none of these had barometric pressure or wind observation readings recorded. No significant impacts from this system were noted in the Climatological Data and it is likely that the system did not reach tropical storm intensity over Florida. Late on the 21st, the depression was absorbed in the frontal boundary of a strong extratropical storm system, which was moving east from the Great Plains over Georgia. The combined system moved north on the 22nd and northwest on the 23rd, and the low rapidly deepened to 986 mb (MWR). This system killed 50 people on a boat on Lake Michigan on the night of the 23rd. This system will not be added to HURDAT, as the tropicalcyclone likely did not obtain tropical storm intensity. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 18 17N 86W Tropical Depression Oct 19 18N 83W Tropical Depression Oct 20 20N 83W Tropical Depression Oct 21 24N 82W Tropical Depression 10) HWM and COADS indicate that a low developed near the Leeward Islands on the 30th and moved northeast. Available observations indicate that the system briefly became a depression on the 2nd before turning extratropical. There were no gales observed with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 30 Open Trough Oct 31 15N 58W Tropical Depression? Nov 1 15N 55W Tropical Depression? Nov 2 16N 51W Tropical Depression Nov 3 20N 48W Extratropical Nov 4 22N 51W Extratropical Nov 5 29N 55W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************* 1930/01 - 2010 REVISION: 25085 08/21/1930 M=11 1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25085 08/21/1930 M=12 1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 25090 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*196 515 35 0 25090 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*206 545 45 0 *** *** ** 25095 08/22*208 551 35 0*210 558 35 0*213 566 35 0*215 572 35 0 25095 08/22*208 551 50 0*210 558 55 0*213 566 55 0*215 572 55 0 ** ** ** ** 25100 08/23*217 577 40 0*219 580 40 0*222 584 40 0*224 588 45 0 25100 08/23*217 577 55 0*218 580 55 0*219 583 55 0*219 586 55 0 ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25105 08/24*226 592 50 0*228 595 50 0*230 600 55 0*233 606 55 0 25105 08/24*219 588 60 0*220 591 65 0*222 595 70 0*228 602 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25110 08/25*237 612 60 0*243 618 65 0*251 624 70 0*263 634 80 0 25110 08/25*238 610 90 0*249 619 100 0*260 627 105 0*271 635 110 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25115 08/26*281 645 85 0*299 654 95 0*314 658 95 0*324 658 95 0 25115 08/26*283 643 110 0*297 652 110 0*314 658 110 0*330 660 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25120 08/27*332 658 90 0*339 657 90 0E349 653 85 0E366 642 85 0 25120 08/27*344 658 100 0*357 650 95 0*370 640 90 0*383 623 85 0 *** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** 25125 08/28E385 620 80 0E402 595 80 0E416 550 80 0E421 513 75 0 25125 08/28*395 604 85 0E406 583 85 0E416 560 85 0E420 530 85 0 **** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25130 08/29E425 475 75 0E425 437 70 0E423 400 70 0E418 363 65 0 25130 08/29E422 490 80 0E423 440 80 0E423 375 75 0E423 325 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25135 08/30E411 326 65 0E404 290 65 0E397 255 60 0E390 235 60 0 25135 08/30E423 295 75 0E424 275 70 0E425 260 70 0E425 253 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25140 08/31E385 219 60 0E381 211 60 0E379 206 60 0* 0 0 0 0 25140 08/31E425 250 60 0E425 249 55 0E425 250 50 0*427 255 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 1st to the 3rd are new to HURDAT.) 25142 09/01E430 260 55 0E433 264 60 0E435 265 60 0E437 266 55 0 25143 09/02E439 266 50 0E442 266 45 0E445 265 40 0E450 260 35 0 25144 09/03E460 250 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25145 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Dissipation of this system is now indicated to be three days later. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. August 21: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT first listed this at 18 UTC as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.6N, 51.5W. No gales or low pressure were observed. August 22: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 56.6W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 05 UTC at 21.3N, 56.0W (MWR); 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 06 UTC at 21.5N, 53.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. August 23: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.2N, 58.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 23.4N, 58.4W (COA); 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 23.0N, 56.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25N, 62W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 25.1N, 62.4W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 960 mb at 20 UTC at 27.5N, 63.7W (COA); 70 kt NE and 963 mb at 19 UTC at 27.3N, 63.5W (COA); 60 kt NE and 999 mb at 16 UTC at 27.3N, 63.3W (COA). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At 3:30 pm, the wind had shifted to southwest (from northeast), force 12, barometer 28.36 inches [960 mb]; precipitous seas" (MWR). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 65.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 27.8N, 63.8W (COA); 35 kt E at 00 UTC at 29.1N, 61.6W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 35.5N, 66.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt extratropical low at 34.9N, 65.3W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 972 mb at 18 UTC at 38.8N, 62.5W (MWR); 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 38.7N, 61.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 38.7N, 62.9W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 43N, 52.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt extratropical low at 41.6N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 965 mb at 14 UTC at 41.3N, 53.1W (MWR); 70 kt S and 971 mb at 21 UTC at 41.5N, 48.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 978 mb at 10 UTC at 41.0N, 57.2W (MWR). Several other strong gales (45-70 kts). Several other low pressures from 965-1001 mb. Regarding the intensity: "By the morning of the 28th the center had reached latitude 41.5N, longitude 55W, and near here the French liner Paris was heavily involved. Captain Pugnet stated that the wind reached a velocity of 100 miles an hour and the barometer fell from 30.08 inches [1019 mb] to 28.58 inches [968 mb] in a few hours. According to press reports the ship was struck by one tremendous wave that smashed heavy glass along the port promenade and injured about 40 passengers, who were struck by flying glass" (MWR). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 42N, 39W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical low at 42.3N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 995 mb at 15 UTC at 41.1N, 32.6W (MWR); 35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 03 UTC at 41.5N, 43.5W (COA); 45 kt NNE and 992 mb at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 42.5W (COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb at the northeast end of a SW-NE front centered near 42N, 25W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 39.7N, 25.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC at 42.0N, 24.0W (COA); 35 kt SW and 975 mb at 22 UTC at 42.9N, 25.7W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 974 mb at 05 UTC at 41.3N, 22.9W (MWR). Several other strong gales (45-70 kt). Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "From this time until the morning of the 30th the course of the hurricane was almost due east, and at Greenwich noon of that date it had reached longitude 22.5W, still exhibiting hurricane strength" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 40N, 25W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 37.0N, 20.6W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 41.5N, 23.0W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41N, 24.5W. HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE at 06 UTC at 43.5N, 28.5W (COA); 10 kt NW and 988 mb at 06 UTC 43.5N, 26.5W (COA); 50 kt NE at 02 UTC at 44.5N 27.5W (COA). Several other strong gales between 45-50 kt. Several other low pressures between 993-1001 mb. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 45N, 27W with an approaching cold front west of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE at 02 UTC at 42.5N 31.5W (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 02 UTC at 40.5N 30.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1006 mb at 02 UTC at 40.5N 24.5W (COA); 20 kt SE and 996 mb at 10 UTC at 44.5N 26.5W (COA). September 3: HWM analyzes two closed lows - one with at most 1005 mb pressure centered at 48.5N 22.5W and one with at most 1000 mb pressure centered near 56N 33W - with a cold front extending southwestward from the first low. No gale force winds were observed. No changes were made to the start of this system, though the initial position was substantially adjusted to provide a realistic initial motion. All dates, except the 22nd, have alterations made to the track, with other large changes made on the 27th, and 29th through the 31st as an extratropical storm. Winds substantially boosted to 55 kt (from 35 kt originally) at 06Z on the 22nd, based upon 50 kt SSW winds from the S.S. Chincha on the south side of the cyclone. Winds are also boosted at the start of this system (from 35 to 45 kt at 18Z on the 21st) because of this ship. (The start of the cyclone in the database is unchanged, but genesis could have actually occurred on the 21st, 20th or even earlier over the relatively data void region of the eastern tropical Atlantic.) Three days later, the same ship again encountered the system and recorded hurricane force winds between 19Z on the 25th and 00Z on the 26th, along with 960 mb (with NE winds 70 kt) at 20Z on the 25th. 960 mb suggests winds of at least 95 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 100 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. Winds are chosen to be 110 kt at 18Z on the 25th, a major increase from the 80 kt originally recorded. Winds are also adjusted accordingly earlier in time to indicate a transition to hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 24th, 24 hours earlier than originally shown. 110 kt is now the peak intensity of the hurricane on the 25th and 26th, up from 95 kt originally on the 26th. The S.S. Endicott reported 70 kt N winds with 972 mb pressure at 18Z on the 27th. This suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Winds of 85 kt at this time are retained in HURDAT. Despite the HWM showing frontal boundaries extending from the cyclone at 12Z on the 27th, the temperature gradient is quite small at that time though the wind field was becoming asymmetric. Extratropical transition is delayed 18 hours from that originally shown in HURDAT to 06Z on the 28th. Multiple reports of hurricane force winds on the 28th to the 30th as an extratropical cyclone. Only a very gradual weakening is now shown in HURDAT, with hurricane force winds retained until 18Z on the 30th, 12 hours later than originally indicated in HURDAT. The cyclone finally began filling on the 31st, but reinvigorated on the 1st and was near hurricane force again. The system weakened again - for the final time - on the second and was absorbed by a new extratropical cyclone after 00Z on the 3rd. 1930/01 - 2011 REVISION: 25085 08/21/1930 M=12 1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25090 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*206 545 45 0 25095 08/22*208 551 50 0*210 558 55 0*213 566 55 0*215 572 55 0 25100 08/23*217 577 55 0*218 580 55 0*219 583 55 0*219 586 55 0 25105 08/24*219 588 60 0*220 591 65 0*222 595 70 0*228 602 80 0 25110 08/25*238 610 90 0*249 619 100 0*260 627 105 0*271 635 110 0 25115 08/26*283 643 110 0*297 652 110 0*314 658 110 0*330 660 105 0 25120 08/27*344 658 100 0*357 650 95 0*370 640 90 0*383 623 85 0 25125 08/28*395 604 85 0E406 583 85 0E416 560 85 0E420 530 85 0 25130 08/29E422 490 80 0E423 440 80 0E423 375 75 0E423 325 75 0 25135 08/30E423 295 75 0E424 275 70 0E425 260 70 0E425 253 65 0 25140 08/31E425 250 60 0E425 249 55 0E425 250 50 0*427 255 50 0 25140 08/31E425 250 60 0E425 249 55 0E425 250 50 0E427 255 50 0 * 25142 09/01E430 260 55 0E433 264 60 0E435 265 60 0E437 266 55 0 25143 09/02E439 266 50 0E442 266 45 0E445 265 40 0E450 260 35 0 25144 09/03E460 250 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25145 HR Typographic error. Corrected point for August 31 18Z to show extratropical rather than tropical. Correction suggested by Andrew Hink and Brenden Moses. ******************************************************************************* 1930/02 - 2010 REVISION: 25150 08/31/1930 M=18 2 SNBR= 560 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25150 08/29/1930 M=20 2 SNBR= 560 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** ** (The 29th and the 30th are new to HURDAT.) 25152 08/29*128 435 30 0*129 448 30 0*130 460 30 0*131 473 30 0 25152 08/30*135 485 30 0*135 498 35 0*136 510 40 0*137 522 45 0 25155 08/31*159 541 60 0*158 549 60 0*156 558 65 0*155 568 65 0 25155 08/31*138 534 50 0*140 546 60 0*142 558 65 0*144 571 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 25160 09/01*155 579 70 0*155 591 75 0*156 603 80 0*159 617 85 0 25160 09/01*146 584 70 0*149 596 75 0*152 608 80 0*156 620 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25165 09/02*163 632 90 0*169 648 95 0*173 661 100 0*175 669 105 0 25165 09/02*162 632 90 0*166 643 95 0*170 653 100 0*173 663 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25170 09/03*176 674 110 0*177 678 115 0*180 687 120 0*184 700 130 933 25170 09/03*176 673 100 0*179 683 110 0*182 692 120 0*184 700 135 933 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25175 09/04*188 713 60 0*192 725 60 0*196 738 55 0*200 750 50 0 25175 09/04*186 710 80 0*188 722 60 0*190 735 55 0*192 749 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25180 09/05*205 763 45 0*209 775 45 0*213 787 40 0*217 799 40 0 25180 09/05*194 763 45 0*197 777 45 0*200 790 40 0*203 803 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25185 09/06*221 812 35 0*225 824 35 0*229 836 35 0*233 841 35 0 25185 09/06*207 816 35 0*213 828 35 0*220 838 35 0*227 844 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25190 09/07*238 842 35 0*242 848 35 0*247 849 35 0*252 848 35 0 25190 09/07*234 847 35 0*241 848 35 0*247 849 35 0*251 848 35 0 *** *** *** *** 25195 09/08*257 847 35 0*262 845 35 0*267 842 35 0*272 838 35 0 25195 09/08*254 847 35 0*257 846 35 0*260 845 35 0*264 842 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25200 09/09*276 833 35 0*280 828 35 0*284 824 35 0*287 820 35 0 25200 09/09*268 837 40 0*273 830 40 0*278 824 35 0*283 820 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25205 09/10*290 816 35 0*292 812 35 0*295 808 35 0*298 804 40 0 25205 09/10*288 816 30 0*292 812 30 0*295 808 35 0*297 804 40 0 *** ** ** *** 25210 09/11*302 799 40 0*306 795 45 0*310 790 45 0*315 784 50 0 25210 09/11*299 801 40 0*301 798 45 0*303 795 45 0*307 791 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25215 09/12*321 778 55 0*327 770 65 0*334 762 65 0*343 753 70 0 25215 09/12*313 786 60 0*321 780 70 0*330 772 80 0*340 763 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25220 09/13*353 740 70 0*362 728 75 0*367 717 80 0*370 696 80 0 25220 09/13*351 752 80 0*363 738 80 0*372 720 80 0*375 700 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 25225 09/14*370 675 85 0*370 652 85 0*371 630 85 0*372 608 85 0 25225 09/14*375 679 85 0*372 657 85 0*368 635 85 0*367 612 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25230 09/15*373 585 80 0*373 563 80 0*374 540 75 0*374 518 70 0 25230 09/15*369 589 80 0*374 565 80 0*380 540 75 0*382 518 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 25235 09/16*373 495 60 0*372 473 60 0*370 451 55 0*368 433 50 0 25235 09/16*379 495 60 0*375 473 50 0*370 451 45 0*367 429 40 0 *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 25240 09/17*367 420 45 0*366 411 40 0*363 400 35 0*356 370 30 0 25240 09/17*365 407 35 0*364 384 30 0*363 360 30 0*362 335 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 25245 HR U.S. Tropical Storms: ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 9/9/1930 0900Z 27.5N 82.7W 40kt FL 9/13/1930 0000Z 35.1N 75.2W 60kt NC (time of closest point of approach) Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Genesis is now indicated to have begun two days earlier than shown in HURDAT. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Climatological Data - Florida and North Carolina Sections, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Perez et al. (2000). August 25: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 55.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N, 59.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 60.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "There was no ship in the Atlantic near enough to report the formation of this storm to the east of the Lesser Antilles, so the first intimation obtainable was in the regular morning reports of the Weather Bureau observers from Barbados to Dominica [on the 1st], each showing a barometer reading only slightly below normal, but a wind circulation decidedly abnormal. The directions ranged from north at Dominica, through northwest and west, to south at Barbados... It was over or very near Dominica at noon of the first... Wind velocities, estimated by those acquainted by long experience in these areas, vary from 80 to 100 [mph] at Dominica" (MWR). September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 17.3N, 66.1W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 64.6W (COA); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 20 UTC at 18.5N, 66.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 17N, 69W. HURDAT listed this as a 120 kt hurricane at 18.0N, 68.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 17.5N, 69W with a 938 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE at 12 UTC at 17.7N, 68.0W (COA); 938 mb at 17 UTC at 18.2N, 69.8W (MWR); 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13 UTC at 17.5N, 68.5W (COA). Land highlights: 933 mb at Santo Domingo, DR (MWR, Connor). Regarding the intensity: A copy of a barograph trace, made by the instrument in charge of Mr. A. Ortori, observer at Santo Domingo, recorded a minimum pressure of 27.56 inches [933 mb] (MWR). "While the storm was estimated to be of relatively small diameter, no direct evidence was obtainable of this detail until it had passed over Santo Domingo City on the 3rd. Authentic reports place the destructive diameter at less than 20 miles... The Pan American Airways anemometer near by is reported to have recorded up to 180 miles per hour before it was carried away. This instrument is a 4-cup Robinson, so its record must be discounted. Wind velocities, estimated by those acquainted by long experienced in these areas, vary from... 150 to 200 miles per hour at Santo Domingo" (MWR). "In Santo Domingo... 4,000 lives were lost and property damage has been roughly estimated at $50,000,000" (MWR). Pertaining to ship reports from the 'Coamo': "At 9:30 am the Coamo was 5 miles southeast of the city of Santo Domingo. The harbor was too rough to venture for anchorage. At 11:30 am the pressure reached 29.45 inches [997 mb]. The wind had attained a velocity of 125 mph. At noon, the barometer registered 28.22 [956 mb], having fallen 1.23 inches [42 millibars] in 30 minutes. The wind was now blowing 150 mph. At 12:25 pm the ship was in a calm. Captain Evans estimated the low point as 27.65 inches [936 mb] (although the lowest directly measured was 27.70 inches [938 mb] at 1:01 pm. A 1:25 pm a velocity of 150 mph was again experienced" (MWR). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 19.6N, 73.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19.2N, 72.5W with an 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1012 mb at 17 UTC at 20.1N, 73.6W (COA); 35 kt ESE (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 78.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 20.5N, 76W with an 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "After leaving the northwestern corner of Haiti during the early night of the 4th, the tropical disturbance, which was now of minor intensity, crossed the Windward Passage and moved west-northwest almost the entire length of Cuba, passing into the Gulf of Mexico on the 6th. No damage has been reported from Cuba" (MWR). September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.9N, 83.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 80W with an 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "September 6, Tropical Storm in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000). September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 84.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 83W, with an 1012 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a SW-NE front with the southwest end near 25N, 85W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.7N, 84.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24.8N, 84.8W with an 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM analyzes a open low embedded in a front near 31N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.4N, 82.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27.2N, 83W, with an 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE at 21 UTC at 27.5N, 80.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 32 kt SE and 1006 mb at 09 UTC at Tampa, FL (Tampa OMR). No gales or low pressures. "The center of disturbance apparently what was left of the Santo Domingo storm, passed inland from the Gulf some distance south of Tampa, about 4 a.m. of the 9th, when the lowest barometer occurred 29.71. Winds backed SE, E, NE, N, NW, W, SW. No damage was done by wind, but considerable by heavy rains in the southwestern part of Hillsborough County. Newspaper estimates of damages $35,000 to crops and farms, $15,000 to roads and bridges" (Tampa OMR). "The center passed inland over Florida near Tampa about 4 am [08 UTC] of the 9th" (MWR). "Sep. 9-10, Northern Florida peninsula, Minor Intensity" (Dunn and Miller - "Minor" indicates tropical storm intensity). "Damaging rains occurred over the southeast portion of Hillsboro County during the early morning of the 9th, as a greatly weakened tropical disturbance passed to the south and east of Tampa in its march northeastward, the torrential rains, approximating 8 to 9 inches over small areas, being the only evidence, however, that such a disturbance prevailed. The winds were moderate to strong at Tampa, the rainfall was light, and the lowest barometer was 29.70 inches about 4 a. m. on the 9th. Press reports indicated that the damage to highways, bridges, inundated fields and crops, - chiefly, on overflowed low lands and mainly to truck, approximated $75,000; the citrus crop sustained no serious damage" (Climatological Data - Florida). September 10: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure near 32N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.5N, 80.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 29N, 81.5W with an 1012 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE (Atlantic side of FL) (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. September 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low embedded in an occluded front centered near 29.5N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm centered at 31.0N, 79.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 30.3N, 79.7W with an 1013 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The steamship J. Fletcher Farrell which was east-southeast of the center during the afternoon of the 11th reported heavy squalls with wind from the south-east reaching gale force at times" (MWR). September 12: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, embedded in an occluded front near 33N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.4N, 76.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32.5N, 77.5W with a 978 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 978 mb at 12 UTC at 33.8N, 77.9W (MWR); 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 76.4W (COA); 984 mb at 07 UTC at 35.5N, 75.2W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 31 kt E and 997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W (MWR); 52 kt NE and 995 mb at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W (MWR). No other gales. One other low pressure. Regarding the intensity: "At 9:30 am [1330 UTC] the steamship Magmeric off Frying Pan Shoals reported a pressure of 29.21 inches [989 mb], and that it had fallen to 28.89 inches [978 mb] with a wind of force 12 at 8:30 am [1230 UTC]" (MWR). "About a dozen small frame buildings were blown down at Cape Lookout and the Coast Guard headquarters building was damaged, while power and lighting systems at Beaufort and Morehead City were put out of commission for several hours and communication systems were disrupted" (MWR). Wilmington, NC: "Hurricane warnings were received at 11:30 am [1530 UTC]. Hurricane warnings were ordered lowered at Southport and Wilmington at 3:16 pm [1916 UTC]" (OMR). "A storm on the 12th caused some damage along the coast, mainly in Carteret County" (Climatological Data - North Carolina). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front near 37N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 36.7N, 71.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 36.5N, 72.9W with a 995 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 986 mb at 00 UTC at 35.1N, 75.1W (COA/MWR). No other gales. One other low pressure. Land highlights: 50 kt N and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W (MWR); 31 kt NW and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W (MWR). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 37N, 63W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 63.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 38N, 65W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 987 mb at 19 UTC at 36.5N, 60.6W (MWR); 35 kt NW and 1013 mb at 08 UTC at 35.5N, 67.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes an open low embedded in an occluded front near 35N, 55W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 37.4N, 54.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 38.5N, 54W with a 987 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 10 UTC at 39.2N, 55.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 38.7N, 56.1W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 15th, the disturbance was still attained by winds of hurricane strength as shown by a report from the steamship 'City of Agra'" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded in an occluded front centered near 37.5N, 45W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 37.0N, 45.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 39N, 43W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes an elongated open trough and a S-N front at 40W and all north of 32N. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 36.3N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the track: "During the next several days (after passing the Outer Banks) the disturbance moved almost directly eastward, the center passing a short distance north of Horta, Azores, on the 18th, after which the disturbance apparently merged with a severe storm that reached Ireland on the 19th" (MWR). Genesis for this system is begn on the 29th, just roughly have way between the Caribbean and West Africa - two days earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT. There are some indications - especially on the 25th and 26th - that genesis occurred closer to the Cape Verde Islands, but not enough data are available to show this with certainty. Track changes were introduced to this cyclone for all days of its lifetime, except for the 7th, 9th-10th, and 16th. All of the alterations were minor except for adjustments made on the last day of the system - the 17th - where the cyclone was much farther east than originally indicated. The cyclone moved over a datavoid region of the Atlantic on the 27th-28th and 30th-31st, when positions and intensities are based mainly on persistence and continuity. No inner core information was available between the 27th until the hurricane impacted the Lesser Antilles on the 1st. Descriptions in MWR indicate that the cyclone's center went over Dominica with roughly Category 1 hurricane winds (80 kt at 12Z is unchanged). The hurricane proceeded west-northwest and made landfall over Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic around 17Z on the 3rd. Along this track, the hurricane moved within 50 nm of the coast of southwestern Puerto Rico. However, Perez (1971) and J. Colon (2010, personal communication) indicate that no significant impacts were observed in the island from this system. A run of the Schwerdt et al. (1979) wind model with the slightly changed track and keeping the winds in HURDAT at 110 kt at closest point of approach to Puerto Rico (around 00Z on the 3rd) gives 83 kt at Cabo Rojo in extreme southwestern Puerto Rico. Assuming a small RMW of 10 nm (see observations below near the Dominican Republic) still gives 68 kt. Thus the winds at 00Z on the 3rd are reduced to 100 kt, to produce winds below hurricane force in Puerto Rico. A central pressure of 933 mb suggests winds of 127 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship (130 kt from the intensifying subset of hurricanes). The data from the steamship Coamo suggests that the center took roughly 90 minutes to cross the ship from RMW to RMW (150 mph estimated at 12 PM and 1:25 PM). The revised track suggests the hurricane was moving 8-9 kt, which in turn suggests the maximum wind ring was 12-13 n mi in diameter. This would yield a RMW of 6-7 n mi. This is smaller than climatology (11 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2001). A 156 kt wind measured by the old style 4 cup Robinson anemometer suggests an equivalent 1 min true wind of 125 kt (Fergusson and Covert 1924, Powell et al. 1996). Winds at landfall are estimated to be 135 kt (5 kt higher for the 18Z 3rd value), making this a high end Category 4 hurricane in Dominican Republic. (However, it is quite possible that this was a Category 5 hurricane at landfall.) The hurricane quickly weakened after landfall in this mountainous island. Winds are estimated to 80 kt at 00Z on the 4th, as the original value of 60 kt was likely too much weakening (130 down to 60 kt in six hours). The remaining intensity values on the 4th are unchanged (60 kt at 06Z, 55 kt at 12Z, and 50 kt at 18Z). Based upon analyses by Perez et al., the track of the cyclone is shifted south on the 4th-5th, with the center staying south of eastern Cuba, instead of moving over Cuba as originally indicated. The cyclone made a landfall on westernmost Cuba around 12Z on the 6th as a minimal tropical storm. The system may have weakened to a tropical depression on the 7th, but the data are inconclusive so no changes to HURDAT's intensity are made on this date. The cyclone made landfall just south of Tampa around 09Z on the 9th. 32 kt SE wind and simultaneous 1006 mb pressure were measured at Tampa around the time of landfall. This pressure suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Peak winds at landfall are estimated to be 40 kt. The system again weakened to a tropical depression late on the 9th. Once back over the water in the Atlantic late on the 10th, the cyclone again began gradually reintensifying. Hurricane force winds with 978 mb peripheral pressure was reported by a ship at 12Z on the 12th, offshore from North Carolina. This pressure suggests winds of at least 75 kt from both the Brown et al. north of 25N and the high latitude (north of 35N) pressure-wind relationships. 80 kt is selected for HURDAT at this time (up from 65 kt originally). Late on the 12th and early on the 13th, the hurricane impacted North Carolina, with peak observed winds of 52 kt and lowest pressure of 995 mb at Cape Hatteras. It is estimated that peak winds to impact the coast were close to - 60 kt - hurricane force, though the strongest winds in the hurricane (and the center of the cyclone) remained offshore. The hurricane turned toward the east on the 13th and gradually weakened. A 987 mb peripheral pressure with 50 kt S wind at 19Z on the 14th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the high latitude pressure-wind relationship - intensity is unchanged at 85 kt. No gales were recorded on the 16th or 17th and the intensity is estimated to have dropped below tropical storm strength at 06Z on the 17th, 12 hours earlier than originally indicated. The original HURDAT indicated no transition to extratropical, despite traversing the Atlantic just north of 35N. The Historical Weather Map, in contrast, showed frontal structures everyday from the 8th until the the 17th of September associated with this system. However, inspection of all available observations indicates that the original HURDAT's assessment was correct - that no extratropical stage occurred in connection with this system. The system dissipated after 18Z on the 17th. This hurricane ranks as one of the strongest cyclones and largest impact for the country of the Dominican Republic. ******************************************************************************* 1930/03 - 2010 ADDITION: 25247 10/18/1930 M=4 3 SNBR= 562 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25247 10/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 955 30 0*200 952 35 0 25247 10/19*200 949 45 0*201 947 60 0*203 945 60 0*205 943 60 0 25247 10/20*208 942 55 0*211 941 50 0*215 940 45 0*220 940 40 0 25247 10/21*226 940 35 0*233 940 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25247 TS This is a new storm, previously not documented as a tropical cyclone in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Monthly Weather Review. October 16: HWM shows a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mexico near 22N 100W. No gales or low pressures were observed. "The third cyclone [in the Northeast Pacific during October] was that of the 16th to 18th between Acapulco and Cape Corrientes. The storm caused strong to whole gales along a considerable stretch of the coast, and after leaving the vicinity of the cape, advanced inland and died out on the 20th in the Bay of Campeche" (MWR). October 17: HWM shows a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mexico near 22N 105W. Ship highlight: 40 kt S and 992 mb at 22 UTC at 17.9N 103.6W (MWR). "The lowest recorded barometer was 29.31 inches, reported by the American steamship American, in 17.9N., 103.6W, on the 17th" (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb over Mexico centered near 21.5N, 101 W. Ship highlights: Calm winds and 983 mb at 08Z at 18.4N 104.8W (MWR); 50 kt WSW, no time, at 18.4N 104.8W (MWR); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 06 UTC at 19.5N 105.4W (MWR); 45 kt NNE and 999 mb at 03 UTC at 18.5N 105.5W (COA); 50 kt SW and 1004 mb at 03 UTC at 18.5N 104.5W (COA); 5 kt SW and 1004 mb at 22 UTC at 20.5N, 93.5W (COA). Station highlights: Calm and 1006 mb at Veracruz at 12 UTC (HWM). "From the 15th to the 18th low pressure prevailed in the southwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico, apparently being part of a general depression covering lower Mexico and adjacent waters of both the Pacific and the Gulf" (MWR). October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low in the Bay of Campeche of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 94.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 19.7N, 94.2W (COA); 50 kt WSW wind and 997 mb at 08 UTC at 20.0N, 94.4W (MWR). "On the morning of the 19th a center developed on the Gulf coast and during the day moderate to strong gales were experienced by vessels in the vicinity" (MWR). October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21N, 93W. Ship highlights: 15 kt N and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 21.0N, 94.9W (COA). "However by the morning of the 20th the disturbance had lost energy" (MWR). "The third cyclone [in the Northeast Pacific during October] was that of the 16th to 18th between Acapulco and Cape Corrientes. The storm caused strong to whole gales along a considerable stretch of the coast, and after leaving the vicinity of the cape, advanced inland and died out on the 20th in the Bay of Campeche. The lowest recorded barometer was 29.31 inches, reported by the American steamship American, in 17.9N., 103.6W, on the 17th" (MWR). October 21: HWM shows no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. No gales or low pressures were observed. "... on the 21st the entire Gulf, except the Bay of Campeche, was covered by the southern part of an extensive continental area of high pressure. With the southerly advance of this area a heavy norther prevailed at Tampico on the 19th and 20th and vessels were unable to enter port. Press accounts states that 10 vessels that had been held outside entered on the 21st" (MWR). This new tropical storm likely formed along the end of a frontal boundary that extended into the southwest Gulf of Mexico. While significant cool air advection was occurring off of the US southeast coast during the lifetime of this system, the air mass modified enough to be uniformly warm around the storm. Simultaneous with the genesis of this system, a strong tropical cyclone was making landfall along the west coast of Mexico, about 600 nm to the east of the new tropical storm. This Northeast Pacific system was likely a hurricane - 983 mb reported with a calm, two other reports of 50 kt max winds - that made landfall around 12Z on the 18th near 19.5N 105.0W. It is highly unlikely that the new Gulf system originated from the strong tropical cyclone in the Northeast Pacific. After genesis, the Gulf tropical cyclone quickly became a high end tropical storm by the 19th. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb with 50 kt WSW winds on the 18th suggests at least 53 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT. This was likely the peak intensity of the tropical storm, though it is possible that this reached hurricane intensity. The system quickly weakened on the 20th over the open Gulf of Mexico - likely due to increasing cool air advection from the enhanced northeasterlies - and dissipated after 06 UTC on the 21st. ******************************************************************************* 1930 Additional Notes: 1) January 7-12: A cyclone developed at rather low latitudes during January and moved generally westward north of the Greater Antilles. Data from the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS were obtained for its analysis. The MWR indicated it was "cyclonic" by the 5th, though available observations - while sparse - suggest that it did not become a closed low until the 7th. Though the system was never frontal, the gales that were present on the 7th, 8th, and 9th were located (with one exception) 300-500 nm in the northern semicircle of the low. (It is analyzed, by comparison with nearby ships, that ship "US076350" had winds that were 15-20 kt too high on the 7th and 8th and that its 45 kt reported on both dates were likely below gale force in reality.) The lowest pressure obtained was 1001 mb on the 9th (with 25 kt winds). One gale was observed on the 11th at a smaller - ~125 nm - radius from the center. The cyclone weakened from the 10th through the 12th and dissipated to a trough on the 13th. While the structure of the cyclone was too large to be considered a tropical (or even a subtropical) cyclone on the 7th through the 9th while there were numerous gales, on the 10th and 11th the peak winds did contract in radius and it is possible that the system was a (sub)tropical cyclone on those dates. However, with only one gale observed during this time, this is not enough evidence that the system had gale force winds simultaneous with a structure of a (sub)tropical cyclone. Thus this system is not added into HURDAT. Monthly Weather Review (January 1930): "About the 5th, a small cyclone disturbance developed in approximately latitude 22 deg 30'N., longitude 56 deg W., whence it moved rather slowly westward during the ensuing several days. By the morning of the 9th it had reached latitude 27 deg 30' N., longitude 68 deg W., and was affecting a number of vessels in that locality. Vessels near the center that have thus far reported to the Weather Bureau experienced moderate to strong gales and high sea. The lowest pressure reported was 29.54 inches. The disturbance, with diminishing intensity, continued to moved westward on a course including somewhat to the southward and passed through the Florida Strait into the Gulf of Mexico on the 12th-13th. Here, as a shallow depression, it turned northward along the Atlantic seaboard and on the 15th merged with a western continental disturbance in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." Date Latitude Longitude Type January. 5th --- 56W Trough January. 6th --- 58W Trough January. 7th 24N 59W Hybrid Cyclone January. 8th 27N 64W Hybrid Cyclone January. 9th 28N 68W Hybrid Cyclone January. 10th 29N 71W (Sub)Tropical Cyclone? January. 11th 27N 74W (Sub)Tropical Cyclone? January. 12th 24N 78W Remnant Low January. 13th --- 84W Trough 2) The Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS ships data show that a cyclone formed in the central Gulf of Mexico late on the 29th of May, moved northeastward and making landfall in Florida on the 30th, and merged with a strong baroclinic low on the 31st east of the U.S. mid-Atlantic states. While the system was organizing late on the 29th, a frontal boundary had moved into the Gulf of Mexico. It appears that the system was extratropical throughout its short lifetime. Highest winds observed were 30 kt from a ship and lowest pressure was 1001 mb, both on the 30th (though the environmental pressures were also quite low). No Florida U.S. Weather Bureau land stations observed tropical storm force winds. Given that the system did not have tropical storm force winds and that it was extratropical, the cyclone will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 29 24N 92W Extratropical low May 30 27N 88W Extratropical low May 31 --- --- Merged with strong extratropical low 3) The Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that tropical depression formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 14th of June, made landfall over South Florida on the same day, and meandered northward over the Florida peninsula during the next two days. No gale force winds were reported from ships in the COADS data set, nor did any U.S. Weather Bureau stations report any tropical storm force winds. Lowest pressure reported was 1010 mb on the 14th. It is possible that this system reached tropical storm intensity, but with no observed winds higher than 25 kt, the cyclone will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 14 25N 82W Tropical Depression Jun 15 30N 81W Tropical Depression Jun 16 31N 84W Tropical Depression 4) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that an area of low pressure formed off of a frontal boundary off the US East coast on August 19th, traveled southwest for a day, then traveled north for the duration of its life cycle. It attained a closed cyclonic circulation and moved north to to strike New York on the 23rd. At its strongest, maximum winds observed by ships were around 50 kt and min pressure at 988 mb on the 22nd. On the 23rd, when the low approached the US Atlantic seaboard, New York City and Atlantic City recorded winds of 42 kt and Sandy Hook recorded winds of 48 kt. While most sources indicated that tropical storm force winds circulated around a center on the 22nd and 23rd, the temperature gradient indicates that the system was extratropical at that time. On the 20th, the day the low structurally appeared closest to being a tropical system, no gale force winds were reported. Thus this system will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 19 33N 74W Extratropical Aug 20 31N 76W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone Aug 21 32N 75W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone Aug 22 34N 74W Extratropical Aug 23 39N 73W Extratropical 5) The Monthly Weather Review in September (as part of the article about the Santo Domingo Hurricane) wrote: "No. III, which was reported but twice, first by a Pan American Airways plane on September 6 near St. Lucia, and again at midnight of the 7th by the steamship Rhodopis. This disturbance dissipated before it reached proximity to any land station." A track map showed positions near 14N63W on the morning of the 7th and 15N69W on the morning of the 8th. Later in the same edition of the MWR: "On the 6th a Pan American airplane between St. Vincent and St. Lucia reported at noon: Gale 100 miles an hour, heavy rain, no visibility. At St. Lucia, barometer 29.94 inches, wind NE., 3. German S. S. Rhodopis, at 8 a. m. on the 8th in 15 deg 45 min N., 68 deg 40 min W., heavy squalls, force 10 with heavy rain from SE., confused sea up to 10 a. m., afterwards becoming east and diminishing." A review of both the Historical Weather Maps and the COADS ship data base indicate no gale force winds from either ships or coastal stations, nor no closed circulation, though a tropical wave was present on the days in question. It is possible that a small tropical storm passed near St. Lucia or St. Vincent on the 6th and was reported again by the ship S.S. Rhodopis on the 8th. However, given the lack of confirmation of a closed circulation (and somewhat dubious aircraft-based observation inconsistent with nearby island stations), this system is not added into HURDAT as a new storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 6 --- 59W Tropical Wave? Sep 7 --- 63W Tropical Wave? Sep 8 --- 69W Tropical Wave? 6) This system began as an extratropical low along a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 1st of October. By late on the 2nd, the surface temperature gradient weakened and the system slowed its movement to the east. Between late on the 2nd and during the 3rd, the system was closest to becoming a tropical cyclone (or subtropical cyclone). The system accelerated to the north-northeast late on the 3rd and during the 4th and was clearly again extratropical by early on the 4th as it moved back into a region of moderate temperature gradients. The system then reached a peak intensity (while of extratropical structure) of around 70 kt and lowest observed pressure of 982 mb on the 5th. The system then occluded and executed a counter-clockwise loop during the 6th and 7th. During the next three days it meandered in a weakened state. On the 10th and 11th, the system accelerated off to the east-northeast and intensified again as an extratropical storm. The storm reached a second peak in intensity of around 70 kt and lowest observed pressure of 980 mb on the 14th. The system slowed on the 14th and 15th and turned back to the northwest on the 16th as it was absorbed by a new extratropical cyclone. However, given that the evidence is not conclusive enough that it had lost its frontal features on the 2nd and 3rd, this cyclone is not considered a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone and is thus not added into HURDAT. September 30: HWM analyzes a stationary frontal system off of the Florida coast. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 32.8N, 77.3W (COA). October 1: HWM depicts a closed extratropical low with at most 1005 mb pressure centered around 30N, 71W embedded in an occluded front extending SSW-NNE through the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show a center near 27N, 77W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE at 31N, 75W (MWR); 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 74.3W (COA). "A moderate depression lay on the 1st between Bermuda and the Florida coast" (MWR). October 2: HWM analyzes a S-N occluded frontal system at the longitude of Bermuda with an elongated low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 71W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 28.5N, 71.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 75.1 W (COA); 10 kt NE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 72.4W (COA); 10 kt NE and 1000 mb at 27.5N 70.5W (COA). (Note that the ship with 996 mb appears to have a bias of about 3-5 mb too low.) October 3: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 69.5W with an occluded front extending SSW-NNE through the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show a center near 30.5N, 68.5W with 992 mb pressure. Despite HWM's analysis, the system had minimal temperature gradient present and instead likely was a tropical cyclone (as strong winds occurred near the center). Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE at 38.1N, 67.3W (MWR); NE wind and 999 mb at 17 UTC at 38.1N, 67.3W (MWR). (These positions are likely in error by 10 deg latitude and should be at 28.1N, 67.3W.) October 4: HWM analyzes an extratropical low near 33.5N, 66W with at most 1005 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 32.5N, 66W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 69.9W (COA); 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 38.5N, 64.3W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 39.7N, 62.0W (COA); 35 kt N and 998 mb at 20 UTC at 39.5N, 65.5W (COA). October 5: HWM depicts an extratropical low attached to the west end of a warm front of at most 1005 mb near 42.5N, 59W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 42N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 987 mb at 02 UTC at 40.4N, 64.3W (MWR); 70 kt SSE and 991 mb at 04 UTC at 39.5N, 61.2W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 982 mb at 10 UTC at 41.4N, 61.5W (MWR). "At the same time [1st to 5th] the depression in the western Atlantic moved northward with increasing intensity to the vicinity of Nova Scotia, where it prevailed on the 5th as a severe storm" (MWR). October 6: HWM depicts an occluded low of at most 1010 mb pressure not attached to a front centered near 42N, 64.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center at 42N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: Several 35 kt reports; 35 kt WSW and 991 mb at 18 UTC at 42.5N, 60.5W (COA). "At least one casualty occurred in the fishing fleets of this region, the schooner Lake O'Law foundering on the 6th" (MWR). October 7: HWM analyzes a low with at most 1010 mb pressure, re-attached to an occluded front, centered near 39.5N, 63W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 40N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 08 UTC at 40.5N, 66.5W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 999 mb at 04 UTC at 44.2N, 63.7W (COA). "During the 6th and 7th the storm diminished in intensity and was forced to the southward apparently by the advance of a high pressure area from the continent" (MWR). October 8: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 63W. The MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones show a center at 37N, 59.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 12 UTC at 38.0N, 67.6W (COA); 20 kt NE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 37.8N, 64.6W (COA). October 9: HWM analyzes an elongated extratropical low with at most 1005 mb pressure, attached to the west side of a warm front, located near 35.5N, 61W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 33N, 62W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at 16 UTC at 39.5N, 58.5W (COA); 45 kt E and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at 40.1N, 55.4W (MWR); 10 kt SE and 1001 mb at 00 UTC at 35.5N, 65.5W (COA); 10 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.0N, 64.9W (HWM). (Both pressures are likely central pressures of the extratropical storm.) "However, with some reinforcement from the southward it again acquired a northerly to northeasterly movement on the 9th" (MWR). October 10: HWM analyzes an occluded low centered near 38N, 62W of at most 1000 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center at 38.5N, 58W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 41.5N, 54.5W (COA); 45 kt and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 41.5N, 61.5W (COA); 30 kt NE and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 39.4N, 61.2W (COA). October 11: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb pressure near 42N, 49.5W with an occluded front extending SW-NE through the low. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 41.5N, 51W with a 1000 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE at 23 UTC at 41.5N, 52.5W (COA); 25 kt NNW and 992 mb at 18 UTC at 42.5N, 50.5W (COA). "During the following days [the storm] moved slowly to a position in mid-ocean. On this part of its path it was attended by gales, chiefly on its western side, and for the most part only moderate to fresh in force" (MWR). October 12: HWM analyzes an occluded low near 47N, 35W of at most 990 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 44N, 43W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 988 mb at 16 UTC at 43.1N, 33.0W (MWR); 20 kt W and 984 mb at 18 UTC at 53.5N, 40.5W (COA); 20 kt NW and 984 mb at 22 UTC at 52.4N, 37.9W (COA). October 13: HWM analyzes a deepening low of at most 975 mb pressure attached to a stationary front centered near 51N, 29W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 49N, 32W. Ship highlights: 60 kts S at 13 UTC at 50.5N, 20.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 50.8N, 24.1W (COA); 45 kt SSE and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 50.5N, 21.5W (COA); 30 kt SE and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 51.0N, 25.0W (HWM). October 14: HWM analyzes a deepening low of at most 970 mb pressure at the southwest end of a stationary front extending SW-NE centered near 53.5N, 28W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 53.5N, 23W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 960 mb at 54.2N, 29.0W (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a deep, non-tropical low of at most 965 mb pressure attached to the southwest SW end of a warm front extending SW-NE, centered near 58N, 22W. Ship highlights: Several 45 kt reports; 15 kt NNW and 966 mb at 12 UTC at 56.0N, 26.0W (HWM). "By the 15th it had again turned northward and had reached a position immediately to the south of Iceland" (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a weakening occluded low of at most 980 mb pressure centered near 61N, 26W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW at 23 UTC at 48.5N, 38.5W (COA); 35 kt NW and 969 mb at 10 UTC at 58.5N 34.5W (COA). DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 1 27N 76W Extratropical Low Oct 2 27N 70W Extratropical Low/Hybrid Oct 3 28N 68W Extratropical Low/Hybrid Oct 4 36N 66W Extratropical Low Oct 5 42N 61W Extratropical Low Oct 6 43N 63W Extratropical Low Oct 7 40N 63W Extratropical Low Oct 8 37N 64W Extratropical Low Oct 9 36N 63W Extratropical Low Oct 10 38N 62W Extratropical Low Oct 11 42N 51W Extratropical Low Oct 12 46N 35W Extratropical Low Oct 13 52N 28W Extratropical Low Oct 14 54N 26W Extratropical Low Oct 15 58N 26W Extratropical Low Oct 16 62N 30W Extratropical Low 7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that a low well east of the Bahamas traveled slowly west from November 20th until the 23rd and then turned abruptly north and recurved and weakened without making landfall. Throughout the life cycle, the lowest observed pressure by a ship close to the center was 1008 mb on the 22nd. The only gales were observed by ships on the 21st, but they came several hundred kilometers north of the center. With the exception of the 21st, there are no gales anywhere in the vicinity of the low. On the 22nd and 23rd, the low occluded and became somewhat close to obtaining tropical cyclone characteristics. However, there are no wind velocities to support a tropical storm intensity on those dates. Thus this system will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 20 28N 63W Extratropical Nov 21 25N 65W Extratropical Nov 22 26N 69W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone Nov 23 26N 72W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone Nov 24 32N 77W Extratropical ****************************************************************************** 1931 Storm 1 - Revised 2012 25250 06/25/1931 M= 4 1 SNBR= 561 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25250 06/24/1931 M= 5 1 SNBR= 561 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * The 24th is new to HURDAT. 25252 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 870 30 0*186 869 35 0 25255 06/25*210 846 35 0*216 858 35 0*222 869 40 0*227 880 40 0 25255 06/25*192 868 40 0*198 869 45 0*205 870 45 0*213 878 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 25260 06/26*232 889 40 0*235 895 40 0*239 903 40 0*244 914 40 0 25260 06/26*222 887 40 0*231 898 40 0*239 910 40 0*245 923 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25265 06/27*248 926 35 0*253 938 35 0*257 949 35 0*262 960 35 0 25265 06/27*250 938 40 0*255 950 40 0*260 960 40 0*264 968 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25270 06/28*267 967 35 0*270 972 35 0*274 977 35 0*278 982 30 0 25270 06/28*267 976 35 0*269 982 30 0*270 985 30 0*270 987 25 0 *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25275 TS US landfall: 6/27/1931 - 22Z - 26.6N 97.3W ? 40 kt Major track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, and the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960). June 24: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure over Central America, parts of the Yucatan Peninsula and the extreme western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate a closed circulation by 12Z near 18N, 87W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N, 86.8W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.2N, 86.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 87.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 20.5N, 85.6W (MWR); 25 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 20.5N, 85.6W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. June 26: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low centered over land near 17N, 92W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.9N, 90.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 91W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 25th, a depression was over the peninsula of Yucatan, that afterwards developed into a moderate tropical disturbance. On the daily weather map for June 26 it is stated: 'A disturbance of moderate intensity is apparently central in the south-central portion of the Gulf of Mexico.' On the 27th the center of this disturbance was about 100 miles east-northeast of Brownsville, Tex., and on the 28th over the coast of western Texas" (MWR). June 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25N, 95.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.7N, 94.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 95.5W. Ship/Land highlights: 35 kt NE (max w/1-min) with 1010 mb at 15Z at Corpus Christi (OMR); 1006 mb at 2230 UTC at Brownsville, TX (OMR); 1009 mb (min p) at 23Z at Corpus Christi (OMR). Regarding the intensity: Corpus Christi, TX: "The outstanding feature of the month was the small and moderate tropical disturbance that passed inland near this coast on the 27th. Rainfall was excessive on that date, under the tropical storm influence. During the 24-hour period total rainfall was 8.04 inches. The excessive rainfall caused considerable damage to streets and roads in this city. In many parts of the city of Corpus Christi water was in the streets to a depth of two to three feet" (OMR). Corpus Christi: 1009 mb at 23 UTC (OMR). June 28: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.4N, 97.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 98.5W with a 1009 mb pressure. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Tropical Cyclones of Texas, Jun 28, Lower Coast, Minor ["Minor" refers to less than 64 kt], Heavy Rains" (Dunn and Miller). HURDAT originally started this at 00Z on 25 June as a 35 kt tropical storm, but observations from HWM and COADS indicate a closed circulation by 12Z on the 24th, and a tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 12Z on 24 June in the western Caribbean just east of the Yucatan Peninsula. Several ships on the 25th indicate that the original HURDAT position around 12Z on the 25th was too far north. A slow northward motion is analyzed from the 24th to the 25th instead of the west-northwestward motion shown in HURDAT originally early on the 25th. Major southwestward track changes are implemented on the 25th at 00 and 06Z. At 12Z on the 25th, a ship in the periphery observed a 1002 mb pressure simultaneously with 25 kt winds. The ship experienced maximum winds of 35 kt. The ship was located 80 nmi east of the analyzed position at the time of the 1002 mb observation. A central pressure of less than 1002 mb yields winds of at least 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 25th (up from 40 kt originally). The center passed near Cozumel on the 25th and is analyzed to have made landfall near Playa del Carmen, Mexico around 13Z on the 25th as a 45 kt tropical storm. The peak intensity for the lifetime of this cyclone is analyzed to be 45 kt for the 12 hours just prior to the landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula. The previous HURDAT peak intensity was 40 kt from 12Z on the 25th to 18Z on the 26th. This intensity increase is based on the fact that the previous HURDAT did not show any weakening over land. Perhaps this is because the original track did not show a landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula and kept the system over water. The cyclone was over the Yucatan Peninsula from 13Z to 20Z on the 25th before moving into the Gulf of Mexico with an analyzed intensity of 40 kt (no change to the HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 15th or 00Z on the 16th). Southward track adjustments of around 1.5 degrees are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 25th. All track changes for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime are minor changes. The cyclone moved west-northwestward in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and made landfall on the south Texas coast around 22Z on 27 June at 26.6N, 97.3W as a 40 kt tropical storm. HURDAT previously showed a 35 kt intensity at the point before landfall, and this was increased to 40 kt. The highest observed wind from a land station was a fastest mile wind of 35 kt at Corpus Christi (34 kt after converting to a 10m 1-min wind). The lowest observed pressure from a land station was 1006 mb at Brownsville. The basis for the 40 kt landfall intensity is to choose the intensity 5 kt above the highest observed windspeed in the absence of a central pressure value to account for subsampling. The revised track shows landfall between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, but closer to Brownsville than in the original HURDAT. After landfall, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on 28 June (12 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally). No change is made to the timing of dissipation, but the position at the final point at 18Z on the 28th is adjusted to 27.0N, 98.7W as a 25 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 2 - Revised 2012 25280 07/11/1931 M= 7 2 SNBR= 562 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25285 07/11* 0 0 0 0*163 820 35 0*167 838 35 0*170 848 35 0 25285 07/11* 0 0 0 0*157 823 30 0*160 830 30 0*165 840 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25290 07/12*174 858 40 0*178 868 40 0*182 877 40 0*186 882 35 0 25290 07/12*170 850 30 0*175 860 30 0*180 870 30 0*185 880 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25295 07/13*191 887 35 0*198 892 35 0*206 897 35 0*214 901 35 0 25295 07/13*190 888 30 0*195 895 30 0*200 900 35 0*208 903 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 25300 07/14*224 904 40 0*236 905 45 0*248 906 50 0*260 907 50 0 25300 07/14*220 904 45 0*235 905 50 0*248 906 55 0*260 907 60 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 25305 07/15*271 908 50 0*281 909 50 0*290 911 45 0*298 913 40 0 25305 07/15*272 908 60 0*284 909 55 0*296 911 45 1000*304 913 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 25310 07/16*306 916 35 0*315 921 30 0*325 926 25 0*333 931 25 0 25310 07/16*310 917 35 0*316 923 30 0*322 930 25 0*331 938 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25315 07/17*342 936 25 0*353 946 20 0*363 956 20 0*373 967 20 0 25315 07/17*342 947 25 0*353 957 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25320 TS US landfall: 7/15/1931 ? 10Z ? 29.2N, 91.0W ? 50 kt Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Major changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm intensity was first attained. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960). July 10: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the western Caribbean Sea near Honduras. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Although available observations including a west wind at 12Z at Cabo Gracias indicates the possibility of a closed circulation on the 10th, the west wind may have more like been a land breeze. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Bluefields, Nicaragua at 12.0N, 83.8W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. July 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.2N, 86.9W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.2N, 87.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.6N, 89.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21N, 89.8W with a 1009 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at 18.0N, 86.9W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. July 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.8N, 91W with a 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 2130 UTC at 27.6N, 90.6W (MWR); 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 23 UTC at 27.6N, 90.6W (MWR); 2 observations of 35 kt ESE and SE at 18 and 22 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "A disturbance resembling in some of its characters a mild tropical cyclone originated in the western Gulf of Mexico on the 14th and caused winds of force 8 to 11 (35 to 60 kt) near the Louisiana coast as it progressed northeastward on the 14th and 15th" (MWR). The account of the W.C. Teagle: "... encountered this disturbance on the afternoon of the 14th, about latitude 28N, longitude 91W. The barometer fell rather sharply about two-tenths of an inch, reaching the lowest point at 4:30 pm, when the wind was ESE, force 11 (60 kt), with driving rain squalls and the air full of spray. At 6 pm, the wind was SE, force 10 (50 kt), with barometer pumping between 1006 and 1008 mb. Southeast gale continued throughout most of the night of the 14th-15th, but the wind changed to south by 7 am (15th) and diminished to force 6 (25 kt)" (MWR). July 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 91.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.8N, 91.5W with a 1008 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 27.7N, 90.7W (COA); 50 kt SE at 02 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE at 06 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SSE at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 89.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 34 kt NW at Austin, TX at 30.3N, 97.8W (MWR); 1001 mb (min p) at 13Z at Morgan City, LA (29.7N, 91.2W) (OMR). No other gales. No other low pressures. Port Arthur, TX: 1008 mb at 23 UTC (OMR). Galveston, TX: 1009 mb at 23 UTC (OMR). New Orleans, LA: 1007 mb at 2130 UTC (OMR). "Tropical cyclones of Louisiana, July 14-15, Minor ["Minor" - Refers to winds less than 64 kt]" (Dunn and Miller). July 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 32.5N, 92.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center in Louisiana near 32N, 92.5W with a 1010 mb pressure. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 36.3N, 95.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center in Oklahoma near 36.5N, 96W with a 1012 mb pressure. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 10 July at 00Z (genesis is indicted 30 hours earlier than originally) with a position of 15.5N, 81.1W. HURDAT originally started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 11 July at 16.3N, 82.0W. The revised positions on the 11th are slightly south the original positions. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico just north of its border with Belize around 17Z on 12 July as a tropical depression instead of a tropical storm as indicated in HURDAT originally. This downgrade is due to sufficient observational coverage, which indicates a weaker cyclone. It is analyzed that the 30 kt tropical depression strengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm while over land - first attaining tropical storm strength around 12Z on 13 July (more than two days later than originally). The strengthening over land is analyzed because observations near the outer periphery of the circulation confirmed that winds were stronger on the 13th compared with the weak winds of the previous days. The highest wind on the 13th was a 35 kt ship observation about 240 nmi east-southeast of the center. The cyclone was over land until the 13th around 19Z before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico and turning northward. No significant track changes were made on the 14th. Late on the 14th, a ship encountered maximum winds of 60 kt from the ESE simultaneous with its minimum pressure of 1006 mb. Based on this ship, a 60 kt intensity is analyzed from 18Z on the 14th to 00Z on the 15th though it is possible that the system briefly reached hurricane intensity. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in Louisiana around 10Z on the 15th at 29.2N, 91.0W as a 50 kt tropical storm. The highest available wind observation from a coastal station is 35 kt from the south around or slightly before 1230Z at Port Eads, LA. The lowest available pressure observation is 1001 mb with 10 kt W winds at Morgan City, LA at 13Z on the 15th. At 12Z on the 15th, HWM indicates that Morgan City recorded calm just before the 13Z 1001 mb pressure observation found in the OMR. The 12Z position on the 15th is analyzed at 29.6N, 91.1W based on the Morgan City data. A central pressure of 1000 mb is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th based on the Morgan City data. The central pressure at the 10Z landfall was likely lower, and the 50 kt landfall intensity was chosen based on observations from Morgan City as well as several ship observations prior to landfall (a 50 kt intensity at landfall corresponds to a 996 mb central pressure according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship). It makes sense that the central pressure was around 996 mb at landfall if it was 1000 mb a few hours after landfall. The 45 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is not changed. It is of note that the 34 kt NW winds in Austin on the 15th were likely not part of this cyclone but were a separate system. After landfall, the cyclone continued inland and moved north-northwestward, weakening to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 16th while over Louisiana. No intensity changes were made from 12Z on the 15th through 06Z on the 17th and track changes were generally within a degree. The depression is analyzed to have dissipated after 06Z on the 17th (12 hours earlier than originally). It is of note that the cyclone had an unusual structure during and after landfall with strong (but not quite tropical storm strength) winds and significant rain well to its southeast over Mississippi and Alabama. It is possible that it had subtropical cyclone characteristics. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 3 - Revised 2012 25325 08/10/1931 M= 9 3 SNBR= 563 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25325 08/10/1931 M=10 3 SNBR= 563 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 25330 08/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*143 585 35 0 25330 08/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*135 610 30 0 *** *** ** 25335 08/11*143 628 40 0*144 645 40 0*147 663 40 0*149 670 40 0 25335 08/11*145 629 30 0*152 646 35 0*157 660 40 0*160 672 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 25340 08/12*152 678 45 0*154 688 45 0*155 699 45 0*154 712 50 0 25340 08/12*160 685 45 0*160 698 45 0*160 710 45 0*160 721 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25345 08/13*154 726 50 0*155 743 50 0*156 760 50 0*156 770 50 0 25345 08/13*160 732 50 0*160 743 50 0*160 755 50 0*160 768 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25350 08/14*156 780 50 0*156 794 50 0*156 808 50 0*156 818 50 0 25350 08/14*161 783 50 0*162 798 50 0*163 813 50 0*164 828 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25355 08/15*157 828 50 0*160 845 45 0*164 860 45 0*166 868 45 0 25355 08/15*166 843 50 0*168 858 45 0*170 870 45 0*172 880 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25360 08/16*168 875 40 0*170 882 40 0*172 888 35 0*175 895 35 0 25360 08/16*174 888 40 0*176 894 35 0*178 900 35 0*180 906 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 25365 08/17*179 902 35 0*184 913 40 0*189 926 40 0*192 937 40 0 25365 08/17*183 912 30 0*186 919 35 0*189 926 50 0*191 933 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 25370 08/18*194 946 40 0*195 954 40 0*196 963 35 0*197 972 25 0 25370 08/18*193 942 50 0*195 952 50 0*196 963 50 0*197 972 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** The 19th is new to HURDAT. 25372 08/19*198 980 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25375 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and newspaper reports from The Antigua Magnet provided by Mike Chenoweth. August 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT previously did not list this system until 18 UTC, as a tropical storm at 14.3N, 58.5W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The following Monday (the 10th), when the barometer fell about two-tenths, there was apprehension of bad weather taking the island in its grip. No disturbance developed, however" (The Antigua Magnet, Saturday Aug. 22 1931). August 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.7N, 66.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 14N, 64W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 00 UTC at 21.5N, 61.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 69.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 14.5N, 70.5W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.6N, 76.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 15N, 78W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 16.3N, 75.4W (HWM); 40 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 76.0W (HWM). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 14: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the southwest Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm near 15.6N, 80.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 15.5N, 82W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 15.0N, 76.3W (COA); 20 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 12.1N, 76.0W (COA); 40 kt E and 1011 mb at 09 UTC at 15.3N, 76.2W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.4N, 86.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 16.8N, 86.5W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Swan Island: 15 kt SE and 1006 mb (not minimum) at 12 UTC (HWM/OMR). August 16: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressures near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 88.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 17.8N, 89.3W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the track/intensity: "The disturbance crossed the full length of the Caribbean from east to west, moved into Yucatan on the 16th, and passed near Frontera, Mexico, on the next day when the Honduran steamship Morazan, lying in port at Frontera, experienced a gale of force 9 (40 kt), together with a wind change characteristic of the central area of a tropical disturbance" (MWR). August 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.9N, 92.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19N, 92.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1007 mb at 05 UTC at 18.5N, 92.6W (MWR); 40 kt NW (no time) in the vicinity of 18.5N, 92.6W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at 18.7N, 92.7W (COA); S wind (no time) (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM analyzes a slight trough in the extreme western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.6N, 96.3W. Ship highlights: S wind and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at 18.5N, 92.7W (COA). No other gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf or over Mexico. HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day. Ship/Land highlights: None. HURDAT originally indicated that a 35 kt tropical storm developed at 18Z on 10 August at 14.3N, 58.5W. Observations from the Lesser Antilles indicate a closed circulation began about at that time and no change is made to the genesis timing. The eastern Atlantic Ocean was searched for observations back to 5 August. Although this tropical cyclone may have formed several days prior to 10 August, observations do not confirm a closed circulation prior to that date. A major westward track adjustment is implemented at 18Z on the 10th - observations on the 10th and 11th of August indicate that the position at 18Z on the 10th was about three degrees west-southwest of the original HURDAT position at that time. The system is started as a 30 kt depression (originally begun as a 35 kt tropical storm) and development into a 35 kt tropical storm now shown at 06Z on the 11th. All track changes from 11 August to dissipation are minor track changes (less than two degrees). The cyclone continued westward in the Caribbean Sea and is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm by 06Z on the 11th (12 hours later than originally), and there were several 30 kt ship observations on the 11th. On 13 August, with the cyclone moving westward in the central Caribbean, a ship observation of 45 kt with 1002 mb was instrumental in the analysis for that day. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The 50 kt intensity in HURDAT was not changed, and the position at 12Z was moved half a degree northeast of the previous HURDAT position to show a position closer to that ship observation. The cyclone made landfall around 20Z on 15 August a short distance south of Belize City, Belize as a 45 kt tropical storm. No intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 12Z on the 11th to 00Z on the 16th. The 45 kt landfall intensity is brought down to 35 kt by 06Z on the 16th (down from 40 kt originally) as the cyclone continued farther inland. The cyclone remained over land until early on the 17th before emerging into the Bay of Campeche, and it is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 16th (HURDAT previously only showed a weakening to a 35 kt tropical storm). After the cyclone emerged into the Bay of Campeche it is analyzed to have strengthened back to a tropical storm by 06Z on the 17th. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z (down from 40 kt originally). The highest observed wind at that time was 35 kt at 05Z. The analyzed intensity is 50 kt by 12Z (up from 40 kt originally), as a 45 kt wind was observed later that day. The cyclone made its final Mexican landfall just after 12Z on the 18th. No change was made to the position at 12Z on the 18th, but available observations support holding the 50 kt intensity assigned on the 17th until landfall (up from 35 kt originally at 12Z on the 18th). After landfall, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 19th and to have dissipated after 00Z (originally, HURDAT dissipated this cyclone after 18Z on the 18th). ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 4 - Revised 2012 25380 08/16/1931 M= 6 4 SNBR= 564 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25385 08/16* 0 0 0 0*132 580 35 0*137 595 35 0*144 607 35 0 25385 08/16* 0 0 0 0*142 593 25 0*150 605 25 0*159 616 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25390 08/17*152 620 35 0*162 636 35 0*172 650 35 0*179 659 35 0 25390 08/17*168 627 30 0*177 638 35 0*185 650 35 0*193 662 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 25395 08/18*186 667 35 0*193 674 35 0*201 681 35 0*212 689 35 0 25395 08/18*201 673 35 0*208 684 30 0*215 695 30 0*221 704 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25400 08/19*222 696 35 0*227 700 35 0*232 702 35 0*235 703 35 0 25400 08/19*226 710 30 0*231 714 30 0*235 715 30 0*239 715 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25405 08/20*240 705 35 0*249 707 35 0*258 708 35 0*266 708 35 0 25405 08/20*243 714 30 0*247 712 30 0*250 708 25 0*255 703 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25410 08/21*274 707 35 0*283 701 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25410 08/21*263 698 25 0*273 693 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 25415 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this weak tropical storm. Major changes are made to the timing of when the cyclone attained tropical storm strength and the timing of when the cyclone weakened back to a tropical depression. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), and newspaper reports from The Antigua Magnet provided by Mike Chenoweth. August 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.7N, 59.5W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On Sunday morning (16th) news reached here from Barbados that a hurricane had formed in the vicinity of that island, and that there was a possibility, if not a probability, of Dominica being struck. The news spread fast enough, and although locally there were no signs of any approaching hurricane, anxiety was general enough. At noon, the barometer, which had fallen slightly, appeared to be steady enough, but from three till five o'clock it dropped another tenth. In the meantime, torrential rains began to fall, and many residents considered it advisable to bar up their houses. After five o'clock the glass started to rise and the rains ceased about nine. The night was calm. The following morning 5.40 inches of rainfall were registered at the Botanical Gardens" (The Antigua Magnet, Saturday Aug. 22 1931). "On Sunday afternoon a storm warning was issued. The sky threatened rain and showers actually fell, but around sunset a very peculiar appearance was noticeable in a section of the sky to the east. This lurid appearance emphasized the belief that an atmospheric disturbance of some sort was due and before the sun vanished from the horizon flashes of lightning and peals of thunder were manifest. People began to bolt and bar securely doors and windows and wait for developments. Happily, apart from a continuation of the electrical disturbance and a steady fall of rain nothing serious occurred. The wind never stirred beyond the velocity of a sharp breeze (25 kt) and morning came to give courage to those who might have been maintaining a scared vigil throughout the night watching for the worst in the weather. At time of writing although the sky presented an overcast appearance there was no further indication of unsettled weather" (The Antigua Magnet, Tuesday Aug. 18, 1931). August 17: HWM analyzes a trough near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 65.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 18N, 65.2W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.1N, 68.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.4N, 69.5W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.2N, 70.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 23N, 71.6W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.8N, 70.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.2N, 70.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 21: HURDAT last listed this at 06 UTC as a tropical depression at 28.3N, 70.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 69.3W at 00 UTC, and 30.7N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. HURDAT previously indicated that a tropical cyclone developed on 16 August just east of the Windward Islands. The Atlantic was searched back to 9 August, but no closed circulation was found, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis. HURDAT's initial intensity was a 35 kt tropical storm, but the cyclone is analyzed to only have contained winds of 25 kt at the time, and thus is begun as a tropical depression. The position on the 16th is adjusted by about 1.5 degrees northwest of the original HURDAT position due to a 5 kt SSW wind near 14.2N, 60.8W along with a few other observations. A 24 kt SW observation on the 17th lays credence to the possibility that the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT may have been correct, and thus there is not enough evidence to decrease or increase the HURDAT intensity on the 17th. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 17th (one day later than originally - a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have passed through the Virgin Islands as a 35 kt tropical storm on 17 August. Observations showed the closed circulation on the 17th. No gales were observed, but the track on the 17th is adjusted to the right (or north) of the previous HURDAT track by about 1.5 degrees. The weak circulation continued to the west-northwest passing north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on the 18th, and it is analyzed that the tropical storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 06Z on the 18th (three days earlier than originally). The position is adjusted by over a degree on the 18th and 19th in accordance with available observations. The depression turned northward and moved slowly north-northeastward east of the Bahamas for a few more days. While it is possible that the cyclone may have degenerated to an open trough a day earlier than HURDAT shows dissipation, there is not sufficient observational coverage to confirm that so no changes are made to the timing of dissipation in HURDAT, which is listed at 06Z on 21 August. The final position is adjusted to 27.3N, 69.3W (a little over one degree southeast of the previous position) as a 25 kt tropical depression (30 kt originally). Although observations indicate that this system was likely at least a tropical depression, there were no observed winds of tropical storm force or low pressures. This system may not have been a tropical storm since there is no conclusive evidence of tropical storm intensity. However, there is currently not enough evidence to downgrade this system either. It is maintained as a 35 kt tropical storm from 06Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 18th. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 28416 09/01/1931 M= 4 5 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 28417 09/01*186 609 25 0*187 617 25 0*188 625 25 0*189 632 25 0 28417 09/02*190 639 30 0*191 646 30 0*192 654 30 0*193 664 30 0 28418 09/03*194 676 35 0*195 685 35 0*195 694 40 0*195 708 35 0 28418 09/04*195 723 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 28419 TS HWM, COADS, MWR, Perez et al., and Tannehill indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 1-4 September and made landfall as a tropical storm in Hispaniola. September 1: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT did not previously list this system. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19N, 62W. Ship highlights: 10 kt NW at 12Z at 18.3N, 64.9W (COA). "The first cyclonic development of the month [September] began north of the Virgin Islands on the 1st, and was of minor intensity" (MWR). September 2: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19N, 66W with a 1010 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 15 kt WNW at 12Z at 18.5N, 66.1W (COA). "Only gales reported during the progress of this relatively mild disturbance were over Mona Passage on the 2d, but flooding rains which caused great damage and some loss of life in Porto Rico may be attributed to conditions attending this cyclone" (MWR 364). September 3: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19N, 70W with a 1007 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 00Z at 19.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt SE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 19.7N, 68.1W (HWM); 30 kt E with 1007 mb at 12Z near 20N, 69.5W (Perez). September 4: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19.5N, 74.5W with a 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 00Z at 20.2N, 72.7W (COA). September 5: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 20N, 79W. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 83.3W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 7: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 82.5W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. "It moved westward during the next six days reaching the western end of Cuba where it recurved northeastward on the 7th" (MWR). September 8: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 27N, 80W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 9: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 29N, 77W. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. This tropical cyclone may have formed from an easterly wave that originated east of the Lesser Antilles. On August 31, a tropical wave appeared near 59W approaching the northern Leeward and Virgin Islands. On the first, observations indicate a closed circulation near 19N, 62.5W at 12Z, but no strong winds or low pressures by that time. A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 00Z on 1 September at 18.6N, 60.9W, but it is possible that a cyclone formed before this time since observations were sparse prior to that time farther east over the open tropical Atlantic. On the 2 September HWM map, a ship with 35 kt SSE and 1010 mb is plotted near 19.5N, 68W, but other data indicates that this observation is likely in error. We are guessing that it was plotted on the wrong day, and that this observation occurred at that location at 12Z on the 3rd instead of 12Z on the 2nd. However, backing to the 2nd, other observations continue to indicate a closed circulation centered near 19.2N, 65.4W at 12Z on the 2nd. A 25 kt intensity is analyzed on the 1st, and a 30 kt intensity is analyzed on the 2nd. On the 3rd, the cyclone continued to move due west and approached Hispaniola. On this day, in addition to the aforementioned 35 kt ship observation, there was a separate observation of 1007 mb with 30 kt E north of the center. West winds south of the center on the 3rd continue to indicate a closed circulation. Another important factor is that there was a high environmental pressure to the north. The pressure at Turks Island was 1015 mb at 12Z on the 3rd while the 1007 mb was measured 100 nmi to the SSE of that. These factors are enough evidence that this system was a tropical storm on 3 September. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on 3 September, intensifying to a 40 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 3rd at 19.5N, 69.4W. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in Hispaniola on the 3rd at 14Z at 19.5N, 69.9W as a 40 kt tropical storm. Moving due westward over Hispaniola, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on 4 September at 19.5N, 72.3W (still over Hispaniola). The cyclone is analyzed to have degenerated into an open wave or trough after that time. The remnants of the tropical storm can be tracked to the area south of Cuba on the 5th and 6th, over Florida on the 7th and 8th, and into the western Atlantic off the southeast coast of the US on the 9th. After that, it was absorbed by a frontal system. Observations from the 4th - 10th indicate the cyclone was an open trough during that time - not a closed low. Also of note, please see the suggested track by Monthly Weather Review on p.348, indicated as III. Tannehill and Perez et al. also describe this system as a tropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 6 (originally Storm 5) - Revised 2012 25420 09/05/1931 M= 8 5 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25420 09/06/1931 M= 8 6 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * The 5th has been removed from HURDAT. 25425 09/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 555 35 0 25430 09/06*126 593 35 0*127 610 35 0*128 628 35 0*130 641 35 0 25430 09/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*124 627 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25435 09/07*133 652 35 0*137 665 40 0*142 679 40 0*148 693 40 0 25435 09/07*128 645 35 0*132 662 40 0*135 679 40 0*138 697 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 25440 09/08*153 706 40 0*157 715 45 0*160 724 45 0*164 740 50 0 25440 09/08*140 715 50 0*142 732 55 0*145 748 60 0*148 764 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25445 09/09*167 758 50 0*168 777 55 0*168 795 55 0*169 812 60 0 25445 09/09*150 779 65 0*152 793 70 0*155 807 70 0*158 822 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25450 09/10*170 829 60 0*171 845 65 0*173 861 85 0*176 879 110 0 25450 09/10*162 837 85 0*166 851 95 0*170 865 105 0*174 878 115 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25455 09/11*180 895 60 0*185 908 55 0*191 921 50 0*197 934 50 0 25455 09/11*179 891 80 0*185 904 55 0*191 916 50 0*198 927 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 25460 09/12*203 947 50 0*209 962 55 0*215 979 55 0*221 995 35 0 25460 09/12*206 938 50 0*214 949 50 0*222 960 45 0*227 969 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** The 13th is new to HURDAT. 25462 09/13*231 977 35 0*234 985 30 0*237 993 25 0* 0 0 0 0 25465 HR Major track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane, originally storm #5. Major changes are made to the timing of genesis as well as the timing of when both the tropical storm and hurricane intensities were first attained. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, and the COADS ship database. Aug 29: HWM indicates a closed low at about 9N and 20W of at most 1010mb at 12UTC. HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 30: HWM indicates a stronger system at 4N and 31.5W of at most 1005mb at 12UTC. HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 31: HWM indicates a closed low at 10N and 28W of at most 1005mb at 12UTC. HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 1: HWM loses the system for the next several days. HURDAT does not list a storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 2: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 3: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 4: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 5: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 12.5N, 55.5W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 6: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 12.8N, 62.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It was first suspected not far from Barbados on the 6th... developed into storms of relatively small diameter but of full hurricane intensity as the progressed during the succeeding week "(MWR). Sept 7: HWM indicates a small closed low of 1010mb near 16N, 68W at 12 UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 14.2N, 67.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 8: HWM indicates a closed low of 1005mb near 14.5N, 74.8W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 72.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt S with 1002mb at 14.8N, 71.8W at 4UTC (MWR); 60kt NE with 1000mb at 15.3N, 76.5W at 14Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The progress of this disturbance continued steadily west-northwestward during the next two [8th and 9th] days" (MWR). Sept 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 15.5N, 82W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 79.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 50kt SSE with 995mb at 16.1N, 81.8W at 1830UTC (MWR); 60kt E later than 1830UTC at 16.1N, 81.8W (MWR). Sept 10: HWM indicates a tiny closed low of at most 1000mb near 16N, 86W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane 17.3N 86.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 50kt S with 1002mb at 16.8N, 87.0W at 17UTC (COA). Station highlights: 52 kt NE and 952 mb at 1815Z and 115kt N between 1950-2000 UTC at Belize (MWR). "[This] storm ravaged Belize, British Honduras, on the afternoon of September 10, but ships encountering it earlier did not find winds of hurricane force ... The hurricane, still of small extent but of ferocious intensity, moved in upon the town. It raged throughout much of the afternoon, reaching hurricane velocity about 1 p. m., and the center of the storm appears to have passed Belize about 3:30 p. m... The winds swept the sea forward over the environs of the port, which is built on exceedingly low ground, choked the moth of the Belize River with the wreckage of small boats, including six Honduran schooners, piled a 200-ton dredge upon the wharf, and with wreckage as battering rams, smashed into the structures of the town itself. It was a disaster of major proportions, entailed a loss of life that is not definitely known, but probably exceeding 1,500 souls, and a property loss that was estimated in later dispatches at $7,500,000" (MWR). Sept 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 93W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 92.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 12: HWM loses the system today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 97.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 985mb at 29.3N, 93.3W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: 17 kt W with 1010 mb at 9/12 20Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.9W). Sept 13: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list this system anymore. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. This hurricane may have originated from an easterly wave that emerged off the African coast around 28 August. There were some observations in the general vicinity of a disturbance or possible tropical cyclone in the tropical eastern Atlantic from 29-31 August, but there are no observations over the central tropical Atlantic from 1-5 September as the disturbance may have continued westward. The observations in the eastern Atlantic do not provide enough evidence of a closed circulation to begin this cyclone early. In fact, observations indicate that genesis occurred 24 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT. The system is begun at 18Z on the 6th as a 30 kt tropical depression about a degree and a half east-southeast of the original HURDAT with development into a tropical storm six hours later. The cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea and slowly intensified from 7 to 9 September. Track changes on the 7th were minor, but on the 8th, ship observations near 15.3N, 76.5W indicate a position about two and a half degrees WSW of the previous HURDAT position at 12Z. The first observed gale associated with this cyclone occurred at 12Z on the 7th - 35 kt from a ship. The 40 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 12Z on the 7th is not changed. It is analyzed that tropical storm intensity was first attained at 18Z on the 6th (24 hours later than originally - a major change). On the 8th at 04Z, a peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests winds of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and at 14Z, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (with 60 kt winds) suggests winds of greater than 47 kt using the same relationship. Intensities of 60 and 65 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 8th (up from 45 and 50 kt originally) due to the 60 kt wind observation at 14Z. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane strength by 18Z on the 8th (30 hours earlier than originally - a major change). On the 9th at 1830Z, as the cyclone was passing northeast of the coast of Central America near the border of Nicaragua and Honduras, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 995 mb (observed with 50 kt winds) indicating a wind speed of greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The hurricane continued west-northwestward and is analyzed to have rapidly intensified on the 10th before it made landfall at Belize City, Belize around 20Z on the 10th at 17.5N, 88.2W. A peripheral pressure of 952 mb was observed simultaneously with 52 kt NE wind at Belize City at 1815Z. This was followed by the highest wind recorded at Belize City of 115 kt N between 1950-2000Z. The eye passed over Belize City between 2005-2044Z, but no central pressure was recorded. The 952 mb pressure suggests winds of at least 109 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 111 kt from the intensifying subset. A 115 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 10th and landfall (up from 110 kt originally - which makes this a Category 4 hurricane for Belize). The cyclone weakened substantially as it moved west-northwestward over the Yucatan Peninsula and it emerged into the Bay of Campeche as a tropical storm on 11 September between 06-12Z. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 79 and 57 kt for 00 and 06Z on the 11th. Available observations over land near the cyclone were very sparse at 00 and 06Z and thus no gales were found at those times. Analyzed (original HURDAT) intensities at 00 and 06Z on the 11th are 80 kt (60 kt) and 55 kt (55 kt). Very little ship data is available over the Bay of Campeche on the 11th and 12th, but available observations indicate that the cyclone maintained a closed circulation and moved inland about 50 or 60 nmi north of Tampico around 00Z on the 13th. The intensity of the cyclone during the time in the Bay of Campeche is highly uncertain due to very little data. The analyzed intensity for this landfall is 35 kt. HURDAT previously showed a final position at 18Z on the 12th well inland at 22.1N, 99.5W as a 35 kt tropical storm. The revised HURDAT shows a position at 18Z on the 12th at 22.7N, 96.9W (a major eastward track adjustment) with a 40 kt intensity. Soon after landfall, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and then dissipated, but 18 hours are added to HURDAT before dissipation is analyzed. The revised final position at 12Z on 13 September is 23.7N, 99.3W as a 25 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised 2012 25470 09/08/1931 M= 9 6 SNBR= 566 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25470 09/08/1931 M= 9 7 SNBR= 566 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 25475 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*172 528 40 0 25475 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 530 40 0 *** *** 25480 09/09*173 538 45 0*174 554 45 0*175 570 50 0*176 586 55 0 25480 09/09*154 546 45 0*157 563 45 0*161 580 50 0*167 595 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25485 09/10*177 602 55 0*179 616 60 0*181 628 65 0*182 639 85 988 25485 09/10*173 609 55 0*179 622 60 0*183 634 65 0*184 644 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 25490 09/11*183 651 80 0*184 664 70 0*185 679 60 0*184 696 60 0 25490 09/11*185 654 75 987*185 666 70 0*185 679 65 0*184 694 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 25495 09/12*183 713 55 0*182 728 55 0*181 743 55 0*181 761 55 0 25495 09/12*183 709 45 0*182 725 40 0*181 741 45 0*181 757 60 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 25500 09/13*181 780 55 0*182 798 60 0*183 813 60 0*183 826 60 0 25500 09/13*181 773 55 0*181 787 60 0*182 801 60 0*182 816 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25505 09/14*183 838 60 0*183 851 60 0*184 863 60 0*185 875 60 0 25505 09/14*183 832 60 0*183 847 60 0*184 862 60 0*185 875 60 0 *** *** *** 25510 09/15*187 886 50 0*190 904 55 0*193 914 65 0*194 928 75 0 25510 09/15*187 888 50 0*190 901 45 0*193 914 55 0*194 927 65 0 *** *** ** ** *** ** 25515 09/16*193 937 75 0*191 949 75 0*188 962 70 997*185 974 35 0 25515 09/16*193 940 75 0*191 953 85 0*188 966 70 0*185 978 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** 25520 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane, originally storm #6. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, Perez (1971), Boose et al. (2004), personal communication from Jose Colon (2010), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. Sept 8: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 52.8W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 9: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17.5N, 57.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The first intimation of abnormal weather previous to this storm was an almost perfect wide quadrant of wind directions extending from the Virgin Islands to Barbados on the morning of the 9th. The appearance at that time was that the area named was in the southwest periphery of a very wide cyclone area" (MWR). Sept 10: HWM indicates a low near 15.5N, 65.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.8W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 18N, 64W (am) and at 18N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 52kt at St. Thomas (MWR); 1001 mb at St. Thomas (MWR). "According to the accustomed nomenclature of West Indian storms the one which raked the north coast of Porto Rico on the night of September 10 has been named 'San Nicolas' from the saint's day of that date... By the morning of the 10th the center had passed through the Leewards somewhere near St. Martin and was approaching the U.S. Virgin Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix ... By the time it had reached San Juan the intensity had increased to a low pressure of 29.17 inches [988 mb] and an estimated wind velocity of 90 miles per hour. This estimate is based partially upon a stop watch record made by Pan-American Airways (Inc.) officials with their 4-cup Robinson anemometer at the air field and, of course, the total mileage and the dial readings of our own [San Juan Weather Bureau Office] anemometer" (MWR). Sept 11: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 18.5N, 67.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 18N, 68W (am) and at 17.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 78kt (estimated) at San Juan (MWR); 10 kt with 988 mb at San Juan at 3UTC (MWR). "1931 Sept. 10-11, San Nicolas, Hurricane of small diameter... The hurricane entered north of Fajardo at 8:00 p.m., San Juan at 10:00 p.m., remained over the island that night for 6 hours, moved west at 17 mph, and left Aguadilla at 2:00 a.m. of Sept. 11th. Destruction extended over an area 10 to 12 miles wide, and damages were mostly to crops, estimated at $200,000. 2 deaths" (Perez). "Two lives were lost and several minor injuries reported in San Juan. Much plate glass and light construction were destroyed, and some 50,000 boxes of fruit blown from the trees. The damage was confined to a strip of 5 or 6 miles in width extending from San Juan to Aguadilla, the damage varying considerably in this area with the character of the crops. The destructive portion of the storm was hardly more than 10 or 12 miles in diameter and the northern half of this was off shore. There was an interval of 15 minutes at San Juan which represented the center of the storm, but it is the opinion of the writer that the actual center passed a short distance north of San Juan as the first renewal of the wind was from the southwest, then after several minutes it became southeasterly. The wind during the first portion of the storm held northwest with practically no variation until the lull ... the center passing ... with decreased intensity over Santo Domingo City, then again increasing throughout the remaining length of the Caribbean Sea" (MWR). "Sep 10-11. "San. Nicolas, several F2 impacts - recommends 80 kt at landfall in Puerto Rico" (Boose et al.). Sept 12: HWM now shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 76.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 18.1N, 74.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicate the center at 17.5N, 76W (am) and at 18N, 78W (pm). Ship highlights: 60kt SSE with 1006mb at 18.2N, 77.0W at 19UTC (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 83.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 81.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicate the center at 18N, 82W (am) and at 18.5N, 84W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 14: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 86.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1005mb at 19N, 87W (am) and at 19N, 89.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt ENE at 19.4N, 85.2W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlights: 30kt E with 1010mb at Cozumel at 12UTC (HWM). Sept 15: HWM does not show a system anymore. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 19.3N, 91.4W, at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicate the center at 19N, 92.5W (am) and at 19N, 95W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 44 kt S and 1012 mb at ~02 UTC at Chetumal, Mexico (MX). Sept 16: HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.8N, 96.2W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 997mb at 19.5N, 97.5W only in the morning. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 997mb at Veracruz at 9UTC and 12UTC (MWR); 83kt E at Veracruz at ~1015UTC (MWR, MX). HURDAT starts this system on 8 September at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 52.8W. The timing of genesis and the 40 kt intensity at 18Z on the 8th are both not changed, but the position is moved two degrees south of the original HURDAT position. Major south-southwestward track adjustments are implemented from 18Z on the 8th through 00Z on the 9th. From 06Z-18Z on the 9th, southwestward track adjustments of between 1 and 2 degrees are implemented. These adjustments were based on observations on the 9th. From 00Z on the 10th through 00Z on the 13th, all track changes are less than one degree changes. Observations are sparse on the 8th through the 10th, but Colon (2002) edited by Perez indicates that the cyclone passed north of St. Martin during the afternoon of the 10th and closer and to the north of St. Thomas on the 10th around sunset. This indicates that the cyclone moved west-northwestward from the 8th to the 10th. At St. Thomas, a pressure of 1001 mb and winds of around 52 kt were reported. The revised track has the center of the cyclone passing just a very short distance north of both St. Martin and St. Thomas on the 10th, placing these islands on the typically weaker, left side of the storm. No changes to the intensity are analyzed from the 8th through 12Z on the 10th, at which time hurricane intensity is shown to have been attained. The cyclone turned westward and moved due west along the north coast of Puerto Rico early on the 11th. The center of the cyclone made landfall at some points on the Puerto Rican coastline and remained just offshore at other points. A maximum wind of 78 kt was estimated at San Juan before the lull associated with the center was experienced there. A 988 mb minimum pressure (simultaneous with 10 kt winds) was recorded at San Juan inside the RMW. This suggests a central pressure of about 987 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 11th. The 988 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 10th is removed. A central pressure of 987 mb equals 68 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship and for its intensifying subset. A 75 kt intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 11th (down from 80 kt originally). The assessment of Boose has 80 kt for the Puerto Rican landfall. HURDAT previously listed an intensity of 85 kt at 18Z on the 10th, and the intensity at that time is lowered to 70 kt. After 03Z on the 11th, when the hurricane made its closest approach to San Juan, the center continued moving due west along the north coast of Puerto Rico. By about 09Z on the 11th, the cyclone had finished interacting with the island of Puerto Rico and it moved over water before making landfall in the Dominican Republic around 14Z on the 11th. At this point, the center is analyzed to have moved slightly south of due west, or about 265 degrees for the next 24 hours or so. The cyclone was over or interacting with the island of Hispaniola from 14Z on the 11th to 12Z on the 12th. Since there are no more observations of the peak intensity on the 11th, and since the cyclone was interacting with land, the analyzed intensity is decreased by 10 kt every 6 hr from 18Z on the 11th to 00Z on the 12th and then bottoming out at 40 kt at 06Z on the 12th (originally 55 kt). At 12Z on the 12th, the cyclone emerged over water between Haiti and Jamaica. A 60 kt ship at 19Z indicates that the system quickly rebounded once it left the coast of Hispaniola, so the intensity is bumped up to 45 kt at 12Z and 60 kt at 18Z over the Caribbean. 60 kt is also the landfall intensity for Jamaica, though it is possible that this system reached minimal hurricane intensity briefly before reaching the coast. The cyclone was over Jamaica from 20Z on the 12th to 03Z on the 13th. It continued westward and made landfall slightly north of Belize's border with the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico around 19Z on the 14th. The positions on the 13th are shifted about 1 degree to the east of the previous HURDAT positions, but very minor track changes of less than half a degree are analyzed for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime. The HURDAT intensity of 60 kt from 12Z on the 13th through 18Z on the 14th is not changed due to a lack of observations. However, one important observation - a max wind of 44 kt (1-minute) at Chetumal, is good evidence that the tropical storm was maintaining its intensity. The cyclone is analyzed to have passed very slightly to the north of that station around 22Z on the 14th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 50 kt by 00Z on the 15th, and a 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z on the 15th (down from 55 kt originally) as the cyclone moved further inland. It emerged over the Bay of Campeche around 10Z on the 15th, and then made its final landfall just east of Veracruz on the 16th at 09Z at 18.9N, 95.9W. Veracruz reported a maximum wind of 83 kt from the east at 1015Z (pressure missing). The lowest available pressure from Veracruz is 997 mb recorded at 09Z (wind missing), but the pressure at the time of the maximum wind was likely much lower. 85 kt is chosen for the intensity at 06Z on the 16th (up from 75 kt originally) and landfall. A 40 kt intensity increase in 24 hours is analyzed from 06Z on the 15th to 06Z on the 16th. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 65 kt for 12Z on the 16th and 46 kt for 18Z. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 83 kt at 12Z and there are no available observations from 18Z. No changes are made to the original intensities listed in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z of 70 and 35 kt respectively. The cyclone moved over the high terrain of Mexico between 12-18Z, and a more rapid dissipation occurred after that time compared with what Kaplan and DeMaria would suggest. No change is made to the timing of dissipation. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised 2012 25525 09/25/1931 M= 3 7 SNBR= 567 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25525 09/23/1931 M= 7 8 SNBR= 567 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * The 23rd and 24th are new to HURDAT. 25527 09/23* 0 0 0 0*185 517 25 0*190 520 30 0*196 523 30 0 25528 09/24*202 526 35 0*208 528 35 0*215 530 40 0*223 532 40 0 25530 09/25* 0 0 0 0*223 530 35 0*250 545 35 0*263 548 35 0 25530 09/25*232 533 45 0*241 534 45 0*250 535 50 0*261 535 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25535 09/26*274 547 35 0*284 543 35 0*293 539 35 0*301 535 35 0 25535 09/26*273 531 50 0*285 527 50 0*297 523 50 0*306 522 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25540 09/27*309 530 35 0*316 525 35 0*324 520 35 0*335 510 30 0 25540 09/27*313 522 55 0*320 522 55 0*328 522 60 0*339 522 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** The 28th and 29th are new to HURDAT 25542 09/28*353 522 65 0*370 520 65 0*390 512 60 0E410 501 55 0 25543 09/29E428 487 55 0E448 463 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25545 TS 25545 HR ** Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone, originally storm #7. Major changes are analyzed to the genesis and dissipation (the cyclone is begun two days earlier and ended a day later), and the peak intensity is now shown to have been a hurricane (previously only a tropical storm). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series and the COADS ship database. Sept 22: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 23: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 24: HWM indicates a low pressure near 21N, 57W at 12UTC. HURDAT does not list the system yet. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1006mb at 21.5N, 51.5W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb near 25N, 55W at 12UTC. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 22.3N, 53.0W at 6UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt S at 24.7N, 52.1W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb near 31N, 51.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.3N, 53.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt S with 1011mb at 29.5N, 49.5W at 0UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb at 32.5N, 53W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 32.4N, 52.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept. 28: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system anymore. Ship highlights: 60kt SE with 1001mb at 36.5N, 52.5W at 3UTC (COA); 45kt W with 991mb at 36.5N, 52.5W at 6UTC (COA). Originally, HURDAT indicated that a tropical storm formed on 25 September at 06Z at 22.3N, 53.0W with a 35 kt intensity. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed circulation formed on 23 September and the first gale associated with the system occurred on the 24th. This cyclone is begun as a tropical depression on 23 September and the intensity is increased to tropical storm strength on the 24th. On the 23rd and 24th, the cyclone moved slowly north-northwestward from 18.5N, 51.7W to 23.2N, 53.3W by 00Z on the 25th. Track changes on the 25th and 26th range from one to two degrees. The revised intensities on the 24th and 25th were determined by choosing a wind speed 5 kt above the highest available ship observation. A 40 kt intensity is chosen on the 24th at 12 and 18Z due to two 35 kt ship observations on the 24th. The intensity is bumped up to 50 kt by 12Z on the 25th (up from 35 kt originally) due to a 45 kt ship observation at that time. Since the highest observed wind on the 26th is 35 kt, the 50 kt intensity is held through the 26th. On the 26th and 27th, the cyclone was moving slowly northward, crossing 30N in the central Atlantic, but no gales were observed on the 27th. Although there were ships in the outer circulation on the 27th, there were none in the high wind area that day. Although HURDAT lists a final position at 18Z on the 27th as a 30 kt tropical depression, ships in the area early on the 28th indicate that the tropical cyclone had strengthened from a few days prior. A time series from what appears to be either a single ship or two ships in a similar location on the 28th from 00-12Z revealed a highest reported wind of 60 kt (with 1001 mb) and three hours later a lowest reported pressure of 991 mb (with 45 kt- possibly inside the RMW). The data shows isothermal air temperatures on all sides of the low around 73 to 75 degrees. The highest winds are found close to the center and the cyclone's structure appears still tropical on the 28th. A peripheral pressure of 991 mb suggests winds of greater than 61 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. However, using the 10-kt per mb rule (assuming the 991 mb with 45 kt observation is inside the RMW), the central pressure was likely near 987 mb. A central pressure of 987 mb yields a wind speed of 66 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. This observation, combined with the 60 kt wind observed three hours earlier, provides good evidence that this system was a 65 kt hurricane. A 65 kt intensity is chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 28th, making the cyclone a hurricane. The 50 kt intensity, which is analyzed from 12Z on the 25th through 18Z on the 26th, is slowly ramped up to 65 kt by 00Z on the 28th, so that by the final point in the original HURDAT at 18Z on the 27th, a 60 kt intensity is analyzed (up from 30 kt originally). Major upward intensity revisions of 20-30 kt are implemented at all times on the 27th. The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 12Z on the 28th. Observations indicate that the cyclone became extratropical by 18Z on the 28th as it continued moving northeastward. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 50 kt by 06Z on the 29th, because after a 45 kt gale was observed at 07Z on the 29th, no more gales were observed in the vicinity of this system. The revised final position, at 06Z on the 29th is 44.8N, 46.3W as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone. Thereafter, the cyclone dissipated or may have been absorbed by a front ahead of another approaching extratropical low. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 9 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 25546 10/13/1931 M= 4 9 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25547 10/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*248 756 30 0*251 762 30 0 25548 10/14*254 769 30 0*258 776 30 0*262 781 30 0*267 781 30 0 25549 10/15*273 780 30 0*279 778 35 0*285 774 35 0*291 761 40 0 25549 10/16*300 740 40 0*311 718 40 0E325 692 35 0* 0 0 0 0 HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 13-16 October in the western Atlantic. October 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 75W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25N, 77W. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 78W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27N, 78W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N, 77W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29N, 75W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S before 22Z slightly north of NNE of 28.9N, 73.3W (MWR); 30 kt SW with 1003 mb at 22Z at 28.9N, 73.3W (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a spot low near 35N, 70W in an elongated trough with an occluded front extending from 45N, 75W to 41N, 73W, becoming a cold front at 38N, 74W extending to 35N, 79W to 33N, 84W to 32N, 91W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36N, 69W with a 1001 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 69.2W (COA). A low pressure system formed over the Bahamas on 12-13 October. The low may have formed from a decayed frontal boundary, but temperatures were warm and the structure was tropical. On the 12th, there were not any west winds and it was still a trough. On the 13th, there was a SSW wind, and based on this, the system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on 13 October at 24.8N, 75.6W. The cyclone moved slowly west-northwestward and at 12Z on the 14th was located over the northwestern Bahamas. On the 15th, the cyclone began a turn to the northeast. The only gale directly associated with the cyclone was measured on the afternoon of the 15th - a 35 kt wind from a ship. The cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 15th. The same ship recorded a 1003 mb pressure with 30 kt winds at 22Z on the 15th at 28.9N, 73.3W. The analyzed position at 00Z on the 16th is 30.0N, 74.0W. Assuming a central pressure in the ballpark of 1000 mb, that equals 44 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 45 kt for its intensifying subset. The cyclone appears to have had a somewhat broader inner-core or circulation than a normal tropical cyclone, so 40 kt is chosen for the peak intensity from 18Z on the 15th through 06Z on the 16th. By that time, the cyclone began accelerating northeastward ahead of an approaching frontal system emerging off the east coast of the United States. Ship observations at 12Z on the 16th indicate pressures below 1005 mb over a very large area between 30-42N, 64-74W. The analysis indicates that there were likely two sources that combined to produce this broad area of low pressure - the tropical cyclone to the south and the system to the north emerging off the east coast of the United States. Since observations in between the two lows are sparse at 12Z on the 16th, it is possible that they were still two separate entities at 12Z. The tropical cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 16th with a position of 32.5N, 69.2W and a 35 kt intensity. The other low to the north was located near 36N, 70W at that time. The position of the former tropical cyclone at 12Z on the 16th is analyzed to be the final position before the cyclone combined with the other area of low pressure to its north. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 10 (originally Storm 8) - Revised 2012 25550 10/18/1931 M= 5 8 SNBR= 568 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25550 10/18/1931 M= 5 10 SNBR= 568 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 25555 10/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 860 35 0 25555 10/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*172 855 30 0*180 847 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** 25560 10/19*193 831 40 0*202 817 40 0*210 804 40 0*219 790 35 0 25560 10/19*188 838 40 0*197 828 40 0*206 816 40 0*217 802 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 25565 10/20*228 775 35 0*234 763 35 0*240 749 35 0*252 724 35 0 25565 10/20*230 781 35 0*244 756 40 0*258 731 40 0*267 706 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25570 10/21*265 697 40 0*276 673 40 0*287 648 40 0*297 623 40 0 25570 10/21E272 685 45 0E276 668 45 0E280 648 50 0E285 623 55 0 **** *** ** * *** ** **** ** **** ** 25575 10/22*304 594 40 0*308 563 35 0*312 531 30 0*316 509 25 0 25575 10/22E293 594 55 0E303 563 55 0E312 534 55 0E316 509 55 0 **** ** **** ** * *** ** * ** 25580 TS Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm, originally storm #8. A major alteration also is to indicate an extratropical cyclone stage for the last two days of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, COADS ship database, and Perez et al. (2000). October 16: HWM indicates there is a broad low near 10N, 82.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT does not list this system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Perez et al. - after Ortiz - suggest starting the system as a tropical depression on the 16th and 17th in the western Caribbean. October 17: HWM indicates a broad low of at most 1010mb centered roughly near 14N, 87W at 12UTC. HURDAT does not list this system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 18: HWM suggests the presence of a N-S trough in the western Caribbean Sea and analyzes a spot low near 13.5N, 82W at 12 UTC. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 17.0N, 86.0W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1004 mb at 12Z at 17.8N, 82.8W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 19: HWM loses the low in the Caribbean. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 21.0N, 80.4W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates a center with 1012mb at 25N, 75W (am) and at 25.5N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.5N, 72W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front extending west-southwestward from the low. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm near 24.0N, 74.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1007mb at 26N, 69.5W (am) and at 27N, 67W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 79.8W (COA). Three other gales of 35 kt. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Two barometric depressions, apparently weak tropical disturbances in origin, appeared over the region of the Bahamas, the first between the 12th and 15th and the second about a week later. The first development produced no high winds so far as reports in hand indicate, but the second caused moderate to fresh gales on the 20th and 22d as it moved northeastward into the middle-western part of the Atlantic" (MWR). October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N, 61W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 28.7N, 64.8W at 12Z. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 28N, 63W (am) and at 29.5N, 58.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with 998mb at 27.4N, 67.0W at 10UTC (MWR); 45 kt N (MWR); 25 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 27.9N, 62.1W (COA); 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 16Z at 30.5N, 60.5W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 20Z at 30.5N, 61.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 21Z at 25.6N, 61.6W (MWR). October 22: HWM shows a frontal system with a pressure minimum of below 1000mb near 32N, 52W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 31.2N, 53.1W at 12Z. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 997mb at 31N, 53W (am). Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 998 mb at 12Z at 28.2N, 54.5W (COA); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 13Z at 30.0N, 53.4W (MWR); 50 kt SSW at 19Z at 29.5N, 50.5W (COA). At least four other gales between 35-45 kt and at least seven other low pressures between 999-1003 mb. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. HURDAT started this system originally at 18Z on 18 October as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17N, 86W. The recommendation by Perez et al. to begin the system as a tropical depression on the 16th and 17th was not implemented, as observations - while showing a distinct trough - do not show a closed low on those dates. Observations do indicate, however, that a closed low existed by 12Z on the 18th, so genesis is analyzed to have occurred six hours earlier than previously shown in HURDAT with a 12Z position of 17.2N, 85.5W. However, the cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression, and the 35 kt tropical storm intensity at 18Z on the 18th is unchanged from HURDAT. The cyclone traveled northeastward throughout its lifetime, crossing Cuba on the 19th, the Bahamas on the 20th, and accelerating to the central Atlantic on the 21st and 22nd. Track changes were minor (less than 2 degrees) from the 18th through 06Z on the 20th. The cyclone is analyzed to have made a Cuban landfall at 18Z on 19 October as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.8N, 80.0W. The reason why the HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 19th is increased from 35 to 40 kt is because the landfall time was changed due to the track changes. HURDAT originally showed a 40 kt intensity at the point before Cuban landfall, and no changes were made to this 40 kt intensity for Cuba. The cyclone was over Cuba until 22Z on the 19th. The analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 20th is 35 kt, showing that the storm weakened by 5 kt while over Cuba. Minor upward intensity adjustments of 5 kt are implemented at 18Z on the 19th and on the 20th from 06-18Z. A few 35 kt gales were observed on the 20th, and analyzed intensity is 40 kt. Major northeastward track adjustments of over 2 degrees are analyzed at 12 and 18Z on the 20th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 00Z on the 21st. HURDAT previously did not list this cyclone as ever having become extratropical, so an extratropical stage is added into HURDAT on the 21st and 22nd - this is a major change to HURDAT. Track adjustments on the 21st and 22nd were minor. However, the intensity was adjusted upward on the 21st and 22nd due to ship observations of winds as high as 50 kt and pressures as low as 997 mb. Major upward intensity revisions of 20 to 30 kt are implemented on 22 October from 06-18Z. A 55 kt intensity is analyzed from 18Z on the 21st through 18Z on the 22nd. No change is made to the timing or position of dissipation (18Z on 22 October at 31.6N 50.9W) as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 25581 11/01/1931 M= 5 11 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25581 11/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 835 30 0*176 838 30 0 25581 11/02*177 841 35 0*178 843 40 0*180 845 45 0*182 845 50 0 25581 11/03*183 844 50 0*184 842 50 0*185 840 50 0*184 841 50 0 25581 11/04*182 843 50 0*179 846 45 0*175 850 40 0*175 850 35 0 25581 11/05*176 847 35 0*178 844 30 0*180 840 30 0*182 837 25 0 25581 TS Evidence from HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, meandered in the western Caribbean Sea from 1-5 November. October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11N, 82W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 29: HWM analyzes no features of interest in the Western Caribbean. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Honduras near 15N, 86W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Nicaragua near 14N, 84W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16N, 83W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 84W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 10 UTC 17.5N 86.5W (COA) and four additional 45 kt reports from the same ship (likely the San Blas); 35 kt NNW and 1012 mb at 13 UTC at 16.8N 85.5W (COA). No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "A mild disturbance over the western Caribbean Sea produced a distinctive cyclonic circulation which was reported of gale force on the 2nd by the Panamanian ship San Blas, but the disturbance failed to develop a definite center of low pressure" (MWR). November 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 82W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW at 06 UTC at 17.5N 87.5W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1015 mb at 00 UTC at 16.3N 86.7W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1014 mb at 01 UTC at 18.7N 85.3W (COA); 45 kt NW at 06 UTC at 20.0N 86.0W (COA); two other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 84W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 15.8N 86.8W (COA); 35 kt NW and 1011 mb at 09 UTC and 10 UTC at 17.0N, 87.0W (MWR/COA); 35 kt WNW and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 17.3N, 86.4W (HWM). A few other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 82W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Ship observations as well as quotes in MWR indicate that a tropical depression formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 1 November near Swan Island, became a tropical storm by the 2nd, and meandered very slowly westward through the 5th of November. Numerous gales were reported from the 2nd to the 4th. Observations during much of the system's lifetime show that winds on the southeast side of the cyclone were light compared to the other quadrants, but there are enough observations to analyze a closed circulation. Additionally, the thermal structure was analyzed, which indicated relatively isothermal for the four days the system had tropical storm force winds. Since a closed circulation is analyzed along with numerous observations of gale force winds from at least five separate ships and the isothermal structure, this system is added to HURDAT. In general, these gale force winds were 75 to 200 nm from the center suggesting that the system did have some subtropical cyclone characteristics. The highest winds recorded on the 2nd were 45 kt and 50 kt winds were recorded on the 3rd. Winds as high as 40 kt were recorded on the 4th. It is noted that there may have been some funneling of winds and slightly cooler air along the east coast of Central America on the 2nd to the 4th in association with this system. However, a distinct minimum in wind speed occurred in the winds north of the system near the Yucatan Channel, western Cuba, and south Florida, suggesting that the cyclone was a separate entity producing (at least in part) the numerous tropical storm force winds. After the 4th, there were no more observations of gale force winds, and the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression on 5 November before dissipating about 100 nmi east of the coastline at the border between Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The peak analyzed intensity is 50 kt from 18Z on 2 November to 00Z on 4 November. This cyclone did not make any landfalls. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 12 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 25582 11/11/1931 M= 5 12 SNBR= 570 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25582 11/11*118 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*115 790 30 0*115 793 30 0 25582 11/12*115 795 30 0*116 797 30 0*117 800 30 0*118 802 30 0 25582 11/13*120 805 35 0*122 808 35 0*125 810 35 0*130 812 35 0 25582 11/14*136 814 40 0*143 817 40 0*150 820 45 0*155 824 45 0 25582 11/15*160 829 40 0*165 836 40 0*170 845 35 0*175 856 35 0 25582 11/16*180 869 35 0*185 884 30 0*190 900 25 0*195 918 25 0 25582 TS HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previous undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 11-16 November in the western Caribbean Sea. November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 81W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12N, 80W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 12N, 78W. Ship highlights: 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 12.3N, 76.1W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 11N, 77W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Another gale was reported in the western Caribbean, and news dispatches reported extraordinary rains and storm damage in Honduras, but these appear to have been due to an intensification of the trade winds rather than to a true tropical disturbance" (MWR). November 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 12: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea near Panama. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 11.8N, 78.4W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 10.7N, 78.4W (COA); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 11.7N, 76.9W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 14: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure in the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea near Costa Rica. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 11 UTC at 16.8N, 82.0W (COA); 45 kt E before 21 UTC at 15.6N, 81.2W (MWR); 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 15.5N, 81.5W (COA). One other gale. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 17.5N, 86.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system. Observations indicate that an area of low pressure began to take shape on 6 November near 11.0N, 80.5W. This low moved little from 6 to 9 November, and a lack of observations on the 10th and 11th made it difficult to determine whether this low moved off to the northeast or whether went on to become the tropical cyclone on 11 November, which is the feature of interest discussed here. Either way, by 11-12 November, observations indicated a tropical cyclone formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. On the 13th, the cyclone began moving toward the northwest, and two gales were recorded on the 14th. In addition to these two gales, several low pressure observations (mostly 1003-1005 mb) were recorded between 12-15 November. Due to the analysis of a closed circulation along with two gale observations and several low pressure observations, this system is added to HURDAT. The cyclone is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 13th, and a peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 12-18Z on the 14th. The cyclone passed a short distance northeast of the eastern tip of Honduras late on the 14th. Landfall is analyzed around 04Z on the 16th as a 35 kt tropical storm near the border between Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The highest observed wind on the 15th (the day before landfall) was 30 kt, and the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm prior to landfall. After landfall, this cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and the final point is listed at 18Z on 16 November at 19.5N, 91.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression before a closed circulation was no longer indicated by observations. ******************************************************************************* 1931 Storm 13 (originally Storm 9) - Revised in 2012 25585 11/22/1931 M= 4 9 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25585 11/22/1931 M= 4 13 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 25590 11/22* 0 0 0 0*193 616 35 0*209 632 35 0*219 640 35 0 25590 11/22* 0 0 0 0*220 637 35 0*228 645 35 0*235 652 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 25595 11/23*231 650 35 0*246 661 35 0*259 673 35 0*266 681 35 0 25595 11/23*243 659 35 0*251 667 35 0*259 675 40 0*266 687 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 25600 11/24*273 689 35 0*280 702 40 0*287 719 40 0*289 728 40 0 25600 11/24*273 704 50 0*280 723 55 0*285 741 55 0*283 748 55 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25605 11/25*288 738 40 0*286 750 40 0*282 763 35 0*270 789 30 0 25605 11/25*280 752 50 0*277 755 40 0*274 758 35 0*271 762 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25610 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm, originally storm #9. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. Nov 20: "On Friday [Nov 20] the weather was unsettled. Rain, thunder and lightning made their appearance" (The Antigua Magnet Nov 24. From Chenoweth). Nov 21: "Heavy rains on Saturday night [Nov 21] flooded a portion of the Union Experiment Station but fortunately the damage done is not serious. (in 3 hours, 3.50 inches of rain, and high tide coincided with the peak flow of the stream, causing the flood)" (Voice of St. Lucia Nov 26. from Chenoweth). Nov 22: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 19.3N, 61.6W at 6UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 21N, 63W (am) and at 24N, 65W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt ENE at 24.3N, 56.9W at 12UTC (COA); 45kt E with 1016mb at 26.5N, 55.5W at 0UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Nov 23: HWM shows signs of a wave axis between 20-30N and 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT has this system as a tropical storm near 25.9N, 67.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1010mb at 26.5N, 68W (am) and at 28N, 69W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1008mb at 29.5N, 67.5W at 20UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Nov 24: HWM does not show a low but indicates there might be one near 70W between 20N and 30N at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 28.7N, 71.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1003mb at 29N, 72W (am) and at 28.5N, 83W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt ESE at 31.2N, 70.3W after 12UTC (MWR); 50kt W at 26.3N, 75.3W after 17UTC (MWR); 25kt NNW with 998mb at 28.5N, 74.5W at 12UTC (COA); Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Nov 25: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT has this system as a tropical storm centered near 28.2N, 76.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1008mb at 28.5N, 76W only in the morning. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with 1004mb at 26.5N, 74.5W at 5UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on 22 November at 06Z (no change to the timing of genesis). The cyclone traveled northwestward from genesis until the 24th, when it turned westward and west-southwestward on the 25th north of the Bahamas and east of Florida. Observations indicate that the positions at 06-12Z on the 22nd need to be moved more than 2 degrees to the northwest of the previous HURDAT positions; thus major track changes are implemented at those times. Minor northwestward track adjustments are implemented from 18Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd. Significant westward track adjustments are implemented from 00Z on the 24th to 00Z on the 25th with a major track change at 12Z on the 24th. Finally, another major track change is made at the last 6-hourly point for this cyclone - 18Z on the 25th (an eastward adjustment). A peak intensity of 55 kt is analyzed on 24 November from 06-18Z based on two separate 50 kt ship observations. HURDAT previously listed a peak intensity of 40 kt from 06Z on the 24th to 06Z on the 25th. Minor upward intensity adjustments of 5 to 15 kt are implemented at all times from 12Z on the 23rd through 00Z on the 25th. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 25th (no change), and no change is made to the timing of dissipation. Note: It is possible that this system could have been subtropical for some of its lifetime. ****************************************************************************** 1931 Additional Notes: There are no additional suspects of note. ****************************************************************************** 1932 Storm #1 - 2012 Revision 25615 05/05/1932 M= 7 1 SNBR= 570 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25620 05/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 800 35 0*125 786 35 0 25620 05/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*147 750 25 0*148 748 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 25625 05/06*131 771 35 0*139 756 35 0*147 741 35 0*160 725 35 0 25625 05/06*149 745 35 0*150 741 35 0*153 735 40 0*160 725 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 25630 05/07*174 712 40 0*185 702 40 0*197 695 35 0*210 688 35 0 25630 05/07*170 715 40 0*183 705 40 0*197 695 45 0*210 688 45 0 *** *** *** *** ** ** 25635 05/08*224 682 35 0*237 677 40 0*248 673 40 0*258 671 40 0 25635 05/08*224 682 50 0*237 677 50 0*248 673 55 0*258 671 55 0 ** ** ** ** 25640 05/09*266 670 45 0*274 670 45 0*281 671 45 0*286 672 40 0 25640 05/09*266 670 55 0*274 670 55 0*281 671 55 0*289 672 55 0 ** ** ** *** ** 25645 05/10*291 673 40 0*296 675 40 0*302 679 40 0*308 686 35 0 25645 05/10*298 673 50 0*308 675 45 0*320 679 40 0*334 686 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 25650 05/11*317 699 30 0*320 708 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25650 05/11E350 699 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** *** ** 25655 TS Major changes to the track, but only minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change is to indicate a brief extratropical transition phase during the decay of the system. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. May 5: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 12.0N, 80.0W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. May 6: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 14.7N, 74.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 15 kt and 1003 mb at 12Z at 12.9N 69.7W (COA, HWM - likely unreliable pressure reading); 20 kt ESE 1004 mb at 09Z at 15.5N 70.5W (COA). May 7: HWM indicates a closed low near 20N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 19.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 19N 70W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NE with pressure of 1015mb at 25.5N, 67.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). May 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 25N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 24.8N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 23N 69W with 1001 mb pressure. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt SE with pressure of 997mb at 26.5N, 67.5W at 1200 UTC (MWR); 35kt NNE with pressure of 1011mb at 27.0N, 71.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "There was considerable cyclonic activity in the vicinity of the Bermudas, from the 8th to the 10th" (MWR). May 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 27.5N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 28.1N, 67.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 29N 68W with 995 mb pressure. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure of 995mb at 27N, 67W at 1200 UTC (HWM). May 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 63.5W with a warm front extending east from the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 30.2N, 67.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 32N 68W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt SW with pressure of 996mb at 27.2N, 63.1W at 0800 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW near 27.2N 63.1W (no time available - MWR). May 11: HWM shows a closed low (not the original system) of at most 1010 mb at 32N 78W with a warm front extending east from the low and a cold front to the southwest. HURDAT lists this a a Tropical Depression at 32N 70.8W at 06 UTC (last position). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 34N 72W with 1007 mb pressure. There are no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) observed. Major changes are introduced to the genesis location of this tropical storm, with the new position about 300 nm to the east-northeast of the original HURDAT. This is due to numerous observations on the 5th which indicates a secondary center in the southwestern Caribbean near the original genesis point, but a more prominent low center to the east-northeast. The system is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression (down from a 35 kt tropical storm) based upon numerous ship and station observations. Minor track alterations made for all days of the duration of the cyclone, except for major changes northward on the last two positions retained in HURDAT. A 1004 mb peripheral pressure at 09Z on the 6th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to low environmental pressures, winds at 12Z are boosted to just 40 kt (from 35 kt originally). The first observed gale in association with this system was a 12Z on the 7th 35 kt and 1015 mb observation from a ship about 350 nm from the center. This may indicate that the cyclone exhibited some subtropical cyclone characteristics and/or was in part forced by the strong synoptic-scale pressure gradient north of the system. A 997 mb peripheral pressure at 12Z on the 8th suggests winds of at least 53 kt and 49 kt from the south and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, respectively. Winds are chosen to be 55 kt at 12Z, up from 40 kt originally. A 995 mb peripheral pressure at 12Z on the 9th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is chosen for the winds at 12Z, up from 45 kt originally. A ship - the Florida II (IY003665 in COADS) - reported SW 30 kt with simultaneous minimum pressure of 996 mb on the 10th and subsequently (no time available) reported a peak wind of NW 45 kt. Further inspection of this ship reveals extreme inconsistency between its winds, pressures, and positions with several nearby ships on the 8th, 9th, and 10th. As it cannot be determined whether the data is right and the position wrong (or vice versa), the observations from this ship are not utilized in the reanalysis. 55 kt is the new peak intensity for the system lasting from 12Z on the 8th to 18Z on the 9th. The system weakened during the 10th and became extratropical early on the 11th before being absorbed in a frontal boundary. This extratropical phase is newly added into HURDAT. The scenario of the system continuing several more days as an extratropical system moving northeastward across the north Atlantic as suggested by the MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows is discounted, as this was a separate, baroclinic development. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #2 - 2012 Revision 25660 08/12/1932 M= 4 2 SNBR= 571 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 25665 08/12*220 903 35 0*230 908 40 0*240 913 45 0*247 917 50 0 25665 08/12*220 903 35 0*230 908 40 0*240 913 45 0*247 916 50 0 *** 25670 08/13*254 921 55 0*263 927 65 0*272 933 90 0*281 940 110 0 25670 08/13*254 919 55 0*261 923 65 0*270 928 90 0*279 937 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25675 08/14*289 947 125 942*296 953 90 0*303 960 60 987*310 967 35 0 25675 08/14*286 946 125 942*291 955 100 942*297 963 65 987*305 971 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25680 08/15*319 975 25 1002*329 984 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25680 08/15*314 979 30 1002*324 987 25 0*335 995 25 0*3451003 20 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** ******* ** 25685 HRCTX4 25685 HRCTX4BTX1 **** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8/14/1932 0400Z 29.0N 95.2W 130kt 4 10nmi 935mb CTX4,BTX1 Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Texas Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). Aug 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 87.5W. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 88W. HURDAT did not begin the system until 00 UTC on the 12th. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Its origins may be tentatively traced to a slightly disturbed condition on the evening of the 10th, between Belize and Tela in Honduras" (MWR). Perez et al. (following Ortiz) suggested a formation of the cyclone at 12Z on the 11th near 23.3N 85.6W. Aug 12-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 24.0N, 91.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 92W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt SSE at 27.1N, 92.0W (no time given) (MWR). "On the morning of the 12th, vessels in the northern Gulf indicated a disturbed condition over the middle Gulf" (MWR). Aug 13- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 90kt winds at 27.2N, 93.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 94W with pressure of 978mb. Station highlight: 51kt SE at Galveston (no time given) (MWR). Ship highlight: 50kt NE with pressure of 1000mb at 26.7N, 91.6W at 1200 UTC (MWR); 45kt SW with pressure of 978mb at 27.0N, 93.0W in the morning (MWR). "The Gulf storm of August 13, 1932, was phenomenal in that it lacked hurricane characteristics until the 12th and even early on the 13th it seemed to be of only moderate intensity, at which time it was some 75 to 90 miles southeast of Galveston" (Texas Climatological Data). Aug 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 98.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 30.3N, 96.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 30N, 97W with pressure of 999mb. Station highlight: 938 mb at Velasco, TX (Texas Climatological Data); 941 mb at Angelton, TX (Texas Climatological Data); 942mb and calm at East Columbia, TX, 29.1N, 95.6W, at 0640 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 942mb and calm at 29.0N, 94.8W at 0130 UTC (MWR); 949 mb at 0325Z and >70 kt from 0310 to 0629Z at 28.9N 95.3W (MWR). "During the night of the 13th, the center crossed the coast line near and slightly to the east of Freeport, passing almost over East Columbia (Brazoria County) in the interior. Winds of hurricane force were experienced near the center even for some distance inland" (MWR). "From that point until it struck the coast near Velasco, Brazoria County, it developed marked energy, moving inland almost directly over East Columbia. Reports indicate that winds were of full hurricane force in Brazoria County, diminishing thereafter as it advanced in a north-northwesterly direction over the State attended by heavy to excessive rains on the 14-15th... Deaths directly due to storms (mostly in Brazoria County), forty; many injured; probably 200. Property damage, largely buildings and crops in Galveston, Harris, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Wharton, and Matagorda counties (heaviest in Brazoria County), about $7,500,000. The most serious Houston damage was the destruction of a hangar and several planes at Airport. Cotton and rice suffered most in rural districts" (Texas Climatological Data). "Aug 13 1932, Center Crossed Coast - Freeport, Estimate Lowest - 941 mb" (Connor). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - Aug. 13, Freeport, Major ["Major" indicates winds between 88 and 117 kt], 40 killed, damage $7.5 million" (Dunn and Miller). "1013 mb environmental pressure, 110 kt equivalent 1 min surface winds at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "Aug. 14, 942 mb central pressure, observed at East Columbia, TX, 12 nm RMW, 15 kt translational speed, landfall at 29.1N 95.1W, S.S. Nicarao recorded lowest pressure of 942 mb near 29.0N 94.8W at 0130Z" (Ho et al.). "N Texas, Category 4, 941 mb" (Jarrell et al.). Aug 15 - HWM shows a trough of low pressure over Texas and Oklahoma. HURDAT lists this system as a Tropical Depression at 32.9N 98.4W at 06 UTC (last position available). The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32N, 99W at 00Z (last position available). No tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. No changes are made to the genesis of this major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. (The alternative scenario by Perez et al. of the system forming near western Cuba on the 11th was examined, but not incorporated due to lack of observations to confirm their suggested change.) Only minor alterations are made to its track for the short (four day) duration of the system. The cyclone apparently rapidly intensified after genesis early on the 12th. A 975 mb peripheral pressure around 12Z on the 13th suggests winds of at least 82 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N intensifying pressure-wind relationship. Winds of 90 kt are retained in HURDAT. The cyclone moved north-northwestward toward Texas. The ship Nicarao measured 942 mb in the eye at 0130Z on the 14th just a short distance offshore from the Texas coast. This pressure suggests winds of 118 kt from the north of 25N intensifying pressure-wind relationship. The hurricane made landfall at 29.0N 95.2W just east of Freeport around 04Z on the 14th. A peripheral pressure of 949 mb was measured by a ship at Freeport, TX at 0325Z with hurricane-force winds lasting from 0310 to 0629Z. A pressure reading - which may have been in the eye - just after landfall of 938 mb was recorded at Velasco (at an unknown time). A central pressure reading of 942 mb definitely in the eye was measured farther inland at East Columbia, TX at 0640Z. A backwards run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model from the 942 mb central pressure at East Columbia suggests 932 mb at landfall. Given that the system was undergoing rapid intensification, it is likely and reasonable that there was some additional deepening between the time of the 942 mb central pressure measured just offshore at 0130Z and landfall around 04Z. It is estimated that the hurricane made landfall with central pressure of around 935 mb. This pressure suggests winds of 125 kt from the north of 25N intensifying pressure-wind relationship. Given the near average (~15 kt) speed along with the small sized (200 nm radius of outer closed isobar and ~10 nm RMW, compared with 18 nm climatological RMW from Vickery et al.), winds of 130 kt are analyzed at landfall at 04Z on the 14th. The winds at 00Z (derived from the 942 mb central pressure ship observation) are also slightly above the pressure-wind relationship value and are selected to be 125 kt. (Thus the winds at landfall are not the same - slightly higher - than the previous synoptic time.) The 130 kt at landfall retains the cyclone as a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale at landfall in the United States. A run of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind model suggests that minimal (Category 1) winds extended along the Texas coast to Matagorda Bay. Thus the central Texas coast (BTX) is now included as a Category 1 impact in HURDAT. After landfall, runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest winds of 103 kt at 06Z on the 14th, 69 kt at 12Z, 48 kt at 18Z, and 35 kt at 00Z on the 15th. Highest observed winds within two hours of synoptic time were no greater than 70 kt at 06Z, and below tropical storm force for the other times. Given the small size of the system (suggesting somewhat faster weakening than Kaplan-DeMaria) and very sparse observations near the track of this small tropical cyclone (suggesting that the observed winds are quite low biased), winds are analyzed to be 100 kt at 06Z (up from 90 kt originally), 65 kt at 12Z (up from 60 kt originally), 40 kt at 18Z (up from 35 kt originally), and 30 kt at 00Z on the 15th (up from 25 kt originally). The weakening of the system below major hurricane, hurricane, and tropical storm intensity are all delayed by six hours. The original HURDAT had central pressure values of 987 mb at 12Z on the 14th and 1002 mb at 00Z on the 15th. There are no such observations that can be located with these values, so it is suspected that someone had included these in as analyzed values. As they do appear reasonable and it cannot be confirmed that they are not measurements, they are retained in HURDAT. Based upon available observations, the cyclone appeared to still have a closed circulation by 12Z on the 15th, so the dissipation of the system is delayed by 12 hours compared to the original HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #3 - 2012 Revision 25690 08/26/1932 M=10 3 SNBR= 572 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 25695 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 698 35 0 25695 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 692 30 0 *** ** 25700 08/27*208 705 35 0*211 712 35 0*215 718 35 0*219 727 35 0 25700 08/27*208 700 30 0*211 717 30 0*214 725 30 0*216 733 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 25705 08/28*223 737 35 0*226 742 40 0*229 748 40 0*233 756 40 0 25705 08/28*217 740 35 0*218 748 40 0*220 755 40 0*224 762 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25710 08/29*236 764 45 0*239 772 50 0*242 780 50 0*246 789 55 0 25710 08/29*229 770 45 0*234 777 50 0*240 783 50 0*245 790 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25715 08/30*250 798 55 0*254 807 55 0*259 815 50 0*265 826 55 0 25715 08/30*250 798 55 0*255 807 55 0*260 818 50 0*264 830 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** 25720 08/31*272 838 65 0*277 845 70 0*281 851 70 0*289 862 70 0 25720 08/31*268 841 65 0*272 850 70 0*278 858 70 0*286 866 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25725 09/01*297 873 70 0*304 882 70 0*311 888 60 0*317 892 50 0 25725 09/01*295 874 75 0*303 882 75 979*311 886 60 0*319 890 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 25730 09/02*323 896 45 0*331 900 40 0*341 901 35 0*353 901 30 0 25730 09/02*326 894 40 0*333 898 35 0E341 901 30 0E352 901 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * ** **** 25735 09/03*366 900 30 0*374 897 25 0*382 894 25 0*400 880 25 0 25735 09/03E364 899 30 0E377 895 30 0E390 890 30 0E405 876 35 0 **** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 25740 09/04*426 850 20 0*430 820 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25740 09/04E422 850 40 0E440 820 45 0E460 780 45 0E480 740 45 0 **** ** **** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 25745 HR AL1 25745 HR AFL1 AL1 MS1 **** *** U.S. Continental Tropical Storm and Hurricanes Impacts: -------------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 8/30/1932 0400Z 25.3N 85.3W 55kt TS ----- ----- FL 9/01/1932 0500Z 30.2N 88.1W 75kt 1 ----- 979mb AFL1,AL1 Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) while this system was a tropical cyclone. A major change is to indicate a day delay in the intensification to a tropical storm after genesis. Another large alteration was to introduce an extratropical cyclone stage for the last two and a half days of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, West Indies and Caribbean Service Climatological Data, Florida/Alabama/Mississippi Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Aug 24 - HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. "A tropical disturbance of very slight intensity appeared southeast of Puerto Rico on the 24th, and advanced on a course of about northwest by west with an average speed of about 10 miles per hour, gradually increasing in intensity until it passed across the extreme southern part of Florida. The center passed over the southwestern part of the Island of Puerto Rico without causing damage" (MWR). Aug 25 - HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean Sea. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 18N 66W. No gales or low pressures. Aug 26 - HWM shows no features of interest near the Bahamas or Hispaniola. HURDAT first lists this system as a Tropical Storm at 20.5N 69.8W at 18UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 20N 69W. No gales or low pressures. "Two cyclonic formations developed in the Eastern Caribbean, near the Virgin Islands, during the latter days of the month. The first of these moved westward to the Gulf of Mexico, passing inland at Pensacola, but without serious damage" (Climatological Data - West Indies and Caribbean Service). Aug 27 - HWM indicates there is a low near 22N, 72.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 21.5N, 71.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aug 28 - HWM indicates there is a low near 22N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 22.9N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 75W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "It was not attended by strong winds until the 28th, on the evening of which date it was about 100 miles south-southeast of Nassau, Bahamas" (MWR). Aug 29 - HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 24.2N, 78.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 78W. Station highlight: no gale force winds or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Strong northeast winds, reaching gale force between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m., began during the early afternoon and continued at midnight. The center of a tropical disturbance passed about 20 miles south of Miami shortly before midnight of the 29th" (OMR - Miami). "During the next 12 hours its center advanced to the south of Andros Island...on the evening of the 29th, when the center was about 50 miles south-southeast of Miami" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug. 29, Extreme S FL" (Dunn and Miller). Aug 30- HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 25.9N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 25N, 82W. Station highlight: 77 kt NE (max wind) at 0245Z at Fowey Rocks Lighthouse (OMR), 31 kt NE and 1002 mb (min pressure) 02Z and 35 kt NE (max wind) at 00Z at Miami (OMR); 38 kt E (max wind) at 20Z and 30 kt E and 1005 mb (min pressure) at Tampa (OMR). Ship highlight: 50kt SE with pressure of 1006mb at 25.9N, 79.5W at 0500 UTC (MWR). "The disturbance crossed extreme south Florida on the night of the 29th-30th and continued its northwest movement... As far as could be learned, no damage occurred along the Florida Keys due to ample and direct warnings. An unofficial velocity of 85 to 88 miles an hour from the Northeast occurred at Fowey Rocks Lighthouse on the 29th. The highest wind occurred at 9:45pm and the wind shift was NE-E-SE where it remained. The wind had reached SE by 12:15 a.m. of the 30th" (OMR - Key West). "With the passage of the tropical storm center south of Miami shortly before midnight of the 29th, the wind shifted to southeast and rapidly decreased in force. The total rainfall for the 24 hours ending at 10 a.m., 10.24 inches, greatly exceeded any previous 23-hour rainfall recorded at this station during the month of August" (OMR - Miami). "An unofficial estimate of 85 to 88 miles per hour from the northeast was reported from Fowey Rocks lighthouse, about 15 miles south-southeast of Miami, shortly before 10 p. m... Damage in the south portion of the state was confined almost entirely to that portion south of latitude 27 degrees. Seed beds and recently planted truck were badly washed by the heavy rains and in many cases completely destroyed... The loss of avocados and citrus from trees by high winds ranged from 2 to 25 per cent near the path of the storm, though much of this was available for local consumption" (Florida Climatological Data). "The center, which was quite small, passed about 35 miles south of Miami attended near, but only quite near, the center by winds of hurricane force. The disturbance continued its northwestward course, being central on the morning of the 30th, about 30 miles south of Fort Myers" (MWR). Aug 31- HWM indicates there is a low near 28N, 87W along a stationary front extending east and west from the low. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.1N, 85.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 85.5W. Station highlight: 47 kt E and 998 mb at Pensacola 30.4N, 87.2W at 22Z (OMR). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "By the following morning [31st] it was about 110 miles south by west of Apalachicola" (MWR). "The outstanding feature of the month's weather was the tropical disturbance which reached the coast of northwest Florida on the last day of the month... With the veering of the wind to the southeast between 9 and 10 a.m. the tide began to rise rapidly and reached +4.5 feet by 2 p.m., after which it fell slowly and had reached normal by night... The damage was confined mostly to small craft moored at the wharves... Damage in the business and residential sections was of little consequence... The damage from both wind and water in and about Apalachicola will total approximately $1000.00" (Apalachicola OMR). Sept 1- HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 88.5W near the Alabama coastline. The low is shown with a warm front extending southeast from the low center and a stationary front to the southwest. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 31.1N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 31N, 89W with pressure of 998mb. Station highlight: 55 kt SE and 995 mb (min pressure) at 0340Z and 60 kt SE (max wind) and 996 mb at 05Z at Pensacola (OMR); pressure of 983mb (min pressure) at Bayou le Batre 30.6N, 88.2W at 0745 UTC (MWR); 987 mb (min pressure) at Fort Morgan at 0430Z (OMR); 44 kt E (max wind) at 06Z and 42 kt E and 989 mb (min pressure) at 0745Z at Mobile (OMR). Ship highlight: 45kt E at Mobile 30.7N, 88.1W (no time given) (MWR); pressure of 979mb at 30.2N, 88.0W at 0450 UTC (MWR). "In the extreme northwestern portion of the state the damage was confined entirely to the coast section from Apalachicola westward, except in Okaloosa and Escambia counties, where cotton still in the fields was badly damaged by wind and rain and much of the pear crop was blown from the trees... In the Pensacola area the estimated total loss was somewhat less than $100,000, which includes damage to small craft, waterfront property, buildings, and residences, power and telephone lines, plate glass, and the cotton crop. One death was reported in Pensacola" (Florida Climatological Data). "Strong winds accompanying the tropical disturbance that moved inland from the Gulf near the Alabama-Mississippi border on the afternoon and night of the 31st extensively damaged pear and pecan trees and partially defoliated the orange trees in the coast section. They also blew down much corn, and some cotton was blown out in the more southern and central-western counties. The heavy rains occurring in these areas beat out some cotton and flooded the crops planted along the rivers and creeks. Preliminary reports indicate that the damage to crops was serious; otherwise, the damage was light" (Alabama Climatological Data). "The center passed inland a short distance west of Mobile about 11 p. m. of the 31st, and recurved to the north and northeastward over western Tennessee and northwestern Ohio, with greatly diminished intensity... The disturbance was attended by shifting gales and winds probably reaching hurricane force near the center" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Extreme NW FL, Minimal; Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - MS and AL, Minimal" ("Minimal" - 64 to 87 kt - Dunn and Miller). "Sep 1 1932, Center Crossed Coast - Near Mobile, Estimate Lowest - 28.90" (979 mb)" (Connor). "AL1, 979 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.). Sept 2- HWM indicates there is a low over land near 34N, 90W with a warm front extending southeast from the low and a stationary front extending southwest from the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 34.1N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 34N, 90W with pressure of 1006mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 3- HWM indicates there is a low over land near 37N, 86.5W with a warm front extending southeast from the low and a stationary front extending southwest from the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 38.2N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 38N, 89W with pressure of 1004mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 4- HWM indicates there is a low of at most 1005mb over land near 47N, 78W with a warm front extending southeast from the low and a cold front extending south from the low. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 46N, 79W with a pressure of 1001mb. Station highlight: 43kt SW at Buffalo 45.9N, 78.9W (no time given) (MWR). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the timing of genesis on the 26th of August. Despite discussion in the Monthly Weather Review that the system began on the 24th, no closed circulation was evident before late on the 26th. Minor track changes were introduced on every day that the system was a tropical cyclone, from the 26th until the 2nd of September. The cyclone is started as a tropical depression at genesis rather than a tropical storm, based upon numerous ship and station observations suggesting a slightly weaker vortex. The system is brought up to tropical storm intensity at 18Z on the 27th. The system apparently gradually intensified, but had minimal impact on the Bahamas as it was moving toward the west-northwest on the 28th and 29th. No intensity changes were made on the 28th and early on the 29th. The cyclone made landfall in southeast Florida along Key Largo around 04Z on the 30th, which is the same as previously suggested from HURDAT's synoptic entries. The Miami Weather Bureau Office recorded peak winds of 35 kt from the northeast with minimum pressure of 1002 mb early on the 30th. However, the unofficial observations from the Fowey Rocks Lighthouse southeast of Miami indicated 77 kt winds. Despite the rather precise original observed values of "85 to 88 mph", it is strongly suspected that these were visually estimated winds, not measured, from the lighthouse keeper. (This interpretation is supported by the writeup in the Florida Climatological Data, which called these winds "estimates".) It is noted that this system was characterized as being a hurricane at landfall in the Monthly Weather Review assessment. Because of the uncertainty with this estimate, intensity at landfall in southeast Florida is retained at 55 kt, though alternatively it could have been a minimal hurricane. The cyclone's center only remained over southeast Florida (specifically, the Everglades) for a few hours and a weakening to 50 kt at 12Z on the 30th is unchanged from that previously shown. The system then moved northwestward over the Gulf of Mexico for about 48 hours. The cyclone made a second landfall in the United States around 05Z on the 1st of September near 30.2N 88.1W, just west of Fort Morgan, Alabama. A ship just offshore of Fort Morgan measured a pressure of 979 mb, which may have been a central pressure. Fort Morgan itself observed a minimum pressure of 987 mb at 0430Z, while the more inland location of Bayou le Batre measured 983 mb at 0745Z. Peak observed winds were 60 kt (5 min) SE from Pensacola, Florida at 05Z. Assuming that 979 mb is the central pressure at landfall, this suggests winds of 74 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. Given a moderately slow translational speed (8 kt) and a moderately low outer closed isobar (1009 mb) that is counterbalanced by a moderately small cyclone (200 nm radius of OCI), 75 kt is analyzed to be the maximum 1 min wind at and just before landfall. This makes the system a Category 1 hurricane for both Alabama and northwestern Florida, agreeing with the original assessment. Given the intensity at landfall, location of landfall, and translational speed of the system, this hurricane is also analyzed to have made a Category 1 impact in Mississippi, which is new. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest winds of 50 kt at 12Z on the 1st, 37 kt at 18Z, and 28 kt at 00Z on the 2nd. Peak observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic time were 48, 47, and less than tropical storm force, respectively. Winds in HURDAT are retained at 60 kt at 12Z and 50 kt at 18Z, but lowered by 5 kt to 40 kt at 00Z on the 2nd. After landfall the system gradually recurved over the eastern United States. Despite frontal features being analyzed in the Historical Weather Maps from August 31st onward with this cyclone, actual frontal boundaries do not appear to be present until the 2nd. Thus extratropical transition is indicated for 12Z on the 2nd, while HURDAT previously did not have an extratropical phase for this cyclone. Moderate intensification occurred to the extratropical cyclone on the 3rd and 4th, as indicated by the U.S. and Canadian surface observations. The system is retained an additional 12 hours as a distinct extratropical storm compared to the previous HURDAT, before being absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone after 18Z on the 4th. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm 3 - Revised 2012 27340 08/26/1932 M=10 3 SNBR= 606 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 27345 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 692 30 0* 27350 08/27*208 700 30 0*211 717 30 0*214 725 30 0*216 733 35 0* 27350 08/27*208 702 30 0*211 713 30 0*214 724 30 0*216 733 35 0* *** *** *** 27355 08/28*217 740 35 0*218 748 40 0*220 755 40 0*224 762 40 0* 27360 08/29*229 770 45 0*234 777 50 0*240 783 50 0*245 790 55 0* 27365 08/30*250 798 55 0*255 807 55 0*260 818 50 0*264 830 55 0* 27370 08/31*268 841 65 0*272 850 70 0*278 858 70 0*286 866 70 0* 27375 09/01*295 874 75 0*303 882 75 979*311 886 60 0*319 890 50 0* 27380 09/02*326 894 40 0*333 898 35 0E341 901 30 0E352 901 30 0* 27385 09/03E364 899 30 0E377 895 30 0E390 890 30 0E405 876 35 0* 27390 09/04E422 850 40 0E440 820 45 0E460 780 45 0E480 740 45 0* 27395 HR AFL1 AL1 MS1 Unrealistic translational speed early on the 27th corrected. Suggestion for these revisions provided by Daniel Gladstein. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #4 - 2012 Revision 25750 08/30/1932 M=15 4 SNBR= 573 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25750 08/30/1932 M=19 4 SNBR= 573 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 25755 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*192 616 35 0 25755 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*188 636 30 0 *** *** ** 25760 08/31*199 636 35 0*200 642 40 0*202 647 40 0*204 653 40 0 25760 08/31*193 644 30 0*198 652 35 0*202 660 40 0*204 666 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25765 09/01*206 660 40 0*207 665 45 0*209 671 45 0*211 677 50 0 25765 09/01*206 671 50 0*207 676 50 0*209 680 50 0*211 683 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 25770 09/02*213 682 55 0*215 687 55 0*217 692 60 0*219 697 65 0 25770 09/02*213 686 55 0*215 689 55 0*217 692 60 0*219 697 65 0 *** *** 25775 09/03*220 701 70 0*222 705 80 0*224 709 85 0*227 715 95 0 25775 09/03*220 703 70 0*222 710 80 0*224 715 85 0*227 719 95 0 *** *** *** *** 25780 09/04*230 722 100 0*232 726 110 0*235 732 115 0*239 740 120 0 25780 09/04*230 722 100 0*235 726 110 0*240 732 115 0*244 740 120 0 *** *** *** 25785 09/05*243 748 125 0*247 756 130 0*252 764 135 0*257 770 140 0 25785 09/05*247 748 125 0*251 756 130 0*255 764 135 0*260 770 140 0 *** *** *** *** 25790 09/06*263 774 140 0*271 776 140 0*279 774 140 0*284 769 135 0 25790 09/06*265 774 140 0*270 776 140 0*275 774 140 0*281 772 135 0 *** *** *** *** *** 25795 09/07*289 763 130 0*293 758 125 0*298 753 125 0*303 746 120 0 25795 09/07*287 769 135 0*293 765 130 0*298 760 130 0*305 750 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25800 09/08*312 734 115 0*332 714 110 0*355 696 105 0*372 689 100 0 25800 09/08*317 736 115 0*335 718 110 0*355 701 100 0*372 695 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25805 09/09*386 683 95 0*395 677 95 0*403 670 90 0E414 650 85 0 25805 09/09*386 692 85 0*395 682 85 0*403 670 80 0E414 650 80 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 25810 09/10E424 625 80 0E429 610 75 0E434 596 70 0E439 583 70 0 25810 09/10E424 625 75 0E429 610 75 0E434 596 70 0E437 586 70 0 ** *** *** 25815 09/11E444 569 65 0E450 555 65 0E456 542 60 0E468 519 60 0 25815 09/11E438 578 65 0E440 570 65 0E447 560 60 0E460 540 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25820 09/12E485 488 60 0E503 458 55 0E520 430 55 0E537 407 55 0 25820 09/12E478 510 60 0E500 470 55 0E520 430 55 0E537 402 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** 25825 09/13E552 387 50 0E565 368 50 0E578 350 50 0E600 320 50 0 25825 09/13E552 385 50 0E565 368 50 0E578 350 50 0E593 325 50 0 *** *** *** (The 14th to the 17th are new to HURDAT.) 25825 09/14E610 300 50 0E630 270 50 0E650 240 50 0E670 190 50 0 25825 09/15E690 120 50 0E708 40 50 0E7203650 50 0E7253740 50 0 25825 09/16E7253820 50 0E7233880 50 0E7203920 50 0E7153950 45 0 25825 09/17E7103970 40 0E7053985 35 0E7004000 35 0E6954015 30 0 25830 HR U.S. Tropical Storms: ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 9/09/1932 0000Z 38.6N 69.0W 50kt MA (time of closest point of approach) Major alterations to the track and minor changes the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major change is to include four additional days at the end of the system while an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. Aug 30 - The HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean. HURDAT starts this system as a Tropical Storm at 19.2N 61.6W at 18 UTC. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance was first noted north of the Virgin Islands the evening of August 30, at which time it was of minor intensity" (MWR). Aug 31- The HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean. HURDT lists this as a tropical storm at 20.2N 64.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 20N, 65W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt SE with a pressure of 1009mb at 20.5N, 65.5W at 2000 UTC (COA). Sept 1- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 67.5W with a stationary frontal boundary northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 20.9N, 67.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 67W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SSE with pressure of 1010mb at 20.5N, 65.5W at 0000 UTC (COA). Sept 2- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 21.7N, 69.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 70W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 1008mb at 22.0N, 67.54W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "Its center passed a short distance north of Turks Island, West Indies, and moved west-northwestward during the night of September 2-3, while the storm increased to moderate intensity"(MWR). Sept 3- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 22.4N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 65kt with pressure of 985mb at 22.5N, 73.2W at 2300 UTC (MWR). Sept 4- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 23N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane winds at 23.5N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 74W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70kt E with pressure of 981 mb at 24.7N, 73.0W at 1200 UTC (COA). Sept 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.5N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 25N, 77W. Station highlight: pressure below 931mb at Great Abaco Island 26.2N, 77.1W in the afternoon (MWR). Ship highlight: 65kt ESE with pressure of 981mb at 24.7N, 73.0W at 1200 UTC (MWR). "During the next three days it increased greatly in intensity, passed east of Nassau, Bahamas, the morning of the 5th, moving northwestward, then recurved to the north and northeast and passed over Great Abaco Island the afternoon of the 5th; with a reported pressure of below 27.50 inches. Great damage was done by the storm on this island; 16 persons were reported killed and about 300 injured. Capt. H.B. Roberts, master of the Government steamer Priscilla and a resident of Green Turtle Cay for 40 years declared, according to the Miami Daily News, that the storm was the worst in his memory. He said that two churches, both built of heavy stone walls almost 3 feet in thickness, were demolished, and the wind, estimated by him at over 200 m. p. h., carried some of the heavy stone blocks nearly half a mile. Photographs published in the News indicate that winds in excess of 150 m. p. h. must have prevailed at Green Turtle Cay" (MWR). Sept 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26.5N, 78W. HURDAT list this as a Category 5 hurricane winds at 27.9N, 77.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 77.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70kt E with pressure of 967mb at 28.6N, 77.5W at 2100 UTC (COA); 65kt E with pressure of 961mb at 28.6N, 77.5 at 2100 UTC (COA). Sept 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 29N, 76W with a stationary front located north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 29.8N, 75.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 30N, 76W with pressure of 933mb. Station highlight: 41kt N at Cape Hatteras 35.2N, 75.7W no time give (MWR). Ship highlight: 70kt NE with pressure of 989mb at 29.3N, 78.2W at 0000 UTC (COA); 65kt W with pressure of 934mb at 29.6N, 76.5W at 1100 UTC (MWR). Sept 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 35N, 68.5W with a stationary front located well northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 35.5N, 69.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 35.5N, 70W with pressure of 963mb. Station highlight: 49kt NE at Nantucket 41.3N, 70.1W no time give (MWR). Ship highlight: 70kt NW with pressure of 990mb at 36N, 72W at 1200 UTC (COA); 50kt E with pressure of 961mb at 37N, 70W no time given (MWR). "...the storm moved northeastward over the ocean during the next few days" (MWR). Sept 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 39N, 66W with a stationary front located well northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.3N, 67.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 40N, 65W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 65kt N at 38.8N, 70W after 0300 UTC (MWR); 60kt ENE with pressure of 971mb at 38.8N, 70W at 0300 UTC (MWR). Sept 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 42.5N, 69W with a stationary front extending northeast of the cyclone and a cold front extending south of the system. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 43.4N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 42N, 60W with pressure of 964mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt N with pressure of 979mb at 42.8N, 61.3W at 1000 UTC (MWR). Sept 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 44N, 57W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone and a cold front extending south of the system. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 45.6N, 54.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 44N, 54W with pressure of 976mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt NNE with pressure of 980mb at 45.8N, 58.5W at 0000 UTC (MWR); 35kt NW with pressure of 976mb at 43.3N, 57.4W at 1200 UTC (COA). "The storm passed over and south of Newfoundland during the 11th" (MWR). Sept 12- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 52N, 44W with a warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 52N, 43W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 51N, 45W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 10kt SSE with pressure of 989mb at 54.5N, 37.5W at 1200 UTC (COA). Sept 13- HWM indicates a low of at most 985mb near 57N, 34W with an occluded front extending east and south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm near 57.8N, 35W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 57N, 35W with pressure of 981mb. Station highlight: 40kt ESE with pressure of 998mb at Vestmannaeyjar 63.4N, 20.2W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 35kt NNW at 54.2N, 41.0W at 1200 UTC (COA); 15kt S with pressure of 987mb at 56.5N, 29.5W at 0600 UTC (COA). Sept 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 65N, 24W with an occluded front extending east and south of the cyclone. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 64N, 25W with pressure of 978mb. Station highlight: 30kt E with pressure of 1008mb at Jan Mayen Island 70.5N, 09W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure of 999mb at 56.4N, 28.4W at 0600 UTC (COA). "... reached Iceland on the 14th" (MWR). Sept 15- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 72N, 5E with an occluded front extending east and south of the cyclone. Station highlight: 40kt NNW with pressure of 990mb at Jan Mayen Island at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 25kt E with pressure of 993mb at 74.5N, 17.5W at 1800 UTC (COA). "... and passed Jan Mayen Island on the 15th" (MWR). Sept 16 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 72N, 32E with an occluded front extending to its south. Station highlight: 45 kt W and 1012 mb at Jakobstad, Finland at 1200 UTC (HWM); 15 kt W and 994 mb at Hammerfest, Norway at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 17 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 68W, 40E with an occluded front extending to its east and south. Station highlight: 25 kt WNW and 1002 mb at Hammerfest, Norway at 1200 UTC (HWM). The timing of genesis for this major hurricane is unchanged, though the initial position is adjusted west-southwestward slightly more than two degrees from the original HURDAT - a major track change. The remainder of the track alterations are minor during the duration of the system as a tropical cyclone. System is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression, down from a 35 kt tropical storm, for the first two entries in HURDAT. Only a minor upward alteration of the intensity is indicated from late on the 31st of August through the 1st of September, due to some ship observations late on the 31st and early on the 1st. A 985 mb peripheral pressure from a ship just before 00Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 981 mb peripheral pressure ship observation at 12Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the south of 25N and at least 71 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. A 931 mb pressure - likely not a central pressure as the barometer measurement bottomed out at 27.50" and it is unknown whether the observation was taken in the eye - measured at Great Abaco in the Bahamas late on the 5th suggests winds of at least 123 kt from the north of 25N and at least 128 kt from the intensifying subset of north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. No changes are made to the intensities shown in HURDAT between late on the 1st and late on the 6th, which show a gradually intensifying system ramping up from a tropical storm to a Category 5 major hurricane. Impacts in the Bahamas are consistent with an extremely intense hurricane. After passing through the Bahamas, the cyclone turned toward the northeast. A ship measured a peripheral pressure of 934 mb at 11Z on the 7th, which suggests winds of at least 120 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Winds boosted from 125 to 130 kt in HURDAT at both 06 and 12Z on the 7th. A peripheral pressure of 961 mb was observed by a ship sometime on the 8th. This suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. However, given that the cyclone was very large, the intensity is analyzed to be 100 kt at 12Z on the 8th (down from 105 kt originally) and 90 kt at 18Z (down from 100 kt originally). The system - a rather large cyclone - produced tropical storm force winds from North Carolina northward to Massachusetts along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Maximum impact was about 50 kt in Massachusetts early on the 9th. No change is made to the extratropical transition of this system around 18Z on the 9th. Intensities are unchanged from early on the 8th to the end of the original HURDAT on the 13th. A major change to this system is to incorporate four additional dates from the 14th to the 17th as an extratropical cyclone. This is csistent with what was also discussed in the Monthly Weather Review for this system. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #5 - 2012 Addition 25835 09/04/1932 M= 4 5 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED XING=0 25840 09/04*368 472 45 0*369 480 45 0*370 488 50 0*371 497 55 0 25840 09/05*373 506 55 0*375 514 60 0*377 520 60 0*380 526 55 0 25840 09/06*384 532 55 0*389 538 50 0*395 540 50 0*403 539 45 0 25840 09/07*413 534 40 0*424 528 35 0*435 520 30 0E447 510 30 0 25885 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. Sept 3 - HWM indicates a stationary frontal boundary extending from 45N, 43W southwestward to 35N, 60W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 4- HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mb near 35N, 52.5W with a stationary front boundary extending northeast from the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SW at 36.5N, 48.6W at 1200 UTC (COA). Sept 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 37.5N, 54W with a warm front shown east of the cyclone and a cold front to its south. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt N with 992mb at 37.8N, 51.7W at 0400 UTC (MWR). Sept 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 40N, 54W with a warm front extending to its northeast and a cold front to its east and south. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 1002mb at 39.2N, 52W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 43N, 55W with a complex frontal boundary to its north and a dissipating cold front to its south and east. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure of 1010mb at 42.5N, 52.2W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Genesis of this previously unrecognized tropical storm is analyzed to be early on the 4th of September, though it may have actually formed farther southeast before the 4th in the relatively data void subtropical North Atlantic. Despite frontal boundaries being shown by the Historical Weather Maps, inspection of the observations indicates that no significant temperature gradients were present from the 4th through early on the 7th. On the 4th and early on the 5th, the system did exhibit some subtropical structure. However, the wind structure of the cyclone as shown by the observations by late on the 5th through the 7th indicates a symmetric system with maximum winds near the center - a true tropical storm. Winds at the start of the system at 00Z on the 4th are estimated to be 45 kt, based upon a 50 kt ship report at 12Z. A 992 mb peripheral pressure on the 5th suggests winds of at least 60 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship - winds are selected as 60 kt on this date, as the cyclone was moving relatively slowly. The system weakened on the 6th and 7th and was absorbed by a frontal boundary after 18Z on the 7th. There were no impacts to land from this oceanic-only tropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #6 - 2012 Revision 25835 09/09/1932 M= 9 5 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25835 09/09/1932 M=10 6 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * 25840 09/09* 0 0 0 0*192 933 35 0*208 932 35 0*214 932 35 0 25845 09/10*218 931 35 0*221 931 35 0*224 930 35 0*229 930 35 0 25850 09/11*233 930 35 0*236 930 35 0*239 929 35 0*243 928 35 0 25850 09/11*235 930 35 0*242 930 35 0*248 929 35 0*251 928 35 0 *** *** *** 25855 09/12*247 927 35 0*249 926 35 0*252 925 35 0*256 923 35 0 25855 09/12*253 927 35 0*254 926 35 0*255 925 40 0*256 923 40 0 *** *** *** ** ** 25860 09/13*261 920 35 0*266 916 35 0*270 910 40 0*272 906 40 0 25860 09/13*257 920 45 0*258 916 45 0*260 910 50 0*263 906 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 25865 09/14*274 902 40 0*276 899 40 0*278 892 45 0*283 872 45 0 25865 09/14*267 902 50 0*272 899 50 0*278 892 50 0*285 877 50 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 25870 09/15*292 848 45 0*302 825 45 0*314 802 40 0*327 783 35 0 25870 09/15*293 857 50 0*302 833 45 0E314 808 40 0E327 786 40 0 *** *** ** *** * *** * *** ** 25875 09/16*340 767 35 0E354 752 35 0E369 737 35 0E383 724 35 0 25875 09/16E340 770 45 0E354 756 50 0E367 742 55 0E380 726 60 0 * *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 25880 09/17E401 710 35 0E423 693 35 0E445 677 35 0E467 660 35 0 25880 09/17E395 710 65 0E415 693 65 0E440 677 55 0E475 660 45 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 25880 09/18E520 665 40 0E560 670 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 25885 TS U.S. Tropical Storms: ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 9/15/1932 0400Z 30.0N 83.9W 50kt FL Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Florida Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, and Dunn and Miller (1960). Sept 9- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 20.8N, 93.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 92.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 20 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 22N 92W (HWM) . "A disturbance of moderate intensity that was first located some distance north of Frontera, Mexico, in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on September 9, moved very slowly northward for two days" (MWR). Sept 10- HWM indicates a low near 22N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 22.4N, 93W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22.5N, 92W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 11- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 23.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24.5N, 91.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30 kt NW and 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 24.2N, 94.1W (COA). Sept 12- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 92.5W. HURDAT list this as a Tropical Storm at 25.2N, 92.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 26N, 91W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 13- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 27N, 91W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 90W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25kt SSW with pressure of 999mb at 26.1N, 90.4W at 1300 UTC (COA). Sept 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 89W. A stationary frontal boundary exists east of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 27.8N, 89.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 88.5W. Station highlight: 30 kt NE (max wind - no time, but likely early UTC 15th) and 1002 mb (min pressure - no time, but likely early UTC 15th) at Apalachicola (Florida Climatological Data). Ship highlight: 50kt S at 27.2N, 88.3W after 0500 UTC (MWR); 20kt W with pressure of 1000mb at 26.1N, 90.3W at 0000 UTC (COA). "... then slowly northeastward for three days, being central about 100 miles south of the mouth of the Mississippi River on the morning of the 14th" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, Sept. 14, Cedar Keys, Minor ["Minor" indicates less than hurricane force]" (Dunn and Miller). Sept 15- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 80W with a warm front extending toward the east-northeast and a cold front extending southwest of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 31.4N, 80.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 31.5N, 80W. Station highlight: 34 kt SW (max wind - no time given) and 1002 mb (min P - no time given) at Jacksonville (Florida Climatological Data). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance moved as far during the ensuing 24 hours as it had in the preceding five days, the center passing into the Atlantic Ocean near Jacksonville, Fla., on the morning of the 15th" (MWR). "The wettest period in most sections of the peninsula was between the 11th and 15th, in connection with the movement of a Gulf disturbance that appeared in the southwest Gulf of Mexico on the 10th and crossed the northeast portion of the peninsula between the night of the 14th and the morning of the 15th, moving inland from the Gulf near Taylor County, and passing into the Atlantic to the north of Jacksonville. Its northeastward movement was attended by moderate gales on the northeast Gulf coast, from Apalachicola to Cedar Keys, on the afternoon and night of the 14th, and on the northeast Florida coast in the early morning of the 15th... The damage in Apalachicola, mostly the result of torrential rain, was estimated at somewhat less than $2,000... There was considerable damage to crops along the path of the storm by washing rains and high winds" (Florida Climatological Data). Sept 16- HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 73.5W with a warm front extending northeast and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 36.9N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 36.5N, 73W with pressure of 996mb. Station highlight: 41kt NW at New York (40.7N, 74W) no time given (MWR). Ship highlight: 50kt W with pressure of 993mb at 36.2N, 74.7W at 1200 UTC (COA). "The highest wind velocities reported at land stations were 40 m. p. h. at Hatteras and Atlantic City, and 48 m. p. h. at New York City" (MWR). Sept 17- HWM indicates a low of at most 1000mb near 44N, 70W with a warm front extending north and a cold front extending southeast of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 44.5N, 67.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 44N, 68W with pressure of 993mb Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 65kt SW with pressure of 970mb at 38.5N, 71.2W at 0100 UTC (MWR). "It continued to move northeastward, passing inland over the coast of Maine on the 17th, then moved northward and later northwestward, reaching western Hudson Strait on the morning of the 19th" (MWR). No changes are made to the timing or location of genesis for this tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico. Minor track changes were introduced from the 11th throughout the remainder of its life cycle. Data are sparse on the 9th and 10th of September for this system while in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. At 12 UTC on the 9th, there is a ship about 75 nm from the estimated center with 20 kt SSE winds and 1008 mb pressure. This and other data are not inconsistent with a 35 kt tropical storm, thus no changes are made to the intensity on the 9th and 10th.] 999 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 25 kt SSW wind at 13Z on the 13th suggests maximum winds of at least 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N and 45 kt from the north of 25N relationships. A 50 kt S wind was observed after 05Z on the 14th from a ship. Winds are boosted slightly to 50 kt from 12Z on the 13th to 00Z on the 15th. On the 14th, the cyclone began accelerating toward the east-northeast. The tropical storm made landfall around 04Z on the 15th near 30.0N 83.9W in north Florida. 1002 mb minimum pressure (likely peripheral) observation from Apalachicola suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is analyzed to be the landfall intensity based upon the earlier ship observations, which is consistent with the moderate impact by the storm noted in the Florida Climatological Data. This is up slightly from the 45 kt in HURDAT originally at 00Z on the 15th. The cyclone remained over land for only about 6 hours before reemerging over the Atlantic. Frontogenesis was occurring across the cyclone on this date and it is analyzed that it became fully extratropical around 12Z on the 15th, which is 18 hours earlier than originally indicated. Ship and coastal stations along the Atlantic seaboard from the Carolinas northward indicate that the system reintensified as an extratropical cyclone, despite no secondary peak originally shown in HURDAT. A peak observation of 65 kt SW with simultaneous 970 mb pressure early on the 17th was measured by a ship. Winds are boosted to 65 kt as an extratropical cyclone around 00Z on the 17th, a major upward change from the 35 kt originally in HURDAT. It appears that the strongest of these winds, however, remained offshore as the peak observed winds in the United States were 41 kt NW in New York City. By early on the 18th, this brief reintensification had diminished and the system was weakening as it quickly moved northward over eastern Canada. The cyclone merged with another extratropical cyclone after 06Z on the 18th. The dissipation indicated is 12 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm 6 - Revised 2012 27535 09/09/1932 M=10 6 SNBR= 609 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 27540 09/09* 0 0 0 0*192 933 35 0*208 932 35 0*214 932 35 0* 27540 09/09* 0 0 0 0*202 933 35 0*208 932 35 0*214 932 35 0* *** 27545 09/10*218 931 35 0*221 931 35 0*224 930 35 0*229 930 35 0* 27550 09/11*235 930 35 0*242 930 35 0*248 929 35 0*251 928 35 0* 27555 09/12*253 927 35 0*254 926 35 0*255 925 40 0*256 923 40 0* 27560 09/13*257 920 45 0*258 916 45 0*260 910 50 0*263 906 50 0* 27565 09/14*267 902 50 0*272 899 50 0*278 892 50 0*285 877 50 0* 27570 09/15*293 857 50 0*302 833 45 0E314 808 40 0E327 786 40 0* 27575 09/16E340 770 45 0E354 756 50 0E367 742 55 0E380 726 60 0* 27580 09/17E395 710 65 0E415 693 65 0E440 677 55 0E475 660 45 0* 27585 09/18E520 665 40 0E560 670 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 27590 TS Unrealistic translational speed early on the 9th corrected. Suggestion for these revisions provided by Daniel Gladstein. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #7 - 2012 Addition 25835 09/16/1932 M= 4 7 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED XING=0 25835 09/16*304 416 35 0*307 428 35 0*310 440 40 0*313 452 40 0 25835 09/17*317 464 40 0*321 475 40 0*325 485 40 0*328 492 40 0 25835 09/18*331 496 45 0*335 498 45 0*340 500 45 0*346 503 45 0 25835 09/19*353 508 50 0*361 514 50 0*370 520 50 0*380 527 50 0 25835 09/20*392 534 50 0*403 542 50 0*410 550 50 0*410 561 50 0 25835 09/21*403 576 55 0*393 593 55 0*385 610 55 0*385 622 55 0 25835 09/22*387 630 50 0*391 635 50 0*395 640 50 0*398 645 50 0 25835 09/23E401 650 45 0E405 654 45 0E410 655 40 0E420 654 40 0 25835 09/24E440 650 35 0E460 645 35 0E480 640 35 0E505 635 40 0 25835 09/25E532 630 45 0E560 625 45 0E590 620 50 0E615 612 50 0 25835 09/26E635 600 50 0E650 580 45 0E660 550 45 0E667 510 40 0 25885 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. Sept 15 - HWM shows a stationary frontal boundary extending from 43N, 25W southwestward to 27N,42W. No gales or low pressures. Sept 16- HWM shows a frontal boundary transitioning from a cold front to a warm front near 30N 40W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt E with pressure of 1021mb at 35.5N, 40.8W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 17- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 31.5N, 47W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NW at 33N, 50.8W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 18- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 33N, 53W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 34N, 48.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 40kt E with pressure of 1020mb at 39.6N, 48.3W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 19- HWN indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 52W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37N, 51.5W with pressure of 1000mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NNW at 33.7N, 61W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 30 kt W and 1000 mb at 35.5N 51.4W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "Four tropical storms occurred in September, as described in detail on pp. 177-179 in this issue of the Review, and as indicated by the storm tracks shown in Chart VII" (Chart VII shows a track of a previously not included tropical cyclone - number VI on the map - originating east of Bermuda on the 19th, moving generally northwestward during the next four days, making landfall in Canada early on the 24th, and recurving to the northeast late on the 24th) (MWR). Sept 20- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 41.5N, 56W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 41.5N, 56W with a pressure of 1003mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt N at 42.4N, 63.2W no time given (MWR); 5 kt WNW and 998mb at 42.5N, 59.5W at 1800 UTC (COA). Sept 21- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 38N, 64W with a stationary front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 39N, 61W with pressure of 999mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NE with pressure of 994mb at 39.4N, 63.7W at 0000 UTC (COA). Sept 22- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 37.5N, 65W with a stationary front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37.5N, 63W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt N with pressure of 1005mb at 40.5N, 66.5W at 0600 UTC (COA). Sept 23- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 42N, 66W with a cold front extending south and a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 41.5N, 66W with pressure of 1004mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt S at 41.1N, 64.6W at 1200 UTC (COA). Sept 24- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 48N, 64W with a cold front extending south and a warm front extending southeast of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 48N, 64W with pressure of 1003mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 25- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 58.5N, 64W with a weakening occluded low extending southeast of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 59N, 65W with pressure of 994mb. Station highlight: 25kt NE with pressure of 994mb at Resolution Island 61.3N, 64.9W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 50kt ESE with pressure of 1001mb at 60.5N, 50.5W at 1100 UTC (COA); 50kt SE with pressure of 999mb at 60.5N, 51.5W at 1500 UTC (COA). Sept 26- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 60.5N, 56W with frontal boundaries east of the cyclone detached from the cyclone's center. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt E with pressure of 997mb at 59.5N, 45.5W at 1900 UTC (COA); 35kt E with pressure of 988mb at 59.5N, 45.5W at 2300 UTC (COA). This cyclone likely originated from a frontal boundary in the central North Atlantic. In either case, the system is started in the database as a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 16th. Given that it apparently was moving toward the west-northwest, the cyclone may have existed before the 16th over the more data sparse eastern North Atlantic. Despite the HWM showing frontal boundaries throughout the entire lifecycle of this system, the cyclone does not appear to be baroclinic from the 16th to the 19th and the fronts do not exist in reality. Numerous gales were observed for this system from the 16th through the 19th. Peak observed winds for this system as a tropical cyclone were 40 kt on the 18th. A 1000 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 30 kt W winds on the 19th suggests maximum winds of at least 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. On the 20th, a possible central pressure of 998 mb at 18Z suggests an intensity of at least 52 kt. Given the relatively slow motion of the cyclone on these dates for its latitude, winds are analyzed to be 50 kt on the 19th and the 20th. By the 20th, the cyclone's wind field becomes asymmetrically tilted NW-SE and frontal boundaries appeared to have been developing in the system, though some of the baroclinicity may have been due to proximity to the Gulf Stream. However, during the 21st and 22nd a more symmetric structure and minimal baroclinicity were observed in the system as it continued moving westward at high latitudes. On the 21st, a ship measured 994 mb simultaneous with 35 kt NE winds. This pressure suggests winds of at least 58 kt. Again the slow motion of the system is the reason that 55 kt is selected for the intensity during the 21st, which is the peak intensity of the lifetime of the system. It is analyzed that the cyclone made a full transition to an extratropical cyclone around 00Z on the 23rd. Early on the 24th, the extratropical storm made landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada with minimal gales. As it recurved northeastward, the system reintensified some as an extratropical cyclone with peak observed winds of 50 kt, which is the analyzed intensity. The system dissipated over Greenland on the 26th. The track of the cyclone was quite erratic and unusual, as it moved northwestward at a quite high latitude for four days as a tropical cyclone, moved southwestward as an extratropical cyclone on the 21st, before gradually recurving toward the north-northeast on the 24th. It is possible that this system today - with the availability of satellite imagery - may have been considered a subtropical storm from the 16th and 17th and also from the 20th to the 22nd of September, instead of a tropical storm on those dates. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #8 - 2012 Revision 25890 09/18/1932 M= 4 6 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25890 09/18/1932 M= 4 8 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 25895 09/18* 0 0 0 0*216 945 35 0*231 941 35 0*241 938 35 0 25895 09/18*208 950 30 0*216 945 35 0*225 941 40 0*236 938 45 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 25900 09/19*253 935 35 0*266 931 35 0*280 927 35 0*294 921 35 0 25900 09/19*250 934 50 0*265 928 55 0*280 923 55 0*294 919 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 25905 09/20*310 915 35 0*339 902 30 0*366 886 30 0*376 877 25 0 25905 09/20*310 915 40 0*334 902 35 0*360 883 30 0*376 871 25 0 ** *** ** *** *** *** 25910 09/21*383 867 20 0*389 856 20 0*395 844 15 0*398 794 15 0 25910 09/21E383 863 20 0E387 853 20 0E388 840 20 0E388 825 20 0 * *** **** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** 25915 TS U.S. Tropical Storms: ------------------------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max States Wind Affected 9/19/1932 1900Z 29.6N 91.9W 55kt LA Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #6. Another major alteration is to indicate an extratropical cyclone stage during the last day of the system's existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Daily Weather Maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Louisiana Climatological Data, Mississippi Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, and Dunn and Miller (1960). Sept 18- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 23.1N, 94.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 95W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Disturbed conditions prevail over the western and central Gulf of Mexico, but no definite center can yet be located" (DWM). "Another disturbance of slight to moderate intensity moved north-northeastward over the western Gulf of Mexico during the 18th and 19th" (MWR). Sept 19- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 28N, 92.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 93W. Station highlight: 1005 mb (minimum pressure) at Morgan City, LA (no time given) (MWR); 30 kt SE (maximum wind) at Port Eads, LA (no time given) (Louisiana Climatological Data). Ship highlight: 55kt ENE with pressure of 998mb at 28.6N, 91.9W at 1400 UTC (MWR). "The Gulf disturbance is apparently central this morning about 125 miles southeast of Galveston, Tex., and moving north-northeastward... No winds of gale force are yet reported" (DWM). "A tropical storm of slight intensity moved northward over the south-central and eastern portions of the State on the 19th. No wind damage occurred in Louisiana except where cane was prostrated and these losses were not serious" (Louisiana Climatological Data). "... and passed inland over the Louisiana coast a short distance west of Morgan City shortly after noon of the 19th. No winds of gale force were reported" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 19, Morgan City, LA, Minor ["Minor" indicates less than hurricane force] - (Dunn and Miller). Sept 20- HWM indicates a low near 35N, 88W with a frontal boundary extending west and north of the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 36.6N, 88.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37N, 88.5W with pressure of 1006mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The Gulf disturbance has moved north-northeastward to the middle Mississippi Valley, Cairo, Ill. 29.72 inches, and it was attended by general, and in many places heavy, rains from the Gulf coast northward to the lower Ohio and middle Mississippi Valleys, Vicksburg, Miss., reporting the greatest amount, 3.01 inches" (DWM). Sept 21- HWM indicates a low near 37N, 85W with a dissipating frontal boundary extending south of the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 39.5N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 38N, 82W with pressure of 1011mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved northeastward during the next two days [20th and 21st] and dissipated over southwestern Pennsylvania during the 21st" (MWR). Genesis for the system is begun six hours earlier as a tropical depression in the same general location of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Available ship and coastal observations - as is typical for this part of the basin during this era - are quite sparse on the 18th of September and it is ambiguous if the system began as a 35 kt tropical storm or weaker at 06 UTC. Given the prominent ship observations taken the next day indicating a high end tropical storm, no changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm intensity is reached. Minor alterations to the track were made for the lifetime of this system, except for a large change at the last position which corrected an unrealistically fast translational speed. The cyclone quickly moved off towards the north-northeast after formation. A ship at 14Z on the 19th measured 55 kt ENE winds with simultaneous 998 mb pressure. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are analyzed to 55 kt be at 06Z and 12Z on the 19th, a large upward change from the 35 kt originally in HURDAT. The tropical storm made landfall around 19Z on the 19th at 29.6N 91.9W south of Morgan City, Louisiana. Winds are kept at 55 kt up until landfall and impact is consistent with description in the Louisiana Climatological Data of the storm coming ashore in a sparsely part of the state. Weakening to tropical depression intensity is indicated at 12Z on the 20th, 6 hours after originally shown in HURDAT given a stronger system making landfall. Despite the HWM indicating frontal boundaries extending through the system on the 20th, inspection of the observations instead shows the frontal boundary substantially northwest of the cyclone at that time. It is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical around 00Z on the 22nd when the front reached the cyclone's center. Previously there was no extratropical stage shown for this system. Dissipation after 18Z on the 21st is unchanged, as observations still (weakly) show a closed circulation in HWM at 12Z on that date. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #9 - 2012 Revision 25920 09/25/1932 M= 9 7 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25920 09/25/1932 M= 9 9 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 25925 09/25* 0 0 0 0*163 563 50 0*169 580 65 0*172 590 80 0 25925 09/25* 0 0 0 0*168 567 50 0*169 580 65 0*170 593 80 0 *** *** *** *** 25930 09/26*174 600 90 0*177 610 100 948*180 620 105 0*182 632 100 0 25930 09/26*172 607 90 0*174 619 105 0*177 630 120 948*179 640 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 25935 09/27*182 647 95 0*182 662 90 0*182 676 85 0*181 689 80 0 25935 09/27*180 650 125 943*182 662 100 0*182 676 90 0*181 689 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 25940 09/28*180 702 70 0*180 719 60 0*180 735 55 0*179 744 50 0 25940 09/28*180 704 90 0*180 721 75 0*180 737 60 0*179 749 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 25945 09/29*179 752 45 0*179 765 40 0*179 777 40 0*179 788 40 0 25945 09/29*178 759 45 0*177 767 40 0*176 777 40 0*175 788 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 25950 09/30*180 799 40 0*180 811 40 0*180 823 40 0*179 836 40 0 25950 09/30*174 799 40 0*173 811 40 0*172 823 40 0*171 836 40 0 *** *** *** *** 25955 10/01*179 849 40 0*179 858 40 0*178 867 40 0*177 878 40 0 25955 10/01*170 849 40 0*169 861 40 0*168 872 40 1003*167 883 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 25960 10/02*176 890 40 0*178 904 35 0*181 918 35 0*184 930 35 0 25960 10/02*165 894 35 0*163 905 30 0*160 915 30 0*157 925 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 3rd is removed from HURDAT.) 25965 10/03*187 941 35 0*190 952 35 0*193 962 35 0*196 973 30 0 25970 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #7. Another major change is dissipating the cyclone 24 hours earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, an original letter from Saba to the Weather Bureau obtained at NCDC, Mexican synoptic maps, Perez (1971), and Boose et al. (2004). Sept 25- HWM indicates a trough along 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.9N, 58W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 26- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18N, 62W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17Nm, 62W. Station highlight: 1001 mb at 11Z, 957 mb (not a central pressure) at 1230Z at Saba (letter); 1004 mb (min pressure) at St. Bartholomew at 13Z(Perez/MWR). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "With extraordinarily high pressure prevailing over the entire Atlantic and the eastern half of the continent, this storm departed from a normal course and traveled slightly north of west from near St. Barthelemy to Puerto Rico" The first information received at San Juan was from Antigua on the morning of the 26th, indicating that a moderate disturbance had passed there about 3 a. m... St. Barthelemy was near the vortex with a pressure of 29.65 inches [1004 mb] and an estimated velocity of 60 to 90 miles per hour... Current reports at 8 a. m. of the 26th located the vortex as having passed between St. Kitts and St. Martin. By evening the reports indicated that the vortex was passing between St. Thomas and St. Croix... Advisory 7 p. m. Storm center passing between St. Thomas (29.58 inches [1002 mb]) and St. Croix (29.54 inches [1000 mb]) apparently moving west-northwest about 10 miles per hour... .Velocities up to 60 miles per hour reported from both St. Croix and St. Thomas. Moderate damage was done on at Barthelemy, on Tortola, also on St. Thomas and St. John of the United States Virgin Islands. St. Croix reports no damage. Culebra and Vieques, important islands off the east coast of Puerto Rico both suffered heavily" (MWR). "24th February, 1933. Dear. Dr. Marvin, With respect to the account of the "San Ciprian" hurricane, September 26-27, 1932, in the September number of your Monthly Weather Review I should like to remark that particulars about that hurricane, received in October last from Curacao, seem to indicate that the centre passed very near our small island of Saba. News about that fact may have failed to reach your as radio-communication was interrupted by the blowing down of the antennes [sic]. I include copy of the barometerreadings [sic], which the local physician published in the "Amigoe de Curacao" of 8th October 1932. It is a pity that the readings of the minimum fail, because at that time the hurricane ruined the church and the reporter only returned, when the rise had already begun. It looks however as if the lowest reading might have been about 710 [mm]. The instrument is evidently an aneroid. The readings before and after the storm will enable you to correct its error. It would seem therefore as if the path of the centre was not so straight as indicated in Map VIII, and that is my reason for communicating you these particulars. Barometerreadings [sic] 26th September 1932 Saba. 7h00 751 [mm], 8h00 745 Wind NW, 8h30 718, 9h45 720 Wind W, 10h00 730 Wind S, 10h15 735, 10h45 742, 11h20 746, 12h45 747, 16h45 749, 18h00 752.5. Yours faithfully, [Signature not decipherable] Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut" (Letter obtained from NCDC). Sept 27- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.2N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 68W. Station highlight: 52 kt and 1002 mb at St. Thomas at 00Z (MWR); 52 kt and 1000 mb at St. Croix at 00Z (MWR); 78kt at San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic 18.4N, 69.3W, no time given (MWR); 980mb (min pressure) at San Juan (18.5N, 66.1W) at 0600 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 938 mb and 948 mb at 18.2N, 65.6W at 0300 UTC (MWR). "The vortex entered the Island of Puerto Rico near Ceiba at 10 p. m. of September 26, probably directly over the harbor of Ensenada Honda, where the steamers Jean and Acacia had taken refuge. The former reported 27.70 inches [938 mb] and the latter 28 inches [948 mb] as the low pressure, with a diametric windshift and brief lull. The vortex passed a short distance south of San Juan (28.95 inches [980 mb] at 1 a. m.) and left the island near Aguadilla about 5:30 a. m. of the 27th. The maximum wind velocity at San Juan is estimated at not less than 120 miles per hour. Unfortunately, the wind-instrument tower, an old one already in course of replacement, was blown down at 12:08 a. m., when the record was 66 miles per hour from the northeast... Many lives were lost from collapse of buildings which were supposed to be safe; some from flying debris, some from drowning, the loss from the first cause being by far the greatest. As usual, first reports of loss of life were wildly exaggerated, but it would be difficult to exaggerate the effect of the storm on buildings... Casualties were 225 dead and 3,000 more or less injured. Property damage, including crops, will total near $30,000,000... Of crop losses the greatest percentage was citrus, as the citrus belt is almost wholly within the zone of heavy damage... After passing Puerto Rico, the southern part of Santo Domingo and Haiti felt the storm on the 27th" (MWR). "San Cipriano II, September 26-27, Numerous F3 Fujita scale structural damages, Analyzes 120 kt at Puerto Rico landfall" (Boose et al.). Sept 28- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "This storm diminished greatly in intensity after leaving Puerto Rico, and no strong winds were reported west of Haiti" (MWR). Sept 29- HWM indicates a low near 16N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 17.9N, 77.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 16.5N, 77WStation highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 30- HWM indicates a low near 16N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18N, 82.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 16.5N, 81.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 1- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 17.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 16N, 87W. Station highlight: 15 kt N and 1005 mb at Belize City (HWM). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "...thence slightly south of west in almost a direct line to the coast of Yucatan south of Belize" (MWR). Oct 2- HWM indicates a low near 14.5N, 99W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18.1N, 91.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 18N, 91.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 3- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 19.3N, 95.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 95W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "After passing inland near Belize, British Honduras, on October 1, the disturbance moved slightly north of west and dissipated near Vera Cruz, Mexico on October 3" (MWR). No changes are made to the genesis time of this major hurricane, though the initial position at 06Z on the 25th of September is adjusted to provide a realistic initial motion (too fast with a discontinuity with the next 6 hour motion). The days before the 25th were searched to see if the system began earlier, but the lack of observations makes it unknown where and when the cyclone actually formed. Thus the first intensity of 50 kt is not altered, but it is possible that it formed earlier with a weaker windspeed. Minor track changes were made from the 25th through early on the 2nd of October, with major revisions to the position introduced late on the 2nd. The cyclone was listed in HURDAT as reaching 948 mb central pressure at 06Z on the 26th, just 24 hours after genesis. It is likely that this is derived from observations from the island of Saba provided in a letter from the Meteorological Institute in Saba to the U.S. Weather Bureau, which include an uncertain minimum pressure of 710 mm of mercury (947 mb) and a bit more certain reading of 718 mm (957 mb) near 1230 UTC. While it is unknown if these observations have been corrected, the data shows that the pressure fell 44 mb in 90 minutes prior to the 957 mb reading, showing that the small inner core was already established at that time. The letter suggests that these were not central pressures, as there is no mention of a lull and the winds shifted from northwest to west to south. Thus the 948 mb central pressure originally in HURDAT - while uncertain given that the hurricane's center did not go directly over the island - is reasonable and is retained, but moved to the 12 UTC slot. Closest approach to Saba is around 13 UTC on the 26th and the track is adjusted slightly to the west-southwest. A 948 mb central pressure suggests 113 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the very small size (44 mb pressure drop in 90 minutes before the recorded 957 mb), the intensity is boosted to 120 kt at 12 UTC on the 26th (up from 105 kt originally). The rather small tropical cyclone did apparently rapidly intensify as it was moving through but not making a direct hit some of the other Leeward Islands. Peripheral pressures of 1004, 1002, and 1000 mb were observed at St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas, and St. Croix, respectively, late on the 26th and early on the 27th. (The 52 kt reported both in St. Thomas and St. Croix at 00Z on the 27th may have been estimates, not anemometer-based observations.) By the time that the system reached Puerto Rico around 04Z on the 27th around 18.2N 65.7W near Ensenada Honda, the cyclone was a major hurricane. Two ships at that location reported 938 and 948 mb, a distinct lull, and a "diametric" wind shift (likely ~180 degrees). Given that both ships were at the same location, it is unknown which - if either - had an accurate barometer and recorded the true central pressure. In the absence of better information, the average of these two measurements - 943 mb - is taken as the central pressure of the hurricane at landfall in Puerto Rico and included into HURDAT at the 00Z 27th slot. This hurricane clearly had an extremely small core as its center passed between the islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, which are 40 n mi apart, and neither island appears to have experienced hurricane-force winds. This would imply a radius of hurricane force winds of less than 20 n mi and a radius of maximum winds (RMW) of perhaps less than 10 n mi. 943 mb suggests maximum winds of 118 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size (climatology for this central pressure and latitude is 12 nm - Vickery et al.), 125 kt is thus selected for HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th, 00Z on the 27th and at landfall at 03Z. This is a Category 4 hurricane impact for Puerto Rico, which is significantly higher than the 95 kt Category 2 implied previously. Major - at least 20 kt - upward changes are thus introduced for 18Z on the 26th and 00Z on the 27th. The cyclone's center remained over the island for about seven hours, making oceanfall just south of Aguadilla. Winds in HURDAT are boosted upward from 12Z on the 26th onward, accordingly. The hurricane then made a second landfall in the Dominican Republic. Peak winds obtained were 78 kt (unknown whether this was an estimate or observed) from San Pedro de Macoris late on the 27th. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest 100 kt at 06Z on the 27th and 89 kt at oceanfall at 10Z on the 27th. Thus the intensity at 06Z is analyzed to be 100 kt and for 12Z until landfall in Dominican Republic are analyzed to be 90 kt. After this second major landfall the cyclone apparently weakened rather dramatically, as no hurricane - or even tropical storm force - winds were observed through the remainder (an additional four days) of its lifetime. Winds in HURDAT of 40 kt were retained from the 29th through the 1st, though it is possible that the system was weaker - possibly a tropical depression - on the 29th or 30th. On the 1st, just before the cyclone impacted Belize, the system appeared to be slightly more organized and 15 kt N winds with 1005 mb pressure was observed at Belize City at 12Z. This would suggest about 1003 mb central pressure, as it is possible that the measurement was inside the RMW. If so, this central pressure would suggest 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Thus the original 40 kt appears to be reasonable and is retained in HURDAT. The tropical storm made landfall with 40 kt winds around 18Z on the 1st at 15.7N 92.5W south of Belize City. This position is about a degree south of that originally indicated in HURDAT. On the 2nd, available ship and coastal observations show that the system continued moving west-southwest into Central America, rather than going west-northwest over the southernmost Gulf of Mexico. The changes in position on 12 and 18Z on the 2nd are major revisions. It is analyzed that the cyclone dissipated over southeastern Mexico after 18Z on the 2nd. HURDAT originally maintained the cyclone during the 3rd and took it to landfall near Veracruz. However, the small pressure drop and no wind shift at that station (going from 1010 mb down to 1009 mb between the 2nd and 3rd while maintaining west winds both days) was in response to synoptic-scale pressure drops over Mexico and south central United States due to a large extratropical system. Dissipation is indicated to have occurred 24 hours earlier than originally shown. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #10 - 2012 Addition 25975 09/28/1932 M= 3 10 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 25980 09/28*355 490 35 0*353 493 35 0*350 495 40 0*347 497 40 0 25980 09/29*344 499 40 0*342 501 40 0*340 500 40 0*344 495 40 0 25980 09/30*352 487 35 0*365 477 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. Sept 28- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33.5N, 49.5W with a stationary front to the northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt N with pressure of 1004mb at 35.2N, 50W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Sept 29-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 50W with a stationary front to the northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Sept 30- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 37N, 48W with dissipating frontal boundary extending east from the cyclone's center. Additionally a large extratropical cyclone is northwest of the low. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE with pressure of 1017mb at 43.3N, 44.1W at 1200 UTC (HWM). The genesis of this system is begun at 00Z on the 28th, though it may have formed earlier than this over the relatively data sparse eastern Atlantic. The system exhibits a small amount of baroclinicity and a tight inner core on the 28th with two separate ships measuring 35 kt N winds and 1004 mb pressure and 25 kt S winds and 1004 mb pressure. This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 36 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and at least 42 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. Winds are analyzed to be 40 kt at 12Z, which is the peak intensity for this short-lived, weak tropical cyclone. Inner core observations are less comprehensive on the 29th and a 40 kt intensity is maintained as the system drifted toward the southwest. The cyclone then interacted with a large extratropical low which recurved the system toward the northeast and subsequently absorbed it within the warm sector of the extratropical low after 06Z on the 30th. The cyclone - with the benefit of satellite imagery today - may have been classified as a subtropical cyclone on the 28th, before transitioning to a fully tropical system on the 29th and 30th. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #11 - 2012 Revision 25975 10/07/1932 M=12 8 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 25975 10/07/1932 M=12 11 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * 25980 10/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 832 35 0*162 836 35 0 25980 10/07*156 824 30 0*158 828 30 0*160 832 35 0*162 836 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 25985 10/08*164 840 35 0*165 844 35 0*166 848 35 0*168 854 35 0 25985 10/08*164 840 35 0*167 844 35 0*170 848 35 0*172 854 40 0 *** *** *** ** 25990 10/09*170 860 40 0*171 864 40 0*173 868 40 0*175 874 40 0 25990 10/09*173 860 45 0*175 864 50 0*177 868 55 0*179 872 60 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 25995 10/10*178 880 40 0*180 884 40 0*181 888 40 0*182 892 35 0 25995 10/10*180 876 60 0*182 880 50 0*183 885 40 0*182 890 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 26000 10/11*183 896 35 0*185 900 35 0*186 904 35 0*187 907 35 0 26000 10/11*181 895 35 0*180 900 35 0*180 904 30 0*180 907 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 26005 10/12*188 910 35 0*189 912 35 0*189 914 35 0*191 918 35 0 26005 10/12*180 908 30 0*180 909 30 0*180 910 30 0*182 912 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26010 10/13*193 922 35 0*195 925 40 0*197 929 40 0*201 935 40 0 26010 10/13*186 915 30 0*190 918 30 0*195 922 35 0*200 928 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26015 10/14*208 942 40 0*218 949 40 0*230 953 45 0*243 954 45 0 26015 10/14*206 935 40 0*212 940 40 0*220 943 40 0*231 944 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 26020 10/15*256 950 45 0*272 940 45 0*286 928 40 0*293 918 40 0 26020 10/15*246 940 45 0*261 934 50 0*275 925 50 0E287 915 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 26025 10/16*299 907 40 0*308 894 40 0*318 882 35 0*325 873 30 0 26025 10/16E298 904 50 0E308 893 45 0E318 882 40 0E325 874 40 0 **** *** ** * *** ** * ** * *** ** 26030 10/17*332 866 25 0*338 860 25 0*344 854 20 0*351 847 20 0 26030 10/17E332 868 35 0E338 863 35 0E344 857 35 0E351 849 35 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 26035 10/18*359 840 20 0*366 833 15 0*373 827 15 0*380 821 15 0 26035 10/18E359 840 35 0E366 830 35 0E373 818 35 0* 0 0 0 0 * ** * *** ** * *** ** *** *** ** 26040 TS Minor changes to the track and but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #8. A major change is also to introduce an extratropical storm stage for the last four days of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). Oct 7- HWM indicates a very broad closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 16N, 83.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt ENE with pressure of 999mb at 17.7N, 81.3W at 1200 UTC (COA). "A disturbed condition made its appearance over the western Caribbean on the 7th between Swan Island and Cape Gracias" (MWR). Oct 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 16.6N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 84W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 17.3N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17N, 86W with pressure of 989mb. Station highlight: 15 kt NNW and 1004 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 45kt SE with pressure of 987mb at 17.3N, 87.3W at 1900 UTC (COA); 982mb at 17.1N, 87.3W at 2000 UTC (COA). "... during the next two days [8th and 9th] moved slightly north of west, with slowly decreasing pressure at the center" (MWR). Oct 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18.1N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 88W. Station highlight: 15 kt W and 1002 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 35kt E with pressure of 1005mb at 19N, 86W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 20kt WSW with pressure of 994mb at 16.7N, 87.5W at 0000 UTC (COA). "It was central on the evening of the 9th a short distance east of Belize" (MWR). Oct 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18.6N, 90.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 18.5N, 89W. Station highlight: 35 kt N with pressure of 1008mb at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.1W) at 1200 UTC (HWM); 10 kt S and 1003 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "It continued to move slowly westward until the 11th, when it was central near Carmen (Mexico)" (MWR). Oct 12- HWM indicates two closed lows - one near 17N 89W with at most 1005 mb pressure and another near 16N 94W in the Northeast Pacific with at most 1005 mb pressure. HWM also shows a stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico north of the first low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18.9N, 91.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 91.5W. Station highlight: 45 kt N with pressure of 1006 mb at Vera Cruz at 1200 UTC (HWM); 15 kt SE and 1004 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 13- HWM indicates a broad trough of low pressure over southern Mexico to the Yucatan of Mexico with a stationary front just north of Yucatan. HURDAT lists this at a Tropical Storm at 19.7N, 92.9w at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19.5N, 94W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 14- HWM indicates a low near 23N, 97W with a warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 23N, 95.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 96W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 10 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 20.7N 93.3W at 12Z (COA). "It then turned more toward the northwestward, and on the 14th, 8 a. m., it was located about 200 miles southeast of Brownsville" (MWR). Oct 15- HWM indicates a low near 25N, 93W with a warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 92.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 94W. Station highlight: 39kt SE at Pensacola (30.4N, 87.2W) no time given (MWR); 991 mb (min pressure) at Gulfport, MS (no time given) (Connnor). Ship highlight: 30 kt SE with pressure of 1004mb at 28N, 88N at 1200 UTC (HWM); 15kt SSE with pressure of 999mb at 28.7N, 91.2W at 2100 UTC (MWR). "By 8 p. m. of the 14th - information placed the center about 150 miles east by south of Brownsville. During the next 12 hours the disturbance advanced northeastward and on the morning of the 15th was located about 120 miles southeast of Galveston ... The disturbance moved inland across the Louisiana coast during the afternoon of the 15th. While attended by gales no winds of hurricane force were reported at any time during its history" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 15, Louisiana and Mississippi, Minor ["Minor" indicates less than hurricane intensity]- (Dunn and Miller). Oct 16- HWM indicates this as a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30.5N, 87.5W with a warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 31.8N, 88.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32N, 88.5W with pressure of 995mb. Station highlight: 33 kt SE (max wind) at Charleston (no time given) (MWR); 20 kt S and 996 mb at Pensacola at 12Z (HWM); 15 kt W and 997 mb at Burrwood at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 45 kt SW (unknown time), 35 kt SSW and 995 mb at 07Z at 28.6N 88.9W (MWR); 35 kt SW and 996 mb at 28.7N 87.9W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt SSW and 996 mb at 29.3N 87.8W at 12Z (COA); 25 kt WSW and 990 mb at 28.0N 87.8W at 12Z (COA). Oct 17 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N 86W with a warm front extending east-northeast and a cold front extending south from the center of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 34.4N 85.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed both a center near 34N 86W with a 996 mb pressure and new center forming near 35N 81W with a 1001 mb pressure. Station highlight: 32 kt SE (max wind) at Elkins (no time given) (MWR); 10 kt S and 997 mb at Atlanta, GA at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 20 kt W and 999 mb at 28.3N 88.0W at 00Z (COA). Oct 18 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N 79W with a warm front extending east from the cyclone's center and a stationary front extending south. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 37.3N 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones shows two centers - one at 37N 83W with 1006 mb pressure and a second one at 38N 78W with 1005 mb pressure. Station highlight: 10 kt NNW and 1004 mb at Asheville, NC at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 35 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 36.2N 74.8W (COA). Oct 19 - HWM indicates an elongated low of at most 1010 mb near 37N 73W with a stationary front extending east-northeast and a dissipating cold front extending south from the cyclone's center. HURDAT no longer listed this system on the 19th. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones had dissipated the original low and continued the secondary low center near 38N 73W with 1009 mb pressure. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 5 kt SSW and 1005 mb pressure at 37.5N 76.5W at 01Z (COA). Genesis begun at 00Z on the 7th of October in the western Caribbean, twelve hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally. Minor track changes are introduced from the 8th until the dissipation of this cyclone on the 18th. A ship reported 45 kt and 999 mb on the 7th. The observation appears to be inconsistent with the other measurements that show an elongated west-east trough, all of which show winds 10-15 kt and pressures 1008-1010 mb. Additionally, the ship only reported once in the several days of this system's lifetime, which is suspicious (most ships report once daily or four times a day) and also does not allow for inspection of a time series for the ship. Thus this ship's observation is discarded. A ship - "US097284" - from COADS provided hourly observations with peak observations of 45 kt SE at 19Z on the 9th and 982 mb with SSE winds (of unknown magnitude) at 21Z. The ship also reported a twenty hour pressure drop of 19 mb (from 1001 down to 982 mb). Yet the highest wind reported from the ship from its hourly observations was 45 kt, despite several pressure readings below 995 mb, the lowest of which (at the time of the 45 kt measurement) was 987 mb. Moreover, comparison of these observations with nearby ships - especially ship "Car." in the HWM that had nearly the same wind speed and same direction at a location about 20 nm apart - suggests that these pressures were likely low biased by about 7-9 mb. Thus 990 mb may be the likely true lowest pressure provided by this ship, which suggests maximum winds of at least 64 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Because of the slow motion and low environmental pressures, the intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 9th and 00Z on the 10th to be 60 kt, slightly lower than suggested by the pressure-wind relationship. These are major changes upward in intensity at these times (originally 40 kt) and the intensity is gradually ramped up from late on the 8th to early on the 9th accordingly. The cyclone continued west-northwestward and made landfall near the border of Belize and Mexico near 18.1N 87.9W at 04Z on the 10th with peak winds of 60 kt. After landfall in Central America on the 10th, the synoptic situation became somewhat complex, though additional observations available from the Mexican synoptic maps helped to reduce the uncertainty in the system's evolution. At 12Z the 11th, the Historical Weather Map indicates an elongated low pressure area with continued low pressure near Belize City (with 1003 mb) but also with 1003 mb on the Pacific coast of Mexico near the Gulf of Tehauntepec as well. Further complicating the picture, winds in the Bay of Campeche reached gale force out of the north. This same pattern continued on the 12th. The interpretation is that the tropical cyclone moved quite slowly after landfall and remained near Belize while a second low pressure system was trying to develop in the Northeast Pacific near the Gulf of Tehauntepec. The gale force northerlies in the Bay of Campeche were likely a combined result of the secondary low pressure along with cold air advection from behind an (unanalyzed) cold front extending across the Gulf of Mexico. By the 13th, unfortunately, the Mexican observations were incomplete in the likely location of the cyclone, though available data are not incompatible with the tropical cyclone entering the Gulf of Mexico, as suggested originally by HURDAT. Thus the revised data slowly weakens the system after landfall in Central America and brings it to tropical depression status by 12Z on the 11th as it moved slowly west-southwestward on that date and due westward on the 12th. HURDAT had originally brought the tropical cyclone into Central America with a 40 kt intensity and maintained it as a 35 kt minimal tropical storm for the next two days while remaining over land. A ship observed 10 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 12Z on the 14th, which suggests at least 43 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt is chosen for that time because of the low environmental pressure (down from 45 kt originally). The system is brought back up to tropical storm intensity by 12Z on the 13th, about 12 hours after the center may have moved over the Gulf of Mexico. The Historical Weather Maps depict frontal boundaries in direct association with the cyclone on the 14th. However, despite some elongation of the wind circulation and some baroclinicity, the system is still judged to have been a tropical cyclone at that date. However, around 18Z on the 15th the cyclone had clearly transitioned to an extratropical cyclone and this transition is analyzed to have occurred at that time. Indicating an extratropical stage is a major change as the previous HURDAT kept it as a tropical cyclone throughout its lifetime. The system did become somewhat stronger as it was transitioning to an extratropical storm over the Gulf of Mexico. Late on the 15th and early on the 16th, the highest observed winds were 45 kt from a ship and 39 kt from Pensacola and lowest pressures were 990 mb from a ship and 991 mb from Gulfport, MS. Winds are boosted to 50 kt (from 40 kt originally) up until 00Z on the 16th, which is just after landfall of the extratropical cyclone on the Gulf coast. The extratropical cyclone retained minimal gale force winds late on the 16th until the 18th over the southeastern U.S. with a few stations and ship reports up to 35 kt. Winds in HURDAT are thus increased for these dates with increases at 06 and 12Z on the 18th being major upward revisions (from 15 to 35 kt). On late on the 17th, a secondary center in the extratropical cyclone began forming to the southeast of the original center, as depicted in the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and in the Historical Weather Maps. After 12Z on the 18th, this secondary center had replaced with original one and the system continued for several more days off to the northeast as a vigorous extratropical storm. However, since the original center had dissipated after 12Z on the 18th, the lifetime of the system that began as a tropical cyclone is ended at that point. This scenario is in general agreement with the original HURDAT and the Monthly Weather Review. Dissipation is indicated to be six hours earlier than the original HURDAT. (Previous paragraph included about extreme uncertainties has been removed, as the additional observations available from the Mexican synoptic maps help to confirm the evolution suggested by the reanalysis.) ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #12 - 2012 Revision 26045 10/08/1932 M= 5 9 SNBR= 578 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26045 10/08/1932 M= 5 12 SNBR= 578 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 26050 10/08* 0 0 0 0*218 563 35 0*228 581 35 0*233 589 35 0 26050 10/08*236 570 30 0*238 577 35 0*240 585 35 0*242 593 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26055 10/09*238 596 35 0*244 602 35 0*251 608 40 0*260 614 40 0 26055 10/09*245 601 35 0*249 608 35 0*255 615 40 0*265 620 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26060 10/10*271 620 40 0*293 625 45 0*314 629 45 0*324 630 45 0 26060 10/10*280 623 40 0*298 626 45 0*314 629 45 0*324 632 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 26065 10/11*334 630 45 0*345 630 40 0*357 628 40 0*372 620 35 0 26065 10/11*332 635 50 0*339 637 50 0*348 635 50 0*363 625 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26070 10/12*390 605 35 0*418 565 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26070 10/12*385 607 45 0E415 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** 26075 TS Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #9. Another major alteration is the introduction of an extratropical cyclone stage at the last position of the system. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. Oct 7- HWM indicates no features of interest northeast of the Lesser Antilles. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24.5N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 22.8N, 58.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 24.5N 57.0W (HWM, COA). Oct 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 25.1N, 60.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 55W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 31.4N, 62.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 31N, 62W with pressure of 998mb. Station highlight: 20kt N with pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda (32.3N, 64.8W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 45kt ENE at 31.1N, 61.4W before 0900 UTC (MWR). Oct 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 35N, 65W with an approaching cold front east of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 35.7N, 62.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 36N, 62W. Station highlight: 35kt W with pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 997mb at 34.5N, 63.3W at 1200 UTC (COA). Oct 12 - HWM indicates a cold front extending south of Newfoundland. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 41.8N 56.5W at its last position at 06 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 43N 55W. Station highlight: No gales. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 39.0N 53.8W at 12Z (COA); 15 kt WSW and 999 mb at 44.5N 55.5W at 18Z (COA). Genesis of this system is begun six hours than originally shown in HURDAT, as a 30 kt tropical depression. The initial position is repositioned toward the northwest based upon a ship observation near the cyclone, with a major change introduced at 06Z (which is the only major track change for this system). Minor track alterations are introduced for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime. A 1002 mb peripheral pressure accompanied by 20 kt N winds at Bermuda at 12Z on the 10th suggests maximum winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Winds of 45 kt are retained in HURDAT on the 10th (and are unchanged from genesis on the 8th to 12Z on the 10th). A ship with 997 mb peripheral pressure with simultaneous 30 kt S winds at 12Z on the 11th suggests at least 49 kt maximum winds from the north of 25N and at least 53 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. Given the low environmental pressures, the intensity is analyzed at 50 kt at 12Z on the 11th (up from 40 kt originally), which is the new peak intensity for this system (previously 45 kt). Late on the 11th and early on the 12th, the cyclone recurved north then northeastward over the open Atlantic. The system weakened on the 12th, but not as quickly as that shown originally in HURDAT. By 06Z on the 12th, the cyclone had transitioned to an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed in a strong cold frontal boundary. There are some indications - especially from the 9th to the 11th - that the cyclone had some subtropical cyclone characteristics and may have been classified as such if satellite imagery were available back in 1932. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #13 - 2012 Addition 26080 10/18/1932 M= 4 13 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26160 10/18*255 420 35 0*272 425 40 0*290 430 45 0*310 435 50 0 26160 10/19*326 436 55 0*340 434 60 0*350 430 60 0*355 422 55 0 26160 10/20*357 410 50 0*359 396 45 0*360 380 40 0*358 364 35 0 26160 10/21*353 350 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26165 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. Oct 17- HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front extending from 40N40W to 25N48W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "On the 17th a disturbance took definite form in a previously existent trough of low pressure over mid-ocean, moved slowly northeastward past the Azores during the four days that followed, and caused the strongest gale reported from the Atlantic area during the month" (MWR). Oct 18- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 43W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 27.5N 42.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt SE with pressure of 1004mb at 33.5N, 39.5W at 1800 UTC (COA). Oct 19- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 34N, 43W with a dissipating stationary front north of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt NNW with pressure of 999mb at 36.8N, 45W at 0900 UTC (MWR); 50 kt N and 1005 mb at 35.5N 46.3W at 12Z (COA); 50 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 35.9N 47.9W at 12Z (HWM). Oct 20- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 38W with a cold front northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Oct 21 - HWM indicates a trough of low pressure in the vicinity of 27N, 42W to 29N, 32W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. This tropical storm began along a preexisting frontal boundary over the open Atlantic Ocean. The system began around 00Z on the 18th of October, at which time the baroclinicity had diminished and at 12Z on that day the cyclone exhibited a fairly symmetric, though large circulation. Numerous gales and low pressures were recorded from ships on the 18th and 19th. A 1001 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 35 kt SW winds at 12Z on the 18th suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Another ship at 18Z on the same date reported 50 kt SE winds. The intensity is analyzed at 45 kt at 12Z and 50 kt at 18Z on the 18th. A 60 kt NNE wind and 999 mb pressure were reported by a ship at 09Z on the 19th. This pressure suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Winds are analyzed to be 60 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 19th, which is the peak intensity for the cyclone. Weakening likely commenced late on the 19th and no gales or low pressures were observed on the 20th or 21st. The system dissipated after 00Z on the 21st though observations are sparse on this date, so it is possible that the system continued slightly longer than indicated here. It should be noted that the MWR summary for this system differs considerably from the assessment described here, as this cyclone did not "move slowly northeastward past the Azores". This system, if observed with satellite imagery available today, might have been considered a subtropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #14 - 2012 Revision 26080 10/30/1932 M=16 10 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26080 10/30/1932 M=16 14 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 26085 10/30* 0 0 0 0*177 546 35 0*176 563 35 0*175 572 35 0 26085 10/30* 0 0 0 0*150 554 25 0*150 563 25 0*150 572 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26090 10/31*173 582 40 0*171 593 40 0*167 605 45 0*162 617 50 0 26090 10/31*149 582 30 0*149 593 30 0*148 605 30 0*148 617 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26095 11/01*157 628 55 0*152 640 60 0*147 651 65 0*142 662 70 0 26095 11/01*147 630 40 0*146 645 45 0*145 660 50 0*143 672 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26100 11/02*138 673 70 0*135 683 75 0*133 691 75 0*131 697 80 0 26100 11/02*141 682 60 0*139 690 65 0*137 695 70 0*135 700 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26105 11/03*130 703 80 0*130 708 85 0*129 713 85 0*129 721 85 0 26105 11/03*134 705 80 0*133 710 85 0*133 715 85 0*134 721 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26110 11/04*129 729 90 0*130 737 90 0*131 744 90 0*132 750 90 0 26110 11/04*135 729 90 0*137 737 90 0*138 744 90 0*138 750 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** 26115 11/05*133 756 95 0*135 764 95 0*137 772 95 0*139 780 100 0 26115 11/05*138 758 110 0*139 768 120 0*140 778 130 0*141 785 140 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26120 11/06*141 787 100 0*143 792 100 0*144 795 105 0*146 799 105 0 26120 11/06*142 789 150 0*143 792 150 0*144 795 150 0*146 798 150 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26125 11/07*148 802 105 0*150 804 105 0*153 807 110 0*158 809 110 0 26125 11/07*149 801 145 0*152 804 145 0*155 807 145 0*158 809 145 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26130 11/08*164 811 110 0*171 811 110 0*177 810 110 0*183 808 115 0 26130 11/08*162 811 140 0*167 811 140 0*173 810 140 0*181 808 140 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26135 11/09*189 806 115 0*195 803 115 0*202 797 115 0*214 784 115 0 26135 11/09*191 806 135 0*200 798 135 0*208 789 130 918*215 777 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26140 11/10*227 769 110 0*235 756 105 0*244 742 100 0*253 726 95 0 26140 11/10*221 765 115 0*230 753 110 0*238 740 105 0*246 725 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26145 11/11*262 709 90 0*271 694 90 0*281 680 85 0*290 668 85 0 26145 11/11*254 713 95 0*263 703 90 0*273 693 85 0*283 682 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26150 11/12*299 656 80 0*307 645 80 0*315 635 75 0*330 619 75 0 26150 11/12*293 670 85 0*303 657 85 0*313 643 85 0*326 623 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26155 11/13*350 596 70 0*373 564 65 0*393 533 60 0*402 507 60 0 26155 11/13*345 600 75 0*370 568 70 0*393 533 60 0*402 500 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 26160 11/14E403 480 55 0E402 453 50 0E400 427 45 0E398 389 45 0 26160 11/14E403 470 55 0E402 435 50 0E400 400 45 0E398 360 45 0 *** *** *** *** 26165 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #10. Another major change is to delay the transition to a tropical storm by 36 hours after genesis. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, the Nassau Guardian (provided by Rodger Demeritte of the Bahamian Weather Serrice), Millas (1933), Tannehill (1952), Tucker (1995), and Perez et al. (2000). Oct 30- HWM shows no features of interest east of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 17.6N, 56.3W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The first evidence of this cyclone circulation was noted on October 30 about 200 miles east of the island of Guadeloupe, West Indies" (MWR). Oct 31- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 15N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 16.7N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance, which was yet of slight intensity, passed over or near Guadeloupe during the 31st" (MWR). Nov 1- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 20 kt N and 1002 mb at 14.5N 71.5W at 18Z (COA). Nov 2- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 13.3N, 69.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25 kt W and 1002 mb at 12.5N 69.5W at 12Z (Millas); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12.5N 74.5W at 18Z (COA). "During the next two days [1st and 2nd] its direction of movement was unexpected, and, for this low latitude, unprecedented. Instead of passing westward a short distance south of Puerto Rico, it moved almost directly southwestward, apparently reaching hurricane intensity on November 2, at is was central approximately 75 miles north of Willemstad, Curacao, Dutch West Indies, the morning of that date" (MWR). Nov 3- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12.9N, 71.3W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 40 kt ENE with pressure of 1000mb at 14.5N, 71.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 45 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 15.5N 71.5W at 12Z (COA). "The next day its center passed westward about 50 miles north of Punta Gallinas, Columbia, the northernmost point of South America - Press dispatches indicate that some damage resulted along the northern coasts of Venezuela and Columbia" (MWR). Nov 4- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 13.1N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35 kt W with pressure of 1008mb at 12N, 74.7W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Nov 5- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995mb near 13.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 13.7N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70 kt (force 12) NE at 14N 79W at 19Z (Tannehill); 35 kt NW with pressure of 990mb at 14N, 78.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "For three days - November 2 to November 5, inclusive - the disturbance moved very slowly westward with steadily increasing intensity" (MWR). "The S.S. Phemius, on voyage from Savannah to Colon, became involved in the center of the storm on November 5, was severely damaged, and was carried in an unmanageable condition along with the hurricane during the four succeeding days, or until the storm reached Cuba... the observing officer, Mr.H. Nicholas, secured readings from a standard mercurial barometer placed on the ship by the British Meteorological Service... "At 2 p.m. [November 5, 1932] the wind shifted to N.E. blowing with hurricane force accompanied by blinding squalls and a very high sea. The barometer was then falling rapidly reaching the low point of 914.6 mb [27.01 inches] by 8 p.m. A fierce hurricane was blowing a very high sea running. The ship was enveloped in spindrift, reducing the visibility to Nil, the No. 1 hatch not being visible from the bridge. The vessel was rolling heavily, the helm being of little use. So great was the force of the wind that shortly before 8 p.m. the funnel was blown overboard. The ship was rendered helpless and from then on was carried with the hurricane in an unmanageable state. It would not be overestimating to put the wind force at 200 miles per hour. Hatches were blown overboard like matchwood, derricks and lifeboats wrecked, upper and lower bridges blown in. [additional extracts continue for two more days]' " (Tannehill). Nov 6- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995mb near 14N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 14.4N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70 kt (force 12) NE with pressure of 915mb at 14N, 79W at 0100 UTC (Tannehill). "...just as the disturbance started [6th] to recurve to the north" (MWR). "At 4 a.m. barometer 927.9 mb. [27.40 inches], wind S.S.E. force 12. Precipitous sea. The sea lay heading southwest laboring heavily and rolling through an arc of 70 degrees. 8 a.m. barometer 938.0 mb. [27.70 inches], wind S.E. 12. Conditions remained unchanged. Shortly after 8 a.m. the barometer commended to fall and at 9:30 a.m. was reading 921.1 mb. the wind remaining steady in force and direction" (Tannehill). Nov 7- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 15N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 15.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 30kt W with pressure of 998mb at C. Gracias (15N, 83.1W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 70 kt (force 12) SSE and 952 mb at 17Z (no position) (Tannehill); 70 kt (force 12) WNW at 15.6N, 81.5W no time given (MWR); 60kt NW with pressure of 980mb at 15.6N, 81.5W at 1700 UTC (MWR). "The statement in the log that the ship was carried along with the hurricane is evidently correct for the following conditions were noted at noon of the 7th... 'By noon [7th] the barometer had again fallen. The reading being 951.6 mb. [28.10 inches], wind S.S.E., hurricane force. Precipitous seas." Nov 8- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 16.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 17.7N, 81W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 65 kt NE and 989 mb at 17Z at Cayman Islands (Millas); 20 kt NE with pressure of 999mb at Swan Island (17.5N, 83.9W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 70 kt NW with pressure of 947mb at 17N, 80W at 0800 UTC (MWR). "the damage on the island of Jamaica was comparatively small, except that there was over a 50 per cent loss to banana trees in some localities" (MWR). Nov 9- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 20.5N, 79W. A cold front is approaching the cyclone from the northwest. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 20.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 79W with pressure of 950mb. Station highlight: 939 mb at Cayman Brac (no time given) at 19.7N, 79.8W (Perez et al.); 940 mb at Nuevitas at 2145Z at 21.5N, 77.3W (Millas, Perez et al.); 944 mb at Camaguey at 1730Z at 21.4N, 77.9W (Millas, Perez et al.); 953 mb at Agramonte at 16-17Z at 21.4N 77.8W (Millas). Ship highlight: 45kt SW with pressure of 1003mb at 17.4N, 79.4W at 1300 UTC (COA); 20kt NE with pressure of 999mb at 24.8N, 80.6W at 1200 UTC (COA). "During the night of the 8th-9th the storm recurved to the northeast and began to move more rapidly, the center passing near Cayman Brac on the early morning of the 9th. Later in the forenoon it passed inland over Cuba near Santa Cruz del Sur and between 1 p. m. and 2 p. m., it passed to sea again near Nueviatas, where a barometer reading of 28.85 inches [977 mb] and an estimated wind velocity of 125 miles per hour were reported... [some damage resulted] on Providence Island and Cayman Brac in the western Caribbean Sea. On Providence Island 36 houses were reported destroyed and crops ruined, while on Cayman Brac 69 persons were reported killed, hundreds were injured, and the island almost completely devastated. The storm damage at Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, reached the proportions of a major catastrophe. According to the Associated Press the number of deaths reached 2,500 and less than 10 per cent of the town's 4,000 inhabitants escaped unhurt. The survivors stated that the hurricane began about 3 a. m. of the 9th, later driving the sea into the town and 'converting it into a great lake', with scarcely a house left standing. Damages are estimated tentatively at several millions of dollars." (MWR). "At Nuevitas an experienced observer of the Pan American Airways estimated the wind velocity of 210 miles an hour which agrees closely with the statement in the log of the S.S. Phemius that it was not overestimating to put the wind force at two hundred mile an hour" (Tannehill). "Huracan de Santa Cruz del Sur - Terrible disaster, peak observed storm surge of 6.8 m, 3,500 fatalities." Using the Schloemer equation, 918 mb (using 944 mb peripheral pressure at Camaguey) and 917 mb (using 940 mb peripheral pressure at Nuevitas) were obtained. Furthermore, runs were made with the Cuban storm surge model - MONSAC3.1 - with a 918 mb central pressure at landfall and radius of maximum wind of 32 nm - obtained a close match to the observed storm surge in Santa Cruz del Sur. Analyzed maximum 1 min winds are 137 kt (Perez et al.). "Miami, 2p.m. - Gray advises barometer at Nuevitas 28.85 at 1.30p.m. No further information available from there" (Nassau Guardian). Nov 10- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 985mb near 24N, 73.5W with a dissipating cold front northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24.4N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 74W with pressure of 962mb. Station highlight: 956 mb (min pressure) at 07 UTC at Long Island, Bahamas (23.1N, 75.0W) (Nassau Guardian); 999 mb (min pressure) at unknown time and 60 kt (max winds) at 07 UTC at Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (Nassau Guardian). Ship highlight: 50 kt W with pressure of 1004mb at 21N, 73.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 40 kt ESE with pressure of 990mb at 24.2N, 72.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "The Commissioner at Clarence Town telegraphed on Thursday that a severe hurricane had passed over Long Island between 9p.m. on Wednesday [the 9th] and 7a.m. on Thursday [the 10th], the wind, which was from the southeast, blowing hardest between 10 and 11 o'clock. The lowest barometer reading at 2a.m. Thursday 28.23 [956 mb]. At about 3.15 the wind change and blew from south-west. Many kitchen and barns were blown down and a number of houses were damaged. There was slight damage to public buildings at Clarence Town, but at Galloway they were destroyed. Crops are badly damaged.... A report from Cat Island on Thursday said that the Commissioner had been at Port Howe during the storm but had returned to the Bight at mid-day on Thursday. The barometer at the Bight fell during the storm to 29.50 [999 mb]. The highest wind velocity at 2a.m. Thursday was 70 miles per hour... The operator at the Bight reported that Rum Cay was almost destroyed, many houses being down... The Commissioner at George Town reported that 11 houses are down and 14 badly damaged. Crops are totally destroyed... Further information given by Mr. E. C. Mosely shows that from the records of the barometer readings and wind directions taken by the Commissioner at Exuma, the storm appears to have passed Exuma to the northeast. From observations from the air it was clearly apparent that the wind velocity was stronger towards the eastern end of Exuma and it is estimated that the wind reached a velocity of 80 or 90 miles per hour in that vicinity. Georgetown experienced the worst part of the storm between 11p.m. of the 9th and 2a.m. of the 10th... The Commissioner reported considerable damage to the Government Wharf [in Inagua] and to surrounding areas, including a portion of the front street, sustained on the night of the 9th instant. Most of the damage is attributed to very heavy seas" (Nassau Guardian - 12 November 1932). Nov 11- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 28.5N, 68W with a cold front north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 68W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 68W with pressure of 957mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70 kt S with pressure of 973mb at 27.6N, 68.8W at 2100 UTC (MWR); 50kt SE with pressure of 965mb at 25.3N, 71.4W at 0100 UTC (MWR). Nov 12- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 985mb near 30.5N, 64W with a stationary front northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 31.5N, 63.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 33N, 63W. Station highlight: 76kt at St. Georges, Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at forenoon (MWR); pressure of 972mb at St. Georges, Bermuda at 1200 UTC (Tucker). Ship highlight: 45 kt W with pressure of 978mb at 30.5N, 64W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "The hurricane was nearest Bermuda at 10.20 A.M. when the centre was eighty miles SE. The disturbance then veered to the east and later on Saturday afternoon was one hundred miles east of the islands... As the hurricane approached, howling gusts of wind played havoc with telephone and electric light cables, and branches of trees" (Tucker). Nov 13- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 39.3N, 53.3W at 12 UTC with a stationary front just west of the cyclone. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 39N, 53W with pressure of 990mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SSW with pressure of 995mb at 39.3N, 52.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S with pressure of 991mb at 39.5N, 51.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). "During the next several days [10th to 13th] the storm moved almost directly northeastward, and finally merged on the 13th with an extensive disturbance that passed eastward over the Canadian maritime Provinces and Newfoundland during the 12th-13th" (MWR). Nov 14- HWM indicates a low with at most 1010mb near 40N, 42W with a warm front extending north and a cold front extending west of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 40N, 42.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 48.5N, 43W with pressure of 1002mb. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt WNW with pressure of 1015 mb at 42.9N 45.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Other notes: "This storm was remarkable not only for its great intensity so late in the hurricane season, but also because of its unusual path during its early history and its moving into the Caribbean Sea at least two weeks later than any other tropical disturbance of hurricane intensity during the last 50 or more years" (MWR). There is no change to the genesis timing of this major (and catastrophic) hurricane. The lowest observed pressure in the Lesser Antilles on the 31st of October was 1008 mb at Port Castries, St. Lucia, and the maximum 24 hour pressure falls in the area were south of Guadeloupe, which is where the original track and the Monthly Weather Review suggest the center was. Major southward adjustments to the track of the cyclone are thus made for the 30th and 31st. Minor track changes are introduced for the remainder of the cyclone's life cycle while it was a tropical cyclone. Observations from the Lesser Antilles on the 31st also indicate that the system was likely a tropical depression while crossing the islands. Cyclone is begun as a tropical depression and tropical storm intensity is now achieved at 18Z on the 31st, 36 hours later than originally indicated. A ship with 1002 mb peripheral pressure and 20 kt N winds at 18Z on the 1st of November. Given that the ship reported 1002-1003 mb for four observations during the 1st at a location about 300 nm west of the cyclone, either the position of the ship is erroneous or the pressure values are biased low. It is concluded that the latter is the case and these values are not utilized for intensity changes. Given that there are no inner core measurements from the 1st until the 5th, the intensity is begun at 00Z on the 1st as a 40 kt tropical storm (based upon evidence that the system was still a tropical depression around 12Z on the 31st crossing the Lesser Antilles) and then ramping up 5 kt per each six hours until the original intensity in HURDAT is matched at 00Z on the 3rd at 80 kt. This delays the onset of hurricane intensity by 18 hours, from 12Z on the 1st to 06Z on the 2nd. These changes also agree with the assessments described in the Monthly Weather Review. From the 5th to the 7th, a ship - the S.S. Phemius - was severely impacted by the hurricane. Fortunately, the ship (and crew) survived and provided some extreme observations of the hurricane. At 01Z on the 6th, the ship reported NE hurricane force (force 12) winds simultaneous with 915 mb peripheral pressure. (The ship never reported being in the eye of the hurricane and the central pressure may have been substantially lower than this already extremely deep value.) This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 143 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 150 kt is the analyzed intensity for the 6th, a major increase from the 100-105 kt in HURDAT originally on that date. The intensity is revised upward late on the 4th and on the 4th assuming a rather rapid intensification rate of 10 kt per 6 hours reaching up to 150 kt by 00Z on the 6th. This then provides a major intensity change for the 5th as well. The same ship reported a second minimum in pressure on the 7th with 952 mb and SSE hurricane force winds, as the disabled crew were being carried along by the slow moving, recurving hurricane. A separate ship recorded hurricane force winds with simultaneous 947 mb peripheral pressure on the 8th. The Cayman Islands experienced a major hurricane strike, as Cayman Brac observed a 939 mb peripheral pressure early on the 9th. The hurricane made landfall on mainland Cuba around 14Z on the 9th near 21.1N 78.5W. Two other stations recorded peripheral pressure measurements - 944 mb in Camaguey and 940 mb in Nuevitas. (The 977 mb observed in Nuevitas mentioned in Monthly Weather Review was what was reported from Cuba to Miami before the communication lines were lost - see fortuitous newspaper article from the Nassau Guardian. 940 mb was the observed minimum pressure at the station provided by Millas and Perez et al.) The Perez et al. analysis obtained central pressure estimates at landfall in Cuba of 918 mb and 919 mb from the Schloemer equation from the track and these two pressure readings, respectively. The 918 mb central pressure, revised track, and a radius of maximum wind of 30-35 nm provided a close match from a storm surge model to the observed 6.8 m storm surge in southern Cuba. This pressure suggested maximum winds of 140 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the rather large size (the RMW climatology for this latitude and central pressure would be 12 nm - Vickery et al.), low environmental pressures (1008 mb outer closed isobar) and near average - 13 kt - translational velocity, an intensity of 130 kt is analyzed for the landfall in Cuba. This is Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and is somewhat less than the 137 kt estimated by Perez et al, but substantially higher than the 115 kt in HURDAT originally. (It is to be noted that the 210 mph [~185 kt] winds estimated by the observer at the Pan American Airlines station in Nuevitas are not credible. There is no way in the 1930s that observers could reliably calibrate winds visually estimated above about 100 mph.) On the 7th to the 8th, no inner core observations were available, thus the intensity analyzed simply interpolates between the better information available on the 5th and 9th. Thus the maximum winds are indicated to be 145 kt on the 7th (up from 105-110 kt previously) and 140 kt on the 8th (up from 110-115 kt previously), both are major upward revisions. A reasonable analogue to this hurricane would be Hurricane Katrina when it made landfall in the U.S. Gulf Coast, where the intensity was reduced considerably from the typical pressure-wind relationship because of the large RMW size of the cyclone. After the hurricane was making landfall in Cuba, it began accelerating off toward the northeast, exiting Cuba and making oceanfall over the Atlantic around 20Z on the 9th. The hurricane then struck the central Bahamas and, as documented by the Nassau Guardian newspaper, severely affected Long Island, Cat Island, Rum Cay, and Great Exuma. Observations from Clarence Town in Long Island were most useful, as these indicated 956 mb peripheral pressure at 07 UTC on the 10th preceded by SE winds and followed by SW winds. This pressure suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure wind relationship (at least 102 kt from the subset of weakening hurricanes). Given the fast translational speed (17 kt), intensity is analyzed to be 110 kt at 06 UTC and at landfall at 07 UTC near 23.5N 75.2W in Long Island, just north of Clarence Town. This makes the hurricane a high end Category 3 hurricane, 5 kt stronger than originally estimated. On the 11th, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 965 mb with winds of SE 50 kt. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 96 kt and 90 kt from the south and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively (and at least 93 kt and 86 kt from the weakening subsets). Winds of 90 kt for 00Z on the 11th are analyzed, unchanged from the 90 kt originally. On the 12th, the hurricane affected Bermuda. While on the weak side of the cyclone, Bermuda recorded peak winds of 76 kt (forenoon) and minimum pressure of 972 mb at 12Z, while a ship just south of Bermuda observed 978 mb with simultaneous 45 kt W winds at 12Z. 972 mb suggests winds of at least 82 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12Z (up from 75 kt originally) on the 12th, based upon the pressure-wind relationship. By the 13th, the cyclone was becoming entangled with a large baroclinic system. A 991 mb peripheral pressure measurement with simultaneous 45 kt S winds suggests maximum winds of at least 61 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity at 12Z on the 13th is unchanged from 60 kt, as the environmental pressures were quite low (outer closed isobar of only about 1000 mb). By 00Z on the 14th, the cyclone became extratropical in structure, which is unchanged from HURDAT originally. Large changes to the final two positions in HURDAT on 12 and 18Z on the 14th are introduced due to ship observations showing that the system was significantly farther east than originally shown. The decaying extratropical cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 14th, not changed from HURDAT. With the 3,500 fatalities, this hurricane - Huracan de Santa Cruz del Sur - is the worst one ever experienced in Cuba. ******************************************************************************* 1932 Storm #15 - 2012 Revision 26170 11/03/1932 M= 8 11 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26170 11/03/1932 M= 8 15 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 26175 11/03* 0 0 0 0*132 478 35 0*149 480 35 0*165 482 35 0 26175 11/03* 0 0 0 0*138 478 35 0*149 480 35 0*160 482 35 0 *** *** 26180 11/04*180 479 35 0*194 472 35 0*207 462 40 0*220 450 40 0 26180 11/04*170 479 35 0*180 472 35 0*190 462 40 0*200 454 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** 26185 11/05*230 440 40 0*237 437 40 0*244 439 45 0*251 443 45 0 26185 11/05*210 448 40 0*220 445 40 0*230 445 45 0*240 450 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26190 11/06*257 448 45 0*261 451 50 0*263 456 50 0*265 461 55 0 26190 11/06*249 458 55 0*257 468 60 0*263 475 60 0*267 479 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26195 11/07*267 466 55 0*270 473 55 0*275 480 60 0*282 480 65 0 26195 11/07*270 481 65 0*271 481 70 0*275 480 75 0*280 479 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 26200 11/08*291 474 70 0*306 464 75 0*322 454 80 0*328 450 85 0 26200 11/08*287 476 85 0*300 466 85 0*315 454 85 0*327 444 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 26205 11/09*332 442 85 0*346 429 85 0*358 407 80 0*368 378 75 0 26205 11/09*336 436 85 0*344 429 85 0*350 420 80 0*356 400 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26210 11/10*373 348 70 0E375 318 65 0E376 287 65 0E377 260 60 0 26210 11/10*362 370 70 0E369 335 70 0E376 295 70 0E384 260 60 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** 26215 HR Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #11. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. Nov 3- The HWM shows no features of interest in the central Atlantic Ocean. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 14.9N, 48W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "... a second hurricane sprang up in lower middle Atlantic. It was first observed with moderate gales, on the 3d, central near 15N, 48W. By a devious route it cut its way northward against a bank of high pressure, gathering energy" (MWR). Nov 4- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 20.7N, 46.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Nov 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 45W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 24.4N, 43.9W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt NE with pressure of 1020mb at 27.5N, 50.5W at 1200 UTC (COA). Nov 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23.5N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 26.3N, 45.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt NE at 29.5N, 50.5W at 0600 UTC (COA). Nov 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 27N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm at 27.5N, 48W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt NNE with pressure of 1007mb at 29.5N, 50.5W at 0000 UTC (COA); 60kt NE with pressure of 973mb at 29N, 48W at 2300 UTC (MWR). Nov 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 31.5N, 45.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 32.2N, 45.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt ENE with pressure of 1004mb at 34N, 46.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 45kt S with pressure of 992mb at 30.5N, 43.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Nov 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 35N, 42.5W with a warm front situated northeast of the cyclone and a cold front located northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 35.8N, 40.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SW with pressure of 1006mb at 32.5N, 41.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 35kt WNW with pressure of 998mb at 32N, 44.8W at 1200 UTC (COA). Nov 10-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 38N, 29W with a warm front extending northeast from the cyclone's center and a cold front extending south from the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical cyclone at 37.6N, 28.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70kt NW at 36.7N, 29.8W at 1200 UTC (COA); 65kt WNW with pressure of 977mb at 36.7N, 29.7W at 1500 UTC (MWR). "By the 10th the cyclone had advanced on a northeasterly course to the Azores, attended by hurricane winds in southern quadrants. On the 11th, to the northward, it coalesced with a disturbance of higher latitudes" (MWR). No alterations are made to the timing of genesis of this late season hurricane. Track changes are introduced for all days that it existed with major alterations introduced on the 4th, 5th, 9th, and 10th. No changes are made to the intensity for the first three days of its lifetime. The intensity is increased to 60 kt (up from 50 kt) at 06 and 12Z on the 6th on the basis of a couple 60 kt ship reports on that date. At 23Z on the 7th a ship reported 60 kt NE winds and 973 mb pressure. This pressure suggests winds of at least 81 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity is analyzed to be 85 kt at 00Z on the 8th, up from 70 kt originally. 85 kt is the peak intensity of the hurricane (unchanged from HURDAT originally) and is maintained from 00Z on the 8th through 06Z on the 9th. The extratropical transition occurred at 06Z on the 10th, the same as shown in HURDAT originally. The cyclone maintained hurricane-force intensity as an extratropical cyclone on the 10th, as 65 kt WNW winds with 977 mb were recorded at 15Z. After 18Z on the 10th, the system merged with another extratropical cyclone to its north. Dissipation is thus not altered from that shown originally. ****************************************************************************** 1932 Additional Notes: 1) May 17-23: On May 17th an area of low pressure started to form along a frontal boundary. No tropical storm force winds were observed on that date. On the 18th, it intensified, however a temperature gradient remained. Both Pensacola and a ship at 27.5 N and 90.5 W had winds of 25 kt, and a second ship - the Tor. - had a pressure of 1006 mb at 28.5 N and 89.3 W. On the 19th, the system intensified, though remained extratropical. Westerlies of 25 kt were observed on the Dixie (26.3 N and 86.5 W) and Cartago (27.8N and 87.2 W). The Cartago also had a pressure of 1003 mb. On the 20th, the temperature gradient started to relax, although the system was still extratropical. On the 20th, Pensacola had 25 kt out of the SSW with New Orleans having a pressure of 1006 mb. Mobile and Pensacola reported peak 35 kt southeasterly winds on 19-20 May. On the 21st, the system occluded and weakened. Several land stations and ships reported winds of 15 kt with New Orleans, Shreveport, and Galveston having the lowest pressure of 1009 mb. On the 22nd, the system had little change in intensity located near the Texas/Louisiana coastline. On the 23rd, the cyclone moved little and weakened. This was the last day the system could be identified. DAY LOCATION CATEGORY 17-May 25 N 92 W EXTRATROPICAL 18-May 28 N 88 W EXTRATROPICAL 19-May 29 N 88 W EXTRATROPICAL 20-May 30 N 90 W EXTRATROPICAL 21-May 29 N 91 W EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED 22-May 29 N 92 W EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED 23-May 30 N 94 W EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED 24-May DISSIPATED 24-May DISSIPATED ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 1 - 2012 Revision 26220 05/14/1933 M= 6 1 SNBR= 581 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26225 05/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*128 794 35 0*138 800 35 0 26225 05/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 820 35 0*143 827 35 0 *** *** *** *** 26230 05/15*150 810 35 0*165 820 35 0*179 831 35 0*188 838 35 0 26230 05/15*153 834 35 0*165 841 35 0*182 849 35 0*202 860 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26235 05/16*197 846 40 0*207 855 40 0*216 864 40 0*219 874 40 0 26235 05/16*222 873 45 1001*227 887 45 0*230 900 45 0*230 904 45 0 *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26240 05/17*220 885 40 0*218 894 35 0*216 900 35 0*213 907 35 0 26240 05/17*229 906 45 0*227 908 45 0*225 910 45 0*220 912 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26245 05/18*210 910 35 0*206 914 35 0*201 919 35 0*197 920 35 0 26245 05/18*214 913 40 0*207 914 40 0*201 915 35 0*195 916 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 26250 05/19*193 921 35 0*189 922 35 0*186 922 35 0*183 922 30 0 26250 05/19*190 917 35 0*185 916 30 0*180 915 25 0*175 915 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26255 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this May tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review. May 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 13N, 82W at 12UTC. HURDAT commences this storm at 12Z as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.8N, 79.4W. Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 15: HWM does not show a system for this day. HURDAT lists this storm as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.9N, 83.1W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: ~35 kt E (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22.5N, 90.0W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 21.6N, 86.4W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: 10kt SE with 1002mb (min p) at 22.3N, 87.2W at 00Z (MWR); 40kt S (max w) after 00Z near 22.3N, 87.2W (MWR); ~35 kt SSW (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22.5N, 91.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 90.6W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: 40kt SE with 1013mb at 22.7N, 87.1W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 20N, 92W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.1N, 91.9W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 19: HWM shows a large closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 14N, 90W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.6, 92.2W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 14 May, and no changes are made to the timing of genesis. The cyclone moved northwestward and passed just northeast of the eastern tip of Honduras early on 15 May. Major west-northwestward track adjustments are implemented at 12Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 15th and again from 18Z on the 15th to 00Z on the 17th. No gales or low pressures were observed until late on 15 May. The ship that reported this gale also reported a minimum pressure of 1002 mb inside the RMW with 10 kt winds at 00Z on the 16th, suggesting a central pressure of 1001 mb. A central pressure of 1001 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th. After that, the ship recorded its maximum wind of 40 kt. A central pressure of 1001 mb equals 45 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 16th (up from 40 kt originally). In addition to the pressure-wind relationship, a 45 kt intensity is also justified in that the ship reported winds of 40 kt. By 18Z on the 16th, the cyclone is analyzed to have reached it farthest north position - 23.0N, 90.4W - before it turned to the south-southwest and then south in the Bay of Campeche, moving toward the Mexican coast. On the 17th, a ship recorded a 40 kt gale about 200 nmi east of the center, and this was the last gale recorded in association with this tropical cyclone. The 45 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 16th is held through 18Z on the 17th (up from 35 kt originally at 18Z on the 17th). On the 18th, the cyclone continued moving southward, and all track changes on the 18th are less than half a degree. The intensity is brought down to 35 kt by 12Z on the 18th in accordance with HURDAT. The cyclone made landfall on 19 May around 03Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.7W (near Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico). The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 19th (12 hours earlier than originally) as it continued moving southward and farther inland. The depression dissipated inland after 18Z on the 19th (no change to timing of dissipation). ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 2 - 2012 Revision 26260 06/27/1933 M=11 2 SNBR= 582 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26260 06/24/1933 M=14 2 SNBR= 582 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** The 24th-26th are new to HURDAT 26261 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 90 425 30 0* 90 438 30 0 26262 06/25* 90 452 35 0* 90 466 35 0* 90 480 35 0* 90 493 35 0 26263 06/26* 90 507 40 0* 91 521 40 0* 92 535 45 0* 93 548 50 0 26265 06/27* 88 562 45 0* 90 577 55 0* 93 592 65 0* 97 607 70 0 26265 06/27* 94 562 55 0* 95 576 60 0* 96 590 70 0* 99 604 75 0 ** ** ** *** ** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26270 06/28*101 621 65 986*105 634 65 0*108 644 60 0*111 655 55 0 26270 06/28*103 618 75 0*109 632 65 0*115 646 65 0*120 659 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26275 06/29*114 666 50 0*117 675 50 0*119 684 50 0*121 697 50 0 26275 06/29*124 673 70 0*128 687 75 0*132 700 80 0*136 710 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26280 06/30*123 710 50 0*125 723 50 0*128 737 55 0*131 748 60 0 26280 06/30*140 720 80 0*144 730 80 0*148 741 80 0*153 752 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26285 07/01*136 761 65 0*141 771 65 0*149 782 65 0*160 794 70 0 26285 07/01*158 762 85 0*161 772 85 0*163 782 85 0*167 793 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26290 07/02*172 805 70 0*181 813 70 0*192 820 75 0*201 825 75 0 26290 07/02*172 804 85 0*181 813 85 0*192 820 85 0*201 826 85 0 *** ** ** ** *** ** 26295 07/03*211 831 80 0*220 839 80 0*229 846 80 0*233 851 80 0 26295 07/03*211 832 85 0*220 839 85 0*229 846 80 0*235 852 80 0 *** ** ** *** *** 26300 07/04*236 856 85 0*241 863 85 0*246 870 85 0*251 879 85 0 26300 07/04*239 858 85 0*243 864 85 0*247 870 85 0*251 878 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 26305 07/05*256 887 90 0*260 898 90 0*260 909 85 0*258 922 85 0 26305 07/05*255 889 90 0*255 903 95 0*255 915 95 0*253 926 95 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26310 07/06*255 934 85 0*252 943 80 0*248 952 75 0*243 962 75 0 26310 07/06*251 936 95 0*249 946 90 0*246 956 90 0*242 965 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26315 07/07*238 974 70 0*230 985 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26315 07/07*237 975 85 0*231 986 60 0*225 998 35 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 26320 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed with this hurricane which impacted the following locations with hurricane conditions: Trinidad, Venezuela, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Mexico. A major change is made to the genesis of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, and Perez. June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 8.5N, 61W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this storm as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 9.3N, 59.2W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: Pressure of 991mb with gale force winds (from the E) in the morning at 10N, 59W (MWR); 35kt ENE with 1003mb at 10.5N, 59.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A tropical disturbance originated a few days before the close of the month at an undetermined position over the waters north of Guiana. It was first disclosed on the morning of the 27th, by a radiogram from the Brazilian steamship Jaboatao, reporting an easterly gale with barometer 29.27 inches, near 10N, 59W. This storm passed just south of Trinidad on the same afternoon, doing considerable damage there, and at 8pm of the same day the American tanker EJ Bullock in the Gulf of Paria, reported a north wind of force 11, barometer 29.12, showing the storm to be fully developed, though of small extent" (MWR). June 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 10N, 65W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 10.8N, 64.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 60kt N with 986mb at 10.4N, 62.0W at 00Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 9N, 68W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 11.9N, 68.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 70kt SE with 985mb (min p) at 13.3N, 69.7W at 11Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first report from a ship to reveal winds of full hurricane intensity came from the American tanker Gulfcrest, which was overtaken by the hurricane at 6am of the 29th, near 13N, 70W; wind, SE [force] 12, barometer 29.10 inches." June 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 10.5N, 75.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 12.8, 73.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 70kt NW with 982mb (max w and min p) at 15.8N, 76.2W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The American tanker Eastern Sun was close to the center of the cyclone at 3pm of the 30th near 16N, 76W, where hurricane winds back from north through west to south and the barometer fell to 29 inches, its lowest value." July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 12N, 81W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 14.9N, 78.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 15N, 82W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 19.2N, 82.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with 1002mb at 17.3N, 75.4W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22N, 85.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 22.9N, 84.6W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 25kt NNW with 992mb at 22.5N, 84.9W at 12Z (HWM); 40kt SE (max w) at 23N, 84W after 9Z (MWR); 40 kt ESE with 1002 mb (max w and min p) at 17Z at 24.3N, 84.7W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 25N, 87.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 24.6N, 87.0 W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 60kt WNW with 986mb (min p) at 25.4N, 88.3W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25N, 92.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.0 90.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE with 971 mb (max w2 and min p) at 06Z at 25.3N, 90.5W (MWR); 965 mb (min p) at 08Z with wind speed unknown at 25.5N, 90.7W and 70 kt NW (max w) around ~08Z (MWR); 50 kt W with 998 mb at 18Z at 24.5N, 94.8W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb centered near 24N, 96.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 24.8N, 95.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 50kt SW with 996mb at 24.5N, 94.8W at 8Z (MWR, COA); 50 kt SSW with 996 mb at 13Z at 24.5N, 94.8W (COA). Station highlights: 1000 mb at 01 and 03UTC at Tampico. "This hurricane moved steadily northwestward after the end of June, entered the Gulf of Mexico, and turned westward to the Mexican coast a short distance south of the mouth of the Rio Grande, where it crossed the coastline and disappeared, July 6." July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 22N, 100W at 12UTC. HURDAT kills the system on 6Z as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 23.0N, 98.5W. Ship highlights: Pressure of 1003mb at 19.1N, 104.9W at 12Z (COA). Station Highlights: Pressure of 1002mb at Guanajuato at 12Z (HWM). Observations indicate that a tropical wave was apparent in the easterlies as early as 23 June near 40W. On the 24th, ship observations confirm a closed circulation, and this cyclone is begun on the 24th at 12Z (two and half days earlier than originally) as a tropical depression at 9.0N, 42.5W. On the 24th, a ship with a west wind of 15 kt located a few hundred nmi SE of another ship with a 15 kt north wind - combined with an analysis of a 70 kt intensity three days later on the 27th - indicates a good possibility that this cyclone was forming at this location on the 24th. The analyzed position on the 24th indicates a consistent speed and direction of motion of the cyclone from the 24th until well beyond the 27th, which is further evidence that this circulation is the same circulation as the hurricane located by observations on the 27th. The cyclone moved due west for the next couple of days, and the first gales and low pressures were observed on the 27th as the cyclone passed between Trinidad and the northeastern coast of Venezuela. On the 27th, a ship near 10N, 59W recorded an easterly gale with a 991 mb pressure in the morning. According to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, a peripheral pressure of 991 mb yields winds of greater than 62 kt. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached tropical storm intensity by 00Z on the 25th (two days earlier than originally) at 9.0N, 45.2W). At 00Z on the 28th, a ship recorded 60 kt winds with a 986 mb pressure. The 986 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 00Z on the 28th is removed, as this was clearly a peripheral reading. 986 mb yields winds of greater than 70 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Analyzed intensities from 12Z on the 27th through 00Z on the 28th are 70, 80, and 80 kt (up from 55, 65, and 70 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane strength by 12Z on the 27th (no change). The hurricane is analyzed to have made landfall in extreme southern Trinidad at 21Z on 27 June near 10.1N, 61.1W with a 75 kt intensity. The revised track is about half a degree to the right (or north) of the previous HURDAT track on the 27th and 28th. The hurricane was over southern Trinidad from 21Z - 23Z on the 27th. It made landfall in Venezuela at 02Z on the 28th at 10.5N, 62.3W as a 75 kt hurricane. It remained over northeastern Venezuela until 04Z on the 28th. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensities of 65 and 60 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 28th. For the next several days, the cyclone moved west-northwestward in the Caribbean Sea. Northwestward position adjustments of between one and two degrees are implemented on the 29th, and major northward track changes are implemented from 18Z on the 30th to 00Z on the 1st of July while the cyclone was in the central Caribbean Sea. On the 29th and 30th of June, ships recorded hurricane force winds with simultaneous pressures of 985 mb (on the 29th) and 982 mb (on the 30th). Peripheral pressures of 985 and 982 mb at 11Z on the 29th and 20Z on the 30th, respectively, yield winds greater than 71 kt and greater than 75 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Both of these observations were peripheral pressure recorded simultaneously with hurricane force winds, so the central pressure was likely significantly lower than these values recorded by the ships. An 80 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally - a major change) and an 85 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 30th (up from 60 kt originally - another major change). Major upward intensity adjustments (ranging from 20 to 30 kt) are implemented at all times from 00Z on 29 June through 12Z on 1 July. The hurricane turned toward the northwest and made landfall in western Cuba at 06Z on 3 July as an 85 kt Category 2 hurricane in agreement with the analysis of Perez et al. (up from 80 kt originally at 06Z on the 3rd). The cyclone was over Cuba on the 3rd from 06Z-10Z before moving into the central Gulf of Mexico. It continued west-northwestward on the 4th, westward on the 4th, and west-southwestward on the 5th. No track changes larger than three-tenths of a degree are made from 2 July through the 5th at 00Z, by which time the storm reached as far north as 25.5N, 88.9W. On the 5th, a ship recorded a minimum pressure of 965 mb, but it is unknown whether this was a central pressure value. A central pressure of less than or equal to 965 mb yields wind speeds of at least 96 and 90 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 06Z on 5 July through 00Z on 6 July. Although there is little data between that point and the final landfall, which occurred in Mexico around 01Z on 7 July near 23.6N, 97.7W, an 85 kt intensity is chosen for landfall and at 00Z on the 7th. HURDAT originally had 70 kt at 00Z on the 7th. Although there is little to no data to indicate that the HURDAT intensity was too low, there is also no data to indicate that the hurricane weakened from the 95 kt intensity analyzed on the 5th. Therefore, an intensity between these two values of 85 kt is chosen for landfall. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 60 and 41 kt for 06 and 12Z, respectively, on 7 July. The revised wind speed in HURDAT at 06Z is 60 kt (no change), and HURDAT previously dissipated this system after 06Z. The track is extended by six hours, and a 35 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 27th before dissipation occurred over the high terrain of Mexico. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 3 (originally Storms 3 and 4) - 2012 Revision 26325 07/14/1933 M= 7 3 SNBR= 583 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26325 07/14/1933 M= 7 3 SNBR= 583 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26330 07/14*175 598 35 0*175 615 35 0*174 631 35 0*174 646 35 0 26330 07/14*149 600 30 0*155 615 30 0*160 630 30 0*163 645 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26335 07/15*173 659 35 0*173 672 35 0*173 686 35 0*174 701 40 0 26335 07/15*166 660 30 0*168 674 30 0*170 688 30 0*172 705 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26340 07/16*175 718 40 0*178 735 40 0*181 752 45 0*185 770 45 0 26340 07/16*174 723 35 0*175 739 35 0*176 755 35 0*177 770 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26345 07/17*189 788 45 0*193 801 45 0*196 813 45 0*199 829 40 0 26345 07/17*178 785 35 0*179 800 40 0*180 815 40 0*179 830 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26350 07/18*201 846 40 0*201 863 40 0*201 880 40 0*202 890 40 0 26350 07/18*177 845 45 0*175 860 45 0*173 875 45 0*175 887 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26355 07/19*202 898 35 0*203 912 35 0*203 926 35 0*203 940 35 0 26355 07/19*177 896 35 0*179 903 30 0*180 910 25 0*186 916 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26360 07/20*204 955 35 0*204 970 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26360 07/20*195 920 25 0*205 923 25 0*215 925 25 0*220 926 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 21st through the 27th were originally part of original storm #4) 26375 07/21* 0 0 0 0*220 909 35 0*231 921 35 0*237 927 35 0 26375 07/21*223 927 30 0*226 928 30 0*229 930 30 0*233 934 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26380 07/22*244 933 35 0*254 940 40 0*263 946 40 0*271 951 40 0 26380 07/22*238 939 35 0*245 945 35 0*254 950 40 0*264 952 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 26385 07/23*279 955 40 0*288 959 40 0*298 962 35 0*307 962 35 0 26385 07/23*274 955 40 0*284 959 40 0*293 962 30 0*302 962 30 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 26390 07/24*316 960 35 0E324 950 35 0E325 945 30 0E325 941 30 0 26390 07/24*311 960 25 0E318 956 25 0E324 952 25 0E325 947 25 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26395 07/25E326 938 25 0E326 933 25 0E327 929 20 0E327 927 20 0 26395 07/25E325 942 25 0E324 936 25 0E323 930 25 0E321 927 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 26400 07/26E327 924 20 0E328 919 20 0E328 914 20 0E336 910 20 0 26400 07/26E320 924 25 0E319 921 30 0E319 918 30 0E323 915 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26405 07/27E341 909 20 0E346 908 20 0E351 907 20 0E356 906 20 0 26405 07/27E331 912 30 0E341 909 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 26410 TS U.S. Landfall: 7/23/1933 - 08Z - 28.6N, 96.0W - 40 kt 1933 original storm numbers 3 and 4 are found to have been one single cyclone which lasted from 14-27 July (i.e. original Storm #4 is found to have been a continuation of original Storm #3). Major track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ships database, original monthly records from NCDC, and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC. July 14: HURDAT commences this storm as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.4N, 63.1W at 00UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 14th a minor disturbance appeared near St. Kitts." July 15: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.3N, 68.6W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 16: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 18.1N, 75.2W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "...it moved almost directly westward, passed near Jamaica on the 16th" July 17: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 20N, 80W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.6N, 81.3W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 18: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 20N, 86.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.1N, 88.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 10kt SW with 995mb at 16.3N, 87.0W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "...[passed] over the Yucatan Peninsula on the 18th," July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 21N, 87W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.3N, 92.6W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "...and finally [passed] inland north of Vera Cruz, Mexico the night of the 19th-20th." July 20: HWM indicates an elliptical low of at most 1010mb near 23.5N, 93.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT kills this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 20.4N, 97.0W at 6UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 21: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 95.0W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 23.1N, 92.1W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance, which also was of minor intensity, was first noted about 200 miles northwest of Progresso, Yucatan, the morning of the 21st. July 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25.0N, 95.0W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.3N, 94.6W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "[moved] inland near Matagorda Bay the night of the 22d-23d." July 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb just inland near 30N, 97W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.8N, 96.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 20kt SE with 1001mb at 29.1N, 94.2W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: 33 kt S (max w/1-min) at Galveston, TX at 0930Z (OMR). July 24: HWM indicates a small extratropical cyclone of at most 1015mb near 31N, 98W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 30kt winds at 32.5N, 94.5W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 25: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of 1010mb near 31N, 94W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 32.7N, 92.9W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: 20 kt SW at 12Z at 28.4N, 92.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 26: HWM shows an extratropical system of at most 1010mb near 31N, 93.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 32.8N, 91.4W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30 kt SW at Mobile (MWR). July 27: HWM shows an extratropical system of at most 1010mb near 34N, 92.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 35.1N, 90.7W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone formed on 14 July at 00Z just east of the Lesser Antilles and no changes are made to the timing of genesis. Data was obtained back to 10 July between the Lesser Antilles and the coast of Africa, but the data does not show a closed circulation prior to the 14th. Although there are no west winds on the 14th, there were no ships south of the center on that day either. 24-hour pressure changes of 2 to 3 mb were observed at some islands in the Lesser Antilles. Observations of west winds on the 15th and 16th confirmed the circulation was closed. That combined with the chance that this may have been a tropical depression as early as the 13th given the observations, there is not enough evidence to change the HURDAT genesis time forward or backward for this cyclone. A major 2.5 degree southward track adjustment is implemented at 00Z on the 14th and the analyzed intensity is a 30 kt tropical depression rather than a 35 kt tropical storm. According to articles in The Daily Gleaner from July 18 and July 20, 1933, the system dropped 9 inches of rain in Kingston, Jamaica, which damaged several bridges and roads. Mudslides and overflowing rivers flooded several towns with knee-deep waters, and moderate winds downed several banana trees across the island. According to the revised track, the center of this cyclone skirted the southern coast of Jamaica late on 16 July as a 35 kt tropical storm. The cyclone moved quickly west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea until it made landfall near Belize City, Belize on 18 July. Minor southward position adjustments are implemented from 06Z on the 14th through 12Z on the 17th with major southward adjustments from 18Z on the 17th and on the 18th. The cyclone is analyzed to have first attained tropical storm strength around 00Z on the 16th - two days later than originally shown - a major change. On the 18th at 12Z, a ship near 16.3N, 87.0W reported winds of 10 kt SW with a pressure of 995 mb. A time series of this ship reveals that although this pressure is biased about 5 mb too low, the ship's pressure decreased by 11 mb in the past 12 hr and 13 mb in the past 25 hr. The reason why there is evidence that this ship's pressure is biased about 5 mb too low is because 1 day later, on 19 July at 12Z, the ship reported a pressure 6 mb lower than another ship located 12 nmi away in what should be an area of weak pressure gradient not located near the cyclone on that day. At the time of the observation at 12Z on the 18th, the ship is believed to be in the RMW or on the likely weaker south side of the cyclone. The position at 12Z on the 18th is adjusted southward by 2.8 degrees, and this adjustment agrees well with other surrounding observations from the 18th through to 20th to produce a track that is reasonable. Assuming a central pressure of about 999 mb at 12Z on the 18th, this yields a wind speed of about 49 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 18th (up from 40 kt originally). (There is too much uncertainty that the central pressure was 999 mb at the time to add this value into HURDAT as a central pressure.) The cyclone made landfall around 15Z on the 18th at 17.4N, 88.1W (near Belize City) as a 45 kt tropical storm. It is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 19th as it moved west-northwestward across Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula. The cyclone emerged into the Bay of Campeche as a 25 kt tropical depression around 18Z on the 19th in the vicinity of Ciudad del Carmen. Major southward track adjustments are implemented on the 18th and early on the 19th. Major southeastward track adjustments are made late on the 19th, and by 06Z on the 20th, the revised position is at 20.5N, 92.3W (originally 20.4N, 97.0W). The original HURDAT dissipated this tropical depression after 06Z on the 20th at 20.4N, 97.0W and began another tropical cyclone (original storm #4) at 06Z on the 21st at 22.0N, 90.9W. Available observations indicate that the first cyclone, re-analyzed to be at 20.5N, 92.3W at 06Z on the 20th, moved northward to a position near 22.6N, 92.8W by 06Z on the 21st. It appears that the cyclone did not dissipated on the 20th, and what the original HURDAT showed as another cyclone developing just 24 hr later was very likely the same system circulation. Thus, original storm numbers 3 and 4 are combined into one system. The depression is analyzed to have restrengthened to a tropical storm around 18Z on 21 July near 23.3N, 93.4W. Only minor track adjustments are made on the 21st through the 26th. The cyclone made landfall on 23 July around 08Z in Texas near eastern Matagorda Bay (28.6N, 96.0W) as a 40 kt tropical storm (no change to HURDAT intensity at point before landfall). The highest wind recorded was a 33 kt 1-minute wind at Galveston around 0930Z on the 23rd. Galveston and Corpus Christi both recorded minimum pressures of 1008 mb. Winds were not near gale force at Corpus Christi. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 23rd. At that time, the cyclone, which had been moving north-northwestward, turned toward the north, northeast, and then east by 18Z on the 24th near 32.5N, 94.7W. HURDAT originally listed the cyclone as extratropical from 06Z on the 24th through the 27th, and observations do indicate somewhat of a temperature gradient with weak fronts beginning on the 24th. No changes are made to the timing of extratropical transition. HURDAT originally showed dissipation after 18Z on 27 July at 35.6N, 90.6W as a 20 kt extratropical cyclone, but available observations indicate that the cyclone was absorbed by a front after 06Z on the 27th, so the last 12 hours are eliminated from HURDAT. The final point is now at 06Z on the 27th as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 34.1N, 90.9W. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 4 (new to HURDAT) - Addition in 2012 26411 07/24/1933 M= 4 4 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 26412 07/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*310 570 25 0*312 561 30 0 26413 07/25*314 552 40 0*317 543 45 0*320 535 50 0*330 529 50 0 26414 07/26*341 524 45 0*353 519 40 0*365 515 35 0*378 509 35 0 26414 07/27*396 499 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26414 TS HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the north-central Atlantic Ocean from 24-27 July. July 24: HWM shows a baroclinic low of at most 1020mb centered near 30N, 55W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. July 25: HWM shows a transitioning low of at most 1015mb centered near 31.5N, 54W at 12Z. The system has decaying warm and cold fronts on the western periphery of a high pressure system. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1008mb at 31.8N, 52.9W at 12Z (HWM); 45kt SSE with 1008mb at 32.6N, 53.1W at 13Z (MWR); 45kt SE with 1013mb at 33.5N, 52.5W at 15Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. July 26: HWM shows a closed tropical low of at most 1010mb centered near 36N, 54W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SSW with 1010mb at 34.0N, 51.1W at 8Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "[A] disturbance of similarly brief history arose toward the end of the month in Mid-Atlantic east of Bermuda, and caused strong gales on the 25th and 26th, as reported by the Dutch steamship Barneveld and the American steamship Gateway City and recorded in the accompanying table of gales and storms. The barometer did not fall below 29.76 inches, and this disturbance failed, after 2 days, to develop any further strength" (MWR). An area of low pressure formed along a dissipating front on 24 July near 31N, 57W. Observations indicate that this cyclone contained a closed circulation from the 24th-27th at 00Z and was tropical throughout its lifetime. The cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12Z on the 24th. As the cyclone moved east-northeastward over the next day, six gales ranging from 35-45 kt were observed from two separate ships between 08Z on the 25th - 08Z on the 26th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 25th. On the 25th, the highest winds are concurrent with the lowest pressures near the center. The analyzed peak intensity for the lifetime of the cyclone is 50 kt from 12-18Z on the 25th. On the 25th, the cyclone turned to a north-northeasterly direction, so that by 12Z on the 26th, the position was near 36.5N, 51.5W. No more gales are observed after 08Z on the 26th, and the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 12Z on the 26th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression before being absorbed by a frontal system after 00Z on the 27th near 40N, 50W. 1933 Storm 5 - 2012 Revision 26415 07/25/1933 M=12 5 SNBR= 585 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 26415 07/24/1933 M=13 5 SNBR= 585 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * The 24th is new to HURDAT 26418 07/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 545 30 0*145 559 30 0 26420 07/25* 0 0 0 0*165 575 40 0*172 604 45 0*178 621 45 0 26420 07/25*150 574 35 0*157 590 40 0*165 607 50 0*173 624 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 26425 07/26*183 636 50 0*188 650 60 0*193 663 65 0*197 675 70 0 26425 07/26*178 637 75 0*185 651 75 0*193 663 75 0*198 675 75 0 *** ** ** ** *** ** 26430 07/27*202 686 75 0*208 696 75 0*214 705 75 0*220 716 80 0 26430 07/27*203 686 75 0*208 696 75 0*213 706 75 0*218 716 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** 26435 07/28*227 727 80 0*234 735 80 0*240 742 80 0*246 749 80 0 26435 07/28*225 727 75 0*232 739 75 0*240 750 70 0*246 756 70 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26440 07/29*252 756 80 0*257 762 80 0*261 769 80 0*266 777 75 0 26440 07/29*251 759 70 0*256 762 70 0*260 765 70 0*263 771 70 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26445 07/30*270 786 75 0*272 793 75 0*273 798 70 0*274 801 70 0 26445 07/30*266 781 70 0*268 791 70 0*270 798 65 988*271 803 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 26450 07/31*274 805 65 0*274 810 60 0*274 816 55 0*274 823 45 0 26450 07/31*271 807 50 0*271 811 45 0*270 816 40 0*270 824 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26455 08/01*274 830 40 0*274 837 40 0*274 845 35 0*274 853 35 0 26455 08/01*270 832 40 0*270 841 40 0*270 850 40 0*269 857 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26460 08/02*274 862 40 0*274 869 40 0*274 877 45 0*274 887 45 0 26460 08/02*268 863 40 0*266 870 40 0*264 877 45 0*262 887 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 26465 08/03*273 898 50 0*273 909 50 0*272 920 55 0*270 930 55 0 26465 08/03*260 898 50 0*259 909 50 0*258 920 55 0*258 929 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 26470 08/04*268 938 60 0*266 945 60 0*264 952 65 0*261 962 70 0 26470 08/04*258 937 65 0*258 945 70 0*258 953 75 0*258 962 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26475 08/05*257 971 60 981*255 977 55 0*252 983 50 0*241 989 35 0 26475 08/05*258 971 80 975*256 977 55 0*254 983 45 0*252 990 35 0 *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** 26480 HRATX2CFL1 26480 HRATX1CFL1 **** U.S. Landfall: 7/30/1933 - 16Z - 27.1N, 80.1W - 65 kt - 988 mb - 1018 mb OCI - 150 nmi ROCI U.S. Impact (Center made landfall in Mexico, but RMW touched TX coast producing 80 kt winds): 8/5/1933 - 01Z - 25.8N, 97.2W - 80 kt - 975 mb - 25 nmi RMW - 1010 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity adjustments are analyzed for this hurricane, which impacted both Florida and Texas as a Category 1. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Ho et al. (1987), Texas Monthly State Climatological Report, the Barbados Advocate (newspaper), Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, and the Airways Weather Report. Daniel Gladstein greatly `contributed toward the reanalysis of this hurricane by provided overlooked MWR observations and his suggested revisions to HURDAT. July 24: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 14.5N, 54.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 25: HWM indicates a tiny closed low of around 1010mb near 16N, 61.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds near 17.2N, 60.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 40kt E near 17.6N, 60.8W after 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 15Z at Antigua (17.1N, 61.8W) (Barbados Advocate); gale force winds at Antigua (Barbados Advocate); 1000 mb at St. Kitts (17.3N, 62.7W) at 18Z; 983 mb at Saba Island (MWR). "This disturbance was centered a short distance southeast of Antigua, the morning of the 25th." July 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds near 19.3N, 66.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1000 mb at St. Croix (17.7N, 64.7W); 52kt NE (max w) at St. Thomas sometime between 00Z-12Z (MWR). "It passed south of St. Thomas [on the 26th], causing a wind velocity of 60 mph from the northeast. Continuing west-northwestward its center passed north of Puerto Rico on the 26th" July 27: HWM indicates a low of 1010mb near 19.5N, 72W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.4N, 70.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt E near 21.0N, 65.5W either before or after 5Z (MWR). Station highlights: 74 kt (estimated) NE and 995 mb at Turks Island (21.5N, 71.2W) (MWR). "[it almost passed] over Turks Island on the 27th. The lowest barometer reading at Turks was 29.37 inches, accompanied by a wind velocity estimated as 85mph from the northeast. The disturbance moved northwestward [overnight] then west-northwestward over the northern Bahamas." July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 76.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 24.0N, 74.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 60kt SE (max w) after 15Z near 25.0N, 75.3W, and 1002mb (min p) at 15Z at 25.0N, 75.3W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 25.5N, 77W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds near 26.1N, 76.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt NNE with 1007mb at 26.2N, 76.7W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 27.5N, 80.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt at 27.3N, 79.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: possible center fix at 07Z at 26.8N, 79.4W with 1004 mb pressure (looks too high) and 5 kt variable winds (MWR); 50 kt SW (max w) after 07Z near 26.8N, 79.4W (MWR); 70kt SE (max w) with 998mb (min p) at 27.0N, 79.6W at 9UTC (MWR); 45kt SE with 992mb at 27.5N, 79.4W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: 52kt SE at Fort Pierce (MWR). "The center crossed the coast line of Florida a short distance south of Fort Pierce on the 30th, accompanied by a wind at that place of 60mph from the southeast." July 31: HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mv near 25N, 84.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 27.4N, 81.6W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE at 27.0N, 80.0W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: 34kt E at Tampa (MWR). August 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25.5N, 86W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt near 27.4N, 84.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt around or after 23Z near 25.0N, 86.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance continued to move westward but vessel reports on the 1st and 2d indicated a decrease in intensity." August 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 88W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt at 274N, 87.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 38kt SSE at Tampa (MWR). August 3: HWM indicates a strengthening low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 92.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt at 27.2N, 92.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with 1010mb at 27.6N, 91.0W at 00Z (COA); 35 kt SE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.1N, 90.8W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "From the morning of the3d until the center passed over the coastline near Brownsville no vessel were received near or west of the center, and it was impossible to indicate accurately its position or intensity. ... On the evening of the 3d Texas stations were advised that the center probably would reach the south Texas coast between Brownsville and Corpus Christi and be attended by strong shifting winds, possibly reaching gale force near the center with moderately high tides from Port O'Connor southward to Brownsville." August 4: HWM indicates a closed low of under 1000mb near 24.5N, 95W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane once again with 65kt at 26.4N, 95.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 57kt N at Brownsville (MWR). "The advices on the morning of the 4th were that the center would cross the Texas coast between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, but somewhat nearer Brownsville, and that winds would reach gale force over a very small area but probably would not attain hurricane velocity." August 5: HWM indicates the low just inland near 22.5N, 99W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt at 25.2N, 98.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 63kt NW (max w) at Brownsville (MWR); 57 kt N (max 5-min 29m wind) at Brownsville WBO (25.9N, 97.5W) at 0027Z (climo); 981-982 mb (min p) at Brownsville WBO at 0130Z (MWR, Connor). "The center crossed the coast nearly over but slightly south of Brownsville during the early night of the 5th with greatly increased intensity, the highest velocity being 72 miles at Brownsville. Considerable damage was caused in the vicinity of Brownsville and over a strip westward to Monterey, Mexico, owing largely to torrential rains." HURDAT originally began this system on 25 July at 06Z at 16.5N, 57.5W as a 40 kt tropical storm. The 24th of July was searched and a closed circulation was found near 14.0N, 54.5W. Genesis is now indicated at that time (18 hours earlier than HURDAT originally) and location as a 30 kt tropical depression. The cyclone moved west-northwestward and strengthened, passing very near Antigua and just north of St. Kitts on the 25th and near St. Thomas on the 26th before passing north of Puerto Rico. At 12Z on the 25th, the analyzed position is roughly 0.8 degrees south-southwest of the original HURDAT position with a 45 kt intensity (no change). The first observed gales occurred at Antigua where gale force winds and a 1002 mb minimum pressure were recorded around 15Z. It is not known whether the 1002 mb pressure is a central or peripheral pressure. A central pressure of less than or equal to 1002 mb yields a wind speed of at least 43 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. Also on the 25th, a ship recorded winds of 40 kt. At 18Z on the 25th, St. Kitts recorded a minimum pressure of 1000 mb as the cyclone passed just to its north. Saba Island recorded a minimum pressure of 983 mb. This pressure suggests winds of at least 74 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. Since the reanalyzed track shows the cyclone passing directly over Saba Island around 22Z on the 25th, a 75 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 26th (up from 50 kt originally). A 50 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z and 60 kt is chosen for 18Z (up from 45 kt originally) on the 25th. The depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 25th (6 hours earlier than originally). Early on the 26th, St. Thomas reported a maximum wind of 52 kt from the northeast. Although minor south-southwestward track adjustments were made from 12Z on the 25th to 00Z on the 26th, the largest track change from 06Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 28th was just three-tenths of a degree. The cyclone passed near the Turks Islands on the 27th where winds were estimated at 74 kt along with a recorded pressure of 995 mb. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone continued west-northwestward, and a ship recorded winds of 60 kt on the 28th near 25N, 75W. The cyclone turned westward and headed towards Florida on the 30th. On 30 July prior to landfall in Florida, a ship recorded a hurricane force wind with a 998 mb pressure at 09Z, and another ship recorded a 992 mb pressure with 45 kt winds at 12Z. This observation is analyzed to have occurred inside the RMW. Based on this data, a 988 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 30th, and this value equals 62 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to high environmental pressure, a 65 kt intensity is chosen (down from 70 kt originally). The intensities are decreased by 5-10 kt from 18Z on the 27th through landfall. No change was made to the time that the cyclone became a hurricane (12Z on the 26th when it was just north of Puerto Rico), but the peak intensity for the hurricane is lowered from 80 to 75 kt, and this new peak intensity is analyzed from 00Z on the 27th through 06Z on the 28th. Landfall occurred on 30 July at 16Z at 27.1N, 80.1W in southeast Florida. The position is about three-tenths of a degree south of the original HURDAT landfall point. This change is based on ship data in the hours leading up to landfall as well as station observations. The highest wind recorded was 52 kt SE at Fort Pierce. No change is made to the Category 1 impact for southeast Florida, but a 65 kt landfall intensity is analyzed along with a 988 mb central pressure, just like the analysis at 12Z on the 30th. The cyclone moved very slowly westward across the Peninsula, taking 26 hours before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 55 kt for 18Z on the 30th, and 50, 45, and 37 kt at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 31st respectively. This slow decline in the Kaplan and DeMaria winds is due to the cyclone's brief track over the northern half of Lake Okeechobee. The highest wind observed on the 31st was 35 kt, though observations in this portion of Florida were rather sparse. Revised winds in HURDAT are 60 kt at 18Z on the 30th (down from 70 kt originally) and 50, 45, and 40 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z on the 31st (down from 65, 60, and 55 kt originally, respectively). At 18Z on 31 July, the weakened cyclone was emerging off the southwest coast of Florida into the Gulf of Mexico with an analyzed intensity of 40 kt (down from 45 kt originally). The cyclone moved westward in the Gulf of Mexico and then turned toward the west-southwest. Ship data in the Gulf of Mexico was somewhat sparse; however, at 12Z on 3 August a ship recorded 35 kt SE with 1004 mb near 25N, 91W. On 4 August, the cyclone was strengthening and moving toward its final landfall near the Texas/Mexico border. While in the Gulf of Mexico, minor southward track adjustments of 1 to 1.5 degrees are implemented from 12Z on the 2nd to 00Z on the 4th. The cyclone made its final landfall in Mexico but very near the border with Texas on 5 August at 01Z at 25.8N, 97.2W. The highest wind recorded was 63 kt (Brownsville WBO 56 kt N max w after converting to 10m 1-min at 0027Z) at Brownsville and the lowest pressure recorded was 981 mb at Brownsville WBO at 0130Z), but this was not a central pressure. Ho et al., Schwerdt et al., and Connor suggest a central pressure of 975 mb based on the 981.4 mb minimum pressure recorded at Brownsville. The reanalyzed track, which matches up with the Schwerdt et al. landfall point, shows that the closest approach of the center of the cyclone to Brownsville was ~15 nmi and the analyzed RMW was 25 nmi. The 975 mb value is chosen for landfall and added to HURDAT for the 00Z 5 August entry. A central pressure of 975 mb equals 84 and 79 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Ho et al. suggests a 24 nmi RMW which is somewhat larger than the 19 nmi climatological RMW. A landfall intensity of 80 kt is chosen, and 80 kt is also chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 4th and 00Z on the 5th (up from 70 and 60 kt originally, respectively - a major change at 00Z on the 5th). The right RMW of the hurricane is analyzed to have reached the Texas coast at its border of Mexico around ~00Z-02Z on the 15th, which means that 80 kt winds were experienced in Texas. The Category 2 impact previously listed for south Texas is revised to a Category 1 impact. Brownsville was likely at or just barely inside the right RMW an hour or two after landfall. Also, Brownsville is located slightly inland. Both of those reasons explain why the highest wind at Brownsville was only 63 kt (possibly 66 kt after converting to 1-min 10m). Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 62, 47, and 37 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z on 5 August. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 60, 45, and 35 kt at those times (originally 55, 50, and 35 kt). No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, but the final position at 18Z on the 5th is moved north by a degree to 25.2N, 99.0W as a 35 kt tropical storm. The cyclone dissipated shortly thereafter over higher terrain. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 6 (Originally Storm 8) - 2012 Revision 26580 08/17/1933 M=10 8 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 26580 08/13/1933 M=16 6 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * * The 13th - 16th are new to HURDAT 26581 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 215 30 0*125 229 35 0 26582 08/14*128 243 40 0*131 257 40 0*133 272 45 0*135 289 45 0 26583 08/15*137 307 45 0*139 325 50 0*142 344 50 0*145 362 50 0 26584 08/16*148 380 55 0*151 398 55 0*155 416 60 0*160 434 65 0 26585 08/17* 0 0 0 0*175 480 50 0*179 495 60 0*190 512 65 0 26585 08/17*166 452 70 0*173 470 75 0*181 487 85 0*190 501 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26590 08/18*199 529 65 0*206 534 70 0*213 543 75 0*221 553 75 0 26590 08/18*201 514 95 0*213 527 105 0*224 539 110 0*234 552 115 948 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26595 08/19*230 564 80 0*240 577 80 0*250 590 85 0*259 600 85 0 26595 08/19*244 565 115 0*254 578 120 0*264 590 120 0*273 599 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26600 08/20*268 610 85 0*279 620 85 0*289 630 85 0*295 637 85 0 26600 08/20*280 608 120 0*285 617 115 0*291 625 115 0*297 635 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26605 08/21*301 642 85 0*306 649 90 0*312 657 90 0*321 671 90 0 26605 08/21*302 646 110 0*307 658 110 0*312 670 110 0*316 680 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26610 08/22*326 689 95 0*328 700 100 0*331 711 105 0*338 726 100 0 26610 08/22*320 690 105 0*324 700 105 0*328 711 105 0*334 724 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26615 08/23*345 740 85 0*352 750 70 0*360 758 60 971*372 766 50 0 26615 08/23*341 737 90 0*351 749 85 0*361 758 75 966*374 767 65 971 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 26620 08/24*387 771 45 0*406 770 45 0*424 763 40 0*434 753 35 0 26620 08/24*387 772 55 978*406 770 45 0*424 763 35 0*434 753 30 0 ** *** ** ** 26625 08/25*441 744 35 0*446 737 30 0*452 730 30 0*456 723 25 0 26625 08/25*440 744 30 0*445 737 30 0*448 730 30 0E449 719 30 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 26630 08/26*463 712 25 0*473 697 20 0*482 682 20 0*500 657 20 0 26630 08/26E445 704 30 0E441 688 30 0E440 672 30 0E440 662 35 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** The 27th - 28th are new to HURDAT 26632 08/27E441 654 35 0E441 645 35 0E442 635 30 0E442 617 30 0 26633 08/28E443 591 30 0E444 558 30 0E445 525 30 0* 0 0 0 0 26635 HR NC2 VA2 26635 HR NC1 VA1 MD1 *** *** *** US Landfalls: 8/23/1933 - 1000Z - 35.8N, 75.6W - 80 kt - 963 mb - 40 nmi RMW - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI 8/23/1933 - 1130Z - 36.0N, 75.7W - 75 kt - 965 mb - 1008 mn OCI - 300 nmi ROCI 8/23/1933 - 1200Z - 36.1N, 75.8W - 75 kt - 966 mb - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI Major track changes and major intensity changes are recommended for this hurricane that struck the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Major changes are also made to the genesis and dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Ho et al. (1987), Barnes, Cobb, and Virginia Hurricanes. Aug 13: HWM shows no signs of a system. HURDAT does not commence the storm until the 17th. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with 1003mb at 13.4N, 27.2W at 13UTC. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 14: HWM shows no signs of a closed low. Ship highlights: 25kt SSW with 1005mb at 13.2N, 27.3W at 12UTC. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 15; HWM shows a spot low embedded within the ITCZ with at most 1015mb centered near 12.5N, 34.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 16: HWM loses the low for today. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 17: HWM indicates a deep closed low of at most 1005mb near 17.5N, 49.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 17.9N, 49.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt NW with 1003mb at 3Z and a wind max of 40kt after 3Z at 14.5N, 48.5W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 57W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.3N, 54.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 948mb with calm (center fix) near ~ 23N, 54.5W at 1730Z (MWR, ship logs); 60kt SE after 17Z near 22.4N, 52.7W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It was first reported from telegraphic reports on the morning of the 18th, about 900 miles east of Puerto Rico. It moved westward until the 18th," Aug 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 59W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 25N, 59W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 70kt SW with 1009mb at 12Z at 24.4N, 55.8W (COA); 70kt NE with 997mb at 28.5N, 60.5W at 18Z (COA); 70 kt N with 940 mb at 21Z at 28.3N, 60.2W (ship logs). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 20: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 29N, 64.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt at 28.9N, 63.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 70kt ESE with 985mb at 28.5N, 60.5W at 6UTC (COA); 70kt SE with 998mb at 28.5N, 58.5W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 21: HWM shows a strong low of at most 995mb near 30.5N, 68.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane of 90kt at 31.2N, 65.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 32.6N, 62.6W (COA); 997 mb with south wind at 17Z at 32.7N, 71.8W (MWR); 40kt NW around 17Z near 32.7N, 71.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 45 kt SE with 1004mb at Bermuda at 12UTC (HWM); 55kt E at Bermuda (MWR). "...then followed a course northwest by north until the 21st, when it was central about 150 miles southwest of Bermuda, a maximum wind velocity of 64miles from the east being reported at St. Georges. ... Then the disturbance was about 150 miles southwest of Bermuda on the morning of the 21st, storm warnings were ordered between Cape Hatteras and Boston with the information that the tropical disturbance was of great intensity." Aug 22: HWM shows a strong low of at most 995mb near 31N, 72W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane of 105kt at 33.1N, 71.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt NE with 991mb at 34.5N, 73.5W at 18Z (COA); 50 kt WNW with 992 mb at 21Z at 32.4N, 74.6W (MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt NE at 23Z at Cape Hatteras (NCDC). "During the next 24 hours [from the 21-22] it bore more to the westward, with somewhat decreased speed and then turned to the northwest, passing nearly over but slightly to the east of Cape Hatteras, with lowest barometer 28.67 inches and maximum wind velocity 64mph from the northeast. On the morning of the 22d, these storm warnings were continued with the following information: tropical disturbance attended by fresh to strong gales, central about 350 miles southwest of Bermuda and same distance southeast of Cape Hatteras, direction of movement uncertain but probably will remain nearly stationary for the next 12 hours. Strong northeast winds probably reading gale force off the coast. On the evening of the 22d, the following bulletin was issued: Atlantic coast disturbances central about 150 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, moving slightly north of west. Center will cross southern coast of North Carolina early Wednesday forenoon, preceded by dangerous shifting gales tonight between Virginia Capes and Southport, NC." Aug 23: HWM shows a strong low of at most 985mb near 36N, 76.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds with 971mb at 36N, 75.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 70kt variable with 967mb at 36.0N, 73.3W at 8Z (MWR); 35 kt E with 966 mb at 08Z at 35.5N, 75.0W (COBB). Station highlights: 66 kt N-NE (max w/1-min) at Cape Hatteras around ~2Z (OMR); 40 kt W with 971mb (min p) at Cape Hatteras at 9Z (OMR); 71kt NE (max w) at Cape Henry, VA (36.9N, 76.0W) (Virginia Hurricanes); center fix at 1420Z with 971mb eye measured at Norfolk (NOR); 66 kt E (max w/1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ around ~1730Z (OMR); 971 mb (min p) at Quantico, VA. "On the morning of the 23d the center was a few miles south of Norfolk, VA, where the pressure was 28.84 inches. It passed over Norfolk with lowest pressure 28.68 inches at 9:20am and a maximum wind velocity of 56 miles, while Cape Henry had a maximum wind velocity of 68mph. The center was near Washington DC that evening with a pressure of 28.94inches. It moved northward to central Pennsylvania with decreasing intensity and then turned northeastward down the St. Lawrence Valley with further decrease in intensity." Aug 24: HWM shows the low of at most 1000mb inland near 41.5N, 77W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 42.4N, 76.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1005mb at 37.8N, 73.0W at 0Z (COA); 20kt S with 991mb at 41.7N, 73.9W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 12kt S with 980mb (min p) at Washington D.C. at 1Z (WASH); 47kt SE at Atlantic City at 4Z (ATL); 35 kt S with 996 mb (min p) at Philadelphia at 07Z (PHIL). Aug 25: HWM shows the low of at most 1000mb near 44.5N, 74W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 45.2N, 75.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with 1001mb at 42.5N, 70.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt WSW with 1014mb at 40.3N, 60.5W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt SW with 1007 mb at 22Z at 40.2N, 61.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 15kt NNE with 998mb at Montreal at 12Z (HWM); 25 kt W with 1002 mb at 12Z at New York City (HWM). Aug 26: HWM shows a cyclonic perturbation along a frontal boundary near 44N, 66.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a wave with 20kt winds at 48.2N, 68.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1002 mb with SE wind at 12Z at Yarmouth (HWM). Aug 27: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1010mb near 44.5N, 62W at 12UTC. HURDAT does not list the system anymore. Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1009mb at 48.3N, 56.5W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 28: HWM shows a cyclonic flow with no distinct low pressure center generally south of Cape Race. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally begins this cyclone on 17 August at 06Z at 17.5N, 48.0W as a 50 kt tropical storm. A data search was conducted between that location and the African coast between 13-16 August. The data indicates that the cyclone began close to Africa, and based on the observations, the cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression on 13 August at 12Z at 12.3N, 21.5W. Genesis is now shown 90 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally - a major change. On the 13th, a closed circulation was found. On the 14th, winds as high as 30 kt and pressures as low as 1003 mb were observed. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 41 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 14th. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 13th (84 hours earlier than originally - a major change). On the 15th and 16th, there were no gales or low pressures observed, but on the 18th at 1730Z, a ship (Tuna or Tana) recorded a central pressure of 947.5 mb near 23.0N, 54.5W. (A detailed ship log from this ship is available in the 1933 binder.) A central pressure of 948 mb yields a wind speed of 113 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 115 kt for its intensifying subset. A 115 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on 18 August (up from 75 kt originally- a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane strength by 18Z on 16 August (24 hours earlier than originally - a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a major hurricane by 06Z on the 18th (four days earlier than originally - a major change). On the 19th at 21Z, a ship recorded a 940 mb peripheral pressure with simultaneous hurricane force winds at 28.3N, 60.2W, indicating that the hurricane was continuing to deepen from the day before. A peripheral pressure of 940 mb yields winds of greater than 115 and 120 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and its intensifying subset. A peak intensity of 120 kt is analyzed from 06Z on 19 August through 00Z on 20 August (an increase in the winds above the original HURDAT by 35-40 kt). A gradual decrease in intensity is shown over the next couple of days because the cyclone moved north of 25N and because there is no information that the cyclone continued to intensify. By 22 August, the 105 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged and the position is moved a few tenths of a degree southward to 32.8N, 71.1W. The center of the hurricane made landfall on the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina at 10Z on 23 August at 35.8N, 75.6W. There were several steps involved with determining the intensity at landfall. Observations suggest that the central pressure may have been about 962 mb around 09Z (one hour prior to landfall). A ship near the center recorded a 966 mb pressure with 35 kt E winds at 08Z, and at 09Z, a ship recorded 970 mb with simultaneous hurricane force. A landfall central pressure of 963 mb is analyzed (at the 10Z landfall) based on observations before, around, and after that time as well as taking into account the recommendations of Ho et al. A 966 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z because the cyclone had filled slightly by 12Z. A central pressure of 963 mb yields 92, 87, and 88 kt according to the north of 25N, north of 25N and weakening, and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. A value of about 88 kt should be chosen from that since the system was likely weakening slightly and was at 35.8N. The RMW was about 40 nmi and this is about 50% larger than the 27 nmi climatological RMW. The OCI and ROCI were 1008 mb and 300 nmi respectively, and the forward speed of the cyclone was about 13 kt. Given all of these factors, 80 kt is chosen for the intensity at the first landfall. However, an 85 kt intensity is chosen for the point before landfall at 06Z on the 23rd (up from 70 kt originally). Although the hurricane weakened from a Category 2 to a Category 1 just prior to landfall, the strongest winds on the north and east side remained offshore while it was still a Category 2, the highest impact analyzed for the United States is a Category 1 impact. Previously, HURDAT showed a Category 2 impact for North Carolina and Virginia, but these are both revised downward to a Category 1. After passing through the waters in between the barrier islands and the mainland, the final landfall occurred at 12Z on the 23rd (three hours after the first landfall), and a 75 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z (up from 60 kt originally). The highest observed winds from coastal stations were: 66 kt (1-min) (64 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at Cape Hatteras, NC at ~02Z on the 23rd; 61 kt (1-min) (53 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at Norfolk, VA at ~11Z; 71 kt (same value after converting to 10m 1-min) at Cape Henry, VA; and 66 kt (1-min) (58 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ at ~1730Z. The height of the anemometer at Atlantic City was 52m, so after converting to a 10m, 1-min wind, the max wind at Atlantic City was 58 kt. Although observations of Category 1 hurricane wind speeds were only measured on North Carolina and Virginia, a Category 1 impact is analyzed for Maryland in addition to North Carolina and Virginia. This is because the right front RMW was likely over eastern Maryland while the system was still a hurricane, and when Atlantic City, NJ recorded its peak winds of 58 kt, that station was well outside the RMW whereas Maryland was closer to the system and likely experienced 65 kt winds. There is a slight chance that hurricane force winds were experienced in Delaware, and New Jersey as well. Norfolk, VA briefly experienced the right edge of the eye and recorded its minimum pressure of 971 mb at 1420Z (the data indicates that the central pressure was about 969 mb at 1420Z). Quantico, VA (38.5N, 77.3W) was the last station to record a pressure as low as 971 mb. This had to have been recorded sometime around ~2130Z, and was, in all likelihood, a central pressure. All data strongly indicates that the 18Z position on the 23rd needs to be moved north or north-northwest of the previous HURDAT position by at least a couple tenths of a degree. A central pressure of 971 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 23rd. The cyclone passed just southwest and west of Washington, D.C. on the 24th around 00Z-01Z where a 980 mb minimum pressure was recorded. A central pressure of 978 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 24th. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model (run from 12Z on the 23rd with a 75 kt intensity) yield 52 kt for 18Z on the 23rd, and 43 and 30 kt, respectively, for 00 and 06Z on the 24th. Highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic times are 58 kt at 18Z on the 23rd, 47 kt at 00Z on the 24th, and 47 kt at 06Z on the 24th. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 65 kt at 18Z on the 23rd (up from 50 kt originally), 55 kt for 00Z on the 24th (up from 45 kt originally) and 45 kt for 06Z on the 24th (no change). The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 24th (12 hours later than originally). At 12Z on the 24th, the cyclone was centered between Binghamton and Syracuse, NY, and the strongest wind observed around 12Z was 30 kt. A 35 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z (down from 40 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 24th (12 hours earlier than originally). When the cyclone reached the Canadian border near the NY/VT border around 12Z on the 25th, it turned eastward. After passing due eastward through the state of Maine, the cyclone reached the Atlantic just after 06Z on the 26th. The data indicates that the cyclone became extratropical around 18Z on 25 August after having been a tropical depression for the previous 24 hr. The revised track shows the cyclone continuing due eastward on the 26th whereas the original track diverges on this day, showing a northeastward motion. Major southward track changes are implemented on the 26th from 06Z-18Z. HURDAT originally showed a final position at 18Z on the 26th at 50.0N, 65.7W as a 20 kt tropical depression, but observations indicate that the cyclone contained a closed circulation through 12Z on 28 August, so the track is extended for 42 hours as an extratropical cyclone. The revised final position - at 12Z on 28 August - is at 44.5N, 52.5W as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 7 - 2012 Revision 26485 08/12/1933 M= 9 6 SNBR= 586 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 26485 08/14/1933 M= 8 7 SNBR= 586 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * * The 12th-13th are removed from HURDAT 26490 08/12* 0 0 0 0*120 598 35 0*129 619 35 0*133 631 35 0 26495 08/13*137 641 35 0*140 650 40 0*142 658 40 0*143 667 40 0 26500 08/14*144 676 40 0*144 686 45 0*144 697 45 0*145 706 45 0 26500 08/14*142 653 30 0*144 667 30 0*146 680 30 0*148 694 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26505 08/15*148 715 50 0*151 726 50 0*155 737 50 0*159 748 50 0 26505 08/15*151 708 35 0*153 722 35 0*156 736 35 0*161 749 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26510 08/16*164 760 50 0*169 772 45 0*174 783 45 0*179 793 45 0 26510 08/16*166 762 35 0*169 774 35 0*172 785 35 0*179 797 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26515 08/17*185 802 40 0*194 813 40 0*203 823 40 0*210 828 40 0 26515 08/17*190 808 35 0*202 821 35 0*214 831 35 0*220 837 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26520 08/18*216 832 35 0*225 836 35 0*234 839 40 0*240 841 40 0 26520 08/18*224 840 30 0*227 843 35 0*230 845 40 0*235 845 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26525 08/19*245 841 40 0*252 841 40 0*260 841 40 0*272 841 40 0 26525 08/19*240 845 35 0*245 845 30 0*250 845 30 0*255 844 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26530 08/20*283 841 40 0*289 841 40 0*294 840 40 0*320 839 35 0 26530 08/20*260 843 25 0*265 842 25 0*270 840 25 0*272 839 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** The 21st is new to HURDAT 26532 08/21*273 838 25 0*273 837 25 0*273 835 25 0* 0 0 0 0 26535 TS Major track changes and minor intensity alterations are recommended for this tropical storm. A major change is made to the genesis time with a two day delay in the system's formation. Another major change is to remove this system as a landfalling tropical storm in the United States, as the observations instead indicate dissipation over the Gulf of Mexico. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Perez et al. Aug 5: HWM indicates a broad low pressure centered near 14N, 21W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 6: HWM loses the system until the 16th. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 7: There is no information until the 11th. Aug 11: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 10 kt WNW with 1013 mb at 12Z at 9.1N, 51.6W (COA, HWM). Aug 12: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.9N, 61.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 13: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 14.2N, 65.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 14: HRUDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 14.4N, 69.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 15: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 15.5N, 73.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE with 1007 mb at 22Z at 17.0N, 75.5W (MWR); 30 kt around ~22Z near ~17.0n, 75.5W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 18N, 80W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 17.4N, 78.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt S at 21.6N, 74.1W at 12UTC. Aug 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 21N, 84W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.3N, 82.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 23N, 85W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 23.4N, 83.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with 1011mb at 23.5N, 81.5W at 9UTC. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 23N, 85W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.0N, 84.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 20: HWM loses the system. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 29.4N, 84.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 21: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. This tropical cyclone likely originated from a tropical wave, which was evident just off the African coast on 5 August. A few observations each day allow for the wave to be tracked on its westward course through the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT originally started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm on 12 August at 06Z at 12.0N, 59.8W. On 11 August, a west wind was observed near 9N, 52W and although the system might have been a tropical depression by that day near 11.0N, 52.0W, observations from Grenada at 22Z on the 12th and 13Z on the 13th indicate the circulation was not closed. There were no west winds observed from the 12th through the 14th; however, there were no ships south of the center after the system moved west of the Lesser Antilles. Therefore, genesis is delayed until 00Z on the 14th once the system moved west of the islands. This new genesis time is a major change to HURDAT - 42 hours later than originally. The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression on the 14th (down from 40-45 kt originally). A west wind occurred close to the center sometime between the 15th at 22Z - the 16th at 04Z near 17N, 75.5W. This ship recorded a minimum pressure of 1007 mb and maximum winds of 30 kt along with a wind shift from SE to W, as shown in the chart of ship gales in the August, 1933 MWR. Based on the information from this ship, a 35 kt tropical storm is analyzed at 00Z on the 16th (down from 50 kt originally). The depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 15th at 15.1N, 70.8W. A (first) peak intensity of 35 kt is analyzed from 00Z on the 15th until Cuban landfall, which occurred at 20Z on 17 August at 22.2N, 83.8W. (HURDAT's original peak intensity was 50 kt from 00Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 16th). From genesis until Cuban landfall, a major eastward track change was made at 00Z on the 14th. The rest of the track changes until the Cuban landfall are minor. The cyclone was over Cuba from 20Z on the 17th through 04Z on the 18th during which time it weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression. After oceanfall in the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone is analyzed to have restrengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm for 12 hours before weakening. It is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression while over water on the 19th at 06Z at 24.5N, 84.5W. On the 20th, the original HURDAT track has the cyclone accelerating northward, but a very slow movement toward the northeast is analyzed instead so that major southward position adjustments are implemented on the 20th. HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on 20 August over Georgia at 32.0N, 83.9W as a 35 kt tropical storm, but the weak, closed circulation was still present for another 18 hours over the Gulf of Mexico and dissipation is delayed accordingly. The new final position is at 12Z on 21 August at 27.3N, 83.5W as a 25 kt tropical depression before it degenerated into a open trough and dissipated. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 8 (originally Storm 11) - 2012 Revision 26720 08/28/1933 M= 9 11 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 26720 08/22/1933 M=15 8 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** ** The 22th - 27th are new to HURDAT 26722 08/22* 0 0 0 0*126 249 25 0*127 260 25 0*128 271 25 0 26722 08/23*129 282 25 0*130 293 25 0*131 304 25 0*132 315 25 0 26723 08/24*134 325 30 0*136 335 30 0*138 346 30 0*140 358 30 0 26723 08/25*143 371 30 0*145 384 30 0*147 397 30 0*149 410 30 0 26724 08/26*151 423 35 0*153 436 35 0*156 449 35 0*158 462 40 0 26724 08/27*161 475 40 0*164 488 40 0*167 501 45 0*170 516 45 0 26725 08/28* 0 0 0 0*184 524 35 0*184 553 35 0*185 571 35 0 25725 08/28*173 531 50 0*177 547 55 0*181 563 60 0*185 579 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26730 08/29*187 592 35 0*189 613 40 0*192 634 45 0*199 649 50 0 26730 08/29*188 595 70 0*191 611 75 0*195 627 80 0*200 644 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26735 08/30*207 662 50 0*213 680 55 0*217 696 60 0*219 705 65 0 26735 08/30*206 661 100 0*212 678 110 0*217 695 120 0*219 709 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26740 08/31*221 713 70 0*223 723 70 0*224 735 75 0*226 754 75 0 26740 08/31*222 721 140 0*224 732 140 0*225 743 135 0*226 757 125 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26745 09/01*228 773 80 0*231 789 80 0*235 804 85 0*238 819 90 0 26745 09/01*228 773 115 0*230 789 110 0*231 804 105 954*233 819 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26750 09/02*240 832 90 0*242 843 95 0*244 854 100 0*246 864 100 0 26750 09/02*235 831 100 0*237 841 100 0*242 851 110 0*246 861 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26755 09/03*248 875 105 0*250 887 105 0*253 899 110 0*256 912 110 0 26755 09/03*249 872 120 0*251 886 120 0*253 899 120 0*256 912 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26760 09/04*259 924 110 0*260 937 110 0*261 949 105 0*262 958 95 0 26760 09/04*259 924 115 0*260 937 115 0*261 949 110 0*262 958 110 0 *** *** *** *** 26765 09/05*262 966 85 0*261 975 80 0*259 984 60 0*257 993 35 0 26765 09/05*262 966 110 0*261 975 90 0*259 984 60 0*257 993 35 0 *** ** 26770 HRATX3 U.S. Landfall: 9/5/1933 - 04Z - 26.1N, 97.2W - 110 kt - 940 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1010 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI Major track changes and major intensity changes are implemented for this hurricane that struck Cuba and then southern Texas. Major changes are also made to the genesis of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Texas Monthly Climatological Data, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, Perez, Ho et al., Jarrell et al., and Schwerdt. Aug 20-26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on these days. HURDAT does not yet this a system on these days. No gales or low pressures. Aug 27: HWM shows a very stretched low pressure east of suspected area not associated with this particular storm. HURDAT starts this storm the next day. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with 1013mb at 18.6N, 48.6W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 28: HWM shows a spot low centered near 17N, 57W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.4N, 55.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "This disturbance first appeared the evening of the 28th, a short distance northeast of the Windward Islands." Aug 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 63.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.2N, 63.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt ENE at 20.5N, 62.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. By the morning of the 29th, ship reports showed that it was attended by gales and moving west or west-northwest. " Aug 30: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 70W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 21.7N, 69.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt SW with 991mb at 21.6N, 71.2W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: 996mb at Grand Turk at 20z and then a wind max of 49kt SW after 20Z (MWR). "It continued to move west by north, passing slightly north of Turks Islands with lowest barometric pressure at Grand Turk of 29.41 inches at 3pm, of the 30th, and maximum wind of 56 miles from the southwest." Aug 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 22.4N, 73.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW with 930mb (min p) at 22.2N, 72.5W at 0130Z (MWR); 35kt SW near 21.2N, 75.4W after 12Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "By the [morning of the 31st] its center was a short distance southwest of Crooked Island, Bahamas," Sept 1: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 22N, 80W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 23.5N, 80.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt NE with 996mb at 24.3N, 82.7W at 23Z (MWR); 50kt W with 984mb at 23.1N, 82.3W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: center fixes/calm (with min pressure of 959 mb) at Isabela de Sagua (22.9N, 80.1W), Cardenas around 1530Z (23.0N, 81.2W), and Matanzas (23.0N, 81.6W) (Perez); 979mb at Havana at 19Z with the wind max of 82kt S after 19Z (MWR). "[By the morning of the 1st it was] near Sagua la Grande on the north coast of Cuba, attended by winds of hurricane force. During the late afternoon of September 1, the barometer at Habana read 28.92 inches as the storm center passed a short distance north of the city. The highest wind velocity at Habana was 94mph from the south, while at Key West, FL, the maximum was 42mph from the east. Little damage was done at Key West, but, according to press reports there was considerable loss of life along the north coast of Cuba and probably also some distance inland. Sept 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 85W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 24.4N, 85.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt NE with 948mb at 25.0N, 86.0W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 90W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 110kt winds at 25.3N, 89.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with 1005mb at 26.5N, 88.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt N with 994mb at 26.3N, 93.4W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 95W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 105kt at 26.1N, 94.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt W with 989mb at 25.5N, 93.0W at 1Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15 kt NNW with 1005 mb at 12Z at Brownsville, TX (HWM). "Moving west-northwest across the Gulf of Mexico, the storm center reached the ninety-fifth meridian, approximately 150 miles east of Brownsville, TX, the morning of September 4, and passed inland just north of Brownsville the following night." Sept 5: HWM shows a closed low just after it made landfall on the US-Mexico border near 25.5N, 98W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 25.9N, 98.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 65kt NW (64 kt after converting that 5-min 29m wind to 1-min and 10m) max w at Brownsville (MWR); 949mb at Brownsville at 0630Z (MWR); 43 kt E at Corpus Christi (MWR); 1005 mb at 01Z and 1004 mb at 13Z at Tampico (Mexico). "Brownsville reported a barometer reading of 28.02 inches at 1:30am of the 5th, and an estimated maximum wind of 80mph from the northwest earlier in the night. According to an Associated Press dispatch from Brownsville there were 22 known death and property damage running into the millions of dollars in the area from Corpus Christi to some distance south of Brownsville in extreme northeastern Mexico. However, no lives were lost in either Brownsville or Corpus Christi. The remarkable escape of Brownsville citizens was attributed to the fact that all had ample warning that tropical hurricane was approaching the city." "949 mb estimated central pressure; 97 kt equivalent 10m 1-min wind; 20 nmi RMW; 1012 mb OCI; speed 8 kt; landfall pt 26.2N, 97.1W" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "948.9 mb central pressure based on 950.6 mb at Brownsville; 20 nmi RMW; 8 kt speed; landfall pt 26.0N, 97.2W" (Ho et al. 1987); "Tropical Cyclones in Texas: 1933 Sep 4-5, Major, 40 killed, damage $12,000,000" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 949-982 mb) (Dunn and Miller). HURDAT originally started this cyclone as a 35 kt tropical storm on 28 August at 06Z at 18.4N, 52.4W. The 20th-27th was searched for data between 60W and the African coast. It appears that although west winds are observed on 20-21 August, there is not enough evidence of a tropical cyclone on those days. However, on 22 August, there appears to be enough evidence that a tropical depression had formed by that day near 12.7N, 26.0W at 12Z. The lowest pressures, which are sufficiently lower than pressures further away, are observed along with sufficiently cyclonic turning winds over a small enough area. The cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 06Z on 22 August (6 days earlier than originally - a major change) at 12.6N, 24.9W. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm on 26 August at 00Z (54 hours earlier than originally - a major change) at 15.1N, 42.3W. The first gales were recorded on the 29th as the cyclone passed slightly north of the northernmost Leeward Islands and Virgin Islands. The first hurricane force wind was recorded during the afternoon of 30 August with the cyclone approaching the vicinity of Turks Island by that time. The only major track change from the 28th-30th was made at 06Z on the 28th - a 2 and a half degree west-southwestward adjustment (that was the original HURDAT genesis time and it showed an unrealistic initial acceleration). The lowest pressure recorded during the entire lifetime of the storm of 930 mb was reported by a ship at 22.2N, 72.5W on the 31st at 0130Z simultaneously with hurricane force winds. A peripheral pressure of 930 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 130 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and greater than 132 kt for its intensifying subset. After adding 5 kt for a smaller than average storm, plus another 5 kt to account for the fact that the central pressure was likely well below 930 mb (since no calm or lull was reported), a 140 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on 31 August (up from 70 kt originally - a major change). This cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane strength by 18Z on 28 August (48 hours earlier than originally) and major hurricane strength at 00Z on 30 August (84 hours earlier than originally), which are both major changes. Observations from Cuba indicate that the cyclone weakened a little before making landfall in Cuba at 12Z on 1 September at 23.1N, 80.4W. Around 0930Z, a 959 mb minimum pressure was recorded at Isabela de Sagua at a distance of 0.5 times the RMW (inside the RMW- but it is unknown how much the winds decreased there inside the RMW, other than we know that there wasn't calm there). Perez calculates a central pressure of 951 mb from the 959 mb observation, but Perez also mentions that the central pressure may have been 954 mb too. The 954 mb estimate appears more reasonable, and it is added to HURDAT at 12Z on 1 September. A central pressure of 954 mb equals 107 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 104 kt for its weakening subset. A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z and 105 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 1st (up from 80 and 85 kt originally- both major changes) and landfall. Perez lists this as a 110 kt Category 3 for Cuba. HURDAT originally showed this hurricane moving westward through the Florida Straits without making a direct landfall in Cuba. However, personal accounts and observations indicate that the calm center was experienced at several points along the north Cuban coast, and the damage was widespread and extensive. This hurricane is listed as the 115th deadliest cyclone in the history of the western hemisphere with 179 deaths - mostly on the north Cuban coast. At 12Z on the 1st of September, the track is adjusted southward by 0.4 degrees latitude (30 nmi) to show that the center passed directly over Varadero and Cardenas (between 12Z-18Z). The left edge of the calm center passed over Matanzas around 16Z-17Z. After that, the cyclone moved slightly north of due west. By the time the cyclone reached the longitude of Havana (the afternoon of the 1st), the center is analyzed to be about 14 nmi north (offshore) of Havana, where a minimum pressure of 979 mb and maximum winds of 82 kt were recorded. Havana did not experience a lull. Runs of the Schloemer equation indicates that the central pressure of the hurricane was likely in the range of 955-962 mb at 19Z on the 1st. If a 962 (955) mb central pressure is assumed, this yields 99 (106) kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 105 kt intensity at 12Z on the 1st is brought down to 100 kt at 18Z (up from 90 kt originally). After interacting with Cuba, the cyclone continued moving west-northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico. At 19Z on 2 September, a ship recorded a pressure of 948 mb with simultaneous hurricane force winds at 25N, 86W. A peripheral pressure of 948 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 113 and 107 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. A 120 kt intensity is chosen from 18Z on the 2nd through 12Z on the 3rd. The hurricane made landfall near South Padre Island, TX at 04Z on 5 September. Brownsville recorded a minimum pressure of 949 mb at 0630Z after recording a maximum wind of 65 kt from the NW according to the Monthly Weather Review. However, the Texas Monthly Climatological Data Summary stated that the 949 mb was recorded simultaneously with the maximum wind of 70 kt NW. Ho et al., Schwerdt, and Jarrell et al. all list a central pressure of 949 mb for landfall, but 949 mb was measured inland at Brownsville 2.5 hr after landfall. If the 949 mb at Brownsville was indeed recorded with simultaneous 70 kt winds, it would suggest a central pressure at the time of well below 949 mb - possibly around 941 mb. If that value is subtracted back to the coastline, it could suggest a landfall central pressure of 937 mb. A run of the Schloemer equation using 20 nmi for the RMW and a 10 nmi distance between the 949 mb ob and the center of the hurricane yields a central pressure of 939 mb, and when extrapolated back to the coast, that yields a central pressure of about 935 mb. It is estimated that the landfall central pressure was approximately 940 mb. A 20 nmi RMW is chosen based on the Ho's analysis (slightly larger than the 16 nmi climatological RMW) and the forward speed of the storm was 8 kt. A 940 mb central pressure equals 115 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, but 110 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity because of the large RMW and slow speed, retaining the hurricane as a Category 3 for south Texas. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model to obtain intensities after landfall yield 88, 61, and 44 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z on the 5th, and 33 kt for 00Z on 6 September. Highest measured winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 65 kt at 06Z and 30 kt at 12Z on the 5th. Revised intensities in HURDAT are: 90, 60, and 35 kt at 06, 12, and 18Z on the 5th, respectively (up from 80 kt originally at 06Z and no change at 12 and 18Z). No changes are made to the dissipation of the cyclone which is shown after 18Z on the 5th at 25.7N, 99.3W. It should be noted that it remains uncertain how close the center was to Brownsville. If the center made landfall farther north than currently shown and the RMW was smaller, then it is possible that this hurricane was a category 4 at landfall with category 4 conditions north of Brownsville on Padre Island. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 9 - 2012 Revision 26640 08/24/1933 M= 8 9 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26640 08/23/1933 M= 9 9 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * The 23rd is new to HURDAT. 26642 08/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*212 635 25 0*212 639 25 0 26645 08/24* 0 0 0 0*200 595 35 0*216 615 35 0*223 625 35 0 26645 08/24*213 643 25 0*215 648 30 0*220 653 30 0*227 659 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26650 08/25*230 633 35 0*237 642 35 0*243 650 35 0*249 657 35 0 26650 08/25*234 665 30 0*241 671 30 0*248 677 35 0*255 680 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 26655 08/26*255 664 35 0*261 671 35 0*268 678 35 0*274 684 40 0 26655 08/26*262 683 35 0*269 686 35 0*275 688 35 0*282 691 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26660 08/27*282 690 40 0*292 695 40 0*302 698 40 0*312 695 40 0 26660 08/27*288 693 35 0*293 695 35 0*300 698 35 0*307 695 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26665 08/28*322 688 45 0*330 681 45 0*338 672 45 0*354 657 45 0 26665 08/28*314 688 40 0*322 681 45 0*332 672 50 0*344 658 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26670 08/29*371 640 45 0*383 627 40 0*395 614 40 0*410 595 35 0 26670 08/29*357 643 55 0*371 629 50 0*385 614 50 0*402 595 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26675 08/30*426 571 35 0*440 542 35 0E452 513 35 0E461 487 35 0 26675 08/30*420 571 50 0E437 542 50 0E452 513 45 0E461 488 40 0 *** ** **** ** ** *** ** 26680 08/31E468 460 35 0E473 430 35 0E478 400 35 0E490 370 35 0 26680 08/31E468 463 35 0E473 438 35 0E478 410 35 0E486 378 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** 26685 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this tropical storm. A major change is made to the timing of when this cyclone became a tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series and the COADS ships database. Aug 24: HWM does not show a system for today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 61.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight intensity first appeared on the 24th, central about 340 miles north by east of Antigua. Aug 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.3N, 65.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 26: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 28N, 69.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 26.8N, 67.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 27: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 30N, 71W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt at 30.2N, 69.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It moved northwestward during the following two days, then recurved to the northward and passed about 160 miles west of Bermuda during the night of the 27th." Aug 28: HWM shows a closed low of around 1015mb near 31.5N, 67W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 33.8N, 67.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt S around ~1620Z at 34.3N, 66.3W; 999 mb (possible central pressure) around ~1620Z at 34.3N, 66.3W. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 29: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 40N, 62.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 39.5N, 61.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt S with 1001mb at 39.7N, 59.1W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 30: HWM shows an extratropical storm with 1005mb near 43.5N, 53W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 45.2N, 51.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt S at 43.5N, 50.5W at 7Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 30th it was central about 250 miles south of Cape Race, Newfoundland, moving northeastward." Aug 31: HWM shows an extratropical storm of at most 1005mb near 47.5N, 42.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 47.8N, 40.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 20kt SW with 1000mb at 46.5N, 42.2W at 12Z (COA). Observations from HWM and COADS suggest that this system may have formed from a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast around 16 August. On the 19th, the wave axis extended from approximately 18N, 37W to 4N, 44W. HURDAT began this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 24 August at 20.0N, 59.5W. Available observations indicate that a closed circulation existed by the 23th, and the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12Z on 23 August at 21.2N, 63.5W. The position at 06Z on the 24th is moved 5 degrees WNW of the original HURDAT - a major change - and the cyclone is analyzed as a 30 kt tropical depression instead of a tropical storm. The cyclone moved north-northwestward from the 24th-27th, and it recurved near 30N, 70W on the 27th. Major west-northwestward track changes are implemented on the 24th and 25th, and these changes are minor on the 26th. On the 27th, track changes are within half a degree of the previous HURDAT positions. All track changes for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime are minor. The highest observed wind on the 24th was 20 kt (although there were not many observations near the center). On the 25th, 25 kt was the highest wind observation, but there were no observations within 150 nmi of the center on this day. On the 26th, there were at least a few ships that traveled within 100 nmi of the center or closer, and the highest observed wind on that day was 30 kt (this ob was 50 nmi from the analyzed center). The lowest observed pressure on the 26th was 1008 mb. At 2030Z on the 26th, a ship recorded 30 kt SW with 1008 mb at 28.5N, 69.3W The depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 12Z on the 25th (30 hours later than shown in HURDAT originally - a major change). Although the highest observed wind by the 25th was only 25 kt, there is not enough evidence to lower the original HURDAT intensity due to lack of data. After recurvature, the cyclone moved northeastward from 27-31 August. Although the highest observed wind on the 27th was only 25 kt even though there were 2 observations within 50 nmi of the analyzed center, on the 28th, a ship recorded a pressure of 999 mb and also observed maximum winds of 50 kt (uncertain whether the 50 kt was simultaneous with the 999 mb). A 999 mb pressure yields at least 45 and 50 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 28th (up from 45 kt originally) and a peak lifetime intensity of 55 kt is chosen from 18Z on the 28th - 00Z on the 29th. This is an increase from the 45 kt peak shown in HURDAT originally on the 28th and 29th. The 35 kt intensity analyzed beginning on the 25th at 12Z is maintained through 18Z on the 27th (down from 40 kt originally in HURDAT from 18Z on the 26th - 18Z on the 27th). The analyzed intensity is then increased more quickly from 35 kt at 18Z on the 27th to 55 kt at 18Z on the 28th (up from 45 kt originally). On the 29th and 30th, there are a handful of gales including a couple of 45 kt observations (one with a pressure of 1001 mb). A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 47 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed again from 06Z on the 29th through 06Z on the 30th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 30th (six hours earlier than originally). On the 30th and 31st, the cyclone accelerated northeastward, and no change is made to the timing of dissipation (18Z on the 31st as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone). The final position at 18Z on the 31st is 48.6N, 37.8W. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 10 - 2012 Revision 26690 08/26/1933 M= 4 10 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26690 08/26/1933 M= 5 10 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 26695 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*186 938 35 0 26695 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*189 923 25 0 *** *** ** 26700 08/27*189 939 35 0*194 941 35 0*200 942 35 0*205 944 35 0 26700 08/27*192 925 25 0*196 928 25 0*200 930 25 0*204 933 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26705 08/28*208 946 35 0*211 948 35 0*214 949 35 0*219 954 35 0 26705 08/28*208 935 30 0*211 937 30 0*214 940 30 0*217 948 35 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** 26710 08/29*222 961 35 0*222 967 35 0*220 974 35 0*205 983 30 0 26710 08/29*220 957 35 0*220 966 35 0*220 974 35 0*219 983 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** The 20th is new to HURDAT 26712 08/30*215 992 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26715 TS Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall near Tampico, Mexico. Major changes are made to both the timing of genesis and to the timing of when the cyclone became a tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, and the COADS ships database. Aug 24: HWM does not indicate a system on this date. HURDAT's first position was at 18Z on the 26th. No gales or low pressures. Aug 25: HWM does not indicate a system on this date. HURDAT's first position was at 18Z on the 26th. No gales or low pressures. Aug 26: HWM does not show a system for today. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.6N, 93.8W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight intensity developed in a region of unsettled weather over Mexico near Frontera during the 26th and 27th." Aug 27: HWM does not indicate a low. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20N, 94.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 28: HWM does not indicate a low. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.4N, 94.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "From vessel reports subsequently received, it apparently moved northwestward to the vicinity of Tampico by the 28th attended by heavy rains at Mexican coast station but without strong winds. By the evening of the 28th, available vessel observations over the northwestern Gulf showed that the wind velocities had increased to 22mph and shifted from northeast to east to southeast." Aug 29: HWM shows a small low of at most 1005mb right off the coast at 22N, 97W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.0N, 97.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt N with 1003mb at Tampico at 12Z (HWM). "Consequently, on the morning of the 29th, with the uncertainty regarding the advance of the center northward, storm warning were ordered from Port Arthur to Corpus Christi, as follows: tropical disturbance of slight intensity about 125 miles southeast of Corpus Christi apparently moving northward; will cause fresh to strong northeast winds over very small area around center. Special observations received during the afternoon of the 29th showed rather definitely that center was south of Brownsville and at 9pm storm warnings were ordered down." Aug 30: HWM dissipates the system. HURDAT loses the system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. This cyclone may have possibly been the same system that was a tropical depression (originally storm #7) from 14-20 August moving westward across the Caribbean Sea. On the 24th and 25th, a broad circulation was present over Central America, roughly centered near 16N 88W on the 24th and 17N 90W on the 25th. On the 26th, the system reached the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and is analyzed to have become a tropical depression on 26 August at 18Z (no change) at 18.9N, 92.3W. The cyclone moved northwestward and then turned toward the west late on the 28th. It made landfall just south of Tampico, Mexico (22.0N, 97.7W) around 14Z on the 29th. Although there were no recorded gales available in association with this system, Tampico recorded a pressure of 1003 mb and a ship reported a 1005 mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 41 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm less than a day prior to landfall - at 18Z on the 28th (two days later than originally - a major change). The peak intensity (and landfall intensity) of 35 kt previously listed in HURDAT is not changed due to the broad structure of the system and to the fact that no gales were observed for the entire lifetime of the system. The position at 18Z on the 29th is adjusted 1.4 degrees to the north because the original HURDAT unrealistically shows a southward acceleration. This system is maintained as a tropical depression through 00Z on the 30th (dissipation is shown six hours later than in HURDAT originally). There is a chance that this system never attained tropical storm intensity at any point and was only a tropical depression. On the 29th at 12Z, there are no observations anywhere remotely near the center of the cyclone on the right (north side). The only available observation from Tampico was 2 hours before closest approach. Between 12-14Z on the 29th, there is a huge void area between 22.2-23.5N, and from 96W to the Mexican coast that may have contained 35 kt winds. But there are no available observations from this region. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to lower the 35 kt peak intensity in HURDAT. Also, observations indicate that the central pressure around the time of landfall was 1002 mb, and environmental pressures were about 1008-1009 mb, which easily supports a 35 kt intensity. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 11 (originally Storm 12) - 2012 Revision 26775 08/31/1933 M= 8 12 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 26775 08/31/1933 M= 8 11 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** 26780 08/31* 0 0 0 0*192 562 45 0*195 587 70 0*195 602 80 0 26780 08/31* 0 0 0 0*181 564 55 0*185 583 60 0*189 602 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26785 09/01*196 618 90 0*197 636 95 0*198 654 100 0*208 672 105 0 26785 09/01*193 620 70 0*199 638 75 0*205 655 80 0*211 670 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26790 09/02*220 690 110 0*225 700 115 0*231 711 115 0*236 724 120 0 26790 09/02*218 682 90 0*223 694 95 0*227 707 100 0*232 722 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26795 09/03*242 738 120 0*248 754 120 0*254 770 120 0*258 780 120 0 26795 09/03*238 738 110 0*245 754 115 0*254 768 120 945*258 779 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26800 09/04*262 788 115 0*270 804 110 948*279 817 55 0*283 823 50 0 26800 09/04*263 790 110 0*270 803 110 948*277 816 65 0*283 823 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 26805 09/05*287 827 45 0*294 831 45 0*300 834 45 0*305 835 40 0 26805 09/05*288 827 55 0*294 831 55 0*300 834 50 0*305 835 50 0 *** ** ** ** ** 26810 09/06*309 835 40 0*314 834 35 0*319 833 35 0*323 832 30 0 26810 09/06*309 833 50 0*313 829 50 0*317 825 50 0*321 825 40 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26815 09/07*327 830 25 0*331 828 20 0*335 826 20 0*339 824 15 0 26815 09/07*324 825 35 0*327 825 30 0*330 825 25 0*334 825 20 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26820 HRCFL3 U.S. Landfalls: 9/4/1933 - 05Z - 26.9N, 80.1W - 110 kt - 948 mb - 15 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 175 nmi ROCI 9/5/1933 - 04Z - 29.2N, 82.9W - 55 kt Minor track adjustments and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane, which made landfall in Florida. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Barnes, Ho et al., Jarrell et al., Schwerdt, and Connor. Aug 27-30: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on these days. HURDAT does not yet list a system on these days. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aug. 31: HWM shows no signs of a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 19.5N, 58.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ESE at 18.8N, 56.3W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept. 1: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 67W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 19.8N, 65.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt with 981mb at 21.9N, 69W (around 00Z on 2nd?). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "This disturbance was central about 150 miles north of Puerto Rico the morning of the 1st. It evidently was attended by winds of hurricane force nearer its center at this time, inasmuch as the SS Gulf Wing reported a barometer reading of 28.98 inches and a wind velocity of 80mph about 150 miles east of Turks Island the evening of the 1st. Sept. 2: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1010mb near 22N, 71W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as hurricane with 115kt winds at 23.1N 71.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt W with 978mb at 04Z at 21.9N, 69.0W (MWR); 60kt E near 25.5N, 74W (around 18Z?) (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The center passed some distance north of Turks Island during the night of the 1st-2d" Sept. 3: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 77.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 120kt at 25.4N, 77.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt variable with 1005mb at 25N, 73.5W at 1Z (MWR). Station highlights: center fix at Harbour Island (25.5N, 76.6W) with 30-minute calm and 945 mb central pressure at 11Z (TAN, MWR); 109 kt at Harbour Island (Neely); 122 kt (estimated max wind) at Spanish Wells (25.5N, 76.8W) (Neely); 30kt NW with 1000mb at Nassau at 12Z (HWM). "[it passed] over Harbour Island, about 2 miles northwest of the island of a calm of 30 minutes at this place. Previously the wind had reached an estimated velocity of 140mph..." Sept. 4: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 27.5N, 82W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as tropical storm with 55kt winds at 27.9N, 81.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with 1011mb at 28.6N, 79.7W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: center fix at Jupiter, FL at 0520Z with 948mb central pressure and calm winds from 0500-0540Z (MWR); 109 kt (estimated max w) at Jupiter (MWR); 974 mb (min p) at West Palm Beach (MWR); 70 kt (estimated max w) at West Palm Beach (MWR); 36 kt SW at Miami (MWR); 41 kt SE with 1006 mb at 13Z at Titusville, FL (OMR); 40kt N at Tampa (MWR); 996 mb (min p) at Tampa (Barnes). "The storm center apparently passed directly over Jupiter Inlet, FL, where there was a lull of 40 minutes beginning near midnight of the 3d. The lowest barometer reading at Jupiter was 27.98 inches and the estimated maximum wind velocity 125mph. At West Palm Beach the lowest barometer reading was 28.77 inches with a maximum wind velocity close to 80mph. According to the official in charge at Miami, the only evidence of damage at West Palm Beach was the effect of high winds upon trees and shrubbery. However, a number of plate glass windows were broken and the damage in this respect would have been much greater except for the extensive protective measures taken. Between West Palm Beach and Jupiter, and extending northward to Fort Pierce, there was serious damage to electrical transmission lines and to telephone and telegraph wires, with many poles broken off or blown over. At Stuart there was serious damage from both wind and water. The most extensive damage in the entire storm area was at Olympia Beach, north of Jupiter Inlet, where there was widespread destruction of trees and shrubbery and serious damage to houses. The greatest loss was to the citrus crop in the Indian River section from Jupiter to Fort Pierce. In the vicinity of Stuart there are several groves that sustained 100% loss of fruit and the uprooting of trees." "This storm recurved to the north during the afternoon of the 4th when its center was near the coast north of Tampa." "Sep 4- 947.5 mb landfall central pressure based on 947.5 mb central pressure at Jupiter, 13 nmi RMW, 11 kt forward speed, landfall pt 26.9N, 80.1W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida: 1933 Sep 3-4, Major, Jupiter [948 mb], wind 125 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 949-982 mb) (Dunn and Miller). Sept 5: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 83W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 30N, 83.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 42kt SE at Savannah, GA (MWR). Sept 6: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 32N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 31.9N, 83.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt S with 1003mb at 31.4N, 80.1W at 09Z (MWR); 45 kt S with 1009 mb at 12Z at 30.2N, 80.3W (COA). Station highlights: 44kt SE at Charleston, SC (MWR); Tornado recorded at Charleston at 1230Z (MWR). Sept 7: HWM loses the system. HURDAT lists the system as a remnant wave of 20kt at 33.5N, 82.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Moving very slowly northward with diminishing intensity during the next two days it dissipated over Georgia on the 7th." HURDAT originally begins this cyclone on 31 August at 06Z at 19.2N, 56.2W as a 45 kt tropical storm. Data was obtained back to 25 August between 60W and the African coast. Although data suggests the possibility that a tropical depression may have formed around 00Z on 27 August near 13.5N, 24.5W, there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation. There isn't much data from the 28th-30th of August as the tropical wave or disturbance moved rapidly west-northwestward, but on the 31st, the first gale was observed from a ship at 18.8N, 56.3W. No changes are made to the timing of genesis of this system, and it is begun as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.1N, 56.4W at 06Z on 31 August. Genesis almost certainly occurred prior to this, but a lack of observations would make a position estimate impossible. This cyclone passed north of the Leeward and Virgin Islands, taking a similar track as Storm 11 until reaching about 70W. At this point, Storm 12 moved in a direction towards Florida instead of Cuba, like Storm 11. According to the MWR monthly table of ship gales, the ship Gulfwing recorded its maximum wind of 60 kt west at the time when its minimum pressure of 978 mb was recorded - at 04Z on 2 September at 21.9N, 69.0W. There is no information indicating that the ship experienced any sort of lull associated with the RMW, so it may have stayed outside of the RMW. The ship did experience a wind shift of greater than 180 degrees, but this may have occurred over a long period of time. A peripheral pressure of 978 mb yields a wind speed greater than 80 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A 95 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 2nd (down from 115 kt originally - a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 31st of August (6 hr later than originally). The hurricane passed over Eleuthera and Harbour Island during the morning of the 3rd. A 945 mb central pressure was recorded at Harbour Island with a 30-minute calm at 11Z on the 3rd. A central pressure of 945 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd. This value equals 116 and 110 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. It also equals 118 and 115 kt according to the intensifying subsets of those pressure-wind relationships. The storm was smaller than normal and the speed was 14-15 kt. The 120 kt intensity in HURDAT originally at 12Z on the 3rd is not changed. Winds at Harbour Island were estimated at 140 mph prior to the calm center. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a major hurricane at 12Z on 2 September (24 hours later than originally - a major change). Major downward intensity revisions of 20 kt are implemented from 00Z on 1 September to 06Z on 2 September. The peak analyzed intensity is 120 kt at 12Z on the 3rd (the original HURDAT peak intensity was 120 kt from 18Z on the 2nd to 18Z on the 3rd). The hurricane made landfall at Jupiter, FL on 4 September at 05Z where a 948 mb central pressure was recorded during the 40-minute period when the calm eye passed overhead. The 948 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 06Z on 4 September is retained. A central pressure of 948 mb equals winds of 107 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW given by Ho et al. is 13 nmi (slightly smaller than the 17 nmi climatological RMW for this situation). After taking into account the slightly small RMW combined with a slightly small ROCI of 175 nmi, a 110 kt landfall intensity is analyzed, and this is also the 06Z intensity on the 4th (no change from HURDAT originally). After making landfall in Florida, the cyclone began to recurve northward. The center was over Florida on the 4th from 05Z until it made a brief appearance over the Gulf of Mexico after 00Z on the 5th. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after the landfall at Jupiter yield 66 and 54 kt for 12 and 18Z on the 4th of September, respectively. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 41 kt at 12Z and 40 kt at 18Z. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 65 kt at 12Z (up from 55 kt originally) and 55 kt at 18Z (up from 50 kt originally). The cyclone passed northeast of Tampa late on the 4th where a maximum wind of 40 kt and a minimum pressure of 996 mb were recorded. The cyclone was over the Gulf of Mexico on the 5th from 00Z to 04Z before making its final landfall in Florida as a 55 kt tropical storm at 29.2N, 82.9W. It took more than a day and a half after this final landfall for the tropical storm to weaken below a 50 kt intensity. During this time, winds of 40-45 kt were recorded from ships as well as at Savannah and Charleston. At 12Z on the 6th, the center is analyzed at 31.7N, 82.5W as a 50 kt tropical storm (originally 31.9N, 83.3W as a 35 kt tropical storm). The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on 7 September (12 hours later than originally) at 32.7N, 82.5W. No change is made to the timing of dissipation (after 18Z on the 7th) with the final point at 33.4N, 82.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 12 (originally Storm 13) - 2012 Revision 26825 09/08/1933 M=14 13 SNBR= 593 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 26825 09/08/1933 M=15 12 SNBR= 593 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=2 ** ** * * 26830 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*159 582 35 0*165 578 35 0 26830 09/08*154 566 30 0*156 573 35 0*159 580 35 0*164 584 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 26835 09/09*171 576 40 0*176 575 45 0*180 575 50 0*185 576 55 0 26835 09/09*169 587 45 0*174 590 50 0*179 592 55 0*185 593 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26840 09/10*190 578 60 0*196 580 65 0*202 585 70 0*210 592 75 0 26840 09/10*191 594 65 0*198 595 70 0*205 597 75 0*212 601 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26845 09/11*217 598 80 0*223 605 85 0*229 610 85 0*235 616 90 0 26845 09/11*219 604 90 0*223 607 95 0*226 610 105 0*229 613 115 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 26850 09/12*240 623 95 0*244 628 95 0*248 633 95 0*255 644 95 0 26850 09/12*233 616 120 0*239 625 120 0*246 635 120 0*252 646 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26855 09/13*262 656 95 0*266 664 95 0*270 673 95 0*275 687 95 0 26855 09/13*258 657 120 0*264 667 120 0*270 678 120 0*275 690 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26860 09/14*281 701 95 0*286 711 95 0*291 721 100 0*299 732 100 0 26860 09/14*280 702 115 0*284 714 115 0*288 726 110 0*294 734 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26865 09/15*308 740 100 0*314 745 105 0*320 750 105 0*327 755 105 0 26865 09/15*302 740 110 0*311 745 105 0*320 749 105 0*328 751 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 26870 09/16*335 760 105 0*343 762 90 0*351 760 80 957*363 750 75 0 26870 09/16*336 752 105 0*344 753 95 0*352 754 90 952*361 750 85 954 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 26875 09/17*376 738 75 0*382 731 70 0*389 721 70 0*402 702 70 0 26875 09/17*370 745 80 959*379 731 80 0*389 715 75 0*399 696 75 965 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** 26880 09/18E418 677 65 0E435 652 60 0E452 628 60 0E467 611 55 0 26880 09/18*415 672 70 0*432 647 70 0E448 627 65 0E466 610 60 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26885 09/19E481 598 55 0E493 587 55 0E504 576 50 0E516 565 50 0 26885 09/19E481 599 60 0E493 589 60 0E505 580 60 965E515 570 55 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 26890 09/20E528 554 50 0E537 543 45 0E546 530 45 0E559 508 40 0 26890 09/20E523 560 55 0E531 549 50 0E538 538 50 0E548 520 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26895 09/21E572 482 40 0E582 460 40 0E592 438 40 0E602 416 40 0 26895 09/21E558 496 50 0E569 468 50 0E580 440 50 0E589 412 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** The 22nd is new to HURDAT 26897 09/22E598 384 50 0E607 356 50 0E615 330 50 0E621 312 45 0 26900 HR NC3 26900 HR NC2 VA1 *** *** U.S. Close Approach (center stayed just offshore NC Outer Banks): 9/16/1933 - 12Z - 35.2N, 75.4W - 85 kt - 952 mb - 40 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 275 nmi ROCI Notes for above line: Max analyzed wind on NC coast is 85 kt (while max storm intensity was 90 kt). Minor track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane. A major change is also made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Barnes, Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Dunn and Miller (1960). Sept. 8: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 15.9N, 58.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept. 9: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 59W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds near 18N, 57.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 10: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 60W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 20.2N, 58.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 1002 mb at 12Z at 21.2N, 60.5W (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Although conditions were disturbed over and east of the Leeward Islands from the 7th to the 9th, it was not until the 10th that a definite center could be located. This center was then about 300 miles northeast of St. Martin." Sept 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.9N, 61.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW with 1006 mb at 12Z at 20.7N, 60.9W (HWM); 45 kt N at 18Z at 23.5N, 62.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 11th it was evident that the disturbance was one of considerable intensity, and it was so stated in the advisory issued at 10am, of that date. Sept 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24N, 64.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 24.8N, 63.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt NNW with 947mb at 23.2N, 61.7W at 1Z (MWR); 40 kt WSW with 1000mb at 22.9N, 61.3W at 1Z (MWR); 50kt S after 1Z near 22.9N, 61.3W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 69W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 27N, 67.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with 1008mb at 28N, 70.2W at 12Z (HWM); 50 kt ESE with 1006 mb falling pressure at 21Z at 29.0N, 68.5W (ship reports); 50 kt NE with 978 mb at 21Z at 29.7N, 70.8W (ship reports). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 14: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28N, 73W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 29.1N, 72.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with 1003mb at 6Z at 28.9N, 69.8W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 15: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 30.5N, 75W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 105kt winds at 32.0N, 75.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt SE with 968mb at 33.5N, 74W at 13Z (MWR); 70kt SE with 979mb at 33.8N, 73.6W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt ENE with 995 mb at 21Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) at 21Z; 27 kt NNW with 998 mb (min p) at 23Z at Wilmington, NC (OMR). "This disturbance continued to move northwestward with gradual increasing intensity until the 15th, when it recurved and moved almost directly northward." Sept 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 980mb near 36N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 35.1N, 76W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt S with 986 mb at 00Z at 34.0N, 73.8W (COA); 20kt S with 956mb at 34N, 74.5W at 5Z (MWR); 70 kt ENE with 963 mb at 19Z at 36.6N, 75.0W (MWR); 70kt N with 975mb at 36.8N, 74.9W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: 66 kt NE (1-min) at 0425Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 70 kt E with 953 mb (min p) at 1020Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W); 40 kt NNE with 957 mb (min p) at 11Z at Cape Hatteras (MWR, OMR); 79 kt NW (max w/1-min) (estimated) at 1430Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 59 kt at Cape Henry, VA (MWR). "Its center passed slightly west of Cape Hatteras about 8am on the 16th, after which it moved north-northeastward for about 12 hours, and then northeastward" "The principal damage done by this storm was from a short distance south of New Bern, NC, to the Virginia Capes." "Very little damage was noted until a point a few miles southwest of New Bern was reached. Great damage was done by wind and high water in New Bern and vicinity. Water reached a height of 3 to 4 feet in some of the streets which is about 2 feet higher than the previous record which occurred in September of 1913. Along the highway from New Bern toward Beaufort at least 100 trees 10 inches or more in diameter were blown down. In Morehead City and Beaufort damage was apparently slightly less than in New Bern, but old residents in Beaufort declare the storm was the worst they had ever experienced. Loss of life was due chiefly to high water in isolated locations north of Beaufort from which escape was difficult or impossible." "957 mb central pressure; 93 kt equivalent 10m 1-min wind; 40 nmi RMW; 1017 mb OCI; speed 9 kt; landfall pt 35.0N, 76.2W" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "956.7 mb central pressure based on 956.7 mb measured at Cape Hatteras; 40 nmi RMW; 9 kt speed; landfall pt 35.1N, 76.0W" (Ho et al. 1987); "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 1933 Sep. 16, Cape Hatteras, Major, 21 killed" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 949-982 mb) (Dunn and Miller). "1933 Sep - NC, 3, 957 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). Sept 17: HWM shows a closed low of at most 975mb near 39.5N, 72W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 38.9M, 72.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt NW with 984mb at 36.7N, 74.9W at 0Z (COA); 70kt WSW with 965mb at 39.9N, 69.3W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~0530Z at Atlantic City, NJ (OMR); 44 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~1430Z at Block Island, RI (OMR); 47kt NE with 987mb at 41.3N, 70.1W at Nantucket (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in New England - 1933 Sep. 17, Cape Cod, Minor, Center remained offshore" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb) (Dunn and Miller). Sept 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 975mb near 45N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 45.2N, 62.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt WSW with 991mb at 39.5N, 68.5W at 0Z COA); 50 kt SW with 979 mb at 07Z at 42.3N, 63.8W (MWR); 5kt N with 978mb at 44.6N, 63.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt N with 978 mb at 12Z at Halifax, Nova Scotia (HWM). "It reached Nova Scotia on the morning of the 18th," (MWR). Sept 19: HWM shows an extratropical low of at most 965mb near 51N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 50kt winds at 50.4N, 57.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt S with 965mb at 50.7N, 58.6W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NW with 968 mb at 12Z at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM). Sept 20: HWM shows the low of at most 980mb near 53.5N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 45kt winds at 54.6N, 53.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25kt S with 978mb at 53.5N, 52W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 25kt NW with 984mb at Belle Isle (HWM). Sept 21: HWM shows the low of at most 990mb off the southern tip of Greenland near 60N, 44W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 59.2N, 53W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with 989mb at 55.4N, 39.7W at 11Z (COA); 35kt NW with 1004mb at 55N, 43.5W at 23Z COA). Station highlights: calm winds with 987mb at Julianehaab, Greenland (60.7N, 46.0W) at 12Z (HWM); 35kt SE with 1000mb at Vestmannaeyar, Iceland (63.4N, 20.2W) (HWM). "... [and it reached] extreme southern Iceland on the 21st," (MWR). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 61.5N, 32.5W with an occluded front extending from the low east-southeastward to a triple point at 58N, 18W from which a warm front extends south-southeastward and a cold front extends south-southwestward. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt W with 992 mb at 15Z at 58.3N, 32.6W (MWR); 50 kt W around 15Z (MWR). HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 12Z on 8 September as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 58.2W. Observations on the 7th at 12Z show the circulation nearly closed, and observations on the 8th at 12Z show that the circulation is clearly closed. The cyclone is begun at 00Z on 8 September (12 hours earlier than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.4N, 56.6W. At 08Z on the 8th a ship recorded 30 kt winds close to the center and the depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 8th (six hours earlier than originally). On the 9th and 10th the cyclone moved north-northwestward, but a track to the west of the originally track by a degree and a half is analyzed, although the center still remained well away from the islands of the Lesser Antilles. The first low pressure was observed on the 10th when a ship at 21.2N, 60.5W recorded 1002 mb with 25 kt winds. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The first gales were recorded by ships on the 11th between 20.7-23.5N, 59.8-62.5W. However, the hurricane must have rapidly intensified, because at 01Z on 12 September, a 947 mb pressure was recorded with 60 kt winds simultaneously at 23.2N, 61.7W. A peripheral pressure of 947 mb yields winds greater than 116 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. A 120 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 12th (up from 95 kt originally - a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 10th (6 hr earlier than originally) and major hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 11th (3 days earlier than originally - a major change). The hurricane moved generally northwestward and it began to approach the mid-Atlantic coast of the US on 15 September with a 12Z position of 32.0N, 74.9W. By this point, the hurricane had begun to recurve and was moving north-northwestward. Numerous ships recorded hurricane force winds and very low pressures on the 15th through the 17th. The hurricane made a very close approach to Cape Hatteras, NC and the Outer Banks on 16 September, but the center of the eye did not make landfall. This is contradictory to the commentary in MWR, which states that the center passed "just west of Cape Hatteras." At Cape Hatteras, a lull was experienced around 11Z at which time the minimum pressure of 957 mb was measured. The winds at Cape Hatteras decreased to a minimum value of 35-40 kt during the lull. Observations indicate Cape Hatteras was inside the RMW for approximately 7.9 hours on 16 September from 0638Z-1430Z. Given a forward speed of the hurricane of 8-9 kt, the RMW of the hurricane had to have been greater than 34 nmi. The highest 1-min wind recorded prior to the lull was 66 kt, and the highest 1-min wind estimated after the lull was 79 kt at Cape Hatteras (the latter was estimated because the anemometer lost one of its cups around 14Z). (If that value of 79 kt would have been measured instead of estimated, it would have yielded 75 kt after converting to a 10m 1-min wind, but since it was estimated, that conversion may be irrelevant.) The center passed near or over Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W), located perhaps 15 nmi ESE of Hatteras. Maximum winds of 105 kt were estimated at Diamond Shoals at 0730Z. The lowest pressure recorded at Diamond Shoals was 953 mb at 1020Z with simultaneous easterly winds of hurricane force. Sometime after 1020Z, the lightship at Diamond Shoals with the human observer onboard detached from its mooring, and the lightship was afloat and drifting after that time. By 12Z, the winds were westerly at 20 kt with a 955 mb pressure. After the passage of the center, the observer reported 70-80 kt winds on the backside. Since the winds at Diamond Shoals shifted from east to west, the center (or at least the area inside the RMW very close to the geometric center) had to have passed over Diamond Shoals, especially since the Cape Hatteras and Diamond Shoals observations indicate an RMW of about 37 nmi. The data indicate that the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW should not be used to determine the central pressure at 1020Z, especially since Diamond Shoals reported a minimum pressure of 953 mb. The data at 12Z indicates a central pressure of about 952 mb, instead of 946 mb, which is what would be yielded for hurricane force with a simultaneous 953 mb pressure. Given these observations, the 957 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on 16 September is replaced with a 952 mb value. This central pressure of 952 mb is consistent with the 957 mb minimum pressure at Cape Hatteras observed with simultaneous 35 kt NNE winds inside the RMW. September 16th at 12Z is also the analyzed time of closest approach of the center of the hurricane to the U.S. coast. A 952 mb central pressure equals 103, 99, and 96 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N, north of 25N and weakening, and the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The RMW from both Ho et al. and Schwerdt et al. is 40 nmi, which is much larger than the climatological value of 25 nmi for this situation. Based on the data from Cape Hatteras and Diamond Shoals, it is estimated that the RMW was approximately 37 nmi, which is about 50% larger than the climatological value. Since the ROCI was a large 275 nmi, the speed of the storm was only 9 kt, and the analyzed OCI was 1013 mb (Schwerdt et al. says 1017 mb), the intensity of the cyclone at 12Z on the 16th is analyzed to be 90 kt (up from 80 kt originally). Some recent high latitude hurricanes with low pressures - such as Igor (2010) and Irene (2011) have had very low maximum winds speeds compared with the winds that their central pressure would suggest according to the Landsea et al (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The large ROCI, large RMW, and slow speed, and central pressure of this hurricane were similar to Irene (2011) which was assigned a landfall intensity of 75 kt at North Carolina. This is another reason why a 90 kt intensity is justified even though the pressure-wind relationships suggest winds in the range of 96-103 kt. The Neumann model from Schwerdt et al. (1979) was run to obtain the highest wind speed experienced on the coast when the back RMW was touching the coast at a time between 12Z-18Z on the 16th, and it yields 83 kt for highest winds experienced on the North Carolina coast, which is a Category 2, although this value is essentially right at the border between Category 1/2. However, given the impacts described in coastal North Carolina, it is more likely that Category 2 impacts were experienced there. Therefore, an 85 kt Category 2 impact is analyzed for North Carolina (reduced from a Category 3 impact originally). The hurricane made its closest approach to the southeastern coast of Virginia at 18Z on the 16th (the center was 50 nmi from the coast). At the time, a 954 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT based on an observation of a 40 kt W wind with 958 mb at 17Z, which likely occurred inside the RMW. A 954 mb central pressure equals 94 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. An 85 kt intensity is selected for 18Z on the 16th (up from 75 kt originally). The highest wind recorded in Virginia according to the MWR table of monthly climatological data was 57 kt (5-min, 16m AGL), which converts to a maximum 10m 1-min wind of 58 kt. But according to Virginia Hurricanes, the highest wind at Cape Henry was 76 kt. This discrepancy was resolved by performing two runs of the Neumann model from Schwerdt et al. (1979). First, to determine the highest winds experienced anywhere on the Virginia coastline, the point of closest approach of the center to the Virginia coast was determined to be the southeastern Virginia coast at its border with North Carolina at 18Z on the 16th. At that time, the hurricane was centered 50 nmi from the Virginia coast. Using a 40 nmi RMW and an 85 kt intensity, the model yields 69 kt winds for that point on the Virginia coast. Based on the revised track, the Schwerdt model is run again to determine what the likely maximum winds would have been at Cape Henry. The center was 64 nmi from Cape Henry at time of closest approach (around 20Z on the 16th). Using a 40 nmi RMW and an 85 kt intensity, the model yields 59 kt winds for Cape Henry, just 1 kt higher than the 58 kt listed in MWR (after converting to 10m 1-min). The accuracy of the model in calculating the winds at Cape Henry increases the confidence that this was a Category 1 impact for Virginia further south since the model yielded 69 kt there. Based on that, a Category 1 impact is added to HURDAT for Virginia. The wind at Cape Henry listed in Virginia Hurricanes is disregarded as incorrectly being too high. The hurricane moved north-northeastward staying offshore and not causing hurricane conditions in any other states besides extreme coastal North Carolina and Virginia, although tropical storm force winds were measured along much of the coastline north of Virginia to New England. Upward intensity adjustments are made to HURDAT on the 17th as well. At 00Z on the 17th, a 959 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT based on a 50 kt with 964 mb from a ship at 23Z on the 16th located about 0.3 degrees from the center (the ship is analyzed to be inside the RMW since the wind had decreased from 60 kt before the minimum pressure was recorded to 50 kt at the time of the minimum pressure). A 959 mb central pressure equals 91 kt north of 35N. An 80 kt intensity is selected for 00Z on the 17th (up from 75 kt originally). At 18Z on the 17th, a 965 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT based on information from two ships that indicate a central pressure of about that value. A 965 mb central pressure equals 86 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A 75 kt intensity is selected for 18Z on the 17th (up from 70 kt originally). The last observation of a hurricane force wind occurred at 9/17 19Z, and the last observed 60 kt wind occurred at 9/18 00Z. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 18th (up from 65 kt originally). By 00Z on the 18th, the cyclone was located east of Massachusetts and south of western Nova Scotia. The cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia at 11Z on 18 September with an analyzed intensity of 65 kt, and this is also the 12Z intensity. The cyclone was originally listed to have become extratropical at 00Z on the 18th, but 12 hours are added to the tropical phase and ET is now listed at 12Z on the 18th. The cyclone is not added in as a hurricane for Canada because observations indicate that it was already extratropical by the 11Z landfall. The powerful extratropical cyclone was over Nova Scotia on the 18th and Newfoundland on the 19th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 60 kt intensity at 18Z on the 18th. This 60 kt intensity is held through 12Z on the 19th even though the highest observed winds were 45-50 kt, mainly because a 965 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th based on observations. The cyclone moved east-northeastward to 58.9N, 41.2W by 18Z on 21 September. HURDAT originally lists a final position at 18Z on the 21st, but observations indicate that the cyclone was not absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on the 22nd, and 24 hours are added to the cyclone's lifetime - a major change. The final position is listed at 18Z on 22 September at 62.1N, 31.2W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone before the cyclone elongated and dissipated. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 13 (originally Storm 14) - 2012 Revision 26905 09/10/1933 M= 6 14 SNBR= 594 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26905 09/10/1933 M= 7 13 SNBR= 594 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * ** 26910 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 876 35 0 26910 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*165 877 30 0*166 876 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** 26915 09/11*163 875 35 0*166 874 40 0*169 874 45 0*171 874 50 0 26915 09/11*167 875 35 0*168 874 35 0*170 874 35 0*172 873 40 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26920 09/12*173 874 55 0*175 874 60 0*178 875 65 0*180 876 70 0 26920 09/12*174 872 45 0*176 871 55 0*178 870 60 992*180 873 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26925 09/13*183 877 70 0*185 878 70 0*187 880 60 0*192 887 55 0 26915 09/13*183 877 65 0*185 881 55 0*188 886 50 0*192 893 45 0 ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26930 09/14*198 896 50 0*203 905 55 0*208 915 60 0*215 929 65 0 26930 09/14*198 902 40 0*204 912 55 0*210 923 60 0*216 935 65 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26935 09/15*221 944 75 0*225 959 75 0*224 975 65 960*205 991 35 0 26935 09/15*221 948 75 0*223 961 85 0*223 975 95 960*221 990 55 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** The 16th is new to HURDAT 26938 09/16*2181005 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26940 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC. Sept 10: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 87.6W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 16.9N, 87.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SE with 1005mb at 16.7N, 82.2W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: 15kt SW with 1005mb at Tela at 12Z (HWM). "Weather conditions over the extreme western Caribbean Sea became disturbed on the 9th and a center was located between Tela and Belize the evening of the 10th" (MWR). Sept 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 17.5N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 17.8N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 995 mb (min p) at 09Z at 18.1N, 87.1W (MWR); 40kt SE (max w) near 18.1N, 87.1W after 9Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15kt NNW with 1002mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). "During the next two days the disturbance moved very slowly north by east toward Cozumel Island, with gradually increasing intensity; however, after the evening reports of the 12th were received, the direction of movement changed abruptly and the center moved inland over the Yucatan Peninsula north of Payo Obispo." Sept 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 19N, 89W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 18.7N, 88W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt ESE with 997mb (max w and min p) at 18.6N, 87W at 7Z (MWR); 30 kt ENE with 996 mb (min p) at 22Z at 21.5N, 89.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 45kt S with 999mb at Payo Obispo at 12Z (HWM); 9 kt NE with 1001 mb at Merida at 13Z (Mexico); 20 kt ENE with 1002 mb at Progreso at 13Z (Mexico). Sept 14: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 20.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 20.8N, 91.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt E with 998mb (max w and min p) at 22.4N 93.6W at 9Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15kt SE with 1003mb at Progresso at 12Z (HWM). "The disturbance then moved west-northwestward across the Peninsula and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico [on the 13th and 14th], and there was a marked increase in intensity while the disturbance was passing over the Gulf." Sept 15: HWM shows a strong low of at most 985mb near 21.5N, 97W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds and 960mb at 22.4N, 97.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25kt E with 986mb at 23.2N, 95.8W at 05Z (MWR); 50kt E around 05Z around 23.2N, 95.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 960mb (central pressure) eye measurement at Tampico between 12Z and 14Z (MWR); 31 kt NNW with 998 mb at Tampico at 03Z (Mexico); 17 kt NNE with 973 mb at Tampico at 13Z (Mexico). "The center passed directly over Tampico, Mexico, the morning of the 15th. There was a period of calm between 8am and 10am, and the lowest barometer reading reported was 28.34 inches. Much damage was done in Tampico vicinity..." (MWR). Sept 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb on the Pacific coast of Mexico near 23N, 108W at 12Z. HURDAT kills this storm at 18Z on the 15th. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt S with 1002mb at Mazatlan at 12Z (HWM); 21 kt SE with 1002 mb at Tampico at 01Z (Mexico). HURDAT originally started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 10 September at 16.0N, 87.6W. Available observations suggest that the low was closed by 12Z. The cyclone is started at 12Z on the 10th (six hours earlier than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression at 16.5N, 87.7W. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm by 00Z on the 11th (six hours later than originally). The largest position change during the first couple days of the system's lifetime is at 18Z on the 10th - the position is moved north by six-tenths of a degree. The cyclone moved slowly northward from the 10th to the 12th and then it turned northwestward in the area north of Honduras and east of Belize. The first low pressures (1005 mb) recorded occurred on the 11th at 12Z, and the first gales occurred on the 12th at 08Z. At 09Z on the 12th, a ship recorded a pressure of 995 mb with 25 kt inside the RMW. The 10 kt per mb rule is utilized to determine a central pressure. A central pressure of 992 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th. A central pressure of 992 mb yields a wind speed of 61 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Since the system was slow moving, 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 06Z on the 12th and 60 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 60 and 65 kt respectively originally). The cyclone made landfall near the Mexico/Belize border at 18.4N, 87.8W at 02Z on 13 September. Ship and station observations (including observations from Payo Obispo) indicate that although the cyclone may not have been as strong as 70 kt (as listed originally in HURDAT) there is not quite enough evidence to say that it was only a tropical storm when it made landfall. The 60 kt intensity analyzed at 12Z on the 12th is increased to 65 kt at 00Z on the 13th (down from 70 kt originally), and this is also the 02Z landfall intensity. The cyclone was over land from 02Z on the 13th until 02Z on the 14th before emerging over the Bay of Campeche. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 53, 43 and 34 kt for 06, 12 and 18Z on the 13th, respectively, and 39 kt for 00Z on the 14th. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 45, 45 and 35 kt at 06, 12 and 18Z on the 13th, respectively, and 35 kt at 00Z on the 14th. Revised winds chosen for HURDAT are: 55, 50, 45 and 40 kt (down from 70, 60, 55 and 50 kt) at 06Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 14th, respectively. The cyclone is therefore analyzed to have weakened to a 40 kt tropical storm while over land. The largest intensity change from genesis through 00Z on the 14th is a 15 kt downward adjustment at 06Z on the 13th - so only minor intensity alterations were made during this period. Once in the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone moved west-northwestward and then curved to a due westward direction before striking Tampico, Mexico. The largest track change made - a westward adjustment of eight-tenths of a degree - is implemented at 12Z on the 14th. The cyclone made landfall on 15 September at 13Z at 22.3N, 97.8W. The eye passed directly over Tampico (22.3N, 97.9W) where a 960 mb central pressure was recorded. The central pressure of 960 mb in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is retained. A central pressure of 960 mb yields 101 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 102 kt for its intensifying subset. A 95 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 15th (up from 65 kt originally - a major change) and landfall due to lower than normal environmental pressure. The outer closed isobar (OCI) was 1003-1004 mb and the ROCI was 200 nmi. Also, if the eye at Tampico did in fact last two hours, as commentary suggests, then the RMW had to have been at least 20 nmi larger than the climatological RMW value of 16 nmi. A rapid intensification is analyzed to have taken place over the Bay of Campeche (the intensity is analyzed to have increased from 40 kt to 95 kt in 36 hours). Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 75 kt from 00-06Z on the 15th. The revised peak intensity - 95 kt - occurred at 12Z on the 15th. After landfall, the cyclone continued inland, moving due westward at a speed of about 14 kt. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 62 and 43 kt for 18Z on the 15th and 00Z on the 16th, respectively. Revised intensities in HURDAT at those two times are 55 and 30 kt, respectively. The original HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 15th was 35 kt and HURDAT dissipated the system after 18Z. Therefore, the cyclone is extended by six hours before it dissipated over the high terrain of Mexico. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 14 (originally Storm 15) - Revised 2012 26945 09/16/1933 M=10 15 SNBR= 595 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26945 09/16/1933 M=10 14 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 26950 09/16* 0 0 0 0*110 547 35 0*121 581 35 0*122 593 35 0 26950 09/16* 0 0 0 0*113 579 30 0*115 592 30 0*117 605 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26955 09/17*124 604 40 0*125 615 40 0*128 626 40 0*131 639 45 0 26955 09/17*119 618 30 0*122 631 30 0*126 645 30 0*130 660 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26960 09/18*134 651 45 0*136 663 45 0*139 676 50 0*144 689 50 0 26960 09/18*134 676 35 0*137 693 40 0*140 708 45 0*143 721 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26965 09/19*149 703 55 0*153 715 55 0*156 727 60 0*158 745 60 0 26965 09/19*145 733 60 0*148 745 70 0*150 757 80 0*154 769 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26970 09/20*161 765 60 0*167 780 65 0*174 795 70 0*181 812 70 0 26970 09/20*159 781 100 0*165 793 110 0*171 805 120 0*178 817 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26975 09/21*188 829 75 0*193 843 80 0*196 852 80 0*199 858 85 0 26975 09/21*184 828 140 929*190 837 140 0*195 846 135 0*199 855 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26980 09/22*200 863 90 0*202 869 90 0*205 876 90 0*209 892 85 0 26980 09/22*201 864 125 0*203 873 120 0*205 882 80 0*205 891 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26985 09/23*212 908 75 0*212 914 80 0*213 920 80 0*215 930 85 0 26985 09/23*205 900 50 0*206 909 55 0*207 918 60 0*209 927 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26990 09/24*216 940 90 0*217 948 90 0*218 957 95 0*220 968 95 962 26990 09/24*211 936 80 0*213 946 90 0*215 956 95 0*217 967 95 960 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26995 09/25*222 978 65 0*2281005 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 26995 09/25*220 978 95 0*226 989 60 0*2301000 35 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** ******* ** ******* ** 27000 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful hurricane. Major changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm and hurricane intensities were first attained. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, a BAMS Feb 1942 article, and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC. Sept 16: HWM does not show a closed low until the 19th. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.1N, 58.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "All island stations from St. Kitts to Bridgetown, Barbados, showed a 24-hour decrease in pressure of .06 to .10 inch the morning of the 14th, indicating the approach of a disturbed condition from the east, but no definite center could be found passing between any of the islands of the Windward and Leeward Groups." Sept 17: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 12.8N, 62.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 18: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 13.9N, 67.6w at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt E with 1004mb at 15.8N, 71.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the 18th, the barometer began to fall slowly at Kingston, Jamaica" Sept 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 12.5N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 15.6N, 72.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "...heavy sea was reported at [Kingston] the evening of the 19th. At the same time three vessels about midway between Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama reported gentle southwest winds and pressure a few hundredths below normal." Sept 20: HWM shows a closed low of around 1005mb near 17N, 84W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 17.4N, 79.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt SW with 975mb at 18.8N, 83.3W during the evening (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "However, it was not until the evening of the 20th that a center could be located, by which time the disturbance, though of very small diameter, had attained great intensity. The SS President Pierce in about latitude 18.8N, 83.3W, reported a barometer reading of 28.79 inches and a wind velocity of 80 mph from the southwest. A later report received by mail from the SS Virginia which, at the same time, was close to the position of the President Pierce gives the following barometer readings: 6pm, 29.65; 7pm, 29.49; 8pm 28.78; 8:20 to 8:30pm (in calm center, stars visible), 27.44; 9pm, 28.64; 10pm, 29.24; 11pm, 29.40; midnight, 29.70" (MWR). "The S.S. Virginia, on September 20, 1933, passed through the center of a hurricane in the western Caribbean. The storm had not been previously identified although an -incipient condition- had been noted during four days preceding. The ship experienced a barometer of 27.44 inches, with a pressure fall of more than two inches within an hour and a half on entering the storm. It is estimated that this vortex was not more than 40 miles across at the time but was increasing rapidly in diameter" (BAMS Feb 1942). Sept 21: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 19.6N, 85.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 929mb eye measurement (central pressure/center fix) at 18.5N, 83.0W at 0130Z (MWR); 70kt SSW with 970mb at 2Z at 18.5N, 83.0W (MWR); 50 kt W and 992 mb at 17Z at 19.5N, 85.8W (MWR); 70 kt SE near 19.5N, 85.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 47 kt N at Cozumel at 20Z (Mexico). Sept 22: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 90kt winds at 20.5N, 87.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt SE with 996mb at 20.2N, 85.6W at 0Z (COA); 40kt NE with 994mb (max w and min p) at 21.3N, 89.6W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt N at Cozumel at 1Z (Mexico); 66 kt SE at Cozumel at 3Z (Mexico); 28 kt N with 988 mb at Merida at 20Z (Mexico); 48 kt E with 992 mb at Progreso at 20Z (Mexico); 15kt S with 1001mb at Cozumel at 12Z (HWM); 30kt N with 1002mb at Progresso at 12Z (HWM). "This disturbance moved west by north passing inland over the Yucatan Peninsula with center about 40 miles south of Cozumel Island near midnight of the 21st and into the southwestern Gulf of Mexico north of Campeche the evening of the 22d" (MWR). Sept 23: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 91W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 21.3N, 92W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt SE with 1010mb at 19.7N, 84W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 10kt SSW with 1004mb at Frontera at 12Z (HWM). Sept 24: HWM shows a stronger low of at most 995mb near 21N, 96W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 21.8N, 95.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with 998 mb at 10Z at 20.6N, 95.0W (MWR); center fix at 21.5N, 96.6W with calm winds from 1705-1910Z and central pressure 960 mb (MWR); 50kt WSW with 988mb at 21N, 97.3W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: 21 kt NNE with 996 mb at Tampico at 20Z (Mexico); 10 kt S with 1000 mb at Veracruz at 12Z (HWM). "The center passed inland a short distance south of Tampico, Mexico, the evening of the 24th, attended by winds of hurricane force. The evening report of the 24th received from the SS J.N. Danziger was remarkable because of the fact that the vessel was at the time in the center of the storm and reported a wind velocity of only 2mph and a barometer reading of 28.40 inches. As in the case of the storm of the 15th, great damage was done at and near Tampico" (MWR). Sept 25: HWM shows an elongated low of at most 995mb near 24.5N, 103W at 12Z. HURDAT kills the system at 06Z with 35kt winds at 22.8N, 100.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 2 kt with 962mb (central pressure) at 22.3N, 97.9W during the evening of the 24th (MWR); 70kt NE with 978mb at 22.4N, 97.0W at 1Z (MWR); 70 kt SE after 1Z near 22.4N, 97.0W (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt ENE with 971 mb at Tampico at 01Z (Mexico); 1000mb at Guanajuato at 12Z (HWM). Sept 26: HWM shows a broad low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 108W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt W with 1004mb at Mazatlan at 12Z (HWM). HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed on 16 September at 06Z at 11.0N, 54.7W. Data obtained on the 14th and 15th does not reveal evidence of a closed circulation. However, as the cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Windward Islands, a northwest wind at Port of Spain indicates that there is a possibility that the circulation could have been closed at 12Z on the 16th. On the other hand, inspection of data available from Grenada from the 16th and 17th gives little indication of a TC passage near that island at all (other than an increase in east winds from 5 kt to 10 kt). Due to both considerations, no change is made to the timing of genesis, except the system is begun as a tropical depression, and the track is shifted southward to show a track 12 nmi south of Grenada instead of 30 nmi north of that island since no west winds were reported there. Additionally, the positions are significantly adjusted westward. The position at 06Z on the 16th is moved to 11.3N, 57.9W. This is more than three degrees west of the previous position due to an unrealistic motion during the first six hours - a major change. The HURDAT positions from 12Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th are adjusted slightly southward and significantly westward as well. The first low pressure was recorded by a ship on the 18th - a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb - which yields a wind speed of greater than 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 18th (down from 50 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 18th (42 hours later than originally - a major change). The cyclone continued west-northwestward for the next several days, reaching the western Caribbean near 18.4N, 82.8W around 00Z on the 21st. The original HURDAT positions are too far east from genesis until the 20th. Major westward track adjustments ranging from 2 to 3.2 degrees longitude are implemented at all times from 17 September at 18Z through 19 September at 18Z. The next significant intensity observations were not recorded until around 00Z on the 21st in the western Caribbean, when two ships experienced hurricane force winds, and one of the ships recorded a central pressure of 929 mb in the eye. A central pressure of 929 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st. A central pressure of 929 mb equals 133 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The forward speed of the cyclone was 10 kt but observations from the ship indicate that the hurricane's inner-core was very small. These observations suggests an RMW of about 7 nmi (smaller than the 11 nmi climatological RMW for this latitude and central pressure). Also, this hurricane was extremely compact. The data indicates that the radius of the 1004 mb isobar was only 38 nmi, indicating a pressure gradient of 75 mb / 38 nmi. The radius of the 996 mb isobar was about 23 nmi, indicating a pressure gradient of 67 nm / 23 nmi. The radius of the 969 mb isobar is estimated to be 6 nmi. That's a pressure gradient of 40 mb / 6 nmi. Given that the extent of the hurricane is tiny in addition to the small RMW, a 140 kt intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 21st (up from 75 kt originally- a major change), which makes this a Category 5 hurricane. Backtracking from 00Z on the 21st, the cyclone is ramped up by 10 kt per 6 hr from 50 kt at 18Z on the 18th to 140 kt at 00Z on the 21st. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane intensity by 06Z on the 19th (24 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally - a major change). The cyclone passed just south of Cozumel where hurricane force winds were recorded and then made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on 22 September at 06Z at 20.3N, 87.4W. This landfall occurred 30 hours after the 929 mb central pressure observation from the ship. The 140 kt intensity chosen at 00Z on the 21st is held through 06Z on the 21st. The intensity is then decreased by 5 kt per 6 hr until landfall, so a 120 kt intensity is chosen for the landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula at 06Z on the 21st (up from 90 kt originally). (This landfall intensity estimate is highly uncertain, and it could have easily been stronger or weaker.) Since there is not enough data other than a couple of peripheral observations from Cozumel to determine the landfall intensity in Yucatan with any accuracy, this solution of going with a 120 kt intensity works best because it is a compromise of the other two alternatives - which are to either let the 140 kt intensity at 06Z on the 21st ride until landfall in Yucatan at 06Z on the 22nd, or to go with the original HURDAT landfall intensity for Yucatan of 90 kt. The latter scenario would mean that a rapid weakening of 50 kt in 24 occurred while over water, which is unrealistic without the data to back that up. On the other hand, given available observations from Cozumel, a Category 5 landfall intensity appears too strong. Only a few observations are available from Cozumel, but the island did report winds of 66 kt from the SE at 03Z. The new track shows that center passed about 10 nmi farther south of Cozumel than previously analyzed. The cyclone was over the Yucatan Peninsula from the 22nd at 06Z through the 23rd at 04Z before it emerged into the Bay of Campeche. Utilizing the landfall intensity of 120 kt, runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 73 and 54 kt for 12 and 18Z on the 22nd respectively, and 44 kt for 00Z on the 23rd. The highest recorded wind while over land was 40 kt from a ship at 21Z on the 22nd. Revised (original) intensities in HURDAT are 80 (90), 60 (85), and 50 (75) kt for the 22nd at 12 and 18Z, and the 23rd at 00Z respectively. After reaching the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone restrengthened to a hurricane and moved west-northwestward toward Tampico. Minor southeastward position adjustments of less than one degree are analyzed from 18Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 24th. A ship passed through the eye of the hurricane around 18Z at 21.5N, 96.6W and experienced calm for 2 hours. This ship recorded a central pressure of 960 mb with calm winds. The 962 mb central pressure shown in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is removed and replaced by a 960 mb central pressure value. A central pressure of 960 mb equals 102 kt according to the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone made landfall just south of Tampico around 00Z on the 25th. The OCI was around 1006 mb and the ROCI was around 200 nmi. Due to the low environmental pressures, the 95 kt landfall intensity originally shown in HURDAT at the point before landfall is not changed. A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 12Z on the 24th through the landfall around 00Z on the 25th (up from 65 kt originally at 00Z on the 25th - a major change). As the cyclone moved inland, it continued moving west-northwestward. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 60 and 42 kt, respectively, for 06 and 12Z on 25 September. The revised intensity at 06Z is 60 kt (up from 35 kt originally). HURDAT previously dissipated the cyclone after 06Z, but a 35 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 25th with a final position at 12Z on the 25th at 23.0N, 100.0W. Thereafter, the cyclone dissipated over the high terrain of Mexico. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 15 (new to HURDAT) - 2012 Addition 27001 09/24/1933 M= 5 15 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED 27002 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*294 350 45 0*309 355 50 0 27003 09/25*324 360 55 0*338 365 55 0*351 370 60 0*363 372 60 0 27004 09/26*374 370 65 0*385 365 65 0*400 358 65 0*418 351 60 0 27004 09/27*437 343 60 0E457 335 55 0E475 324 55 0E491 309 55 0 27004 09/28E507 291 55 0E523 270 55 0E535 246 45 0* 0 0 0 0 27004 TS HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from 24-28 September. Sept 24: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 27.5N, 37.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt E with 1004mb at 32.5N, 34.5W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "[This] disturbance began about the 23d southwest of the Azores, and moved steadily northward, attended by whole gales over a narrow track that started near latitude 30N on the 24th and extended almost to latitude 55N by the 27th. The origin appears to have been definitely extratropical, but the storm exhibited some of the characteristics of a small tropical cyclone in its type of movement and the limited area of strong winds," (MWR). Sept 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 36.5N, 37W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1000 mb at 31.9N, 36.0W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt WNW near 31.9N, 36.0W at around 00Z (MWR); 45kt S with 1002mb at 32.5N, 34.5W at 00Z (COA); 45kt SSW with 1010mb at 31.5N, 34.5W at 6Z (COA); 20kt NNE with 1005mb at 36.2N, 38.7W at 19Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb centered near 40.5N, 36W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt NW with 996mb at 36.6N, 38.1W at 3Z (MWR); 60kt NW with 1005mb at 36.9N, 37.2W at 4Z (MWR); 20kt N with 999mb at 39.4N, 36.7W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 47N, 35.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt SSW with 1000mb at 47.5N, 30.5W at 12Z (COA); 45kt SE with 1001mb at 48.8N, 29.6W at 12Z (COA); 40kt SSE with 1001mb at 48.8N, 29.2W at 17Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 28: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 54N, 24W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt SE with 999mb at 52.5N, 26.5W at 00Z (COA); 50kt S with 998mb at 52.3N, 26.0W at 5Z (MWR); 35kt W with 1019mb at 50.5N, 26.5W at 6Z (COA); 40kt S with 1012mb at 51.4N, 23.5W at 12Z (HWM). On 24 September, HWM first analyzes a closed low near 27.5N, 37.5W, although there are no observations of westerly winds south of the center yet. By 18Z that day, a ship north of the center recorded 45 kt E with 1004 mb. By 00Z on the 25th, a ship south of the center reported WNW winds of 50 kt and a minimum pressure of 1000 mb. The data confirmed that this was a tropical storm. This cyclone is begun as a 45 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 24th at 29.4N, 35.0W. The cyclone moved north-northwestward, reaching a position of 36.3N, 37.2W by 18Z on 25 September. At 00Z on the 25th, the peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 44 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for system north of 25N. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 25th since the ship recorded maximum winds of 50 kt. A day later, around 03Z on the 26th, a ship recorded 50 kt winds with a 996 mb pressure simultaneously. A peripheral pressure of 996 mb yields a wind speed greater than 55 kt according to the north of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship. If this observation occurred inside the RMW (which is not known), then it would indicate a central pressure of 991 mb using the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW. A central pressure of 991 mb would equal 61 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Also around that time, a different ship reported winds of 60 kt. This 60 kt wind occurred on the left side of the storm, and other observations indicate that the pressure gradient was tighter on the right side of the cyclone. Given all of this information, a peak intensity of 65 kt is chosen on the 26th from 00Z-12Z, making this sysem a new hurricane. The cyclone made a gradual curve to the north-northeast andby 12Z on the 27th, it was located near 47.5N, 32.4W. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical around 06Z on the 27th near 49.1N, 30.9W. At 12Z on the 27th, a ship recorded 50 kt with 1000mb. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for that time. The extratropical cyclone moved northeastward to a position of 53.5N, 24.6W by 12Z on the 28th, and then it dissipated. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 16 - 2012 Revision 27005 09/27/1933 M= 4 16 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27005 10/01/1933 M= 4 16 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** The 27th through the 30th are removed from HURDAT 27010 09/27* 0 0 0 0*175 583 35 0*175 601 35 0*176 617 35 0 27015 09/28*177 633 40 0*177 650 40 0*176 667 40 0*176 683 40 0 27020 09/29*176 699 40 0*178 713 40 0*180 726 40 0*183 735 35 0 27025 09/30*186 737 35 0*190 733 30 0*194 730 30 0*201 715 25 0 The 1st through the 4th are new to HURDAT 27026 10/01*205 704 30 0*207 706 30 0*210 708 30 0*214 710 35 0 27027 10/02*219 713 35 0*224 717 35 0*230 720 40 0*234 717 40 0 27028 10/03*236 713 40 0*238 708 35 0*240 704 35 0*242 694 30 0 27029 10/04*248 677 30 0*256 657 30 0*265 638 30 0*274 620 30 0 27030 TS Major changes are made to the genesis and dissipation of this cyclone. A major change is also made to the time the cyclone reached tropical storm strength. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.5N, 60.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A minor disturbance apparently moved westward between the islands of St. Kitts and St. Martin on the 27th. It was of such small diameter and slight intensity that the center could not be located definitely every 12 hours." Sept 28: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 65W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.6N, 66.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 63W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 18.0N, 72.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "However, available data indicate that it moved westward, until the 29th, when it turned to the north and northeast, passing some distance west of Port au Prince, Haiti, the evening of the 29th" Sept 30: HWM loses the system for today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 19.4N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Oct 1: HWM does not show a system in the area. HURDAT discontinued the system at 18Z on Sept 30. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "and [it was] centered north of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo, the morning of October 1." Oct 2: HWM does not show a system in the area. Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1014 mb at 12Z at 26.8N, 74.6W (HWM); 40kt E with 1012mb at 27.1N, 73.7W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Oct 3: HWM only shows a strong system to SW of the suspected area (HURDAT original Storm #18). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Oct 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 63W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures associated with this system. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Still of minor intensity, the disturbance then moved northwestward and later north-northwestward until the 4th, after which it could not be located." Originally, HURDAT lists a tropical storm forming just east of the Leeward Islands at 17.5N, 58.3W at 06Z on 27 September. On the 27th and 28th, there appeared to be two areas of vorticity either associated with the same tropical wave or two tropical waves that were closely located that were near the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands. Sufficient observational coverage indicates that there was not a closed circulation present with either vortex. On the 28th at 12Z, observations indicate the two vorticity centers were near 18N, 67.5W and 16.5N, 64.5W, respectively. The disturbances moved westward until the 29th when the one further west appeared to be south of Haiti and the further east disturbance appeared to be located between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. By the 30th, it is possible that the further west disturbance was actually located further south and went on to become Storm 18 (as suggested by Perez), but the northern part of the tropical wave was clearly located near the northern coast of Haiti. The further east disturbance on the 30th may have been located near the northeastern coast of the Dominican Republic. HURDAT originally listed the tropical storm as having weakened to a tropical depression on the 30th at 06Z at 19.0N, 73.3W with a final point at 18Z on the 30th at 20.1N, 71.5W before dissipation was indicated to have occurred. There is not enough evidence of a closed circulation with either vortex from the 27th-30th September, so these 4 days are deleted from HURDAT. Available observations indicate that the vortex that was being tracked further east from the 27th-30th (which is close to where the original HURDAT positions were on those days) became a tropical cyclone on 1 October and lasted until 4 October. Therefore, this cyclone is analyzed to have been closed from 1-4 October, and not closed from 27-30 September; however, it is the same cyclone that was being tracked in the original HURDAT and is therefore still listed under the same storm. Both the genesis and the dissipation of this cyclone are delayed by 4 days. A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed on 1 October at 00Z at 20.5N, 70.4W (approximately 4 days later than originally- a major change). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on 1 October (4 and a half days later than originally - a major change) at 21.4N, 71.0W. On 2 October at 12Z, a ship recorded 35 kt winds and at 21Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds. Although both of these observations are about 250-270 nmi from the center, they are deemed close enough to be counted as part of the circulation of this system because the synoptic pressure gradient was not large enough to be responsible for producing those gale force winds. A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 2nd through 00Z on the 3rd. The cyclone, which had been moving slowly north-northwestward from the 1st through 12Z on the 2nd, turned north-northeastward at that time with a position of 23N, 72W at 12Z on the 2nd. On the 3rd, it turned east-northeastward. The position at 12Z on the 3rd is 24.0N, 70.4W. On the 3rd and 4th, no additional gales or low pressures were observed with this system. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on 3 October. The depression accelerated east-northeastward, reaching 27.4N, 62.0W by 18Z on 4 October before dissipating 4 days later than listed in HURDAT originally (a major change). It should be noted that this system may have been a subtropical cyclone, especially considering the distance of the gales from the center on the 2nd. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 17 (originally Storm 18) - 2012 Revision 27060 10/01/1933 M= 9 18 SNBR= 598 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27060 10/01/1933 M= 9 17 SNBR= 598 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 27065 10/01* 0 0 0 0*104 803 35 0*122 801 35 0*135 802 35 0 27065 10/01* 0 0 0 0*153 814 35 0*155 815 35 0*157 815 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 27070 10/02*147 802 40 0*159 803 45 0*170 803 50 0*177 803 55 0 27070 10/02*159 815 40 0*162 815 45 0*166 815 50 0*173 816 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27075 10/03*184 804 65 0*193 805 70 0*201 808 75 0*207 811 80 0 27075 10/03*181 817 65 0*189 817 70 0*197 817 75 0*205 818 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27080 10/04*213 814 85 0*220 817 90 0*227 821 95 0*232 823 90 976 27080 10/04*213 819 85 0*220 820 90 0*227 821 90 0*233 823 85 976 *** *** *** ** 27085 10/05*236 820 95 0*243 810 105 0*251 795 115 0*261 778 125 0 27085 10/05*237 820 90 0*242 810 95 0*248 797 100 0*259 781 105 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27090 10/06*272 761 130 0*283 746 125 0*296 731 125 0*315 712 120 0 27090 10/06*272 763 110 0*285 746 110 0*298 731 110 0*315 712 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27095 10/07*336 694 115 0*353 680 110 0*370 669 105 971*394 659 100 0 27095 10/07*336 694 95 0*355 680 85 0*374 670 80 971*393 661 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27100 10/08E417 650 90 0E431 640 85 0E440 630 80 0E445 621 75 0 27100 10/08E412 652 80 0E429 643 75 0E440 633 70 0E445 621 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** ** 27105 10/09E448 602 70 0E440 548 65 0E432 493 60 0E424 438 60 0 27105 10/09E445 600 55 0E440 555 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 27110 HR U.S. Tropical Storm Impact (center stayed offshore the Florida Keys): 10/5/1933 - 08Z - 24.4N, 80.6W - 55 kt Major track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Neely, and Perez. Sept 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 82W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Oct 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 16N, 84W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm of 35kt winds at 12.2N, 80.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 15 kt W with 1002 mb at 12Z at 11.3N, 80.2W (HWM). Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1004 mb at 12Z at Cape Gracias (HWM). "During the last few days of September unsettled conditions overspread the lower waters of the Caribbean Sea, where they continued until Oct 1. On that date a shallow cyclone center was definitely established with a northward movement." Oct 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 15N, 83W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm of 50kt winds at 17.0N, 80.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW with 1003 mb at 11Z at 15.0N, 81.0W (COA); 30 kt SE at 15Z at 19.1N, 79.0W (COA); 25 kt S with 1000 mb at 21Z at 18.9N, 78.0W (COA). Station highlights: 1003 mb at Cape Gracias (MWR). Oct 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 18.5N, 82W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 20.1N, 80.8W at 12z. Ship highlights: 25kt ENE with pressure of 1000mb at 23.4N, 80.3W at 12z (COA); 40kt NNE with pressure of 1006mb at 23.2N, 82.8W at 12z (HWM). Station highlights: 15kt NE with pressure of 1000mb at Cienfuegos (22.1N, 80.5W) at 12z (HWM); 35kt S with pressure of 1001mb at Negril Point, Jamaica (18.3N, 78.4W) at 12z (MWR). "During the 2d and 3d the depression advanced almost due north midway between Jamaica and Swan Island. On the morning of the 3d a south gale of force 8 was reported at Negril Point, barometer 29.56 inches, and off the north coast of Cuba, immediately west of Habana, a northeast gale of force 9 was blowing. By night of the 3d the storm center was close to the Cuban south coast, with the wind at Habana blowing a gale of force 9 from northeast, lowest pressure 29.34 inches, noted at Cienfuegos." Oct 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 22N, 81.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 22.7N, 82.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with pressure of 991mb at 24.4N, 82.9W at 9z (MWR); 50kt S at 22.5N, 80.5W at 13z (COA). Station highlights: 994 mb at 04Z at Cienfuegos (MWR); a pressure of 976mb at Havana (23.1N, 82.4W) at 19z (MWR); 35kt NNE with pressure of 977mb at Havana at 13z (HWM). "During October 4 the center of the storm, now of full hurricane force, crossed Habana between 10am and noon. During a part of this time the calm was absolute. It was preceded and followed by hurricane velocities. The lowest pressure at Habana, 28.81 inches, occurred near 2pm, which was at least 2 or 3 hours later than the occurrence of the lull. This points to an erratic movement of the hurricane center during the period of its recurve toward the northeast. While there was some shipping in the Florida Straits on the 4th, the highest wind force noted at sea was 10, apparently late on the day." Oct 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 24.9N, 80W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 115kt winds at 25.1N, 79.5W at 12z. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with pressure of 966mb at 25.0N, 79.5W at 12z (COA); 70kt W at 25.0N, 79.5W after 13z (MWR). Station highlights: 37kt NW (max w?) and 985mb (min p?) at Key West (24.6N, 81.8W) (not necessarily simultaneous obs) no time given (MWR); 984 mb (min p) at 22Z at Hopetown, Great Abaco Island, Bahamas (26.5N, 77.0W) (WN); 87 kt (max w recorded) at Hopetown (WN); 79 kt (max w) at Millville, Abaco Island (WN). "On the morning of the 5th the hurricane center lay near the southeast coast of Florida (Miami: wind northeast, force 7, barometer 29.14 inches.) At 8am, the American SS Empire Arrow, reported a corrected pressure reading of 28.53 inches, indicating the storm was deepening. Shortly afterward the wind experienced by the ship rose to force 12 from the west. At 7pm of the 5th the storm center was north of the Bahamas, with a whole southeast gale blowing off Great Abaco Island. Near midnight the British SS Humber Arm reported a northwest gale, force 11...Key West, Fla, 4-5 October, Hurricane, Electric service suspected; number of shade trees uprooted, several small boats blown ashore; city flooded (MWR)" Oct 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 29N, 73.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 125kt winds at 29.6N, 73.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 959 mb (min p) somewhere in the Bahamas region on the 5th or the 6th (MWR); 130 kt maximum estimated winds from the same ship (MWR); 70kt NE with pressure of 958mb at 29.8N, 74.8W at 8z (MWR); Station highlights: 30kt ESE with pressure of 1006mb at Bermuda (32.3N, 64.8W) at 12z (HWM). "On the morning of the 6th the storm center was near 29N, 73W. At 2am the American SS Harold Walker reported a southwest hurricane in 27.2N, 74.4W, and about an hour later the American SS Heffron reported a northeast hurricane with uncorrected pressure at 28.3 inches, approximately in 29.8N, 74.8W. During the morning strong gales to hurricane velocities covered most of the sea between 25.3N, 70.7W. At 7pm of the 6th the storm center was west of Bermuda, with a southeast gale of force 9 blowing at the island. Shipping apparently had avoided the thickest of the storm at this time and the maximum reported wind force during the pm hours was that of a whole gale near 33N, 69W, barometer 28.96 inches." Oct 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975mb near 37N, 67W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 37N, 66.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNW with 981 mb at 02Z at 33.2N, 69.2W (MWR); center fix with central pressure of 971mb at 37.5N, 67W (no time given) (MWR). Station highlight: 40kt SE at Bermuda (32.3N, 64.8W) at 0z (MWR); 34kt N (max w?) and 995mb (min p?) at Nantucket (41.3N, 70.1W) (not necessarily simultaneous observations) (MWR). "During the 7th the storm continued intense as it progressed from a position northwest of Bermuda to Nova Scotia waters. A radiogram from Bermuda said that the British SS Lady Nelson passed through the calm of the center of the storm, barometer 28.68 inches. This was near 37.5N, 67W." Oct 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 44N, 64W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 44.0N, 63.0W at 12z. Ship highlights: 60kt E with pressure of 965mb at 42.3N, 65.9W at 5z (MWR). Station highlights: 45kt with pressure of 978mb at Halifax (44.6N, 63.6W) at 12z (MWR). "From midnight of this date until early morning of the 8th the German SS Stuttgart, in near 42.3N, 65.9W, reported a low barometer reading of 28.49 inches and a wind of force 11 from east then west, which sufficiently indicates the virility of the hurricane at this time. During the morning of the 8th the storm field lay principally south of Nova Scotia, with a pressure of 28.88 inches reported at Halifax, and fresh to strong gales in the vicinity. Gales continued during the say, but lessening force, as the storm, rapidly decreasing in depth and area, swung east-northeastward south of Newfoundland" Oct 9: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 43N, 53W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 43.2N, 49.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 25kt ENE with pressure of 999mb at 46.9N, 59.5w at 4z (COA); 35kt ENE with pressure of 1006mb at 46.7N, 51.6W at 12z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "and on the 9th entered the western edge on a great cyclone system then central west of the British Isles" (MWR). A tropical cyclone formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 1 October at 06Z (no change to the timing of genesis). The position at 06Z on the 1st is moved 5 degrees NNW of the original HURDAT position - a major change. This is because observations from Cabo Gracias indicate that the cyclone was located closer to that station on the 1st than shown in the original HURDAT. Major north-northwestward track adjustments are therefore implemented at 12Z and 18Z on the 1st as well. The cyclone strengthened as it moved northward before making landfall in Cuba on the 4th. A track adjustment of 1.3 degrees west of the original HURDAT position is made at 00Z on 3 October to move the cyclone westward to 18.1N, 81.7W, and that is also the time the cyclone attained hurricane intensity. At 12Z on 1 October, a peripheral pressure of 1002 mb was recorded, which yields a wind speed of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, but the 35 kt intensity listed in HURDAT is retained due to the low environmental pressures in the area and because the strongest wind observed that day was only 25 kt. On 2 October at 21Z, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb was recorded even though no gales had been recorded on the 1st or 2nd of October. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed greater than 47 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 55 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd is not changed. On the 3rd, observations clearly showed the cyclone was becoming much larger as it intensified. A 40 kt gale was recorded at 12Z on the 3rd from a ship north of western Cuba even though the center was still south of Cuba at the time. At the time when the cyclone was making landfall on the south coast of Cuba as a hurricane (09Z on the 4th) a ship 130 nmi NNW of the center recorded 40 kt ENE with 991 mb. The area with pressure below 1000 mb had become very large. The cyclone is analyzed to have made its first Cuban landfall at 09Z on 4 October at 22.3N, 82.0W as a 90 kt hurricane and its 2nd and final Cuban landfall at 12Z on the 4th at 22.7N, 82.1W as a 90 kt hurricane. Havana reported a lull around 16Z, 2 to 3 hours before recorded its minimum pressure of 976 mb at 19Z. Perez indicates that a calm at Havana lasted for 7 to 8 hours. Perez also suggests a 973 mb central pressure at 12Z, which was the time of Cuban landfall. It is not known if his suggestion of 973 mb is based on a direct measurement or an estimate based on peripheral data. Therefore, this value is not added to HURDAT. Perez also lists 90 kt for the intensity at 12Z. If the 973 mb value was a central pressure, it would yield 86 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 95 kt intensity listed in HURDAT originally at 12Z on the 4th is lowered to 90 kt, and this is in agreement with the Perez assessment. For 18Z on the 4th, the HURDAT intensity is lowered from 90 to 85 kt (showing that some slight weakening occurred while the system was over land), and the 976 mb central pressure is retained as there is not enough evidence to indicate that the value is incorrect. Perez agrees with the 976 mb in HURDAT at 18Z. At that time, the center was emerging off the north coast of Cuba. As soon as the center reached water, the cyclone intensified quickly into a major hurricane, as indicated by ship data beginning at 12Z on the 5th. Moving northeastward, the center passed quite close to, but southeast of, the Florida Keys and Miami, FL on 5 October. The maximum wind and minimum pressure recorded at Key West were 37 kt and 985 mb, respectively. Winds at Miami were recorded at 32 kt with a 987 mb pressure at 12Z on the 5th. After converted to 10m 1-min winds, the maximum winds at Key West and Miami were 38 and 30 kt, respectively. There were no available observations between these sites. According to the revised track, the place where the cyclone made its closest approach to the coast was Long Key in the Florida Keys. A run of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind model (using climatological RMW) yields 79 kt for the winds at Long Key at time of closest approach. However, the Schwerdt et al. model was run at the time of closest approach to Key West and yielded 64 kt for Key West- whereas the maximum winds there were only 38 kt. The Schwerdt et al. model was run again at the time of closest approach to Miami and yielded 53 kt for Miami- whereas the maximum winds there were only 30 kt. Based on this information, it is estimated that winds of 55 kt occurred in the Florida Keys at Long Key - so only a tropical storm impact is analyzed to have occurred for southeast FL and the Keys. Despite the low pressures observed, these locations clearly did not receive winds near hurricane force and were on the weak side of the cyclone. The position at 12Z on the 5th is adjusted slightly closer to Florida with a position of 24.8N, 79.7W. A ship at that time recorded a pressure of 966 mb with 50 kt winds simultaneously after recording hurricane force winds one hour earlier. Although the ship might have been briefly inside the RMW, there is not evidence to say for sure that it was inside the RMW. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb yields winds of greater than 96 and 93 kt according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. If the ship was inside the RMW, the data would suggest a central pressure around 960 mb, which yields 102 and 100 kt, respectively, according to the same relationships. A 100 kt intensity is selected for 12Z on 5 October (down from 115 kt originally). This intensity also fits with available data from the 4th and the 6th of October as well as other data from the 5th. Late on the 5th, the hurricane passed through the Bahamas. Hopetown, Great Abaco Island measured a maximum wind of 87 kt and a minimum pressure of 984 mb while Millville, Abaco reported a 79 kt maximum wind. The 1933 MWR storm table on page 363 indicates that a ship, which measured a minimum pressure of 959 mb near the Bahamas sometime on the 5th or 6th of October, also estimated maximum winds of 130 kt. Early on the 6th, one ship reported a 962 mb central pressure at 05Z while a different ship reported a 958 mb pressure with simultaneous hurricane force at 08Z. A 962 mb central pressure is not added to HURDAT due to this conflicting information. A time series of the 958 mb ship derived from the MWR table of gales reveals that there is a chance that the ship was barely inside the RMW, with the winds experienced possibly decreasing from intense hurricane force to just a lower hurricane force. Given this possibility, the Schloemer equation is run assuming that the shipreached a distance of 0.75 RMW from the center. It yields a central pressure of 940 mb, which yields 115 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. It is unlikely that the ship traveled closer than 0.75 RMW from the center. This estimate of 940 mb is likely a reasonable estimate of the central pressure, although too uncertain to include into HURDAT. Since the system was large and with low environmental pressure, a 110 kt peak intensity is analyzed for this hurricane from 18Z on 5 October to 12Z on 6 October, a reduction of the previously listed peak of 130 kt at 00Z on the 6th. Since observational coverage from ships and the Bahamas was rather extensive during this time, the 130 kt intensity appears too high and may have been originally placed into HURDAT due to the estimated 130 kt wind from the ship. The hurricane accelerated and moved northeastward, reaching a position of 37.4N, 67.0W by 12Z on the 7th. A ship recorded a central pressure of 971 mb around 12Z on the 7th, and this central pressure is retained in HURDAT. A central pressure of 971 mb equals 81 kt according to the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship and 80 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 105 kt originally - a major change). Major intensity decreases of 20-25 kt are implemented at all times on the 7th. Later on the 7th, Nantucket recorded 34 kt winds, and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for portions of coastal New England. No change is made to the time this cyclone became extratropical - 00Z on the 8th - with an analyzed position of 41.2N, 65.2W with a 80 kt intensity (down from 90 kt originally). However, there is some possibility that the cyclone may have become extratropical late on the 7th, but there are not enough observations within a few hundred nmi from the center in the NW quadrant to make the determination that it was extratropical at 12 or 18Z on the 7th, so no change is made to the ET timing. A ship at 05Z on the 8th confirmed that the cyclone had deepened again because it recorded 60 kt winds with a 965 mb pressure. Around 12Z on the 8th Halifax, Nova Scotia recorded winds of 45 kt and a 978 mb pressure when the system passed close to the southeast. The 80 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 8th is lowered to 70 kt. After that, the cyclone turned due eastward and accelerated. HURDAT previously listed a final position at 18Z on the 9th at 42.4N, 43.8W as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone. However, observations at 12Z on the 9th indicate that rapid weakening had taken place - the cyclone had become extremely elongated and no longer contained a closed circulation by that time. Dissipation is therefore shown after 06Z on 9 October (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally) with a final position of 44.0N, 55.5W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. The intensity adjustment at 06Z on the 9th is a major downward intensity change from 65 kt originally. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 18 (originally Storm 19) - 2012 Revision 27115 10/25/1933 M=14 19 SNBR= 599 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27115 10/26/1933 M=13 18 SNBR= 599 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** The 25th is removed from HURDAT 27120 10/25* 0 0 0 0*134 793 35 0*138 797 35 0*139 793 35 0 27120 10/25* 0 0 0 0*135 801 25 0*136 797 25 0*136 791 25 0 27125 10/26*140 788 35 0*142 783 35 0*145 777 35 0*149 772 40 0 27125 10/26*136 785 25 0*137 779 30 0*138 775 30 0*139 774 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27130 10/27*152 769 40 0*155 768 45 0*158 768 45 0*160 769 50 0 27130 10/27*140 773 30 0*141 772 30 0*142 772 35 0*146 772 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27135 10/28*163 771 50 0*165 773 55 0*168 774 55 0*171 775 60 0 27135 10/28*151 773 40 0*156 774 45 0*160 775 50 0*164 776 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 27140 10/29*174 777 65 0*177 778 75 0*178 779 85 0*181 781 85 0 27140 10/29*168 777 70 0*173 777 75 0*178 777 80 0*181 781 80 982 *** ** *** *** *** ** ** *** 27145 10/30*185 780 70 0*187 777 65 0*189 775 65 0*192 771 65 0 27145 10/30*185 780 70 0*187 777 65 0*188 775 60 0*190 771 60 0 *** ** *** ** 27150 10/31*194 768 65 0*197 766 65 0*199 764 60 0*204 762 55 0 27150 10/31*193 768 55 0*196 766 55 0*199 764 55 0*203 763 50 0 *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 27155 11/01*209 761 55 0*214 762 50 0*217 763 50 0*219 764 45 0 27155 11/01*207 763 45 0*211 764 40 0*215 765 45 0*218 765 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 27160 11/02*220 765 45 0*222 766 45 0*224 768 40 0*228 770 40 0 27160 11/02*220 765 45 0*222 765 45 0*224 765 40 0*228 767 40 0 *** *** *** 27165 11/03*232 772 40 0*236 773 40 0*241 772 35 0*246 769 35 0 27165 11/03*232 769 40 0*236 770 40 0*241 770 40 0*246 769 40 0 *** *** *** ** ** 27170 11/04*250 764 35 0*253 760 35 0*255 755 35 0*258 746 35 0 27170 11/04*250 766 45 0*254 762 45 0*258 758 45 0*260 751 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27175 11/05*261 736 35 0*263 730 35 0*264 723 35 0*266 713 35 0 27175 11/05*262 743 40 0*263 735 40 0*264 726 40 0*266 716 40 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27180 11/06*269 703 35 0*271 696 35 0*273 689 35 0*277 677 35 0 27180 11/06*269 705 40 0*271 693 40 0*273 680 40 0*277 666 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27185 11/07*284 658 35 0*295 635 35 0*305 613 35 0E335 578 35 0 27185 11/07*284 651 40 0*293 634 40 0*304 615 40 0*321 590 40 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 27190 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone that struck Jamaica as a hurricane. Major changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm intensity was first attained and to the timing of when the cyclone weakened from a hurricane back to a tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Tannehill (TAN), and the Jamaican Meteorological Office (1933). Oct 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 13N, 82.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 13.8N, 79.7W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Oct 26: HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 14.5N, 77.7W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Oct 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 77W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 15.8N, 76.8W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Oct 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 77.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 16.8N, 77.4W at 12z. Ship highlights: 70 kt at 23Z near approximately 16.6N, 76.8W (JAM). Station highlights: 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 22Z at 18.1N, 77.9W (JAM). Oct 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15N, 79W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 17.8N, 77.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 35kt S with pressure of 1005mb at 17.8N, 76.6W at 21z (MWR). Station highlights: 70 kt N at 10Z at Calabash Bay (JAM); 70 kt E at 1130Z at Munro College (JAM); 70 kt NE at 12Z at Calabash Bay (JAM); calm at Calabash Bay from 1215-1230Z (JAM); 65 kt NE with 987 mb at 1335Z at 18.1N, 77.9W (JAM); 70 kt N with 983 mb (min p) at 1830Z at Retreat Estate (JAM); center fix around ~2000Z at Savanna-la-mar (18.2N, 78.1W) with 982 mb central pressure and calm winds (JAM, TAN); pressure of 982mb at Savanna, Jamaica (18.2N, 78.1w) at 1930z (TAN); 70 kt ENE around 21Z at Sadlers Hall (JAM); strong winds with 985 mb (min p) at 2130Z at Round Hill (JAM); center fix around ~2250Z at Torrie (18.4N, 78.0W); 61-70 kt (estimated, and 540 meters) SSE at 2235Z at Kempshot (JAM); fierce winds SSW with 985 mb at 2255Z at Rose Mount (JAM). Oct 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 77W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 18.9N, 77.5W at 12z. Ship highlights: 35 kt W (MWR); 25 kt SE with 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.1N, 75.3W (COA); 30 kt W with 1003 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 77.6W (COA). Station highlights: 989 mb at 00Z at Rose Mount (JAM); center fix at 0030Z at Round Hill (18.5N, 78.0W) (JAM); strong W winds at 0130Z at Torrie (JAM); 28 kt S with 1002 mb at 12Z at Morant Point (JAM). Oct 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 18.5N, 75W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 19.9N, 76.4W at 12z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1003 mb at 06Z at 19.5N, 74.5W (COA); 40 kt ENE with pressure of 1014mb at 23.7N, 74.7W at 13z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Nov 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19.5N, 77W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 21.7N, 76.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with pressure of 1006mb at 21.7N, 75W at 12z (HWM); 15 kt S with 1002 mb at 12Z at 21.4N, 76.4W (HWM); 35 kt E (MWR); 30 kt ENE with 1004 mb at 20Z at 22.6N, 74.1W (MWR). Station highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1005 mb at 12Z at Cienfuegos (HWM). Nov 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21.5N, 76W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 22.4N, 76.8W at 12z. Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.7N, 76.7W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Nov 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21.5N, 77.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 24.1N, 77.2W at 12z. Ship highlights: 1004 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 79.7W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Nov 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 27N, 77W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 25.5N, 75.5W at 12z. Ship highlights: 40kt ESE no time given (MWR); 15 kt W with 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 76.9W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Nov 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25.5N, 71.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 26.4N, 72.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 10 kt NNW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 72.8W (HWM); 25 kt NNE with 1003 mb at 12Z at 27.2N, 72.4W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Nov 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 68W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 27.3N, 68.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE with 1000 mb at 00Z at 27.5N, 73.3W (COA); 20 kt W with 1003 mb at 12Z at 24.7N, 68.2W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Nov 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 63W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 30.5N, 61.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 20 kt N with 1001 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 64.0W (COA); 20 kt S with 1001 mb at 19Z at 33.0N, 58.3W (MWR); 35kt SSE no time given (MWR). Station highlights: 1004 mb at 12Z at Bermuda [may be more due to the front than the TC] (HWM). On 25 October, it became apparent that a circulation was forming in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Although it is possible that this tropical cyclone may not have formed until the 26th, there are not enough observations on the 25th to determine that a tropical cyclone did not exist by then. Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of genesis (06Z on 25 October), but the intensity is reduced from 35 kt to 25 kt on the 25th. The cyclone is begun as a tropical depression at 06Z on the 25th at 13.5N, 80.1W. The cyclone moved slowly east-northeastward before making a northward turn on the 27th. On the 27th, south-southwestward position alterations of about 1.5 degrees are implemented. On the 28th, the cyclone turned slightly toward the north-northwest and began to approach Jamaica from the south. On the 28th at 23Z, the first gale was recorded, and it was a hurricane force wind reported by a ship located 100 mi south of Kingston, Jamaica. For the 29th at 00Z, the position is adjusted six-tenths of a degree southward of the previous position, and a 70 kt intensity is chosen (up from 65 kt originally). It is analyzed that the tropical depression became a tropical storm at 12Z on the 27th (54 hours later than originally - a major change), and the cyclone intensified to a hurricane by 00Z on the 29th (no change to the time hurricane intensity was attained). By 12Z on the 29th, the analyzed position of the hurricane is 17.8N, 77.7W, which is just a few nmi off the coast of Jamaica. The hurricane is then analyzed to have moved northwestward between 12-18Z on the 29th, paralleling the southwestern coast of Jamaica, perhaps staying just offshore during that time, but it is likely that the eye touched the coast perhaps around 13Z-14Z near 17.9N, 77.8W. Finally, the hurricane turned northward and made landfall in Jamaica on 29 October around 20Z at 18.2N, 78.1. Several observations of hurricane force winds were observed. The lowest pressure observed was 982 mb with calm in the eye at the 20Z landfall at a coastal station. A central pressure of 982 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 29th. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. When the cyclone passed over Torrie a couple hours after landfall, the maximum winds prior to the lull there occurred 4.33 hours before the maximum wind following the lull. The wind shifted 180 degrees in 5.5 hours, but about 160 degrees during the 4.33 hours of the lull, and the observations indicate the geometric center passed just east of there. Given the time that Torrie was in the lull and taking into account the speed of the cyclone, the RMW was least 8.65 nmi (if Torrie would have been in the geometric center). But it is judged that the RMW was approximately 11 nmi, which is smaller than the climatological 15 nmi. Since the forward speed of the storm was a slow 5 kt, this cancels out the smaller than average RMW, so no adjustment should be made to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. However, there were numerous hurricane force winds observed up to until a few hours after landfall. Also, observations suggest that the central pressure may have been slightly lower than 982 mb a few hours prior to landfall. It appears as though the pressures at some Jamaican stations were biased somewhat too high while at other stations, the pressures may have been biased a little bit low. Taking into account that numerous hurricane force winds were observed, 80 kt is chosen for 12Z, 18Z (down from 85 kt originally at both 12 and 18Z), and the 20Z landfall. The cyclone was over Jamaica from 20Z on the 29th to 00Z on the 30th and it emerged off the north coast of Jamaica near 18.5N, 78.0W, still at hurricane intensity. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened from 80 kt to 70 kt while over Jamaica. During the next 36 hours, the cyclone moved slowly north-northeastward over water away from Jamaica towards Cuba. The cyclone made landfall in Cuba around 12 or 13Z on 31 October at 19.9N, 76.4W. It is analyzed that the hurricane continued to weaken (from 70 to 55 kt) while over water between Jamaica and Cuba, and a 55 kt landfall intensity is analyzed for the Cuban landfall. Perez lists this cyclone as a tropical storm for Cuba. The cyclone moved northward, and it was over Cuba from 12Z on 31 October to 06Z on 1 November. The analyzed intensity at 06Z on 1 November is 40 kt (down from 50 kt originally), indicating that although the cyclone had weakened, tropical storm strength was maintained. After that, the cyclone broadened and remained a weak tropical storm for the next several days as it meandered slowly northward and then northeastward. Several low pressures between 1000-1005 mb were observed over the next several days over a broad area, but only a couple of 35-40 kt gales were observed. On most of the days from the 1st - 7th of November the ship density was sufficient for a reasonably accurate analysis of position and intensity. Originally, HURDAT listed this cyclone as becoming extratropical just before it was dissipated by a front after 18Z on the 7th, but although no change is made to the timing of dissipation, the extratropical phase is removed from HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th. The revised final position at 18Z on 7 November is now shown to be at 32.1N, 59.0W as a 40 kt tropical storm before the cyclone was absorbed by an approaching front. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 19 (originally Storm 20) - 2012 Revision 27195 10/26/1933 M= 5 20 SNBR= 600 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27105 10/26/1933 M= 5 19 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 27200 10/26* 0 0 0 0*250 741 35 0*266 739 35 0*278 737 35 0 27200 10/26E278 752 35 0*284 748 40 0*290 745 45 0*296 743 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27205 10/27*290 735 40 0*300 733 40 0*310 731 45 0*327 725 50 0 27205 10/27*302 741 50 0*308 739 55 0*315 736 55 0*327 729 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 27210 10/28*346 715 50 0*358 703 55 0*371 688 60 0*392 666 60 0 27210 10/28*341 718 60 0*356 705 60 0*371 688 60 0E392 666 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * ** 27215 10/29E412 644 60 0E425 629 60 0E439 621 60 0E454 620 55 0 27215 10/29E412 644 70 0E426 631 70 0E440 623 70 0E454 616 55 0 ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 27220 10/30E467 619 50 0E478 619 45 0E490 615 35 0E500 615 35 0 27220 10/30E468 609 50 0E481 601 45 0E493 592 40 0E506 585 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27225 TS Major track changes and minor adjustments to the intensity are analyzed for this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. Oct 24: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 82W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "[This storm] originated east of the Bahama Islands on the 25th or 26th" Oct 25: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 80W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Oct 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 76.5W at 12z.HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 26.6N, 73.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 30 kt S with 1003 mb at 09Z at 28.9N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt NE with 1014 mb at 13Z at 28.5N, 79.5W (COA); 30 kt NNE with 1002 mb at 15Z at 30.2N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1013 mb at 21Z at 29.5N, 79.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or lowpressures. Oct 27: HWM indicates a closed low near 31N, 74W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 31.0N, 73.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 40 kt S with 992 mb at 12Z at 31.4N, 73.5W (HWM); 35kt S with pressure of 990mb at 31.2N, 71.4W at 12z (HWM); 50kt E at 34N, 72.5W during the late afternoon (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. "[the storm] acquired energy on the 27th with central at some distance off the Carolina coast, with some gales of force 9, pressure 29.32 inches, in 31.5N, 72.7W, at 7am. Late in the afternoon the American SS Coamo, near 34N, 72.5W, reported a gale force 10 from the east, in connection with the disturbance" (MWR). Oct 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 38N, 66W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 37.1N, 68.8W at 12z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE with 1002 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 63.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 28th the cyclone moved with great rapidity toward Nova Scotia, and near midnight had acquired great depth as gathered from the report of the Dutch SS Volendam, which had a pressure of 28.80 inches in 42.8N, 64.1w," Oct 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 43N, 63.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 43.9N, 62.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE with 986 mb at 02Z at 42.0N, 64.8W (MWR); 70 kt N after 2Z (MWR); 50kt N with pressure of 975mb at 42.8N, 64.1W at 5z (MWR); 60 kt NNW after 5Z (MWR); 50 kt S with 1008 mb at 09Z at 39.5N, 58.5W (MWR); 35 kt W with 1007 mb at 16Z at 42.5N, 61.5W (COA). Station highlight: 25kt N with pressure of 996mb at Halifax (44.6N, 63.6W) at 12z (HWM). "followed in the early morning of the 29th by the maximum wind force of 11, NNW." Oct 30: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 48N, 58W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 49N, 61.5W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt N with 1005 mb at 12Z at Harrington (50.5N, 59.5W) (HWM). "During the 29th and 30th the remnant of the storm succeeded in wedging its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between two banks of high pressure, and escaping into Labrador." Possible miscellaneous ship highlight: 957 mb (position, date, and time unknown) (MWR). On 24 and 25 October, a frontal boundary was emerging off the southeast U.S. coast into the Atlantic. Winds on both sides of the front on the 24th and 25th do not indicate a closed circulation. Instead, winds on the ESE side of the front were southerly and winds on the NNW side were NNWerly. The front weakened by the 26th, but there is evidence that a closed low formed by 00Z on the 26th. At this point, there was still a temperature gradient present associated with the dissipating front, but by 06Z and especially by 12Z, the temperature gradient was gone and the fronts had dissipated. This cyclone is begun as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 00Z on the 26th (highest observed winds at 00Z were 30 kt). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a 40 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 26th (no change to the time this became a tropical cyclone and no change to the time it became a tropical storm). Major northward position adjustments are implemented at 06-12Z on the 26th based on ship observations. The new position at 12Z on the 26th is 29.0N, 74.5W. The cyclone moved slowly north-northeastward at first, reaching 31.5N, 73.6W by 12Z on the 27th, and then it accelerated somewhat, reaching 37.1N, 68.8W by 12Z on the 28th. Only minor position adjustments are implemented on the 27th and early on the 28th. At 12 and 18Z on the 28th, no position changes are made. The first gales to occur in association with the cyclone were 35 kt winds that were observed on the 26th. The lowest pressure on the 26th was 1002 mb. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields of winds of greater than 40 kt according to the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-winds relationship. A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 26th, and a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 26th (up from 35 kt originally at all times). The cyclone deepened on the 27th. Pressures of 992 and 990 mb from two separate ships (simultaneously with 40 and 35 kt winds respectively) were observed at 12Z on the 27th. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb yields a wind speed of 59 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 62 kt using its intensifying subset. During the late afternoon that day, a 50 kt wind was recorded for the first time in association with this system. On the 26th and 27th, the system was somewhat broad, so intensities slightly below the pressure-wind relationship are chosen. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 27th (up from 45 kt originally) and a 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 27th (up from 50 kt originally). Unfortunately, on the 28th, no ships passed within a few hundred nmi of the cyclone. No changes are made to the position or the 60 kt intensity at 12Z on the 28th. Early on the 29th, between 02Z-06Z, hurricane force winds were observed and pressures as low as 975 mb were observed. At 02Z on the 29th, a simultaneous observation of 60 kt with 986 mb was recorded, and at 05Z, a 975 mb pressure was observed simultaneously with 50 kt winds. Winds of hurricane force were also recorded a short time after 02Z. A 70 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 29th (up from 60 kt originally). Therefore, 65 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 28th. HURDAT originally has the cyclone becoming extratropical at 00Z on the 29th. Available observations suggest that the cyclone became extratropical around 18Z on the 28th. A isothermal analysis indicates that this cyclone was tropical on the 26th and 27th, and at 12Z on the 28th this cyclone was becoming extratropical, with transition almost complete. Therefore, 60 kt is maintained as the peak intensity while the system was a tropical cyclone. However, analyzed intensities after extratropical transition are 65-70 kt from 18Z on the 28th through 12Z on the 29th. The cyclone continued moving north-northeastward and made landfall in eastern Nova Scotia on 29 October between 12-18Z as an extratropical cyclone with hurricane force winds. According to historical records of damage and impacts kept by Environment Canada, this storm caused significant damage in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. By 12Z on 30 October, the analyzed position of the cyclone is 49.3N, 59.2W, which constitutes an adjustment of more than 2 degrees east of the original HURDAT position based on observations. No change is made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on the 30th. It should be noted that in the 1933 Monthly Weather Review, page 363 in the table for this storm, it is listed that the lowest barometer reported was 28.26" (957 mb) by the Steamship Phoebus. There is no date, time, or position listed with this observation. If there was indeed a ship that measured a 957 mb pressure with this system, it had to have either occurred on the 28th or 29th. If the 957 mb pressure was observed when this system was still tropical, we would be talking about winds of at least 92 kt according to the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N. Unfortunately no other source could be found containing information about this ship. Since a 975 mb available pressure was observed less than 12 hours after the cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical, and since there were no ships near the center on the 28th, it is possible that this cyclone was a hurricane before it became extratropical. Since there is no concrete evidence that it was a hurricane, this system is kept in HURDAT as only a tropical storm. ****************************************************************************** 1933 Storm 20 (originally Storm 21) - 2012 Revision 27230 11/15/1933 M= 3 21 SNBR= 601 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27230 11/15/1933 M= 3 20 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27235 11/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*119 798 35 0*119 806 35 0 27235 11/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*112 799 30 0*115 806 35 0 *** *** ** *** 27240 11/16*120 813 35 0*120 818 35 0*121 824 35 0*121 832 35 0 27240 11/16*118 813 40 0*120 820 45 0*121 827 50 0*121 835 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27245 11/17*122 843 35 0*123 852 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27245 11/17*122 843 40 0*123 852 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 ** 27250 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. Nov 14: HWM indicates a broad closed low near 11.5N, 80.5W with at most 1010mb at 12z. HURDAT does not list this storm. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Nov 15: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb just north of Panama near 10.5N, 81W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with winds of 35kts at 11.9N, 79.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Nov 16: HWM shows a stronger low of at most 1005mb near 12.5N, 82W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with winds of 35kts at 12.1N, 82.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with 1003mb at 12.3N, 82.4W at 9Z (MWR); 30kt SE with 1000mb at 13.2N, 81.7W at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt SE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 12.6N, 82.5W (COA). Station highlights: 996 mb at Bluefields (MWR); 31kt SW at Bluefields (MWR). A tropical cyclone formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea at 12Z on 15 November (no change to genesis time). Several observations near the center at 12Z on the 15th show only weak winds, so the system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression rather than as a tropical storm. The largest track change made for the lifetime of this system - a southward adjustment of seven-tenths of a degree - is implemented at 12Z on the 15th. The cyclone moved west-northwestward. At 09Z on the 16th, a ship recorded 35 kt with 1003 mb. The cyclone made landfall near Bluefields, Nicaragua around 19 or 20Z on 16 November, where a 996 mb pressure was recorded (it is not certain whether this was a central or peripheral pressure value). A central pressure of less than or equal to 996 mb yields a wind speed of at least 54 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Since it is possible that the 996 mb observation could have been a central pressure and since the highest available observed wind for the lifetime of the system was 35 kt, a 50 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 16th through landfall (up from 35 kt originally at both 12 and 18Z on the 16th). The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 17th and dissipated shortly thereafter (no change to timing of dissipation). ****************************************************************************** 1933 Additional Notes: 1) Below, this suspect was originally suggested to be a new tropical cyclone. After review by the best track committee, it is decided that it was not a tropical cyclone and was instead extratropical because of a large temperature gradient. DATE LAT LON CLASSIFICATION APR 26 32N 64W EXTRATROPICAL APR 27 30N 54W EXTRATROPICAL April 25: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone with an extended warm and cold from centered near 30N, 78W with a pressure of at most 1005mb at 12Z. Track of lows indicates the low formed on the morning and was positioned at 26.8N, 78.0W with a pressure of 1008mb; the evening position is at 30N, 70W. Ship highlights: 39kt S with 1007mb at 27N, 77.2W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of April 25 a low-pressure area was centered just north of Nova Scotia with a secondary of great intensity (998mb) over New Brunswick. From thence a trough extended southward to Florida. A cold front of moderate intensity was in evidence along the Atlantic coastline to the westward, and thunderstorms had occurred during the night at numerous places south of Cape Hatteras. Between Bermuda and Florida, moderate SE winds with overcast sky were recorded, with the exception of one ship just north of Watling Island [in the Bahamas], which reported a SE wind force 6. The strength of this observation was greater than was to be expected fro the geostrophic wind, which would correspond to about force 4." April 26: HWM shows a stronger system with the low pressure centered at 34.5N, 65.5W at 12Z with a pressure of at most 1000mb with an occluded front stretching south-east to Bermuda and from there extending warm and cold fronts. Track of lows indicate that at 13Z the system was centered at 34.0N, 64.5W with a pressure of 998mb; in the evening the position estimate is at 38.5N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 0915Z (QJR); SW wind and 990 mb at 0930Z (QJR); calm and 992 mb at 1130Z at 32.4N, 64.4W (QJR); 85 kt at 1755Z at 33.0N, 63.0W (QJR). Station highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 1100Z at Bermuda (QJR); >=85 kt W G 114 kt W and 990 mb (max wind, max gust, and min pressure) at 1140Z at Bermuda (QJR); 40kt NW with 998mb at Bermuda at 12Z (HWM). "At 0740 [at Bermuda]. Wind veered from ESE to W, reaching 132mph. A speed of over 100mph was maintained for about a quarter of an hour. Barometer fell to 990.5mb, and then rose very steeply. The storm caused considerable minor damage to the island, unroofing many houses, uprooting trees and telegraph poles. A large steam yacht in Hamilton Harbour was blown ashore. Numerous small boats were swamped or blown away, but no loss of life was sustained." "From the barograph trace, the wind record and other data, there seems little doubt that this storm was a small hurricane of about 60 miles in diameter, although the winds of actual hurricane force cannot have been more than 30 miles across. It is of interest to note that no winds of hurricane force were reported from a southerly direction." April 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low but analyzes a triple point near 32N, 53W. From this point, a warm front is analyzed extending southeastward to 27N, 47W, and a cold front is analyzed extending south-southwestward from the triple point to 24N, 58W. Tracks of lows shows the storm being located at 42.5N, 56.0W in the morning as that being the last record of the system. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1009mb at 33.5N, 59.5W at 00Z (COA); 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 06Z at 30.5N, 55.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. The origins of this system can be placed back to 23 April, when the tail end of a dissipating cold front was located in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico near western Cuba. Cyclonic curvature in the streamlines was increasing on the 24th in that area and there was no longer a front in the area. On the 25th, winds increased to gale force and the developing low moved northeastward across Florida and into the western Atlantic. However, on the 25th, the system did not yet have a closed circulation, as it contained an open trough extending northward from the low. On the 26th, there are several observations that confirm that this cyclone had become a tiny, fast-moving, intense system. Using observations from the 25th and 26th, it is analyzed that the low was closed by 00Z on the 26th, and it is analyzed as a 50 kt cyclone at that time near 32N, 69W. The cyclone moved eastward, and by 09Z on the 26th, a ship reported a 990 mb pressure and winds of at least 50 kt. This ship was located southwest of Bermuda and sailing northeastward at 09Z. The ship's wind shifted from SSE to NW. The island of Bermuda recorded winds over 85 kt for an hour with a peak gust of 114 kt. (It should be noted that the hilly terrain of Bermuda may partly be contributing toward the extreme winds measured.) The peak gust of 114 kt was observed at the same time as Bermuda's minimum pressure of 990 mb. Another ship, was located 10 nmi north of Bermuda and experienced 10 minutes of calm with a 992 mb minimum pressure. The center of analyzed to have passed just a few nmi north of Bermuda on a course just north of east just before 12Z. At 1755Z on the 26th, a ship located near 33.0N, 63.0W recorded winds of 85 kt. The cyclone continued moving rapidly eastward on the 26th, but early on the 27th it turned toward the east-southeast. At 06Z on the 27th, a ship at 30.5N, 55.5W recorded 45 kt NW wind with 1005 mb pressure. Six hours earlier, this ship had 30 kt SSE with 1010 mb. At 06Z on the 27th, the analyzed position is 30.7N, 55.4W with a 60 kt intensity. The last time a position can be reliably established is 12Z on the 27th, and the cyclone is analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th at 30.0N, 51.2W as a 40 kt cyclone. It may have continued after that time, but there is no data after that. 2) June 1st-6th On June 1st, an area of disturbed weather in the Northwestern Caribbean had developed into a closed system off the tail of a cold front. No gale force winds observed or implied. On the second, the depression moved slowly to the southwest. No gale force winds observed or implied. On the third, it moved slowly to the east-southeast. No gale force winds observed or implied. On the fourth, it moved into an area of limited data coverage, making it difficult to close. No gale force winds observed, but a ship at 13.7 N, 68W had a pressure of 1005 mb, however it does not seem to match the other nearby observations well. On the fifth, westerlies were not present, although data was not numerous, making it possibly an open wave. No gale force winds observed or implied. On the sixth, there were no westerlies directly related to the disturbance, with the wave axis moving west. No gale force winds observed or implied. DATE LAT LON CLASSIFICATION JUN 01 19N 79W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUN 02 18N 81W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUN 03 17N 76W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUN 04 15N 71W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUN 05 --- 71W TROPICAL WAVE JUN 06 --- 76W TROPICAL WAVE 3) June 26-27 1933 MWR p. 178 discusses a gale occurrence from 9-15N, at about 25W on 26-27 June. Although climatology is against this being a tropical cyclone, the COADS data was obtained, but there is no evidence of a closed circulation. MWR reports that a 35 kt gale was observed, but there are no other gales and no other low pressures. Although MWR reports west winds on the 26th and east winds on the 27th, there is not enough evidence that a closed tropical cyclone was in existence. The HWM June 1930s book was not used to analyze this suspect because we don't have it. This suspect could be analyzed again if/when more data becomes available. DATE LAT LON CLASSIFICATION JUN 26 --- 27W TROPICAL WAVE JUN 27 --- 32W TROPICAL WAVE 4) July 8th-12th On July 8th, a trough with gale force winds developed in the southwestern Caribbean. The system could not be closed into a center of circulation. Key observation: gale, 35 kt, on the ship Hen. at 14.7 N and 77.7 W. On the 9th, the trough became more difficult to close off its eastern side as southerlies were absent. Gales were reported on four ships. Key observations, 35 kt on the ship T. Lyx. at 10.2N and 76.4W, 35 kt on a ship at 12.7N and 80.5W, 35 kt on a ship at 15.8N and 80.8W, and 35 kt on a ship at 15.9N and 75.7W. No pressures below 1005 mb were observed. On the 10th, the absence of southerlies in the trough continued. No gales were observed or implied. On the 11th, a single observation of a southwest wind suggests that the trough may have tried to close, however at a decreased intensity. No gale force winds observed or implied. On the 12th, the trough may have closed into a tropical depression, however it soon dissipated, and could not develop into a tropical storm. No gale force winds observed or implied. Evidence of a closed circulation on the 8th and 9th is needed to upgrade this system to a tropical storm. DATE LAT LON CLASSIFICATION JUL 08 --- 80W TROUGH JUL 09 --- 80W TROUGH JUL 10 9N 80W TROUGH JUL 11 9N 80W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUL 12 12N 81W TROPICAL DEPRESSION 5) July 17th-19th On July 17th, a tropical depression formed in the subtropical Atlantic. Temperatures were generally warm near the center of circulation, however no gale force winds were observed or implied. On the 18th, it moved slowly to the south as a strong tropical depression with warm temperatures in all quadrants, however no gale force winds were observed or implied. With a broad center of circulation, it may have been a non-tropical low. On the 19th, the depression started to open as the day progressed. Temperatures remained warm. One observation of hurricane force was observed on the ship with number 18763 at 38.4N and 39.0W, however this observation has no support and would be very far from the poorly-organized center. No other reports of gale force winds were observed or implied. Evidence of gale force winds on the 17th and 18th, or one more gale on the 19th is needed to upgrade this depression to a tropical storm. DATE LAT LON CLASSIFICATION JUL 17 37N 47W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUL 18 36N 46W TROPICAL DEPRESSION JUL 19 37N 48W TROPICAL DEPRESSION 6) August 14-21 ORIGINAL HURDAT: 26540 08/16/1933 M= 6 7 SNBR= 587 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 26545 08/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*110 580 35 0 26550 08/17*118 606 35 0*121 618 35 0*125 630 35 0*128 641 35 0 26555 08/18*130 651 35 0*133 661 35 0*135 670 35 0*139 681 35 0 26560 08/19*141 693 35 0*141 700 35 0*142 708 35 0*143 720 35 0 26565 08/20*143 732 35 0*144 743 35 0*145 752 30 0*146 758 30 0 26570 08/21*146 765 30 0*146 773 25 0*147 781 25 0*147 803 20 0 26575 TS REVISED DAILY POSITIONS/INTENSITIES: August 14 12Z: 8N, 52W TD August 15 12Z: 10N, 56W TD August 16 12Z: 12N, 60W TD August 17 12Z: 12N, 64W TD August 18 12Z: 13N, 67W TD August 19 12Z: 14N, 71W TD August 20 12Z: 14N, 75W TD This storm - originally #7 - has been removed from HURDAT based on observations from HWM and COADS. This cyclone was likely a tropical depression only. Aug 16: HURDAT starts this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 11.0N, 58.0W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the Windward Islands on the 16th and moved westward." Aug 17: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.5N, 63W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 18: HWM begins to show a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 13.5N, 67W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 13.5N, 67.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 19: HWM loses the system for the remainder of its lifetime. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 14.2N, 70.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 20: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 14.5N, 75.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 21: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 14.7N, 80.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It was last traceable about 300 miles east of the Honduras coast on the 21st." This system is analyzed to be a closed tropical depression from August 14th 12Z through August 20th 18Z. The highest observed wind in association with this system was 20 kt. On some of the days, the observational coverage is more extensive than on other days. Thus this cyclone is removed from HURDAT because it is analyzed that this was only a tropical depression and never attained tropical storm intensity. Sufficient observational coverage on most days indicates that although there was decent evidence that the circulation was closed on most of the days, there is also substantial evidence that the intensity was weaker than listed in HURDAT- and only tropical depression intensity. There were no observed gales or low pressures in association with this cyclone. 7) September 27-30 1933 (remove) (original Storm 17) Original HURDAT: 27035 09/28/1933 M= 3 17 SNBR= 597 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27040 09/28* 0 0 0 0*117 821 35 0*126 822 35 0*134 823 35 0 27045 09/29*143 826 35 0*156 836 35 0*163 848 35 0*164 854 35 0 27050 09/30*165 862 35 0*167 873 35 0*168 885 35 0*169 900 30 0 27055 TS Revised Daily Positions: 9/27 12Z: 13N, 80W TD 9/28 12Z: 13N, 82W TD 9/29 12Z; 16N, 85W TD 9/30 12Z: open wave along 90W from 8-18N This system is removed from HURDAT as it only reached tropical depression status, at most. On the 27th, it is plausible that a tropical depression existed near 12.5-13N, 80.5W, as observations show a closed, but broad and very weak circulation in the southwestern Caribbean. The closest observation on this day to the analyzed position is 130 nmi away - 10 kt S with 1010 mb at 12Z. If a tropical cyclone existed, locating it on the 28th is problematic. Beginning on the 28th, there are two possible scenarios for the track of the TC (if a TC existed at all to begin with). The first scenario is that the track and positions were close to the original HURDAT positions. The 2nd scenario is that the cyclone was moving westward much more quickly and that it took a farther south track inland over Central America. If the first scenario is used, which are positions close to the original HURDAT positions, then there is enough observational coverage near the 28th and 29th to show that the circulation was very weak and likely only a tropical depression throughout its lifetime. If the 2nd scenario is used, then the cyclone made landfall on 28 September at 06Z near 13.3N, 83.6W. 06Z on the 28th is the first point listed in HURDAT as being well offshore. Under this 2nd scenario, the position by 12Z on the 29th is 16N, 89W and the position by 12Z on the 30th is 17N, 91.5W. Since the cyclone would have been over land for almost the entire time, the 35 kt listed on HURDAT would have to be lowered to 30 kt anyway. The reason why it is difficult to determine which scenario is correct is because there are two conflicting ship observations at 12Z on the 28th. Depending on which of the two observations to believe, two entirely different tracks can be drawn for the two succeeding days. Another factor is that the monsoonal flow became quite pronounced on the 29th, and the pressures across the entire area were generally very low. Under scenario #1, there are 3 observations within 100 nmi from the center, and 2 of them are within 60 nmi from the center - the closest of which is 20 kt SSE with 1008 mb pressure (this is the conflicting ship observation mentioned above). If this observation, which occurred at 13.2N, 83.2W, was plotted too far west by 60-90 nmi, then a position near 12.6N, 82.5W would appear reasonable, as it would fit with 3 other observations in the area. On the 29th under this scenario, there are 3 obs within 100 nmi of the center again, the closest being 60 nmi from the center. All 3 obs were winds of 5 kt with pressure of 1008-1009 mb. Under scenario #2 on the 28th, the closest observation was 95 nmi from the center (the same 20 kt SSE with 1008 mb ship). On the 29th, there are 1 or 2 obs within 100 nmi of the center - Tela, Honduras and Belize City, and both of those stations experienced 24-hr pressure falls of 2.7 mb. On the 30th, the closest obs are Frontera (110 nmi), Rapachula (130 nmi), Belize City (190 nmi), but there is no indication of a tropical cyclone on this day either. Another factor that caused the pressures to decrease even more in the southwestern Caribbean on the 30th was that Storm #18 was beginning to develop there. The analysis indicates a possibility that the feature of interest could have been a tropical depression, and it also indicates a strong likelihood that tropical storm intensity was never attained based on sufficient observational coverage on the 28th and 29th according to scenario number 1. Given that there were 3 observations within 100 nmi on both days- 2 of them being 55-60 nmi from the center on the 28th, and given that the highest measured winds were 20 kt and that you often see cyclonic turning in that area of the southwestern Caribbean, there is enough evidence to remove this system from HURDAT. Sept 27: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT starts the system tomorrow. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 28: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.6N, 82.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "This was a very minor disturbance that apparently developed northwest of the Isthmus of Panama and moved northwestward. Its center passed near Cape Gracias the evening of the 28th," Sept 29: HWM shows a spot low of at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 90W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.3N, 84.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Sept 30: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.8N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1005mb at C. Gracias. "[it] then traveled west-northwestward and passed inland south of Belize, British Honduras, the morning of the 30th." ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 1 (originally Storm 2) - Revised February 2012 27290 06/04/1934 M=18 2 SNBR= 603 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 27290 06/04/1934 M=18 1 SNBR= 603 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * * 27295 06/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*163 877 40 0*167 877 40 0 27295 06/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 870 30 0*170 871 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 27300 06/05*170 878 40 0*172 881 40 0*173 882 40 0*172 886 40 0 27300 06/05*170 872 40 0*169 874 45 0*168 878 45 0*167 885 40 0 *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27305 06/06*172 890 40 0*168 896 35 0*163 900 35 0*159 902 40 0 27305 06/06*165 895 40 0*163 905 35 0*160 910 35 0*155 914 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 27310 06/07*151 905 40 0*145 905 45 0*143 898 55 0*147 892 60 0 27310 06/07*150 917 30 0*145 917 35 0*140 915 45 0*142 907 45 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27315 06/08*157 886 60 0*167 882 60 0*177 878 70 0*186 876 70 0 27315 06/08*152 896 40 0*165 883 45 0*177 875 50 0*186 872 60 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27320 06/09*194 878 70 0*200 883 60 0*204 890 55 0*207 898 40 0 27320 06/09*194 873 70 0*200 877 65 0*204 884 55 0*208 891 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** 27325 06/10*208 905 35 0*210 911 35 0*211 917 35 0*213 922 35 0 27325 06/10*212 898 35 0*216 908 40 0*218 917 45 0*220 925 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 27330 06/11*215 927 35 0*219 933 40 0*220 939 40 0*217 942 40 0 27330 06/11*220 933 50 0*219 939 50 0*217 942 55 0*216 942 60 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 27335 06/12*213 944 45 0*209 943 45 0*208 938 50 0*208 934 50 0 27335 06/12*215 940 60 0*215 937 65 0*215 934 70 0*215 931 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27340 06/13*211 930 55 0*216 927 55 0*220 925 55 0*223 923 60 0 27340 06/13*215 929 75 0*215 927 75 0*217 925 80 978*220 923 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27345 06/14*225 922 60 0*228 921 65 0*231 920 70 0*237 918 70 0 27345 06/14*223 922 80 0*226 921 80 0*231 920 80 0*237 918 85 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 27350 06/15*243 916 70 0*247 914 70 0*252 913 70 0*259 912 70 0 27350 06/15*243 916 85 0*247 914 85 0*252 913 85 0*257 912 85 0 ** ** ** *** ** 27355 06/16*268 912 70 0*277 911 70 0*287 910 65 0*298 910 60 0 27355 06/16*263 912 85 0*271 913 85 0*283 915 85 0*296 917 85 966 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 27360 06/17*309 910 60 0*323 908 55 0*338 902 45 0*349 889 40 0 27360 06/17*309 913 60 0*321 909 45 0*333 903 35 0*342 894 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27365 06/18*358 873 35 0*365 857 35 0*372 839 35 0*378 818 40 0 27365 06/18*351 881 35 0*360 862 30 0E368 842 30 0E376 822 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 27370 06/19E384 797 40 0E391 775 40 0E398 754 40 0E405 739 40 0 27370 06/19E384 802 40 0E391 775 40 0E398 754 40 0E404 739 40 0 *** *** 27375 06/20E411 724 40 0E420 702 40 0E432 680 40 0E452 660 40 0 27375 06/20E409 724 40 0E415 707 40 0E425 685 45 0E440 665 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27380 06/21E472 642 35 0E485 626 35 0E497 610 35 0E510 594 35 0 27380 06/21E457 646 40 0E477 628 40 0E502 610 35 0E530 594 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 27385 HR LA3 27385 HR LA2 *** U.S. Landfall: 6/16/1934 19Z 29.7N 91.7W 966 mb 85 kt 30 nmi RMW 1004 mb OCI - 13 kt speed Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity are shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992), Mexican synoptic weather maps from NCDC, Mexican observations from the Mexican Meteorological Service, the Daily Weather Maps Series, and the monthly state climatological data summaries for Louisiana and Mississippi from NCDC. June 4: HWM indicates a low pressure system of more than 1005mb near 16N, 87W. HURDAT lists this storm as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.3N, 87.7W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 16N, 87.5W (am) and 17N, 87.5W (pm). No gales or low pressures for any ship or land stations. "Disturbed conditions were noted in the Gulf of Honduras on the 4th and, as the depression had deepened and some movement was apparent..." (MWR). June 5: HWM indicates a tiny closed off system with pressures just below 1005mb near 16N and 87.5W. HURDAT lists this storm as a 40 kt tropical storm near 17.3N, 88.2W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks of lows showed a center near 17.5N, 88W (am) and at 17.5N, 89W (pm). Ship highlight: 1004mb with 22kt SW at 16.1N, 87.8W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1005mb with 25kt NNW at Belize at 12UTC (HWM); 29 kt at Belize (max wind) (MWR). "Advices were issued the morning of the 5th, the day it crossed the coastline of British Honduras near Belize, where a maximum wind of 34 mph from the NW was recorded. During that afternoon and night it apparently turned southwestward and south" (MWR). June 6: HWM indicates a more broad circulation of just above 1000mb near 15N and 90W. HURDAT lists this storm as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 16.3N, 90.0W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks of lows showed a center near 16N, 89.5W (am) and 15N, 90W (pm). Ship highlight: 1001mb with 15kt SW at 13.0N, 92.6W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlight: 1002mb with 9kt N at Tapachula at 12UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 6th Tapachula, on the coast of Mexico, near the Guatemalan border, reported a barometer reading of 1002 mb and a 24-hour fall of 6 mb" (MWR). June 7: HWM reveals a low pressure system identical to the prior day. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm near 14.3N, 89.8W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows a storm near 14N, 89.5W (am) and 15N, 88.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1005mb with 5kt S at 10.6N, 87.9W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlight: 1001mb with 9kt N at Tapachula at 12UTC (HWM); >43 kt at San Salvador (13.7N, 89.1W) (MWR). "On June 7 the following message was received from the Pan American Airways station at San Salvador, Salvador: 'A severe storm struck this place early this morning with torrential rain and winds in excess of 50 mph. Present wind south 30 mph. Considerable damage reported due to heavy rain.' Press reports indicate that between 1,000 and 3,000 persons were killed or injured in Honduras, perhaps due to floods in the majority of cases. The town of Ocotepeque in western Honduras suffered greatly, with more than 500 people killed. The rainfall, according to some reports, was in excess of 25 inches at a number of places. Great destruction and suffering occurred at both Salvador and Honduras" (MWR). June 8: HWM shows a low pressure system of about 1005mb near 16N and 88W. HURDAT lists this storm as a category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds, which is a discrepancy, near 17.7N, 87.8W at 12 UTC. MWR tracks of lows indicates the storm to be near 17.5N, 87.5W (am) and 19N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1001mb with 22kt SW at 16.8N, 87.2W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1004mb with 12kt NNW at Belize at 12UTC (HWM). "Because of the extreme paucity of reports from this area, considerable conjecture is necessary, but the disturbance may have moved southwestward or southward from British Honduras to the Guatemalan or Salvadorean coast, intensified along their Pacific coasts, and recurved inland again over Salvador, crossed Honduras and passed northward into the Gulf of Honduras where it was definitely located on the 8th. During its passage over this Gulf it apparently regained hurricane intensity once more and then passed inland over the extreme northern portion of British Honduras in the late afternoon of the 8th" (MWR). June 9: HWM indicates a low pressure system of just above 1000mb near 18.5N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as a tropical storm with 55 kt winds near 20.4N, 89.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm near 20N, 88W (am) and 20.5N, 90W (pm). Ship highlight: 1004mb with 50kt SSE at 19.4N, 86.5W at 9UTC (MWR); 1002mb with 12kt S at 20.6N, 86.8W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1004mb with 26kt W at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM); 1002 mb with 15kt S at Cozumel at 12 UTC (HWM); 1002 mb at 13Z at both Progreso and Merida (Mex-NCDC). "On the 9th it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula and moved into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mexican Meteorological Service reported that winds of hurricane force occurred over a portion of the peninsula" (MWR). June 10: HWM indicates a low pressure of still above 1000mb near 20.5N and 92.5W. HURDAT lists this storm as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 21.1N, 91.7W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm near 21N, 92W (am) and 21.5N, 92.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1002mb with 30kt N at 23.2N, 94.0W at 17UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 1005mb with 9kt S at Frontera at 12UTC (HWM). June 11: HWM indicates a low pressure system of below 1005mb near 20N and 95W. HURDAT lists the storm as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds near 22.0N, 93.9W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm near 22N, 93W (am) and 21.5N, 94W (pm). Ship highlight: 998mb with 35kt SW near 19.5N, 94.2W at 10Z (MWR), 40kt at 19.5N, 94.2W and 20.7N, 95.3W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures reported. June 12: HWM indicates a strengthening system with a pressure below 1000mb near 22N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm near 20.8N, 93.8W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 21N, 93W (am) and 91N, 92.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 989mb with 45kt S near 21.5N, 92.5W at 22UTC (COA). Station highlight: 1004mb with 22kt WSW at Frontera at 12UTC (HWM). June 13: HWM indicates a storm of less than 1000mb near 22N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 55 kt winds near 22.0N, 92.5W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 22N, 92.5W (am) and 22.5N, 92W (pm). Ship highlight: 70kt S at 21.2N, 92.8W (MWR); 982mb with 35kt WNW at 21.2N, 92.8W at 9UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 1003mb with 20kt SE at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM). June 14: HWM indicates a system of less than 1000mb near 22.5N, 93W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds near 23.1N, 92.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the hurricane at 23N, 92W (am) and at 24N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 1000mb with 17kt NNW at 23.2N, 94.0W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlight: 1004mb with 12kt WSW at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM). June 15: HWM now shows a strong system of under 995mb near 25.5N, 91.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as a Category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds near 25.2N, 91.3W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the hurricane near 25N, 91W (am) and 27N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 974mb with 61kt SSE (MWR). Station highlight: 1004mb with 12kt NNW at Galveston at 12UTC (HWM). June 16: HWM shows a strong system of near 990mb at 27.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as a Category 1 hurricane with 65 kt winds near 28.7N, 91.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the hurricane near 28N, 91W (am) and overland near 30.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 997mb with 40kt SSE at 28.3N, 90.0W at 11Z (MWR); 50kt SE at 28.3M, 90.0W (MWR). Station highlight: 979mb with 59kt SE at Morgan City at 20Z (MWR); 968mb with calm eye at Jeanerette (29.9N, 91.7W) at ~2023Z (MWR); 57 kt SE at Baton Rouge (30.4N, 91.1W) at 2045Z (MWR); 975 mb at 2210Z at Baton Rouge (MWR); 979 mb at 23Z at New Roads (30.7N, 91.4W) (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - June 16 - Morgan City - Minimal [Category 1 or 2] - 6 killed, $2,605,000 in damage" (Dunn and Miller). "June 16 - 966 mb central pressure - 27 nmi RMW - 16 kt speed - landfall position 29.2N, 91.0W" (Ho et al.). "1002 mb environmental pressure - 81 kt maximum sustained wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. ). "LA - Category 3 - 962 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Analyzed central pressure at landfall - 962 mb" (Connor). June 17: HWM shows a system of just below 1005mb near 32N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45 kt winds near 33.8N, 90.2W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm near 33N, 90W (am) and at 35N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 997mb with 45kt SE at 28.3N, 90.0W at 0Z (COA). Station highlight: 986 mb at 0430Z at Natchez, MS (31.6N, 91.4W); 27 kt E (max w) and 988 mb (min p) (not necessarily simultaneous) at Vicksburg, MS (32.3N, 90.9W) (climo); 991mb with 37kt SSE at Jackson at 8Z (AWR). June 18: HWM shows a system merging with a cold front with 1005mb near 37N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 37.2N, 83.9W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm at 36.5N, 93.5W (am) and at 38N, 79W (pm). Ship highlight: no gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 1001mb 26kt E at Nashville at 0020Z (AWR). June 19: HWM shows a system merged with a cold front near 39N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as an extratropical storm with 40 kt winds near 39.8N, 75.4W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 39.5N, 75.5W (am) and at 41.5N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1006mb with 45kt SSE at 39.5N, 69.5W at 21Z (COA); 1001mb with 30kt S at 39.5N, 71.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlight: 43kt SE at Atlantic City (MWR). June 20: HWM shows a strong extratropical low at 42N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 40 kt winds near 43.2N, 68W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 43N, 68W (am) and at 47N, 64.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 45kt SW at 37N, 69.9W at 0Z (COA); 996mb with 20kt SSW at 40.1N, 72.1W at 0Z (COA). Station highlight: 1003mb with 17kt N at Portland at 12UTC (HWM). June 21: HWM shows a low with a cold front attached to it at around 51.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists the storm as extratropical with 35 kt winds at 49.7N, 61.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows only shows the morning plot at 49.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlight: 1004mb with 26kt NW at 48.0N, 61.5W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1001mb with 17kt SE at Harrington at 12UTC (HWM). No major changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. Minor track alterations are made on all days except the 14th, 15th, and 19th. System is started as a tropical depression at 12 UTC on the 4th and upgraded to a tropical storm at 18 UTC six hours later than original. This is based upon the lack of sufficiently low pressures/high winds early on the 4th. 1004 mb peripheral pressure at 13 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT, above 40 kt originally. The system likely made landfall in Belize with about 45 kt intensity around 15 UTC on the 5th. Despite moving over Belize and Guatemala during the 6th and early on the 7th, the system quickly reintensified as it reached the Pacific coast around 12 UTC on the 7th as 1001 mb were reported in Tapachula, Mexico at 12 UTC along with the impact described above in San Salvador, El Salvador. 1001 mb peripheral pressure at 12 UTC on the 7th suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT as the system was hugging the coast at that time (reduced from 55 kt originally). A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 7th. The original HURDAT unrealistically intensified the system from 35 kt on the 6th to 60 kt on the 8th while staying over land the entire time. (It was investigated whether there were actually two tropical systems, instead of one system making a loop over Central America. However, the numerous land and oceanic observations strongly suggest that only one tropical cyclone occurred and that it indeed complete a large loop between the 4th and 8th of June.) The system re-emerged once again over the Caribbean Sea early on the 8th and it likely attained hurricane intensity either late on the 8th or early on the 9th. It is analyzed as making a third landfall, this time over the Yucatan of Mexico around 04 UTC on the 9th as a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane, which is consistent with assessments from the Mexican Meteorological Service at the time. 70 kt is unchanged from that originally in HURDAT at 00Z. The system once again went back over water, as it went over the Gulf of Mexico around 03 UTC on the 10th. A 998 mb peripheral pressure (with 35 kt SW winds) on 10 UTC on the 11th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 50 kt originally. A 989 mb peripheral pressure reading with 45 kt S wind at 22 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, up from 50 kt originally. This brings the system to a hurricane almost two days earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT for the Gulf portion - a major change. Hurricane intensity was confirmed by wind observations from a ship report on the 13th, as reported in Monthly Weather Review. Another ship report on the 13th reported 982 mb with 35 kt WNW winds at 09 UTC, which suggests winds of at least 75 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 80 kt chosen at 12 UTC, up from 55 kt originally. A ship with 974 mb and about 60 kt of wind (wind and pressure not necessarily simultaneous) on the 15th suggests maximum winds of at least 85 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and at least 80 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 70 kt originally. The hurricane made landfall around 18 UTC on the 16th near 29.7N, 91.7W along the coast of Louisiana. A central pressure was recorded of 968 mb in Jeanerette, Louisiana a couple hours after landfall at 2030 UTC. Application of the Ho (1989) decay model suggests that the landfall central pressure (using the Florida peninsula decay model - which has the slowest decay function to account for the rather swampy terrain that the hurricane encountered) was about 966 mb. This agrees with Ho et al.'s assessment, but is a bit weaker than Jarrell et al. (who obtained their central pressure value from Connor). Highest observed winds were from Morgan City, Louisiana were 59 kt SE at 20 UTC on the 16th, though it is likely that the peak winds were to the west of Morgan City. 966 mb suggests maximum winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Given the slightly larger RMW (30 nmi) than expected from climatology (22 nmi) for this central pressure/latitude and that the environmental pressures were low (1004 mb), the maximum sustained wind at landfall is estimated to be 85 kt. This makes the hurricane a Category 2 hurricane impact in Louisiana (downgraded from a Category 3 originally), even though the HURDAT winds are boosted from 65 to 85 kt at landfall. Peak observed winds after landfall were 45 kt within 2 hr of 00 UTC on the 17th, 37 kt at 06 UTC, and less than gale force at 12 UTC. A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 58, 42, and 31 kt, respectively. Given the rather typical sparse data coverage of winds, winds are chosen to be close to the Kaplan/DeMaria model: 60 kt at 00 UTC (unchanged), 45 kt at 06 UTC (down from 55 kt), and 35 kt at 12 UTC (down from 45 kt). These values are slightly higher than Kaplan/DeMaria to take into account a possible weaker decay over swampy terrain. The system is brought to tropical depression status at 06 UTC on the 18th, as no further high winds or low pressures were observed by this time. Transition to extratropical is analyzed to have occurred by 12 UTC on the 18th due to an advancing cold front having caught up with the weakening system - this is 12 hours earlier than originally indicated. However, the system did re-intensify slightly on the 19th and 20th, as indicated by a few gale force wind reports and low pressure values on these dates. Winds are boosted slightly on the 20th and 21st accordingly. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 2 - Added in February 2012 27386 07/12/1934 27387 07/12*307 794 25 0*308 791 25 0*310 788 25 0*313 781 30 0 27388 07/13*316 771 30 0*319 757 35 0*322 743 40 0*324 729 45 0 27389 07/14*326 714 50 0*329 699 60 0*335 683 65 0*345 667 70 0 27389 07/15*359 650 75 0*374 633 80 0*390 615 80 0*408 595 80 0 27389 07/16*428 572 75 0E449 546 65 0E470 520 55 0E487 497 50 0 27389 07/17E500 475 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27389 HR HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical cyclone, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the western Atlantic Ocean from 11-17 July. July 10: HWM indicates a stationary front off the east coast of Florida that extends north until the Carolinas. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 73.5W (am) with a pressure of 1017mb and at 31N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 10th, there were signs of a small low, centered not far eastward of Jacksonville, FL. During the next 3 days moderate increase in energy, and gradual progress to northeastward were indicated, and during the late hours of the 13th, 2 vessels bound from New York to Puerto Rico met fresh to whole gales in latitude about 32N, and longitude 71W" (MWR). July 11: HWM indicates a stationary front that begins at the northeast coast of Florida and extends towards the NE. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 31.5N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1017mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 74W. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 33N, 78W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30.3N, 75W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35.5N, 66W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 37N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt S with a pressure of 1006mb at 31.9N, 70.3W at 01Z (MWR); 50kt NE with a pressure of 995mb at 32.8N, 70.9W at 04Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 14th, moderately strong southerly winds prevailed at Bermuda" (MWR). July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 39N, 62.5W. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 39N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 994mb and at 42.8N, 57W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt SE with a pressure of 992mb at 39.6N, 60W at 12Z (COA); 70kt S with a pressure of 980mb at 39.7N, 59.9W at 15Z (MWR); 50 kt S with 997 mb at 19Z at 41.2N, 57.0W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The storm continued to northeastward and became the southeastward prolongation of a large low area that extended over regions adjacent to Hudson Bay. On the 15th, winds of great strength were noted on the chief steamship lanes south and east of Sable Island. The German motorship Skagerrak recorded force 12 on the forenoon of the 15th, near 40N, 60W, the only instance of winds of hurricane force reported by any ship during the whole month in Atlantic waters. Later in the day the American S.S. City of Hamburg and the French liner Paris encountered gales of force 11 at locations to northeastward of the Skagerrak's position. The barometric minimum of the Skagerrak, was 28.94 inches, considerably lower than any other report received from the Atlantic in July" (MWR). July 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 46.5N, 52W. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 45.5N, 53W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb. Ship highlights: 50kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at 42.7N, 54.2W at 04Z (MWR); 60 kt SW after 04Z near 42.7N, 54.2W (MWR); 35kt SW with a pressure of 995mb at 45.5N, 51.7W at 12Z (COA); 45 kt W at 19Z at 47.5N, 50.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The following morning the storm was centered not far from Cape Race, and the intensity seemed considerably diminished; after the morning of the 16th it no longer stood out distinctly as a feature of the weather situation over the Atlantic" (MWR). July 17: HWM indicates low near 48.5N, 63W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. A weak area of low pressure formed along a stationary front just east of northern FL on 10 July. It is estimated that a closed circulation formed around 00Z on 12 July near 30.7N, 79.4W. By that time, the frontal features in the area had mainly dissipated or moved away to the northeast. The cyclone is begun at the genesis time as a 25 kt tropical depression. The cyclone moved slowly east-northeastward at first, but then accelerated in the same direction by the 13th. The position at 12Z on the 13th is 32.2N, 74.3W. The east-northeastward motion continued through 12Z on the 14th, and the position at that time is analyzed at 33.5N, 68.3W. The first available gale or low pressure observation is on the 14th at 01Z (a 35 kt wind), and at 04Z on the 14th, a ship recorded 50 kt simultaneously with a 995 mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields winds greater than 52 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 14th. Based on these and other observations, it is estimated that the cyclone reached tropical storm intensity around 06Z on 13 July. Around 00Z on the 15th, the cyclone accelerated more and turned toward the northeast. The position at 12Z on the 15th is analyzed at 39.0N, 61.5W. At 15Z on the 15th, a ship recorded hurricane force winds from the south simultaneously with a 980 mb pressure, and this was the peak observation for the lifetime of this cyclone. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb yields winds greater than 73 kt according to the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A peak intensity of 80 kt is analyzed on 15 July from 06-18Z. This cyclone is thus a new hurricane that previously did not exist in HURDAT. Observations indicate that the cyclone became extratropical on 16 July around 06Z at 44.9N, 54.6W. The maximum winds are analyzed to have weakened to 65 kt by that time. The cyclone continued moving in a direction between east-northeast and northeast before it was absorbed by another extratropical low and associated frontal system early on the 17th, which had been quickly approaching from the west. The final point is listed on 17 July at 00Z at 50.0N, 47.5W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 3 - Revised in February 2012 27390 07/21/1934 M= 6 3 SNBR= 604 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 27390 07/22/1934 M= 5 3 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * * The 21st is removed from HURDAT 27395 07/21* 0 0 0 0*339 755 35 0*337 780 40 0*330 786 40 0 27400 07/22*325 789 40 0*322 790 40 0*319 791 40 0*309 798 40 0 27400 07/22* 0 0 0 0*321 794 25 0*317 798 25 0*310 804 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27405 07/23*298 810 40 0*291 827 40 0*286 843 40 0*284 858 40 0 27405 07/23*300 812 30 0*290 827 30 0*280 843 35 0*276 859 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 27410 07/24*282 873 35 0*281 887 40 0*280 901 45 0*280 915 45 0 27410 07/24*273 875 40 0*272 890 50 0*272 905 55 0*273 919 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27415 07/25*280 930 50 0*280 941 60 0*280 951 65 0*279 968 65 0 27415 07/25*276 932 65 0*279 944 70 0*280 957 75 0*281 970 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 27420 07/26*278 983 60 0*278 993 35 0*2781002 20 0* 0 0 0 0 27420 07/26*282 984 55 0*283 998 45 0*2851011 40 0*2861024 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ******* ** ******* ** 27425 HRATX2 27425 HRATX1 **** U.S. Landfall: 7/25/1934 - 17Z - 28.1N, 96.8W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI - 25-30 nmi RMW Minor track alterations and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that hit Texas in July. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller, Jarrell et al., Connor, and Ellis. July 21: HWM shows a weak stationary front just off the southeastern US coast with no center of low pressure indicated. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 33.7N, 78.0W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 34N, 79W with a pressure of 1013mb and in the evening at 32.5N, 80W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 21st a further slight decrease in pressure along the South Carolina coast, together with a slight rise over Virginia and North Carolina, resulted in a wind shift line that extended from about 75 miles east of Cape Hatteras southwestward to Charleston. However, there was no material change in air mass as shown by airplane flights made at Washington, Norfolk, and Montgomery. The barometer at Wilmington and Savannah read 29.92 inches, and at Charleston 29.90 inches, so that a slight secondary disturbance was shown on the map at that place. (MWR)" July 22: HWM shows the same stationary front off the southeastern US coast which extends to the Florida coast at around St. Augustine; but with no low pressure center. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 31.9N, 29.1W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 32N, 81W with a pressure of 1011mb and in the evening at 30N, 82.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "As a rule, such minor disturbances quickly disappear, or else move off to the east or northeast; but with the upper air moving from the north and north-northeast over the South Atlantic States, this one was carried south-southwestward to the vicinity of Jacksonville by the evening of the 22d. At this time the wind at 8000ft elevation was 54 miles per hour from the east-northeast, and at Tampa 12 miles per hour from the northwest. This was the first evidence of the deepening of the disturbance, inasmuch as there was little pressure gradient at the surface.(MWR)" July 23: HWM indicates that there is a closed low with at most 1010mb near 28N, 84.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 84.3W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 29N, 84W with a pressure of 1008mb and in the evening at 28N, 86W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 12Z at 25.9N, 86.5W (COA); 35kt SE around or just after 21Z near 27N, 86.7W(MWR). Station highlights: 1007 mb (min p) at Jacksonville, FL at 0330Z (OMR). "During the night of the 22d-23d the disturbance crossed the Florida peninsula and entered the Gulf of Mexico. For nearly 48 hours it moved steadily in a west-southwesterly direction with slowly increasing intensity.(MWR)" July 24: HWM shows a deepening system with at most 1005mb centered near 26.5N, 91W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 28N, 90.1W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 28N, 90W and in the evening at 28N, 92.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S with 1003 mb at 04Z at 26.7N, 88.5W (MWR); 50kt SW with 999mb at 26.4N, 92.1W at 20Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 21Z at 29.3N, 93.0W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It was then (8pm July 24) centered about 200 miles southeast of Galveston and was apparently still moving west-southwestward. However, a corrected report received later from MS Sharon in 26.1N, 93.1W (the only vessel near or west of the center) indicated that the direction of movement had, since the 1pm vessel reports, changed to west, so that the center the following morning was about 60 miles farther north than was indicated from the 8pm reports of the 24th (MWR)." July 25: HWM shows a closed low pressure system with at most 1000mb centered near 27N, 96W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 28N, 95.1W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 28N, 95W with central pressure of 998mb and in the evening at 28N, 98W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S with 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.3N, 92.0W (COA); 35kt SE with 1011mb at 29.6N, 93.8W at 12z (COA). Station highlights: 1005 mb (min p) at Galveston at 1115Z (OMR); 43 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Galveston around ~1230Z (OMR); 18 kt W (inside RMW) with 987 mb (min p) at Corpus Christi at 19Z (OMR); 49 kt S (max w/1-min) at Corpus Christi around ~21Z (OMR); 1004 mb (min p) at San Antonio at 22Z (OMR); 44 kt NE (max w/1-min) at San Antonio sometime between 25/21Z - 26/01Z (OMR). "The center moved inland a short distance north of Rockport, TX, about noon of the 25th. The lowest pressure recorded was 986mb at Corpus Christi, and the highest official wind velocity, 52 miles from the south, at the same place. However, higher velocities were undoubtedly experienced between Corpus Christi and Freeport. The total monetary loss from this storm has been variously estimated at $1,000,000 to $2,000,000. Three lives were lost on or near the coast (1 at Texas City and 2 at Freeport), while 8 persons were killed in tornadoes that occurred at Morales and Wink, TX, in the right front quadrant of the storm (MWR)." July 26: HWM shows a closed low with at most 1005mb inland over Mexico near 27.5N, 102W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20kt winds at 27.8N, 100.2W at 12Z. MWR Track of lows places the center in the morning at 27.5N, 101W with a central pressure of 1007mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30 kt NE with 1005 mb at 01Z at San Antonio (OMR); 26 kt S with 1004 at 01Z at Corpus Christi (OMR); 36 kt E (max w/1-min) at Del Rio, TX (29.4N, 100.9W) around ~1030Z (OMR); 1001 mb (min p) at Del Rio at 1100Z (OMR). A tropical cyclone formed off the southeast of coast of the US from a dissipating stationary front on 22 July at 06Z (genesis 24 hours later - a major change). On the 22nd, the cyclone was broad and weak. The cyclone is analyzed to be a tropical depression from 06Z on the 22nd through landfall near St. Augustine, FL at 00Z on the 23rd as abundant observations show evidence that the circulation was very weak (this is a lowering of the intensity from HURDAT originally which lists it as a tropical storm for that entire time). The cyclone moved southwestward and is analyzed to have made landfall near St. Augustine, FL around 00Z on the 23rd. Jacksonville recorded a minimum pressure of 1007 mb which suggests winds of at least 30 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 30 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity (down from 40 kt originally at 00Z on the 23rd). Although the cyclone may have been a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall, it is more likely that this cyclone was only a tropical depression. The cyclone accelerated toward the west-southwest and was only over Florida for 6 hours before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico with a 06Z position on the 23rd of 29.0N, 82.7W. From the 23rd to the 25th of July, the cyclone traveled mainly due westward and strengthened until it make landfall in Texas on the 25th. On the 23rd at 21Z, a ship in the eastern Gulf of Mexico recorded its minimum pressure of 1007 mb while the winds were 10 kt. After that, the winds increased to a maximum of 35 kt. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 24th (up from 35 kt originally). At 04Z on the 24th, a ship recorded 35 kt winds with a 1003 mb simultaneous pressure. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields winds of greater than 38 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Later that day - at 20Z - a ship in the western Gulf of Mexico recorded 50 kt winds with a 999 mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 999 mb yields winds greater than 45 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. By 18Z on the 24th, it is analyzed that the tropical storm had strengthened to a 60 kt intensity (up from 45 kt originally). The cyclone continued westward and made landfall slightly north of Corpus Christi, TX on 25 July around 18Z. There are no available observations on the coast at any points between the observation sites at Corpus Christi and Galveston. Although the cyclone passed much closer to Corpus Christi than Galveston, Corpus Christi was on the left (typically weaker) side of the cyclone. The highest observed wind on land was 49 kt (1-min) at Corpus Christi (the highest wind at Galveston was 43 kt) and the lowest observed pressure was 987 mb (with 18 kt winds inside the RMW) at Corpus Christi. If one uses the 10 kt/mb rule for inside the RMW, a central pressure of 985 mb is obtained at the time of closest approach to Corpus Christi. However, since Corpus Christi is slightly inland, and the minimum pressure there was recorded 1 hr after landfall, a run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model yields a landfall central pressure of 983 mb (assuming 985 is the central pressure when it passed north of Corpus Christi). Connor and Jarrell et al. estimated that the landfall central pressure was 975 mb. The size and speed of the cyclone were close to average. A 983 mb central pressure yields 69 kt and a 975 mb central pressure yields 79 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to observations of a 10 ft storm surge along with descriptions of the deaths and significant destruction that was caused by this hurricane, it is decided to average the 983 and 975 mb values. A 979 mb central pressure and a 75 kt intensity are chosen for landfall. The Category 2 impact for south Texas is lowered to a Category 1. The cyclone continued moving westward after landfall and traveled further inland. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 50, 36, and 26 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z respectively on 26 July. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 44 kt at 00Z (from San Antonio located about 100 nmi from the center), no observations at 06Z, and 36 kt at 12Z. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 55, 45, and 40 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z on the 26th (originally, 60, 35, and 20 kt at those times). The cyclone passed south of San Antonio, TX around 00Z on the 26th, and it passed south of Del Rio, TX around 12Z where a maximum 1-min wind of 36 kt and minimum pressure of 1001 mb were recorded. Due to the observational evidence that this system was still a tropical storm at 12Z, this cyclone is extended to show a final point at 18Z on the 26th as a 30 kt tropical depression at 28.6N, 102.4W (HURDAT originally shows 12Z as the final point). 1934 Storm 4 - Revised in February 2012 27430 08/20/1934 M= 4 4 SNBR= 605 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27435 08/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*148 570 35 0 27435 08/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*135 577 35 0 27440 08/21*152 592 35 0*153 604 35 0*154 616 35 0*156 628 35 0 27440 08/21*136 592 35 0*137 606 35 0*138 619 35 0*142 630 35 0 27445 08/22*159 640 35 0*160 649 35 0*162 657 35 0*164 669 35 0 27445 08/22*149 641 35 0*156 652 35 0*161 663 35 0*164 675 35 0 27450 08/23*166 685 30 0*169 706 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27450 08/23*166 687 30 0*169 699 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27455 TS Minor track changes and no intensity changes are analyzed for this 35 kt tropical storm. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review, and other station observations from the Lesser Antilles. Aug 20: HWM shows cloudiness and thunderstorms over the eastern Caribbean Sea with no center of low pressure. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 14.8N, 57.0W at 18Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 21: HWM indicates that there is a lot of cloudiness and thunderstorms in the suspect area but with no low pressure center in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 15.4N, 61.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. Aug 22: HWM shows thunderstorms and cloudiness in the Caribbean Sea and over the Antilles west of Puerto Rico but again with no low pressure center in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.2N, 65.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. No changes are made to genesis, dissipation, or the intensity of this cyclone. Southward track changes of 1.5 degrees are implemented from 18Z on the 20th through 18Z on the 21st. Track changes are less than 1 degree from 06Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd. Observations indicate that a tropical wave or possibly a weak tropical storm passed through the Lesser Antilles moving westward on 21 August. HURDAT originally lists this as a tropical storm from 18Z on 20 August - 18Z on 22 August attaining a peak intensity of 35 kt. HURDAT shows this tropical cyclone lasting less than three days and then dissipating by the time it reaches 70W in the central Caribbean. There are no gales or west winds observed for its entire lifetime although there are a couple of 30 kt winds. There were no observations south of the center and within 2 degrees longitude of the center until 12Z on 22 August. Therefore, there is a possibility that light west winds could have existed south of the center. Even on the 22nd, the only observation south of the center was a 5 kt south wind 35 nmi ESE of the analyzed center. There still could have been light west winds in existence on the 22nd. On the 23rd, there is perhaps a small chance that the remnant of this system interacted with southern Hispaniola as it was dissipating. The observations show that this system was not closed at 12Z on the 23rd and was a tropical wave at that time. Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of dissipation. Note: There is a slight chance that this same tropical wave or tropical depression is what went on to become Storm 5 in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 August. Note: It is possible that this system was never a tropical storm or even a tropical depression. However, there is not enough evidence to remove this system from HURDAT because the data is too sparse to provide evidence that a tropical storm did not exist. Therefore, this system shall remain a tropical storm in HURDAT. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 5 - Revised in February 2012 27460 08/26/1934 M= 7 5 SNBR= 606 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27465 08/26* 0 0 0 0*272 880 35 0*272 898 40 0*273 906 45 0 27465 08/26* 0 0 0 0*274 894 35 0*277 904 40 0*280 914 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 27470 08/27*277 915 50 0*285 927 55 0*292 938 60 0*292 945 65 0 27470 08/27*283 923 50 998*287 930 60 0*292 937 70 0*292 944 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27475 08/28*290 949 70 0*286 953 70 0*282 955 70 0*279 956 70 0 27475 08/28*290 949 70 0*287 953 70 0*284 954 70 0*281 955 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** 27480 08/29*276 956 60 0*273 956 60 0*269 956 55 0*264 955 55 0 27480 08/29*278 956 70 0*275 956 65 0*272 956 60 0*269 955 55 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 27485 08/30*259 955 55 0*255 955 50 0*251 955 50 0*248 955 45 0 27485 08/30*265 955 55 0*260 955 50 0*255 955 50 0*250 955 45 0 *** *** *** *** 27490 08/31*244 955 45 0*240 956 45 0*235 960 45 0*229 967 40 0 27490 08/31*245 956 45 0*240 958 45 0*235 962 45 0*230 967 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** 27495 09/01*225 974 40 0*223 980 35 0*221 986 35 0*2191000 20 0 27495 09/01*225 973 40 0*221 980 35 0*217 986 30 0*214 992 20 0 *** *** *** ** ******* 27500 HR U.S. impact: 8/28 00Z 29.0N 94.9W - 50 kt (while cyclone had a 70 kt intensity, it paralleled TX coast offshore moving southwestward between Galveston and Freeport producing 50 kt winds on land). Tropical storm conditions (winds of >= 34 kt) were experienced between 8/27 12Z - 8/28 18Z between Port Arthur and Matagorda Bay. Minor track changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller, and Connor. August 26: HWM shows a broad area of disturbed weather centered along a stationary front boundary extending from extreme southeastern US to the western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 27.2N, 89.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt ENE with 1000mb at 28.6N, 92.3W at 23Z (MWR); 40kt SE after 23Z near 28.6N, 92.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt E at Port Eads, LA (MWR). "Disturbed conditions were first observed in connection with this storm on the morning of August 26, when two vessels in the north central Gulf of Mexico reported squalls, and the wind velocity at Port Eads, LA, was 28 mph from the east. During the night of August 25, 5.5 inches of rain fell at Port Eads. By the night of the 26th there had been an increase in wind velocity and a decrease in pressure, with a movement of the disturbed condition toward the west-northwest. (MWR)" August 27: HWM shows a disturbance with no closed low pressure center but with extending cold and warm fronts near 29.5N, 93.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 29.2N, 93.8W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 29N, 84W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW some unknown distance SE of Port Arthur around ~06-12Z (MWR); 35kt S at 28.8N, 92.7W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 33 kt (max w/1-min) at Port Arthur (MWR); 1003 mb (min p) at Galveston (MWR); 36kt NE at Galveston (MWR). "By the morning of the 27th a definite center had developed and was located about 50 miles east of Galveston, the lowest reported pressure being 29.46 inches, and the highest wind velocity 70mph (estimated). A maximum wind velocity of 30 mph [5-min] from the east-northeast was recorded at Port Arthur during the night of August 26.(MWR)" August 28: HWM shows a stationary front over the central Gulf Of Mexico with no low pressure center in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 95.5W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center of the system in the morning at 27.5N, 95W. Ship highlights: 70kt (max w) and 994mb (min p) [not necessarily simultaneous] at 28.3N, 95.0W in the afternoon (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "After closely approaching the northern part of the Texas coast, on the 28th, the storm center turned southward" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Texas - 1934 Aug. 26-31 - Entire coast - Minor - center remained offshore" (Dunn and Miller). "Aug. 26-31 - Approached coast near Galveston, turned SW to N of Tampico - Lowest estimated pressure: 989 mb" (Connor). August 29: HWM shows a stationary front paralleling the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 26.9N, 95.6W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 27N, 96W. Ship highlights: 35kt NW with 1009mb at 26.2N, 96.0W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM shows a broad area of low pressure at the end of the persistent stationary front in the Gulf with at most 1010mb centered near 22N, 96W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 25.1N, 95.5W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 25N, 96W and in the evening at 24N, 96.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered at the end of the persistent stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico near 21.5N, 95W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.5N, 96.0W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center of the system in the morning at 23.5N, 97.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1006 mb at 12Z at Tampico (HWM). "on the 31st, [the system] moved inland over Mexico between Rio Grande and Tampico.(MWR)" September 1: HWM shows no low pressure area or disturbed weather in the region. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.1N, 98.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 August at 06Z (no change to the genesis of the cyclone). There is a slight chance that this cyclone formed from the disturbance associated with original Storm 4 as it could have moved into the Gulf after passing near or through the Yucatan Channel from the Caribbean. The 35 kt intensity at the first point in HURDAT is unchanged, but the position is moved to 27.4N, 89.4W (1.4 degrees west of the original HURDAT position). At 23Z on the 26th, a ship measured a pressure of 1000 mb with simultaneous winds of 20 kt. This observation is analyzed to have occurred inside the RMW because shortly after that, the ship encountered 40 kt winds. A central pressure of 998 mb is analyzed using the 10 kt/mb rule and is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 27th. A central pressure of 998 mb equals 49 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 27th is unchanged. The cyclone moved west-northwestward in the direction of Port Arthur, TX until 12Z on the 27th, when the center is analyzed near 29.2N, 93.7W. Early on the 27th, a ship located some unreported distance southeast of Port Arthur reported southwesterly hurricane force winds. The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 27th is 70 kt (up from 60 kt originally). At this point, the cyclone turned toward the west, and then it turned southwest. It was moving so slowly that the center and the RMW of the cyclone never reached the coastline - it stayed offshore. Port Arthur recorded a maximum 1-min wind of 33 kt. The cyclone made it closest approach to the coastline near Galveston, Freeport, and points in between those two cities between about 20Z on the 27th and 06Z on the 28th. Galveston recorded highest wind 36 kt and lowest pressure 1003 mb. Winds of 45-50 kt were estimated at Freeport. It is estimated that strongest winds to impact the coastline were about 50 kt between Freeport and Galveston- but closer to Freeport slightly after 00Z on the 28th. A couple of sources mentioned that this was a hurricane of small diameter. After 06Z on the 28th, the cyclone turned to a southerly direction, which took it farther from the Texas coastline. Around 20Z on the 28th, with the cyclone located near 28N, 95.5W, a ship recorded a minimum pressure of 994 mb and encountered maximum winds of 70 kt (not necessarily simultaneous observations). A peak lifetime intensity of 70 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 27th through 00Z on the 29th (the original peak intensity of 70 kt was listed from 00Z-18Z on the 28th only). At 22Z on the 29th, some 35 kt gales were recorded in the periphery and those were the last observed gales with this system. The cyclone moved due southward along 95.5W through the 30th of August at 18Z when it was located near 25.0N, 95.5W. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 18Z on the 29th (55 kt) through 06Z on 1 September (35 kt) due to sparse data. Landfall occurred in Mexico (22.2N, 97.8W) near Tampico on 1 September around 04Z as a 40 kt tropical storm. The cyclone continued moving southwestward further inland into Mexico and is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z on the 27th before dissipating after 18Z on the 27th (no changes to dissipation). ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 6 (new to HURDAT) - Added in February 2012 27501 09/01/1934 M= 4 6 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING= SSS= 27502 09/01E288 720 35 0*294 715 35 0*300 715 35 0*303 720 40 0 27503 09/02*307 725 40 0*311 730 45 0*316 736 45 0*323 742 45 0 27504 09/03*332 748 40 0*343 756 40 0*354 765 35 0*367 770 30 0 27504 09/04*381 771 30 0*397 770 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27504 TS U.S. Landfalls: 9/3/1934 - 10Z - 35.0N, 76.2W - 40 kt 9/3/1934 - 12Z - 35.4N, 76.5W - 35 kt A tropical storm, previous unidentified in HURDAT, occurred in the western Atlantic during the first few days of September and made a U.S. landfall as a tropical storm. Data/observations that support the analyses for this cyclone comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ships database, and the Original Monthly Records from NCDC. August 29: HWM indicates a stationary front going through the middle of Florida and then going towards the NE. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28.5N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb and at 30.3N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM indicates a stationary front bordering the southern tip of Florida and then going northeastward. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb and at 33.4N, 68.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1012 mb at 13Z at 29.9N, 68.3W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: The MWR track of lows showed a center at 34.5N, 66.5W (am) with a pressure of 1014mb. Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 32.5N, 70.2W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 28N, 73W. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1016mb at 32.5N, 74.5W at 21Z (COA); 40 kt NNE [likely very late in day near 00Z 2nd and likely located at a position well south-southeast of 32.7N, 76.3W] (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 72W. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1014mb at 33.4N, 72.1W at 06Z (COA); 40 kt NE with 1008 mb at 31.3N, 74.4W at 09Z (MWR). Four other 35 kt observations. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 75W. Ship highlights: 35kt S with a pressure of 1009mb at 34.5N, 75W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 18 kt NE with 1011 mb at Cape Hatteras at 01Z (OMR); 18 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Wilmington around ~0730Z (OMR); 13 kt SE with 1008 mb at Cape Hatteras at 13Z (OMR). September 4: Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. On 29 August, a stationary front extended from just west of Bermuda to Florida. A low formed near 30N, 70W on 31 August as the frontal characteristics dissipated. A tropical cyclone is estimated to have formed around 00Z on 1 September at 29.7N, 70.5W. Observations do not show enough evidence of a closed low from 29-31 August; however, on 1 September, observations indicate that the tropical cyclone was located near 30.0N, 71.5W at 12Z. Since there a 35 kt wind was observed in connection with the developing system on the 31st of August, and since a 35 kt wind was also observed on 1 September, the cyclone is begun as a 35 kt tropical storm. It moved west-northwestward to a position of 31.6N, 73.6W by 12Z on the 2nd. Late on the 1st and again at 09Z on the 2nd, two separate 40 kt winds were observed by ships, and these were the strongest winds recorded during the lifetime of this cyclone. Later on the 2nd and early on the 3rd, the cyclone turned toward the northwest and approached the North Carolina coastline between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras. Although a peak lifetime intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 06Z-18Z on 2 September, sufficient observational coverage from both ships and land stations indicate that the cyclone weakened slightly prior to landfall. The cyclone made landfall on 3 September at about 10Z at 35.0N, 76.2W on the barrier island and the final landfall occurred at 12Z at 35.4N, 76.5W. The highest wind recorded from the coastal stations of Hatteras and Wilmington were 24 and 18 kt, respectively. Minimum pressure values from both stations are not available, but the pressure at Hatteras at 12Z on the 3rd was 1008 mb. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed from the 10Z landfall and a 35 kt intensity is analyzed for the 12Z landfall. This analysis is supported by a ship just off the Carolina coast that recorded winds of 35 kt at 12Z on the 3rd. That was the last gale recorded in association with this cyclone. The cyclone turned north-northwestward and northward. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 3rd at 36.7N, 77.0W. After 06Z on 4 September, the depression was absorbed by a frontal system which had been approaching from the west. The final position - at 06Z on the 4th - is 39.7N, 77.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in February 2012 27505 09/05/1934 M= 5 6 SNBR= 607 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 27505 09/05/1934 M= 6 7 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * 27510 09/05* 0 0 0 0*245 725 60 0*253 745 65 0*254 749 70 0 27510 09/05* 0 0 0 0*239 742 40 0*242 742 45 0*247 745 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27515 09/06*256 753 70 0*258 757 75 0*261 761 80 0*270 766 80 0 27515 09/06*253 751 55 0*257 756 60 0*261 761 65 0*267 766 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 27520 09/07*280 771 85 0*287 772 85 0*293 772 85 0*302 772 85 0 27520 09/07*274 770 75 0*282 771 80 0*291 772 85 0*301 772 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27525 09/08*317 770 80 0E340 760 75 0E363 748 70 0E387 738 65 0 27525 09/08*317 768 85 0*339 759 80 0*362 748 75 0*384 739 70 0 *** ** **** *** ** **** ** **** *** ** 27530 09/09E406 729 55 0E418 723 45 0E430 717 40 0E450 695 35 0 27530 09/09*405 731 65 0E418 724 45 0E430 717 40 0E443 703 35 0 **** *** ** *** *** *** The 10th is new to HURDAT 27532 09/10E455 681 30 0E467 652 25 0E480 620 25 0* 0 0 0 0 27535 HR 27535 HR NC1 NJ1 NY1 *** *** *** U.S. Impacts and Landfalls: 9/8/1934 - 10Z - 35.3N, 75.3W - 65 kt - 975 mb - 1014 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI (center passed just offshore NC Outer Banks with 80 kt intensity, and 65 kt winds occurred on the coast of NC). 9/8/1934 - 22Z - 39.7N, 73.4W - 65 kt - 984 mb - 1017 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI (center passed offshore NJ with 70 kt intensity, and 65 kt winds occurred on coast of NJ) 9/9/1934 - 02Z - 40.7N, 73.0W - 65 kt - 989 mb - 1018 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI 9/9/1934 - 04Z - 41.2N, 73.0W - 50 kt - 1003 mb Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24.5N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 25.3N, 74.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 25N, 74W (am), and at 25.5N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 5kt SSW with pressure of 1005mb near 23N, 74.4W at 12Z (COA); 35kt ESE with pressure of 1008mb at 25.8N, 74.7W at 22Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 76.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 26.1N, 76.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 26N, 76W (am) and at 27.5N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt SSE with pressure of 1006mb at 27.1N, 75W at 12Z (COA). Station highlight: 15kt NNW with pressure of 1004mb at Nassau (25N, 75W) at 12Z (HWM). "A tropical cyclone appeared near the Bahamas, and on the 6th a whole gale (force 10) was encountered by the American steamship Syros, then about 100 miles north-east of Great Abaco Island" (MWR). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28.5N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 29.3N, 77.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 77W with pressure of 967mb (am) and at 32.5N, 76.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt N with pressure of 1000mb at 28.5N, 77.7W at 12Z (HWM); 30kt W with pressure of 979mb at 29.6N, 77.4W at 16Z (COA); 967 mb measured by ship Albert Watts on the 7th (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. "[On the 7th, force 10] was noted by the American steamship West Texas, when approximately 170 miles south of Cape Hatteras" (MWR). September 8: HMW indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 36.3N, 74.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 36N, 75W with a pressure of 982mb (am) and at 40.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 70 kt SW with 988 mb at 11Z at 36.2N, 74.6W (MWR); 70kt SW with a pressure of 993mb at 36N, 74.7W at 12Z (COA); 70 kt SW after 20Z near 37.8N, 73.0W (MWR); 40 kt S with 995 mb at 23Z at 39.7N, 73.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 991 mb (min p) at 10Z at Hatteras (35.2N, 75.7W) (OMR); 63 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Hatteras around ~1030Z (OMR); 56kt NW with a pressure of 1001mb at Hatteras at 11Z (OMR); 69 kt (max w/1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ at 2219Z [anemometer at Atlantic City appears biased too high in at least 1933 and 1934] (OMR). "Early on the 8th the center of this storm passed very close to Hatteras and thereafter continued to move northward and slightly eastward. The Sandy Hook station showed its highest velocity, 65 miles, between 8 and 9pm of the 8th. Two vessels near the coast between Cape Hatteras and Cape May encountered winds of force 12 on the 8th, in each case from a southwesterly point. The American steamer Solana met the greatest force about 7am near lat 36N, and the Dutch steamer Amor about 3pm near 38N. Late on the 8th the storm center moved inland over southern New England and lost strength rapidly" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1020mb near 42.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as an extra tropical storm with 40kt winds at 43N, 71.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 43.5N, 71W (am) and at 46.5N, 67W (pm). Ship highlight: 35kt WSW with pressure of 1004mb at 39.4N, 73.5W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: 57 kt (max w) at Sandy Hook, NJ at about ~0130Z (MWR); 36 kt SE (max w/1-min) at 0315Z at New Haven, CT (OMR); 36kt SE (max w/1-min) at Block Island (41.2N, 71.6W) at 0330Z (OMR); 1005 mb (min p) with light winds at 0415Z at New Haven, CT (OMR). September 10: HWM indicates a low near 41N, 61W. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM indicates a low near 44.9N, 47W. Ship highlight: 10kt S with pressure of 1005mb at 46.7N, 41W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone was first noticed near the Bahamas on 5 September. It appears that this cyclone originated from the tail end of a leftover mid-latitude trough, but the origin is somewhat unclear. On 5 September there was a 35 kt gale and a 1005 mb pressure measured. There is enough sufficient observational coverage and evidence on the 4th and 5th to determine that the original HURDAT intensity is too high on the 5th. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 5th (down from 65 kt originally - a major downward adjustment). The cyclone moved north-northwestward until the 7th when it was located near 29N, 77.2W and slowly recurved to a north-northeastward direction. Track changes were all very minor. On the 6th at 12Z, the first 50 kt wind was recorded. At 15Z and 16Z on 7 September, two separate ships measured 982 and 979 mb pressures, respectively. However, the lowest pressure recorded by a ship on 7 September was 967 mb, and although there is no data that directly indicates it was a central pressure, it was likely either a central pressure or near the central pressure. This value is assumed to have occurred very late in the day on the 7th. A 967 mb pressure equals at least 88 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 92 kt for its intensifying subset. The cyclone is analyzed to have intensified to 85 kt by 12Z on the 7th (no change to HURDAT originally) and 90 kt by 18Z (up from 85 kt originally). A peak intensity of 90 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 7th (the original peak intensity of 85 kt was from 00-18Z on the 7th. The cyclone made close approaches to the Outer Banks of NC and the NJ coast. It made direct landfalls on Long Island, NY and in CT. The following are maximum wind speeds (kt) experienced at various U.S. coastal stations already converted to 10 meter, 1-min values in association with this cyclone: Cape Hatteras, NC - 62; Cape Henry, VA 35; Atlantic City, NJ - 61; Sandy Hook, NJ - 60; New York City, NY - 49; Block Island, RI - 35; Providence, RI - 34; Boston, MA - 34. The following paragraph will describe why Category 1 hurricane impacts are added into HURDAT for North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York. This cyclone produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. The cyclone made a close approach to Cape Hatteras, NC on 8 September around 10Z-11Z. Cape Hatteras recorded a maximum 1-min wind of 63 kt NW and a minimum pressure of 991 mb. It should be noted that the anemometer at Cape Hatteras failed and was inoperable for over an hour and a half during the storm, but the observer believes that the anemometer was working when the maximum winds occurred and that the maximum wind of 63 kt is likely the true value. Less than one hour later, a ship located 80 nmi NE of Cape Hatteras recorded hurricane force SW with 988 mb (simultaneous observation). Therefore, the hurricane passed between Cape Hatteras and the ship. The analyzed intensity of the cyclone at time of closest approach is 80 kt, and it is analyzed that 65 kt winds occurred on the Outer Banks, and a Category 1 impact is added into HURDAT for North Carolina. The cyclone, which had been moving much more rapidly on the 8th than on previous days was offshore of New Jersey late on the 8th. After a ship measured winds of hurricane force after 20Z on the 8th, Atlantic City measured a max 1-min wind of 69 kt NW at 2219Z at anemometer height of 52 meters, which reduces to 61 kt at 10 meters. A couple of hours later, on 9 September around ~0130Z, Sandy Hook, NJ recorded its maximum wind of 57 kt. New York City also recorded a maximum wind of 57 kt at anemometer height 138 meters, which reduces to 46 kt at 10 meters. The maximum winds analyzed to have affected the New Jersey coastline are 65 kt winds while the maximum intensity of the cyclone was 70 kt, and a Category 1 hurricane impact is added into HURDAT for New Jersey. The center of the cyclone made its first U.S. landfall on 9 September around 02Z on Long Island, NY at 40.7N, 73.0W as a 65 kt hurricane. A Category 1 impact is added into HURDAT for New York. Immediately following that landfall, the cyclone rapidly weakened over the next several hours. The next and final landfall occurred near, or just west of, New Haven, CT, around 04Z on the 9th, and the analyzed intensity of the cyclone at this landfall is 50 kt with a central pressure of 1003 mb based on data from New Haven, which was inside the RMW. A 1003 mb central pressure equals 44 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, but 50 kt is chosen due to the fast speed, high environmental pressure, and small size of the cyclone. Winds of 36 kt were recorded in New Haven, CT and in Block Island, RI. The center of the cyclone stayed over land for a long time after that and moved over New England. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 06Z on the 9th (24 hours later than originally - a major change) with a 45 kt intensity. This cyclone is analyzed to have produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Although it passed through New Hampshire and Maine with winds of gale force, it was extratropical by that time. HURDAT previously listed a final position at 18Z on the 9th over central Maine, but available observations on the 10th indicate that the circulation was still intact and located near 48N, 62W at 12Z, and that is the new final position as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone before dissipation occurred. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised in February 2012 27540 09/16/1934 M= 7 7 SNBR= 608 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27540 09/16/1934 M= 8 8 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 27545 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*132 572 35 0*147 590 35 0 27545 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*132 572 35 0*137 579 35 0 *** *** 27550 09/17*156 600 35 0*160 604 35 0*169 608 35 0*170 612 40 0 27550 09/17*142 586 35 0*147 593 40 0*153 600 40 0*161 607 45 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27555 09/18*176 616 40 0*182 623 40 0*188 631 40 0*194 639 40 0 27555 09/18*169 614 45 0*177 621 45 0*185 628 45 0*190 636 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 27560 09/19*200 647 40 0*204 655 40 0*210 662 40 0*219 673 40 0 27560 09/19*193 645 40 0*196 654 40 0*200 662 40 0*208 670 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27565 09/20*228 683 40 0*237 689 40 0*246 695 35 0*258 701 35 0 27565 09/20*219 679 40 0*230 688 40 0*240 698 35 0*244 709 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27570 09/21*271 706 35 0*284 710 35 0*298 713 30 0*316 717 30 0 27570 09/21*245 722 30 0*245 737 30 0*245 752 25 0*252 761 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27575 09/22*339 722 25 0*355 726 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27575 09/22*266 766 25 0*285 771 25 0*303 773 25 0*314 771 25 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** The 23rd is new to HURDAT 27577 09/23*320 768 25 0*325 764 25 0*330 760 25 0* 0 0 0 0 27580 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. A major change is introduced for the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 16: HWM indicates a low near 12.5N, 57.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 13.2N, 57.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1013 mb at 12Z at 14.5N, 57.8W (HWM). Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1011 mb at 12Z at Bridgetown, Barbados (HWM). September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15.5N, 60.0W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.9N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40-43 kt (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 62.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 18.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt W with pressure some value below 1010 mb at 12Z at St. Martin (HWM); 15 kt N with 1012 mb at St. Thomas at 12Z (HWM); 15 kt S with 1011 mb at Basseterre at 12Z (HWM). September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 21.0N, 66.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind on this day: 20 kt. Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1012 mb. September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23.3N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.6N, 69.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind on this day: 20 kt. Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1011 mb. September 21: HWM indicates a low near 29.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 30kt winds at 29.8N, 71.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind on this day: 15 kt. Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1011 mb. September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 30N, 78.3W. HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 35.5N, 72.6W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind on this day: 20 kt. Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1013 mb. September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1020 mb near 33N, 75.5W. Ship highlight: 15 kt SSW with 1012 mb at 12Z at 32.5N, 75.4W (COA). Observations indicate that a tropical cyclone was located east of the Windward Islands on 16 September. No changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone, which is listed at 12Z on 16 September at 13.2N, 57.2W with a 35 kt intensity. A ship at 01Z on the 16th recorded 30 kt with 1014 mb and the same ship recorded 30 kt with 1013 mb at 12Z. The ship's wind direction backed from ENE to NNE to NNW over the period of about a day. The cyclone moved north-northwestward for the next two days, and the revised track shows the center passing very close to Antigua and Barbuda between 00-06Z on the 18th... closer than the original track by about half a degree. However, the new track is slower than the original track. Southeastward track adjustments of 1 to 2 degrees are implemented from 18Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th. The analyzed intensity at the time the cyclone passed by Antigua and Barbuda is 45 kt because a ship reported a wind of 40-43 kt late on the 17th. That ship observation was the peak intensity observation for the entire lifetime of the cyclone. A peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 17th through 12Z on the 18th (up from 40 kt originally at those times). For the next day, from the 18th to the 19th, the cyclone moved west-northwestward, passing north of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Southward track adjustments of 1 degree are implemented from 12-18Z on the 19th based on surface observations. The cyclone turned north-northwestward again, and by 20 September at 12Z, it was located near 24.0N, 69.8W (0.7 degrees SSW of the original HURDAT position) having weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by that time. After the 20th, the revised track deviates tremendously from the original HURDAT track. There are two scenarios for the path of the cyclone after the 20th - the original HURDAT track and the revised proposed track. The 21st of September is key because this is the day that the two solutions diverge. The original track has the cyclone continuing north-northwestward to 29.8N, 71.3W by 12Z on the 21st and the revised track has the cyclone moving west-northwest to 24.5N, 75.2W at that time. The surface pressures are much higher near the original HURDAT position, and a rather sharp wind shift just north of the original HURDAT position makes it appear that the TC should be near that location, but observations indicate that wind shift is due to a dissipating trough. Observation of east, south, and north winds with pressures much lower than the former location indicate that the tropical cyclone moved due westward from the 20th, and was located near 24.5N, 75.2W on the 21st. The analyzed intensity is 25 kt (down from 30 kt originally). The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 21st (12 hours earlier than originally). HURDAT originally listed a final position at 06Z on 22 September at 35.5N, 72.6W, but the revised position of the tropical depression at that time is 28.5N, 77.1W. Observations from COADS and HWM as well as the HWM analysis indicate that the cyclone contained a weak, closed circulation through 12Z on the 23rd. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 23rd is 33.0N, 76.0W. The analyzed intensity of the cyclone from 12Z on the 21st through 12Z on the 23rd is a 25 kt tropical depression. After the 40 kt wind was observed late on the 17th, the highest observed wind for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime was 20 kt. The lowest observed pressure from the 19th until dissipation is 1011 mb. After 12Z on the 23rd, the low interacted with an approaching front, and the low was no longer closed after the 23rd. Dissipation is now shown after 12Z on the 23rd (30 hours later than in HURDAT originally - a major change). 1934 Storm 9 (new to HURDAT) - Added in February 2012 27581 09/18/1934 27582 09/18*144 225 25 0*149 233 30 0*154 241 30 0*159 250 35 0 27582 09/19*164 262 35 0*168 277 35 0*171 294 35 0*174 310 35 0 27582 09/20*180 325 35 0*188 340 35 0*196 354 35 0*204 367 35 0 27582 09/21*212 379 40 0*220 390 40 0*228 400 40 0*236 409 40 0 27583 09/22*244 417 40 0*252 423 40 0*262 426 40 0*276 424 40 0 27583 09/23*293 420 45 0*312 415 45 0*330 410 45 0*348 406 45 0 27583 09/24*365 403 50 0*382 400 50 1000*398 397 50 0*411 393 50 0 27583 09/25E420 388 50 0E429 379 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 27584 TS HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the Atlantic from 18-25 September. September 18: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT did not list this system. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 05Z at 14.5N, 22.5W (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1014 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 24.5W (COA). September 19: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a spot low located in a trough near 18.5N, 35.5W. Ship highlights: 15 kt S with 1015 mb at 12Z at 19.2N, 32.1W (HWM). September 21: HWM analyzes a spot low located in a trough near 23N, 39.5W. Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW at 12Z at 21.5N, 40.5W (HWM). September 22: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW stationary front extending from NNE of 37N, 40W to 26N, 47W. No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM analyzes a NE-SW cold front extending from NE of 45N, 34W to 35N, 44W to 25N, 53W. No gales or low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb with an "L" stamped inside the 1015 mb near 39.5N, 39.5W. A stationary front is plotted from 41N, 37W to 35N, 42W to 28N, 51W. A warm from is plotted from 41N, 37W east-northeastward to 43N, 21W. HWM also shows a powerful extratropical cyclone centered north of 55N, near 35W has a warm from extending south-southeastward to 44N, 33W and the cyclone has a cold front extending southwestward to 50N, 40W to 45N, 50W. Ship highlights: 30 kt S with 1005 mb at 11Z at 39.9N, 39.2W (COA); 10 kt N with 1001 mb at 15Z at 40.4N, 39.9W (COA); 45 kt N with 1003 mb at 19Z at 40.5N, 40.7W (COA); 45 kt NNE with 1008 mb at 23Z at 40.9N, 41.7W (COA). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 44N, 31W with a cold front extending southwestward from the low and a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low until it becomes an occluded front near 47N, 23W. This occluded front extends north to a low of at most 985 mb centered near 58N, 26W. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): No gales or low pressures. Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed on the 18th near the Cape Verde Islands. A 35 kt ENE gale occurred 150 nmi north of the center at 18Z on the 18th, andearlier that day there was a 20 kt SSW wind with a 1010 mb pressure not far from the center. Other observations on the 18th including several west winds indicate this system likely became a tropical storm on the 18th. A tropical depression is analyzed early on the 18th strengthening to a 35 kt tropical storm by 18Z. Observations on the 19th suggest the cyclone was located between 15-19N, 27-33W. Observations on the 20th suggest the cyclone was likely located between 18-22N, 33-38W. A 15 kt west wind on the 21st suggests the cyclone was likely located between 21.5-24.5N, 38.5-41.5W at 12Z. A position of 22.8N, 40.0W is analyzed at 12Z on the 21st. On 22 September, northeasterlies northwest of where the center is believed to be and southeasterlies east of where the center is believed to be help place the center of the cyclone between 24-27.5N, 41-43.5W. On the 23rd, data is sparse, as on the 22nd; however, available observations suggest that the cyclone may have been located between 31.5-35N, 39-43.5W. On the 24th, a time series from a ship indicates that the cyclone was located near 39.8N, 39.7W at 12Z with a 1000 mb central pressure and a 4 degree temperature gradient across the low. A central pressure of 1000 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 24th based on a 10 kt with 1001 mb from a ship inside the RMW at 15Z. The ship measured winds of 45 kt. A central pressure of 1000 mb equals 49 kt according to the Landsea et al (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, and 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at all times on the 24th. A 45 kt intensity is chosen on the 23rd. A 40 kt intensity is chosen on the 21st-22nd. The cyclone is analyzed to still be tropical on the 24th at 12 and 18Z. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 00Z on the 25th with a 50 kt intensity near 42.0N, 38.8W. The cyclone is analyzed to have dissipated or merged with another system after 06Z on the 25th with a final position of 42.9N, 37.9W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. One important point about this system is that it is not definitely certain that the cyclone near 40N, 40W on the 24th is the same cyclone as the one near the Cape Verde Islands on the 18th, but the analysis indicates they are likely the same system. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 10 (originally Storm 8) - Revised February 2012 27585 10/01/1934 M= 3 8 SNBR= 609 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27585 10/01/1934 M= 4 10 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 27590 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*254 361 60 0*264 374 60 0 27590 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*261 383 60 0*273 399 65 0 *** *** *** *** ** 27595 10/02*272 388 65 0*276 403 70 0*281 419 80 0*289 435 85 0 27595 10/02*283 413 70 0*290 425 75 984*295 435 80 0*299 446 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 27600 10/03*297 450 85 0*305 464 75 0*314 479 65 0*319 525 30 0 27600 10/03*302 457 85 0*305 469 75 0*310 481 65 0*315 492 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** The 4th is new to HURDAT 27602 10/04*319 502 45 0*323 512 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27605 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADs ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 30: HWM analyzes a spot low/open trough near 19N, 32W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 36.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 60kt winds at 25.4N, 36.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 28.3N, 42W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 28.1N, 41.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: center fix around ~04Z near 28.7N, 42.3W with 984 mb central pressure and calm (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The Dutch motorship Selene, about midnight of the 1st-2nd, encountered a whole gale [50 kt] from the north, when near 29N, 42W. A period of calm ensured for about 50 minutes, the pressure being as low as 29.06 inches, then a southerly whole gale came, followed by lessening wind and rapid rise of barometer" (MWR). Regarding the intensity and track... "Intensity: Hurricane. Remarks: Recurved east of longitude 50" (MWR). October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31.5N, 48.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 31.4N, 47.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 30.5N, 53W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. An area of low pressure located near 20N, 33W on 30 September became a tropical cyclone on 1 October at 12Z according to the original HURDAT as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.4N, 36.1W (original HURDAT position). If the cyclone was already 60 kt by the first point in HURDAT, it is likely that genesis occurred prior to this time. Observations were extremely sparse across that area of the Atlantic between 28 September and 1 October, so the genesis of this cyclone was not captured. On and before October 1st, there is higher than normal uncertainty in both the position and the intensity. The only observation within ~100 nmi of the storm center for the entire lifetime of the cyclone came on 2 October around 04Z. A ship reported 50 kt N winds, then calm with 984 mb, then 50 kt S winds later (MWR). MWR also indicates that the maximum intensity reported by this ship was hurricane force. The ship was located at 28.7N, 42.3W. A central pressure of 984 mb is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 2nd, and this value equals 68 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Pressures above 1020 mb about 300 nmi surrounding the cyclone in several directions suggest a high environmental pressure. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z (up from 65 kt originally) and a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 2nd (up from 70 kt originally). The 60 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 1st is not changed. Major track alterations of over 2 degrees west-northwest of the original HURDAT positions are implemented from 12Z on the 1st through 06Z on the 2nd based on the location of that ship observation early on the 2nd. The cyclone moved west-northwestward, and by 12Z on the 3rd, the analyzed position is 31.0N, 48.1W. From 12Z on the 2nd through 12Z on the 3rd, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT due to lack of data near the core, and only minor track adjustments are made during that period. The peak intensity shown in HURDAT is 85 kt from 18Z on the 2nd through 00Z on the 3rd, and there is no evidence to change this. At 03Z on the 3rd, there is an observation in COADS located not far from the analyzed center position with a 1022 mb pressure. If the location of the ship is correct, then either the HURDAT intensity should be slightly weaker or the position should be farther away from the ship - but this one observation does not provide enough evidence to make a significant adjustment. HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on the 3rd. Originally, HURDAT shows an unrealistic acceleration of the cyclone to a forward speed of 40 kt during the last six hours from a 16 kt speed during the previous six hours. HURDAT originally also lists the intensity decreasing from a 65 kt hurricane to a 30 kt tropical depression during the last six hours. Both of these are unrealistic. The dissipation is delayed by 12 hours, so the revised final point is at 06Z on 4 October. The intensity, is analyzed to have decreased by 10 kt per 6 hr from 00Z on the 3rd (85 kt) through 06Z on the 4th (35 kt). A major eastward track adjustment of nearly 3 degrees is implemented as 18Z on the 3rd, and the revised final position at 06Z on the 4th is 32.3N, 51.2W as a 35 kt tropical storm. There was only one ship that provided observations of gales or low pressures with this cyclone (mentioned above), although there were a few 30 kt observations in the periphery. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 11 (originally Storm 9) - Revised February 2012 27610 10/01/1934 M= 6 9 SNBR= 610 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 27610 10/01/1934 M= 6 11 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** 27615 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*212 838 35 0*215 845 35 0 27615 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*206 840 25 0*210 846 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 27620 10/02*217 851 35 0*220 857 35 0*222 863 35 0*225 867 35 0 27620 10/02*214 851 25 0*218 857 25 0*222 863 30 0*226 868 30 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 27625 10/03*228 871 40 0*232 877 40 0*237 882 45 0*241 887 45 0 27625 10/03*230 873 35 0*234 878 35 0*238 882 35 0*242 886 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 27630 10/04*246 892 50 0*251 896 50 0*256 898 50 0*261 899 50 0 27630 10/04*246 889 40 0*250 891 45 0*255 892 45 0*261 891 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 27635 10/05*268 896 45 0*277 891 40 0*286 886 40 0*295 884 40 0 27635 10/05*268 887 45 0*277 883 50 0*286 879 50 0*295 877 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27640 10/06*302 882 35 0*308 879 35 0*314 876 35 0*318 860 30 0 27640 10/06*302 875 45 0*307 872 35 0E311 867 30 0E315 860 30 0 *** ** *** *** **** *** ** **** 27645 TS U.S. Landfall: 10/6/1934 - 01Z - 30.3N, 87.4W - 45 kt Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Perez et al., and Connor. October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.2N, 83.8W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind: 20 kt. Lowest observed pressure: 1011 mb. October 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21.5N, 86.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.2N, 86.3W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind: 20 kt. Lowest observed pressure: 1010 mb. "On the forenoon on the 2nd pressure was moderately below normal at the Yucatan Channel; and a storm center traveled thence slowly northwestward into the Gulf of Mexico and later turned northeastward" (MWR). October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 87.5W with a stationary front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.7N, 88.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 22.5N, 85.5W (am) and at 24N, 88W (pm). Ship highlight: 10kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at 25.2N, 90.2W at 15Z (COA); 35kt NE probably within several hours of 21Z within a degree of 28.6N, 90.8W (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24N, 88.5W with a stationary front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 50kt at 25.6N, 89.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 25N, 89W with a pressure of 1006mb (am) and at 28N, 89W (pm). Ship highlight: 35kt NE at 28N, 89.9W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt SE with a pressure of 1003mb near 27.5N, 87.5W at 22Z (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 28N, 87.5W with a dissipating stationary front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 88.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 88W with a pressure of 1011mb (am) and at 30N, 87W. Ship highlight: 20kt SE with a pressure of 1004mb at 27.6N, 87.4W at 0Z (COA); 45 kt S with 1006 mb at 18Z at 28.9N, 85.9W (COA); 40kt SE with a pressure of 1004mb at 28.7N, 85.7W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 28N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 31.4N, 87.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 31N, 86.5W with a pressure of 1012mb (am). Ship highlight: 35kt SE with pressure of 1004mb at 28.5N, 85.8W at 0Z (COA). Station highlight: 33 kt S (max w) at Pensacola (MWR). "During the [night of the 5th-6th], the center reached the coast line near Pensacola, FL. No report concerning this storm shows great energy or marked damage, but several vessels encountered gales of forces 8 to 10" (MWR). No changes are made to the timing of genesis of this tropical cyclone in HURDAT, which occurred just south of western Cuba on 1 October at 12Z. Perez et al. analyzes this storm as a tropical depression as it passes by Cuba whereas HURDAT originally listed this as a tropical storm. Available observations support Perez' assessment. The strongest observed winds on the 1st and 2nd of October were 20 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1010 mb, and there was good observational coverage, as there were 18 observation within 120 nmi of the center between 12Z on the 1st through the day on the 2nd. A 25 kt intensity is analyzed from 12Z on 1 October to 06Z on 2 October and a 30 kt intensity is analyzed at 12-18Z on the 2nd. Originally, the intensity listed in HURDAT was 35 kt from 12Z on 1 October to 18Z on 2 October. The cyclone moved northwestward, passing through the Yucatan Channel close to western Cuba and into the Gulf of Mexico. Late on the 3rd, an observed 35 kt gale is located too far away and is analyzed to not be part of the circulation; however, other observations are somewhat sparse near where the center was, so there is enough evidence to decrease the intensity to 35 kt on the 3rd, but not lower than that. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 3rd (36 hours later than originally - a major change). At 18Z on the 3rd, a 40 kt intensity is analyzed (down from 45 kt originally). The cyclone moved into the central Gulf of Mexico on the 4th where it recurved and thereafter moved north-northeastward. Slight eastward track adjustments implemented on the 4th and 5th are all based on surface observations from ships. The lowest available pressure observation for the entire lifetime of this system is 1003 mb (simultaneous with 20 kt) at 22Z on the 4th from a ship. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb suggests winds greater than 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, on the 5th at 18Z as the cyclone approached the coastline in the vicinity of Pensacola, a ship recorded winds of 45 kt, and this was the strongest wind recorded during this storm. A peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 06Z on the 5th through 18Z on the 5th. Originally, the peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt was listed from 00Z-18Z on the 4th. There is sufficient observational coverage on the 4th that indicates the intensity that day was somewhat weaker than that. The center of the cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in Florida just east of the border with Alabama at 01Z on 6 October as a 45 kt tropical storm. The maximum 5-min wind recorded at the anemometer in Pensacola (56 m) was 33 kt from the south. This is equivalent to a 1-min 10m wind of 31 kt. A 45 kt landfall intensity is analyzed because a ship recorded a 40 kt wind a 00Z (1 hr before landfall), and a ship recorded 45 kt at 21Z on the 5th (4 hr before landfall). It was considered to let the 50 kt peak analyzed intensity ride until landfall; however, since the peak winds at Pensacola were less than gale force and Pensacola was so close to and on the right side of the cyclone, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 45 kt tropical storm prior to landfall. Although the position is adjusted 0.7 degrees east of the original HURDAT position at the points around landfall, the cyclone is still analyzed to have passed west of Pensacola because the peak wind at Pensacola occurred from a southerly direction. As the cyclone moved inland, it curved slightly toward the east-northeast. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 06Z on the 6th as it moved farther inland, and it is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 6th with a 30 kt intensity. Originally, HURDAT showed no extratropical phase for this cyclone, but observations suggest that the final two points at 12 and 18Z should be listed as extratropical. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation as the weakening cyclone was absorbed into a frontal system after 18Z on the 6th. On the 3rd, there appears to have been a weak WSW-ENE front located ENE of the cyclone. The WSW end of this front appears to have extended to a couple hundred nmi ENE of the cyclone. By the 4th, the front moved further away from the cyclone and weakened. It is analyzed that the front never reached all the way to the cyclone, so this cyclone is analyzed as a tropical cyclone throughout its lifetime until 12Z on the 6th. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 12 (originally Storm 10) - Revised February 2012 27650 10/19/1934 M= 5 10 SNBR= 611 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27650 10/19/1934 M= 5 12 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 27655 10/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*162 761 35 0 27655 10/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 769 30 0 *** *** ** 27660 10/20*168 764 35 0*173 766 40 0*179 769 40 0*183 772 40 0 27660 10/20*159 764 35 0*167 760 40 0*175 759 40 0*183 767 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 27665 10/21*189 776 40 0*196 778 40 0*205 777 40 0*218 765 35 0 27665 10/21*190 775 40 0*199 783 40 0*208 787 40 0*219 779 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27670 10/22*232 754 35 0*244 743 35 0*256 731 35 0*270 715 35 0 27670 10/22*230 765 35 0*241 750 35 0*252 733 35 0*261 715 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27675 10/23*282 696 35 0*291 679 35 0*301 662 35 0*311 635 30 0 27675 10/23*270 695 35 0*278 673 35 0*287 649 30 0*297 625 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 27680 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000). October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 78W. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.9N, 76.9W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 20-30 kt S with 1001 mb at 12Z at 17.0N, 75.0W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.5N, 77.7W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Tropical storm impact in Cuba" (Perez et al.). October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.6N, 73.1W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. October 23: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 30.1N, 66.2W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed in the Caribbean Sea on 19 October at 18Z (no change to original HURDAT) near 15.3N, 76.9W. HURDAT originally begins this cyclone as a 35 kt tropical storm, but it is began as a 30 kt depression at 18Z. The revised track shows that the cyclone first moved northeastward and turned northward on the 20th as it skirted the east coast of Jamaica. On the 20th, a ship observed a peripheral pressure of 1001 mb with a south wind of 20-30 kt east of the center. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb yields a wind speed greater than 45 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Given the broad nature of the system, along with the lack of observed tropical storm force winds along with the possibility that the 1001 mb reading might be a bad observation, the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT originally is unchanged. Also, the forward motion of the cyclone was slower than normal, and observations indicate that the environmental pressure was rather low on all sides of the cyclone. The 40 kt intensity is the peak analyzed intensity for the cyclone from 06Z on the 20th until landfall in Cuba (unchanged from original HURDAT) - which occurred around 14Z on 21 October near 21.1N, 78.5W as a 40 kt tropical storm. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 18Z on the 21st, which is about the same time it moved back over water north of Cuba on a northeastward course. On the 22nd and 23rd it accelerated east-northeastward. It is possible that the system never had tropical storm intensity after leaving Cuba, but observational coverage was not very good on the 22nd and 23rd, so no changes are made to the 35 kt HURDAT intensity from 00Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on the 23rd. On the 23rd, observations indicate that the track was about a degree and a half to the right of the original HURDAT track; southeastward adjustments of approximately 1.5 degrees are implemented from 06-18Z on the 23rd. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, and the final point at 18Z on the 23rd is analyzed at 29.7N, 62.5W as a 30 kt tropical depression. ****************************************************************************** 1934 Storm 13 (originally Storm 11) - Revised February 2012 27685 11/20/1934 M= 9 11 SNBR= 612 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27685 11/20/1934 M=11 13 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** 27690 11/20* 0 0 0 0*209 576 35 0*216 580 35 0*222 584 35 0 27690 11/20* 0 0 0 0*227 607 35 0*229 608 35 0*231 609 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 27695 11/21*227 588 35 0*232 594 35 0*237 599 35 0*241 604 35 0 27695 11/21*233 610 40 0*235 611 40 0*237 612 45 0*240 614 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 27700 11/22*244 608 40 0*247 612 40 0*250 616 40 0*253 626 40 0 27700 11/22*244 616 50 0*248 618 55 0*252 620 60 0*255 626 65 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 27705 11/23*257 638 45 0*260 648 45 0*263 657 50 0*272 666 55 0 27705 11/23*257 636 75 0*260 647 85 0*263 657 95 0*266 665 100 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** 27710 11/24*281 674 60 0*285 675 65 0*290 676 70 0*295 676 70 0 27710 11/24*270 672 100 0*274 675 95 0*279 676 95 0*286 676 90 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 27715 11/25*301 673 75 0*307 666 75 0*313 658 75 0*315 654 75 0 27715 11/25*295 673 85 0*304 666 80 0*310 659 75 0*313 655 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 27720 11/26*315 648 70 0*298 654 70 0*283 667 60 0*269 680 60 0 27720 11/26*310 650 70 0*295 658 70 0*280 668 65 0*267 682 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 27725 11/27*259 688 55 0*243 696 50 0*232 698 45 0*226 700 45 0 27725 11/27*255 696 60 0*240 698 55 0*225 700 50 0*219 702 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27730 11/28*221 702 40 0*213 705 40 0*205 708 35 0*185 710 25 0 27730 11/28*214 704 45 0*209 706 45 0*203 708 40 0*197 710 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** The 29th-30th are new to HURDAT 27732 11/29*193 714 25 0*189 721 25 0*185 730 25 0*179 739 25 0 27733 11/30*173 749 20 0*168 759 20 0*163 769 20 0* 0 0 0 0 27735 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Major changes are also made to the timing of when hurricane intensity was first attained and the timing of dissipation. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. November 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 62.5W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 58.0W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 15kt SSW with pressure of 1001mb [might be too low] at 24.5N, 59.5W at 18Z (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. On the evening of the 20th a storm of moderate strength was indicated as central near 25N, 60W, whence it advanced northwestward for 3 days, with somewhat increased energy, till about midway between Turks Island and Bermuda (MWR). November 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 24N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 23.7N, 59.9W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 10kt SSW with pressure of 1005mb at 25.5N, 58.5W at 06Z (COA); 25 kt NW with 1005 mb at 08Z at 23.9N, 63.9W (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 40kt winds at 25N, 61.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 24N, 62W (am) and at 24N, 64W (pm). Ship highlight: 20kt W with pressure of 1004mb at 23.5N, 62.2W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt NE with pressure of 1021mb a 32.8N, 64W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 50kt winds at 26.3N, 65.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 25N, 66W (am) and at 26N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 999 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 67.7W (HWM); 955 mb measured by ship Malacca (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 29N, 67.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 69W (am) and at 31N, 67.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 35 kt N with pressure of 991mb at 25.8N, 68.3W at 0Z (COA); 30 kt N with 997 mb at 12Z at 26.4N, 67.9W (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 31N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 31.3N, 65.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 31.5N, 66W (am) and at 32N, 63.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 70 kt N with pressure of 996mb at 32N, 67.5W at 12Z (HWM); 25kt NNW with pressure of 995mb at 26N, 70W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt E with 990 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 66.0W (HWM). Station highlight: 996 mb (min p) at Bermuda. It turned north-northeastward and on the 25th was central close to, but south of, Bermuda. Thereafter it moved slowly toward the south-southwest, with lessening strength, and was still perceptible on the 29th a short distance southwest Haiti. No report of any force greater than strong gale (9) has been received in connection with this storm, which was felt most forcefully in the general vicinity of Bermuda (MWR). November 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 60kt winds at 28.3N, 66.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 65.5W (am) and at 25.5N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt N with pressure of 996mb at 28.2N, 70.9W at 12Z (COA); 45kt NNE with pressure of 1016mb at 35N, 61W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt SSE with 1005 at 12Z at 28.0N, 65.0W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.2N, 69.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 23N, 70.5W (am) and at 21N, 71W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt S with pressure of 995mb at 24.8N, 69.7W at 3Z (MWR); 35 kt ENE after 03Z from same ship (MWR); 30 kt SW with 1000 at 12Z at 22.0N, 69.0W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. November 28: HWM indicates a closed low near 20N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 20.5N, 70.8W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 15kt ENE with pressure of 1002mb at 22.7N, 74.3W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt NE with 1005 mb at 12Z at Turks Island (HWM); 1004 mb (min p) at Turks Island (MWR); 15 kt W with 1003 mb at 12Z at 19.5N, 70.7W (HWM). November 29: HWM analyzes a spot low (no closed isobars) over Hispaniola. HURDAT no longer lists this system. No gales or low pressures. November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 71W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone formed from the southwest tail end of a weakening trough or frontal boundary on 20 November at 06Z (no change to genesis time) near 22.7N, 60.7W. The cyclone moved slowly northwestward from 20-24 November, performed a clockwise loop south of Bermuda on the 25th, and then headed south-southwestward from the 26th through 28th towards Hispaniola. Major west-northwestward position adjustments are implemented from 06Z on 20 November to 00Z on 21 November. Thereafter, all remaining position changes are minor. From 20-24 November, as the cyclone moved northwestward, the cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened from a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 20th to a peak intensity of 100 kt at 18Z on the 23rd at 26.6N, 66.5W. Originally, HURDAT lists the cyclone as strengthening from 35 to only 55 kt during that time. It is uncertain whether a 1001 mb peripheral pressure observation from a ship at 18Z on the 20th was too low. On the 21st, 25 kt winds measured simultaneously with 1005 mb pressures were recorded. Winds of 20-30 kt and pressures of 999-1005 mb were the peak observations from genesis through 12Z on the 23rd. However, 1934 MWR page 457 as well as the November, 1934 MWR tracks of cyclones chart indicate that the ship named Malacca measured a pressure of 955 mb on 23 November in association with this cyclone. A pressure of 955 mb suggests winds of 100 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship if it was a central pressure. On that day, the cyclone was moving a little slower than average and the circulation appeared large as indicated by available observations. If 955 mb was a central pressure value, a 95 kt intensity would be chosen. But since there is no information indicating that the 955 mb pressure was measured in the center, a 100 kt peak intensity is chosen from 18Z on the 23rd through 00Z on the 24th (up from 55 and 60 kt originally, respectively - major changes). Major upward intensity adjustments of 20 to 45 kt are implemented at all times from 12Z on the 22nd through 18Z on the 24th. The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity by 18Z on the 22nd - 36 hours earlier than originally (a major change). As the cyclone made the loop south of the Bermuda before heading back southward, Bermuda recorded a minimum pressure of 996 mb on 25 November. On the 25th at 12Z, a ship recorded winds of hurricane force with a 996 mb pressure while another ship recorded 35 kt with 990 mb. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb yields a wind speed greater than 59 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 25th is 75 kt (no change to HURDAT). Therefore, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened from 100 kt at 00Z on the 24th to 75 kt at 12Z on the 25th. From 25-28 November, only minor changes are made to both the track and intensity. The cyclone moved south-southwestward and began to weaken during this time. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 26th (6 hr later than originally). The last time a gale force wind was recorded was a 35 kt wind on the 27th, and observations near the center on the 27th around 03Z indicate that the central pressure was near or slightly less than 993 mb, and this value suggests winds of greater than 59 and 55 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The intensity in HURDAT is bumped up by 5 kt at all times on the 27th and 28th due to these and other observations. The cyclone made landfall on the north coast of the Dominican Republic (19.9N, 70.9W) at 16Z on 28 November. Prior to landfall, a 1003 mb peripheral pressure was recorded from a coastal station. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb at 12Z on the 28th yields a wind speed greater than 41 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 28th (up from 35 kt originally) and 40 kt is also the 16Z landfall intensity. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression after landfall at 18Z on the 28th (up from 25 kt originally). HURDAT originally listed a last position at 18Z on the 28th as a tropical depression inland over Hispaniola, but available observations suggest that the cyclone moved southwestward from the 28th - 30th of November, retaining a closed circulation. Analyzed positions at 12Z on the 29th and 30th are 18.5N, 73.0W, and 16.3N, 76.9W, and the cyclone is analyzed as a 25 kt tropical depression on the 29th and 20 kt from 00-12Z on the 30th. After that, the cyclone degenerated to a remnant low and dissipated. The revised final position is now 12Z on the 30th as a 20 kt tropical depression at 16.3N, 76.9W. ****************************************************************************** Additional Notes - 1934: 1) May 1-4: A trough of low pressure near Cuba became either a subtropical or extratropical cyclone, intensified, and moved northward making landfall on the east coast of the U.S. A ship in the May 1934 MWR Ocean Gales chart recorded 35 kt N on 2 May some distance south of 35N, 75.3W. Although this system is more likely to have been extratropical, there is a slight chance it was a tropical cyclone. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 1 24N 78W May 2 27N 77W Extratropical May 3 35N 76W Extratropical May 4 40N 76W Extratropical 2) May 27-31 - 1934 Storm 1 - Removed from HURDAT This cyclone is analyzed to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime and thus has been removed from HURDAT. Detailed analyses have been conducted at 12Z on 5/27, 5/28 and 5/29. On the 27th, a low may have been trying to form along a frontal boundary just off the east coast of Florida. On the 28th at 12Z, the low center was near 29.4N, 79.5W and central pressure was likely around 998 mb. The analysis reveals a strong temperature gradient across the low on the 28th. The data indicates that a warm front extended eastward from the center of the low and a cold front extended southwestward from the low to about 26N, 84W. Therefore, the system will now be classified as extratropical beginning at the first revised HURDAT point - 06Z the 28th - and at 12Z on 28 May. The low moved inland in southeastern South Carolina at 04Z at 32.3N, 80.5W. Although the OMRs were not able to be obtained which contain the hourly data, additional information was obtained from stations in Georgia and South Carolina from the state monthly climatological data summaries. The maximum wind at Savannah was 34 kt NW and the minimum pressure at Savannah was 988 mb. The maximum wind at Charleston was 46 kt SE and the minimum pressure at Charleston was 990 mb. The central pressure at landfall may have been around 985 mb. The daily high and low temperatures for dozens of stations in Georgia and South Carolina are available but not the hourly temperatures. The analysis conducted a 12Z on 29 May reveals that although the temperature gradient across the low was not nearly as strong as it was the day before, the structure was very indicative of an extratropical system with a warm front analyzed by HWM extending to the low. The circulation was very large and asymmetric. The central pressure had only risen to about 992 mb by that time with the center located over west-central South Carolina. All of the data reveals that the cyclone was likely extratropical throughout its lifetime, although the Georgia and South Carolina coasts, especially from Savannah to Charleston, received winds of 45-55 kt and pressures as low as 985 mb. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 27 Trough/front near Florida May 28 29.4 79.5 40 kt Extratropical May 29 04Z 32.3 80.5 55 kt Extratropical May 29 33.6 81.3 40 kt Extratropical May 30 34.5 82.2 30 kt Extratropical May 31 Dissipated 27255 05/27/1934 M= 5 1 SNBR= 602 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 27255 05/28/1934 M= 4 1 SNBR= 602 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * (The 27th is removed from HURDAT.) 27260 05/27* 0 0 0 0*234 840 35 0*242 829 35 0*246 823 40 0 27265 05/28*256 816 40 0*270 808 35 0*284 800 40 0*298 798 50 0 27265 05/28* 0 0 0 0E280 800 35 0E294 795 40 0E306 796 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 27270 05/29*312 802 50 0*326 809 50 0*336 815 35 0*340 817 30 0 27270 05/29E316 800 55 0E326 807 50 0E336 813 40 0E340 816 35 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** * *** ** 27275 05/30*343 819 30 0*347 823 25 0*348 827 25 0*344 830 25 0 27275 05/30E343 818 30 0E345 820 30 0E345 822 30 0E343 824 25 0 * *** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** 27280 05/31*340 830 20 0*336 829 20 0*334 826 15 0*334 808 15 0 27280 05/31E338 827 25 0E332 829 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 27285 TS U.S. Landfall: 5/29/1934 - 04Z - 32.3N 80.5W - 60 kt Please see "important note concerning this cyclone" in the last paragraph of the metadata on this system. Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall in southern South Carolina. Major changes are made to the timing of genesis and to the structure during the latter part of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. May 27: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure of at most 1010mb situated at the end of a stationary front near 22.5N, 83.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.2N, 82.9W at 12Z. Track of Lows places the center of the system with 1006mb near 26N, 79W in the morning and an evening position near 27.5N, 79.5W. Ship highlights: 35kt NNE with 1007mb at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12Z. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A minor disturbance attained moderate strength near the south Atlantic coast of the United States about the 27th and a few steamers reported fresh to strong gales in that area."-MWR May 28: HWM shows a low pressure center situated near the end of a stationary front extending from the extreme Northwest Atlantic Ocean to the southwest Florida coast. The center is shows near 27.5N, 79.5W with a pressure of at most 1010mb at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.4N, 80.0W at 12Z. Track of lows places the center with a pressure of 1002mb near 30.5N, 79.5W in the morning and in the evening near 32N, 80.0W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE with 1000 mb at 29.9N, 79.9W at 12Z (COA); 45kt W at 30.5N, 79.5W at 21z (COA); 35kt WSW with 991mb at 31.1N, 79.7W at 21z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 29: HWM shows a very asymmetric closed low with a large warm front leading northeast starting at the center. The system with a pressure of at most 1000mb was located near 33N, 81.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 33.6N, 81.5W at 12Z. Track of lows places the center in the morning at 33N, 80.5W with a pressure of 994mb and in the evening near 34N, 81W. Ship highlights: 45kt WSW at 31.5N, 78.5W at 1Z (COA); 20kt S with 999mb at 33.2N, 78.4W at 12z (COA); 35 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 12Z at 33.5N, 75.6W (COA). Station highlights: 34 kt NW at Savannah (MWR); 988 mb (min p) at Savannah (MWR); 46kt SE at Charleston (MWR); 38 kt NE at Charlotte (MWR); 15kt S with 995mb at Charleston at 12Z (HWM). Severe Local Storms MWR: Orangeburg, SC: 7-12pm [00-05Z 29th], $5000 damage from Wind and heavy hail. Damage to buildings. Charleston, SC, and vicinity: pm, $25000 damage from wind and rain. Yachts and small boats sunk or driven high into the marshes; small damage to wire systems; basements flooded and furnaces badly damaged by salt water; at Holly Beach five houses were destroyed; loss to crops. High Point, Winston-Salem, and Greensboro, NC.: $5000 damage from wind. Damage to buildings; highest wind velocity ever recorded at Greensboro, 47 miles." "This storm had many characteristics of a tropical hurricane as it moved inland over South Carolina on May 29."-MWR Severe Local Storms MWR: South Carolina, southern portion: 7pm 28th - 7am 29th, $125000 damage from wind and rain. Augusta, GA: pm, wind and rain damage. Light and telephone wires and trees blown down; two automobiles damaged by falling trees; small brick wall blown down. May 30: HWM shows a better organized extratropical cyclone with warm and cold fronts extending from the center, which has at most 1005mb and is situated inland near 34N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 34.8N, 82.7W at 12Z. Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 35N, 82.5W with a pressure of 1002mb and no evening position as it dissipates over Georgia. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1006 mb at 00Z at 31.8N, 75.6W (COA); 15 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 80.2W (HWM). Station highlights: 15 kt NNW with 1004 at 12Z at Atlanta (HWM). May 31: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1010mb near 34N, 80.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a remnant low with winds of 15kt at 33.4N, 82.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. A low formed from a trough in association with a NE-SW stationary front on 27-28 May. On 27 May, the front/trough was located from 33N, 70W to 24N, 82W. On 27 May, there was not yet a closed low, although two features - one near the northwest coast of Cuba, and the other just east of central Florida - displayed some cyclonic turning of the winds. By the 28th, there was only one feature, and it was a closed low east of Florida. It is analyzed that a tropical storm formed at 28.0N, 80.0W on 28 May at 06Z. This genesis is 24 hours later than in HURDAT originally - a major change. The cyclone moved north and then turned north-northwest within the next 18 hours while strengthening. At 12Z on the 28th, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb suggesting winds of greater than 44 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since no gales had been observed by that time and since the cyclone was likely not purely tropical, the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th is not changed. Late on the 28th, the cyclone headed toward the Georgia and South Carolina coast. At 21Z on the 28th, a ship recorded winds of 45 kt, and a different ship recorded a minimum pressure of 991 mb simultaneously with 35 kt of wind. A peripheral pressure of 991 mb suggests winds of greater than 58 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and greater than 60 kt for its intensifying subset. The cyclone made landfall in southern South Carolina on 29 May around 04Z. The lowest pressure recorded for the lifetime of the cyclone was 988 mb at Savannah, GA and the highest wind recorded for the cyclone's lifetime was 46 kt at Charleston, SC. Assuming the 988 mb is a peripheral pressure value since our reanalyzed track does not take the center over Savannah, this suggests winds of greater than 62 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally) and for the 04Z landfall. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 29 (up from 50 kt originally). After landfall, the cyclone moved further inland and weakened. Moving slowly, the cyclone turned westward on the 30th and south-southwestward on the 31st over western South Carolina and northern Georgia. Originally, HURDAT did not list an extratropical phase. However, it is analyzed that this cyclone became extratropical at 18Z on 29 May, 14 hours later landfall. HURDAT originally held on to this system until 18Z on the 31st, but available observations suggest that the low dissipated after 06Z on the 31st. Thus, the last 12 hours of the cyclone's lifetime are removed from HURDAT. The final point is now shown at 06Z on 31 May at 33.2N, 82.9W as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone. Important note concerning this cyclone: On the 28th of May, and for perhaps the entire lifetime of the cyclone, the low does not appear to be completely non-frontal; it appears that some weak frontal features were in existence within a couple hundred nmi of cyclone and were likely interacting with the cyclone. However, since these is some uncertainty as to the strength of the frontal features and the extent of their interaction with the cyclone, the system is maintained in HURDAT as a tropical cyclone from genesis until after landfall in South Carolina on the 29th of May. (Today, this would have likely been classified as a subtropical cyclone.) There is a chance that this system was extratropical throughout its lifetime, and it is recommended that this scenario be further inspected for possible removal of this system from HURDAT. 3) June 17-18: The MWR tracks of lows, a couple of ships from the MWR ocean gales chart, and COADS indicate that a low existed in the central north Atlantic during 17-18 June. This system is not likely to have been a tropical cyclone. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 17 33N 61W Extratropical Jun 18 40N 50W Extratropical 4) September 14-21: An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the eastern Gulf was investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone. Information was obtained from Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones for September of 1934, the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS database. First evidence of a system in the region is mentioned in the Tracks of Cyclones where they show a weak low from the deep tropics crossing Cuba and into the Florida Straits on the 14th with a central pressure of 29.88 inches (1012mb). There is no evidence as to the origins of this system except for cyclonic turning over the southern Bahamas as indicated by the Historical Weather Map for September 13. Although the system moved in a general northerly direction and struck the Florida coast near the mouth of the Suwanee River on the 15th, there were no reports of gales while it was over water or over land. There were no reports of damage or high winds over Florida. This system shows to be a definite closed low, but not of tropical storm strength as there were no gales or low pressures from any source before the system moved inland. This low then tracked northeastward for two days and exited the coast off the southern New Jersey coast on the 17th. Historical Weather Maps for the following three days indicates that the system did strengthen however there was a strong horizontal temperature gradient which allows us to classify it as extratropical. Thus, this system is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 14 25N 83W Weak Closed Low Sep. 15 27N 86W Weak Closed Low Sep. 16 36N 81W Sep. 17 39N 75W Sep. 18 42N 68W Sep. 19 43N 63W Sep. 20 45N 52W Sep. 21 46N 40W 5) September 13-19: HWM, the September 1934 MWR chart of ocean gales, and COADS indicates that a cyclone existed in the north Atlantic from 14-18 September, and it produced winds up to 60 kt on the 18th 360 nmi SSE of the center. For the entire lifetime of this system, there were 3 gales observed - one 35 kt gale each day on the 16th and 17th, and then a 60 kt observation on the 18th. No low pressures were observed during the entire lifetime of the system. The analysis indicates that it was extratropical throughout its lifetime. Thus, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 13 38N 60W Open trough Sep 14 39N 57W Extratropical Sep 15 42N 55W Extratropical Sep 16 42N 53W Extratropical Sep 17 40N 53W Extratropical Sep 18 40N 52W Extratropical Sep 19 Dissipated/absorbed September 13: HWM analyzes a trough near 38N, 60W. A warm front extends eastward from 38N, 60W, and a cold front is plotted extending southwestward from that point. HURDAT did not list this system. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 38N, 56W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front plotted extending south-southwestward from the low. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 53W with a warm front extending from 41N, 55W to 42N, 53W to 41N, 49W to 38N, 45W, continuing southeastward. A cold front extends from 41N, 55W to 38N, 51W to 35N, 52W to 32N, 55W continuing southwestward. September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41.5N, 52W with a dissipating occluded front extending from the low to a dissipating triple point near 41N, 44W. A dissipating warm front extends southeastward from the triple point and a dissipating cold front extends southwestward fromthe triple point. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE with 1014 mb at 04Z at 43.5N, 57.5W (COA). September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 53.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 06Z at 43.5N, 46.5W (COA). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41N, 53.5W (This is the feature of interest). Another approaching low of at most 1010 mb is plotted near 42.5N, 69W with an occluded front extending southward from that low. Finally, another closed low of at most 1005 mb is plotted centered near 55.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW with 1019 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 49.5W (MWR). "The whole north Atlantic during the period from the14th to 22nd was almost free of gales, except that a small-area storm of marked strength (force 11) but with no particularly low barometric reading, was metabout 2 pm, on the 18th, between Bermuda and Fayal, by the American steamship Yaka" (MWR). September 19: HWM no longer analyses a closed low associated with the feature of interest, of which the remnants appear to have possibly been located in the general vicinity of 46N, 50W, as suggested by available observations. HWM does analyze the approaching closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43N, 62W. HWM also analyzes the west end of a stationary front near 52N, 46W. A closed low meandered in the north Atlantic from 14-18 September. It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical low throughout its lifetime. It was frontal from the 14th through at least the 15th and maybe to the 16th. On the 16th, very light winds prevailed within a couple degrees of the center and the structure was too broad. On the 17th and 18th the structure was broad and elongated as well. Even though the low may not have been frontal from the 16th-18th, there was still a significant temperature gradient across this large, broad, elongated low. There were three gales and no low pressures observed for the entire lifetime of the system. A 35 kt wind on the 16th located 170 nmi from analyzed center, a 35 kt wind on the 17th located 310 nmi from analyzed center, and a 60 kt wind on the 18th located 360 nmi from analyzed center are the three gales. This cyclone never attained tropical characteristics as evidenced by its extremely asymmetric structure throughout its lifetime. 6) October 7-12: HWM, the MWR ocean gales chart, and COADS indicate that there may have been a disturbance that took the track below. However, there is only one gale and no low pressures observed for the entire lifetime of this possible system. The gale is noted in MWR in the write-up on p. 386 and in the table on p. 387. This 50 kt gale occurred on 7 October near 9N, 28W. It is possible that the disturbed weather associated with this ship was a squall within the ITCZ. The lowest pressure encountered by the ship was 1010 mb, and the ship's wind direction shifted only from NE to SSE. There are very few observations near this system for its entire lifetime, and this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 7 9N 28W Oct 8 11N 32W Oct 9 13N 36W Oct 10 15N 41W Oct 11 18N 45W Oct 12 21N 50W ****************************************************************************** 1935 Storm #1 - 2012 Addition 27736 05/15/1935 M= 5 1 SNBR= 613 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27737 05/15*170 685 30 0*175 690 30 0*182 695 30 1006*192 699 30 0 27738 05/16*203 702 30 0*215 704 30 0*225 705 35 0*232 702 35 0 27739 05/17*238 695 40 0*244 685 40 0*250 673 45 0*256 658 50 0 27739 05/18*263 635 50 0*273 610 45 0*285 590 40 0*297 570 35 0 27739 05/19E310 550 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 27739 TS This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the Monthly Weather Review. May 15: An area of low pressure resides over the eastern portion of Hispaniola (18.5N, 69.5W) with pressure of at most 1010 mb from HWM. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate the storm system is barotropic. Ship highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18N, 69.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). May 16: HWM indicates an approaching frontal system from the northwest. The system is presently a tropical storm with evidence from HWM and COADS of a low of at most 1010 mb near 22.5N, 70.5W. "And on the 17th a whole gale was met a considerable distance south of Bermuda. The low with which this latter gale was connected was noted near Haiti on the 16th" (MWR). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. May 17: The approaching cold front continues to interact with the tropical storm causing it to move toward the northeast. HWM and COADS indicate the tropical storm is near 25N, 67.3W. "...on the 17th a whole gale was met a considerable distance south of Bermuda." Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1003 mb at 26N, 68.4W at 12 UTC (COA). May 18: HWM indicates that no closed low was present and that a moderate cold front was approaching the area where the tropical cyclone was previously. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1003 mb at 26.3N, 63W at 00 UTC (MWR). May 19: HWM suggests that the system has been absorbed by a frontal boundary. From COADS and MWR, however, observations suggest that the center was near 28.5N, 59W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this tropical system began on the early May 15th where evidence shows a closed circulation. It appears that the system acquired tropical storm status at 12 UTC on the 15th. A central pressure of 1006 mb at 12 UTC on the 15th suggests maximum winds of 35 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. As the cyclone was moving slowly at this point in time, 30 kt is chosen for HURDAT. Intensification to a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred around 12 UTC on the 16th. Peak observations were 50 kt and 1003 mb late on the 17th and early on the 18th as evident from the Dutch ship Magdala (MWR). 1003 mb peripheral pressure would suggest at least 41 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Thus 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT based on both observed winds and pressure. Dissipation occurred after 00Z on the 19th as the system became absorbed by a frontal boundary. ****************************************************************************** Storm 2 (originally 1), 1935 26610 08/18/1935 M= 9 1 SNBR= 587 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 27740 08/18/1935 M=11 2 SNBR= 614 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 16th and 17th are new to HURDAT.) 26615 08/16* 0 0 0 0*109 560 25 0*115 570 25 0*122 580 25 0* 26615 08/17*131 589 25 0*140 597 25 0*150 605 25 0*161 612 30 0* 26615 08/18* 0 0 0 0*195 590 65 0*202 608 70 0*206 618 75 0* 27745 08/18*173 618 35 0*185 624 40 0*195 630 45 0*203 637 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26620 08/19*210 627 75 0*214 634 80 0*218 641 80 0*222 648 85 0* 27750 08/19*209 645 65 0*214 653 70 0*218 660 75 0*222 667 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26625 08/20*226 655 90 0*232 663 90 0*238 670 95 0*243 675 95 0* 27755 08/20*225 671 85 0*228 674 90 0*232 675 95 0*239 676 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26630 08/21*247 678 95 0*251 681 100 0*256 684 100 0*265 687 100 0* 27760 08/21*249 677 105 0*262 678 115 0*273 680 115 0*281 682 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26635 08/22*276 690 100 0*285 690 105 0*294 688 105 0*305 684 105 0* 27765 08/22*287 683 115 0*291 684 110 0*294 685 110 0*300 684 110 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26640 08/23*316 678 105 0*321 673 105 0*328 666 100 0*340 648 100 0* 27770 08/23*308 680 110 0*317 674 105 0*328 666 100 0*340 650 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26645 08/24*352 628 95 0*361 610 90 0*373 593 85 0*397 576 80 0* 27775 08/24*352 630 100 0*361 610 100 0*373 590 100 0*397 576 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 26650 08/25E426 567 75 0E452 570 70 0E473 577 65 0E484 584 55 0* 27780 08/25*426 567 85 0*452 570 75 0E473 577 70 0E484 584 60 0 * ** * ** ** ** 26655 08/26E489 591 50 0E493 598 40 0E497 605 35 0E499 620 30 0* 27785 08/26E489 592 50 0E493 602 40 0E497 615 35 0E499 630 30 0 *** *** *** *** 26660 HR Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 1. Another major change is to begin genesis two days earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review. August 16: HWM analyzed no features of interest on this date. HURDAT had not yet begun this system on this date. No gales or low pressures on this date. August 17: HWM analyzed no features of interest on this date. HURDAT had not yet begun this system on this date. No gales or low pressures on this date. August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.2N, 60.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 62W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE at ~12 UTC at 22N, 65W (MWR). Regarding the intensity, "The American tanker California Standard made the first definite contact with the developing storm center on the morning of the 18th, when a northeast gale was encountered near 22N, 65W" (MWR). August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.8N, 64.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 65W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position close to HWM is most accurate. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1001 mb at 22.3N, 64W at 01Z (MWR); 50 kt SE and 1011 mb at 22.3N, 64W at 12 UTC (COA). August 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 23N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 24N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position slightly southwest of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 24N, 66.7W (HWM). August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 26N, 69W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.6N, 68.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 955 mb centered near 26N, 68W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the center north of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 955 mb at 26.9N, 68.5W at 09 UTC (MWR); 45 kt W and 986 mb at 27N, 67W at 12 UTC (COA). Regarding the intensity, "...the American steamship Angelina passed very close to the center about 5 a.m. of the 21st near 27N, 68.5W where a barometer reading of 955 mb was observed, attended by hurricane winds shifting from the northeast through west to southwest, without a lull" (MWR). August 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 29.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.4N, 68.8W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 69W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT location is most accurate. Ship Highlights: 60 kt W and 994 mb at 27.3N, 71.7W at 04 UTC (MWR); 35 kt S and 1010 mb at 28.3N, 66W at 12 UTC (COA). August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 32.5N, 67W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.8N, 66.6W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 33N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available observations indicate that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 35 kt S and 1005 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1013 mb at 28.5N, 65.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 WSW and 1009 mb at 29.3N, 65.6 W at 12 UTC (COA). August 24: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 975 mb near 37N, 59.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.3N, 59.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 972 mb centered near 36N, 59W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT position to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 972 mb at 36.5N, 59.5W at 09 UTC (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 956 mb at 41.4N, 57W at 21 UTC (MWR). "The British steamer York City encountered the central region about 400 miles northeast of Bermuda, and there for 24 hours experienced storm conditions culminating about 5 a.m. in a south-to-west hurricane that lasted 4 hours causing considerable damage to the life boats and superstructure of the ship. The barometer fell to 973 mb at 36.5N, 59.5W at its lowest point as the winds changed from south-southeast through southwest to northwest" (MWR). August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 46N, 57.5W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm centered near 47.3N, 57.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 996 mb centered near 47N, 56W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT position to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 977 mb at 45.4N, 58.2W at 03 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 46N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). August 26: HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near 50N, 60W with a cold front extending to the southeast. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm centered near 29.4N, 68.8W. Ship highlight: 25 kt SE and 1001 mb at 51N, 60W at 12 UTC (HWM). Genesis is begun early on the 16th of August, as a well-defined circulation was present east of the Lesser Antilles on that date as shown by ship and island observations. This is two days earlier than originally indicated. A large track change was introduced at 06 and 12 UTC on the 18th. The remainder of the lifetime of the cyclone had minor position alterations introduced. Observations suggest that the system began as a tropical depression and gradually intensified into a tropical storm around 00 UTC on the 18th. Numerous observations on the 18th indicate that the system was not as intense as shown in HURDAT; the intensity is reduced to 45 kt at 12 UTC down from 70 kt originally. Major intensity reductions (at least a 20 kt change) are made from 06 to 18 UTC on the 18th. A 60 kt NE ship observation with 1001 mb pressure at 01 UTC on the 19th does support the cyclone becoming a hurricane by 00 UTC of the 19th, a 12 hour delay to hurricane intensity from originally listed in HURDAT. Intensity reduced 10 kt at 00 and 06 UTC and by 5 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 19th, though further reductions in intensity are not justifiable given the limited inner cord observations. 955 mb peripheral pressure with hurricane force winds on the 21st suggests maximum winds of at least 106 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 115 kt is chosen for the reanalysis and is the peak intensity of this system (up from 105 kt originally). A ship reported 70 kt WNW winds with 956 mb pressure at 21 UTC on the 24th. This suggests maximum winds of at least 93 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Additionally, the hurricane was moving around 30 kt on the 24th and 25th. On the other hand, the system was near 42N at the time of the ship observation and extratropical transition had begun. Thus intensity is analyzed to be 95 kt at 18 UTC on the 24th and 85 kt at 00 UTC on the 25th. HURDAT originally suggests weakening began on the 24th with a quick transition to extratropical by 00 UTC of the 25th. Available observations indicate that the structure of the cyclone at 12 UTC on the 24th was still fairly symmetric and two ships 200 nm north of the cyclone reported 79F air temperatures. Substantial weakening instead began on the 25th with the transition to extratropical around 12 UTC of the 25th. The cyclone became absorbed before 00 UTC on the 27th of August by a larger extratropical low that moved eastward across Canada. There is no evidence that the system had a separate closed low at 12 UTC on the 27th. ****************************************************************************** Storm 3 (originally 2), 1935 26665 08/29/1935 M=13 2 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=5 27795 08/29/1935 M=13 3 SNBR= 615 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=5 * 26670 08/29* 0 0 0 0*242 683 35 0*242 693 35 0*242 698 35 0* 27800 08/29* 0 0 0 0*233 688 25 0*235 693 25 0*238 698 25 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26675 08/30*242 704 35 0*242 709 40 0*242 714 40 0*241 720 45 0* 27805 08/30*241 704 30 0*242 709 30 0*242 714 30 0*241 721 30 0 ** ** ** *** ** 26680 08/31*241 726 45 0*240 730 50 0*239 735 55 0*238 743 55 0* 27810 08/31*241 729 35 0*240 737 35 0*239 745 40 0*238 752 45 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26685 09/01*237 753 60 0*236 763 60 0*237 773 65 0*238 781 75 0* 27815 09/01*237 759 50 0*237 766 55 0*237 773 65 0*237 779 75 0 ** *** *** ** *** *** 26690 09/02*239 786 90 0*240 790 105 0*242 793 120 0*243 797 130 0* 27820 09/02*237 785 90 0*237 790 105 0*238 795 120 0*241 800 135 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 26695 09/03*245 801 140 892*249 808 130 0*252 813 115 0*261 823 100 0* 27825 09/03*246 805 160 892*251 811 160 0*257 816 145 0*264 822 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26700 09/04*271 830 95 0*279 834 85 0*287 835 80 0*295 835 75 0* 27830 09/04*271 828 115 0*278 832 105 0*284 834 95 0*291 834 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** 26705 09/05*305 832 60 0*317 827 60 0*330 817 55 0*341 805 55 0* 27835 09/05*299 834 75 0*309 831 65 0*320 825 55 0*332 815 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 26710 09/06*352 791 55 0*361 772 60 0*370 751 65 0*383 709 75 0* 27840 09/06*346 800 45 0*361 780 50 996*375 751 65 0*387 709 75 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 26715 09/07*397 654 80 0E408 602 80 0E420 550 80 0E433 498 75 0* 27845 09/07E398 654 80 0E409 602 80 0E420 550 80 0E431 500 75 0 **** *** *** *** 26720 09/08E448 447 75 0E466 396 70 0E485 363 65 0E493 351 60 0* 27850 09/08E442 450 75 0E455 400 75 0E469 352 75 0E485 327 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26725 09/09E500 342 60 0E521 321 55 0E540 312 50 0E550 311 45 0* 27855 09/09E502 315 70 0E520 312 70 0E540 312 70 0E555 320 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 26730 09/10E560 321 40 0E570 335 35 0E580 360 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 27860 09/10E565 340 60 0E568 365 55 0E570 390 50 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26735 HRBFL5AFL2 27865 HRCFL5BFL5AFL2IGA1 ********** **** U.S. Hurricane Landfalls 3rd/02 UTC 24.8N 80.8W 5 nm RMW 892 mb 160 kt CFL5, BFL5 4th/22 UTC 29.6N 83.4W 20 nm RMW 965 mb 85 kt AFL2 Minor changes to the track (while it was a tropical cyclone) and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Climatological Data (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia), Barnes (1998), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al (1987), Jarrell et al (1992), Schwerdt et al (1979), and Vickery et al (2000). August 29: HWM analysed a trough along 70W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 69.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 24.5N, 68W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggests a position south of HURDAT is most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 71.4W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 24.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. Available observations indicate the HURDAT location to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Indications of this disastrous storm first appeared on our weather map on August 30, 1935, as a weak circulation, with no strong winds, but occasional squalls" (Florida Climatological Data). August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 24N, 73.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.9N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 24N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations indicate a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "...but it was not until August 31 that a definite depression appeared, near Long Island in the southeastern Bahamas, and deepened rapidly as it moved westward" (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 22N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.7N, 77.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23.5N, 77W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT location to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 22.9N, 74.5W at 00 UTC (MWR). "Hurricane intensity was doubtless reached by the developing disturbance near the south end of Andros Island on September 1" (MWR). "During the afternoon and night of the 31st and morning of September 1st, the disturbance moved through the Bahamas...Press reports from the Bahamas indicated that no damage occurred there, although later there was one report of some damage on the extreme southern end of Andros Island. There is no doubt that the storm was not of hurricane intensity at the time it crossed the islands" (Florida Climatological Data). September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 23N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.2N, 79.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 914 mb inches near 24N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position south of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 70 kt N and 950 mb at Long Key at 22 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NW and 945 mbat Long Key at 2245 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 5 kt variable and 924 mb at ~25N, ~80.5W at 21 UTC (MWR); 50 kt NW and 996 mb at 24.4N, 80.9W at 22 UTC (MWR). Miami observed minimal winds for this hurricane, "Northeast to southeast gales occurred during the day, in connection with a tropical disturbance passing through the Florida Keys; the maximum velocity was 40 mph from the southeast at 11:51 p.m." (OMR). Regarding the track, "The vortex was at the stage of maximum violence, though still of small diameter, as it crossed the Florida Keys between Key West and Miami, September 2, moving northwestward" (MWR). "The exact path of the storm between Long Island [Bahamas] and the Florida Keys cannot be plotted definitively. It seems probable that the storm moved westward or even west-southwestward for some distance and then began a very gradual recurve. The disturbance probably reached hurricane intensity as it passed south of Andros Island. The hurricane approached the Florida Keys during the afternoon of the 2nd and winds of hurricane force began about 5 p. m. at Alligator Reef and somewhat later at the keys to the westward. The area of hurricane winds was only about 30 miles in diameter, but this hurricane was probably the most intense of record over a small area to visit any portion of the United States" (Florida Climatological Data). September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.2N, 81.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure around 914 mb near 26.5N, 82W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly northwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: calm winds and 899 mb at Upper Matecumbe Key at ~00 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 892 mb at Craig Key at ~00 UTC (MWR); extreme hurricane force winds SSW and 26.98 in. [914 mb] at Long Key at 0215 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 920 mb at Molasses Reef at ~02 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSW and 997 mb at 24.4N, 81.3W at 07 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NNW and 998 mb at 27.5N, 80.5W at 13 UTC (COA). With regards to landfall, "...at Long Key the barometer was read throughout the passage of the storm by Mr. J.E. Duane, a cooperative observer for the Weather Bureau. 9:20 p.m.: Barometer 922 mb, wind abated but no flat calm. Lull lasted 55 minutes, 10:10 p.m.: Barometer now 915 mb. 10:15: The first blast from SSW, full force. The barometer now read 914 mb" (MWR). "Southeast gales, shifting to south, continued throughout the day in connection with the hurricane passing through the Florida Keys. Minor damage to awnings, fruit trees and shrubbery, etc. The maximum velocity for a five minute was 41 mph from the southeast at 9:07 a.m." (Miami OMR). The Keys experienced an extreme hurricane with a barometer reading of 892 mb and winds in excess of 200 mph (Dunn and Miller). "On the night of the 2nd-3rd a severe hurricane of small diameter passed northeast of the station, with the center about 50 miles distant...highest wind was but 46 mph and there was no damage of consequence in this vicinity" (Key West OMR). Regarding intensity at landfall, "Captain Olson's boat weathered the storm by being fastened on the north side of the railroad embankment at Craig, near the north end of Long Key. The ships barometer was tested in Washington and showed it to be exceptionally responsive and reliable. It recorded a low pressure of 892 mb near 00 UTC" (MWR). "This adjusted reading [892 mb] set a new record as the lowest pressure ever measured in the Western Hemisphere..." (Barnes). Landfall position is noted in Ho et al at 24.8N, 80.8W with 892 mb central pressure and 6 nautical mile radius of maximum winds. Estimated maximum sustained surface winds were 151 kt from Schwerdt et al. Regarding the storm tide at Islamorada (8:35 p.m.), "Best estimates suggest that the tide was eighteen to twenty feet above normal," and, "...the [railroad] track was turned on its side like a fence and ten train cars were swept sideways almost 100 feet" (Barnes). "A corrected barometer reading of 26.98 [914 mb] was recorded Long Key, and 26.75 [906 mb] on Lignumvita Key. The reading of 26.75 was more than half an inch lower than any previous pressure record in this country and one of the lowest in the entire world. A pressure fall of 1.16 inches [39 mb] in 30 minutes was noted at Alligator Reef. Winds of 150 to 200 miles per hour undoubtedly occurred with gusts probably exceeding 200 miles per hour. The storm was accompanied by phenomenally high tides at and subsequent to the passage of the storm center. The track and crossties were washed off a concrete railroad viaduct, 30 feet above ordinary water level. The center of the hurricane passed over Long Key and Lower Matecumbe Key about 10 p. m. September 2nd, with a lull or calm of 55 minutes, and stars were visible. After crossing the keys, the hurricane continued its gradual recurve, paralleling the west Florida coastline about 30 to 50 miles offshore. It was now apparently increasing in area, while its central intensity was slightly decreasing" (Florida Climatological Data). September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb near 28N, 83.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.7N, 83.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure around 948 mb near 29N, 84.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 980 mb at Egmont Key at 03 UTC (MWR); 985 mb at Cedar Key at 1750 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 979 mb at 27.6N, 82.7W at 03 UTC (MWR). "At Cedar Keys, three lives were lost and considerable damages were reported to docks, fishing vessels, and structures near the shore, the worst flooding since 1896" (Barnes). "Tampa winds were clocked at 75 mph, the barometer dropped to 29.31, tides were 5.3 feet above normal, and over 7.3 inches of rain fell" (Barnes). "Very few roofs escaped at least minor damage. Many were blown off entirely and others damaged badly. Trees, citrus, overhead wiring, and other properties were damaged considerably or destroyed" (Tampa OMR). "Sep 4, Central Pressure 960 mb based upon 980 mb observation at Egmont Key, 10 kt forward speed, 21 nm RMW, landfall position at 29.9N 83.7W" (Ho et al). "The storm moved northward, passed west of Cedar Keys at 1:50 p. m. of the 4th... The storm passed inland over Taylor and Dixie counties late in the afternoon of the 4th still attended by hurricane winds" (Florida Climatological Data). September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 28N, 83.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 81.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 992 mb near 33N, 82W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 15 kt N and 993 mb at Augusta at 18 UTC (OMR); 993 mb (min P) at Columbia at 2040 UTC (OMR); 42 kt S (max wind) and 997 mb (min pressure) at Savannah (no time available) (South Carolina Climatological Data); 41 kt S (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at Wilmington (no time available) (South Carolina Climatological Data); 40 kt S (max wind) and 999 mb (min pressure) (no time available) at Charleston (South Carolina Climatological Data). Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1001 mb at ~30.5N, ~80.7W at 07 UTC (MWR); 15 kt N and 1004 mb at 33.5N, 84.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). Regarding the track across the southeast United States, "During September 5 the storm moved from Georgia across the Carolinas, attended by high winds and heavy rains that caused some damage to property and crops, especially in southern Georgia" (MWR). "Throughout sections of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina minor hurricane conditions were experienced and 4 tornadoes were reported" (Dunn and Miller). "...and then moved on through Madison County [FL] to Georgia, and moved northeastward through the Carolinas during the next two [5th and 6th] days, accompanied by heavy rains generally, and tornadoes in some localities" (Florida Climatological Data). "Besides heavy rains the storm caused high winds on the 5th reaching a maximum of 49 mph from the south at 10:31 a.m." (Savannah OMR). "On the 5th the center of a tropical disturbance passed approximately 25 miles west of the station. Actual property damage was slight though a considerable number of trees were blown down, breaking power lines and telephone connections" (Charleston OMR). Columbia experienced, "...2.42 inches in 24 hours on the 4th-5th. The center of that tropical storm which killed several hundred people in the Florida Keys passed just east of the station at 4:40 p.m. on the 5th where only a 20 mph wind was observed" (Columbia OMR). Raleigh weather office also noted that "nearly half of the month's total precipitation occurred on the 5th" (OMR). "On the 5th, mostly during afternoon, the tropical disturbance on its northward passage from the west Florida Coast, considerably damaged property and crops in the coastal region; property damage was estimated at $15,000 altogether, most of which was reported from the vicinities of Beaufort, Walterboro and Georgetown. Maximum wind velocities from 45 to 55 miles per hour were reported. Much cotton staple was blown on the ground, as well as corn, cane and other unharvested crops. Several persons were injured by falling trees" (South Carolina Climatological Data). "Some remarkably heavy rains, 5 inches or more, occurred as the well known Florida Keys hurricane passed over the southern section on the 4th and 5th, although highly destructive winds at that time were lacking. However, the winds did cause extensive damage to crops in the fields and some minor damage to other property" (Georgia Climatological Data). September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 37N, 75.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 985 mb near 37N, 75W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly north of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 28 kt NW and 999 mb at Norfolk at 12 UTC (OMR) and 997 mb (min pressure - no time given); 37 kt NW (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at Cape Henry (no time available) (Virginia Climatological Data); 38 kt SW (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at Hatteras (no time given) (North Carolina Climatological Data). Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 985 mb at ~38.5N, ~74W at 15 UTC (MWR); 50 NNE and 984 mb at 39.7N, 69W at 22 UTC (MWR). On re-entry into the Atlantic Ocean, "On the morning of September 6 the center of disturbance passed near Cape Henry, VA., where the lowest barometer was only 992 mb" (MWR). Norfolk observed, "thunderstorm conditions from early to late afternoon on the 6th where a tornado was also observed passing through western and northwestern sections of the city causing $22,000 in property damage but no loss of life (Norfolk OMR). "Storm damage was limited to a tornado near Farmville, Va. On the 5th, damaging $30,000 worth of buildings, $25,000 worth of crops, killing two people and injuring a dozen others; and to high winds on the same date in Norfolk and vicinity, with damage to buildings amounting to $14,000, and to crops $8,000. In addition to the above, flood waters in the James River entailed a loss approximating $150,000, principally to crops. Excessive rains on the 507th damaged highways to the extent of $450,000, and crops, principally corn, to the amount of $1,650,000" (Virginia Climatological Data). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 55W, with a cold front analyzed extending from the center toward the north. HURDAT listed this as a strong extratropical storm at 42N, 55W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 964 mb near 43N, 54.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 964 mb at 42N, 54W at ~12 UTC (MWR); 70 kt WSW and 979 mb at 41.1N, 54.3W at 17 UTC (MWR). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 48.5N, 37.5 with a cold front extending toward the south. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 48.5N, 36.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure around 948 mb near 46.5N, 37.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position significantly southeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 954 mb at 46.4N, 37.4W at 15 UTC (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 959 mb at 46.9N, 34.8W at 15 UTC (MWR). September 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 970 mb near 54N, 34.5W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 54N, 31.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 973 mb near 54.5N, 32W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 973 mb at 50N, 28.5W at 03 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 977 mb at 53.5N, 38.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt WNW and 972 mb at 53.5N, 36.5W at 17 UTC (COA). September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 57N, 39W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 58N, 36W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 57.5N, 37W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position significantly southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 975 mb at 55.5N, 37.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 992 mb at 57.3N, 33.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). Regarding the absorption into an extratropical cyclone "... off southern Greenland, it [the system] was lost on September 10 by merging with a cyclone of extratropical origin..." (MWR). Genesis is maintained for this system on the 29th of August, as HWM and COADS observations show a closed circulation. Minor track changes were introduced for everyone day of its existence as a tropical cyclone (29th through the 6th of September). The system is begun northeast of Hispanola as a 25 kt tropical depression (originally a 35 kt tropical storm) that moved west-northwest toward southern Florida. No gales or low pressures were observed for the first three days of its existence and winds were reduced some from the 29th to early on September 1st based upon available observations of a weaker system. However, the WSW 25 kt wind and 1009 mb pressure observations at 12 UTC on the 31st (on the weak side of the cyclone) provide evidence that the system had reached tropical storm intensity by that date. Transition to a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred by 00 UTC on the 31st, 42 hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. The cyclone steadily increased in intensity from that point and it is estimated that the storm became a hurricane on September 1st around 12 UTC just south of Andros Island in the Bahamas (no change to that in HURDAT originally). Over the next 24 hours, the system nearly doubled in intensity from 65 kt to 120 kt on the 2nd. A central pressure of 924 mb at 21 UTC of the 2nd implies winds of 138 kt from the Brown et al. intensifying subset of south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 135 kt is chosen for 18 UTC on the 2nd, a 5 kt increase from HURDAT originally. (As the hurricane was undergoing rapid intensification, the 924 mb central pressure measurement at 21 UTC is not representative of the central pressure at 18 UTC and thus is not included into HURDAT.) The cyclone continued moving toward the Florida Keys and available observations estimate landfall to have occurred near 02 UTC on the 3rd at 24.8N 80.8W at Craig Key. Intensity at landfall has been estimated from central pressure observations at Craig Key [892 mb] indicating 164 kt winds from the intensifying subset of south of 25N and 162 kt from intensifying subset of north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. The Dvorak pressure-wind relationship suggests 168 kt. Regarding the probable RMW at landfall in the Keys, "it is estimated that the calm center was perhaps 8 miles in diameter" (MWR). Available observations suggest the RWM to be on the order of 5 nm (Ho et al). This sized- RMW is smaller than what might be expected from climatology of this central pressure and landfall latitude (~10nm - Vickery et al). The major hurricane also was moving 7 kt - slower than average conditions, while the outer closed isobar was 1010 mb - near average. The combination of somewhat compensating a tiny RMW, a slowly moving cyclone, and near average environmental pressure led to the selection of 160 kt maximum 1 min 10 m winds at landfall in the Florida Keys. 150 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 3rd in HURDAT. This maintains the hurricane's intensity as Category 5, but increases its previous peak intensity from 140 kt to 160 kt - a major increase. After passing through the Keys, the hurricane moved toward the northwest and eventually north on the 4th before making its second landfall in northwest Florida (as an 85 kt Category 2 hurricane, see below). The intensity is brought down by 15 kt each at 12 and 18 UTC on the 3rd, then by 10 kt each six hours during the 4th to be consistent with this second landfall. Second landfall occurred near 22 UTC on the 4th northwest of Cedar Key, near 29.6N 83.4W. Ho et al. estimated a central pressure of 960 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure reading of 980 mb from Egmont Key about 15 hours before landfall. However, Cedar Key measured 985 mb at 1750 UTC just a few hours before landfall, but did not measure winds. The closest full weather station for the second landfall was at Apalachicola, which measured a minimum pressure of 997 mb at 2120 UTC and maximum 5 min winds of 25 kt from the NW at 20 UTC. Apalachicola was about 85 nm west of the point of landfall. Cedar Key's 985 mb was measured about 20 nm east of the hurricane's center, as the cyclone was moving northward about four hours before landfall. The central pressure at landfall is roughly estimated to 965 mb, based primarily upon the Cedar Key information. This suggests an intensity of 90 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 86 kt from the subset of weakening cyclones. The Ho et al estimate of about a 20 nm RMW is close to near average (23 nmi) from central pressure and landfall latitude climatology (Vickery et al), as is the translational velocity (9 kt) and outer closed isobar (1012 mb). Thus 85 kt at the second landfall in Florida is analyzed here, making this a Category 2 hurricane impact with a 10 kt increase in intensity compared to HURDAT originally in the 18 UTC slot. During the 5th, the hurricane moved toward the northeast as it traversed over Georgia and South Carolina. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay wind model indicate maximum winds of 55 kt at 00Z on the 5th, 44 kt at 06Z, 38 kt at 12Z, 34 kt at 18Z, and 34 kt at 00Z on the 6th. Highest observed wind after landfall were (within two hours of synoptic time): 30 kt at 00Z on the 5th, 70 kt at 06Z (from a ship), 35 kt at 12Z, 37 kt at 18Z, and 45 kt at 00Z on the 6th (from a ship). Land based observations late on the 5th and on the 6th were only 42 kt from Savannah, 41 kt from Wilmington, and 40 kt from Charleston. A few 60 kt observations and a 70 kt ship report were reported later on the 6th, as the system re-entered back over the Atlantic around 10 Z on the 6th. Maximum winds are re-analyzed to be 75 kt at 00Z on the 5th (up 15 kt), 65 kt at 06Z (up 5 kt), 55 kt at 12Z (unchanged), and 50 kt at 18Z on the 5th (down 5 kt). A 996 mb pressure observation from Raleigh is likely a central pressure and is added in at the 06 UTC on the 6th. This pressure suggests maximum winds of 55 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity is analyzed to be 50 kt (down from 60 kt originally), due to the system being overland. The cyclone re-intensified back to a minimal Category 1 hurricane at 12Z on the 6th (unchanged). The hurricane raced off towards the east-northeast and quickly lost its tropical characteristics early on the 7th. The hurricane became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 7th (six hours earlier than original HURDAT). The 80 kt originally in HURDAT on the 7th as an extratropical cyclone is supported by a 60 kt N/964 mb around 12 UTC and a 70 kt WSW/979 mb at 17 UTC. The cyclone underwent rapid deepening as an extratropical cyclone on that date. HURDAT suggests the system weakened on the 8th and 9th but available observations indicate the storm maintained 75kt on the 8th and 70 kt on the 9th. HURDAT dissipates the system on the 10th after 12 UTC. Ship observations are in agreement with the dissipation time in HURDAT. Jarrell et al lists this as a Category 5 hurricane in southwest Florida (Keys) and as a Category 2 hurricane in northwest Florida. HURDAT's original winds suggested a landfalling hurricane as a Category 5 in the Keys, but only a Category 1 in northwest Florida. Available observations conclude that it was indeed a Category 5 hurricane for the Florida Keys (for both southwest and southeast Florida, due to the breakdown of Florida's four regions). The hurricane is re-analyzed as a Category 2 for northwest Florida. The system is now analyzed to also have caused Category 1 winds in Georgia, which was not indicated previously by the HURDAT winds or by Jarrell et al. "Total property losses entailed by this hurricane are very difficult to estimate, but doubtless exceed $6,000,000; practically all the loss was suffered in Florida and most of it over the Florida Keys" (MWR). "The loss of life on the Keys was very heavy. Three populous relief work camps inhabited by war veterans were destroyed. The best estimate of mortalities, furnished by the American Red Cross, places the total at 409, of which 244 are known dead and 165 missing" (MWR). The infamous "Labor Day Hurricane" was one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to hit the U.S. in the 20th century. Storm 4 (originally 3), 1935 26740 08/30/1935 M= 3 3 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED XING=0 27870 08/31/1935 M= 4 4 SNBR= 616 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * 26745 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 875 40 0*210 886 35 0* 26745 08/30*205 860 25 0*205 870 25 0*205 880 25 0*205 890 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26750 08/31*203 896 35 0*200 904 35 0*197 913 35 0*193 924 35 0* 27880 08/31*204 901 25 0*203 912 30 0*201 920 35 0*198 927 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 26755 09/01*191 934 35 0*189 941 35 0*188 948 30 0*180 970 25 0* 27885 09/01*193 933 45 0*190 939 50 0*188 945 50 0*187 952 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 2nd is new to HURDAT.) 27887 09/02*186 960 35 0*185 969 30 0*184 980 25 0* 0 0 0 0 26760 TS Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Mexican observations from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review. August 30: HWM analyzed no features of interest near the Yucatan of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 87.5W at the first position indicated at 12Z. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 91W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.7N, 91.3W. Available observations suggest a position slightly north of HURDAT to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Late in August a disturbance, appearing first as a weak circulation over Yucatan, moved westward on the 31st to the Bay of Campeche and showed some increase of intensity" (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 18.8N, 94.8W. Available observations suggest a position slightly northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 58 kt N (max wind) at Veracruz (unknown time) and 1004 mb (min pressure) (Mexico); 15 kt SW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at Puerto Mexico (Mexico). Ship highlights: 35 kt at 12Z at 20N 94W and 1005 mb (unknown time) at 20N 94W (MWR). "The disturbance did not increase much in intensity, and moved westward to pass inland south of Vera Cruz on the afternoon of September 1" (MWR). September 2: HWM showed a broad area of low pressure over Mexico. HURDAT suggests this system dissipated on the 1st after 18 UTC. Station highlight: 25 kt N and 1005 mb at Veracruz at 00 UTC (Mexico). Genesis is begun for this tropical storm at 00Z on the 30th of August, 12 hours earlier than originally listed in HURDAT. However, the system is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression (instead of a 40 kt tropical storm), which then moved west-southwestward across the Yucatan of Mexico and reached the southwestern Gulf of Mexico early on the 31st. Minor track changes are made from the 30th until 12Z on the 1st of September. On the 1st, in contrast to the assessment by the MWR, the cyclone quickly intensified. As the system passed just north of Puerto Mexico on the 1st, the pressure at that location was 1001 mb with 15 kt SW wind at 12 UTC. The pressure on the 31st at Puerto Mexico was 1011 mb - a ten mb drop then occurred over the next 24 hours. 1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone made landfall just southeast of Veracruz, Mexico around 18 UTC on the 1st near 18.7N 95.2W. Observations available from Veracruz (58 kt N wind sometime late on the 1st) and the pressure reading/drop from Puerto Mexico indicate a stronger cyclone than originally shown. However, it is possible that some of the strong winds indicated at Veracruz were due to funneling along the Mexican coast, which is a fairly frequent occurrence. Moreover, the landfall point is about 60 nm from Veracruz, and the track does not take it closer than 20-30 nm - and that only after a significant passage over land. These points contribute to the concern whether the Veracruz observation can be taken at face value. Intensity is estimated as 50 kt at 18Z on the 1st at landfall, though this is quite uncertain. The peak intensity of the system was originally indicated to be 40 kt at its genesis point on the 30th east of Yucatan. Major increases in intensity are now shown for 12Z and 18Z on the 1st. Dissipation of this storm is originally suggested in HURDAT to occur after 18Z the 1st, but available observations late on the 1st and early on the 2nd indicate that the system stayed over water longer and remained a tropical cyclone through 12Z on the 2nd. 00Z to 12Z on the 2nd are added to HURDAT. ****************************************************************************** Storm 5 (originally 4), 1935 26765 09/23/1935 M=10 4 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED XING=0 27895 09/23/1935 M=10 5 SNBR= 617 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 26770 09/23* 0 0 0 0*148 730 35 0*146 734 40 0*144 739 45 0* 27900 09/23* 0 0 0 0*148 747 25 0*146 750 25 0*144 753 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** 26775 09/24*142 745 50 0*141 753 55 0*141 760 60 0*141 768 65 0* 27905 09/24*142 757 35 0*141 761 40 0*141 765 45 0*141 770 50 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26780 09/25*142 775 70 0*143 782 75 0*145 787 80 0*147 791 80 0* 27910 09/25*142 777 55 0*143 784 60 0*145 790 65 0*147 794 70 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 26785 09/26*150 795 85 0*153 799 90 0*157 801 90 0*162 800 90 0* 27915 09/26*149 797 75 0*151 798 80 0*153 798 85 0*157 798 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26790 09/27*168 797 95 0*175 792 95 0*183 790 100 0*191 793 100 0* 27920 09/27*162 798 95 0*167 798 95 0*172 798 100 0*180 799 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26795 09/28*199 797 105 0*212 802 105 0*227 804 100 0*240 802 100 0* 27925 09/28*192 801 105 0*214 803 105 955*227 804 100 0*240 802 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 26800 09/29*252 796 100 0*260 790 100 0*267 782 100 0*277 770 100 0* 27930 09/29*252 796 120 0*260 790 120 0*267 782 115 0*277 770 110 0 *** *** *** *** 26805 09/30*288 752 100 0*301 729 95 0*314 704 95 0*327 679 90 0* 27935 09/30*288 752 105 0*301 729 100 0*314 704 95 0*327 684 90 0 *** *** *** 26810 10/01*343 654 90 0*365 635 85 0*388 620 80 0E407 615 75 0* 27940 10/01*343 670 90 0*365 655 90 0*388 635 85 0*407 615 85 0 *** *** ** *** ** * ** 26815 10/02E430 602 65 0E458 579 60 0E487 536 50 0E499 515 50 0* 27945 10/02*430 590 75 0E458 565 65 0E487 536 60 0E499 505 55 0 * *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 26820 HR U.S. Tropical Storm Impact: ---------------------------- Date Time Lat Lon Max Wind at coast 09/29/1935* 0000Z 25.2N 79.6W 55kt (*Time and location of point of closest approach.) Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 4. Another major change is to indicate a U.S. hurricane impact from this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Florida Climatological Data, Jamaica Weather Report from NCDC, and Perez et al (2000). September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12.5N, 73W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.6N, 73.4W. Available observations suggest a position farther west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The first positive indication of a disturbance of sufficient vigor to be classed as a definite tropical cyclone was an observation of southwest wind, force 4, with rain and a confused sea, reported by the American S.S. San Gil, 7 p.m., when near 14N, 75W" (MWR). September 24: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13.5N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.1N, 76W. Available observations suggest a position farther west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 14.5N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 78.7W. Available observations suggest a position slightly west of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1006 mb at 14N, 80.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 14.3N, 79.4W at 18 UTC (COA). September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 15N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.7N, 80.1W. Available observations suggest a position slightly southeast of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 986 mb at 15N, 80W at 03 UTC (MWR); 50 kt W and 991 mb at 15N, 80W at 12 UTC (HWM); 45 kt W and 988 mb at 15.1N, 80.2W at 18 UTC (COA). "At 11 p.m. of the 25th, the American tanker A.C. Bedford experienced a minimum barometer of 29.13 inches [986 mb] attended by west-northwest hurricane winds, her position being then very near 15N, 80W. The disturbance seems to have progressed at a very slow rate during the 26th, and to have taken a recurving path toward the western end of Jamaica" (MWR). "A tropical disturbance moving westward through the Caribbean Sea, turned toward the north near 80th meridian on the 26th" (Florida Climatological Data). September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 16.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18.3N, 79W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 17N, 80W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly southwest of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1001 mb at 17.3N, 78.6W at 13 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 17.3N, 78.7W at 15 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt S (max winds) with 1001 mb at 20 UTC and 22 kt S with 1000 mb (min pressure) at Negril Point (Jamaica). "While the history of this disturbance is continuous from the afternoon of September 23 until October 2, there is a period of 36 hours, September 26 and 27, during which the characteristics and movement of the storm are obscure and apparently abnormal. Data from ships' reports and island stations are too meager to permit reconstruction of the full history of storm activities during the 27th... high winds and excessive rains in Jamaica, causing heavy damage to the banana crop" (MWR). "The effect of the storm was marked in Jamaica by serious loss in banana cultivation. The parishes nearer to the centre, such as Hanover and St. James, suffered total loss, diminishing in destructiveness over the remainder of the Island. There was no loss of life or damage to structures or shipping deserving of notice, for the wind even at Negril did not exceed gale force" (Jamaica). September 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 22.5N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 22.7N, 80.4W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 958 mb near 22.5N, 80.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 959 mb at Cienfuegos, Cuba at 09 UTC (MWR); 955 mb Montserrat Observatory, Cienfuegos, Cuba (Perez); 21 kt N and 999 mb at Key West at 18 UTC (OMR). Ship highlights: 20 kt N and 1004 mb at 24.7N, 84.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt E and 1000 mb 25N, 80.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "Early on the 28th, the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba, was seriously affected by passage of the hurricane center, with lowest barometer unofficially reported at 28.31 inches [959 mb]. There was heavy property damage in Cienfuegos, Cumanay Agua, and other Cuban localities, as the hurricane crossed the island, and the casualties in Cuba were estimated at 35 deaths and possibly 500 injured. Much damage was due to the floods that attended the passage of the storm" (MWR). Cuba's summarized accounts for this storm are noted as, "a Category 3 hurricane affecting the central provinces with hurricane conditions and aptly named El Huracan de Cienfuegos" (Perez et al). "It reached the Cuban coast near Cienfuegos with full hurricane intensity, causing loss of 35 lives, and much property. Crossing Cuba it diminished in intensity, but after crossing increased again" (Florida Climatological Data). September 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 26.5N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.7N, 78.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 951 mb near 27N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 70 kt N (max wind) and 990 mb (min pressure) at Fowey Rock at 02 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NE (max wind) and 994 mb (min pressure) at Miami at 0145 UTC (MWR/OMR); 945 mb at Bimini at 03 UTC and calm (eye) at 0420 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 992 mb at 27.5N, 76.1W at 15 UTC (COA); 70 kt SE and 951 mb at 27.2N, 76.5W at 17 UTC (MWR). ""...the hurricane moved into a broad recurve that carried the center over the island of Bimini, where at 12:20 a.m. of the 29th, the wind shifted from southeast to northwest. The last barometer reading to be received from Bimini was 27.90 inches [945 mb], at 11 p.m., more than an hour in advance of passage of the center which was doubtless marked by considerably lower minimum pressure. Highest wind was estimated at 120 miles per hour ...Fowey-Rock Lighthouse, 12 miles southeast of Miami, experienced hurricane winds from the north, estimated at maximum to have been about 85 mph, with a barometer reading of 29.24 inches [990 mb]... The American steamer La Perla was near the hurricane center at 1 p.m. of September 29, at 27 degrees 14 minutes north, 76 degrees and 28 minutes west, with a barometer reading of 28.08 inches [951 mb]. Later in the day (9 p.m.) the Japanese steamer Tokai maru, near 28.5N, 74W met the hurricane with winds veering from east-southeast to west-southwest, and a barometer of 28.24 inches [956 mb]" (MWR). "When the storm center was about 40 miles southeast of Miami, it turned toward the northeast, crossing Bimini about 11 p. m. of the 28th, with hurricane force winds and a barometer reading of 27.90... Hurricane winds were reported at Fowey Rocks about 12 miles southeast of Miami, but there was little damage on the Florida mainland or on the Florida Keys" (Florida Climatological Data). "...with Bimini's barometer reading 27.90 inches [945 mb] and winds estimated at 120 mph...The southeast coast of Florida experienced minimal hurricane conditions [late] on the 28th" (Dunn and Miller 1960). September 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N, 70W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 31.4N, 70.4W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 975 mb near 24.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 956 mb at 28.5N, 74.0W at 01 UTC (MWR); 35 kt ENE and 990 mb at 30.5N, 71.7W at 08 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.3N, 78.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). "It continued its northeastward movement across the northern Bahamas and passed northwest of Bermuda on the 30th" (Florida Climatological Data). October 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 37.5N, 63W. The map also indicates the system is becoming elongated southwest to northeast. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.8N, 62W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 981mb near 37.5N, 63W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 39.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt NNW and 987 mb at ~39.1N, ~64.0W at 15 UTC (MWR); 70 kt WSW and 972 mb at 42.2N, 59.5W at 21 UTC. October 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 48N, 52W with a westward pointing warm front indicated west of the center. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 48.7N, 53.6W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 1005 mb near 48N, 54W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 987 mb at 44N, 57.2W at 03 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S and 1005 mb at 48.5N, 50.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Genesis for this major hurricane is maintained at 06Z on September 23rd. HURDAT previously suggested the system was a tropical storm at the time of genesis on the 23rd, however, available observations indicate no gales (or equivalent in pressure) occurred. Thus, 25 kt is chosen for HURDAT. Minor track changes were introduced for each day from the 23rd until the 29th. No track alterations were introduced on the 30th until dissipation on the 2nd. It is analyzed that the system acquired tropical storm intensity early on the 24th, 18 hours later than originally. Numerous observations on the 24th and 25th indicate a weaker cyclone than originally found in HURDAT and minor reductions are made to the intensity on those dates. Intensification to hurricane strength is now shown to be at 12Z on the 25th, 18 hours later than originally indicated. A peripheral pressure of 986 mb with concurrent 70 kt WNW was observed at 03Z on the 26th which suggests at least 70 kt maximum winds from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt at 00Z and 80 kt at 06Z are chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 and 90 kt originally. MWR and HURDAT insist the storm moved north-northeast on the 26th, nearly brushing western Jamaica on the 27th, and then taking a more north-northwest track before landfall in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Available observations indicate a scenario such as this to be incorrect, suggesting the hurricane maintained a nearly continuous northward track on the 26th, 27th, and early on the 28th. Intensity estimates for the 27th are vague due to the lack of ships near the center. Thus the HURDAT winds are maintained for that date (95 kt at 00 and 06Z and 100 kt at 12 and 18Z). On the 28th of September, the hurricane made landfall at 22.0N 80.4W near Cienfuegos, Cuba, around 08 UTC. A central pressure of 955 mb in Cienfuegos suggests 106 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt is chosen for HURDAT and is unchanged from that in HURDAT originally. This makes the cyclone a Category 3 hurricane impact for Cuba and is in agreement with the assessment by Perez et al. The hurricane began to take a northeastward track after landfall and continued this path through the rest of its lifecycle. On the 29th the hurricane was centered just northeast of Bimini. Peripheral pressure observations on the 29th of 945 mb from Bimini implies winds of at least 118 and 115 kt, respectively, from the intensifying subset of south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. 120 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 06Z on the 29th, up from 100 kt originally - a major upward change. This makes the system a Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the Bahamas and 120 kt is also the peak intensity for the hurricane (up from 105 kt as the original peak). As the hurricane passed just southeast Florida early on the 29th, 70 kt hurricane force winds were observed (by a visual estimate of the sea state) along with 990 mb minimum pressure at Fowey Rocks, a lighthouse just offshore Miami. The maximum 5 min winds observed at the downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office were 35 kt. The Fowey Rocks lighthouse keeper's observation of 70 kt is based upon a visual estimate of the sea state and not from an anemometer. Given the uncertainty in this visual estimate, that it is at an offshore location a few miles from any coastal islands, and that there were no reports of significant wind-caused damage, the analysis of peak impact for southeast Florida is for a high end (~55 kt) tropical storm, along in a limited stretch of Miami-Dade County - in Elliot Key and nearby smaller islands. The hurricane progressed more rapidly toward the northeast on the 30th and October 1st. A peripheral pressure of 956 mb at 01Z on the 30th implies winds of at least 99 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt is chosen for HURDAT, up from 100 kt originally. HURDAT suggests the hurricane transitions to extratropical on the 1st at 18 UTC but available observations indicate the transition did not occur until about 06Z of the 2nd, 12 hours later than HURDAT. A peripheral pressure observation at 21Z on the 1st of 972 mb indicates at least 80 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z, up from 75 kt originally. Available observations indicate the cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 2nd. ****************************************************************************** Storm 6 (originally 5), 1935 26825 10/19/1935 M= 9 5 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED XING=0 27955 10/18/1935 M=10 6 SNBR= 618 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 27957 10/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*132 810 25 0*132 803 25 0 26830 10/19*124 787 35 0*129 782 45 0*135 777 55 0*140 773 60 0* 27960 10/19*133 796 30 0*134 790 30 0*135 785 35 0*138 783 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26835 10/20*144 771 65 0*148 769 70 0*152 767 70 0*155 765 70 0* 27965 10/20*142 782 40 0*147 781 40 0*152 780 40 0*158 778 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 26840 10/21*159 763 75 0*165 760 75 0*172 757 75 0*179 756 75 0* 27970 10/21*165 775 45 0*172 771 45 0*178 767 50 995*183 764 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 26845 10/22*185 756 75 0*191 757 75 0*197 761 60 0*199 767 60 0* 27975 10/22*188 762 60 0*193 761 65 0*197 761 75 0*199 765 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 26850 10/23*197 774 60 0*194 780 60 0*191 785 50 0*188 790 45 0* 27980 10/23*198 769 65 0*195 773 55 0*191 778 50 0*187 784 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 26855 10/24*184 794 45 0*182 797 45 0*179 801 55 988*174 807 65 0* 27985 10/24*183 791 55 0*179 798 60 0*175 805 60 988*170 811 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26860 10/25*167 814 65 0*160 823 70 0*153 831 75 0*149 839 75 0* 27990 10/25*164 816 65 0*158 822 70 0*153 828 75 0*148 834 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** 26865 10/26*149 846 75 0*144 854 65 0*143 863 35 0*143 874 25 0* 27995 10/26*143 841 40 0*139 849 30 0*138 860 30 0*139 872 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 26870 10/27*143 879 20 0*143 884 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28000 10/27*142 884 25 0*145 896 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** 26875 HR Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Jamaica Weather Report from NCDC, and Perez et al (2000). October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14N, 81W. HURDAT suggests the system originated on the 19th, however, available observations indicate the system began on the 18th as a tropical depression at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at 14.7N, 83.1W at 00 UTC (COA); 10 kt S and 1002 mb at 12.9N, 80.7W at 12 UTC (COA). " As early as the morning of October 17 there was some evidence of a wide-spread but weak cyclonic wind system in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, between Jamaica and Panama" (MWR). October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13.5N, 80W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.5N, 77.7W. Available observations suggest a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 13.5N, 77.8W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The development of this storm first became quite evident on the afternoon of October 19, when the American steamer Forbes Hauptmann experienced a south-southwest gale of force 9, with barometer 29.64 inches [1004 mb], near 13N, 79W" (MWR). October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14.5N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.2N, 76.7W. Available observations suggest that a position southwest of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 15N, 77W at ~12 UTC (MWR); 20 kt NE and 1001 mb at 20N, 83.9W at 18 UTC (COA). "...the U.S.S. Chaumont, on the morning of the 20th, then near 15N, 77W, whence she reported south-southeast wind of force 7, and barometer reading 29.68 inches [1005 mb]. Twelve hours later the northeastward direction of progression of the disturbance had been determined" (MWR). October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.2N, 75.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 18N, 75.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18N, 75.9W at 13 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 18.7N, 77.2W at 19 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt SE (max winds) and 1000 mb (min pressure) at 12 UTC at Morant Point (Jamaica); 21 kt W and 999 mb (min pressure) at 14 UTC at Kingston (Jamaica). "The storm moved northeastward as forecast, and the center passed close to Navassa Island during the afternoon of October 21" (MWR). "This weather disturbance continued on a track about NNE, and evidently passed a little to the westward of Morant Point Lighthouse, then emerging seaward towards Santiago-de-Cuba... This disturbance in passing Morant Point Lighthouse on 21st at about 9 a.m. did not appear to exceed gale force nor reach near hurricane winds... At Jamaica, wind of gale force from the NNE and NE made its appearance from early on 20th over the parishes to the eastward of Jamaica...There was a further great loss to cultivation (since that of the 27th September). The parishes of St. Thomas, Portland, and St. Mary had the greatest damage... Jamaica, particularly the eastern parishes, suffered extensive damages to cultivation. There was no loss of life reported, nor were buildings seriously damaged" (Jamaica). October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.7N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 994 mb near 20N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position south of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: 60 kt at Santiago (anemometer failed - MWR); 50 kt ENE and 999 mb at Nipe Bay, Cuba, at 1830 UTC (MWR); 21 kt SW and 1003 mb (min pressure) at Negril Point at 23 UTC (Jamaica). Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1004 mb at 18.2N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 15 kt SE and 1004 mb at 20N, 75W at 12 UTC (HWM). The hurricane's occurrence in Cuba is noted as, "a Category 1 hurricane that affected eastern provinces causing minimal damage throughout the 22-23" (Perez et al). "...the center [became close] to the coast of Cuba near Santiago, on the early morning of October 22. Torrential rains over extreme southwestern Haiti attended the storm's passage, and press reports indicated a disastrous total of deaths, the actual number being uncertain but more than 1,000 and possibly as many as 2,000. There was much damage to crops and property in Jamaica, the estimates of monetary losses exceeding $2,000,000. An unidentified schooner and its entire crew were lost off Port Antonio, on the northeast coast, but no other report of deaths from this hurricane has been received from Jamaica. There was considerable damage in the vicinity of Santiago, Cuba, as the cyclone moved into that region, and press reports indicate that four lives were lost there. The wind exceeded 70 miles per hour in Santiago, as measured by an anemometer on a Pan-American Airways hangar which was blown down after that velocity had been recorded. Whole gale and storm winds occurred on the opposite coast of Cuba near Nipe Bay (due north of Santiago), and also eastward from Santiago as far as Guantanamo Bay where there was minor storm damage" (MWR). "After this hurricane moved forward, since passing Cape Cruz of Cuba, where it was located to the north west of the parish of Hanover, Jamaica, instrumental observations made by Mr. Edward Foster of Rose Mount showed that the storm centre was nearest to the Island at about 7 a.m. on the 23rd... The storm centre is estimated to have been, at 7 a.m. on the 23rd, about 100 miles to the NW of western Jamaica. It will be, therefore, gathered from the above that at no time, when this weather disturbance was either to the eastward or north-westward of Jamaica, did it attain hurricane force in this Island" (Jamaica). October 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 78W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 78.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 19N, 78.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly south of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 15 kt N and 1003 mb at 19.1N, 78.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 19.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA). "The hurricane center was undoubtedly deflected and much weakened in intensity by the Sierra Maestra Mountains, which front the coast westward from Santiago. During October 22 and 23 the disturbance moved westward and then southwestward, and it started back again across the Caribbean Sea, to increase in intensity and resume full hurricane force before entering Honduras near Cape Gracias, on October 25" (MWR). October 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 16.5N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 80.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 988 mb near 18N, 81.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position southwest of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: calm winds and 988 mb at 17.7N, 80.4W at 10 UTC and 40 kt after 10 UTC (MWR); 35 kt N and 1004 mb at 19.2N, 81.6W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SE and 998 mb at 17.4N, 80.4W at 17 UTC (COA). "The only ship to report a close contact with the storm during its southwestward movement over the open sea was the American steamer Afel, on the morning of October 24, had the lowest barometer so far reported in connection with this hurricane at 29.18 inches [988 mb], as the central calm passed over the vessel in 17 degrees 44 minutes north, 80 degrees 26 minutes west. The highest wind experienced there was only a strong gale (Beaufort 9) which came up from the southeast after the passage of the calm center. The vortex was evidently deepening again at this time, after being very weak during the preceding day, but it had not attained hurricane force" (MWR). October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 152N, 82W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 83.1W. Available observations suggest that a position just east of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 999 mb at ~14.9N, ~83.3W at 08 UTC (MWR); 40 kt NNW and 995 mb at ~15.3N, ~83.4W at 08 UTC (MWR); 25 kt W and 1000 mb at 14.5N, 83.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 70 kt at Cape Gracias a Dios around 12Z (MWR). "Next reports from the immediate vicinity of the storm center came on the morning of the 25th from the Honduran steamers Contessa and Sinaloa, and from the meteorological station at Cape Gracias a Dios, the latter reporting hurricane winds as the center passed nearby on the morning of October 25" (MWR). October 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 13.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a minimal tropical storm at 14.3N, 86.3W. Available observations suggest that a position southeast of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Bluefields at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 16.5N 86.0W at 12 UTC (Mexico); 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 16.2N 87.0W at 12 UTC (Mexico); 10 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 12.4N, 83W at 00 UTC (COA). "The evidence at hand indicates that the storm weakened slowly after passing inland over Honduras, and curved westward along the fifteenth parallel of latitude, dying out in the interior after the 26th. Much damage to property and banana plantations occurred in northeastern Honduras, with some lesser damage in extreme northeastern Nicaragua, mostly due to floods. About 150 lives were lost here, mainly in Honduras" (MWR). October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 92W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 14.3N, 88.4W at 06 UTC. Available observations suggest that a position significantly farther west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: calm winds and 1005 mb at Tapachula, Mexico, at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 14.4N, 93.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "The hurricane adds another unprecedented track to the history of West Indian hurricanes. The center moved over a path about 1,400 miles in length, practically encircling the island of Jamaica in the loop along which its normal northeastward movement was reversed into an abnormal southwestward course, and it passed inland over Honduras only about 250 miles from the place, where, a week before, it had its origin" (MWR). Genesis is begun for this system at 12 UTC on October the 18th as a tropical depression, 12 hours earlier than previously recorded in HURDAT. Minor track changes are introduced for every day of its existence, except for the 27th where a major westward shift is introduced into the last entry in the existing HURDAT. Tropical storm intensity is attained for this system at 12 UTC on the 19th, which is 12 hours later than originally shown. During the 19th and the 20th, there are no reports of pressures below 1000 mb, no reports of winds above 40 kt, and the system has a large envelope with relatively low environmental pressures. The intensities are reduced substantially for these two days. The system made landfall in eastern Jamaica around 13 UTC on the 21st, near 17.9N 76.6W. Observations from Morant Point Lighthouse and Kingston indicate a central pressure at landfall of around 995 mb. This pressure suggests and intensity of 56 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, because of the slow movement and low environmental pressure, the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 50 kt. This is 25 kt less than originally shown in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 21st and HURDAT kept the center east of Jamaica. Major reductions of at least 20 kt are thus introduced from 12 UTC on the 19th to 18 UTC on the 21st. The system became a minimal Category 1 hurricane around 06 UTC on the 22nd, more than two days later than originally indicated. Available observations indicate landfall in Cuba occurred near Santiago around 18 UTC of the 22nd. Peak observations near landfall were 60 kt (with the anemometer failing after that observation) and 999 mb pressure. The 75 kt intensity is maintained until landfall in Cuba, making this a Category 1 hurricane consistent with Perez et al.'s assessment. 75 kt is the peak intensity for the cyclone and is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT. A slow decrease in intensity is indicated on the 23rd as the storm moved southwest back over the Caribbean Sea. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb was observed at 12 UTC on the 23rd implying at least 41 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is maintained in HURDAT. An eye pressure of 988 mb was measured by ship at 10 UTC on the 24th, but with only 40 kt SE maximum winds during the ship's passage through the cyclone. This pressure suggests 67 kt from the south of 25N pressure wind relationship. Because of the system's slow speed (8 kt) and the lack of hurricane force winds from this ship, 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th (up from 55 kt originally). Two ships observed peripheral pressures of 995 and 999 mb at 08 UTC on the 25th, implying at least winds of 56 and 49 kt, respectively, from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt is maintained in HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 25th. A second landfall occurred near 16 UTC on the 25th. Peak observed winds were "hurricane force" in Cape Gracias a Dios, Honduras on the 25th. 75 kt at 12 UTC on the 25th is maintained and is also assessed to be the landfall intensity. This secondary peak of intensity matches what the cyclone attained on the 22nd. HURDAT unrealistically maintained the system as a hurricane for 18 hours after landfall over mountainous Honduras and Nicaragua. The two best analogues for this system during the last two decades - as far as track goes - are 2007's Felix and 2005's Beta. Felix made landfall with 140 kt, weakened to 85 kt in six hours, 50 kt in 12 hours, and 25 kt in 18 hours. Beta made landfall with 90 kt, weakened to 55 kt in six hours, and 20 kt in 12 hours. These were utilized to refine the intensity as the cyclone decayed over Central America, with even weaker intensities than earlier estimated. A much quicker weakening is now indicated with intensity at 60 kt at 18 UTC on the 25th (originally 75 kt), 40 kt at 00 UTC on the 26th (originally 75 kt), and 30 kt at 06 UTC (originally 65 kt). The system continued to progress westward and dissipated over Central America on the 27th. The dissipation after 06 UTC on the 27th is unchanged. ****************************************************************************** Storm 7 (originally 6), 1935 26880 10/30/1935 M=10 6 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 28010 10/30/1935 M=10 7 SNBR= 619 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 26885 10/30* 0 0 0 0*326 609 35 0*328 618 35 0*330 628 40 0* 28015 10/30* 0 0 0 0*323 609 35 0*325 620 35 0*327 630 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** 26890 10/31*331 637 40 0*333 645 45 0*334 653 50 0*335 666 55 0* 28020 10/31*329 640 40 0*331 650 45 0*334 660 50 0*338 671 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26895 11/01*337 681 60 0*337 697 60 0*336 712 65 0*335 726 70 0* 28025 11/01*342 682 60 0*344 693 60 0*345 705 65 0*343 719 70 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26900 11/02*332 738 70 0*328 750 70 980*322 757 70 0*316 759 70 0* 28030 11/02*340 735 70 0*336 747 75 980*330 755 75 0*320 759 80 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26905 11/03*309 760 70 0*302 760 70 0*295 761 70 0*286 764 65 0* 28035 11/03*308 760 85 0*294 761 90 0*282 763 90 964*274 767 90 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 26910 11/04*277 771 65 0*270 779 65 0*265 787 65 0*258 803 65 973* 28040 11/04*269 773 90 0*265 780 85 0*262 789 85 0*259 801 85 973 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 26915 11/05*253 811 65 0*249 825 65 0*249 835 65 0*251 843 65 0* 28045 11/05*257 813 70 0*256 822 65 0*255 830 65 0*256 838 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 26920 11/06*252 850 60 0*255 857 60 0*260 863 55 0*264 867 50 0* 28050 11/06*259 846 60 0*262 854 55 0*265 861 50 0*268 867 45 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 26925 11/07*268 870 45 0*275 871 40 0*280 869 35 0*281 858 30 0* 28055 11/07*271 870 40 0*273 872 35 0*275 872 35 0*276 869 30 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 26930 11/08*278 847 25 0*277 842 20 0*276 837 15 0*275 834 15 0* 28060 11/08*276 864 30 0*276 857 25 0E276 850 25 0E276 843 20 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** 26935 HRCFL2 28065 HRCFL2BFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Landfall 4ht/18 UTC 25.9N 80.1W 973 mb 85 kt CFL2, BFL1 Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 6. Another major change is to show an extratropical stage on the last day of the cyclone's existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Barnes (1998), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al (1992). October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N 59W along a NE-SW oriented frontal boundary. Neither the MWR Tracks of Cyclones, nor HURDAT begins this cyclone until the 30th of October. No gale force winds or low pressures reported. October 26: HWM indicates an open low of at most 1005 mb near 30N 52W along a N-S oriented frontal boundary. Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 1009 mb at 32.5N 45.5W at 19 UTC (COA); 45 kt S with 1011 mb at 32.5N 46.5W at 23 UTC (COA). October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N 52W along a N-S oriented frontal boundary. Ship highlights: 35 kt S with 1008 mb at 35.4N 45.4W at 03 UTC (COA). October 28: HWM indicates an open low of at most 1015 mb near 30N 50W along a N-S oriented frontal boundary. No gale force winds or low pressures. October 29: HWM indicates a NE-SW oriented warm front intersecting a NW-S-SW oriented cold front at 31N 57W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N with 1027 mb at 39.3W 51.6W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE with 1027 mb at 39.6N 50.5W at 12 UTC (COA). October 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32, 62.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 61.8W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 33N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1028 mb at 38.8N 59.7W at 12 UTC (HWM). "This storm seemingly was of extratropical origin, since it first appeared as a small and weak depression central about 32N, some distance east of Bermuda, early on October 30" (MWR). October 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 33N, 67W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.4N, 65.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 65.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlight: 30 kt N and 1017 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 33N, 65.2W at 05 UTC (MWR). "It progressed west-by-north, passed close north of Bermuda, and, continuing in a general west-by-north to west-northwesterly course with increasing intensity, because a distinct threat to the entire Carolina coast by the morning of November 1" (MWR). November 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 71W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 33.6N, 71.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 70.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station (peak) highlights: 35 kt N at Cape Hatteras (MWR). Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 33.5N, 73.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 60 kt E and 990 mb at 35.3N, 72.1W at 18 UTC (MWR); 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.1N, 71.8W at 20 UTC (COA). "Near midnight on October 31, the American steamship W.H. Libby at latitude 34 degrees 43 minutes north, longitude 69 degrees 16 minutes south, reporting southeast winds of force 8. The lowest barometer reading on this vessel was at 2 a.m. on November 1, when a corrected value of 29.58 inches [1002 mb] was indicated... During the night of November 1, however, it unexpectedly turned southwestward" (MWR). November 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 32N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 32.2N, 75.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 980 mb near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: calm winds and 980 mb central pressure at 33.5N, 74.7W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NNE and 992 mb at 33.5N, 74.7W at 09 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 993 mb at 32.2N, 75W at 12 UTC (HWM). "Between the morning of November 1 and 2, and particularly during the night of the 1st, the storm center took a peculiar turn toward a more southerly course. The American steamship Iowan passed through the central calm area at about 2 a.m. on November 2, in 33 degrees 30 minutes north, 74 degrees 42 minutes west, and reported a barometer reading of 28.94 inches [980 mb]. Just before passage through the calm, the wind had attained force 12 from the north-northeast and thereafter switched to force 12 from the southwest" (MWR). November 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28.5N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.5N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 964 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW at 27.7N, 76.5W at 12 UTC (MWR); 15 kt E and 964 mb at 27.7N, 76.5W at 1330 UTC (MWR); 60 kt WSW and 964 mb at 27.6N, 76.6W at 14 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and 993 mb at 27.6N, 76.6W at 16 UTC (MWR). "...crossed the northern extremity of the Bahamas on the 3d...At 9:30 a.m. [of the 3rd] the British steamship Queen of Bermuda, about 75 miles north-northeast of Hopetown, Great Abaco Island, at 27 degrees 41 minutes north, 76 degrees 32 minutes west, was in the hurricane center, with a barometer reading of 28.46 inches [964 mb], the lowest reported for the storm" (MWR). November 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 26.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.5N, 78.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 973 mb near 26N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 58 kt NW and 975 mb at Miami at 17 UTC (OMR); 60 kt WNW and 973 mb at Miami at 17 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 973 mb at Miami at 1745 UTC (OMR); 65 kt SE at Miami at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E (Beaufort 12) and 977 at Fort Lauderdale at 21 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE at 26.7N, 78.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); north to northeast winds and 973 mb at 25.9N, 79.5W at 16 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 1001 mb at 25.3N, 80.1W at 18 UTC (COA). "...and then passed southwesterly across the lower Florida peninsula into the gulf of Mexico on the 4th...A report from the American steamship Arizpa, Mobile to London, caught in the hurricane of the southeast coast of Florida, states that the barometer stood at 28.72 inches [973 mb] (corrected) from 11 a.m. until noon of the 4th, at and close to 25 degrees 55 minutes north, 79 degrees 55 minutes west, while hurricane velocities from north and northeast were experienced between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m... The storm throughout its history was of comparatively small diameter, and its hurricane winds covered only a narrow band" (MWR). "The eye of the storm passed over the city [Miami] at about noon on the 4th before tracking across the Everglades and into the Gulf of Mexico" (Barnes). Dunn and Miller note the storm as "occurring in extreme south Florida on November 4th as a minimal hurricane with Miami's barometer reading 973 mb and winds of 75 mph." Jarrell et al also noted this hurricane as a "Category 2 hurricane in southeast Florida with a 973 mb pressure." Ho et al lists this storm as, "having a RMW of 10 nmi, a central pressure of 973 mb, and a landfall location of 25.9N, 80.1W." "The total property loss in Miami and vicinity is estimated at $5,500,000. The total loss of life in Florida and Great Abaco Island is placed at 19" (MWR). November 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 24.9N, 83.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 26N, 84W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 29 kt W and 1005 mb at Key West at 00 UTC (OMR). Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 24.9N, 84W at 10 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 26.6N, 83.5W at 17 UTC (MWR). "In the east Gulf it formed an incomplete loop by first moving westward, then northward toward the Alabama coast, and finally eastward nearly to the central west coast of Florida" (MWR). November 6: HWM analyzes an area of low environmental pressure, but not closed, near 25N, 85W with an approaching cold front from the northwest. Available observations disagree with this analysis and indicate that a circulation, however weak it appears (~1015 mb), is present around 25.5N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 26N, 86.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 26.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1008 mb at 25.8N, 85.7W at 09 UTC (MWR); 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 26.6N, 85.7W at 13 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 27N, 86.2W at 17 UTC (MWR). November 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 26N, 88W with a cold front propagating north of the circulation. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 28N, 86.9W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 28N, 86.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 27.9N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (COA). November 8: HWM analyzed a cold front stretching from southwest to northeast such that no circulation exists and barotropic characteristics that where once present are no longer apparent. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 27.6N, 83.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 85W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It did not reach this [west Florida] coast, but entirely disintegrated before 8 p. m. on November 8" (MWR). Genesis is maintained for this hurricane on October 30th at 06 UTC. Despite the HWM map series indicating a low pressure in association with an extended frontal boundary from the 25th to the 28th (but not on the 29th), a closed low could not be confirmed, as the structure observed is better described as a front or open trough. An observation at Bermuda of 30 kt N and 1017 mb at 12 UTC on the 30th is consistent with the pre-existing 35 kt in HURDAT at that time. Despite the Historical Weather Map showing the cyclone having frontal boundaries from the 30th of October through the 1st of November, re-examination of the data indicate no significant temperature gradient, a relatively symmetric wind field, and strong winds near the center. Thus the cyclone's status as a tropical cyclone for the 30th to the 1st of November is maintained. Minor alterations were made to the track for every day of its existence. On the 31st at 05 UTC, a peripheral pressure observation of 1000 mb was indicated along with 35 kt WSW winds. This pressure implies at least 44 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt at 06 UTC is maintained. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb with simultaneous 60 kt E winds at 18 UTC on the 1st implies at least winds of 64 kt from the Brown et al north of 25N and at least 63 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. 70 kt at that time is maintained in HURDAT. On the 1st, the cyclone caused tropical storm force winds to occur along the North Carolina coast. On the 2nd the storm's motion took an irregular path from west toward the Carolinas to south toward the Bahamas. A central pressure of 980 mb at 06 UTC on the 2nd was observed from a ship indicating winds of 73 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher than previously recorded. The hurricane was located north of the Bahamas on the 3rd where several ship observations were available. A central pressure of 964 mb was reported shortly after 12 UTC on the 3rd, which implies winds of 91 and 95 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and the subset relationship for intensifying systems. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 3rd, 20 kt higher than the original estimate, which is a major intensity revision. No significant observations were available from the Bahamas, though it is likely that the hurricane made landfall over Great Abaco early on the 4th as a Category 2 hurricane. Landfall for the cyclone occurred around 18 UTC on the 4th at 25.9N 80.1W at Miami, Florida. On the 4th, a central pressure of 973 mb was observed at 18 UTC in Miami indicating winds of 81 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 86 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Highest observed 5 min winds were 65 kt SE at 1807 UTC in Miami after the eye passage. The small RMW of 10 nm estimated by Ho et al. is consistent with the description in MWR and is smaller than climatology (20 nm - Vickery et al) for this latitude and central pressure. Translational speed for the hurricane at landfall is about 11 kt, fairly close to climatology. Thus, 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT. This new wind estimate is considerably higher than before (65 kt) but does confirm the Category 2 classification analyzed by Jarrell et al. It is possible, given the uncertainties that this cyclone made landfall as a high end Category 1 (~80 kt), rather than a low end Category 2 (~85 kt). (Thus the intensity from 06 UTC on the 3rd through 18 UTC on the 4th had a major upward change.) A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 69 kt at 00 UTC on the 5th. Given the transit over the Everglades, intensity at this time is analyzed to be 70 kt, 5 kt higher than originally listed. Minimal gale force observations (35 kt) were seen for the 5th at Key West (00 UTC) although a wind of east-northeast at 70 kt was noted by the S.S. Horn Shell at 17 UTC. 65 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 5th. The system continued to diminish in intensity through the 5th and 6th even though the cyclone had moved over the Gulf of Mexico, downgrading the hurricane to a tropical storm at 00 UTC on the 6th. On the 6th, several ship observations contained gale force winds but relatively weak pressures (1008-1011 mb) with the highest wind of 45 kt at 09 UTC. 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 6th, 5 kt lower than previously estimated. A single wind observation of 35 kt early on the 7th amidst several measurements in the Gulf of Mexico indicates the storm is continued to weaken. The storm became a tropical depression at 18 UTC on the 7th (unchanged) and transitioned to extratropical at 12 UTC on the 8th. This extratropical transition was not indicated in HURDAT previously, but is supported by the large temperature contrast across the weakening system by 12 UTC on the 8th. While somewhat ambiguous, it appears that a closed circulation still existed at 12 UTC on the 8th. Dissipation after 18 UTC on the 8th is unchanged from that previously indicated. ****************************************************************************** Storm 8, 1935 28066 11/03/1935 M=12 8 SNBR= 620 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 28066 11/03*340 615 30 0*345 605 30 0*350 595 30 0*356 583 35 0 28066 11/04*362 571 35 0*367 560 40 0*370 550 40 0*367 544 40 0 28066 11/05*362 541 40 0*356 539 40 0*350 540 40 0*342 548 40 0 28066 11/06*332 558 40 0*325 570 40 0*320 580 40 0*317 588 40 0 28066 11/07*317 596 40 0*317 603 40 0*315 610 40 0*309 616 40 0 28066 11/08*299 621 40 0*290 624 40 0*285 625 40 0*282 624 35 0 28066 11/09*281 622 35 0*280 619 30 0*280 615 30 0*280 609 30 0 28066 11/10*281 600 30 0*282 593 30 0*285 590 35 0*290 592 35 0 28066 11/11*295 597 40 0*299 605 40 0*300 615 40 0*296 622 40 0 28066 11/12*287 626 40 0*279 628 40 0*275 630 35 0*272 632 35 0 28066 11/13*270 634 35 0*269 636 30 0*270 635 30 0*275 631 30 0 28066 11/14*285 625 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 28066 TS This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. November 2: HWM analyses a weak trough along 35N 55W to 25N 65W. No gale force winds or low pressures. November 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 60W with a frontal system to the northwest of the storm stretching from northeast to southwest. Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1010 mb at 36.2N 62.1W at 12 UTC (COA). November 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 55W with the weak stationary front northwest of the system dissipating. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 37.0N 54.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 37.2N, 54.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 10 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 40.1N, 53.6W at 13 UTC (COA). November 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 54W. The previous frontal system to the northwest has dissipated as indicated by HWM. Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1013 mb at 34.5N 59.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 33.4N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (COA). November 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33.5N, 58W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32.5N, 64W. A second frontal system is approaching from the northwest although not yet affecting the storm. Ship highlights: 30 kt N at 30.2N 63.9W at 12 UTC (COA). Land highlights: 35 kt N and 1010 mb at Bermuda (HWM). November 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 27.5N, 63.5W. The system has become elongated northwest to southeast as indicated by HWM. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (COA). November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 30N, 60W with a frontal system present to the north-northwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 28N, 58.5W. The frontal boundary analyzed for the several days preceding has lifted off to the north causing the storm to become elongated northeast to southwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 30N, 62W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1015 mb at 33.5N 62.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 32.5N 64.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 32.5N 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 31.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 15 kt N and 1001 mb at 30N, 62.1W at 12 UTC (COA). November 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 63W. Ship highlights: 5 WSW and 1006 mb at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 31.5N 64.5W at 04 UTC (COA). November 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 63.5W. The system is weakening as the area of low pressure has becoming much broader than the previous days. Ship highlights: 20 kt N and 1006 mb at 24.8N, 67.5W at 00 UTC (COA). November 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 61.5W which has become elongated northwest to southeast. HWM also indicates a third moderate frontal system is approaching from the north. Dissipation is said to occur by 00 UTC as no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis for this tropical storm began on the early morning of November 3rd where evidence shows a closed circulation. Temperatures are cool (~70F) but relative uniform across the cyclone's center. It appears that the system became a tropical storm at 18 UTC on 3rd, based in part on 30 kt N winds observed at 12 UTC. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb was observed at 12 UTC on the 4th which suggests winds of at least 47 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for the intensity, given the cyclone's large size and slow movement. Observations on the 5th and the 6th were limited and 40 kt is maintained for the intensity. On the 7th, a ship observed 30 kt N winds and Bermuda reported 25 kt N winds and 1010 mb pressure. The intensity is maintained at 40 kt. While the observations are only moderately comprehensive on the 8th to the 10th, it does appear that the cyclone weakened. It is estimated that it dropped to a tropical depression around 06 UTC on the 9th and remained at this status until late on the 10th. The cyclone appeared to have a second peak in intensity as three 35 kt gales were reported on the 11th along with 1001 mb peripheral pressure. Such pressure suggests winds of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT as again the system is large and still slow moving. On the 12th and 13th, the system again weakened and became very large (diameter of ~ 15 degrees north-south, ~12 degrees east-west). It likely became a tropical depression around 06 UTC on the 13th. The system finally dissipated after 00 UTC on the 14th. It is likely that such a cyclone monitored during the satellite era would have been characterized as a subtropical storm for much of its lifetime. Additionally, the weakening apparent on the 9th of November and again on the 13th-14th suggests that it may have dropped below tropical cyclone status and have become a remnant Low on those dates. The first usage of "Low" in the Atlantic best track is very recent - Arlene in 1987. The key criterion that is utilized to differentiate tropical cyclones from remnant lows is the presence of organized deep convection. Given that we are unable to examine this aspect in the pre-satellite era, it is not be appropriate to use the "Low" designation for this case. ******************************************************************************* 1935 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area formed in the northern Gulf of Mexico on 23 August 1935 and appeared to be a tropical cyclone in structure. The system remained nearly stationary for the next four days without much change in intensity. On the 28th, the system moved to the northeast and made landfall in the panhandle of Florida as a tropical depression. \On the next day, it continued moving toward the northeast and decayed over Georgia. Strongest observed winds were 30 kt from a ship on the 23rd (COA) and lowest observed pressure was 1008 mb from a ship on the 25th (HWM). Thus available data indicate that this system was a tropical depression and is not included into HURDAT. However, it is possible that it did obtain minimal tropical storm status. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 23 27N 88W Tropical Depression Aug. 24 26N 89W Tropical Depression Aug. 25 27N 88W Tropical Depression Aug. 26 28N 88W Tropical Depression Aug. 27 29N 89W Tropical Depression Aug. 28 30N 87W Tropical Depression Aug. 29 32N 83W Tropical Depression Dissipating 2) September 23-26: In the MWR article on storm #6, there is mention of a minor disturbance over the Caribbean Sea from September 23-26 (the article gives the month incorrectly) that eventually merged with the hurricane. The report states this system caused local gales in Puerto Rico and southern Santo Domingo. MWR, HWM, and COADS observations indicate that the system did not obtain a closed circulation and remained a tropical wave moving across the Caribbean before being absorbed by the hurricane. Strongest observations obtained were 25 kt. As it did not have a closed circulation and that the gale force winds were not confirmed, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 23 --- 60W Trough Sep. 24 --- 64W Trough Sep. 25 --- 68W Trough Sep. 26 --- 71W Trough 3) September 30-October 2: The Monthly Weather Review, Historical Weather Maps, and COADS observations indicate a trough or possible tropical depression meandered near western Cuba from September 30 to October 2. No winds greater than 25 kt were recorded. It is unlikely that this reached tropical storm intensity and is thus not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 30 22N 86W Tropical Depression or Trough Oct. 1 22N 85W Tropical Depression or Trough Oct. 2 23N 82W Tropical Depression or Trough 4) October 2-5: The HWM shows a low over the eastern tropical Atlantic on 2 October with pressures analyzed to be below 1005 mb. The HWM analyze a nearly stationary and weakening low in this area for the next three days. HWM, COADS, and MWR data indicate that the highest observed wind was 30 kt and lowest pressure was 1006 mb, both on the 2nd. The system likely was at least a tropical depression and may have been a tropical storm. But without direct evidence of tropical storm intensity, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 2 11N 22W Tropical Depression Oct. 3 11N 24W Tropical Depression Oct. 4 13N 24W Tropical Depression? Oct. 5 13N 24W Tropical Depression? 5) November 24-25: The Monthly Weather Review wrote: "From the southwestern Caribbean Sea, there is a lone report of a localized storm lasting several hours, met on the 24th and 25th by the Dutch steamship Odysseus, Puerto Cortez toward Cristobal. At the greatest intensity, the force was estimated as 11, lowest pressure 29.66 inches [1005 mb]. There is no further information at hand regarding this disturbance." Obtaining the Historical Weather Maps, COADS ship data and the MWR information provides a somewhat ambiguous picture. The western Caribbean was swept by a strong cold front on the 23rd and 24th of November, as the temperatures were 40 F in Tampa, 52 F in Progresso, Mexico, and 60 F in western Cuba on the 24th. Strong cold air advection was occurring along the east coast of Central America on both dates, which in itself would suggest that a tropical cyclone did not occur. However, the presence of a closed circulation on the 25th (and possibly the 24th) in the southwestern Caribbean and the 1005 mb/60 kt NNE observations from the ship suggest that some type of cyclonic system did exist. However, none of the other observations ever indicated more than 25 kt occurred. It is judged that the system was caused by a combination of forcing from cold air advection and funneling along the east coast of Central America. Thus it is likely not a tropical cyclone (or a subtropical cyclone) and thus is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 24 12N 80W Non-tropical low Nov. 25 12N 82W Non-tropical low ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 1 - Revised 2012 28380 06/12/1936 M= 6 1 SNBR= 625 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 28385 06/12* 0 0 0 0*163 875 35 0*180 871 35 0*194 868 35 0* 28385 06/12*181 873 30 0*189 866 35 0*197 864 40 0*204 865 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28390 06/13*206 866 40 0*216 865 40 0*225 865 40 0*234 864 40 0* 28390 06/13*211 866 40 0*221 867 40 0*232 867 40 0*239 865 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28395 06/14*241 862 40 0*246 859 40 0*250 856 40 0*255 850 40 0* 28395 06/14*243 864 40 0*247 862 40 0*250 860 40 0*254 853 40 998* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28400 06/15*260 840 40 0*259 823 40 0*257 801 35 0*261 777 35 0* 28400 06/15*258 840 40 0*260 823 40 0*258 805 40 1002*261 782 40 0* *** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** 28405 06/16*271 751 35 0*288 721 35 0*305 692 35 0*321 670 30 0* 28405 06/16*271 757 40 0*281 730 40 0*295 702 40 996*311 675 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 28410 06/17*336 654 30 0*358 633 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28410 06/17*329 652 40 0*350 632 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 28415 TS U.S. landfall: 6/15/1936 - 08Z - 25.9N, 81.7W - 40 kt Major track changes but only minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, Monthly Weather Review, COADS ships database, Original Monthly Records, Weather Bureau operational advisories, the Mexican surface analyses, and Dunn and Miller. June 8: HWM indicates an open low near 15N 89W over Central America. HURDAT does not list this system until the 12th. MWR did not give a position estimate. No gales or low pressures. June 9: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. MWR did not give a position estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt E at 12.6N, 92.6W (time unknown - MWR); 988 mb pressure and 40 kt SSE at 12.6N, 92.6W at 13Z (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1000 mb at 13.3N 93.4W at 21Z; 50 kt SW at 13.3N 93.4W (time unknown - MWR). "It is worthy of note that on June 8 and 9, just prior to the appearance of the disturbance in the Bay of Honduras, a tropical cyclone was reported in the Pacific Ocean off Guatemala...This and other reports indicate that this cyclone was moving northeastward toward the coast of Guatemala on the 8th and 9th. While there are no further ship reports in the Pacific that connect this storm directly with the disturbance which appeared on the 11th in the Bay of Honduras yet there were heavy rains on the 9th and 10th in Yucatan and British Honduras, with pressure and wind changes that indicate that this disturbance crossed to the Caribbean Sea" (MWR). "The pressure has decreased markedly in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, therefore in the case the central region of the United States becomes dominated by a nucleus of high pressure, there is the possibility that a tropical disturbance will develop" (Mexican). June 10: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. MWR did not give a position estimate. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 12.5N 92.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 10 kt E and 1005 at Tapachula, Mexico at 12Z (HWM); 10 kt N and 1005 mb at Salina Cruz, Mexico at 12Z (HWM). "A nucleus of high pressure of moderate intensity has invaded the central region of the United States and the possibility that a tropical disturbance will develop in the Gulf of Tehuantepec has increased, where the pressures will continue to decrease" (Mexican). June 11: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low, but low pressure is depicted near 18N, 88.5W in Belize. MWR did not give a position estimate. Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18N 86W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 10 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at Tela, Honduras (HWM); 10 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at Payo Obispo, Mexico (Mexican). "The central region of the United States has been invaded by a high pressure of moderate intensity, therefore there remains the possibility of a tropical disturbance to develop over the western portion of the Caribbean Sea" (Mexican). June 12: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1005 mb near 20.5N, 85.5W. HURDAT position is near 18.0N, 87.1W. No position estimate was given in MWR. Ship highlights: 1001 mb and NNW wind (no speed) at 19.8N, 86.4W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 10 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at Cozumel, Mexico (HWM, Mexican). "The pressure remains high across the western region of the United States and the pressures have decreased in the Yucatan peninsula, therefore there is the possibility of the formation of a tropical disturbance in the Gulf of Honduras" (Mexican). June 13: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low but a low position was given near 22N, 86W. MWR Tracks of Lows position is near 21N, 87.5W. HURDAT positions the center near 22.5N, 86.5W. Station highlight: 10 kt NW and 1001 mb at Cozumel at 06Z (MWR). "The reports at hand do not show more definite cyclonic development until 8 pm EST of June 12 [01Z June 13], when the center was near the northeastern tip of Yucatan. The report from Cozumel Island gave pressure 29.56 inches [1001 mb], wind NW, light" (MWR). "The barometric depression we have been observing in the Gulf of Honduras has been moving to the northwest, affecting the northeastern region of the Yucatan peninsula, situation that in the case of persisting, will keep the drought over the majority of the country, and it's probable to see a light frost in the southern part of the central plateau" (Mexican). June 14: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a very broad closed low of no more than 1010 mb roughly centered near 21N, 87.5W. HURDAT has the storm much farther north at 25N, 85.6W. The MWR Tracks of Lows position is around 24N, 85.5W. Ship highlights: 998 mb at ~18Z (Ship "Cities Service Boston" - USWB Advisory); 10 kt E and 1002 mb at 12Z at 25.2N 85.9W (COA); 10 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.7N 87.1W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 15: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a broad elongated closed low of no more than 1005 mb near 24N, 81.5W. HURDAT positions the center near 25.7N, 80.1W. MWR Tracks of Lows position is near 26N, 81W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 24.6N 81.0W (COA); 20 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 15Z at 26.6N 73.9W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 25.0N 80.3W (COA). Station highlights: Calm winds and 1002 mb at Miami at 1303-1323Z and max wind 42 kt NE at 1331Z (MWR, OMR); 999 mb at Fort Myers around 06Z (USWB Advisory); 26 kt at Naples around 06Z (USWB Advisory). "The center crossed the Florida Gulf coast about 20 miles south of Fort Myers at 1 am EST [06Z], on June 15. The center passed directly over Miami with a lull in the wind from 8:03 am to 8:23 am [1303Z to 1323Z] of the 15th" (MWR). "The highest wind velocity at Miami was 39 mph from the NE. Wind velocities of 30 to 40 mph were estimated at points elsewhere on the mainland of extreme southern Florida. No extensive damage was caused by the winds" (MWR). "Place: Fort Myers, Miami, FL; Date: 15; Time: 8-8:30 am; Loss of life: 1; Character of Storm: Torrential rains; Remarks: More than 8 inches of rain in places causing much flooding in lowlands near the storm path. Highways flooded south of Fort Myers-Lake Okeechobee section, and several towns including Bonita Springs, Estero, Immokalee and La Belle were so badly flooded as to necessitate evacuation or removal to the second stories with consequent water damage to furniture and merchandise; livestock drowned; considerable damage to fields, gardens and highways. Railroad track into Immokalee washed out and bridges near LaBelle down" (MWR). "S FL - minor (<74 mph)" (Dunn and Miller). June 16: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1000 mb near 30N, 70W. HURDAT has the position near 30.5N, 69.2W and the MWR Tracks of Lows position is near 30N, 70W. A cold front is depicted extending southwestward from the low and into the Yucatan Peninsula. Ship highlights: 1001 mb at 07Z near 26N, 73W (MWR); 35 kt W and 1003 mb at 08Z at 25.8N, 73.1W (MWR, COA); 35 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 28.0N 70.0W (HWM); 15 kt SSW and 998 mb at 12Z at 30.5N 70.0W (HWM). June 17: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT does not give a position and intensity estimate for 12Z and loses the system at 06Z that day. A frontal boundary is depicted in HWM extending from Canada into the Bahamas. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 39.1N 55.9W (COA). Land/station highlights: 35 kt S with 998 mb around 00Z on the 17th at Bermuda (MWR). "[Around 00Z on the 17th] it was a short distance northwest of Bermuda, where barometer read 29.48 inches [998 mb] with wind south, force 8 [35 kt]" (MWR). Major changes were considered for the genesis of this tropical cyclone. Observations and analyses indicate that a tropical cyclone formed on the 8th of June in the northeast Pacific, intensified on the 9th, crossed Guatemala and Belize on the 10th and 11th as an area of low pressure, and emerged into the Caribbean Sea around 00Z on the 12th. However, the evidence is not enough to determine that a well-defined closed low (and tropical depression) crossed Central America. It is also noted that a weak low/wave moving northwestward across the Caribbean Sea on the 9th and 10th may have either merged with the existing tropical cyclone or - alternatively - may have been the source of the tropical cyclone in the northwestern Caribbean on the 11th. Thus because of the ambiguity of whether the system remained intact as a tropical cyclone moving across Central America, the dates back to the 8th are not added to this system. Genesis is now begun at 00Z on the 10th, six hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. A major northward track adjustment is implemented at 06Z on the 12th. From the 12th - 14th, the cyclone moved northward, passing just east of Cozumel late on the 12th or near 00Z on the 13th. No gales were recorded from the 12th through the 14th. Pressures of 1001 mb were recorded on the 12th and on the 13th, and a 998 mb likely central pressure was recorded from a ship in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 14th. This central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th. A central pressure of 998 mb equals 47 kt according to north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 51 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Since the cyclone did not contain a very tight inner-core and no gales were recorded on those days, a 40 kt intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 14th. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall near Naples, FL around 08Z on 15 June. A 999 mb pressure was recorded at Fort Myers, and winds of at least 26 kt were recorded at Naples (both of those values may not have been the peak values observed). The center is analyzed to have passed near Naples, not Fort Myers, but the central pressure was likely only perhaps 1-2 mb lower than 999 mb because the observations indicate a spread out center with a somewhat large area of lower than 1000 mb pressure (with the central pressure not being much below that). Miami experienced the calm center for 20 minutes from 1303-1323Z on the 15th. The lowest pressure at Miami was 1002 mb, and the barometer was at about that value from at least 1030Z until likely around 1323Z. Based on this data, a central pressure of 1002 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th. The highest wind recorded at Miami, after adjusting downward with height to a 10m 1-min wind was 37 kt at 1331Z (just after the center passed). The calm center was described by observers to be about 13 miles in diameter, which could mean that the RMW may have been about ~10 nmi. This data seems to appear somewhat contradictory to the data around Naples/Fort Myers that indicated a broad center area. The exact geometric center likely passed just south of the station at Miami as evidenced by the wind shifts. The analyzed intensity at 12Z (after the cyclone had been inland for 4 hours) is 40 kt due to the 37 kt at Miami at 1331Z. The analyzed landfall intensity at 08Z on the 15th is also 40 kt. After emerging into the Atlantic, the cyclone accelerated east-northeastward. Ships on the 16th between 05Z-12Z were very helpful at locating the center as well as the intensity. At 12Z on the 16th, a ship with 15 kt SSW winds and 998 mb pressure indicates the central pressure was approximately 996 mb. This value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th and yields 50 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Even though the cyclone had a fairly fast forward motion, the system was embedded in very low environmental pressure and had a somewhat monsoon depression-like structure. Thus an intensity of 40 kt was maintained over the Atlantic on the 16th and early on the 17th - substantially lower than that suggested by the pressure-wind relationship but more consistent with the peak observed winds from ships and Bermuda of 35 kt. 40 kt is also the peak intensity of the system while it was in the Atlantic basin (unchanged from original HURDAT). At 00Z on the 17th, the cyclone bypassed Bermuda closely to the northwest. Bermuda recorded a pressure of 998 mb and 35 kt winds around 00Z on the 17th. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation (after 06Z on the 17th) as the cyclone was absorbed by a frontal system. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 2 - Revised 2012 28420 06/19/1936 M= 4 2 SNBR= 626 NOT NAMED XING=0 28425 06/19* 0 0 0 0*223 890 35 0*232 901 35 0*235 906 35 0* 28425 06/19* 0 0 0 0*223 904 30 0*227 908 35 0*232 911 40 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 28430 06/20*238 912 35 0*242 919 35 0*246 927 35 0*250 937 35 0* 28430 06/20*238 914 45 1000*242 919 45 0*246 927 45 0*250 939 45 0* *** ** **** ** ** *** ** 28435 06/21*252 947 35 0*250 957 35 0*247 966 35 0*244 971 35 0* 28435 06/21*248 949 45 0*244 959 45 0*241 969 45 0*238 977 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28440 06/22*240 981 35 0*237 987 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28440 06/22*236 983 35 0*234 989 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** 28445 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps, and Connor. June 18: The HWM indicated a stationary front lying across the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 20N, 89W (am) with 1009mb and at 21N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On June 18 squally weather was reported a short distance north of Yucatan without, however, any definite cyclonic circulation" (MWR). "The pressures remain low in the northwest of the republic, starting to increase in the states of the northeast. In the southern region of the Yucatan Peninsula there is a weak area of low pressures and there is the chance that it will gain strength in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico" (Mexican). June 19: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.2N, 90.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 21.5N, 92W (am) with 1008mb and at 23N, 94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Radio reports on the 19th indicated the presence of a tropical disturbance to the northwest of Yucatan" (MWR). "The weak disturbance that was located in the southern region of Yucatan, is now apparently to the north and close of the Triangulo (Triangle) Island, moving towards the northwest or north-northwest. The pressures will remain low across the northwest of the republic" (Mexican). June 20: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 24.6N, 92.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 95W (am) and at 23.5N, 97W (pm). Ship highlights: center fix at 02Z at 24.0N, 91.6W with 1000 mb central pressure with 5 kt variable winds (MWR); 35kt E with a pressure of 1005mb near 25N, 90W at 6Z (MWR); 35 kt E with 1001 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, 94.0W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved in a northwesterly direction until the evening of June 20, when it was located approximately at 25N, 95W, after which it turned toward the southwest, crossing the Mexican coast between Brownsville and Tampico, probably near Sota la Marina" (MWR). "During the 20th, storm warnings were hoisted on the Texas coast from Matagorda Bay to Brownsville. Although tides were somewhat above normal, the change in the path of the disturbance resulted in less severe conditions than had been anticipated" (MWR). "The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico is located approximately 300 km to the east-southeast of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, moving to the northwest or north-northwest. Its intensity remains moderate. The pressures remain weak in the country" (Mexican). June 21: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT l ists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 24.7N, 96.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24N, 97W (am). Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 06Z at 23.8N, 96.6W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico appears to be moving towards the extreme north of the state of Tamaulipas, and it's likely that it will move inland around midday producing heavy rainfall in the region" (Mexican). June 22: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT's last position for this cyclone was at 06Z at 23.7N 98.7W as a 25 kt tropical depression. No gales or low pressures were observed. "The tropical cyclone that after changing course towards the southwest became a threat to southern Tamaulipas and now appears to be dissipating, so the rainy season will establish across the country" (Mexican). While there are some indications of a broad low pressure developing over Yucatan on the 18th of June, timing of genesis at 06Z on the 19th is unchanged. Observations on the 19th indicate that a significant westward track adjustment needs to be implemented on the 19th. The cyclone moved northwestward on the 19th through early on the 20th until a ship recorded a central pressure of 1000 mb with 5 kt variable winds in the center at 24.0N, 91.6W on the 20th at 02Z. A central pressure of 1000 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 20th, and this value yields 47 and 44 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT beginning at 00Z on the 20th. Based on that central pressure and other data, the cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 12Z on the 19th (six hours later than originally). Later on the 20th, ship data indicates that the cyclone was turning toward the west-northwest and then west. At 18Z on the 20th, a ship recorded 35 kt with 1001 mb, and the center was placed 20 nmi from this ship. Although this would indicate the central pressure may have fallen a few mb from earlier in the day, the intensity is kept at 45 kt at 18Z as well. The largest track change made on the 20th was only two-tenths of a degree. On the 21st, the cyclone turned towards the west-southwest toward the coast of northern Mexico. A 35 kt gale with a 1004 mb pressure from a ship at 06Z on the 21st confirmed that the system was still a tropical storm. Based on that ship and other data, the positions on the 21st are adjusted about six-tenths of a degree SSW of the original HURDAT positions. The cyclone made landfall at 18Z on the 21st with an analyzed position of 23.8N, 97.7W. This location is roughly halfway between Tampico, Mexico and Brownsville, TX, but is somewhat closer to Tampico. Brownsville recorded winds of 21 kt from the NE and Tampico recorded west winds of 26 kt on the 21st followed by lighter winds from the southwest after the cyclone moved inland. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed from 00Z on the 20th through the landfall at 18Z on the 21st (up from 35 kt originally at all times). The landfall was adjusted in terms of the timing and the exact position of landfall from the original HURDAT. After landfall, the cyclone continued moving inland toward the west-southwest. No changes are made to the timing of weakening to a depression to the timing of dissipation. The final point at 06Z on 22 June is 23.4N, 98.9W as a 25 kt tropical depression. It should be noted that the intensity of the cyclone from the 20th up until landfall is quite uncertain due to the lack of inner core observations. An alternative scenario - as depicted by the Mexican analyses - was that the cyclone dissipated over the Gulf of Mexico waters and did not make a Mexican landfall. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 3 - Revised 2012 28450 06/26/1936 M= 3 3 SNBR= 627 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 28455 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 955 35 0* 28455 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 955 40 0* ** 28460 06/27*267 960 65 0*270 963 70 0*274 968 70 0*280 974 60 0* 28460 06/27*266 958 50 0*270 962 60 0*275 966 70 987*281 973 60 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 28465 06/28*286 980 35 0*291 985 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28465 06/28*286 980 45 0*291 986 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* ** *** 28470 HRATX1 28470 HRBTX1 * U.S. Landfall: 6/27/1936 - 16Z - 27.9N, 97.0W - 70 kt - 987 mb - 1013 mb OCI - 150 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane which struck Texas. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Roth, Jarvinen et al. (1984), Dunn and Miller (1960), Tannehill, Jarrell et al. (1992), and Ellis. June 26: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A tropical storm of small diameter appears to have developed near the coast between Brownsville and Corpus Christi on the night of June 26 to 27" (MWR). June 27: HWM indicates an open low near 25N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 27.4N, 96.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 27N, 96W (am). Ship highlights: 70-75 kt ENE (estimated) around ~0930Z (MWR); calm and 987 mb (central pressure) around ~1430Z (MWR); 990 mb (Roth). Station highlights: 70kt WNW (estimated) at Port Aransas (27.8N, 97.1W) at 1545Z (MWR); a pressure of 993mb at Port Aransas at 1600Z (MWR); 48 kt N (max w/1-min) at Corpus Christi (27.8N, 97.4W) around ~1630Z (OMR); 70 kt NW at Aransas Pass (27.9N, 97.2W) (MWR); 78 kt (either a measured gust or maybe an estimated wind) at Ingleside (27.9N, 97.2W) (Roth, Ellis); ~47-56 kt NW at Rockpoint (28.0N, 97.1W) (Connor); 13 kt NW (min wind inside RMW) between ~1715-1730Z at Aransas Pass (MWR); 40 kt NNW with 1004 mb at Corpus Christi at 18Z (OMR); 1004 mb at Refugio (28.3N, 97.3W) (Connor). "The first indication of the disturbance was a rapid increase in the velocity of the wind from north by east at the Port Aransas coast Guard station about 8am, EST. Pressure at that time was approximately 29.70 inches. By 9:45am the wind had reached an estimated velocity of 80miles an hour from west-northwest. Lowest pressure was 29.32 inches at noon. From Port Aransas the storm moved northwestward over the southern portions of Aransas, Refugio, and Bee Counties and into Live Oak County, with diminishing force" (MWR). "Place: Corpus Christi, TX, 20 miles north-northeast; Date: 27; Character of Storm: Tropical hurricane and thunderstorm; Remarks: Storm severe in areas to northeast and east; 40 to 60 percent of crops damaged over an area of 28 square miles. This rainfall more beneficial than damage was harmful" (MWR). "Place: Houston, TX; Date: 27; Character of storm: Hurricane; Remarks: Considerable scattered property damage to frame buildings, small boats, and crops. The disturbance formed on the Gulf of Corpus Christi and was accompanied by torrential rains. At Port Aransas and Ingleside it was estimated the wind reached a maximum velocity of 75 miles" (MWR). "Port Aransas - minimal (74-100 mph) - $550,000 damage" (Dunn and Miller). "Cat 1 - 987 mb" (Jarrell et al.) June 28: HWM analyzed no features of interest over either the Gulf of Mexico or Texas/Mexico. No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical cyclone. It is possible that system was trying to form southeast of a 15 kt NE ship at 26N 94W at 12Z on the 26th. However, there were no ships south of 26N west of 89W. Thus there is not evidence to conclude that the cyclone had formed by 12Z on the 26th. The ship Sea Gull, which had sailed about 50 miles eastward from Corpus Christi, TX the night of the 26/27th of June, began experiencing tropical storm force winds around 04Z, and hurricane force winds commenced around 0830Z. From this time, the winds on the ship fluctuated between Beaufort forces 10 and 12 until the ship was in the calm center around 1430Z when a 987 mb central pressure was recorded. Although the ship was located 50 miles east of Corpus Christi before the winds increased, it is unknown whether or how much the winds pushed the ship away from that location or if perhaps the ship tried to sail in some direction during the entire night and into the morning of the 27th. Therefore, although this ship provided valuable information on the intensity, it is not weighted very heavily at all in the reanalysis of the track/position of the cyclone. Based slightly on that ship but more upon the observations from coastal stations in Texas, the track from 00Z-18Z on 27 June is revised one to two tenths of a degree to the right of the original track. Since the ship measured a central pressure of 987 mb around ~1430Z, a central pressure of 987 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 27th. This value yields 64 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 66 kt for the intensifying subset. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z because data indicates that the cyclone was significantly smaller than normal, including a visual report from the ship in the eye that measured the 987 mb pressure that the area of complete calm was only about 1.5 miles across. Normally, this tiny size would warrant going 10 kt above the pressure-wind relationship, but since the cyclone was slow-moving, we only went 5 kt above the pressure-wind relationship. Observations from the Texas coast indicate that the cyclone made landfall around 16Z on 27 June near 27.9N, 97.0W, or a few nmi NE of Port Aransas. A 993 mb pressure was recorded at Port Aransas, and a minimum wind of 13 kt inside the RMW was experienced at Aransas Pass with winds of 70 kt before the lull and 52 kt after the lull. The analyzed landfall intensity is 70 kt, and the analyzed landfall central pressure is 987 mb. HURDAT originally listed a Category 1 impact for south Texas, but the hurricane made landfall in central Texas. A Category 1 impact is added in for Central Texas (BTX1), and the Category 1 impact previously listed in HURDAT for South Texas (ATX1) is removed as the highest winds to occur on the barrier islands at the border between ATX and BTX are estimated to be 60 kt. The fastest-mile wind at Corpus Christi, which is in South Texas, was 48 kt at an anemometer height of 24m above ground. This converts to a maximum 1-min 10m wind of 46 kt at Corpus Christi. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model to obtain the intensity after landfall yield 59, 45, and 34 kt at 18Z on the 27th, 00Z on the 28th, and 06Z, respectively. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times are 70 kt around 18Z on the 27th, 5 kt at 00Z on the 28th, and no observations available at 06Z. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 60 kt at 18Z on the 27th (no change), 45 kt at 00Z on the 28th (up from 35 kt originally), and 30 kt at 06Z on the 28th (no change). Although Kaplan and DeMaria yields 34 kt for 06Z on the 28th, it is best not to make a 5-kt change to HURDAT, especially considering the possibility that the cyclone weakened faster than normal due to its small size. No change is made to the timing of dissipation. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 4 - Revised 2012 28475 07/26/1936 M= 2 4 SNBR= 628 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 28475 07/26/1936 M= 3 4 SNBR= 628 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 28480 07/26* 0 0 0 0*233 845 35 0*238 860 35 0*244 876 35 0* 28480 07/26* 0 0 0 0*232 845 25 0*240 860 25 0*250 875 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28485 07/27*257 890 35 0*270 897 40 0*284 901 40 0*315 894 30 0* 28485 07/27*260 890 35 0*272 897 40 0*284 901 40 0*295 902 40 0* *** *** *** *** ** The 28th is new to HURDAT 28487 07/28*304 902 35 0*311 899 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28490 TS U.S. Landfall: 7/27/1936 - 16Z - 29.1N, 90.2W - 40 kt Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this U.S. landfalling tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Louisiana Climatological Data, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). July 25: HWM indicates a spot low near 20N 80W. HURDAT does not yet list this system on the 25th. No gales or low pressures. July 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in either the Gulf of Mexico or northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.8N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt with a pressures of 1010mb at 26.5N, 88W at 23Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "From the ships weather observations taken at 7am, EST, on July 26, it was evident that there was tropical disturbance in the southeastern portion of the Gulf of Mexico; and by 7pm its position could be fixed, from ship reports, as being near latitude 26N and longitude 89W, with relatively slow movement in a northwesterly direction. At 5pm the S. S. Davanger near 26.5N, 88W reported squally weather, wind force 8, barometer 29.82 inches" (MWR). July 27: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 28.4N, 90.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 90.5W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 30.5N, 90.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1003mb at Delta Farms (29.6N, 90.3W) at 1830Z (MWR); 20 kt E (maximum wind for month) at New Orleans (Louisiana); Port Eads maximum wind for the month was 23 kt SW on the 18th of July (Louisiana). "This depression moved on a north-northwesterly course during the next 12 hours, being located approximately 60 miles south of the coast of Louisiana, near the 90th meridian, at 8am EST of the 27th. At 7am the S. S. San Gil, at 28.3N, 89.5W, reported south-southeast winds of force 5 (Beaufort scale) with barometer reading 29.76 inches. During the early afternoon of the 27th, the disturbance moved inland over southern Louisiana. At Delta Farms, Lafourche Parish, the lowest pressure was 29.62 inches (corrected) at 1:30pm EST. This is the lowest barometer reading of record during the progress of the disturbance. It was accompanied by an estimated wind velocity of 50 miles per hour. At the New Orleans Weather Bureau Office, a short distance to the right of the path of the center, the lowest pressure was 29.74 inches, at 5pm on the 27th. Advancing farther inland with a recurve to the northeastward, the disturbance moved into Mississippi and dissipated on July 28" (MWR). "Louisiana - minor (<74 mph)" (Dunn and Miller). July 28: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in either the Gulf of Mexico or over the southeastern United States. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 32N, 90W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone formed in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on 26 July, and there are no changes made to the timing of genesis. It is possible that this cyclone originated from a tropical wave that can be tracked back to 13N, 48W on 18 July. MWR p. 247 mentions that this system produced a brief period of gales in the Mona Passage on the 22nd, and the maximum wind recorded at San Juan that day was 29 kt S. The COADS was obtained but there is not enough evidence to close off a circulation at any point prior to the genesis point as originally shown in HURDAT at 06Z on the 26th. Observations on the 26th indicate the circulation is weak and the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression instead of a 35 kt tropical storm on the 26th at 06 and 12Z. The cyclone moved northwestward, and by 12Z on the 27th was located at 28.4N, 90.1W. The only ship highlight occurred at 23Z on the 26th - a 35 kt gale was observed. 35 kt at 00Z on the 27th is retained. Thus intensification to a tropical storm is delayed by 18 hours in the revised database. The cyclone made landfall on 27 July at 16Z in southeastern Louisiana at 29.1N, 90.2W. As the cyclone moved northward through the marshland, a 1003 mb pressure and winds estimated around 43 kt occurred at Delta Farms (29.6N, 90.3W) around 1830Z. The 1003 mb and the estimated peak winds may have been simultaneous observations, but this is unclear. A central pressure of less than or equal to 1003 mb yields a wind speed of at least 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. It is also noted that Port Eads, Louisiana just to the east had peak winds less than 23 kt, as 23 kt was the maximum (5 min) wind recorded at that station - on the 18th - for the month of July. Given the uncertainly of an estimated wind, 40 kt intensity is analyzed for the 16Z landfall and at 18Z (unchanged in HURDAT previously for the 12Z synoptic time before landfall). HURDAT originally listed a final position for this cyclone at 18Z on the 27th as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 89.4W. But at that time, the cyclone had just made landfall two hours earlier, and was instead located at 29.5N, 90.2W (a major track change of 2.1 degrees). The new final position is at 06Z on 28 July as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.1N, 89.9W. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 5 - Revised 2012 28495 07/27/1936 M= 6 5 SNBR= 629 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 28495 07/27/1936 M= 6 5 SNBR= 629 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 28500 07/27* 0 0 0 0*236 740 35 0*238 749 35 0*239 756 35 0* 28500 07/27* 0 0 0 0*236 740 30 0*238 749 30 0*240 758 35 0* ** ** *** *** 28505 07/28*241 764 35 0*244 776 40 0*247 787 45 0*249 793 50 0* 28505 07/28*242 767 35 0*244 777 40 0*247 787 45 0*249 794 50 0* *** *** *** *** 28510 07/29*250 799 50 0*252 807 50 0*255 815 55 0*261 823 55 0* 28510 07/29*252 801 55 995*256 810 50 0*260 819 55 0*264 828 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28515 07/30*268 831 60 0*273 838 60 0*278 844 65 0*283 849 70 0* 28515 07/30*268 836 60 0*273 843 60 0*278 850 65 0*283 855 70 0* *** *** *** *** 28520 07/31*289 854 75 0*295 859 80 0*301 864 80 973*307 869 65 0* 28520 07/31*289 859 80 0*295 862 85 0*301 865 90 964*308 869 70 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28525 08/01*313 873 35 0*318 877 25 0*323 880 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 28525 08/01*314 873 50 0*318 877 40 0*320 880 30 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** ** *** ** 28530 HRAFL3 28530 HRAFL2 **** U.S. Landfalls: 7/29/1936 - 02Z - 25.3N, 80.3W - 55 kt 7/31/1936 - 14Z - 30.4N, 86.6W - 90 kt - 964 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Florida Climatological Data, Jarrell et al., Ho et al., Dunn and Miller, Schwerdt et al., Connor, Barnes, Tannehill, Ray, Henning, and Kasper et al. July 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A wave of subnormal pressure appeared over the Leeward Islands July 23d, drifted west-northwestward" (Florida Climatological Data). "It was first seen north of the Turks Islands on July 26..." (Barnes). July 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.8N, 74.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 24N, 76W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The history of this disturbance is not clearly shown by the observations until the morning of July 27 when a well-formed but weak cyclonic circulation was charted a short distance south of Cat Island, Bahamas" (MWR). "...by 27th had developed a moderate cyclonic wind circulation around a center south of Cat Island, Bahamas" (Florida Climatological Data). July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 24.7N, 78.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24.5N, 78W (am) and at 25N, 80W (pm). Ship highlights: 40 kt S around ~12Z near ~26.0N, 76.8W (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1007mb at 25.8N, 79.5W at 17Z (COA); 40 kt ESE with 1007 mb at 23Z at 26.3N, 79.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 36 kt NW (max w/1-min) at 2230Z at Key West, FL (OMR). "Progressing on a west-northwesterly course, with increasing intensity, the disturbance crossed Andros Island at 5am on the 28th. The S. S. Atenas passed through a calm area between the hours of 6:15pm and 7:15pm EST on this date, while in the vicinity of lat 25N and long 80W. The lowest barometer reported by this ship was 29.83 inches ...On the afternoon of the 28th the center of the storm was 75 miles southeast of Miami. (MWR). "On the morning of the 28th, the storm center was about 110 miles east-southeast of Miami, and the storm was increasing in intensity but not yet hurricane force" (Florida Climatological Data). July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb 26N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 25.5N, 81.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 25.5N, 83W (am) and at 26.5N, 84W (pm). Ship highlights: light winds ESE with a pressure of 995mb at 25.2N, 80W at 0Z (COA); 50kt NW with a pressure of 1003mb at 25N, 80.2W at 0Z (MWR); 40 kt NW with 998 mb at 00Z near 25.0N, 80.4W (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 24.3N, 82.0W (COA). Station highlights: center fix at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) around 0130Z (OMR); 994 mb at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse at 0030Z (Florida Climatological Data); 46 kt SE (max 1-min wind) at Miami around ~0225Z (OMR); center fix at Homestead, FL at 0240Z (OMR); 43 kt ESE (max w) G 57 kt at Miami Airport (MWR); 999 mb at Everglades City at 07Z (MWR, Florida Climatological Data). "At 7pm EST [on the 28th], the S. S Tiger, a short distance from the Atenas, reported a barometer reading of 29.48 inches with a northwest gale of force 9 (Beaufort scale), clear weather, heavy rough sea, and squalls. An hour later, this same ship, giving her position as off Molasses Reef, reported a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast, while the Miami Airport Station gave east-southeast winds of 49 miles an hour with gusts of 65 miles an hour. Between 9:30 and 10pm EST, the storm center passed over Homestead and Florida City, maintaining a west-northwesterly course, with a progressive movement of about 10 to 12 miles an hour... The center then moved to the Gulf of Mexico; and at 8am EST of the 29th was located at approximately 26N, 82.3W... It crossed the extreme southern tip of Florida, passing into the Gulf south of Everglades City with wind estimated at 55 miles per hour. After reaching the Gulf, the storm moved in a general northwestward direction. In the Boca Grande section the wind was estimated at 60 mph with little damage reported" (MWR). "The storm center passed near Carysfort Reef Light about 7:30 p. m. [28th] with barometer reading 29.36 inches [994 mb] and, crossing Key Largo, several hours later reached Homestead. It crossed the extreme southern tip of Florida, passing into the Gulf south of Everglades City, where the barometer was 29.51 [999 mb] and the wind was estimated at 55 miles per hour. The tide was 5.5 feet above mean low, and came up to a depth of 18 inches in the streets ... The property damage in south Florida was very small" (Florida Climatological Data). "The center passed over Carysfort Reef Lighthouse, which is about 38 miles southward of Miami, between 8 and nine p.m., and over Florida City, Florida and Homestead, Florida, between 9:20 pm and 10:00 pm. No damage of consequence was reported" (OMR Miami). July 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 27.8N, 84.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 86W (am) and at 29N, 86.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 1013 mb at 04Z at 24.2N, 83.1W (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt E with 1012 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 13Z (OMR). "The storm after reaching the Gulf increased to hurricane intensity, turned more to the northwest, and moved in a general northwestward direction across the Gulf during the 29th and 30th. In the Boca Grande section, the wind was estimated at 60 miles per hour, but there was little damage" (Florida Climatological Data). July 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 86.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 30.1N, 86.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 30N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 975mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 60-65 kt and 1003 mb at 11Z at Panama City (Connor); 996 mb (min p) at 1245Z and 54 kt N (max w/1-min) at 13Z at Pensacola (OMR); 964 mb (min p, and probable central pressure) at at 14Z Fort Walton Beach (30.4N, 86.6W) (Florida Climatological Data); 973mb (min p) at Valparaiso (30.5N, 86.5W) at 16Z (MWR). "At 11 o'clock EST on the morning of July 31, the storm had crossed the northwest Florida coast and was centered over Valparaiso, a community on the northern shore of Choctawhatchee Bay, situated about 45 miles east of Pensacola. Reports from Valparaiso at 9am gave a barometer reading of 28.80 inches attended by east-northeast winds, estimated at 90 to 100 miles an hour. The barometric minimum, 28.73 inches, occurred there at 11am EST. The calm center was over Fort Walton and Valparaiso about 1 hour and 20 minutes. With rapidly diminishing intensity, after passing inland, the storm continued to move northwestward, and was centered just north of Pensacola at 8pm EST of July 31. It dissipated on August 1 over the southwestern portion of Alabama" (MWR). "On the 31st winds were 60 to 70 mph on the coast in the vicinity of Camp Walton. In the Camp Walton-Valparaiso area damage was estimated at $100,000; Panama City area $5,000; Apalachicola and vicinity $8,000; Pensacola area negligible. Damage to highways $10,000 to $15,000; telephone and telegraph companies $10,000. Pears and pecans blown from trees; crop loss not estimated, probably total damage $150,000" (MWR). "The center reached the coast in the vicinity of Camp Walton, on the morning of the 31st, and a lull lasted from 7:25 to 8:20 a. m., C. S. T., with lowest barometer 28.46 (corrected) [964 mb]. Preceding the lull, winds were estimated at 80 miles per hour, with gusts as high as 125. Following the lull, winds were 60 to 70 miles per hour. Hurricane winds occurred over Camp Walton-Valparaiso area and eastward to Panama City, and high tides from Camp Walton to St. Marks. The tides to Valparaiso and Panama City were 6 feet above normal and at Apalachicola 4.2 feet above normal" (Florida Climatological Data). "Cat 3 - 964 mb - NW FL" (Jarrell et al.). "963.8 mb at Fort Walton Beach; landfall at 30.4N, 86.4W" (Ho et. al). "NW FL - minimal (74-100 mph)" (Dunn and Miller). "Landfall at 30.4N, 86.5W; 964 mb; 146 km/h (79 kt 10-min)" (Schwerdt et al.). August 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 32N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 20kt winds at 32.3N, 88W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 32n, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1017mb at 24.1N, 81.8W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The storm continued its movement northwestward across Florida into Alabama and died out over central Alabama August 1st" (Florida Climatological Data). A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed at 06Z on 27 July at 23.6N, 74.0W (no change to timing or location of genesis) except the intensity at that time is lowered from 35 to 30 kt based on sufficient data that the cyclone was not a tropical storm by that time. Available observations on the 26th from HWM and COADS indicate that while there is a sharp trough near 25N 75W a closed circulation did not exist yet, the pressures are high, and the winds are weak. Despite this, Barnes mentions that the system was first noticed north of Turks Island on the 26th. The cyclone moved toward the west-northwest and the first gales from a ships were recorded on the 28th including a 45 kt observation at 17Z. As the system approached the coast of extreme southern FL (south of Miami) around 00Z on 29 July, several key observations were made by ships in the vicinity of 25N, 80W. A 995 mb central pressure was measured at 00Z at 25.2N, 80.0W with light ESE winds. A 50 kt NW with 1003 was observed at 25.0N, 80.2W at the same time. The position was placed at 25.2N, 80.1W with another ship measured a 998 mb at 00Z and reported their position at 01Z to be 25.0N, 80.4W. A central pressure of 995 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 29th. This value yields 56 and 52 kt according to the southern and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally). The center passed over Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) early on the 29th, with a possible central pressure of 994 mb recorded at 0030Z - matching quite well the ship at 00Z. 994 mb suggests an intensity of 58 kt from the south of 25N relationship and 53 kt from the north of 25 N relationship. 55 kt is also thus utilized as the intensity at landfall. There are somewhat conflicting descriptions of the timing (01-02Z in Original Monthly Records Miami versus 0030Z in Florida Climatological Data). Moving northwestward, the tropical storm made landfall near the northern tip of Key Largo (25.3N, 80.3W) at 02Z on 29 July. After landfall, the center passed over Homestead and Florida City around 0240Z. (Given the ship observations around 00Z and the Homestead report, the 0030Z timing of the center over Carysfort Reef appears to be most reasonable.) The highest wind recorded at the Miami Weather Bureau Office was 41 kt SE (adjusted to a 10m 1-min wind) around 0225Z and the minimum pressure there was 1006 mb with 31 kt E winds at 0200Z. Miami Airport recorded a maximum wind of 43 kt ESE with a gust to 56 kt. The 55 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z is also the landfall intensity at 02Z. The cyclone passed near Everglades City, where a minimum pressure of 999 mb and estimated maximum winds of 48 kt NE were recorded around 07Z. By 10Z, the cyclone had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z while the cyclone was over Florida, by the analyzed intensity at 12Z is back to 55 kt (no change from HURDAT at either time). While in the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone gradually made a turn to the north-northwest. The cyclone made landfall at Fort Walton Beach, FL on 31 July at 14Z where a 964 mb pressure was recorded. Since commentary states that they experienced calm there for a period of over an hour, the 964 mb pressure was likely a central pressure. The minimum pressure recorded at Valparaiso was 973 mb and likely was recorded about two hours after the 964 mb was recorded at Fort Walton Beach. The revised track indicates that Fort Walton Beach was in the center of the eye, whereas also Valparaiso experienced an extended period of calm as well, that city may have been further from the geometric center of the eye. That combined with the fact that Valparaiso is farther inland and would have experienced their minimum pressure later, it makes sense that the minimum pressure at Valparaiso was higher than that at Fort Walton Beach. The 973 mb pressure in HURDAT at 12Z on 31 July is replaced by a 964 mb central pressure, and this value is also the 14Z landfall central pressure. A central pressure of 964 mb equals 91 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (and 95 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones). The system certainly intensified at some point while it was in the Gulf of Mexico, though there is no definitive evidence that it was still intensifying at landfall. Although the RMW from Ho et al. (~20 nmi) is slightly smaller than the 23 nmi climatological value for this latitude and central pressure, the forward speed of the cyclone was a slow 7 kt. A 90 kt intensity is chosen for landfall and for 12Z on the 31st (up from 80 kt originally). This makes the hurricane a Category 2 for Northwest FL (AFL2), which is a downgrade by a Category from the original HURDAT (AFL3). (Jarrell et al. [based upon Hebert and Taylor] called this a Category 3 based on a 964 mb landfall central pressure, which was the main criterion utilized in determining category before the advent of reliable aircraft reconnaissance winds measured in hurricanes beginning in 1990.) Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after landfall yield 70, 52, 41, and 32 kt, at 18Z on the 31st, and 00, 06, and 12Z on 1 August, respectively. Highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic times are 31 kt at 18Z on 31 July, 30 kt at 00Z on 1 August, no data at 06Z, and 15 kt at 12Z. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 70, 50, 40, and 30 kt at 18Z on the 31st, and 00, 06, and 12Z on 1 August (all increases from 65, 35, 25, and 20 kt originally), respectively. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation after 12Z on 1 August. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 6 - Revised 2012 28535 08/04/1936 M= 7 6 SNBR= 630 NOT NAMED XING=0 28535 08/04/1936 M= 8 6 SNBR= 630 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 28540 08/04* 0 0 0 0*188 598 35 0*197 608 35 0*203 621 35 0* 28540 08/04* 0 0 0 0*188 600 30 0*197 612 30 0*205 623 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28545 08/05*213 634 35 0*218 647 35 0*225 657 35 0*231 664 40 0* 28545 08/05*213 634 30 0*220 646 30 0*227 657 30 0*231 666 30 0* ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 28550 08/06*236 669 40 0*242 675 40 0*248 680 40 0*258 687 40 0* 28550 08/06*234 674 30 0*237 681 30 0*242 688 30 0*251 695 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28555 08/07*269 693 40 0*278 696 35 0*286 698 35 0*294 700 35 0* 28555 08/07*261 700 35 0*271 704 35 0*280 705 35 0*286 703 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28560 08/08*301 700 35 0*309 697 35 0*316 691 35 0*323 683 35 0* 28560 08/08*291 700 35 0*296 696 35 0*301 691 35 0*308 684 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28565 08/09*330 674 35 0*337 665 35 0*344 655 35 0*354 643 35 0* 28565 08/09*316 676 35 0*325 668 35 0*335 659 35 0*347 648 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28570 08/10E369 630 35 0E385 619 40 0E401 608 40 0E419 595 40 0* 28570 08/10E364 635 35 0E385 621 35 0E408 606 40 0E433 586 45 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** The 11th is new to HURDAT 28572 08/11E460 555 40 0E487 520 40 0E515 475 40 0E545 425 35 0* 28575 TS Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this minimal tropical storm. A major change is to indicate an additional day to the end of lifecycle of this system. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. August 4: HWM does not indicate any features of interest near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.7N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 5: HWM does not show a closed low but it does show a circulation with a center at about 20N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 22.5N, 65.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 6: HWM indicates a broad area of disturbed weather with now closed low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at24.8N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 7: HWM indicates an area of disturbed weather with no apparent circulation. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.6N, 69.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 8: HWM indicates a circulation with a center at 30N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 31.6N, 69.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 34.4N, 65.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 10: HWM a closed low of at most 1005mb near 41N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 40.1N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with a pressures of 1001mb at 45.5N, 55.5W at 20Z (COA); 40 kt SSE with 1001 mb at 21Z at 45.2N, 55.6W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 51N 49W with a secondary closed low of at most 1010 mb at 50N 60W with frontal boundaries interconnecting the two lows. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1010 mb at 48.5N 48.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 54N 32W with frontal boundaries extending southeast and southwest of the cyclone. No gales or low pressures. Originally, HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed at 06Z on 4 August at 18.8N, 59.8W traveling northwestward, attaining a peak intensity of 40 kt, recurving around 00Z on 8 August near 30N, 70W, becoming extratropical at 00Z on the 10th at 36.9N, 63.0W, and dissipating after 18Z on the 10th at 41.9N, 59.5W. There are no gales or low pressures observed for the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this system. Observations do indicate that the wind circulation was closed, and thus this system was at least a tropical depression from 4-7 August. Genesis at 06Z on the 4th is maintained, as a weak closed circulation appears to be evident the Historical Weather Map and COADS observations at 12Z on that date. The cyclone is analyzed as a 30 kt tropical depression beginning at the genesis time in the original HURDAT (06Z on 4 August). The depression is analyzed to have intensified to a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 6 August. At 00Z and 12Z on the 7th, there are two observations from separate ships of 30 kt winds, although these observations are somewhat far from the center, but could be considered close enough to be part of the tropical cyclone circulation. On the 8th, a weakening front, which had been approaching from the west collided with the tropical cyclone, and after that time, although a circulation remained (albeit more elongated and asymmetric), it is not certain whether this feature is due more to the TC or the front. No change is made to the extratropical transition (at 00Z on the 10th) as originally shown in HURDAT. The circulation became more pronounced, and the extratropical cyclone deepened briefly early on the 10th before weakening and dissipating by 00Z on the 12th. Originally, HURDAT dissipated the cyclone after 18Z on the 10th. However, the system remained a closed low for an additional day before merging with another extratropical low to its west. It is possible that this system never attained tropical storm intensity (though it was at least a tropical depression). However, the data coverage does not seem sufficient to justify its removal. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 7 - Revised 2012 28580 08/07/1936 M= 6 7 SNBR= 631 NOT NAMED XING=0 28585 08/07* 0 0 0 0*256 855 35 0*258 872 35 0*260 877 35 0* 28585 08/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*266 877 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 28590 08/08*263 883 35 0*266 890 35 0*269 896 35 0*272 900 35 0* 28590 08/08*269 881 30 1009*270 884 25 0*271 887 25 0*274 892 25 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28595 08/09*274 904 35 0*276 908 35 0*278 913 35 0*279 918 35 0* 28595 08/09*278 899 30 0*281 907 30 0*284 914 35 0*285 919 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 28600 08/10*280 923 35 0*280 927 35 0*278 931 35 0*273 937 35 0* 28600 08/10*283 924 35 0*281 929 35 0*278 933 35 0*274 937 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28605 08/11*267 943 35 0*263 946 35 0*258 949 35 0*253 952 35 0* 28605 08/11*268 941 35 0*263 946 35 0*257 952 35 0*251 958 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28610 08/12*247 957 35 0*240 965 35 0*233 973 35 0*224 986 30 0* 28610 08/12*244 965 35 0*237 972 35 0*230 979 35 0*224 986 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 28615 TS Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps. August 6: HWM shows no features of interest in the eastern Gulf of Mexico or the northwestern Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. August 7: HWM shows an area of disturbed weather with not clear circulation. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 25.8N, 87.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 8: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26.9N, 89.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: calm with 1009 mb [central pressure] at 00Z at 27.0N, 88.1W [center fix] (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first definite sign of development of a cyclonic circulation, with light winds, appeared in the 7pm ship reports of August 8 about 200 miles west-southwest of Port Eads" (MWR). August 9: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 27.8N, 91.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 28.8N, 92.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 9th the winds became somewhat more vigorous with forces of 4-5 (Beaufort scale), except that in one instance a moderate gale (force 7) from east occurred. This was radioed to the forecast centers by the S. S. E. R. Kemp (barometer 29.90) in 28.8N, 92.1W, and was the highest velocity reported during the life of the depression. At 7pm EST of the 9th the center of the disturbance was located near 28N, 92W, moving slowly in a westerly direction, accompanied by moderate to fresh winds" (MWR). August 10: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 27.8N, 93.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The center, with little apparent depression of the barometer, continued to move westward until the morning observation of the 10th, at which time it was located near 27.5N, 94W. Thereafter, the course of the depression was south-southwest to southwest, unaccompanied by winds of known gale force, until, on the 12th, it entered the Mexican coast north of Tampico" (MWR). August 11: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 25.8N, 94.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico remains weak and located about 350 km to the east of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, with no definite movement. The rain has diminished across the country" (Mexican). August 12: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.3N, 97.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10 kt S with 1008 mb at Tampico, Mexico at 12Z (HWM). "The weak disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is apparently getting closer to the coast of Tamaulipas. The pressures have increased across most of North America, especially in the Atlantic" (Mexican). Genesis is delayed by 12 hours, as the Historical Weather Map and COADS data suggest that the system was an elongated trough still at 12Z on the 7th. The largest track change made for the lifetime of the system is at the first point (position moved 1.3 degrees WNW of original HURDAT position), and this is due to an unrealistically fast forward motion during the first six hours followed by a deceleration in the original HURDAT. Sufficient observational coverage in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 7th and 8th indicates that the cyclone was only a tropical depression on those days. At 00Z on the 8th, a ship at 27.0N, 88.1W measured a 1009 mb pressure with calm winds. The surrounding observations are consistent in that the center of the circulation should have been in the vicinity of that ship. Therefore, a central pressure of 1009 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on 8 August. This value yields approximately 26 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The highest observed wind on the 7th-8th was 25 kt about 140 nmi east of the center at 12Z on the 7th, but this single observation was the only 25 kt observation. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z on the 7th through 00Z on the 8th, and a 25 kt intensity is analyzed from 06-18Z on the 8th because sufficient observational coverage on the 8th indicates a very weak tropical depression at that time. On the 9th, continued abundant ship data allowed for an accurate position analysis, and a position of 28.4N, 91.4W is chosen for 12Z on the 9th. The cyclone had been moving west-northwestward since genesis a couple of days earlier. A ship north of the center and likely about 50 nmi from the center recorded 30 kt east winds with a 1013 mb pressure. Other observations also indicate that the cyclone was beginning to strengthen on the 9th. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed at 00-06Z on the 9th, and the depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 9th. Late on the 9th and early on the 10th, the cyclone turned west-southwestward. Observational coverage from ships was more sparse on the 10th - 12th as the system moved into the west-central Gulf of Mexico. However, when the cyclone made landfall north of Tampico, Mexico on 12 August, the pressure at Tampico was 1007.8 mb at 12Z (a 1.3 mb pressure drop from 24 hours prior). Landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 11Z about 50 nmi north of Tampico (23.1N, 97.8W). A 35 kt intensity is analyzed. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for this tropical cyclone from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 10th. Although there is some observational coverage, it is borderline for whether there is enough evidence that the cyclone was only a depression after that, so the 35 kt intensity is held from 12Z on the 9th through landfall at 12Z on the 12th. Dissipation occurred after 18Z on the 12th as the cyclone moved further into Mexico. It is possible that this system never attained tropical storm intensity (though it was at least a tropical depression). However, the data coverage does not seem sufficient to justify its removal. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 8 - Revised 2012 28620 08/15/1936 M= 5 8 SNBR= 632 NOT NAMED XING=0 28620 08/15/1936 M= 6 8 SNBR= 632 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 28625 08/15* 0 0 0 0*204 870 60 0*212 872 50 0*221 875 35 0* 28625 08/15* 0 0 0 0*206 868 35 0*215 872 35 0*224 877 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28630 08/16*229 881 40 0*236 890 55 0*242 899 65 0*246 907 65 0* 28630 08/16*233 883 50 999*237 892 55 0*240 901 60 0*243 910 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 28635 08/17*248 914 65 0*248 929 70 0*246 942 70 0*243 946 70 0* 28635 08/17*245 919 65 0*245 928 65 0*244 937 65 0*243 945 65 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 28640 08/18*240 950 70 0*238 954 70 0*235 959 70 0*230 966 70 0* 28640 08/18*240 950 65 0*237 955 65 0*234 960 65 0*232 965 65 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28645 08/19*226 972 70 0*224 977 65 0*221 981 65 0*218 984 45 0* 28645 08/19*230 970 65 0*228 974 65 0*225 978 65 0*222 984 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** The 20th is new to HURDAT 28647 08/20*220 989 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28650 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps. August 14: HWM indicates a spot low near 12N 81W. HURDAT did not list this cyclone on the 14th. No gales or low pressures. August 15: HWM does not indicate any features of interest in the western Caribbean or southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 21.2N, 87.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 22N, 87W (am) and at 22.5N, 89W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 22.1N, 85.9W (COA); 20kt E with a pressure of 1001mb near 23.7N, 88.6W at 2350Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance appears to have originated over the extreme northwestern part of the Caribbean Sea on the 14th, but available reports during the day showed only gentle winds and little depression of the barometer. On the 15th the disturbed condition had moved northwestward, and at 6pm local time was centered in approximately 23N, 88W. A report received subsequently by mail showed that at this time the S. S. Cauto, Tampico to Baltimore, 23.7N, 88.6W, experienced a north wind, force 5, barometer 29.73; at 6:50pm (local time) the wind, of same force, had hauled to east, pressure 29.56. At 8pm, with rising barometer, the ship reported a southeast gale, force 9, thereafter diminishing" (MWR). August 16: HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 24.2N, 89.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23.5N, 92W (am) and at 23.5N, 93W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt SE near or slightly ENE of 23.7N, 88.6W at 1Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE at 1130Z at 24.5N, 90.0W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The northwestward movement of the disturbance continued until the morning of the 16th with no increase in intensity so far as reports indicate. The highest wind during the day, according to mail reports, was of force 8 ESE during squalls experienced by the S. S. San Benito between 4 and 7am (local time) near 24.5N, 90W, lowest barometer 29.83" (MWR). August 17: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 24.6N, 94.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23.5N, 94W (am) and at 23.5N, 95W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The cyclone center, moving westward, was in approximately 24N, 93W, at 7am of the 17th, with winds of force 4-5 reported by ships at a considerable distance from the center. During the day the disturbance changed its course to southwesterly and at 7pm EST was centered near 23.5N, 95W. At this time the highest wind reported in connection with the disturbance was force 6, south, observed on the S. S. Agwistar, near 23N, 94.5W" (MWR). August 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 23.5N, 95.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 97W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 22.5N, 98W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1003mb at 22.5N, 96.5W at 12Z (MWR); 35kt SSE with a pressure of 1007mb at 23N, 95W at 12Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The center continued to move southwestward until 7am of the 18th, at which time it was near 23N, 96W, and so far as reports indicated had meanwhile gathered energy. At this time the S. S. San Abrosia, near 23N, 95W, had a south-southeast wind of force 8, attended by rain squalls of hurricane force, barometer 29.73; while the S. S. Agwistar, near 22.5, 96.5W, had a west wind of force 7, barometer 29.62" (MWR). August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 98W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 22.1N, 98.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 22N, 98W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at Tampico (22.3N, 97.9W) at 14Z (MWR). "Thereafter the center moved toward west-southwest, then west, and passed inland a short distance north of Tampico on the morning of the 19th, accompanied by heavy rains" (MWR). August 20: HWM indicates a broad low of at most 1010 mb over central Mexico near 23N 102W. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally lists a first point for this cyclone on 15 August at 06Z centered over Cozumel, Mexico with a 60 kt intensity. The original track for the next several hours takes the cyclone north-northwestward over the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula before emerging back over water in the Gulf of Mexico and weakening to a 35 kt tropical storm while over land. The timing of genesis is not changed, and the position is not significantly altered either. But the starting intensity in HURDAT of 60 kt at 06Z on the 15th appears incorrect and way too high. In fact, this system may have still been an open wave on the 15th, but it is possible it could have closed, so the 15th is kept in HURDAT. The starting intensity is revised downward to 35 kt (down from 60 kt originally - a major change). The revised track has the cyclone making landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on the 15th at 07Z, and the center emerged back over water into the Gulf of Mexico at 12Z on the 15th near 21.5N, 87.2W. The analyzed intensity at 12Z is also 35 kt (down from 50 kt originally). Three observations from the same ship within a 2-hour period around 00Z on the 16th were obtained and indicated a storm position at that time near 23.3N, 88.3W. The first was 1007 mb with 20 kt N, the next was 1001 mb with 20 kt E, and the last was 40 kt SE. Based on this information, it is believed that the ship was inside the RMW at the 2nd of these 3 observations, and a 999 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th using the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW. A central pressure of 999 mb equals 49 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and a 50 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th (up from 40 kt originally). After that, the cyclone turned toward the west early on the 17th near 24.5N, 92W, and then the cyclone turned west-southwestward. After a 35 kt gale was recorded by a ship around 1130Z on the 16th, the next gale or low pressure was not recorded until 12Z on the 18th (by which time the cyclone was near 23.4N, 96.0W). A ship measured a 35 kt wind, and another ship measured 30 kt with 1003 mb. It is unknown whether or not the latter was inside the RMW. But this information indicates that the intensity of the cyclone on the 18th was probably at least 50 kt (at least as intense as it was on the 16th). The cyclone continued west-southwestward and made landfall slightly north of Tampico, Mexico. The landfall is analyzed at 22.5N, 97.9W on 19 August at 13Z. Tampico recorded SW winds of 25 kt with a pressure of 1000 mb at 14Z as the center passed to its north (MWR says that this was the max wind and min pressure experienced at Tampico). This peripheral pressure supports maximum winds of at least 47 kt according to the Brown et. al southern pressure-wind relationship. Originally, HURDAT listed a 65 kt hurricane landfall with the center passing directly over Tampico. The lack of observed or reported tropical storm force winds at Tampico indicate that the center either passed farther north of Tampico, or that the intensity was weaker. The track of the cyclone is shifted a couple tenths north and the intensity is maintained as a 65 kt hurricane at landfall. Although there is no data for the entire lifetime of this cyclone that indicates that it ever reached hurricane intensity, the original HURDAT lists a peak intensity of 70 kt from 06Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 19th. Since data coverage on those days is average at best, there may not be enough evidence to lower the peak intensity to a tropical storm. On the other hand, there is no source that indicates any evidence of hurricane intensity and it is quite possible that this system never reached hurricane intensity. A compromise is decided upon, and a revised peak intensity of 65 kt is chosen from 18Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 19th. After landfall, the cyclone continued inland. Dissipation is analyzed 6 hours later than originally. The new final point is at 00Z on 20 August at 22.0N, 98.9W as a 30 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 9 - Revised 2012 28655 08/20/1936 M= 4 9 SNBR= 633 NOT NAMED XING=1 28660 08/20* 0 0 0 0*255 753 35 0*260 755 35 0*265 759 35 0* 28660 08/20* 0 0 0 0*255 763 25 0*260 767 25 0*265 771 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** 28665 08/21*270 765 35 0*276 773 40 0*283 785 45 0*291 801 45 0* 28665 08/21*270 775 35 0*275 779 40 0*280 785 45 0*285 799 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 28670 08/22*298 817 40 0*301 831 35 0*303 846 30 0*304 862 25 0* 28670 08/22*292 815 45 0*299 832 35 0*303 849 30 0*304 866 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 28675 08/23*304 881 25 0*303 891 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28675 08/23*304 883 25 0*303 900 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** 28680 TS U.S. landfall: 8/21/1936 - 22Z - 28.9N, 80.8W - 50 kt Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall on the northeastern coast of Florida. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Florida Climatological Data, and Dunn and Miller (1960). August 19: HWM shows a broad trough of low pressure over the Bahamas. HURDAT does not list this cyclone on the 19th. No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26N, 75.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24.5N, 77.5W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 26N, 78W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of August 20, slightly falling pressure, with cyclonic circulation, over and northeast of the northern Bahama Islands was evident on the weather map. B 7pm EST although no low center could yet be located, a more vigorous cyclonic circulation was established over the region between approximately 25-30N, 75-80W, with ships reports showing wind-forces of 4-6, on the Beaufort scale" (MWR). August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 27.5N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 28.3N, 78.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 27.5N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28N, 82W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 48kt W-SW with a pressure of 1002mb at Titusville (28.6N, 80.8W) at 22Z (MWR). "At 7am of the 21st, observations from a number of ships showed the development of a small cyclone center close to 28N, 78W, with accompaniment of fresh to strong winds, highest force 6, with lowest barometer 29.71 inches" (MWR). "NE FL - minor (<74 kt)" (Dunn and Miller). "The center of a moderate tropical disturbance passed inland between Titusville and Daytona Beach at about 5 p. m. of the 21st...The pressure fell to 29.60 inches [1002 mb] at Titusville with winds from the west and southwest of 40 to 55 miles pre hour as the center passed. Squalls of about 30 miles per hour occurred northward along the coast beyond Jacksonville...Nieth loss of life nor appreciable damage occurred in connection with this storm. Apparently the winds were not strong enough to cause injury to fruits and other crops, after reaching inland to the citrus regions" (Florida). August 22: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 30.3N, 84.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 30N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 31.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Remnants of this disturbance persisted, corssed the northern part of the State, and were in the vicinity of Apalachicola the morning of the 22d" (Florida). A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed at 06Z on 20 August (no change to timing of genesis). This system originated from a trough of low pressure over the Bahamas on the 19th. It is possible that the system had attained a closed low (and thus became a tropical depression) on the 19th, but the observations are inconclusive. On the 20th, the cyclone was very weak. West winds on the south side were only about 5 to 10 kt. Since there is sufficient observational coverage, a tropical depression intensity is analyzed on the 20th. Westward position adjustments of 1 degree are implemented from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 21st due to evidence from observations. Due mainly to observations from Titusville later on the 21st, the depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 21st (18 hours later than originally). The cyclone made landfall in Florida north of Titusville on 21 August at 22Z at 28.9N, 80.9W. Prior to landfall, the highest wind from any ship was 30 kt. The minimum pressure recorded at Titusville was 1002 mb. The maximum winds at Titusville were reported to range from 35-48 kt, which are likely to be visually estimated winds. All available information indicates that the center passed between Titusville and Daytona Beach, and the 1002 mb is a peripheral pressure value. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields winds of greater than 40 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the quite weak impacts noted in the Florida Climatological Data report (and that the 35-48 kt report on the south [weak] side of the cyclone was likely a visual estimate), a 50 kt intensity is chosen for landfall and at 18Z on the 21st (up from 45 kt originally). The position of landfall was also significantly changed to a position about half a degree south of the original HURDAT landfall location. After landfall, the cyclone turned toward the west-northwest and weakened. It weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z on 22 August. The depression moved due westward from the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd, and then it dissipated (no changes to the dissipation timing). ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 10 (Was #11) - Revised 2012 28710 08/28/1936 M=10 11 SNBR= 635 NOT NAMED XING=0 28710 08/25/1936 M=13 10 SNBR= 635 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** ** ** The 25th - 27th are new to HURDAT 28712 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 255 30 0* 28713 08/26*136 270 30 0*139 285 35 0*142 300 35 0*145 315 40 0* 28714 08/27*149 330 40 0*153 345 45 0*157 360 45 0*161 375 50 0* 28715 08/28* 0 0 0 0*172 400 65 0*173 433 70 0*174 443 70 0* 28715 08/28*165 390 55 0*169 405 60 0*172 420 60 0*175 432 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28720 08/29*176 451 70 0*178 458 75 0*180 465 75 0*182 473 75 0* 28720 08/29*177 442 70 0*180 451 75 0*183 460 75 0*186 469 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28725 08/30*185 480 80 0*188 486 80 0*193 493 80 0*200 502 80 0* 28725 08/30*189 478 80 0*192 487 80 0*196 496 80 0*202 505 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28730 08/31*208 512 85 0*215 520 85 0*222 528 85 0*231 538 90 0* 28730 08/31*210 514 85 0*219 523 85 0*228 532 85 0*236 542 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28735 09/01*241 549 90 0*251 558 90 0*261 566 90 0*274 576 95 0* 28735 09/01*244 552 90 0*253 561 90 0*262 570 90 0*272 577 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28740 09/02*287 585 95 0*294 588 95 0*301 589 95 0*315 585 95 0* 28740 09/02*282 583 95 0*292 583 95 0*302 580 95 0*315 573 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28745 09/03*330 562 95 0*341 543 95 0*352 525 95 0*367 508 95 0* 28745 09/03*332 559 95 0*350 544 95 0*360 525 95 0*370 508 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28750 09/04*382 492 90 0*396 476 90 0*409 460 85 0*418 450 85 0* 28750 09/04*380 492 95 0*391 476 95 0*402 460 95 0*412 443 90 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28755 09/05*427 433 80 0*438 412 80 0*449 372 75 0*460 329 70 0* 28755 09/05*421 423 90 0*431 398 85 0*446 372 80 0*461 343 75 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28760 09/06E472 278 65 0E486 220 60 0E500 162 60 0E520 146 55 0* 28760 09/06E476 293 70 0E488 233 60 0E501 175 60 0E515 125 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28765 HR Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Major changes are made to the genesis. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. August 24: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the eastern Atlantic on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1004 mb at 12Z at 8.7N, 15.3W (COA). August 25: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day in the eastern Atlantic. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day in the eastern Atlantic. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 18Z at 14.5N, 30.5W (COA). August 27: HWM analyzes a spot low near 12N, 40W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 42W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 17.4N, 44.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt WSW with a pressure of 1005mb at 16.2N, 43.2W at 12Z (MWR); 50kt SSE at 19Z at 17.5N, 42W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of this disturbance were contained in radio reports from ships in the vicinity of 15N, 45W on August 28. According to a report received by mail, the S. S. Van Rensselaer at about 9am (ships time ) on that date at 16.2N, 43.2W, had wind WSW, 5, with barometer reading 29.67 inches (corrected); at 4pm the highest wind, SSE, 10, was experienced on this ship at about 17.5N, 42W" (MWR). "Observations... on the 28th were received by radio... at 7 pm (EST) from the S. S. Van Rensselaer which was then at 17.5N, 41.3W, wind SE 5 (20 kt), with indications that a tropical storm had formed. This is the farthest area to the eastward in the Atlantic in which the existence of a tropical disturbance has been received by radio reports to the Weather Bureau. The previous record was the location of a disturbance on the morning of September 10, 1928, by a radio report from the S. S. Commack in 17N, 48.2W" (MWR). August 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 47.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 18N, 46.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 19.3N, 49.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 22.5N, 53W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.2N, 52.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24N, 54W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at 24.9N, 54.6W at 12Z (COA). "After August 28, observations were lacking in the vicinity of the disturbance until the evening of August 31, when ship reports definitely placed the center of a vigorous cyclone near 25N, 56W. It is not possible with available reports to locate the center of the disturbance prior to August 31" (MWR). September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 26N, 56.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 90kt winds at 26.1N, 56.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 26N, 56W (am) and at 27N, 56.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt E with 983 mb at 12Z at 26.5N, 57.0W (HWM); 60kt NW with a pressure of 982mb at 27.2N, 58.1W at 17Z (MWR); 70 kt NW at 18Z near 27.2N, 58.1W (MWR); 70kt SE with a pressure of 1007mb at 28.5N, 55.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By September 1 the disturbance had attained full hurricane intensity. S. S. Pan America reported its lowest barometer reading, 29.01, at 9pm, ships time, at 27.2N, 58.1W, with wind NW, force 11, increasing to NW 12 at 2pm" (MWR). September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 31N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 30.1N, 58.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 30N, 57W (am) with a pressure of 971mb and at 34N, 56W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt SSE with 1007 mb at 00Z at 28.5N, 55.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE with 1008 mb at 16Z at 32.5N, 54.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE with 1003 mb at 22Z at 35.0N, 58.4W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The hurricane recurved to the eastward of Bermuda with center in long 58W. Between 2 and 3am, ships time, on September 3, the S. S. West Lashaway at 35.4N, 54.2W, had full hurricane winds, ESE, barometer 28.71. Reports indicate that full hurricane intensity was maintained until the morning of the 5th near 42N, 39W where the S. S. Nike experienced wind WSW, force 10, barometer 28.32" (MWR). September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 35.5N, 52W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 winds with 95kt winds at 35.2N, 52.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 36.5N, 53W (am) with a pressure of 972mb and at 38.5N, 50W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at 36N, 56.2W at 2Z (MWR); 70 kt ESE with 972 mb around ~0630Z at 35.4N, 54.2W (MWR); 40kt WNW with 988 mb at 35N, 53.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 970mb near 38.7N, 46.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 40.9N, 46W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 40N, 46W (am) and at 41.5N, 40.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 45N, 38W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 44.9N, 37.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 42N, 38W (am). Ship highlights: 50kt WSW with a pressure of 959mb at 42N, 39W (MWR); 45 kt SSW with 1007 mb at 18Z at 43.5N, 31.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 50N, 16W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 50N, 16W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW with 1002 mb at 06Z at 48.5N, 29.5W (COA); 35 kt W with 989 mb at 11Z at 48.0N, 21.3W (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 988 mb at 12Z at 49.8N, 15.9W (COA); 45 kt W with 988 mb at 17Z at 49.5N, 12.5W (COA); 50kt W with a pressure of 999mb at 49.5N, 13.5W at 21Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally began this tropical cyclone on 28 August at 06Z as a 65 kt hurricane. Additional COADS data was obtained between that location and the African coast between 23-27 August. Although it is possible that a closed circulation was attained shortly after the disturbance moved off the African coast on 24 August, there is not enough data on the 24th to say that with certainty. Observations - primarily from Ship #07043388 - indicate that the system had become a tropical storm by no later than 12Z on the 26th. However, on the 25th, the observations at 12Z are ambiguous as to whether a closed low had yet formed. Thus an 18Z on the 25th genesis time is estimated. On the 26th at 18Z, the first gale was recorded when a ship measured 35 kt ESE. The tropical depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 06Z on 26 August. The cyclone moved west-northwestward. On the 28th, observations place the cyclone in the general vicinity of the original HURDAT positions with minor track alterations. On the 28th, pressures of 1005 mb were recorded and a wind of 50 kt was recorded, but on the 29th and 30th there was no data near the cyclone. On the 28th, the analyzed intensities of the intensifying cyclone are slightly below the original HURDAT values, but the HURDAT intensities on the 29th and 30th are not changed because there is no evidence to change HURDAT. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 18Z on 28 August (12 hours later than originally). By 31 August, data indicates the cyclone was near 23N, 53W but there were only one or two observations in the periphery that day that measured a 1003 mb pressure. Hurricane force winds were recorded on 1 September and the lowest pressure measured that day was 982 mb (with 60 kt simultaneous winds). A peripheral pressure of 982 mb indicates a wind speed greater than 70 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. No changes are made to the 95 kt intensity in HURDAT. The cyclone recurved east of 60W near 29N early on the 2nd. The highest wind recorded on the 2nd was 60 kt. Observations indicate that the outer radius of the cyclone circulation expanded on the 2nd of September as compared with previous days of the cyclone's lifetime. On the 3rd around ~0630Z, a ship recorded hurricane force ESE winds with a 972 mb simultaneous pressure. A peripheral pressure of 972 mb yields winds of greater than 82 and 80 kt, respectively, according to the north of 25N Brown et al. (2006) and north of 35N Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationships. The 95 kt intensity in HURDAT is still not changed on the 3rd of September. In fact, no changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 29 August through 3 September. Early on the 5th, a ship recorded a pressure of 959 mb with 50 kt WSW winds. A peripheral pressure of 959 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 91 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The speed of the cyclone was about 20 kt, but the cyclone was very large. Also, no hurricane force winds had been reported since the 3rd at 06Z. A 90 kt intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 5th (up from 80 kt originally) and an 80 kt intensity is chosen at 12Z on the 5th (up from 75 kt originally). It is possible, however, given the limited observations obtained that this system could have reached major hurricane intensity. While having the system still tropical at 45N (at 12Z on the 5th) is somewhat unclimatological, inspection of the available observations indicate no E-W temperature gradient over the inner core of the hurricane while retained a symmetric vortex. Thus, no changes are made to the timing of extratropical transition (00Z on the 6th). The intensity at that time is analyzed at 70 kt (up from 65 kt originally). The cyclone accelerated early on the 6th, and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation (18Z on the 6th). It is possible that the cyclone might have been absorbed six hours earlier, but there is not enough evidence to delete 6 hours from HURDAT. However, observations indicate that the cyclone was definitely absorbed by the time indicated in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 11 (Was #10) - Revised 2012 28685 08/28/1936 M= 3 10 SNBR= 634 NOT NAMED XING=0 28685 08/28/1936 M= 4 11 SNBR= 634 NOT NAMED XING=0 * ** 28690 08/28* 0 0 0 0*183 863 40 0*193 885 35 0*197 892 40 0* 28690 08/28*181 862 30 0*187 873 40 0*193 883 35 0*197 893 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 28695 08/29*202 903 45 0*208 918 55 0*214 933 65 0*216 946 70 0* 28695 08/29*202 904 30 0*208 916 40 0*214 929 50 0*216 941 60 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 28700 08/30*213 956 70 0*209 964 70 0*204 973 65 0*191 970 35 0* 28700 08/30*216 951 70 0*214 960 70 0*210 969 70 0*205 977 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** The 31st is new to HURDAT 28702 08/31*200 985 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28705 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican station observations and synoptic maps, and Connor (1956). August 27: HWM indicates an open low near 14N 87W over Central America. No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM indicates a low near 18.5N, 91W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt at 19.3N, 88.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 18N, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb and at 19.5N, 90.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 3kt NNE with a pressure of 1005mb at Merida (21N, 89.5W) at 20Z (Mexican). "At the morning observation of August 28, conditions over the Yucatan Peninsula pointed toward the formation of a slight depression, with lower barometer, 29.74, at Payo Obispo. At 7pm of that date the suspicion was strengthened that a tropical disturbance was originating in the vicinity. Pressure at Merida had fallen to 29.68 inches, which indicated a northwestward movement of the depression" (MWR). "A disturbance of weak intensity is located over the peninsula of Yucatan and it is likely that it will intensify over the Gulf of Mexico after exiting by the coast of Campeche" (Mexican). August 29: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt at 21.4N, 93.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 20N, 93W (am) and at 20.5N, 94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: a pressure of 1005mb at Merida at 0Z (MWR); 8 kt E with 1005 mb at 01Z at Merida (Mexican). "On the morning of the 29th, reports from ship and Mexican coast stations indicated the formation of a circulatory wind system with center in the Golf of Campeche. The S. S. Ceiba, near 20N, 92W, at 7am reported the lowest barometer, 29.70, with south wind of force 6. At 7pm EST of the 29th four ships in the southwestern Gulf, within the region 20-23N, 92-95W, clearly showed the existence of a moderate depression with center a little north of the 20th parallel and close to the 95th meridian. Three of the ships, at some distance from the center reported wind forces of 5-6, while the S. S. Amapala in 19.8N, 94.8W, had a moderate west gale (force 7), pressure 29.53 inches. The extreme wind reported by the Amapala was a force 8, south, at 8pm local time, of the 29th" (MWR). "The cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico is located approximately 325 km to the ENE of Veracruz and it is moving towards the west. It is likely that it will affect the portion of the coast between Veracruz and Tuxpan, from today to midnight" (Mexican). August 30: The HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 20.4N, 97.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 21N, 96W (am) and at 21N, 97W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1000mb at 19.8N, 94.8W at 0Z (MWR); 35 kt S at 01Z near 19.8N, 94.8W (MWR); 40kt SE with a pressure of 1000mb at 21.7N, 97W in the morning (MWR); 60 kt E in the vicinity of 21.7N, 97.0W within a couple hours of the morning (MWR). Station highlights: 25kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at Veracruz (19.2N, 96.1W) at 3Z (Mexican); 60 kt NE at Tuxpan (20.9N 97.4W) at 12Z (Mexican). "During the morning of the 30th the disturbance became locally of much increased energy, as indicated by a report received by mail from the S. S. Cayo Mambi. This ship, in 21.7N, 97W had a barometer reading of 29.52 inches, accompanied by a southeast gale of force 9. The maximum wind reported by the ship was from the east, force 11. The disturbance passed inland near Tuxpan on the morning of the 30th" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is located ESE of Tuxpan, Veracruz. It is likely that it will be making landfall before noon to the south but close to the mentioned place producing rain in its path" (Mexican). August 31: The HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf of Mexico or over Mexico. "The cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico made landfall to the south but close of Tuxpan, Veracruz, yesterday in the morning, and therefore it is likely that there will be less showers over the eastern portion of the country and normal shower activity over the western areas" (Mexican).A tropical cyclone formed early on 28 August in the western Caribbean Sea near 18N, 86W. Weather reports from ships and Central American stations suggest a trough existed at 12Z on the 27th in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Observations from 06Z and 12Z on the 28th indicate that a closed circulation likely already existed before that time. Therefore, genesis is analyzed to have occurred at 00Z on 28 August (6 hours earlier than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression at 18.1N, 86.2W. The cyclone moved west-northwestward at a moderate speed. There is not enough evidence to lower the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 06Z on the 28th, so there is no change made to the timing of when the system became a tropical storm. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 28 August at 08Z on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula at 18.9N, 87.6W as a 40 kt tropical storm. A 1007 mb pressure was recorded at Payo Obispo (Chetumal) as the center passed to the north-northeast of there. The cyclone was over landfall from the 28th at 08Z until the 29th at 01Z when it emerged into the Bay of Campeche. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 28th (down from 40 kt originally), and this 30 kt intensity is held through 00Z on the 29th (down from 45 kt originally) since it was still over land. Pressures of 1005 mb were recorded at Merida from 20Z on the 28th through 01Z on the 29th, but no strong winds were reported there. In the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone continued west-northwestward early on the 29th, and then turned due west late on the 29th. It continued moving westward until it made its final Mexican landfall around 12Z on 30 August. There are no available observations near the cyclone on the 29th; thus no gales or low pressures were recorded that day. On the 30th before landfall, two ships recorded gales and low pressures. The first ship recorded a minimum pressure of 1000 mb at 00Z on the 30th and maximum winds of 35 kt at 01Z. The second ship recorded a minimum pressure of 1000 mb (simultaneous with 40 kt winds) and maximum winds of 60 kt probably around 12Z (just before the time of landfall). At 12Z on the 30th - just before the time of landfall - Tuxpan, Mexico reported NE 60 kt winds (no barometer). Thus landfall is now shown to have occurred at 20.8N, 97.2W at 14Z on 30 August, just south of Tuxpan, consistent with the analyses from Mexico. Due to the 60 kt observations from a ship and Tuxpan just before the time of landfall, and the lack of any other important observations near the center, there is no evidence to change the landfall intensity in HURDAT originally or the peak intensity of 70 kt. Therefore, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed from 00Z on the 30th through 12Z on the 30th including landfall (up from 65 kt originally at 12Z). The 30 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 29th is increased by 10 kt per 6 hr until 00Z on the 30th when the 70 kt intensity is held until landfall. Therefore, minor downward intensity adjustments of 10-15 kt are implemented on the 29th. After landfall, runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 48 and 35 kt for 18Z on the 30th and 00Z on the 31st. Intensities of 45 and 30 kt are chosen for those times. Therefore, dissipation is delayed by 6 hours. The southward dive in the original HURDAT position during the last 6 hours is unrealistic, and observations do not indicate that this occurred. However, a slight turn to the west-southwest may have occurred. The revised final position is at 00Z on 31 August as a 30 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 12 - Revised 2012 28770 09/07/1936 M= 2 12 SNBR= 636 NOT NAMED XING=0 28775 09/07* 0 0 0 0*208 569 35 0*208 588 35 0*209 603 35 0* 28775 09/07* 0 0 0 0*208 578 35 0*209 593 35 0*210 607 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 28780 09/08*212 620 35 0*214 628 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28780 09/08*211 620 35 0*212 632 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** 28785 TS Minor track changes but no changes to the intensity are analyzed for this short-lived tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 6: HWM shows no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles. No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 20.8N, 58.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 7am eastern standard time, September 7, the S. S. Chesapeake at 20.3N, 58.9W, with wind SW by S, barometer 29.77 (uncorrected) reported that there were indications of a tropical disturbance forming to the northward. Other observations from the vicinity at that hour placed the center at about 21N, 59W. Twelve hours later there was a mild cyclonic wind circulation over the Leeward Islands and the ocean to the northward, with center near 21N, 62W" (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes an open trough/low pressure area in the general vicinity of 22N, 64W. HURDAT last liststhis system at 06Z at 21.4N, 62.8W as a 30 kt tropical depression. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 8th, the disturbance, which continued to be of minor intensity, appeared to have advanced toward the west-northwestward, but later observations failed to reveal any definite wind circulation" (MWR). On 7 September a couple of ship observations indicate that a closed circulation might have possibly existed near 21N, 59W. There was only one observation containing a westerly wind component- 15 kt SW with 1008 mb at 12Z on the 7th. The lowest pressure recorded for the entire lifetime of this system was 1008 mb, and the highest winds recorded were 20-25 kt. No intensity changes are made. All position changes made are less than 1 degree. On the 8th, observations indicate some partial cyclonic turning, but there are no observed west winds. Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of dissipation. It is possible that this system was not a tropical storm. However, the data coverage is not sufficient to justify its removal. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 13 - Revised 2012 28790 09/08/1936 M=18 13 SNBR= 637 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 28795 09/08* 0 0 0 0*131 485 40 0*136 491 40 0*142 498 40 0* 28795 09/08* 0 0 0 0*131 485 30 0*136 491 30 0*141 498 35 0* ** ** *** ** 28800 09/09*146 504 40 0*150 510 45 0*154 517 45 0*160 525 45 0* 28800 09/09*146 504 35 0*150 510 40 0*154 517 40 0*160 524 40 0* ** ** ** *** ** 28805 09/10*166 534 50 0*172 543 55 0*178 552 55 0*183 560 65 0* 28805 09/10*166 531 45 0*172 538 45 0*178 546 50 0*181 555 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28810 09/11*187 568 65 0*193 578 70 0*199 587 75 0*202 591 80 0* 18810 09/11*184 563 55 0*187 572 55 0*190 580 60 0*193 586 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28815 09/12*204 593 80 0*208 595 85 0*212 598 85 0*215 601 85 0* 28815 09/12*196 591 65 0*199 594 65 0*202 596 65 0*206 599 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28820 09/13*217 604 85 0*223 610 85 0*229 617 85 0*232 620 90 0* 28820 09/13*211 601 70 0*217 603 70 0*224 605 70 0*231 607 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28825 09/14*234 623 90 0*236 625 90 0*238 627 95 0*242 631 95 0* 28825 09/14*237 610 75 0*244 615 80 0*250 620 85 0*253 624 90 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28830 09/15*248 636 100 0*255 643 100 0*262 650 100 0*269 657 105 0* 28830 09/15*256 629 90 0*259 634 95 0*262 640 100 0*268 649 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28835 09/16*277 665 105 0*282 669 105 0*287 675 105 0*298 688 100 0* 28835 09/16*276 659 105 0*284 669 105 0*291 680 105 0*298 690 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28840 09/17*310 701 100 0*317 712 100 0*324 723 95 0*335 734 95 0* 28840 09/17*307 702 100 0*316 714 100 0*324 725 95 0*332 734 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 28845 09/18*346 745 90 0*352 751 90 0*359 753 85 968*372 750 85 0* 28845 09/18*341 741 90 0*350 745 85 962*359 748 85 965*371 748 80 968* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 28850 09/19*386 740 85 0*402 721 80 0*417 690 80 0*429 651 75 0* 28850 09/19*383 730 80 969*394 721 75 0E412 690 75 0E422 654 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** ** **** *** 28855 09/20*439 610 75 0*448 565 70 0*454 523 70 0*455 489 65 0* 28855 09/20E430 614 70 0E436 571 65 0E441 529 65 0E446 496 65 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** 28860 09/21*457 460 65 0E458 431 65 0E460 406 60 0E462 388 60 0* 28860 09/21E452 470 65 0E456 440 65 0E460 415 70 0E462 397 70 0* **** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 28865 09/22E463 373 55 0E467 359 55 0E472 346 50 0E478 337 50 0* 28865 09/22E463 382 65 0E467 361 60 0E472 346 55 0E479 337 55 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 28870 09/23E486 329 45 0E500 315 45 0E513 303 45 0E518 298 40 0* 28870 09/23E488 329 50 0E500 322 50 0E512 314 50 0E518 305 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 28875 09/24E521 292 40 0E524 286 35 0E527 281 35 0E529 277 30 0* 28875 09/24E521 296 50 0E524 290 50 0E526 283 45 0E527 277 45 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 28880 09/25E530 273 30 0E531 268 30 0E532 262 30 0E537 244 30 0* 28880 09/25E525 271 40 0E523 266 40 0E522 261 40 0E522 256 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28885 HR NC2 28885 HR NC1 VA1 *** *** U.S. Close approach: 9/18/1936 - 10Z - 35.6N, 74.8W - 75 kt at the coast (85 kt offshore) - 964 mb - 35 nmi RMW - 1016 mb OCI - 325 nmi ROCI - 11 kt speed Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that impacted portions of the North Carolina and Virginia coastlines. Major changes are made to the timing of when the cyclone attained hurricane strength, and major changes are also made to the timing of extratropical transition. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, North Carolina and Virginia Climatological Data, Ho et al., Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarrell et al. (1992), Tannehill, Harris, Barnes, Cobb, and Roth. September 7: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT does not list this cyclone on the 7th. No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 13.6N, 49.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "While the preceding disturbance was dissipating near the Leeward Islands on the 8th, there were signs of another disturbance to the eastward with center in the vicinity of 13N, 50W at 7pm, eastern standard time, of the 8th. At that time the S. S. West Selene was at 13.3N, 52.1W, and a long swell from the northeast was observed" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 15.4N, 51.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The swell became heavier late on the 9th and on the 10th, with slowly falling barometer, when the vessel was about 250miles east of the Leeward Islands. The observing officers estimated the distance to the disturbance to be about 100 miles" (MWR). September 10: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 17.8N, 55.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1014mb at 20.3N, 52.2W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Reports from other vessels on the 10th indicated the presence of a well-developed cyclone centered at approximately 18N, 55W" (MWR). September 11: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 19.9N, 58.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18.5N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.2N, 59.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 62.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.9N, 61.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 22N, 60W (am) and at 24N, 61W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt SE with a pressures of 1006mb at 23N, 59.5W at 12Z (COA); 30kt SSW with a pressures of 993mb at 22.5N, 59.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 24.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 23.8N, 62.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 26N, 61.5W (am) and at 27N, 62W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt WSW with a pressure of 998mb at 24.5N, 62.5W at 8Z (COA); 50kt SSE with a pressure of 1001mb at 25.5N, 61.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 25.5N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 100kt winds at 26.2N, 65W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 63W (am) and at 28.5N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt WSW at 24.5n, 61.5W at 0Z (COA); 20kt S with a pressure of 1003mb at 25.5N, 61.5W at 8Z (COA); 35 kt SW with 1002 mb at 12Z at 24.7N, 62.5W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 29N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 28.7N, 67.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 29.5N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 968mb and at 30.5N, 70W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt N with 983 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 68.8W (COA); 65kt SSW with a pressure of 968mb at 29.4N, 68.7W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of September 15 the hurricane was wide extent and marked intensity. On the 16th the area of winds of force 6 and higher (Beaufort scale) was about 1,000 miles in diameter. By that criterion it was one of the largest tropical cyclones of record" (MWR). September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 32.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 32.4N, 72.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 32.5N, 72W (am) and at 34N, 74W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt SSE with a pressure of 998mb at 29.7N, 68W at 0Z (COA); 45kt N with a pressure of 985mb at 34.4N, 75.1W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 42 kt N with 999 mb at 23Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (35.2N, 75.7W) (OMR); 47 kt N around ~2330Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR). September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 35.9N, 75.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 36N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 972mb and at 39N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 70 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 02Z at 33.1N, 76.5W (MWR); 70 kt NE before 04Z in the vicinity of 35.6N, 72.0W (MWR); 50 kt SE with 968 mb at 04Z at 35.6N, 72.0W (MWR); 25kt E with a pressure of 965 mb at 35.2N, 74.4W at 6Z (MWR); 10 kt E with 966 mb at 06Z at 35.2N, 74.4W (COA); 70 kt NE before 10Z in the vicinity of 36.2N, 74.8W (MWR); 40 kt NE with 969 mb at 10Z at 36.2N, 74.8W (MWR); 70 kt N with 994 mb at 12Z in Chesapeake Bay (MWR); 70 kt NNE with 996 mb at 12Z at 37.3N, 76.1W (COA); 25 kt NW with 972 mb at 12Z at 36.0N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt N with 990 mb at 15Z at 37.2N, 76.1W (MWR); 70kt SW with a pressure of 977mb at 36.8N, 73.8W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: 79 kt NW (max w/1-min) with 978 mb (min p) around ~0645Z at Hatteras (OMR); ~78 kt at Manteo, NC (35.9N, 75.7W) (Barnes); 59 kt NW (max w/1-min) with 993 mb (min p) around ~1245Z at Norfolk, VA (36.8N, 76.3W) (OMR); 987 mb (min p) at Cape Henry (no time) (Virginia Climatological Data). "As the hurricane center approached Hatteras it began recurving to northward and, after passing a short distance east of the Virginia Capes on the 18th, it turned northeastward at an increasing progressive rate" (MWR). "The S. S. El Occidente, in 35.2N, 74.8W, at 5am (ships time) of the 18th had lowest barometer 28.60 inches, and reported light fog during the lull at the center about 6am" (MWR). "At Cape Henry the full force of the hurricane winds was not recorded; the anemometer cups and spindle were carried away by the wind at 11:37am (eastern standard time) of the 18th; one cup had previously been blown away. The wind was estimated at 75 miles an hour" (MWR). "Place: North Carolina coastal region from Hyde County north to Virginia line. Date: 17-18 September. Value of property destroyed: $60,000. Character of storm: Tropical storm. Remarks: Loss to buildings, fishing equipment, and roads. Slight damage to crops" (MWR). Place: Chincoteague, VA. Date: 17-18. Loss of life: 5. Value of property destroyed: $100,000. Character of Storm: Tropical Storm" (MWR). "Place: Northampton and Accomack Counties, VA. Date: 17-18. Value of property destroyed: $250,000 [to crops and] $250,000 [to other things]. Character of storm: Tropical storm. Remarks: Oyster bed wrecked, 60,000 chickens lost, and late crops destroyed" (MWR). "Place: Cape Charles, VA. Date: 17-18. Value of property destroyed: $25,000" (MWR). "Place: Norfolk, VA. Loss of life: 2. Value of property destroyed: $500,000 [to crops and] $500,000 [to other things]. Remarks: In Norfolk area damage to business, residential, and marine property due to high wind and high tide" (MWR). "Place: Eastern Shore. Date: 18. Loss of life: 7. Value of property destroyed and remarks: $100,000 property damage in Ocean City, MD. $50,000 damage to rural property and livestock. $30,000 loss to fishing fleets. $11,900 loss to transmition lines. $83,000 loss to crops" (MWR). "[Closest approach] 36.1N, 75.4W; 966 mb [ob or cp?] at 35.2N, 74.6W; 90 kt (estimated) 1-min max wind [on coast?] (Schwerdt et al.). "Cat 2 NC" (Jarrell et. al). September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 41.5N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 41.7N, 69W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 41.5N, 69W (am) and at 44N, 61W (pm). Ship highlights: 5 kt SE with 970 mb at 00Z at 38.4N, 72.5W (MWR); 70kt SE with a pressure of 970mb at 39.2N, 71.8W at 7Z (MWR); 70 kt SSW with 993 mb at 16Z at 40.6N, 66.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 0440Z and 44 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~0530Z at New York, NY (40.7N, 74W) (OMR); 1003 mb (min p) at 08Z and 40 kt NW (max w/1-min) around ~1030Z at Providence, RI (41.8N, 71.4W) (OMR); 37 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~1030Z at Boston, MA (42.4N, 71.1W) (OMR); 991 mb (min p) at 10Z and 47 kt N (max w/1-min) at 1240Z at Nantucket, MA (41.3N, 70.1W) (MWR, OMR). "Moving northeastward from the Virginia Capes, the hurricane center continued at sea, but gales were felt along the coast. At Nantucket the lower barometer reading was 29.27 inches at about 5am of the 19th with maximum velocity 45 miles (extreme 58) at 7:40am, EST" (MWR). "Place: Long Island, NY (east portion). Date: 18-19. Character of storm: Tropical storm. Remarks: Many boats damaged" (MWR). "Place: Block Island, RI. Date: 18-19. Time: 7 pm - 3 am. Value of property destroyed: $4,700. Character of storm: Tropical Storm. Remarks: Loss mostly to marine equipment" (MWR). September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 44N, 52.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 45.4N, 52.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 45.5N, 53.5W (am) with a pressure of 996mb and at 46N, 47.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW around ~09Z in the vicinity of 42.3N, 56.5W (MWR); 30kt SSW with a pressure of 987mb at 45.5N, 48.5W at 19Z (COA); 50 kt NW after 19Z in the vicinity of 42.5N, 50.4W (MWR); 45kt NNW with a pressure of 990mb at 45.4N, 48.4W at 23Z (COA); 10 kt SSW with 986 mb at 23Z at 45.3N, 48.4W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 44N, 42.5W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 46N, 40.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 41N, 46W (am) with a pressure of 990mb and at 39N, 46W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt NNW around or after 00Z in the vicinity of 45.3N, 48.4W (MWR); 45kt S with a pressure of 994mb at 43.5N, 45.5W at 00Z (COA); 30kt SW with a pressure of 989mb at 45.5N, 42.1W at 12Z (COA); 70 kt NW after 16Z in the vicinity of 45.5N, 42.9W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 46.5N, 35W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 50kt winds at 47.2N, 34.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 46.5N, 35W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 48N, 33W (pm). Ship highlights: 10kt NW with a pressure of 989mb at 45.5N, 38.5W at 0Z (COA); 50kt NE at 52.5N, 40.5W at 11Z (COA); 50 kt N around ~17Z in the vicinity of 52.2N, 41.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 51N, 30W, HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 45kt winds at 51.3N, 30.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 52N, 31W (am) with a pressure of 995mb and at 53N, 29.9W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt with a pressure of 1001mb at 49.5N, 38.5W at 7Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1006 mb at 12Z at 47.9N, 36.2W (COA); 10kt W with a pressure of 991mb at 53.3N, 33.8W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 24: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 52N, 30W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 52.7N, 28.1W at 12Z . The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 54N, 26W (am) with a pressure of 999mb. Ship highlights: 45kt WNW with a pressure of 1006mb at 47.5N, 33.5W at 6Z (COA); 20kt NNW with a pressure of 992mb at 52N, 36W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 50N, 25W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 30kt winds at 53.2N, 26.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt NW with a pressure of 997mb at 53.8N, 32W at 0Z (COA); 5kt WSW with a pressure of 992mb at 49.6N, 20.9W at 7Z (COA); 35 kt NE at 12Z at 55.0N, 30.0W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM indicates a frontal boundary extending east-west along 50N from the eastern Atlantic to Europe. No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the timing or position of the genesis of this tropical cyclone, which is shown on 8 September at 06Z. Data was obtained between that location and the African coast between 2-7 September, but no closed circulation could be found prior to the 8th. On the 8th and 9th, there are no observations that provide evidence to confirm or deny that a closed circulation existed on those days. Therefore, this portion of the track is maintained in HURDAT. The observation that was closest to the center on those two days is plotted on HWM on the 9th at 12Z - 10 kt N with 1011 mb about 100 nmi WSW of the analyzed center position. On the 10th, observations of west winds south of the center confirmed the presence of a closed tropical cyclone. The first gales were also observed on the 10th - two observations of 35 kt - both located approximately 200 nmi NE of the center. On the 11th and 12th, as the cyclone slowed down while moving WNW to NW, there were enough observations in the periphery to have a reasonably accurate track analysis, but there were no observations close enough to the center to measure any gales or low pressures. The closest ship to the analyzed center location on the 11th was a ship about 115 nmi SSW of the center at 12Z. The ship reported 10 kt WSW with 1010 mb. On the 12th at 20Z, a ship located about 50 nmi NW of the interpolated analyzed center position recorded 25 kt NE with 1009 mb. South-southeastward track adjustments of 1 degree were made from 12Z on the 11th - 18Z on the 12th based on the data. Since none of the 6 observations within 115 nmi from the analyzed center position between 9 - 12 September were gales or low pressures (including the observation 50 nmi from center on the 12th), minor downward intensity adjustments are implemented from 06Z on 8 September through 12Z on 11 September, and some major downward intensity adjustments are implemented between 18Z on the 11th and 18Z on the 12th. The cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 06-12Z on the 8th (down from 40 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity by 18Z on the 8th (12 hours later than originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 12th (30 hours later than originally - a major change). A major downward intensity adjustment of 20 kt is implemented at 18Z on the 11th and again from 06Z - 18Z on the 12th. The highest wind recorded on the 13th was 50 kt and the lowest pressure recorded that day was 993 mb. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (with 30 kt) yields a wind speed of greater than 59 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 00-12Z on the 13th (down from 85 kt originally), and a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z (down from 90 kt originally). Eastward track adjustments of 1.3 degrees are implemented from 12Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 14th. Northeastward track adjustments exceeding 1 degree were implemented on the remainder of 14 September. On the 14th and 15th, the cyclone resumed more of a northwestward course and was located about halfway between the Virgin Islands and Bermuda. The cyclone continued on that course until it neared the Outer Banks of North Carolina on the 17th and 18th. During the 14-15th, the highest observed wind was 50 kt, and the lowest pressure measured was 998 mb. Ships on the 14th were closer to the center than on the 15th, and the data possibly indicates a slightly faster rate of strengthening around the afternoon of the 14th. By the 16th at 12Z, the cyclone was located near 29.1N, 68.0W. At 12Z on the 16th, one ship measured 983 mb with 60 kt (~50 nmi from the analyzed center) and another ship reported hurricane force. At 18Z that day, a ship reported 968 mb with 65 kt (~30 nmi from the analyzed center). This peripheral pressure of 968 mb yields a wind speed greater than 87 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since there is no evidence that any of the aforementioned observations were obtained inside the RMW which would provide an accurate central pressure measurement, the peak intensity of 105 kt shown in HURDAT from 18Z on the 15th through 12Z on the 16th is maintained. However, the cyclone is analyzed to have first attained major hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 15th (12 hours later than originally). At 18Z on the 16th (the time of the 968 mb peripheral pressure), the 100 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged. On the 17th, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT with only miniscule track alterations. The highest wind measured on the 17th was 50 kt and lowest pressure recorded was 985 mb. Numerous observations of hurricane force from ships and some from land were recorded on the 18th as the hurricane recurved just east of the North Carolina Outer Banks. At 04Z, a ship recorded 50 kt with 968 mb, and at 06Z, one ship recorded 25 kt with 965 mb while another observation of 10 kt with 966 mb was reported. The latter two observations are both analyzed to be inside the RMW. A central pressure of 962 mb is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 18th from this data, and this value agrees with Cobb. This value yields wind speeds of 93 and 88 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Given the very large size of the cyclone, 85 kt is analyzed to be the intensity in HURDAT at 06Z on the 18th (down from 90 kt originally). At 0645Z, Cape Hatteras, NC recorded its maximum wind and minimum pressure simultaneously. The maximum wind at Cape Hatteras after converting to a 10m 1-min wind was 75 kt NW and the minimum pressure recorded at the same time was 978 mb. According to the revised track, the closest approach to Cape Hatteras was about 45 nmi, and the RMW provided by Ho et al. is about 35 nmi. At 10Z, a ship recorded a pressure of 969 mb with 40 kt winds, and at 12Z another ship recorded 972 mb with 25 kt winds. Both of these observations are analyzed to have occurred inside the RMW. A central pressure of 965 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z based on this data, which agrees with Cobb, and this value yields 90 and 86 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. Based on the revised track, the hurricane made its closest approach to the United States coastline at 10Z on 18 September with a central pressure is estimated to be 964 mb. A central pressure of 964 mb yields 91 and 87 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. The ~35 nmi RMW from Ho et al. is larger than the climatological value of 29 nmi for this latitude and central pressure. The analyzed OCI and ROCI are 1016 mb and 325 nmi, respectively, and the speed of the cyclone was about 11 kt. The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z is not changed, and the estimated intensity at the closest approach at 10Z is 85 kt. According to the revised track, the closest approach of the storm to any part of North Carolina was about 30 nmi. Assuming a symmetric RMW, then the RMW of the hurricane would have touched land around 10Z on the coast near 35.6N, 75.5W. A run of the Schwerdt et al. (1979) parametric wind model yields 72 kt for the highest wind experienced on the North Carolina coast when the RMW was touching the coast. This model also yields 66 kt at Cape Hatteras when the cyclone made its closest approach to that location (~45 nmi); however, the maximum wind actually experienced at Cape Hatteras was 75 kt. Therefore, the 72 kt obtained farther up the North Carolina coast was too low, implying that the Schwedt model may somewhat underestimates the peak sustained wind along the North Carolina coast. However, given that North Carolina was on the likely weak side of the hurricane, it is possible that Cape Hatteras measured near the peak winds to occur along the U.S. coast. Thus 75 kt is thus chosen to have impacted the coast of North Carolina, and a Category 1 impact for North Carolina is assessed (down from Category 2 originally). The hurricane was moving due northward along 74.8W on the 18th from 10Z-18Z between 35.6N-37.1N. The farthest west point that the hurricane attained may have been around 36.5N, 74.9W at 15Z. Two ships located in southern Chesapeake Bay reported hurricane force winds. The highest wind recorded at Norfolk after reducing to 10m 1-min was 54 kt NW observed simultaneously with the minimum pressure of 993 mb at 1245Z on the 18th. MWR states that maximum winds at Cape Henry, VA were estimated near 65 kt. The closest approach of the center of this hurricane to the Virginia coastline is analyzed to have occurred at 15Z on the 18th with the hurricane located near 36.6N, 74.9W. This means the center was about 45 nmi from the Virginia coastline at closest approach. A run of the parametric wind model from Schwerdt et al. (1979) yields 65 kt for winds on the coast of Virginia at the hurricane's closest approach to Virginia. The intensity of the hurricane at this time is analyzed at 85 kt. Thus this system is analyzed to have caused Category 1 impacts in Virigina as well ("VA1"). At 19Z on the 18th, a ship in the Atlantic located ESE of the center reported 977 mb with hurricane force, and at 00Z on the 19th, another ship reported 970 mb with 5 kt. Central pressures of 968 and 969 mb are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th and 00Z on the 19th, respectively. These suggest intensities of 84 and 83 kt, respectively. Again due to the large size of the hurricane, analyzed intensities at both times are 80 kt (down slightly from 85 kt in the original HURDAT). At 18Z on the 18th, the hurricane, which had been moving due north, abruptly turned east-northeastward and accelerated. On the 19th at 07Z, a ship recorded 970 mb with hurricane force, which means the central pressure had dropped again to probably around 963 mb or lower. Since the hurricane is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 19th (42 hours earlier than originally - a major change), the intensity is decreased to 75 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 19th for this very large cyclone undergoing extratropical transition. After converting to 10m 1-min winds, the following maximum wind values were recorded at coastal stations: 36 kt at New York City at 0530Z on the 19th; 34 kt at Providence, RI at 1030Z, and 44 kt at Nantucket, MA at 1240Z. The cyclone became extratropical at 12Z on the 19th. The cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in the following states: Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and perhaps even Connecticut received winds of tropical storm force; however, tropical storm impacts are not analyzed for these states as the cyclone was extratropical by the time it produced those winds. Based on available data, southwestward track adjustments exceeding 1 degree are implemented from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 21st. Ships reported hurricane force winds at 16Z on the 19th and again after 16Z on the 21st. In between those times, no hurricane force winds were recorded, but 60 kt was observed around 00Z on the 21st with numerous reports of 50 kt from the 19th - 21st. On the 20th, the observational coverage was decent. A 5 kt downward intensity adjustment is implemented from 00Z-12Z on the 20th. The cyclone is analyzed to have a 65 kt intensity from 06Z on the 20th - 06Z on the 21st. Due to the hurricane force observation later on the 21st, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed at 12-18Z on the 21st (up from 60 kt originally). On the 22nd, the cyclone decelerated dramatically and only moved a few hundred miles from the 22nd to the 25th. Minor upward intensity adjustments ranging from 5 to 15 kt are implemented at all times from 12Z on the 21st through 18Z on the 25th because ship observations indicated that the intensity was higher than listed in HURDAT originally. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation of this cyclone. The final position at 18Z on the 25th is as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone. After that, the low had become extremely large, broad, weak and elongated, and it no longer contained a closed circulation. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 14 - Revised 2012 28890 09/10/1936 M= 5 14 SNBR= 638 NOT NAMED XING=1 28890 09/09/1936 M= 6 14 SNBR= 638 NOT NAMED XING=1 ** * The 9th is new to HURDAT 28892 09/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 940 25 0*190 941 25 0* 28895 09/10* 0 0 0 0*190 932 35 0*190 939 35 0*189 943 35 0* 28895 09/10*190 942 25 0*190 943 30 0*190 944 30 0*190 945 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 28900 09/11*190 946 35 0*192 947 35 0*196 947 35 0*201 946 40 0* 28900 09/11*191 946 35 0*193 947 35 0*196 947 35 0*201 946 40 0* *** *** 28905 09/12*208 944 40 0*215 944 40 0*224 946 40 0*234 951 40 0* 28905 09/12*207 945 40 0*215 945 40 0*224 946 45 1001*234 951 45 0* *** *** *** ** **** ** 28910 09/13*243 958 40 0*253 966 40 0*262 974 35 0*269 980 30 0* 28910 09/13*244 958 45 0*253 966 45 0*262 974 45 998*269 981 35 0* *** ** ** ** *** *** ** 28915 09/14*273 986 25 0*277 992 25 0*281 997 20 0*2861007 15 0* 28915 09/14*275 987 30 0*280 993 30 0*284 999 30 0*2881006 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ******* ** 28920 TS U.S. impact: 9/13/1936 - 10Z - 25.9N, 97.1W - 45 kt (Center of cyclone made landfall on Mexican coast with 45 kt intensity about 5 nmi south of the U.S. border). Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall near the Mexico/Texas border. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Texas Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956) and Ellis. September 9: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic. HURDAT does not list this cyclone on the 9th. No gales or low pressures. "A disturbance is noticed both in the southernportion of the Gulf of Mexico and in the Pacific between Cabo Corrientes andBaja California" (Mexican). September 10: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 19.5N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19N, 93.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The tropical cyclone over the Gulf ofCalifornia appears to be moving over the state of Sonora, decreasing inintensity and will dissipate in the next 24 hours" (Mexican). September 11: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 19.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.6N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 20N, 92W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 21.5N, 93W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Of only moderate intensity, this disturbance was first located by radio reports from the S. S. Tuxpan in 22N, 93W, at 1pm, EST , on the 11th, with ESE, force 7, barometer 29.80, and indications that a tropical storm had formed" (MWR). "The prevalent bad weather over the southernregion of the Gulf of Mexico has increased and strong thunderstorms are possible affecting the small boats in the Veracruz coast between Roca Partida and Punta Delgada" (Mexican). September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 22.4N, 94.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 25N, 95W (pm). Ship highlights: 15kt E with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.5N, 94.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The weather conditions remain unstable acrossthe southern region of the Gulf of Mexico likely causing strong thunderstormsacross the coasts of Veracruz and Tamaulipas" (Mexican). September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26.2N, 97.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 26N, 97W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 27N, 98W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt SE around ~08Z in the vicinity of 26N, 95W (MWR). Station highlights: 30 kt E at Brazos Santiago Pass (26.1N, 97.2W - MWR); 24 kt W (max w) at 1248Z and 1000 mb (min p - no time) at Brownsville (MWR, Texas Climatological Data); 30 kt (max w) at 1730Z at Corpus Christi (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1001 mb at Matamoros, Mexico (Mexican). "The S. S. Nemaha, at 26N, 95W, reported that the highest wind experienced was southeast, force 8, with lowest barometer 29.77 at 3am EST, September 13" (MWR). "Lower TX - minor (<74 mph)" (Dunn and Miller). "A tropical disturbance of slight intensity passed inland over the Texas coast a short distance south of Corpus Christi on September 13th. At Corpus Christi the maximum wind was 35 miles per hour from the east at 10:30 a. m. and the lowest barometer reading was 29.69 inches at 4 p. m. No damage was reported (Texas Climatological Data). "The cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico is makinglandfall to the north of Brownsville, Texas" (Mexican). September 14: HWM indicates no significant features were present near the Texas-Mexico border. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 20kt winds at 28.1N, 99.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 100W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt SE with 1010 mb at 12Z at San Antonio (HWM); 10 kt NW with 1006 mb at 12Z at Del Rio (HWM). "The cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico, almost dissipated, is located over the interior of the state of Texas, to the east ofthe city of Del Río" (Mexican). September 15: HWM indicates no significant features were present near the Texas-Mexico border. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone is estimated to have formed in the Bay of Campeche, based on the Mexican observations and one ship likely indicating a closed low, at 12Z on 9 September (18 hours earlier than originally). It is unclear as to the originating disturbance that lead to the development of this cyclone. HURDAT's original first point was at 06Z on the 10th as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 93.2W. The analyzed position at that time is 19.0N, 94.3W, indicating that the cyclone was drifting westward at 1 kt. The highest observed wind on the 9th and 10th was 15 kt and the lowest pressure was 1010 mb. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z-18Z on the 10th (down from 35 kt originally). On the 11th, pressures in the area were falling and winds were beginning to increase. The first 20 kt wind was at 01Z on the 11th, and the first 30 kt wind was at 18Z on the 11th. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on 11 September (18 hours later than originally). Aside from the track changes analyzed at 06Z-12Z on the 10th, the largest track change made for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime was only 0.3 degrees. On 12 September at 12Z, with the cyclone located near 22.4N, 94.8W, a ship measured a 1002 mb pressure with simultaneous 15 kt winds, and this observation occurred 8 nmi from the analyzed center and thus may have been in the RMW. A 1001 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th, and this value equals 45 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 12th (up from 40 kt originally). At 08Z on the 13th, as the cyclone was approaching the coastline near the Texas/Mexico border, a ship recorded a 35 kt gale. The lowest pressure reported by this ship was 1008 mb (with 30 kt winds). The cyclone made landfall at 10Z on 13 September at 25.9N, 97.1W (on the Mexican coast about 5 nmi south of its border with Texas). The cyclone was moving between NW and NNW at the time, and the data indicates that it passed in between Brazos Santiago Pass and Brownsville. Brazos Santiago Pass, located about 25 nmi east of Brownsville, recorded 30 kt E winds (likely near the time of landfall). Brownsville recorded a minimum pressure of 1000 mb at 12Z and maximum winds of 24 kt W at 1248Z. The positions at the points before and after landfall are unaltered. Based on the Brownsville data, a central pressure of 998 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z. Assuming a normal filling rate over land, it is estimated that the landfall central pressure at 10Z on 13 September may have been around 996 mb. Using this assumption, a 996 mb central pressure equals 54 and 50 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. The forward speed of the cyclone was 11 kt. Given the slow forward speed, a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 13th (up from 40 kt originally) and landfall. This 45 kt intensity is the analyzed peak intensity attained by the cyclone. The original peak intensity was 40 kt from 18Z on the 11th through 06Z on the 13th. The 45 kt winds are analyzed to have impacted Texas since the RMW likely occurred over the Texas/Mexico border at landfall. At 1730Z on the 13th, 30 kt winds occurred at Corpus Christi. The analyzed intensities at 12 and 18Z on the 13th are 45 and 35 kt, respectively (up from 35 and 30 kt originally). On 14 September at 12Z, observations from San Antonio and Del Rio, Texas indicate the circulation was still closed. The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 14th is 30 kt. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 14th (6 hr later than originally). No changes are made to the timing of dissipation with the last point remaining at 18Z 14 September; however, the intensity at the last point is increased to 25 kt (up from 15 kt originally). ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 15 - Revised 2012 28925 09/19/1936 M= 7 15 SNBR= 639 NOT NAMED XING=0 28925 09/18/1936 M= 8 15 SNBR= 639 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * The 18th is new to HURDAT 29827 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 597 30 0* 28930 09/19* 0 0 0 0*203 630 40 0*207 638 45 0*212 645 45 0* 28930 09/19*195 610 35 0*200 622 40 0*205 634 45 0*211 645 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 28935 09/20*219 654 50 0*230 667 60 0*239 678 65 0*245 685 70 0* 28935 09/20*218 656 50 0*225 667 60 0*233 678 65 0*241 685 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** 28940 09/21*251 693 75 0*257 700 80 0*263 708 85 0*271 712 90 0* 28940 09/21*249 691 75 0*257 695 80 0*265 699 85 0*270 703 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 28945 09/22*278 711 90 0*283 707 90 0*287 702 95 0*292 696 95 0* 28945 09/22*275 707 90 0*279 707 90 0*283 702 90 0*290 697 90 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 28950 09/23*298 691 95 0*305 687 95 0*316 684 95 0*330 684 95 0* 28950 09/23*297 691 90 0*304 687 85 0*311 684 85 0*324 684 80 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 28955 09/24*348 684 90 0*367 685 85 0*386 686 80 0*405 681 75 0* 28955 09/24*343 685 80 0*363 688 75 0*382 690 75 983*402 680 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 28960 09/25E423 669 75 0E445 650 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 28960 09/25E422 660 65 0E445 638 60 0E483 598 55 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** 28965 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 18: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 20N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 20.7N, 63.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Reports from the Leeward Islands and vessels to the northward gave some evidence of cyclone formation at about 21N, 63.5W at 7am of September 19" (MWR). September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 23.9N, 67.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24.5N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb and at 24.8N, 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Somewhat more definite cyclonic circulation was apparently centered at about 24N, 67.5W, at 7am of the 20th, with northwestward movement" (MWR). September 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.3N, 70.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 25.5N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 26N, 70.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt WNW with a pressure of 1008mb at 26.7N, 70.6W at 12Z (COA); 50 kt WNW with 1008 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 69.5W (HWM); 35 kt W with 1010 mb at 12Z at 26.8N, 70.3W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 21st, very rapid development took place with recurve to the north-northeastward" (MWR). September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 27.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 28.7N, 70.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 27N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 980mb and at 29.5N, 69.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt W with 1000 mb at 01Z at 27.2N, 71.0W (MWR); 45 kt SSW at 06Z at 27.5N, 70.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE with 997 mb at 12Z at 27.5N, 70.0W (COA); 70kt SSW with a pressures of 977mb at 28.9n, 69.8W at 17Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "As a fully developed hurricane of small diameter, it was centered close to 29N, 70W at noon on the 22nd . The S. S. Saramacca passed through the center of the disturbance on the 22nd at 28.9N, 69.8W with lowest barometer 28.86 at noon, ships time, and wind SSW, [force] 12" (MWR). September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 31.6N, 68.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 32N, 68.5W (am) and at 35N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt with a pressure of 1010mb at 29.5N, 66W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Near the point of recurve the hurricane moved slowly but its progressive speed increased on the 23rd" (MWR). September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 38N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 38.6N, 68.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 38N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 987mb and at 43N, 65W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt WNW with 986 mb at 12Z at 37.6N, 69.8W (HWM); 45kt N with a pressure of 992mb at 41.5N, 67.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By 7pm of the 24th it was approaching Nova Scotia. During the night it merged with another disturbance approaching from the westward" (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 49N, 59.5W. A cold front is plotted extending from 44N, 64W southwestward to 30N, 80W. HURDAT lists a final position at 06Z at 44.5N, 65.0W as a 70 kt extratropical cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 49N, 60.5W with a 996 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE with 996 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 63.6W (MWR); 45 kt SSW at 00Z at 41.6N, 64.6W (COA); 35 kt WSW with 1002 mb at 08Z at 43.5N, 63.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 30 kt SSW with 999 mb at 12Z at 48.3N, 57.0W (HWM). September 26: HWM analyses a frontal boundary east of Canada extending from 42N 52W to southwest of 35N 60W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone is estimated to have formed on 18 September at 18Z (12 hours earlier than originally) near 19.0N, 59.7W. A WNW wind at Dominica at 12Z on the 18th combined with other data on the 19th is evidence that a closed circulation existed on the 18th. The cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 18th (the highest wind on the 18th within a few hundred nmi of the system was 25 kt). On the 19th, wind shifts at the northern Leeward and Virgin Islands indicate the passage of the cyclone well to the north. Observations indicate that the cyclone steadily strengthened as it moved northwestward. The cyclone recurved around 00Z on the 22nd near 27.5N, 70.7W. All track changes implemented from the 19th - 22nd are less than 1 degree changes. For intensity, no gales or low pressures were observed until 21 September at 12Z when 50 kt was recorded with a 1008 mb pressure. Despite this, HURDAT lists this system originally as having become a hurricane on the 20th at 12Z and reaching 85 kt by the 21st at 12Z. Given that there was abundant data coverage between 100-200 nmi from the center but no observations very close to the center on the 19th and 20th, there is no sufficient justification for revising the intensity downward. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 19th (6 hr earlier than originally). No intensity alterations are made from 06Z on the 19th through the 21st. At 01Z on the 22nd, when the cyclone was at its recurvature point, a ship measured 50 kt with 1000 mb. At 17Z on the 22nd, with the system located near 29.0N, 69.7W, the peak observation for the entire lifetime of the cyclone occurred. A ship recorded a minimum pressure of 977 mb and recorded hurricane force winds. There is some potential conflicting information, however. First, the text says "28.86 inches" (977 mb), while the tables says "28.94 inches" (980 mb). Not knowing which is correct, we will go with the deeper value. MWR text states that the ship passed through the center. It also states, along with the MWR gale chart, that hurricane force winds were blowing at the time of the minimum pressure. (It may be the MWR sometimes uses "center" to refer to the inner core area of a hurricane, not just the eye.) A peripheral pressure of 977 mb yields a wind speed of at least 76 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone was moving a little slower than normal; however, the size the of the cyclone appears smaller than average. A 90 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 22nd (down from 95 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have first attained hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 21st (18 hours later than originally). A 90 kt intensity is the revised peak intensity of the cyclone from 12Z on the 22nd through 00Z on the 23rd (original peak intensity was 95 kt from 12Z on the 22nd through 18Z on the 23rd). Late on the 23rd, the cyclone greatly accelerated and was located near 38.2N, 69.0W by 12Z on the 24th. Therefore, the cyclone moved mainly due north since the 22nd. After 12Z on the 24th, the cyclone turned northeastward but maintained its fast forward velocity. The largest track change made from the 22nd - 24th was only six-tenths of a degree. On the 23rd, although there are about 10 observations less than 200 nmi from the center of the cyclone, the highest wind recorded was 35 kt observed simultaneously with 1010 mb (the lowest pressure measured for the day). The cyclone is analyzed to have begun weakening on the 23rd. At 18Z on the 23rd, the analyzed intensity is 80 kt (down from 95 kt originally). On the 24th at 12Z, a 986 mb pressure was recorded with winds of about 25 kt. Since this observation is very near the analyzed position, it is believed that this observation occurred inside the RMW. A 983 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 24th. This value yields 70 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Since the cyclone was moving fast and was still rather small in size, a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 24th (down from 80 kt originally). At 21Z on the 24th, ships recorded winds of 40-45 kt with simultaneous 992 mb pressures. No changes are made to the timing that the cyclone became extratropical (00Z on the 25th). The position at 00Z on the 25th is near 42.2N, 66.0W with an analyzed intensity of 65 kt (down from 75 kt originally). A ship at 00Z on the 25th recorded 50 kt with 996 mb (simultaneous observation). The revised track shows that the cyclone passed inland after becoming extratropical about 06Z on the 25th very near Halifax, Nova Scotia. No 06Z observation is available from Halifax. The analyzed intensity at 06Z on the 25th is 60 kt (down from 70 kt originally). HURDAT originally listed a final position at 06Z on the 25th, but observations at 12Z indicate that the cyclone accelerated and was still closed, and the revised HURDAT is extended by 6 hours. The analyzed final position at 12Z on the 25th is 48.3N, 59.8W as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1936 Storm 16 - Revised 2012 28970 10/09/1936 M= 3 16 SNBR= 640 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 28970 10/09/1936 M= 3 16 SNBR= 640 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 28975 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 913 35 0* 28975 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*203 913 35 0* *** 28980 10/10*196 915 35 0*197 916 35 0*198 919 35 0*192 928 35 0* 28980 10/10*202 915 35 0*200 917 35 0*198 919 35 0*192 923 35 0* *** *** *** *** 28985 10/11*182 928 35 0*174 928 30 0*167 928 25 0*162 927 20 0* 28985 10/11*183 927 35 0*175 928 30 0*167 928 25 0*160 927 25 0* *** *** *** *** ** 28990 TS Minor track alterations and minor intensity changes are implemented with this system. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps. October 9: HWM analyzes a cold front extending from 30N, 88W to 24N, 91W, and HWM also analyzes a spot low near 14.5N, 85.5W. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.3N, 91.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Heavy rains were reported on the morning of October 9 at Payo Obispo and Cozumel Island. The 8pm map of October 9 showed a definite circulation over the Gulf of Campeche and the pressure at Merida had fallen to 29.70 inches, representing a 24-hour pressure fall of 0.08 inch, while pressure had risen slightly on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. The reports at hand indicated that the disturbance was just forming and was probably central near Campeche" (MWR). "The pressures remain low over Yucatan and in the Pacific without a defined disturbance center" (Mexican). October 10: HWM analyzes a stationary front extending from 30N, 87W to 22N, 92W, and HWM also analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.8N, 91.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1006 mb at 01Z at Merida, Mexico (MWR); 1005 mb at 12Z at both Merida and Progreso (HWM); 25 kt WNW with 1009 mb at 12Z at Coatzacoalcos, Mexico (HWM). "Observations from the vicinity of the disturbance are inadequate to determine the exact course of the center; it appears to have moved south-southwestward across the Bay of Campeche and inland a short distance east of Frontera on October 10" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico, until now of moderate intensity, is located about 175 to 200 km to the northeast of Puerto Mexico moving to the west or west-northwest. Dangerous shipping situation for the coast of Veracruz" (Mexican). October 11: HWM analyzes a stationary front extending from 27N, 84W to 23N, 89W to 20N, 91W, and HWM also analyzes a spot low near 14.5N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 16.7N, 92.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1006 mb at Tapachula (HWM). "The cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico apparently dissipated near Campeche" (Mexican). No changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone. No changes are made to the 35 kt intensity at genesis, which occurred at 18Z on 9 October. The position at genesis is moved a degree to the north of the original position, and this track change constitutes the largest track change made for the entire lifetime of the system. A 1006 mb pressure at Merida, Mexico at 00Z on the 10th was 2.7 mb lower at that station than 24 hours earlier, which is one of the important pieces of evidence of the existence of this tropical cyclone. On the 10th at 12Z, the original HURDAT position and intensity are not changed. A ship observation of 1014 mb with a 15 kt SW wind at 19.7N, 90.7W might be out of place or a bad observation (of either the wind or the pressure). If that is the case, then there is not definite evidence that a closed circulation existed. However, since there are not many observations on the Mexican coast at stations between Frontera and Merida, there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist, so the system is not removed from HURDAT. Although there were no observed gales for the entire lifetime of the system, the pressure falls at Merida and other observations are enough to keep this system in HURDAT. The cyclone, which had started out moving southwestward, began to curve toward a southward motion. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 10 October at 22Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.6N, 92.6W (near or just east of Frontera, Mexico). The cyclone apparently accelerated due southward because there was a large 24 hour pressure fall at Tapachula on the Pacific coast from the 10th to the 11th. Because of this, the original HURDAT track appears reasonable; there is no evidence to counteract the original HURDAT track. The only intensity change made for the entire lifetime of the system is to raise the intensity from 20 to 25 kt at the final point in HURDAT- 18Z on the 11th. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, and the revised position at the final point. It should be noted that the evidence for retaining this system as a tropical storm is somewhat slim, but the observations are not sufficient to demonstrate that it should be removed. ******************************************************************************* 1936 #17 - Addition in 2012: 28970 12/02/1936 M=15 17 SNBR= 641 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 28975 12/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E270 270 40 0E280 275 40 0* 28975 12/03E288 280 40 0E295 285 40 0E300 290 40 0E304 294 40 0* 28975 12/04E307 297 40 0E308 301 40 0E310 305 40 0E313 311 40 0* 28975 12/05*317 320 40 0*322 331 40 0*326 341 45 0*330 350 45 0* 28975 12/06*333 357 50 0*336 361 50 0*339 364 55 0*338 370 55 0* 28975 12/07*333 380 55 0*322 397 55 0E310 420 50 0E297 440 50 0* 28975 12/08E284 458 50 0E271 475 50 0E260 490 50 0E252 500 50 0* 28975 12/09E244 505 45 0E237 508 45 0E230 510 40 0E223 513 40 0* 28975 12/10E216 517 40 0E209 521 40 0E205 525 35 0E207 528 35 0* 28975 12/11E210 531 35 0E213 535 35 0E217 540 35 0E220 550 35 0* 28975 12/12E223 560 35 0E226 570 35 0E230 580 35 0E237 590 35 0* 28975 12/13E245 600 35 0E254 610 35 0E262 620 35 0E269 628 35 0* 28975 12/14E276 634 35 0E283 637 35 0E290 635 35 0E299 628 40 0* 28975 12/15E310 615 40 0E323 600 45 0E340 580 50 0E363 550 50 0* 28975 12/16E400 510 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* This is a new tropical storm added into HURDAT based upon observations from the Historical Weather Maps, COADS, and Monthly Weather Review. November 28: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1015 mb near 29N 26W with a dissipating cold front extending east-northeast from the periphery of the low. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1019 mb at 12Z at 35.7N 33.2W (COADS, HWM). November 29: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 25N 36W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE with 1017 mb at 10Z at 31.4N 42.4W (COADS); 35 kt NE with 1016 mb at 12Z at 31.6N 41.8W (COADS, HWM). November 30: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 23N 36W. No gales or low pressures. December 1: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N 40W. No gales or low pressures. December 2: HWM analyzed an open low near 24N 30W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE with 1014 mb at 09Z at 30.5N 18.5W (COADS); 35 kt ESE at 12Z at 30.3N 18.8W (COADS); 35 kt ESE with 1012 mb at 21Z at 29.5N 19.5W (COADS). December 3: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 27N 27W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. No gales or low pressures. December 4: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 29N 29W with a dissipating cold front to its north. Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1015 mb at 12Z at 36.3N 25.9W (COADS); 35 kt ENE with 1007 mb at 18Z at 35.5N 30.5W (COADS). "A disturbed condition, which appeared over the eastern Atlantic near the twenty-fifth meridian at about 30N, on December 4, pursued an unusual course and attained considerable force on the 7th in the mid-Atlantic" (MWR). December 5: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 29N 32W. Ship highlights: 30 kt W with 1000 mb at 18Z at 32.5N 35.5W (COADS); 35 kt NNE with 1005 mb at 18Z at 34.5N 35.5W (COADS); 35 kt ENE with 1008 mb at 22Z at 34.5N 34.5W (COADS). "A fairly well developed cyclonic wind circulation existed at 7 a. m. of the 5th" (MWR). December 6: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 32N 37W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with 996 mb at 18Z at 33.0N 34.0W (MWR); 30 kt W with 1003 mb at 02Z at 31.5N 36.5W (COADS); 35 kt ENE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 37.0N 33.2W (COADS). "Reports do not clearly show its movement from the 6th to the 7th (dotted portion of track [in chart XI]), and the center shown by observations on chart X may have been a fresh development.. Progressing in a northwesterly direction during the next 24 hours, this disturbance was centered near 33N and 35 1/2W at 7 a. m. (e. s. t.) of December 6. On the morning of that day, it appeared to be moving into a LOW trough which extended to the north-northwestward toward Julianehaab, Greenland; but due to the southwesterly trend of high pressure, which had overspread the northern portion of the Atlantic Ocean, its course was directed more to the westward" (MWR). December 7: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1000 mb near 30N 47W with a stationary front just northwest of the cyclone's center. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 1142Z at 32.7N 49.4W (MWR); 45 kt N with 1013 mb at 12Z at 37.2N 48.2W (COADS); 30 kt SE with 1001 mb at 12Z at 33.5N 46.3W (COADS). "High winds accompanied by rain were also experienced on the 7th by vessels near the center of the disturbance at latitude 32N and 47W (chart X)" (MWR). December 8: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1000 mb near 26N 50W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE with 1008 mb at 12Z at 26.0N 56.0W (MWR); 10 kt ENE with 1002 mb at 06Z at 23.4N 44.0W (COADS); 50 kt N with 1015 mb at 20Z at 25.5N 58.5W (COADS). "The disturbance was then moving south-southwestward" (MWR). December 9: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 22N 50W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N with 1016 mb at 00Z at 25.5N 57.5W (COADS); 35 kt NE at 12Z at 25.5N 52.8W (COADS); 30 kt N with 1000 mb at 15Z at 22.5N 51.5W (COADS). "Its subsequent course to the south-southwestward carried it to low latitudes (apparently south of the twentieth parallel) on the 9th, after which it recurved and moved northwestward before dissipating on the 12th. Pressure attending this disturbance was unusually low for the latitude and season; and the interruption of the trade winds over a considerable area was noted in many vessel weather reports. During this time the Atlantic anticyclone was well developed, but lay north and east of its usual position...During the period of recurve on December 9 and thereafter until the disturbance dissipated on the 12th near 25N 53W, ships' reports do not indicate that there were any winds of gale force" (MWR). December 10: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 21N 52W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE with 1017 mb at 08Z at 29.5N 53.5W (COADS); 35 kt ENE at 11Z at 30.5N 52.5W (COADS); 20 kt ESE with 1000 mb at 07Z at 24.5N 49.5W (COADS). December 11: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 22N 55W. No gales or low pressures. December 12: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N 59W. No gales or low pressures. December 13: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 26N 62W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW with 1002 mb at 00Z at 26.5N 59.5W (COADS). December 14: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 29N 64W with a cold front reaching the northwest portion of the cyclone. No gales or low pressures. December 15: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 34N 62W with a warm front extending northeast and a warm front south from the cyclone. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW with 1013 mb at 12Z at 31.7N 55.5W (COADS); 35 kt S with 1020 mb at 12Z at 29.3N 55.2W (COADS, HWM). December 16: HWM analyzed a low of at most 980 mb near 50N 36W with a warm front extending southeast and a cold front extending south from the cyclone. HWM and COADS indicate that a low existed from 2 - 16 December, and it traveled over a large portion of the Atlantic Ocean during its lifetime. There were some indications that a broad low was present as early as 28-29 November, but this feature could not be analyzed on the 30th of November and 1st of December due either to lack of observations or that the system was simply not present on those dates. Genesis is begun at 12Z on the 2nd of December, as a cyclone was continuousl present from that time onward. While initially the low did not possess strong frontal features; however, the low was a large occluded cyclone and thus is categorized as extratropical. The initial motion of the system was toward the west-northwest as it gradually acquired more tropical characteristics. There were 3 gales of 35 kt observed in association with the cyclone on the 2nd, and all are estimated to have occurred 400-500 nmi from the center of the low. On the 4th of December, 4 gales of 35 kt were observed from 2 separate ships between 12Z - 22Z. The last 2 of these were observed simultaneously with pressures of 1007 and 1008 mb between 150-225 nmi from the analyzed position in an area of large synoptic pressure gradient. On the 5th and 6th, the low was smaller than on the previous days and it is analyzed that the system became a tropical cyclone around 00Z on the 5th. (It is likely, if satellite imagery were present in 1936, that this system would have been classified as a subtropical storm. The first formal useage of the subtropical cyclone was begun in 1968.) The low continued moving west-northwestward at a slower rate of speed, and late on the 5th, when located near 33N, 35W, 2 gales of 35 kt from the same ship were recorded at 18Z and 22Z about 125-150 nmi from the center. The first of those gales was observed simultaneously with a 1005 mb pressure. A separate ship somewhat closer to the center recorded winds of 30 kt with 1000 mb at 18Z. 1000 mb peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 44 kt from the Brown et al north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the slow forward speed at this time, an intensity of 45 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 5th. At 18Z on the 6th, a ship reported 50 kt winds simultaneously with 996 mb pressure. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 50 kt from north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and an intensity of 55 kt is analyzed. This is also the peak intensity of the cyclone. A cold front, which had been approaching from the west, collided with the low on 7 December around 12Z and the system is judged to have again become extratropical at that time. On the 8th, the cyclone again occluded and moved southwestward until the 19th, reacing 20N - a latitude quite far south for cyclones in December. On the 8th through the 9th, several gales were observed but the were all 200-400 nm from the center - consistent with the system being an occluded low that is gradually spinning down. The cyclone moved west-northwestward from the 10th to the 13th. The highest winds observed in association with the cyclone on the 11th and 12th were 30 kt. On 14 December, the low was turned north-northwestward due to the effects of a new approaching cold front from the west. Ship observations do indicate that the cyclone reintensified some late on the 14th and 15th through baroclinic processes. The low recurved on the 14th and 15th and rapidly accelerated toward the northeast. The cyclone became absorbed into a larger, more powerful extratropical low to the north-northeast after 00Z on the 16th. ******************************************************************************* 1936 additional notes: 1) The May MWR tracks of lows, HWM, and COADS indicate that a broad elongated trough/frontal zone was located in the west-central Atlantic on 8 May. By 9 May, a closed low had formed, and although the temperature gradient across the low had weakened, the asymmetric wind structure indicates that the low still possessed frontal characteristics on the 9th and 10th. By the 11th, the fronts dissipated, but the low had weakened by then, and the highest wind observed from the 11th onward was only 20 kt. There was one gale of 35 kt on the 10th about 10 degrees longitude east of the center; other than that, no gales or low pressures were observed for the entire lifetime of this low. The data also indicates that this system likely was never a tropical or subtropical cyclone. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 8 32N 63W Elongated frontal zone May 9 33N 66W Extratropical May 10 33N 68W Extratropical May 11 31N 69W Weak low May 12 27N 68W Weak low/trough May 13 Dissipated 2) MWR P. 185, ships in the MWR May gale table, HWM, and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed late on 20 May east of 23N, 71W, which is the position on the 21st. On the 21st at 00Z, 30 kt ESE was observed from a ship at 23.0N, 67.3W, while 40 kt NNE with 1010 mb was observed at 25.4N, 74.0W. The 00Z position on the 21st was likely near 22N, 70W. The 40 kt ob, which occurred at 00Z ob the 21st, is the peak ob for the entire lifetime of this system but occurred about 290 nmi from the analyzed position in a region of high synoptic pressure gradient. A few more gales of 35 kt were observed on the 22nd, but all were located to the north in the high synoptic pressure gradient region. Available observations suggest that the cyclone may have made landfall in Cuba on the 22nd. After that, the track of the system becomes somewhat less certain. On the 23rd and 24th, the best tool for continuing to follow this system is looking at 24-hour pressure changes at stations and ships in similar locations. On the 25th and the 26th, a circulation is detectable over the western Gulf of Mexico (on the 25th) and inland in Texas (on the 26th). It is not certain that the system located near 23N, 71W on the 21st is the same low at the circulation inland in Texas on the 26th, but the analysis indicates it is likely the same system. During the lifetime of this system, observations confirm a closed circulation exists on the 21st and again on the 26th, but observation south of a possible center are lacking on most of the days in between. Since the gales mostly occurred to the north in the high pressure gradient region between the cyclone and a high over the mid-Atlantic region of the US, this system is not added to HURDAT at this time. If the 40 kt ship on the 21st would have been a little closer to the center, this would have been enough evidence to add this into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 21 23N 71W Tropical depression May 22 22N 78W Tropical depression May 23 21N 84W Tropical depression May 24 22N 92W Tropical depression May 25 24N 95W Tropical depression May 26 30N 98W Tropical depression 3) HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a cyclone occurred in early June in the north-central Atlantic Ocean. While the system occluded, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the system became a tropical cyclone. June 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 40.5N, 44.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW at 00Z at 35.5N, 41.5W (COA); 35 kt S with 1004 mb at 06Z at 37.4N, 42.4W (COA); 50kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at 42.7N, 42.6W at 20Z (MWR). June 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 39.5N, 41.5W. Ship highlights: 50kt ENE at 41.3N, 42.3W at 6Z (COA). June 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 39N, 41W. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a pressure of 1013mb at 40.7N, 44W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt NNE with 1007 mb at 14Z at 39.4N, 42.4W (COA). June 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 36N, 44.5W. June 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 37N, 46.5W. An elongated, baroclinic low pressure system, which had occluded, was moving slowly eastward in the central Atlantic on the 2nd. The system is begun as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 00Z on 2 June at 40.0N, 43.0W. Temperatures on the 2nd and were rather cool and the structure was extratropical. At 20Z on the 2nd, a ship recorded a wind of 50 kt, and another 50 kt wind was recorded at 06Z on the 3rd. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 2nd, and a peak intensity (during the extratropical stage) of 55 kt is analyzed from 00-06Z on the 3rd. The cyclone moved little on the 2nd and the 3rd. On the 3rd, there was still a front extending southward from the cyclone, but the front was weakening, and temperatures on the 3rd around the cyclone were warming and were becoming more isothermal. By the 4th, the wind structure was much more symmetric and the fronts were gone. A few gales of 35 kt were the highest winds recorded on the 4th. Although there was still a slight temperature gradient from north to south across this symmetric low, the system began to have some tropical characteristics around 18Z on 3 June at 40.3N, 41.9W with a 50 kt intensity. On the 4th, the cyclone moved very slowly southward, and on the 5th, the cyclone moved slowly southwestward. The system steadily weakened from 50 kt early on the 4th to 35 kt by 18Z on the 5th, and the analyzed position at 18Z on the 5th is 37.3N, 43.5W. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 30 kt at 12Z on the 6th and dissipated after 18Z on the 6th with a final position of 37.0N, 46.2W. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 2 40N 42W Extratropical Low Jun 3 40N 42W Extratropical Low Jun 4 39N 42W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone? Jun 5 38N 43W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone? Jun 6 37N 46W Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone? 4) The June MWR tracks of lows and COADS indicate that a weak low moved northward and then recurved northeastward in the western Atlantic from 6-8 June. No gales were recorded, and the highest wind observed was 25 kt. One low pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 12Z on the 6th. Although this system could have been a tropical depression, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 6 29N 70W Possible tropical depression/weak low Jun 7 34N 68W Possible tropical depression/weak low Jun 8 37N 65W Possible tropical depression/weak low 5) MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical wave which moved through the Greater Antilles on 23-25 June caused more than 12 deaths along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic on 24 June. MWR states that on June "24th vessels and airplanes south of the Dominican Republic reported squally conditions, but no cyclonic development was detected. The chief of Meteorological Service at Santo Domingo reports that squalls were accompanied by heavy sea swells that caused the death of 12 fishermen in small boats. A few lives were also lost at San Pedro de Macoris [Dominican Republic] as a result of heavy seas. The British freighter Baron Ogilvy went aground at the mouth of the Nizao River and was a total loss" (MWR). The COADS data reveals 3 observations of 35 kt gales with this system (from 2 ships) between June 23 at 16Z - June 24 at 12Z. There is only one observation with a westerly component- 5 kt SSW with 1015 mb at 16Z on the 23rd at 13.5N, 62.5W. This observation is likely too far south of be considered part of the system and is not good enough for evidence of a closed circulation. Since evidence of a closed circulation does not exist, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 23 Tropical wave along 64W Jun 24 Tropical wave along 69W Jun 25 Tropical wave along 74W 6) MWR and Connor indicates that a tropical low traveled through the Bay of Campeche for over 36 hours moving west-northwest and moving inland over Mexico. HWM did not indicate a closed low, but showed very low pressures to 1006 mb from a ship in the Bay of Campeche on the 12th, and the same reading from Tampico, Mexico on the 13th. All sources including COADS contained no gales and agree that the lowest pressure was 1006 mb. They do not agree, however, that this was a closed low. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS July 11 Open trough? July 12 21N, 94W Tropical depression? July 13 22N, 98W Tropical depression? 7) A medium-sized, isolated extratropical low intensified in the northeastern Atlantic on 19-20 September. There were numerous gales of 35-45 kt observed and low pressures as well. It is meandered moving little from the 19th - 22nd, temperatures gradually warmed into the lower 70s around the low as winds began to decrease and the system began to weaken on the 21st. Even though there were still some gales observed after temperatures began to modify, this system never possessed the structure of a tropical cyclone and appears to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 18 46N 37W Extratropical Sep 19 37N 27W Extratropical Sep 20 35N 30W Extratropical Sep 21 36N 29W Extratropical Sep 22 38N 25W Extratropical Sep 23 Absorbed 8) HWM and MWR indicate that a low, not necessarily closed at any point before the 29th, broke off of a weak, eastward moving cold front on the 26th in the Atlantic waters east of Florida. The low slowly moved westward across the central Florida peninsula then turned north moving over the panhandle of Florida. After that, it accelerated northeastward emerging back into the Atlantic waters after passing over Delaware, clipping Nantucket Island, and passing through the Canadian Maritimes. It became extratropical on the 29th, about the time of landfall on the Florida panhandle, when the next front came along, and an occluded front formed with the low embedded in the front. There were no gales with this system and the lowest pressure before becoming extratropical was 1006 mb at Apalachicola, FL early on the 29th (MWR). Prior to that, Tarpon Springs, FL recorded winds of 30 kt in association with this cyclone (MWR). Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 25 Front Sep 26 Open low (still attached to front) Sep 27 28N 78W Tropical depression Sep 28 28N 83W Tropical depression Sep 29 30N 85W Extratropical Sep 30 34N 83W Extratropical Oct 1 40N 73W Extratropical 9) An elongated low in the northeastern Atlantic associated with a frontal system moved southward on 12 October and became less elongated. It moved southwestward to 25N, 43W by 14 October and was no longer frontal. On the 12th, it was definitely a closed low, but also definitely contained an extratropical structure. Gales of 35 kt were observed on the north side on the 12th and 13th and on the northwest sides on the 14th associated with a strong synoptic pressure gradient. By the time the system became less frontal on the 14th, it was an occluded low, and by the 15th, it become very elongated once again. This system never attained the structure of a tropical cyclone, and thus it is not added to HURDAT. Sources utilized for this suspect were HWM, COADS, and the MWR October table of gales. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 12 32N 33W Extratropical Oct 13 29N 33W Extratropical Oct 14 25N 43W Broad low/trough Oct 15 26N 46W Broad low/trough 10) HWM and MWR suggest that a tropical wave east of Florida became a tropical depression for a period of 12 to 24 hours late on the 23rd and early on the 24th before becoming extratropical and being carried off to the northeast by a front. There were no gales associated with this system, and the lowest observed pressure was 1011 mb on the 24th. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 22 Open wave Oct 23 Open wave Oct 24 32N 74W Tropical depression Oct 25 36N 65W Extratropical 11) HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a cyclone occurred from 6-9 November, 1936 over the central Atlantic. November 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT did not previously list this system. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE with 1016 mb at 12Z at 23.1N, 48.8W (COA, HWM); 35 kt ESE with 1011 mb at 15Z at 21.5N, 48.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1009 mb at 19Z at 21.5N, 48.5W (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1007 mb at 23Z at 22.5N, 47.5W (COA). November 7: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. November 8 HWM analyzes an open trough with greatest isobaric curvature near 22N, 61W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 9: HWM analyzes an open trough with greatest isobaric curvature near 25N, 63W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N with 1010 mb at 00Z at 22.4N, 64.5W (COA). A ship, which moved from near 22.5N, 49.5W at 11Z on the 6th to near 18.5N, 44.5W at 23Z on the 7th reported wind speed, direction, and pressure every 4 hours for that 36-hour period. The ship's pressure fell 7 mb in 12 hours, and four gales - all of 35 kt - were recorded from this ship between 11Z-23Z on 6 November. The lowest pressure recorded by this ship was 1007 mb (simultaneous with 35 kt winds at 23Z on the 6th). The wind shifted, and then 10 kt southwesterlies eventually became 10 kt westerlies well after the ship passed near the disturbance. The pressure rose 7 mb in a 20-hour period when the ship continued to move farther away from the system. Data from this ship suggests that a tropical storm may have formed. Although data near the center is lacking on the 7th and 8th, observations in the periphery are numerous enough to keep monitor the position of the system. The cyclone moved rather quickly west-northwestward. At 00Z on 9 November, a ship recorded 35 kt N with 1010 mb at 22.4N, 64.5W. A short time series of the ship that produced the observation at 00Z on the 9th reveals that the system may still have possessed a closed circulation. Observations at 12Z on the 9th indicate that the wind structure was beginning to become less organized and the cyclone was weakening. Dissipation occurred after the 10th, as no further trace of the system was present after that date. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 6 20N 45W Open Wave/Low? Nov 7 21N 51W Open Wave/Low? Nov 8 22N 61W Open Wave/Low? Nov 9 24N 65W Open Wave/Low? *************************************************************************************************** 1937 Storm 1 - Revised in 2012 30175 07/29/1937 M= 5 1 SNBR= 665 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 30180 07/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 843 40 0*274 834 40 0* 30180 07/29*265 857 25 0*270 847 30 0*274 839 40 0*278 833 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 30185 07/30*284 824 40 0*293 813 40 0*301 801 35 0*313 789 35 0* 30185 07/30*283 825 45 0*292 813 40 0*301 802 35 0*311 792 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 30190 07/31*326 778 40 0*333 772 45 0*342 764 45 0*360 744 60 0* 30190 07/31*321 783 40 0*331 774 50 0*342 765 55 997*360 744 60 996* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 30195 08/01*379 716 60 0*396 692 55 0*411 668 50 0*425 648 45 0* 30195 08/01E379 716 60 0E396 692 55 0E411 668 50 0E425 648 50 0* * * * * ** 30200 08/02*438 643 40 0*452 645 35 0*465 652 30 0*471 661 25 0* 30200 08/02E438 643 45 0E452 645 40 0E465 652 35 0E476 659 30 0* * ** * ** * ** **** *** ** 30205 TS U.S. landfall: 7/29/1937 - 22Z - 28.1N, 82.8W - 55 kt - FL U.S. close approach: 7/31/1937 - 15Z - 35.1N, 75.6W - 60 kt (max analyzed winds on NC coast 60 kt while max intensity of TC also 60 kt as center passed just offshore Cape Hatteras) - NC Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed. A major change is made to add an extratropical phase for the last two days of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Florida and North Carolina Climatological Data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Connor (1956). July 28: HWM analyzed a stationary front over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of lows first shows a position in the evening (00Z 29th) near 25N, 85W. No gales or low pressures. July 29: HWM shows a stationary front that extends into the middle of the Gulf of Mexico with no signs of any closed circulation or low pressure center at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.2N, 84.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center near 27N, 85W in the morning and over Tampa near 28N, 82.5W in the evening. Ship highlights: 52kt SW with 1003mb at 27.9N, 83.1W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: 44kt SW (max w) at Tampa (41 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at 2334Z (MWR). "During July 29 radio reports from the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico, off the Florida coast, indicated the existence of a minor tropical disturbance with gentle cyclonic circulation and slight barometric depression. A special report, however, later received by mail from American steamer Mariana, going from Tampa toward New Orleans, showed that some storm development had occurred during the morning of the 29th. As the disturbance moved toward the coast, an estimated wind velocity of 40 to 45 miles an hour occurred at Egmont Key, at the entrance of Tampa Bay, at about 3pm, barometer 29.85. The disturbance crossed the west Florida coast north of Tampa late in the afternoon, moving northeastward. The heaviest rainfall, 8.88 inches in 24 hours, was reported at Clearwater." "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - July 29 - N of Tampa - Minor" ("Minor" has winds <74 mph, pressure >996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Many stations reported rather heavy falls [of rain] the 29-30th in connection with the minor tropical disturbance which crossed Florida on those days. This disturbance, in an initial stage of development crossed the west coast line over Pinellas and northern Hillsboro Counties during the late afternoon of the 29th. Barometer readings of 29.80 inches were reported from Tampa and Clearwater. A maximum wind velocity of 50 miles per hour was recorded at Tampa, while estimates of 60 miles were reported from several other places in that area. The storm was of small area and very brief, lasting about three hours. Winds in excess of 30 miles per hour continued at Tampa from 5 p. m. to 7 p. m. Clearwater reported a rainfall of 8.88 inches... Except for some road washing at Clearwater and a slight fruit loss in Pinellas County, very little damage resulted from the storm in Florida" (Florida Climatological Data). July 30: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb embedded in a stationary front over the northeast coast of Florida near 29N, 81W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 30.1N, 80.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center near 29.5N, 80.5W with 1014mb in the morning and at 31.5N, 79W in the evening. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "In crossing Florida, according to Gordon E. Dunn, forecaster on duty at the Weather Bureau office at Jacksonville, 'the storm speedily lost intensity in wind and rainfall passed into the Atlantic near Daytona Beach about 4am attended by about a 20-mile wind and very little rain.' No gales were reported during the day" (MWR). The storm speedily lost intensity and passed into the Atlantic near Daytona Beach around 4 a. m. on the 30th, attended by about a 20-mile wind and very little rain" (Florida Climatological Data). July 31: HWM indicates an extratropical low with extending warm and cold fronts and at most 1010mb centered near 35.5N, 75.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 34.2N, 76.4W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 33.5N, 76.5W with a pressure of 999mb in the morning and an evening position of 38N, 71W. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE with 997 mb at 1330Z at 34.3N, 76.6W (MWR); N wind of unknown speed with 996 mb at 19Z at 36.1N, 74.1W (MWR); 60kt NNW with 1002mb at 36.8N, 73.9W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: 57kt NW (max w) (59 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) and 1000mb (min p) at Hatteras around ~14Z [max w not necessarily simultaneous with min p) (MWR). "At 7:30am, the storm was centered a short distance southwest of Hatteras, continuing northeastward at a speed of about 20 miles an hour, which was almost two times its progressive rate of the 30th. During the forenoon its center passed very close to Hatteras, where the maximum wind velocity, from the northwest, was at the rate of 65 miles an hour, lowest barometer 29.53 inches" (MWR). "During the following night [30th] it redeveloped, and passed a short distance off Cape Hatteras during the forenoon of the 31st"(Florida Climatological Data). August 1: HWM shows an extratropical low with an occluded front extending from it with a pressure of at most 1015mb centered near 41N, 67.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 41.1N, 66.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning near 41N, 77W with a pressure of 1007mb and an evening position of 44N, 65W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1004 mb at 00Z at 37.7N, 70.8W with 40 kt recorded after that (MWR); 30kt NNW with 1001mb at 41.5N, 67.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt W with 1004mb at 40.9N, 65.3W at 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved toward Nova Scotia, the coast of which it crossed late of August 1." August 2: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone centered over Eastern Canada near 47N, 66W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt at 46.5N, 65.2W at12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the low in the morning near 46.5N, 65W with a pressure of 1011mb and an evening position of 47.5N, 69W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW with 1012 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 63.5W (COA); 35kt SW at 41.5N, 64W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "...and [it] dissipated over the lower St. Lawrence Valley during the night of August 2-3" (MWR). This cyclone likely formed as a partial result of some vorticity left over by a weakening stationary front located over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 12Z on 29 July as a 40 kt tropical storm, but observations indicate that a weak closed circulation existed by 00Z on the 29th. The cyclone is begun 12 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally, which is consistent with both the MWR tracks of lows and the track shown in Connor (1956). The analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 29th is 25 kt. At 1130Z on 29th, a ship recorded a 35 kt SE gale with a 1011 mb pressure. The analyzed position at 12Z is about 40 nm WSW of that ship, which is also more than 1.2 degrees NNE of the original HURDAT position. The 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th is unchanged. A 30 kt intensity is assigned for 06Z. Therefore, no change is made to the timing that the cyclone became a tropical storm. The cyclone moved in a direction between ENE and NE and approached the west coast of Florida. Later on the 29th at 20Z, a ship located approximately 15 nm west of St. Petersburg/Clearwater recorded 52 kt (60 mph converted) SW with a simultaneous 1003 mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb suggests winds of greater than 38 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure wind relationship. A 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z (up from 40 kt originally). The cyclone made landfall with an analyzed position of 28.1N, 82.8W (near Palm Harbor north of Tampa) with a 55 kt intensity at 22Z on the 29th. The lowest pressure recorded at Tampa was 1009 mb at 2325Z and the highest wind recorded there was 44 kt SE (41 kt max wind after converting to 1-min and 10m) at 2334Z. The cyclone was responsible for 9 inches of rain that fell in Clearwater, FL during a 24-hr period. The cyclone moved northeastward and accelerated. It was over Florida from 22Z on the 29th through 07Z on the 30th when it emerged into the Atlantic just north of Daytona Beach. There were no gale force winds observed on the 30th from any land stations or ships, and commentary strongly suggests that the system weakened significantly while over land. The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 00Z on the 30th is boosted slightly to 45 kt (given the system was over land for two hours from the 55 kt landfall intensity), and the 06Z intensity is unchanged from the 40 kt originally. At 06Z on the 31st, a ship recorded a 45 kt wind, and the analyzed intensity is 50 kt (up from 45 kt originally). It is noted that the Historical Weather Maps analyzed the cyclone as frontal on the 31st (and 30th). However, inspection of the temperature gradient across the system shows a weak (~5 F) temperature change near the center with a fairly symmetric wind/pressure structure. Thus on the 30th and 31st the system is retained as a tropical cyclone. At 1130Z, a ship recorded a 50 kt NW wind and two hours later, this ship record 5 kt SE with a 997 mb pressure. This observation is analyzed as a center fix. A central pressure of 997 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z. A 997 mb central pressure equals 49 and 53 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationships. The cyclone is analyzed to have made its closest approach to Cape Hatteras around 15Z on 31 July, where the minimum pressure was 1000 mb and the maximum wind was 57 kt NW (59 kt after converting to 1-min 10m). The analyzed track shows the center passing less than 10 nm off the coast of Cape Hatteras. Later, around 19Z, ship data indicates a central pressure of 996 mb, and a 60 kt wind was recorded by a ship at 20Z with a simultaneous 1002 mb pressure. A 996 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z, and this yields 55 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone, however, was small and fast-moving. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 31st (up from 45 kt originally). A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z (no change to HURDAT). A 60 kt intensity is also analyzed for the close approach to North Carolina, which occurred around 15Z, and 60 kt winds are analyzed to have occurred on the coast of the North Carolina Outer Banks. (It is possible that the system was a hurricane at the time of the closest approach to North Carolina. It may be that the strong winds in Hatteras on the normally weak side of the cyclone are an indication of extratropical transition going on. Thus without explicit confirmation of hurricane intensity, the reanalysis peaks the intensity at 60 kt - the same as that shown originally in HURDAT.) The cyclone continued northeastward, passing well off of Nantucket, MA on 1 August, but then it turned northward and made landfall in Nova Scotia after 00Z on the 2nd. No changes are made to the original HURDAT positions from 00Z on 1 August through 12Z on 2 August. No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity on the 1st from 00Z-12Z. The peak intensity of 60 kt from 18Z on the 31st through 00Z on the 1st is unchanged from HURDAT originally. HURDAT originally never listed this cyclone as becoming extratropical; however, the cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 00Z on 1 August with a 60 kt intensity. The introduction of an extratropical phase is a major change. After the extratropical cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia with 45 kt winds, it made a turn to the NNW and dissipated after 18Z on 2 August (no change to timing of dissipation) while located over northern New Brunswick. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 2 - Revised in 2012 30210 08/02/1937 M= 7 2 SNBR= 666 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30210 08/02/1937 M= 8 2 SNBR= 666 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 30215 08/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*228 735 35 0* 30215 08/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*228 755 25 0* *** ** 30220 08/03*238 761 35 0*244 764 35 0*251 767 35 0*259 769 35 0* 30220 08/03*236 759 30 0*243 762 30 0*249 765 30 0*256 767 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 30225 08/04*267 770 35 0*275 771 35 0*283 771 35 0*290 771 35 0* 30225 08/04*264 769 35 0*271 770 35 0*280 771 35 0*289 771 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30230 08/05*296 771 40 0*303 770 40 0*312 768 40 0*323 763 45 0* 30230 08/05*298 771 35 0*307 770 35 0*317 768 40 0*326 762 40 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 30235 08/06*335 755 45 0*345 747 50 0*354 738 50 0*364 731 50 0* 30235 08/06*335 752 45 0*344 743 50 0*354 735 50 0*361 729 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30240 08/07*374 723 50 0*390 710 50 0*406 688 45 0*416 674 45 0* 30240 08/07*371 722 55 0*385 712 55 0*399 694 55 0*410 678 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30245 08/08*422 662 40 0*427 650 40 0*429 639 35 0*435 605 35 0* 30245 08/08*418 664 50 0*424 651 45 0*426 637 40 0*426 623 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** The 9th is new to HURDAT 30247 08/09*428 611 30 0*429 602 30 0*432 597 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 30250 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. A major change is made to delay the time the cyclone first attained tropical storm intensity by one day. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review. August 2: HWM does not yet show a closed low but suggests the presence of a weak trough near 75W just north of the Greater Antilles. HURDAT starts the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.8N, 73.5W at 18Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening estimate of 23.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At 8pm (EST) observation of the August 2 evidence pointed to the existence of a slightly disturbed condition central near 24N, 76W"(MWR). August 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 25N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.1N, 76.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 26N, 77W with a pressure of 1014mb and an evening position of 27N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1018 mb at 06Z at 26.0N, 74.2W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "There was squally weather in the locality of the northern Bahamas on the morning of the 3d accompanied by a weak cyclonic circulation, and a slight depression of the barometer central east-northeast of Nassau" (MWR). August 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 27.5N, 77W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 28.3N, 77.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 28N, 77.5W and a pressure of 1010mb and an evening position of 29.5N, 77W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 27.3N, 74.5W (HWM); 25 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 21Z at 30.5N, 75.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 4th the slow northward movement of the low continued, with the center approximately 250 miles off the northeast Florida coast. Its intensity increased only slightly during the day, but the winds, though generally light, continued squally, with local winds of force 6, the highest reported" (MWR). August 5: HWM shows a developing low with pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 32N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 31.2N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 31.5N, 76W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 34N, 75W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 32N, 76W (HWM); 35 kt E around ~21Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 5th the low with center 175 miles east of the South Carolina coast, had contracted somewhat in size, but with little or no increase in general intensity" (MWR). August 6: HWM shows an elongated closed low stretched northeast to southwest with a pressure of at most 1015mb centered near 33N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 35.4N, 73.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 35N, 74W and in the evening at 38N, 72.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE with 1010 mb at 01Z at 34.6N, 74.0W (MWR); 50 kt SE at 0730Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 6th, the disturbance, although continuing to be shallow, increased wind energy. The storm was centered at 8am (EST) of the 6th approximately 100 miles east of Hatteras, moving northeastward. At 8pm, it had reached a point about 200miles east of the Virginia Capes, covering a small area as a closed circulation, but strengthening the winds for a considerable distance in the direction of the high pressure area adjoining it to the eastward" (MWR). August 7: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 38.5N, 70.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 40.6N, 68.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 40N, 69.5W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 41N, 68W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE with 1009 mb at 0230Z at 37.6N, 71.4W (MWR); 50 kt SE with 1006 mb at 40.2N, 67.9W at 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 7th the center lay southeast of Nantucket, with no winds higher than force 7 reported from the regular observing hour" (MWR). August 8: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 41.5N, 64W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 46.5N, 65.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 42.5N, 64W with a pressure of 1007mb and in the evening killing the system at 44N, 61W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 41.2N, 65.8W at 04Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The lowest reported barometer in connection with this disturbance was 29.67 (1005mb), read on the American Steamer American Trader, wind south-southwest, force 9, at 11:30pm, of the 7th, at 41.3N, 65.8W. During the 8th the disturbance lost energy while passing to the east-northeastward south of Nova Scotia and had practically dissipated near Sable Island before the regular morning observation of the 9th" (MWR). August 9: HWM analyzed a trough with lowest pressure in the vicinity of 43N, 60W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 06Z at 42.4N, 59.1W (COA); 15 kt W with 1006 mb at 08Z at 42.4N, 60.4W (COA). A trough was present near/just north of the Greater Antilles near 70W on 1 August and near 75W on 2 August. Observations indicate that the timing of genesis of 18Z on the 2nd in HURDAT is reasonable and thus is retained. The initial position at 18Z on the 2nd is moved 2 degrees west of the original position - a major change, and the HURDAT intensity at that time is reduced from 35 to 25 kt. The intensity is analyzed at 30 kt from 00-12Z on the 3rd. The cyclone moved northward through the Bahamas from genesis through early on the 4th until it moved north of the Bahamas. On the 4th, although the highest observed wind is 25 kt and the lowest available pressure observation is 1010 mb, the wind structure appears much better defined on this day, and there are not many observations near the center, so it possible that the cyclone was stronger on the 4th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on the 3rd (24 hr later than originally - a major change). No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt at all times from 18Z on the 3rd through 18Z on the 4th. By the 5th the cyclone was near 32N, 77W, and by the 7th was moving northeastward near 40N, 69W. All track changes from the 3rd - 6th of August are half of a degree or less. The largest intensity change made from the 3rd through the 6th was just 5 kt. The first gale in association with this system was around ~21Z on 5 October - a 35 kt E wind from a ship. A ship recorded a wind of 50 kt at 0730Z on the 6th. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 5th and a 50 kt intensity is analyzed beginning at 06Z on the 6th (not changed from HURDAT originally). On the 7th at 12-18Z, the position is moved about 0.7 degrees SW of the original HURDAT position and the intensity is bumped up from 45 to 50 kt. On the 17th two separate ships observed 50 kt, neither being in the likely strong quadrant of the storm. Intensity is boosted to 55 kt on the 17th, the new peak intensity for the system (up from 50 kt originally). On 8 August, the cyclone turned toward the ENE and then toward the east south of Nova Scotia, so it never made landfall. The cyclone did not accelerate either, and it did not become extratropical, in agreement with the original HURDAT. A west-southwestward track adjustment of nearly 2 degrees was implemented at 18Z on the 8th in accordance with observations (HURDAT showed an unrealistic acceleration between 12-18Z). HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on the 8th as a 35 kt tropical storm. Observations indicate that although the low continued to weaken early on the 9th, moving slowly east-northeastward as a 30 kt tropical depression before dissipation occurred after 12Z on the 9th. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 3 - Revised in 2012 30255 08/24/1937 M=10 3 SNBR= 667 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 30260 08/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 607 35 0*188 624 35 0* 30260 08/24 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 610 30 0*182 621 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 30265 08/25*193 637 35 0*198 646 35 0*203 655 35 0*208 665 35 0* 30265 08/25*189 631 35 0*196 641 35 0*203 651 35 0*208 662 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30270 08/26*214 674 35 0*219 683 35 0*224 692 35 0*229 702 35 0* 30270 08/26*214 673 35 0*219 685 35 0*224 697 35 0*229 708 35 0* *** *** *** *** 30275 08/27*235 712 35 0*240 725 35 0*244 739 35 0*246 747 35 0* 30275 08/27*235 718 35 0*240 728 35 0*244 737 35 0*245 745 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 30280 08/28*247 753 35 0*247 769 35 0*250 781 40 0*253 782 40 0* 30280 08/28*245 752 35 0*245 759 35 0*245 765 40 0*248 771 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30285 08/29*258 783 40 0*263 785 40 0*268 787 45 0*274 790 45 0* 30285 08/29*255 777 40 0*262 782 40 0*268 786 45 0*275 789 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30290 08/30*280 793 50 0*284 797 50 0*288 805 50 0*292 817 45 0* 30290 08/30*281 792 50 0*286 797 55 0*290 805 60 0*293 817 50 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 30295 08/31*296 829 35 0*301 841 30 0*305 852 30 0*310 861 25 0* 30295 08/31*296 829 45 0*301 841 40 0*305 852 35 0*310 861 35 0* ** ** ** ** 30300 09/01*314 869 25 0*320 879 25 0*327 890 25 0*335 903 25 0* 30300 09/01*314 869 30 0*319 879 30 0*323 888 25 0*329 897 25 0* ** *** *** *** *** *** 30305 09/02*343 913 25 0*348 919 25 0*353 925 25 0*359 932 25 0* 30305 09/02*336 906 20 0*342 913 20 0*348 920 20 0*355 927 20 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30310 TS U.S. landfall: 8/30/1937 - 14Z - 29.1N, 80.9W - 60 kt Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Florida Climatological Data, and the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Meteorological Service. August 23: HWM does not analyze any features of interest near or east of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM does not analyze a low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.3N, 60.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 20N, 60W and in the evening at 20.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1012 mb at 16Z at 17.5N, 60.5W (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 17.2N, 62.6W (HWM). "On the 24th a depressed area, not yet established as an enclosed low, appeared northeast of the Leeward Islands in the morning and north of them at the evening observation, thus indicating it to have a west-northwest bearing" (MWR). August 25: HWM shows signs of a tropical wave in the vicinity of the northern Leeward Islands but with no closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds 20.3N, 65.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 21N, 65W and in the evening at 21.5N, 68W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE with 1007 mb at 08Z at 21.5N, 62.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM does not analyze a low or trough. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.4N, 69.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 22N, 70W and in the evening at 23N, 72.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 25th and 26th the disturbed condition, still showing immature circulation and lack of strong winds, continued to advance toward the west-northwest, and by 8pm of the 26th was north of Turks Island" (MWR). August 27: HWM shows signs of a tropical wave in the vicinity of the eastern Bahamas, but no closed low is analyzed at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.4N, 73.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 24N, 74W and in the evening at 26N, 76W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1011 mb at 21Z at 25.6N, 74.1W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At 8pm of the 27th it was over the eastern Bahamas, attended by winds no stronger than light to moderate squalls" (MWR). August 28: HWM shows a broad closed low of at most 1010mb centered near the north coast of Cuba at 22N, 77W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 25.0N, 78.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 24.5N, 78.5W with a pressure of 1009mb in the morning and an evening position being given at 25.5N, 79W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE with 1005 mb [might possibly be biased ~2 mb too low] at 12Z at 24.9N, 75.5W (HWM); 35kt S near ~25.6N, 74.3W around ~21Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 28th the weather continued squally as on the preceding day, though the disturbed area had widened over a region central near, but slightly north of Nassau, and with little evidence of cyclonic circulation to be observed" (MWR). August 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 26.8N, 78.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 27N, 79W and in the evening at 28.5N, 79.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 00Z in the general vicinity of ~27N, 74W (MWR); 50kt SE with 1007mb at 23Z at 28.6N, 78.6W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the 29th the disturbance, moving northwestward, was central at 8pm off the middle east coast of Florida attended by increasingly squally weather and a slight fall in barometer" (MWR). August 30: HWM shows a trough at 12Z near north-central Florida. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 28.8N, 80.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 29N, 80.5W with a pressure of 1006mb and an evening position of 30N, 83W. Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 00Z at 28.5N, 78.7W (MWR); 40kt SE with 1009mb at 0930Z at 30.0N, 80.3W (MWR); 35 kt NE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 80.3W (COA). Station highlights: 995mb at Daytona Beach (MWR, Connor); 43-52 kt at Ormond Beach (29.3N, 81.0W) (Connor). "At 7:30am(EST) of August 30 the center of the disturbance then turning more toward the west was near the extreme northeastern Florida coast. The following description of the history of the storm as it affected the coast and mainland of Florida, is quoted from the report of Mr. Grady Norton, forecaster on duty at Jacksonville: The center of the storm passed inland on the east Florida coast moving in a northwesterly direction about 9am to 10am on August 30 in the vicinity of Ormond Beach, attended by gales of 50 to 60 miles per hour over a stretch of the coast extending roughly from New Smyrna to St. Augustine. The lowest pressure reported was 29.38 inches (995mb), by the Coast Guard at the northern end of Daytona Beach and may not represent the lowest experienced. No lives were lost on this stretch of the coast, but considerable minor property damage occurred to communication lines and electric wires, and also to some buildings and other flimsy structures. A good many trees were blown down on wires and across highways, causing temporary delays in traffic. The storm was very small in diameter but rather intense for its size, and was remarkably persistent after passing inland. Although it gradually lost intensity, it caused some damage to power lines at Lake City, FL, more than 100 miles from where it entered land from the Atlantic, and heavy rains and squalls persisted on through the northwestern counties in Florida causing considerable damage by flooding and washing out of roads and bridges. As the storm went inland, exceptionally high tides were reported northward along the upper Florida and Georgia coasts" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug 30-31 - Northeast coast - Minor - 15 sailors drowned Panama City" ("Minor" - winds <74 mph, pressure >996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "A tropical disturbance, very small in diameter, moved west-northwestward across the Florida coast about 9 a. m. of the 30th in the vicinity of Ormond Beach, attended by gales of 50 to 60 miles per hour between New Smyrna and St. Augustine. No lives were lost in this section, but considerable minor property damage occurred to communication lines and electric wires, and also some to buildings and flimsy structures. Although this storm gradually lost intensity, it caused some damage to power lines at Lake City more than 100 miles inland from the Atlantic" (Florida Climatological Data). August 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 24.5N, 84.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 30.5N, 85.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 30.5N, 85.0W with a pressure of 1013mb and in the evening at 31.5N, 87W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 24 kt S at Apalachicola, FL (MWR, Connor). "Heavy rains and squalls persisted through the 31st in the northwestern counties, resulting in considerable damage by the flooding and washing out of roads and bridges. It is indicated that these heavy squalls caused the sinking of the SS Tarpon off Panama City with the loss of possibly 15 lives" (Florida Climatological Data). September 1: HWM analyzes a trough but not a closed low at 12Z near southern Louisiana and Mississippi. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 32.7N, 89.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 33N, 88W with a pressure of 1011mb and in the evening at 34N, 90W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "In Alabama, on September 1, heavy rains over the southern part of the State caused damage to crop and other property estimated in reports as amounting to possible millions of dollars" (MWR). September 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 35.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows only gives a morning position of 36N, 92W and a pressure of 1010mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10 kt SE with 1011 mb at Memphis, TN at 12Z (HWM). A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed on 24 August at 12Z (no change to the timing of genesis), as observations indicate that a closed low had formed near the Leeward Islands at that time. Data was obtained from 21-23 August east of that location, but no closed circulation could be found. It is possible that a weak closed circulation existed before that time, but even when the cyclone came into an area of more observational coverage on the 24th, it was weak. There were only a couple of observations with westerly wind components for the first four days from 24-27 August, though it is enough to keep the system in HURDAT those days. The center is analyzed to have passed just north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 24th and 25th moving west-northwestward. All track changes from the 24th through the 27th are 0.8 degrees or less. The intensity is lowered from 35 kt to 30 kt at 12-18Z on the 24th. On the 25th, there were a couple of 30 kt observations and a 1007 mb pressure observed, so the 35 kt intensity listed in HURDAT originally is not changed. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 25th (12 hours later than originally). On the 26th and 27th, no changes are made to the intensities, though the limited observations available suggest that the system had weakened below tropical storm force intensity. On the 28th, when the cyclone was in the Bahamas, it turned northwestward and moved in this direction before turning back to the west-northwest on the 30th right before it made landfall in northern Florida. HURDAT originally showed a sharp north-northwestward turn on the 28th, but this kink is smoothed out, and the track adjustments are supported very well by observations. The largest track adjustment implemented for the entire lifetime of the cyclone was a 1.6 degree east-southeastward adjustment at 12Z on 28 August. After that, the cyclone is analyzed to have made a more gradual northwestward turn so that by 12Z on the 29th, there is virtually no change to the original HURDAT position. On the 28th at 12Z, a ship plotted on the HWM map reported a 1005 mb pressure, but this pressure might be biased about ~2 mb too low by analyzing its position relative to other ships on the August 27 and August 28 HWM maps. However, at 21Z on the 28th, the first gale was recorded in association with this cyclone - 35 kt. The analyzed intensity of 25 kt at 12Z on the 27th is increased to the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt at 06Z on the 28th. Since a ship reported winds of 50 kt on the 29th at 23Z, no changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 06Z on the 28th through 00Z on the 30th (when a 50 kt intensity is shown). The cyclone made landfall at 29.1N, 80.9W, near Daytona Beach, FL at 14Z on 30 August. The highest wind observed was in the range of 43-52 kt at Ormond Beach (29.3N, 81.0W) and the lowest observed pressure was 995 mb at Daytona Beach (29.2N, 81.0W). Commentary and observations indicate that although the 995 mb value may not have been a central pressure, it was likely slightly above the actual central pressure. A 995 mb peripheral pressure yields winds of at least 52 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Damage descriptions and impacts indicate that the cyclone was certainly a high-end tropical storm and might have been a minimal hurricane strength at landfall. A 60 kt intensity is chosen for the 14Z landfall and for 12Z on the 30th (up from 50 kt originally). A peak lifetime intensity of 60 kt is analyzed on 30 August from 06Z-14Z (an increase from the 50 kt peak in HURDAT originally from 00-12Z on the 30th). Although the cyclone came close to emerging over water into the Gulf of Mexico around 00-06Z on the 31st, it stayed over land. Peak 5 min winds at Apalachicola were 24 kt S sometime on the 31st and qualitative indications of heavy squalls continued on that date. (Lowest pressure for the month at Apalachicola was 1011 mb on the 28th, not in association with this cyclone.) Based upon the impacts over water, it now analyzed that the cyclone maintained tropical storm intensity through late on the 31st with these winds likely occurring only over the water. Weakening to a tropical depression is now indicated for 18Z on the 31st, 18 hours after that shown originally. After that, the depression continued moving west-northwestward and then northwestward, traveling through southern Alabama, central Mississippi and Arkansas, where it was located on 2 September. The track is adjusted southeastward by slightly over half a degree from late on the 1st through the 2nd. No intensity changes are made on the 1st, but the 25 kt intensity listed on the 2nd is lowered to 20 kt because the system was extremely weak and the highest observed wind that day was 15 kt. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on 2 September, as the low became a weak open trough after that. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 4 - Revised in 2012 30315 09/09/1937 M= 6 4 SNBR= 668 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30320 09/09*174 545 60 0*190 546 65 0*194 547 70 0*198 550 70 0* 30320 09/09*179 545 45 0*183 550 50 0*187 554 55 0*193 557 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30325 09/10*202 552 70 0*206 555 75 0*210 557 75 0*216 560 75 0* 30325 09/10*199 560 65 0*205 563 70 0*210 567 70 0*216 571 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 30330 09/11*223 565 80 0*230 570 80 0*238 575 80 0*248 580 80 0* 30330 09/11*223 575 80 0*231 580 80 0*240 585 80 0*251 591 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30335 09/12*259 586 80 0*267 590 85 0*277 595 85 0*295 606 85 0* 30335 09/12*262 596 80 0*274 600 85 0*287 604 85 0*301 610 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 30340 09/13*315 620 80 0*332 631 75 0*350 640 75 0*374 647 70 0* 30340 09/13*316 619 75 0*332 629 70 0*350 638 65 0*374 646 60 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 30345 09/14*401 652 60 0*428 654 55 0*457 654 35 0*481 652 25 0* 30345 09/14*401 652 60 0E428 654 55 0E455 656 45 0E481 654 35 0* * **** *** ** * *** ** 30350 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. A major change is made to add an extratropical phase at the end of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review. September 6-8: HWM does not analyze a closed low on any of these days. HURDAT does not yet list a system on these days. Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW with 1012 mb on the 6th at 12Z at 12N, 46W (HWM); 25 kt NNE on the 6th at 23Z at 15.5N, 50.5W (COA); 20 kt S on the 7th at 03Z at 15.5N, 50.5W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1013 mb on the 7th at 18Z at 18.5N, 54.5W (COA). No ships in the area on the 8th. "As early as September 6 disturbed conditions existed in the vicinity of 14N, 44W, but it was not until the 9th that a more positive development was reported" (MWR). September 9: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 19.5N, 56.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 19.4N, 54.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives no position estimate because it is outside the map boundaries. Ship highlights: 30kt S with 1004 mb at 19.0N, 55.0W at 12Z (MWR, HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 21.5N, 57W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.0N, 55.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 22N, 57W with a pressure of 997mb and in the evening near 23N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with 1009mb at 20.5N, 53.5W at 00Z (COA); 50kt NNE with 995mb at 21.5N, 57.2W at 14Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 22Z at 24.4N, 57.3W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 59W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 23.8N, 57.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning near 23N, 58W and in the evening near 26.5N, 58.5W. Ship highlights: 45kt NE with 1008mb at 25.5N, 59.5W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 59.7W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of 11th the storm center was approximately at 24N, 57.3W moving north-northwestward. During the remainder of the 11th and through the 12th, on the night of which the storm passed east of Bermuda, little is known of the storm's intensity beyond that indicated by a few ships which reported moderate to fresh gales well outside the center. September 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 61W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 27.7N, 59.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning near 29N, 59W and in the evening near 31N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE with 1010 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 61.3W (COA); 30 kt ESE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 59.2W (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered just north of Bermuda near 34N, 64W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 35N, 63W with 992mb and in the evening near 39.5N, 65W. Ship highlights: 40kt N with 992 mb at 33.8N, 63.3W at 07Z (MWR); 40kt SSE around ~18Z near ~38.9N, 62.3W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM shows the system as an extratropical low with a short occluded front and extending warm and cold fronts with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 46N, 70.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 45.7N, 65.4W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 46N, 65W with a pressure of 998mb and an evening position of 51N, 66W and continuing the system northward for two more days until it reaches 70N where it reaches a minimum low pressure of 991mb off the eastern coast of central Baffin Island. Ship highlights: 50kt SSW with 992mb at 43.3N, 64.8W at 05Z (MWR); 35-40 kt NE at 07Z near ~42.5N, 65.8W (MWR); 30kt NNW with 992mb at 42.8N, 65.8W at 09Z (MWR). Station highlights: 998mb at Eastport, ME (44.9N, 67.0W) at 12Z (MWR). "During the 13th and 14th the storm, then progressing almost due northward, showed little change in depth. At 8am of the 14th the center, after crossing western Nova Scotia, passed near Eastport, Maine, where the barometer read 29.48 inches (998 mb). Thereafter the disturbance moved rapidly northward across New Brunswick and at 8pm of the 14th lay over the lower St. Lawrence Valley" (MWR). September 15: HWM shows a large complex extratropical low pressure system covering eastern Canada. A tropical cyclone formed from an easterly wave that may have been located near the Cape Verde Islands on 4 September. HURDAT originally began this system at 00Z on the 9th as a 60 kt tropical storm. Additional data was obtained between that location and the African coast from 4-8 September. Although there is some evidence that at least a wave tracked westward at about 6 degrees/day from 4-8 September from the Cape Verde Islands to the location on the 9th, along with a 10 kt SSW wind on the 6th and/or 7th, there is not nearly enough evidence of a closed circulation prior to the first point in HURDAT to extend the genesis backward in time. A time series of the ship that reported the 10 kt SSW wind indicates it had just crossed the ITCZ moving from north to south and was likely not close to where a cyclone would have been at that time. However, at least 3 separate ships show significant wind shifts on 6-7 September within 5 degrees or less of where a system could have been, so there clearly was at least a strong tropical wave. There were no ships within several hundred miles of where the developing system would have been located on the 8th of September. On the 9th, a ship's wind shifted from E at 08Z with a 1006 mb pressure to 30 kt S at 12Z with a 1004 mb pressure. Based mainly on that data, track changes as large as 0.8 degrees are implemented on the 9th. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z on the 9th yields a wind speed greater than 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The magnitude of the wind shift and pressure changes experienced by this ship during the 4-hour period indicates the ship was likely less than 1 degree from the center. In fact, according to the path taken by the ship and the analyzed track, the ship passed about 20 nmi from the center at closest approach sometime between 08Z-10Z, and at 12Z, they are analyzed to be only 30 nmi apart. Based on this, the HURDAT intensity is reduced by 15 kt from 00-12Z on 9 September. A 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 9th (down from 70 kt originally). The cyclone moved slowly north-northwestward from the 9th through the 11th, and it accelerated in the same direction late on the 12th and 13th. It passed well east of Bermuda early on the 13th. On the 10th-11th, the positions are adjusted about 1 degree to the west of the original HURDAT positions, and on the 12th from 00-12Z, 1 degree northwestward track adjustments are implemented. By the 13th, track changes are very tiny - 0.2 degrees or less. The peak observation for the entire lifetime of the cyclone occurred on the 10th at 14Z - 50 kt NNE with 995 mb from the ship Winamac at 21.5N, 57.2W. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields winds greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The ship's wind shifted from NNE at 14Z to 40 kt SSW at 16Z. The minimum pressure value experienced by Winamac is unknown, but the wind shifts experienced suggest the ship passed close to the center. An intensity of 70 kt is analyzed beginning at 06Z on the 10th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 10th (18 hours later than originally). HURDAT originally indicated that the cyclone continued to slowly strengthen to an 80 kt intensity by the 11th. The highest observed wind on the 11th is 45 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1008 mb that day. At 12Z on the 11th, 2 or 3 different ships reporting winds of 35-45 kt with a 1008 mb pressure were located at distances of 75-105 nmi from the analyzed center. A time series from one of these ships that reported once every 6 hours shows a rather large wind shift from ESE at 06Z to NE at 12Z to NNW at 18Z. On the 12th, there are no observations of any gales or low pressures, and this is the day the original HURDAT shows the peak lifetime intensity of 85 kt. The two ships on the 12th that recorded winds of 30 kt - one with 1010 mb and the other with 1014 mb - were 125 and 150 nmi from the analyzed center, respectively. Because of the somewhat sparse nature of the observations, no changes are made to the intensity from 18Z on the 10th through 12Z on the 12th. Thus the peak in intensity of 85 kt on the 12th is retained. The next important observation occurred at 07Z on the 13th when a ship recorded 40 kt N with 992 mb at 33.8N, 63.3W. A peripheral pressure of 992 mb indicates winds greater than 56 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. It is evident from observations on the 13th as well as on earlier days that this cyclone was small. A 70 kt intensity is analyzed on the 13th at 06Z (down from 75 kt originally). The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 13th (6 hours earlier than originally). On the 14th, the cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia at about 08Z; however, prior to landfall, ships south of there near the center recorded some important observations between 05Z-09Z. The ship Darcoila recorded 50 kt SSW with 992 mb at 05Z at 43.3N, 64.8W and the Ship Cryus reported a max wind of 40 kt and a min pressure of 992 mb as the winds shifted from NE to NNW between 07Z-09Z near 42.8N, 65.8W. Due to the system becoming baroclinic with well-defined frontal boundaries, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical at 06Z on the 14th. HURDAT previously did not list an extratropical phase so the addition is a major change. No changes are made to the positions or intensities on the 14th from 00-06Z. At 12Z, the cyclone was located between Eastport, ME and Halifax, NS, but closer to Eastport, where a 998 mb pressure was observed at 12Z. The timing of dissipation (after 18Z on the 14th) is not changed as the cyclone either merged with a frontal system or elongated and was no longer closed after that time. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 30351 09/10/1937 M= 3 5 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30352 09/10* 0 0 0 0*313 655 35 0*325 664 40 0*335 675 45 0* 30353 09/11*348 686 50 0*360 699 50 0*372 709 55 0*384 707 60 0* 30354 09/12E409 690 60 0E437 660 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30354 TS HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the northwestern Atlantic from 10-12 September. September 9: HWM analyzes an E-W frontal boundary along 31N between 57W-82W. HURDAT does not list this system. No gales or low pressures. "On the evening of the 9th a moderate cyclonic circulation was indicated to the southwestward of Bermuda" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 33.5N, 65.5W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward from the low. The MWR tracks of lows shows a 00Z position near 28N, 68W and a 12Z position near 31N, 67.5W with a 1006 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 16Z at 35.5N, 64.5W (COA); 45 kt NE with 998 mb at 21Z at 35.5N, 68.5W (COA). Land/station highlights: 25 kt S with 1008 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM). September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N, 71W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 41N, 68W. A warm front extends eastward from the triple point and a dissipating cold front extends southeastward from the triple point, and then southward. HWM analyzes another closed low centered near 44N, 81W of at most 1000 mb. The MWR tracks of low shows a 00Z position near 33N, 69W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 71W with a 1002 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 997 mb at 00Z at 34.5N, 67.5W (COA); 45 kt N with 994 mb at 12Z at 37.3N, 72.3W (COA); 50 kt W with 988 mb at 17Z at 36.4N, 70.8W (MWR); 50 kt SE with 990 mb at 21Z at 39.5N, 68.5W (COA). "The center traveled first toward the north-northwest, then northward till by the morning of the 11th it was a well-developed low near the 70th meridian in the latitude of Cape May, N.J." (MWR). September 12: HWM analyzes a single, closed, elongated low centered in the general vicinity of 50N, 67W, suggesting that the two lows mentioned in the September 11 paragraph had merged. This low had an array of occluded, stationary, warm, and cold fronts in its vicinity, according to the HWM analysis. The MWR tracks of lows shows a 00Z position near 42.5N, 69.8W and a 12Z position near 50N, 66W with a 992 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with 986 mb at 02Z at 40.3N, 67.6W (MWR); 40 kt SSE with 993 mb at 03Z at 41.6N, 66.2W (MWR); 35 kt S with 1002 mb at 04Z at 41.5N, 65.5W (COA). Early on 10 September, a low originated from a dissipating frontal boundary, and it is estimated that a tropical cyclone formed at 06Z on 10 September south of Bermuda. Data from a ship at 21Z on the 10th and 00Z on the 11th indicate the compact nature of the cyclone and that any temperature gradient across the low was less than 5 degree F. This ship also measured winds of 45 kt coincident with a 997 mb pressure at 00Z on the 11th. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb yields winds greater than 49 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure wind relationship, and greater than 53 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for 06Z on the 10th increasing to 50 kt by 00Z on the 11th. The tropical storm was moving northwestward from genesis until its recurvature point, which occurred at 12Z on 11 September south of New England. At 12Z on the 11th, a ship west of the center measured 45 kt N with 994 mb, and temperatures across this compact cyclone were still isothermal. At 17Z on the 11th, a ship recorded 50 kt W with 988 mb. A peripheral pressure of 988 mb yields winds greater than 65 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Since the highest wind recorded during the lifetime of this cyclone was 50 kt and since the structure was more of a subtropical cyclone and that it was in the process of becoming extratropical, a 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 11th. As the cyclone moved northeastward, staying about 100 nmi offshore of Nantucket, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 12th east of New England with a 60 kt intensity. Another extratropical low approaching from the west quickly dragged the extratropical remnant of the tropical cyclone into its circulation on 12 September. The analyzed final point for the cyclone before it was absorbed is at 06Z on 12 September as a 50 kt extratropical low at 43.7N, 66.0W. If satellite imagery were available in 1937, it is likely that this system would have been classified as a subtropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 6 (originally Storm 5) - Revised in 2012 30355 09/13/1937 M= 7 5 SNBR= 669 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30355 09/13/1937 M= 8 6 SNBR= 669 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 30360 09/13* 0 0 0 0*163 560 40 0*170 570 40 0*173 573 45 0* 30360 09/13* 0 0 0 0*170 564 40 0*173 568 40 0*175 572 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30365 09/14*176 575 50 0*179 578 55 0*184 580 65 0*191 583 70 0* 30365 09/14*178 575 50 0*182 578 55 0*187 580 65 0*193 582 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** 30370 09/15*198 583 75 0*204 582 80 0*210 578 85 0*214 567 85 0* 30370 09/15*200 579 90 969*207 577 110 951*214 574 110 955*217 567 110 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30375 09/16*218 556 90 0*220 548 90 0*223 540 95 0*236 527 95 0* 30375 09/16*218 556 105 0*219 544 105 0*221 533 105 0*231 526 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30380 09/17*252 522 95 0*264 521 95 0*277 520 95 0*292 519 95 0* 30380 09/17*247 521 100 0*263 518 100 0*277 515 95 0*292 512 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30385 09/18*312 515 95 0*335 511 90 0*360 503 90 0*387 491 85 0* 30385 09/18*311 509 95 0*334 503 95 0*358 495 95 0*383 489 90 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30390 09/19*411 479 80 0*432 468 75 0E452 458 70 0E467 450 65 0* 30390 09/19*408 482 90 0*433 475 85 0*457 465 80 967E475 450 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** The 20th is new to HURDAT 30392 09/20E495 415 65 0E515 380 55 0E535 347 50 0E555 313 50 0* 30395 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Major changes are also analyzed to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 12: HWM shows a broad trough east of the Lesser Antilles. No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 18N, 57W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.0N, 57.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows does not give an estimate on the system until the evening of the 14th. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNW with 1011 mb at 12Z at 19.0N, 58.5W (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM indicates with uncertainty that there is a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 20N, 57.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 18.4N, 58.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening position estimate at 19N, 57W. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with 1007mb at 21.5N, 59.5W at 16Z (COA); 60 kt SE with 1001 mb at 20.2N, 57.3W at 17Z (MWR); 40kt NE with 973mb at 20.0N, 58.0W at 23Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A tropical storm of near hurricane intensity when earliest reported appeared near midday of the 14th near 20N, 57W" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a deepening system with at most 1005 mb near 21N, 56.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.0N, 57.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 20.5N, 57.5W with a pressure of 958mb and in the evening at 22N, 57W. Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with 955mb at 5Z at 20.6N, 57.8W (MWR); 30kt NE with 958mb at 21.5N, 57.5W at 11Z (MWR); 35 kt NE with 1005 mb at 22.0N, 58.0W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The storm appeared to be moving slowly during the [15th], at first in a northerly, then in a northeasterly to east-northeasterly direction." September 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 21.5N, 54.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 22.3N 54.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 22.5N, 53W and in the evening at 24N, 52W. Ship highlights: 60kt NE with 996mb at 22.5N, 54.0W at 12Z (MWR/HWM); 45kt SE with 1013mb at 27.0N, 47.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At the morning observation of the 16th no very low barometer was in evidence, but near hurricane winds continued. During the afternoon of the 16th the storm took a north-northeast course" (MWR). September 17: HWM shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 28N, 51W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 27.7N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 27N, 51W and in the evening at 30N, 50W. Ship highlights: 60-70kt SE-NE-NW with 969mb at 26.8N, 51.7W at around 9Z (MWR); 40kt NE with 985mb at 27.5N, 52.0W at 12Z (MWR); 50kt SSW with 1005 mb at 25.8N, 49.1W at 12Z (COA); 35kt SE with 1013mb at 27.8N, 45.7W at 18Z (COA); 35kt S with 1015mb at 30.5N, 45.5W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Early in the morning of the 17th, according to a report received at Bermuda, the Norwegian motorship Teddy passed very close to the center, in about 26 deg 50' N., 51 deg 40' W., with barometer 28.60 and winds of force 11 to 12 shifting from southeast to northeast and northwest, with heavy rain and seas. Later, at morning observation of the 17th, the French S.S. Carimare, near 27 ½ deg N., 51 ½ deg W., had a north wind of force 9, barometer 29.50, and close by to the eastward a ship (name not reported) had a gale of like force from the northeast, barometer 29.09. The storm at that time was centered close by and moving rapidly northward" (MWR). September 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 35N, 51W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 90kt winds at 36.0N, 50.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 35N, 49.5W with a pressure of 966mb and in the evening near 40.5N, 48W. Ship highlights: 70kt NNW with 966mb at 34.2N, 50.0W at 9Z (MWR); 35kt W with 995mb at 33.8N, 50.3W at 12Z (COA); 65kt SE with 1003mb at 35.5N, 47.9W at 12Z (COA/HWM); 45kt SE with 1007mb at 39.1N, 47.8W at 12Z (COA); 70kt SE with 1000mb around ~15Z in the vicinity of ~35.0N, 48.0W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 18th the cyclone appeared to have gathered energy. By night of the 18th the hurricane, then moving on a north-northeast course was centered near 40N, 49W" (MWR). September 19: HWM shows a large system with a pressure of at most 985mb at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm with 70kt winds at 45.2N, 45.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 44N, 45W with a pressure of 966mb and in the evening at 49N, 41W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW with 985 mb at 12Z at 44.0N, 45.8W (HWM); center fix at 1337Z at 46.3N, 46.0W with 967 mb central pressure (MWR); 70 kt NW after 1337Z near ~46.3N, 46.0W (MWR); 50kt SSE with 992mb at 46.7N, 40.4W at 14Z (MWR); 50kt SE with 985mb [pressure biased ~15 mb too low?] at 47.5N, 40.5W at 19Z (COA); 70kt SSE in the vicinity of ~47.5N, 40.5W at 21Z (MWR); 25kt SSW with 980mb at 2230Z and 60 kt SW after 2230Z in the vicinity of ~47.5N, 40.5W (MWR); 50kt WSW with 989mb at 47.5N, 40.5W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The intensity of the storm on the 19th is well shows by excellent special reports furnished by the American steamer City of Newport News, Capt. Robert L. Wright, to the United States hydrographic Office, and the Dutch steamer Bilderdyk, Capt. CHP Coster, to the United States Weather Bureau. The SS City of Newport News, bound from Havre toward Norfolk, after encountering severe gales on the eastern side of the hurricane during the morning, ran into the calm center at 46.3N, 46W at 920am, barometer 28.65 (967 mb). 'We were treated,' said Captain Wright, 'to a perfect exhibition of the old story - eye of the storm- the wind dropped from force 11 to a dead calm, the sea suddenly lost its strength, and long and confused swells continued running from the south-southwest. At that time the sun came out blindingly -a sickly yellow- and occasional patches of blue sky appeared momentarily around its vicinity. This condition lasted for 18 minutes.' Thereafter, the storm passed rapidly into high northern latitudes and on the 22d was central near Iceland" (MWR). September 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 54.5N, 38.5W with an occluded front extending from 53N, 37W to 49N, 33W, becoming a cold front at 46N, 34W, extending to 44N, 37W to 44N, 45W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. MWR's tracks of low shows a 12Z estimate near 52N, 37W and an evening estimate near 56N, 30W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1003 mb at 03Z at 47.5N, 41.5W (COA); 25 kt E with 983 mb at 07Z at 53.5N, 37.1W (COA); 35 kt SW at 12Z at 53.5N, 34.2W (COA); 30 kt SSE with 978 mb at 18Z at 56.5N, 30.2W (COA); 35 kt SW at 18Z at 53.5N, 30.0W (COA). According to the original HURDAT, a 40 kt tropical storm formed on 13 September at 06Z east of the Leeward Islands. Additional data was obtained between that location and the African coast from 7-12 September. The data indicates that although the cyclone might have existed earlier, there is not enough evidence to extend the track back in time. This cyclone traveled slowly from 13-15 September and it recurved around 18Z on the 14th. From the 15th to the 16th the cyclone moved east-northeastward, and after that it accelerated north-northeastward until it was located east of Newfoundland on the 19th. The largest track change from 06Z on the 13th through 12Z on the 19th is only 0.8 degrees, and most of the changes are less than half a degree. Observations indicate that the cyclone intensified on the 14th and early on the 15th. The ship California Express, which reported an observation every 6 hours from 17Z on the 14th through 11Z on the 15th, was inside the radius of maximum winds for 3 of its 4 reports - from 23Z on the 14th through 11Z on the 15th. The 4 reports (every 6 hours) from the ship were as follows): 60 kt with 1001 mb; 40 kt with 973 mb; 40 kt with 955 mb; 30 kt with 958 mb. No more reports are available from the ship after the last report. The pressure drop of 46 mb in 12 hours along with stronger winds being reported with the higher pressure indicates that these pressure observations are real and are not likely to be biased. (It is of note, though, that the MWR [pg. 333] mentions a ship (the Glendene) - supposedly within 0.5 degrees of the California Express - reported 1005 mb at the same time. This is difficult to reconcile at face value. However, navigational errors in the 1930s were still quite high, especially over the open Atlantic like the hurricane was for most of its lifetime. Thus it is likely that one or both ships may be in position error by 50 or even 100 nm. If the ships are in actuality farther apart, then there is no discrepancy.) Other ships on subsequent days (17th and 18th) reported pressures in the 960s with hurricane force winds, which further substantiate the reports from this ship. It is assumed that the ship was located well inside the RMW and very near the center at all of the last 3 of its reports. The 10 kt per mb rule is used to determine the central pressures. Central pressures of 969, 951, and 955 mb are added to HURDAT at 00, 06, and 12Z on 15 September. The central pressures of 969 and 951 mb equal 92 and 112 kt, respectively, according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Although the cyclone was moving slow, it may have been smaller than average. Intensities of 90 and 110 kt are chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 15th (up from 75 and 80 kt originally - a major change at 06Z). No change is made to the time the cyclone became a hurricane (12Z on the 14th). A 955 mb central pressure at 12Z on the 15th equals 106 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The analyzed peak intensity of 110 kt is maintained through 18Z on the 15th. Major intensity increases of 25-30 kt are analyzed from 06-18Z on the 15th. It is noted that despite the low pressures and possible very strong pressure gradients there are no reports of hurricane-force winds from the ships on 15 September. On the 17th at 09Z, a ship recorded winds of 60-70 kt, and the minimum pressure experienced by the ship was 969 mb. The observations and commentary suggests that this ship passed close to, but not through the center. A 969 mb peripheral pressure yields winds greater than 86 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 24 hours later, a ship at 34.2N, 50.0W recorded hurricane force simultaneously with a 966 mb pressure, so the central pressure was likely somewhat lower. A 966 mb peripheral pressure yields winds greater than 89 kt and greater than 85 kt according to the north of 25N Brown et al. and north of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. At all times on the 17th and 18th, the original HURDAT intensity is either kept the same or increased by 5 kt, and this is due to the gradual weakening shown in the revised intensity, which is supported by observations. HURDAT originally listed that cyclone become extratropical at 12Z on the 19th, but available observations indicate that the strongest winds were still located with the low pressure pretty close to the center, and there is little evidence of a temperature gradient by 12Z. Extratropical transition is delayed by 6 hours to 18Z on the 19th. A central pressure of 967 mb with calm winds was observed by a ship around 1320-1337Z on the 19th near 46.3N, 46.0W. A central pressure of 967 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th. This value equals 85 kt according to the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Hurricane force winds were observed by two different ships on the 19th - one around 14Z and the other around 21Z. An 80 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 19th (up from 70 kt originally), and a 75 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z (up from 65 kt originally). HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on 19 September as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone. Observations indicate that the cyclone was still closed on the 20th, so the track is extended for 24 hours until 18Z on the 20th - a major change. Although strong winds, low pressures, and a partial circulation were still present on the 21st, there is no evidence of a closed circulation on the northeast side; instead the system opened into a sharp trough. The new final position at 18Z on 20 September is southeast of Greenland as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in 2012 30400 09/16/1937 M= 6 6 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 30400 09/16/1937 M= 6 7 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 30405 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 928 35 0*224 929 35 0* 30405 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*231 942 35 0*235 937 35 0* *** *** *** *** 30410 09/17*234 928 35 0*241 926 40 0*247 923 40 0*251 921 40 0* 30410 09/17*239 933 35 0*243 930 40 0*247 926 40 0*251 922 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30415 09/18*255 919 40 0*261 915 40 0*266 911 40 0*270 907 40 0* 30415 09/18*255 919 45 0*261 916 45 0*266 913 50 0*270 909 50 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 30420 09/19*274 904 40 0*278 901 40 0*281 899 40 0*286 893 40 0* 30420 09/19*274 904 50 0*279 901 45 0*285 898 45 0*291 893 40 1002* ** *** ** *** *** ** *** **** 30425 09/20*291 883 40 0*294 868 40 0*295 855 40 0*295 849 40 0* 30425 09/20*293 883 40 0*294 871 40 0*296 859 35 0*298 851 35 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30430 09/21*296 843 35 0*300 834 30 0*303 826 20 0*297 818 15 0* 30430 09/21*299 843 30 0*300 834 25 0*301 826 20 0*301 818 20 0* *** ** ** *** *** ** 30435 TS U.S. Landfalls: 9/19/1937 - 18Z - 29.1N, 89.3W - 40 kt 9/20/1937 - 16Z - 29.7N, 85.4W - 35 kt Note: The TC made a 3rd landfall as a 30 kt tropical depression on 9/21/1937 at 04Z at 30.0N, 83.8W. Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960) and Connor (1956). September 15: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico on this date. HURDAT starts this system at 12Z on the 16th. No gales or low pressures. September 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.0N, 92.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 21N, 93W and in the evening at 22N, 93W. Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1008 mb at 22Z at 25.5N, 93.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Somewhat disturbed weather conditions occurred over the southwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico on September 16, with slight lowering of pressure and evidence of a cyclonic circulation. The center of the depression was near 21N, 93W in the morning and about three degrees farther north 12 hours later" (MWR). September 17: HWM shows maritime tropical conditions at the end of a stationary front in the middle of Gulf of Mexico with no closed low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 24.7N, 92.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 23.5N, 92.5W and in the evening at 25N, 92.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1009 mb at 06Z at 25.5N, 93.5W (COA); 25 kt SSE with 1009 mb at 18Z at 24.5N, 90.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved slowly in a north-northeasterly direction with little general change in energy during the 17th and at 6pm EST, was central at approximately 25.5N, 92W, but the weather was unsettled over much of the northwestern Gulf" (MWR). September 18: HWM shows a broad closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 25N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.6N, 91.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 26.5N, 92W and in the evening at 28N, 91W. Ship highlights: 50kt NE with 1007mb at 26.9N, 91.6W at 16Z (MWR/Connor); 30 kt S with 1007 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 90.6W (COA); 20 kt S with 1006 mb at 23Z at 26.1N, 90.3W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb just south-southwest of the mouth of the Mississippi River near 27.0N, 91.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.1N, 89.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 28.5N, 90.0W and a pressure of 1005mb and in the evening near 29.5N, 89W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 28.6N, 91.1W (COA); 35kt SE with 1006mb at 28N, 89W at 1Z (MWR/Connor); 35 kt NE at 06Z at 28.5N, 92.5W (COA); 20kt SE with 1003 mb at 28.9N, 89.1W at 12Z (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1005 mb at 22Z at 28.5N, 88.5W (COA). Station highlights: 1008 mb at New Orleans at 12Z (MWR); 36kt (NNW?) with 1004mb at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) at 2130Z (MWR). "On the 18th and 19th the region was more generally disturbed and several ships in the northern Gulf reported winds of force 7 on both dates. The wind at Port Eads on the 19th veered from south at 7:30am through west at 1:30pm to the north at 4pm. An incomplete wind velocity record at Port Eads gives a 5-minute maximum of 34 miles per hour at 3:28pm and an extreme velocity of 41 at 3:32pm, both on the [19th]. Winds at Pensacola were highest on the 19th, with a maximum of 28mph from the south" (MWR). September 20: HWM shows a closed isobar of 1010 mb near 27.5N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 29.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30N, 87.5W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 30N, 85W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 29.3N, 88.6W (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.2N, 87.9W (COA). Station highlights: Gale NE at Port St. Joe (29.8N, 85.2W) (Connor); 26 kt S (max w) at Apalachicola (29.7N, 85.0W) at 1028Z (MWR); 1009 mb (min p) at Apalachicola at 1930Z (MWR/Connor). "The depression moved in a general easterly direction across the extreme upper part of the eastern Gulf during the later 19th and the 20th" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sep 20-21 - Apalachicola - Minor" ("Minor" - winds <74 mph, pressure >996 mb - Dunn and Miller). September 21: HWM shows the west end of a cold front located near the northeast corner of Florida with no closed low analyzed. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20kt winds at 30.3N, 82.6W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30N, 82.5W with a pressure of 1010mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "and [the system] disintegrated over northern Florida on the 21st. The average rate of movement along the entire track was about 9 miles per hour. No damage of importance resulted from the disturbance, although some injury was done to highways from the heavy rains south of Tallahassee" (MWR). A tropical cyclone formed in the eastern Bay of Campeche on 16 September (no change to the timing of genesis in HURDAT). Data was obtained for the 15th of September and there are some weak westerly winds from a ship and two Mexican stations, but there is not enough evidence that a tropical cyclone formed by then to begin the system earlier. A major change in location to the northwest of the initial position is necessitated by available observations. Measurements near the center are sparse on the 16th and the first 30 kt wind was observed early on the 17th along with evidence that the central pressure may have been around 1005 mb. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to decrease the 35-40 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally on the 16th and 17th, so no changes are made to the intensity those two days. The cyclone moved north-northeastward on the 16th and 17th. It approached the mouth of the Mississippi River on 19 September. While over the Gulf of Mexico, the largest track change from the 16th-18th other than at the first three points is only 0.4 degrees. Regarding the intensity changes, a 50 kt wind was recorded from a ship at 16Z on the 18th. Observations a day later indicate the intensity was weaker than 50 kt by the time it was near Louisiana. A peak intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 18th to 00Z on the 19th (up from a peak intensity of 40 kt originally from 06Z on the 17th through 18Z on the 20th). The original HURDAT track showed the center of the cyclone making an east-northeastward turn on the 19th, passing south of the southeastern tip of Louisiana and then heading just north of due east, staying just south of Apalachicola, FL on the 20th, and finally making its only landfall near the Big Bend of Florida early on the 21st. Important changes have been made to this track. Observations from Port Eads, LA on the 19th and Apalachicola, FL on the 20th indicate that the center of the tropical cyclone passed just north of both of those stations. Therefore, the track is adjusted northward and it is analyzed that the center of the tropical storm made landfalls near Port Eads, LA and near Apalachicola, FL - both as a tropical storm. Port Eads, LA recorded a maximum 1-minute wind of 36 kt and a minimum pressure of 1004 mb (observations not necessarily simultaneous). Observations from Port Eads as well as ship data from 6 hours before landfall indicate that the central pressure at the 18Z/19th landfall was 1002 mb +/- 2 mb. This amount of certainty in the central pressure value is small enough to add in a central pressure of 1002 mb into HURDAT at 18Z on the 19th. A 1002 mb central pressure equals 40 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed for the landfall in Louisiana (no change to original HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 19th). After the brief Louisiana landfall, the cyclone moved back over water. It made its 2nd U.S. landfall on the 20th at 16Z at 29.7N, 85.4W (just west of Apalachicola) as a 35 kt tropical storm. Port St. Joe, FL, which is located just NW and very near Apalachicola recorded tropical storm force winds from the NE on the 20th. There is evidence that the center passed just north of Apalachicola, where a maximum wind of 26 kt S and a minimum pressure of 1009 mb were recorded. This indicates the cyclone was weakening before landfall occurred. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for this landfall that occurred at 16Z on the 20th. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed from 12 and 18Z on the 20th (down from 40 kt originally at both times). Still moving eastward, the cyclone briefly emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico around 22Z on the 20th before making its final landfall near the Big Bend of Florida around 04Z on the 21st. There is evidence that the cyclone continued to steadily weaken from the 19th through the 21st. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 21st (down from 35 kt originally), which is the point before this final landfall. Therefore, the last landfall is analyzed to have occurred as a tropical depression. The depression is analyzed to have dissipated near Jacksonville, FL after 18Z on the 21st (no change to the timing of dissipation). ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised in 2012 30440 09/20/1937 M= 9 7 SNBR= 671 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30440 09/20/1937 M= 9 8 SNBR= 671 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 30445 09/20* 0 0 0 0*152 414 60 0*153 439 60 0*159 452 65 0* 30445 09/20* 0 0 0 0*152 433 65 0*155 445 70 0*163 456 70 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30450 09/21*165 463 70 0*172 473 70 0*179 482 70 0*187 490 75 0* 30450 09/21*173 466 70 0*184 476 70 0*195 485 70 0*205 495 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30455 09/22*196 498 75 0*208 509 80 0*220 520 80 0*230 528 80 0* 30455 09/22*214 504 75 0*222 513 80 0*230 521 80 0*236 527 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30460 09/23*240 533 80 0*247 536 85 0*255 539 85 0*266 542 85 0* 30460 09/23*242 532 80 0*248 535 85 0*256 537 85 0*266 539 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 30465 09/24*278 546 85 0*288 550 85 0*300 555 85 0*315 563 85 0* 30465 09/24*278 542 85 0*289 548 85 0*301 555 85 0*315 564 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** 30470 09/25*332 575 85 0*347 587 85 0*363 600 85 0*385 612 85 0* 30470 09/25*332 576 85 0*349 589 85 0*366 602 85 0*388 615 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 30475 09/26E408 624 80 0E423 630 80 0E438 631 75 0E463 623 70 0* 30475 09/26*408 627 75 0E423 636 70 0E438 632 65 0E461 623 60 0* * *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 30480 09/27E488 587 65 0E505 565 60 0E522 542 50 0E544 520 40 0* 30480 09/27E484 596 55 0E510 565 50 0E540 530 45 0E575 495 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** 30485 09/28E568 497 35 0E594 473 35 0E620 450 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 30485 09/28E600 475 35 0E622 465 35 0E640 460 35 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30490 HR Minor track changes (while a tropical cyclone) and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review. September 20: HWM shows no signs of a closed circulation at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 15.3N, 43.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows does not have the system enter themap until the 23d. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with 1002mb at 18.1N, 44.2W at 12Z (MWR); 60kt SW with 998mb at 14N, 43W at 13Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Radio reports from shipsin low latitudes early on the 20th showed the existence of an already well-developed storm of considerable extent with center in approximately 15N, 44W" (MWR). September 21: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb with thunderstorms to the north of the system centered near 21.5N, 53W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 17.9N, 48.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE with 1010 mb at 13Z at 23.0N, 49.0W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb with thunderstorms on the eastern side of the system centered near 22N, 54W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 22.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt NW with 988mb at 22.4N, 52.7W at 6Z (MWR); 35kt W with 1004mb at 21.5N, 54.0W at 12Z (MWR); 40 kt NW with 992 mb at 12Z at 22.5N, 52.5W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 22d reports from the French steamer Marigot and another vessel, unknown, located the center with closer definiteness, and showed that the storm was moving in a northwesterly direction" (MWR). September 23: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb at 26N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 25.5N, 53.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 26N, 54W and in the evening at 27.5N, 55W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE with 1000 mb at 00Z at 25.0N, 54.0W (MWR); 45kt ENE with 1002mb at 28.5N, 54.5W at 18Z (COA); 50kt ENE in the vicinity of ~28.1N, 54.5W late (sometime before 00Z on the 24th) (MWR); 986 mb (time and location unknown) (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 23d the storm continued to move slowly northwestward, accompanied by strong to whole gales, lowest reported barometer 29.12, within the region 26-28N, 54W" (MWR). September 24: HWM shows a closed low of at most 990mb near 30N, 56W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 30.0N, 55.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30N, 55W and in the evening at 34N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 40kt NE with 992mb at 28.1N, 54.5W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt NNE with 998mb at 29.5N, 56.5W at 6Z (COA); 70kt NW with 993mb at 29.5N, 56.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt E with 992mb at 31.6N, 54.8W at 13Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the 24th the disturbance moved with greater rapidity. During the day the storm passed at a distance of several hundred miles to the eastward of Bermuda" (MWR). September 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 36N, 61W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 36.3N, 60.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 37N, 59.5W and in the evening at 41N, 62W. Ship highlights: 50kt ENE at 39.5N, 60.5W at 12Z (COA); 45kt ESE with 982mb at 39.8N, 61.0W at 18Z (COA); 70kt SSW with 998mb at 39.5N, 59.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "... and on the morning of the 25th [the storm] was northeast of [Bermuda], centered near 36.5N, 60W. At evening observation of the 25th the center had moved to about 40.5N, 62.5W, with lowest pressure 28.94 inches, and strong winds to gales of force 10 blowing over the surrounding sea" (MWR). September 26: HWM shows a strong closed low of at most 980mb near 43.3N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm with 75kt winds at 43.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 43N, 64W with a pressure of 975mb and in the evening near 47.5N, 61W. Ship highlights: 60kt NE near 42.4N, 63.2 before 06Z then at 06Z 50kt SE with 972mb at 42.4N, 63.2W (MWR); 35 kt WSW with 976 mb at 12Z at 42.7N, 65.0W (HWM); 50kt W with 990mb at 42.7N, 63.0W at 12Z (COA); 50 kt SW with 1002 mb at 16Z at 42.3N, 59.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 985 mb at Halifax, NS (MWR). "In crossing Nova Scotia during the 26th, the storm recurved into a northeasterly direction, crossed northern Newfoundland near the Strait of Belle Isle during the night of the 26th-27th, and by the 30th was over Iceland" (MWR). September 27: HWM shows an elongated closed low of at most 995mb near 54N, 54W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical cyclone with 50kt winds at 52.2N, 54.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 52.5N, 54.5W with a pressure of 993mb and in the evening near 57.5N, 49W. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with 1006mb at 45.6N, 56.5W at 7Z (COA); 25kt S with 1000mb at 53.5N, 48.6W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM shows an elongated closed low of at most 985mb centered over central Greenland near 64N, 47W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical cyclone with 35kt winds at 62.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 63N, 42.5W with a pressure of 983mb and in the evening near 66N, 38W. Ship highlights: 20kt W with 995mb at 55.8N, 37.5W at 6Z (COA); 35kt NW with 1017mb at 54.2N, 45.2W at 12Z (COA); 35kt W with 1012mb at 55.4N, 38.4W at 18Z (COA); 45kt WNW with 1012mb at 55.0N, 42.3W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 66N, 25N, with a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending from a couple hundred nmi SE of the low extending south-southeastward from there. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship/station highlights: Several gales and low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 66N, 20W with a warm front extending through a somewhat elongated area to the north-northeast of the cyclone and the north end of a N-S cold front located a couple hundred nmi ESE of the low. Ship/station highlights: 30 kt NNE with 984 mb at 12Z near 66N, 24W (HWM). This tropical cyclone likely formed from an African Easterly Wave that emerged off the African coast around 14-15 September. HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 20 September as a 60 kt tropical storm in the central Atlantic. Data was obtained from 15-19 September between that location and the African coast. Substantial observational coverage near the African coast to 25W on 15-16 September indicates that there was not yet any closed circulation in association with the wave. But as it traveled westward, there was no data near the system from 17-19 September, and genesis could have occurred on any of those days. On 20 September around 12Z, a ship in the central tropical Atlantic recorded 50 kt SE with 1002 mb and another ship 260 nm to the south recorded 60 kt SW with 998 mb. The position of the cyclone is moved 1.9 degrees west of the original HURDAT position for the first point at 06Z on the 20th (HURDAT originally showed an unrealistic deceleration for the first couple of points). The longitude at 12Z is moved west of the ships' longitudes since they both had southerly wind components. From the 20th - 22nd, the cyclone moved northwestward, and it moved north-northwestward from the 23rd to the 25th. Positions are adjusted north-northwestward by 1 to 2 degrees from 06Z on the 21st through 12Z on the 22nd due to a combination of evidence from observations and smoothing between times when there was more data. On the 21st, a ship that was reporting 30 kt with 1010 mb located more than 300 nm NNW of the original HURDAT position had its winds shift by 45 degrees in a short period time, suggesting that perhaps the storm was somewhat closer. At 06Z on the 22nd, a ship measured 50 kt with a 988 mb pressure. From the 23rd - 25th of September, the largest track change is only 0.4 degrees. Regarding the intensity, the 998 mb peripheral pressure measured on the 20th suggests winds of greater than 51 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship, and the 988 mb peripheral pressure on the 22nd suggests winds of greater than 67 kt according to the same relationship. Due to the 60 kt observation on the 20th combined with the possibility that the observation may have occurred far away from the center, the cyclone is begun as a 65 kt hurricane rather than as a 60 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 20th, and the revised intensity is increased to 70 kt at 12Z on the 20th (up from 60 kt originally at 12Z). The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 06Z on the 20th (12 hours earlier than originally), although it may have been a hurricane prior to that. After 5-10 kt intensity increases are implemented on the 20th, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT from the 21st through the 25th. The peak lifetime intensity of 85 kt is maintained from 06Z on the 23rd through 18Z on the 25th. The lowest pressure measured on the 23rd was 986 mb, which suggests winds of at least 70 and 65 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. A hurricane force wind was recorded on the 24th and again on the 25th. At 18Z on the 25th, a 982 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds greater than 71 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Because there is not enough information to estimate a central pressure at any time from the 20th - 25th, there is not enough evidence to change the original HURDAT intensity (other than on the 20th), although it is possible that this cyclone could have been a major hurricane at some point in its lifetime. Extratropical transition is indicated at 06Z on the 26th, six hours after that originally indicated in HURDAT. Early on the 26th, before the extratropical cyclone moved inland over Nova Scotia, a ship recorded 60 kt before 06Z and at 06Z a 972 mb pressure was recorded with simultaneous 50 kt winds. The vigorous extratropical cyclone passed over Nova Scotia between 12Z-18Z on the 26th. This extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have produced winds of hurricane force in that province of Canada. The center passed several dozen nautical miles east of Halifax, where a minimum pressure of 985 was recorded. The cyclone turned northeastward, rapidly weakened, and by 06Z on the 27th was located over northern Newfoundland. Minor downward intensity adjustments of 5-10 kt are implemented from 18Z on the 25th to 12Z on the 27th. No changes were made to the timing of dissipation, as the cyclone likely merged with another extratropical cyclone after 12Z on the 28th. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 9 (originally Storm 8) - Revised in 2012 30495 09/26/1937 M= 6 8 SNBR= 672 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30495 09/26/1937 M= 8 9 SNBR= 672 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 30500 09/26* 0 0 0 0*232 794 35 0*237 792 35 0*243 790 35 0* 30500 09/26* 0 0 0 0*232 794 30 0*237 792 30 0*243 790 30 0* ** ** ** 30505 09/27*255 787 35 0*272 778 35 0*290 769 35 0*304 760 35 0* 30505 09/27*255 785 30 0*272 778 30 0*290 772 30 0*307 767 35 0* *** ** ** *** ** *** *** 30510 09/28*318 752 40 0*341 736 40 0*364 719 40 0*377 705 40 0* 30510 09/28*324 762 35 0*337 750 40 0E354 732 40 0E371 713 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** **** *** **** *** ** 30515 09/29E390 690 40 0E405 672 35 0E420 650 35 0E435 627 35 0* 30515 09/29E390 693 45 0E403 672 40 0E413 650 40 0E423 625 35 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** 30520 09/30E450 599 35 0E465 570 35 0E480 530 35 0E488 499 35 0* 30520 09/30E435 595 35 0E453 565 35 0E475 530 40 0E495 499 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 30525 10/01E495 470 35 0E502 449 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30525 10/01E510 473 50 0E521 447 55 0E532 415 60 0E543 395 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** The 2nd-3rd are new to HURDAT 30527 10/02E554 375 65 0E572 365 60 0E590 356 55 0E602 348 50 0* 30528 10/03E606 347 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30530 TS Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Major changes to the intensity while extratropical were made. A major change is also introduced for the timing of tropical storm intensity onset, delayed by 36 hours. A major change is also made to the timing of dissipation. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Original Monthly Record for Miami, FL available at NHC. September 25: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the western Caribbean. HURDAT first analyzes this system at 06Z on the 26th. MWR's Tracks of Lows begins tracking this system at 12Z on the 26th. No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 23.7N, 79.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 22.5N, 79.5W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 26N, 79W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt N at Miami (23 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) (max wind) at 1446Z (OMR-NHC). "Slight evidences of a cyclonic circulation appeared between the central north coast of Cuba and the Bahamas on the morning of the 26th" (MWR). September 27: HWM shows a cold front draped over the western Atlantic Ocean and North Florida but no closed low in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.0N, 76.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 29N, 78W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 31.5N, 75W. Ship highlights: 30kt SE with 1011mb at 31.4N, 75.1W at 18Z (COA). Station highlight: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbed condition moved north-northeastward as a very shallow depression, accompanied by light winds, and at 7pm, EST, of the 27th was central near 31.5N, 75.5W. Its course thereafter curved more into northeasterly" (MWR). September 28: HWM shows a closed low of non-tropical characteristics with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 35N, 74W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 36.4N, 71.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 36N, 72W with a pressure of 1014mb and in the evening at 39.5N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE with 1010 mb at 09Z at 34.7N, 75.5W and 35kt NE after 09Z (MWR). Station highlights: 41kt NE at Nantucket (MWR). "On the morning of the 28th the center lay at some distance east of the Virginia Capes, continuing shallow and poorly developed. At this time, however, with high pressure on the east, north, and west, the wind circulation became more energetic and winds of force 7 occurred on its west and north quadrants" (MWR). September 29: HWM shows an extratropical low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 40N, 65W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 42.0N, 65.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 42N, 65W and in the evening at 45N, 59W. Ship highlights: 35kt N with 1022mb at 39.8N, 71.3W at 00Z (COA); 35 kt NE (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Thereafter, the center of the depression continued at some distance from the coast until the 29th when it skirted Nova Scotia close to the southward" (MWR). September 30: HWM shows an extratropical low of at most 1010mb near 47N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 48.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 48N, 54W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 51N, 48W. Ship highlights: 15 kt S with 1002 mb at 19Z at 47.4N, 47.4W (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1002 mb at 23Z at 48.5N, 46.5W (COA); 35kt SSW with 1004mb at 48.5N, 42.5W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 30th it crossed southeastern Newfoundland and late in the day merged with an extratropical cyclone in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic" (MWR). October 1: HWM shows a closed low of a maritime polar airmass near 54N, 42W at 12Z. HURDAT kills this system at 06Z at 50.2N, 44.9W with 35kt winds as an extratropical storm. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 54N, 39W with a pressure of 977mb. Ship highlights: 35kt WSW with 999mb at 48.5N, 43.3W at 04Z then 50kt WNW later in the day from the same ship (MWR); 50 kt SSW at 06Z at 48.5N, 37.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW with 977 mb at 12Z at 52.5N, 39.5W (COA); 60 kt WNW with 979 mb at 18Z at 52.5N, 41.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW at 23Z at 48.5N, 40.5W (COA). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 60.5N, 33.5W with an occluded front extending from the low. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW with 998 mb at 00Z at 52.5N, 42.5W (COA); 30 kt ESE with 973 mb at 00Z at 55.4N, 34.3W (COA); 45 kt W at 18Z at 56.3N, 31.6W (COA); 35 kt NW with 973 mb at 23Z at 59.5N, 35.5W (COA). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb (the feature of interest), but with only 1 closed contour, centered near 64N, 26W. HWM analyzes another extratropical low of at most 985 mb centered near 52N, 43W. Ship highlights relevant to the feature of interest: 45 kt W at 00Z at 56.4N, 29.6W at 00Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 972 mb at 02Z at 59.5N, 35.5W (COA). This tropical cyclone was listed in HURDAT originally to have formed at 06Z on 26 September just north of Cuba. Data was obtained for the 25th. It is unclear whether the disturbance that led to this tropical cyclone approached from the south or from the ESE from the 25th to the 26th. Available observations do not warrant beginning this cyclone earlier than listed in HURDAT originally. On the 26th, sufficient evidence of a completely closed low is lacking; however, there are no observations south of the originally located center. Moreover, there are some indications of a weak low circulation in the northwestern Caribbean on the 26th. However, since there is evidence of a closed low on the 27th east of Florida, the timing and position of genesis, at 06Z on the 26th, are unchanged from HURDAT originally. Available observations on the 26th and 27th indicate that the cyclone was weak, and the intensity is analyzed as a 30 kt tropical depression from 06Z on the 26th through 12Z on the 27th (35 kt at those times originally). Therefore, the time that the cyclone became a tropical storm is delayed by 36 hours. The cyclone moved north-northeastward, paralleling the east of the U.S., and by the 28th at 12Z it was about 120 nm east of Cape Hatteras. On 27th, very small track changes are implemented, but on the 28th, observations warrant position adjustments over 1 degree WSW of the original HURDAT positions. For intensity, 35 kt is first assigned at 18Z on the 27th due to an observed 30 kt wind at that time from a ship. Another 30 kt observation with a simultaneous 1010 mb pressure was observed by a ship - the Gulfhawk - at 09Z on the 28th. A short time later, the Gulfhawk recorded 35 kt. Since this observation occurred on the left side of the cyclone and roughly 70 nm from the center, the 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT originally at 06Z and 12Z on the 28th are unchanged. HURDAT originally listed that the cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 29th at 39N, 69W. Available observations indicate that the cyclone already contained a warm front extending east-northeastward from the cyclone with a developing cold front extending SSW from the cyclone at 12Z on the 28th. The cyclone is analyzed as extratropical 12 hours earlier than originally - at 12Z on the 28th. However, given the sparse nature of observations near the cyclone's center, the timing of extratropical transition has an uncertainty of about plus or minus six hours. According to this analysis, this cyclone was only a tropical storm for 18 hours from 18Z on the 27th through 06Z on the 28th - attaining a peak intensity of 40 kt at 06Z on the 28th before it became extratropical at 12Z. HURDAT originally listed this as a tropical storm for 66 hours. The peak intensity of 40 kt during the tropical phase is unchanged from HURDAT originally. (It is possibly, given the uncertainties in the reanalysis, that the cyclone was extratropical by the time it attained gale force winds. If this were the case, then it may not have been a tropical storm.) After the cyclone became extratropical, while the center remained well offshore, Nantucket, MA recorded a maximum 1-min wind of 41 kt as a direct result of the cyclone, while Block Island, RI and Cape Henry, VA recorded 33 and 31 kt, respectively. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 28th and 00Z on the 29th (up from 40 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have turned east-northeastward for a day on the 29th before resuming a northeastward course on the 30th. On the 29th, it passed well south of Nova Scotia, and on the 30th, the center is analyzed to have traveled over southeastern Newfoundland between about 10Z-12Z. From 18Z on the 29th - 06Z on the 30th, the analyzed intensity is down to 35 kt (unchanged from HURDAT originally). HURDAT originally listed dissipation after 06Z on 1 October as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone east of Newfoundland. Available observations, however, indicate that the cyclone began to re-intensify as an extratropical cyclone late on the 30th and early on the 1st. Also, there were no other lows/cyclones in the region for this system to merge with. The cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened to 65 kt by 18Z on 1 October with a position of 54.3N, 39.5W at that time. Winds as high as 60 kt and pressures as low as 972 mb were observed. The last time that observations of wind direction confirm that the low is still closed is 02Z on 2 October. At first, this is likely due to a lack of observations on the north side of the cyclone. By the 3rd of October, another low quickly approached from SW, and by 12Z on the 3rd they were likely merged. After 00Z on the 3rd, the cyclone of interest had already begun to merge with the approaching cyclone, and the circulation is considered too elongated to still be considered a closed system after that time. The dissipation is therefore delayed by 42 hours, and the new final position - at 00Z on 3 October - is at 60.6N, 34.7W as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 10 (originally Storm 9) - Revised in 2012 30535 09/29/1937 M= 6 9 SNBR= 673 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L 30535 10/02/1937 M= 3 10 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * ** The 29th through the 1st are part of a separate tropical cyclone of tropical depression peak intensity. Thus the 29th through the 1st are removed from HURDAT for this system. This separate tropical depression is included within the Additional Notes section. 30540 09/29* 0 0 0 0*173 855 35 0*188 855 35 0*193 855 35 0* 30545 09/30*198 855 35 0*203 855 35 0*208 855 35 0*213 855 35 0* 30550 10/01*218 856 35 0*224 857 35 0*231 860 35 0*238 869 35 0* 30555 10/02*245 880 35 0*251 891 35 0*256 897 35 0*268 909 35 0* 30555 10/02*245 877 35 0*249 886 40 0*261 897 40 1003*273 910 40 1002* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** *** ** **** 30560 10/03*281 919 35 0*286 920 35 0*290 920 35 0*299 919 35 0* 30560 10/03*281 919 35 0*288 921 35 0*295 920 35 0*305 920 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** 30565 10/04*311 916 30 0*322 910 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30565 10/04*318 920 30 0*332 919 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** 30570 TS U.S. landfalls: 10/3/1937 - 12Z - 29.6N, 92.0W - 35 kt 10/3/1937 - 14Z - 29.8N, 92.0W - 35 kt Minor alterations to track and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made a U.S. landfall on the Gulf Coast. A major change is made to show genesis occurring three days later. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Louisiana Climatological Data, and Connor (1956). September 28: HWM shows no features of interest in the western Caribbean. HURDAT first indicates this cyclone at 06Z on the 29th. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM shows an area of thunderstorms with no organized low pressure center. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.8N, 85.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows does no show the system until Oct 1. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM does not show a closed low. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.8N, 85.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "Slightly threatening conditions appeared over the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico and the west Caribbean Sea on the afternoon of September 30, with some evidences of cyclonic circulation centered a little south of the Yucatan Channel" (MWR). October 1: HWM indicates a spot low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 85.5W at 12Z with a trough extending north of the low into the southeast Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.4N, 85.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 23.5N, 88W and in the evening at 25N, 89W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE with 1006 mb at 12Z at 21.4N, 84.4W (COA); 50kt in the general vicinity of ~22N, 85W at 17Z (MWR). "At 6am, local time, of October 1 the center of the condition appeared to be at approximately 23.5N, 86W. No wind exceeding force 6 occurred there during the day. The center moved very slowly northwestward between 6am and 6pm, but with much greater rapidity from then until the morning of October 2, when it lay near 27.5N, 91W" (MWR). "On October 1, it may be mentioned further, a second low of some energy showed signs of developing in the Yucatan Channel, and at about noon, local time, the Honduran schooner Racer reported a gale of force 10 off the western end of Cuba. This secondary low deteriorated rapidly, however, and later merged with the primary low to the northward" (MWR). October 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25N, 90W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.6N, 89.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 27N, 90W with a pressure of 1003mb and in the evening at 28.5N, 91W. Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1010mb at 28.0N, 87.5W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt SE at 26.2N, 86.4W at 12Z (HWM); 5 kt W with 1004 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 89.6W (COA); 35kt ESE with 1013mb at 26.6N, 88.2W at 13Z (MWR); 10kt SE with 1003mb at 27.5N, 91.0W at 17Z (MWR). Station highlights: 29 kt (max wind) and 1008 mb (min pressure) at Port Eads (no time)(Louisiana). "The center of the low continued to move toward the northwestward until the night of the 2d, when it turned toward the north and entered the Louisiana coast at Atchafalaya Bay at about noon of the 3d" (MWR). October 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 91.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.0N, 92.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 29.7N, 91.5W with a pressure of 1004mb and in the evening at 31.5N, 92W. Ship highlights: 15kt WNW with 1005mb at 26.6N, 91.7W at 00Z (COA); 25 kt ESE at 06Z at 29.5N, 87.5W (COA); 10kt NW with 1004mb (looks too low) at 28.2N, 92.0W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A tropical disturbance of slight intensity passed inland near Morgan City on the 3d. The highest wind recorded on the coast was 33 miles per hour at Port Eads on the 2d" (Louisiana). October 4: HWM no longer shows a closed low. HURDAT lists a final position for this system at 06Z at 32.2N, 91.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression. MWR's tracks of lows shows a final position in the morning near 33.5N, 92.5W with a 1009 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. A tropical wave moved westward in the Caribbean during late September. On the 26th it was located along 69W, on the 27th near 75W, and on the 28th near 80W. The disturbance continued westward until the 29th. HURDAT originally began this system as a 35 kt tropical storm on the 29th at 06Z in the northwestern Caribbean. Sparse observations on the 28th show a circulation that is too weak and broad to be considered a tropical cyclone on that day. On the 29th at 06Z, the system developed into a tropical cyclone with 25 kt intensity in the northwestern Caribbean based on observations. The cyclone remained nearly stationary in the northwestern Caribbean on the 30th as a tropical depression. This position is about 175 nm south-southwest of the existing HURDAT. Observations on the 1st suggests that the original cyclone may have been weakening in the northwestern Caribbean Sea near 18N 85.5W. It is likely that this feature dissipated by the end of the 1st. Also on the 1st, a separate cyclone appears to have been forming over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, which may have absorbed the earlier cyclone. It is this system that then becomes the cyclone that eventually strikes the United States. Genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 00Z on the 2nd, which is three days later than originally indicated in HURDAT. (At 18Z on the 1st, an isolated report of 50 kt occurred. However, the highest winds observed for the entire time from the 28th through the 1st within 5 degrees of that ship and within 5 degrees of the original HURDAT position were only 30 kt. The 50 kt observation appears somewhat suspect and/or perhaps associated with a transient feature.) At 12Z, a ship analyzed to be 10 nm or less from the center recorded 5 kt W with 1004 mb, and at 18Z, a different ship about 10 nmi from the center recorded 10 kt SE with 1003 mb. Also on the 2nd, there were several 35 kt observations. Central pressures of 1003 and 1002 mb are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z, respectively, on the 2nd. These central pressure values equal 38 and 40 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 40 kt intensity is chosen on the 2nd from 06Z-18Z (all up from 35 kt originally). A 40 kt intensity is also justified due to several 35 kt ship reports. A peak lifetime intensity of 40 kt is analyzed on 2 October from 06Z-18Z (an increase from the original HURDAT peak intensity of 35 kt from 06Z on 29 September - 18Z on 3 October). Observations from ships at 00Z on the 3rd indicate the cyclone was weakening, and the intensity is reduced to 35 kt at that time (no change to HURDAT intensity on the 3rd at 00-12Z). Observations from ships early on the 3 October as well as observations from the southern U.S. and Gulf Coast later on the 3rd and the 4th indicate that the center of the cyclone made landfall about 12Z on 3 October at 29.6N, 92.0W (near Atchafalaya Bay). The cyclone then made its final landfall two hours later near 29.8N, 92.0W. The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 3rd (and both landfalls) is 35 kt (unchanged from HURDAT originally), although only limited coastal station observations are available currently available for the analysis. Since the cyclone is analyzed to be well inland by 18Z, it is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 3rd (6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). No changes are made to the timing is dissipation, but the position at the final point is moved one degree NW of the original position. ******************************************************************************* 1937 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 30571 10/18/1937 M=4 11 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30572 10/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E354 453 45 0E361 471 55 0* 30572 10/19*368 488 65 0*375 504 70 0*378 518 70 0*380 530 65 0* 30573 10/20*382 540 60 0*384 550 55 0*386 560 50 0*390 574 45 0* 30573 10/21*398 588 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30574 HR HWM, COADS and MWR indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT occurred in the north Atlantic from 18-21 October. October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1015 mb at the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE front centered near 32N, 46.6W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. The MWR tracks of lows shows an evening position near 36N, 48W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 03 UTC at 36.5N, 47.5W (COA); 40 kt NE at 35.2N, 54.5W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 15 UTC at 37.5N, 45.5W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1011 mb at 18 UTC at 37.7N, 50.7W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.8N, 52.0W attached to the southwest end of a SW-NE front. The MWR tracks of lows shows a morning position near 37N, 51W with a 1007 mb pressure and an evening position near 38N, 54W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 997 mb at 00 UTC at 37.9N, 50.3W (MWR); 70 kt N-NNE and 995 mb at 05 UTC at 38.4N, 50.8W (MWR); 50 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 37.5N, 53.2W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 50.1W (COA). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The lone report of hurricane strength (force 12) is connected with a storm between the Azores and Bermuda about the 17th to 19th. The vessel was the British steamship Ariguani, eastbound. An unusually severe encounter with the same storm was reported in more detail by the westbound Italian liner Vulcania, which rated the storm as the worst met in 10 years. Windows and portholes were smashed and four persons on board suffered injuries. On the whole, but few reports relating to this storm have come in; it was apparently of rather short duration and small area, and did not advance far" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes an open trough from 52W to 61W and 39N southward several hundred miles with a dissipating SW-NE stationary front extending northeastward from the trough. HURDAT did not previously list this system. The MWR tracks of lows shows a final position in the morning near 39N, 56W with a 1012 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 37.4N?, 54.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. October 21: HWM analyzes an open trough from 50W to 60W, south of 36N with a strong S-N cold front extending from 31N 71W to 43N 66W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. On 16-17 October, a cold front moved westward through the central North Atlantic Ocean. The front weakened and a low formed along the southwest end of the dissipating front on 18 October. The low was somewhat elongated early on the 18th and the temperature gradient across the low at 12Z on the 18th was about 5F. Thus the cyclone is begun as an extratropical low. The cyclone moved west-northwestward, reaching a position of several hundred miles south-southwest of Newfoundland. By early on the 19th, the structure had greatly improved, as it was much more symmetric, compact, no temperature gradient existed across the low. Air temperatures were 68 to 70F at 12Z on the 19th with SSTs around 74F. Thus tropical transition is estimated to have occurred by 00Z on the 19th. Regarding the intensity, a 45 kt wind was observed in association with the system nine hours prior to the analyzed genesis of the TC. The highest winds recorded on the 18th between the time of genesis to the end of the day were 35 kt. A 1005 mb ship at 12Z on the 18th is found to be biased 3 to 7 mb too low based on evidence from other ships very near that ship on other days. However, by the 19th at 07Z, the tropical cyclone had rapidly spun up, and hurricane force winds were recorded with a simultaneous pressure of 995 mb. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 18th, increasing to 55 kt at 18Z and 65 kt at 00Z on the 19th. A peak lifetime intensity of 70 kt is analyzed from 06-12Z on the 19th. The cyclone continued moving west-northwest on the 20th. Although observations were sparse on the 20th, there is enough evidence to indicate that the cyclone was weakening. By the 21st, there were no longer any signs of the system. It either dissipated or was absorbed by a front approaching from the west after 00Z on the 21st. The intensity is analyzed to have decreased by 5 kt per 6 hr from 70 kt at 12Z on the 19th to 40 kt at 00Z on the 21st. The final position at 00Z on the 21st is a few hundred miles southeast of Nova Scotia. ******************************************************************************* 1937 additional notes: 1) On 1 January, the SW end of a SW-NE front was located near 29N, 41W. By the 2nd, the front moved away and a non-frontal cyclonic circulation was present in the area. The low drifted south-southwestward, and on the 3rd it reached its greatest intensity near 29N, 42W. On this day, the central pressure was below 1005 mb and there was no temperature gradient across the low (isothermal air temperatures of 66-68 degrees surrounded the low). The low was closed in a broad sense. Although this system could possibly be classified as a subtropical cyclone on the 3rd, observations suggest that on the 2nd and again on the 4th and 5th that the low was too broad to be considered a tropical cyclone. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT at this time. Note from Andrew to Andrew, Chris, and Committee: The COADS ship data has not been obtained for this suspect. It is recommended that the COADS should be obtained to make sure that this system should not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan 2 32N 42W Broad low/trough Jan 3 29N 42W Broad low Jan 4 24N 43W Broad low/trough Jan 5 21N 45W Broad low/trough 2) The MWR (page 210) mentions a former eastern Pacific system as a depression near Veracruz, Mexico on 27 May. The COADS and HWM observations do support lowered pressures in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 26th through the 28th of May. However, there is no indication that there was a closed circulation present. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 26 --- 98W Broad trough May 27 --- 98W Broad trough May 28 --- 98W Broad trough 3) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a low embedded in a frontal system traveled east from the coast of the Canadian Maritimes on the 19th. It meandered in the Atlantic for several days. Temperatures became isothermal across the low on the 22nd or 23rd, but the overall circulation became very large, and for most days, the strongest winds were not near the center. The days with the best structure and closest to a tropical cyclone were on the 26th and 27th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 19 --- --- Front Jun 20 45N 53W Extratropical Jun 21 44N 47W Extratropical Jun 22 44N 43W Occluded low Jun 23 40N 38W Occluded low Jun 24 37N 37W Occluded low Jun 25 34N 39W Occluded low Jun 26 37N 37W Occluded low/Tropical storm? Jun 27 37N 40W Occluded low/Tropical storm? Jun 28 42N 41W Weakening low June 19: HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mb near 43N, 62.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 41N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 1014mb and at 43.5N, 58W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 20: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 44N, 50.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 45N, 52.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 45N, 48.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 42.5N, 46W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 43N, 44.5W. Ship highlights: 10kt SW with a pressure of 1002mb at 43.6N, 43W at 7Z (COA). June 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 38.5N, 38.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34.5N, 38W. Ship highlights: 5kt SE with a pressure of 1001mb at 37.4N, 36.7W at 12Z (COA). June 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 36W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35N, 38.5W. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1010mb at 37.8N, 40W at 12Z (HWM). June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 35N, 40W. Ship highlights: 40kt SSE with a pressure of 1015mb at 39.3N 36.8W at 12Z (HWM). June 28: Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 4) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed in the central Atlantic and moved slowly west for a few days before dissipating. Warm air temperatures prevailed all around the low and to several hundred miles in all directions throughout the duration of the life cycle. The highest wind observation found with this system was 20 kt and there were no low pressures. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 1 27N 40W Tropical depression Aug 2 27N 41W Tropical depression Aug 3 26N 42W Tropical depression Aug 4 25N 45W Tropical depression Aug 5 Open wave ~50W 5) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved northwest to the northern Gulf Coast. This system was tropical in nature for the duration of its life cycle. The 24 hour corrected mean pressure for New Orleans for the 29th was 1008 mb. However, there were no gales or low pressures associated with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 27 Open wave Aug 28 27N 88W Tropical depression Aug 29 28N 90W Tropical depression Aug 30 29N 91W Tropical depression 6) A tropical wave moved westward in the Caribbean during late September. On the 26th it was located along 69W, on the 27th near 75W, and on the 28th near 80W. The disturbance continued westward until the 29th. HURDAT originally began this system as a 35 kt tropical storm on the 29th at 06Z in the northwestern Caribbean - originally storm #9. Sparse observations on the 28th show a circulation that is too weak and broad to be considered a tropical cyclone on that day. On the 29th at 06Z, the system developed into a tropical cyclone with 25 kt intensity in the northwestern Caribbean based on observations. The cyclone remained nearly stationary in the northwestern Caribbean on the 30th as a tropical depression. This position is about 175 nm south-southwest of the existing HURDAT. Observations on the 1st of October suggests that the original cyclone may have been weakening in the northwestern Caribbean Sea near 18N 85.5W. It is likely that this feature dissipated by the end of the 1st. Also on the 1st, a separate cyclone (the second half of original storm #9, which is now storm #10) appears to have been forming over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, which may have absorbed the earlier cyclone. There were no DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 29 18N 85W Tropical depression Sep 30 18N 86W Tropical depression Oct 1 18N 85W Tropical depression Oct 2 --- --- Absorbed 7) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed in the Atlantic and moved northward over a period of several days. There is uncertainty as to whether the low was closed on the 12th and 13th. By late on the 13th, the system started to become extratropical. On the 14th, when the system was extratropical, it was a definite closed low. Although there are a couple of observations of 30 kt with this depression during the first few days, no gales or low pressures could be found. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 7 Open wave Oct 8 18N 52W Tropical depression Oct 9 18N 52W Tropical depression Oct 10 23N 52W Tropical depression Oct 11 26N 53W Tropical depression Oct 12 29N 54W Tropical depression? Oct 13 32N 53W Tropical depression? Oct 14 34N 53W Extratropical 8) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a closed low north of the Canary Islands moved to the southwest for a few days before stalling on the 15th. This storm was at its most intense stage on the 13th, when maximum sustained winds of the extratropical cyclone were 45 kts. All of the observed gales with this system came while it was extratropical. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 12 42N 18W Extratropical Oct 13 36N 17W Extratropical Oct 14 35N 17W Extratropical Oct 15 34N 23W Extratropical? Oct 16 32N 23W Extratropical Oct 17 34N 23W Tropical Depression? Oct 18 35N 23W Tropical Depression? October 12: HWM indicates a low near 39N, 21W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a at most 1010mb near 39N, 18W. Ship highlights: 45kt NE with a pressure of 1017mb at 39.5N, 25.5W at 18Z (COA); 15kt SW with a pressure of 1003mb at 34.5N, 15.5W at 9Z (COA). October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 20W. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1009mb at 39.1N, 18.4W at 19Z (COA); 20kt S with a pressure of 1001mb at 32N, 13.4W at 12Z (COA). October 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 26W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 24W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 24W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 24.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 9) Available HWM and COADS data suggest that a tropical depression formed in the Caribbean and stayed nearly stationary near 15N 75W for several days. On the 30th and 31st there is no longer a definite closed circulation. There were no gales associated with this system (in fact, nothing larger than 20 kt) and only one low pressure of 1004 mb on the 29th around 15N, 77W (and no time history is available from this ship). Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 25 13N 76W Tropical depression Oct 26 13N 77W Tropical depression Oct 27 13N 78W Tropical depression Oct 28 12N 77W Tropical depression Oct 29 14N 77W Tropical depression Oct 30 Open wave Oct 31 Open wave 10) An area of marked cyclonic turning associated with a broad low or trough moved slowly westward in the southwestern Caribbean Sea from 2-5 November. Although there is some possibility that a closed circulation was present on 2-3 November, no gales or low pressures were found for the entire lifetime of the low, even after obtaining the COADS data to make sure. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 2 14N 77W Broad low/trough Nov 3 13N 78W Broad low/trough Nov 4 13N 81W Broad low/trough Nov 5 12N 83W Broad low/trough 11) HWM suggests that a weak trough around 13N, 48W on 7 November may have progressed westward near the north coast of South America or the southern Windward Islands around 9 November. By 11 November, observations indicate cyclonic turning between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola and the disturbance may have moved northward in the eastern Caribbean. What happens to the disturbance after that is ambiguous. Observations on 13 November suggest there may have been a broad low in the vicinity of 22N, 57W, but there isn't much evidence for a closed circulation. On 15 November, there is likely a closed circulation near 33N, 54W, but there is a chance that this isn't the same system that was being tracked from 6-11 November. No relevant gales were observed for the entire time from the 6th-15th. Several low pressures of around 1004-1005 were recorded from ships in the eastern Caribbean on 10-11 November, but the observations indicate that there was a large area of 1004-1008 mb pressure engulfing most of the eastern Caribbean Sea. Sufficient observational coverage in the eastern Caribbean Sea indicates that there was not a tropical cyclone present. Furthermore, there is not evidence of a closed circulation on nearly all of the days from 6th-15th. This system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 6 13N 43W Broad low/trough Nov 7 13N 48W Broad low/trough Nov 8 12N 55W Broad low/trough Nov 9 10N 62W Broad low/trough Nov 10 13N 64W Broad low/trough Nov 11 17N 67W Broad low/trough Nov 12 19N 65W Broad low/trough Nov 13 22N 57W Broad low/trough Nov 14 26N 56W Broad low/trough Nov 15 33N 54W Broad low/trough 12 a and b) Two lows moved east-northeastward in the northeastern Atlantic between 16-20 November. HWM and COADS indicate that both of them were extratropical throughout their lifetimes. Thus, neither is added to HURDAT. 12a DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 16 32N 41W Extratropical Nov 17 34N 27W Extratropical Nov 18 40N 12W Extratropical 12b DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 18 28N 32W Extratropical Nov 19 31N 25W Extratropical Nov 20 33N 18W Extratropical 13) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows chart, MWR p 392-393, and Connor indicate that a cyclone, likely non-tropical, occurred in the Gulf of Mexico from 23-26 November and produced winds as high as 60 kt at 00Z on 25 November and pressures as low as 1010 mb, which pressures were 1030 mb or higher to the north over the north Gulf Coast. The cyclone started out in the south-central Gulf and progressed northeastward, reaching near 27N, 89W on the 25th before making an eastward turn and decelerating. Observations on the 24th through early on the 25th indicate the cyclone was quite intense during that time- and there is also very good evidence that it was extratropical, with a strong north-south temperature gradient and very cold temperatures noted in the north and western Gulf Coasts. An analysis at 12Z on the 25th indicates that in the immediate vicinity of the center of circulation, air temperatures were in the low 70s accompanied by a cyclonic circulation with light winds; however, just a short distance north of the center, in the region with higher winds, there were also lower temperatures, and the data shows the cold air that was being advected strongly from the north. On the 26th, the circulation continued to weaken. This system is not added to HURDAT because it is analyzed as extratropical throughout its lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 23 Broad low/trough in southwestern Gulf Nov 24 24N 91W Extratropical Nov 25 27N 89W Extratropical Nov 26 28N 87W Extratropical 15) HWM indicates an area of cyclonic turning in the southwestern Caribbean from 24-25 November. After obtaining the COADS, there are no gales or low pressures for this system from all sources. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 24 12N 78W Broad low/trough Nov 25 12N 81W Broad low/trough Nov 26 Dissipated 16) A trough/broad low moved east-northeastward over the Atlantic from 29-31 December. It was likely non-frontal during at least part of the time. A few gales were observed on the 30th, but the structure is more of an occluded low with a large radius of maximum winds. Moreover, the temperature gradient across the system was about 5F south to north. The system elongated on the 31st, but was exhibited a couple of gale force winds. On January 1st, the system was absorbed into a frontal boundary. Thus while the cyclone exhibited some subtropical storm characteristics, it is judged to be more of an occluded low and not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 29 27N 61W Broad low/trough Dec 30 28N 55W Occluded low/subtropical storm? Dec 31 31N 47W Occluded low/subtropical storm? Jan 1 Absorbed into a frontal boundary ************************************************************************************************ 1938 Storm 1(new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 30571 01/01/1938 M= 6 1 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30572 01/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E323 406 40 0E323 397 40 0* 30572 01/02E323 388 45 0E323 380 50 0E322 371 50 0E320 364 50 0* 30572 01/03E317 358 50 0E304 352 50 0E285 348 50 0*275 353 55 0* 30573 01/04*266 359 55 0*257 365 60 0*249 376 65 0*243 392 70 0* 30573 01/05*238 408 70 0*229 418 65 0*218 425 60 0*206 432 55 0* 30573 01/06*193 439 50 0*180 446 45 0*168 453 40 0*158 460 35 0* 30574 HR HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 2-6 January in the central Atlantic. January 1: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front from 31N, 46W to beyond 39N, 39W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW with 1009 mb at 12Z at 30.5N, 39.5W (COA). January 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 32N, 38W. The SSW end of a front is plotted about 150 nmi NNE of the low extending north-northeastward. Ship highlights: 30 kt WSW with 1006 mb at 05Z at 31.0N, 37.4W (ship experienced max wind of 40 kt after 05Z) (MWR); 45 kt WNW with 1018 mb at 11Z at 30.4N, 38.4W (COA); 45 kt NW with 1019 mb at 15Z at 29.5N, 38.5W (COA); 35 kt NNW with 1013 mb at 19Z at 31.0N, 38.1W (COA). January 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27.2N, 33.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW with 1006 mb at 00Z at 31.5N, 36.5W (COA); 35 kt N with 1013 mb at 18Z at 31.3N, 38.5W (COA). January 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.4N, 35.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 41.3W (COA); 20 kt WNW with 1010 mb at 12Z at 23.2N, 39.9W (HWM, COA). January 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 42.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt WNW with 999 mb at 00Z at 23.6N, 41.1W (COA); 50 kt NE with 997 mb at 01Z at 23.7N, 41.0W (ship experienced max wind of hurricane force NE) (MWR); 35 kt ENE with 1008 mb at 12Z at 23.7N, 41.5W (COA, HWM). January 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. Ship highlights: 10 kt NW with 1009 mb at 07Z at 14.5N, 45.5W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1016 mb at 19Z at 21.5N, 52.5W (COA). An extratropical low formed along the southwest end of an eastward moving front in the central north Atlantic several hundred miles southwest of the Azores on 1 January. As the cyclone moved eastward and then southeastward through 06Z on 3 January, temperatures on the west, south and east sides of the cyclone were in the 60s, but temperatures a couple hundred nmi north of the cyclone were in the 50s. Also during that time, remnants of the front could be seen north of the cyclone. The cyclone kept moving southward, and by 18Z on 3 January it is determined that the cyclone became tropical - a 55 kt tropical storm. It should be noted, however, that the timing of tropical transition is somewhat ambiguous. A southwestward motion commenced at 18Z on the 3rd. Although gales were recorded every day through the 5th in association with this cyclone there was a lack of data near the center from around 12Z on 3rd until 01Z on 5th, when a ship recorded hurricane force winds near the center and a minimum pressure of 997 mb (with simultaneous 50 kt winds). A time series of this ship reveals that it experienced a 115 degree wind shift in 1 hour. The 997 mb pressure with simultaneous 50 kt winds suggests that the central pressure might have been around 992 mb, but it may have been lower than that. A 992 mb central pressure would suggest 61 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. A peak intensity is 70 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 4th through 00Z on the 5th due to the hurricane force wind observation. The cyclone is analyzed to be a hurricane from 12Z on the 4th through 06Z on the 5th. The synoptic map at 12Z on the 5th shows temperatures in the 70s surrounding the cyclone. The cyclone might have been subtropical on the 3rd and perhaps early on the 4th before transitioning to a purely tropical cyclone. The last gale recorded in association with the cyclone was 35 kt at 12Z on the 5th. The cyclone continued southwestward and observations on the 6th suggest the system was several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. Data obtained on the 7th shows that there is no longer evidence of a closed circulation. The intensity was decreased by 5 kt per 6 hours from the time of the hurricane force observation, and a 35 kt intensity is reached at 18Z on the 6th. This corresponds nicely with the time when observations no longer indicate a closed circulation, so the final point is at 18Z on the 6th as a 35 kt tropical storm. There are at least four noteworthy analogs to this January hurricane. Most recently, Tropical Storm Zeta attained its peak intensity of 55 kt and 994 mb on 3 January 2006 at 12Z in the same location as this 1938 hurricane achieved its peak intensity of 70 kt on 5 January at 00Z, albeit the genesis of Zeta was very different from this case. A subtropical storm with a peak intensity of 40 kt occurred in January, 1978. That system moved westward between 20-25N in the central Atlantic. Hurricane Alice (December 1954-January 1955) was the only tropical cyclone that was a hurricane during the month of January besides the 1938 system. Alice moved west-southwestward, similar to the 1938 system. Zeta (2005-2006), the January 1978 system, and Alice (1954-1955) are all in HURDAT. A fourth system, found during the reanalysis of the 1951 hurricane season (not yet added to HURDAT) occurred during January 1951. It attained a peak intensity of 55 kt just north of Puerto Rico. It had been moving southwestward toward Puerto Rico and then it turned west-northwestward and northwestward at about 21N latitude. This 1938 January hurricane would be the only tropical cyclone on record that occurred entirely within the month of January that also became a hurricane during its lifetime. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 2 (originally Storm 1) - Revised in 2012 30575 08/08/1938 M= 2 1 SNBR= 674 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30575 08/08/1938 M= 2 2 SNBR= 674 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 30580 08/08* 0 0 0 0*174 623 60 0*180 633 60 0*184 648 55 0* 30580 08/08* 0 0 0 0*175 623 60 0*182 634 60 0*189 646 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** 30585 08/09*185 666 50 0*187 681 35 0*196 717 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 30585 08/09*191 663 50 0*192 682 45 0*192 705 35 0*192 728 35 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30590 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Climatological Data for West Indies and Caribbean Service, and Monthly Weather Review. August 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 18N, 63.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 18N, 64W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and at 19N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 70 kt E near 21N, 64W sometime between 00Z-12Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 1744Z at Tortola (18.6N, 64.6W) (MWR). "The first clearly defined tropical disturbance of the 1938 season appeared on the morning of August 8 among the islands to the eastward of Puerto Rico. Early in the day, the Am. S. S. West Isleta experienced heavy squalls of hurricane intensity and rough, heavy sea and swell from the east-southeast. The ship was then near 21N, 64W. During the 8th the center of the disturbance passed some distance to the northward of Tortola and caused some damage on the island of Anegada. The lowest barometer reading reported from Tortola was 29.58 inches at 1:44pm (local time) of the 8th" (MWR). "A slight tropical disturbance that was first observed between St. Martin and St. Thomas on the 8th moved west-northwestward with remarkable rapidity, causing squalls over the southern Bahamas and Florida Straits on the 9th" (Climatological Data). August 9: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 19.6N, 71.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 20.5N, 72W (am) and at 22N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 08Z at 21.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt E before 18Z [likely north of] 21.3N, 74.3W (MWR); 40kt E with a pressure of 1010mb at 22.2N, 74.4W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 9th and 10th squally conditions progressed rapidly west-northwestward, along the northern coasts of Haiti and Cuba, and into the Florida Straits. Its progressive movement probably exceeded 20 miles an hour. However, no definite cyclonic circulation was charted after the 8th" (MWR). August 10: HWM indicates a wave/trough. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 03Z at 22.2N, 74.3W (COA). On 8 August, observations from the northern Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, and ships indicate that a fast-moving tropical cyclone, likely of tropical storm intensity, was moving west-northwestward through the area that day. The COADS data was obtained for the period 5-7 August from that location eastward through the tropical Atlantic, but no closed circulation could be found due to lack to data. It appears likely that the genesis of the cyclone was not captured by observational data, and it may have occurred some days earlier. Observations at 12Z on the 8th indicate that the circulation was closed. No change is made to the timing of genesis. There was a report of a ship that experienced easterly hurricane force squalls well north of the center sometime between 00Z-12Z on the 8th, but the minimum pressure experienced by this ship was 1013 mb, so it is believed that these winds were somewhat overestimated. The cyclone passed near the British Virgin Islands around 18Z on the 8th. Tortolla (18.6N, 64.6W) recorded a minimum pressure of 1002 mb. MWR commentary states that the center passed north of Tortola and that there was damage reported on Anegada (18.7N, 64.3W). Anegada is located ENE of Tortolla and was closer to the center than Tortola, if the storm passed to the north of Tortolla on a WNW course. The original HURDAT track had the center passing south of Tortolla. The track is adjusted to the right by about half a degree to show that the center passed about 0.3 degrees north of Tortolla and about 0.1 degree north of Anegada. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests winds of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. There is evidence that the cyclone was small and it was also very fast moving. The 55 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 8th is retained. The 60 kt intensities shown in HURDAT earlier that day at 06Z and 12Z are also not changed. The original HURDAT track had the center of the cyclone moving inland along the northern coast of Puerto Rico with a 50 kt intensity around 00Z on 9 August. However, San Juan's maximum wind speed for the month was only 28 kt on the 7th. The position is adjusted northward at 00Z on the 9th, in agreement with the northward track adjustments implemented late on the 8th. After making a bend towards the west, the cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 9 August at 09Z in the Dominican Republic at 19.2N, 69.2W as a 45 kt tropical storm. The only intensity change made to HURDAT is to increase the intensity at 06Z on the 9th from 35 to 45 kt since the system was over water the whole time up until landfall in Hispaniola. Observations at 12Z on the 9th, after landfall, indicate there is not much left of the cyclone, and it is rather difficult to locate a center of circulation at 12Z. Because of landfall in Hispaniola just three hours previous, the intensity is adjusted upward to 35 kt at 12Z (originally 30 kt). However, the 12Z position is adjusted eastward by 1.2 degrees as the original HURDAT showed an unrealistic acceleration during the last six hours. The revised track indicates that the cyclone dissipated over Hispaniola with a final point at 18Z on the 9th as a 35 kt tropical storm (six hours later than HURDAT). Just before the time of dissipation, a ship recorded 35 kt E north of the system's center. The remnant of this cyclone was still associated with a tropical wave that continued to progress rapidly westward. The next day, on the 10th at 20Z, a 1002 mb ship observation at 23.3N, 83.4W appears to be a bad observation, as one hour and 35 nm apart from the 1002 mb ship, another ship - HO008166 - reported 1016 mb, which fits in better with other observations. It should be noted that Perez has this cyclone continuing until 00Z on the 11th, making landfall in Cuba as a 35 kt tropical storm on the 10th with a final position of 22.5N, 90.0W at 00Z on the 11th. However, observations on the 10th show that although some strong winds were observed along the wave axis, there was not a closed circulation present. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 3 (originally Storm 2) - Revised in 2012 30595 08/10/1938 M= 6 2 SNBR= 675 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 30595 08/10/1938 M= 6 3 SNBR= 675 NOT NAMED XING-1 SSS=1 * 30600 08/10*112 586 35 0*116 605 40 0*122 628 45 0*131 647 45 0* 30600 08/10*112 586 35 0*116 607 40 0*122 628 45 0*131 650 45 0* *** 30605 08/11*139 669 50 0*146 694 55 0*153 720 60 0*160 744 65 0* 30605 08/11*141 673 50 0*154 699 55 0*168 727 60 0*180 755 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30610 08/12*168 768 70 0*176 791 75 0*184 813 80 0*192 834 80 0* 30610 08/12*187 781 70 0*190 800 80 0*191 817 85 0*196 831 85 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30615 08/13*200 850 85 0*209 863 85 0*219 875 85 0*230 888 85 0* 30615 08/13*204 844 85 0*214 857 85 0*225 870 80 0*236 884 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30620 08/14*241 900 85 0*252 911 85 0*263 919 80 0*274 925 75 0* 30620 08/14*247 900 75 0*258 914 70 0*269 923 65 0*282 929 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30625 08/15*290 929 65 0*303 936 35 0*315 949 20 0*330 960 20 0* 30625 08/15*295 933 65 0*310 936 35 0*330 932 20 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 30630 HR LA1 US landfall: 8/15/1938 - 01Z - 29.8N, 93.4W - 65 kt - (995 mb estimated central pressure) - LA1 Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, US Weather Bureau observations, the Jamaica Weather Report, observations from NCDC, Mexican observations and synoptic maps from the Mexican meteorological service, Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), Louisiana (1972), and Perez et al. (2000). August 8: "The activity is increasing in the Caribbean, a disturbance of moderate intensity is located close to Saint Martin (Lesser Antilles)" (Mexico). August 9: HWM shows some area of disturbed weather near 12N, 62W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The activity remains in the subtropical zone, and even though the disturbance located yesterday near Saint Martin (Lesser Antilles) has not become better defined, there are areas of strong showers to the north of Haiti and in the Gulf of Honduras" (Mexico). August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 12.2N, 62.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It is not possible with reports at hand to trace the center of the disturbance with any assurance of accuracy beyond 14N, 67W, which was its approximate position at 7pm (EST) of the 10th" (MWR). "The weather remains unstable in the Caribbean Sea, which is likely to accentuate due to the great increase in pressures in the central and northern areas of the United States, and this indicates the movement of cold air to the equatorial areas" (Mexico). August 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 15.3N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt ENE at 00Z at 15.5N, 68.5W (COA). Station highlights: 24 kt SW (max winds) and 1011 mb (min P) at Kingston, Jamaica (18.0N 76.8W) at 2130Z (Jamaica). "Its rapid progressive movement westward and the subsequent appearance of a rapidly moving tropical cyclone in the western Caribbean Sea on the 12th, indicates the probability that it continued to move west-northwestward on the 11th and is identical with the latter" (MWR). "Evidence of a moderate tropical disturbance was, from local observation observed to be developing to the westward of Haiti in the afternoon of the 11th" (Jamaica). "The weather remains unstable in the Caribbean Sea, an area of showers is present between Yucatan and Florida" (Mexico). August 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 19N, 82W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 18.4N, 81.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 19N, 82W (am) with a pressure of 996mb and at 20N, 84.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1012mb at 21.2N, 82.9W at 14Z (MWR); 35 kt SE with 1013 mb at 18Z at 21.1N, 82.6W (COA). Station highlights: 1006 mb (min p) at 0030Z and SE "gale" at 0030Z at Kempshot, Jamaica (18.4N, 78.1W) (NCDC, Jamaica); 1008 mb (min p) at 0200Z at Negril Point, Jamaica (18.3N 78.3W); 83 kt E (max w) at Grand Cayman before 12Z (MWR); 70 kt SE with 996 mb at Grand Cayman (19.2N, 81.4W) at 12Z (HWM). "On the morning of August 12 a disturbance of marked intensity was centered near Grand Cayman Island, where shortly before 7am (EST) the wind reached a maximum velocity of 95 miles an hour from the east" (MWR). "The storm moved on a track to the near north of Jamaica in a WNW course arriving at a short distance west of Grand Cayman in the forenoon of the 12th. Some appreciable loss to cultivation along the northern section of Jamaica was experienced, high winds were reported from several locations... At Grand Cayman...about nine houses were destroyed and the hurricane caused injury to several persons...The storm centre was very much nearer to Kempshot than when north of Kingston, about 25 miles, hence Kempshot's lower barometer... Cayman Islands...In the early morning of August 12th there was a cyclone which lasted about a half an hour with wind velocity approaching hurricane force and followed by heavy rains. The centre passed within the vicinity of the Island" (Jamaica). "An intense tropical cyclone is located to the south and near Grand Cayman, moving WNW, and it is a threat to the eastern coast and the Yucatan Channel in the next 36 hours" (Mexico). August 13: HWM indicates a closed low near 21N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.9N, 87.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 22N, 87W (am) and at 23N, 90W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt E with a pressure of 1014mb at 22.2n, 85.2W at 3Z (MWR); 35 kt SSE (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 1015 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 87.3W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Maintaining marked intensity , but with rather small diameter, the storm passed through the Yucatan Channel on the night of August 12-13, moved rapidly northwestward to the Central Gulf and thence north-northwestward into western Louisiana" (MWR). "The Caribbean cyclone crossed last night the Yucatan Channel and it is located this morning about 200 nm to the NE of Progreso, moving WNW" (Mexico). No entry is listed in the Cuban hurricane history for this cyclone (Perez et al.). August 14: HWM indicates a closed low near 26n, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 26.3N, 91.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 26N, 93W (am) and at 30N, 93W (pm). Ship highlights: 0kt with a pressure of 1003mb at 26.6N, 92.1W at 10Z (MWR); 60kt S at 27.1N, 91.9W at 14Z (MWR); 40 kt S with 1010 mb at 20Z at 28.3N, 91.7W (MWR). Ten other gales between 35-50 kt. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico will probably move inland between Galveston and New Orleans, United States" (Mexico). August 15: HURDAT lists this as a 20kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 94.9W at 12Z. The MWR tracks of lows dissipated the cyclone prior to 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt S with a pressure of 1014mb at 27.8N, 91.8W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: hurricane force (estimated) at 00Z at Grand Chanier (29.8N, 93.0W) (MWR); 48 kt SE (max w) gust 52 kt at 0110Z at Lake Charles, LA (30.2N, 93.2W) (OMR); 1001 mb (min p) at 0130Z at Lake Charles (MWR); 17 kt SE (max w/5-min) with 1007 mb at 0630Z at Leesville, LA (31.1N, 93.3W) (OMR); 1009 mb (min p) at 09Z at Shreveport, LA (32.5N, 93.8W) (OMR). "The storm passed inland over Cameron and Calcasieu Parishes, during the evening of the 14th with the center a short distance west of Lake Charles at about 8:30pm (EST)" (MWR). "A wind velocity of 50 mph with gusts to 60 mph were reported at Lake Charles while Grand Cheniere reported winds of hurricane force. The lowest pressure recorded was 29.56 inches at Lake Charles" (Louisiana 1972). "Tropical hurricane hit station at 7:10 pm CST with wind velocity 55 mph - gusts to 60 mph" (Lake Charles OMR). "The tropical disturbance of the 14th caused much uneasiness and while no actual hurricane winds were experienced necessary precautions were taken. Highest winds were 34 miles from the SE. Lowest barometer 29.73 inches. No loss of life. None injured" (Port Arthur, TX OMR). "1938 Aug. 14, W LA, Minor, Damage $243,000" (Dunn and Miller - "Minor" is equivalent to winds <64 kt and pressure >996 mb). "Aug, LA 1, 985 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "The cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico moved inland between Galveston and New Orleans, likely to dissipate over the interior of the United States" (Mexico). The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical cyclone formed at 00Z on 10 August east of the Lesser Antilles as a 35 kt tropical storm and moved very rapidly west-northwestward across the Caribbean at eight to nine degrees per day. Data was obtained for 9 August, but there the limited observations do not indicate an earlier genesis time. Although there are no observed gales, low pressures, or west winds on 10th or 11th, available observations from the Windward Islands and ships on the 10th indicate the possibility that the circulation may have been closed, and the amount of data on the south side of the system on both days is quite sparse, so no changes are made to the timing and position of genesis. From the 9th at 12Z to 10th at 12Z, the pressure rose at Barbados and the winds on the 10th were from the south at 15 kt. This, combined with a ship observation near 13.7N, 64.8W, both indicate that no change should be made to the HURDAT position at 12Z on the 10th. On the 11th, ships on the outer periphery indicate a position slightly west-southwest of the original position. The forward speed of the cyclone was 25 kt. On the 12th at 0030Z, Kempshot, Jamaica recorded a maximum wind of 40 kt and a minimum pressure of 1006 mb. The position at 00Z on the 12th is adjusted about 1.4 degrees WNW of the original HURDAT position due to this data. Observations from Grand Cayman indicated that this system was definitely a hurricane when it passed just south of them around or slightly before 12Z on the 12th. Prior to 12Z, Grand Cayman recorded its max wind of 95 mph (83 kt) E, and at 12Z, the winds were hurricane force from the SE with a 996 mb pressure. An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 12th based on the winds at Grand Cayman (up from 80 kt originally). The position at 12Z on the 12th is adjusted to show the center passing closer to Grand Cayman. On the 13th, the cyclone is analyzed to have moved through the Yucatan Channel with the hurricane force winds for this small system not impacting Cuba or Mexico. This is consistent with both the Cuban and Mexican analyses for this cyclone. The system then entered the south Gulf of Mexico and made a northwestward turn. On the 13th, the highest wind recorded was 40 kt and the lowest pressure of 1009 mb. The forward speed of the cyclone continued to be above average as it moved north-northwestward toward the west Louisiana coast. On the 14th at 10Z, a ship recorded calm winds with a 1003 mb pressure. It is possible that this value is a central value, but this possibility was dismissed due to a 60 kt wind from a ship at 14Z on the 14th and information that indicates a central pressure likely near 995 mb 14 hours later at landfall. If the 1003 mb was a central pressure, it would indicate winds of 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 65 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 12th (down from 80 kt originally) due to the observed winds of 60 kt, and the 1003 mb value is not added to HURDAT as a central pressure. The tropical cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 15 August at 01Z at 29.8N, 93.4W. The cyclone made landfall between Lake Charles, LA and Port Arthur, Texas, which are located only 45 nmi from each other. An unofficial wind estimated at hurricane force near the beach at Grand Cheniere (29.8N, 93.0W) occurred at 00Z. The highest official wind recorded on land was 48 kt (believed to be a 1-minute wind) SE at Lake Charles (30.2N, 93.2W) at 0110Z (anemometer height 8 m AGL). The lowest pressure recorded on land was 1001 mb at Lake Charles 20 minutes after their max wind. Due to a lack of available hourly observations at Lake Charles, it is unknown if the RMW was experienced there. Port Arthur, TX, located on the left side of the storm, did not experience tropical storm force winds and recorded a minimum pressure of 1007 mb at 0120Z. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 42 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The analyzed track takes the center about 0.2 degrees west of Lake Charles, but the RMW is uncertain. Assuming that Lake Charles could have been slightly inside the RMW, at the RMW, or outside the RMW. The Schloemer equation was run assuming Lake Charles was at the RMW, and this yields a central pressure of 996 mb. Since this occurred slightly inland, the Ho et al. inland-pressure decay model indicates a filling of 1 mb from the time of landfall until the 1001 mb reading was recorded, so this yields a 995 mb landfall central pressure with a likely range between 992-996 mb. A possible 995 mb central pressure (but not added into HURDAT because of the uncertainty) equals 52 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The ROCI of the cyclone was a tiny 100 nmi and the forward speed was 14 kt. One final note about the landfall is that a large, broad synoptic low pressure area was approaching from the west, so the winds on the west side at landfall were not particularly strong, but the gradient on the east side was stronger as 1019 mb pressures were located about 250 nmi to the east. Given the very small size, high environmental pressures, and estimated hurricane force winds on the coast, a 65 kt intensity is retained for landfall. This keeps the system as a Category 1 hurricane. Jarrell et al. listed this as a Category 1 for Louisiana with a 985 mb central pressure at landfall. Jarrell et al. obtained the 985 mb value from Connor (1956), who listed 985 mb as the estimate of the lowest lifetime intensity of the cyclone. Jarrell et al. apparently misinterpreted this as being the U.S. landfall intensity. Since the peak observations during the lifetime of the cyclone occurred at Grand Cayman, Connor likely was estimating a 985 mb central pressure on the 12th. After landfall, observations over western Louisiana indicate that the cyclone turned north-northeastward after 06Z rather than northwestward, as shown in HURDAT originally. Shreveport recorded a minimum pressure of 1009 mb at 09Z on the 15th and then the wind there changed to northwesterly. HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on the 15th near the Texas-Oklahoma border as a 20 kt tropical depression, but the revised final position is at 12Z near the Louisiana-Arkansas border as a 20 kt tropical depression. Dissipation is therefore shown to have occurred 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 4 (originally Storm 3) - Revised in 2012 30635 08/23/1938 M= 6 3 SNBR= 676 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30635 08/23/1938 M= 7 4 SNBR= 676 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 30640 08/23* 0 0 0 0*141 723 60 0*150 750 60 0*156 763 65 0* 30640 08/23* 0 0 0 0*139 738 45 0*142 752 50 0*149 765 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30645 08/24*162 777 70 0*167 792 75 0*172 806 80 0*176 817 85 0* 30645 08/24*158 779 55 0*166 793 60 0*172 806 65 0*177 817 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 30650 08/25*180 827 85 0*184 838 85 0*189 848 85 0*196 861 85 0* 30650 08/25*181 827 75 0*186 837 85 0*191 848 95 0*196 859 105 0* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** 30655 08/26*203 876 85 0*209 889 80 0*214 902 80 979*218 912 80 0* 30655 08/26*202 870 105 0*208 884 80 0*214 898 75 979*218 910 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 30660 08/27*221 922 75 0*225 933 75 0*228 944 75 0*230 952 75 0* 30660 08/27*222 921 75 0*225 932 75 0*228 943 75 0*232 954 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30665 08/28*231 960 70 0*231 971 60 0*230 987 55 0*2261003 35 0* 30665 08/28*236 964 75 0*239 974 75 0*241 984 55 0*241 994 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ******* ** The 29th is new to HURDAT 30667 08/29*2411004 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30670 HR Minor track changes and major intensity alterations are made to the hurricane, which made two Mexican landfalls. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Jamaican observations from NCDC, and Mexican observations from the Mexican meteorological service courtesy of Michael Rosengaus. August 21: HWM indicates no features of interest in the Caribbean. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM indicates no features of interest in the Caribbean. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 15N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 1007 mb at 14Z at 16.2N, 75.6W (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt E at Morant Point, Jamaica (17.9N, 76.2W) either late on the 23rd or early on the 24th (NCDC). "Vessel reports showed disturbed conditions in the central Caribbean Sea on the morning of August 23 with some evidence of cyclonic circulation central about 250 miles southeast of Jamaica. On crossing Yucatan the storm was of full hurricane intensity" (MWR). August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 17.2N, 80.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 1008 mb at 19.3N, 80.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 25 kt NE with 1009 mb at Grand Cayman at 12Z (HWM); 12 kt NNW with 1004 mb at Swan Island at 22Z (OMR). August 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.9N, 84.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 19N, 85W (am) and at 20N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 15 kt WNW with 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.6N, 87.1W (COA). Station highlights: 17 kt NW with 1003 mb at 02Z at Swan Island (OMR); 35kt SSE with a pressure of 1008mb at Grand Cayman (19.3N, 81.4W) at 12Z (HWM); 75 kt NE and 982 mb at Cozumel at 20Z (Mexico). "The tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea is located this morning at about 220 km to the SE of Cozumel and it is likely that it will cross the Yucatan Peninsula tonight with hurricane-force winds near the center. Torrential rainfall is expected in Yucatan and the rain will increase across the eastern of the country" (Mexico). August 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 22N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 21.4N, 90.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 21N, 90W (am) with a pressure of 991mb and at 21.5N, 92W (pm). Ship highlights: center fix around ~1137Z near 21.4N, 89.7W with 979 mb central pressure and calm winds with N hurricane force before and S hurricane force after with highest winds experienced estimated at 90 mph (78 kt) (MWR); 70 kt NE before 14Z at 22.0N, 89.9W (MWR); 50 kt ENE with 990 mb at 14Z at 22.0N, 89.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 79 kt NE with 964 mb at Cozumel at 01Z, 72 kt SE with 969 mb at Cozumel at 03Z (Mexico); 50 kt S with 989 mb at Progreso (21.3N, 89.8W) 13Z (NCDC, Mexico); 30 kt S with 995 mb at Merida (21.0N, 89.5W) 13Z (NCDC, Mexico); 40 kt W with 997 mb at Campeche at 13Z (Mexico). "The Am. S.S. Agwistar was in the center on the morning of the 26th, while anchored 7 miles north of Progreso. Winds of hurricane force were experienced from 4am to 7am (local time) but with a dead calm from 5:15 to 6am. Lowest pressure was 28.92in during the calm" (MWR). "The tropical cyclone that crossed last night the northern portion of Yucatan is moving rapidly toward the west and it is a significant menace to the coastline between Soto la Marina and Veracruz. Cloudiness and rain is expected over most of the country" (Mexico). August 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb at 22N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 22.8N, 94.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 22N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 992mb and at 22.5N, 96.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 78 kt (estimated max encountered) between 02Z-06Z likely within 1 degree of 22.5N, 93.5W (MWR); 991 mb (min p) at 09Z-10Z likely within 0.5 degrees of 22.5N, 93.5W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The ship Nic. M. S. Sama was very near the center at 4am of the 27th, at 22.5N, 93.5W, barometer 29.26 inches" (MWR). "The tropical cyclone continues to be of importance and it is moving toward the central portion of the Tamaulipas coast. The rain will be abundant in the northeast region of the country and will be increasing across most of the republic" (Mexico). August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 23N, 98.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show the center at about 22.5N, 98.5W (am) and at 23.5N, 100.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 65-70 kt estimated near 24.8N, 97.7W (MWR). Station highlights: Estimated landfall point near 24.5N, 97.7W (MWR); 10kt SW with a pressure of 1001mb at Tampico (22.3N, 97.8W) at 12Z (HWM). "The following is taken from the report of the official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at Brownsville, regarding the passage of the storm into Mexico and the damage resulting there: "Reports from Capt. Durst, Pan American Airways pilot, through Mr. Ronning their meteorologist, and from local fishermen who apparently were in the northern portion of the storm track, the center apparently went inland in the vicinity of Boca Jesus Maria [24.5N, 97.7W], and the width of path of damage on the beach was about 75 to 80 miles. The little village of La Pesca [23.8N, 97.8W] on the beach in the same latitude as Soto La Marina appears to have had winds strong enough to blow their palm-thatched huts down or badly damage them. Fishermen, who happened to be on the beach or on an island some 20 miles north of Boca Jesus Maria, estimate the wind velocity around 75 to 80 mph from NW to N into the E. The center reached the coastline probably shortly after midnight Saturday. [In Brownsville and vicinity,] velocities in some of the squalls along the coast, according to Brazos Coast Guard personnel, were estimated at 45 mph... reports from at or near the beach at Del Mar, a resort on the beach a short distance south of Port Isabel [indicate] the water was very rough and swells occasionally swept entirely across Padre and Brazos islands in places, washing away a few inexpensive structures at Del Mar - the only damage as a result of the storm in the vicinity of which we have any knowledge'" (MWR). "The tropical cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico moved inland to the north and close to Puerto de Tampico a bit after midnight, thus it is likely that rain will be found over most of the North of the country, and isolated over the southern half" (Mexico). August 29: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low, but analyzed a spot low near 23.5N, 100.0W. HURDAT no longer lists the system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a final position (am) near 24N, 102W with a 1006 mb pressure. Station highlights: 15 kt W with 1006 mb at 12Z at 23.8N, 102.0W (HWM). "The tropical cyclone from the Gulf of Mexico dissipated over the interior of the country allowing for better weather conditions over the northeast states, and increasing clouds and rain over the rest of the republic" (Mexico). The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical cyclone formed on 23 August at 06Z in the central Caribbean with a 60 kt intensity. Data was obtained for the area and east of that location beginning on 21 August. There is no evidence to change the timing of genesis; however, the timing of genesis is uncertain, and it may have occurred earlier. Based on data from the 23rd, the position at 06Z on the 23rd is adjusted 1.5 degrees west of the original position, and this eliminates an unrealistic deceleration during the first 12 hours in the original HURDAT track. A 0.8 degree southward adjustment is implemented at 12Z on the 23rd. This cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean until it made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula in the vicinity of Cozumel around 00Z on the 26th. The largest track change from 18Z on the 23rd until the Yucatan landfall at 00Z on the 26th is only 0.4 degrees. The first observed west wind was from the north coast of South America on the 23rd at 12Z, and the first observed west wind from a ship was at 18Z on the 23rd. On the 23rd, the highest observed wind was 30 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1006 mb. There were a decent number of ships surrounding the cyclone about 100 nmi or less from the center that day, and it appears that the cyclone was not as intense on the 23rd as listed in HURDAT originally. The intensities from 06-18Z on the 23rd are lowered by 10-15 kt from the original HURDAT. The first gale was recorded from Morant Point, Jamaica around 00Z on the 24th - a 35 kt east wind. The minimum pressure at Kingston was 1008 mb around that time. The cyclone is analyzed to be about 120 nmi south of Jamaica at that time with a 55 kt intensity (down from 70 kt originally at 00Z on the 24th). Based on data from the 26th (discussed later) as well as from the 23rd through 25th, the cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane strength at 12Z on the 24th (18 hours later than originally) when it was south of the Cayman Islands. On the 24th, ship data in the vicinity of the cyclone is lacking, and there were no gales or low pressures recorded from ships that day. On the 25th, although observations 75-200 nmi from the center allow for a more accurate placement of the position compared to the 24th, there are also no observations close to the center. Swan Island recorded 17 kt NW with 1003 mb at 02Z on the 25th with a significant wind shift as the cyclone passed about a degree northeast of the island. A 35 kt gale was reported at Grand Cayman on the 25th well after the cyclone had passed well south of the island. The cyclone's center passed just to the south of Cozumel and made landfall along the Yucatan Peninsula at 02Z on the 26th at 20.4N, 87.4W. Cozumel had peak synoptic observations of 79 kt NE with 964 mb at 01Z (but no recording of the peak wind or lowest pressure). 964 mb suggests an intensity of at least 97 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt is analyzed at landfall as well as the 18Z 25th/00Z 26th before landfall, making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Mexico. These are major changes from the 85 kt originally included in HURDAT at these times. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests 74 kt at 06Z. The hurricane made oceanfall over the Gulf of Mexico around 10Z on the 26th for about eight hours over land. On the 26th just before 12Z, a ship anchored off the coast from Progreso near 21.4N, 89.7W, recorded a central pressure of 979 mb with 45 minutes of dead calm in the eye. Hurricane force winds began for this stationary ship at 1000Z followed by dead calm from 1115Z-1200Z. After that, hurricane force winds from the opposite direction were experienced until 1300Z when winds fell below hurricane force. Maximum winds experienced by this ship were estimated at 90 mph (~78 kt). The central pressure of 979 mb listed in HURDAT originally at 12Z on the 26th is retained, and this value equals 79 kt from the pressure-wind relationship. Given that the hurricane had just moved back over water, the intensity at 12Z is reduced slightly to 75 kt (from 80 kt) and the overland 06Z intensity is analyzed to be 80 kt (unchanged). From 26-28 August, the cyclone moved west-northwestward in the Bay of Campeche before making its final Mexican landfall. In addition to the ship that recorded the center fix, two separate ships subsequently recorded hurricane force winds - one at 14Z on the 26th and the other on the 27th sometime between 02Z-06Z. In the latter case, highest winds were estimated at 90 mph (~78 kt). On the 26th and 27th, the largest position change is only 0.4 degrees; however, on the 28th, changes in excess of 1 degree are implemented around the time of landfall Mexico. HURDAT originally showed landfall in Mexico occurring near latitude 23.1N. Commentary from MWR strongly suggests landfall occurred well to the north of that location - near 24.5N, 97.7W. Hurricane force winds of 65-70 kt were estimated near 24.8N, 97.7W. Damage was reported as far south as 23.8N, 97.8W. Because the pressure was 7 mb lower at Tampico than at Brownsville at 12Z on the 28th, a landfall point slightly south of that suggested by MWR, but still well north of the original HURDAT, is chosen. The landfall is estimated at 24.1N, 97.7W on 28 August at 08Z. Due to the effects of this cyclone on land described in MWR, the hurricane force winds were recorded by the hip on the 27th, and the hurricane force winds were estimated at landfall, a 75 kt intensity is chosen at 06Z on the 28th (up from 60 kt originally) and for landfall. No changes were made to the 75 kt intensity on the 27th, and it appears that the original HURDAT was interpolating the intensity downward between 12Z on the 27th and 12Z on the 28th. Instead, the 75 kt intensity is now maintained until landfall, and it is possible that it could have been stronger, as this hurricane still produced a sizeable storm surge as far north as south Texas where a few homes were reported washed away. No tropical storm force winds were recorded in Texas, and this hurricane is not analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in Texas (the maximum wind recorded at Brownsville was 26 kt). After landfall, the cyclone moved due westward along 24.1N and weakened as it moved inland. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 56 and 42 kt for 12 and 18Z, respectively, on the 28th. The 55 and 35 kt intensities originally listed in HURDAT at those times are unchanged. At 18Z on the 28th, the analyzed position is about 1.7 degrees NNE of the original HURDAT, which bent the track southwestward. An inspection of the HWM map at 12Z on 29 August reveals a 24-hour pressure fall of 3.7 mb at the station near 23.8N, 102.0W, and a wind direction that changed from north on the 28th to west on the 29th. Since there were no other areas of low pressure approaching Mexico from the west or north, this pressure drop is entirely due to the remnant circulation of the TC. Although the cyclone is analyzed to have been a remnant low at 12Z on the 29th, the dissipation of the cyclone is analyzed to have occurred 6 hours later than the original HURDAT (now after 00Z on 29 August). The final point at 00Z on the 29th is over Mexico as a 25 kt tropical depression before it weakened to a remnant low and thereafter dissipated. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012 30671 09/09/1938 M= 6 5 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30672 09/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 460 25 0*135 471 25 0* 30672 09/10*140 482 25 0*145 494 25 0*150 505 30 0*155 516 30 0* 30672 09/11*161 528 30 0*166 539 30 0*172 550 30 0*179 561 30 0* 30673 09/12*186 572 30 0*193 584 30 0*200 595 30 0*205 607 30 0* 30673 09/13*209 620 35 0*211 632 35 0*214 643 35 0*219 651 35 0* 30673 09/14*225 657 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30674 TS HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred during September in the tropical Atlantic. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16N, 22.4W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM suggests a tropical wave/trough from 20N, 21W to 12N, 25W. No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N 21W. Station highlight: 25 kt NNW with 1013 mb at Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands at 12Z (HWM). September 8: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM shows two ship observations near 45W that suggest a possible weak vortex near 13N, 46W. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 12Z: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 59.0W. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb (not the feature of interest) near 29.6N, 64.7W. A closed 1010 mb encompasses much of the area from 19-32N, 59-75W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1009 mb at 13Z at 21.4N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt SE with 1011 mb at 19Z at 22.4N, 63.5W (COA). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed 1010 mb isobar encompassing much of the area between 22-36N, 64-74W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical wave emerged off the African coast around 4-5 September. (It is noted that Sao Tiago in the Cape Verde Islands recorded a NNW 25 kt with 1013 mb at 12Z on the 7th and that HWM indicated a low east of there. However, this appears to be a separate system from the new tropical cyclone being added to HURDAT here. No further development of this second system apparently occurred.) The tropical wave moved westward and a tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 12Z on 9 September several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. The analyzed intensity at that time is 25 kt. The intensity is increased to 30 kt on the 10th when a ship well north of the center reported a 25 kt wind. On the 11th, there was very little data near the system, but observational coverage on the 12th and 13th was much better. Observations on the 12th indicate a closed circulation continued at 12Z, but no tropical storm force winds had been observed by that point, so the 30 kt intensity is held through the 12th. On the 13th, there were two gales of 35 kt recorded from the same ship six hours apart. At 13Z, the ship recorded 35 kt E with 1009 mb as the cyclone passed just south of the ship. At 19Z, it recorded 35 kt SE with 1011 mb and the cyclone was located farther from and WSW of the ship at that time. West winds were also recorded south of the center on the 13th. On the 13th, a separate broad area of low pressure or trough, which was located to the northwest of the cyclone, moved eastward so that they began to interact around 00Z on the 14th. On the 14th, there are no longer any observations that show any signs of the tropical cyclone's whereabouts. A peak intensity of 35 kt is analyzed for a day from 00Z on the 13th to 18Z on the 13th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 14th with a position a couple hundred miles north of Puerto Rico. Dissipation is analyzed after 00Z on the 14th. It is noted that the evidence for including this new system into HURDAT is not definitive, but it is enough to conclude that a tropical storm did exist for about a day. **************************************************************************************** 1938/06 - 2008 REVISION: 29495 09/10/1938 M=13 4 SNBR= 653 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 29500 09/10* 0 0 0 0*142 215 35 0*144 238 35 0*146 250 35 0* 29505 09/11*148 262 35 0*149 274 35 0*150 285 35 0*152 297 35 0* 29510 09/12*153 310 40 0*154 324 40 0*155 337 40 0*156 348 40 0* 29515 09/13*157 358 40 0*158 371 45 0*160 383 45 0*161 394 50 0* 29520 09/14*162 406 50 0*164 419 55 0*167 432 55 0*169 445 60 0* 29525 09/15*172 457 65 0*174 468 70 0*176 478 75 0*179 490 80 0* 29530 09/16*183 502 80 0*186 516 85 0*189 530 85 0*192 540 90 0* 29535 09/17*194 550 95 0*197 563 100 0*200 575 105 0*202 586 115 0* 29540 09/18*204 596 120 0*207 607 125 0*210 620 125 0*213 636 130 0* 29545 09/19*217 656 130 0*223 678 135 0*232 700 135 0*241 716 140 0* 29550 09/20*250 727 140 0*259 736 140 0*267 743 135 0*280 748 130 0* 29555 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 110 0*352 731 100 938E390 730 85 940* 29555 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 110 0*352 731 100 938*390 730 85 940* * 29560 09/22E434 731 70 967E453 735 45 988E473 770 35 987E454 791 35 0* 29565 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA3 In the course of revising the Atlantic track book, a discrepancy was discovered between HURDAT and the existing (Neumann et al. 1999) track book map for 1938. The track map for that year showed 1938 #4 making landfall as a hurricane (NY3, CT3, RI3, MA3) and then becoming extratropical. HURDAT had the hurricane becoming extratropical at 18Z on the 21st, prior to landfall. The committee agreed, pending any further reanalysis, to make HURDAT consistent with the track map by changing the 18Z position to tropical. 1938 Storm 6 (originally Storm 4) - Revised in 2012 29185 09/10/1938 M=13 4 SNBR= 647 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 29185 09/09/1938 M=15 6 SNBR= 647 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * (The 9th is new to HURDAT.) 29190 09/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*128 193 30 0*130 203 30 0 29190 09/10* 0 0 0 0*142 215 35 0*144 238 35 0*146 250 35 0 29190 09/10*132 213 30 0*134 233 35 0*136 243 40 0*138 253 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29195 09/11*148 262 35 0*149 274 35 0*150 285 35 0*152 297 35 0 29195 09/11*140 263 45 0*142 274 45 0*145 285 45 0*147 297 45 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 29200 09/12*153 310 40 0*154 324 40 0*155 337 40 0*156 348 40 0 29200 09/12*149 310 45 0*152 324 45 0*155 337 45 0*159 347 45 0 *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 29205 09/13*157 358 40 0*158 371 45 0*160 383 45 0*161 394 50 0 29205 09/13*164 357 45 0*169 367 45 0*172 377 45 0*173 388 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29210 09/14*162 406 50 0*164 419 55 0*167 432 55 0*169 445 60 0 29210 09/14*173 400 50 0*174 412 55 0*175 423 55 0*176 433 60 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29215 09/15*172 457 65 0*174 468 70 0*176 478 75 0*179 490 80 0 29215 09/15*177 443 65 0*178 453 70 0*179 463 75 0*181 473 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29220 09/16*183 502 80 0*186 516 85 0*189 530 85 0*192 540 90 0 29220 09/16*183 483 85 0*186 494 90 0*189 505 95 0*195 516 100 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 29225 09/17*194 550 95 0*197 563 100 0*200 575 105 0*202 586 115 0 29225 09/17*205 527 110 0*210 538 115 0*212 550 115 0*213 565 115 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29230 09/18*204 596 120 0*207 607 125 0*210 620 125 0*213 636 130 0 29230 09/18*213 580 120 0*214 596 125 0*217 615 125 0*222 635 130 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29235 09/19*217 656 130 0*223 678 135 0*232 700 135 0*241 716 140 0 29235 09/19*228 655 130 0*235 675 135 0*242 695 135 0*248 711 140 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29240 09/20*250 727 140 0*259 736 140 0*267 743 135 0*280 748 130 0 29240 09/20*252 724 140 0*258 734 140 0*267 743 135 0*280 748 130 0 *** *** *** *** 29245 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 110 0*352 731 100 938E390 730 85 940 29245 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 120 0*352 731 110 940*393 729 105 940 *** *** ******* *** *** 29250 09/22E434 731 70 967E453 735 45 988E473 770 35 987E454 791 35 0 29250 09/22E434 731 60 969E465 745 40 0E477 773 35 987E470 778 35 0 ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** (The 23rd is new to HURDAT.) 29252 09/23E450 770 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 29255 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA3 29255 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2 *** Landfall: September 21 1945Z: 40.7N, 72.9W, 941 mb, 105 kt, 40 nmi RMW, 1011 mb OCI, 350 nmi ROCI, 41 kt forward speed September 21 2040Z: 41.3N, 72.9W, 946 mb, 100 kt, 40 nmi RMW, 1011 mb OCI, 350 nmi ROCI, 41 kt forward speed Major changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the COADS ship database, Tannehill (1938), Pierce (1939), Wexler (1939), Myers and Jordan (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), Kaplan and DeMaria (2001), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1939). September 9: HWM analyzes a trough extending west-southwest out of West Africa. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 21.5W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 13.6N, 24.3W. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE with 1009 mb at 12Z at 15.5N, 24.3W (COA); 25 kt NE with 1005 mb at 18Z at 14.2N, 26.7W (COA). Land highlights: No gales or low pressures in Cape Verde Islands. September 11: HWM analyzes an open trough located at 15N, 27W on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 28.5W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 14.5N, 28.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S at 1 UTC at 12.5N, 25.2W (COA); 35 kt SW with 1012 mb at 10 UTC at 11.5N, 27.5W. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures in Cape Verde Islands. September 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.5N, 33.7W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 15.5N, 33.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 38.3W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 17.0N, 33.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area. "There was some evidence of cyclonic circulation central about 19N, 37W, on the morning of September 13, 1938, but the storm has not been definitely charted prior to the evening of September 16, when it appears to have become a full developed hurricane" (1938 MWR). September 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 43.2W. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 17.2N, 42.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area. September 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 17.6N, 47.8W. Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 17.9N, 46.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area. September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.5N, 50.0W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 53.0W. Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 18.9N, 50.5W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW with 1006 mb at 15Z at 18.9N, 50.6W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1012 mb at 18Z at 23.8N, 51.5W (COA). Regarding the intensity: "There was some evidence of cyclonic circulation central about 19N, 37W, on the morning of September 13, 1938, but the storm has not been definitely charted prior to the evening of September 16, when it appears to have become a full developed hurricane. At about 9:30 p.m., ships time, on September 16 [September 17 at 0130 UTC], the Brazilian S.S. Alegrete was near the center in approximately 21 12 N., 52 46 W., barometer 28.31 (uncorrected) [958 mb], wind force 12 [70 kt], shifting from east-northeast to east-southeast" (1938 MWR). September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 21.5N, 54W. HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 57.5W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 21N, 55.2W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 115 kt hurricane was centered at 21.2N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE with 958 mb at 0130Z at 21.2N, 52.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 54.7W (HWM); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 16 UTC at 23.5N, 57.5W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 20 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA). Regarding the intensity: "Early on the morning of September 17, the Netherlands S.S. Socrates encountered the storm while near 21N, 59W, and had increasing winds, backing from east-northeast to northwest and then to west-southwest, lowest barometer 29.29 inches [992 mb]" (1938 MWR). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 21.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a 125 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 62.0W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 21.2N, 58W at 0 UTC. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 21.5N, 62W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 125 kt hurricane was centered at 21.7N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 0 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA); 60 kt W with 992 mb at 0135Z at 20.6N, 59.3W (MWR); 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 8 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA); 35 kt NW-W and 1004 mb at 20 UTC at 21.2N, 66.3W (MWR Robin Goodfellow); 945 mb (time and location unknown) (MWR). "The highest wind experienced [by British S.S. Socrates] was W-11 [60 kt] at 9:35 p.m. [September 18 at 0035 UTC], ships time, in latitude 20 38 N, longitude 59 17 W" (1938 MWR). Regarding the intensity: "A vessel reporting by radio gave [a] barometer reading[s] below 28 inches, the British S.S. Corrales, 27.90 inches [945 mb] on the 18th" (1938 MWR). September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.5N, 70W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 70.0W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 21.8N, 65.5W at 0 UTC. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 23.7N, 70.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 135 kt hurricane was centered at 24.2N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 2 UTC at 28.4N, 69.3W (MWR Pan America); 35 kt W and 1001 mb at 9 UTC at 23.6N, 73.8W (COA); 50 kt NE and 988 mb at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 70.0W (COA); 70 kt E and 982 mb at 14 UTC at 25.5N, 69.9W (MWR Gulfhawk); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 15 UTC at 24.3N, 72.7W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at 23.5N, 69.5W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 21 UTC at 27.4N, 73.4W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 21 UTC at 27.0N, 73.0W (COA); 35 kt S with 1007 mb at 21 UTC at 25.6N, 72.8W (COA); 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22 UTC at 27.2N, 74.1W (COA). September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 27.5N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 74.3W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 shows a center near 25.2N, 73W at 0 UTC. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 28.8N, 75.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 135 kt hurricane was centered at 26.7N, 74.3W. Ship Highlights: 65 kt NE at 2 UTC at 26.3N, 74.2W (COA); 50 kt E and 986 at 5 UTC at 33.4N, 74.4W (COA); 50 kt SW at 6 UTC at 26.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 9 UTC at 27.8N, 72.6W (MWR Jean Lafitte); 45 kt NE and 956 mb at 9 UTC at 27.1N, 73.9W (MWR Antigua); 70 kt E and 1005 mb at 9 UTC at 27.4N, 72.4W (COA); 70 kt E and 953 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 74.6W (MWR Atlantida); 50 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 27.6N, 72.6W (HWM); 60 kt S at 12 UTC at 25.6N, 73.9W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 27.6N, 73.8W (COA); 60 kt SE and 980 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 72.5W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 72.5W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13Z at 27.4N, 72.4W (COA); 55 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13Z 27.0N, 72.0W (COA); 70 kt S and 976 mb at 15 UTC at 27.6N, 74.0W (MWR Phobos); 70 kt ENE and 950 mb at 23 UTC at 30.0N, 75.7W (MWR India Arrow); 943 mb (time and location unknown) (MWR). Several gales of 35 kt-45 kt observed. Regarding the intensity: "a vessel reporting by radio gave a barometer reading below 28 inches... the British S. S. Carinthia, 27.85 [943 mb] on the 20th" (MWR). September 21: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 74.5W attached to a N-S cold front. HURDAT listed this as a 100 kt hurricane at 35.2N, 74.4W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 30.2N, 76.0 W at 0 UTC. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 35.5N, 75.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 35.2N, 73.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 1005 mb at 4 UTC at 30.5N, 72.5W (MWR); 70 kt W and 954 mb at 9 UTC at 33.4N, 74.4W (COA); 60 kt N and 969 mb at 15Z at 36.2N, 74.6W (MWR); 70 kt SE and 952 mb at 17 or 18 UTC at 38.9N, 72.0W (MWR Birmingham City); 70 kt NW and 970 mb at 17Z or 18Z at 39.3N, 73.8W (MWR Stewart); 45 kt NW with 972 mb at 17 UTC at 38.2N, 74.5W (COA). Land highlights: 53 kt at 9 UTC at Hatteras, North Carolina at 35.3N, 75.6W (NCDC); 53 kt W with 982 mb at 17 UTC at Atlantic City, New Jersey at 39.4N, 74.5W (NCDC, MWR); 40 kt SE at 17 UTC at Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 44 kt N at 17 UTC at New York City, New York at 40.8N, 74.0W (NCDC); calm center from 1850Z-1950Z at Brentwood, Long Island,NewYork (40.8N, 73.2W) (MWR); 981 mb at 19 UTC at Newark Airport, New Jersey at 40.8N, 74.3W (NCDC); 45 kt SE with 995 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket, Massachusetts at 41.3N, 70.1W (NCDC); 946 mb at 1945 UTC at Bellport, Long Island, New York at 40.75N, 72.9W (NCDC); 76 kt SW and 979 mb at 20 UTC at Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 95 kt (1-min/anemometer height unknown) at 2020Z at Fishers Island (41.3N, 72.0W) (Army Corps); 33 kt SE and 996 mb at 21 UTC at Nantucket, Massachusetts at 41.3N, 70.1W (NCDC); 63 kt S and 985 mb at 21 UTC at Boston at 42.4N, 71.0W (NCDC); 40 kt SE with 979 mb (min p) at 22 UTC at Concord, New Hampshire at 43.2N, 71.5W (NCDC); 40 kt S with 975 mb (min p) at 22 UTC at Albany, New York at 42.7N, 73.8W (NCDC). "It was not until September 21 that the hurricane approached any coastal or island area close enough to be felt seriously. At about 7:30 a.m. E.S.T. [1230 UTC] of that day, the center was about 75 miles east or slightly north of east from Cape Hatteras, where the barometer reading at that time was 29.30 and the wind velocity 50 miles an hour from the northwest. With the center approximately the same distance east of Atlantic City, at about 1 p.m. [18 UTC], the hurricane caused a maximum wind velocity of 61 miles an hour from the west at 12:55 p.m. [1755 UTC], simultaneously with the lowest barometer reading, 28.99 inches. At Sandy Hook, the lowest reading was 28.71 inches, shortly after 2 p.m., maximum wind 56 N at 1 p.m. The calm center was felt at Brentwood, Long Island, between 1:50 p.m. and 2:50 p.m. Drizzling rain was reported at intervals, with the sun shining during or three 5-minute periods. The wind movement was so slight during that time that a cigarette could have been lighted in the open without difficulty. Shortly before 4 p.m. the center reached the Connecticut coast passing between New Haven and Bridgeport; lowest pressure at New Haven was 28.11 at 3:50 p.m. At Hartford the minimum pressure, 28.04, was reached at 4:30 p.m. Moving at a very rapid rate, the center crossed Vermont between 6 and 9 p.m., its course having changed from north by east to north by west, while crossing Massachusetts. At Northfield the lowest barometer reading was 28.77 at 7:30 p.m. and at Burlington at 8 p.m." (1938 MWR). "NY, CT, RI, MA - All Category 3 - 946 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). "Environmental pressure - 1015 mb, Estimated maximum sustained (equivalent 1 min) surface wind at landfall - 110 kt" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Sep. 21, 1938, 943 mb central pressure, 946 mb observed in Bellport, NY, RMW of 45 nmi, movement 48 kt, landfall at 40.7N, 72.9W, 'storm becoming extratropical'" (Ho et al. 1987). "1938 Sep 21, All sections of New England, Extreme Intensity ["Extreme" being 948 mb or less, maximum winds 136 kt and higher]" (Dunn and Miller). "F2/F3 damages observed from wind-caused impacts, Suggests boosting winds at 21st/12Z from 100 to 110 kt, 18Z 85 to 110 kt, landfall at 20Z with 110 kt, 22nd/00Z from 70 to 90 kt, 06Z from 45 to 60 kt" (Boose et al. 2001). "Suggest maximum sustained surface winds of 85 kt" (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). September 22: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 47.5N, 75.5W attached to a stationary front. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 47.3N, 77.0W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 43.5N, 73W at 0 UTC. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 46.5N, 77W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered at 47.7N, 77.3W. Land highlights: 41 kt S and 971 mb at 2330Z at Burlington, Vermont at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); 973 mb at 0 UTC at Burlington, Vermont at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); 995 mb at 0 UTC at Portland, Maine at 43.65N, 70.25W (NCDC); 996 mb at 0 UTC at Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 993 mb at 0 UTC at Boston, Massachusetts at 42,4N, 71.0W (NCDC); 982 mb at 0 UTC at Albany, New York at 42.7N, 73.8W (NCDC); 993 mb at 6 UTC at Burlington, Vermont at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); several other gales and low pressures. September 23: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 42.5N, 72.5W attached to a stationary front. HURDAT does not list a position for this day. The MWR Track of the hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 shows a center near 45.0N, 77.0W at 0 UTC. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 45.0N, 77.0W. Genesis is begun 18 hours earlier, based upon land and ship observations on the 9th showing a closed low had developed just off of the West African coast. Following a thorough examination of all available data and records for each day of the storm's existence, recommendations were made for moderate to major track modifications to the HURDAT database. These include: 1) removal of unrealistic acceleration at the track beginning, 2) removal of speed problem on the 12th, 3) added a stairstep track on the 17th, 4) only minor changes to timing and position of landfall in New England, 5) added an additional 6 hr position for more realistic end of track. Recommendations were also made for generally minor intensity alterations to the HURDAT database for the 10th to the 12th, the 16th and 17th, and the 21st and 22nd, with the exception of a major increase of 20 kt at 18Z on the 21st. On the 10th at 18Z with the system located just southwest of the Cape Verde Islands, a 1005 mb peripheral pressure was recorded in association with the cyclone, and on the 11th at 01Z, a 40 kt wind was recorded. The analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 11th is 45 kt (up from 35 kt originally). (It is of note that the 40 kt S wind is listed as being in nearly the same spot as the 20 kt S wind. However, given the rather poor navigational tools available in 1938, it is quite likely that the relative positions of the two ships with regards to the storm's center may be off by 30 or even 60 nm.) After that, observations near the cyclone were lacking until 17 September at 0130Z, when the SS Alegrete recorded a peripheral pressure of 958 mb with hurricane force winds at 21.2N, 52.8W. A 958 mb peripheral pressure reading suggests maximum winds of greater than 103 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship and greater than 105 kt for its intensifying subset. Winds are boosted from 95 to 110 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th and adjusted upward accordingly on the 16th. Additional ships encountered the storm during the days following this period. On the 18th at 12Z, the hurricane was located a few hundred miles north of the Lesser Antilles. On this day, the British S.S. Corrales recorded a pressure of 945 mb (it is uncertain whether this is a peripheral or central pressure). The 945 mb pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 116 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. The 125 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th is not changed. On the 20th at 12Z, with the hurricane located northeast of the Bahamas, the Atlantida recorded a 953 mb pressure with simultaneous hurricane force winds, and at 23Z, the ship India Arrow recorded 950 mb with simultaneous hurricane force. Those two ships did not experience 180 degree wind shifts. The British S.S. Carinithia recorded a 943 mb pressure sometime on the 20th, but it is uncertain whether this is a peripheral or central pressure measurement. The 943 mb pressure on the 20th suggests maximum winds of at least 112 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 135 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 20th is not changed. No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensities from the 18th through the 20th. The peak intensity of 140 kt is retained from 18Z on the 19th through 06Z on the 20th. It is of note that the original HURDAT assessment of a 140 kt peak intensity is not directly supported by any data. However, the current data is not sufficient to justify changing this, but considerable uncertainty remains as to the peak intensity obtained by this major hurricane. A 938 mb central pressure value is listed in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 21st. This value may be partially based on the work of Myers and Jordan in the July 1956 MWR. They extrapolated the ship pressures and the observed pressure gradient to derive an estimated pressure of 27.75 in (939.8 mb) at 1200 EST (17Z) 21 September and this combined with the observed changes may have been used for the HURDAT value. It is noted that they derive a similar central pressure for the afternoon of 20 September, which was not used in HURDAT. Thus based upon the Myers and Jordan work, the central pressure value at 12Z on the 21st is changed to 940 mb. At 12Z on the 21st, the hurricane was just east of North Carolina, and it was accelerating northward. A 940 mb central pressure equals 115 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 103 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 21st (up from 100 kt originally). Ship data from prior to landfall as well as station data from landfall suggest that the 940 mb central pressure in HURDAT 18Z on the 21st should be retained in HURDAT. At landfall (1945Z on the 21st), a pressure of 946 mb likely with calm or light winds measured in Bellport, Long Island, New York (40.7N, 72.9W) was the lowest pressure recorded on land. A landfall central pressure of 941 mb is analyzed here, which is in agreement with Jarvinen's analysis which used SLOSH. This is close to Ho et al.'s (943 mb) and HURDAT's 18Z (940 mb) values and somewhat deeper than Jarrell et al. (946 mb), who apparently assumed that Bellport observed the central pressure. The position at 1945Z was determined to be 40.7N, 72.9W, which is essentially over Bellport, Long Island. As described in Myers and Jordan, the pressure center and the wind center for this hurricane were offset by about 15 nmi (with the wind center southwest of the pressure center) due to its extreme translational speed. As is usually indicated in HURDAT, the best track positions here are based upon the wind (circulation) center. Based on observations and commentary from primary and secondary sources, the wind center is analyzed to have made landfall essentially right where the 946 mb was recorded at Bellport, and the pressure center likely came through about 0.1 degrees east of that location (near 72.8W when it made landfall on Long Island). Brentwood (40.8N, 73.2W) recorded calm or very light winds lasting for 1 hour. 941 mb suggests maximum winds of 103 kt from the Landsea et al. (2004) northern-pressure wind relationship. The RMW of the hurricane at landfall is estimated to be 40 nmi, somewhat smaller than Ho et al.'s assessment. This is slightly larger than the 30 nmi RMW which would be average given the central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000). However, the speed of the hurricane was about 41 kt at landfall, which would significantly increase the winds on the right side of the storm. Another consideration is that extratropical transition had been well underway and was nearly complete at landfall, and the pressure-wind relationship is not valid for extratropical cyclones. There are no available wind measurements from anemometers on Long Island to the right of the path of the center. There were only a few wind estimates there in commentary from secondary sources. It is estimated that the central pressure filled slightly - to 946 mb - at the second landfall in Connecticut. The hurricane's second landfall was around 2040 UTC at 41.3N, 72.9W near New Haven. A central pressure of 946 mb equals 99 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) northern pressure-wind relationship. At both landfalls the OCI and ROCI are analyzed at 1011 mb and 350 nmi, respectively. From a pressure-wind relationship standpoint, the large size of the storm and the larger than average RMW are counteracted by the very fast speed of the cyclone. Another consideration is that extratropical transition had been well underway and was nearly complete at landfall, and the pressure-wind relationship is not valid for extratropical cyclones. The highest official reliable wind observation recorded on land that was not influenced by terrain effects was 95 kt (1-minute) at Fishers Island, NY (41.3N, 72.0W) at 2020Z. An investigation into obtaining the height of this anemometer reveals that it was likely in the range of 10 to 15 meters. The observer at Fishers Island noted that the anemometer failed at 2020Z, right after the 95 kt value was recorded. The observer estimated a highest one-minute wind of 104 kt at 2035Z. Estimated maximum velocity reported by the observer at the Watch Hill Coast Guard Station (41.3N, 71.8W) in Westerly, Rhode Island was 105 kt. A secondary source states that the anemometer of a ship in the harbor at New London, CT at 41.35 degrees N, 71.1W recorded a value of exactly 87 kt before the anemometer blew away. The RMW of this hurricane was located between New London, CT and Westerly, RI. At Block Island, RI (41.2N, 71.6W), a maximum 5-minute wind of 71 kt SE (14 m) converts to a 10 m 1-min wind of 74 kt. Block Island's fastest mile wind was measured at 79 kt, which converts to a 10m 1-min wind of 76 kt. Block Island was located about 10 to 15 nmi outside of the right RMW. Other stations' maximum winds, after converting to 10m 1-min values are: Providence, RI: 68 kt; Boston, MA: 64 or 71 kt (depending whether you convert from 5-min or from fastest mile). It is estimated that the maximum surface sustained winds at the Long Island, NY landfall were about 105 kt, which is slightly below the Schwerdt et al.'s and Boose et al.'s value (110 kt) and significantly above that suggested by Kaplan and DeMaria (85 kt) and that shown originally in HURDAT (also 85 kt). (Kaplan and DeMaria's analysis focused solely upon observed wind values, and did not utilize the Army Corps source where the 95 kt observation was found. Other than the winds mentioned above, the wind data coverage on the right side of the hurricane was rather sparse. The right RMW is analyzed to have crossed eastern Long Island. This retains the hurricane as a Category 3 at the first (NY) landfall. For the Connecticut landfall, winds are suggested to have dropped slightly to 100 kt. Category 3 winds are likely to have been felt along the immediate coast of eastern Connecticut and extreme western Rhode Island in a tiny area between 72.0W-71.8W. However, Massachusetts impact was analyzed to be about Category 2, which is a downgrade from Category 3 originally estimated in HURDAT. An additional post-landfall central pressure was added for the 00Z 22nd HURDAT of 969 mb based on a 971 mb reading from Burlington, Vermont. This replaced a value of 967 mb originally in HURDAT. Following landfall, the peak observed winds within two hours of the 00Z and 06Z on the 22nd synoptic times were land-based observations of 60 kt from Boston, Massachusetts and 30 kt from Burlington, Vermont. The Kaplan and DeMaria (2001) inland decay algorithm for New England suggested winds of 62 and 40 kt at 00Z and 06Z, respectively. Consequently, winds in HURDAT were decreased from 70 to 60 kt at 00Z and from 45 to 40 kt at 06Z. An application of SLOSH for this hurricane was provided by Brian Jarvinen. For his run, he utilized the pressure center positions, which as mentioned earlier were about 15 nmi northeast of the wind center. Using central pressures of 941 mb at landfall in New York and 946 mb at landfall in Connecticut and an RMW of 26 nmi (from the pressure center), SLOSH's output closely matches the observed storm surges at Providence, Rhode Island and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The SLOSH model gave maximum 1 min surface winds of 113 kt at the southern shoreline on eastern Long Island and 104 kt at the shoreline in Connecticut. However, these values do not take into account any increases in stability due to the cool water near New England. Thus the SLOSH model output is consistent with a large Category 3 at landfall. One last consideration was whether the system was extratropical before or after landfall in New England. Oddly, it was listed as extratropical in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 21st (right before landfall), but the track is shown in Neumann et al. (1999) as still retaining hurricane status until just after landfall. It has been officially considered a hurricane at landfall in Jarrell et al. and in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale designation in HURDAT. Pierce (1939) considered it extratropical, as he even showed frontal boundaries when the system was as far south as 35N at 12 UTC on the 21st. However, ship observations near the core of the system were lacking on the 21st. While it is clear that the system was extratropical soon after landfall in New England (and was likely completely transitioned by 00 UTC on the 22nd), the lack of observations makes knowing its true character at landfall ambiguous. Perhaps Ho et al.'s assessment of "becoming extratropical" at landfall is most appropriate. Therefore, the 1938 Great New England hurricane will be retained with hurricane status just up to landfall. A final note is that the track for the 1938 New England Hurricane was extended an extra six hours on the 23rd to accommodate some Historical Weather Map data showing that the system was still in existence on this date and also to provide a more realistic velocity at its conclusion. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 7 (originally Storm 5) - Revised in 2012 30750 10/11/1938 M= 7 5 SNBR= 678 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 30750 10/10/1938 M= 8 7 SNBR= 678 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * * (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 30755 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 875 30 0* 30755 10/11*162 877 35 0*173 881 40 0*184 885 35 0*195 890 35 0* 30755 10/11*164 877 35 0*174 879 40 0*187 881 35 0*198 888 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 30760 10/12*207 896 35 0*215 900 35 0*222 902 35 0*236 905 35 0* 30760 10/12*208 896 30 0*218 900 35 0*228 902 35 0*238 903 35 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** 30765 10/13*248 901 35 0*252 897 40 0*253 890 40 0*253 881 45 0* 30765 10/13*248 900 35 0*252 896 40 0*253 887 40 0*252 877 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 30770 10/14*253 872 45 0*251 861 50 0*250 851 50 0*253 847 50 0* 30770 10/14*251 869 45 0*250 860 50 0*250 851 50 0*253 848 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** 30775 10/15*256 846 50 996*259 847 50 0*262 850 45 0*263 853 45 0* 30775 10/15*256 846 50 996*259 847 50 0*261 849 45 0*261 853 45 0* *** *** *** 30780 10/16*265 860 40 0*269 878 40 0*273 897 40 0*276 909 35 0* 30780 10/16*261 861 40 0*262 876 40 0*264 891 40 0*270 907 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 30785 10/17*279 921 35 0*284 936 35 0*288 950 35 1006*293 969 30 0* 30785 10/17*277 921 40 0*284 934 40 0*292 947 40 1004*299 961 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** 30790 TS US landfall: 10/17/1938 - 13Z - 29.3N 94.8W - 40 kt - 1004 mb Minor track changes and minor alterations to intensity are made to this tropical storm that made landfall at Galveston, TX. Evidence for the changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and observations from NCDC, the State Monthly Climatological Data Summaries for Florida and Texas from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Connor (1956). October 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over the eastern Pacific near 13N, 90W and observations on HWM show cyclonic turning over the southwestern Caribbean near 13N, 83W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. "The first evidence of unsettled conditions was noted on the evening of October 10, at which time a cyclonic circulation was centered a short distance to the southwest of Tela, Honduras, with a barometer reading of 29.69 inches" (MWR). "The pressures remain high over the eastern portion of the United States and descending in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, therefore, clouds and rains will be increasing over the southern half of the country, especially in the Pacific south coast" (Mexico). October 11: HWM indicates a closed low near 19N, 87.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 18.4N, 88.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 20N, 88.9W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE before 20Z and 20 kt SE with 1010 mb at 20Z at 19.6N, 86.0W (MWR). Station highlights: 1005 mb around 00Z at Tela, Honduras (15.8N, 87.5W) (MWR). "For the next 48 hours, while this depression pursued a north-northwest course, ship in the central and east Gulf regions experienced only moderate east and north winds" (MWR). "The pressures remain high over the eastern region of the United States and are rapidly decreasing in the Yucatan Channel, which likely means that a weak disturbance is to the north of the peninsula. Clouds and rain will decrease over most of the country" (Mexico). October 12: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 23.2N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 22.2N, 90.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 23.5N, 89.5W (am) and at 25N, 90W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 1014 mb at 10Z at 24.4N, 86.4W (COA); 10 kt NNW with 1008 mb at 22Z at 23.5N, 90.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 7pm of the 12th, the center was located near 25N and 90W. The disturbance recurved to the east-northeast during the evening of October 12" (MWR). "About 300 km to the north of Progreso, Yucatan, we find a weak disturbance moving to the northwest, which will allow for dry weather over most of the country with frosts over the central highlands" (Mexico). October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 25N, 87.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 25.3N, 89W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 25N, 89W (am) and at 25.3N, 86W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE with 1008 mb at 00Z at 26.5N, 90.8W (COA); 30 kt N with 1006 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 89.8W (COA); 45kt NE with a pressure of 1006mb at 26.1N, 87.6W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt E with 1005 mb at 23Z at 26.0N, 86.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The S. S. El Estero at 11am of October 13, reported a fresh gale [35 kt] from the northeast accompanied by heavy rain, while near latitude 26N, and longitude 87W, barometer 29.71 inches. At 1pm of the same day the S. S. El Isleo giving her position as 25°05'N and 87°36'W, reported northeast wind, force 9, the highest thus far reported in connection with this disturbance" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is located about 300 km to the north of Progreso, Yucatan. The system is of moderate intensity and appears to be recurving" (Mexico). October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 25N, 85.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 25N, 84.5W (am) with a pressure of 994mb and at 27.5N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE before 07Z and 25 kt S with 1003 mb at 07Z at 25.2N, 84.7W (MWR); 35kt NNE with a pressure of 1015mb at 27N, 90.4W at 12Z (COA); 25kt N with a pressure of 1000mb at 25.5N, 85W at 18Z (COA); center fix at 23Z at 25.7N, 84.7W with 996 mb central pressure and calm winds (MWR). Station highlights: 1006 mb at Key West (MWR). "At 6pm of the 14th, the S. S. Wallace E. Pratt reported a "calm center" at 25.42'N and 84.42'W, pressures 29.41 inches, the lowest barometer reading of record in connection with this disturbance" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is located about 300 km NNW of Havana, Cuba, and it's likely to move today across southern Florida. The weather will be generally dry over most of the country" (Mexico). October 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 26.2N, 85W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 26N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 27N, 86.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.8N, 85.6W (COA); 15kt WSW with a pressure of 1002mb at 25N, 85.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 23 kt NE (max 5-min wind) at both Apalachicola and Pensacola (climo). "The depression then moved in a northerly direction until the morning of the 15th with it again recurved, this time toward the west-northwest with an increased progressive movement, causing generally disturbed conditions over the northern Gulf" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is slowly weakening to the west of south Florida, which will lead to an increase in clouds and rain over the country" (Mexico). October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.3N, 89.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 27N, 89W (am) and at 27.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE with 1005 mb at 01Z at 26.0N, 85.9W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1010 mb at 10Z at 28.4N, 88.4W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance of moderate intensity is located about 500 km north of Progreso, Yucatan. The rain will increase over the states in the SE and dry weather will dominate the rest of the country" (Mexico). October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.8N, 95W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 29N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 06Z at 28.3N, 92.3W (COA). Station highlights: 37 kt E (max w/5-min/41m) (36 kt after converting to 1-min 10m) at 1145Z at Port Arthur, TX (29.9N, 94.0W) (MWR, Connor); 25kt NE with a pressure of 1005mb at Galveston, TX at 12Z (HWM); 37 kt (max w/1-min/12m/single register) at 1211Z at Fort Crockett, TX (29.3N, 94.9W) (MWR); 1006 mb (min p) around ~1220Z at Fort Crockett (MWR); 1005 mb (min p) at 1220Z at Galveston, TX (29.3N, 93.8W); 9 kt (min wind inside lull) at 1244Z at Fort Crockett (MWR); lull at 1310Z at Virginia Point, TX (29.3N, 94.9W) (MWR); 24 kt NE (max w/5-min/69m) at Dallas, TX (32.8N, 96.8W) (MWR). "The center passed inland a short distance to the southwest of Galveston, Tex., at about 7:45am of October 17" (MWR). "Extracts from a report by the official in charge at Galveston, Tex., follow: 'Wind at the Galveston station and over the western portion of the city veered from northerly to southerly. At the Galveston Municipal Airport, at the San Luis Coast Guard Station, and at Freeport, the wind backed from northeasterly to westerly. Mr. Stearns, storm warning displayman at Seabrook, Tex., on his way to Galveston at the time, reported strong and increasing northeast winds south of Dickinson, Tex. When nearing Virginia Point at the mainland end of the causeway at about 8:10 am, he encountered a distinct lull for a few minutes with the wind veering sharply to the south and increasing again. At the Fort Crockett Airport, about 3 ¾ miles southwest of the Weather Bureau the wind velocity recorded from a single register shows a maximum velocity of 36 miles at 7:11 am and an extreme velocity at the same time of 42 miles, decreasing to 11 miles at 7:44 am and increasing to 26 miles at 8:04 am. From the above it is believed that the center crossed the coast of Galveston Island at or very near Fort Crockett Airport at about 7:45 am EST, on the 17th and moved toward the mainland near the causeway in a west-northwesterly direction reaching the mainland about 8 am EST. The lowest sea level reading at the Weather Bureau was 29.68 inches about 7:20 am. The reading at Fort Crockett at approximately the same time was 29.71 inches. The barograph at Fort Crockett is set to run with a high grade mercurial barometer in that office'" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Texas - Upper coast - Minor" (Dunn and Miller 1960 - "minor" indicates wind <64 kt and pressure >996 mb). "The weak cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico moved inland this morning making landfall near Galveston, TX, and will be dissipating rapidly in the next 24 hours. A strong anticyclone is starting to move over the northwest of the United States and remain generally low across the aforementioned country" (Mexico). October 18: HWM analyzed a cold front reaching northern Texas, but with no closed low indicated. No gales or low pressures were present. HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 00Z on 11 October as a 35 kt tropical storm just off the Honduras coast near Tela. Data was obtained for the 10th. While the observations obtained are ambiguous regarding genesis by 12Z on the 10th, a measurement from Tela, Honduras of a minimum pressure of 1005 mb around 00Z on the 11th (along with 1010 mb obs from that city at 12Z on the 10th and 11th) suggests genesis occurred before 00Z on the 11th. Thus this cyclone's formation is now indicated to be 18Z on the 10th. The cyclone promptly moved north-northwestward and made landfall at San Pedro, Belize on 11 October at 08Z as a 40 kt tropical storm. It made landfall at 18.8N, 88.1W (on the mainland in Mexico north of Chetumal) four hours later, at 12Z as a 35 kt tropical storm. This 12Z position on the 11th is a 0.4 degree shift from the original position, and this adjustment is warranted by land and ship observations at 12Z. The cyclone moved north-northwestward over the Yucatan and was overland until 03Z on the 12th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression while over land- shown from 18Z on the 11th through 00Z on the 12th (down from 35 kt originally). After the cyclone emerged back into the Gulf it strengthened back to a minimal tropical storm, and it moved on an erratic path through the Gulf of Mexico. This erratic path shown by the original HURDAT is analyzed to be correct for the most part with only minor track changes. No intensity changes are made from the 12th at 06Z through the 16th at 12Z. There was an observed wind of 45 kt with a simultaneous 1006 mb pressure at 18Z on the 13th. A ship was in the center of the cyclone at 23Z on the 14th and measured a 996 mb central pressure with calm. The 996 mb pressure shown in HURDAT originally at 00Z on 15 October is retained, and this value equals 54 and 50 kt, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The peak intensity of 50 kt shown in HURDAT originally from 06Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 15th is not changed. After the cyclone meandered in the eastern half of the Gulf for a few days it turned westward and then west-northwestward. Very detailed observations from several stations on and near Galveston Island indicate that the center of this tropical cyclone made landfall on Galveston Island near 29.3N, 94.8W around 13Z on 17 October. The strongest official winds recorded on land (after converting to 10m 1-min values) were: 37 kt at Fort Crockett (29.3N, 94.9W) and 36 kt at Port Arthur (29.9N, 94.0W). The lowest pressures recorded were 1005 mb at the Galveston Weather Bureau and 1006 mb at Fort Crockett. Based on all of the data, the landfall central pressure is analyzed at 1004 mb and the analyzed wind speed at landfall is 40 kt. The 35 kt intensities originally listed in HURDAT from 18Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th are all increased to 40 kt. A 1004 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th which replaces the 1006 mb value listed there originally. The position at 12Z on the 17th is also adjusted by 0.4 degrees, and this is based on good data, much of which is contained in MWR commentary above in the October 17th paragraph. After landfall, the cyclone continued west-northwestward, weakened to a tropical depression and then dissipated (no changes to the time of dissipation). ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 8 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in 2012 30795 10/17/1938 M= 4 6 SNBR= 679 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 30795 10/16/1938 M= 6 8 SNBR= 679 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * (The 16th is new to HURDAT.) 30800 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*320 640 25 0*324 636 25 0* 30800 10/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*327 634 35 0*316 651 35 0* 30800 10/17*327 633 25 0*330 632 25 0*329 636 25 1008*323 648 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 30805 10/18*306 666 35 0*297 679 35 0*289 691 35 0*283 700 35 0* 30805 10/18*310 664 30 0*297 681 30 0*288 698 30 1007*282 709 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 30810 10/19*278 710 40 0*272 722 40 0*262 749 40 0*260 767 40 0* 30810 10/19*276 720 35 0*270 738 35 0*265 758 35 0*265 770 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30815 10/20*263 779 40 0*274 788 35 0*283 787 35 0*299 781 30 0* 30815 10/20*267 780 35 0*273 788 35 0*279 787 35 1005*290 781 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** **** *** The 21st is new to HURDAT 30817 10/21*300 776 30 1004* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30820 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. A major alteration is to indicate genesis a day earlier than originally shown. Another major change is made to the time that the cyclone attained tropical storm strength. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Original Monthly Records. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N 65W. HURDAT does not yet list this as a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure from about 34N, 62W to SSW of 28N, 65W. HURDAT does not yet list as a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 32.7N, 63.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 32N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 31N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 37.5N, 66.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1010 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM). "A rather weak cyclonic circulation, possibly not of tropical nature, was charted a short distance to the northeast of Bermuda on the morning of October 17. It moved in a general southwesterly direction toward the Bahama Islands for the succeeding 48 hours" (MWR). October 18: HWM shows no features of interest in the area. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.9N, 69.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 29N, 69W with a pressure of 1009mb and at 27N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt N at 06Z at 31.5N, 71.5W (COA); 15 kt S with 1009 mb at 12Z at 28.3N, 69.8W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 19: HWM shows no features of interest in the area. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 26.2N, 74.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 26N, 75W (am) and at 26N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt NE with 1011 mb at 00Z at 29.2N, 74.9W (COA); 25 kt ESE with 1008 mb at 21Z at 28.0N, 76.0W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 19th it crossed the northern part of Great Abaco Island and over the northeast portion of the Grand Bahama Island" (MWR). October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.3N, 78.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 27N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1007mb. Ship highlights: 20 kt E with 1009 mb at 06Z at 29.0N, 78.2W (COA); 5 kt NE with 1006 mb at 12Z at 27.9N, 79.0W (COA). Station highlights: 17 kt NW (max w) at Miami, FL at 1851Z (OMR); 1007 mb (min p) at 20Z at Miami, FL (OMR). "From that point it moved northwestward and was located near 28N and 79W at 7am of October 20. The disturbance then recurved to the north and northeast and merged with an extratropical low-pressure trough along the Atlantic coast" (MWR). October 21: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW occluded front extending from 39N, 66W to a triple point near 36N, 69W. A warm front extends southward from the triple point to 25N, 70W, and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point to 32N, 75W to 28N, 83W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones had dissipated the system on the 20th after 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE with 1005 mb at 00Z at 30.3N, 77.5W (COA); 20 kt NW with 1007 mb at 00Z at 28.1N, 79.7W (COA). The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed at 12Z on 17 October east of Bermuda. Although it is somewhat difficult to trace the precise origin of the cyclone, it appears to have originated from a trough that was present in that same general area on 15 October. Data was obtained back to 15 October, and the data indicate that there is no evidence of a closed circulation on the 15th. However, ship and Bermuda observations at 12Z on the 16th are sufficient to indicate genesis had begun by that time, a day earlier than originally indicated. The cyclone moved west-southwestward for the next two and a half days, reaching just north of the Bahamas by 12Z on 19 October. All track changes on the 17th and 18th are less than 1 degree changes, but a 1.6 degree westward track adjustment is shown at 06Z on the 19th. After that, the cyclone curved towards the northwest, reaching a farthest west point just east of south Florida at 06Z on the 20th before it recurved toward the north-northeast. For intensity, sufficient observational coverage on the 17th and 18th suggests that the cyclone was only a tropical depression during those days. At 12Z on the 17th, four observations near the center show light winds, suggesting a broad center. A central pressure of 1008 mb is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th based on the ship observations near the center. A central pressure of 1008 mb equals 28 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 25 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT (down from 35 kt originally). A COADS ship shows a 35 kt NE wind at 20Z on the 17th 340 nmi NNW of the center. This observation is analyzed to be too far away and not directly part of the circulation. Furthermore, this observation may have possibly contained an error (wrong time or position) because another observation with the same ship identifier at the same time showed a position farther away with 20 kt winds. On the 18th at 06Z a 25 kt N wind was observed 210 nmi WNW of the center, and this wind is the highest observed so far that is considered to be part of the system. The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to 30 kt at 00Z on the 18th. At 12Z on the 18th, observational coverage is really good near the center and all of the ships show weak winds. A central pressure of 1007 mb is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th, and this value equals 30 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. On the 19th and early on the 20th, observational coverage within 100 nmi of the center is not nearly as good as it was on the previous two days. The first 30 kt wind considered to be part of the system was recorded at 00Z on the 19th 180 nmi WNW of the center. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed beginning at 00Z on the 19th (down from 40 kt originally) since the observational coverage is not as good on the 19th and because a 30 kt wind was observed. Therefore, the cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 36 hours later than originally - a major change. Observational coverage is decent at 12Z on the 19th, and the weak winds surrounding the system suggest the intensity was still 35 kt rather than the 40 kt shown in HURDAT originally. On the 20th at 12Z, a 1006 mb ship with 5 kt NE winds is analyzed to be inside the RMW, and the center is placed just east of central Florida - 0.3 degrees from that ship and 0.4 degrees south of the original HURDAT position. Based on this ship and other data, a 1005 mb central pressure is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 20th. This value equals 34 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 35 kt intensity listed in HURDAT originally is not changed. A peak lifetime intensity of 35 kt is analyzed from 00Z on the 19th through 12Z on the 20th (original peak intensity of 40 kt from 00Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th). HURDAT originally listed the cyclone weakening to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 20th with a position of 29.9N, 78.1W. No change is made to the timing of weakening to a depression, and the position is analyzed to be 0.9 degrees south of the original position. The 20th is 18Z is also the last point shown in HURDAT originally for this system. Around 00Z on the 21st, a cold front was emerging off the east coast of the United States and the tropical depression was likely getting sheared apart. However, observations indicate that the weak circulation was still closed at 00Z on 21 October east of north Florida. A 1004 mb central pressure is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st due to two ship observations very close to the center. A 1004 mb central pressure equals 36 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship; however, the environmental pressure was low in all quadrants, and 30 kt is analyzed. Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred after 00Z on the 21st (six hours later than originally). By 06Z on the 21st, the low was no longer closed on the north side and a new, separate baroclinic low was forming to the north in association with the frontal system. Of note is that this system could have been a subtropical cyclone for part of all of its lifetime. Also of note is that there were no observed gales for the entire lifetime of this cyclone that are considered to be directly part of the circulation. Given the 30 kt wind observed on the 19th at 00Z, the sparse coverage on the 19th and early on the 20th, and the 1005 mb analyzed central pressure on the 20th, there is not nearly enough evidence that it never attained tropical storm strength to remove it from HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1938 Storm 9 (originally Storm 8) - Revised in 2012 30850 11/06/1938 M= 5 8 SNBR= 681 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 30850 11/07/1938 M= 4 9 SNBR= 681 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L ** * * (The 6th is removed from HURDAT.) 30855 11/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*172 704 40 0* 30860 11/07*183 713 35 0*195 725 40 0*208 737 50 0*219 747 60 0* 30860 11/07* 0 0 0 0*202 724 50 0*213 733 60 0*222 740 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 30865 11/08*228 755 60 0*237 766 60 0*239 776 55 0*238 782 55 0* 30865 11/08*229 750 60 0*235 760 55 0*239 771 50 0*238 782 45 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** ** 30870 11/09*234 788 50 0*227 796 50 0*221 803 45 0*217 808 40 0* 30870 11/09*234 789 45 0*227 796 45 0*221 802 40 0*216 808 35 0* *** ** ** *** ** *** ** 30875 11/10*212 813 40 0*205 818 35 0*198 824 35 0*181 836 30 0* 30875 11/10*211 813 30 0*205 818 30 0*198 824 25 0*191 830 25 0* *** ** ** ** *** *** ** 30880 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the Daily Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, and Perez. November 6: HWM analyzes a W-E stationary front along 20N extending from 73W eastward to beyond 58W. HURDAT first lists a system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 70.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a 00Z position near 18.5N, 71W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 19N, 72W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 20N, 73W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1009 mb at 23.2N, 67.8W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Save for brief periods over limited areas the winds were not very intense, but two vessels, near the Bahamas, noted force 11" (MWR). November 7: HWM analyzes a W-E dissipating stationary front extending from 20N, 71W to east of 20N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 20.8N, 73.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 21N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 23N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt E (highest wind 60 kt E) with 1005 mb at 09Z at 24.0N, 68.9W (MWR); 50 kt NNE with lowest pressure encountered 1004 mb (wind and pressure not simultaneous) near 24.0N, 74.0W [no time but wind might have occurred after 12Z with pressure occurring between 18Z and 23Z] (MWR); 60 kt N with 1006 mb at 18Z at 24.1N, 74.6W (MWR, COA); 45 kt ESE with 1008 mb at 18Z at 23.5N, 70.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1003 mb at 22Z ay 24.2N, 74.6W (MWR, COA). Station highlights: 43 kt at 1830Z at San Salvador (24.0N, 74.5W) (MWR); 30-43 kt at Antilla, Cuba (20.8N, 75.7W) (no time) (MWR); 1000 mb at Ragged Island (22.2N, 75.7W) (no time) (MWR). "Indications of an organized wind circulation about a center were incomplete until the 6th when at the 7 pm EST [00Z on the 7th] observation, a center could be located, with some depression of the barometer, over west-central Haiti, with accompanying squalls at a considerable distance to the northward, along the southern edge of the strong anticyclone. After the organization of the storm center on the 6th, the disturbance, increasing in extent, and with slowly falling central pressure, moved northwestward. November 7 was the stormiest day in connection with it. During the day several ships east and southeast of the southern Bahamas, and to the north, northeast, and east of the storm center, reported gales of strength varying between force 8 and force 11. Among these, the Dutch S.S. Bacchus, near 24N, 69W had a force 10 east gale, with squalls of force 11, lowest barometer 29.68, at 4 am; the American S.S. Arizonan, near 24N, 74W experienced a force 10 gale from NNE, lowest barometer 29.65; while a short distance to the westward at 1 pm the Panamanian S.S. Maravi reported the severest gale of the storm, a north wind force 11, barometer 29.63" (MWR). "The following quotations are taken from the report of Forecaster Dunn, Jacksonville, FL: 'During the passage of the storm...on the 7th...San Salvador Island reported a 50 mile velocity at their 1:30 pm observation. While the strong winds reported during this disturbance were largely gradient winds and mostly north of the center, much less frequent but occasionally heavy squalls were reported south of the center. The Cuban Telephone Co. reports damage to lines in the vicinity of Baracoa [20.4N, 74.5W] on the 7th, also a 35 to 50 mile wind at Antilla [20.8N, 75.7W] and a heavy rainstorm at Caimaniera [20.0N, 75.2W] during the afternoon of the same day'" (MWR). November 8: HWM indicates troughing from 25N, 76W to 21N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 23.9N, 77.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 24N, 77W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 23.5N, 78W (pm). Ship highlights: 15kt SE with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.4N, 74.4W at 0Z (COA); 45kt E with a pressure of 1012mb at 25.3N, 74.3W at 0Z (COA); 35 kt E with 1006 mb at 06Z at 24.7N, 74.5W (COA); 40 kt E (no time or position given) (MWR). Station highlights: 25 kt NE (max w) at 0856Z at Miami, FL (MWR); 16 kt NE with 1006 mb (min p) at 2000Z at Miami, FL (OMR); 1007 mb (mean pressure for day) at Key West (MWR). "The following quotations are taken from the report of Forecaster Dunn, Jacksonville, FL: 'The lowest reported reputable pressure was 29.54 inches at Ragged Island in the Bahamas'" (MWR). November 9: HWM analyzes a warm front extending from 29N, 78W south-southwestward to 21N, 82.5W, where it becomes a dissipating cold front which extends southwestward to Honduras. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 22.1N, 80.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 22.5N, 79.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 21N, 80.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW with 1007mb at 01Z at 23.0N, 82.0W (COA); 30 kt N with 1006 mb at 09Z at 24.4N, 81.4W (COA); 25 kt NE with 1008 mb at 13Z at 24.0N, 80.0W (COA). Station highlights: 1005 mb at 12Z at Cienfuegos, Cuba (22.1N, 80.4W) (DWM); 25 kt N at 12Z at Havana (HWM). November 10: HWM indicates a broad, closed low of at most 1010mb centered in the general vicinity of 19N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.8N, 82.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 19N, 81.5W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 1012 mb at 01Z at 21.4N, 84.7W (COA); 20 kt NNE with 1012 mb at 13Z at 23.2N, 83.3W (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NE with 1008 mb at Nueva Gerona (Isle of Pines) at 12Z (HWM). According to the original HURDAT, a tropical cyclone formed at 18Z on 6 November south of Hispaniola with a 40 kt intensity. Observations near Hispaniola on the 6th at 12Z suggest that the system did not yet have a closed circulation. Genesis is delayed 12 hours with the formation occurring off of the north coast of Hispaniola. For the first few days of the cyclone's lifetime, there was synoptic high pressure located to the north, and there also may have been an E-W stationary front located east of the cyclone that extended almost to the cyclone on the 6th and 7th. The strongest observed winds late on the 6th and early on the 7th occurred between 200-300 nmi north of the cyclone. Beginning later on the 7th, this distance was reduced to between 100-200 nm. Maximum winds of 35 kt were observed on the 6th, before genesis occurred. This cyclone was likely subtropical for much of its lifetime - at least on the 7th and 8th. At 06Z on the 7th when the cyclone formed off the coast north of Hispaniola, the intensity is begun at 50 kt (up from 40 kt originally). During the morning of the 7th, 60 kt winds were observed approximately 300 nm NNE of the center. The center make landfall at 11Z on the 7th at Inagua Island in the Bahamas at 21.1N, 73.1W as a 60 kt tropical storm. At 18Z on the 7th, another ship recorded 60 kt winds about 120 nm NNW of the center. At approximately the same time, yet another ship recorded 50 kt winds about 130 nm north of the center. The cyclone made its next landfall at 19Z on the 7th at Crooked Island (22.3N, 74.2W) as a 60 kt tropical storm. The lowest pressure recorded by a ship on the 7th was 1003 mb; however, there were important observations from land stations as well. San Salvador recorded winds of 43 kt at 1830Z on the 7th. Sometime late on the 7th or early on the 8th, Antilla, Cuba reported winds between 30-43 kt, and some damage was reported at a couple of locations in eastern Cuba. Although the available ship observations south of the center show only weak west winds, the damage reports from Cuba suggest that tropical storm force winds existed on the south side of the cyclone as well - but also with a large RMW of perhaps 100 nmi or more. The lowest pressure recorded for the entire lifetime of the cyclone was 1000 mb at Ragged Island in the Bahamas, and based on the revised track and intensity this likely occurred early on the 8th. This pressure (likely peripheral) of 1000 mb suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. A peak intensity of 60 kt is analyzed for 18 hours from 12Z on the 7th through 00Z on the 8th (the original peak intensity of 60 kt for 18 hours was from 18Z on the 7th through 06Z on the 8th). The revised track is to the right of the original track on the 7th and reaches the same latitude peak of 23.9N at 12Z on the 8th, before the cyclone curved southwestward and made landfall in Cuba early on the 9th. Although observational coverage near the center is not quite as good on the 8th compared to the 7th, there is good evidence that the cyclone began to weaken on the 8th. After winds of 45 kt were observed at 00Z on the 8th, the highest wind recorded for the rest of the day was only 40 kt. At Miami, the highest observed winds were 25 kt and the lowest pressure was 1006 mb on the 8th. The highest winds to impact the Florida Keys and south Florida were likely about 30 kt, so a tropical storm impact is not analyzed for Florida. As the cyclone weakened, it turned southwestward and make landfall in Cuba at 22.8N, 79.6W on 9 November at 06Z as a 45 kt tropical storm. Perez does not classify this system as a tropical storm for Cuba, as the Cuban tropical cyclone record treats this more like a monsoon depression (like they did Nicole of 2010). However, Perez estimated a central pressure of 1001 mb at Cuban landfall. A 1005 mb pressure was observed at Cienfuegos, Cuba at 12Z on the 9th, and the analyzed position has the center passing about 0.1 degrees from that city. Although the highest available observed wind from any ship or station on the 9th is 30 kt, the 1005 mb pressure at Cienfuegos along with the information from Perez suggest that the 45 kt intensity at 06Z on the 9th is appropriate (this is down from 50 kt in HURDAT originally). The cyclone was over Cuba until 14Z on the 9th. The cyclone continued moving southwestward and weakening. It weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 10th (18 hours earlier than originally) south of central Cuba. The highest observed wind on the 10th was 25 kt at 00Z, and the circulation continued to weaken after that. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation - 18Z on the 10th - but the intensity is lowered to 25 kt at the final point (down from 35 kt originally), and the position is corrected due to an unrealistic acceleration during the last 6 hours of the original HURDAT track. Troughing apparent in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 11th and 12th may be a combination of the remnants of the cyclone along with a former frontal boundary. ******************************************************************************* 1938 additional notes: 1) HWM indicates a long-lived extratropical low moved across the Atlantic during mid-April. The system exhibited gale to storm force winds and central pressure below 987 mb. While the cyclone may have gotten some of its energetics from convective processes, the system remained too baroclinic to have transitioned to a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone. Thus the cyclone will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 13 30N 64W Extratropical Apr 14 31N 58W Extratropical Apr 15 31N 56W Extratropical Apr 16 29N 53W Extratropical Apr 17 28N 43W Extratropical Apr 18 38N 40W Extratropical Apr 19 38N 32W Extratropical Apr 20 37N 37W Extratropical Apr 21 35N 30W Extratropical Apr 22 33N 30W Extratropical Apr 23 34N 25W Extratropical 2) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate a tropical depression formed around 00 UTC on the 2nd moving north-northwest and recurving around 12 UTC to the north-northeast. This depression was extratropical by 00 UTC on the 4th. On the 4th, there is no evidence that the low is still closed. There were no gales or low pressures with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 1 Open trough Jun 2 31N 66W Tropical depression Jun 3 36N 63W Tropical depression Jun 4 Open trough and extratropical 3) HWM, COADS and the MWR monthly gale chart indicate that a tropical depression formed in the southern Caribbean Sea and drifted west-northwestward for a few days until a much stronger documented tropical cyclone (original Storm #2) coming with speed from the east absorbed this depression into its circulation around 00 UTC on the 12th. (Also of note is that original Storm #1 dissipated on the 9th near 19.2N, 70.5W.) There is not clear evidence that the low was closed from 12 UTC on the 10th to the time of absorption. This was probably a closed low for approximately 36 hours. There was one gale of 40 knots associated with this system either on the 6th or the 7th not far from 16N, 76W, however the lowest pressure from the ship that reported the gale was 1014 mb. Also, there is no evidence of a closed circulation at the time. There were some 30 kt winds and some low pressures within 10 degrees latitude or longitude of this system at various times, but none were near the center at any time. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 6 Open wave Aug 7 Open wave Aug 8 14N 79W Tropical depression? Aug 9 14N 79W Tropical depression Aug 10 16N 81W Tropical depression? 4) Observations from HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate a possible tropical cyclone located near 19N, 53W on 18 August. The observed shifts in wind direction from ships north of the center from 18 to 19 August along with observed wind speeds and pressures suggest the possibility that a 35-40 kt tropical storm was moving in a direction between WNW and NW from 19N, 53W on the 18th to near 26N, 63W on the 20th. A 35 kt gale was observed on the 18th (MWR gale table) at 20Z at 20.5N, 55.2W, and this observation fits in with HWM and COADS observations that indicate a cyclone moving in the aforementioned direction. There were no other gales or low pressures observed. Also, there were only three observations south of the center with westerly wind components (although data was rather sparse) - two of which were 5 kt SW winds on the 18th. This system is not added to HURDAT because there is only one piece of evidence. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 18 19N 53W Possible tropical storm Aug 19 23N 59W Possible tropical storm Aug 20 26N 63W Tropical depression Aug 21 Dissipated 5) HWM, COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a low formed in association with a front on 28 August off the North Carolina coast. Although HWM still analyzes fronts attached to the low on the 29th, observations suggest that the frontal features may have disappeared on the 29th. HWM's analysis on the 30th no longer has a front extending to the low center, and on the 30th the center was near 38N, 67W. On the 31st, the low or cyclone became extratropical again near 42N, 58W as another approaching front reached the location of the low. The extratropical low moved eastward until it dissipated or was absorbed on the 4th. There are no gales or low pressures from any sources associated with this system from the 28th-31st. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 28 36N 72W Extratropical Aug 29 36N 72W Tropical depression Aug 30 38N 67W Tropical depression Aug 31 42N 58W Extratropical Sep 01 47N 45W Extratropical Sep 02 52N 32W Extratropical Sep 03 46N 19W Extratropical Sep 04 Dissipated 6) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and the MWR monthly gale chart indicate that a tropical wave east of Florida crossed the southern Florida peninsula on the 7th and continued westward across the Gulf of Mexico. It may have become a tropical depression on the 9th or 10th and moved inland over Texas just after 00 UTC on the 11th. There was a 35 kt gale associated with this system that occurred in the Florida Straits early on the 8th when the area of lowest pressure was just off the west coast of south Florida, however, the low was not closed at that time. Port Arthur, TX recorded its maximum wind for the month of 37 kt E on the 9th (MWR). However, this observation well north of the system occurred with a thunderstorm squall associated with the northern end of the tropical wave. A sea level pressure minimum of 1008 mb was recorded with this system at 2230Z on the 10th in Corpus Christi (the lowest of any coastal Texas location), but with peak winds out of the N of only 17 kt. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 7 Open wave near southeast coast of Florida Sep 8 Open wave near southwest coast of Florida Sep 9 Open wave in Gulf of Mexico Sep 10 26N 94W Tropical Depression Sep 11 29N 100W Tropical Depression Sep 12 Dissipated 7) An area of low pressure moving westward may have been located in the Bay of Campeche on the 9th and 10th before moving inland, but there were no gales or low pressure observed from ships or from any Mexican stations. This feature may have been part of the tropical wave axis from suspect number 5 (above). This system may have either been a small tropical depression or some funneling of the flow along the Mexican coast to enhance the Veracruz wind observations of 25 kt NW on the 10th. This is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 9 19N 93W Wave/Tropical Depression? Sep 10 19N 96W Tropical Depression? Sep 11 Dissipated 8) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a tropical depression existed from the 12th through the 14th of September. On the 11th of September, a stationary frontal boundary was located just south of Bermuda. From the 12th through the 14th, a small closed low occurred after the frontal boundary had dissipated. On the 15th, the system was absorbed into a frontal boundary. Peak winds observed within the cyclone were 25 kt and lowest pressure of 1006 mb. As there is no indications of gale force winds, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 12 28N 68W Tropical Depression Sep 13 30N 66W Tropical Depression Sep 14 33N 65W Tropical Depression 9) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a trough of low pressure was located in the Gulf of Mexico with area of lowest pressure and some cyclonic turning noted near 25N, 88W on 28 September. It moved inland on the Gulf coast of Florida sometime around 00Z on the 29th and appears to have become extratropical later on the 29th as it moved northeastward. During the portion of its lifetime over the Gulf of Mexico, the structure was very asymmetric and it might have actually been frontal from the time of formation. In addition, no gales or low pressures were observed from any sources on the 27th-28th during the time when it possibly may have been tropical. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 27 23N 87W Broad low/trough Sep 28 25N 88W Broad low/trough Sep 29 32N 81W Extratropical Sep 30 37N 73W Extratropical Oct 1 47N 62W Extratropical Oct 2 Absorbed 10) A tropical wave, a trough, or perhaps a closed low was located near 18N, 65W on 11 October. It moved westward to near 18N, 68W on the 12th. Southerly winds on the east side, easterly winds on the north side, and northerly winds on the west side accompanied this potential system on the 11th and 12th, but there was not much data near and south of where a center might have been. There was only one ship that reported a westerly wind component south of the possible center. However, that ship wasn't very close to the system and a time series of that ship reveals that its reported wind directions are questionable. The highest wind recorded with this system was 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 18Z on the 11th at 19.5N, 64.5W. COADS lists a ship with a 1005 mb pressure and 10 kt winds at 01Z on the 11th at 19.8N, 65.5W, but other observations in the area suggest that the 1005 mb is likely an error or the ship's pressure was biased too low. The highest wind recorded at San Juan was 25 kt E on the 11th. There are no gales or reliable low pressures associated with this system and there is not really evidence that the circulation was ever closed. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 10 Tropical wave/trough near eastern Caribbean Oct 11 18N 65W Possible tropical depression Oct 12 18N 68W Possible tropical depression Oct 13 Dissipated 11) 1938 Storm 7 - Removed from HURDAT 30825 10/23/1938 M= 3 7 SNBR= 680 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 30830 10/23* 0 0 0 0*238 939 35 0*248 924 35 0*258 904 35 0* 30830 10/23* 0 0 0 0E238 945 25 0E248 924 25 0E258 900 30 0* * *** ** * ** * *** ** 30835 10/24*274 876 40 0*296 837 40 0E322 798 40 0E351 764 35 0* 30835 10/24E272 873 35 0E295 837 40 0E322 798 40 0E353 763 40 0* **** *** ** **** *** *** ** 30840 10/25E385 731 35 0E424 695 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30840 10/25E390 720 40 0E425 680 45 0E485 630 50 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 30845 TS This system was an extratropical cyclone and is thus removed from HURDAT. Otherwise, minor track changes and minor intensity changes are recommended for this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the Daily Weather Maps Series (DWM), the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller (1960) and Connor (1956). October 23: HWM indicates a low near 19.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 24.8N, 92.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 24N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 27.5N, 87W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1007mb at 25.9N, 89.6W at 23Z (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. "A very shallow low developed near 24N, and 93W on the morning of October 23" (MWR). October 24: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 32.5N, 80.5W with a warm front extending north-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southward and then southwestward from the low. HWM plotted another WNW-ESE warm front extending from 50 nmi east of the low east-southeastward. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 32.2N, 79.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 32N, 79.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 38.5N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW with 1008 mb at 00Z at 26.0N, 89.5W (MWR); 25 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 06Z at 27.9N, 84.6W (COA); 25kt S with a pressure of 998mb at 36.3N, 75.3W at 20Z (MWR); 35kt S before 21Z and 30 kt WSW with 1000 mb at 21Z at 34.6N, 75.7W (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt SW (max w/5-min/60 m) at 1145Z at Tampa (MWR); 37 kt SE (max w/5-min/15 m) at Cape Hatteras and 1000 mb (min p) at Cape Hatteras [not simultaneous] (MWR); 37 kt N (max w/5-min/16 m) at Cape Henry, VA (MWR). "This depression moved northeastward and at 7pm of the same day [23rd] was centered about 225 miles south of Pensacola, Fla. At the same time, the S. S. Bertha Brovig near 26N and 89.5W reported a fresh north-northwest gale, barometer 29.77 inches. Several other vessels in the vicinity reported encountering strong to high winds. During the early morning of the 24th, the disturbance crossed the Florida coast line north of Tampa with a maximum wind velocity of 38 miles an hour at Tampa at 6:45am. During the evening of the 23rd and the morning of the 24th, disturbed conditions had overspread the northeast portion of the Gulf of Mexico and the area adjacent to the Georgia and South Carolina coasts. By 7pm of October 24, the disturbance had moved into a trough of low pressure over the New England States" (MWR). "Oct 23-24, FL, N of Tampa, Minor" (Dunn and Miller 1960 - "minor" indicates pressure > 996 mb and winds < 64 kt). October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low [not the feature of interest] of at most 975 mb centered near 57N, 65W with an occluded front extending from 61N, 62W to 63N, 57W to 61N, 53W to 58N, 54W, becoming a warm front at 54N, 58W, extending to 50N, 63W. A cold front extends from this point southward to a triple point at 42.5N, 62.5W. A warm front extends south-southeastward from this triple point, and a cold front extends south-southwestward. HWM plots another occluded front extending from 50N, 66W southwestward to 43N, 78W. HURDAT lasts this the system at 06Z as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.4N, 69.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows the low of interest with a 12Z position near 47N, 63W with a 981 mb pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows another low at 12Z located near 53N, 67W with a 981 mb pressure. MWR indicates that by 00Z on 26 October, the 2 lows had merged and become one with a position of 59.5N, 60.5W at 00Z on 26 October. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE with 995 mb at 08Z at 42.5N, 63.5W (COA); 50 kt S with 1004 mb at 12Z at 42.5N, 58.9W (COA). Station highlights: 993 mb at Nantucket, MA (MWR); 20 kt W with 992 mb at 12Z at Halifax (HWM, MWR); 15 kt N with 984 mb at 12Z at Anticosti Island, Quebec (~49.7N, 63.7W) (DWM, HWM). HURDAT originally listed this cyclone as being tropical for 30 hours - from 06Z on the 23rd through 06Z on the 24th. A broad cyclonic circulation appeared in the western Gulf of Mexico on 23 October and it moved rapidly east-northeastward and then northeastward. Observations from 12Z on the 23rd through 00Z on the 24th indicate that a warm front extended eastward from the low. Temperatures were cool along the Gulf Coast. The accelerating extratropical low made landfall near the big bend of Florida around 06Z or 07Z on the 24th, and by 12Z, it was centered just off the South Carolina coast. Observations on the 24th beginning around 00Z indicate that a warm front and a cold front extended from the low. At 18Z on the 24th, the cyclone was near Cape Hatteras. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 25th is just north of Nova Scotia, Canada as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone, and it merged with another extratropical low shortly after 12Z on the 25th. The baroclinicity, the asymmetry wind structure, and the temperature gradients never relaxed for the entire lifetime of the cyclone. This cyclone never contained tropical characteristics; thus, it is removed from HURDAT. 11) Hector indicates that there may have been a low in the eastern Caribbean Sea south of Puerto Rico on 11-12 December. HWM shows only a trough, but it also shows a 1006 mb ship on the 11th with 20 kt NE winds at 15.0N, 70.5W. MWR p. 431, the MWR December table of ship gales, HWM, and COADS data indicate that a low located in the central Caribbean on the 14th moved northward over Haiti on the 15th, continued moving northward, and "gained sufficient force on the 16th to cause whole gales over the waters east and northeast of the Bahamas" (MWR). It is not certain whether the system mentioned by Hector is the same system discussed by MWR a few days later. There is no evidence of a closed circulation from the 11th-14th. On the 15th, observations indicate a broad, weak closed low or trough near Haiti and the eastern tip of Cuba. The highest observed winds in the area of this potential system were 20-25 kt on the 11th-12th and only 15-20 kt on the 13th-15th. On the 15th, while this low was located near 19N, 75W, a complex frontal system to the north extended from 35N, 64W to 28N, 70W to 26N, 75W to 26N, 78W to 23N, 83W. Observations suggest that a low may have been developing along this frontal system on the 15th near 26N, 78W. While this low was intensifying, the low of interest moved northward from western Haiti, merging with the frontal low on the 16th. After the two lows merged, the new low was located near 26N, 74W on the 16th, and it was extratropical. The first gales were recorded during the early morning on the 16th, in association with the deepening baroclinic low. All gales on the 16th occurred north of 28N after the systems were merged and the new low was extratropical. On the 17th, the combined extratropical low was very large and broad, extremely elongated, and covered a huge area of the western Atlantic. By the 18th, this extratropical low was centered near 37N, 66W. This suspect is not added to HURDAT and there is no evidence that it was ever a tropical cyclone. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 11 14N 70W Open trough/spot low Dec 12 13N 71W Open trough/spot low Dec 13 13N 73W Open trough Dec 14 14N 75W Open trough Dec 15 19N 75W Broad low/trough Dec 16 Absorbed *********************************************************************************** Storm #1, 1939 - Revised 2012 29705 06/12/1939 M= 6 1 SNBR= 658 NOT NAMED XING=1 29705 06/12/1939 M= 7 1 SNBR= 658 NOT NAMED XING=1 * 29710 06/12* 0 0 0 0*176 880 35 0*186 871 35 0*193 870 35 0* 29710 06/12* 0 0 0 0*176 878 30 0*186 871 35 0*196 865 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** 29715 06/13*203 870 35 1003*217 870 35 0*231 870 35 0*242 870 40 0* 29715 06/13*207 860 45 0*219 858 55 0*231 858 55 0*242 859 55 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 29720 06/14*252 870 40 0*263 870 40 0*275 870 45 0*284 871 45 0* 29720 06/14*252 860 55 0*261 862 50 0*269 865 50 0*276 871 50 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 29725 06/15*288 874 45 0*284 890 45 0*281 881 40 0*285 877 40 0* 29725 06/15*282 878 50 0*286 884 50 0*283 884 50 0*286 881 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29730 06/16*291 876 35 0*298 878 35 0*304 880 35 0*315 887 30 0* 29730 06/16*291 879 50 0*296 877 50 0*302 876 50 0*312 881 35 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29735 06/17*331 899 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 29735 06/17*322 888 30 0*333 890 25 0*345 890 25 0*357 888 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 29735 06/18*369 883 20 0*382 873 20 0E395 855 20 0E408 833 20 0* 29740 TS U.S. Tropical Storm ------------------- 6/16 13Z - 30.3N 87.6W - 50 kt - AL Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change is to introduce an additional 24 hr to the life cycle to this cyclone and to indicate an extratropical transition. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, and Connor (1956). June 10: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb over northern Venezuela near 11N 74W. HURDAT's first position is at 06Z on the 12th. The MWR's Tracks of Lows first position is on the evening of the 12th. No gales or low pressures. June 11: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb over Nicaragua near 13N 87W. No gales or low pressures. June 12: HWM indicates that there is a closed low of at most 1010mb centered over Central America near 19N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.6N, 87.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening position estimate of 21N, 87W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 21 kt SE Key West (strongest winds for month of June). "The first tropical disturbance of 1939 attained only moderate intensity, but moved in a rather unusual course from the Gulf of Honduras northward and north-northwestward to the east Gulf coast. The earliest report of disturbed conditions in connection with this depression was received on the morning of June 12 through the Mexican weather service at Chetumal, placing the center near latitude 18.8N, 87W. During the afternoon of the same day, although no reports of strong winds were received, vessels in the area just east of the Yucatan Peninsula reported squally weather conditions, with moderate to rough seas. The center of the depression, by evening of June 12, was near Cozumel Island, where there had been a fall in pressure from 29.88 inches, at the morning observation to 29.61 inches at 7pm (EST). During the period from the morning of June 12 to the evening of June 14 the disturbance moved slowly northward. (MWR)" June 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 23N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 23.1N, 87.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 24N, 87W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 26.5N, 86W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE with 1010mb at 25.0N, 85.3W at 18Z (COA). 40 kt SE at ~25N 85.5W at 17Z (MWR); 30 kt S with 999 mb at 22.3N, 84.7W at 07Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1003 mb at Cozumel at 00Z (MWR); 30 kt S at San Julian, Cuba ~06Z (MWR). June 14: HWM shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 27.5N, 86W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 27.5N, 87.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 27N, 86W with a pressure of 1001mb and in the evening at 29.5N, 87W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1001 mb at 27N 87W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt NE with 1004 mb at 29.4N 86.5W at 15Z (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1003mb at 29.4N, 86.5W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt NE with 1000 mb at 29.5N 87.6W at 23Z (MWR/COA). Station highlights: 33 kt E at Apalachicola (MWR). June 15: HWM indicates that there is a closed low of at most 1005mb just south of Mobile Bay near 29N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.1N, 88.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 28N, 89W with a pressure of 1002 mb and in the evening at 29N, 87W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNE with 1003 mb at 29.0N 88.5W at 06Z (COA); 35 kt SW at ~26.4N, 86.3W (no time) (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt NE (1 min) and 1005 mb at Pensacola, FL at 0030Z (MWR). "During the 24 hours following the evening of the 14th, the center of the disturbance described a small left-hand loop, the resumed a north-northwest movement on the night of June 15, which carried the depression inland over Mobile, AL, on the morning of the 16th. (MWR)" June 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb making landfall near Mobile Bay at 29.8N, 87.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 30.4N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30.5N, 88.5W with a pressure of 1004mb and in the evening at 32.5N, 89W. Ship highlights: 20kt S with 1005 mb at 28.2N, 85.5W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 48 kt SE (1 min - peak wind) at 1330Z and 1004 mb (minimum pressure) at 1130Z at Pensacola (MWR, OMR); 29 kt S (1 min - peak wind) at 23Z and 1005 mb (minimum pressure) at Mobile (OMR). "At Mobile, AL, at 9:37am (EST) of June 16, as the center moved inland, an abrupt wind-shift from north to south was observed. The wind was of only moderate force. At 7:30 (EST) of the 16th; its center lay to the southwest of Meridian, MS; and merged with an extra-tropical low pressure area" (MWR). "Threatening all day, with a sudden change in wind direction at 9:37 A.M. No increase in velocity until early in the afternoon, when fresh southerly winds with strong gusts began. Heavy rain squalls, with the heavest between 7:45 pm. and 8:15 pm. Streets flooded. Many cars stalled. Increasing south wind blocked Bay Bridge at noon to midnight. Little damage by wind. Mostly tree branches and small signs. No damage along water front as tide was about a foot below top of Dauphin Street wharf. The center of the disturbance passed slightly east of Mobile about 9:30 A.M." (OMR Mobile). "The maximum wind velocity of 54 miles per hour from the southeast on the 16th is the hightest of record for June and occurred in connection with the passage of a moderate tropical disturbance northward across the Gulf of Mexico to the Mobile-Pensacola area of the northern Gulf coast... Damage in Pensacola from this storm was negligible" (OMR Pensacola). June 17: HWM indicates a trough over the southeastern United States with no frontal boundaries analyzed. HURDAT's last position was 00Z at 33.1N 89.9W as a 25 kt tropical depression. MWR's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a morning position of 34.5N 89W with 1009 mb pressure. Station highlights: 25 kt SW at Meridian (peak wind for month of June) (MWR); 21 kt SW Vicksburg (peak wind for month of June) (MWR). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 18: HWM does not indicate a closed low, but does show a frontal boundary extending east-west just south of the Great Lakes. MWR's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a morning position of 40N 85.5W with 1008 mb pressure and an evening position of 41N 83.5W. No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the timing of genesis at 06Z on the 12th, as observations around 12Z on that date show a weak closed low present in the Northwestern Caribbean at that time. Minor track changes are introduced for all six days of the cyclone's duration. It is worth noting that the counter-clockwise loop indicated in the HURDAT originally on the 15th is not possible to observe as there are almost no non-12Z observations available near the cyclone. Additionally, the original loop had quite implausible 6 hourly motions indicated: 9 kt at 18Z on the 14th, 4 kt at 00Z on the 15th, 14 kt at 06Z, and 9 kt at 12Z, and 5 kt at 18Z. As the observations are not sufficient to remove the loop, instead the loops is reduced in size and the 6 hourly motions are realisitically smoothed. The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 06Z on the 12th (5 kt less than originally indicated) and intensified to a tropical storm with 35 kt (no change) at 12Z on the 12th. The first indications of tropical storm intensity were from the 1003 mb observation (no winds available) at 00Z on the 13th. This suggests at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. This was shortly followed by 999 mb with 30 kt S wind at 07Z on the 13th from the S.S. Oropesa with a subsequent peak wind of 35 kt SSW (no time). This peripheral pressure suggests peak winds of at least 49 kt. Intensity is analyzed to be 45 kt at 00Z and 55 kt at 06Z on the 13th, the latter value now being the peak intensity for the cyclone (up from 45 kt originally). The 55 kt peak intensity is supported by the peripheral pressure measurement (giving an intensity greater than 49 kt) in conjunction with the near average forward speed, size, and environmental pressure. The 55 kt now shown in HURDAT for 06 and 12Z on the 13th represent major adjustments upward to the original HURDAT, which had only 35 kt for those two time periods. While the 1003 mb observation was included in HURDAT originally, given the immediately subsequent measurements from the S.S. Oropesa, other ships later in the day, and the 30 kt observed on the western tip of Cuba, the track of the cyclone is to the east of that originally from late on the 12th through early on the 14th, and thus the 1003 mb observed in Cozumel is a peripheral pressure reading and is removed from HURDAT. 30 kt N and 1001 mb ship observations at 12Z on the 14th suggest intensity of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is chosen at this time (up from 45 kt originally). The S.S. Kofresi observed 1000 mb minimum pressure with maximum winds of NE 35 kt at 23Z on the 14th. This peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 44 kt. Intensity at 00Z on the 15th is analyzed to be 50 kt (up from 45 kt originally). No observations were near the core on the 15th. The cyclone made landfall around 13Z on the 16th just southeast of Mobile, which experienced an N to S wind shift at 1437Z and minimum pressure of 1005 mb at 15Z. Pensacola to the east of the landfall point experienced a peak 1 min wind of SE 48 kt at 1330Z and minimum pressure of 1004 mb at 1130Z, while Mobile only experienced a peak 1 min wind of S 29 kt. Based upon the wind at Pensacola, the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 50 kt, up from 35 kt originally in HURDAT at 12Z. After landfall, the cyclone weakened with no extratropical transition being noted. A closed circulation was still noted in the 12Z Historical Weather Map on the 17th and the system is continued as a tropical depression on that date. A closed low still remained in the 12Z Historical Weather Map on the 18th along a stationary frontal boundary just south of the Great Lakes. A short extratropical stage is indicated late on the 18th with dissipation after 18Z on that date. ******************************************************************************* Storm #2, 1939 - Revised in 2012 29745 08/07/1939 M=14 2 SNBR= 659 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 29745 08/07/1939 M=13 2 SNBR= 659 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** 29750 08/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 639 35 0* 29750 08/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 639 30 0* ** 29755 08/08*195 646 35 0*199 653 35 0*202 660 35 0*207 669 35 0* 29755 08/08*195 646 30 0*199 653 30 0*202 660 30 0*207 669 30 0* ** ** ** ** 29760 08/09*213 680 35 0*217 688 35 0*222 697 40 0*228 708 40 0* 29760 08/09*215 680 35 0*222 692 35 0*228 703 40 0*233 713 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29765 08/10*233 720 45 0*238 732 45 0*243 743 50 0*247 752 55 0* 29765 08/10*237 723 45 0*240 733 45 0*243 743 50 0*247 753 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** 29770 08/11*252 761 55 0*259 775 60 0*267 790 65 0*272 800 70 0* 29770 08/11*252 763 55 0*257 773 60 0*262 783 65 0*267 793 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 29775 08/12*277 810 60 0*283 822 60 0*288 833 60 0*293 841 65 0* 29775 08/12*273 804 65 0*279 819 50 0*286 834 55 0*292 846 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 29780 08/13*297 849 70 0*301 857 60 0*305 863 60 0*307 867 50 0* 29780 08/13*298 856 65 0*304 864 65 985*310 871 50 0*314 875 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29785 08/14*310 870 35 0*313 873 30 0*315 875 25 0*318 876 25 0* 29785 08/14*316 878 35 0*318 880 30 0*320 880 30 0*323 880 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29790 08/15*320 877 25 0*323 878 25 0*325 878 25 0*328 877 25 0* 29790 08/15*326 879 30 0*328 878 30 0*330 878 30 0*331 877 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 29795 08/16*330 876 25 0*331 874 20 0*334 872 20 0*336 869 20 0* 29795 08/16*331 876 30 0*331 874 30 0*331 872 30 0*331 871 30 0* *** ** ** *** ** *** *** ** 29800 08/17*338 866 15 0*339 863 15 0*341 859 20 0*342 857 20 0* 29800 08/17*331 870 30 0*331 870 30 0*333 869 25 0*340 868 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29805 08/18*344 853 20 0*347 846 25 0*351 835 25 0*356 816 25 0* 29805 08/18*350 867 25 0*360 865 25 0*370 860 25 0*377 850 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 29810 08/19*364 800 25 0*375 784 25 0*385 774 25 0*392 766 25 0* 29810 08/19*382 830 30 0*386 805 30 0*390 774 30 0*392 740 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** (The 20th is removed from HURDAT.) 29815 08/20*399 759 25 0*408 751 25 0*416 745 25 0*426 745 25 0* 29820 HRCFL1AFL1 U.S. Hurricane -------------- 8/11 23Z 27.2N 80.2W 65 kt (987 mb) 100 nm ROCI 1012 mb OCI CFL1 8/13 06Z 30.4N 86.4W 65 kt 985 mb 200 nm ROCI 1015 mb OCI AFL1 Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change is to remove the last 24 hr at the end of the system's life cycle. Evidence for these changes come from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Florida Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1993). August 7: HWM shows an open low with a pressure of at most 1020mb centered near 19.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.3N, 87.0W at 18Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 8: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 20N,66W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.2N, 66.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 19N, 66W in the morning and in the evening at 20N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The first definite evidence of this disturbance was on August 8. During the day several ships in the general vicinity of 22N, 66W reported easterly winds of force 6 and rough seas" (MWR). August 9: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 22.8N, 69.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 22.2N, 69.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 21N, 70W and in the evening at 22.5N, 72W. Ship highlights: 35kt ESE with 1010mb at 23.9N, 69.6W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 10: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 23.5N, 73.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 24.3N,74.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 23N, 74W with a pressure of 1008mb and in the evening at 24.5N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 40kt E at 23.5N,74W (MWR); 35kt ENE at 24.9N, 74.3W (MWR); 35kt E with 1007mb at 23.5N, 70.5W at 00Z (COA); 35kt SSE with 1010mb at 24.6N, 66.8W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved west-northwestward during the next 3 days, crossing the Bahamas late on the 10th and early on the 11th" (MWR). August 11: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N, 78.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 26.7N, 79.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 26N, 79W with a pressure of 1002mb and in the evening at 27N, 81W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE with 1000 mb at 27.5N, 79.8W at 27.5N, 79.8W at 21Z (COA/MWR); 35kt E at 28.3N, 78.7W (no time) (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt and 991 mb at Fort Pierce, FL (no time) (MWR); 1001 mb at West Palm Beach, FL (MWR); 1007mb at Melbourne, FL (MWR). "The center reached the east coast of Florida in the late afternoon of the 11th. Its progressive movement had increased gradually from about 10 miles an hour on the 10th and 11th. Ship reports do not indicate that it was of more than moderate intensity in the Atlantic. The highest wind noted on shipboard was force 10. The American steamship Pan Amaco reported by radio at 7pm, August 11, when located at 27.6N, 79.6W, wind E, force 10, barometer 1005mb (29.68 inches). On the east coast the lowest pressure and highest wind were recorded at Fort Pierce, 991.2 mb (29.27 inches) and 54 miles per hour" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1939 Aug. 11-13, Central and NW Florida, Minimal" ("Minimal" is 74 to 100 mph and 983 to 996 mb central pressure - Dunn and Miller). Hurricane is not listed as having U.S. central pressure at landfall of less than 982 mb (Ho et al.). "Aug, FL, 1SE, 1 NW, 985 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). "A tropical disturbance of moderate intensity crossed Florida from Stuart to Tarpon Springs on the afternoon of the 11th to the morning of the 12th, and reached the coast in the Apalachicola-Valpariso section during the afternoon and night of the 12th, then passing slowly northwestward into Alabama. The lowest pressure on the east coast was 29.27 inches at Ft. Pierce, with a wind velocity of 54 miles per hour...Only minor damage resulted in peninsular Florida, such as uprooted trees, broken power and communication lines, windows, roofs, etc., and crop damage was negligible although some citrus was hurt and seed beds flooded. A few small boards were beached and damaged" (Florida Climatological Data). August 12: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 28N, 83.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 28.8N, 83.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 29N, 84W and in the evening at 29.8N, 85.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E with 1005mb at 27.6N, 79.6W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 1006 mb at 27.6N, 79.7W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 49 kt S (peak 1 min) around 10Z, 999 mb at 0735Z at Tampa (MWR); 50 kt NE (peak 1 min) at 2020Z, 991 mb at 2200Z, 44 kt S (secondary peak 1 min) at 2247Z at Apalachicola (OMR). "In crossing Florida the rate of progression increased to about 18 miles per hour, while the intensity of the disturbance did not change materially. The center passed very close to Lakeland and Tarpon Springs and moved to the extreme northeastern Gulf on the 12th. At the Tampa Airport the highest wind was 62, south-southwest at 4:30am on the 12th, the lowest pressure 998.6mb (29.49 inches). Late in the afternoon of the 12th the disturbance entered western Florida near Apalachicola, the center passing over Port St. Joe, at 6pm, EST. At Apalachicola, the lowest pressure was 990.9 mb (29.26 inches) at 6pm, the highest wind 52, northeast at 4:18pm. A lull followed, with velocities averaging 26 miles per hour, after which the wind increased to 46 south at 6:45pm. The storm center also passed over Panama City and St. Andrews, the lowest reported pressure at the latter place being 988.5 mb (29.19 inches) at 9:10pm" (MWR). "...the moderate tropical disturbance which struck the Extreme Northwest Florida coast on the afternoon and night of August 12th-13th" (OMR - Pensacola). "The winds came from the NE and NNE during the first half of the storm and reached an extreme velocity of 59 m.p.h. for one mile at 3:20 p.m. - maximum 52 NE at 3:18 p.m. ... A partial lull occurred from 3:50 to 4:10 p.m. during which the wind averaged about 26 m.p.h. - slowest single mile 20 m.p.h. During the lull the winds were mostly from the southeast. The sun was dimly visible during most of the lull.. The lowest barometer reading of the storm occurred at 5:00 p.m. when the mercury fell to 29.26 inches at sea-level. At 5:10 p.m. the wind shifted to South and soon increased to about 40 m.p.h. The maximum velocity during the second half of the storm was 46 S, at 5:45 p.m. - extreme 52 m.p.h. at 5:47 p.m... .The winds gradually decreased to 30 m.p.h. by midnight, and to 15 m.p.h. by sunrise. No important structural damage occurred to any property... .no lives were lost... .Considerable damage was done to light, power, telegraph and telephone lines - all communications stopped by 4:00 p.m. A few unguarded small boats were sunk, though most owners had taken boats to safe places. The tide rose to 2.7 feet at 7:15 p.m. but was not high enough to do any damage... .The total damage which may be reasonably attributed to this storm, is by conservative estimate placed at $2500.00, in the immediate vicinity of Apalachicola" (OMR - Apalachicola). "Over northwestern counties from about Tallahassee to Pensacola, considerable damage to crops by the wind and heavy rainds occurred. Power and communication lines were badly disrupted. Some small boats were sunk at Apalachicola and a warehouse at Port St. Joe received damage of about $2,000. Heavy rains over a four day period resulting from this storm caused considerable flooding of rivers in extreme northwestern counties" (Florida Climatological Data). August 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mobile Bay near 30.5N, 87.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60 kt winds at 30.5N, 86.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 30.5N, 87.5W and in the evening at 31N, 88W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 988 mb at St. Andrews, FL at 0210Z (MWR); 36 kt S with 1003 mb at Apalachicola, Fl at 00Z (OMR); 31 kt W (1 min peak) and 1006 mb at 0730Z at Pensacola (OMR). "...and thence advanced northwestward to central Alabama where it remained nearly stationary until the 17th. Also in connection with this tropical storm, fresh to strong southerly winds occurred in this section during the period 13th to 17th. There was no damage, however, as all small craft had been secured in advent of the storm and so remained in ports along the Northwest Florida coast until the weather cleared" (OMR - Pensacola). August 14: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25 kt winds at 31.5N, 87.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a position estimate of 32N, 89W throughout the day. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 15: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25 kt winds at 32.5N, 87.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a position estimate of 32N, 89W throughout the day. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. August 16: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20 kt winds at 33.4N, 87.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 32N, 89W for the entire day. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 36 kt SW (1 min peak) at Pensacola, Fl at 23Z (OMR). August 17: HWM shows an open low near 33.5N, 86W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20 kt winds at 34.1N, 85.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 33N, 88W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 34N, 86W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 26 kt SW (peak 5 min - strongest for month) at Vicksburg, MS (MWR). August 18: HWM shows an open low over southern Indiana. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 35.1N, 83.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 35N, 84W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 37.5N, 80W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "In Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, and extreme southeastern New York, heavy rains attended the remnants of the storm while it was moving northeastward during the period from the 18th to the 20th. At several places the records of rainfall in 24 hours were broken. Tuckerton, N.J., had 14.81 inches" (MWR). The genesis for this system is unchanged from 18Z on the 7th, though the cyclone could have formed east of the Lesser Antilles before this date. Minor alterations to the track of the cyclone were introduced on every day of its existence with major alterations made on the 18th and 19th, while a tropical depression over the United States. Numerous ships near the center of the cyclone on the 8th allow for its development into a tropical storm to be delayed by 36 hours to 00Z on the 9th. The first confirmation that the system was a tropical storm was from the S.S. Gulfwing (US164444 in COADS) that observed 35 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 18Z on the 9th. The cyclone gradually intensified as it moved west-northwestward on the 10th and 11th, reaching the northernmost Bahamas early on the 11th. No observations were available of tropical storm winds in the Bahamas, but it appears likely that the northernmost islands experienced a high end tropical storm. The cyclone made a Florida landfall around 00Z on the 12th, between Fort Pierce and West Palm Beach, near 27.2N 80.2W. The former location recorded lowest pressure of 991 mb (at an unknown time) and the latter measured a minimum of 1001 mb (also at an unknown time). Two ships - the El Estero at 21Z on the 11th and the Pan Amoco at 00Z on the 12th - helped in the determination in the timing of landfall on the southeast Florida coast. No station anemometers were near the vicinity of the landfall (Melbourne to the north and Miami to the south were the closest available). A 991 mb pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 58 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 60 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones. Given a near-average speed of 10 kt, but a small cyclone with only a 100 nm radius of outer closed isobar and that it is not known whether the 991 mb was a central pressure or a peripheral pressure, a peak wind at landfall is analyzed to be 65 kt, which is slightly below the intensity before landfall originally indicated in HURDAT (70 kt). This landfall intensity makes the system a Category 1 hurricane for southeast Florida, which is unchanged from the Jarrell et al. assessment. After landfall, the hurricane continued west-northwestward across the Florida peninsula. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests maximum winds of 45 kt at 06Z. The cyclone made a close approach to Tampa, passing just north of the city with 999 mb minimum pressure observed at 0735Z on the 12th. Peak 1-min winds from Tampa were 49 kt S around 10Z, which adjusts to 43 kt after bringing the winds from the 60 m high anemometer down to 10 m. The intensity at 06Z on the 12th is thus analyzed to be 50 kt (down from 60 kt originally). By 12Z on the 12th, the cyclone reached the Gulf of Mexico and apparently began reintensifying. The system made a very close pass just 10-15 nm south of Apalachicola, as the Weather Bureau station experienced a 50 kt NE 1-min wind at 2020Z on the 12th, a distinct lull, then a secondary peak of 44 kt S 1-min wind at 2247Z. The station measured a minimum of 991 mb pressure at 22Z during the lull. The cyclone's center then closely paralleled the Florida panhandle coast passing just south of Panama City and St. Andrews. Both of these locations recorded a 988 mb pressure at 0210Z on the 13th and St. Andrews denoted a NE to SE windshift near the time of minimum pressure. The system made a final landfall near Miramar Beach, FL at 30.4N 86.4W around 06Z on the 13th. A central pressure of 985 mb is estimated, which is the same analyzed in Connor and Jarrell. This pressure suggests winds of 66 kt and 69 kt, for the north of 25N and the subset of intensifying cyclones. The radius of maximum wind likely remained near the coast or just overland from Apalachicola until the final landfall, which would reduce the intensity implied by the pressure-wind relationship alone. It is also noted that information obtained from the Florida Climatological Data indicate a bigger impact from the wind in the panhandle landfall compared to the peninsula landfall. The intensity at landfall is thus reduced down to 65 kt, down from the 70 kt originally shown in HURDAT. This makes this also a Category 1 landfall, which is in agreement with the Jarrell et al. assessment for northwest Florida. It is of note that the Ho et al. (1987) study did not include this system, which implies that it had a central pressure at U.S. landfall that was not lower than 982 mb - consistent with the analyses here. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 48 kt from for 12Z on the 13th, 38 kt for 18Z, and 32 kt for 00Z on the 14th. Little observations of wind were available near these times. Intensities of 50 kt at 12Z (down from 60 kt originally), 40 kt at 18Z (down from 50 kt), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 14th (same) are analyzed. After landfall, the cyclone meandered slowly for four days, remaining over Alabama and Mississippi with intensity just below tropical storm strength. On the 16th when Pensacola reported increase winds for several hours peaking with a 36 kt SW wind at 23Z, which reduces to 31 kt when adjusting from the 56 m anemometer height down to 10 m. Intensity on this date is boosted from 20 to 30 kt. On the 18th and 19th, the system finally accelerated northeastward over the U.S. mid-Atlantic states. Observations from the Historical Weather Map indicate that the system was barely closed on 12Z on the 19th and was completely dissipated by 12Z on the 20th. It is estimated that the system dissipated by 00Z on the 20th. There were some tropical storm force winds reported late on the 19th and early on the 20th in the mid-Atlantic states. However, these were due to a developing extratropical low that absorbed the remnants of the cyclone by 00Z on the 20th. It is of note that there are no observations of hurricane-force winds in this system at any time, and that its status as a hurricane is based almost entirely on measured or estimated central pressures. ******************************************************************************* Storm #3, 1939 new storm - Added in 2012 28066 08/15/1939 M= 6 3 SNBR= 621 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 28066 08/15*314 620 30 0*317 625 30 0*320 630 35 0*323 633 35 0 28066 08/16*326 636 35 0*328 638 35 0*330 640 35 0*331 642 35 0 28066 08/17*331 644 35 0*332 646 40 0*335 645 45 0*341 641 50 0 28066 08/18*351 636 55 0*365 629 55 0*380 620 55 0*395 608 55 0 28066 08/19*410 593 50 0*425 575 45 0*440 555 40 0*460 535 40 0 28066 08/20E482 515 35 0E505 496 35 0E530 480 35 0E560 465 35 0 28066 TS This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database. August 14: HWM analyses a spot low near 30N 63.5W. Ship and station highlights: no gale force winds or low pressures. August 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 33N,63W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1014 mb at 15 UTC at 32.1N, 62.3W (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. August 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 34N, 62.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM analyzes an open trough on this day. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32N, 63W with a 1013 mb pressure. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N,62.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 62W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1000 mb at 18 UTC at 40.5N, 61.0W (COA/MWR). No other gales. No other low pressures. "However, on the 18th a low which had been perceptible, but not energetic, for several days near Bermuda, gained considerably in strength as it moved toward the north-northeast, and was noted by the American liner Steel Scientist, which encountered a whole gale from the northeast. The storm center was near 40N., 59 W., at sunset on the 18th (0 to 2 UTC on the 19th), and continued its course to pass close to southeastern Newfoundland late the following day, though by this time it was less vigorous. It seems not to have gained strength again as it moved farther beyond the chief trans-Atlantic steamship lanes" (MWR). August 19: HWM analyzes a spot low near 44N 56W with a cold front just to its northwest. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44.5N, 56.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM analyzes 3 fronts intersecting at one point, at 54N, 43W, a SW-NE oriented cold front going through the point, a southwestward looping cold front with the north end at the point, and a NW-SE oriented warm front with the northwest end at the point. At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 49N, 52W. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 53.7N, 47.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 15 UTC at 52.5N, 48.5W (COA). No gales. Two other low pressures. This new tropical storm was a well-defined cyclone by 12Z on the 15th, just east of Bermuda. Genesis is indicated to have occurred at 00Z on the 15th, though because of the spare amount of ship observations southeast of Bermuda, the system could have begun a day or so earlier. On the 15th and 16th, the cyclone moved slowly northwestward. The ship Good Gulf reported 35 kt S winds with 1014 mb pressure at 15Z on the 15th. This is the basis for analyzing the cyclone to have reached tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 15th. Observations were somewhat limited on the 16th and the intensity is kept at 35 kt on this date. On the 17th, the cyclone began to recurve and it accelerated toward the northeast on the 18th through the 20th. Observations again were sparse on the 17th near the center of the system. On the 18th, the ship Steel Scientist reported 50 kt NE winds with simultaneous 1000 mb pressure at 18Z. This pressure suggests an intensity of at least 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 55 kt is analyzed for the 18th, which is also the peak intensity for the lifetime of the cyclone. The intensities are thus interpolated on the 17th to show steady intensification. The cyclone became embedded in a frontal boundary and it is estimated that it became extratropical around 00Z on the 20th. The cyclone gradually weakened on the 19th and 20th and it is analyzed that the system dissipated by 00Z on the 21st. ******************************************************************************* Storm #4 (was #3), 1939 - Revised in 2012 29825 09/23/1939 M= 4 3 SNBR= 660 NOT NAMED XING=1 29825 09/23/1939 M= 5 4 SNBR= 660 NOT NAMED XING=1 * * 29830 09/23* 0 0 0 0*187 937 35 0*192 934 35 0*197 932 35 0* 29830 09/23*193 942 35 0*195 941 35 0*197 940 35 0*200 937 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29835 09/24*203 928 35 0*210 923 35 0*218 918 35 0*227 914 35 0* 29835 09/24*203 933 35 0*207 928 35 0*212 923 35 0*221 920 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29840 09/25*237 911 35 0*247 909 40 0*257 908 40 0*268 909 40 0* 29840 09/25*232 918 35 0*244 917 40 0*255 915 40 0*266 912 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29845 09/26*278 909 40 0*285 908 40 0*292 906 35 0*298 903 30 0* 29845 09/26*277 908 45 0*288 903 45 0*298 897 45 0*308 890 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 27th is new to HURDAT.) 29845 09/27*318 880 30 0*328 867 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 29850 TS U.S. Tropical Storm 9/26 08Z - 29.1N 90.2W - 45 kt - LA Minor changes to the track, but no alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #3. Evidence for these changes come from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 22: HWM indicates a trough along 91W. HURDAT did not yet list this system, nor did the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show any low yet. "Only one tropical disturbance was reported during September. There was unsettled weather over the extreme northwestern part of the Caribbean Sea early on September 23. It is probable that this disturbed condition moved northwestward across the British Honduras and Yucatan during the 23d and early 24th under influence of a tropical disturbance that apparently developed about 100 miles east of Vera Cruz, Mexico, between September 20-22" (MWR). September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb was centered near 19.5N, 93.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.2N, 93.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not yet show this system. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1009 mb at 18.7N, 94.5W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt W with 1010 mb at 19.1N, 94.7W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1012 mb at 19.4N, 94.8W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A report received by mail from the American Steamer Aztec states that westerly winds of force 8 during squally weather were experienced from late of the 22d to early on the 24th in the southwestern part of the Gulf of Campeche and that there were heavy northwesterly swells" (MWR). September 24: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.8N, 91.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 21.N 91.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not yet show this system. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1012 mb at 19.5N, 95.2W at 00z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1013 mb at 19.8N, 95.6W at 06Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At 7pm (EST) of the 24th there was a fairly definite circulation, with slightly depressed barometer, near latitude 22N, 92W with winds force 3-5 reported by ships within the area 20-25N, 90-95W" (MWR). September 25: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.8N, 90.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 25.7N, 90.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 26N, 91W with a pressure of 1004 mb and in the evening at 28N, 90.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE with 1004 mb at 26.1N, 94.8W at 13Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 25th the central barometer had deepened somewhat and squally winds about the center showed local increased in force" (MWR). September 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 30N, 89.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.2N, 90.6W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 30N, 89.7W with a pressure of 1005 mb and the system is analyzed to dissipate before the evening position estimate. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1005 mb at 27.3N, 90.3W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 43 kt (1 min) SW ~16Z at Pensacola (MWR, OMR); 15 kt N with 1005 mb (also min pressure) at New Orleans at 12Z (HWM, OMR); 20 kt SW and 1007 mb (also min pressure) at Port Eads at 12Z (HWM, OMR). "Quoting from the report of W.R. Stevens, forecaster on duty at the New Orleans office of the Weather Bureau, 'The disturbance moved inland south of New Orleans at a short distance west of Grand Isle the morning of September 26, with only fresh winds near the center. A passing squall caused a southwest wind of 49 miles per hour at Pensacola, FL, the morning of September 26 after the disturbance had moved inland. No report of damage or loss of life has been received.'" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - 1939 Sep 26 - New Orleans eastward - Minor [less than 74 mph, greater than 996 mb] - Damage $1,743,550" (Dunn and Miller). "Sep 26 1939 - Landfall near Grand Isle - Estimated Lifetime Lowest Central Pressure 1003 mb" (Connor). "The southeasterly winds and high tide caused the Bay Bridge road to become flooded. Traffic stopped from 10 am to 3 pm, but other than the inconvenience, no damage occurred" (Mobile OMR). "Moderate gales occurred during the forenoon and early afternoon of the 26th in connection with the slight tropical disturbance which struck the Louisiana coast on that date, but no damage occurred locally, however" (Pensacola OMR). September 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34N 83W with a warm frontal boundary extending to its east. HURDAT no longer listed this system. Ship and station highlights: no gale force winds or low pressures. Genesis for this tropical storm is indicated to be around 00Z on the 23rd of September (six hours earlier than originally indicated) in the Bay of Campeche, due to a ship report from the S.S. Aztec of WNW 35 kt winds and 1009 mb. Data were examined on the 22nd to determine whether the track could be extended back further, though the observations are sparse and too ambiguous to clearly indicate an earlier start. Minor changes were made to the track of this system on all days of its existence and no changes to the intensity. The S.S. Cubahama reported NNE 40 kt and 1004 mb at 13Z on the 25th. This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 36 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. No change is made to the 40 kt indicated in HURDAT for 12Z on the 25th, which is also the peak intensity of the cyclone. The tropical storm made landfall in southeast Louisiana with 45 kt around 08Z on the 26th, a few hours earlier than that implied by HURDAT previously. Neither New Orleans nor Mobile reported tropical storm force winds with this small system. (New Orleans peak 5 min wind for the month was 15 kt NE on the 13th and Mobile's was 24 kt NW on the 30th.) It is likely that the peak winds at landfall from this cyclone occurred just east of Port Eads, which did report 20 kt SW and 1007 mb at 12Z on the 26th. (Note that Port Eads did not conduct hourly wind measurements typically.) Later in the morning after landfall (~16Z), Pensacola observed a peak 1 min SW wind of SW 38 kt (adjusted from 43 kt at 56 m anemometer above the ground). Given that winds of nearly gale force and stronger were blowing for several hours at Pensacola, these winds are considered part of the tropical storm and the system had a quite large radius of maximum wind. A six hour delay is made in the timing of the system's transition to a tropical depression, now at 00Z on the 27th. Despite the cyclone being analyzed as dissipating before 00Z on the 27th as shown in MWR, the system is extended twelve hours as a tropical depression at 00Z on the 27th, due to its still rather well-defined circulation apparent twelve hours earlier and impact in Pensacola just a few hours earlier. The Historical Weather Map did analyze a low pressure center at 12Z on the 27th. However, it does not appear that the system still had a closed circulation center and dissipation is indicated after 06Z on the 27th. Dissipation soon after landfall is consistent with the MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows for September. ******************************************************************************* Storm #5 (was #4) - Revised 2012 29855 10/12/1939 M= 7 4 SNBR= 661 NOT NAMED XING=0 29855 10/11/1939 M= 8 5 SNBR= 661 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * * (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 29860 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 625 25 0*177 625 25 0* 29860 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 634 35 0* 29860 10/12*180 626 30 0*183 627 30 0*187 629 35 0*191 633 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 29865 10/13*198 638 35 0*203 645 40 0*208 653 40 0*214 661 45 0* 29865 10/13*196 638 35 0*202 645 40 0*208 653 40 0*213 661 50 0* *** *** *** ** 29870 10/14*220 669 45 0*225 674 50 0*231 679 55 0*240 684 60 0* 29870 10/14*216 669 60 0*219 674 70 0*223 679 80 0*231 681 90 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 29875 10/15*249 685 65 0*258 684 70 0*267 680 75 0*278 675 85 0* 29875 10/15*241 680 100 0*252 675 110 0*263 669 120 0*274 664 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29880 10/16*289 668 90 0*300 661 100 0*311 652 105 0*325 642 115 0* 29880 10/16*285 659 120 0*296 654 120 0*308 649 115 0*322 640 115 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29885 10/17*340 631 115 0*352 621 110 0*366 611 105 0*399 587 95 0* 29885 10/17*337 628 115 0*353 615 110 0*370 600 105 0*399 580 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 29890 10/18*439 556 80 0E470 536 65 0E502 510 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 29890 10/18E439 558 85 0E470 536 75 0E502 510 70 0E535 480 60 0* * *** ** ** ** **** *** ** 29895 HR Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), previously storm #4. Another major change is to indicate genesis 30 hours earlier than originally shown. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1981). October 7: HWM indicates a low with no closed contours near 12N, 60W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 13N, 61W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 9: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 16N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It originated to the eastward of the Antilles, and its preliminary signs were evidence by unsettled weather and somewhat depressed barometer, with light winds, over the Leeward Islands during the afternoon of the 9th." (MWR). October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 63W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1005mb near 18.5N, 62W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1000mb near 19.5N, 62W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 19N, 60.5W (am) and at 19.5N, 61.5W (pm). Station highlights: 15 kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at Antigua at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "From the 9th to the 12th there was but little change in the situation, except for a slight fall in barometer over the Leewards" (MWR). October 13: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 1000mb near 21N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 20.8N, 65.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 20.5N, 63W (am) and at 22N, 64.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 20 kt W with 1005 mb at 12Z at 19N 65W (MWR); 35 kt NNE at 23.4N, 67.8W (no time given) (MWR); 25 kt NNE with 1004mb at 23.4N, 67.8W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15 kt SW and 1006 mb at San Juan (HWM). "By the morning of the 13th, cyclonic circulation appeared to be developing northeast of Puerto Rico, with winds of force 5-6 reported by ship south and west of the center which, at 7am (EST) was in approximately 21N, 66W. The lowest known barometer at the time was 1005mb, wind west, force 5, reported by a ship near 19N, 65W "(MWR). October 14: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 995mb near 22.5N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 55kt winds at 23.1N, 67.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 24N, 66W (am) and at 25N, 67W (pm). Ship highlights: 999 mb (no time, no location) (MWR); 30 kt NW at 17Z at 22.7N 69.6W (MWR); 20 kt NW with a pressure of 1000mb at 22.5N, 69.2W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By 7am (EST) of the 14th, although there were no ships observations to the near eastward of the center, wind in other quadrants of the disturbance denoted the establishment of a cyclonic circulation. The American steamer Argentina, near 25N, 68W at that time gave a barometer of 1001 mb, wind east-northeast, force 6. At local noon of the 14th the Panamanian motorship Permian, in 22.34N, 69.33W, reported the earliest known gale, a northwest wind of force 7, barometer 1001.7 mb, observed in connection with the cyclone. Squally weather continued over a wide area throughout the day, with highest winds reported as of force 7, lowest barometers about 999 mb...From early morning on the 14th, the hurricane, which until then had been pursuing a generally north-northwesterly course, began curving into a north-northeasterly direction, under the influence of a strong anticyclone that was pressing seaward with crest over the Middle Atlantic States. It was during this recurve that the storm rapidly entered its hurricane stage." (MWR). October 15: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 985mb near 26.5N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 26.7N, 68W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 28N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 966 mb and at 28.5N, 66.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 70kt E with a pressure of 941 mb at 26.7N, 66.8W at 1150Z (MWR, HWM); 70 kt SW at 28N 65.5W at 14-18Z (MWR); 70 kt NE and 994 mb at 30.2N 68.0W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the night of the 14th-15th, or very early on the 15th, rapid intensification set in. A report received by mail form the America steamship F. W. Abrams shows that at 1:50am, local time of the 15th, the barometer on ship had fallen to 988.5mb in 26 deg 54'N, 66 deg 18'W, with wind east, force 8. At 7:50 a. m., local time, in 26 deg 36'N, 66 deg 48'W, the wind was a hurricane from the east, with barometer down to 941.4 mb, the lowest pressure observed during the course of the storm. The center at 7am (EST) of that date was close to 27N, 67W. High wind s covered a wide extent of the sea during the local afternoon hours of the 15th. At 2am, the southbound American steamship Borinquen in 28N, 65.30W had a barometer of 969.5 mb with northwest winds, force 10. Between about 10am and 2pm the ship encountered southwesterly gales of hurricane force, with rising barometer. Considerably to the northwestward, the Dutch steamship Telamon, near 29N, 69W had a northeasterly gale of force 10 during the midday hours, and at local noon the American steamship Ponce had a force 8 gale in 32.30N, 71.45W. During the afternoon the Dutch southbound steamship Bacchus experience gale of force 10 to 12 from north to northeast, lowest barometer 993.9 mb at 5m near 30N, 68W. In the same position, during the early morning hours of the 16th until about 6am, the winds at the ship continued at a force 11 from north-northeast. The cyclone center at that time was a short distance south of Bermuda" (MWR). October 16: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 985mb near 31N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 31.1N, 65.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 31N, 64W (am) and at 33N, 63W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt SW with a pressure of 980 mb at 27.8N, 66W at 00Z (COA); 70kt NE with a pressure of 1000mb at 30.2N, 68W at 00Z (COA); NNE 60 kt at 30N 68W at 06Z (MWR). Station highlights: 87 kt ("steady"), 114 kt N ("gust") at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 2240Z (MWR, Tucker) and 985 mb (no time) (Tucker). "For the 16th ship reports are lacking from near the center of the hurricane and, except for the force 11 gale experienced in the early morning by the Bacchus, no other vessel reported a wind higher than force 9. This was in 36.22N, 66.55W, lowest barometer 1003mb, read on the Dutch steamer Hermes. At greater distances north and west of the storm center, there were moderate to fresh gales. Press reports form Bermuda show the islands to have been swept by hurricane winds for several hours during the afternoon of the 16th, with a maximum velocity of 131 miles an hour from the north at 6:40pm as the center of the hurricane passed close to the eastward. Here considerable damage was done to trees, boats, houses, and public utilities" (MWR). "Striking in the same week of the year as did the 1926 storm, this was also a hurricane of major intensity. Although in 1926 the centre had passed over Bermuda and in this present on the centre was estimated to pass 50 miles to the east, this 1939 blow was in reality worse. The steady winds across the islands reached 100 miles per hour, with gusts of 131 m.p.h. from north northwest. There was moderate to heavy rain for thirty hours, giving a total of 7.35 inches, the pressure fell to 29.08" [985 mb] and quite as much damage was done" (Tucker). October 17: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 975mb near 39N, 59.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 36.6N, 61.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 37N, 60W (am) and at 43N, 56W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 967 mb at 10Z and 70 kt W at 14Z at 36.6N 60.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 987 mb at 16Z at 41.6N 61.2W (MWR); 70 kt NW and 962 mb at 20Z at 42.2N 59.3W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the greater part of the 17th the hurricane continued on a north-northeasterly course, with the center at 7am (EST) at approximately 36 to 37N, 61W. Several ships were heavily involved. The Dutch steamship Palembang in 35.24N, 58.21W had lowest barometer 991.6 mb with a south-southeast gale of force 10...The Dutch steamship Ulysses, somewhat closer to the center, had a south-southwest wind of force 11, barometer 966.8 mb, at 6 a. m., local time in 36 deg 37'N., 60 deg 02'W. At 10 a. m., the wind had arisen to force 12 from the west, with rising pressure...on the 17th, the American steamship Acadia was very close to the storm center at 4pm, with lowest barometer 961.7 mb wind northwest, force 12 near 42N, 59W. For several hours thereafter this westbound vessel, hove to, continued in the grip of full hurricane winds" (MWR). October 18: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 970mb near 50N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as an Extra Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 50.2N, 51W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 50N, 50W (am). Ship highlights: 70kt SSW with a pressure of 954 mb at 42N, 56.5W at 00Z (MWR); 60 kt S with a pressure of 953 mb at 07Z and 70 kt SW at 09Z at 47.9N, 51.0W (MWR); 983 mb at 07Z and 70 kt S at 05Z at 45.6N, 47.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt N and 985 mb at 12Z at Belle Island, Canada; 35 kt N and 981 mb at Fogo Island, Canada; 35 kt W and 993 mb at Cape Race, Canada. "At 7 p. m. (E. S. T.) of the 17th the hurricane center was very close to 44N, 56W, as indicated by the report from an unnamed ship near 42N 56 1/2W, with a barometer of 954 mb, and a hurricane wind from south-southwest. Storm to hurricane winds were met by several ships within the region 40-45N, 50-60W. The storm center at 7am (EST) of the 18th was located close to 50N, 50W. There is no certainty as to its later movements or intensity owing to lack of reports, due to war situation" (MWR). October 19: HWM indicated an extratropical cyclone with at most 960 mb pressure centered near 60.5N 43W with an occluded frontal boundary extending east and south of the center. Despite the Historical Weather Maps indicating a tropical storm existing as early as the 8th of October in the Lesser Antilles, the system likely did not have a closed circulation through the 9th. It is possible the system had a closed circulation on the 10th, but the available observations are not sufficient to close it off. On the 11th, continued pressure falls and stronger winds in the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico indicate that genesis began around 12Z. The system is started as a 30 kt tropical depression, 30 hours earlier than originally indicated. The track of the cyclone has minor alterations made for entire existing portion of the system from the 12th through the 18th. 1005 mb peripheral pressure measured in Antigua at 12Z on the 12th suggests peak winds of at least 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, given the environment low pressures on that date and the slow movement of the cyclone, the intensity is set at 35 kt. (HURDAT began at 18Z on the 12th as a 35 kt tropical storm). The first gale force winds - 35 kt NNE - were observed late on the 13th. No change to the 40 kt intensity at 12Z on the 13th is indicated. No gales were observed on the 14th, though the data near the cyclone were sparse on that date. However, on the 15th, a ship - the F.W. Abrams - observed 70 kt E simultaneous with 941 mb at 1150Z. Two other ships also reported hurricane-force winds on this date. The 941 mb peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 114 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship and at least 119 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones. An intensity of 120 kt is analyzed for 12Z on the 15th with some accommodation for the quite large size of the cyclone (up from 75 kt originally). Based upon interpolation, the peak winds at 12Z on the 14th are estimated to be 80 kt (up from 55 kt originally). On the 16th after 00Z, no ships were near the center, but the hurricane made a close by-pass to the east of Bermuda, as peak sustained winds were 87 kt N and lowest pressure of 985 mb. It is estimated that peak winds of about 95 kt - high end Category 2 - likely occurred on Bermuda as the cyclone passed about 50 nm to the east of the islands. The Bermuda hurricane history (Tucker) suggests that this cyclone was "worse" than the 1926 hurricane that struck the island as a Category 3 hurricane. However, the current hurricane was larger and moving quite a bit slower than the earlier system, which would cause more wind and rainfall impact in the 1939 hurricane than the faster, smaller hurricane with stronger winds (~105 kt in Bermuda) in the 1926 hurricane. No change in the 115 kt intensity is indicated at 18Z on the 16th at the time of closest approach to Bermuda. Major upward intensity changes were then made between 06Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 16th. On the 17th, three ships again measured hurricane-force winds with the lowest pressure reported of 962 mb with simultaneous 70 kt NW winds at 20Z from the ship Acadia. The 962 mb suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt intensity at 18Z on the 17th is retained. The cyclone began extratropical transition on the 17th and likely completed it by 00Z on the 18th, six hours earlier than originally indicated. (However, the very limited war-time observations preclude a separate 00Z synoptic analysis). The cyclone continued northeastward on the 18th as a very strong and large extratropical cyclone. Three hurricane-force winds were reported by ships on this date with lowest pressure of 954 mb observed simultaneous with 70 kt SSW winds at 00Z by an unnamed ship. 954 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 94 kt, however, the system had already undergone extratropical transition. Intensity is analyzed to have been 85 kt at 00Z on the 18th, which is up 5 kt from HURDAT originally. The intensity is additionally boosted from 65 kt to 75 kt at 06Z on the 18th. By 00Z on the 19th, the cyclone is analyzed to have merged with another extratropical cyclone that was moving eastward over Canada. Thus dissipation is delayed 6 hr compared to the original HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* Storm #6 (was #5), 1939 - Revised in 2012 29900 10/29/1939 M= 9 5 SNBR= 662 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 29900 10/28/1939 M=11 6 SNBR= 662 NOT NAMED XING=0 L ** ** * (The 28th is new to HURDAT.) 29905 10/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 820 25 0*153 824 25 0* 29905 10/29* 0 0 0 0*158 820 35 0*166 837 35 0*171 845 35 0* 29905 10/29*156 828 30 0*159 832 30 0*162 835 30 0*166 838 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29910 10/30*177 847 40 0*184 846 40 0*189 842 45 0*190 839 45 0* 29910 10/30*172 841 35 0*179 844 35 0*185 845 35 0*189 842 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29915 10/31*191 836 55 0*192 832 55 0*192 827 65 0*192 818 75 0* 29915 10/31*191 836 45 0*192 832 55 0*192 825 65 0*192 818 75 0* ** *** 29920 11/01*192 808 80 0*192 801 70 0*192 795 65 0*192 791 60 0* 29920 11/01*192 809 80 0*192 800 70 0*192 790 65 0*192 785 60 0* *** *** *** *** 29925 11/02*191 787 60 0*191 782 55 0*191 778 55 0*191 775 50 0* 29925 11/02*193 782 60 0*194 780 55 0*194 778 55 0*192 775 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 29930 11/03*191 772 50 0*193 767 50 0*195 763 45 0*198 760 45 0* 29930 11/03*190 772 55 0*188 768 55 0*189 765 55 0*192 762 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 29935 11/04*200 759 45 0*204 757 40 0*207 755 40 0*211 752 45 0* 29935 11/04*197 759 55 0*202 757 50 0*207 755 50 0*211 753 50 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 29940 11/05*216 749 45 0*221 746 50 0*227 742 50 0*239 732 50 0* 29940 11/05*216 752 50 0*221 752 50 0*227 750 50 0*239 742 50 0* *** ** *** *** *** 29945 11/06*255 720 50 0*271 710 50 0*287 701 50 0E330 674 50 0* 29945 11/06*257 730 55 0*276 715 55 0*297 695 55 0E330 674 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** (The 7th is new to HURDAT.) 29945 11/07E370 650 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 29950 HR Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), previously storm #5. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Perez et al. (2000), Jamacia Weather Report, and the Original Monthly Records for Swan Island. October 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 11.5N 79W. HURDAT did not yet start this system. Ship/station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N 79.5W. HURDAT did not yet start this system. Ship/station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The fifth tropical depression of 1939 originated from a shallow low-pressure wave in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 27" (MWR). October 28: HWM shows a tropical storm with pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.5N 81.5W. HURDAT does not yet start this system. Ship/station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 29: HWM shows a small tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb was centered near 16N, 83.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.6N, 83.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A slow north-to-northwest movement of the wave, with equally slow fall in barometer, occurred until 7pm (EST) of the 29th, when a cyclonic circulation became more developed, with center not far to the southward of Swan Island. (MWR)" October 30: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 18.5N, 84.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45 kt winds at 18.9N, 84.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 21Z and 35 kt W (no time) at 16.4N 83.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 18 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 12Z and 19 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 18Z at Swan Island (MWR). "At the morning observation of the 30th the center was close to the westward of Swan Island...During the day of the 30th the disturbance curved into a northeasterly direction, the center passing to the north of Swan Island...Up to that time [late on the 30th] no gales had been reported in connection with this disturbance" (MWR). October 31: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 19.5N, 82.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 19.2N, 82.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NW at 21.3N 84.7W at 12Z (MWR); 35 kt N with 1010 mb at 20.9N 84.3W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt NNW with 1007 mb at 19.9N, 85.2W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at Swan Island at 00Z (MWR); 80 kt and 990 mb at 2030Z at Grand Cayman (MWR); 35 kt and 1007 mb at Negril Point at 20Z (Jamaica). "During the 31st the disturbance increased in intensity, and was locally of hurricane force as it passed over the Cayman Islands during the afternoon...Press reports indicate considerable damage on the islands, and the loss of four schooners. After leaving the Caymans, the cyclone took an east to east-by-south course toward Jamaica, and at 7pm (EST) of the 31st, while yet moderate to strong northerly gales were blowing at Grand Cayman, strong southerly gales were battering the western extremity of Jamaica" (MWR). November 1: HWM shows a small tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000mb along a dissipating cold front centered near 19.3N, 79.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 19.2N, 79.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places this system at 19N, 79W for a 48 hour period. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW with 1013 mb at 17.4N, 82.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt W with 1006 mb at Negril Point, Jamaica (Jamaica). "At 7am (EST) of November 1 the center lay close off the northwest coast of Jamaica, where there was heavy property damage, particularly at Montego Bay, according to press reports. Here the high waves forced scores of families to leave their homes, and one life was lost. Heavy rains also added materially to the damage done on the island. During the day a few ships reported northerly gales or fresh to strong force along the eastern slope of a high pressure are central over the extreme southern Gulf States" (MWR). November 2: HWM shows tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 19.2N, 77.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 19.1N, 77.8W at 12Z. Shiphighlights: 10kt NNW with 1002mb at 14.4N, 77.2W at 12Z (COA); 25kt SE with 1005mb at 20.2N, 77.8W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 36 kt SE (max wind) at 1215Z at Kingston (Jamaica); 993 mb (min pressure)at 14Z at Kempshot, Jamaica (Jamaica); 989 mb (min pressure) at 1310Z at Kempshot, Jamaica (Jamaica); 50 kt WNW (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at 12Z at Negril Point, Jamaica (Jamaica). "During the 2d and the 3d of November the storm center, of lessened energy except for local manifestations, moved very slowly and capriciously, but generally eastward, between Jamaica and eastern Cuba, accompanied by strong winds and torrential rains. Floods in the southern Cuba rivers resulted in damage to crops and livestock and the loss of one life. Even as far as Haiti some damage was done in coastal localities by the high seas" (MWR). "The storm pursued an easterly course between Cuba and Jamaica coursing around SE Cuba with diminished intensity toward the Atlantic Ocean near to Bermuda" (Jamaica). November 3: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 19.2N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.5N, 76.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 19N, 79W and in the evening at 19.8N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE with 997 mb at 18.6N, 76.1W at 13Z (MWR); 45 kt with 998 mb at 18.7N 76.1W at 12Z (COA); 45 kt with 1001 mb at 18.5N 76.0W at 15Z (COA). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min pressure) at 01Z at Kingston, Jamaica (Jamaica); 1004 mb (min pressure) at 12Z at Morant Point, Jamaica (Jamaica). "Cuba - Tropical Storm - Nov. 3-4" (Perez et al.). "Outside of the immediate area of the disturbance, in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Florida Strait, and off the southern Atlantic coast, there were strong northeasterly winds, but these were more related to the anticyclone over the United States than to the Caribbean disturbance" (MWR). "The Montego Bay barometric pressure, nearest to the storm centre indicated about two-thirds of an inch [~22 mb] below the October normal of 29.869 inches [1012 mb]. It is quite evident that had the barometric pressure fallen one inche below the normal, the force of wind would very likely have attained hurricane force at that section of the Island. Consequently, the disturbance as felt ashore may have attained a wind velocity of about 70 mile per hour at certain limited points along NW Jamaica...In Jamaica the damages arising from this storm to agriculture, particularly the banana cultivations, were immense, and as the wind may have reached high gale force along the north coast, several frail structures collapsed and huts of the peasantry in some areas were blow down. A few large trees were uprooted. Some small craft suffered. A considerable portion of the damages to crops must be attributable to the excessive rainfall in most of the parishes" (Jamaica). November 4: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20N, 76.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 20.7N, 75.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 20.5N, 76W with a pressure of 1003mb and in the evening at 21N, 75.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE at 19N, 76W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt SE with 999 mb at 21.3N, 75.7W at 21Z (COA); 25 kt NE with 997 mb at 20.9N, 75.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: Calm at 1004 mb at 12Z at Antilla, Cuba (HWM)."During the 4th the low center moved slowly northward across eastern Cuba" (MWR). November 5: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 75.5W at 12Z with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50 kt winds at 22.7N, 74.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 22.5N, 75W with a pressure of 1002 mb and in the evening at 26N, 73W. Ship highlights: 10 kt WNW with 1003 mb at 20.5N 75.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: 30 kt WSW with 1000 mb at Ragged Island, Bahamas at 12Z (HWM). "Farther northward the high pressure was giving way, and by the morning of the 5th the disturbance was central over the southeastern Bahamas, with a shallow trough of low pressure extending northward to the New Jersey coast, where another low center had formed since the preceding night. The tropical center at 7pm (EST) of the 5th lay near 25N, 72W, now moving north-northeastward with greatly increased rapidity" (MWR). November 6: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000 mb just east of a cold front and was centered near 29N, 70W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50 kt winds at 28.7N, 70.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 30.5N, 69.5W and in the evening at 38N, 65W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW with 993 mb at 27N, 71W at 04Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During November 6 ship reports were few from along all but the northernmost part of the through of low pressure extending from the eastern West Indies to New England, but the center of the southern disturbance at 7am (EST) could be located at approximately 29N, 70W from which point it continued to move north-northeastward, to the westward of Bermuda. By evening of the 6th, continuing at great speed, the storm center, so far as can be estimated from the few ships' reports, was in 39N, 64 or 65W" (MWR). November 7: HWM shows a tropical storm located at 46N 56W embedded within a complex low of at most 995 mb which has a front extending to its south. MWR Tracks of Low has a morning center at 47N 59W with 989 mb pressure and an evening center at 54N 56W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S with 996 mb at 44N 55W at 13Z (MWR); 60 kt W at 44N 55W at 14Z (MWR). "During the night it traveled toward Newfoundland, and the center was close to the island at 7am (EST) of the 7th. The cyclone was now displaying considerable energy... Thereafter the storm, of considerable depth and intensity, continued its northward movement, crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and on the morning of the 8th was central to the eastward of Labrador" (MWR). Genesis for this late season Western Caribbean hurricane was begun at 12Z on the 28th of October, 18 hr earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT. This was based upon 24 hr pressure drops of 3 mb at Swan Island and of 2 mb at Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua as well as a more well-defined circulation compared with the previous day. Minor track changes were introduced for every day of this system's existence. The first observed gale was around 21Z on the 30th. Transition to a tropical storm is introduced at 00Z on the 30th (the original HURDAT did not previously have a tropical depression stage). Swan Island reported 1005 mb at 12Z on the 30th, which suggests maximum winds of at least 37 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Intensity is 35 kt at this time, due to low environmental pressures and slow translational speed. The cyclone apparently underwent rapid intensification on the 31st. Grand Cayman observed 80 kt winds with 990 mb at 2030Z on the 31st. This peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 64 kt. The 75 kt intensity at 18Z on the 31st is unchanged. On the 1st of November, a cold front interacted with the hurricane, as cooler, drier air reached the periphery of the system. However, this air mass moderated by the 2nd and the system continued as a tropical cyclone for a few more days. Weakening of the hurricane was indicated in the original HURDAT from a peak intensity of 80 kt at 00Z on the 1st down to 55 kt at 06Z on the 2nd. No inner core data was available on these dates and no changes to the intensity were made on these days. On the 3rd, the S.S. Amapala reported 50 kt ESE with 997 mb pressure at 13Z. This pressure suggests winds of at least 53 kt. 55 kt is chosen for 12Z intensity (up from 45 kt originally), as the environmental pressure was low and the translational speed was slow. The cyclone turned toward the northeast and made landfall in southeastern Cuba around 03Z on the 4th near 20.0N 75.8 with an intensity of 55 kt (up from 45 kt in HURDAT originally at 00Z). A ship just north of southeastern Cuba observed 25 kt SE with 997 mb at 12Z on the 4th, right as the cyclone was making oceanfall back to the Atlantic Ocean. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 53 kt. An intensity of 50 kt is analyzed at this time due to the aforementioned low environmental pressure, slow motion, and interaction with land. Late on the 5th, the cyclone began accelerating toward the northeast as it started interacting with a strong cold front and developing extratropical low over New England. At 04Z on the 6th, a ship reported 993 mb with 40 kt SW winds. This pressure suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is analyzed at 06Z, up from 50 kt originally, as the cyclone's speed was faster and the environmental pressure had risen but tempered with the extratropical transition that the system was undergoing. By late on the 6th, the cyclone had become extratropical, as the front had reached the system. The cyclone then merged with the aforementioned extratropical low after 00Z on the 7th, 6 hr after than originally indicated in HURDAT. An alternative solution suggested in the Monthly Weather Review with the system continuing across Newfoundland on the 7th and back to the high latitudes of the Atlantic on the 8th (as shown in MWR) does not appear valid. ******************************************************************************* 1939 additional notes: 1) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical wave formed a closed circulation on July 7 in the Gulf of Mexico just off the coast of Florida and traveled west to Texas. Available observations suggest that the lowmaintained a closed circulation throughout the time period from the 7th to the12th. Peak ship observations were a 30 kt wind and 1006 mb pressure. Over land, Houston reported a peak 5 min wind of 35 kt NE (and peak 1 min wind of 40 kt NE) on the 9th, but this was a very short lived wind event - likely a pre-frontal squall line. On the 11th, Port Arthur reported a peak 5 min wind of 32 kt E (and 1 min peak wind of 35 kt E) which was part of enhanced winds all day that may have been associated with this low which was centered about 200 nm to the southwest. (However, stations closer to the center of the low - Houston, Galveston, Corpus Christi and Brownsville - did not report any tropical storm force winds on this date.) With only one tropical storm force sustained wind associated (perhaps) with this system, that does not confirm it was a tropical storm and thus it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 7 27N 84W Tropical depression Jul 8 27N 89W Tropical depression Jul 9 28N 91W Tropical depression Jul 10 26N 94W Tropical depression Jul 11 27N 96W Tropical depression Jul 12 28N 98W Tropical depression 2) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed very near where another storm (one that is being added to HURDAT) formed just two days earlier. This pocket of low pressure may have broken off of the tropical storm around the 18th at 00 UTC. It stayed close to Bermuda forming a definite closed circulation on the 19th, and then moved north-northeast and merged with a weak front on the 20th. The only day that there is evidence of a closed circulation is the 19th. Furthermore, there were no gales or low pressures associated with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 17 Nothing- part of a new 1939 tropical storm Aug 18 Open Wave Aug 19 31N 66W Tropical depression Aug 20 Open wave 3) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed near Bermuda on the 25th, stayed nearly stationary for a few days, and then rapidly moved to the northeast with an approaching frontal system. Although HWM analyzes a closed low on the 24th, there is no evidence to support their analysis. On the 28th, the depression became extratropical as it was absorbed in the frontal system. There were no gales or low pressures associated with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 24 Open wave Aug 25 30N 65W Tropical depression Aug 26 30N 65W Tropical depression Aug 27 31N 63W Tropical depression Aug 28 38N 58W Extratropical 4) Available HWM and MWR observations indicate a baroclinic system developed near North Carolina on the 28th of August. The system moved slowly for two days while intensifying and three gale force ship reports were noted. On the 1st of September, the baroclinic cyclone moved quickly off to the east-northeast for the next two days while occluding and weakening. The system was clearly an extratropical cyclone throughout its lifetime. However, because of its proximity to the United States and occurring during the peak of the hurricane season, it is listed here in the Additional Notes section. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 28 34N 76W Extratropical Aug 29 37N 74W Extratropical Aug 30 38N 72W Extratropical Aug 31 39N 71W Extratropical Sep 1 40N 66W Extratropical Sep 2 41N 54W Extratropical 5) The MWR mentions a disturbance in the southeastern Caribbean 29-31 August. However, COADS, HWM and and MWR observations do not indicate that a tropical cyclone existed. There was tropical wave on these dates with peak observations of 30 kt E and 1009 mb from a ship on 00Z 31 August at 12N 68W. It is possible that the system was a tropical depression on the 31st, as southwest winds were reported in the Netherland Antilles. With no evidence of it reaching tropical storm intensity, this is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 29 --N 58W Tropical Wave Aug 30 --N 63W Tropical Wave Aug 31 --N 68W Tropical Wave/Tropical Depression? 6) Available HWM, MWR, and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression may have formed southeast of North Carolina on the 21st along a decaying frontal boundary. The system quickly moved toward the northeast for the next two days without significant intensification. No low pressures or gale force winds were recorded in association with this system. By the 23rd, the cyclone had become extratropical over the high latitudes of the North Atlantic. As no gales/low pressures were recorded, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 30N 75W Tropical Depression? Sep 22 37N 64W Tropical Depression? Sep 23 43N 46W Extratropical 7) Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression formed in the central Atlantic early on the 30th from an eastward moving front that had dissipated. It moved southeast for a few days and then looped south before dissipating. There is proof of a closed low with warm temperatures for several days. However, no gales or low pressures were associated with this system. Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 30 32N 46W Tropical depression Oct 1 30N 42W Tropical depression Oct 2 28N 38W Tropical depression Oct 3 26N 38W Tropical depression Oct 4 Open wave 8) Available HWM, MWR, and COADS observations indicate that a tropical cyclone may have formed in the central Atlantic on the 4th of October. Observations are sparse on the 4th and 5th, but do suggest a closed low with no baroclinic influences was present. A single gale (35 kt SSW wind with 1011 mb pressure) was observed on the 5th. The system apparently recurved on the 5th and was absorbed by a large extratropical low on the 6th. Given that there was only 1 gale force wind, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 4 22N 53W Tropical depression? Oct 5 32N 57W Tropical storm? Oct 6 Absorbed in extratropical cyclone ******************************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 1 - Revised 2012 30320 05/19/1940 M= 9 1 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED XING=0 30325 05/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*211 719 35 0*219 719 35 0* 30325 05/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 710 35 0*227 713 35 0* *** *** *** *** 30330 05/20*228 721 35 0*239 721 35 0*250 722 40 0*260 723 40 0* 30330 05/20*234 715 35 0*242 717 35 0*250 719 40 0*260 721 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 30335 05/21*270 723 45 0*280 723 45 0*289 724 50 0*298 725 50 0* 30335 05/21*270 722 45 0*280 723 45 0*290 724 50 0*301 725 50 0* *** *** *** 30340 05/22*306 727 50 0*326 729 45 0*343 728 40 0*347 723 40 0* 30340 05/22*315 727 55 0*335 728 55 0*350 728 55 0*356 726 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 30345 05/23*349 719 35 0*351 714 35 0*353 710 35 0*354 707 35 0* 30345 05/23*359 723 50 0*360 719 50 0*360 715 50 0*360 711 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 30350 05/24*355 701 35 0*356 699 35 0*357 698 35 0*362 692 35 0* 30350 05/24*359 707 40 0*357 703 40 0*357 698 35 0*362 692 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 30355 05/25*369 685 35 0*374 679 35 0*379 673 35 0*385 667 35 0* 30355 05/25*367 685 35 0*373 679 35 0E379 673 30 0E385 667 30 0* *** *** * ** * ** 30360 05/26*392 662 35 0*397 657 35 0*402 652 30 0*411 643 30 0* 30360 05/26E391 662 30 0E396 657 30 0E402 652 30 0E411 643 30 0* **** ** **** ** * * 30365 05/27*422 631 25 0*435 615 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 30365 05/27E422 631 25 0E435 615 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* * * 30370 TS Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major alteration is to indicate an extratropical stage on the 25th through the 27th. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, and Monthly Weather Review. May 18: HWM indicates a spot low near 17.5N 72W south of Hispaniola. HURDAT does not yet list this system. The MWR tracks of lows does not yet show this system as a cyclone (first position is at 12Z on the 19th). No gales or low pressures. May 19: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 22N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 21.1N, 71.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 22N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 1007mb and at 23N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression originated a short distance to the southeast of Turks Island during the evening of May 18 and moved in a general northerly direction for a period of about 4 days; thereafter its progressive motion was toward the east and northeast, where its identity was lost in the area between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on the morning of May 27. A slight fall in barometric pressure was charted in the region near Puerto Plata and Turks Island on the evening of May 18. At the time cloudy weather, gentle east winds, and a barometric reading of 1007.8mb where observed at Turks Island. However, during the next 12 hours the wind at that station shifted to the southwest, increasing to force 5, while the barometer continued to fall gradually to 1007.1mb. On the morning of May 19, a rather well-defined cyclonic circulation was observed, with the center of low pressure near latitude 22.45'N and longitude 71.30'W. Winds of force 5-6 were noted in the northerly quadrant of the disturbance at this stage" (MWR). May 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 25N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 25N, 72.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 25N, 72.5W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 27N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 15kts NNW with a pressure of 1000mb at 23.5N, 79.2W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the next 36 hours the disturbance moved in a general northerly direction and reports from ships during that period indicate that strong to high winds were experienced over a considerable area" (MWR). May 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 29N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 28.9N, 72.4W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 29N, 72W (am) and at 31N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kts SE with a pressure of 1003mb at 30.2N, 71W at 11Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Between 5am and 6am on May 21, the Belgian M.S. Good Gulf near latitude 30.12'N and long 71W reported a barometer reading of 1002.7mb; wind southeast, force 8; heavy rain an very rough seas. The Belgian M.S. Lubrafol at midnight of the same day reported an easterly gale with a barometer reading of 995.6mb when near lat 32.21'N and long 71.52'W. This is the lowest barometer reading of record in connection with the disturbance. Several other vessels reported strong shifting winds and disturbed conditions on May 21" (MWR). May 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 995mb near 34.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 34.3N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 33.5N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 35N, 71W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kts E with at 32.3N, 71.9W, no times given (MWR); 30kts NW with a pressure of 995mb at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 995mb near 36N, 71.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 35.3N, 71W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 36N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 995mb. Ship highlights: 30kts NNW with a pressure of 995mb at 36.5N, 72.5W at 12Z (HWM); 35kts NNE at 37.8N, 74.3W no time given (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At the morning observation of May 23, the disturbance was centered near lat 36.15'N, and long 71.15'W. The progressive motion was taken toward the east or slightly east-southeast, and on the following morning the center was at approximately 36N, and 69.45'W. From that point it moved toward the northeast for the next 3 days and apparently merged with an area of low barometric pressure to the southwest of Newfoundland" (MWR). May 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 35.5N, 69.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 35.7N, 69.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35.5N, 70W (am). Ship highlights: 5kts SW with a pressure of 1003mb at 34.6N, 75.4W at 6Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 38N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 37.9N, 67.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 38N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 39N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 5kts NNE with a pressure of 1004mb at 39.1N, 69.5W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 26: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 40.5N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 40.2N, 65.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 40N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 42N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 25kts SW with a pressure of 1002mb at 39.2N, 67W at 0Z (COA); 35kt SE with a pressure of 1020mb at 39N, 59.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. May 27: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 43.5N, 62W. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 46N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 48N, 54W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Despite HWM indicating a spot low on the 18th of May, observations do not indicate that a closed low had yet formed for this system south of Hispaniola. Thus genesis for this pre-season tropical storm is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th. Only minor alterations were made to the track for every day, except for the 27th when no changes were made to the positions. While the cyclone had a rather large size to it for most of its lifetime (and thus may have been analyzed as a subtropical storm in the satellite era), it did not contain any significant baroclinicity especially from the 19th until the 21st. A peripheral pressure reading of 1003 mb on the 20th suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 38 kt from the north of 25N relationship. 40 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12Z on the 20th because of the rather low environmental pressure. A 999 mb peripheral pressure reading on the 21st suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the north of 25N relationship. 50 kt is retained at 12Z. Beginning on the 22nd through the 25th, substantial cool air was present west of the cyclone along the mid-Atlantic seaboard. However, it appears that the frontal boundary (not shown in HWM, but may have occurred in actuality on the 22nd and 23rd) did not reach the inner core of this cyclone. A 995 mb peripheral pressure accompanied by 30 kt NW wind was observed on the 22nd, which suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N relationship and at least 56 kt from the Neumann et al. north of 35N relationship. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z partly because of a fast forward velocity on that day, up from 40 kt originally. On the 23rd, the cyclone nearly stalled and further expanded its size. Another 995 mb peripheral pressure with 35 kt NNW wind was observed on this date, but the winds at 12Z were chosen to be 50 kt due to the slower translational speed and the larger size. By the 25th, the cold air on the western flank of the cyclone had reached the inner core of the cyclone and the wind and pressure field became symmetric. Extratropical transition is estimated to have occurred at 12Z on the 25th. Originally in HURDAT, extratropical transition was not indicated for this system. No change is made for the cyclone's decay, except to indicate an extratropical cyclone stage rather than a tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 2 - Revised 2012 31190 08/02/1940 M=10 2 SNBR= 688 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 31190 08/03/1940 M= 8 2 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** (The 2nd is removed from HURDAT.) 31195 08/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*305 795 35 0*301 801 40 0* 31200 08/03*296 810 35 0*289 822 35 0*284 833 35 0*281 842 35 0* 31200 08/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 831 25 0*281 841 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 31205 08/04*279 849 40 0*278 855 40 0*277 861 40 0*277 868 45 0* 31205 08/04*279 847 35 0*278 853 40 0*278 859 40 0*278 865 45 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 31210 08/05*277 875 50 0*277 881 50 0*278 887 55 0*279 894 60 0* 31210 08/05*279 872 50 0*280 877 55 995*281 882 60 0*282 887 65 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31215 08/06*280 900 65 0*281 905 65 0*282 908 70 0*285 915 70 0* 31215 08/06*283 892 70 0*284 897 70 0*286 904 75 0*288 911 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31220 08/07*288 920 70 0*290 926 70 0*293 930 70 0*296 934 70 0* 31220 08/07*290 919 80 0*292 926 85 0*294 932 85 0*296 938 85 972* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 31225 08/08*299 937 70 972*301 938 65 0*303 940 60 0*307 944 55 0* 31225 08/08*298 943 65 0*301 945 50 0*305 945 45 0*309 945 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31230 08/09*313 948 50 0*319 949 40 0*325 950 35 0*331 950 30 0* 31230 08/09*313 945 40 0*318 945 35 0*324 945 30 0*329 945 25 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31235 08/10*337 950 25 0*343 949 20 0*349 947 20 0*357 942 20 0* 31235 08/10*334 943 25 0*340 940 20 0*348 937 20 0*357 933 20 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** The 11th is removed from HURDAT 31240 08/11*366 935 15 0*377 925 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31245 HRCTX2 LA2 U.S. landfall: 8/7/1940 - 21Z - 29.7N, 94.1W - 85 kt - 972 mb - 1011 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI - 10 nm RMW Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that struck near the Louisiana/Texas border. A major alteration is to delay genesis by 24 hours until after the system reached the Gulf of Mexico. A major change is made to the timing that tropical storm strength was first attained. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Monthly State and Local Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, the USWB Daily Weather Maps series, the USWB operational advisories, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ellis (1988), Connor (1956), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Aug 2: HWM indicates an elongated closed low of at most 1015mb along a cold front along 31.5N between 85W-77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30.5N, 79.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A wave developed on August 2, off Jacksonville, Fla., and moved southwestward across Florida into the northeast portion of the Gulf of Mexico by the 3rd, where a rather shallow LOW 1012.5mb with definite cyclonic wind circulation was charted" (MWR). Aug 3: HWM indicates an elongated closed low of at most 1015mb along a front between 27-31N, 75-85W. HURDAT lists this as Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.4N, 83.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28N, 82.5W (am) with a pressure of 1012.5mb and at 28N, 84W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb near 27.5N, 83.3W (the feature of interest) with another closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 30N, 77.5W. A front runs from just north of the first low through the second low. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1010 mb (min p) at Tampa, FL (climo). Aug 4: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 27.4N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.7N, 86.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 28N, 86W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.4N, 85.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW with a pressure of 1010 mb at 26N, 88.1W at 21Z (MWR); 30 kt SW with 1008 mb at 22Z at 26.1N, 84.8W (COA). Station highlights: 1010 mb at 2230Z at Apalachicola and 1010 mb at 23Z at Pensacola (MWR). "The disturbance moved steadily west-southwestward with increased intensity during the next 24 hours and ships' reports indicate that it was centered on the morning of Aug. 4 near lat 28N, and long 87W, from where it progressed in a slight curve to the right during the 4-5th" (MWR). Aug 5: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 28N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 27.8N, 88.7W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28N, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 28.5N, 89W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered near 28.2N, 88.3W. Ship highlights: 40-50 kt with 1004 mb at 0550Z at 26.8N, 88.1W and 60 kt S near same location just after 07Z (MWR); 20kt W with a pressure of 997 mb at 27.9N, 87.7W at 08Z and 50 kt S after 08Z (MWR). Station highlights: 41 kt NE with 1002 mb at 20Z at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) (advisories); 30-35 kt ENE with 1005 mb at 22Z at Burrwood (29.0N, 89.4W) (USWB). "Heavy rain squalls and fresh to strong shifting gales were encountered by vessels in the central and north central portions of the Gulf of Mexico on Aug 5, 1940. At 12:50am of the 5th, the American S.S. Connecticut, near lat 26.45'N, and long 88.06'W reported a barometer reading 1004mb, strong gales and rough sea; the wind increased to force 11 shortly after 2am. This is the highest wind record reported from any vessel in connection with this disturbance. At 7am on Aug 5, the center of the storm was charted about 110 miles southeast of Port Eads, La. The American motor vessel Rhode Island at 6:07pm, of the same day met south-southwest winds of force 9, with rough sea and very heavy rain" (MWR). Aug 6: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 1005 mb near 28.3N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 90.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28.5N, 90.5W (am) and at 29N, 91.5W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered near 29.0N, 90.5W. Ship highlights: 50kts S after 00Z (MWR); 30 kt WNW with a pressure of 1005 mb at 27.5N, 90.4W at 01Z and 50 kt S after 01Z (MWR); 45 kt SSW with 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.1N, 89.3W (COA). Station highlights: 997 mb at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) (Connor); 996 mb at Burrwood (29N, 89.4W) at 08Z (MWR); 994 mb at Grand Isle (29.2N, 90.0W) at 11Z (Connor); 49 kt at Port Eads (Connor); 44 kt at Burrwood at 12Z (MWR); 52 kt SE at Grand Isle at 14Z (Connor); 999 mb around ~21Z at Morgan City (29.7N, 91.2W) and 39 kt winds there [not necessarily simultaneous] (Connor). "The disturbance continued in a west-northwest direction during the 6th which carried the center south of the Louisiana coast toward Texas, where it passed inland on Aug 7, just east of Sabine. The storm at this point was of small diameter, with the path of hurricane winds about 20 miles wide in Port Arthur-Sabine area" (MWR). Aug 7: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 29.3N, 93W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 93W (am) with a pressure of 993mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 994 mb centered near 29.6N, 93.4W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with a pressure of 1007 mb at 28.7N, 91.2W at 06Z (COA); 35 kt S with a pressure of 1005 mb at 28.9N, 91.9W at 12Z (COA); 40 kt SSE with 1006 mb at 1830Z at 29.2N, 93.0W (USWB). Station highlights: 985 mb at 1110Z at Cameron (29.8N, 93.3) with maximum wind there of 61-70 kt NE (not necessarily simultaneous) (Connor); 999 mb (min p) at 1230Z and 43 kt E (max w) at 1430Z at Lake Charles (30.2N, 93.2W) (MWR); 71 kt (max w/5-min/41 meters) SE at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) at 1747Z (MWR/OMR); 978mb (min p) at Port Arthur at 1815Z (OMR); 61 kt NNW at Sabine (29.7N, 93.9W) (Connor) and 972 mb (central pressure) at Sabine (Connor, Ho). "During the evening of Aug 7, the storm recurved to the right with accompanying marked increase in rainfall over southwest Louisiana. At 7am of the 8th, it was centered a short distance northeast of Houston, TX with decreased intensity. For the next 48 hours the disturbance moved rather slowly in a north-northeasterly direction, dissipating on the evening of August 10 in north central Arkansas" (MWR). "There were no deaths or serious injuries during the storm of the 7th. Property damage in Jefferson County, principally in Port Arthur and suburbs, was estimated at almost $1,000,000. Estimates of crop damage in the same area were from $450,000 to $500,000. Heaviest property damage occurred at the refineries near Port Arthur, but a large per cent of the business and other structures suffered slight to considerable damage. Rice growers suffered the heaviest losses among the agricultural interests" (OMR). "972 mb central pressure at landfall, observed from Sabine, TX, 11 nm RMW, 8kt forward speed, landfall point of 29.7N, 93.7W" (Ho). Aug 8: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 30.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 30.3N, 94W at 12Z. The MWR tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 94.5W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 30.4N, 94.4W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE before 05Z and 15 kt SE with 1004 mb at 05Z at 29.0N, 93.5W (MWR); 25 kt WSW with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.0N, 94.0W at 06Z (COA); 45 kt S with 1009 mb at 28.9N, 92.5W at 19Z (COA). Station highlights: 999 mb at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) at 00Z (OMR); 37 kt S with 994 mb at Port Arthur at 0030Z (OMR); 35 kt NE around ~2130Z at Shreveport (32.5N, 93.8W) (OMR). Aug 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32.8N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 32.5N, 95W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 33N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1007.8mb and at 34N, 93.5W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 32.4N, 94.3W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW with 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.8N, 93.5W (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt N (max w) around ~0030Z at Dallas (32.8N, 96.8W) (OMR). Aug 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 20kt winds at 34.9N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 34N, 93W (am) with a pressure of 1010.5mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.3N, 93.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. A weak low began to form along a stationary frontal boundary just off of the Georgia coast on 1st and 2nd of August. As the circulation was not closed, it is judged the system remained a frontal low on these dates. Thus genesis is delayed by 24 hours until the system reached the Gulf of Mexico. There is sufficient observational coverage on the 3nd that indicates a weaker initial intensity, and 25 kt tropical depression is analyzed at 12Z (down from 35 kt originally). On the 3rd, the cyclone was still somewhat asymmetric due to the interaction with the dissipating frontal boundary to the north, but by 4 August the cyclone became more symmetric and more truly a tropical cyclone. It intensified from the 4th through the 7th as it moved west-northwestward, staying south of the coast until it made landfall near the Louisiana/Texas border on the 7th. The first gale force wind was recorded at 21Z on the 4th from a ship (35 kt with 1010 mb) located about 130 nm SSW of the center. The cyclone is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 4th (36 hours earlier than originally - a major change). The analyzed intensity at 18Z on the 4th is 45 kt (no change to HURDAT originally) with a position of 27.8N, 86.5W. A central pressure of 995 mb is added to HURDAT on the 5th at 06Z due to the analysis of a ship that reported 20 kt with 997 mb inside the RMW. This value equals 52 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since a ship recorded a 60 kt wind sometime after 07Z on the 5th, a 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 06Z and a 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 5th (a 5 kt increase at both times from HURDAT originally). By 20Z on the 5th, gales were being recorded on land at Port Eads and Burrwood because the cyclone was centered 40 nm due south of the southeastern tip of Louisiana by 00Z on the 6th. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 18Z on the 5th (6 hours earlier than originally - mainly because the intensity is increased from the original HURDAT at all times from 06Z on the 5th through 18Z on the 7th). East-northeastward track changes of 0.8 degrees are made from 18Z on the 5th through 06Z on the 6th based upon available observations. At 08Z on the 6th, Burrwood recorded its minimum pressure of 996 mb when the center was 35-40 nm from there, and at 11Z, Grand Isle recorded 994 mb with the cyclone located 40 nm from the station. The highest wind recorded in Louisiana on the 6th was 52 kt at Grand Isle. On the 7th at 1110Z, Cameron, LA recorded 985 mb and winds of 61-70 kt occurred there [time uncertain] according to Connor. Although it is difficult to say exactly the point the center crossed the coastline, the best estimate is about 10 nm west of the Texas/Louisiana border. The analyzed landfall occurred on 7 August at 21Z at 29.7N, 94.1W. A central pressure of 972 mb was recorded a Sabine, TX, and 972 mb is the analyzed landfall central pressure. The 972 mb central pressure originally listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 8th is removed and this value is added at 18Z on the 7th instead. A central pressure of 972 mb equals 82 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al. lists a landfall RMW of 11 nm, and available observations from Port Arthur support a small RMW in the ballpark of Ho's estimate. This RMW is much smaller than the climatological RMW of 23 nm for this latitude and central pressure. The speed of the cyclone was a slow 7 kt, and the OCI and ROCI are analyzed at 1011 mb and 225 nm, respectively. The highest observed wind, after converting to 10m 1-min was 69 kt at Port Arthur at 1747Z. Port Arthur recorded its minimum pressure of 978 mb at 1815Z, and there is no evidence that Port Arthur was inside the RMW. Sabine reported winds of 61 kt and Cameron, LA had earlier reported winds of 61-70 kt. A landfall intensity of 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT and the intensity at 18Z on the 7th (up from 70 kt originally). A peak lifetime intensity of 85 kt is analyzed from 06-18Z on the 7th (original peak lifetime intensity 70 kt from 06Z on the 6th - 00Z on the 8th). A Category 2 impact is analyzed for Louisiana and the north Texas coast (unchanged), and these Category 2 winds were likely confined to the immediate coastline between the landfall point and a point 15 nm east of there. After landfall, the cyclone curved northward, moving into Arkansas early on the 10th. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 64, 49, 39, and 33 kt at 00, 06, 12, and 18Z on 8 August. Highest winds within 2 hr of synoptic times were 41, 30, 35, and 45 kt. Intensities of 65, 50, 45, and 45 kt are analyzed at the synoptic times on the 8th. These are all decreased of 10-15 kt from the original HURDAT. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 8th (6 hours earlier than originally). At 2130Z on the 8th, Shreveport recorded a 5-min max of 35 kt and a fastest mile wind of 49 kt from the NE. The final gale was reported from Dallas at 0030Z on the 9th - 35 kt N (5-min) when the center was 140 nm ESE of Dallas. However, the gale in Dallas may not have been representative of the cyclone's circulation given its large distance from the center. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 9th (down from 50 kt originally). The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z on the 9th (6 hours earlier than originally) at 32.4N, 94.5W. On the 10th, the depression weakened over Arkansas, but it accelerated slightly. Eastward position adjustments up to 1 degree are made on the 10th. 6-hourly USWB/NHC microfilm synoptic maps show the cyclone progressively weakening and eventually becoming a trough and dissipating after 18Z on the 10th. By the 11th, the windfield was too elongated to still be considered a closed tropical cyclone. The dissipation is now shown to be after 18Z on the 10th (12 hours earlier than originally). This is in agreement with the MWR Tracks of Low, which shows a final position of the tropical cyclone at 12Z on the 10th. ******************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 3 - Revised 2012 31250 08/05/1940 M=11 3 SNBR= 689 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 31250 08/05/1940 M= 9 3 SNBR= 689 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * 31255 08/05* 0 0 0 0*182 622 35 0*186 635 40 0*189 648 40 1012* 31255 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*189 648 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 31260 08/06*194 664 40 0*202 683 40 0*210 702 40 0*218 717 45 1003* 31260 08/06*191 664 40 0*198 682 40 0*206 700 40 0*216 714 40 1003* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 31265 08/07*225 728 45 0*230 734 50 0*235 738 50 0*244 740 55 0* 31265 08/07*220 726 40 0*225 734 45 0*232 737 45 0*243 738 45 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31270 08/08*254 741 55 0*263 741 65 0*270 741 65 0*274 741 70 0* 31270 08/08*253 739 50 0*262 738 55 0*271 738 55 0*279 738 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31275 08/09*278 742 70 0*282 743 75 0*286 746 75 0*288 750 80 0* 31275 08/09*284 738 60 0*289 742 65 0*292 748 65 0*294 753 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31280 08/10*290 756 80 0*293 762 80 0*296 768 80 0*301 774 80 0* 31280 08/10*295 759 70 0*296 764 75 0*299 769 80 0*303 774 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 31285 08/11*306 780 75 0*313 786 70 0*319 793 70 0*322 802 65 975* 31285 08/11*307 779 85 0*313 785 85 0*318 793 85 0*321 803 85 972* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** 31290 08/12*323 812 60 0*324 820 55 0*325 828 40 0*329 834 40 0* 31290 08/12*322 813 65 977*324 824 50 0*326 835 35 996*332 842 30 1003* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** 31295 08/13*334 840 35 0*340 845 35 0*346 849 35 0*355 850 35 0* 31295 08/13*337 847 30 1005*343 848 30 1007*349 848 25 1008*355 848 25 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** **** *** ** 31300 08/14*365 849 35 0*376 839 35 0E376 829 35 0E370 818 35 0* 31300 08/14*360 846 25 0*364 839 25 0*368 829 25 0*370 818 25 0* *** *** ** *** ** **** ** * ** The 15th is removed from HURDAT 31305 08/15E364 808 35 0E360 800 35 0E357 792 35 0E356 783 35 0* 31310 HR GA2 SC2 31310 HR GA1 SC2 *** U.S. landfall: 8/11/1940 - 2030Z - 32.1N, 80.8W - 85 kt - 972 mb - 25 nm RMW - 1014 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall near Hilton Head Island, SC. Major changes are made to the timing of dissipation 24 hours earlier than analyzed and for the removal of its extratropical phase. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Monthly State Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, COOP observations, Caribbean station observations, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Aug 5: HWM indicates a spot low near 16N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 18.6N, 63.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 18N, 63.5W (am) with a pressure of 1011.2mb and at 19.5N, 67.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1012 mb at 21Z at 19.6N, 65.8W with max wind of 40kt E (no time given) (MWR). Station highlights: 38kt at San Juan (18.5N, 66.1W) at 1404Z (MWR). "The morning charts of August 5 showed some indications of a slight disturbance centered between St. Martin and St. Thomas Islands. Severe squalls of 44miles an hour were recorded at 10:04 am at San Juan. By 6 pm of the 5th, the depression was located a short distance north of Mona Passage, having moved very rapidly in a west-northwestward direction during the preceding 10 hours. The Dutch motor vessel Pygmalion, near lat 19.36'N and long 65.48'W at 5pm of August 5, reported fresh easterly gales with barometric pressure 1012.5 mb" (MWR). Aug 6: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 21N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 21N, 70.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 20.5N, 70.5W (am) and at 21.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 26kt with a pressure of 1003mb at Turks [1003 mb and 26 kt not necessarily simultaneous obs] (21.5N, 71.1W) at 17Z (MWR). "Cloudy weather with high winds and moderate to rough seas was encountered by ships in the vicinity of the path of the disturbance as it continued to move in a west by north direction during the 6th. The center passed a short distance to the south of Turks Island at noon of Aug 6, with deepening pressure, 1003mb accompanied by winds of 30 miles an hour" (MWR). "The tropical storm of the 11th began as a slight disturbance on August 6th near the Virgin Islands" (OMR - Savannah). Aug 7: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 22.8N, 75.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 23.5N, 73.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 23N, 74W (am) and at 24N, 74.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE before 09Z and 3 kt W with 1010 mb at 09Z at 22.5N, 74.4W (MWR); 30 kt SE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 24.0N, 72.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the next 3 days the disturbance showed little tendency to increase in intensity as it moved to the northward" (MWR). Aug 8: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 27N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 27N, 74.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 26N, 74W (am) and at 27N, 74W (pm). Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE with 1011 mb at 14Z at 26.2N, 74.1W [ob looks bad] (MWR); 45kt (or 60 kt?) NNW at 27.9N, 74.2W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aug 9: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 28.6N, 74.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28.5N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 29.5N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1008 mb at 09Z at 30.8N, 73.8W and 35kt SW after 09Z (MWR); 30kt S with a pressure of 1000 mb at 29N, 74.8W at 1230Z (USWB). One other low pressure of 1003 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It was located near lat 29.41'N and long 74.15'W on the morning of Aug 9" (MWR). Aug 10: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 995mb near 30N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 29.6N, 76.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 30N, 76W and at 31N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 25kt W with a pressure of 1002mb at 29N, 76.1W at 00Z (COA); 70kt ESE at 32N, 77.3W at 21Z (MWR); 60 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 23Z at 32.0N, 77.3W (MWR). 7 other gales of 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 4am of Aug 10, the American tanker Meton, near lat 32.12'N and long 77.42'W recorded a barometer pressure reading of 1008.5mb with overcast squally weather, east winds of force 8, and high seas. The first indications that this storm had developed to hurricane intensity were received from the American S. S. Maine, giving her noon position as approximately 32.03'N and long 77.18'W. The ship's daily journal of Aug 10th shows that the vessel met east-southeast wind, force 10 increasing to full hurricane strength at 4pm (local ship's time), with very high and rough east-southeasterly sea, large heavy swell and poor visibility. The barometer fell very rapidly until about 8pm, when it became steady and began to rise slowly" (MWR). Aug 11: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 995mb near 31N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 31.9N, 79.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 31.5N, 79W with a pressure of 974.7mb and at 31.5N, 81.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt E with 999 mb at 04Z at 31.0N, 77.0W (MWR); 70kt W with 1002 mb at 30.7N 79.4W (USWB); 50kt ENE with a pressure of 993mb at 32.3N, 78.5W at 07Z, with a max wind of 70 kt ESE after 07Z (MWR); 50 kt E with 996 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 78.7W (COA); 70 kt ESE with 994 mb at 16Z and 70 kt SE with 996 mb at 1645Z at 32.0N, 79.4W (USWB). 17 other gales between 35-60 kt and 10 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Station highlights: 56 kt N with 998 mb at 1735Z at Beaufort, SC (32.4N, 80.7W) (OMR); 1004 mb (min p) at 1930Z at Charleston, SC (climo, OMR); 57 kt E (max 5-min wind, with fastest mile 63 kt- both at anemometer height 28 meters) at 1945Z at Charleston, SC (climo, OMR); 63kt N (max 5-min wind, with fastest mile 78 kt- both at anemometer height 48 meters) at Savannah (32.1N, 81.1W) at 2005Z (OMR); 8 kt with 975 mb (min pressure) at Savannah at 2230Z (MWR, OMR). About 20 other gales from Charleston, Savannah, and Beaufort, and at least two other low pressures. "The hurricane crossed the coast at about 4pm [21Z] of Aug 11, near Beaufort, S.C., where moving inland, its course curved to the westward, passing just north of Savannah, Ga., between 5 and 6pm [22-23Z] on the same day. During the afternoon of Aug 11, a sea-level pressure reading of 974.7 mb was recorded at Savannah, Ga. This is the lowest ever recorded at the Weather Bureau Office at that place" (MWR). "The outstanding feature of the weather for August was the hurricane, the center of which crossed the coastline near Beaufort, S.C. about 3:00pm EST on August the 11th. No lives were lost in the Charleston District, but property damage was estimated at about $2,000,000.00 in Charleston County alone. The storm caused wind of over 30 miles per hour from 1am of the 11th until 4:30am of the 12th, with winds of whole gale force from 11:30am to about 3:30pm of the 11th. The wind shifted gradually from NE as the storm approached, to easterly as it reached the highest velocity and to SE as the storm passed. The barometer began falling about 11:00pm on Saturday the 10th and fell gradually until 2:30pm of the 11th when it stopped abruptly and rose rapidly until about 11pm" (OMR - Charleston). "On [the 11th] the wind increased to gale force about noon and to a maximum of 73 miles per hour from the north at 3:05 pm [2005Z]; about 5:30 pm it dropped as low as 9 mph after the lowest pressure (28.78) was reached, then rose to high again when the pressure increased. Scores of buildings were leveled or damaged, trees uprooted or broken, windows smashed in, tin roofs, signs, and other debris sent flying through the air. One person died from injuries due to flying glass and another from a heart attack due to the excitement of the storm. Estimated damage was $850,000" (OMR - Savannah). From the Beaufort, SC coop observer... "Aug 11 - Severe Hurricane" (Beaufort, SC coop observations). From the South Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary... "Total crop damage in the state has been estimated around $3,000,000. Property losses along the southern coast have been estimated at around $3,500,000. Timber losses were around $113,000 throughout the state. Thirty-four persons perished in the hurricane." "The coastal area from Charleston southward was visited by a hurricane afternoon of 11th. Property damage along the South Carolina southern coast was heavy, especially severe at Folly Beach near Charleston, Edisto Island Beach and City and County of Beaufort, including U.S. Marine corps base on Parris Island and Town of Port Royal, where water front buildings, communication and power lines were wrecked, many trees uprooted and high tides flooded street and ground floors of buildings. Over 200 houses in Beaufort County were totally wrecked and over 1,000 were damaged. Beaufort residents said it was the worst blow since 1893. The extreme high tide at Charleston was accurately determined as 10.71 feet above mean low water. Crop losses, including corn, hay, cotton and truck were severe in the coastal section of these two counties. Trees and roofs were damaged to some extent 50 miles inland. As a result of the hurricane 25 negroes perished on St. Helena Island, near Beaufort, with 8 other negroes on nearby Ladies Island and one person on Hunting Island" (August 1940 South Carolina climatological data). Aug 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 32.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 32.5N, 82.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 83W (am) with a pressure of 999.7mb and at 33.5N, 85W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE with 1008 mb at 02Z at 31.6N, 79.0W with highest wind experienced 40 kt (MWR). Station highlights: 48-49 kt S-SSW with 984 mb at 0030Z at Savannah (OMR); 49 kt SE around ~0130Z at Charleston (OMR); 43 kt S around ~0230Z at Savannah (OMR); 34 kt SE at 06Z at Charleston (OMR); 19 kt NE with a pressure of 1000 mb at Macon (32.8N, 83.6W) at 12Z (HWM, OMR). "During the next 4 to 5 days, as the storm moved overland, it diminished rapidly in intensity and its progressive motion was rather erratic. Its positive identity was lost on August 15" (MWR). Aug 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 34.6N, 84.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 85W with a pressure of 1009.5mb and at 35.5N, 84.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aug 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 82W. HURDAT lists this as an extra tropical storm with 35kt winds at 37.6N, 82.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 36N, 83W (am) with a pressure of 1008.1mb and at 35N, 82W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aug 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as an extra tropical storm with 35kt winds at 35.7N, 79.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 80.5W (am) with a pressure of 1007.8mb. Genesis of this tropical cyclone is analyzed to have occurred at 18Z on 5 August (12 hours later than in HURDAT originally) just north of the Virgin Islands as a 40 kt tropical storm. A 15 kt ENE wind at St. Kitts on the 5th at 12Z indicates that it was not yet a closed low at that time. The 1012 mb central pressure shown in HURDAT at 18Z on the 5th is removed because San Juan reported 15 kt NNE with 1012 mb at that time, and the cyclone is analyzed to be centered about 75 nm ENE of San Juan at that time. The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 5th is maintained because a ship reported a maximum wind of 40 kt late on the 5th about 40 nm NNW of the interpolated analyzed position. The cyclone traveled west-northwestward, passing north of the Greater Antilles on the 6th. It began a northward motion on the 7th just northeast of the southeastern Bahamas. It traveled to 29.2N, 74.8W on the 9th before resuming a west-northwestward course, which brought the cyclone to a landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border on the 11th. All track changes from the 6th-8th are half a degree or less. On the 9th, northward track adjustments of 0.6 degrees are implemented. The rest of the track changes on the 10th and 11th for the over-water portion of the track are half a degree or less, with a track change of only 0.1 degree around the time of landfall. For intensity, a 1003 mb minimum pressure was recorded at Turks Island on the 6th at 17Z. The maximum wind recorded at Turks Island was only 26 kt. Commentary states that the center passed over Turks Island, and although there is not definitive evidence that it is a central pressure, the 1003 mb value is maintained in HURDAT as it was likely a central pressure. This value equals 41 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship, and 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th (down from 45 kt originally). Available observations on the 7th and 8th indicate that the cyclone was likely not as strong yet as indicated in HURDAT originally (the intensity is reduced by 5 to 10 kt on those days). The first hurricane force wind was reported from a ship at 21Z on the 10th at 32.0N, 77.3W. By the time this wind was recorded, the analyzed intensity is 80 kt (no change to HURDAT) on the 10th from 12Z-18Z. The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 9th (24 hours later than originally - a major change). On the 11th, as the hurricane was approaching landfall, two other ships reported hurricane force winds. The hurricane made landfall on Hilton Head Island, SC (32.1N, 80.8W) on 11 August at around 20Z moving on a course between west and west-northwest at a speed of 9 kt. Complete records of wind and pressure are available from Savannah and Charleston, but not from Beaufort, as observations stopped there a few hours before the height of the storm. The maximum wind at Savannah (32.1N, 81.1W) was 68 kt N at 2005Z and at Charleston was 59 kt (after converting the fastest mile wind to a 10m 1-min value). The minimum pressure at Savannah was 974.7 mb (inside the RMW). The minimum wind at Savannah inside the RMW was 8 kt. The time of the min pressure and min wind were likely very close. Although Savannah experienced a 180 degree wind shift from north to south, the center is analyzed to have passed about 5 nm north of the station (the track was moved 0.1 degrees closer to Savannah - originally it was shown passing slightly further north). A good time series from Savannah reveals that the RMW of this hurricane was at least 22 nm (if Savannah was in the geometric center). Since Ho et al. listed a 27 nm RMW for this hurricane, a 25 nm RMW is selected as the landfall RMW after rounding to the nearest 5 nm. A 974 mb central pressure is analyzed at 2230Z (two hours after landfall). A run of the Ho et al. inland-pressure decay model yields 972 mb for landfall if the Florida decay rate is used (because of the swampy terrain in that region). Using the Atlantic coast decay rate, which is valid north of the GA/SC border according to Ho et al., a 970 mb landfall central pressure is yielded. Jarrell et al. lists a 970 mb central pressure for landfall. A 972 mb landfall central pressure is selected because the Florida decay rate is more appropriate to use in this situation. The 975 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 11th is replaced by a value of 972 mb. A 972 mb central pressure equals 82 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 25 nm RMW is near average. The OCI is 1014 mb and the ROCI is 225 nm. The speed of the cyclone is slightly slower than normal - about 9 kt. Examination of the SLOSH display program Maximum Envelope of Water data suggests that a Category 1 hurricane would not normally caused the observed surge in Charleston, South Carolina, even if the RMW passed over the station. Based upon all of the above, an 85 kt intensity is analyzed at landfall. This retains the hurricane as a low end Category 2 impact for South Carolina. The best track winds on the 11th were boosted by 10-20 kt with the largest change at 18Z just before landfall. However, because the landfall just north of the Georgia-South Carolina border and the peak winds likely to the north of the landfall point (right front quadrant of the hurricane), Category 1 sustained winds likely were the peak to occur in Georgia. Thus Georgia's impact is reduced from Category 2 to a Category 1. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 65, 48 and 35 kt for 00, 06 and 12Z on the 12th. Highest observed wind within 2 hr of those synoptic times are 57, 34, and 25 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z, respectively. Analyzed intensities are 65 (up from 60 kt originally), 45 (down from 55 kt) and 35 (down from 40 kt) at 00, 06, and 12Z, respectively. The 65 kt intensity is selected for 00Z because of the cyclone's trek over marshy terrain during the first few hours of its landfall and because the 57 kt observed around 00Z from Charleston was likely well outside the RMW, so stronger winds could have still been occurring closer to the center. Based on an analyzed central pressure of 974 mb at 2230Z and an observation of 984 mb with 48 kt from Savannah at 0030Z around the time of the back RMW there, a 977 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 12th. A 996 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th based on a Macon, GA observation of 1000 mb with 19 kt NE. Westward track adjustments of 0.7-0.8 degrees are implemented from 12Z on the 12th - 00Z on the 13th due to the Macon data as well as evidence from other stations of a more westward position. Central pressures of 1003, 1005, 1007, and 1008 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT from 18Z on the 12th through 12Z on the 13th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 12th while it was still located in Georgia, and this cyclone did not produce a tropical storm impact in any additional states (HURDAT originally listed this as a tropical storm through 06Z on the 14th - so that is a major change). This tropical depression is analyzed to have degenerated into a trough over western Virginia after 18Z on the 14th. The 15th is eliminated from HURDAT (a major change to the dissipation), which includes the removal of the extratropical phase for the last day and a half of the original HURDAT (another major change). ******************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 4 - Revised 2012 31315 08/30/1940 M= 5 4 SNBR= 690 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 31315 08/26/1940 M= 9 4 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * The 26th-29th are new to HURDAT 31316 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 653 25 0*264 655 25 0* 31317 08/27*266 658 25 0*268 660 25 0*270 663 25 0*272 666 25 0* 31318 08/28*274 669 25 0*275 671 30 0*276 674 30 0*278 677 35 0* 31319 08/29*280 680 40 0*282 684 45 0*284 688 50 0*286 693 55 0* 31320 08/30* 0 0 0 0*275 693 60 0*289 711 60 0*301 721 65 0* 31320 08/30*289 698 60 0*294 704 65 0*301 711 75 0*308 720 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31325 08/31*310 729 65 0*316 735 70 0*323 740 70 0*330 744 70 0* 31325 08/31*315 728 80 0*320 733 80 0*324 737 85 0*330 739 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 31330 09/01*338 746 70 0*345 747 70 0*352 746 70 0*365 734 70 0* 31330 09/01*337 742 90 0*345 743 95 0*352 735 95 0*365 725 90 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31335 09/02*381 719 70 0*398 703 70 0*417 688 70 0*430 679 65 0* 31335 09/02*381 713 90 961*398 700 80 0*417 685 70 0*435 668 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 31340 09/03*446 667 55 0*464 655 45 0*482 640 35 0*510 615 20 0* 31340 09/03E453 657 55 0E471 650 45 0E489 644 35 0E508 632 25 0* **** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** ** 31345 HR U.S. Tropical Storm Impacts: 9/2/1934 - 0830Z - 40.6N, 69.2W - 55 kt (55 kt winds occurred at Nantucket, MA while the 85 kt hurricane passed well offshore) 9/2/1934 - 2000Z - 44.1N, 66.4W - 40 kt (Eastport, Maine experienced 40 kt winds as the 70 kt hurricane passed to the east of Maine). Mostly minor track changes but major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Another major change is to show genesis occurring 90 hours earlier than originally. A final major change is to add in an extratropical phase for the final day of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Boose et al. (2001), and observations/impacts from Environment Canada. August 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system. The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.5N, 64.5W with a 1013 mb pressure. Microfilm (USWB) at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1016 mb centered near 26.3N, 65.5W. Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW with 1013 mb at 12Z at 25.5N, 65.5W (COA, USWB). August 27: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system. The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 27.5N, 67W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1016 mb centered near 27.1N, 64.1W. Ship highlights: Highest observed wind on this day was 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1015 mb. August 28: HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough of low pressure near 23N, 70W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 28N, 67.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an open trough but at 00Z had analyzed a closed low of at most 1016 mb near 28.3N, 66.7W. Ship highlights: highest observed wind on this day 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1015 mb. August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 27.3N, 70.7W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 28.5N, 68.5W. Microfilm at 12Z shows an open trough from roughly 27N, 69W to 25N 70W. Ship highlights: highest observed wind on this day 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1014 mb. August 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1015 mb near 29.1N, 70.4W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 28.9N, 71.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 30N, 70.5W (am) and at 31N, 71.5W (pm). Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1018 mb centered near 28.5N, 72.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt ESE with a pressure of 979mb at 32.2N, 72.4W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of probable origin of this hurricane appeared on the morning of August 30, as a mild depression central about 225 miles off the Florida east coast. A slow progressive movement toward the north-northwest with rapid development, was indicated by the report of an unidentified vessel near 32.12'N, and 72.4'W at 5pm of that day, which recorded an east-southeast wind, force 10, with barometer reading of 978.9mb" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb near 32.3N, 73.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 32.3N, 74W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 72.5W (am) with a pressure of 989mb and at 33.5N, 73W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered near 32.3N, 73.3W. Ship highlights: 50kt NW with a pressure of 985mb at 32.2N, 72.4W at 06Z (COA); 45 kt S with 989 mb at 12Z at 32.0N, 73.0W (COA, USWB); 40 kt NW with 999 mb at 18Z at 32.8N, 74.2W (MWR). Ten other gales between 35-40 kt and four other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the next day the disturbance was attended by severe squalls and strong shifting gales over a large area and by winds of hurricane strength near its center" (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000mb near 34.9N, 72.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt at 35.2N, 74.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 73W (am) and at 38N, 72W (pm). No 12Z microfilm map is available, but microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1006 mb near 33.6N, 74.4W and at 18Z a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 36.8N, 72.8W. Ship highlights: 50kt NNE with a pressure of 995mb at 35.8N, 73.8W at 13Z and 70 kt NNW after 13Z (MWR); 60 kt S before 20Z and 60 kt SSW with 995 mb at 20Z at 36.2N, 71.3W (MWR); 70 kt N with 1000 mb at 21Z at 37.8N, 72.8W (MWR). 13 other gales between 35-50 kt and 13 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Shortly after the morning observation of September 1, the course of the disturbance seems to have change from north-northwest to north-northeast. The American S. S. Dungannon reported that she encountered north-northeast winds, force 10, at 8am of September 1, near 35.50'N, and 73.45'W with pressure reading 993mb and that the wind shifted to northwest and increased to force 12 shortly thereafter. During the evening of the same day, the tanker Franklin K. Lane, on a voyage from New York to Corpus Christi, reported that she met an east-southeast hurricane which shifted to west-northwest near 38.17'N, and 70.32'W. She also reported that a pressure reading of 965.1mb was noted during the passage of the hurricane. This is the lowest barometer reading of record in connection with the disturbance. Several other vessels reported winds of force 8 or higher, on the 1st" (MWR). September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 41.2N, 68.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 41.7N, 68.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 41.5N, 69W with a pressure of 993 mb and at 44N, 66W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.2N, 68.9W with a front 250 nm WNW of the cyclone extending north-northwestward and another front 400 nm south of the cyclone extending west-southwestward. Ship highlights: 35kt W with a pressure of 965 mb at 38.3N, 70.5W at 02Z [ship had 70 kt ESE before this and 70 kt WNW after this] (MWR). One other gale of 35 kt and four other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Station highlights: 57kt (max 1-min wind at 27 meters - 53 kt converted to 10m) at Nantucket at 0830Z and 993 mb (min p) at 0915Z (MWR, OMR); 41 kt NE (max 1-min wind at 26 meters - 39 kt converted to 10m) at Eastport, ME at 2024Z (MWR, OMR). Several other hourly gales from Nantucket between 06Z-12Z. "The disturbance was centered at 7:30am, Sept 2, about 75 miles east-northeast of Nantucket, Mass., moving rapidly north-northeastward. The Weather Bureau office, Nantucket, Mass., recorded a maximum velocity, for a 5-minute period, of 57 miles an hour on Sept. 2. This exceeds all previous September wind records at that station. The storm moved inland a short distance to the northwest of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, with rapidly diminishing intensity, during the evening of the 2nd, and apparently dissipated in the region north of Anticosti Island, Quebec, on Sept 3" (MWR). "Sep 2 - Caused isolated F0 [35-49 kt] and F1 [50-68 kt] structural damage" (Boose et al. 2001). September 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 48.9N, 65.2W with a warm front extending eastward from the center of the cyclone. HWM also analyzes an approaching cold front from 57N, 68W to 52N, 75W to 49N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 48.2N, 64W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed final position at 12Z at 49.7N, 66W with a pressure of 1008mb. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 45.5N, 64.3W and then the cyclone travels off the microfilm map. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 9 kt NW with 1005 mb at Eastport, ME at 0030Z (OMR). "Vessels experienced damage in southern Nova Scotia and one man was injured in a car accident during the storm in New Brunswick" (Canada). HURDAT originally began this cyclone on 30 August at 06Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 69.3W. The MWR tracks of lows begins the system four days earlier (on the 26th) and there is observational evidence from microfilm maps and COADS that a closed low existed from the 26th at 12Z - the 27th at 00Z, the 27th at 12Z, the 28th at 00Z, the 28th at 18Z, and then on the 30th (there were no observations in the area on the 29th). The circulation on the 26th at 12Z was compact enough to be considered a tropical cyclone at that time. Genesis of a 25 kt tropical depression is now shown at 12Z on the 26th (90 hours earlier than originally - a major change) at 26.2N, 65.3W. The highest observed wind from the 26th - 29th was 15 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1013 mb. On the 26th and 00Z on the 27th, there were observations within a degree or so from the center, but after that, there were no ships within 100 nm of the center through the 29th. The cyclone moved slowly northwestward, and on the 30th at 22Z, a ship at 32.2N, 72.4W recorded a 979 mb pressure with simultaneous 50 kt winds. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb yields winds greater than 74 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An 80 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th. The intensity is decreased by one T number per day backwards from 18Z on the 30th. There were no observations near the center on the 28th - early on the 30th that would indicate a weaker intensity than what was yielded. The cyclone is now shown to have attained tropical storm strength at 18Z on the 28th (36 hours earlier than originally - a major change). The cyclone is shown to have attained hurricane strength at 06Z on the 30th (12 hours earlier than originally) at 29.4N, 70.4W. The only major track change analyzed for the existing portion of the HURDAT track is a 2.1 degree north-northwestward adjustment at 06Z on the 30th. This hurricane recurved early on 1 September about 75 nm ESE of Cape Hatteras, NC and it failed to produce tropical storm force winds there. The original HURDAT track showed it passing slightly closer to Cape Hatteras. Hurricane force winds were recorded from two ships on the 1st. On the 2nd at 02Z, a ship recorded a pressure of 965 mb with 35 kt W winds inside the RMW at 38.3N, 70.5W. The ship experienced ESE hurricane force before this and WNW hurricane force after this. Based on the observations from that ship, a 961 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 2nd. This value equals 89 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Observations indicate that the cyclone was smaller than average. Because of the compact size and the system being near recurvature, a peak lifetime intensity of 95 kt is analyzed for 06 and 12Z on the 1st (up from 70 kt originally at both times - major 25 kt upward adjustments). The original peak intensity was 70 kt from 06Z on the 31st through 12Z on the 2nd. The cyclone passed about a degree southeast of Nantucket around 0830Z on the 2nd. A maximum wind of 53 kt (already converted to 10m and 1-min) and a minimum pressure of 993 mb were recorded at Nantucket (at 0830 and 0915Z, respectively). The cyclone is analyzed to have produced winds of 55 kt in Massachusetts. Later on the 2nd, around 20Z, Eastport, ME recorded its maximum wind of 39 kt (already converted to 10m 1-min). The cyclone is analyzed to have also produced a tropical storm impact in Maine with 40 kt winds being experienced there. Impacts in Canada are relatively minor and at 21Z on the 2nd, the cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in Canada as a 60 kt tropical storm at 44.3N, 66.3W (5 kt weaker than originally suggested in HURDAT). The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical around 00Z on the 3rd (HURDAT originally did not list any extratropical phase), which is the same time the center made landfall in New Brunswick near 45.3N, 65.7W with a 55 kt intensity. The cyclone continued north-northeastward and was absorbed by another extratropical low to its north-northwest after 18Z on the 3rd. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation and the final point - 18Z on the 3rd - is 50.8N, 63.2W as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 5- Revised 2012 31350 09/10/1940 M=10 5 SNBR= 691 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 31350 09/08/1940 M=12 5 SNBR= NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** The 7th - 9th are new to HURDAT 31352 09/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 473 25 0* 31353 09/08*154 484 25 0*157 495 25 0*162 505 25 0*167 514 25 0* 31354 09/09*172 523 30 0*177 532 30 0*182 541 30 0*187 550 30 0* 31355 09/10* 0 0 0 0*194 565 35 0*197 577 35 0*199 585 35 0* 31355 09/10*191 559 30 0*194 568 35 0*196 577 35 0*197 585 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** 31360 09/11*200 592 35 0*201 598 35 0*202 605 35 0*204 616 40 0* 31360 09/11*198 593 40 0*199 601 40 0*201 610 45 0*204 622 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 31365 09/12*206 629 40 0*209 642 45 0*212 655 55 0*216 668 65 0* 31365 09/12*207 633 50 0*211 644 50 0*215 656 55 0*218 669 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 31370 09/13*220 682 70 0*226 695 80 0*233 706 85 0*242 712 85 0* 31370 09/13*222 682 70 0*226 695 80 0*232 706 85 0*240 712 85 0* *** *** *** 31375 09/14*253 715 85 0*265 712 85 0*277 706 85 0*288 703 85 0* 31375 09/14*253 715 85 0*266 712 85 0*278 706 85 0*290 701 85 0* *** *** *** *** 31380 09/15*299 701 85 0*311 700 85 0*325 699 85 0*340 698 80 0* 31380 09/15*301 701 85 0*314 700 85 0*328 698 85 0*342 696 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31385 09/16*357 694 80 0*377 685 75 0*397 676 70 0*413 669 70 0* 31385 09/16*357 692 80 0*373 685 75 0*390 676 75 0*408 666 75 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31390 09/17*428 660 65 0*447 642 55 0*465 624 45 0*474 611 40 0* 31390 09/17*430 657 75 0*452 647 65 0E465 635 60 0E474 620 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** * *** ** 31395 09/18*478 596 40 0*480 574 35 0E481 552 35 0E479 530 30 0* 31395 09/18E477 603 60 0E479 583 55 0E480 560 50 0E481 534 40 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31400 09/19E478 507 35 0E480 463 30 0E488 420 30 0E500 370 30 0* 31400 09/19E482 505 35 0E484 467 30 0E488 420 30 0E495 370 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31405 HR U.S. Tropical Storm Impact: 9/16/1940 - 15Z - 39.9N, 67.1W - 40 kt (40 kt tropical storm impact analyzed for Massachusetts while center of 75 kt hurricane passed well offshore). Minor track changes but major intensity changes (but only during the extratropical phase) are analyzed for this tropical cyclone. Additional major changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone to begin it two and a half days earlier and transition to an extratropical cyclone a day earlier near the end of its lifecycle. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the CODS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the Monthly State Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, the U.S. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps, and observations/impacts from Environment Canada. September 7: Ship highlight: 15 kt WNW with 1015 mb at 17Z at 15.4N, 48.2W (COA). September 8: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system. Ship highlights: 20 kt S with 1013 mb (or 1008 mb as HWM has ship 5 mb lower in the 12Z obs) at 00Z at 13.8N, 47.8W (COA). September 9: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.3N, 56.1W. HURDAT does not yet list a system. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 19.1N, 58.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.7N, 57.7W at 12Z. Microfilm at 12Z analyses a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.2N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 20N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 20.2N, 60.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 20.5N, 59W (am) and at 20.5N, 61W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 18.3N, 61.8W. Ship highlights: 30kt WNW with a pressure of 1005mb at 18.8N, 63.6W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 7:30 am chart of September 11, 1940, there were some indications of a disturbance of slight intensity about 250 miles northeast of St. Thomas, moving in a west-northwesterly direction. During that afternoon, an unidentified vessel near lat 20N, and long 64W, reported cloudy weather, northwest wind, force 6, with a barometric pressure reading 1007mb" (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 20.9N, 65.7W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 21.2N, 65.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 21N, 63W (am) with a pressure of 1001.7mb and at 22N, 67W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z suggests a closed low of at most 1006 mb centered near 21.2N, 65.1W. Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at 19.2N, 63.8W at 00Z (COA, USWB); 50kt [or 70 kt?] ESE with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.5N, 66.5W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression developed very rapidly during the 12th, causing moderate gales over a large area to the right of its path. At 7:30pm the center was near 22.30'N and 68W, from which point it continued to move in a west-northwesterly direction until the following morning" (MWR). September 13: HWM indicates a tropical cyclone of at most 995mb near 23.2N, 71.2W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 23.3N, 70.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 23N, 70W (am) and at 25N, 70.1W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1006 mb centered near 23.1N, 70.7W. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with a pressure of 1008mb at 20.9N, 68.5W at 12Z (HWM, COA); 35 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 1230Z at 22.0N, 68.3W (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 13th it curved to the north and northeast attended by strong gales and continued falling pressure" (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 28N, 71W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm front located 250 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 27.7N, 70.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 27N, 70W (am) and at 30N, 70W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered near 27.6N, 70.2W. Ship highlights: 50kt E with a pressure of 1000mb at 29.5N, 68.5W at 18Z (COA); 70kt NNE with a pressure of 988mb at 30.4N, 71W at 22Z (MWR). Five other gales between 35-50 kt and two other low pressures between 1002-1003 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At the morning of Sept 14 the storm was central about 475 miles east-northeast of Nassau, moving at a rate of about 12 to 14 miles an hour. An observation from the S.S. Borinquen indicated that the disturbance developed to full hurricane strength during that day. The vessel met a north-northeast wind, force 12, at 5pm, near lat 30.24'N, and long 71W with barometer reading 988.3mb. Her daily journal from local noon to midnight of Sept 14 reads: 'Overcast, heavy rain, ship hove to; vessel laboring and shipping water.' The S. S. Coamo also became involved in the hurricane on the 14th, reporting that she encountered an east-northeast wend, force 11, at 11pm, near 30.14'N and 72W" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 33.1N, 70.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front plotted 200 nm NNW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 32.5N, 69.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 70W (am) and at 34N, 69.8W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 992 mb centered near 32.6N, 69.3W. Ship highlights: 60kt ENE with a pressure of 991mb at 30.9N, 69.8W at 00Z (COA, USWB); 60 kt ENE before 04Z and 50kt NW with a pressure of 990mb at 04Z at 30.2N, 72.2W (MWR); 50 kt NW with 999 mb at 0630Z at 30.5N, 70.8W (USWB). Four other gales between 35-50 kt and six other low pressures between 993-1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 16: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 39.3N, 67.9W with the west end of a W-E warm front plotted 150 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 39.7N, 67.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 39N, 68.5W (am) and at 43N, 64W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 994 mb centered near 38.7N, 67.3W. Ship highlights: 45kt N with a pressure of 995mb at 35N, 71.3W at 01Z (COA); 45 kt S with 1003 mb at 15Z at 38.0N, 63.5W (COA, USWB). Several other gales between 35-45 kt and several other low pressures of 1001-1005 mb. Station highlights: 43 kt N (max w/1-min/27 m) at Nantucket, MA around ~1530Z (OMR). "For the next 48 hours the storm moved rapidly in a north-by-east direction and was centered near 39.30'N, and 68W at 7:30am of Sept 16, attended by moderate to heavy rain, in the vicinity of Nantucket, Mass., and by gales over a very wide ocean area" (MWR). September 17: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 46.5N, 64.8W with the NW end of a NW-SE warm front plotted 200 nm ENE of the cyclone. A 2nd warm front extends from 53N, 71W to 52N, 67W to 51N, 61W to 50N, 57W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 46.5N, 62.4W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 46N, 63W (am) with a pressure of 996.4mb and at 47N, 62W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in the general vicinity of 46.7N, 63.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt NW with 993 mb (min p) at Eastport, ME at 0445Z (OMR, climo); 30kt ESE with a pressure of 999mb at Magdalen Islands (47.4N, 61.9W) at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt NW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 46.9N, 68.0W (HWM). "Around the Maritimes, reports included structural damage and uprooted trees. In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, there was also flooding, higher tides, coastal damage to infrastructure and vessels, and damaged utilities; and in Nova Scotia there was much damage to the apple crop...Tides [in Nova Scotia] were 1.3 m higher than normal high tides...Chimneys blown down all over Saint John" (Canada). September 18: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 47.9N, 56.9W with a W-E cold front plotted 150 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 48.1N, 55.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 48N, 58W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb. Ship highlights: No gales low pressures. Station highlights: 52 kt (gust) at Yarmouth, Canada (Canada); 60 kt (gust) at Lockeport, Canada (Canada); 70-74 kt (gust) at Lakeburn Airport, Canada (Canada); 35kt N with a pressure of 1013mb at Magdalen Islands at 12Z (HWM). "Scattered ship reports indicate that thick weather, with rough seas, and heavy rain squalls were associated with the disturbance as it moved inland during the evening of Sept 18, a short distance north of Cape Race, Newfoundland" (MWR). "Many small buildings blew over in Nova Scotia...High tides made Lockeport a temporary island... Hundreds of boats in the Northumberland straight were set adrift or sunk" (Canada). September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 47N, 42W, where HWM analyzes a triple point. A dissipating stationary front extends eastward from there, a warm front extends south-southeastward, and a cold front extends west-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 30kt winds at 48.8N, 42W at 12Z. Ship/station highlights: No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally indicated genesis on 10 September at 06Z at 19.4N, 56.5W as a 35 kt tropical storm. However, COADS data indicates that a closed circulation was already present at 18Z on the 7th at 15.2N, 47.3W. Therefore, genesis is indicated at that time (60 hours earlier than originally - a major change) as a 25 kt tropical depression. Data was rather sparse from that point until the 11th of September when the cyclone was passing north of the northernmost Leeward Islands. Therefore, it is suggested that the depression strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 10th (no change to timing of tropical storm strength in HURDAT). The largest track change for the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this cyclone is only 0.7 degrees. On the 11th at 19Z a ship recorded 30 kt WNW with a 1005 mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb yields greater than 37 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 11th (up from 40 kt originally). On the 12th at 18Z, with the cyclone near 21.8N, 66.9W, a ship recorded 50 kt with simultaneous 1002 mb pressure. The 65 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally at that time is not changed (thus, no change is made to the timing hurricane strength was attained). The cyclone recurved at 00Z on the 14th, reaching a furthest west point of 25.3N, 71.5W. The strongest wind and lowest pressure recorded during the lifetime of this hurricane was a ship observation at 22Z on the 14th of 988 mb with simultaneous hurricane force winds. A peripheral pressure of 988 mb yields greater than 62 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 85 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally is not changed. No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity from 12Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 15th. Therefore, the peak intensity of 85 kt shown from 12Z on the 13th through 12Z on the 15th is not changed. Decent observational coverage on the 16th indicates that the cyclone weakened a little faster than indicated in HURDAT originally as extratropical transition was underway. The highest observed wind on the 16th was 45 kt and the lowest observed pressure that day was 995 mb (with 45 kt simultaneously) at 01Z. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields greater than 52 and 56 kt according to the north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The original HURDAT intensities are decreased by 5-10 kt from 00Z on the 16th through 06Z on the 17th. Nantucket recorded a maximum wind of 40 kt (after converting to 10m/1-min) from the north around 1530Z on the 16th. A 40 kt tropical storm impact is analyzed for Massachusetts as the 75 kt hurricane was passing 150 nm offshore of Nantucket. The minimum pressure at Eastport, ME was 993 mb but the maximum winds there were only 29 kt from the north. A tropical storm impact is thus not analyzed for Maine. The hurricane maintained its intensity until landfall in Canada, as evidenced by the strong winds and significant impact to both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Landfall is analyzed to be at 75 kt around 02Z on the 17th near 43.7N 65.4W (HURDAT originally had landfall as a 65 kt hurricane). The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 17th (24 hours earlier than originally - a major change) at 43.0N, 65.7W. Impacts in Canada on the 18th indicate that the system maintained significant intensity on that date as an extratropical cyclone. Intensity significantly boosted late on the 17th and on the 18th. The cyclone turned eastward on the 18th near 48N, 56W, and by the 19th at 18Z, the analyzed position is 49.5N, 37.0W as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone. The timing of dissipation is not changed because there is no data in the area to confirm or refute the timing of dissipation, which HURDAT lists after 18Z on the 19th. ******************************************************************************* Storm 6 - Revised in 2012 30990 09/19/1940 M= 7 6 SNBR= 684 NOT NAMED XING=1 30990 09/18/1940 M= 8 6 SNBR= 684 NOT NAMED XING=1 ** * (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 30995 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 815 25 0*122 819 25 0* 30995 09/19* 0 0 0 0*121 826 35 0*132 834 40 0*140 841 35 0* 30995 09/19*124 824 30 0*127 829 35 0*132 834 40 0*140 841 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** 31000 09/20*148 848 35 0*155 854 35 0*163 860 35 0*171 870 40 0* 31000 09/20*148 848 30 0*155 854 30 0*163 860 35 0*171 867 40 0* ** ** *** 31005 09/21*180 880 40 0*188 888 35 0*196 896 35 0*206 906 35 0* 31005 09/21*179 874 45 0*186 882 40 0*194 890 30 0*202 900 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31010 09/22*217 916 35 0*229 926 40 0*240 936 40 0*249 944 40 0* 31010 09/22*210 910 30 0*219 920 35 0*230 930 40 0*242 939 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 31015 09/23*258 950 40 0*268 953 40 0*277 954 40 0*285 953 40 0* 31015 09/23*256 947 40 0*269 951 40 0*280 951 40 0*288 950 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31020 09/24*291 949 40 0*296 939 40 0*298 929 35 0*303 918 30 0* 31020 09/24*293 945 40 0*297 938 40 0*302 929 35 1004*308 918 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** **** *** 31025 09/25*308 905 20 0*320 885 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31025 09/25*314 905 20 0*320 885 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** 31030 TS U.S. Tropical Storm September 24 - 09Z - 29.8N 93.4W - 40 kt - LA Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm from that shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps from NCDC, USWB microfilm maps at NHC, the Louisiana Climatological Data, the Texas Climatological Data, Airways Weather Reports, and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N 81.5W. HURDAT did not yet list this system on the 18th. Ship and station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 13N 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 13.2N, 83.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A rather weak tropical disturbance, 1006mb, formed on the morning of Sept 19, 1940, in the vicinity of Bluefields, Nicaragua" (MWR). September 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 16.9N, 85.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 16.3N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It progressed in a northwestward direction over the Gulf of Honduras during the next 24 hours and moved inland over Quintana Roo during the night of September 20" (MWR). September 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 20.2N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.6N, 89.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 20N, 89W (am) and at 21N, 90.1W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at 18.5N, 87W at 0030Z (USWB); 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1011mb at 19N, 83W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the afternoon of September 21 the depression had entered the Gulf of Mexico, northwest of Progresso, Yucatan, attended by winds of force 4-5 (Beaufort Scale)" (MWR). September 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 22.8N, 93.2W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 24N, 93.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 23N, 91W (am) and at 26N, 94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 27N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.7N, 95.4W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28N, 95W (am) and at 29N, 85W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt WNW with a pressure of 1005mb at 27.5N, 95.5W at 12Z (COA); 40kt NW at 28N, 96.7W at 11Z (USWB, MWR). Station highlights: 1006 mb at Galveston (no time, lowest pressure for the month). "The disturbance continued to move northwestward increasing slowly in intensity after passing into the Gulf of Mexico. On the morning of September 23, it was centered near lat 27.45'N and long 95.30'W. An unidentified vessel in the western portion of the Gulf of Mexico at 5am of the 23rd, encountered a fresh gale from the northwest. That afternoon, the depression moved very slowly and curved rather sharply to the northeast. The tanker Dannedaike met a fresh southwest gale near 28N, and 95W, at 7pm of the 23rd, with the lowest pressure reading of the storm, 1004mb" (MWR). "Upper Texas coast, Minor, Center remained offshore" ("Minor" is defined as winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). September 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm near 30N, 92W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 29.8N, 92.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 30N, 92W (am) and at 32N, 88W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 28N, 95W at 00Z (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt N (max wind for month, no time), 1007 mb(minimum pressure for month, no time) at San Antonio, TX (Texas Climatological Data); 1003.4 mb (minimum pressure for month) with NE 8 kt at 1035Z at Lake Charles, LA (Louisiana Climatological Data, Airways Weather Reports); 1005 mb (minimum pressure for month, no time) at Vicksburg, MS (Louisiana Climatological Data). "During the early morning of September 24 the disturbance passed inland over southwestern Louisiana, a short distance to the west of Lafayette. Heavy rains were associated with this storm over southern Louisiana and along the upper coast to Texas, the heaviest amount reported being 7.10 inches at Cheneyville, La. The depression, decreasing in intensity after passing inland, continued to move northeastward and merged with a low-pressure trough which dominated the south-central and eastern portions of the US, during the evening of September 24...Maximum wind velocity reported - Force 8, southwest, Tanker Dannedaike. Lowest barometer reported - 1,004 millibars Tanker Dannedaike. Intensity - Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks - No loss of life nor property loss" (MWR). "A slight tropical disturbance moved northeastward on the morning of the 24th, passing slightly west of Lafayette. A squall evidently associated with the disturbance, occurred at 2 a.m. near Swords, in St. Landry Parish, unroofing a few houses and causing damage of about $200. Farther on, a tornado developed near New Roads at 4:45 a.m., causing property damage of about $6000, and injuries to a child who later died" (Louisiana Climatological Data). September 25: HWM indicates a strong cold front extending from Maine to Louisiana with an extended area of low pressure along the front. HURDAT's last position of this system was at 06Z at 32N 88.5W as a 15 kt dissipating tropical depression. The MWR tracks of low indicates a new low of 1003 mb had formed farther north near 37N 81W (a.m.). Ship and station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis of this tropical cyclone occurred around 12Z on the 18th in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, about 18 hours earlier than originally indicated. Minor track changes are introduced for the duration of the cyclone, the largest of which are on the 20th of just more than a degree to the south-southeast. The original HURDAT immediately began the cyclone as a 35 kt tropical storm just east of Nicaragua. The observational data do not confirm this, but are too sparse to warrant any changes before its first landfall in Central America. The system made a first landfall around 14Z on the 19th with 40 kt, which is unchanged from the original HURDAT. The intensity is lowered slightly to tropical depression status at 00 and 06Z on the 20th while over Nicaragua and Honduras to accommodate typical weakening while over land. The cyclone emerged over the northwestern Caribbean Sea late on the 20th and reintensified, as confirmed by the 25 kt SW and 1000 mb ship observation early on the 21st. The 1000 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity at 00Z on the 21st is analyzed to be 45 kt, because of the low environmental pressures. This is the peak intensity for the system, which originally was 40 kt. The cyclone made a second landfall near the Belize-Mexico border around 03Z on the 21st near 18.2N 87.8W with 45 kt intensity. The system weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 21st, based upon typical decay rates. The center emerged over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico by 06Z on the 22nd. Two ships reporting 40 kt of wind at 11Z on the 23rd and 00Z on the 24th corroborate the original intensity of 40 kt in HURDAT on those dates. The system made a final landfall in western Louisiana around 09Z on the 24th near 29.8N 93.4W. Peak observed winds were 35 kt N in San Antonio on the 24th, but these winds well removed from the cyclone's center were a transient event (likely a squall line) as prevailing winds on the 24th were quite weak. A 1003.4 mb pressure with NE 8 kt wind at 1035Z on the 24th in Lake Charles supports a central pressure of 1002 mb, which is now included in the 12Z slot. 1002 mb indicates a maximum wind of 40 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 40 kt intensity for landfall is analyzed (unchanged from that originally in HURDAT). The system was absorbed by a cold front on the 25th and dissipated after 06Z (unchanged from HURDAT originally). ******************************************************************************* 1940 Storm 7 (new to HURDAT) - Addition in 2012 24596 09/22/1940 M= 7 7 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 24597 09/22*293 494 50 0*295 476 55 0*300 455 60 0*310 430 65 0 24598 09/23*330 400 75 0*352 368 80 0*370 340 85 0*376 315 85 0 24599 09/24*379 293 85 0*380 273 80 0*380 262 80 0*381 259 75 0 24597 09/25*383 260 70 0*385 265 65 984*387 275 65 0*389 286 60 0 24598 09/26*391 297 55 0*393 310 55 0*395 325 55 0*397 342 55 0 24599 09/27*398 362 50 0*399 382 45 0*400 400 40 0*401 410 35 0 24597 09/28*402 415 35 0*403 418 30 0E405 420 30 0* 0 0 0 0 24599 HR Storm 7 is a new system, not previously documented in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the addition comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. September 10-17: HWM indicates an open wave. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures September 18: HWM indicates a ridge between 20-25N, near 61W. It also still shows an open wave. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures September 19: HWM indicates a ridge from 25-30N, near 60W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures September 20: HWM indicates a low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 30N, 55W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures September 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb at 32N, 52W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures September 22: HWM indicates a hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 31.5N, 45.5W. Ship highlights: 45kt S with a pressure of 996mb at 29.5N, 46.5W at 07Z (MWR); 50kt SSW at 29.5N, 46.5W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A low of unusual interest was noted early on the 22nd, when the American steamship Otho, westbound, near 29.5N, 46.5W, met a south-southwest whole gale, the barometer dropping to 995.6mb. The wind shifted south to west-northwest" (MWR). September 23: HWM indicates a hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 37N, 33W. Ship highlights: 75kt SW at 36.6N, 33.2W at 12Z (HWM); 70kt SW with a pressure of 977mb at 36.5N, 33.7W at 13Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Late in the forenoon of the 23rd this storm was encountered by the Portuguese steamship Lobito, about 700 miles to east-northeastward of the Otho's position, the wind blowing with full hurricane force from the southwest, while the barometer was 977.0 millibars. Later on the 23rd this storm was felt in the westernmost Azores" (MWR). September 24: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 38N, 26.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35kt SSE with a pressure of 991mb at Sao Miguel (37.7N, 25.7W) at 12Z (HWM); a pressure of 984mb at Sao Miguel at 14Z (MWR). "The following extract is from a report kindly furnished to this office by the Meteorological Service of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Terceira Island: The storm came over the Azores, passing south of Flores and Fayal...minimum pressure, at Horta 992mb at 4h. the 24th... and turning northeast passed over Sao Miguel... minimum 984mb at 13h. the 24th. (Hours herein are 30th meridian time.)" (MWR). "Many damages were caused to houses and crops, and some boats were taken by the heavy seas from the places where they had been pulled ashore. An uncommonly high swell was remarked at Angra do Heroismo, running from the southwest on the morning of the 24th. No lives lost" (MWR). September 25: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 38.5N, 28W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: calm, with a pressure of 984mb at Terceira (38.7N, 27.2W) at 1030Z (MWR); 35kt N with a pressure of 994mb at Horta (38.5N, 28.6W) at 12Z (HWM); a pressure of 991mb at Faial (38.5N, 28.7W) at 2030Z (MWR). "It went then around, coming west-southwest to Terceira where the central cam was well felt near 7h. 30m. the 25th - minimum 984mb - passed again south of Faial - second minimum 991mb at 19h. 30min - and it disappeared westward on the 26th, after being felt a second time at Flores Island. Wind attained force 9 and sometimes 10 (Beaufort), stronger before the passing of the center. Maximum 105 kilometers (65miles) per hour at 4h. 45min. on the 25th, from the north - a gust, not steady velocity" (MWR). September 26: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 39N, 34.5W. Ship highlights: 50kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at 40.1N, 31.7W at 06Z (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressures of 1007mb at 40.2N, 31.4W at 10Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Rain was unusually heavy from the 22nd to the 26th. At Angra do Heroismo 333mm. (13.11 inches) of rain were collected, that is, one-third of the average total rain in a year" (MWR). September 27: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 39.5N, 42W. Ship highlights: 25kt NNE with a pressure of 1005mb at 41.1N, 44.1W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt E with a pressure of 1021mb at 40N, 27.7W at 02Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the latter part of the 27th this cyclone was within the southward extending trough of a large low area near southern Greenland, an it apparently thereafter drew away to the northeastward with lessening force" (MWR). September 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 38N, 43W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. It is unknown when genesis occurred with this hurricane. There is some evidence that the system might have had a closed low on the 19th and 21st, but it is not observed well enough to indicate a tropical cyclone. The first position included in the best track is 00Z on the 22nd, as definitive evidence of a tropical storm was available shortly thereafter. After the cyclone was identified, it moved off to the east-northeast across the North Atlantic until reaching the Azores on the 24th. Development of the cyclone into a tropical storm was confirmed from the observations on the 22nd from the steamship, the Otho. The ship measured 996 mb and S wind of 40 kt (peak wind of 50 kt SSW). 996 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt chosen for 06Z on the 22nd. From these observations, it is estimated that the cyclone reached tropical storm strength around 00Z on the 21st. On the 23rd, the cyclone was encountered by the steamship Lobito, which measured 977 mb and concurrent SW force 12 (hurricane) winds. 977 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the northern (N of 35N) pressure-wind relationship. Winds at 12Z are estimated to be at 85 kt, with a significant contribution from the rather quick translational velocity. This may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. On the 24th and 25th, the cyclone impacted the Azores with quite significant damages noted in the Monthly Weather Review. The cyclone nearly stalled over the islands for over a day, which may have contributed toward the impact. A central pressure reading of 984 mb was obtained when the cyclone passed over Terceira, Azores on the morning of the 25th. This suggests winds of 69 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 65 kt is chosen at 06Z on the 25th, due to the slow motion of the cyclone relative to average systems. The cyclone moved westward and weakened slowly from the 26th until the 28th, when it was absorbed by a strong cold front. It is curious that this system was not included into the 1940 Monthly Weather Review "North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones of 1940" summary. The cyclone was clearly non-baroclinic throughout most of its lifetime; numerous gale and hurricane observations were recorded in MWR, HWM, and COADS; significant impacts were produced in the Azores; and the Historical Weather Maps series even used tropical storm and hurricane symbols for this cyclone in their synoptic hemispheric analyses. The lack of inclusion of this system in the 1940 MWR summary is likely why it was never included in future compilations and HURDAT, despite it clearly being a hurricane. ******************************************************************************* Storm 8 (was 7) - Revised 2012 31035 10/20/1940 M= 4 7 SNBR= 685 NOT NAMED XING=0 31035 10/20/1940 M= 5 8 SNBR= 685 NOT NAMED XING=0 * * 31040 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*105 789 35 0* 31040 10/20*120 791 30 0*120 793 30 0*120 795 30 0*120 797 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 31045 10/21*110 792 35 0*114 794 40 0*118 796 40 0*122 798 45 0* 31045 10/21*121 799 40 0*121 801 45 0*122 804 50 0*124 806 55 993* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 31050 10/22*127 801 45 0*131 804 45 0*134 807 40 0*137 811 40 0* 31050 10/22*127 809 60 0*131 812 65 0*134 815 70 0*137 818 70 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31055 10/23*139 817 40 0*138 824 35 0*136 832 35 0*133 843 30 0* 31055 10/23*140 821 70 0*141 824 70 0*142 828 70 0*140 833 70 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 31055 10/24*137 839 50 0*133 846 35 0*128 853 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 31060 TS 31060 HR ** Minor track changes, but major intensity revisions are analyzed for this cyclone from that shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Additionally, the intensity changes also boost the peak intensity from a 45 kt tropical storm to a 70 kt hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps from NCDC, and USWB microfilm maps at NHC. October 19: HWM indicates a spot low near 11.5N 76W. HURDAT does not yet begin this system. Ship and station highlights: no gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 12.1N, 79.3W. HURDAT began the system at 18Z at 10.5N 78.9W as a 35 kt tropical storm. Ship and land highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The earliest indications of this disturbance were contained in an observation from the S. S. Cristobal during the evening of October 20. The vessel, which was a short distance north of the Canal Zone at that time, reported that she experienced cloudy weather with southwest wind, force 5 (Beaufort Scale) and a barometer reading of 1008mb" (MWR). October 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 14N, 79.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 11.8N, 79.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt NE at 12.6N, 80.6W no time given (MWR); 15kt W with a pressure of 995mb at 12.6N, 80.6W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression progressed in a northwesterly direction and was centered near lat 11.30'N, long 79.30'W, on the morning of the 21st. Later that day reports of high winds and gales, accompanied by moderate to heavy rains, were received from several vessels in the central Caribbean. The Honduran S. S. Contessa reported a barometer reading of 995.3mb and northeast gales, force 9, with very rough seas, near lat 12.35'N long 80.25'W, during the afternoon of October 21" (MWR). October 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 13.6N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 13.4N, 80.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with a pressure of 983mb at 12.8N, 81.8W at 12Z (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 986mb at 14.1N, 81.6W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt NNW at 13.4N 83.1W (no time - MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The lowest barometer, 982.7mb was read on the Hawaiian S. S. Contessa [typo: ship should be "S. S. Castilla", which may be of Honduran registry instead of Hawaiian according to the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table] during the morning of the 22nd in lat 12.50'N, long 81.45'W. The disturbance continued to move in a northwesterly direction during the next 36 hours, attended by fresh to strong gales" (MWR). October 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 14.2N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt at 13.6N, 83.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 7:30am on the 23rd, the center of the disturbance was located near 14.15'N, 82.45'W, from which point it curved to the west and southwest, passing inland a short distance to the south of Puerto Cabezas. A report received by the Standard Fruit Co. indicates that considerable damage occurred on the northern coast of Nicaragua" (MWR). October 24: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb near 14N 86W. HURDAT's last position for this system was at 18Z on the 23rd. Ship and station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis for this system is begun at 00Z on the 20th of October- 18 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT -based upon the well-defined circulation already present in the 12Z analysis. Minor track changes are introduced throughout the lifetime of this system, though the largest changes are late on the 20th, early on the 21st, and late on the 23rd. Transition to a tropical storm is retained at 18Z on the 20th. The ship "Contessa" (HO010169) reported 15 kt W and 995 mb at 21Z on the 21st suggests a central pressure of about 993 mb, which has been added to HURDAT in the 18Z slot. This central pressure would indicate maximum winds around 59 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity is selected to be 55 kt at 18Z (10 kt higher than HURDAT originally), as the cyclone was moving very slowly toward the northwest. On the 22nd at 12Z, the ship "Castilla" (HO010317) reported 30 kt NNE winds with 983 mb pressure. (Note that the Monthly Weather Review writeup incorrectly attributed these observations to the Hawaiian S. S. Contessa. Instead, the ship was the "S. S. Castilla". To make things even more confused, this ship may have been of Honduran registry instead of Hawaiian according to the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table.] This peripheral pressure reading suggests at least 74 kt from the pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt (up from 35 kt originally) is analyzed to be the intensity at this time, making the system a hurricane (peak wind of only 45 kt previously). The cyclone continued westward and made landfall around 19Z on the 23rd in northern Nicaragua, near 14.0N 83.4W as a 70 kt hurricane (previously in HURDAT as 35 kt in the last synoptic time before landfall). This assessment is consistent with the impacts described in the Monthly Weather Review in northern Nicaragua. Major intensity increases are thus indicated between 06Z on the 22nd to 18Z on the 23rd. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest intensities of 55 kt at 00Z on the 24th, 43 kt at 06Z, and 34 kt at 12Z, though observations are not available for any meaningful comparison. The intensities after landfall are selected to be 50 kt at 00Z on the 24th, 35 kt at 06Z and 25 kt at 12Z, as the mountainous terrain of Nicaragua would likely induce a quicker decay than the standard in Kaplan-DeMaria. Dissipation is indicated to be after 12Z on the 24th, 18 hours after that originally indicated in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* Storm 9 (was 8) - Revised 2012 31065 10/24/1940 M= 3 8 SNBR= 686 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 31065 10/24/1940 M= 6 9 SNBR= 686 NOT NAMED XING=0 * * * 31070 10/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 728 35 0* 31070 10/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 725 35 0* *** *** 31075 10/25*222 727 35 0*235 721 40 0*248 710 40 0*260 697 40 0* 31075 10/25*225 722 35 0*235 717 40 0*250 705 40 0*267 680 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31080 10/26*271 681 35 0*283 664 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31080 10/26*295 640 40 0E335 590 45 0E365 560 50 0E390 535 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 27th through the 29th are new to HURDAT.) 31080 10/27E410 520 60 0E430 510 65 0E450 500 70 0E465 496 70 0* 31080 10/28E472 494 70 0E477 493 65 0E480 490 60 0E483 480 55 0* 31080 10/29E486 465 50 0E488 448 45 0E490 430 40 0E492 410 40 0* 31085 TS Major track changes but only minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm from that shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major change is to indicate an extratropical storm stage that lasted for three and a half days that was previously not part of this system. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review. October 23: HWM indicates an open low near 20N 71W. HURDAT does not yet list this system, nor does the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones. No gales or low pressures. October 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 20.8N, 71.5W with a warm front boundary north of the system extending from 24N 73W east-northeastward. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center at 19.5N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1010.5 mb and at 22N, 71.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of Oct 24, and area of low pressure was general in the vicinity of the Greater Antilles. Subsequent ships' reports of that day indicated that a slight disturbance, 1008 mb, with definite cyclonic wind circulation, had formed southeast of Inagua" (MWR). October 25: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 25.9N, 68.5W with a frontal boundary extending SW-NE just to the northwest of the system. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40 kt winds at 24.8N, 71W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center at 25N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1007 mb and at 29.9N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE with 1013 mb at 27.5N 70.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression moved toward the north and north-northeast for a period of about 12 hours, then recurved sharply to the northeast and was centered near lat 25N, long 70.30'W, on the morning of the 25th" (MWR). October 26: HWM indicates a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb near 36N, 56W with four fronts extending from the center of this cyclone. HURDAT's last position for this system was at 06Z at 28.3N 66.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center at 35N, 56W (am) with a pressure of 1002 mb and at 39.5N, 47W (pm). The track of lows also showed a new cyclone forming near 45N 66W with a pressure of 1009 mb (am) and near 44N 58W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 1009 mb at 34.3N 59.6W at 00Z (COA); 20 kt SW with a pressure of 1000 mb at 33.4N, 57.5W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt SW with a pressure of 1002 mb at 33.2N, 57W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the following day it moved very rapidly over the extra tropical waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, where, due to a lack of vessel reports, its identity was lost near 35N, 55W. From reports at hand, indications are that no unusually low barometer readings were noted. No reports of loss of life were received in connection with these disturbances [Storms #8 and 9], and it is doubtful if either developed to hurricane strength...Maximum wind velocity reported - Force 7 [30 kt], northeast, unidentified ship. Lowest barometer reported - 1,008 mb. Unidentified ship. Remarks - No loss of life, nor property damage" (MWR). October 27: HWM indicates a closed extratropical low of at most 985 mb near 45N 51W with a warm front extending east-northeast and a complex frontal feature extending southeast of the cyclone. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center of this cyclone near 44N 53W (am) with a second low indicated to be at 44N 53W with 992 mb pressure (am) and at 46N 50W (pm). Station highlights: 25 kt ENE with 992 mb at Cape Race, Canada at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlights: 35 kt W with 997 mb at 02Z at 39.3N 57.8W (MWR); NW 50 kt (no time) at 39.3N 57.8W (MWR); 35 kt SW and 989 mb at 40.5N 44.1W at 11Z (MWR); 70 kt SSW (no time) at 40.5N 44.1W (MWR). October 28: HWM indicates an occluding extratropical low centered near 48N 50W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones indicates t low near 48N 48W. Station highlights: 30 kt NNW with 982 mb at Cape Race at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlights: 35 kt SW with 1003 mb at 40.5N 43W at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt NW with 982 mb at 47.5N 54.5W at 12Z (COA). October 29: HWM indicates an occluded extratropical low centered near 47.5N 44W with a developing extratropical low well to its northeast. Station highlights: 20 kt NNW with 1003 mb at Cape Race at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlights: 30 kt SW with 1001 mb at 43N 39.5W at 12Z (HWM). While HWM indicates an "L" north of Hispaniola on the 23rd of October, there are no observations to support this. Instead a broad trough is evident centered around 71-72W. Genesis timing for the system is unchanged, though sparse ship and island observations make the timing (and location) somewhat ambiguous. The track of the system began slowly off toward the northeast late on the 24th and early on the25th before accelerating rather dramatically in the same direction late on the 25th and early on the 26th. Track changes introduced are minor on the 24th and early on the 25th, but are large late on the 25th (more than a degree) and major (more than two degrees on the 26th). The system never had a classic tropical cyclone structure to it as it was elongated NNE-SSW on the 24th through the 26th, and may have been a subtropical cyclone. The strongest winds observed in the system between 18Z on the 24th until 00Z on the 26th were only two 30 kt reports. The peak intensity as a tropical cyclone is retained as 40 kt on the 25th and early on the 26th, though it is possible that the system never attained tropical storm intensity. However, given that the observations are sparse on this date, there is not enough evidence to remove the system from HURDAT. Observations on 26th indicate that the system had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, as the asymmetry of the winds and pressures increased and frontal boundaries had developed with the cyclone. It is estimated that extratropical transition was complete by 06Z on the 26th, though there are almost no observations available at that synoptic time. After extratropical transition, the cyclone intensified and reached a peak of around 70 kt late on the 27th and early on the 28th as indicated by observations taken by the U.S.C.G. Sebago. The extratropical cyclone moved north-northeastward on the 27th at a slower rate of speed, before turning eastward on the 28th and 29th. The lifecycle depicted here is very different from that originally indicated in the Monthly Weather Review as well as what was recorded in HURDAT. The HURDAT data ended the cyclone after 06Z on the 26th as a weakening tropical depression. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows instead showed two separate cyclones: the first being the extratropical portion of the tropical storm accelerating even quicker than indicated here off to the northeast with a second cyclone developing near New England and then moving eastward. Synoptic analyses do not support either the HURDAT or the MWR scenarios, as the observations indicate that there was only one system which continuously merges the existing tropical cyclone with an extended extratropical phase. Thus three additional days are added to the end of this cyclone's lifetime, which includes the extratropical intensification to a hurricane-force cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1940 additional notes: 1) April 26-30: HWM, The April MWR tracks of lows, the MWR gale chart on p. 115, and COADS indicate that a low formed just east of Florida on 26 April. It moved eastward and looped around the western Atlantic for a few days. It intensified until the 28th when the central pressure was 998 mb or possibly slightly lower. It is possible that this could have been a subtropical cyclone on the 27th before becoming extratropical on the 28th. There were no observed gales from any sources on the 26th or 27th while it may have been subtropical, although Bermuda reported a 30 kt wind in HWM at 12Z on the 27th. There is one low pressure of 1004 mb in COADS at 00Z on the 26th, but this may be dubious. There is one other low pressure of 1004 mb - a reliable observation - in COADS on the 27th at 17Z at 32.4N, 64.5W. There are several observed gales on the 28th, but the system was extratropical by then. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 26 29N 77W Broad low/trough Apr 27 32N 69W Subtropical/Extratropical ? 30 kt Apr 28 37N 63W Extratropical Storm Apr 29 35N 65W Extratropical Apr 30 34N 59W Extratropical 2) June 7-11: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low pressure of 1005mb developed along a cold front near 40N, 60W on the 7th. The closed low then moved south and then made a turn to the east and northeast. The low then merged with a stationary front on the 11th. The Tracks of Lows map in the Monthly Weather Review also shows the low following a similar path to the one on the Historical Weather Maps. In the Tracks of Lows, the lowest pressure indicated was 1000mb on the 7th. This system is most likely an extratropical storm. However, it could have been a tropical storm on the 9th and 10th because of a gale found in the Monthly Weather Review and because the system became more barotropic (non-frontal). Highest winds observed were NNW 35kt on the 9th (MWR); they were observed by the ship Pontchartrain. The COADS was also obtained, and there were no additional gales on COADS. There were no low pressures after the 8th. Because there is only 1 piece of evidence while this system may have possibly been tropical, it is not added to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS June 7 40N 60W Extratropical Low June 8 37N 59W Extratropical Low June 9 36N 56W Tropical Storm? June 10 38N 54W Tropical Storm? June 11 40N 50W Absorbed by front 3) June 14-16: The MWR tracks of lows suggests a weak low moved inland into Texas in the vicinity of Galveston from the Gulf of Mexico on 15 June. Climatological data indicates that the lowest pressure for month at Galveston was 1007 mb on the 15th. Port Arthur had its lowest pressure for the month of 1008 mb on the 15th. HWM shows a front over the area on the 14th or 15th, and observations do not allow for the following of any closed low. Furthermore, there are no observed gales or low pressures from any source in the ocean or on land. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. (There was a low indicated over the Gulf of Mexico by the Historical Weather Maps on the 17th, but it appears that this was an elongated north-south trough from the available observations which might have been related to the cyclone from the 14th through the 16th.) DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 14 Over western Gulf Jun 15 28 94 Tropical depression/weak trough Jun 16 Over Texas Jun 17 Trough over western Gulf 4) July 7-9: HWM, the MWR gale chart and commentary on p. 195, and COADS indicate that a cyclone formed along a frontal boundary on the 7th and stayed rather potent there through 9 July. There is a slight chance it was a tropical cyclone on the 7th, but it was more likely an extratropical cyclone. It was definitely extratropical on the 8th and 9th. There are three gales in association with the cyclone- all with simultaneous 1006 mb pressure- a 50 kt ob on the 7th, and 35 kt obs on the 8th and 9th. It is judged that this cyclone was extratropical throughout its lifetime. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 7 38N 58W Extratropical/tropical Storm Jul 8 40N 58W Extratropical Storm Jul 9 43N 57W Extratropical 5) August 14-16: USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps suggest there may have been a low near 30N, 58Z on the 14th at 00Z, and perhaps near 36N, 54W on the 14th at 12Z. If there was a low there, it may have combined with a low forming along a frontal boundary to produce a single low near 40N, 55W at 12Z on the 15th. There were no observed gales or pressures in COADS and there were no gales or low pressures on microfilm with the first system on the 14th. However, there were gales on microfilm beginning on the 15th after it was extratropical. This suspect is not added to HURDAT because there were no gales or low pressures observed prior to the time it became extratropical. Also, there is not much evidence that a closed tropical cyclone existed on the 14th either. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 14 36N 54W ? Aug 15 40N 55W Extratropical Aug 16 44N 47W Extratropical 6) September 2-7: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low of at most 1015mb developed near 28N, 52W on the 2nd. It moved half a degree south on the 3rd and it then moved north-northeast. On the 5th, the closed low had a pressure of at most 1010mb and it made a turn to the northwest. The low slowly continued its northwest track on the 6th and then merged with a stationary front on the 7th. There was one observed gale in the Monthly Weather Review: SW 35kt on the 4th, observed by the ship West Kebar, Am. S. S. There are no additional gales or low pressures found in COADS. Since there is only one piece of evidence, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS September 2 28N 52W Tropical Depression September 3 27N 52W Tropical Depression September 4 32N 50W Tropical Storm? September 5 38N 55W Tropical Depression September 6 40N 53W Tropical Depression September 7 absorbed by stationary front 7) September 10-13: This system began on the 10th with a front located around 35N, extending from about 42W to 60W, according to the Historical Weather Maps. However, the front analyzed on the 10th to the 12th may not be real. On the 11th, it became a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb located near 39N, 50W. The system pretty much remains stationary, moving only one degree to the east from the 11th to the 12th and it then dissipated on the 13th near the same area. No gales were found in COADS, Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. Day LAT LONG STATUS September 10 35N 42W-60W Trough September 11 39N 50W Tropical Depression September 12 39N 49W Tropical Depression September 13 Dissipated 8) September 18-22: Historical Weather maps indicated a wave around 25N, 78W on the 18th. On the 19th a more defined wave axis is observed near 86W. It moves slightly towards the west on the 20th and it then becomes a closed low on the 21st with a pressure of at most 1010mb located around 26N, 95W. The low is right off the coast of Texas on the 22nd (near 27N, 96W) and on the 23rd, it appears to have been absorbed by Storm 6 near the TX coast. One gale was found in the Original Monthly Records in Port Arthur, TX at 11pm on the 20th: NE 39 mph peak 5 minute winds, but these winds are not believed to be part of the system. There is not enough evidence that this was a tropical storm to add it to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS September 18 25N 78W Trough September 19 25-30N 86W Trough September 20 26N 90W Tropical Storm? September 21 26N 95W Tropical Storm? September 22 27N 96W Tropical Storm? 9) September 27-October 2: HWM and MWR p. 254, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS show that an interesting system formed from a frontal boundary east of the Florida/Georgia coast on 27 September. It moved slowly northeastward through 2 October. On the 27th, it was elongated and could still be considered an open trough. Three gales of 35 kt were observed on the 27th. It was closed beginning on the 28th. On the 28th and 29th, no gales or low pressures were observed from any source although there were many 30 kt observations. There is a slight chance that one could argue that this might have been tropical on the 27th-29th, but it was definitely extratropical beginning on 30 September. It is more likely that it was also extratropical from 27-30 September as well. The wind structure was fairly asymmetric and there was a decent temperature gradient across the low on the 29th, but by the 30th, both the asymmetry and the temperature gradient became more pronounced. On the 30th, there were 3 low pressures of 1004-1005 mb observed, and there was one gale of 50 kt with 1006 mb (in the MWR table). Since there are no observed gales or low pressures on the 28th and 29th - the only days when this system might have been both closed and tropical - this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 27 Broad low/trough Sep 28 29N 77W Tropical depression/extratropical low Sep 29 32N 75W Tropical depression/extratropical low Sep 30 32N 75W Extratropical storm Oct 01 35N 73W Extratropical Oct 02 39N 68W Extratropical 10) HWM suggests a slight possibility there might have been a tropical cyclone located near 12.5N, 78W on 3 October. There is one 35 kt gale in HWM on the 3rd. Moreover, there was a persistent area of low pressure in the western Caribbean for most of the first week of October. The COADS was obtained, but no gales or low pressures could be found. It is unknown where this potential system was the day before or the day after. This suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 03 12N 78W Tropical depression/Tropical Storm? 11) October 7-10: On the 7th, Historical Weather Maps indicated a wide closed low pressure system (30-40N, 45-65W) with at most 1015mb. On the 8th, the closed low becomes more defined and narrow and had a pressure of at most 1000mb. The low then moves towards the northeast on the 9th with a pressure of 1010mb and on the 10th it pretty much remains stationary but the pressure goes up to 1015mb. There were no gales found in COADS, Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. Day LAT LONG STATUS October 7 30-40N 45-65W Front October 8 37N 54W Extratropical Low October 9 40N 50W Tropical Depression? October 10 40N 49W Tropical Depression 12) October 14-16: HWM indicates a likely closed low near 27N, 74W, and observations indicate this could be classified as a tropical depression on the 14th. On the 15th, it weakened, became less defined, and degenerated into a broad low/trough. It stayed like this through the 16th. There were 2 observed gales of 35 kt on the 16th from COADS ships off the North Carolina coast in an area of high synoptic pressure gradient. This suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 14 27N 74W Tropical depression Oct 15 28N 77W Broad low/trough Oct 16 30N 77W Broad low/trough 13) November 2-8: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15N, 63W on the 3rd. The low doesn't appear again until the 7th near 20N, 76W and it moves to the northwest on the 8th, always with a pressure of at most 1010mb. No gales were found in COADS, Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. On 9 November, HWM shows something near 38N, 58W, and it is uncertain if the two systems are related. COADS lists a 1005 mb low pressure on 11/9 at 18Z at 33.3N, 58.1W, but no gales from the 2nd through the 9th. Day LAT LONG STATUS November 2 -- 60W Trough November 3 -- 64W Trough November 4 -- 68W Trough November 5 -- 70W Trough November 6 -- 71W Trough November 7 19.5N 76.5W Tropical Depression November 8 22N 71W Tropical Depression 14) November 14-16: Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate the existence of a extratropical cyclone/possible subtropical storm. The origins of this system were from a stationary frontal boundary east of Bermuda. Three separate gale force winds were observed on the 13th, but it is not clear if the system had a closed circulation on that date, nor had it lost most of its baroclinicity by then. On the 14th, the system had definitely developed a closed low and - despite the frontal boundary displayed in the Historical Weather Maps - was located in a minimally baroclinic environment. Two separate gale force winds were observed on the 14th. These are also the basis for the estimated peak intensity of only 35 kt, though observations are fairly sparse on the 15th as the tropical storm moved toward the northwest. It is on the 14th and 15th that the cyclone came closest to becoming a subtropical storm. The system became extratropical on the 16th just east of New England as it merged with a cold frontal boundary and then became absorbed in a large extratropical cyclone. Because of uncertainties of whether this system transitioned to a tropical (subtropical) status, the cyclone will not be added into HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS November 14 32N 59W Extratropical Low/Subtropical Storm? November 15 34N 63W Extratropical Low/Subtropical Storm? November 16 41N 66W Extratropical Low November 13- HWM indicates a warm front extending from 28.5N, 58W to 32N, 39W. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1024mb at 35N, 47.9W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 14- HWM indicates a warm front from 31N, 60W to 31N, 41W and a ridge between 30-35N, and 50-65W. Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1020mb at 35N, 57W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1021mb at 34.8N, 56.6W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 15- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 34N, 62W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 16: A cold front is analyzed in HWM, starting from about 48N and extending almost directly southward and then southwestward until about 20N. Ship highlights: A pressure of 1003mb at 42.7N, 69.7W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 1 - Revised in 2013 31510 09/11/1941 M= 6 1 SNBR= 695 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 31510 09/11/1941 M= 6 1 SNBR= 695 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 31515 09/11* 0 0 0 0*270 872 35 0*275 877 35 0*277 879 35 0* 31515 09/11*271 867 25 0*274 872 30 0*277 877 35 0*280 881 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 31520 09/12*279 882 35 0*280 884 35 0*280 888 35 0*279 895 35 0* 31520 09/12*283 885 40 0*283 888 40 1001*281 891 45 0*280 893 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31525 09/13*279 904 40 1003*280 912 40 0*281 918 40 0*283 922 40 0* 31525 09/13*279 896 50 0*280 899 45 0*281 902 45 1001*283 908 40 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** **** *** 31530 09/14*286 925 40 0*289 928 40 0*292 932 40 0*294 935 40 0* 31530 09/14*285 916 40 0*287 925 40 1002*291 932 35 1004*294 936 30 0* *** *** *** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** 31535 09/15*296 938 40 0*297 940 35 0*298 943 35 0*299 949 35 0* 31535 09/15*296 940 30 1006*297 943 30 1007*298 945 25 1007*299 949 25 1007* *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** ** **** 31540 09/16*300 957 25 0*300 964 20 0*299 972 15 0*296 979 15 0* 31540 09/16*298 956 25 1007*298 963 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** **** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31545 TS US tropical storm impact: 9/13/1941 - 35 kt winds analyzed on coast of Louisiana between the mouth of the Mississippi River and the mouth of the Atchafalaya River. (Cyclone weakened to a depression by the time of landfall.) Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the USWB operational advisories (advisories), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Connor (1956). September 10: HWM analyzes a spot low (no closed isobars) near 25.5N, 89W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of lows first shows a position near 26.5N, 86W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze any features of interest. No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 27N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 27.5N, 87.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 1012mb and at 28N, 87W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 28.1N, 87.7W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 33 kt around ~19Z at Port Eads, LA (29.0N, 89.2W) (advisories). "The first tropical disturbance of the 1941 hurricane season appeared in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the evening of September 11" (MWR). "A Gulf disturbance of slight intensity appeared on the morning of September 11, and was centered at 7 am (times mentioned are in EST unless otherwise indicated) about 120 miles southeast of Port Eads, La. The center moved very slowly in a west-northwesterly direction toward the north Texas coast and moved inland, between Galveston and Port Arthur, the night of September 14-15, resulting in a series of squalls at Port Arthur" (MWR). "Date...Sept. 11-15. Place where first reported...About 120 miles southeast of Port Eads, La." (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1005 mb near 26.6N, 88.8W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 28N, 88.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 88W (am). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28.2N, 88.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 0000Z at 28.6N, 88.5W (COA); 15 kt S with 1003 mb at 06Z at 28.5N, 88.9W (COA); 52 kt E with a pressure of 1005 mb at 28.3N, 88.5W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: 30 kt NE with 1007 mb at 06Z at Burrwood, LA (29.0N, 89.4W). September 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005 mb near 27.8N, 90.4W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 28.1N, 91.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 90W (am) and at 27N, 91W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 28.1N, 90.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.4N, 88.7W at 00Z (COA); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.2N, 88W at 0030Z (USWB); 20 kt N with 1003 mb at 12Z at 28.1N, 90.3W (ship experienced max wind of 35 kt ENE) (MWR). Station highlights: 30 kt E with 1005 mb at 06Z at Burrwood, LA (USWB); 35 kt SE at 1830Z at Grand Isle, LA (29.3N, 90.0W) (USWB). "The lowest barometer reported during the short 5-day course of this storm, 1002.7mb accompanied by a force 8 wind (Beaufort scale), came from a ship near 28°06'N, 90°18'W, on September 13" (MWR). "The storm was sufficiently threatening on the 13th for warnings to be issued to people in low-lying areas; but during the last 24 hours before it crossed the coast it decreased greatly in intensity and no property damage or injuries were reported" (MWR). "Maximum wind velocity reported...Force 8 ENE, a ship. Lowest barometer reported...1002.7 mb. Coast lines crossed...Texas. Place of dissipation...East Texas coast. Intensity...Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks...No property damage or injuries reported" (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.5N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 29.2N, 93.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 92W (am) and at 29N, 94W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28.9N, 93.0W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1008 mb at 00Z at 28.4N, 92.4W (COA); 15 kt S with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.4N, 92.2W at 0630Z (USWB). Station highlights: 29 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) at 1430Z (OMR); 1008 mb (min p) at 2230Z at Port Arthur (OMR). "On the coast the highest wind velocity registered was 31 miles per hour from the east at Port Arthur and the lowest barometer 1007.5mb at 4:30pm (CST) on the 14th at the same station. Rainfall for the 2-day period (14-15) at Port Arthur was 1.52 inches" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010 mb near 29.2N, 94.6W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 29.8N, 94.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 94.5W (am) with a pressure of 1007 mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 29.4N, 94.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 28 kt E (1-min) at Port Arthur at 0930Z (MWR/OMR). September 16: HWM suggests a weak open trough near 29.5N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 29.9N, 97.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a thunderstorm symbol (but not a closed low) near 29.5N, 96.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico around 00Z on 11 September (genesis six hours earlier than originally). A 25 kt intensity is analyzed at that time. The cyclone moved west-northwestward until it reached 28.3N, 88.5W at 00Z on the 12th. Then it moved due westward, reaching 28.3N, 90.8W at 18Z on the 13th. On the 11th and 12th, all track changes are half a degree or less. The cyclone is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity at 12Z on the 11th (6 hours later than originally). The USWB advisory on this tropical cyclone issued at 20Z on the 11th stated that Port Eads, LA had recently reported winds of 38 mph [33 kt]. At 00Z on the 12th, a ship recorded 30 kt with a simultaneous pressure of 1005 mb. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb suggests winds of greater than 34 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Another ship at 00Z on the 12th recorded the first gale (35 kt). A 40 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 12th (up from 35 kt originally). A 1001 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 12th based on a ship observation of 1003 mb with 15 kt winds inside the RMW. This pressure equals 42 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. At 1830Z on the 12th, a ship on the microfilm map at 28.3N, 88.5W reported a wind speed of 52 kt (60 mph). Connor mentions 64 kt ships SE of the mouth of the Mississippi River and estimates a lowest lifetime pressure of 996 mb for this cyclone. Due to the good observational coverage in the area of that 52 kt ship and throughout the whole area around the storm, a peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 12th - 00Z on the 13th (raised from the original peak lifetime intensity of 40 kt from 00Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 15th). Given the reports that Connor mentioned, it is possible that the cyclone was stronger, but with no additional substantiation, the system is not upgraded to a hurricane. The 1003 mb central pressure originally listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 13th is removed because a ship observed 1003 mb simultaneously with 45 kt at that time. The largest track change for the entire lifetime of the cyclone is implemented at 12Z on the 13th - a 1.6 degree eastward adjustment. Observations at that time indicate a position of 28.1N, 90.2W with a central pressure of 1001 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 13th. A 1001 mb central pressure equals 42 kt according to the north of 25N pressure- wind relationship. At 1830Z on the 13th, a 35 kt gale was recorded at Grand Isle, LA when the cyclone was located about 45 nm south of the coast of Louisiana. A ship located just a couple nm off the coast at 29.0N, 90.7W also recorded 35 kt at 1830Z on the 13th. Based on these observations, Louisiana is analyzed to have received a 35 kt tropical storm impact on 13 September on the coastline between the mouth of the Mississippi River and the mouth of the Atchafalaya River. The cyclone, however, did not make landfall in the Louisiana coast. On the 14th, it moved west-northwestward and weakened over water over the northwest Gulf of Mexico. In fact, no more gales were observed after 1830Z on the 13th. The last 30 kt wind occurred at 00Z on the 14th. Central pressures of 1002 and 1004 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT at 06 and 12Z on the 14th. These values equal 39 and 35 kt, respectively, according to the weakening subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensities of 40 and 35 kt are chosen for 06 and 12Z on the 14th. After 06Z on the 14th, the largest track change is only 0.3 degrees. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 14th (30 hours earlier than originally - a major change). The cyclone made landfall at 03Z on the 15th at 29.6N, 94.1W - it passed between Galveston and Port Arthur. The highest wind recorded on land, after converting to 10m 1-min was 27 kt at Port Arthur. The lowest pressure from a land station was 1007.5 mb at Port Arthur. The analyzed landfall intensity is 30 kt and the analyzed landfall central pressure is approximately 1006 mb. From 00Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 16th, central pressures of 1006, 1007, 1007, 1007, and 1007 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT. The 1006 mb central pressure at landfall equals 32 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. After landfall, the cyclone moved due west and the center passed over Houston around 22Z on the 15th with a 25 kt intensity. Dissipation is analyzed after 06Z on the 16th (12 hours earlier than originally) at 29.8N, 96.3W as a 20 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 2 - Revised in 2013 31550 09/16/1941 M=10 2 SNBR= 696 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 31550 09/17/1941 M=11 2 SNBR= 696 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** The 16th is removed from HURDAT 31555 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*257 836 35 0*255 845 35 0* 31560 09/17*252 854 35 0*250 863 35 0*247 871 40 0*246 880 45 0* 31560 09/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*237 880 25 0*246 885 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 31565 09/18*248 889 50 0*254 895 60 0*259 896 65 0*260 893 70 0* 31565 09/18*253 890 30 0*257 895 35 0*259 896 35 0*260 893 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** ** ** 31570 09/19*260 889 70 0*258 886 75 0*256 883 75 0*253 881 75 0* 31570 09/19*260 890 45 0*258 888 50 0*255 886 55 0*252 885 55 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31575 09/20*249 880 80 0*245 878 80 0*241 876 80 0*234 876 80 0* 31575 09/20*248 884 55 0*245 882 60 0*241 880 60 0*236 877 60 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31580 09/21*230 882 80 0*234 887 80 0*240 892 80 0*244 896 80 0* 31580 09/21*233 879 60 0*238 882 65 0*244 887 70 0*248 893 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31585 09/22*249 900 80 0*254 907 75 0*259 916 75 0*263 926 75 0* 31585 09/22*251 901 75 0*254 909 80 0*259 919 85 0*263 929 90 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31590 09/23*266 937 75 0*271 946 70 0*277 953 70 0*283 955 70 0* 31590 09/23*267 939 95 0*272 948 100 0*277 953 105 0*283 955 110 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 31595 09/24*290 955 60 977*298 954 55 0*316 947 45 0E343 927 35 0* 31595 09/24*290 956 85 0*298 956 65 0*315 949 40 0*335 932 35 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** 31600 09/25E369 909 35 0E395 882 35 0E422 855 30 0E445 828 30 0* 31600 09/25*360 911 35 989E388 887 35 988E424 859 40 985E449 826 50 0* **** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** The 26th and 27th are new to HURDAT 31602 09/26E476 789 55 0E503 747 50 0E530 705 45 0E556 675 45 0* 31603 09/27E582 660 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31605 HRCTX3 31605 HRCTX3BTX2 **** U.S. Landfall: 9/23/1941 - 22Z - 28.8N, 95.6W - 100 kt - 958 mb - 1007 mb OCI - 250 nm ROCI - 20 nm RMW Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall in Texas. A major alteration is made with genesis, delayed for a day. A major change is also made to the timing of dissipation, delayed for a day. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological data summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau operational advisories, Dunn and Miller (1960), Ellis (1988), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992) and Connor (1956). September 16: HWM indicates a spot low near 24N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.7N, 83.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 25N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 24.7N, 87.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 24.9N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 25.9N, 89.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25.5N, 89W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This hurricane was first noted as a disturbance of slight intensity about 180 miles south of Port Eads, La., on September 18. For 48 hours the center drifted gradually southward toward the Yucatan coast with winds increasing to gale force" (MWR). "Date...Sept. 18-26. Place where first reported...About 180 miles south of Port Eads, La" (MWR). September 19: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 25N, 88.9N. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 25.6N, 88.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at mosr 999 mb centered near 25.5N, 89.0W. Ship highlights: 40kt SE with a pressure of 1003mb at 25.5N, 88W at 1230Z (USWB); 40 kt SE with 1000 mb at 1830Z at 26.0N, 89.0W (USWB). Station highlights: No gales and low pressures. September 20: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 24N, 88.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 24.1N, 87.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 24.5N, 88.5W (am) and at 23N, 88W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 23.9N, 88.4W. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1002mb at 24.9N, 87.7W at 20Z with a max wind of 50 kt E (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the night of September 20-21 the storm turned, and moving northward retraced its path until, on the evening observation of the 21st, it was again near the regions where first detected" (MWR). September 21: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 24N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 24N, 89.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 90W (am) and at 24N, 91W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 23.8N, 88.9W. Ship highlights: 993 mb at 09Z at 24.2N, 88.4W and 70kt at or near 09Z at or near 24.2N, 88.4W (USWB); 45kt E with a pressure of 999mb at 25.3N, 87W at 1230Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Eastern Sun - (24.15-88.25) 4am - passed through center of storm - force 12 (no directions given) - barometer 29.32 ([9]92[.]9mb)" (USWB). September 22: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 25.5N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 25.9N, 91.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 92W (am) and at 26N, 94W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 26.1N, 91.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW with 991 mb at 21Z at 26.8N, 94.1W (MWR); 55kt W with a pressure of 999mb at 26.6N, 94.5W (no time given) (USWB); 70 kt NE before 2359Z in the vicinity of 27.1N, 93.7W (MWR). Station highlights: 22 kt NE with 1005 mb at 22Z at Corpus Christi NAS (27.7N, 97.3W) (OMR); 37 kt NE around ~2330Z at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) (OMR). "A ship near 27°06' N, 93°42' W, on September 22 reported a northeast wind, force 12, and a low barometer reading of 985.8mb. On the coast, Texas City reported the highest recorded wind velocity, 83 miles per hour. Estimated winds up to 100 miles per hour came from several points nearer the storm center" (MWR). September 23: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 985mb near 27.1N, 95.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 27.7N, 95.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 95.5W (am) with a pressure of 985mb and at 29N, 95W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 27.4N, 95.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E with a pressure of 986mb at 27.1N, 93.7W at 00Z (MWR, USWB); 20kt WSW with a pressure of 986mb at 26.7N, 94.6W at 01Z (USWB); 70kt S with a pressure of 1000mb at 28.7N, 94W at 18Z (MWR). Station highlights: 42 kt SE around ~1930Z at Galveston (OMR); 52 kt at Port Aransas (27.8N, 97.1W) (Connor); 991 mb at Port Lavaca (28.6N, 96.6W) at 22Z (Connor); 977 mb at Matagorda (28.7N, 96.0W) at 2225Z (USWB). "It then took a northwestward course through the western Gulf of Mexico and moved inland on the Texas coast near Matagorda at 3:25pm (CST) on September 23" (MWR). "Recurving to the northeastward after crossing the Texas coast the storm center passed slightly west of Houston. The lowest pressure registered along the path of the hurricane, 970.5mb, was observed at Houston Airport at 11:08pm of the 23rd. The passage of the low pressure was accompanied by winds estimated at 75 miles per hour; a recorded velocity becoming impossible because of power failure" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Texas, Sept. 23, Matagorda, Minimal, 4 killed, damage $6,000,000" (minimal is equivalent to winds of 74-100 mph and central pressure 983-996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Sept. 23 - Hurricane made landfall near Freeport with 90 mph winds, tide of 9.9', and barometer 28.31 [958.7 mb]. Extremely high tides were reported along the entire coast from Matagorda to Galveston. Four lives were lost, and property damage was estimated at $6.5 million" (Ellis). "Sept. 23 - 1011 mb environmental pressure, 93 kt max sustained winds at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "Sept. 23 - 959 mb central pressure, 970 mb pressure at Houston, 21 nm RMW, 13 kt [speed] at landfall, landfall 28.8N, 95.6W" (Ho et. al). "1941, Sep, TX 3N, 958 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). "Sep. 23 - Center crossed coast near Matagorda. Pressures: Houston 28.66" [971 mb], Galveston 29.26" [991 mb], AOE 29.25" [991 mb], ship at 27N 97.3W 29.11" [986 mb], Port Aransas 29.41" [996 mb], Corpus Christi 29.47" [998 mb], Port Lavaca 29.25" [991 mb]. Estimated lowest 28.30" [958 mb]. Winds: Houston 75 mph [65 kt], Texas City 83 mph [72 kt], ship 27N, 93.7W 75 mph [65 kt], NAS Corpus Christi NNW 58 mph [50 kt], Port Aransas 60 mph [52 kt], PAH SE 73 mph [63 kt], Grand Isle E 35- 40 mph [30-35 kt]. Tides: Matagorda 10.8 ft, Galveston 7.0 ft, Sargent 9.9 ft, Port O'Connor 5.9 ft, Aransas Game Refuge 5.0 ft, Shell Island Reef 6.5 ft, Frenier 5.6 ft, Cameron 5 ft, Sabine 5.7 ft, Anahuac 7.0 ft, LaPorte 8.0 ft, Texas City 7.5 ft, Freeport 10.6 ft, Port La Vaca 6.4 ft, Ft. Point 5.6 ft" (Connor). "Maximum wind velocity reported...Force 12 NE., a ship, 83 miles per hour, Texas City, Tex. Lowest barometer reported...970.5 mb, a ship. Coast lines crossed...Texas. Place of dissipation...Southern Quebec Province. Intensity...Full hurricane. Remarks...4 lives lost; $2,000,000 property damage; crop losses estimated in excess of $5,000,000" (MWR). September 24: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb near 31.8N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 31.6N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 982.4mb and at 36N, 92W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 31.6N, 95.0W. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with a pressure of 1001mb at 28.8n, 94W at 1230Z (USWB). Station highlights: 988 mb (min p) at Galveston Airport and 991 mb (min p) at Galveston WBO (29.3N, 94.8W) both at 04Z (OMR); 53 kt S (max w/1-min/35m) at Galveston at 0420Z (OMR); 72kt at Texas City (29.4N, 94.9W) likely around ~04Z (MWR); 63 kt at Ellington Field (29.6N, 95.2W) (WB advisories); 52 kt E (max w/5-min/58 m) at ~0430Z and 970 mb (min p) at 0508Z at Houston (29.8N, 95.4W) (MWR/OMR); 973 mb (min p) at 0510Z at Richmond (29.6N, 95.8W) (Connor); 975 mb at 0530Z at Alvin (29.6N, 95.3W) (Connor); 63 kt SE (fastest mile/41m) around ~0530Z and 996 mb (min p) at 0820Z at Port Arthur (OMR); 39 kt S ( 5-min/41m) at Port Arthur around ~1130Z (OMR); 35 kt SE (max w/5- min/69m) around ~1530Z and 990 mb (min p) at 1615Z at Shreveport (32.5N, 93.8W) (OMR); 18 kt S with 992 mb at 1830Z at Shreveport; 991 mb (min p) at Little Rock, AR (34.7N, 92.3W) likely around 22Z or 23Z (climo). "The following excerpts from a report by G. P. Rusmisel, of the Galveston office, relate to conditions at that station during the approach and passage of the storm: By late afternoon of the 22nd the sky became completely overcast with low clouds of bad weather which predominated throughout the remainder of the storm. Tides became to rise on the 21st and more rapidly to a crest of 6.7 feet at 8pm and 10pm CST on the 22nd, then falling to 5 feet at 1 pm of the 23rd. Tides rose again thereafter to a crest of 7 feet at 9 and 10pm CST on the 23rd, after which they subsided rapidly. The sea was rather light at about 10 swells per minute until the storm moved toward the Texas coast, after which an increase set in becoming very heavy and reaching 5 swells per minute at the height of the storm. Tidewater covered all of the Galveston Island beaches, much of the island beyond the seawall, and entered the lower residential and business sections as backwater from the bay. Tidewater also covered the municipal airport to a depth of approximately 1 to 3 ft and was about 6 inches deep on the floor of the airport administration building and in the C. A. A. communications station room, putting that office out of commission until after the water receded and power and telephone service was restored the evening of the 25th" (MWR). September 25: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb centered just SW of Grand Rapids, MI near 43N, 86W with fronts running through the low. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical cyclone with 30kt winds at 42.2N, 85.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 42.5N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 987.3mb and a center at 48N 77W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb near the HWM position with fronts analyzed attached to the low. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt W with 993 mb at 0030Z at Little Rock, AR (USWB); 36 kt SW (max w) at Evansville, IN likely around ~12Z (MWR); 986 mb (min p) at Grand Rapids, MI likely around ~13Z (MWR); 44 kt W (max w) at Fort Wayne, IN likely around ~14Z (MWR); 15 kt NW with 986 mb at 1830Z at Alpena, MI (USWB); 56 kt SW (max w) at Buffalo, NY likely around ~20Z [but 49 kt max w after converting to 10m 1-min] (MWR). "Progressive movement of the storm increased rapidly as the center moved up the Mississippi Valley and passed over the Canadian boundary in the Lake region. Available sources estimate property damage at well over $2,000,000. The rice crop in the region affected was ruined, and has been estimated as a loss of $4,000,000. About 25 to 30 percent of the cotton crop had been picked in this section. Half of that remaining in the fields has been reported lost. It is noteworthy that, so far as is known, only four lives were lost, either directly or indirectly, as a result of this storm which traversed a low-lying region where without warning thousands would have been left to the mercy of wind and tide" (MWR). September 26: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 985 mb centered near 53N, 63.5W with fronts running through the cyclone. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of lows shows a position near 53N, 70.2W (am) and a position near 58N 66W (pm). Station highlights: 30 kt W with 1004 mb at Buffalo, NY at 0030Z (USWB); 25 kt W with 1002 mb at Toronto, Canada at 0030Z (USWB); 15 kt SSE with 997 mb at Montreal, Canada at 0030Z (USWB); 15 kt S with 1000 mb at Caribou, ME at 0630Z (USWB); 30 kt SW with 996 mb at 12Z at 48.4N, 68.6W (HWM); ~20 kt SE with 994 mb at 12Z at 53.7N, 57.1W (HWM). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 65N, 60.5W with an occluded front extending from near the low southeastward to a triple point near 60N, 49W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of low shows a final position near 63N, 65W with a 988 mb pressure (am). Station highlights: 40 kt NW with 986 mb at 12Z at 61.4N, 64.9W (HWM). A tropical wave or trough slowly began to form into a more concentrated area of low pressure on 15-16 September near the western tip of Cuba moving slowly north-northwestward. Good observational coverage on the 16th and early on the 17th indicates that a well-defined, closed circulation was not yet present. HURDAT originally began the cyclone at 12Z on the 16th in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Observations from the microfilm map at 12Z on the 17th indicate a possibility that the low might have been closed by then. Therefore, genesis is now shown at 12Z on the 17th (24 hours later than originally) in the central Gulf. Sufficient observational coverage provides evidence that the intensity was only a tropical depression at 12Z the 17th and the 00Z the 18th microfilm maps. Data on the 18th at 00Z suggests a central pressure of at most 1008 mb which yields of wind speed of at least 30 and 28 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. A 30 kt intensity is selected for 00Z on the 18th (down from 50 kt originally - a major change). Although the first low pressure was not observed until 00Z on the 19th with the first 35 kt gale observed at 06Z the 19th, the cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 06Z on the 18th (36 hours later than originally - a major change) because of the slightly sparser data coverage near the center of the 18th. For the track, the cyclone meandered slowly from the 18th - 21st in the south- central Gulf of Mexico making a small clockwise loop on the 18th and 19th. It was at 26N, 89W on the 19th at 00Z, and then it moved south to 23.3N, 87.9W by the 21st at 00Z. From that point, it moved west-northwestward toward the Texas coast, where it made landfall late on the 23rd. The largest track change for the entire existing portion of the track (17th-25th) is less than 1 degree. For the intensity in the Gulf of Mexico, major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 30 kt are analyzed at all times from 00Z on the 18th - 00Z on the 21st. On the 19th at 00Z, a 1005 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of greater than 37 and 34 kt for south and north of 25N, respectively; 45 kt is analyzed (down from 70 kt originally). At 12Z on the 19th, a 40 kt wind was observed. Also at 12Z, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb suggests winds greater than 47 and 44 kt for south and north of 25N. This ship - which also measured 35 kt E - was about 30 nm northwest of the cyclone. A second ship that observed 40 kt SE with 1003 mb at the same time was about 40 nm east of the cyclone. These observations are not consistent with a 75 kt hurricane as originally shown in HURDAT, but are consistent with around a 55 kt tropical storm. On the 21st, a 993 mb pressure was recorded around 09Z. It is uncertain whether this was a central pressure measurement. The first hurricane force wind from a ship also occurred on the 21st sometime around 09Z (it is unclear whether the "force 12" report occurred at the same time as the 993 mb pressure). The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 21st (66 hours later than originally - a major change), based upon interpolation from the 55 kt at 12Z on the 19th and subsequent landfall as a 100 kt major hurricane two days later. This is consistent with the available (but ambiguous) observations on the 21st. On the 23rd at 00Z, with the cyclone 22 hours away from making landfall in Texas, a 986 mb peripheral pressure was recorded, suggesting winds of greater than 65 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The hurricane made landfall on the Texas coast between Matagorda Bay and Freeport at 28.8N, 95.6W on 23 September at 22Z. The landfall point is also the recurvature point of this hurricane (95.6W was the farthest west the cyclone reached). The city of Matagorda (28.7N, 96.0W) recorded a pressure of 977 mb at either 2125Z or 2225Z but there is no wind data available for Matagorda so it is uncertain whether the RMW was experienced there. Ho et al. lists a landfall RMW of 21 nm, and Matagorda was located about 25 nm west of the analyzed center at closest approach. A run of the Schloemer equation utilizing the assumption that Matagorda was located about 5 nm outside of the RMW yields a central pressure of 953 mb, while assuming that Matagorda was about 10 nm outside of the RMW (with an RMW of 15 nm) yields 939 mb. Seven hours after landfall, Houston recorded a 970 mb pressure at 0508Z on the 24th. Wind data from Houston indicates that the center passed about 20 nm west of the station and that the 970 mb value was not a central pressure and likely not inside the RMW, as no lull occurred at the time of the lowest pressure. (This is not certain, however, as the wind record from Houston is provided in hourly averages with peak 5 min winds to have occurred within the hour. A lull that lasted less than an hour could have occurred but not recorded.) Runs of the Schloemer equation indicate a central pressure at that time (seven hours after landfall) of 948 mb assuming that Houston was at the RMW. (The 948 mb calculation is independent of the RMW size when the RMW equals the radius from the center of the pressure measurement in the equation). If the central pressure was indeed that low several hours after landfall, the landfall central pressure would have been significantly lower. Ho et al.'s inland pressure decay model for the Gulf coast would suggest a value close to 900 mb at landfall and even a value of 935 mb by using the Florida decay model (which fills slower and may be somewhat reasonable to use given that the hurricane would have been paralleling Galveston Bay somewhat). Therefore, somewhat conservatively, a 942 mb central pressure is chosen for landfall. A 942 mb central pressure equals 113 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 118 kt for its intensifying subset. Climatological RMW for this central pressure and landfall latitude is 17 nm, so this system is close to average assuming an RMW of 20 nm. The outer closed isobar of 1007 mb is substantially lower than usual with a rather large radius of 250 nm, while the hurricane was moving at a near average 12 kt. Thus a 110 kt intensity is selected for landfall (somewhat below the pressure-wind relationship), maintaining this as a high end Category 3 for north Texas. The highest observed winds were 78 kt at Freeport and 72 kt at Texas City. Major upward intensity adjustments of 20- 40 kt are implemented from 00Z on the 23rd - 00Z on the 24th. A peak lifetime intensity of 110 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 23rd through the 22Z landfall (original peak was 80 kt from 00Z/20th - 00Z/22nd). A run of the parametric wind model suggests that 92 kt winds occurred on the coast at the border of Central Texas and North Texas (28.6N, 96.0W), which is very near where the left edge of the RMW passed. Therefore, a Category 2 impact is added to HURDAT for Central Texas. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 85, 63, 42 and 28 kt for 00, 06, 12 and 18Z on the 24th. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 78 kt at 00Z, 72 kt at 06Z, 37 kt at 12Z and 32 kt at 18Z. Analyzed intensities are 85, 65, 40, and 35 kt (originally 60, 55, 45, and 35 kt). The center moved northeastward through northwestern Louisiana and Arkansas between 12Z on the 24th - 00Z on the 25th and it was accelerating. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 06Z on the 25th centered over southern Illinois. A 35 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 24th through 06Z on the 25th. This cyclone produced tropical storm impacts in Louisiana and Arkansas. Tropical storm impacts are not analyzed for Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, or Illinois because the strongest winds, located a short distance SSE of the center, were not experienced in any of those states while the system was still tropical. Maximum winds observed after converting to 10m 1-min were: 32 kt at Shreveport, 30 kt at Little Rock, 29 kt at Memphis, and 25 kt at Cairo, IL. After that, the cyclone reintensified as an extratropical system. Damaging winds occurred across portions of the Upper Midwest and into western New York. On the 25th, the following central pressure values are analyzed and added to HURDAT: 989, 988 and 985 mb at 00, 06 and 12Z. A 986 mb pressure was recorded at Grand Rapids, MI. After converting to 10m 1-min, the following winds were recorded on the 25th: 40 kt at Detroit; 44 kt at Fort Wayne, IN around 14Z; 42 kt at Dayton, OH; and 49 kt at Buffalo, NY around 20Z. The cyclone is analyzed to have reintensified to 50 kt by 18Z on the 25th when the center was over Lake Huron reaching a peak of 55 kt at 00Z on the 26th. HURDAT originally showed dissipation after 18Z on the 25th. Dissipation is delayed by 30 hours until after 00Z on the 27th - a major change, as the analyses from HWM indicate that the system continued moving northeastward. This assessment is also consistent with the MWR Tracks of Lows analysis through 00Z on the 27th. The final point at 00Z on the 27th is 58.2N, 66.0W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone as the cyclone was absorbed by a larger extratropical system after that time. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 3 - Revised in 2013 31610 09/18/1941 M= 8 3 SNBR= 697 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 31615 09/18* 0 0 0 0*275 790 35 0*290 781 40 0*291 776 55 0* 31615 09/18*268 787 30 0*278 786 30 0*285 785 30 0*290 784 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31620 09/19*292 770 65 0*293 764 65 0*293 756 70 0*294 745 70 0* 31620 09/19*291 782 35 0*292 775 35 0*293 763 40 0*294 748 45 998* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 31625 09/20*295 733 70 0*297 721 70 0*299 709 70 0*303 698 70 0* 31625 09/20*296 733 50 0*298 718 55 0*299 707 60 993*298 706 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 31630 09/21*299 694 70 0*297 700 70 0*302 708 70 0*306 714 70 0* 31630 09/21*297 706 60 995*295 707 60 0*294 708 60 0*295 714 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31635 09/22*309 719 70 0*313 724 70 0*316 728 70 0*324 732 70 0* 31635 09/22*299 724 65 0*304 733 70 0*312 738 70 0*321 735 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31640 09/23*335 736 60 0*344 734 60 0*353 728 60 0*361 719 55 0* 31640 09/23*331 736 70 0*341 734 65 0*350 728 65 990*359 717 65 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 31645 09/24*368 711 55 0*372 706 50 0*378 700 50 0*386 690 45 0* 31645 09/24*366 707 60 0*372 700 55 0*378 695 50 0*384 690 45 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 31650 09/25*393 681 40 0*397 675 40 0*402 669 35 0*415 650 30 0* 31650 09/25*390 685 40 0E396 677 40 0E402 669 35 0E410 660 30 0* *** *** **** *** * **** *** 31655 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that stayed east of the United States. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and Monthly Meteorological Summary. September 17: HWM indicates that a spot low pressure system is located near 25N, 74.5W. Micro shows a trough of low pressure over the NW Bahamas. No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 28N, 77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29N, 78.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1012mb (first position for system) and at 29N, 78W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 28.5N, 78.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 18th, disturbed conditions and squally weather were observed over the Atlantic east of Florida, with indications of a center of circulation about 150 miles east of Titusville. During the 18th this disturbance moved in a direction slightly north of east with highest wind, force 7, reported in squalls" (MWR). "Date...Sept. 18-26, Place where first report...Off east central Florida coast, Coast lines crossed...None, Maximum wind velocity reports...Force 12 ESE, a ship, Lowest barometer reported...995 mb, a ship, Place of dissipation...Near 38N, 63W, Intensity...Full hurricane, Remarks...Caused considerable delay in North Atlantic shipping" (MWR). September 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 29N, 76.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 29.3N, 75.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 29N, 73W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with a pressure of 1000mb at 28.7N, 74.3W at 1830Z (USWB); 25kt SSW with a pressure of 1001mb at 28.2N, 74.5W at 1830Z (USWB); 25kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at 27N, 75.8W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 28.9N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 29.9N, 70.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 72W. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 29N, 71W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with a pressure of 1006mb at 06Z (USWB); 20kt SSW with a pressure of 995mb at 30.0N, 70.1W at 11Z (MWR); 60kt E at 30.5N, 70.7W no time given (MWR) but likely before 12Z; 50kt ENE with a pressure of 998mb at 29.7N, 70.4W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It then curved sharply to the eastward and by the morning observation of the 20th appeared as a very large elongated low pressure area extending from the Bahamas to Bermuda with center along latitude 29°30'N, longitude 71°00'W. During the night the center executed a right-hand loop and headed northwestward toward the North Carolina coast. Along the path of this storm from September 20 to the 23 several ships reported winds force 11, with the lowest barometer observed, during this period, 995.3mb at 30°00'N, 70°10'W on September 20. A ship bound from Curacao to New York had two encounters with this storm; first near 30°11'N, 71°45'W. On the morning of September 20, when at 4am a low barometer of 1006.4mb was recorded, and again 2 days later near 34°13'N, 75°09'W, with the barometer falling to 1004.7mb at 8pm on September 22. During the interval between these observations the center of the storm, which during the first encounter had been moving eastward south of the vessel, turned its track and overtook the ship from the southeast. Force 8 winds were encountered on both occasions" (MWR). September 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 30N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 30.2N, 70.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 70W (am) and at 30.5N, 71W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 29.8N, 69.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt ENE at 29.6N, 72W no time given (MWR); 15kt E with a pressure of 997mb at 29.5N, 70.7W at 00Z (COA); 50kt ENE with a pressure of 1002mb at 30.5N, 69.8W at 00Z (COA); 40kt ENE with a pressure of 1005mb at 31.7N, 70.9W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 31N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 31.6N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 72W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 34N, 74.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 996mb near 31.5N, 73.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt SW with 987 mb at 30.7N 74.6W at 0630Z (USWB); 50 kt S with a pressure of 1000mb near 32.8N, 72.5W at 1830Z (USWB); 50 kt N with 996 mb at 17Z and 60 kt N at 35.1N 74.4W no time given (MWR - observation date incorrect - likely valid on 23rd). Station highlights: 30kt N wind at Cape Hatteras, NC (MMS). "Late on the 22nd the storm recurved to the northeastward in about 3330'N, 7400'W, passing about 150 miles east of Hatteras, and dissipated in the western North Atlantic on the 26th" (MWR). September 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 35.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 35.3N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 73.5W (am) and at 36N, 71W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 990mb near 35.5N, 73.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt SSE with a pressure of 998mb at 32.9N, 72.7W at 00Z (MWR); 35kt SW with a pressure of 1008mb at 34N, 70.8W at 00Z (USWB); 5kt Variable with a pressure of 990 mb at 35.2N, 73.1W at 1330Z (USWB); 15kt NE with a pressure of 1001mb at 35.6N, 73.7W at 19Z (COA). Station highlights: 1006 mb at Hatteras Cape Hatteras, NC (MMS). September 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 37N, 69W with a frontal boundary just north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 37.8N, 70W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 37N, 69W (am) and at 38N, 68W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 996mb near 36.5N, 70W at 00Z. Ship highlights: 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1012mb at 34.1N, 74.6W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 39.5N, 66.5W with a warm front just NE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 40.2N, 66.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 39N, 66W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb (last position). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This storm did not develop hurricane intensity but was attended by strong winds and gales which caused considerable delay in North Atlantic shipping. Timely small craft warnings kept small boats along the coast out of danger. No destructive winds occurred on land" (MWR). September 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 985mb near 53.5N, 63W with a cold front running through the system. No gales or low pressures. Genesis is begun six hours earlier - 00Z on the 18th - than originally shown in HURDAT. Minor (less than 120 nm) alterations to the position of the cyclone were made for the duration of its lifetime, though the largest changes were made on the 19th and 21st. The original genesis intensity was 35 kt. However, numerous ship observations indicate that the cyclone began as a tropical depression and likely reached tropical storm strength around 00Z on the 19th. The first significant measurements were a 20 kt SSW wind/1000 mb pressure ship report at 1830Z on the 19th. This indicates a central pressure of around 998 mb, which has been added to HURDAT. 998 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 47 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure- wind relationship. A strong gradient existed north of the cyclone on the 19th through the 21st, but on the 19th the system was moving about 12 kt toward the east (implying strongest winds on the south side of the vortex). With these two factors somewhat counteracting one another, the intensity at 18Z on the 19th is set at 45 kt, which is a major reduction from the 70 kt shown originally. Correspondingly, major downward changes are shown to the intensity from 18Z on the 18th through 00Z on the 20th. It is also of note that the structure of the vortex was elongated ENE-WSW from the 18th through the 21st and the system may have been characterized as a subtropical cyclone if satellite imagery were available. On the 20th, a ship with 20 kt SSW wind/995 mb pressure at 11Z suggests a central pressure of about 993 mb, which is added into HURDAT. This central pressure indicates an intensity of around 55 kt. A separate ship measured a peak wind of 60 kt E, sometime before 12Z on the 20th. Given the strong pressure gradient north of the cyclone and the reduced forward speed of the system on the 20th, an intensity of 60 kt would be consistent with going above the pressure-wind relationship as well as consistent with the observed 60 kt wind. This is a 10 kt reduction at 12Z on the 20th, compared to the original HURDAT. At 00Z on the 21st, a ship measured 15 kt E wind/997 mb pressure suggesting a central pressure of 995 mb. This central pressure indicates an intensity near 52 kt. Given the continued strong pressure gradient north of the cyclone and now a near stationary movement, the intensity is kept at 60 kt from the day before, which is a 10 kt decrease from original HURDAT. During the 20th and 21st, the cyclone transcribed a clockwise loop, which is similar to that shown in HURDAT, though it occurs around 29.5N 71W, while HURDAT had the loop centered around 30N 70W. At 0630Z on the 22nd, a ship reported 40 kt SW with 987 mb, as depicted on the microfilm. If valid (which is not certain, as this measurement was not mentioned in any of the post-storm write-ups), the pressure would suggest maximum winds of at least 64 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. This supports hurricane intensity on this date and the 70 kt in HURDAT originally is retained. This is the peak intensity for the cyclone (unchanged from that in HURDAT originally). (It is of note that the conclusion published in the September Monthly Weather Review summary was that the cyclone did not reach hurricane intensity. This was updated in the seasonal summary in December to reflect "Full Hurricane" based upon one "Force 12 ESE" ship report, though this observation did not specify when or where.) On the 22nd, a ship reported a minimum pressure of 996 mb with simultaneous 50 kt N wind at 17Z and a peak wind of 60 kt N (no time). However, comparison of these observations with numerous ships and North Carolina coastal stations indicate that the measurements could not have been made on the 22nd. Instead, it is likely that the date for these observations was actually the 23rd. A separate ship measured 5 kt variable wind with 990 mb pressure at 1330Z on the 23rd. This ship along with the 50 kt/996 report do suggest a central pressure of around 990 mb on the 23rd, which is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd. This central pressure suggest maximum winds of 59 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and maximum winds of 63 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Because of the improved symmetry of the cyclone on the 23rd and that there was an observed 60 kt N ship report on the weak side of the storm, the intensity on the 23rd is set at 65 kt, which is 5 kt higher than HURDAT from 00-12Z on the 23rd. On the 23rd, the system began moving away from North Carolina. Peak observed winds in the state were 30 kt N at Cape Hatteras on the 22nd. The system is not analyzed to have been a tropical storm impact for the United States, but this is uncertain. Steady weakening of the cyclone occurred on the 24th, as it moved at a relatively slow speed toward the northeast. No changes to the intensity were made after 06Z on the 24th. However, the available observations become very sparse on the 24th and 25th. An extratropical phase is added to the system beginning at 06Z on the 25th. The cyclone became absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone after 18Z on the 25th before the original cyclone reached Canada. An alternative solution where the original cyclone is the dominant vortex that still remains on the 26th over eastern Canada as shown in the Historical Weather Map is likely not correct. Thus the timing and general location of dissipation is unchanged from the original HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 4 - Revised in 2013 31660 09/23/1941 M= 8 4 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 31665 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 593 40 0* 31665 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*137 603 30 0* *** *** ** 31670 09/24*140 612 40 0*140 631 45 0*140 650 45 0*140 663 50 0* 31670 09/24*137 619 35 0*138 635 40 0*138 650 45 0*138 663 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 31675 09/25*140 675 55 0*140 689 55 0*140 702 60 0*140 714 65 0* 31675 09/25*139 676 55 0*140 689 55 0*140 702 60 0*140 715 65 0* *** *** *** 31680 09/26*140 725 70 0*140 738 75 0*140 751 80 0*140 761 90 0* 31680 09/26*141 729 70 0*142 743 75 0*142 756 80 0*143 769 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31685 09/27*140 772 95 0*140 787 100 0*141 804 105 0*145 824 105 0* 31685 09/27*143 782 95 0*144 796 105 0*145 810 115 0*147 825 115 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31690 09/28*151 842 100 0*155 855 95 0*159 868 90 992*161 881 80 0* 31690 09/28*150 840 90 0*154 853 75 0*158 865 70 0*163 877 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 31695 09/29*163 892 60 0*168 905 50 0*175 920 40 0*179 929 35 0* 31695 09/29*167 891 60 0*171 906 50 0*175 920 40 0*180 930 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31700 09/30*185 940 30 0*191 955 25 0*198 970 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 31700 09/30*186 938 30 0*193 945 30 0*200 950 25 0*208 953 25 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31705 HR Major track changes and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that struck Central America. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and the Mexican synoptic maps. September 21: HWM indicates a spot low pressure is located near 12.5N and 50.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM indicates a spot low pressure is located near 12N and 53W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 12N, 60.2W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 14N, 59.3W at 18Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1008mb near 13.5N, 60.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This storm was first noticed as a very slight disturbance about 75 miles northwest of Barbados in the early afternoon of September 23. Moving almost due west it passed slightly south of St. Lucia and into the Caribbean Sea, where it quickly developed hurricane intensity" (MWR). "Storm...IV, Date...Sept, 23-30, Place where first reported...Between Barbados and St. Lucia" (MWR). September 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 12N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 14N, 65W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 15N, 64.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 13.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 14N, 70.2W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1002mb near 14N, 71W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE at 15.1N, 69.2W at 12Z (COA); 40kt ESE with a pressure of 1012mb at 14.1N, 69.2W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt S with a pressure of 1006mb at 13.9N, 69.6W at 12Z (HWM); 45kt SSE with a pressure of 1014mb at 13.8N, 69.7W at 18Z (COA, USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 25th the hurricane-buffeted freighter m. s. Ethel Skakel flashed a 'sinking' message from 125 miles north of Aruba, Dutch West Indies, and later went down with her cargo of steel rails near 14N, 70W. Of the crew of 33 men, only 13 were reported rescued, the other 20 being presumably lost. Two other vessels sent distress signals from locations near the path of the storm, one of which was later reported lost with her entire crew of 27 men" (MWR). September 26: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 14N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 14N, 75.1W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 14.5N, 75.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt E with a pressure of 1004mb at 15.5N, 76.1W at 16Z (USWB). 45kt E with a pressure of 1003mb at 15.4N, 76.4W at 18Z (COA). 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1008mb at 16.0N, 76.2W at 23Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 27: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 15N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane with 105kt winds at 14.1N, 80.4W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 996mb near 15N, 81.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 957 mb at 20Z at 15.0N 83.4W (MWR); 50kt E with a pressure of 1001mb at 15.8N, 81.6W at 1830Z (USWB); 45kt ENE with a pressure of 1001mb at 15.8N, 81.6W at 14Z (COA). Station highlights: Eye passage between 22 and 23Z at Boom, Nicaragua (14.9N 83.6W) (MWR); 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at 12Z at Cape Gracias, Nicaragua (USWB); 25kt W with a pressure of 1004mb at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua at 18Z (USWB); 999mb at Cape Gracias, Nicaragua at 18Z (USWB); 45kt NW with a pressure of 982mb at 2215Z from rural location in Nicaragua at 14.7N 83.3W (USWB). "Taking a course slightly north of west the storm then moved across the western Caribbean and by the morning observation of the 27th was centered in the vicinity of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua. Through the courtesy of Jose Carlos Millas, Director of the National Observatory at Havana, Cuba, the following report has been received: Today (October 1), we have been able to establish contact with Cape Gracias. The town was destroyed and our station is practically lost. As I had advised the Governor that the hurricane would pass through that place the day before, all the people fled, except 11, of which 3 were drowned. The observer stayed until 9:45am (of the 27th), at which time he sent his last message. The observation building also came down. The sea flooded the town, reaching a height of about 2 meters, wrecking everything there. The inhabitants have come back to what is left of the place" (MWR). "Coast lines crossed...Nicaragua, British Honduras, and Mexico, Maximum wind velocity reported...100 miles per hour (estimated), a ship, Lowest barometer reported...993 mb, a ship, Place of dissipation...Eastern Mexico, Intensity...Full hurricane, Remarks...47 lives lost at sea; 3 drowned at Cape Gracias; heavy crop and property damage in Central America, A late special report received from Mr. Albert Krog, Radio Operator of the Standard Fruit & Steamship Co., Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, states that on September 28, about 20 miles up the Rio Coco from Cape Gracias, the barometer on the schooner Bravo fell to 28.25 inches [957 mb] (uncorrected), at about 3 p. m. Farther inland from the Cape, at Boom, the central calm of the hurricane lasted from 5 to 6 p. m." (MWR). September 28: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 16N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 90kt winds at 15.9N, 86.8W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 993mb near 15.8N, 86.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10kt E with a pressure of 993mb at 16N, 86.8W at 13Z (USWB); 70kt NE at 16N, 86.8W no time given (MWR); 60kt SE at 16N, 87.4W no time given (MWR). Station highlights: 30kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua at 00Z (USWB); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1010mb at Belize City, Belize at 12Z (USWB); 50kt N at Puerto Barrios, Guatemala at 14Z (USWB); 993mb at La Ceiba (15.7N, 86.9W) at 15Z (MWR). 40kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Belize City, Belize at 1715Z (USWB); "From Cape Gracias the hurricane moved with slightly increased speed across extreme northern Honduras, passing into the Gulf of Honduras, near La Ceiba, about 9 am (local time) of the 28th, with lowest barometer reported 992.9mb, and still accompanied by winds of hurricane force. A vessel, located 16 miles north of Ceiba, reported winds estimated at 100miles per hour, after passage of the center. The storm moved inland again over the coast of British Honduras, about 70 miles south of Belize, during the afternoon of the 28th, and 24 hours later emerged into the Bay of Campeche" (MWR). September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 17.5N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 17.5N, 92W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 18N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt W with a pressure of 1000mb at 16N, 88.5W at 00Z (MWR). Station highlights: 40kt E with a pressure of 1006mb at Belize City, Belize at 00Z (USWB); 25kt ENE with a pressure of 1005mb at Frontera, Mexico (18.6N, 92.7W) at 12Z (HWM); 35kt NE at Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico at 12Z (Mexico); 35 kt NE at Teapa, Mexico at 12Z (Mexico); 35kt NW with a pressure of 1013mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 18Z (USWB). "Continuing to move west-northwestward the disturbance decreased rapidly in intensity as it approached the Mexican coast, and moved inland, for the third time, as a weak depression near Vera Cruz on September 30" (MWR). September 30: HWM indicates a low near 19N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 19.8N, 97W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 21.8N, 97.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35kt NW with a pressure of 1007mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 0Z (USWB). October 1: HWM indicates a spot low near 23N, 94W. No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM indicates a spot low near 28N, 92.5W. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 28.7N, 91W. No gales or low pressures. October 3: No organized low pressures are listed in HWM, Micro or MWR. No gales or low pressures. No changes to the timing of genesis of this major hurricane. While the Historical Weather Maps indicated a low east of the Lesser Antilles on the 21st and 22nd, there are no supporting data for this possibility. Track changes are introduced for every day of this system's lifetime. The one major track alteration is at 12Z on the 30th, as the cyclone was weakening over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Observations late on the 23rd from the Lesser Antilles indicate that the cyclone was a tropical depression while moving across the islands. Intensification to a tropical storm is delayed by six hours to 00Z on the 24th, after the system had moved into the Caribbean Sea. The first observed gale, however, was not until 12Z on the 25th, when a 45 kt ESE ship observation was taken. There were reports on the 25th of two ships sinking and one other with distress signals, so the system may have become a hurricane earlier than the 18Z on the 25th as originally seen in HURDAT. However, because of lack of observational confirmation, the intensities are kept as is on the 25th. No observations were taken near the center of the hurricane on the 26th, so the HURDAT intensities - which appear reasonable - are retained on that date. By late on the 27th, the hurricane made landfall near the Honduras-Nicaragua border. Around the time of landfall, a ship just inland in the Cocos River measured 957 mb around 20Z. Between 22 and 23Z the eye was reported over Boom, Nicaragua (14.9N 83.6W). A 982 mb with 45 kt NW report at 2215Z was from a radio operator in a rural part of Nicaragua near 14.7N 83.3W about 20 nm south of Cabo Gracias. (Notes on the microfilm indicate that "Radio operator stated: leaving radio for safe place" after his 2215Z report.) It is uncertain whether this was a minimum pressure report. These three reports are not entirely consistent with one another and may be due to incorrect times of one or more of them. Based upon all of this, landfall is estimated to have occurred at 14.8N 83.2W around 20Z just south of Cape Gracias. The 957 mb peripheral pressure (as the ship was north of the center by 10-15 nm) suggests maximum winds of at least 104 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. HURDAT originally had 105 kt before landfall. Based upon the pressure and the extreme destruction described in the town, the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 115 kt - making this a Category 4 impact for both Honduras and Nicaragua. The cyclone only remained over Honduras for 16 hours, while remaining close to the Caribbean Sea coastline. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggested intensities of 81 kt at 00Z on the 28th, 60 kt at 06Z, and 54 kt at 12Z. The intensities are analyzed to be 95 kt at 00Z (down from 100 kt originally), 75 kt at 06Z (a major downward change from 95 kt), and 70 kt at 12Z (another major downward change from 90 kt). The values are higher than the Kaplan-DeMaria model due to the hurricane's center remaining very close to the Honduras coastline after landfall. After emerging back over the Caribbean Sea around 12Z on the 28th, the cyclone continued to produce hurricane force winds, as measured by a ship at 16N 86.8W (no time, but likely around 12Z). Intensity in HURDAT reduced at 06Z on the 28th to 80 kt (down from 95 kt originally) and down to 75 kt at 12Z (down from 90 kt). A 992 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th is likely attributed to the 992.9 mb pressure observed in Ceiba, Honduras. However, this was "still accompanied by winds of hurricane force" and thus was not a central pressure and is removed from HURDAT. The hurricane then made a second landfall in Belize around 21Z on the 28th at 16.5N 88.4W. Landfall intensity is estimated at 75 kt, down slightly from the 80 kt in HURDAT, making this a Category 1 impact in Belize. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria model give 58 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 43 kt at 06Z, 36 kt at 12Z, and 36 kt at 18Z. Peak observed winds were 45 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 35 kt at 06Z, 35 kt at 12Z, and 40 kt at 18Z. Additionally, an observation of 1005 mb with ENE 25 kt at 12Z on the 29th suggests maximum winds of at least 37 kt. Intensities are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 50 kt at 06Z, 40 kt at 12Z, and 40 kt at 18Z (all unchanged except up from 35 kt at 18Z). The cyclone again emerged over water into the Gulf of Mexico around 21Z on the 29th. There were two NW gales at Veracruz, Mexico late on the 29th and early on the 30th, but this location is susceptible to coastal funneling due to the high topography and these winds may not be representative of the circulation of the cyclone. The cyclone weakened below tropical storm strength around 00Z on the 30th, same as that originally indicated. Observations along the Mexican coast at 12 and 18Z on the 30th and 00Z on the 1st also indicate the cyclone did not make a Mexican landfall (as originally suggested by HURDAT) as the coastal stations never switched to a southerly wind component. Instead, the system remained in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico until dissipation after 18Z on the 30th, six hours after that originally indicated. It is also noted that the HWM series had an alternative scenario for this system. The HWM continued the cyclone northward in the western Gulf of Mexico on the 1st of October until landfall on the 2nd in Louisiana. However, observations on the 1st are extremely sparse with no definitive evidence that the cyclone was intact on that date. Additionally, HWM, microfilm, and COADS observations on the 2nd suggest the system was an elongated east-west trough with no northerly wind component on the western side of the supposed low. Thus the HWM solution - while explored - was not adopted. It appears that this trough on the 2nd was the result of a tropical wave that moved from the western Caribbean on the 30th and across Central America on the 1st into the Gulf of Mexico. This is also discussed in the Additional Notes section. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 5 - Revised in 2013 31710 10/03/1941 M=12 5 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 31710 10/03/1941 M=11 5 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** 31715 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*226 630 40 0* 31715 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*212 624 40 0* *** *** 31720 10/04*229 644 50 0*231 658 55 0*234 672 65 0*236 689 70 0* 31720 10/04*222 640 50 0*228 656 55 0*234 672 65 0*236 689 75 0* *** *** *** *** ** 31725 10/05*238 707 75 0*239 721 80 0*241 736 85 0*244 755 90 0* 31725 10/05*238 705 85 0*239 721 95 0*240 736 105 0*242 754 105 962* *** ** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31730 10/06*248 774 95 0*251 791 100 0*256 808 105 0*267 824 95 0* 31730 10/06*246 773 95 0*251 791 85 0*257 808 75 0*267 824 60 997* *** *** ** *** ** ** *** 31735 10/07*281 839 80 0*292 846 75 0*303 847 60 0*314 845 60 0* 31735 10/07*280 837 70 0*292 846 80 982*303 846 70 0*314 841 60 0* *** *** ** ** *** *** ** *** 31740 10/08*326 831 55 0*329 818 55 0*330 801 50 0*329 790 50 0* 31740 10/08*322 831 45 0*326 816 40 0*330 801 35 1004*329 790 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** ** **** ** 31745 10/09*326 777 50 0*322 767 50 0*319 759 50 0*312 750 50 0* 31745 10/09*325 777 50 0*320 764 50 0*312 752 50 0*304 747 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31750 10/10*303 741 50 0*291 741 50 0*288 752 50 0*297 746 50 0* 31750 10/10*297 743 50 0*295 746 50 0*295 749 50 0*295 746 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31755 10/11*297 736 50 0*295 722 50 0*293 706 45 0*293 689 45 0* 31755 10/11*297 736 50 0*295 722 50 0*293 703 45 0*293 685 45 0* *** *** 31760 10/12*294 671 45 0*295 656 40 0*297 641 40 0*304 618 40 0* 31760 10/12*294 671 45 0*295 656 40 0E297 641 40 0E304 625 40 0* * * *** 31765 10/13*313 592 40 0E321 575 35 0E331 557 35 0E348 527 35 0* 31765 10/13E315 607 40 0E331 587 35 0E350 565 35 0E370 540 35 0* **** *** *** *** **** *** **** *** (October 14th was removed from HURDAT) 31770 10/14E367 498 35 0E381 474 35 0E395 450 35 0E418 413 35 0* 31775 HRCFL2BFL2AFL2 31775 HRCFL2BFL1AFL1IGA1 ************ US LANDFALL SUMMARY 6th/10Z 25.5N 80.2W 85kt Cat 2 980mb 10nm RMW 125nm ROCI 1015mb OCI 6th/11Z 25.5N 80.3W 85kt Cat 2 980mb 10nm RMW 125nm ROCI 1015mb OCI 7th/09Z 29.9N 84.6W 80kt Cat 1 982mb 20nm RMW 125nm ROCI 1015mb OCI Major track changes (but only for the extratropical phase) and major alterations to the intensities are analyzed for this major hurricane. Another major change is to indicate dissipation 24 hours earlier than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Florida and Georgia Climatological Data, Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Ho et al. (1987). October 3: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 61.5W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 63W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of this storm were observed over the Atlantic about 300 miles north of the Virgin Islands on the evening of October 3" (MWR). October 4: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 23N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 23.4N, 67.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 24N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 24.5N, 70.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 23.5N, 67.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1014mb at 24.2N, 65.2W at 04Z (COA); 35kt SE with a pressure of 1007 at 24.2N, 68W at 16Z (USWB); 25kt SSW with a pressure of 1005mb at 21.6N, 68.5W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Morning observations of the 4th showed a definite circulation and established the center near latitude 23N, longitude 67W" (MWR). October 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 24.5N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 85kt winds at 24.1N, 73.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 25.5N, 78W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 24.5N, 73.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1008mb at 23.8N, 69.2W at 00Z (COA). 35kt NW with a pressure of 1009mb at 23.6N, 64.4W at 12Z (USWB). Station highlights: 30kt NE with a pressure of 972mb at 1730Z at Cat Island, Bahamas (USBW). 15kt E with a pressure of 964mb at 1750Z at Cat Island, Bahamas (USBW). "Moving in a west-northwesterly direction, the storm crossed the Bahama Islands and passed a short distance south of Nassau on the evening of October 5, at which time it was determined to be a small but highly developed storm of hurricane force. The storm which broke about 7:35pm Sunday evening centered south of Nassau. The velocity of wind registered 102 miles per hour, averaging between 70-75miles per hour. The barometer reached 29.12 inches (986.1mb). The wind velocity of 102 miles per hour, reported by Mr. McAndrews and registered by a Dines gust recorder, was the highest recorded on the islands during the passage of this storm. The lowest barometer 964.4mb was registered at The Bight, Cat Island. In addition to the islands of New Providence and Cat, damage resulted on Watling, Exuma, northern Andros, and islands of the Bimini group" (MWR). October 6: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane with 105kt winds at 25.6N, 80.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 26N, 81W (am) and at 27N, 84W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 26N, 81.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1005mb at 25.7N, 77.2W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt NE with a pressure of 1007mb at 25.5N, 79.2W at 0630Z (USWB); Station highlights: 65kt E (gust 90kt) with a pressure of 986mb at Nassau, Bahamas, no time given (MWR/CLIMA). 991mb at Carysfort Reef, no time given (CLIMA). 78kt (107kt gust) at Pan American Dinner Key (25.7N, 80.2W) no time given (MWR/CLIMA); 41kt NNE with a pressure of 1007mb at Fowey Rock Lighthouse at 06Z (USWB); a pressure of 992mb at Fowey Rock Lighthouse (25.5N, 80.1W) at 0930Z (MWR). 59kt NE with a pressure of 995mb at Miami at 0947Z (MWR/CLIMA). Calm at Goulds at 1045Z (MWR). 57kt SW with a pressure of 996mb at Everglades City, no time given (MWR/CLIMA). 997mb at Punta Rassa, no time given (CLIMA). 52kt N with a pressure of 998mb at Sanibel Light, no time given (CLIMA). 38kt ENE with a pressure of 1000mb at Gasparilla Light, no time given (CLIMA). 1005mb at Egmont Key, no time given (CLIMA)."On October 6, 1941, a small tropical storm moving slightly north of west, passed over extreme southern Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico. Its center moved inland about 13 miles south of Miami at 5:30am; and at 5:45am, Goulds, Fla., a short distance inland, was in the calm area. The lowest barometer reading in Miami was 994.9mb at 5am on the 6th; and 991.5mb at Fowey Rock Lighthouse, located 12 miles east-southeast of Miami, at 4:30am. The wind reached a velocity of 68 miles per hour at 4:47am. Velocities somewhat higher, no doubt, occurred during the next hour; however, due to interference of a taller building to the east of the station, these were not indicated on the register. At Pan American Dinner Key a peak velocity of 123 miles per hour was recorded, with a sustained velocity of 90 miles per hour for 30 seconds" (MWR). "Continuing in a west-northwesterly direction the storm crossed the Everglades south of Lake Okeechobee and passed into the Gulf between Everglades City and Fort Myers about 11am of the 6th. The lowest pressure, at Everglades City, 995.6mb, was accompanied by winds exceeding 65 miles per hour and a tide of 4.1 feet which flooded the town and surrounding low country to a depth of about 1 foot. Fort Myers was on the northern edge of the storm and suffered little damage from strong winds" (MWR). "Extreme south, Carabelle, Major, S Miami 123 mph" (Dunn and Miller (1960). Ho et al. did not include the southeast Florida landfall in their compilation, suggesting that it did not have a central pressure lower than 983 mb in their opinion. October 7: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 30N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 30.3N, 84.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 85W (am) and at 33N, 84W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 30.3N, 84.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt NNW with a pressure of 995mb at 29.8N, 85W at 0930Z (USWB). Station highlights: Calm winds and 982mb between 0830Z and 0930Z at Carrabelle (MWR); 43kt NW with a pressure of 995mb at 0920Z at Apalachicola, FL (OMR); 43 kt ESE with 999 mb at 1230Z and peak of 56 kt ESE (between 12 and 18Z) at Tallahassee (OMR); 56 kt NW with 997 mb at 1858Z and 33 kt NNW 996 mb at 1830Z at Albany (OMR). "Curving toward the north in the Gulf of Mexico the center moved up the west Florida coast, some distance off shore, causing strong winds at some of the outlying island stations. Edgemont Key at the mouth of Tampa Bay estimated the wind at 60 miles per hour. The disturbance moved inland again at Carrabelle where the calm eye of the storm was experienced between 3:30 and 4:30am of the 7th. Winds of 65 to 75 miles per hour accompanied the storm at this point, with lowest barometer reported at 982.1mb. "Damage in Florida resulting from this storm has been estimated at $675,000, about equally divided between the northern and southern portions of the State. Five men were drowned near the small fishing village of Panacea, east of Carrabelle, and these added to three deaths reported from the Bahamas, bring the total of lives lost during this storm to eight. So far as is known seven injuries resulted, none of which could be directly attributed to the storm" (MWR). October 8: HWM indicates a closed low near 33N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt at 33N, 80.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 33N, 80W (am) with a pressure of 1004.7mb and at 32.5N, 78W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 33N, 80.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1003mb at 32.2N, 77.5W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: 35kt S with a pressure of 1006mb at Savannah, GA at 0900Z (USWB); 35kt SW with a pressure of 1008mb at Parris Island, SC at 0900Z (USWB); 5kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at Charleston (Airport) (32.9N, 80W) at 1240Z (OMR). "Diminishing somewhat in intensity, but still accompanied by winds with gusts up to 75 miles per hour, the center moved northeastward across Georgia with considerable damage reported along its path as far north as Albany. North of that point little damage was caused by the diminishing winds that attended the storm into South Carolina, where it passed into the Atlantic in the vicinity of Charleston about 8am, October 8" (MWR). "1016 mb environmental pressure, 77 kt max sustained winds at landfall (Schwardt et al. (1979)) "981 mb central pressure, 982 mb at Carrabelle, 18 mi RMW, 11 kt at landfall, 29.8N 84.7W landfall point" (Ho et al. (1987) October 9: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 31N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 31.9N, 75.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 75W (am) and at 30N, 74W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1008mb near 31.3N, 75.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt WNW with a pressure of 1005mb at 32N, 78.1W at 0030Z (USWB); 30kt W with a pressure of 1004mb at 31.3N, 76.3W at 0600Z (USWB); 30kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at 29.8N, 74.5W at 1800Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 29.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 28.8N, 75.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 30.5N, 73.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1002mb at 29.7N, 74.6W at 17Z (COA); 25kt NW with a pressure of 999mb at 29.2N, 74.7W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of 1010mb near 29N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 29.3N, 70.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 30.5N, 71W (am) and at 30.5N, 68W (pm - last position). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1002mb near 29.4N, 70.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1001mb at 29.3N, 74.1W at 00Z (COA); 30kt SW with a pressure of 1003mb at 28.9N, 69.9W at 12Z (COA); 35kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at 29N, 68.2W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Although this storm increased somewhat in intensity after moving into the Atlantic, no ship along it later path reported winds higher than force 9. It was traced in a looping course eastward over the ocean until it passed south of Bermuda near latitude 30N, during the night of October 11-12" (MWR). October 12: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 30N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29.7N, 64.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 35.5N, 56.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 33.1N, 55.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM indicates a frontal wave with intersecting fronts near 43N 41W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35 kt winds at 39.5N 45.0W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "The first of these was a small storm of hurricane force, which moved westward from off the Atlantic through the Bahama Islands, and reached the coast with center about 13 miles south of Miami 5 to 6 am on October 6th. It crossed the Everglades and passed into the Gulf between Everglades City and Ft. Myers about 11 am of the 6th and then curved northward and passed some distance off shore until it reached the coast again at Carabelle about 4 am of the 7th. The center passed about 10 miles west of Tallahassee at 8:45 am and was near Albany, Georgia, at noon of the 7th. Thereafter, it lost force as it passed over southern Georgia an when it passed into the Atlantic again near Charleston, SC, at 8:00 am of the 8th, winds did not exceed 40 miles per hour. Over southern Florida the path of damaging winds was approximately 60 miles in width, extending from Homestead northward beyond Ft. Lauderdale on the east coast, and from Punta Rassa to south of Everglades on the west coast. Over northern Florida damage extended from about the Apalachicola River eastward nearly to Perry and Madison, a distance of 80 to 90 miles. Due to timely warnings and emergency protective measures, damage to life and property were held to a minimum. Property and crop loss in southern Florida is estimated at about $325,000 with no loss of life. About $300,000 of the damage occurred to communities on the southeast coast, and the remaining $25,000 to communities on the west coast. Over north Florida damage was about $350,000, which includes the whole affected area from the Georgia line southward to the Gulf. In this area the greater losses were to timber and pecan orchards blown down, broken down and communication lines and some structural damage to buildings in the affected communities of Carabelle, St. Marks, Tallahassee, Monticello, Quincy, Chattahoochee and others. At Panacea, a fishing village east of Carabelle, five men were drowned when the waves washed them from a wooden footbridge. This was the only loss of life reported in connection with the storm in Florida. Five large Cuban fishing boats were grounded and lost at St. Teresa and other fishing and pleasure craft were damaged in the Carabelle-St. Marks area. A remarkable feature of this storm was the lack of rainfall in its passage over the Bahama Islands and southeast Florida. There was not enough rain to wash salt spray from vegetation that was blown inland over the southeast coast, and some damage from salt burning resulted to crops and shrubbery. Rainfall was not heavy until it reached the west coast and started recurving to northward." (Climatological Data Florida) "Destructive winds attended the storm of the 7th and 8th through many southern and central counties, especially in and near Cairo, Pelham, Albany and Cordele. Great numbers of trees were blown down, a few buildings were unroofed or otherwise damaged; power and communication lines were badly damaged over a great area. At Norman Park Junior College, near Moultrie, a young lady student tripped over a live wire brought down by the wind and was killed. Large quantities of immature pecans were blown from the trees, involving heavy loses. Extensive rains occurred over a considerable area near the course of the storm center, many stations having from 4 to nearly 7 inches of rain within 24 hours." (Climatological Data Georgia) The timing of genesis for this system is unchanged at 18Z on the 3rd, as the sparse observations do not indicate a closed low yet was in existence by 12Z on the 3rd (nor on earlier dates either). Minor track changes were made for every day of its existence as a tropical cyclone and major track alterations were introduced on the 13th while extratropical. Intensity is unchanged for the first 24 hours, though limited observations were present. Intensification to a hurricane at 18Z on the 4th is retained. Apparently, the cyclone underwent rapid intensification on the 5th, as 964 mb with E 15 kt winds were observed at Cat Island, Bahamas at 1750Z. This indicates a central pressure of about 962 mb, which would support 100 kt from the intensifying subset of Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 97 kt for north of 25N. Given the rapid movement and small size of the system, the intensity is analyzed at 12 and 18Z on the 5th to be 105 kt. This is consistent with damages that occurred throughout the central and northern Bahamas. 105 kt is the peak intensity for this hurricane and is the same as that previously shown in HURDAT (but is listed as occurring a day earlier). The hurricane quickly continued west-northwestward and made landfall in south Dade County on the 6th of October. The first landfall was at Elliot Key around 10Z at 25.5N 80.2W, followed shortly thereafter east of Goulds at 25.5N 80.3W. The hurricane's small core was bracketed by minimum pressure readings of 991 mb to the south at Carysfort Reef lighthouse and 992 mb to the north at Fowey Rocks lighthouse at 0930Z. Two runs of the Schloemer equation were performed. Assuming a 10 nm distance from the hurricane's center to Fowey Rocks, a central pressure of 954 mb is obtained with an RMW of 5 nm. A central pressure of 977 mb is obtained with an RMW estimate of 10 nm. Conservatively, 980 mb is estimated as the central pressure at landfall. Highest observed sustained winds were 78 kt at the Pan American Dinner Key base along with 997 mb pressure. A central pressure of 980 mb suggests an intensity of 78 kt south of 25N and 75 kt north of 25N. Given the fast forward speed (17 kt), small size (125 nm radius of outer closed isobar) and high environmental pressure (1015 mb outer closed isobar), landfall intensity is analyzed to be 85 kt - making this a Category 2 hurricane in Southeast Florida. This is consistent with the previous categorization ("CFL2"), but is substantially lower than the 100 kt in HURDAT previously just before landfall. The hurricane was over land for about six hours. The intensity at 12Z on the 6th (a couple hours after landfall on the southeast Florida mainland coast) is 75 kt, 10 kt decreased from the landfall intensity and is 30 kt less than that in HURDAT originally. The hurricane passed directly over Punta Rassa and Sanibel Lighthouse likely just before 18Z on the 6th, recording 997 and 998 mb, respectively. A central pressure of 997 mb suggests 49 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size/fast movement/high environmental pressure, intensity at 18Z is estimated to be 60 kt, a large decrease from the 95 kt originally. The cyclone emerged over water into the Gulf of Mexico at about this time and apparently reintensified. The hurricane made a final landfall around 09Z on the 7th of October over Carrabelle, at 29.9N 84.6W. Carabelle measured a 982 mb pressure while in the eye between 0830Z and 0930Z. This central pressure suggests maximum winds of 73 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones north of 25N. At this landfall, the system still was small and embedded within high environmental pressure, but was moving at a slower rate of speed (11 kt). Thus the landfall intensity is estimated at 80 kt, making this a high end Category 1 hurricane for Northwest Florida ("AFL1"). This is consistent with the original HURDAT intensity at 06Z (75 kt originally), but is lower than the Category 2 assessment ("AFL2") originally. After landfall, a series of runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model was performed. These gave 62 kt at 12Z on the 7th, 45 kt at 18Z, 36 kt at 00Z on the 8th, and 39 kt at 06Z (just before it emerged over water again). Highest observed winds within two hours of synoptic time were 56 kt (Tallahassee) at 12Z, 56 kt (Albany) at 18Z, 35 kt at 00Z on the 8th and 40 kt at 06Z. Intensities after landfall are thus estimated to be 70 kt at 12Z, 60 kt at 18Z, 45 kt at 00Z on the 8th, and 40 kt at 06Z. This is 10 kt higher, the same, 10 kt lower, and 15 kt lower, respectively, than the originally HURDAT. The intensities of 70 kt at 12Z on the 7th and 60 kt at 18Z indicate that southern Georgia likely experienced Category 1 hurricane conditions, thus "IGA1" is now indicated. This is consistent with the reports of damaging wind-caused impacts in northwestern Florida and southern Georgia. At 12Z on the 8th, the cyclone crossed Charleston, which measured 5 kt SE and 1005 mb - thus allowing a central pressure estimate at that time of 1004 mb. Around 12Z on the 8th, the cyclone again moved back over water, reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The system slightly reintensified back to 50 kt by 00Z on the 10th. A pressure of 999 mb with 25 kt NW was measured at 19Z on the 10th. This peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 45 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is retained at 18Z on the 10th. No intensity changes were made from the 00Z on the 9th onward. Extratropical transition is estimated to have occurred around 12Z on the 12th, based upon ship and especially Bermuda's observations, which changed from 78F air temperature/75F dewpoint on the 11th to 68F over 58F on the 12th along with a wind change from SW 25 kt to NE 15 kt. Observations on the 13th indicate major position alterations with the cyclone much farther northwest than originally shown. Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that the extratropical cyclone was absorbed into a larger baroclinic system by the 14th. The system's dissipation is consistent with the very high pressures of the two nearby ships (1021 and 1022 mb) and Bermuda (1025 mb). Thus the 14th is removed from HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Storm 6 - Revised in 2013 31780 10/15/1941 M= 8 6 SNBR= 700 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L 31785 10/15* 0 0 0 0*207 690 35 0*210 699 35 0*213 710 35 0* 31785 10/15* 0 0 0 0*207 690 25 0*210 699 25 0*213 710 25 0* ** ** ** 31790 10/16*217 721 35 0*221 732 35 0*225 744 35 0*228 757 35 0* 31790 10/16*217 721 25 0*221 731 25 0*225 741 25 0*228 752 25 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31795 10/17*231 771 35 0*234 787 35 0*236 800 35 0*237 808 40 0* 31795 10/17*231 765 25 0*234 781 25 0*236 798 25 0*238 813 25 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31800 10/18*239 817 40 0*243 826 40 0*248 834 40 0*255 840 40 0* 31800 10/18*242 826 25 0*247 834 25 0*252 840 30 0*258 844 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31805 10/19*261 842 40 0*268 843 45 0*274 843 45 0*281 842 45 0* 31805 10/19*265 845 35 0*272 844 40 0*277 843 45 0*279 842 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 31810 10/20*289 839 45 0*293 835 40 0*296 831 40 0*297 827 35 0* 31810 10/20*282 838 45 0*286 833 40 0*290 830 40 1004*294 830 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 31815 10/21*297 824 35 0*296 819 30 0*293 817 30 0*289 817 25 0* 31815 10/21*295 829 35 0*294 828 35 0*291 826 30 0*290 823 25 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 31820 10/22*285 818 25 0*281 821 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31820 10/22*288 821 25 0*284 820 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** 31825 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall ------------------------------------- 10/20 14Z 29.2N 83.0W 40 kt FL Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall in Florida. A major change was the delay of intensification to a tropical storm by almost four days from that originally shown in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. October 14: HWM indicates that a trough or tropical wave stretches from the Atlantic into the Caribbean across eastern Dominican Republic. An old frontal boundary is located the north of the eastern Caribbean across latitude 23N. October 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most1010mb near 21N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 21N, 69.9W at 12Z. Micro shows a trough or tropical wave located along longitude 68-70W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 23N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 22.5N, 74.4W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 25N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 23.5N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds near at 23.6N, 80W at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized low pressure system. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It had developed from a wave of low pressure and squally weather that moved across the southern Bahamas and through the Florida Straits a few days previously." (MWR). October 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 24N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 24.8N, 83.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 26N, 85.5W (pm). Micro does not show an organized low pressure system. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of a definite circulation in connection with this slight tropical disturbance were noted about 100 miles off the west Florida coast on the night of October 18-19" (MWR). October 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 28N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 27.4N, 84.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 85W (am). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 25N, 84.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt WSW with a pressure of 1002mb at 27.9N, 83.4W at 12Z (MWR/USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of October 19, a ship, 50 miles west of Tampa, reported a west- southwest wind of 45 miles per hour and a barometer reading of 1002.4mb." (MWR) October 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 29N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29.6N, 83.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 84W (am). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1008mb near 28.9N, 83W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "From this location the storm center then moved north- northwestward and passed inland at Cedar Key, about noon of the 20th, where the lowest barometer reading was 1005.8mb." (MWR) October 21: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 29N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 30kt winds at 29.3N, 81.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 82W (am). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 29N, 82.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a pressure of 1009mb at Cross City at 0Z. 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1010mb at Cross City at 06Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Available observations show no winds over moderate gale force (40 to 50 miles per hour) during the progress of this storm. Torrential rains (10 to 15 inches) occurred at several points near the center as the disturbance stalled and dissipated over northern Florida. A report from Ocala lists the death of a 6-weeks-old infant, hurled 100 feet from its basket, and injury to both parents when their home was demolished by high winds. This report indicates the formation of a small and short-lived tornado rather than any highly destructive winds resulting directly from the tropical disturbance. All other reported damage resulted from flooding due to the excessive rains" (MWR). October 22: HWM indicates a SW-NE trough over the Florida peninsula. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 28.1N, 82.1W at 06Z (last position). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014mb near 27.5N, 82W at 12Z. "The second disturbance was of slight intensity and formed over the Gulf west of Florida during the night of the 18-19th. It moved north-northeastward and passed inland at Cedar Key about noon of the 20th. Wind velocities in connection with this distance never exceeded 40 to 50 mph, and no damage of importance resulted from wind. The lowest barometer reading at Cedar Key was 29.70 inches at time of passage of the center. After passing inland the disturbance stalled over northern Florida between Cross City and Gainesville and gradually died out, but in the process produced torrential rains of 10 to more than 20 inches over a broad belt extending from the Cedar Key-Cross City area eastward to St. Augustine and over the area east of the St. Johns River from Jacksonville southward to Titusville. These rains flooded highways, washed out small bridges, damaged streets and drainage systems of towns, and did extensive damage to recently plated truck crops and seed beds. It has not been possible to get a reliable estimate of the damage, but it will in the aggregate reach several hundred thousand dollars." No changes to the timing of genesis of this tropical storm. Minor track changes were introduced for all days of its existence except for the 15th when no changes were made. HURDAT initially started the system as a 35 kt tropical storm. However, numerous ship and land-based observations clearly indicate the cyclone was a tropical depression around 25 kt for the first three days of its existence. The vortex was quite weak from the 15th through the 18th and it was not clear if a closed circulation was even present late on the 17th and early on the 18th. Given the ambiguity of the observations, the system is retained as a tropical cyclone late on the 17th and early on the 18th. The system began intensifying and became better organized late on the 18th and it is estimated that the cyclone reached tropical storm intensity around 00Z on the 19th. This is 90 hours after development to a tropical storm as originally shown in HURDAT - a major change. A ship measured 40 kt WSW with 1002 mb on the morning of the 19th. This supports maximum winds of at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity is retained at 45 kt at 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th. This was the previous peak in intensity for this cyclone, which is unchanged. During the 20th, the cyclone moved north-northeastward and made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida around 14Z at 29.2N 83.0W. Cedar Key observed a minimum of 1006 mb with 20 kt SW at 15Z. A central pressure of 1004 mb is thus derived, which suggests a landfall intensity of 36 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Peak observed winds at and after landfall were 30 kt N with 1009 mb at 00Z and 30 kt ENE with 1010 mb at 06Z at Cross City, Florida. Landfall intensity is thus estimated to be 40 kt. Decay to tropical depression occurred around 12Z on the 21st (based upon these Cross City measurements), which is 18 hours after that shown in HURDAT originally. Dissipation after 06Z on the 22nd is unchanged. ******************************************************************************** 1941 Additional Notes: 1. September 30-October 2: The Historical Weather Maps, microfilm, and COADS data indicate that a broad trough of low pressure occurred over the western Caribbean on the 30th of September. This moved west-northwestward across Central America on the 1st of October and into the Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd. The disturbance dissipated on the 3rd. While the system was shown in HWM as a low on the 1st and 2nd and in the microfilm at 12 and 18Z on the 2nd, observations do not indicate that the system ever developed a well-defined closed low. Additionally, the system did not have any low pressures or tropical storm force winds. Thus this system is not added into HURDAT. (Note that on the 30th, while this system was over the western Caribbean, Storm #4 was weakening over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and then dissipated after 18Z on this date. The HWM analysis mistakenly combined Storm #4 with this disturbance.) Date Location Status Sep. 30 85W Trough Oct. 1 90W Trough Oct. 2 92W Trough 2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data depict a non-tropical low pressure system over the northeast Atlantic during the first week of November. The system is first detected on Nov 1 between Newfoundland and the Azores with a cold front stretching southwest of the center and a warm from stretching to the southeast. During the next few days it moves towards the southeast over warmer waters and begins to occlude. During this time ships in the area show pressures below 1000 mb but also air temperatures in the 50s and 60s. By November 4 it is a large system near 35N 33W, over 500 miles southwest of the Azores and gale-force winds are being reported in the islands. This indicates that the system was still non-tropical but the temperatures to its west are warmer as a ship reports 72F. On the 5th and 6th, the low pressure system stalls southwest of the Azores but there are no ships near the center. Later on the 6th it begins to move northeast and passes over the Azores on the 7th. The pressure in the city of Horta dropped to 985 mb and gusts of at least 62 mph were reported in the Azores, according to the MWR. On the 8th the system moves away from the Azores farther into the NE Atlantic and it loses definition on the 9th near the coast of Portugal. While on the 7th, as the system passed through the Azores, it maintained a very large outer circulation consistent with an occluded low. But the low pressure with strong winds at about the same time suggests that a mesoscale inner core had developed. Unfortunately, the information available is not enough to determine if this system was a tropical or subtropical storm and therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. Possible similar storms that could be analogs are Tropical Storm Grace, 2009, and Hurricane Nicole, 1998. "In the eastern North Atlantic a storm seems to have formed about the 1st and during the forenoon of the 2nd was indicated as having attained considerable strength, while central a short distance to west-southwest of the western Azores. The course was apparently to south-eastward during the next 3 days, then from the 5th to the 7th it returned northward and on the 7th was central over the island of Fayal. Afterward the movement was eastward, with apparently less intensity, and on the 11th the center was close to northern Portugal. Much of the information about this storm has been received from lt. Col. J. Agostinho, Director of the Meteorological Service of the Azores, who reports that gusts of 100 kilometers (62 miles) per hour or more were noted locally on the islands." MWR, pg 339. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 1 40N 42W Extratropical Nov 2 38N 34W Extratropical Nov 3 36N 33W Extratropical Nov 4 35N 33W Extratropical Nov 5 33N 31W Extratropical Nov 6 33N 33W Extratropical Nov 7 38N 29W Extratropical/Subtropical? Nov 8 41N 21W Extratropical Nov 9 44N 11W Extratropical ******************************************************************************** 1942 Storm 1 - Added in 2013 37265 08/03/1942 M= 3 1 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 08/03*162 852 30 0*163 860 30 0*165 870 35 0*170 883 35 0* 37265 08/04*176 898 30 0*183 914 30 0*190 930 30 0*197 944 35 0* 37265 08/05*204 957 45 0*211 969 50 0*218 980 40 0*225 990 25 0* 37265 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Mexican synoptic maps, and the Monthly Weather Review. Storm 1 August 1: HWM indicates a low near 13N, 81W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 40kt NW with a pressure of 1009mb at Puerto Cabezas (14N, 83.3W) at 12Z (HWM). August 2: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 11.5N, 81.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 3: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 16.5N, 86W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt NE and 1009mb at Belize City, and 10kt SSW and 1008mb at Tela, Honduras. All observations from HWM. August 4: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 19N, 94W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt NNE and 1010mb at Veracruz at 12Z, and 10kt SW and 1009mb at Coatzacoalcos at 12Z. All observations from HWM. August 5: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 22N, 97.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt ESE with a pressure of 1004mb at Tampico (22.1N, 97.8W) at 12Z (HWM). "HURRICANE HITS NEAR TAMPICO...Fear was felt here today for the safety of nine Texas people...who were caught at the Eighth Pass on the coast of Mexico yesterday by a hurricane which lashed the coast of Mexico from Tampico on north to the vicinity of the fishing pass...The party went to the Eighth pass last Saturday by plane, being flown there by De Leon, who is a regular operator of the plane in transporting both anglers and fish to and from the Eighty Pass area...De Leon said after flying over the area that there was an extremely high tide and water everywhere. The center of the hurricane, according to sketchy reports received here, was believed to have hit at or near Tampico, extending far enough north to blast the little fishing village of La Pesca, near the mouth of the Soto La Marina river, and on north to the Eighth Pass. Although there was a minor 'hurricane scare' in Brownsville yesterday, the only effect here was rain, which further damaged the grade of Valley cotton. The valley had only a few gusts of wind" (The Brownsville Herald, Thursday, August 6th). Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun at 00Z on the 3rd of August in the northwest Caribbean Sea. It is possible, however, that the system had become a tropical cyclone as early as the 1st, as Puerto Cabezas observed 40 kt NW winds with 1009 mb at 12Z. The evidence is inconclusive though whether a closed circulation was present at that time (or on the 2nd) as well as whether this wind was a transient more long-lived feature. After genesis, the cyclone moved west- northwestward toward Belize. At 12Z on the 3rd, Tela, Honduras reported a 5 mb 24 hour pressure drop (down to 1008 mb with SSW 10 kt winds) and Belize City reported a 3 mb 24 hour pressure drop (down to 1009 mb with NE 25 kt winds). It is analyzed that the system had intensified to a minimal tropical storm (35 kt) at that time. Landfall then occurred around 17Z on the 3rd at 17.0N 88.2W in Belize with 35 kt intensity. The system weakened some during its 12 hour trek across Central America and likely was a tropical depression at 00 and 06Z on the 4th. On the 4th at 12Z, numerous Mexican stations - but no ship observations - indicate that the system was in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone continued moving west- northwest and made a second landfall around 09Z on the 5th just south of Tampico, Mexico near 21.4N 97.4W. Tampico recorded 1004 mb with ESE 25 kt winds at 12Z on the 5th, which was a 12 mb pressure drop in 24 hours. 1004 mb peripheral pressure measurement suggests maximum winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure- wind relationship. Additionally, the qualitative information from the Brownsville newspaper is consistent with at least a moderate tropical storm and - perhaps (as the newspaper implied) - a hurricane. The intensity just before and at landfall is assessed conservatively at 50 kt, which is also the peak intensity of the system for its lifetime. It is also worth noting that this determination of a tropical cyclone making landfall in Mexico is consistent with the Mexican meteorologists' synoptic maps which depicted the system as "Ciclon" at 12Z on August 5th near Tampico. The system likely continued west- northwestward over the mountains of eastern Mexico and dissipated after 18Z on the 5th. It is worth noting that because of the World War that there was not a single ship measurement available at any point in this system's lifetime. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 2 (previously Storm 1) - Revised in 2013 31830 08/17/1942 M= 7 1 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 31830 08/17/1942 M= 7 2 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 31835 08/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 855 35 0* 31835 08/17* 0*190 855 30 0*200 857 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** 31840 08/18*222 860 35 0*231 865 40 0*240 870 45 0*252 876 50 0* 31840 08/18*212 860 35 0*225 865 40 0*240 870 45 0*254 876 50 0* *** *** *** 31845 08/19*265 883 55 0*274 893 60 0*279 903 65 0*280 908 70 0* 31845 08/19*265 883 55 0*274 893 60 0*279 901 65 0*280 908 70 0* *** 31850 08/20*281 913 70 0*281 917 70 0*282 922 70 0*284 929 70 0* 31850 08/20*281 913 70 0*281 917 70 0*282 922 70 0*284 927 70 0* *** 31855 08/21*287 936 70 0*291 942 70 0*294 947 65 0*298 951 55 0* 31855 08/21*287 933 70 0*290 939 70 0*294 945 65 0*300 951 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31860 08/22*305 958 35 0*315 961 25 0*330 958 25 0*343 952 20 0* 31860 08/22*307 957 35 0*315 959 25 0*328 958 25 0*343 952 20 0* *** *** *** *** 31865 08/23*357 938 20 0*368 927 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31865 08/23*357 938 20 0E365 918 20 0E370 875 20 **** *** ** **** *** ** 31870 HRCTX1 U.S. Hurricane: Aug 21st - 13Z - 29.5N 94.6W - 65 kt - Category 1 - 992 mb - 1010 mb OCI - 125 nm ROCI Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall in the northern Texas coast. Additionally, an extratropical stage is now indicated for the last 12 hours of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Louisiana and Texas Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Storm 2 (Old Storm 1) August 15: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 17.7N, 82.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 16: HWM indicates a closed low pressure of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 83W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM indicates a closed low pressure of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 21.3N, 85.5W at 18Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb near 18.5N, 85W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 24N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 24N, 87W at 12Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 23.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 27N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 27.9N, 90.3W at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbed conditions with squally weather and thunderstorms which prevailed along the Louisiana coast on the 19th, were doubtless associated with the northwestward movement of a wave formation which had been detected in the northwestern Caribbean on August 17" (MWR). "The moderate tropical disturbance experienced on the upper Texas coast the morning of August 21st, 1942, was first noted off the Louisiana coast on August 19th, and reported in the "Conic" Advisory issued by the New Orleans office at 4:20pm, EST, on the same day. It apparently moved in a west- northwesterly direction until crossing the coast line near or over Gilchrist, Texas, on the Bolivar Peninsula, thence more northerly, with center passing very slightly west of High Island, and near or over Anahuac, Tex" (OMR). "Disturbed conditions, first noted off the Louisiana coast about noon of August 19th" (Texas). August 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 28N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 92.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 90W (am) and at 26N, 92W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb near 27.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 30N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 29.4N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 30N, 95W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb near 29.7N, 94.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 994 mb (no time given) at Gilchrist (MWR); 57 kt S and 997 mb at High Island (no time given); 61kt SE (1 min wind) at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) no time given, but ~15Z (OMR); 35kt W at Galveston at 14Z (5 min wind) (OMR); 42kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at Galveston (1 min wind) at 1315Z (OMR). "No definite characteristics of a tropical storm were observed until about midnight of the 20th. Moving west-northwestward toward the Texas coast, and giving few advance indications because of its small diameter, the disturbance passed inland over the Bolivar Peninsula near Gilchrist as a storm of near- hurricane intensity" (MWR). "The weather [did not] disclose anything definite regarding a threat to this section of the coast (Galveston) until the night of August 20-21, when shortly before 1am a shift in the wind from east to northeast was accompanied by a steady fall in barometric pressure of about .04 of an inch an hour. This shift in winds was also accompanied by light to moderate intermittent precipitation, which continued until 4:35pm EST, of August 21st" (OMR). "Curving northward, after crossing the coast, the storm center traversed Chambers, Liberty, San Jacinto and Polk Counties with gale winds prevalent along the north Texas coast as far south as Galveston. The storm quickly lost intensity as it moved inland toward Palestine, where a wind of only 22 miles per hour was reported" (MWR). "The lowest pressure reported during the passage of the storm was 993.9mb at Gilchrist, and the maximum recorded wind velocity, for a 5-minute period, was 66 miles per hour (extreme 72) from the southeast reported form the Port Arthur Office at 9:20 am (CWT) August 21" (MWR). "The wind at Galveston backed, E, NE, N, NW, W, SW, and S, with a maximum velocity of 41 miles per hour from the southwest at 9:09am, EST, on the 21st. The lowest barometer reading occurred at 8:15am EST, when a pressure of 29.53 inches was reached. Inundation was mostly confined to beaches and very low uninhabited places" (OMR). "...finally acquired the definite characteristics of a tropical storm about midnight of August 20th, and quickly moved in over the Bolivar Peninsula on the morning of August 21st. The center apparently moved in a north- northwestward direction, traversing Chambers, Liberty, San Jacinto, and Polk counties, with winds of gale force general over water front and immediately adjacent areas from Galveston County to Jefferson County. Port Arthur reported a maximum wind velocity of 66 miles per hour from the southeast. No known loss of life resulted from the storm. Winds damaged property to the extent of about $180,000, and crops in excess of $400,000, while high tides were responsible for damage amounting to about $21,000" (Texas). "Aug. 20, 1942, Landfall near Galveston, Estimated lowest pressure 992 mb, Movement W to WNW 11 kt" (Connnor). "1942 Aug TX, 1N, 992 mb" (Jarrell). August 22: HWM indicates a low near 33N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 25kt winds at 33N, 95.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 95W (am) with a pressure of 1007.5mb and at 36N, 90.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb near 33N, 96W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Wind damage to property has been estimated at $180,000 and to crops, principally rice, in excess of $400,000, while high tides were responsible for damage amounting the about $21,000. No loss of life or serious injury was reported" (MWR). "Only coastal reports were available on the 20th, and the storm was so small and had so little effect on its surroundings that its true character was not seen until the winds increased materially with its arrival on the coast" (MWR). "Damage to crops in Galveston County was negligible. Two shell barges and a tow boat capsized at redfish reef in Galveston Bay, and three oil derricks on Bolivar Peninsula were blown down. Otherwise, damage was confined mostly to small pleasure boats, and piers. As far as known, no lives were lost as a result of this storm" (OMR). August 23: HWM indicates a front near 37N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 15kt winds at 36.8N, 92.7W at 06Z (last position). The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 37.5N, 89W (am) with a pressure of 1012mb. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb near 37N, 87W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis for this hurricane is begun at 12Z on the 17th of August, six hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT based upon ship and coastal data showing a closed circulation was then present (though the exact time of genesis is uncertain). It is possible that the system formed as early as the 16th, however, data on that date (and many dates for this cyclone) was quite sparse. (It is of note that the observations corroborating the system's existence during its first few days were quite sparse. If the cyclone's best track were being put together from scratch, it is likely that the system would not have been started until the 19th.) Minor track changes have been introduced for all dates of this system's existence. However, the small alterations on the 19th and 20th were introduced simply to create a smoother track, rather than because of observations on those dates. The cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression, though this is quite uncertain due to the lack of inner core measurements. Likewise, as the track of the cyclone took it over the data void Gulf of Mexico, almost no intensity information was available from late on the 17th until just before landfall on the 21st. Thus no changes were made to the intensities from 18Z on the 17th until 00Z on the 23rd. The cyclone made landfall around 13Z on the 21st, just west of Gilchrist, Texas. Peak observations were 61 kt SE at Port Arthur, Texas around 15Z, 994 mb at Gilchrist (no time available), and 997 mb with 57 kt S at High Island, Texas (no time available). A central pressure of 992 mb was estimated by Connor and was also utilized by Jarrell et al. This appears reasonable for this small hurricane, given the observations available. (It is of note that Ho et al. did not list this hurricane, implying that the central pressure was higher than 982 mb.) The central pressure of 992 mb suggests maximum winds of 56 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (59 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones). The system was a small hurricane with a radius of outer closed isobar of only about 125 nm and an outer closed isobar of 1010 mb. Given the small size of the cyclone, landfall intensity is estimated to be 65 kt - Category 1. Port Arthur's peak winds of 61 kt occurred about 60 nm from the center of the hurricane likely outside of the radius of maximum wind (no lull occurred in the hourly winds). This also along with the impacts of the system along the coast supports Category 1 hurricane intensity at landfall. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggest an intensity of 47 kt at 18Z on the 21st and 35 kt at 00Z on the 22nd. Peak observed winds within two hours of synoptic time were 56 kt (at 16Z) and 30 kt, respectively. The intensity is assessed to be 55 kt at 18Z and 35 kt at 00Z - both unchanged. After landfall the cyclone recurved to the northeast and gradually weakened. Transition to a tropical depression occurred by 06Z on the 22nd, unchanged from HURDAT originally. By 06Z on the 23rd, a cold frontal boundary had reached the cyclone's center and a transition to an extratropical cyclone had occurred. (At 06Z on the 23rd, the only intensity change is made for the lifetime of this cyclone - 20 kt up from 15 kt originally.) At 12Z on the 23rd, the extratropical cyclone was still present and this last position is added into HURDAT. Dissipation occurred after 12Z on the 23rd, six hours later than originally shown. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 3 (previously Storm 2) - Revised in 2013 31875 08/21/1942 M=11 2 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 31875 08/24/1942 M=9 3 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** * * 31880 08/21* 0 0 0 0*139 599 35 0*139 608 35 0*139 617 35 0* 31880 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31885 08/22*140 628 35 0*141 641 35 0*141 654 35 0*142 664 35 0* 31885 08/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31890 08/23*144 674 40 0*146 688 40 0*148 703 40 0*150 713 45 0* 31890 08/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*148 740 30 0*150 751 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31895 08/24*152 723 50 0*154 737 55 0*157 750 55 0*158 760 60 0* 31895 08/24*152 761 30 0*154 771 30 0*157 780 35 0*158 786 35 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31900 08/25*160 770 65 0*164 782 70 0*168 793 75 0*170 798 80 0* 31900 08/25*160 792 40 0*164 799 40 0*168 805 45 0*170 809 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31905 08/26*172 803 80 0*175 811 85 0*179 819 85 0*184 827 90 0* 31905 08/26*172 814 50 0*174 818 50 0*176 822 55 0*178 828 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31910 08/27*188 835 90 0*191 841 90 0*194 846 90 0*198 854 90 0* 31910 08/27*180 835 60 0*183 841 70 0*188 846 80 0*194 854 90 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 31915 08/28*204 863 90 0*213 876 85 0*222 888 90 0*229 896 95 0* 31915 08/28*203 863 90 0*212 876 70 0*222 888 80 0*230 896 90 0* *** *** ** ** *** ** 31920 08/29*236 905 95 0*245 917 100 0*255 928 100 0*265 938 100 0* 31920 08/29*238 905 95 0*246 917 100 0*255 928 100 0*263 939 100 0* *** *** *** *** 31925 08/30*274 947 95 0*284 958 70 0*293 970 60 0*300 978 45 0* 31925 08/30*271 950 100 0*279 961 100 950*288 972 85 952*294 986 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 31930 08/31*307 987 35 0*314 998 25 0*3221010 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 31930 08/31*3021000 45 0*3101014 40 0*3171025 35 0*3221036 35 0* (September 1st is new to HURDAT) 31933 09/01*3231040 30 0*3251043 25 0*3301045 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 31935 HRBTX3CTX2 U.S. Hurricane: Aug 30th - 09Z - 28.3N 96.6W - 100 kt - Category 3 - 950 mb - 1007 mb OCI - 250 nm ROCI Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall in the central Texas coast. Additionally, a major alteration is to remove the first two days. Also, one additional day is added at the end of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the Mexican synoptic maps, Texas Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). Storm 3 (Old Storm 2) August 20: HWM indicates a spot low near 12.5N, 59.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 14N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 13.9N, 60.8W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb at 12.5N, 61.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The wave, from which this storm formed, passed over the Windward Islands near Santa Lucia on August 21, attended by heavy squalls but with no indications of organized circulation" (MWR). August 22: HWM indicates a spot low near 14N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 14.1N, 65.4W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb at 13.5N, 63.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 14.8N, 70.3W at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 16.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 15.7N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Micro shows a spot low at 17.5N, 79.8W at 12Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Moving rapidly westward through the central Caribbean Sea, the wave formation passed south of Jamaica during the night of the 24th, where its progress became slower and the first indications of development were noted" (MWR). "Carson from Navy - 11 pm 8/23/42. 'Ship 50-60 miles S of SE tip Dominican Republic 1 am - Wind force 6 - pressure one inch below normal reading" (Micro). August 25: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 16N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 16.8N, 79.3W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb at 17.4N, 80.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Special plane report, 40-45 kt, 1000 mb at 18Z (USWB). "Special Report from Navy. Plane from Grand Caymen reports that at 2 pm - pressure was 999.7 Mbs. Wind 40 to 45 knots. (From Carson by phone 11.15 pm)" (USWB). August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 17N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 85kt winds at 17.9N, 81.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 17N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1003.4mb and at 17.5N, 80W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb at 17.5N, 82W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 19N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 90kt winds at 19.4N, 84.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 18N, 82W (am) with a pressure of 1003.4mb and at 19N, 86W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 18.5N, 85W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt W with a pressure of 1003mb at Swan Islands at 0Z (USWB); 25kt S with pressure of 1005 mb at 6Z at Swan Islands at 06Z (USWB); 40kt NNE with a pressure of 1004mb at 18Z near 20.5N, 86.9W (USWB); 40kt NE with a pressure of 996mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 21Z (USWB); and 35kt NNW at Cozumel, Mexico at 22Z (USWB). "It passed north of Swan Island as a moderate storm but with definite indications of rapidly increasing intensity, and crossed the tip of Yucatan Peninsula during the night of August 27, attended by full hurricane winds" (MWR). "A moderate tropical weather disturbance to the southward of Jamaica, moving to westward between the 24th and 25th causing heavy rainfall over the Island and considerable flood damages. The barometric pressure fell about 0.150 inch below the normal, also low pressure reported at Morant Point and Negril Point Lighthouses, Beyond a heavy rainsquall ay Kingston and Morant Point, there was no very severe damage, owing to gale winds over the island" (JAMAICA). August 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 23N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 90kt winds at 22.2N, 88.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 20.5N, 89.5W (am) with a pressure of 999.9mb and at 22N, 91W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 22.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt NNE with a pressure of 1002mb at Progreso at 0Z (USWB); 989mb with 40 kt NE at Cozumel at 00Z (USWB); 10kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at Merida (21N, 89.8W) at 12Z (HWM); 20kt W with a pressure of 1004mb at Pregreso at 18Z (USWB). "Passing into the Gulf of Mexico, and moving northwestward in an almost straight line it reached the Texas coast, approximately two days later, as a large and severe storm attended by full hurricane winds over a path nearly 150 miles in width" (MWR). "Evidence of this disturbance began to appear at Galveston the afternoon of the 28th. A bank of cirrus clouds began to appear on the southern horizon. The movement was slow and difficult to observe but appeared SSW or SW. These clouds had become at the tame of the 7:30pm EST observation. The Gulf of Mexico also presented evidence of disturbed conditions late on the 28th with the tide somewhat above normal and a moderately rough sea with a count of about 8 swells per minute at the foot of 25th street." (OMR). August 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 25.5N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane with 100kt winds at 25.5N, 92.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 93W (am) and at 25N, 95W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb at 25N, 93W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 24kt N with a pressure of 1004mb at Corpus Christi Naval Air Station (27.7N, 97.3W) at 21Z (MAR); 40kt E at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) no time given (OMR); 40kt NNE at Foster Field (28.9N, 96.9W) no time given (OMR). August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 29.5N, 98W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 29.3N, 97W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 97W (am) with a pressure of 993.2mb and at 29N, 99.9W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 990mb at 29N, 97.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: A fairly complete calm with a pressure of 952mb at Seadrift (28.4N, 96.7W) at 0955Z (MWR); A pressure of 983mb at San Antonio (Min P) at 1615Z (OMR); 64kt NE (1-min wind) at San Antonio at 16Z (OMR); A pressure of 986mb at Corpus Christi (27.8N, 97.4W) at 0830Z (OMR). 77kt ENE at Kelly Field (29.4N, 98.5W) no time given (OMR); 74kt NNE at Foster Field (28.9N, 96.9W), no time given (OMR). "The lowest barometer at the Galveston airport, 5 miles southwest of the city office, was 29.49 inches at 1:30am EST on the 30th. Winds were easterly at Galveston on the 28th, shifting to northeast most of the 29th except the last few hours which were east. Southeasterly winds prevailed on the 30th and most of the 31st. The maximum velocity of SE-50 occurred at 4:57am EST on the 30th and the extreme velocity was 61" (Galveston OMR). "Tides continued to increase throughout the 29th until a maximum of 7.6 feet on the U.S. Engineer gage at Fort Point was reached at 3am EST on the 30th. The beach and a considerable portion of the Island west of the city was inundated. Tide water covered the Municipal Airport and entered the Administration Building. Water covered the Galveston- Houston highway at the "Y" on the mainland 10 miles from the city until late afternoon of the 30th, and since the Bolivar ferry service was suspended, the city was entirely cut off by highway" (Galveston OMR). "The barometer began to fall slowly during the afternoon of the 28th and a rapid fall set in about 10am EST, on the 29th. The lowest sea level pressure at the city office was 29.53 inches at 12:55am EST on the 30th, and thereafter the barometer rose rapidly until 1 pm EST and more slowly thereafter" (Galveston OMR). "The tropical disturbance of August 29-30, 1942, was undoubtedly one of the most severe on record on the Texas coast with gales and hurricane winds over a path at least 250 miles wide, and storm tides along the coast from near the central region of the path northeastward into southwestern Louisiana" (Galveston OMR). "Seadrift, in Calhoun County, where a fairly complete calm occurred, reported the lowest pressure along the coast, 951.6mb, August 30, at 4:55am. The highest wind at Seadrift was estimated at 115 miles per hour. Hurricane winds accompanied the storm as far inland as Atascosa County. At San Antonio, 120 miles from the coast, the storm still retained great strength and caused considerable damage" (MWR). "Estimates of damage from the hurricane have been placed at $11,500,000 to property and $15,000,000 to crops" (MWR). "During the early morning hours of August 30, a tropical disturbance of hurricane proportions swept inland over the Matagorda Bay section, moved rapidly west-northwestward, and finally diminished over the Edwards Plateau region during the late afternoon. Winds estimated in excess of 100 mile per hour occurred along the coast from Austwell to Matagorda, and hurricane proportions of the storm were retained as far westward as Atascosa County. Winds of gale force extended well into the Edwards Plateau region, and covered a wide area on either side of the path of the storm center. Eight deaths were attributed to the storm. Damage estimated at $11,500,000 occurred to property, while crops, principally cotton and rice, suffered damage estimated at $15,000,000. Due to the rain accompanying and following the storm, several thousand freshly shorn goats were lost in the Edwards Plateau region" (Texas). "Landfall near Seadrift, estimated lowest pressure 950 mb (just lower than the 952 mb observed in Seadrift), movement WNW 13 kt" (Connor). "Aug TX, 3C, 950 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Aug. 30, 1942, 951 mb central pressure at landfall, based upon observed 952 mb at Seadrift, 18 nm RMW, 14 kt motion, landfall point 28.5N, 96.2W" (Ho et al.) August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 31N, 103W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 32.2N, 101W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 101W (am) with a pressure of 999.7mb and at 32N, 105W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 999mb at 32N, 103W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt W with a pressure of 1003mb at Alpine (30.4N, 103.7W) at 12Z (HWM); 17kt S with a pressure of 1004mb at San Antonio (29.4N, 98.5W) at 03Z (OMR); 15 kt NW and 1000 mb at Pecos (31.4N 103.5W) (USWB). "Much damage was done by the wind in the vicinity of San Antonio and southward to the coast from which came the storm. About $1,500,000 damage resulted from torn roofs, windows, sings, windmills, etc. Many trees were uprooted or broken by the wind. Many airplanes were destroyed due to lack of hanger space, although the planes were well anchored. Power lines were down over many sections of the city and southward to the coast" (San Antonio OMR). September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 105W. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 31.5N, 104W at 0Z. Station highlights: 10kt S with a pressure of 1004mb at Alpine at 0Z (USWB); 10kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Roswell at 0Z (USWB), and 10kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at El Paso at 0Z (USWB). Genesis for this major hurricane is delayed by more than two days. As is commonplace during the 1942 hurricane season, almost no ship observations were available either in real-time or for the reanalysis efforts. As the system crossed the Lesser Antilles, the observations are fairly conclusive that a closed low had not yet developed within the strong easterly wave. Thus the positions on the 21st are removed from HURDAT (which began at 06Z on this date originally). This revision is very consistent with the Monthly Weather Review writeup for the hurricane as well. Knowing when genesis did occur over the next few days is problematic, as the system was traversing the open waters of the Caribbean. The first indications that a tropical cyclone had formed - while still ambiguous - were a report on the night of the 23rd in the microfilm which indicated 25 kt winds south of Dominican Republic. More substantial evidence is from Jamaica on the 24th, which also is in agreement with the Monthly Weather Review writeup. Thus the first entry into HURDAT is now at 12Z on the 23rd as a 30 kt tropical depression, though the exact genesis time remains uncertain. Track changes were made for all of the remaining days of its existence. Major track changes were introduced on the 23rd to the 25th based primarily upon station observations. A "special report" from a Navy aircraft at 18Z on the 25th indicated 1000 mb and wind 40 to 45 kt (unknown whether this was a surface wind estimate or flight level estimate and also unknown if it was measured simultaneous to the 1000 mb pressure). This pressure indicates maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity is reduced to 50 kt, a major reduction from the 80 kt originally. (It is noteworthy that this was one of the first - if not the very first - set of quantitative aircraft observations taken within a tropical cyclone.) The modification to the position on the 26th put the cyclone's center 40 nm northeast of Swan Island around 00Z on the 27th. Swan Island at that time only reported 1003 mb with 15 kt W winds. Thus the intensity is brought down at that time to 60 kt, from 90 kt originally. Likewise, the intensities now have major downward revisions from 12Z on the 24th through 06Z on the 27th. The cyclone made landfall in the Yucatan of Mexico around 03Z on the 28th. While no specific observations showing hurricane conditions occurred in Yucatan, the Monthly Weather Review impacts do suggest a hurricane landfall. 90 kt is retained in HURDAT for the Mexican landfall, making this a Category 2 impact. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model gave 69 kt at 06Z. Intensity at this time is reanalyzed to be 70 kt, down from 85 kt originally. The hurricane moved back over water to the Gulf of Mexico after just six hours over land. No inner core measurements were then available until the hurricane made a second landfall in the United States nearly two days later. The hurricane made landfall in Texas around 09Z on the 30th at 28.3N 96.6W. A likely central pressure of 952 mb was observed in Seadrift, Texas almost an hour later. The central pressure at landfall may have been slightly deeper - 950 mb. This is in agreement with the original Connor estimate of 950 mb, which was repeated in the Jarrell et al. tech memo. 950 mb suggests maximum winds at landfall of 105 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW of ~20 nm is about the same as climatology for this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al.). The hurricane was moving at a near average 12 kt at landfall, but had a rather large outer closed isobar of 1007 mb with ROCI of 250 nm. Thus the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 100 kt, making this a Category 3 landfall for central Texas ("BTX3"). HURDAT originally had 70 kt at the 06Z slot, which makes this a major intensity boost. A run of the Ho et al. parametric wind model suggests peak winds of about 90-95 kt at the western end of the north Texas coast (which starts east of Matagorda Bay). Thus north Texas ("CTX") is listed as Category 2 impact from this hurricane. After landfall, the hurricane was able to maintain significant strength well-inland as noted by the 983 mb peripheral pressure observation and 64 kt 1 min NE wind around 16Z on the 30th at San Antonio. This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 69 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given its overland location, this would be equivalent to at least 60 kt given over land conditions. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggest intensities of 74 kt at 12Z on the 30th, 50 kt at 18Z, and 33 kt at 00Z on the 31st. Peak observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic time are 53 kt at 12Z, 64 kt at 18Z, and no tropical storm force winds at 00Z. The intensities are reanalyzed to be 85 kt at 12Z, 65 kt at 18Z, and 45 kt at 00Z (up from 60, 45, and 35 kt, originally). (It should be noted that the Kelly Air Force Base, where a 77 kt wind was reported, is southwest of the San Antonio Airport and downtown San Antonio. This would put it closer to the center than the San Antonio observation and supports the 85 kt at 12Z.) Thus major intensity upgrades were also made at 12Z and 18Z on the 30th. Observations from HWM and the microfilm maps indicate that the cyclone continued west-northwestward through 12Z on the 1st of September as a weakening tropical cyclone. In fact, Pecos, Texas recorded 1000 mb with NW 15 kt at 12Z on the 1st. This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 44 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given that this is valid over a water exposure, a lower intensity value of 35 kt is analyzed at this time. The system weakened to a tropical depression - as no extratropical transition occurred - around 18Z on the 1st and continued through 12Z on the 2nd. Thus an additional 24 hours are added to the lifetime of this system - another major change. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 4 (previously Storm 3)- Revised in 2013 31940 08/25/1942 M= 9 3 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 31940 08/25/1942 M=10 4 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * 31945 08/25* 0 0 0 0*275 625 65 0*286 630 65 0*302 635 75 0* 31945 08/25* 0 0 0 0*275 625 65 0*286 630 65 0*300 634 75 0* *** 31950 08/26*314 635 90 0*323 631 95 0*332 622 95 0*342 604 95 0* 31955 08/27*351 587 90 0*356 578 90 0*359 572 85 0*363 567 85 0* 31960 08/28*368 562 80 0*373 557 80 0*377 552 75 0*382 546 75 0* 31960 08/28*368 562 80 0*373 557 80 0*378 552 75 0*382 545 75 0* *** 31965 08/29*388 539 70 0*391 529 70 0*392 519 65 0*391 513 60 0* 31965 08/29*386 539 70 0*389 534 70 0*390 530 65 0*391 527 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31970 08/30*389 509 55 0*385 507 55 0*381 506 50 0*377 507 45 0* 31970 08/30*391 524 55 0*390 522 55 0*390 520 50 0*388 520 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31975 08/31*373 510 45 0*370 514 45 0*367 519 45 0*365 522 45 0* 31975 08/31*385 522 45 0*382 526 45 0*380 530 45 0*378 532 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31980 09/01*364 525 40 0*362 530 40 0*360 537 35 0*357 545 35 0* 31980 09/01*376 534 40 0*373 536 40 0*370 540 35 0*364 547 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31985 09/02*355 555 30 0*353 567 30 0*352 579 25 0*352 595 25 0* 31985 09/02*360 552 35 0*356 565 35 0*352 579 35 0*348 592 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** (September 3rd is new to HURDAT) 31988 09/03*343 602 30 0*337 607 30 0*330 610 25 0*325 612 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31990 HR Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane over the central Atlantic. A major alteration is to add an additional day at the end of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. Storm 4 (Old Storm 3) August 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 20N, 61W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 28.6N, 63W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 62W (am) and at 31N, 62W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 33N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 95kt winds at 33.2N, 62.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 33N, 61W (am) and at 35N, 59W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure near 33.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt NNW with a pressure of 1003mb at Bermuda at 06Z (USWB); 55kt and 1004mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 07Z (MWR). 25kt NW with a pressure of 1004mb at 32.5N, 65.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A storm, apparently of hurricane intensity and with gales over a wide area, passed a short distance east of Bermuda during the night of August 25. No previous history is available on this storm. Bermuda reported a maximum wind velocity of 64 miles per hour at 3am (EWT)" (MWR). August 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 34N, 55.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 85kt winds at 35.9N, 57.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 37N, 57W (am) and at 37.5N, 56W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 36N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 37.7N, 55.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 55W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 29: HWM indicates Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 37N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 39.2N, 51.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 39N, 54W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 37N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 38.1N, 50.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 41N, 53W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35.5N, 55W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 36.7N, 51.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 55W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 36N, 53.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 58.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 25kt winds at 35.2N, 57.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 33.5N, 59.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM indicates a spot low near 36N, 59W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. No change to the genesis of this hurricane. It is noted that the HWM shows this system as a tropical storm as early as 24 August. While the HWM does not show a closed circulation, it does show two observations of northerly winds suggesting at least a trough near or northeast of the Leeward Islands. However, without data showing a closed circulation (or strong winds or low pressures), providing an earlier genesis is not justified. As was noted in the Monthly Weather Review, no observations for this system were available before it impacted Bermuda early on the 26th of August. Thus while the cyclone is begun as a 65 kt hurricane at 06Z on the 25th (unchanged from original HURDAT), it is quite possible (or likely) that the system existed earlier and may have been a Cape Verde hurricane. Minor track changes were introduced on all days of its existence, except no change on the 26th and 27th. A frontal boundary was indicated in HWM southwest of the cyclone on the 26th and 27th (and again on the 31st and 1st of September), but the limited observations available do not suggest that the system was extratropical on those dates. The only inner core data available throughout the lifetime of this hurricane was early on the 26th, as the system passed about 90 nm east of Bermuda. Bermuda's peak sustained winds were 55 kt at 07Z and lowest pressure of 1003 mb (with 40 kt NNW wind) at 06Z. HURDAT had 95 kt intensity at that time (peak intensity for the hurricane), which is unchanged by the reanalysis. Intensity is unchanged for all days except for a minor increase on the 2nd, based upon winds at Bermuda. Definitive observations of a closed circulation do not exist on the 3rd of September. However, with Bermuda showing N 20 kt with 1012 mb (down from 1014 mb the day before), it is very likely that the system did continue as a tropical cyclone on the 3rd. Thus an additional 24 hours is now indicated as a weakening tropical depression. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 5 (previously Storm 4)- Revised in 2013 31995 09/15/1942 M= 8 4 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 31995 09/15/1942 M= 9 5 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * 32000 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*141 580 35 0* 32000 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 588 35 0* *** *** 32005 09/16*143 603 35 0*146 620 35 0*148 637 40 0*151 651 40 0* 32005 09/16*133 605 35 0*140 621 35 0*145 637 40 0*149 654 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32010 09/17*153 665 40 0*157 684 45 0*161 703 45 0*164 719 45 0* 32010 09/17*153 671 40 0*157 687 45 0*161 703 45 0*163 719 45 0* *** *** *** 32015 09/18*167 733 45 0*170 745 45 0*172 755 45 0*173 763 45 0* 32015 09/18*164 733 45 0*165 745 45 0*165 755 45 0*165 763 45 0* *** *** *** *** 32020 09/19*174 771 45 0*174 779 45 0*175 787 45 0*175 793 45 0* 32020 09/19*165 771 45 0*165 779 45 0*165 787 45 0*165 794 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 32025 09/20*176 799 45 0*176 807 45 0*176 816 45 0*176 826 45 0* 32025 09/20*165 802 45 0*166 810 45 0*167 818 45 0*168 826 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32030 09/21*176 835 45 0*175 843 40 0*175 850 40 0*174 856 40 0* 32030 09/21*168 834 45 0*168 842 40 0*168 850 40 0*168 858 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32035 09/22*174 863 40 0*174 872 40 0*173 880 35 0*172 885 30 0* 32035 09/22*168 866 40 0*168 873 40 0*168 880 35 0*168 887 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (September 23 is new to HURDAT) 32037 09/23*168 894 30 0*168 902 25 0*168 910 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32040 TS Minor track, but no intensity changes, are analyzed for this tropical storm that traversed the Caribbean. A major alteration is to add an additional day at the end of the cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. Storm 5 (Old Storm 4) September 15: HWM indicates a spot low near 15.5N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 14.1N, 58.0W at 18Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 13N, 58.5W at 12Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Between the 15th and the 22nd, a partially-developed wave moved westward through the Caribbean from the Windward Islands, near Santa Lucia, to British Honduras" (MWR). "Place where first reported: Windward Islands near Santa Lucia. Max wind velocity reported: Beaufort force 6. Lowest barometer reported: 1002.4mb in Swan Island. Place of dissipation: Central British Honduras. Intensity: Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: No gales reported" (MWR). September 16: HWM indicates a spot low near 15N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 14.8N, 63.7W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb near 14.2N, 64.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt NE and 1008mb at St Lucia at 0Z (USWB). September 17: HWM indicates a spot low near 15N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 16.1N, 70.3W at 12Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 17.5N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 17.2N, 75.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A moderate barometric depression passed to the far south about the 18th and 19th, causing heavy seas and rainsqualls with a 30 miles per hour easterly wind at Morant Point on the 18th and in the forenoon and afternoon of the 19th. The barometric pressure at Kingston at 7 am on the 19th read 29.804 inches or nearly one-tenth of an inch below normal. No serious damages were reported" (JAMAICA). September 19: HWM indicates a spot low near 17.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 17.5N, 78.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft report: 35kt SE at 18N, 80W at 2322Z (USWB). "6 22 p - Surface wind 39 mph...Sct CB" (USWB). September 20: HWM indicates a spot low near 17N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 17.6N, 81.6W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb near 16.8N, 82.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt E with a pressure of 1002mb at Swan Island at 2030Z (MWR/USWB); 15kt E with a pressure of 1005mb at Swan Island at 18Z (USWB). "At Swan Island, on the 20th, pressure fell to 1002.4mb but no wind higher than Beaufort force 6 was reported in any observation" (MWR). September 21: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 17.5N, 85W at 12Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 16N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 20kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at 0Z (USWB); 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Belize City at 18Z (USWB). September 22: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 17.3N, 88W at 12Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 16.2N, 88.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Belize City at 0Z (USWB); 1005mb at Tela, Honduras at 0Z (USWB). September 23: Micro shows a low pressure near 17.5N, 90W at 12Z. Station highlights: 10kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at Belize City at 0Z (USWB); No changes to the timing of genesis for this tropical storm. Minor track changes were introduced for each day of its existence, with the largest adjustments made late on the 15th and early on the 20th. The track is consistently around a degree south of the original one, based upon observations from the Lesser Antilles (on the 15th and 16th), Jamaica (on the 18th), Swan Island (on the 20th), and Belize (British Honduras) (on the 22nd). No definitive evidence confirmed that it was a tropical storm while going across the Lesser Antilles. However, the pressure dropped by 4 mb at St. Lucia in twelve hours (from 1012 to 1008 mb at 00Z on the 16th), which is suggestive that it was a tropical storm at that time. An intensity of 35 kt at that time is retained. It is of note that an aircraft provided estimated surface winds of about 35 kt SE north of the revised center late on the 19th. 1002 mb and 15 kt E wind was observed at Swan Island at 2030Z on the 20th. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained in HURDAT for the 19th, 20th, and 21st. (No changes were made to the intensity at any time in the cyclone's lifetime.) 45 kt intensity is also the peak for the lifetime of the cyclone. As the system approached Central America on the 22nd, pressures both at Belize City, British Honduras and Tela, Honduras actually went up slightly. This would suggest that the cyclone was weakening before landfall and HURDAT showed the intensity dropping to 35 kt before landfall. This too is unchanged. The system made landfall around 15Z in southern British Honduras as a 35 kt tropical storm. Observations indicate that the system continued as a closed low for an additional 18 hours through 12Z on the 23rd, before dissipating over Guatemala. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 6 (previously Storm 5)- Revised in 2013 32690 09/18/1942 M= 8 5 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32690 09/18/1942 M= 8 6 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 32695 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*301 658 35 0*306 660 35 0* 32695 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*350 650 35 0*344 652 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 32700 09/19*310 661 35 0*314 662 40 0*318 663 40 0*321 664 45 0* 32700 09/19*337 660 35 0*330 672 40 0*325 680 40 0*327 685 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32705 09/20*323 664 45 0*326 665 45 0*330 666 45 0*335 667 45 0* 32705 09/20*332 689 45 0*339 692 45 0*345 695 45 0*349 695 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32710 09/21*340 668 45 0*345 669 45 0*350 670 40 0*359 670 40 0* 32710 09/21*352 692 45 0*356 689 45 0*360 685 40 0*367 681 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32715 09/22*370 670 40 0*378 669 40 0E387 665 35 0E400 652 35 0* 32715 09/22E377 677 40 0E389 671 40 0E400 665 35 0E408 655 35 0* **** *** **** *** *** *** *** 32720 09/23E413 635 35 0E423 615 35 0E430 599 35 0E435 590 35 0* 32720 09/23E414 642 35 0E420 628 35 0E425 615 35 0E430 606 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32725 09/24E439 582 35 0E443 573 35 0E448 563 35 0E457 549 35 0* 32725 09/24E437 597 35 0E445 588 35 0E455 580 35 0E470 569 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32730 09/25*472 528 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32730 09/25E490 550 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** 32735 TS Major changes to the track but no changes at all to the intensity of this tropical storm over the Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. Storm 6 September 17: HWM indicates that a cold front was located between the US East Coast and Bermuda, and a warm front along longitude 68W. HURDAT does not list this system. Ship highlights: 20kt W and 1011mb at 36.5N, 71.5W at 13Z (COADS). September 18: HWM indicates a spot low near 30N, 68W. Also shows a cold front north of the low stretching from the US East Coast to northeast of Bermuda and a warm front stretching from the northeast of Bermuda to the central Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30.1N, 65.8W at 12Z (first position). The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 30N, 66W (am). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014mb near 35N, 64W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 32N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 31.8N, 66.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 67W (am). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb near 34N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt NNW with a pressure of 1004mb at 31.5N, 72.5W at 17Z (COA); 20kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at 31N, 71.1W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at 31.5N, 71.5W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt SW and 1008mb at Bermuda at 18Z (MICRO). "Don't know what this is or where it came from. Apparently has backed slowly Southwest. Bermuda shows pretty dry on Rasonde (rawinsonde?). Told Washington they could issue advisory if they thought necessary. G.N. [Grady Norton]" September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 34.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 33N, 66.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 34N, 67W (am). Microfilm shows a spot low pressure of near 33N, 69W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt NNE with a pressure of 1001mb at 33.5N, 72.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 36N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 35N, 67W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 36N, 67W (am) and at 37N, 67W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb near 36N, 68.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 40.5N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 38.7N, 66.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38.5N, 66W (am) and at 41N, 64W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005mb near 41N, 66W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 42N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 43N, 59.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 43N, 60W (am) and at 44N, 58W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005mb near 41.5N, 62W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25kt NW with a pressure of 998mb at 41.5N, 61.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt E with a pressure of 1005mb at Sable Island, Canada at 12Z (USWB). September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 46.5N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 44.8N, 56.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 45N, 55W (am) and at 47N, 52W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014mb near 44.5N, 55.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Sydney (46.1N, 60.4W) at 12Z (HWM). September 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 58N, 48W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 47.2N, 52.8W at 0Z (last position). Microfilm shows a spot low near 46N, 55.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Limited ship and station observations are somewhat suggestive that genesis occurred on the 17th, about a day earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. However, without more definitive evidence genesis time is retained at 12Z on the 18th. Major track changes are introduced for nearly every day of the system's existence, except for the 22nd and 23rd. Despite the frontal boundaries being portrayed near the cyclone on the 18th [and 17th] observations suggest instead that no frontal features were in reality present. At 01Z on the 20th, a ship reported 1001 mb pressure with 20 kt NNE wind. This peripheral pressure supports at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure- wind relationship. 45 kt is retained at 00Z on the 20th. Other than this observation, few measurements were available near the center of the cyclone and no changes were made to the intensity of the system at any time. The peak intensity of this tropical storm is 45 kt from 18Z on the 19th through 06Z on the 21st, which also is not altered. The original HURDAT had the cyclone becoming extratropical at 12Z on the 22nd. While the data are sparse, this appears to be somewhat late and extratropical transition is now listed as occurring at 00Z on the 22nd, 12 hours earlier. No changes are made to the dissipation timing of the cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 7 (previously Storm 6)- Revised in 2013 32740 09/27/1942 M= 4 6 SNBR= 717 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32740 09/27/1942 M= 4 7 SNBR= 717 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 32745 09/27* 0 0 0 0*282 608 35 0*290 627 35 0*285 649 35 0* 32745 09/27* 0 0 0 0*298 635 35 0*300 640 35 0*302 645 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32750 09/28*287 665 35 0*297 677 40 0*306 682 40 0*314 682 45 0* 32750 09/28*304 650 35 0*307 655 40 0*310 660 40 0*315 663 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32755 09/29*322 680 45 0*330 676 45 0*339 671 40 0*348 664 40 0* 32755 09/29*322 666 45 0*330 669 45 0E339 669 40 0E348 664 40 0* *** *** * *** * 32760 09/30*355 655 35 0*364 641 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32760 09/30E356 655 35 0E364 641 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** * 32765 TS Major changes to the track but no changes at all to the intensity of this tropical storm over the Atlantic. A major alteration is to indicate an extratropical cyclone stage for the last day of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. Storm 7 (Old Storm 6) September 26: HWM indicates a weak low at 27N, 62W with no data or observations nearby. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 30N, 64W and a weakening, stationary cold front to the north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 29N, 62.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows no features of interest. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 30.5N, 66W and a strong cold front stretching off the US East coast. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 30.6N, 68.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005mb near 32N, 67.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1012mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 12Z (HWM). September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 34N, 66.5W and a stationary cold front just to the west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 33.9N, 67.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a spot low near 30.5N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a pressure of 1023mb at 33.5N, 73.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM indicates a stationary front two degrees west of Bermuda. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 36.4N, 64.1W at 06Z (last position). Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1024mb at 35.2N, 73.1W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM indicates a baroclinic low near 47N, 43W. No change is made to the timing of genesis for this tropical storm. Large position changes were made on the 27th and 28th, based upon ship and Bermuda observations, with smaller alterations on the 29th and 30th. A warm frontal feature indicated on the 27th very near the cyclone's center does not appear to actually occur. 35 kt ESE winds with 1012 mb pressure at Bermuda at 12Z on the 28th confirm that the system was a tropical storm. The intensity is kept at 40 kt at that time. (It should be noted that ship #22002, which reported 1005 mb on the 28th and 29th was about 5 mb too low after comparison with the Bermuda observations.) Like most systems in 1942, very few observations were available near the center of the cyclone throughout its lifetime. No changes were made to the intensity at any point. Thus the 45 kt peak intensity from 18Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th is not adjusted either. On the 29th a strong cold front approached the cyclone from the west and it is estimated that the front reached the center of the cyclone around 12Z on the 29th. An extratropical stage is then added beginning at 12Z on the 29th, which was not indicated previously. No change is made to the dissipation of the system after 06Z on the 30th. It is noted that there was a baroclinic low near 47N 43W at 12Z on the 1st of October, but the observations are too sparse to know if the ex- tropical cyclone and this baroclinic low were the same system. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 8 (previously Storm 7)- Revised in 2013 32770 10/01/1942 M= 5 7 SNBR= 718 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32770 09/30/1942 M= 6 8 SNBR= 718 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * * (September 30th is new to HURDAT) 32773 09/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 710 30 0*245 708 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 32775 10/01* 0 0 0 0*231 719 35 0*250 700 35 0*255 694 35 0* 32775 10/01*250 706 35 0*255 704 40 0*260 700 45 0*266 691 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 32780 10/02*265 684 40 0*278 670 40 0*291 656 40 0*304 642 45 0* 32780 10/02*272 680 45 0*281 668 50 0*291 656 55 0*302 644 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 32785 10/03*317 629 45 0*327 619 50 0*338 610 50 0*352 599 50 0* 32785 10/03*313 633 60 0*325 622 60 0*338 610 60 0*356 594 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 32790 10/04*367 587 50 0*382 577 45 0E397 566 40 0E417 550 40 0* 32790 10/04*376 576 50 0*397 556 45 0E420 540 40 0E441 530 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 32795 10/05E440 530 35 0E463 509 35 0E487 488 35 0E510 467 35 0* 32795 10/05E452 522 50 0E473 516 55 0E490 510 60 0E511 505 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32800 TS Major changes to the track and minor intensity alterations (during the tropical cyclone stage) of this tropical storm over the Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. Storm 8 (Old Storm 7) September 29: HWM indicates an open low near 26N 72W with a cold frontal boundary extending from west of Bermuda to south Florida to the north and west of the open low. Additionally, a tropical cyclone is indicated just northwest of Bermuda (storm #7) along the frontal boundary. No low pressures or gale force winds. September 30: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 24N, 71W and a weakening cold front to the northeast and southwest of the circulation. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure with a pressure of at most 1011mb near 27N, 70W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 26N, 70W and a weakening cold front to the southwest of the circulation. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 25N, 70W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26N, 70W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SE with a pressure of 991mb [996mb] at 25.5N, 69.5W at 17Z (COA); 25kt SSE with a pressure of 995mb [1000mb] at 26N, 69.2W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On October 1 a circulation developed northeast of the Bahama Islands, and moved northeastward as a storm of wide extent and considerable intensity" (MWR). October 2: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 30N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29.1N, 65.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 63W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1002mb near 29N, 65.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 18Z (USWB). October 3: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 36N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 33.8N, 61W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 33N, 61W (am) and at 35N, 58.5W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure with a pressure of at most 1002mb near 34N, 61W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt NE with a pressure of 995mb [1000mb] at 32.5N, 65.5W at 00Z (COA); 35kt NNW with a pressure of 999mb [1004mb] at 32.5N, 65.5W at 12Z (COA); and 50kt S at 33.5N, 57.3W at 22Z (USWB). Station highlights: 40kt NE with a pressure of 1000mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 0Z (USWB); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 06Z (USWB); 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1006mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 12Z (HWM); and 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1008mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 18Z (USWB). "It passed east of Bermuda during the night of October 2-3, attended by a large gale area, but with no available reports showing winds of hurricane force" (MWR). October 4: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of 985mb near 42.5N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt winds at 39.7N, 56.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 54W (am) and at 42N, 51W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure with a pressure of at most 996mb near 39N, 55W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1012mb at 38N, 50W at 03Z (USWB); 40kt SSE with a pressure of 1010mb at 38N, 50W at 06Z (USWB); 40kt NE with a pressure of 999mb at 44N, 55W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt ESE with a pressure of 992mb at 44.5N, 53.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Sable Island, Canada (USWB). October 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 960mb near 51N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 48.7N, 48.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 47N, 49W (am). Ship highlights: 50kt W with a pressure of 993mb at 46.5N, 51W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt SSE with a pressure of 972mb at 44.5N, 54.5W at 00Z (COA); 45kt NW with a pressure of 977mb at 48.5N, 52.5W at 11Z (COA). Station highlights: 40kt W and 990mb at St. Johns at 12Z (HWM). October 6: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 980mb near 61.5N, 30W. Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with a pressure of 967mb at 61.5N, 25.5W at 22Z (COA); 45kt NNE with a pressure of 1007mb at 64.5N, 22.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. * Information in brackets [] is a corrected pressure adjusted for a 5mb low bias in the original observation. A low pressure was indicated in HWM to be in place on the 29th of September, the data is too ambiguous to conclusively close the system off. Genesis for this tropical storm is now indicated to be 18 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT based upon ship and land observations on the 30th of September. While it is the case that a significant temperature gradient existed over Florida on this date, this temperature gradient and associated cold air advection did not extend to the vicinity of the cyclone. The Bahamian observations and the couple of available ships show that the temperatures across the system were isothermal in the low 80s on the 30th. Thus it is likely that the front did not reach the location of the cyclone and that the cold air advection remained substantially farther west. It is also of note that the Bahamian pressures showed a 3-4 mb drop between the 29th and 30th, consistent with genesis occurring on the 30th. (It is noted here that the front in question the one that absorbed storm #7 on the same day.) Major track changes were introduced on the 1st while the system was a tropical storm and on the 4th and 5th while the cyclone was undergoing extratropical transition. Ship #59049 reported 991 mb pressure and 20 kt SE winds at 17Z on the 1st. Comparison of this ship with subsequent other ship/land measurements suggest that its barometer was about 5 mb too low. (The bias for this ship was determined at 12Z on the 2nd with two very closely located ships and Turks and Caicos station.) A 996 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 54 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 50 kt from north of 25N. Given the slow movement of the cyclone and the rather low environmental pressures, a 45 kt intensity is estimated at 18Z, which is up 10 kt from HURDAT originally. At 00Z on the 3rd, ship #22002 reported 50 kt NE winds and a pressure of 995 mb. As was seen from storm #7, this ship also had a bias of about 5 mb too low. (The bias for this ship was determined by the average of multiple close observations from Bermuda at 00 and 12Z on the 2nd and 00Z and 12Z on the 3rd.) At the same time, Bermuda reported 40 kt NE winds with 1000 mb pressure. The intensity is estimated at this time to be 60 kt, as the 50 kt NE wind report was on the weak side of the cyclone as the system was moving northeastward at about 15 kt. This is a boost of 15 kt from HURDAT originally and 60 kt is now the peak intensity for this cyclone. Due to the lack of observations, it cannot be ruled out that this system became a hurricane. The system underwent extratropical transition around 12Z on the 4th, which is unchanged from that originally shown. On the 5th, ship and Canadian observations indicated that the cyclone deepened as an extratropical low. The intensity is boosted to 60 kt on the 5th, a major upward shift from 35 kt originally shown. The HWM and COADS observations indicate that this vigorous extratropical low continued northeastward across the North Atlantic. The low apparently merged with another baroclinic cyclone on the 6th and the last position is now given at 18Z on the 5th. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 9 (previously Storm 8) - Revised in 2013 32805 10/10/1942 M= 3 8 SNBR= 719 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 32805 10/10/1942 M= 4 9 SNBR= 719 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * * * 32810 10/10* 0 0 0 0*292 705 35 0*300 720 35 0*304 727 35 0* 32810 10/10* 0 0 0 0*296 713 35 0*300 720 35 0*304 727 35 0* *** *** 32815 10/11*310 735 35 0*315 742 35 0*323 750 35 0*333 754 35 0* 32815 10/11*310 733 35 0*318 739 40 0E330 745 40 0E339 750 45 0* *** *** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** 32820 10/12*343 757 25 0*350 759 25 0E358 762 25 0E365 770 25 0* 32820 10/12E346 754 45 1000E351 757 40 0E355 759 40 0E356 763 35 0* **** *** ** ******** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (September 13th in new to HURDAT) 32820 10/13E354 768 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** ** 32825 TS Minor track and intensity (during the tropical cyclone stage) alterations were introduced for this tropical storm that made landfall as an extratropical cyclone in North Carolina. Another major change is to indicate extratropical transition 24 hours earlier than previously shown in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Monthly Meteorological Summary, and the Climatological Data for North Carolina. Storm 9 (Old Storm 8) October 9: HWM indicates a low near 24N, 78W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 27.5N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30N, 72W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 30N, 70W (am) and at 31.5N, 71W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1011mb near 28N, 71.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This storm also formed northeast of the Bahamas, but moved north-northwestward to a position off the North Carolina Capes where its northward progress was blocked" (MWR). October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 33N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 32.3N, 75W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 33N, 72W (am) with a pressure of 1006.4mb and at 34N, 74W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1002mb near 34N, 73.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 31N, 73.2W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 31.5N, 73.5W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt NNE with a pressure of 1003mb at Cape Hatteras at 18Z (USWB). October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 36N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 25kt winds at 35.8N, 76.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1006.4mb and at 36N, 77W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 35.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 40kt NE at Cape Henry (36.9N, 76W) no time given (MWR); 20kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at Cape Hatteras at 00Z (USWB); 1001mb, no time given - likely between 00Z and 06Z (MMS) at Cape Hatteras, 15kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Cape Hatteras at 06Z (USWB), 15 kt S with 1006 mb at Cape Hatteras at 12Z (USWB); 35kt NE at Cape Henry at 12Z (HWM); 36kt NE at Atlantic City (39.4N, 74.4W) no time given (MWR). "It then curved inland over the northeastern North Carolina coast and gradually dissipated on the 12th. Heavy rainfall was recorded over northeastern North Carolina and to the northward, but no damaging winds were reported" (MWR). October 13: HWM shows no feature of interest; a large, strong high dominates with NE winds over SE United States. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 36N, 77W (am) (last position). Microfilm shows a low pressure near 35.5N, 76.5W at 0Z. Ship highlights: No gales low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Maximum wind velocity reported: Gale winds near center. Intensity: Probably not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: No damaging winds reported, heavy rainfall over northeastern North Carolina" (MWR). No changes to the genesis timing at 06Z on the 10th of October. The initial position is adjusted slightly northwestward for a more realistic motion. Minor position alterations were introduced for all days in the short lifetime of the system. As the cyclone approached the United States it moved into a significant baroclinic environment on the 11th. This along with an elongated NE-SW stretching of the vortex indicates that the system became extratropical around 12Z on the 11th. This is 24 hours earlier than previously indicated in HURDAT. Peak observations were the following: Cape Henry with 40 kt (5 min) early on the 12th (Z time), Atlantic City with 35 kt on the 12Z, and Cape Hatteras with a minimum pressure of 1001 mb. The time series at Cape Hatteras suggest that the pressure there reached a minimum before the center passed through around 08Z. This was likely due to the system filling rather quickly on the 12th. A central pressure is thus estimated to be 1000 mb around 00Z on the 12th. The wind measurements collectively indicate that the system retained gale force intensity on the 11th and the 12th, with peak intensity analyzed to be 45 kt at 18Z on the 11th and 00Z on the 12th. The boost of intensity at 00Z on the 12th was a major increase (20 kt higher than the 25 kt originally shown). Peak intensity as a tropical cyclone was 40 kt at 06Z on the 11th just before extratropical transition (up 5 kt from HURDAT), but it was slightly stronger as an extratropical cyclone with 45 kt. After landfall around 08Z on the 12th, the cyclone slowed and turned toward the west-southwest before dissipating after 00Z on the 13th. This extended the lifecycle of this system an additional six hours beyond that shown in HURDAT originally. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 10 (previously Storm 9) - Revised in 2013 32830 10/13/1942 M= 6 9 SNBR= 720 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32830 10/13/1942 M= 6 10 SNBR= 720 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 32835 10/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 761 40 0* 32835 10/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 769 30 0*202 764 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 32840 10/14*217 763 35 0*230 763 40 0*242 763 45 0*249 763 45 0* 32840 10/14*212 761 30 0*225 760 35 0*237 760 35 0*246 760 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32845 10/15*253 762 45 0*259 762 45 0*264 761 45 0*272 757 45 0* 32845 10/15*250 760 35 0*254 761 35 0*260 761 35 0*267 759 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32850 10/16*282 752 45 0*289 747 45 0*297 741 45 0*308 734 45 0* 32850 10/16*274 754 40 0*282 748 40 0*290 741 45 0*300 734 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 32855 10/17*319 726 45 0*329 721 45 0*339 718 45 0*356 709 40 0* 32855 10/17*310 726 45 0*320 721 45 0*330 718 45 0*340 709 40 0* *** *** *** *** 32860 10/18*374 696 40 0*388 687 35 0*401 677 35 0E425 638 35 0* 32860 10/18*350 696 40 0*360 683 35 0*370 670 35 0E380 660 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32865 TS Major changes to the track and but minor alterations to the intensity of this October tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and Perez et al. (2000). Storm 10 (Old Storm 9) October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 74W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 16N, 75W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 79W. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 16N, 79.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 19.3N, 76.1W at 18Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 24N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt SSW and 1006mb at Santiago de Cuba at 18Z (USWB). "Forming in the northern Caribbean this disturbance moved over eastern Cuba on the 13th and, after crossing the Bahamas, curved northeastward over the Atlantic passing some distance west of Bermuda on the 17th" (MWR). "October 13, Tropical Storm for Cuba" (Perez et al. (2000)). October 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 23N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 24.2N, 76.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 24N, 76W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 26N, 76W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1008mb near 24N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt WSW and 1008mb at Mayari at 0Z (USWB). October 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 26.4N, 76.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 76W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28.5N, 75W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at Eleuthera Island at 12Z. October 16: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of 1000mb near 31N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 29.7N, 74.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 34N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 1011.5mb and at 36N, 70.5W (pm). Microfilm shows a low pressure near 28N, 74W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 17: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 33.5N, 71.5W with a warm front northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 33.9N, 71.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1013.2mb and at 39N, 69W (pm). Microfilm shows a low pressure near 32.5N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 18: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 985mb near 39N, 66.5W with an approaching cold front to the west and a warm front to the northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 40.1N, 67.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 40.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1003.1mb and at 42N, 63W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 999mb near 40.5N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt S with a pressure of 1001mb at 39.5N, 62.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 20kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at Martha's Vineyard (41.4N, 70.6W) at 12Z (HWM); 33kt N at Block Island (no time given) (MWR); 28kt NE (no time given) at Boston (MWR); 29kt NE (no time given) at Nantucket, and 20kt NE with a pressure of 1001mb at Yarmouth, Canada at 18Z (USWB). "On the 18th it was absorbed into a stronger disturbance southeast of New England. This storm increased only slightly in intensity after leaving the Bahama region and, so far as is known, did not attain hurricane intensity" (MWR). October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975mb near 46N, 60W with a warm front to the east and cold fronts to the south and west. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 44N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 989.7mb and at 47N, 55W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb near 43N, 63W at 0Z [last available]. Ship highlights: 40kt W with a pressure of 992mb at 39.5N, 63.5W at 00Z (COA); 15kt ENE with a pressure of 975mb at 46.5N, 60.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt NE with a pressure of 993mb at Halifax, Canada at 0Z (USWB); 35kt W with a pressure of 990mb at Sable Island at 12Z (HWM). October 20: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 980mb near 49N, 54W with a warm front to the north and cold front to the south. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 50.5N, 53W (am). "Maximum wind velocity reported: No winds over strong (25-38mph). Intensity: Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: No reports of damaging winds" (MWR). October 21: HWM shows a complex low with one low center at 54N, 42W, but there are no observations showing a closed low. It was considered to show genesis at 12Z on the 12th of October, 30 hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT originally. The observations on the 12th - primarily from land stations in the Caribbean - are somewhat suggestive that a closed low had formed by that date. Genesis is now shown at 12Z on the 13th, six hours earlier than that shown in HURDAT. The key piece of evidence is the 1006 mb and 10 kt SSW in Santiago de Cuba at 18Z on the 13th, which indicates that the system was just making landfall a couple of hours before this time. Rather than showing the first point over Cuba, a position between Cuba and Jamaica is indicated at 12Z. It is noted that the system still was somewhat elongated at 12Z on the 13th. But given the evidence for a tropical cyclone (over Cuba) is strong at 18Z, genesis at 12Z on the 13th appears to be the best solution given the uncertainties. Another possibility is that the system became a tropical cyclone on the 14th over the Bahamas, instead of just south of Cuba on the 13th. The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression. Around 16Z on the 13th, the cyclone made landfall in southeastern Cuba. HURDAT originally had it making landfall as a 40 kt tropical storm. Evidence to retain it as a tropical storm include the 4 mb pressure drop in six hours at Santiago de Cuba (1010 to 1006 mb between 12 and 18Z on the 13th) as well the 25 kt W winds and 1008 mb pressure at Mayari at 00Z on the 14th. However, the slow movement of the cyclone and the low environmental pressure suggest a weaker intensity. The system is analyzed to have been a 30 kt tropical depression at landfall, which is a slight downgrade from that shown in HURDAT originally. Position changes were introduced on every day of its existence and were all minor for the tropical cyclone portion, but were major for the last existing position in HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th when the system was extratropical. Numerous observations in the Caribbean on the 14th and 15th indicate that the cyclone was at most a minimal tropical storm. Tropical storm intensity is estimated to have been achieved around 06Z on the 14th, 12 hours later than that originally shown in HURDAT. The intensity is brought down some from 45 to 35 kt on the 14th and 15th. On the 16th and 17th, virtually no observations were available (in both real-time and in the reanalysis) to determine the track and intensity. Intensity is thus kept at 45 kt on those dates, which is the peak intensity for the lifetime of the system as a tropical storm. The microfilm maps clearly show a baroclinic low moving northeastward over the Carolinas on 16-17 October. The data does not allow subsequent tracking until the 0600 UTC 18 October map, where the real-time analyses available in the microfilm suggested two lows were present - one just northwest of Bermuda and the other just south of New England. Indeed, the Monthly Weather Review summary suggested that the latter cyclone was a new development that absorbed the pre-existing tropical storm. However, the original HURDAT instead indicated that the vortex near New England was a continuation of the existing tropical storm. The reanalysis concurs with MWR, although there remains significant uncertainty in the exact evolution of the system. Absorption of the system after 18Z on the 18th is indicated (same as in HURDAT and MWR), but with positions on the 18th close to that suggested by the MWR. Major track changes are then introduced on all times on the 18th and extratropical transition is retained at 18Z. ******************************************************************************** 1942 - Storm 11 (previously Storm 10) - Revised in 2013 32870 11/05/1942 M= 7 10 SNBR= 721 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 32870 11/05/1942 M= 7 11 SNBR= 721 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L ** 32875 11/05*179 651 35 0*199 682 40 0*211 700 40 0*221 718 45 0* 32875 11/05*218 720 35 0*222 722 40 0*225 725 40 0*228 733 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32880 11/06*227 735 50 0*230 747 60 0*229 758 65 997*225 773 70 994* 32880 11/06*230 745 50 0*230 757 60 0*227 768 65 0*223 778 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** * *** *** * 32885 11/07*220 787 60 0*214 799 60 0*207 810 60 0*199 820 60 0* 32885 11/07*218 791 60 0*211 804 60 0*203 817 65 0*196 829 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32890 11/08*191 830 65 0*185 841 70 0*181 853 80 0*179 866 85 0* 32890 11/08*190 840 75 0*184 850 80 0*179 860 85 0*178 870 95 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32895 11/09*178 878 85 992*179 887 65 0*182 895 55 0*187 902 50 0* 32895 11/09*178 881 95 0*179 889 65 0*182 897 50 0*186 902 40 0* *** ** * *** *** ** *** ** 32900 11/10*192 908 45 999*197 913 40 0*202 918 40 0*214 919 40 0* 32900 11/10*190 907 40 0*195 911 40 0*200 915 40 0*205 917 40 0* *** *** ** * *** *** *** *** *** *** 32905 11/11*219 918 40 0*215 910 35 0*206 900 35 0*200 888 25 0* 32905 11/11*208 918 40 0*206 915 40 0*200 910 40 0*193 898 30 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32910 HR Major changes are introduced to the track, but only minor change to the intensity for this late season hurricane that struck both Cuba and Belize. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Mexican synoptic maps, and Perez et al. (2000). Storm 11 (Old Storm 10) November 4: HWM indicates two separate areas of low pressure, one located near 15N, 67.W and the other at 20.5N, 71W. No gales or low pressures. "A disturbance developed over the extreme southeast Bahamas in a katallabaric wave that had moved up from the West Indies during November 3 and 4"(MWR). November 5: HWM indicates a low near 21N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 21.1N, 70W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with a pressure of 999mb [1003mb] at 25.5N, 73.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 6: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 20.5N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 22.9N, 75.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 22N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and at 21.5N, 78W (pm). Ship highlights: 10kt SE with a pressure of 1002mb at 26.5N, 75.5W at 01Z (COA); 35kt NW at 23.5N, 79.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 40kt NE and 997 mb (no time given) at Georgetown, Bahamas (MWR); 61kt NE with a pressure of 994mb at Cay Paredon Grande (22.5N, 78.2W) at 19Z (MWR); 40kt SSW with a pressure of 1000mb at Camaguey (21.4N, 77.9W) no time given (MWR). "The lowest pressure observed during its passage over the southern Bahamas was 997mb, accompanied by a northeast wind force 9, at Georgetown, Exuma Island ... Blocked from entering the Gulf of Mexico by a ridge aloft, the disturbance turned southwestward and, increasing to hurricane or near hurricane force, crossed the north coast of Cuba a short distance southeast of Cay Paredon Grande where, in the 2pm observation of the 6th, a wind of 70 miles per hour from the northeast, and pressure 994mb, was reported. Camaguey, in the interior of south-central Cuba, recorded a low pressure of 999.7mb with gusts of wind up to 46 miles per hour from the south-southwest" (MWR). "November 6-7, Cat 1 for Cuba" (Perez et al. (2000). November 7: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 19N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 20.7N, 81W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 21N, 81W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 19N, 83W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 23.5N, 79.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: 15kt SSW with a pressure of 1002mb at Grand Cayman (19.2N, 81.4) at 12Z (HWM). "The disturbance weakened somewhat as it crossed the mountainous region of Cuba, but still retained an active cyclonic circulation as it passed into the Caribbean" (MWR). November 8: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 18N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 18.1N, 85.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 18N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1007.1mb and at 17N, 87W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 18.2N, 89.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 47kt and 992mb at 01Z at Belize City, and 40kt E with a pressure of 999mb at Campeche (19.9N, 90.3W). All observations from the MWR. "Moving southwestward it regained hurricane intensity and, on approaching the Yucatan Peninsula, turned westward and struck inland over British Honduras between 6 and 8pm of the 8th ... The lowest pressure, throughout the history of the storm, was 991.5mb recorded at 6 and 7pm of the 8th in the observatory at Belize, with winds ranging up to 54miles per hour. North of Belize [City] severe damage was reported from a coastal area 100 miles long and 40 to 50 miles deep. The center passed inland near or over the small village of San Pedro which was 90 percent destroyed. From Caye Corker came a report that a tidal wave had cut the island into three distinct parts carrying away everything in its path...Damage throughout the affected area of British Honduras has been estimated at four million dollars. Of this total, one million is listed as destruction to private property, dwellings and public buildings, and the remaining three million as damage to coconut and other plantations and possible losses to the mahogany and chicle industries. Nine lives were lost in the northern district, but as many small fishing boats were dashed on shore or driven out to sea, the total loss of life is still unknown...The center emerged into the Bay of Campeche on the 9th, with lowest pressure at Campeche 998.9mb and a highest wind of force 9 from the east. There is no evidence that the disturbance regained hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR)." November 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 91.5W with a strong cold front over the northwest Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 20.2N, 91.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: A pressure of 1004 at Campeche at 12Z (HWM). November 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 91W with a vigorous cold front stretching across the southern Gulf of Mexico just a degree from the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 20.6N, 90W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 5kt SSE with a pressure of 1004 at Campeche at 12Z (HWM). "On the 10th its northwest movement was blocked by high pressure at the surface and aloft and, being forced back southeastward, it reentered Yucatan and dissipated on the 11th in the interior of the peninsula" (MWR). November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 92W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis is retained at 00Z on the 5th as originally shown in HURDAT. However, the system may have begun on the 4th, but the data are inconclusive. Major changes are made to the track on the 5th and minor alterations are introduced for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime. A ship at 17Z on the 5th measured 999 mb pressure and 30 kt NE winds. In comparison with other observations, it appears that this ship's barometer recorded about 4 mb too low. 1003 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 38 kt north of 25N. 45 kt is retained as the intensity at 18Z on the 5th. The small cyclone intensified to a hurricane on the 6th as it progressed through the Bahamas. Georgetown at Exuma Island in the Bahamas observed 997 mb pressure with NE 40 kt winds (likely were simultaneous measurements) early on the 6th. This peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 53 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 60 kt at 06Z on the 6th is retained. (This pressure value is removed from HURDAT as it was likely not a central pressure.) At 19Z on the same date, 994 mb pressure was measured with 61 kt NE at Cay Paredon Grande, Cuba as the cyclone was making landfall. This peripheral pressure suggests intensity of at least 58 kt. (Again this pressure value was not a central pressure and is removed from HURDAT.) The 70 kt originally in HURDAT is retained, making this a Category 1 hurricane for Cuba. This assessment agrees with that of Perez et al. in their atlas of Cuban hurricanes. The hurricane moved west- southwestward into the Caribbean Sea, about six hours after landfall in Cuba. The cyclone continued moving in that direction and made a second landfall in Belize around 00Z on the 9th. Belize City measured 992 mb pressure along with 47 kt winds at that time. This peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt. (For a third time, a peripheral pressure measurement is removed from HURDAT.) Given the severe impact of the hurricane within British Honduras (now Belize), the intensity is estimated to be a high end Category 2 (95 kt), though the system may have been significantly stronger. This is a minor change to the 85 kt originally shown in HURDAT. It is worth noting that in the region where the cyclone formed, a portion of the track that it took, and the time of the year is similar to Hurricane Kate in 1985. ******************************************************************************** 1942 Additional Notes: May 12-14: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb formed near 21N, 94W on May 12. There was no indication of the low on the 13th but the low reappeared as a broad area of low pressure on the 14th near 22N, 96W. There were no gales in the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review or COADS to support the formation of a Tropical Storm. DAY LAT LONG STATUS May 12 21N 94W Low? May 13 21N 95W Low? May 14 22N 96W Low? June 2-5: Historical Weather Maps first indicated a low forming near 24N, 85W on June 2nd. Starting on June 3rd, Historical Weather Maps indicated the storm with a Tropical Storm symbol located near 26N, 87W. The storm then moved northward about two degrees on the 4th and then began its move westward on the 5th until it became Extratropical over NE Texas on June 6th. It is of note that the lowest pressure observed was 1006 mb at Lake Charles, LA on the 5th and that peak 5 min winds for the month were measured at Apalachicola on the 4th (E at 26 kt) and at New Orleans on the 4th (E at 23 kt). This system remained a Depression throughout its duration; there were no gales found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, Climatological Data or COADS. DAY LAT LONG STATUS June 2 24N 85W Low June 3 26N 87W Tropical Depression June 4 28N 88.5W Tropical Depression June 5 29N 92W Extratropical September 11-13: The MWR mentions a disturbance near the Bahamas on 12 September. The HWM shows a trough/tropical wave on the 11th, 12th, and 13th. However, MWR, HWM, microfilm and COADS data indicate that there were no low pressures or gale force winds. DAY LAT LONG STATUS September 11 --- 77W Trough September 12 --- 78W Trough September 13 --- 75W Trough October 14-18: Historical Weather Maps indicated a low formed near 15N, 57.5W on October 14. On the 15th, the storm moved NW about 1.5 degrees and Historical Weather Maps displayed it with a Tropical Storm symbol. There was a 4mb pressure drop between the 15th and 16th and the data indicate a closed circulation with a central pressure near 1008 mb on the 16th. From the 16th to the 18th, Historical Weather Maps indicated the storm as a closed low again and it moved northward until it dissipated in the Atlantic on the 18th. There were no gales found in the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, or in COADS. DAY LAT LONG STATUS October 14 15N 57.5W Low October 15 16N 59W Tropical Depression October 16 18N 62W Tropical Depression October 17 20N 59W Tropical Depression October 18 26N 58W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 1 - Revised in 2013 31850 07/25/1943 M= 5 1 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 31850 07/25/1943 M= 6 1 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 31855 07/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 877 50 0* 31855 07/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 877 35 0* ** 31860 07/26*281 893 65 0*281 902 70 0*282 911 70 0*285 920 70 0* 31860 07/26*281 889 45 0*281 901 50 0*282 911 60 0*284 920 70 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** 31865 07/27*288 929 75 0*290 936 75 0*293 941 75 0*295 947 75 0* 31865 07/27*286 927 80 0*289 934 90 0*292 940 90 0*295 946 90 967* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 31870 07/28*298 952 55 0*300 957 50 0*304 962 40 0*306 967 40 0* 31870 07/28*297 951 75 975*299 956 50 0*302 960 40 0*305 964 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31875 07/29*310 970 35 0*315 973 25 0*320 974 25 0*325 974 15 0* 31875 07/29*309 968 35 0*314 971 30 0*320 974 30 0*325 977 25 0* *** *** *** *** ** ** *** ** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 31877 07/30*330 980 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31880 HRCTX2 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-7/27/1943 1800Z 29.5N 94.6W 90kt 2 15nm 967mb CTX2 Minor alterations to the track, but major adjustments made to the intensity of Storm 1 as shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, microfilm maps at NHC, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Record, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Fincher and Read (1997). July 23: HWM indicates no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. No gales or low pressures. July 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 28N, 89W. A dissipating stationary frontal boundary is indicated a couple hundred nm north of the low. The microfilm map shows a low of at most 1014 mb centered over southern Mississippi with an east-west extending front through the low. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 27.6N, 88.5W. A dissipating stationary frontal boundary is indicated a few hundred nm northwest of the low. The microfilm map shows no significant features in the area. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A partial circulation aloft had been noticed over the extreme southeastern portion of the United States and the eastern Gulf of Mexico as early as July 23, but no disturbed surface conditions were observed until the early afternoon of July 25, when wind shifts from southeast to northeast at Burrwood, New Orleans, and Biloxi indicated a disturbance south of Burrwood. Within a few hours heavy seas were reported on Mississippi Sound. The highest wind reported while the storm was moving westward south of the Delta was Beaufort force 7 (32-38 mph), recorded at Burrwood" (MWR). July 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 28N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 91.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 90.5W (am) and at 28N, 93W (pm). The microfilm map shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb near 29N 91W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The 26th was cloudy with middle and lower clouds moving from the northeast. During the late afternoon the low dark bank of clouds of the storm began appearing in the east" (OMR). "The sea presented some evidence of a storm swell on the 26th with a count of 8 swells per minute at noon which lowered to 6 1/2 per minute by 6pm. Although rough, the surf at Galveston never attained the mountainous size usually associated with tropical storms as the wind was mostly off shore" (OMR). July 27: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 29N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 29.3N, 94.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and 29.8N, 96W (pm). The microfilm map shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 29N 94W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 980mb (minimum pressure) at 1845Z and 58 kt NW (maximum 1 min wind) at ~18Z at Galveston City office (OMR); 73kt at Houston Airport (29.8N, 95.7W) no time given (MWR); 64kt WNW with 988mb (maximum 1 min wind and minimum pressure) at Galveston Airport office (29.3N, 94.8W) at 1845Z (OMR); 48kt W with a pressure of 982mb at Hitchcock (29.3N, 95W) at 21Z (MAR); 69kt WNW at Hitchcock no time given (MAR); 975 mb central pressure at Ellington Field (29.6N 95.2W), no time given (Ho). ."The hurricane that passed inland over the Bolivar Peninsula, on the upper Texas coast during the early afternoon of July 27, was the most severe storm experienced in the Galveston Bay area since the hurricane of August 16-18, 1915. It was a storm of rather small area but unfortunately passed over the most densely populated and highly developed portion of the Texas coast" (MWR). "Flights through the earlier storm were made from the Instructor's School at Bryan Field, TX. On the first flight Col. Joseph P. Duckworth was accompanied by Second Lt. Ralph M. O'Hair, navigator, and on the second trip by First Lt. William H. Jones-Burdick, a pilot weather officer. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a plane has been intentionally flown through the center of a hurricane. The flights were made at altitudes between 4,000 and 9,000 feet. The following bird's-eye view description of the "eye" of a hurricane is quoted from Colonel Duckworth's report: 'As we broke into the "eye" of the storm we were, of course, contact, and could see the sun and the ground. Apparently the "eye" was like a leaning cone as observation of the ground had showed a considerable ground wind.' At another point in his report, describing flight conditions, he said: 'On the whole, neither flight through the hurricane was as uncomfortable as a good, rough thunderstorm. Rain had been encountered in thunderstorms which was heavier than the rain in the hurricane, to say nothing of much more severe drafts and choppy and bumpy air' " (MWR). "[At 1746] now flying in "eye" of storm. Ground clearly visible, sun shining through upper clouds to the west. Circling to establish position. Surface wind South. (This point was first thought to be Red Bluff on Galveston Bay south of the town of LaPorte, but a check flight in clear weather three days later established the position of the clear space 8 miles northeast, west across the bay from Double Bayou)" (Jones). "Between the hour of 1400 and 1900 two experimental trips were made (without landing, of course) in an AT-6 airplane, around and through the center of the hurricane. The observer on the first trip was 2nd Lt. Ralph M. O'Hair, navigator, and on the second trip 1st Lt. Wm. H. Jones-Burdick, a pilot-weather officer. Both trips were made at differing altitudes between 4000ft and 9000ft" (Duckworth). "On the first trip the hurricane was centered north of Galveston and both the Galveston and Houston radio ranges were operating. These two ranges were checked over in turn and upon reaching Galveston a northward course was flown through the "eye" of the storm. On the second trip the "eye" was found to be slightly west-northwest of its former position and this trip was made to the east of Houston over Galveston to 30 miles east of Galveston range and back west-northwest through the "eye" of the storm. No difficulties were encountered on either trip" (Duckworth). "A broadcast was sent out locating the center over Galveston Bay about ten miles southwest of the little settlement of Double Bayou" (Duckworth). "Rain began at 12:15 am CST, on the 27th and was continuous until 4:45pm CST on the 28th with a total of 13.16 inches recorded" (OMR). "The lowlands along Bolivar Peninsula and around High Island were flooded to a depth of several feet, however, and several hundred head of cattle are reported lost in that region. The lowest barometer reading at the Galveston City Office was 28.95 inches at 12:45pm CST, on the 27th and at the same time the airport, five miles farther from the storm center to the southwest, recorded a low of 29.17 inches, and 15 minutes later the Pan American Refinery at Texas City, nearer the storm center recorded 29.09inches. These are all correct sea level readings. The maximum wind for 5 minutes at the Galveston City Office was 63 mph from the northwest at 10:35am CST but 63mph from the west was also recorded a short time later. The extreme velocity for one mile was 68, and peak gusts undoubtedly reached 80 to 90mph" (OMR). "Reports received later from outlying sections indicate that the calm of the storm center was experienced as it crossed the coast over Bolivar Peninsula from Rollover to within about 2 miles of Port Bolivar, a highway distance of about 16 miles. Since the storm crossed the coast at an angle the diameter of the storm center was probably about 12 miles. The center probably crossed the coast between noon and 1pm CST. After crossing Galveston Bay the calm was experienced from a short distance north of Seabrook to north of La Porte. At Shoreacres (Houston Yacht Club), south of La Porte, a lull was experienced from 3:55pm to 5:40pm CST with practically a complete calm for over one hour of that time" (OMR). "During the next 2 days the disturbance increased rapidly in intensity and moving west-northwestward to the Texas coast passed inland over the Galveston Bay region, between noon and 1:00pm (CST) July 27, as a small intense storm accompanied by full hurricane winds" (MWR). "The calm center of the storm was felt over almost the entire length of the Bolivar Peninsula and reports say its passage required about an hour. Since, at this point, the storm was moving 12- 14 mph the calm center or "eye" was about 12 to 14 miles across as it passed inland" (MWR). "Since the storm crossed the coast at an angle the diameter of the storm center was probably about 12 miles. The center probably crossed the coast between noon and 1pm CST" (OMR). "On July 27th, a tropical disturbance of hurricane intensity over a small area near the center moved inland on the Texas Coast, across Bolivar Peninsular and Trinity Bay. The storm passed over Houston shortly before midnight of the 27th and continued on toward Navasota, losing its intensity rapidly. The bulk of the property damage occurred in Galveston and Harris counties, although considerable damage occurred in some areas of Jefferson, Chambers, and Brazoria counties. The highest wind velocity reported from the several Weather Bureau Offices was 63 miles per hour from the northwest at Galveston, although gust velocities exceeding 100 miles per hour were reported form several bayshore and adjacent localities. The lowest barometric pressure (reduced to sea-level) was 28.95 inches at Galveston City Office. The loss of eighteen lives was attributed directly to the storm. Property loss in the entire area was conservatively estimated to be in excess of $15,000,000. Crops in areas where the full force of the storm was felt suffered considerable immediate damage from high winds and later damage from excessive rains accompanying the storm" (CD). "1943, Jul, TX, 2N 969 mb'' (Jarrell et al.). ''Jul 27 1943, Center crossed coast near Galveston, Estimated Lowest - 968 mb, Movement - WNW 9 mph" (Connor). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas, 1943, July 27, Galveston, Minimal, 19 killed, damage $16,500,000" ("Minimal" - Winds 64 to 87 kt, pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "July 27th - 80 kt max sustained 1 min equivalent at landfall, 1014 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.). "July 27th - 975 mb observed central pressure at Ellington Field, TX, 16 nm RMW, 8 kt forward speed, Landfall 29.5N 94.6W" (Ho et al.). July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 30.4N, 96.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 96.5W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 32N, 97W (pm). The microfilm map shows a closed low of at most 999 mb over eastern Texas. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 70kt NW with a pressure of 985mb at Houston at 0130Z (OMR); 48kt WNW at Hitchcock at 00Z (MAR); A pressure of 980mb at Houston at 0235Z (OMR). "Damage in Galveston storm warning district was confined mostly to Galveston and Chambers counties and the portion of Harris County in the vicinity of La Porte, Shoreacres and Seabrook. Very few buildings escaped some damage and many were unroofed or blown off foundations, and quite a number were totally destroyed. Many large trees were uprooted as a consequence of rain softening the soil, and others suffered loss of branches and defoliation. Shrubbery and other vegetation were badly whipped by wind" (OMR). A paper on "The 1943 'Surprise' Hurricane" by Fincher and Read was presented at the 1997 National Hurricane Conference. It reviews many of the details of the hurricane and its impacts in Texas, including the first aircraft flight into a hurricane. July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 32N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 25kt winds at 32N, 97.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 97.5W (am - last position) with a pressure of 1005mb. The microfilm map shows a low of at most 1002 mb over central Texas. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt WSW with a pressure of 1005mb at Waco (31.6N, 97.2W) at 12Z (HWM). "Wind damage [in Port Arthur] was light, only about $25,000. Water damage was at least $200,000 and probably considerably more. Hundreds of homes, 2,000 to 3,000 automobiles, and many industrials, and businesses were flooded when drainage facilities failed to discharge the water as fast as it drained into the lower sections of the city and surrounding area. One death resulted from the storm. A man attempting to save his chickens either fainted and was drowned or came in contact with a live wire in the waist deep water, probably the latter" (OMR). "Damage in connection with this hurricane has been estimated at $10,000,000 in the Galveston area, $6,250,000 in the Houston area, and $300,000 in the Port Arthur area, a total of $16,550,000. A large amount of the damage was caused by wind-driven rain. Nineteen persons lost their lives in the storm. The U.S. Engineer's dredge Galveston, dragging two anchors, struck the north jetty off the entrance to Galveston Bay and went down in 40 feet of water with the loss of 11 members of the crew. The tug Titan foundered at sea en route from Corpus Christi to Port Neches with the loss of 3 lives. Two deaths were reported in Houston, and 1 each in 3 cities of Galveston, La Porte, and Port Arthur" (MWR). July 30: HWM depicts a stationary front extending from Kansas eastward. No gales or low pressures. While there are some indications that a broad low pressure area was present by July 24th, a well-defined low did not develop until late on the 25th based upon the available observations. Thus genesis for this cyclone is unchanged at 18Z on the 25th. Minor position changes were made for all days of this system's existence. The cyclone is begun as a minimal 35 kt tropical storm instead of a 50kt tropical storm as previously noted on HURDAT. The intensity was also lowered significantly on the 26th, going from 65 to 45kt at 00 UTC and from 70 to 50kt at 06 UTC, based upon observations that the system had not yet reached hurricane intensity. Transition to a hurricane likely occurred around 18Z on the 26th, 18 hours later than originally indicated. The hurricane made landfall around 18Z on the 27th near 29.5N 94.6W on the Bolivar Peninsula, TX. Peak observed 1 min winds were 73 kt at the Houston Airport. Both Galveston (City Office) and Houston recorded 980 mb pressure minima, but both were peripheral pressure measurements. A 975 mb was reported for Ellington Field, which did experience the eye around 00Z on the 28th. Using the Ho et al. (1987) inland pressure decay model, this suggests 967 mb central pressure at landfall. This is very close to the value previously estimated by Connor (1956 - 968 mb) and Jarrell et al. (1992 - 969 mb). 967mb gives 88kts from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 92kt from the intensifying subset of north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The hurricane had at landfall a radius of outer closed isobar of a near average 250 nm (1013 mb outer closed isobar), but an RMW of about 15 nm. This is smaller (25 nm) than climatology for this landfall latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). However, the cyclone was also fairly slow moving (7 kt) at landfall. Hence, 90kt was chosen as the landfall intensity which makes the system a Category 2 hurricane at landfall rather than a 75kt hurricane as previously noted in HURDAT. (However, the landfall characterization - "CTX2" - of a Category 2 for the northern Texas coast remains unchanged.) Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay wind model (1995) suggests winds of 58 kt at 00Z on the 28th, 44 kt at 06Z, 35 kt at 12Z, and 31 kt at 18Z. Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic times were 70 kt at 00Z, 43 kt at 06Z, less than 35 kt at 12Z, and 35 kt at 18Z. Given the higher winds observed at 00Z and 18Z compared with the model, winds are selected to be slightly higher than the model for HURDAT: 75 kt at 00Z (originally 55 kt), 50 kt at 06Z (unchanged), 40 kt at 12Z (unchanged), and 40 kt at 18Z (unchanged). Minimal changes to track and intensity were made after landfall. Given how vigorous the circulation of the cyclone remained at 12Z on the 29th, it is unlikely that the system dissipated within 12 hours as shown in HURDAT originally. However, there is no indication of the system still being present at 12Z on the 30th. Thus the dissipation is now analyzed to have occurred after 00Z on the 30th, six hours later than originally indicated. This hurricane represents an historic milestone, as it was the first to ever be flown with the intent - and success - to fly into the eye of the storm. This prompted the routine aircraft reconnaissance in support of hurricane analysis and forecasting by the U.S. Weather Bureau. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 2 - Revised in 2013 31885 08/13/1943 M= 7 2 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED XING=0 31890 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*171 605 35 0*175 617 35 0* 31890 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*171 605 35 0*175 615 35 0* *** 31895 08/14*180 629 40 0*187 643 40 0*194 656 40 0*201 669 45 0* 31895 08/14*180 625 40 0*185 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*200 669 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31900 08/15*209 681 45 0*218 693 45 0*228 704 45 0*237 710 45 0* 31900 08/15*209 683 45 0*219 697 45 0*230 710 45 0*240 717 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31905 08/16*245 713 50 0*252 716 50 0*258 719 50 0*266 723 50 0* 31905 08/16*248 720 50 0*255 721 50 0*262 722 50 0*270 723 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31910 08/17*275 728 50 0*286 736 50 0*296 744 50 0*303 750 50 0* 31910 08/17*279 728 50 0*288 736 50 0*296 744 50 0*303 750 50 0* *** *** 31915 08/18*310 754 50 0*318 754 45 0*327 748 45 0*338 737 40 0* 31920 08/19*348 725 40 0*358 713 40 0*367 700 35 0*383 679 30 0* 31920 08/19*348 725 40 0*358 713 40 0E367 700 35 0E383 679 30 0* * * 31925 TS Minor track changes, but no intensity alterations are made to that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Additionally, it is now indicated that a short-lived extratropical cyclone stage occurred just before dissipation of the system, originally indicated to remain a tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, NHC microfilm maps, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 12: HWM and microfilm maps indicate no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles. No gales or low pressures. August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 61W. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1012 mb near 15N 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 17.1N, 60.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of moderate intensity was first detected on August 13, near 17N and 60W" (MWR). August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 65.5W. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 20.5N 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 19.4N, 65.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 15: HWM indicates a low near 22.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 22.8N, 70.4W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 23N 71W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 24N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 23Z at 24.0N 71.4W (micro). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 25.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 25.8N, 71.9W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27.5N 72.5W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 72.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28N, 73W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 26N 72.2W center fix with maximum estimated surface winds of 35 kt. "From Col. Harrison, USAAF (Recd by phone 7:15 pm) Tropical disturbance at 1825Z located 26N Long. 72 deg 10' West. Wind on northwest circumference at surface N-40 mph; at 8 thousand feet 325 deg - 37 mph. This is a personal airplane observation. (signed) Col Carlwark 9th Reg. Control Officer" (micro). August 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 28.7N, 75.5W. A dissipating warm front is analyzed between 35N-40N and 65W-73W, while a cold front extends from New England southwestward along the mid-Atlantic coast to the Carolinas. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 29.6N, 74.4W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates at closed low of at most 1005 mb near 30N 74W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 73W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 31N, 74W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt S with a pressure of 1007mb at 34.5N, 71.5W at 17Z (COA); 35 kt S with a pressure of 1007 mb at 35.5N 71.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SW at 29N 76W at 17Z (micro). "Moving northwestward until the 17th, it then turned north and northeastward, passing about 200 miles east of Cape Hatteras. From this point it decreased rapidly in intensity and lost its intensity near 41N and 61W. It did not develop winds of hurricane force" (MWR). "-From GSF- Left Banana River 1030 EWT [1430Z]. flew to 27 deg 50'N and 76 West arriving 1230 EWT [1630Z]. Sctd to broken cloud en route. Ceiling at 27 deg 50' and 76 1000 feet, winds SW 26 knots. Turned north along 76 West and encountered CB with rain and ceiling near 1100 feet. Encountered severe thunderstorms between 28 and 29 North at 1300 EWT [1700Z] with SWerly winds estimated at velocity 50 mph. Everything to eastward bad. Plane then returned to Banana River" (micro). August 18: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 32.5N, 75W with a warm front extending east-northeast of the low and a cold front extending west-southwest of the low. Micofilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N 74.5W with a frontal boundary northwest of the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 32.7N, 74.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 74.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 34N, 73W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt SSW at 36.5N, 67.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM indicates a close low of at most 1010mb near 37N, 65W with a stationary front extending east-northeast of the low and a cold front extending west-southwest of the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 36.7N, 70W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 36N 70W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35.5N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 36N, 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM indicates a stationary front and a warm front intersecting near 38N 65W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 36.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 36.5N, 65W (pm). (The last position shown in the MWR Tracks of Lows was 21st (a.m.) near 37N 62W with 1009 mb pressure). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. No alterations were made to the genesis or intensity of this tropical storm, due to lack of observations near the system's center for most of its lifetime. Small alterations of the position were made from late on the 13th to early on the 17th. Confirmation of its status as a tropical storm was obtained from one ship late on the 15th, as well as from the aircraft reconnaissance on the 16th and 17th. A substantial northeastward adjustment of the track was considered from late on the 17th through the 18th to take into account the high wind measurements on the 17th. However, it is likely that either these were due to the strong (for August) baroclinic system over the U.S. east coast or that the values were erroneous. Finally, a short-lived extratropical cyclone stage was added on the 19th as the system very likely would have reached and joined with a pre-existing frontal boundary. This tropical cyclone was the very first to be flow by aircraft reconnaissance and reported back to the hurricane forecasters at the Weather Bureau during real-time operations. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 3 - Revised in 2013 31930 08/19/1943 M= 9 3 SNBR= 705 NOT NAMED XING=0 31935 08/19* 0 0 0 0*135 555 50 0*141 562 55 0*146 566 60 0* 31935 08/19* 0 0 0 0*135 555 50 0*141 562 55 0*146 569 60 0* *** 31940 08/20*151 570 65 0*156 575 70 0*161 580 70 0*167 587 75 0* 31940 08/20*151 575 65 0*156 581 70 0*162 587 70 0*169 593 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31945 08/21*174 594 80 0*180 599 85 0*186 604 85 0*195 611 90 0* 31945 08/21*176 600 80 0*183 608 85 0*190 615 85 0*198 622 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31950 08/22*204 618 90 0*210 622 95 0*216 627 95 0*226 634 100 0* 31950 08/22*207 628 90 0*216 634 95 0*225 640 95 0*235 645 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31955 08/23*236 641 105 0*243 647 105 0*250 652 110 0*258 658 115 0* 31955 08/23*245 650 105 0*255 655 105 0*265 660 110 0*274 664 115 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31960 08/24*268 663 115 0*283 668 120 0*300 673 120 0*317 675 120 0* 31960 08/24*282 667 115 0*290 670 120 0*300 673 120 0*313 675 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31965 08/25*334 674 120 0*347 671 110 0*360 665 100 0*378 652 90 0* 31965 08/25*328 676 120 0*343 676 110 0*360 672 100 0*378 657 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31970 08/26*397 626 75 0*418 577 65 0E439 530 60 0E456 503 55 0* 31970 08/26E397 626 75 0E418 577 65 0E439 530 60 0E456 503 55 0* * * 31975 08/27E474 475 50 0E497 448 45 0E520 420 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 31980 HR Minor changes to the track, but no changes to the intensity of this Atlantic hurricane, as originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NHC microfilm data, the Climatological Data for West Indies and Caribbean Section, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 17: HWM indicates a low near 11.5N, 52W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 13N, 57W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 14N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 14.1N, 56.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb near 12.5N 59.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 14.1N 55.0W (time unknown - micro). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A tropical disturbance of moderate intensity was first observed on the 19th, some distance east of the Windward Islands, moving northwestward during the next two days without seriously affecting the eastern Caribbean Islands, except for squalls and heavy rains in the Windward and Leeward Islands. This storm developed into hurricane intensity and covered a large area" (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data). August 20: HWM indicates a low with at most 1010mb near 15.5N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 16.1N, 58W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 15N 59W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 16.7N 58.8W with 55 kt estimated maximum surface winds at 14Z (micro). "This large and intense hurricane was first observed on August 20 in the area east of the Lesser Antilles. Moving in a parabolic course, it passed some distance west of Bermuda, joined with a storm that had moved off Labrador at about 51N and 42W, intensified, and moved rapidly northeastward across the Atlantic and north of Scotland" (MWR). "Navy plane obs. 1000 EWT [1400Z] 16 deg 40' N 58 deg 50' W wind est. 60 mph frequent squalls large area" (micro). August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.6N, 60.4W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 20N 61.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: estimated maximum surface winds 50 kt at 12Z (micro). "50 knots (Navy plane) sea heavy" (micro). August 22: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 24N, 64W. The MWR Tracks of lows first position was 22nd (p.m.) near 23N 63W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 21.6N, 62.7W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 23N 64.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 25N, 65.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N 65W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 64W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 26.5N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 30N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 120kt winds at 30N, 67.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 999 mb near 30N 67W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 33N, 65.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1013mb at 32.5N, 64.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 45 kt SSE with 1002 mb at 21Z and 70 kt at 2230Z at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W - micro). "Winds of Beaufort force 12 (over 75mph) reported at Bermuda, August 24, while the storm center was estimated to be 100-150 miles west of that island, indicate the large area of hurricane winds that accompanied the storm. At 12 noon August 24, Bermuda reported a barometer reading of 1002mb" (MWR). August 25: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 36N, 67W with a cold frontal boundary 300 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 36N, 66.5W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 996 mb near 36N 67W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 34N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 38N, 63W (am). Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1013mb at 32.5N, 63.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 50 kt S and 1004 mb at Bermuda at 0030Z (Micro). August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 43.5N, 53.5W with a cold front extending southwest of the cyclone and a warm front extending northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 43.9N, 53W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 993 mb near 44N 53W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 40.5N, 58W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 44N, 48W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 50kt NW at 46.5N, 48.5W at 23Z (COA); 30kt ENE with a pressure of 987mb at 45.5N, 50.5W at 15Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 52N, 42W with a cold front extending south and a warm front extending east of the cyclone. A secondary baroclinic low of at most 1005 mb was located northeast of the cyclone near 58N 32W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 45kt winds at 52N, 42W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15kt NE with a pressure of 987mb at 53.5N, 42.5W at 11Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of 995mb near 55.5N, 28W with an occluded front extending east of the low. An intersection of a warm front and a cold front is analyzed to be at 48N 35W. Ship highlights: 25kt WSW with a pressure of 996mb at 52.5N, 32.5W at 22Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 29: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of 1000mb at 54N, 18W with a warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone. A second baroclinic low of at most 1000 mb is analyzed northeast of the cyclone at 59W 13W. Ship highlights: 30kt N with a pressure of 995mb at 54.5N, 27.5W at 10Z (COA); 30kt WNW with a pressure of 1000mb at 54.5N, 25.5W at 14Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 58N, 5E with frontal boundaries extending southeast of the low. Ship highlights: 15kt NW with a pressure of 998mb at 59.5N, 3.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 56N, 18E with a dissipating occluded front extending southeast of the cyclone. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis is retained at 06 UTC on August 19th as a 50kt tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles. Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low on the 18th, but the lack of observations near the low on that date did not allow for revisions of the original genesis date. The position of the cyclone is unchanged at genesis with minor track changes were introduced from late on the 19th through late on the 25th. The most significant alterations were late on the 21st to early on the 24th, where the position was shifted about a degree northwest. The adjustments on the 21st and 22nd are based upon Lesser Antilles observations, while those on the 23rd and 24th were made to keep it consistent with the speed and movement of the track on the days preceding and subsequent. No changes were made to any of the intensities for this system, due to the lack of inner core observations. Thus while measurements in Bermuda demonstrated that the cyclone was of hurricane intensity, it could not be confirmed that this system was a major hurricane. HURDAT had the storm transitioning into an extratropical storm on August 26th at 12 UTC. However, after considering the Historical Weather Maps, microfilm maps and the few COADS observations, the map of August 26 clearly showed the system had likely already transitioned into an extratropical storm. The storm already had a 30 F temperature difference between its northern and southern extents, though no observations were available near the center and thus the inner core structure is uncertain. It was then determined that the transition into extratropical storm began at 00 UTC on August 26th, twelve hours earlier than originally. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 4 - Revised in 2013 31985 09/01/1943 M=10 4 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED XING=0 31990 09/01* 0 0 0 0*235 584 60 0*253 599 70 0*264 609 75 0* 31990 09/01* 0 0 0 0*245 595 60 0*253 599 70 0*264 609 75 0* *** *** 31995 09/02*276 616 80 0*288 620 80 0*300 622 85 0*306 622 85 0* 31995 09/02*276 616 80 0*288 620 80 0*300 622 85 0*306 624 85 0* *** 32000 09/03*310 622 90 0*314 621 95 0*318 619 95 0*321 616 100 0* 32000 09/03*310 624 90 0*314 628 95 0*318 628 95 0*322 625 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** 32005 09/04*323 613 100 0*325 609 105 0*327 606 105 0*329 604 105 0* 32005 09/04*324 619 100 0*325 612 105 0*327 608 105 0*329 606 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** 32010 09/05*332 603 100 0*335 602 95 0*339 601 95 0*343 601 95 0* 32010 09/05*332 609 100 0*335 613 95 0*337 616 95 0*339 619 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32015 09/06*348 603 95 0*350 605 95 0*353 608 95 0*356 614 95 0* 32015 09/06*342 622 95 0*344 624 95 0*347 626 95 0*349 628 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32020 09/07*359 620 95 0*361 626 95 0*364 632 95 0*368 636 90 0* 32020 09/07*351 630 95 0*354 631 95 0*357 632 95 0*361 633 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32025 09/08*372 639 90 0*377 641 90 0*382 643 85 0*388 646 80 0* 32025 09/08*365 633 90 0*369 632 90 0*375 631 85 0*386 630 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32030 09/09*401 645 75 0*422 633 70 0*442 620 60 0*470 592 55 0* 32030 09/09*401 625 75 0*422 617 70 0*445 608 60 0*468 575 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32035 09/10E495 555 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32035 09/10E495 540 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** 32040 HR Major track changes, but no alterations to the intensity of storm 4 as originally seen in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the NHC microfilm synoptic maps, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 31: HWM indicates a low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 18N, 60W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 25N, 61W. A dissipating cold front is analyzed a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 25.3N, 59.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates no features of interest southeast of Bermuda. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 30N, 62.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb near 31N 63W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "No previous charted history is available for the fully developed hurricane that appeared southeast of Bermuda on September 2" (MWR). September 3: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 32N, 62W. A stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 31.8N, 61.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 32N 63W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 09Z, 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 15Z, 40 kt N and 1006 mb at 18Z at Bermuda (micro). "On the 3rd it passed about 125- 150miles east of Bermuda and then began to curve slowly northeastward. At his point its progress was retarded for several days by a strong high pressure area, after which its course was changed to northwestward, then north, and later to northeastward as it moved into Newfoundland on September 9" (MWR). September 4: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 32.5N, 61.5W. A stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 32.7N, 60.6W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 996 mb at32.5N 61.5W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 40 kt N and 1008 mb at 00Z, 40 kt NNW and 1009 mb at 06Z, 40 kt N and 1010 mb at 09Z at Bermuda (micro). September 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 33.5N, 61W. A stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 33.9N, 60.1W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb near 33N 60W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 35.5N, 62.5W. A warm front is analyzed a few hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 35.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a close low of at most 1011 mb near 35N 59W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 35.5N, 63W. A dissipating warm front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 36.4N, 63.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 36N 63W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 45 kt SW and 1010 mb at 06Z at Bermuda (micro). September 8: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 34.5N, 62W. A stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 38.2N, 64.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a close low of at most 1002 mb near 37N 63W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: 55kt SSE with a pressure of 1006mb at 38.5N, 61.5W at 00Z (COA); 35kt E with a pressure of 999mb at 38.5N, 61.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 44.5N, 61W. A dissipating cold front is analyzed a couple hundred nm west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 44.2N, 62W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 999 mb near 45N 61W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 45N, 60W (am - last position) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: 15kt W with a pressure of 999mb at 43.5N, 61.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt SSE with a pressure of 1008mb at 46.5N, 56.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 10: A complex low with centers near 63N 62W of at most 995 mb and near 60N 54W of at most 995 mb has an occluded front extending south-southeast of the low. Ship highlights: 45kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the timing of genesis of this cyclone at 06 UTC on the 1st of September, as there virtually no observations available. Significant track changes were introduced throughout the lifetime of the cyclone (except the 2nd to the 4th and the 7th) and major alterations were included on the 9th. The initial 6 hr motion of the storm was a 22 kt which then immediately slowed to 14 kt in the next 6 hr. The initial position is adjusted for a realistic initial motion. The revised track of this storm began with a north-northwestward motion and on the 4th bent back to the northeast. On the 5th the storm curved again slowly back towards the northwest and then continued its northward motion on the 8th until its dissipation. The winds at Bermuda are NE on the 3rd and 4th, N on the 5th, W on the 6th, and SW on the 7th. The pressure there was a minimum of 1006 mb on the 3rd (09Z) with 1011 mb on the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th. The cyclone then was clearly closest to Bermuda on the 3rd and likely about the same distance on the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th as it slowly moved toward the northwest. Beginning late on the 8th, the storm continued on a north-northeastward track, about two degrees east of the original HURDAT track at 00 UTC on the 9th - the only major position change. (It is noted that the HWM incorrectly plotted a 35 kt E (40 mph) ship three degrees too far south on the 8th.) No changes were made to the intensity at any time. Peak winds of 105 kt on the 4th from 06 UTC - 18 UTC as shown in HURDATA were maintained, but due to lack of inner core observations were not confirmed. A 999 mb peripheral ship pressure on the 8th suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. However, given the large distance (over 150 nm) from the center of the cyclone, this observation cannot be used to adjust the intensity, so the 90 kt in HURDAT is unaltered. The system became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 10th and dissipated shortly thereafter as it was likely absorbed by a larger baroclinic low. Extratropical transition and dissipation are unchanged from that shown in HURDAT originally. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 5 - Revised in 2013 32045 09/13/1943 M= 5 5 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=0 32050 09/13* 0 0 0 0*282 739 40 0*294 736 40 0*301 736 45 0* 32050 09/13*260 778 30 0*268 778 35 0*280 775 40 0*295 765 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 32055 09/14*311 738 45 0*325 739 45 0*341 738 45 0*360 734 45 0* 32055 09/14*310 755 45 0*325 745 45 0*341 735 45 0*355 725 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32060 09/15*378 724 45 0*391 709 45 0E405 689 40 0E422 665 40 0* 32060 09/15*368 715 45 0*383 705 45 0E400 692 40 0E418 670 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32065 09/16E440 641 40 0E455 621 35 0E471 601 35 0E490 573 35 0* 32065 09/16E435 648 40 0E452 625 40 0E471 601 40 0E490 573 35 0* *** *** *** *** ** ** 32070 09/17E512 538 35 0E540 490 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32075 TS Major alterations to the track, but only minor changes to the intensity for storm #5 from that originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NHC microfilm maps, New England and North Carolina Climatological Data, and the Monthly Weather Review. September 12: Ship highlights: HWM analyzes a warm front intersecting a dissipating cold front near 31N 77W with both extending NE-SW. No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 29N, 76W with a warm front extending northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29.4N, 73.6W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 28N77W and an open low at 32N71W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A disturbance developing in the northern end of a trough of low pressure at about latitude 30N, longitude 72W was accompanied by gale winds as it moved northward and northeastward" (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 32.5N, 71.5W with a warm front analyzed extending east-northeast of the low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 34.1N, 73.8W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 35N 72W with frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest of the center. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 36N, 70.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt ENE at 37.2N 72.7W at 18Z, 35 kt E at 39.5N 73.5W at 19Z (micro). "It passed about 150 miles east of Cape Hatteras on the 14th, skirted Nova Scotia, and reached Newfoundland on September 16" (MWR). "A storm of considerable force from off the southeastern shores of the country advanced toward New England during the early hours of the 14th, and veered somewhat toward the northeastward near Nantucket, accompanied by the heaviest shore rainfall of the month" (New England). September 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 40N, 68W with a warm front extending east of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt winds at 40.5N, 68.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 40N 69W with frontal boundaries extending east and south of the center. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 40N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 44.5N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt ESE at 41.9N, 66.3W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt E at 42.5N, 66.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt N with a pressure of 1013mb at 40.5N, 71.5W at 13Z (COA); 35kt SE at 42.5N, 64.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 37 kt (5 min) NE at Nantucket (no time - New England). "Lowest barometer readings developed on the 15th, and Nantucket reported a maximum wind velocity of 43 miles per hour for 5 minutes on the 15th. Extraordinarily high tides accompanied this storm from Cape Cod northeastward" (New England). September 16: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 46N, 60W with a cold front extending south and a warm front extending southeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 47.1N, 60.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 47N, 58W (am - last position) with a pressure of 998mb. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE with 1012 mb at 06Z at 43N 57W (micro); 35kt SE with a pressure of 1014mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1008mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt S with 1001 mb at 06Z and 10kt SW with 998mb at Sydney, Nova Scotia (46N, 60W) at 12Z (micro, HWM). September 17: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb near 67N, 65W. A secondary trough of low pressure was analyzed to have intersecting frontal boundaries near 63N 45W. Ship highlights: 35kt SSW with a pressure of 1005mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis timing is indicated to be six hours earlier than what is recorded in HURDAT, because of observations of a well-defined center over the northern Bahamas at 00Z on the 13th. Major changes were made to the positions on the 13th with significant changes also introduced on the 14th and 15th. The track was moved three to four degrees to the west-southwest on the 13th due to available ship and coastal observations and continuity with the newly introduced position at 00Z on the 13th. The cyclone is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 13th and brought up to a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z (originally 40 kt at genesis at this time) and then no further changes were made to the intensity while the system was a tropical storm. No alterations were made to the track late on the 16th and on the 17th. Aircraft observations helped to confirm that tropical storm intensity was achieved by the 14th. It is noted that fontal boundaries were depicted on every day of the cyclones existence in HWM and from the 14th at 12Z onward in the microfilm maps. There was a cool airmass over the eastern United States which extended at least some distance over the western Atlantic Ocean on the 13th to the 15th. However, observations near the cyclone suggested that the system maintained a warm core until early on the 15th. Thus it is not certain that the system was fully tropical in character, but without further information the system is retained as a tropical cyclone as originally shown in HRUDAT. The storm became extratropical on September 15th at 12 UTC and dissipated on the 15th after 06 UTC, unchanged from that originally described in HURDAT. (The cyclone did have numerous gale force measurements on the 15th and 16th, after the extratropical transition.) ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 6 - Revised in 2013 32080 09/15/1943 M= 6 6 SNBR= 708 NOT NAMED XING=1 32080 09/15/1943 M= 6 6 SNBR= 708 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 32085 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 939 60 0* 32085 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 939 40 0* ** 32090 09/16*246 940 65 0*255 942 70 0*265 945 75 0*270 947 80 0* 32090 09/16*250 943 45 0*262 947 55 0*270 950 65 0*276 953 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32095 09/17*273 950 80 0*273 954 85 0*269 957 85 0*266 957 85 0* 32095 09/17*278 954 80 0*277 954 85 0*274 953 85 0*269 951 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32100 09/18*264 953 80 0*267 948 75 0*272 944 75 0*274 942 70 0* 32100 09/18*266 948 80 0*267 945 75 0*271 941 75 0*275 938 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32105 09/19*277 939 60 0*280 937 60 0*284 934 50 0*289 931 40 0* 32105 09/19*279 935 60 0*283 930 60 0*287 925 50 0*291 921 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32110 09/20*294 928 35 0*301 924 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32110 09/20*294 920 35 0*295 920 25 0*295 920 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** 32115 HR Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 6 in the Gulf of Mexico from that originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Changes were also made to the dissipation of the storm, originally at 06 UTC on September 20, now suggested to have dissipated 6 hours later without making landfall in Louisiana. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm maps, the Louisiana and Texas Climatological Data, the Original Monthly Records, Conner (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 14: HWM indicates a trough over southeastern Mexico. The first HURDAT entry is at 18 UTC on the 15th at 23.8N 93.9W as a 60 kt tropical storm. Microfilm indicates no features of interest. No gales or low pressures. "From September 12th through the 14th winds aloft showed a partial circulation off the Gulf Coast of Mexico" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a low near 25N, 95.5W. The first HURDAT entry is at 18 UTC at 23.8N 93.9W as a 60 kt tropical storm. Microfilm indicates a broad trough over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. " By the 15th this circulation was evident in surface observation" (MWR). "At Galveston sea swells decreased from a rate of 8 per minute, during the late afternoon of the 15th, to 6 per minute at 6pm (CST) on the 16th" (MWR). September 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 26.6N, 94.8W. An approaching cold front was located a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1006 mb near 27N 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 26.5N, 94.5W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific location. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 29.0N 93.7W at 18Z (micro). Station highlights: 46kt E (1 min) at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) at 22Z (OMR); 40 kt NE and 1010 mb at 2020Z at Freeport (micro); 40 kt NE and 1010 mb at 2015Z at San Luis (micro); 33 kt NE at Galveston (peak for the month, no time) (Texas); 30 kt NE at Houston (peak for the month, no time) (Texas). "During the night of September 16th a high- pressure area, centered over the northern Plains States, blocked the north-northwestward progress of the storm and forced it into a loop which was completed during the 17th. Evidence suggests that this storm was of a violent nature and extended over a wide area during September 16-17" (MWR). "The lowest barometer reading along the coast was 1010.5mb observed on September 16, at Freeport, TX" (MWR). "A hurricane of considerable intensity approached the Texas coast about 150 miles south of Galveston on September 16th" (Texas). September 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26.4N, 94.5W. A dissipating cold front was located just north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.9N, 95.7W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 54kt NE at Freeport (29N, 95.4W) no time given (MWR), 43 kt NE with 1011 mb at Freeport at 0130Z (OMR); 43 kt (1 min) at Port Arthur at 14Z (OMR). "At this period of its existence the disturbance was at its height and while still approximately 80 miles from the coast caused a wind of 62mph and a tide of 4.5 feet at Freeport, TX. Galveston about 120miles distant from the center reported a wind of 38mph, and Port Arthur about 180miles removed experienced winds ranging as high as 47mph" (MWR). "During the 16th and 17th, the storm described a complete loop, passing within 100 miles of Freeport, and returned to its original position south of Galveston late on the 17th" (Texas). September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26.5N, 94W. A warm front was located a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 27.2N, 94.4W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35 kt N with 1012 mb at 0915Z at San Luis (micro); 32 kt ENE (peak for the month, no time) at Lake Charles (Louisiana). "The storm decreased rapidly in intensity during September 18-19, and no winds in line with those that caused damage 2 days earlier were reported as the storm moved inland over the southwestern Louisiana coast" (MWR). September 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 26.5N, 93.5W. A warm front was located a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 28.4N, 93.4W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Heavy rains that accompanied the storm were responsible for most of the damage. At Raceland Prairie, about 2 miles south of Raceland, a combination of heavy rain and backwater inundated an area of approximately 6 square miles to a depth of 3-5 feet, and water in Bayou False rose to within several inches of the top of the retaining levee. Although flood conditions required that numerous families be evacuated to higher ground no loss of life has been reported. In Jefferson County damage to property has been estimated at $15,000 and to crops $175,000. About 5 percent of the rice crop in this county was lost as a result of the storm. In the Galveston-Freeport area damage, mostly to buildings, amounted to about $5,000" (MWR). "A tropical disturbance that had dissipated practically all of its wind force by the time it reached the Cameron-Vermillion Parish coast line on the 19th, in its north- northeastward course, brought some of the heaviest rainfall of record to the extreme southern parishes during the 5-day period from the 16th to the 20th" (Louisiana). "Due to persistent high pressure and cool air to the northward, the storm lost force and was deflected toward the Louisiana coast, where it passed inland with greatly diminished intensity late on the 19th. Tides were moderately high along the Texas coast and gale winds, ranging upward to a gust velocity of 63 miles per hour at Freeport, were reported from Upper Coastal Stations. Property losses, principally in the Port Arthur area, amounted to about $30,000; crops, mostly ride, were damaged to the extent of about $194,000 in the extreme eastern portion of the State. The largest loss, however, was due to suspension of business, a loss impossible to calculate" (Texas). September 20: HWM indicates an open low near 26.5N, 93.5W. A warm front was located a few hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Timing and location of genesis for storm 6 is unchanged at 18 UTC on September 15. Minor position changes were introduced on the 16th through the 20th, with the most significant change late on the 19th. A counterclockwise loop is still indicated to have occurred on the 17th and 18th, with closest approach to Freeport, Texas around 00Z on the 17th (compared with 06Z on the 17th farther from the city in HURDAT originally) consistent with their peak observations. The intensity at genesis time was lowered from 60kt to 40kt because there were not any observations to show it instantaneously became a strong tropical storm as originally described in HURDAT. Given the lack of inner core data on the 17th during the time of peak intensity of 85 kt, this value is unchanged in HURDAT. Transition to a hurricane is estimated to have occurred around 12 UTC on the 16th, 12 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. No specific confirmation of hurricane intensity was obtained, though the 54 kt NE wind at Freeport on the 17th likely outside of the inner core of the cyclone is suggestive that hurricane intensity was achieved. A front along the Gulf coast on September 18 brought cool, dry air with it that may have contributed to the weakening of the storm. It also may have started extratropical transition on this day, but observations are not sufficient to indicate an extratropical stage at any point in its lifetime. HURDAT had this storm dissipating inland over the coast of Louisiana on the 20th after 06 UTC after making landfall as a minimal tropical storm. The Original Monthly Records were obtained for Lake Charles and Baton Rouge, LA as well as for Port Arthur, TX, as these were the closest stations to where the system is supposed to have made landfall. The data are ambiguous as to whether a very weak system made landfall on the 19th. The data are somewhat more clear that the system was offshore over the Gulf of Mexico around 06 and 12Z on the 20th - again very weak - based on the wind speeds and directions from the coastal stations. In addition to this, the MWR Track of Lows had a similar dissipation at the coast and Conner (1956) and Dunn and Miller (1960) both mentioned that the storm had remained offshore. All these observations indicated storm 6 dissipated after 12 UTC on the 20th and never made it inland. One additional six hour period (12 UTC on the 20th) is added to HURDAT based upon observations of the curvature and speed of the winds in Louisiana and eastern Texas, suggesting that a weak closed low still existed offshore. There was no trace of the cyclone in the Historical Weather Maps on the 21st. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 7 - Revised in 2013 32120 09/28/1943 M= 4 7 SNBR= 709 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 32120 09/28/1943 M= 5 7 SNBR= 709 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * 32125 09/28* 0 0 0 0*290 658 35 0*300 663 35 0*315 670 40 0* 32125 09/28* 0 0 0 0*290 658 35 0*300 663 35 0*315 667 40 0* *** 32130 09/29*327 677 40 0*338 685 45 0*346 693 45 0*352 701 50 0* 32130 09/29*327 671 40 0*338 675 45 0*346 682 45 0*352 692 50 0* *** *** *** *** 32135 09/30*357 709 50 0*361 717 50 0*364 724 50 0*367 737 45 0* 32135 09/30*357 704 50 0*361 717 50 0*365 730 55 0*370 745 55 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32140 10/01*378 750 35 0*388 757 30 0*398 763 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 32140 10/01*377 757 55 997*385 766 45 0*395 768 35 0*405 770 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 2nd is new to HURDAT) 32142 10/02*415 772 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32145 TS U.S. Continental Tropical Storms: --------------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max State Wind Landfall 7-10/1/1943 0000Z 37.4N 75.6W 55kt VA Minor track changes and major alterations to the intensity of storm 7, as originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Climatological Data, the Original Monthly Records, NHC microfilm maps, and the Monthly Weather Review. September 27: HWM shows a NE-SW oriented stationary frontal boundary near Bermuda. Microfilm indicates an open low near 30N 65W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the low. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM indicates an open low near 28.5N, 65.5W with a NNE-SSW oriented frontal boundary extending through it. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30N, 66.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Place where first reported: Near Bermuda. Coast lines crossed: Maryland and Virginia. Intensity: Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: Estimated damage Norfolk-Cape Charles area, property $5,000, crops $15,000" (MWR). "Forming as a weak wave southwest of Bermuda on the 28th, this storm developed gale winds as it moved northwestward and passed inland over the coasts of Maryland and Virginia during the afternoon and evening of September 30" (MWR). September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 34.8N, 68.5W with a warm frontal boundary extending northeast from the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 34.6N, 69.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates an open low near 30N 68W. Microfilm indicates a low of at most 1011 mb near 34N 68W with frontal boundaries extending east and south-southwest of the center. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "No damaging storms occurred during October except a storm of tropical origin which began on the night of September 29th and ended on October 1st. Gales and heavy downpours of rain caused considerable damage to crops in the Norfolk and Cape Charles areas, and high tides with the rain caused flooding of some streets in the downtown portion of Norfolk. One small ship and several small boats were sunk. Property damage was estimated to be $5,000 and crop damage about $15,000" (CD). September 30: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 34N, 74W. A warm frontal boundary is analyzed to be a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 36.4N, 72.4W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 36N 73W with frontal boundaries extending east and south of the center. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 36N, 73W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 37N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt N with a pressure of 1004mb at 37.5N, 75.5W at 17Z (COA); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at 38.5N, 70.5W at 01Z (COA); 45kt NW at 36.5N, 74.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 52kt E (5 min) and 61 kt E (1 min) at 23Z at Atlantic City (39.4N, 74.4W) (OMR); 48kt NW (5 min) and 56 kt NW (1 min) at Cape Henry at 20Z (36.9N, 76W) (OMR). "On the night of September 30th gale winds did great damage along the Eastern Shore in the vicinity of Cape Charles. One ship was lost and several small boats were sunk at their moorings. One death was attributed to the storm" (CD). "In the early afternoon, Cape Henry, Va., reported a maximum wind velocity of 56mph (extreme 66) from a northwesterly direction. The lowest pressure recorded at that station, 1003.1 mb (29.62 inches) was registered about 8pm. Wind gusts of approximately 60mph were experienced during the afternoon at Norfolk Airport" (MWR). October 1: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb at 39N, 77W. A warm frontal boundary is analyzed to be a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 25kt winds at 39.8N, 76.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 76.5W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 41N, 76W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 50kt SE with a pressure of 1006mb at 38.5N, 73.5W at 01Z (COA); 5kt N with a pressure of 997mb at 37.5N, 76.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: 1003mb at 01Z and 40 kt NW (5 min) at 00Z at Cape Henry (36.9N, 76W) (OMR); 49 kt NE (5 min) at 00Z at Atlantic City (OMR). "In the Norfolk and Cape Charles areas gales and heavy downpours of rain caused considerable damage to crops, and high tides with the rain caused flooding of some streets in the downtown portion of Norfolk. One small ship and several small boats were sunk. Property damage was estimated at $5,000 and crop damage at about $15,000" (MWR). October 2: HWM analyzes a cold frontal boundary extending from New England down to the southeastern United States. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes were made to the genesis position or location of this system at 06 UTC on the 28th of September. Minor changes were made to the track of the storm for all days of its existence, based upon ship and station observations. The most significant alterations to position were made at 06 and 12 UTC on the 29th to the east of the original HURDAT. No changes were made to the intensity on the 28th through 06 UTC on the 30th. Landfall is estimated to have occurred in Virginia around 00 UTC on the 1st of October near 37.7N 75.7W. A ship on October 1st near the time of landfall near or in Chesapeake Bay (the positions of the ship were rounded to the nearest 0.5 degree latitude/longitude) had a pressure of 997mb with only 5kt winds. A 997 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53kt from Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Highest observed 1 min winds were 61 kt E in Atlantic City and 56 kt NW at Cape Henry. The Atlantic City anemometer is 52 m above the ground, while Cape Henry's is 16 m. These winds then adjust to 10 m values of 54 kt and 55 kt, respectively, for Atlantic City and Cape Henry. Landfall intensity is estimated to be 55 kt. This is a major increase from the 35 kt originally shown in HURDAT at the 00 UTC 1st slot. 55 kt is also the peak intensity for the cyclone, which is an increase from the 50 kt originally shown in HURDAT. The system dissipated after 00 UTC on October 2nd, 12 hours later than originally shown HURDAT. It is of note that this system was associated with a non-negligible temperature gradient across the system on the synoptic scale as well as rather substantial pre-existing cold air advection along the U.S. Atlantic seaboard, as seen in the twelve hourly analyses conducted. On the other hand, the cyclone came ashore with a sizable inner core increase in dewpoint and the inner core temperature gradient was small. It is possible that the cyclone never obtained true tropical cyclone (or even subtropical cyclone) characteristics. Given the ambiguity involved in this hybrid type system and the observational capabilities available at the time, the cyclone will remain as a tropical storm in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 8 - Revised in 2013 32150 10/01/1943 M= 4 8 SNBR= 710 NOT NAMED XING=0 32150 10/01/1943 M= 3 8 SNBR= 710 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 32155 10/01* 0 0 0 0*263 583 60 0*278 608 60 0*288 622 60 0* 32155 10/01* 0 0 0 0*240 607 60 0*260 620 60 0*280 634 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32160 10/02*303 636 60 0*323 649 60 0*343 659 55 0*364 660 55 0* 32160 10/02*300 650 55 0*320 666 50 0*343 675 45 0*370 675 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 32165 10/03*384 649 50 0*402 632 45 0*418 609 45 0E432 582 40 0* 32165 10/03*400 660 45 0E435 630 45 0E480 590 45 0E530 555 40 0* *** *** ** **** *** **** *** *** *** (The 4th is removed from HURDAT.) 32170 10/04E445 551 35 0E455 534 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32175 TS Major track changes but minor alterations to the intensity, as originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, and the Monthly Weather Review. September 28: HWM indicates an open low near 11.5N, 52.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Winds of gale force probably developed at sea" (MWR). September 29: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 14N, 52W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 19N, 54W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 59.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60tk winds at 27.8N, 60.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 31.5N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance was first noticed some distance southeast of Bermuda, and after passing slightly west of that island on October 1- 2, curved to the northeastward and lost its identity in the North Atlantic near 45N and 55W. At 7:30pm (EST) on October 1, Bermuda reported a wind of force 7 (32-38mph)" (MWR). October 2: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 34N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 34.3N, 65.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 37N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 3: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 47.5N, 58.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 41.8N, 60.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 39.5N, 58W (am - last position) with a pressure of 1002mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis for this storm is unchanged at 06Z on October 1st, though the rather sparsely spaced observations suggest that a closed low east of the Lesser Antilles may have been present a day or two earlier. The positions were altered significantly throughout the whole lifetime of the cyclone, with major shifts on the 1st, 3rd, and 4th of October. In particular on the 3rd, the track was shifted considerably towards the north-northeast. The Historical Weather Maps provided notable station and ship observations that clearly demonstrated the storm was located just off the coast of Nova Scotia instead of over the ocean, nearly 400 nm away. HURDAT begins the system as a 60 kt tropical storm, which certainly would not be reflecting its true genesis intensity (which would have been weaker and earlier in time). 60 kt is its peak intensity, which is unaltered due to lack of inner core observations on the 1st. Indeed, there were no observations confirming that the system was a tropical storm, due to the very sparse nature of ship measurements available. The 12Z October 3rd analysis indicates that the cyclone had become embedded within a frontal boundary and was extratropical before making landfall in Canada. (While the HWM map for the 3rd suggests that the cyclone was still in the warm sector south of the frontal boundary, the reanalyzed position is northwest of the HWM cyclone position placing the center essentially along the front.) The time for extratropical transition is now estimated to be around 06Z on the 3rd, 12 hours earlier than what was described in HURDAT. Dissipation is indicated after 18 UTC on the 3rd, twelve hours earlier than HURDAT, as the system was absorbed within the frontal boundary. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 9 - Revised in 2013 32180 10/11/1943 M= 8 9 SNBR= 711 NOT NAMED XING=1 32180 10/11/1943 M= 7 9 SNBR= 711 NOT NAMED XING=0 * * 32185 10/11* 0 0 0 0*136 599 45 0*137 606 50 0*138 613 50 0* 32185 10/11* 0 0 0 0*127 605 45 0*127 610 50 0*128 615 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32190 10/12*138 622 55 0*138 633 60 0*138 643 65 0*138 650 70 0* 32190 10/12*128 620 55 0*129 625 60 0*130 630 65 0*132 635 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32195 10/13*139 657 70 0*141 669 75 0*147 676 75 0*152 679 75 0* 32195 10/13*134 640 70 0*136 645 75 0*140 650 75 0*145 655 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32200 10/14*158 680 75 0*166 681 80 0*175 682 80 0*181 682 80 0* 32200 10/14*151 660 75 0*157 665 80 0*165 670 80 0*175 675 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32205 10/15*190 683 80 0*205 684 85 0*220 685 85 0*235 686 90 0* 32205 10/15*187 680 80 0*200 684 85 0*215 685 85 0*231 685 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32210 10/16*250 687 90 0*267 688 95 0*287 689 95 0*310 690 95 0* 32210 10/16*248 684 90 0*266 682 95 0*287 680 95 0*310 678 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 32215 10/17*336 688 60 0*370 684 45 0E405 680 40 0E446 665 35 0* 32215 10/17*336 675 60 0*370 670 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** (The 18th is removed from HURDAT.) 32220 10/18E480 670 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32225 HR Major track and intensity changes from that originally shown in HURDAT in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review, the Climatological Data for West Indies and Caribbean Section, Perez (1971), and Boose et al. (2004). October 10: HWM indicates an open low near 13N 62W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 12.5N, 61.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 13.7N, 60.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35-45 kt at ~15Z at St. Lucia (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data). "A moderate disturbance that moved westward through the Windward Islands near Santa Lucia on the 11th, turned northward near longitude 68W, passed through Mona Passage, accompanied by hurricane winds, and continued on an almost straight northerly course to the Atlantic coast, where it passed inland near Maine-New Brunswick border with greatly decreased intensity. No gale winds were reported along the Maine coast" (MWR). "Place where first reported: East of Lesser Antilles. Maximum wind velocity reported: Beaufort force 8 (39-46 mph) from south at Bermuda on Oct. 16 at 730pm EST. Intensity: Full hurricane. Remarks: No ship losses or damage reported" (MWR). "...a tropical disturbance...first appeared in the vicinity of St. Lucia, on October 11th, passing a short distance to the south of that island before noon, with highest winds on St. Lucia, 40 to 50 miles per hour" (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data). October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 12.9N, 64.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 13.8N, 64.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 14N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 14.7N, 67.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "the center of the disturbance apparently moved true west during the next 30 hours, becoming almost stationary on the 13th in approximately latitude 15N, longitude 68W. The disturbance began recurvature on the 13th" (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data). October 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 16.4N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 17.5N, 68.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1002mb at San Juan (18.5N, 66W) on Oct.15 at 00Z (Perez). "Hurricane of small size and intensity. First tropical cyclone covered by aircraft reconnaissance from the San Juan Hurricane Forecast area...Western Puerto Rico recorded 60mph winds, high seas, and flooding the night of Oct. 14th. Houses were unroofed at Cabo Rojo, Maygues, Aguadilla. Heavy rains after the passage of hurricane produced floods at Salinas, Ponce, Caguas, Bayamon. The coffee crop in central and western parts of Puerto Rico, that was ready for harvest, suffered great losses. No deaths in Puerto Rico, and no damages in eastern Puerto Rico. San Juan obs: Oct. 14th, 8pm: 1002mb (lowest barometer), wind S 12kt; maximum wind SE 23kt at 9:30am, rainfall 3.69". Rainfall readings Oct. 14-15: Yauco, 7.20", Coamo, 9.78", Aguirre, 10.53", Cidra, 11.16", Adjuntas, 11.27", Guayabal, 15.43", Toro Negro, 17.60". (Perez). "1943 Oct. 14. S. Calixto II, F1 maximum damage (50-68 kt sustained winds)" (Boose et al). "...with accelerated movement, move northward, passing through the middle of Mona Passage during the afternoon of the 14th into the Atlantic, east of the Bahamas" (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data). October 15: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 22N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22N, 68.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 21N, 66W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 25N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 29N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 28.7N, 68.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 30.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 34N, 67W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Bermuda reported a wind of force 8 (39-46mph) as the storm passed about 150 miles west of that island on October 16" (MWR). October 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 41N, 67W with a dissipating cold front just west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt winds at 40.5N, 68W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 41N, 68W with a pressure of 1000mb and at 47N, 67W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 10kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at 43.5N, 70.5W at 17Z (COA); 45kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 41.5N, 71.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: 35kt S at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 0030Z (MWR). October 18: HWM indicates a large extratropical low near 52N 82W with an occluded front extending east of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 15kt NW with a pressure of 1002mb at 42.5N, 71.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Time of genesis was maintained at 06 UTC on October 11th. Position changes were introduced for all days in HURDAT with major alterations made on the 13th and the 14th. HURDAT showed an unrealistic storm track moving initially westward in a straight line and then making a sharp northerly turn on the 13th. Utilizing available ship and land stations around the Lesser Antilles, the track was then changed to have a slower and more diagonal movement. Intensity of 50 kt listed in HURDAT on the 11th while passing south of St. Lucia is consistent with observations from that island, so no alterations made to the maximum winds on that date. Observations are too sparse on the 12th through the 14th to reliably assess the intensity, thus no intensity changes are made on those dates either. While making a close by- pass west of Puerto Rico around 00 UTC on the 15th, the intensity is listed in HURDAT of 80 kt originally. This is consistent with the impacts mentioned in Perez (1971) and the assessment by Boose et al. (2004) of Category 1 conditions to have affected the western coast of the island. Thus no changes are made to the intensities on the 15th as well. (According to the Perez (1971) report, this was the first tropical cyclone covered by aircraft reconnaissance within the San Juan Hurricane Forecast area, though no details were available on what the aircraft observed.) After moving into the Atlantic, HURDAT originally showed the system peaking at 95 kt on the 16th. While such an intensification while quickly accelerating to the north is not typical, there are not observations available to adjust HURDAT's intensities. Thus no changes are made to the maximum winds for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime on the 16th and 17th as well. Changes were also made to the dissipation of the system, originally becoming extratropical on October 17th at 12 UTC and dissipating after October 18th at 00 UTC. It is noted that the HWM analysis at this time indicated the cyclone was east of Massachusetts (and a frontal boundary). However, a 25 kt south wind at Nantucket on the 17th at 12 UTC strongly suggests that the cyclone likely no longer had a closed circulation any longer. Thus dissipation is now shown after 06 UTC on the 17th, with no extratropical transition, as the system remained in the warm sector of a large extratropical cyclone until dissipation. ******************************************************************************** 1943 - Storm 10 - Revised in 2013 32230 10/20/1943 M= 4 10 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 32230 10/20/1943 M= 7 10 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED XING=0 L * 32235 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 803 35 0* 32235 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 810 25 0*162 814 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 32240 10/21*160 809 35 0*164 816 40 0*167 824 40 0*171 835 40 0* 32240 10/21*164 819 35 0*166 824 40 0*167 830 40 0*167 837 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32245 10/22*173 848 40 0*173 863 40 0*168 878 40 0*161 888 35 0* 32245 10/22*168 846 40 0*169 856 40 0*170 865 40 0*172 871 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32250 10/23*153 890 35 0*150 905 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32250 10/23*175 876 35 0*178 878 35 0*180 880 35 0*180 882 35 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 24th to the 26th are new to HURDAT.) 32252 10/24*179 883 35 0*177 880 35 0*175 875 35 0*174 870 35 0* 32253 10/25*173 864 35 0*173 857 35 0*173 850 35 0*175 843 35 0* 32254 10/26*177 836 35 0E180 828 35 0E182 820 35 0E183 810 30 0* 32255 TS Major changes to the track, but minor alterations to the intensity of storm 10, originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major change was made to the dissipation of the storm, originally dissipating in Belize on October 23 at 06 UTC, now suggested to have made a loop near the Belize coast and dissipated after 18 UTC on the 26th south of Cuba. Another major alteration is indicating an extratropical phase on the 26th. Evidence for these alterations comes from Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. October 18: HWM indicates an open low near 17N 81W with a cold front just north of the low. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 16.5N, 81W with a dissipating stationary front a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 81W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 21: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 16.5N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 16.7N, 82.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Swan Islands (17.4N, 84W) at 12Z (HWM). "During October 21 and 22 a tropical disturbance, of moderate gale force, moved through the western Caribbean south of Swan Island into the Gulf of Honduras, and dissipated near the east coast of Guatemala" (MWR). October 22: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 18N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 16.8N, 87.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 16.8N, 88W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Corozal (18.5N, 88.3W) at 12Z (HWM). October 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 18N, 86W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt NW with a pressure of 1004mb at Belize City (17.5N, 88.3W) at 12Z (HWM). October 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 19N, 84W. A cold front is approaching the system a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. Ship highlights: a pressure of 1004mb at 26.5N, 80.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 15kt SE with a pressure of 1004mb at Swan Islands (17.4N, 84W) at 12Z (HWM). "Three additional tropical disturbances developed during October, one in the Gulf of Mexico on the 1st-2nd, and two in the western Caribbean region on the 25th. They were apparently of slight intensity and are not included in the table or chart of tracks" (MWR). "Three additional tropical disturbances developed during October ...two in the western Caribbean region on the 25th. They were apparently of slight intensity and are not included in the table or chart of tracks" (MWR). October 26: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 20N, 80W with a cold front extending southwest and a stationary front extending north-northeast of the cyclone. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt NNE with a pressure of 1004mb at Grand Cayman (19.3N 81.5W) at 12Z (HWM). October 27: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 75W with a frontal boundary extending north-south through the low. Ship highlights: 15kt WNW with a pressure of 1003mb at 28.5N, 80.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. Genesis was begun at 12 UTC on October 20, 6 hours earlier than originally described in HURDAT, because there are enough station observations to indicate a closed circulation. Moderate position changes are made on the 20th to the 22nd and major changes on the 23rd. The original track in HURDAT had the storm moving into Belize on October 22 and dissipating on October 23. However, the Historical Weather Maps and numerous ship observations clearly confirm that the storm actually made landfall in Belize briefly, made a minimal cyclonic loop and went back over the Caribbean. Swan Island recorded 30 kt ENE with 1004 mb pressure at 12 UTC on the 21st. This suggests maximum winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is retained in HURDAT, due to the low environmental pressures. The tropical storm made landfall around 12 UTC on the 23rd near the Belize/Mexico border near 18.0N 88.0W. Observations on the 24th indicate that the cyclone was back over the northwestern Caribbean and it maintained a closed circulation. Belize City recorded NW 10 kt wind with 1004 mb pressure at 12 UTC on the 24th. Swan Island measured SE 15 kt with 1004 mb pressure at 12 UTC on the 25th. Intensity is estimated to be 35 kt on both days, which was maintained until just before the storm's dissipation. The storm continued an east-northeast track through October 26. Around 06 UTC on the 26th, a frontal boundary reached the cyclone and it is then that the system is estimated to have become extratropical. The storm was completely dissipated after 18 UTC on October 26th, as the cyclone became absorbed within the frontal boundary. While the extratropical transition is rather unclimatological in latitude, the available data is supportive that the low observed on the October 26th HWM along the frontal boundary is indeed the former tropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1943 Additional Notes: 1. June 5-7: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb formed off the northwestern coast of Colombia, near 13N, 78W on June 5th. The low slowly moved towards the west for the next two days. It remained off the coast of Nicaragua and dissipated on June 7th. A 30kt peak was found in COADS. No gales were found in the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review or COADS. DAY LAT LONG STATUS June 5 13N 78W Low June 6 12N 81W Low June 7 12.5N 81W Low 2. June 23-27: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb just off the southeast coast of Florida, near 27N, 79W on June 23rd. The low - likely a tropical depression - drifted slowly northward for the next couple of days. It went inland near the Florida/Georgia border late on the 26th/early on 27th and dissipated near 32N, 85W on June 28th. The Florida Climatological Data reported that Jacksonville had its lowest pressure for the month (1013 mb on the 27th) and peak 5 min winds (18 kt S on the 28th), but described no impacts nor other note of the system. The Georgia Climatological Data reported that Savannah had its lowest pressure for the month (1011 mb on the 27th) and peak 5 min wind (27 kt E on the 27th), but again described no impacts nor other note of the system. (Note that while the central pressure of this system is rather high, so are the surrounding environmental pressures, especially to the east of the system.) A peak of 25kt was found in COADS. No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review or COADS. Thus with no indication of tropical storm intensity, the system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LONG STATUS June 23 27N 79W Tropical Depression June 24 28N 78W Tropical Depression June 25 29N 80W Tropical Depression June 26 30N 81W Tropical Depression June 27 31N 83W Tropical Depression 3. September 1-2: The NHC microfilm maps indicated a weak low moved westward across the Central Caribbean on the 1st and 2nd of September. The Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship database were obtained. However, these additional data and analyses do not support that a tropical cyclone occurred on these dates. Instead, a tropical wave is analyzed for both dates and thus this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LONG STATUS September 1 ----- 65W Tropical Wave September 2 ----- 73W Tropical Wave 4. September 19-20: The NHC microfilm maps indicated that a weak low moved across southeastern Mexico and Central America from southwest to northeast late on the 19th and 20th of September. The Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship database were obtained. However, these additional data and analyses do not support that a tropical cyclone occurred on these dates. Instead, a weak trough is analyzed for both dates and thus this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LONG STATUS September 19 ----- 92W Trough September 20 ----- 88W Trough 5. October 1-5: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a low formed in the Caribbean, south of the eastern tip of Cuba on October 1st. The low moved north on the 2nd with a pressure of at most 1005mb and moved slowly towards the northeast the next two days. It was then picked up by a front crossing Florida on the 5th. No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review. A peak wind of 25kt was found in COADS. DAY LAT LONG STATUS October 1 20N 85W Low October 2 25N 83W Low October 3 27N 81W Low October 4 28N 78W Low October 5 25N 80W? Front ******************************************************************************** "Minor" intensity changes are less than 20 kt "Minor" position changes are less than 2 degrees 1944 - Storm 1 - 2013 Revision 31500 07/13/1944 M= 8 1 SNBR= 697 NOT NAMED XING=0 31505 07/13* 0 0 0 0*196 679 35 0*207 688 35 0*217 698 40 0* 31505 07/13* 0 0 0 0*196 686 35 0*207 695 35 0*215 704 40 0* *** *** *** *** 31510 07/14*226 708 40 0*234 718 45 0*243 728 45 0*251 737 50 0* 31510 07/14*223 712 40 0*231 720 45 0*240 728 45 0*251 735 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31515 07/15*259 744 50 0*274 755 55 0*289 762 60 0*296 762 60 0* 31515 07/15*262 741 50 0*274 746 50 0*285 750 55 0*294 753 55 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31520 07/16*302 761 65 0*309 758 70 0*314 755 70 0*318 752 75 0* 31520 07/16*302 755 60 0*309 756 65 0*314 755 65 0*318 752 65 0* *** ** *** ** ** ** 31525 07/17*321 748 80 0*324 744 80 0*328 738 80 0*333 727 80 0* 31525 07/17*322 748 70 0*325 743 70 0*328 735 70 0*331 726 70 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31530 07/18*339 715 70 0*345 703 70 0E351 692 65 0E360 676 60 0* 31530 07/18*333 716 65 0*336 706 65 0*340 695 65 0*350 680 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **** *** 31535 07/19E372 651 55 0E386 620 55 0E402 582 50 0E421 540 50 0* 31535 07/19E365 655 60 0E382 622 60 0E402 582 60 0E422 540 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 31540 07/20E442 498 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31545 HR Minor track changes and minor changes to intensity were made on most days of this storm compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 12: HURDAT does not list a storm on this day, and HWM shows a possible wave axis between 62 and 65W, but no closed low. Microfilm indicates a low with no isobars analyzed near 15N, 65.5W. No gales or low pressures. July 13: HWM analyzes a low in an open trough near 22N, 63.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.7N, 68.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z center near 17.2N, 67W and a 12Z center near 20.5N, 69.3W. Microfilm shows a closed low analyzed near 20.7N, 69.1W. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 22.9N, 66.1W at 1230Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 23.0N, 67.9W at 13Z (micro). July 14: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1015 mb centered near 25.6N, 67.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.3N, 72.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z center near 22.2N, 71.4W and a 12Z center near 24.2N, 73.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1015 mb centered near 23.5N, 73.2W. No gales or low pressures. July 15: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.8N, 73.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 76.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a center near 27.2N, 73.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26N, 74.3W and a 12Z position near 28.6N, 76.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.1N, 74.4W. Aircraft highlights: 50 kt ESE at 29.0N, 74.0W at 0930Z (micro); 40 kt SSW at 28.0N, 75.0W at 14Z (micro); 40 kt SE at 29.8N, 73.8W at 1550Z (micro). Seven additional observations of gale force winds were found. July 16: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.7N, 76.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 75.5W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a center near 29N, 75W at 00Z and 31.2N, 75.5W at 12Z. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.3N, 76.1W and a 12Z position near 31.1N, 75.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.6N, 76.3W. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSE and 996 mb at 30.8N, 73.8W near ~00Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SSE at 31.1N, 75.1W at 1410Z (micro); 45 kt WNW at 29.7N, 76.0W at 15Z (micro); 35 kt NE at 31.2N, 78.3W at 1610Z (micro). July 17: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 32.2N, 72.3W with a dissipating cold front a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 32.8N, 73.8W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 74.8W and a 12Z position near 33N, 73W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.9N, 75W and a 12Z position near 32.4N, 73.9W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 32.8N, 73.1W. Aircraft highlights: 60 kt at ~32N 71W at 19Z (micro); 35 kt SW at 29.9N, 70.3W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt NW at 32.0N, 73.3W at ~14Z (micro); 35 kt S at 33.5N, 70.0W at 19Z (micro). "Pireps wind shift at 1840Z with drift change from 8 right to 15 left on 90 degree course at 32N, 71W. Max wind estimated 70 mph. Sea relatively flat near center with spray in fine parallel bands. Rvcd from WVI (Parrish)" (micro). July 18: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.4N, 69.1W with stationary fronts indicated to the southwest and northeast of the cyclone, but neither analyzed to be extending into the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 35.1N, 69.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.8N, 70.5W and a 12Z position near 34N, 68.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.5N, 71.5W and a 12Z position near 34.7N, 69W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 33.3N, 68.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 35.5N, 68.5W at 01Z (COA); 45 kt SW and 1001 mb at 32.1N, 69.0W at 1045Z (micro); 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 33.5N, 65.5W at 12Z (COA); 45 kt S and 1017 mb at 33.5N, 65.5W at 16Z (COA); 35 kt NE at 40.5N, 66.5W at 20Z (COA). Land highlight: 35 kt at Bermuda (MWR). Aircraft highlight: 40 kt WSW at 32.0N, 70.0W at ~1830Z (micro) Regarding the position..."Bermuda reported winds of approximately 40 miles per hour as the center passed about 250 miles to the northwest of that station" (MWR). July 19: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 42N, 56W with a warm front indicated to the northeast of the cyclone and a cold front southwest of the cyclone, but neither analyzed to be extending into the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 40.2N, 58.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.6N, 65.3W and a 12Z position near 40.2N, 58.2W. Microfilm shows a center near 39.7N, 57.7W at 12Z with Beaufort wind force 11 (60 kt) analyzed to be near the center at 17Z. Ship highlight: 35 kt NW and 992 mb at 39.0N, 59.0W at ~1830Z (micro). A low pressure area associated with a tropical wave apparently moved northwestward from the eastern Caribbean Sea and became a tropical cyclone just north of the Dominican Republic at 06Z on the 13th (no change in genesis). Minor track changes to HURDAT are introduced on everyday of the cyclone's lifetime and are largest on the 15th and 18th as the position was adjusted over a degree on these days. No changes are made to the original intensities on the 13th and 14th, as sparse observations available cannot justify any changes. Late on the 15th the tropical storm's forward motion slowed down and turned toward the north-northwest, but strengthening continued. It became a hurricane at 06Z on the 16th (six hours later than originally) and recurved on this date with a position a few hundred miles east of Georgia. It remained a hurricane on the 17th and the 18th as it moved slowly off to the northeast. Early on the 18th, the hurricane began to accelerate, and by 18Z on the 18th the intensity had weakened to a 60 kt tropical storm. While there are no explicit observations of hurricane intensity, a peak intensity of 70 kt on the 17th (down from 80 kt originally) is retained as aircraft reconnaissance did estimate surface winds of 60 kt on the 17th. On the 17th at 18Z, and again around the 18th at 00Z, reconnaissance flew towards the center of the hurricane. On both occasions, there is no evidence that the plane reached the RMW. On the 17/18Z flight, the position given in the aircraft message was at least 1.5 degrees away from the analyzed lat/lon, and on the 18/00 flight, the positions are about 0.8 degrees away. Both times, the aircraft reported estimated surface winds reaching Beaufort force 11, but not hurricane force. Based on the fact that no hurricane force winds were reported, along with the uncertainty as to how close the plane actually got to the center, winds on the 17th are revised down from 80 kt to 70 kt. 70 kt is the peak analyzed intensity. The cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 19th (12 hours later than originally) a few hundred miles south of Halifax, Canada. The surface analysis at 12Z on the 18th indicates warm temperatures on the northwest side of the cyclone along the mid-Atlantic and northeast coast of the U.S. Additionally, aircraft reconnaissance flights at 16Z on the 18th and again later on that evening state "winds of near hurricane force around center and force 8-10 elsewhere [extending] to over 200 mi. radius." It was also described as a "tropical storm" by in the aircraft recon message. The surface map and the aircraft message justifies delaying the time of extratropical transisiton by 12 hours. By the 19th at 00Z, the somewhat sparse data that is available indicates it was likely extratropical by that time. On the 19th, the 50 kt intensity of the extratropical cyclone is raised to 60 kt due to Weather Bureau analysis of Beaufort force 11 near the center. It was absorbed by a larger extratropical low around 06Z on the 20th. This hurricane is historic in that these were the very first planned aircraft reconnaissance missions to occur with the flights from the 13th to the 17th of July. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 2 - 2013 Revision 31550 07/24/1944 M= 5 2 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED XING=0 31550 07/24/1944 M= 4 2 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 31555 07/24* 0 0 0 0*114 561 35 0*117 584 40 0*123 610 45 0* 31555 07/24* 0 0 0 0*134 566 35 0*137 584 40 0*140 604 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31560 07/25*130 630 50 0*141 643 55 0*151 656 55 0*158 671 55 0* 31560 07/25*143 622 50 0*147 639 55 0*151 656 55 0*156 673 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31565 07/26*162 686 55 0*163 702 55 0*162 721 55 0*161 744 50 0* 31565 07/26*161 690 55 0*164 707 55 0*166 725 55 0*166 744 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31570 07/27*161 768 50 0*165 791 45 0*169 812 45 0*169 822 40 0* 31570 07/27*166 764 45 0*168 783 35 0*170 800 30 0*172 816 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 28th is now removed from HURDAT.) 31575 07/28*170 830 35 0*171 844 30 0*172 858 25 0*169 872 25 0* 31580 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes were made to this tropical storm, as originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 23: HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 11.4N, 57.6W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. There were no gales or low pressures July 24: HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 13.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 11.7N, 58.4W. Microfilm shows a low approaching the southern Windward Islands by their 18Z map. No gales or low pressures. July 25: HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 15N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 15.1N, 65.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a center near 14.6N, 65.4W. Microfilm shows a small tropical storm at 00Z centered at 14.5N, 61.7W. At 12Z, microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 15.2N, 65.4W. Land highlight: 48 kt at Fort de France at 00Z (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 16.0N, 65.8W at 17Z (micro); 40 kt E at 16.9N, 67.0W at 18Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 15.0N, 65.8W at 19Z (micro); 45 kt SE at 17.0N, 65.8W at 20Z (micro). July 26: HWM analyzes an open low near 16.7N, 72.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm near 16.2N, 72.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16N, 68.8W and a 12Z position near 17.5N, 73W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 17.4N, 73.1W. No definitive gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "...There were positive evidences that it was near the coast of Haiti not far south of Port Au Prince on the morning of the 26th. A wind of 70 knots was encountered by an airplane near this point (exact location and elevation unknown), and the Port Au Prince soundings showed winds aloft of hurricane force, with squalls of 35 miles per hour at the surface. Considerable damage was reported from the town of Jacmel on the coast south of Port Au Prince. Indications are that the small center struck the high mountains of the Haitian Peninsula and were broken up. It is not believed that winds of hurricane force accompanied the storm at the surface, but that velocities of about 60 miles per hour marked its entire course" (MWR). July 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 79.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 16.9N, 81.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low in an open wave near 17.7N, 80.8W. No gales or low pressures. July 28: HWM analyzes a tiny tropical storm near 17.7N, 85.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 17.2N, 85.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low (not closed) near 17.2N, 84.5W. Microfilm showed a low over Honduras at 18Z. No gales or low pressures. July 29: HWM does not contain any evidence of a tropical cyclone. HURDAT ended the storm at 18Z on July 28. No gales or low pressures. This tropical storm formed east of the southern Windward Islands on the 24th apparently originating from a tropical wave. It is possible that the cyclone was in existence farther east, but the very sparse observations do not allow for this determination. Significant track changes - 2 degrees farther north - were made on the 24th at the genesis of this storm. On the 26th and 27th the storm tracked closer to Hispaniola and Jamaica than in the original HURDAT. These more northerly positions are in agreement with microfilm and the MWR post-season track map, as well as available observations. It reached a maximum intensity of 55 kt (unchanged from original HURDAT) in the eastern and central Caribbean on the 25th and 26th. On the 26th at 12Z, the tropical storm passed south of the southern coast of Hispaniola at about its time of peak lifetime intensity. An alternative scenario - one described by the Monthly Weather Review - was that the cyclone struck Hispaniola and considerably weakened. However, the evidence available, though somewhat ambiguous, is best for a track south of the island. On July 27th, available observations suggest the storm weakened rapidly, perhaps due to strong vertical wind shear. By 12Z on the 27th, it is estimated to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression (revised downward from 45 kt) at 17.0N, 80W. On the 28th, available observations indicate a westward moving tropical wave, with the remnants of the cyclone apparently north of Honduras. There is no evidence of tropical storm force winds. The 28th is eliminated from HURDAT due to evidence from surface and aircraft observations that a closed circulation no longer existed. Dissipation is indicated after 18Z on the 27th. The elimination of a day of the original HURDAT constitutes a major change to HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 3 - 2013 Revision 31585 07/30/1944 M= 6 3 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 31590 07/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*227 700 40 0* 31590 07/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*215 690 35 0*225 705 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** 31595 07/31*237 725 50 0*246 737 55 0*256 749 65 0*269 767 75 0* 31595 07/31*234 722 45 0*243 738 50 0*262 752 55 0*272 761 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31600 08/01*283 771 75 0*296 779 75 0*310 781 80 0*326 782 80 990* 31600 08/01*282 767 65 0*293 772 65 0*305 777 70 0*320 780 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 31605 08/02*342 783 60 0*357 782 55 0*369 780 45 0*378 774 40 0* 31605 08/02*341 782 60 985*357 782 45 0*369 780 35 0*378 774 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 31610 08/03*385 762 35 0*392 745 35 0*398 728 35 0*403 710 35 0* 31615 08/04*408 694 35 0*413 679 35 0*419 665 30 0*423 654 30 0* 31615 08/04*408 694 30 0*413 679 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* ** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31620 HR NC1 Landfall: 8/1/1944 - 2300Z - 33.9N 78.1W - 985 mb - 70 kt - 12 nmi RMW - 1014 mb OCI - 175 nm ROCI Minor changes to track and intensity were made, compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Genesis is begun 6 hours earlier and dissipation occurs 12 hours earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (2001). July 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT does not list the system on this day. No gales or low pressures. July 28: HWM does not analyze a close low. HURDAT does not list the system on this day. No gales or low pressures. July 29: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, near 16N, 66.5W located in a trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list the system on this day. No gales or low pressures. July 30: HWM analyzes an open wave containing a low near 21.5N, 69.5W. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.7N, 70.0W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a position near 24N, 74W. No gales or low pressures. July 31: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.4N, 75.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 74.9W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27N, 77W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 26.3N, 75.4W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.7N, 75.6W. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt S at 26.6N, 74.5W at 11Z (micro); 45 kt SE at 28.0N, 74.2W at 1205Z (micro); 35 kt S at 28.8N, 73.6W at 19Z (micro); 40 kt SE at 27.9N, 76.0W at 20Z (micro). There were four additional gale observations. Regarding the position..."The center was definitely located by reconnaissance about 175 miles northeast of Nassau at about 7 a.m. on the 31st" (MWR). August 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.8N, 77.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 31N, 78.1W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a position near 29.8N, 77.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28N, 76.8W and a 12Z position near 30.6N, 78.2W. Microfilm shows a center in the vicinity of 30.4N, 77.8W. Land highlights: 51 kt at ~21Z and 990 mb at 2330Z at Oak Island, NC (MWR). There was one other land gales and three other land low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 50 kt SE at 30.5N, 75.9W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt SW at 30.7N, 76.5W at 1520Z (micro). Four other aircraft gales. "The storm approached the North Carolina coast with slowly increasing intensity and moved inland south of Southport at about 7 p.m. on August 1. The diameter of the storm was small but reports indicate that winds were of hurricane force" (MWR). "A tropical disturbance of moderate energy passed over the Wilmington area on the 1st. The center of the storm reached the coast about 30 miles south of Wilmington in the vicinity of Southport about 7:00 pm. The wind at Wilmington reached an extreme velocity (1-min) of 52 miles per hour at 7:41 p.m., with velocity in gusts estimated as high as 72 miles per hour. At the Wilmington station the barometer fell rapidly through the afternoon and early evening reaching the lowest point, 29.41 inches (sea level) at 6:55 pm. Damage at Carolina Beach, 15 miles south of Wilmington, was extensive and due chiefly to the unusually hide tide and heavy seas washing over the beach and battering to pieces many of the dwelling houses and business places. Two fishing piers were demolished. Damage at Wrightsville Beach was less extensive than at Carolina Beach, but here also two fishing piers were partly wrecked and many roofs damaged. In the city of Wilmington many roofs were damaged, power and communication lines broken down, several plate glass windows smashed, and a few hundred large trees uprooted. Total damage to the city and beach property and crops in four surrounding counties has been estimated at $1,600,000. No fatalities resulted from this storm. Several persons were injured, but only a few seriously (OMR)." Regarding the damage..."On the beaches, particularly at Carolina and Wrightsville, many houses and cottages were destroyed or had their foundations undermined by high tides and extremely high seas. Substantially built structures not subject to undermining by water action went through the storm without damage" (MWR). Regarding the position...from the Wilmington OMR..."Cloud observations during the passage of the hurricane on the 1st: At 6:00 am (10Z 1st) cloud arc indicated center of disturbance to lie slightly east of south. At 6:00 pm center of arc apparently slightly west of south. 7:00 pm, stratus from east, center of cloud arc southwest of station. 8:30 pm, cloud arc indicates center slightly north of west" (OMR). Regarding the damage... "The most extensive damage occurred at Carolina Beach. Thirty-foot waves reportedly pounded the beachfront and totally destroyed the town's famed boardwalk. According to the Wilmington Morning Star, oceanfront homes were washed from their foundations. Police officers who remained at Wrightsville through the storm reported that 'at one time, the water measured 18 feet by the City Hall.' The total damage from the storm exceeded $2 million" (Barnes). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: Aug 1 - N.C. - Minimal - Damage $2,000,000" (Dunn and Miller - "Minimal" has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb). "1944 Aug - NC1 - 990 mb pressure" (Jarrell et al.). August 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered inland over southeastern Virginia near 37.5N, 77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 78W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.0N, 77.8W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 77.7W with a central pressure of 1007 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.5N, 78.4W and a 12Z position near 36.2N, 78.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 37.2N, 77.8W. Land highlights: 37 kt SE at Wilmington, NC at 00Z (OMR); 45 kt (1-min) at Wilmington, NC at 0041Z (OMR); 42 kt S at Wilmington, NC at 01Z (OMR); 33 kt (1-min) E at Atlantic City, NJ at ~20Z (MWR, OMR). "The center began a recurve to the northeastward, passed near Richmond and Washington about noon of the 2nd, and moved out to sea near Atlantic City where an extreme wind (1-min) of 38 miles per hour was recorded during the afternoon of the same day" (MWR). August 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.8N, 73.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 39.8N, 72.8W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 38.9N, 75.5W and a 12Z position near 39.8N, 72W with a 1010 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 38.9N, 75.2W and a 12Z position near 39.8N, 72.4W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 39.8N, 72.8W. No gales or low pressures. However, there were two 30-kt ship obs, both within ~150 nm of the HURDAT position. August 4: HWM no longer shows a closed low but instead analyses a NE-SW trough axis from 42N, 68W to 37N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 41.9N, 66.5W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41N, 69.4W and a 12Z position near 42.5N, 65.7W with a central pressure of 1011 mb. The MWR post-season track map has a 00Z position near 41N, 70.2W and a 12Z position near 42.4N, 66.9W. No gales or low pressures. Two obs of 30 kt and 1010 mb are in the general vicinity of the HURDAT position. Genesis of this cyclone is estimated to have occurred around 12Z on the 30th, 6 hours earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT. Available observations from microfilm and COADS do not provide enough evidence that a closed low existed prior to 12Z on the 30th. However, westerly wind observations on the maps by 12Z provide evidence of a closed circulation by that time. Only minor track changes are made from genesis through the beginning of 2nd. Thereafter, no track changes to HURDAT are made. This system formed from a vigorous tropical wave evident as early as 27 July east of the Lesser Antilles. The tropical cyclone formed around 12Z on the 30th just north of the Mona Passage, and it strengthed to 40 kt a tropical storm at 18Z the same day. By the 31st, there were numerous reports from aircraft of gale force winds near the center, but the system most likely attained hurricane status around 00Z August 1st (12 hours later than original HURDAT) once it was north of 30N. On 31 July, an abundance of aircraft observations and surface observations indicate that the cyclone had not yet reached hurricane strength that day. The observations indicate a 45-55 kt tropical storm with weak winds still on the southwest side. The hurricane made landfall on Oak Island, North Carolina at 23Z (MWR). Peak observed sustained winds were 51 kt from Oak Island before the anemometer failed. Peak estimated winds at Oak Island after that were 60-70 kts at 2250Z. The minimum pressure at Oak Island was 990 mb at 2330Z. "The wind veered from east through south to southwest, which indicates that the center passed west [of Oak Island]" (WB Report). There is no evidence as to whether the 990 mb was a central pressure or whether it even occurred inside the RMW. Since the wind shift was not 180 degrees, it is more likely that Oak Island was not in the eye. However, it may or may not have been in the RMW. From the limited information available, the central pressure at landfall is estimated to be 985 mb. The 985 mb pressure suggests winds of 66 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the small (12 nmi) RMW compared with climatology for this pressure and landfall latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds at landfall are estimated to be 70 kt - Category 1. This is a downgrade from the 80 kt in HURDAT originally just before landfall. Category 1 at landfall in North Carolina is consistent with damage reports. (It is noted that both Schwerdt et al. 1979 and Ho et al. (1987) did not list this system in their US landfalling hurricanes, implying that the cyclone had central pressure of 982 mb or greater.) Using the Inland Decay Model from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the hurricane weakened to a 62 kt tropical storm one hour after it made landfall (00Z 2nd). The inland decay model weakens the storm to 46 kt at 06Z and 35 kt at 12Z. Peak observed winds within two hours of synoptic times were 42 kt at 00Z and 36 kt at 06Z. Given the sparse reports available, winds close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model were chosen for the reanalyzed HURDAT: 60 kt at 00Z (no change), 45 kt at 06Z (down from 55 kt), and 35 kt at 12Z (down from 45 kt). Since the storm reemerges over the Atlantic near Atlantic City, NJ around 06Z on the 3rd, and a 33 kt 1-minute sustained wind (30 kt after converting to 10m, 1-min) was observed at Atlantic City at 20Z on the 2nd, tropical storm status is maintained for the entire duration that this storm was over the US. The cyclone is analyzed to have produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. It is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression over the open Atlantic at 00Z on the 4th and it dissipated by 12Z a few hundred miles east of Cape Cod as a closed low was no longer evident. This storm was tropical throughout its lifetime. The final two 6-hour points are eliminated from HURDAT because the system is analyzed to have been dissipated by 12Z on the 4th. The cyclone may have degenerated to an open trough as early as 00Z on the 4th though the available observations are ambiguous, thus positions early on the 4th are retained. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 4 - 2013 Revision 31625 08/16/1944 M= 9 4 SNBR= 700 NOT NAMED XING=0 31630 08/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 570 40 0* 31630 08/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*121 595 50 0* *** *** ** 31635 08/17*125 587 45 0*127 598 45 0*129 608 50 0*132 622 55 0* 31635 08/17*121 605 60 0*123 615 65 0*127 625 70 0*133 635 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31640 08/18*136 638 60 0*142 652 65 0*147 666 75 973*152 680 80 0* 31640 08/18*140 645 80 0*147 655 85 0*152 666 90 973*155 678 90 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31645 08/19*156 693 90 0*160 702 95 0*162 709 100 0*166 722 105 0* 31645 08/19*157 690 90 0*158 701 95 0*159 712 100 0*162 722 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31650 08/20*170 733 105 0*174 744 105 0*178 756 105 0*181 771 105 0* 31650 08/20*167 732 105 0*174 742 105 0*179 753 105 0*183 766 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31655 08/21*184 785 70 0*186 798 70 0*188 811 75 0*191 827 75 0* 31655 08/21*186 782 75 0*188 797 75 0*190 811 75 0*192 827 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 31660 08/22*194 843 80 0*199 859 80 0*204 875 80 0*206 885 65 0* 31660 08/22*194 843 80 0*197 860 80 0*200 877 80 0*202 893 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31665 08/23*208 895 55 0*209 911 50 0*209 928 45 0*209 942 45 0* 31665 08/23*204 907 55 0*206 920 50 0*207 933 45 0*208 946 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31670 08/24*209 953 40 0*208 971 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31670 08/24*207 958 40 0*206 970 35 0*205 982 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 31675 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes were implemented with this destructive Jamaican hurricane, compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Mexican synoptic maps and station data, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, a newspaper article provided by Mike Chenoweth, Connor (1956), and the Jamaican Meteorological Office (1945). August 16: HWM analyzes a wave axis between 55-60W, and a low at the southern end of the wave axis near 11.7N, 56.8W. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 57.0W. "This small intense hurricane was first noted east of Barbados on the 16th (MWR)." No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM analyzes two lows, both of at most 1010 mb. The one near 14N, 64.2W shows a large area of below 1010 mb pressure extending from 11N, 68W northeastward to 17N, 63W where a wave axis, which extends northeastward to 22N, 59W, is plotted attached to the low. The low is very small and located near 11.2N, 59.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 12.9N, 60.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 12.3N, 58.9W and a 12Z position near 12.5N, 62W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb near 13.2N, 62.7W. Aircraft highlights: Center fix: 13N, 62.5W at 1140Z (micro); 40 kt ESE at 14.4N, 62.9W at 1430Z (micro); 35 kt SSW at 12.3N, 62.0W at 1630Z (micro). Two other aircraft gales. "Passing south of Barbados and over the Grenada Islands during the night, it entered the Caribbean not far from St. Vincent about 8:30 am on the 17th" (MWR). August 18: HWM analyzes a low in a trough with a wave axis extending from the low north- northeastward for several hundred kilometers. The position of the plotted low is near 14N, 67.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 14.7N, 66.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 13.3N, 64.6W and a 12Z position near 14.3N, 67.3W. Microfilm shows a center near 14.5N, 67.5W. Ship highlight: Calm and 973 mb at 15.2N, 66.7W (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N at 15.2N, 68.3W, possibly at 1330Z (micro); 40 kt S at 14.3N, 67.0W at 1350Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 14.1N, 65.7W at 16Z (micro). Three other aircraft gales. August 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 16.8N, 72.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 16.2N, 70.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 14.8N, 69.3W, and a 12Z position near 15.8N, 71.3W. Microfilm shows a center near 15.9N, 71.3W. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SSE at 16.5N, 70.8W at 18Z (micro); 45 kt SSW at 16.1N, 72.1W at 1830Z (micro); 35 kt N at 16.7N, 73.7W at 2340Z. One other aircraft gale. August 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm approaching Jamaica near 17.6N, 75.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 17.8N, 75.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16.4N, 73.3W and a 12Z position near 17.3N, 75.5W. Microfilm shows a center near 17.7N, 75.4W. Land highlights: 987 mb (min p) at 1530Z at Morant Point (17.9N, 76.2W) (Jamaica); 52 kt (max wind) WSW around 18Z at Kingston, Jamaica (MWR); 999 mb (min p) around 18Z Kingston, Jamaica (MWR); 45 kt W and 1000 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at ~1830Z (micro); 980 mb (min p) around 21Z at Harmony Hall, Duncans, Trelawny, Jamaica (18.5N, 77.5W) (Jamaica); 984 mb (min p) around 2240Z at Montego Bay (18.5N, 77.9W) (Jamaica); 1001 mb (min p) at 2345Z at Nergil (18.2N, 78.4W) (Jamaica). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt S at 17.5N, 74.3W at 15Z (micro); 50 kt ESE at 18.3N, 73.6W at 1530Z (micro); 40 kt SSW at 17.3N, 75.4W at 1610Z. Three other aircraft gales. "The hurricane swept inland over the southeast coast of Jamaica, in the Boston Bay area, shortly before noon on the 20th and passed off the western coast near Montego Bay some hours later. The storm lost much of its intensity as it crossed the island, for winds fell from an estimated 100 to 120 miles per hour on the east coast to 80 miles per hour in the vicinity of Montego Bay where damage was not serious. Press photos show that on some of the large coconut plantations, in the more seriously affected areas, not a tree was left standing" (MWR). Regarding the course over Jamaica... "It first struck the coast at Boston at about 11:30 am EST (1630 GMT) and moved in a west northwesterly direction, which took it along the coast to Annotto Bay, and then overland to some point between Falmouth and Montego Bay from whence it passed out to sea some time between 5:30 and 6:00 pm (2230 and 2300 Z). Its average speed over Jamaica was 18 mph, a high speed for such a destructive storm; but there is some evidence that its speed over the eastern half of the island was of the order of 15 mph, gradually increasing to 20-22 mph in the western half. The exact track of the center over the western parishes is rather difficult to determine" (Jamaica). Regarding pressure observations in Jamaica during the storm... "No sequence of barometer readings from a station it the path of the storm is available, but the minimum pressure at one point on the path, Harmony Hall, Duncans, Trelawny was approximately 980 mb (28.84 inches). A barograph record made at Montego Bay showed a minimum pressure of about 984 mb. The center passed 2-3 miles north of Montego Bay, but the town appears to have experienced the outer part of the eye of the storm as a definite lull was reliably reported" (Jamaica). Regarding the pressure recorded at Morant Point versus an estimation of the central pressure of the storm at 1530Z... "From 3 am (8Z), the pressure (at Morant Point) fell with increasing rapidity until after 9 am (14Z) the graph became almost a straight line, indicating a uniform rate of fall of 0.9 millibars per mile distance from the center (Morant being approximately 27 and 12.5 miles from the center at 9 (14Z) and 10:30 (1530Z) respectively). Assuming that this rate of fall was maintained to the boundary of the eye, that the eye was about 5 miles in diameter, and that the isobars were circular, the pressure at the boundary of the eye at 10:30 am (1530Z would be 10 * 0.9 = 9.0 mb less than at Morant where a minimum pressure of 987 mb was recorded at about 10:30 am (1530Z). It can be assumed that there was no great change in pressure within the eye and that therefore the (central pressure) at this time was of the order of 978 mb" (Jamaica). "From the above readings (and other readings not included) and remarks the following points may be noted: (a) The area of excessively large pressure gradient on the south side of the hurricane was comparatively small, being of the order of 30-35 miles radius. The area was probably slightly greater on the north side. (b) The minimum pressure at Vernam Field and Nergil are evidence in favor of the theory that filling up occurred in the western section of the landtrack, but that deepening was renewed once the hurricane passed out to sea. (It had been over the sea some 1.5-2 hours when the Nergil minimum was recorded)" (Jamaica). Regarding the wind speed... "No instrumental observations of wind force or direction are available from places in the path of the hurricane, but it is possible to make one fairly reliable estimate of the speed at Annotto Bay (18.3N, 76.8W) shortly before the center passed that town, and after the hurricane had traveled along the coast for some two hours. Two railway vans , weighing 14.5 tons each, situated approximately 90 degrees to the wind direction, were overturned, from which fact it may be deduced that the wind speed was of the order of 100-120 mph. The strongest winds occurred between Manchioneal (18.0N, 76.3W) and western St. Mary (18.4N, 76.9W)" (Jamaica). Regarding the state of the sea... "Very heavy swell on the open seas was noted at Palisadoes (essentially Kingston) when the center was still 70 miles distant, and appeared to be unchanged 2 hours later when the center was about 35 miles nearer. Morant Point Lighthouse reported very heavy swell from an ENE direction when the center was over 50 miles distant" (Jamaica). Regarding the damage... "Well over 30 people were killed (mostly due to the wind). The main damage to buildings occurred in Portland, St. Mary, St. Ann, northern Trelawny, northern St. James, northern St. Andrews, northern St. Catherine and eastern St. Thomas, the first three suffering heavy destruction, and fourth one considerable damage to large buildings. Small single or double roomed dwellings of light construction were either blown down or crushed by falling trees. Larger dwellings, which were damaged, mostly remained intact until a shutter or window was blown open, after which the roof was easy prey for the wind. In some cases, where the wind was able to get beneath a building, it was lifted bodily several yards. Several large buildings, particularly churches, had their roofs completely removed and suffered much internal damage" (Jamaica). Regarding the diameter of the eye... "The dimensions of the eye of the storm are of interest. It has been assumed that the diameter was 5 miles before it struck the Island. This was based on reports that the lull was of the order of 15-20 minutes in the extreme eastern districts. East of Anotto Bay all the available reports come from coastal stations, and without exception report a lull. West of Anotto Bay lulls of duration varying from 15 to 30 minutes are reported from the places situated in a belt 8-10 miles wide. It therefore appears that the eye was increasing in diameter in the west of the Island, and that this factor may be connected with the weakening of the storm" (Jamaica). August 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.3N, 81.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 18.8N, 81.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near the western tip of Jamaica near 18.2N, 78.4W and a 12Z position near 18.7N, 81.1W. Microfilm shows a low centered near 19.2N, 81.1W of at most 1002 mb claiming that the maximum gusts reported by a source were 85 mph out of the ENE. It is unclear whether this report is the maximum gusts encountered by a ship or plane, or whether it is the estimated maximum gusts of the storm. Land highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Cayman Islands at 12Z (micro); 40 kt ENE with maximum gusts to 78 kt and 1004 mb at Cayman Islands at 13Z (micro); 45 kt E and 1003 mb at Cayman Islands at 14Z (micro); 40 kt E and 1008 mb at Cayman Islands at 15Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt ENE at 19.5N, 81.5W at 1330Z (micro); 35 kt E at 20.2N, 80.7W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt NE at 19.5N, 83.8W at 14Z (micro). "The hurricane center passed near Grand Cayman Island on the 21st with winds of 80 to 90 miles per hour, in gusts" (MWR). August 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm inland over western Belize near 17.8N, 88.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 20.4N, 87.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.1N, 83.8W and a 12Z position near 20.1N, 87.6W. Microfilm shows a low centered near 20.1N, 87.6W. Ship highlight: 40 kt SSE and 108 mb 20.1N, 86.1W (micro). Two other gales of 40 kt and one low pressure of 1005 mb. Station highlight: 47 kt ENE (maximum 5 min wind - no time) at Cozumel (Mexico). Regarding the track..."On the morning of the 22nd, the center moved inland on the coast of Yucatan a short distance south of Cozumel Island, and while it lost force in passing over the Peninsula, it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico intact and moved westward into Mexico a short distance south of Tuxpan. According to press reports at least 12 deaths were caused inland in Mexico as a result of floods that accompanied dissipation of the storm" (MWR). August 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 20.2N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 92.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.6N, 90.4W and a 12Z position near 20.7N, 93W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 20.8N, 93.7W. Land highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 01Z at Merida (21.0N, 89.7W) (micro); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 02Z at Merida (micro). August 24: HURDAT last listed this at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.8N, 97.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.7N, 95.6W moving just south of due west at about 265 degrees. Microfilm shows a low at 12Z centered near 20N, 98.2W. "A conservative estimate of fatalities resulting from this hurricane, taken from incomplete statistics, places loss of life at 216" (MWR). Regarding the damage..."Estimates of property damage are incomplete but will total several million dollars. Extremely heavy crop losses were suffered on Jamaica. The most authoritative estimate of the number of coconut trees destroyed on the whole island is 41 percent, while banana trees which were concentrated in the stricken zone, were about 90 percent destroyed" (MWR). This tropical storm was first noticed east of Barbados due to the pressure falls observed at Barbados on the 16th. The analysis indicates that it passed south of Barbados. HURDAT started this storm at 18Z on the 16th, and no change is made to the timing of genesis. It is possible that the cyclone existed east of the Lesser Antilles, but observations are very sparse over the open Atlantic. A newspaper article describing the impacts in Grenada indicates that 150 houses were destroyed on that island and that over a dozen schooners and fishing vessels were capsized, destroyed or severely damaged. Based mainly upon this article (a secondary source), it is estimated that the cyclone was at hurricane intensity at its closest approach to Grenada at 06Z on the 17th. A 65 kt intensity is assigned at that time (up from 45 kt originally - a major change). The largest track change is late on the 16th and early on the 17th, when the storm is analyzed to be substantially farther west (and a little bit farther south - showing a track closer to Grenada) than in the original HURDAT. All other track changes are minor and were introduced throughout the lifetime of the cyclone. It moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea. The central pressure observation of 973 mb reported by a ship and reported by Monthly Weather Review the morning of the 18th is crucial in determining the intensity changes made to HURDAT. The pressure of 973 mb equals 88 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The size of the storm is believed to be average or smaller than average at this time, because at this ship, the pressure fell 40 mb in 3 hours and then after the calm period, the pressure rose 40 mb in 3 hours. So an intensity of 90 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 18th, upgraded from 75 kt in the previous HURDAT. Over the 30 hour period from 06Z on the 17th to 12Z on the 18th, the intensity is linearly increased by 5 kt per 6 hr from 65 kt at 06Z on the 17th to 90 kt at 12Z on the 18th. The cyclone became a major hurricane with 100 kt winds by 12Z on the 19th (unchanged) near 16N, 71W. It struck Jamaica directly around 16Z on the 20th, as a 105 kt category 3 hurricane- consistent with the impacts described in the report by the Jamaican Meteorological Office, and the storm weakened to a category 1 before emerging back over water. (Note that the 978 mb central pressure estimated based upon a 987 mb peripheral pressure measurement discussed in the report is likely substantially too high because of the small size of the hurricane.) Winds are reduced at 18Z on the 20th (from 105 to 90 kt), as the hurricane had been over Jamaica for a couple of hours at that point and no weakening had previously been indicated in HURDAT. The hurricane continued traveling towards the WNW passing south of the Cayman Islands, where hurricane force gusts were reported. The hurricane struck the Yucatan Peninsula on the 22nd at as category 1 hurricane. It weakened to a tropical storm while over the Yucatan Peninsula, and it emerged into the Bay of Campeche intact. The storm did not regain any strength over the Bay of Campeche and made its 2nd Mexico landfall as a tropical storm early on the 24th. There were no changes to the intensity from late on the 21st until early on the 24th. Dissipation of the cyclone likely occurred around 18Z on the 24th - six hours later than originally indicated, as observations show that the system retained a closed circulation at 12Z. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 5 - 2013 Revision 31680 08/19/1944 M= 5 5 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED XING=0 31680 08/18/1944 M= 6 5 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED XING=0 (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 31682 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 850 25 0*209 856 25 0* 31685 08/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*228 877 35 0* 31685 08/19*213 862 30 0*217 868 30 0*220 875 30 0*223 883 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 31690 08/20*228 890 35 0*229 895 40 0*230 900 40 0*230 906 45 0* 31690 08/20*226 892 35 0*229 901 40 0*230 910 40 0*230 919 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31695 08/21*231 914 50 0*233 926 50 0*235 938 50 0*238 946 50 0* 31695 08/21*231 928 50 0*233 937 50 0*235 945 50 0*238 952 50 0* *** *** *** *** 31700 08/22*240 954 50 0*243 964 50 0*247 973 45 0*250 982 45 0* 31700 08/22*240 958 50 0*243 964 50 0*247 971 50 0*250 978 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** 31705 08/23*253 989 35 0*256 998 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31705 08/23*253 987 35 0*256 998 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** 31710 TS Tropical Storm impact for S TX - 40 kt winds occurred near Port Isabel and South Padre Island Minor track changes but no intensity alterations were made to this tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico, compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally. Genesis is begun 30 hours earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Mexican synoptic maps and station data, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and the Original Monthly Records from NCDC. August 13: HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 12N, 61W to 18N, 55W in a trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 14: HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 13N, 64W to 22N, 57W in a trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 15: HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 16N, 68W to 23N, 62W in a trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 17.5N, 68.2W. No gales or low pressures. August 16: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, near 14.5N, 74W with a tropical wave axis extending from the low north-northeastward to 24N, 70W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 17N, 82W to 24N, 76W located in a sharp trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 15N, 85W to 26N, 83W in a sharp trough of low pressure. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a low in a trough located near 20.3N, 84.4W. Aircraft highlights: 25 kts SSE at 15.7N, 83W and 25 kt S at 14.5N, 83.5W around 16Z (micro). August 19: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT initiates this storm at 18Z at 22.8N, 87.7W with an intensity of 35 kt. No gales or low pressures. "Development of a circulation and an increase in intensity was noted north of the Yucatan Peninsula, in an isallobaric wave that for some time had been moving westward through the Caribbean" (MWR). August 20: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 90.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.4N, 88.7W and a 12Z position near 22.5N, 90.3W. Microfilm does not show a closed low. Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 24.7N, 86.8W at 0030Z (micro). August 21: HWM analyzes a low with no closed isobars plotted near 24.7N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 23.5N, 93.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.7N, 92.1W and a 12Z position near 23.1N, 93.8W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 23N, 94.5W. Aircraft highlight: 35 kt E at 24.5N, 95.2W at 19Z (micro). August 22: HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.3N, 96.6W just offshore of the Texas-Mexico border. HRUDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 97.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24N, 95.7W and a 12Z position near 24.6N, 97.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 24.7N, 97.3W. Land highlight: 39 kt (1-min) NE at Brownsville at ~1730Z (OMR). "The disturbance continued a westward or west-northwestward movement and crossed the Mexican coast south of Brownsville about noon of the 22nd" (MWR). August 23: HWM does not show any features of interest over Texas or Mexico on this day. HURDAT last lists this storm at 06Z inland at 25.6N, 99.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression. At 06Z, microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.7N, 99.6W. There was an inland observation of 1007 mb and 15 kt from the ESE at 26.0N, 99.2W at ~630Z (micro). "The disturbance did not develop winds of more than moderate gale force" (MWR). This storm formed from a strong tropical wave that can be tracked back to the eastern Caribbean Sea on 13 August. The microfilm maps for 15-16 August show a low pressure area near Puerto Rico and Hispaniola with evidence of a sharp wind trough and possibly a closed circulation. The HWM on 17 August shows a low just east of Jamaica. However, a closed circulation could not be definitely assessed on the 15th through the 17th. However, given the somewhat sparse data available on these dates, the possibility exists that either this cyclone began earlier or there was a separate, short-lived tropical cyclone on the 15th to the 17th. It did attain a closed circulation around 12Z on the 18th as it was passing between Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula, based in part by the westerly winds observed in Belize City and along the northern coast of Honduras. Thus a change was made to begin this system as a tropical depression 30 hours earlier than originally in HURDAT. Minor track changes were introduced for every day in its lifetime. It then strengthened to a 50 kt tropical storm (unchanged from original HURDAT) as it moved west- northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico. The storm made landfall around 18Z on the 22nd in Mexico about 70 miles south of Brownsville with an intensity of 50 kt, same as the peak intensity. The peak observed winds for this tropical cyclone were the 39 kt 1-minute winds in Brownsville, which is consistent with a 50 kt landfall intensity. This cyclone is analyzed to have produced a 40 kt tropical storm impact in Texas. It then weakened to a tropical depression over land and dissipated about 18 hours after landfall. No changes were made to the dissipation phase of this tropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 6 - 2013 Revision 31715 09/09/1944 M= 3 6 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED XING=1 31720 09/09*223 938 35 0*239 940 40 0*254 942 45 0*267 941 45 0* 31720 09/09*250 950 25 0*258 948 30 0*265 945 35 0*270 941 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 31725 09/10*277 933 45 0*283 921 40 0*289 908 40 0*300 896 35 0* 31725 09/10*272 935 45 0*277 926 45 0*284 915 50 0*291 896 55 992* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 31730 09/11*315 885 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31730 09/11*307 881 40 0*314 870 30 0*320 868 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 31735 TS First landfall: 9/10/1944 1900Z 29.3N, 89.4W 992 mb 55 kt Second landfall: 9/10/1944 2300Z 30.3N, 88.3W 1001 mb 50 kt Major changes to the track and minor alterations to intensity were made for this tropical storm, compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally. Evidence of these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Louisiana and Alabama Climatological Data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Conner (1956). September 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, but it does indicate a stationary front lying across the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb attached to a WSW-ENE frontal boundary centered near 27.4N, 95.5W. No gales or low pressures. "A partial wind circulation, evident early in the afternoon on September 7, developed and within the next 36 hours isobars with cyclonic curvature covered the entire western Gulf, and suggested a complete wind circulation with center near latitude 23N, longitude 94W" (MWR). September 9: HWM analyzes a low near 25.5N, 94.3W at the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front, both of which lie in a pressure trough. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.4N, 94.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.5N, 94.1W and a 12Z position near 25.5N, 94.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.5N, 94.1W and a 12Z position near 25.5N, 94.6W. Microfilm has a tropical storm symbol plotted on the 00Z map near 23N, 94W, and on the 12Z map microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 94.5W with two boundaries extending from the low. One boundary extends from the low east-northeastward, and the other boundary extends from the low south- southwestward. Both of there boundaries lie in pressure troughs. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb just south of Louisiana near 28.7N, 92.3W at the west end of a W-E warm front. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 90.8W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.3N, 93.8W and a 12Z position near 29N, 92W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.7N, 93.7W and a 12Z position near 28.8N, 91.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 29N, 92.5W with the same 2 boundaries analyzed as on the previous day. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE at 27.5N, 88.5W at 18Z (COA); 30 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 29.0N, 89.4W at 1830Z (micro). Land highlights: 47 kt at Pensacola, FL (MWR); 41 kt S at Pensacola, FL at ~21Z (OMR); 1003 mb at 1945Z Mobile (OMR); 1003 mb at Pensacola, FL at 2120Z (OMR). "No important atmospheric phenomena, not easily susceptible of tabulation, occurred during month" (New Orleans OMR). "On Sept. 9-10 a small tropical disturbance came northeastward along the coast line and passed south of Mobile about the middle of the afternoon. Heavy rain and fresh winds in squalls continued from 1030pm of the 9th until 405pm of the 10th. 24 hour rain was the heaviest since 1937. Damage to roads and bridges from the heavy rain was considerable and the streets of Mobile were flooded...The tide in the Mobile River reached a height of 3.8 ft above sea level, which was the highest tide since September 1, 1932. The high tide occurred shortly before the regularly computed time of low tide under normal conditions" (Mobile OMR). "The moderate tropical disturbance that moved inland between Mobile and Pensacola on the afternoon of the 10th was attended by continuous rain squalls during the day with extreme wind velocity at Pensacola reaching 47 mph from the SSE at 6.33 p.m. EWT. Tides were about one foot above normal. Damage caused by the storm in Pensacola amount to about $500, mainly to roofs on frail dwellings in the southwestern part of the city" (Pensacola OMR). "Sep. 10, Landfall near Grand Isle, Estimated Minimum Central Pressure 999 mb" (Connor). "Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Sept. 10 - Mobile - Minor - 7 to 11 in. rain" ("Minor" - winds less than 74 mph, pressure greater than 996 mb- Dunn and Miller). September 11: HWM analyzes no features of interest over the southeast United States or over the northern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z at 31.5N, 88.5W as a 30 kt tropical depression. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31N, 87W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position just southeast of Mobile, AL near 30.8N, 87.9W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 00Z near 31N, 87.5W with a boundary extending eastward from the low. Land highlight: 35 kt S at Pensacola, FL at ~00Z (micro). HURDAT listed this originally as being tropical throughout its lifetime and it was begun as a tropical storm at 00Z on 9 September. However, both the Historical Weather Maps and the microfilm maps indicate a trough or a front was present in the vicinity of the cyclone through the short lifetime of this system. Given that the most significant temperature and dewpoint gradients along this boundary were east of the cyclone, the system is retained as originating as a tropical cyclone at genesis around 00Z on the 9th. It is noted that the wind shift south of Lake Charles, Louisiana observed from aircraft measurements late on the 10th likely reflected this trough (or front) structure. The major track changes early on the 9th point to positions significantly northwest of the original HURDAT positions. On the 10th, observations indicate positions slightly south and west of the previous HURDAT positions for all synoptic times on that day. For intensity, HURDAT starts this as a 35 kt tropical storm, but it is reanalyzed to have started as a 25 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 9th, becoming 35 kt by 12Z on the 9th (revised down from 45 kt), based upon numerous ship and coastal observations. The cyclone was moving northeastwards, towards the north Gulf Coast. The tropical storm made two landfalls, with a 55 and 50 kt intensity respectively (the intensity was revised upwards from the original HURDAT). The first landfall occurred in southeastern Louisiana at 29.3N, 89.4W around 19Z on the 10th, and the second landfall was at the Mississippi/Alabama border around 23Z on the 10th. A 992 mb central pressure with 3 kt winds was recorded at Pilottown, LA. A 992 mb central pressure equals 56 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure wind relationship, so 55 kt was chosen for the first landfall. An observation at Pensacola of a 5-minute wind of 47 kt late on the 10th suggests a maximum 1-minute wind of about 50 kt for the 2nd landfall. Winds are boosted to 55 kt at 18Z on the 10th (up from 35 kt originally - a major change to HURDAT). The cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. HURDAT's original last point was at 00Z on the 11th as a 30 kt depression. Observations indicate it was still a 40 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 11th. Available data maintains a tropical, closed circulation for an additional 12 hours after HURDAT's last position at 00Z. The storm is analyzed to have weakened to a depression by 06Z on the 11th while over Alabama. The last point in the revised HURDAT is a 25 kt tropical depression at 12Z. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 7 - 2013 Revision 31740 09/09/1944 M= 8 7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 31740 09/09/1944 M= 8 7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 31745 09/09* 0 0 0 0*208 580 65 0*212 597 70 0*216 610 70 0* 31745 09/09* 0 0 0 0*208 585 45 0*212 597 50 0*216 610 55 0* *** ** ** ** 31750 09/10*220 623 75 0*225 636 75 0*230 650 75 0*234 663 80 0* 31750 09/10*220 623 60 0*225 636 65 0*230 650 70 0*236 663 75 0* ** ** ** *** ** 31755 09/11*239 674 85 0*242 681 90 0*245 687 90 0*247 692 95 0* 31755 09/11*243 674 80 0*250 681 85 0*255 687 90 0*257 692 95 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** 31760 09/12*249 697 105 0*252 703 110 0*256 711 115 943*263 723 120 0* 31760 09/12*258 699 105 0*259 706 110 0*262 715 115 943*266 728 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31765 09/13*271 735 120 0*278 742 115 0*285 748 110 0*297 755 105 0* 31765 09/13*270 740 120 0*276 747 120 0*285 751 125 0*297 755 125 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31770 09/14*312 760 100 0*327 761 95 0*344 757 90 0*371 747 85 0* 31770 09/14*312 757 120 0*327 757 115 0*345 754 110 940*371 747 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31775 09/15*399 732 75 0*421 715 65 966E442 685 35 0E460 637 35 982* 31775 09/15*399 732 90 954*420 710 70 966E442 685 55 982E460 637 50 * ** *** *** *** ** ** *** ** *** 31780 09/16E478 582 30 0E499 526 30 0E520 470 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 31780 09/16E478 582 45 0E499 526 40 0E520 470 35 0* 0 0 0 0* ** ** ** 31785 HR NC3 VA3 NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2 31785 HR NC2 VA2 NY2 CT1 RI2 MA1 NJ1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Landfall: 9/14/1944 13Z 35.2N 75.3W 90kt 15nmi-RMW 1010mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI 940mb (Note: hurricane passed just east of NC as 115 kt Cat 4, 90 kt are peak winds estimated to have impacted the NC coast) 9/15/1944 02Z 40.9N 72.2W 90kt 30nmi-RMW 1009mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI 954mb 9/15/1944 04Z 41.4N 71.6W 85kt 30nmi-RMW 1009mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI 957mb Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, _Monthly Weather Review_, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the COADS ship database, Tannehill (1952), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), and Cobb (2004). September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 44W. HURDAT does not indicate a tropical cyclone until 06Z on the 9th. No gales or low pressures. September 5: HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 48W. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 52W. No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM analyzes an open low near 13N 54W with a tropical wave extending from there northward. No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 57W with a tropical wave extending from there northward. No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 61.0W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt category 1 hurricane at 21.2N, 59.7W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones for September 1944 (Chart IX) places the center at 20.5N, 59.5W at 12 UTC on this day. The center of the storm according to a reconnaissance flight reported in the Monthly Weather Review indicated a center located at approximately 21.0N, 60.0W sometime on the 9th. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 21.2N, 59.7W due to a lack of data in the vicinity of the storm. The intensity of the storm on this day is based on the following quote taken from the 1944 Monthly Weather Review, "strong disturbance existed in the vicinity." Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 24.0N, 64.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt category 1 hurricane at 23.0N, 65.0W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones for September 1944 (Chart IX) places the center at 21.5N, 61.5W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 22.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 23.0N, 65.0W due to a lack of data in the vicinity of the storm. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures on this day. September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered at 25.2N, 68.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt category 2 hurricane at 24.5N, 69.0W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 23.5N, 67.5W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 25.2N, 68.2W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt category 2 hurricane was centered at 25.5N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 1001 mb and 20kt WNW at 12 UTC at 24.5N, 70.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 17 UTC at 23.5N, 69.5W (COA). September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered at 26.0N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt category 4 hurricane with 943 mb central pressure at 25.6N, 71.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 25.0N, 70.3W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 25.5N, 71.0W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 115 kt category 4 hurricane was centered at 26.2N, 71.5W. Ship observations: 1001 mb and 15 kt NW at 13 UTC at 24.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1000 mb and 35 kt W at 13 UTC at 24.5N, 73.5W (COA); 999 mb and 45 kt SW winds at 17 UTC at 25.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1002 mb and 15 kt winds at 17 UTC at 25.5N, 73.5W (COA). Regarding the intensity: unable to track down a source for the 943 mb documented in HURDAT for 12 UTC on this day. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered at 29.5N, 76.0W. HURDAT listed this as a 110 kt category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 74.8W. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 27.5N, 73.5W at 0 UTC on this day. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 28.0N, 74.5W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 120 kt category 4 hurricane was centered at 28.5N, 75.1W. Ship observations: 1008 mb and 35 kt NE at 00 UTC at 28.5N, 76.5W (Hugh Cobb); 1000 mb and 35 kt SSW at 01 UTC at 25.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1000 mb at 26.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1005 mb and 17 kt NW at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 77.1W (HWM); 952 mb at 13 UTC at 29.5N, 75.5W (COA); 933 mb at 17 UTC at 29.5N, 75.5W (COA); 1013 mb and 35 kt SE at 17 UTC at 27.5N, 72.5W (COA); 1013 mb and 35 kt SE at 18 UTC at 27.5N, 72.5W (Hugh Cobb). Regarding the intensity: 952 mb central pressure at 12 UTC on this day; 933 mb central pressure at 18 UTC for this day. September 1944 MWR: "At about 9 pm [02 UTC] of the 12th, the storm was centered near the 75th meridian and the expected recurve to the northward became apparent." "It was one of the most violent hurricanes of history; in fact, there is no definite proof of a more violent hurricane in the records. As it approached the northern Bahamas its central pressure was certainly below 27.00 inches [914 mb] (very probably about 26.85 inches [909 mb]) and it was at that time a hurricane of large diameter" (Tannehill). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 35.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt category 2 hurricane at 34.4N, 75.7W. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 31.0N, 75.5W at 0 UTC on this day. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 35.0N, 75.5W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest that the 110 kt category 3 hurricane was centered at 34.4N, 75.2W. Ship observations: 75 kt SW at 00 UTC at 29.5N, 75.5W (Hugh Cobb); 986 mb and 60 kt N at 17 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 997 mb and 40 kt NW at 21 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA) Land observations: 964 mb at 1230 UTC at 35.2N, 75.7W (OMR Hatteras, NC); 947 mb at 1320 UTC at 35.2N, 75.7W; 35 kt N (OMR Hatteras, NC); 74 kt NW at 1722 UTC at 36.9N, 76.0 W (Cape Henry, VA) (September 1944 MWR); 75 kt NW at 1745 UTC at 36.9N, 76.0W (September 1944 MWR Cape Henry, VA). Edenton, NC: "A hurricane centered 100 miles south of Beaufort, NC at 0400 [0900 UTC], passed along the Eastern coast causing gusts up to 72 knots over this station. Pressure reached a low of 985 mb." Harvey Point, NC: "Light rain began near 0400 [0900 UTC] and increased in intensity during height of storm, and gradually diminished in early afternoon after center passed. Barometer fell sharply as center approached; became unsteady as it passed close to eastward. Lowest pressure recorded at 1130 [1630 UTC] with mercurial barometer of 981.5 mb. Winds increased steadily from NE to become 60-70 knots, gusty, during forenoon. Highest 30 sec. buzzer reading 66 knots, with higher gusts estimated to 80 knots." Wilmington, NC: "A tropical disturbance of great energy moved northward over the Atlantic Ocean some distance east of the North Carolina coast on the 14th. The center of the storm passed about 100 miles east of this station. The lowest barometer reading during the passage of the storm was 29.36 inches [995 mb] at 4:50 am [0950 UTC], and the highest wind velocity 27 miles per hour [23 kt] at 4:35 am [0935 UTC]." Weeksville, Elizabeth City, NC: "Hurricane passed station before noon [17 UTC]. Winds reached highest gust of 79 knots from NNE, and averaged 45 to 50 knots during passage." Richmond, VA: "A tropical hurricane which passed along the coast of Virginia caused heavy rains and fresh winds at Richmond but no damage resulted on this immediate vicinity." Norfolk, VA: "One of the most severe tropical hurricanes in the history of the Norfolk Weather Bureau Office, the records of which go back to 1871, struck this city and the entire coastal area of Virginia, on September 14, 1944. Warnings regarding this storm were issued by the Weather Bureau as a much as four days in advance. Its path was carefully charted and its westward and northwestward course plotted and closely followed throughout its journey from the time of its inception in the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean until it passed northward along the coast of the United States on September 14th, causing widespread disaster over all areas coming under its influence. Definite effects of the approach of the storm were noticeable in the gentle to moderate easterly winds during the early morning hours. These shifted to northeasterly, with velocity increasing to 20 miles for the hour 6-7 am [11-12 UTC]. The direction continued northeast for four hours, with velocities up to 36 miles an hour. This was followed by a further backing of the wind, which was mostly north until 1 pm, then north west until 4 pm [21 UTC], finally becoming west and southwest. Velocities continued to increase rapidly until a sustained velocity of 56 miles an hour [49 kt] from the NW, for five minutes, occurred from 11:50 am [1650 UTC] to 11:55 am [1655 UTC]. During this interval the fastest single mile passed at the rate of 73 miles an hour [63 kt], from the north, beginning at 11:51 am [1651 UTC]. Velocities of 50 miles an hour [43 kt] continued during the early afternoon but decreased rapidly thereafter to only 11 miles per hour [10 kt] at 6:00 pm [23 UTC]. The barometric pressure fell rapidly during the forenoon, reaching the lowest point at 11:45 am [1645 UTC], when a sea level reading of 29.11 inches [986 mb] was recorded. The center of this storm did not pass directly over Norfolk, but was doubtless a few miles off the coast. Virginia Beach and Cape Henry were doubtless not far from the center as it passed northward. Winds were much stronger at the Cape Henry Weather Bureau Office where a velocity of 85 miles an hour [74 kt] was sustained for a period of five minutes, beginning at 12:22 pm [1722 UTC]. This wind was from the NW. The fastest single mile of wind registered at the Cape Henry Office was at the rate of 134 miles an hour [117 kt], from the NW at 1:13 pm [1813 UTC]. There were gusts for a moments duration, with velocities estimated to be as high as 150 miles an hour. These velocities exceeded all previous records at the Cape Henry Station. The lowest pressure, reduced to sea level, recorded at the Cape Henry Station during the hurricane was 28.86 inches, at 12:10 pm [1710 UTC]. Fortunately for Norfolk and the entire Hampton Roads area, the peak of this hurricane came at low tide. In spite of all the advance notice and warnings given by the Weather Bureau regarding this storm, considerable damage could not be avoided. Many buildings were unroofed, hundreds of signs were blown down, and thousands of trees were uprooted. Plate glass windows of many stores were blown in or broken by flying debris, and many chimneys were toppled. There was no loss of life in this immediate vicinity, but two U.S. Coast Guard cutters dispatched from Norfolk in spite of the warnings, to aid another vessel in distress were sunk. Other vessels caught in the storm, including a minesweeper, a destroyer and a lightship, also went to the bottom. A total of 344 men lost their lives. The estimates of the value of property saved as a result of the Bureaus warnings run as high as $20,000,000, due largely to the removal of many extremely valuable airplanes, as well as other property to points of safety. Doubtless hundreds of lives would have been lost, in addition to those mentioned in the foregoing, had there been no warnings of the approach of this hurricane." Washington, DC: "A tropical hurricane in its northerly course passed near to the Virginia Capes on the 14th and caused great damage along the Atlantic coast and in eastern sections of New England. The barometer at this station fell from 29.83 inches at 10:30 pm [1530 UTC] of the 13th to 29.50 inches at 3:00 pm [18 UTC], 14th. The greatest velocities of the wind during the passage of the hurricane were as follows: 5-minute period: 17 NW at 1:43 pm [1843 UTC]; extreme velocity 18-NW at 1:43 pm [1843 UTC]; Dines anemometer velocity 26-NW at 4:27 pm [2327 UTC]." New York, NY: "The hurricane of September 14, 1944 will long be remembered for its violence, and takes its place among historic storms of the Northeastern States such as the hurricane of September 21, 1938 and the blizzard of March 12, 1888. With an extreme wind velocity of 99 mph [86 kt] and a maximum velocity of 81 mph [70 kt] the all-time wind records of New York City are broken. Twenty deaths in New York City and vicinity were attributed to the storm." September 1944 MWR: "Moving almost due north, at a rate of 25-30 miles per hour, the center passed just east of Hatteras at about 9:20 am [1420 UTC] on the 14th." "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - 1944 Sep 14 - Cape Hatteras - Major [equivalent to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3] - Barometer 27.97 inches at Cape Hatteras" (Dunn and Miller). "108 kt maximum sustained [1 min equivalent] for winds at North Carolina impact. 1009 mb peripheral pressure in North Carolina" (Schwerdt et al.). "944 mb central pressure at time of closest bypass of North Carolina - 17 nmi RMW" (Ho et al.)."1944 - Sep - NC3, VA3 - 947 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 44.5N, 68.0W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 44.2N, 68.5W. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 39.0N, 75.0W at 0 UTC on this day. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 44.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest the 60 kt extratropical storm with 982 central pressure was centered at 44.2N, 68.5W. Ship observations: 969 mb and 80 kt SE at 39.5N, 72.5W (COA); 990 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 66.0W (HWM). Land observations: 70 kt N at 0030 UTC at 40.7N, 74.0W (September 1944 MWR New York, NY); 960 mb at 35 SW at 0310 UTC at 41.2N, 71.6W (OMR Block Island, RI); 962 mb at 0245 UTC at 41.3N, 72.0W (September 1944 MWR Fishers Island, NY); 71 kt SE at 0230 UTC at 41.2N, 71.6W (September 1944 MWR Block Island, RI); 959 mb at Point Judith, Rhode Island (Ho et al.). September 1944 MWR: "Then turning slightly to the northeastward it moved up the coast, at an accelerated speed of about 40 miles per hour, and crossed over eastern Long Island at about 10 pm [03 UTC on the 15th] of the same date. Moving inland about an hour later near Point Judith, RI, the center crossed the State of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, passing a short distance southeast of Boston, and moved into Massachusetts Bay shortly after 1 am [06 UTC on the 15th]." Hartford, CT: "Weather of September 1944 was outstandingly marked by the passage of a hurricane along the North Atlantic Coast and across Southeastern New England on September 14th and 15th.Nevertheless, considerable damage was reported, due to hurricane winds and heavy rain of Thursday night, September 14, particularly to power lines, telephone lines, trees, fruit, tobacco and corn for Hartford and vicinity and throughout Connecticut. Southeastern coastal areas of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Cape Cod were reported severely damaged by tidal waves and hurricane winds. Eight known deaths due to the hurricane were reported in Connecticut as of September 22, 1944. At 10:07 pm [0307 UTC on 15th] of the 14th gusts were clocked for 4 seconds duration at a rate of 109 mph [95 kt]. The lowest barometer reading had preceded this very shortly, being 28.94 inches [980 mb] (reduced to sea level) at 9:50 pm [0250 UTC]." "Tropical Cyclones in the Middle Atlantic States - 1944 Sep 14-15 - Coast - Major [Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2-3 equivalent] - 63 killed, damage $22,500,000. Tropical Cyclones in New England - 1944 Sep 14-15 - Coastal areas - Extreme - [Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 4-5 equivalent] - 390 killed - $100,000,000" (Tannehill). "95 kt maximum sustained [1 min equivalent] winds at New England landfall. 1011 mb peripheral pressure at New England landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "F2 structural damage [Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 equivalent]" (Boose et al.). "Sep 15 - 955 mb central pressure at landfall - 29 nmi RMW - Landfall point 40.9N, 72.3W - Storm becoming extratropical" (Ho et al.). "The storm surge associated with this hurricane was similar to that of the September 21-22, 1938 storm. The peak surges associated with this storm (1944) coincided very nearly with the normal low tide, and the peak surges of the 1938 storm coincided very nearly with the normal high tide. Thus the observed tides of this storm were lower and produced less damage" (Harris). "1944 - Sep - NY3, CT3, RI3, MA2" (Jarrell et al. 1992). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 50.2N, 45.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical storm at 52.0N, 47.0W. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 48.0N, 58.0W at 0 UTC on this day. The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) does not list a location for 12 UTC on this day. Available observations suggest the 30 kt extratropical storm was centered at 52.0N, 47.0W. Ship observations: 1003 mb at 00 UTC at 50.5N, 54.5W (COA); 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 47.5N, 54.5W (COA); 993 mb at 11 UTC at 53.5N, 44.5W (COA); 998 and 35 kt SSW mb at 14 UTC at 52.5N, 35.5W (COA); 994 mb at 15 UTC at 53.5N, 44.5W (COA); 1000 mb at 22 UTC at 51.5N, 36.5W (COA). Providence, RI: "The Atlantic Hurricane passed over Rhode Island during the evening of September 14, 1944, causing great damage in various parts of the state. Numerous houses were washed away along the beaches, but no loss of life resulted from the storm. Total damage to the entire state was between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000. During the height of the storm winds attained a maximum velocity at WBAS of 43 mph [37 kt] for 5 minutes. Extreme velocity of 49 SE for 1 mile, with gusts estimated up to 90 mph [78 kt]. Lowest barometer at WBAS was 28.48 inches [964 mb], while at WBO the lowest reading was 28.56 inches [967 mb] at 11:20 pm [0420 UTC on the 15th]." Nantucket, MA: "The hurricane of September 14-15 was the most severe at Nantucket in recent years. The maximum wind velocity for five minutes was 57-SW at 11:47 pm [0447 UTC on the 15th] on the 14th; extreme velocity was 79-SW at 12:46 am [0546 UTC] of the 15th. Gust velocities were estimated at 90 mph. The hurricane of September 21, 1938 produced a maximum velocity of 52-SE and an extreme velocity of 57-SE. The severity of this storm exceeded that of the hurricane of September 21, 1938 at Nantucket except in relation to hight [sic] tides. Damage from this months storm was principally the result of high winds and tusts [sic], while unusually high tides, accompanying the 1938 hurricane, accounted for the greatest damage in that storm. The tide did not rise to unusual heights during this months storm and the resulting water damage was not great." East Boston, MA: "At Boston, lowest pressure occurred at 12:25 am [0525 UTC] on September 15, when the barometer reached a low point of 28.592 inches, station reading, 28.62 [969 mb] inches S.L. Winds reached a maximum (5 min.) velocity of 60 mph [52 kt] at 10:24 pm EST [0324 UTC], direction was NE. Peak gusts of 98 mph [85 kt] were observed (60th mile contact) by buzzer, 10:18 pm [0318 UTC] to 11 pm EST [0400 UTC]. Extreme velocity recorded was 72 mph [63 kt] at 10:28 pm, EST, [0328 UTC] direction was NE." Concord, NH: "The hurricane of September 14-15 caused little damage in the vicinity of the Concord, NH station. A few small trees, and branches of large trees were blown down. Portland, ME: The maximum at the airport was 40 NE with an extreme of 50 NE at 1:08 am [0608 UTC] on the morning of the 15th. Observers noted the eye of the storm at 4:20 am [0920 UTC] when the wind dropped to moderate and the stars were visible. Then the wind shifted to NW from NE. Some places along the coast, notably Ogunquit the NW wind was an estimated velocity of about 70 and many trees were blown down and minor damage." September 1944 MWR: "A total of 390 lives were lost as a result of the 1944 hurricane, a large proportion of them as a result of marine casualties. The 46 deaths listed as occurring along the coastal areas of the United States is less than 10 percent of the 494 fatalities resulting from the storm of 1938. Heavy marine casualties were directly related to intensified patrol work and other exigencies resulting from war conditions. Property damage has been estimated at approximately $100,000,000 or about one-third that estimated for the 1938 hurricane." Despite the Historical Weather Map indicating a closed low existing on the 7th and 8th of September east of the Lesser Antilles, there are no observations that support such an analyses. No change is made to the time of genesis, though the cyclone certainly could have developed farther east a few or even several days earlier. For genesis of this hurricane, the first position at 06 UTC on the 9th was adjusted to the west for a more realistic initial speed. Originally, HURDAT started this system at genesis as a 65 kt hurricane. Intensity begun as a 45 kt tropical storm and reduced on the 9th and 10th. Evidence for this alteration is based primarily upon the 1944's Monthly Weather Review assessment. The changes at 06 and 12Z on the 9th are major (20 kt) revisions downward. Minor track changes were introduced from the 11th through the 14th. No changes made to the intensity from the 11th and 12th, though observations near the center were sparse. There was a 943 mb central pressure listed for 12 UTC on the 12th, which could not be confirmed through available sources. Given observations on the 13th, this central pressure value is likely valid. A 943 mb central pressure suggests winds of 118 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure- wind relationship and 112 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 115 kt retained in HURDAT. At 17 UTC on the 13th, a 933 mb ship observation was recorded. There was no wind information with this observation, and it is unknown whether or not it was a central pressure. A central pressure of less than or equal to 933 mb suggests winds of at least 121 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 125 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 13th, up from 105 kt originally - a major change. (There are no known observations with either the 909 mb central pressure suggested by Tannehill, nor the 943 mb in HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th. Given that 943 mb is already included into HURDAT and that it may be reasonable, this value is retained. Without corroboration of Tannehill's suggested 909 mb, this value is too suspect to incorporate into HURDAT.) On the 14th, the hurricane turned to the north and clipped the North Carolina coast. The original HURDAT took the center of the hurricane over the Outer Banks, but observations from Hatteras suggest that instead the hurricane passed just offshore around 13 UTC on the 14th. This agrees with Ho et al.'s assessment that the hurricane did not make a North Carolina landfall. Given the 49 kt wind reported at the time of the 947 mb pressure at Hatteras and that Hatteras was just outside of the RMW, it is estimated that the central pressure was around 940 mb. This is deeper than the Ho et al. value of 944 mb. 940 mb suggests winds of 115 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 103 kt from the high latitude (north of 35n) pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size of the RMW (estimated ~15 nmi) given the climatological average of 25 nmi for that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), winds are estimated to be 110 kt during its close bypass of North Carolina and Virginia (up from 90 kt in HURDAT originally). Peak 5 min observed winds for North Carolina and Virginia were 74 kt (Hatteras) (estimated) and 75 kt (Cape Henry), which are equivalent to about 80 kt 1 min winds. (The 117 kt fastest mile observation at Cape Henry is problematic. This is about a 30 second average, which would convert to a peak 111 kt 1 min wind. The anemometer height is 16 m above the ground, which slightly reduces to 109 kt 1 min wind at 10 m above the ground. On the other hand, the peak 5 min wind of 75 kt converts to a peak 1 min wind of 80 kt and then to 78 kt 1 min wind at 10 m above the ground. Thus the two ways to arrive at a peak 1 min wind from other measurements do not agree. It is possible that the 117 kt fastest mile observation was atypical of the circulation of the hurricane and thus the 78 kt value of the peak 1 min wind at Cape Henry is a better estimate.) It is assessed that both North Carolina and Virginia experienced Category 2 sustained winds, which is a downgrade from Category 3 analyzed officially originally. The downgrade from Category 3 to 2 for Virginia matches the assessment of Cobb (2004). The hurricane accelerated to the north-northeast and made landfall at the eastern tip of Long Island, New York around 02Z on the 15th near 40.9N, 72.2W. The hurricane made a second landfall around 04Z on the 15th on the Rhode Island coast near 41.4N, 71.6W. Lowest observed pressures were 959 mb at Point Judith, Rhode Island, 960 mb with 35 kt SW wind at Block Island, Rhode Island, and 962 mb at Fishers Island, New York. Central pressure at landfall in Rhode Island is estimated to be 957 mb (slightly higher than Ho et al.). Landfall pressure in New York is estimated to be 954 mb, slightly deeper than at Rhode Island. Highest observed 5 min winds at landfall were 70 kt N in New York City (anemometer height 138 meters AGL) and 71 kt in Block Island. These convert to about 75 kt 1 min peak winds. A 954 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 94 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. (957 mb give 92 kt.) The RMW (~30 nmi versus 32 nmi climatology for this latitude and central pressure) and forward speed (30 kt) were near average for this location. However, the outer closed isobar was somewhat lower than average (1009 mb) and the cyclone was undergoing extratropical transition. Thus 90 kt is estimated as the maximum sustained winds at landfall in New York and 85 kt at landfall in Rhode Island. 90 kt and 954 mb are also entered into HURDAT for 00 UTC on the 15th, the last synoptic time before landfall. This is a significant increase compared to 75 kt originally. (Winds from 12Z on the 14th to 00Z on the 15th had a major increase of 20 kt compared to HURDAT originally.) New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are each analyzed as to having been impacted by Category 2 wind conditions, which is a downgrade from Category 3 originally in HURDAT. Massachusetts is analyzed as being impacted by Category 1 winds, which is a downgrade from Category 2 originally. New Jersey is added as a Category 1 hurricane impact, through a run of the parametric wind model from Schwerdt et al., which is consistent with the impacts observed. Peak observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic time) were 61 kt at 06 UTC and 50 kt at 12 UTC. A run of the New England wind-decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001) gives 63 kt and 40 kt at 06 and 12 UTC, respectively. 70 and 55 kt were chosen for HURDAT, because of the latter observation and because the system went back out over the Atlantic after crossing Massachusetts. Thus winds are substantially higher at 12 UTC on the 15th (55 kt) than originally indicated in HURDAT (35 kt). The 982 mb central pressure originally listed as being an 18 UTC reading apparently comes from the 12 UTC Eastport, Maine observation. This is now shifted to correctly being indicated at 12 UTC. No change was made to the assessment that extratropical transition occurred around 12 UTC on the 16th, near the coast of Maine. No change was made in the dissipation of this system. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 8 - 2013 Revision 31790 09/19/1944 M= 4 8 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED XING=0 31795 09/19* 0 0 0 0*193 838 60 0*200 842 65 0*206 849 70 0* 31795 09/19* 0 0 0 0*193 836 40 0*200 842 50 0*206 849 60 0* *** ** ** ** 31800 09/20*209 856 70 0*210 863 70 0*211 872 70 0*209 883 70 0* 31800 09/20*209 856 70 0*210 863 70 0*211 872 60 0*209 883 55 0* ** ** 31805 09/21*205 895 65 0*200 909 70 0*198 922 70 0*191 939 70 0* 31805 09/21*205 895 50 0*200 907 65 0*192 920 70 0*185 932 70 0* ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 31810 09/22*179 947 60 0*166 944 35 0*151 940 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 31810 09/22*179 940 60 0*172 942 45 0*165 940 30 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** 31815 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes were made to this hurricane, compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes arises from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican Observations, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 81.7W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.3N, 83.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 84.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a center near 20.3N, 84.4W. No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 22.1N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 21.1N, 87.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 00Z position near 20.7N, 84W and a 12Z position near 21N, 86.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21N, 85.6W and a 12Z position near 21.2N, 87.7W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 21.8N, 87.4W. Land highlights: 50 kt W and 1000 mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 08Z (micro); 45 kt WSW and 996 mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 10Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 21.3N, 88.2W at 18Z (micro); 19 kt E and 1002 mb at 20Z at Merida (Mexico). Three other gales and four other low pressures at Cozumel. "Forming from a wave in the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Channel, this storm quickly developed a small center with winds of about hurricane force and moved into northern Yucatan on the 20th" (MWR). September 21: HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 18.9N, 92.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 19.8N, 92.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 00Z position near 21.2N, 88.9W and a 12Z position near 19.2N, 92W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.6N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 19N, 91.7W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 19.2N, 92W. Land highlights: 44 kt N and 1006 mb at 13Z and 61 kt N and 1007 mb at 20Z at Coatazacoalcos (Mexico); 40 kt NE and 1002 mb at Merida at 00Z (micro); 65 kt at Campeche, Mexico at ~05Z (MWR); 1001 mb at Campeche, Mexico at ~05Z (MWR); 25 kt S and 998 mb at Carmen, Mexico at 1230Z (micro). Seven other land gales and six other land low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 55 kt E at 19.5N, 92.3W at 1450Z (micro); 40 kt NW at 18.5N, 93.5W at 1520Z (micro); 45 kt NE at 20.6N, 94.2W at 16Z (micro). "Curving toward the southwest and passing south of Merida, it entered the Gulf of Mexico at Campeche about midnight of the 20th-21st. Traversing a small extent of the Gulf the center reentered Mexico between Coatzacoalcos and Ciudad del Carmen in the late afternoon of the 21st. Reports received from Yucatan and from aircraft indicate a very small center with winds of 75 miles per hour throughout the life of this storm" (MWR). September 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm well inland of at most 1000 mb 16.8N, 93.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression 15.1N, 94.0W. Land highlights: 51 kt E and 1001 mb at 03Z at Coatazacoalcos (Mexico); 35 kt N and 1007 mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 0030Z (micro). "Press reports indicate that 200-300 persons drowned in floods that occurred in the Isthmus of Tehuanepec" (MWR). A tropical storm developed on the 19th between the Cayman Islands and Cozumel, Mexico. No changes were made to the genesis of this cyclone, as observations do not support the formation of the system on that date. (It should, however, be noted that the HWM and microfilm analyses of a closed low on the 18th). Aside from a change to the initial position for a more realistic translational velocity, no changes are necessary to the HURDAT positions for the first two days of the storm. Minor changes to the track were introduced on the 21st and 22nd. The most significant track change to HURDAT is the very last point on the 22nd. The original HURDAT had the cyclone accelerating to 15 kt toward the south-southeast after the second Mexican landfall, reaching the Pacific at 12Z on the 22nd as a 20 kt tropical depression with dissipation thereafter. The reanalysis shows a significantly slower movement - 8 kt, which is consistent with the cyclone dissipating over southern Mexico before reaching the Pacific. This is consistent with the HWM and MWR observations and track analysis of the system not traveling into the Pacific. For intensity revisions, HURDAT started this storm as 60 kt at 06Z on the 19th. The highest available wind observation on the 19th is 30 kt, with a fair amount of data available. Therefore, the tropical cyclone is started as 40 kt (a major 20 kt decrease). The intensity catches back up with HURDAT 24 hours later with the analysis agreeing with HURDAT with a 70 kt intensity for the first Mexican landfall. Highest observed winds in the Yucatan were 50 kt and lowest pressure was 996 mb (with 45 kt winds). This pressure suggests winds of at least 54 kt using the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. No change is made to the 70 kt at the 10Z/20th landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, in agreement with what was described in MWR. HURDAT previously only had the hurricane weakening by 5 kt while traveling over the Yucatan Peninsula, but there are no available observations to support this lack of weakening. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 57 kt at 12Z/20th, 48 kt at 18Z, and 38 kt at 00Z/21st. Peak available winds within 2 hr of synoptic times were 45, 35, and 40 kt respectively. Winds are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 12Z/20th (down from 70 kt), 55 kt at 18Z (down from 70 kt) and 50 kt at 00Z/21st (down from 65 kt). By 04Z on the 21st, the storm emerged in the Bay of Campeche. During the next 14 hours, it strengthened back to a 70 kt hurricane while it turned to the southwest. While there were no specific observations of hurricane force (peak winds observed were 61 kt at Coatazacoalcos, Mexico), 70 kt is retained in HURDAT as the second landfall in mainland Mexico around 21Z on the 21st. Like the first Mexican landfall, hurricane intensity is supported by the description in the MWR. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 56 kt at 00Z/22nd, 43 kt at 06Z, and 40 kt at 12Z. Highest observed winds were 35 kt (at 00Z), 51 kt (at 03Z), and no observed gales at 06Z and 12Z. Winds are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 00Z (unchanged), 45 kt at 06Z (up from 35 kt originally), and 30 kt at 12Z (up from 20 kt originally). The circulation likely weakened more than suggested by Kaplan and DeMaria at 12Z because of the impacts of the elevated terrain across Mexico. No changes were made to the timing of the dissipation of this cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 9 - 2013 Revision 31820 09/21/1944 M= 8 9 SNBR= 705 NOT NAMED XING=0 31825 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*171 415 35 0*172 435 35 0* 31830 09/22*174 456 35 0*177 477 35 0*182 497 40 0*190 514 40 0* 31835 09/23*198 527 45 0*213 541 45 0*230 551 50 0*244 557 55 0* 31840 09/24*258 559 55 0*274 559 60 0*292 558 65 0*311 555 70 0* 31840 09/24*258 559 55 0*274 559 60 0*292 558 65 0*312 555 70 0* *** 31845 09/25*332 550 75 0*356 541 80 0*380 532 85 0*395 526 85 0* 31845 09/25*332 550 75 0*352 541 80 0*370 535 85 0*382 533 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** 31850 09/26*409 522 85 0*422 516 80 0*432 512 75 0*459 498 70 0* 31850 09/26*392 533 75 0*402 532 70 0E415 530 60 0E435 520 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 31855 09/27*487 479 70 0*500 465 65 0E523 439 60 0E552 411 55 0* 31855 09/27E465 500 55 0E500 472 50 0E530 439 50 0E555 400 45 0* **** *** ** * *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 31860 09/28E578 347 55 0E596 285 50 0E614 224 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 31860 09/28E578 347 45 0E596 285 40 0E614 224 40 0* 0 0 0 0* ** ** ** 31865 HR Major track changes along with minor intensity changes were made to this recurving hurricane, compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 20: HWM analyzes an open wave with a low plotted near 15.5N, 32.6W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 41.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 41.5W. No available observations in vicinity. September 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.4N, 49.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 49.7W. No available observations in vicinity. September 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 23.1N, 55.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 55.1W. No gales or low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.3N, 55.7W, with a dissipating stationary front indicated a couple hundred nm to the hurricane's northwest. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 55.8W. No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 38.2N, 53.1W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 53.2W. No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 43.3N, 51.2W, with a cold front beginning a couple hundred nm southwest of the hurricane and extending southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 43.2N, 51.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 40.5N, 48.5W at 11Z (COA); 35 kt SSE at 39.5N, 48.5W at 15Z (COA). Two other gales. September 27: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 53N, 43.5W with a warm front north of the low extending eastward and a cold front south of the low extending south-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical cyclone with 60 kt winds at 52.3N, 43.9W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 999 mb at 53.5N, 44.0W (HWM); 25 kt W and 995 mb at 54.5N, 45.5W at 15Z (COA). September 28: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb with a cold front and a warm front intersecting at the low near 61.7N, 18.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 61.4N, 22.4W. All six available observations in vicinity are not gales but have pressures between 999-1004 mb. A low, likely associated with a tropical wave that emerged from Africa, is listed in HURDAT as becoming a tropical storm on the 21st. There are no available observations anywhere remotely near this storm between the 21st and 24th, so no changes are made to the genesis, track or intensity in HURDAT during this time. The cyclone moved west-northwest and then northwest through the Atlantic recurving around 56W longitude on the 24th. The largest track changes are on the 25th and 26th. The storm is analyzed to be slower and slightly to the left of the HURDAT track. These changes are based on available observations from the two sources available for this storm. As it turned towards the north-northeast, it intensified into a hurricane with a peak intensity of 85 kt on the 25th and 26th. There are no observations near the inner core of this cyclone so it is difficult to confirm (or reject) this intensity maxima. No changes are made to when it became a hurricane and to the peak intensity reached. Based upon the increased temperature gradient, asymmetric structure of the pressure field, and winds in the southwestern quadrant responding more to forcing of a cold front, the cyclone is reanalyzed to have become extratropical around 12Z on the 26th - 24 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. However, the exact timing of extratropical transition is more uncertain than usual due to the lack of observations near the center of the cyclone on the 26th and early on the 27th. The only intensity changes are made after this storm is extratropical. The maximum winds are analyzed to be slightly weaker than in the previous HURDAT on the 27th and 28th. These changes are made based on the location and magnitude of the wind observations relative to the center for an extratropical cyclone. The cyclone was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone late on the 28th near Iceland. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 10 - 2013 Revision 31895 09/30/1944 M= 4 10 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=0 31896 09/30*331 441 35 0*338 443 35 0*345 445 40 0*352 447 40 0* 31897 10/01*359 448 45 0*367 449 45 0*375 450 45 0*385 449 45 0* 31898 10/02*395 445 40 0*405 435 35 0*415 415 30 0*426 393 30 0* 31899 10/03E438 370 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31960 TS HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the north-central Atlantic from 30 September to 3 October. September 27: HWM indicates no features of interest in the central North Atlantic. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT does not list this system. September 28: HWM indicates an open low centered near 32N 45W with a dissipating warm front to its northwest. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.5N, 42W with a dissipating NNE-SSW warm front a few hundred nm off to the northwest. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1004 mb at 34.5N, 44.5W at 15Z (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 34.5N, 45.5W at 23Z (COA). October 1: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb near 36.5N, 44.5W, with a warm front analyzed a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 39.5N, 46.5W at 15Z (COA); 30 kt S 1011 mb at 37.5N 40.5W at 12Z (HWM). October 2: HWM indicates a trough in the general vicinity of 41N, 41W with an approaching mid-latitude cyclone a few hundred nm to the west. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 3: HWM indicates that the mid-latitude cyclone (which was approaching on the 2nd) is the only dominant feature. On 28 and 29 September, a broad area of low pressure developed in a uniformly warm airmass, southwest of an analyzed frontal boundary. The circulation was too broad on these days to be considered a tropical cyclone. By 30 September, the low had consolidated, strong winds were located near the center, and the system remained within a uniformly warm airmass. It is analyzed that the system became a tropical cyclone around 00Z on the 30th. On that date, a ship observed a 35 kt SW wind and a 1003 mb pressure at 23Z about 100 nm from the center. This peripheral pressure suggests winds of greater than 38 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The tropical cyclone is started at 00Z on the 30th as a 35 kt tropical storm. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached a peak intensity of 45 kt on the 1st based upon the pressure- wind relationship. The system moved slowly north-northwestward after formation. While there was only one observed gale for this cyclone, there were also three low pressures that suggest gale force winds existed. This storm then made a turn to the northeast on the 2nd. It is analyzed that the system weakened to a depression by 12Z on the 2nd and was absorbed by an approaching extratropical cyclone from the west around 00Z on 3 October. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 11 (previously Storm 10) - 2013 Revision 31870 10/01/1944 M= 3 10 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED XING=0 31870 09/30/1944 M= 4 11 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** ** * ** (The 30th of September is new to HURDAT.) 31872 09/30* 0 0 0 0*144 593 30 0*145 595 35 0*146 597 40 0* 31875 10/01* 0 0 0 0*150 570 40 0*158 584 40 0*166 588 40 0* 31875 10/01*148 599 40 0*150 602 40 0*153 607 40 0*158 611 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31880 10/02*174 590 40 0*182 591 40 0*189 591 40 0*195 592 35 0* 31880 10/02*166 610 40 0*178 605 40 0*189 597 40 0*198 592 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31885 10/03*201 592 35 0*205 591 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 31885 10/03*203 590 35 0*205 590 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** 31890 TS Major track changes with no intensity changes were made for this tropical storm, as originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Genesis is begun 24 hours earlier than the original HURDAT. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 28: HWM analyzed an open low near 12N 59W. HURDAT does not list a storm on this date. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzed an open low near 13N 61W. HURDAT does not list a storm on this date. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT does not list a storm on this day. Microfilm shows a closed low east of the Lesser Antilles. Ship highlights: 40 kt at 14.0N, 59.6W at 18Z (micro). October 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 60.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.8N, 58.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 16N, 58.5W. Microfilm shows a possible low with a center in the vicinity of 15.7N, 59.8W. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SSW at 16.0N, 58.8W at ~17Z (micro); 40 kt WSW at 14.6N, 59.2W at 1720Z (micro). October 2: HWM analyzes a small low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.3N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 59.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.2N 58.9W and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 59W. No gales or low pressures. "Developing from disturbed and squally conditions that had been noted east of the Lesser Antilles, during the several days previous, this disturbance moved northward near the 60th meridian into a strong trough that existed east of Bermuda. The storm did not develop hurricane winds and no reports of damage to shipping have been received" (MWR). October 3: HWM shows no features of interest near of north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT lasts lists this at 06Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.5N, 59.1W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical cyclone formed east of the Lesser Antilles at 06Z on September 30th near 14.5N, 59.5W based upon numerous ship and island observations and quickly reached tropical storm intensity. This is 24 hours earlier than indicated originally in HURDAT. (The analysis from the HWM of a low forming near the Lesser Antilles as early as the 28th is not substantiated.) At the time of the first HURDAT position (06Z on October 1st), available observations suggest that the storm was located more than three degrees to the west of the HURDAT position. These changes are also supported by the aircraft reconnaissance mission later on the 1st. The tropical cyclone moved northwestward for a day a half followed by a turn toward the northeast for another day and a half. The system weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on October 3rd and dissipated six hours later (unchanged from original HURDAT). However, it is possible that the system continued northward as a tropical cyclone into the open Atlantic Ocean, given the very sparse observations available. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 12 (new) - 2013 Revision 31895 10/11/1944 M= 5 12 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=0 31896 10/11*355 404 35 0*355 402 35 0*355 400 40 0*355 398 45 0* 31897 10/12*356 396 50 0*357 393 60 0*360 390 70 0*366 386 70 0* 31898 10/13*375 381 70 0*383 374 60 0*390 365 50 0*397 353 50 0* 31899 10/14*404 335 45 0*410 295 45 0*415 255 45 0*412 230 45 0* 31899 10/15*405 210 45 0*397 195 50 0E390 180 55 0E385 160 55 0* 31960 HR HWM and COADS indicate that a hurricane, undocumented in HURDAT, existed in the eastern north Atlantic during October 1944. October 7: HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb along a cold frontal boundary that extends from 40N 44W to 30N 48W to 27N 58W. HURDAT does not list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 32N 43W along a frontal boundary that extends to the low's north and the low's southwest. No gales or low pressures. October 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 37N, 41.5W at the intersection of a warm front, which extends to the ENE and a cold front which extends to the SSW. No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM analyzes an elongated low of at most 1010 mb near 35.5N, 40.5W with a dissipating cold front through the low and another cold front north of the low. No gales or low pressures. October 11: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.5N, 39.5W with a warm front extending from the low towards the ENE and a dissipating cold front extending from the low towards the SW and then W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1016 mb at 11Z at 36.5N, 42.5W (COA); 40 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 19Z at 36.5N, 40.5W (COA); 45 kt N at 23Z at 36.5N, 41.5W (COA). Three other gales. October 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.8N, 38.6W with the closest front located 4 degrees north of the center extending eastward from there. Ship highlights: 65 kt S and 1000 mb at 10Z at 35.5N, 37.5W (COA); 45 kt SE and 998 mb at 11Z at 36.5N, 39.5W (COA); 70 kt S and 1010 mb at 14Z at 35.5N, 37.5W (COA). Four other gales and a few other low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.5N, 35.7W with the west end of a dissipating warm front located a few degrees to the ENE of the low center. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered north of the Azores near 40.5N, 26W with a trough plotted extending from the low towards the south, then curving west. No gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.5N, 18.3W with a trough plotted extending from the low SW and then W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 09Z at 38.5N, 20.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 13Z at 39.5N, 20.5W (COA). One other low pressure. October 16: HWM analyzes a small low of at most 1005 mb centered inland near the border of Portugal and Spain near 38.2N, 7W with a trough plotted extending towards the SW and mid-latitude fronts just a few degrees to the north. Land highlights: 40 kt SW and 1010 mb at 12Z at Seville, Spain at 37.4N, 6.0W (HWM). A broad low pressure area developed along a frontal boundary on the 8th and 9th of October in the central Atlantic. On the 9th and 10th the system began to acquire tropical characteristics as it appears that the front boundaries had dissipated, but there is no evidence of a closed circulation on these days. There are also no gales or low pressures on these days. By 11 October, the circulation began to consolidate and the first observed gale was at 11Z this day. Genesis occurred for this system around 00Z on the 11th as a 35 kt tropical storm. (Note that the amount of data is minimal around 00Z on the 11th with only two ships within 200 nm of the center. The reason for beginning the system at 00Z on the 11th is the very well developed cyclone apparent at 12Z. Given the structural changes observed between 12Z on the 10th and 12Z on the 11th, the best estimate is that genesis occurred around 00Z on the 11th - about midway between the two better sampled times.) On the 12th, there are seven observations of gale force winds, two of them being hurricane force winds. Low pressures (down to 998 mb) are observed with these high winds, and these observations are all in close proximity of the cyclones center. Peak intensity of a 70 kt hurricane is analyzed from 12Z on the 12th to 00Z on the 13th. Very little movement of the cyclone was indicated on the 11th and 12th. On the 13th and 14th observations indicated that the system weakened below hurricane force (down to 45 kt on the 14th), and the cyclone is analyzed to move quickly towards the east. The cyclone apparently reintensified as two 50 kt gale observations were recorded on the 15th and 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12 and 18Z for this day. An extratropical transition is indicated to have occurred around 12Z on the 15th, consistent with a significant temperature gradient and a more asymmetric circulation occurring. With the system moving around 25 kt around 00Z on the 16th, a closed (earth-relative) circulation was no longer likely to have occurred and no observations could confirm a closed circulation (though measurements were sparse on the north side of the system). The cyclone thus is indicated to have dissipated by 00Z on the 16th. The extratropical remnants of the system did affect southern Portugal and southern Spain. 40 kt sustained winds were recorded at Seville, Spain at 12Z on the 16th. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 13 (previously Storm 11) - 2013 Revision 31895 10/12/1944 M=12 11 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 L 31895 10/12/1944 M=13 13 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 ** ** * 31900 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 803 35 0* 31900 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 805 30 0*164 806 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** 31905 10/13*161 808 65 0*168 809 65 0*174 809 70 0*177 809 70 0* 31905 10/13*168 807 40 0*171 808 50 0*174 809 60 0*176 809 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 31910 10/14*179 808 70 0*182 807 70 0*185 806 75 0*188 806 75 0* 31910 10/14*178 808 80 976*179 807 80 0*180 806 80 0*181 806 80 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31915 10/15*190 805 75 0*192 805 75 0*193 808 75 0*192 813 80 0* 31915 10/15*182 805 80 0*183 805 80 0*185 808 85 0*187 813 85 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 31920 10/16*192 817 80 0*193 821 80 0*194 824 85 0*196 827 85 0* 31920 10/16*190 817 90 0*192 821 90 0*194 824 90 0*195 827 90 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 31925 10/17*199 829 90 0*202 829 95 0*206 829 95 0*212 829 100 0* 31925 10/17*196 829 90 0*197 829 95 0*200 829 95 0*206 829 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** 31930 10/18*219 829 105 0*225 829 105 0*231 830 100 0*240 829 105 0* 31930 10/18*214 829 115 0*222 829 125 0*231 830 115 937*240 829 105 949* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31935 10/19*253 827 105 0*268 824 65 0*284 821 65 968*298 817 60 978* 31935 10/19*253 827 100 0*269 826 90 962*284 821 75 968*298 817 60 976* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** 31940 10/20*312 812 50 983*323 808 45 987*335 801 40 992*352 785 35 996* 31940 10/20*312 814 55 980*324 810 50 985E337 805 50 988E354 790 45 993 * *** ** *** *** *** ** ******* *** ** ******* *** ** *** 31945 10/21E369 766 35 998E381 750 40 997E394 733 45 0E411 708 45 0* 31945 10/21E371 769 40 996E383 750 40 0E394 733 45 0E407 708 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 31950 10/22E429 674 45 0E449 637 45 0E470 602 40 0E492 571 40 0* 31950 10/22E427 674 45 0E449 635 45 0E475 595 45 0E505 565 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 31955 10/23E522 542 40 0E561 515 35 0E600 488 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 31955 10/23E540 540 45 0E570 520 45 0E595 500 50 0E615 470 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 31957 10/24E630 435 45 0E645 390 40 0E660 340 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 31960 HRBFL3DFL2 31960 HRBFL3DFL1AFL1 ******** U.S. Landfalls 10/18/1944 - 21Z - 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry Tortugas); 105 kt; 949 mb; 1010 mb OCI; 350 nmi ROCI; 30 nm RMW; 9 kt forward motion 10/19/1944 - 07Z - 27.2N, 82.5W; 90 kt; 962 mb; 1011 mb OCI; 375 nmi ROCI; 35 nmi RMW; 15 kt forward motion Minor track changes and major intensity changes are made to this powerful hurricane. Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 24 hours later than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). October 11: HWM analyzes an open wave containing a low near 16.7N, 79.7W. HURDAT does not list this storm on this day. Microfilm shows a very broad closed low of at most 1008 mb in the western Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm centered near 16.7N, 81.7W. HURDAT does not list this system until 18Z with a 35 kt tropical storm intensity at 15.0N, 80.3W. No gales or low pressures. Regarding the genesis, "First indications that this tropical storm was developing in the Caribbean Sea came when the motorship Silver Arrow, en route from Jamaica to Belize, stopped at Swan Island about 6:30 pm on October 12, and reported rough seas encountered about 100 miles to the eastward" (MWR). October 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 17.9N, 82.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 17.4N, 80.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16.3N, 80.9W and a 12Z position near 17.4N, 80.9W. Microfilm shows a hurricane symbol on the 0030Z map located near 17.1N, 80.5W. On the 1230Z microfilm map, the hurricane symbol is vacant, and it just shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.2N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 17.2N, 80.5W at ~0030Z (micro); ~40 kt and 1005 mb at 17.0N, 80.0W at ~1230Z (micro); 40 kt SE and 1004 mb at 17.6N, 79.8W at ~1530Z (micro); 45 kt SSW and (996 mb?) at 17.6N, 80.7W at ~1830Z (micro); 50 kt SW at 21Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro); 50 kt SW and 981 mb at ~23Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro). One other ship low pressure of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SSE at 17.7N, 79.3W at 1530Z (micro); 40 kt S at 17.5N, 81.1W at 16Z (micro). Regarding the first signs of the storm at Grand Cayman Island, "At Grand Cayman Island, the first signs of the storm were noted during the forenoon of October 13. Rain was continuous on Grand Cayman throughout the remainder of the day" (MWR). October 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 80.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 18.5N, 80.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 18.0N, 80.8W, and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 80.6W. Microfilm shows a broad circulation in the general vicinity of the other sources locations. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 979 mb at 00Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro); 35 kt SSE at 17.4N, 79.4W at ~0030Z (micro). Land highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1005 mb at Cayman at 12Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N at 17.8N, 81.8W at 1320Z (micro); 40 kt E at 18.9N, 81.1W at 1330Z (micro); 40 kt W at 16.5N, 80.6W at 1350Z (micro). Three other aircraft gales. Regarding the conditions on Grand Cayman, "On the 14th surface winds had increased and the highest gust recorded was 58 mph. At about 5 pm on the 14th rapidly changing conditions evidenced the existence of a heavy individual squall within the main storm area. At that time the wind changed suddenly without pause from moderate NNE to strong SE, and the heaviest rainfall of the entire storm period occurred. After about 20 minutes the wind returned to NNE and lost much of its force." (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 18.7N, 80.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.3N, 80.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 18.9N, 80.7 and a 12Z position near 19.2N, 81.0W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 993 mb centered near 19.1N, 80.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 990 mb at 18.8N, 80.4W at ~0030Z (micro); 35 kt ESE and 992 mb at 18.6N, 79.8W at 1324Z (micro); 25 kt SE and 994 mb at 18.3N, 79.3W at 1715Z (micro). Land highlights: 30 kt NW gust 52 kt and 1008 mb at Swan Island at 04Z (micro); 25 kt ENE gust 57 kt and 997 mb at Grand Cayman at ~1530Z (micro); 35 kt NNW and 1010 mb at Cozumel at 17Z (micro); 48 kt E and 984 mb at Grand Cayman at 2230Z (MWR); 40 kt ESE gust 83 kt and 986 mb at Grand Cayman at 23Z (micro); 83 kt sustained at Grand Cayman (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt N at 17.8N, 82.2W at 1530Z. Seven other aircraft gales. Regarding the conditions on Grand Cayman, "On the next day, October 15, shortly after 6:30 pm, the pressure at Grand Cayman Island reached its lowest point 29.06 inches (984 mb). The extreme gust for that station, 118 mph from the east, was registered at about the same time" (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 19.2N, 82.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 85 kt hurricane at 19.4N, 82.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.2N, 81.8W and a 12Z position near 19.4N, 82.7W. Microfilm shows a hurricane of at most 987 mb centered near 19.2N, 82.6W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1016 mb at 25.5N, 80.5W (COA). Land highlights: 83 kt E at 00Z at Grand Cayman; 40 kt ESE gust 103 kt and 988 mb at Grand Cayman at 00Z (micro); 40 kt ESE gust 90 kt and 991 mb at Grand Cayman at 02Z (micro); 30 kt NW gust 42 kt and 1001 mb at Swan Island at 08Z (micro). Six more gales and low pressures at Grand Cayman with two more hurricane force wind gusts. One more low pressure at Swan Island with a gale force wind gust. Aircraft highlights: 50 kt N at 19.1N, 83.0W at 1340Z (micro); 50 kt W at 18.3N, 82.8W at 1350Z (micro); 50 kt S at 18.2N, 82.0W at 1410Z (micro). Four other aircraft gales. Regarding the damage from surge in Grand Cayman, "The hurricane center passed westward, south of the island and turned rather abruptly to the north along the 83rd meridian. As the storm moved northward, hurricane winds on the right of the center sent a destructive storm tide lashing at docks, piers, and other shore installations on the south coast (of Grand Cayman), reducing many of the wooden structures to kindling" (MWR). "Storm warnings were ordered for the Keys the morning of the 16th" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data). October 17: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb located near 19.6N, 82.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 82.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.8N, 83W and a 12Z position near 20.5N, 83.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 987 mb centered near 20N, 82.8W. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 19.8N, 80.2W at 16Z (micro). Land highlights: 40 kt NW gust 50 kt and 1001 mb at Swan Island at 03Z (micro); 35 kt SSE and 997 mb at Cayman at 12Z (micro); 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) at 1230Z (micro); 45 kt NE at Isle of Pines (21.8N, 82.8W) at 1830Z (micro). A few other gales and a few other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt N at 20.1N, 83.9W at 14Z (micro); 50 kt W at 19.2N, 83.2W at 1430Z (micro); 45 kt S at 20.4N, 81.8W at 1530Z (micro); 45 kt E at 21.7N, 81.2W at 16Z (micro). Eight other aircraft gales. Regarding the track, "During the late afternoon of the 17th the storm center crossed the Isle of Pines" (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered near 23.1N, 83.6W, on the northwest coast of Cuba. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 83.0W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21N, 82.3W and a 12Z position near 22.3N, 82.2W. The MWR post season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 83.1W and a 12Z position near 22.9N, 83W. Microfilm at 06Z shows a low of at most 981 mb centered near 22.3N, 82.8W, but the 12Z microfilm map is not available. Ship highlights: 44 kt NE and 1006 mb at 23.3N, 85.8W at 02Z (micro); 35 kt NNE and 995 mb at 25.5N, 85.5W at 18Z (COA); 964 mb at 23.9N, 83.0W at 2130Z (MWR). Three other low pressures and three other gales. Land highlights: 937 mb central pressure measured in Cuba at 23.0N, 82.9E (no time) (Diario de la Marina, Oct. 24, 1944- Lixion's stuff, Perez); 70 kt SSE and 960 mb (min p) at Havana (Bautista Field) at 12Z (MWR); 965 mb (min p) at Havana National Observatory; 122 kt (fastest mile) at Havana National Observatory at 15Z (MWR); 104 kt E (1minute at 48 meters - converts to 92 kt at 10 meters) at Dry Tortugas at ~1830Z (MWR); 33 kt SE and 986 mb at Key West at 1950Z (lowest pressure at Key West) (MWR); 96 kt SE and 990 mb at 21Z and 100 kt SE at ~2330Z at Sombrero Light (note that the weather station was at the top of the lighthouse) MWR); 949 mb at Dry Tortugas at 22Z (uncorrected aneroid barometer) (MWR); 45 kt S gust 74 kt and 988 mb at Key West at 23Z (micro);. Several other gale force winds. Five other pressures below 1000 mb. Regarding the storm at the Dry Tortugas, "At the Dry Tortugas, 58 miles west of Key West, where an airway-type anemometer and windvane were exposed on top of the lighthouse, a wind velocity of 120 mph was recorded at 1500 of the 18th before the anemometer was blown away. The lowest pressure there was 28.02 inches (949 mb) at 1800 (22Z), with a calm period from 1600 to 1800 (20-22Z). All times EWT (Zulu minus 4 hours). The wind direction was east immediately before the lull, and west after the center passed" (OMR). Regarding the track, "Approaching Cuba from the south, the storm center crossed the island a short distance west of the Mariel-Majana line, the narrowest part of Cuba, and about 10 or 15 miles west of Havana. On the 18th, at a point about midway between the north coast of Cuba and Dry Tortugas, a vessel heavily involved with the storm reported passing through the eye of the hurricane where calm airs were observed for an hour between 1:40 and 2:40 pm (EST) (1840-1940Z). Except during through the center, hurricane winds (Beaufort force 12) were encountered from noon to about 4 pm (17-21Z)" (MWR). "Hurricane warnings issued from Miami to Tampa the morning of the 18th" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data). "The storm was preceded by several tornadoes on the afternoon of the 18th, near Wauchula and Arcadia and in southeastern Polk County" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data). "El Huracan de 1944- October 17-18 - Category 4 - 937 mb central pressure, peak observed gust of 141 kt, estimated 1-min maximum sustained wind of 121 kt - 5.5 m storm surge - 300 deaths" (Perez et al.). "El comandante Perez Medina nos manifesto que los vecinos del Central Merceditas han reportado una baja barometrica de 703 [mm Hg] (937 mb) al cruce del ciclon" (Diario de la Marina, Oct. 24, 1944). "Oct. 18 - 949 mb central pressure from Dry Tortugas observation, RMW- 29 nm, Speed - 13 kt" (Ho et al.) October 19: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered just east of Tampa, or near 28.2N, 82.2W, with a warm front extending from the northeast periphery of the cyclone east- southeastward. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 82.1W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position between Key West and the Dry Tortugas near 24.6N, 82.1W and a 12Z position just northeast of Tampa near 28.2N, 82W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25N, 83W and a 12Z position near 28.2N, 82.5W. Microfilm shows a center in the vicinity of 28.2N, 81.8W. Ship highlights: 986 mb at 26.5N, 85.5W at 02Z (COA); 60 kt SE and 998 mb at 28.5N, 80.5W (COA); 50 kt NW and 998 mb at 26.5N, 85.5W (COA). Two other gales and three other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt S and 993 mb at Key West at 0030Z (OMR); 50 kt ENE gust 74 kt and 993 mb at Naples at 01Z (micro); 60 kt (1-min sustained) at Miami at 0504Z (MWR); 87 kt S and 981 mb at Sanibel Light at 0530Z (MWR); 57 kt ESE and 984 mb at Fort Myers at 0530Z (MWR); 962 mb at Sarasota (probable central pressure) around ~0730Z; 50 kt N gust 90 kt and 968 mb at St. Petersburg, FL at 920Z (micro); 37 kt NE and 967 mb at Tampa at 10Z (MWR, OMR); 70 kt E at Lakeland (MWR); 969 mb at Lakeland (MWR); 54 kt ESE and 980 mb at Orlando at 1230Z (MWR); 75 kt NE (max w/1-min) at 1229Z at Jacksonville NAS; 71 kt (1-min sustained) SSE at Orlando at 1405Z (MWR); 73 kt SE (5-min max) at 1502Z at St. Augustine; 5 kt SE and 980 mb at Jacksonville at 1944Z (MWR); 37 kt NE at Savannah at 2130Z (OMR). Many other gales and low pressures. Regarding the track, "The storm moved northward with the center passing inland south of Sarasota, near Nokomis, about 3 am EST on October 19. A pressure of 28.42 inches (962 mb) was recorded at Sarasota. Taking a course north-northeastward across Florida, the storm center skirted the east side of Tampa Bay, moved over Dade City and Ocala, and passed seaward a short distance south of Jacksonville" (MWR). Regarding the storm structure, "Although the storm was traveling at 20 mph, the "eye" was reported to have lasted from 11:30 am to 5:00 pm (at Jacksonville). This exceptionally long period of time required for conditions characteristic of the "eye" of the hurricane to pass Jacksonville indicates an unusually large central core. This central portion of the storm was apparently an elongated oval with its principal axis along the line of advance. The central core extended at one time almost from Jacksonville to Ocala, a distance of about 70 air line miles" (MWR). "The hurricane itself was very large, with the central core or area of light shifting winds from from 40 to 60 miles in diameter, requiring 2 to 4 hours to pass over towns directly in its path. Dangerous winds extended fully 200 miles to the right or east of the center, and about 100 miles to the left or west, thus affecting all of Peninsular Florida. Winds of hurricane or near hurricane velocity surrounded the central core, with gusts up to 100 miles per hour at Tampa and Orlando. Tides were high from Sarasota southward on the Gulf, and from Melbourne northward on the Atlantic. Everglades City reported 8.2 ft, Naples 12 ft, Jacksonville Beach 12 ft., Mayport 7.8 ft, Fernandina 10.6 ft above mean low water. Property damage in the state (Florida) totaled probably 10 to 13 million dollars...but the total crop losses were nearly $50,000,000. Loss of life (for Florida), as reported by the Red Cross, totaled 18" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data). From the Georgia Climatological Data, "The important feature of the month was the movement up the Georgia coast of a tropical hurricane from which the winds and excessive rainfall caused moderate to severe damage on the coast and over other areas as far inland as Augusta, Dublin, and Alapaha, beyond which conditions were much more moderate (10/1944 GA Climatological Data). Regarding the damage in Georgia, "A severe hurricane, after sweeping across the northern part of Florida on the morning of October 19, 1944, moved up the Georgia coast and crossed into South Carolina a short distance north of Savannah at about midnight of the same date (~20th 05Z). Georgia was probably saved from enormous losses for two reasons: (1) the storm undoubtedly lost some of its violence in crossing the land surface of Florida, (2) the storm skirted the Georgia coast rather than following a more direct course through the state. As a whole, property and other losses amounted to $250,000, possibly as much as $500,000. High winds and heavy rainfall affected an area 50-100 miles inland, and unusually high and destructive tides occurred along all the immediate coastal area. More detailed descriptions (of damage in Georgia) follow: Glennville: Highest wind occurred between 5 and 6 pm (22-23Z). Savannah Beach: Portions of roofing blown off, some entirely so; property losses not severe, estimated at only a few thousand dollars. Savannah: similar to others- moderate roof damage and trees and tree limbs down" (10/1944 GA Climatological Data). "Landfall position south of Tampa, Estimated Minimum Central Pressure (not necessarily at US landfall) 948 mb" (Connor). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 18-19 - Peninsula - Major - 18 killed - damage $60,000,000" ("Major" - winds 101 to 135 mph, central pressure 949 to 982 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Oct. 19 - 1012 mb environmental pressure, 102 kt 1 min maximum sustained wind estimate at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "Oct. 19 - 962 mb central pressure from Sarasota observation, RMW- 34 nm, Speed- 15 kt, Landfall point- 27.0N, 82.4W" (Ho et al.). "In general, the storm surges associated with hurricanes and tropical storms rise and fall more rapidly than those associated with extratropical storms. This effect is illustrated by the records of storm surges produced by this [Oct. 18-20] storm, which changed from tropical to extratropical characteristics as it crossed Florida... It is interesting... to observe that the peak high water marks, as the storm passed from land to sea near Jacksonville, are of nearly the same magnitude as the peak values near the original landfall of the hurricane" (Harris). "1944 Oct - FL - 3SW, 2NE - 962 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). October 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered over northeastern South Carolina near 34.4N, 79.8W, with a warm front extending eastward, a dissipating warm front extending southeastward, and a trough extending southward from the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.5N, 80.1W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.6N, 80.5W and a 12Z position near 33.2N, 79.1W with a 992 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31N, 81.7W and a 12Z position near 34N, 80.4W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 990 mb centered near 34.1N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W at 13Z (COA); 40 kt E and 1004 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 25 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W at 21Z (COA). One other gale and three other low pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt WSW and 989 mb at Jacksonville at 0030Z (OMR); 15 kt NW and 986 mb at Savannah at 0455Z (MWR); 990 mb at Charleston, SC at 0730Z (MWR); 22 kt SE and 994 mb at Florence, SC at 1128Z (MWR); 17 kt NNE and 991 mb at Columbia, SC at 12Z (MWR); 35 kt S (1-min sustained) at Wilmington, NC at 1552Z (MWR); 17 kt N and 1000 mb at Greensboro, NC at 1830Z (MWR); 16 kt SW and 1002 mb at Raleigh, NC at 20Z (MWR). Six other low pressures. Regarding the track, "After traveling a short expanse of ocean the center moved inland just north of Savannah. Passing some distance inland through South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, it again reached the Atlantic off the eastern shore of Maryland" (MWR). "The third tropical disturbance of the year moved inland southwest of Charleston, SC, and crossed over the southern border of North Carolina in Anson County. The storm passed through the central portion of the state mostly as an ordinary severe storm with winds 30 to 40 mph over a 500-mile radius. The estimated damage (to crops) was roughly $200,000" (10/1944 NC Climatological Data). October 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 39.8N, 72.4W just south of Long Island, NY with a warm front attached to the low extending eastward and a cold front not quite attached to the center of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 39.4N, 73.3W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near the NC/VA border near 36.7N, 76.7W and a 12Z position near 38.8N, 73.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.8N, 77.7W and a 12Z position near 39.2N, 73.4W. Microfilm shows two split lows, both of at most 996 mb, and both within a single 998 mb contour. The low centered near 39.1N, 73.7W does not have any fronts analyzed to be associated with it. The low centered near 40.5N, 71.2W has a warm front extending to the ESE and a cold front extending to the south. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 997 mb at 41.5N, 71.5W at 17Z (COA); 40 kt W and 1006 mb at 36.5N, 72.5W at 17Z (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 37.5N, 77.5W (COA). Several other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. Land highlights: 9 kt W and 998 mb at Richmond, VA at 0015Z (MWR). Regarding the track, "Moving northeastward with increasing speed, it passed between Cape Cod and Nantucket, and reached Nova Scotia late on the 21st" (MWR). October 22: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 990 mb near 48.3N, 59.7W over western Newfoundland with a warm front and cold front intersecting at the center of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot extratropical storm at 47.0N, 60.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.8N, 66.5W and a 12Z position near 47.4N, 59.3W with a central pressure of 989 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 42.8N, 68W and does not show a 12Z position. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 43.5N, 63.5W at 00Z (COA); 5 kt NW and 998 mb at 42.5N, 71.5W at 01Z (COA); 30 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 39.5N, 69.5W at 01Z (COA); 40 kt NW and 1012 mb at 42.5N, 69.5W at 13Z (COA). One other gale and one other low pressure. Regarding the intensity, "Gale winds of force 8 were observed over Newfoundland on (the 22nd)" (MWR). October 23: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 955 mb centered near 59.7N, 50.8W southwest of Greenland, with a warm front extending eastward and a cold front extending southeastward from the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 60.0N, 48.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 955 mb at 58.8N, 51.1W at 12Z (HWM); 45 kt E and 967 mb at 61.5N, 45.5W at 15Z (COA). Two other low pressures of 973 and 981 mb. Unknown highlights: 50 kt NNE and 983 mb at 60.0N, 43.0W at 12Z (HWM). October 24: HWM analyzes a large extratropical low of at most 975 mb centered near 66N, 33W along the southeast coast of Greenland, with an occluded front extending eastward from the cyclone's center. HURDAT did not list the cyclone on this date. No gales were observed on this date. On 11 October, observations indicate that a disturbance was forming in the western Caribbean. At 12Z on the 12th, the disturbance had organized into a tropical depression based upon aircraft and surface observations, which is six hours earlier than analyzed in HURDAT originally. There were a few minor track changes made to this storm. On the 12th, the position is analyzed to be about a degree farther north than HURDAT's position, and on the 14th, the storm is analyzed to be south of the HURDAT position, indicating an even slower forward motion during that time. The analyzed position remains near on slightly south of the HURDAT position through the 17th. All recommended track changes for this storm between Havana, Cuba and Savannah, Georgia are three-tenths of a degree or less. All track changes from the 20th through the 22nd are within one degree of the HURDAT position. On the 23rd at 12Z, the position is analyzed to be 1.5 degrees WSW of the HURDAT position. In the original HURDAT, the winds from this system went from 35 kt at 18Z on the 12th to 65 kt six hours later at 00Z on the 13th. Observations do indicate intensification to a hurricane, but at a more realistic rate - becoming hurricane force (70 kt) at 18Z on the 13th. This indicated a major downward adjustment of intensity from 65 kt to 40 kt at 00Z on the 13th. A 979 mb pressure with 30 kt of wind at 00Z the 14th indicates a central pressure of about 976 mb. This pressure suggests winds of 83 kt from the south of 25N pressure- wind relationship - 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT as the cyclone was very slow moving at the time, up from 70 kt originally. Late on the 15th, the hurricane passed just south of Grand Cayman where peak sustained winds were 83 kt and lowest pressure was 984 mb. Winds are boosted at 00Z the 16th from 80 to 90 kt. Moving very slowly, the hurricane turned northward during the 16th and 17th along 83W. On the 17th, the hurricane began to gradually accelerate as it passed over the western edge of the isle of Youth. When the hurricane was located just west of Havana at 12Z the 18th, HURDAT listed the winds at 100 kt. However, the Havana National Observatory recorded a fastest-mile wind of 122 kt (at 15Z) and Batista Field recorded a minimum pressure of 960 mb (at 12Z with 70 kt of wind) as the hurricane passed to the west of the city. This 122 kt fastest-mile wind converts to about a 1-min wind of 115 kt. A 937 mb central pressure was recorded in Cuba at Central Mercedilas Sugar Mill (23.0N, 82.9W) near the north coast of Cuba. However, landfall is estimated to have occurred 3 to 4 hours earlier, around 08Z. Perez et al. (2000) indicates an estimated 937 mb central pressure at landfall in Cuba. This pressure yields a windspeed of 124 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N, and 125 kt is chosen at landfall as the hurricane had developed a large circulation and was still moving slowly (~9 kt) at its landfall in Cuba. The 125 kt category 4 impact in Cuba is consistent with that from Perez et al. and is a major (20 kt increase) in intensity at 06Z on the 18th. The hurricane, still traveling northward, started to make a gradual turn to the north-northeast. The eye of the hurricane went directly over the Dry Tortugas, FL between 20 and 22Z on the 18th. While the lighthouse-top anemometer was disabled after recording 104 kt (92 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at 19Z, a central pressure of 949 mb was observed at 22Z at the island. 949 mb suggests sustained winds of 112 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N and 106 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. Additionally, one could make use of the weakening systems pressure-wind relationships (as the central pressure filled 12 mb in about 6 or 7 hours), which would suggest 108 and 101 kt south and north of 25N respectively. Ho et al. estimated an RMW of 29 nm, which is substantially larger than climatological for that latitude and central pressure (~16 nm). Considering these and the earlier mentioned speed (~9 kt) and larger circulation, maximum sustained surface winds are estimated to be 105 kt. This makes the hurricane a category 3 impact for the Florida Keys (BFL3), and is no change from that shown originally in HURDAT for 18Z on the 18th. The hurricane began accelerating to the NNE and made landfall just south of Sarasota, FL at 07Z on the 19th. A pressure of 962 mb was observed at Sarasota, and this pressure is analyzed to be the central pressure. (It is not completely certain that the 962 mb is a central pressure, though this is consistent with other measurements.) Brown et al.'s pressure wind relationship for north of 25N yields an intensity of 93 kt and 89 kt for north of 25N and weakening. Although the storm was large by this time (in both RMW and radius of outer closed isobar), its forward speed has increased to 15 kt. A 5 min wind of 87 kt was observed at Sanibel Island Lighthouse at 0530Z on the 19th, which was on the right side of the storm. Adjusting the 30 m measurement to 10 m to a peak 1 min wind gives 85 kt. With all of these considerations, 90 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 19th and landfall, which is a major increase from the 65 kt indicated in HURDAT originally. The cyclone continued quickly toward the NNE and by 00Z on the 20th was located right on the southeast Georgia coast. The Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was run for 12Z and 18Z on the 19th. For 12Z, the model yielded an intensity of 60 kt; however, at 1405Z, there was an observed 71 kt 1-minute wind at Orlando. The analyzed 12Z intensity based on that observation is 75 kt (revised upward from 65 kt originally). At 18Z, the Kaplan and DeMaria model yields a 49 kt intensity. There was a ship observation of 60 kt at 17Z off the east coast of Florida. The analyzed 18Z intensity is 60 kt (no change from original HURDAT). A possible factor that could have caused the Kaplan and DeMaria model to be too low in this case is that the size of the storm was very large. From a total kinetic energy standpoint, large storms have a tendency to weaken more slowly than small storms. Based upon these winds at landfall and at the synoptic times, it is analyzed the hurricane was a Category 3 impact in the Florida Keys (BFL3), a Category 2 impact in southwest Florida (but still part of the "BFL" region, so overall BFL is listed at category 3), a Category 1 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL1), and a Category 1 impact in Northeast Florida (DFL1). The Southwest Florida impact is unchanged, the Northeast Florida is a downgrade from a Category 2 originally, and the Northwest FL is a new inclusion into HURDAT. It was noted that in the original HURDAT that central pressure values were included after US landfall for each synoptic time from 12Z on the 19th to 06Z on the 21st. Only a couple of these eight values could be confirmed from observations, thus it appeared that these were analyzed values rather than strictly based upon observations. If the central pressure value could not be confirmed, but it looked reasonable based upon available peripheral readings and continuity, the value was left in (for 12Z on the 19th to 00Z on the 20th). Three of the points (06Z and 12Z on the 20th and 00Z on the 21st), we could locate central pressure values different and lower than what was in HURDAT originally and these are now included. Because of these changes, the central pressure of 996 mb at 18Z on the 20th did not look reasonable given the preceding and subsequent observations, and it was removed. Despite the statement in MWR about the cyclone moving briefly into the Atlantic, our small track revisions on the 19th and 20th kept the track right along the northeast FL and Georgia coastline. As the system continued moving north-northeastward on the 20th, it was gradually becoming more baroclinic and it is reanalyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 20th consistent with the HWM analyses, but 12 hours earlier than HURDAT originally. The system did reintensify as an extratropical cyclone on the 23rd as it approached Greenland, based upon numerous ship and station reports. Additionally, the dissipation of the system was delayed 24 hours as it continued northeastward into the far North Atlantic Ocean. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Storm 14 (new) - 2013 Revision 31895 11/01/1944 M= 3 14 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED XING=0 31896 11/01*122 813 30 0*121 814 35 0*120 815 40 0*119 817 45 0* 31897 11/02*117 820 50 0*116 823 55 0*115 825 60 0*114 825 60 0* 31898 11/03*113 824 50 0*113 822 40 0*113 820 30 0*113 818 25 0* 31960 TS Monthly Weather Review indicates that a small, short-lived tropical storm (or perhaps even a hurricane) was located in the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea on 2 November. Observations form the Historical Weather Map Series as well as the COADS ships database are also utilized in analyzing this storm. November 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT does not list this system. No gales. November 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low. Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 1002 mb at 1030Z at 11N, 82.6W (MWR). "On November 2 at about 5:30 am, a vessel, involved in a storm near latitude 11N, 82.6W, sent a report of a 60 knot wind from the west, pressure 29.60 inches (1002.4 mb), seas mountainous, and vessel laboring heavily. Similar conditions were reported for about 3 hours, during which time the vessel called for assistance. The storm dissipated or moved inland a short time later as aircraft reconnaissance early on the following day (3rd) failed to locate any disturbance. Since it is impossible to trace a movement, from available reports, or to determine whether the ship was involved in a small hurricane or a very severe squall, this storm is carried as a matter of record, and it is not listed as a tropical disturbance of the past season" (MWR). November 3: HWM does not analyze a closed low. Ship highlights: SW (no speed) with 1005 mb at 9.5N 80.5W at 01Z (COA); 5 kt E with 1005 mb at 12.5N 79.5W at 01Z (COA); 5 kt S with 1005 mb at 10.5N 80.5W at 13Z (COA, HWM). This system is added into the HURDAT database based primarily from the above MWR text under November 2. A 60 kt wind alone would not be sufficient evidence. But a 60 kt wind with a 1002 mb pressure, along with the conditions reported by that ship persisting for 3 hours warrants the strong possibility that a small tropical cyclone was present. The Historical Weather Maps and COADS are nearly completely lacking in ship observations during these three dates. However, station observations are consistent with a cyclonic circulation being present in the southwest Caribbean Sea on the 1st through the 3rd of November. It is analyzed that the system formed early on the 1st as a tropical depression and became a tropical storm later that day. It is analyzed as reaching a peak intensity of 60 kt on the 2nd, but it is possible that this was instead a hurricane. A quick decay occurred on the 3rd with dissipation by 00Z on the 4th. Only a short counter-clockwise motion of the cyclone could be analyzed without the system making landfall. It is to be noted that there is a very nice analog in HURDAT for this system. Hurricane Martha in 1969 was located in nearly the same place and also occurred in November. ******************************************************************************** 1944 - Additional Notes 1944 Suspect 1 A frontal low, which was nearly stationary over the north central Atlantic, was located on 1 May near 35.5N, 54W. Moving very little, the low began to slowly occlude on 2 May and 3 May. There was a gale observed on both the 2nd and the 3rd. On 4 May, the low was fully occluded and perhaps became subtropical. There were no observed gales with this system after the occlusion. By 5 May, there were no longer any fronts plotted with this low in HWM still located at nearly the same position as on the 1st. On 5 May, there was a 25 kt north wind with a 1006 mb pressure west of the center. This may have been a subtropical storm, but there is no evidence that there were any gale force winds. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 1 35N 53W Extratropical low May 2 33N 53W Extratropical storm May 3 34N 53.5W Extratropical storm May 4 35N 53W Subtropical low May 5 34N 53W Subtropical low May 6 34N 52W Subtropical low May 7 Dissipated 1944 Suspect 2 On 25 August, a strong tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles. By 26 August, the wave was in the eastern Caribbean Sea. This system may have been a tropical depression. There were no observed gales and it is not clear if the center was closed. However, on the HWM analysis for the 26 August, combined with other available observations, there is an east wind, a north- northeast wind, a south wind, and a northwest wind in the locations that they should be for the low to be closed. Pressures are not very low though. The center was located somewhere near 13.5N. 61.5W around 12Z on 26 August. Thereafter, the wave became less defined as it moved toward the west or west-northwest, possibly because of sparse observations. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 25 Open wave 11N 58W to 18N 54W Aug 26 13.5N 61.5W Tropical depression Aug 27 Dissipated 1944 Suspect 3 HWM analyzes that a low attached to the west end of a warm front on 23 August was located near 33N, 67W. Available observations indicate that the front has probably dissipated by 12Z on 23 August. There were 30 kt wind observations near the low, but there were no gales. Observations indicate that there is a good chance the low was closed on this day. Also, temperatures around the low were warm. Therefore, this low may have been a tropical depression. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 23 32.5N 67.5W Tropical Depression Aug 24 40.5N 59.5W Tropical Depression Aug 25 Absorbed by frontal system 4) 1944 Suspect 4 A low in the northeastern Caribbean Sea on 18 September near the Virgin Islands was producing ominous conditions in that area. The pilot of the aircraft investigating the system stated: "weather similar to that of last hurricane" (referring to the Great Atlantic Hurricane which struck the US east coast earlier that month. There were no observed gales with this system, but the low was definitely closed from 18 September to 20 September. By the 20th, it was located just north of Hispaniola, where pressures of 1009 mb were observed. The low dissipated on the 21st. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 18 17N 64W Tropical Depression Sep 19 20N 67W Tropical Depression Sep 20 21.0N 70W Tropical Depression Sep 21 Dissipated 1944 Suspect 5 HWM, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed as it approached the Lesser Antilles on October 13th. It continued into the extreme northeastern Caribbean Sea and apparently passed between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on the 15th. The circulation seems to have dissipated late on the 16th near the southeast Bahamas. There were no gale observations, and the lowest observed pressures were 1008 mb. There is sufficient evidence of a closed circulation, so this system was likely a tropical depression. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 13 14.5N 57.5W Tropical Depression Oct 14 16.5N 64.5W Tropical Depression Oct 15 19N 68W Tropical Depression Oct 16 22.5N 72.5W Tropical Depression; Dissipating 1944 Suspect 6 From 20 to 22 October, a low was located in the vicinity of 35N, 40W. It was definitely closed, but there were no observed gales. The highest observed wind was 30 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1003 mb. HWM plots this as a frontal low during all three days. However, temperatures are warm, and on the 21st, the temperature gradient across the low was about 5 degrees. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 20 37N 41.5W Subtropical depression Oct 21 38N 41.5W Subtropical depression Oct 22 Dissipated 1944 Suspect 7 From 24 - 26 October, there was a low over the western Caribbean Sea. Available observations on the 25th suggest a closed circulation near 17N, 82.5W. Winds were 20 kt and pressures were 1008 mb. The low apparently moved westward and disappeared on the 26th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 24 Open wave Oct 25 17N 82.5W Tropical Depression Oct 26 Dissipated 1944 Suspect 8: An area of low pressure began to develop along a frontal boundary on 24 October, and by the 25th, this area of low pressure became better defined. Although temperatures are rather warm, this system is judged to be baroclinic throughout its life. There are several gales well removed from the center due to a strong pressure gradient to the northeast of the system on the 25th. On the 26th, the low occluded, but there were no gales near the center and still a significant temperature gradient across the low. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 24 Open wave Oct 25 33.5N 66W Extratropical Oct 26 37N 63W Extratropical 1944 Suspect 9: A low started to develop along the south end of a N-S frontal boundary on 2 November in the vicinity of 32N, 58W. There are not sufficient observations to call this low closed until the 4th. There were several gales on the 2nd, but they are due to the strong pressure gradient north of the low. The area of low pressure starts to break off from the front on the 3rd and gains its own identity forming a definite closed low on the 4th. On the 4th, the low has a huge circulation with the structure of an extratropical cyclone. Also, there is a rather large temperature gradient across the low, so this low is judged to be baroclinic. Remaining nearly stationary, on the 5th, the low continued to display a very large circulation with pressure readings as low as 989 mb and highest winds of 35 kt, but still baroclinic due to the large circulation and the large temperature gradient across the low. By the 6th, the low moves north and clearly becomes frontal in nature. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 2 Open Nov 3 Open Nov 4 35N 61W Extratropical Nov 5 38N 64W Extratropical Nov 6 45N 57.5W Extratropical 1944 Suspect 10: A low developed from the tail end of a frontal system in the central north Atlantic and moved slowly westward. The circulation of the low is large early on without a tight inner core. Although there are a few gales on the 11th and 12th, they are all north of the low where the pressure gradient increase dramatically. On the 13th, the low is not frontal at all and could be called subtropical, but there are no observed gales on this day. Another frontal system quickly came in from the west and absorbed the low by the 14th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 11 35.5N 38W Extratropical Nov 12 35.5N 42W Extratropical Nov 13 33N 46W Subtropical depression Nov 14 Absorbed by frontal system 1944 Suspect 11: An extratropical low on 4 December was in the western Atlantic. On 5 December, it occluded and was located near 33.5N, 61.5W. Several gales accompanied the storm on this day. It started to acquire subtropical characteristics on 6 December, but it had a huge circulation on this day. Once the system started to become subtropical, there was only one observed gale after that, on 7 December, but the low was still large, and it didn't contract enough on the 7th to be a tropical cyclone. On 8 December, the low had contracted enough to be considered a tropical cyclone, but there were no gales. Furthermore, temperatures were not very warm and the temperature decreased steadily northwest of the low. The low persisted to 9 December and moved east- northeast located near 38N, 49W on the 9th before dissipating. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 4 33.5N 61W Extratropical Dec 5 33.5N 61.5W Extratropical Dec 6 33N 61.5W Extratropical Dec 7 34N 56.5W Extratropical Dec 8 35N 51.5W Extratropical Dec 9 38N 49W Extratropical ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 1 - Revised in 2013 32725 06/20/1945 M=12 1 SNBR= 724 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 32725 06/20/1945 M=15 1 SNBR= 724 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** 32730 06/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 857 35 0*183 859 35 0* 32730 06/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 857 35 0*195 859 40 0* *** *** ** 32735 06/21*192 861 35 0*203 862 35 0*214 863 40 0*222 863 40 0* 32735 06/21*200 861 40 0*206 862 40 0*214 863 40 0*222 863 40 0* *** ** *** ** 32740 06/22*230 864 40 0*238 864 45 0*245 865 45 0*252 866 50 0* 32745 06/23*259 866 50 0*266 865 50 0*272 862 55 0*276 856 100 0* 32745 06/23*259 866 50 0*266 866 55 0*272 865 70 0*276 860 85 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** 32750 06/24*280 846 95 0*285 835 80 0*290 824 70 0*298 813 60 0* 32750 06/24*280 850 80 0*285 835 70 0*290 820 50 0*298 810 60 0* *** ** ** *** ** *** 32755 06/25*307 801 65 0*317 791 70 0*328 781 60 0*335 775 60 0* 32755 06/25*307 801 65 0*317 793 65 0*328 785 65 0*338 775 65 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** 32760 06/26*343 768 50 0*358 753 45 0*373 738 50 0*383 725 55 0* 32760 06/26*346 767 65 0*358 755 65 0*373 738 65 0*384 723 65 0* *** *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 32765 06/27*392 713 60 0*400 701 55 0*408 690 55 0*415 677 55 0* 32765 06/27*394 711 65 0E402 701 65 0E408 690 65 0E413 681 55 0* *** *** ** **** ** * ** **** *** 32770 06/28*420 663 45 0E421 642 45 0E422 626 45 0E425 620 40 0* 32770 06/28E417 673 45 0E419 665 45 0E422 655 45 0E426 644 40 0* **** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32775 06/29E429 613 40 0E434 607 40 0E441 600 40 0E467 570 40 0* 32775 06/29E431 632 40 0E438 617 40 0E448 600 40 0E459 583 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32780 06/30E490 544 35 0E503 528 35 0E517 507 35 0E529 489 35 0* 32780 06/30E471 566 35 0E485 548 35 0E500 530 35 0E517 505 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32785 07/01E543 468 35 0E560 445 35 0E578 412 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 32785 07/01E536 475 35 0E558 442 35 0E578 412 35 0E593 390 35 0* *** *** *** *** **** *** ** (The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.) 32786 07/02E603 373 40 0E607 358 40 0E610 345 40 0E612 333 40 0* 32787 07/03E614 323 35 0E617 313 35 0E620 300 30 0E624 286 30 0* 32788 07/04E629 271 30 0E636 256 30 0E645 240 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 32790 HRAFL1 U.S. Landfalls: 6/24/1945 08Z 28.6N 82.7W 70 kt 985 mb 1011 mb OCI 200 nmi ROCI 6/26/1945 01Z 34.7N, 76.6W 60 kt (intensity in revised HURDAT is 65 kt, as the peak winds remained offshore) Minor track (during the tropical phase) and major intensity changes are made to this early-season hurricane that made landfall in Florida. Extratropical transition is now indicated to have occurred one day earlier than originally. Three additional days were also introduced for this system during its extratropical cyclone phase. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 19: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. June 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 85.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 15.5N, 84.0W and a 12Z position near 17.4N, 85.7W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 18N, 85.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1004 mb (4 mb too low) at 19.5N, 83.5W (COA). One other low pressure from same ship. Land highlights: 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 18Z at Cozumel, Mexico (micro). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 14Z at 21.2N, 83.8W (micro). "A definite circulation was observed on the 20th when the disturbance was about 100 miles WNW of Swan Island" (MWR). June 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 86.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.4N, 86.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 19.6N, 85W with a pressure of 1000 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1004 mb (4 mb too low) at 02Z at 18.5N, 83.5W (COA). Land highlights: 30 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Cozumel, Mexico (micro). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S at 16Z at 21.0N, 86.3W (micro); 35 kt SW at 1645Z at 20.0N, 87.0W (micro). "The storm, attended by moderate gales and squalls, moved through the Yucatan Channel and into the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). June 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 87.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 85.5W and a 12Z position near 23N, 85W with a 999 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.5N, 85.9W. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt ESE at 1345Z at 25.2N, 85.1W (micro). Two other gales. June 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 27.2N, 86.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25N, 85.3W and a 12Z position near 27N, 85.5W with a 999 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 86.4W, and a 12Z position near 27.4N, 86.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.4N, 86.9W. Aircraft highlights: 100 kt N and 997 mb at 2015Z at 28.3N, 85.5W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 1245Z at 27.5N, 86.3W (micro); Eight other gales. One other low pressure. "It moved to the vicinity of 27.5N, 86.5W where it turned sharply northeastward and developed winds of full hurricane force as it approached the Florida coast. The crew of the reconnaissance plane which flew into the storm about 120 miles south of Apalachicola on the afternoon of the 23rd, estimated winds of 100 knots at two observation points near the center" (MWR). June 24: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.1N, 81.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 82.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.9N, 83.6W and a 12Z position near 28.5N, 82W with a 999 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions very close to HURDAT's position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered in between the HWM and HURDAT positions. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1007 mb at 22Z at 29.5N, 79.5W (COA). Thirteen other gales between 35-40 kt. Land highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 07Z at Tampa (micro); 52 kt at 08Z at Tampa, Florida (micro); 30 kt NNE and 1002 mb at 18Z at Jacksonville, FL (micro); 52 kt at 23Z at Tybee Island, Georgia (micro). Eight other gales and ten other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 23Z at 30.5N, 78.0W (micro). One other gale. "The storm diminished in intensity as it reached the west coast of Florida and passed inland between Brooksville and Dunellon at about 4:00 am June 24. The circulation remained intact as the storm crossed the peninsula, attended by exceptionally heavy rains and winds of 45 to 55 miles per hour, moving into the Atlantic about noon of the 24th between Daytona Beach and St. Augustine" (MWR). "At the (Jacksonville) city office, the wind changed from northeast through north to northwest, with a maximum of 33 mph from the north at 3:01 pm EST of the 24th and an extreme of 35. The barometer did not register a decided rise until 6 pm. The wind damage at Jacksonville was slight, a few trees, wires and awnings blown down but total loss was probably less than $500" (OMR). "A 24-hour rainfall total of 10.42 inches at Tampa broke all previous records at that station" (MWR). "Highest tide (at Tampa) was 5.2 feet about mean low water. The tropical storm was very beneficial to agriculture and caused only slight damage by wind and tides" (Tampa OMR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1945 June 24, N of Clearwater, Minimal ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph, and 983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and Miller). "1945 Jun FL, 1NW, 985 mb" - Jarrell et al.). June 25: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.8N, 78.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.7N, 80.7W, and a 12Z position near 32N, 79W with a 998 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.1N, 80.2W and a 12Z position near HURDAT's position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 33N, 78.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1007 mb at 01Z at 29.5N, 79.5W (COA). Seven other gales. Land highlights: 57 kt ENE at 02Z at Tybee Island (32.0N, 80.9W) (micro); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 12Z at Charleston, SC (32.6N, 80.1W) (micro); 999 mb at 1230Z at Sullivans Island, SC (micro); 15 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at Myrtle Beach, SC (micro); 15 kt NNE and 998 at 18Z at Wilmington, NC (micro). Four other gales and six other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NNW at 1645Z at 32.5N, 79.0W (micro). Two other gales. "Over the Atlantic it regained hurricane intensity, as indicated by reports of winds reaching 70 miles per hour in gusts at Tybee Island (Georgia) and Paris Island, while the center was moving northeastward some 60 miles offshore" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia, 1945 June 25, N.C. Capes, Minor" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). June 26: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 38N, 73.3W with an approaching, but weakening cold front from the northwest. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 37.3N, 73.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34N, 76.6W and a 12Z position near 36.5N, 74W with a 998 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 35N, 76.1W and a 12Z position near 37N, 74W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt N and 1003 mb at 13Z at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 40 kt S and 994 mb at 23Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA). Thirteen other gales and eleven other low pressures. Land highlights: 25 kt WNW and 989 mb at 6Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (micro); 48 kt NW around 08Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR); 39 kt NE at 2330Z at Nantucket, MA (OMR). Six other gales and ten other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W at 1315Z at 36.0N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt SW at 14Z at 37.7N, 71.0W (micro). Unknown highlights: 40 kt SSE and 997 mb at 38.2N, 69.6W (micro). Three other gales and two other low pressures. "It again lost force as it approached the North Carolina Capes, where the center passed over or very near Cape Hatteras about midnight of the 25th (5Z 26th), accompanied by winds of about 50 miles per hour. Indications are that for the third time, the storm regained hurricane intensity as it moved northeastward over the open waters of the north Atlantic" (MWR). June 27: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 41N, 69W with no frontal boundaries plotted anywhere near the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 40.8N, 69.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39N, 71.2W, and a 12Z position near 40.5N, 68.5W with a 997 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 39N, 71.6W and a 12Z position near 40.8N, 69W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 990 mb centered near 40.5N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 65 kt SSW and 997 mb at 1Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 991 mb at 02Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA). Dozens of other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 59 kt (1-min) NE at 0731Z at Nantucket, MA (OMR); 45 kt NE and 997 mb at 08Z at Nantucket, MA (OMR). Eleven other gales and three other low pressures at Nantucket. "The center of the storm passed southeast of Nantucket during the night of the 26-27th, its forward movement considerably retarded. Gale winds prevailed at Nantucket from 7:00 pm EST of the 26th to 7:00 am EST of the 27th. Damage was mostly confined to the waterfront where high tides and northeast gales caused damage to a few small craft which were not adequately protected. Some trouble was also experienced from falling branches; power and communication lines in some sections suffered damage. The rainfall of 4.60 inches in 24 hours set a new record for June" (OMR). "The storm center reached a position south of Nova Scotia on the 27th, and thereafter weakened and dissipated" (MWR). June 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.9N, 66W with the western end of a W-E stationary front a few hundred miles east of the center. HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 45 kt intensity at 42.2N, 62.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 40.6N, 66.5W and a 12Z position near 41N, 64.5W with a 999 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows this system at 00Z near 42.5N, 66.3W. Microfilm last shows this system at 06Z as a low of at most 999 mb with a position near 41N, 65.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 06Z at 38.6N, 65.6W (micro). Six other gales and two other low pressures. Land highlights: 23 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 0030Z at Nantucket, MA. June 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 45N, 60W with a front extending from the low eastward. HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 40 kt intensity at 44.1N, 60.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.4N, 62.9W and a 12Z position near 42.8N, 60.6W with a 1004 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 44.0N, 60.0W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 16Z at 41.5N, 55.5W (COA). June 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 48.5N, 50.8W at the west end of a dissipating front. HWM analyzes another low of at most 1005 mb embedded in a frontal zone near 53N, 50W. HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 35 kt intensity at 51.7N, 50.7W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 45.2N, 57.3W and a 12Z position near 49N, 52W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA); 15 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 21Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA). July 1: HWM analyzes a large extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 57.5N, 37.5W. HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 35 kt intensity at 57.8N, 41.2W. Ship highlights: 20 kt W and 993 mb at 06Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA). Eleven other low pressures. July 2: HWM analyzes an occluded, extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb centered near 61N, 33.5W. HURDAT does not list this system on this day. Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 983 mb at 12Z at 61.0N, 33.7W (HWM). Land highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 65.5N, 37.8W (HWM). July 3: HWM analyzes an occluded, extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 62.5N, 28.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 990 mb at 12Z at 60.8N, 32.4W (HWM). July 4: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb centered near 64N, 24W. Land highlights: 15 kt SSE and 993 mb at 12Z at 63.8N, 22.5W (HWM). No changes were made to the timing of genesis of this system. Minor track changes were made on all days of its existence as a tropical cyclone, except for no alterations on the 22nd. The previous track had the storm center just barely clipping Cape Hatteras, but the new track is farther west, taking the storm along the mainland coast of North Carolina, exiting at the north end of the Cape. Large alterations were made to the track on the 28th and 30th during the extratropical phase of the system. The largest track change was made to the position on the 30th when the position was moved about 2.5 degrees to the southwest, as warranted by available observations from COADS and HWM. Regarding the intensity, on the 20th, aircraft estimated 35 kt winds. Also on the 20th, Cozumel recorded 1005 mb with 10 kt E at 18Z with the analyzed position of the tropical cyclone being 80 nm southeast of Cozumel. At that time, Cozumel was just beginning to feel the influence of the outer circulation of the small tropical cyclone. Thus it is likely that the central pressure was at least a few millibars lower than 1005 mb, perhaps more. On the 21st at 12Z, Cozumel recorded 30 kt NW with 1005 mb while the estimated position was 50 nm northeast of the island. The data indicates that the central pressure was likely 1002 mb or less on both days. This corresponds to winds of at least 43 kt utilizing the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Intensity is boosted from 35 to 40 kt at 18Z on the 20th and kept at 40 kt late on the 21st because wind information from aircraft did not show winds higher than 40 kt on that day. It is important to note that the original HURDAT had the intensity of this storm increasing from 55 kt at 12Z the 23rd to 100 kt at 18Z the 23rd, which is a change of 45 kt in 6 hours. There is no data to suggest that the TC was at hurricane strength until the afternoon of the 23rd, when there were two aircraft visual estimates of 100 kt surface winds (micro). The next highest wind observation on that day was 50 kt. There was a 997 mb pressure reported, but it is unclear whether that 997 mb pressure was reported at the same time as the 100 kt winds or was instead a central pressure. These visual wind estimates are extremely uncertain and high biased for major hurricane winds (Hagen et al. 2012). Furthermore, data from landfall, which occurred only 12 hours later, does not indicate an intensity anywhere near major hurricane strength. It is reasonable to assume that the 100 kt visual wind estimates which then were placed into HURDAT are too high. Therefore, 85 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 23rd (previously 100 kt), which is analyzed to be the peak intensity of the hurricane. The 12Z intensity is boosted from 55 to 70 kt. The hurricane made landfall around 08Z on the 24th, north of Tampa, FL around 28.6N, 82.7W. The system made landfall in a fairly data sparse portion of Florida, with lowest peripheral pressure observed of 1002 mb in Jacksonville, (after passed over the peninsula) and highest winds of 52 kt in Tampa. Based upon the modest impacts observed, 70 kt is analyzed as the landfall intensity - retaining the system as a category 1 hurricane. This is slightly weaker (80 kt) than originally indicated in HURDAT for the synoptic time intensity before landfall. Using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for N of 25N to back out the pressure, this suggests a central pressure at landfall of 982 mb for all systems and 984 mb for those cyclones that are weakening. Given the 985 mb central pressure reported in Jarrell et al., this value is retained as the landfall pressure. (It is worth noting that Ho et al. did not include this hurricane on their U.S. landfalling hurricanes list, as their criteria was of less than 982 mb central pressure.) Employing the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model, the intensity at 12Z yields a value of 52 kt, while highest observed within 2 hours of synoptic time was 40 kt from a ship. 50 kt is chosen for 12Z, which is a major intensity change downward from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT. After oceanfall back to the Atlantic Ocean, the original HURDAT had the system reintensifying back into a minimal hurricane. 57 kt ENE wind at Tybee Island early on the 25th north of the system would support stronger winds near the center, so this restrengthening was retained. A second US landfall occurred around 01Z on the 26th near Cape Lookout, NC near 34.7N, 76.6W. Highest observed winds were 48 kt NW at 08Z at Cape Hatteras and lowest pressure of 989 mb with 25 kt WNW winds at 06Z. This pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship and at least 64 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 65 kt is analyzed as the intensity at the time of landfall and closest approach (06Z) to Cape Hatteras. This is a significant increase from the original 50 and 45 kt, respectively, in HURDAT. However, because the cyclone's track had it skirting the coast, the strongest winds likely remained offshore. Highest estimated winds along the North Carolina coast are estimated to be 60 kt - or just below hurricane force. This is consistent with the assessment previously by MWR, Dunn and Miller, and Jarrell et al. that it was not a hurricane at the coast of North Carolina. After moving past North Carolina, the system again traversed the Atlantic Ocean. Two ship reports of 60 kt (with 991 mb pressure) and 65 kt (with 997 mb pressure) early on the 27th indicate that the system still retained hurricane intensity on this date. Winds are boosted from 60 to 65 kt at 00Z. Early on the 27th, the system began transitioning to an extratropical cyclone and 06Z on the 27th is now indicated as the time of transition, which is 24 hours earlier than indicated previously in HURDAT based upon sufficient ship and coastal data. It is of note that Nantucket, MA received 59 kt sustained winds at 0731Z on the 27th, after the system had become extratropical. Hurricane-force winds as an extratropical cyclone were kept until 12Z on the 27th. The cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. A significant addition is made to the end of the storm during the extratropical phase. Available observations indicate that the system could be tracked as a separate cyclone until 4 July, which adds an additional three days to the HURDAT track. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 2 - Revised in 2013 32795 07/19/1945 M= 4 2 SNBR= 725 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32800 07/19* 0 0 0 0*255 924 35 0*260 925 40 0*265 926 40 0* 32800 07/19* 0 0 0 0*257 900 30 0*260 908 30 0*263 915 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 32805 07/20*270 928 45 0*275 931 45 0*279 934 45 0*282 939 45 0* 32805 07/20*266 922 35 0*268 928 35 0*270 934 35 0*273 939 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 32810 07/21*282 948 45 0*281 951 40 0*278 957 40 0*274 965 35 0* 32810 07/21*276 944 35 0*278 949 35 0*278 954 35 0*276 958 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 32815 07/22*269 975 25 0*262 982 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32815 07/22*272 962 30 0*269 969 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** ** 32820 TS U.S. Tropical Storms 7/21/12Z - No landfall. 35 kt tropical storm impact in Texas. Major track changes but only minor intensity changes were implemented with this Gulf of Mexico tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 18: HWM analyzes a spot low near 24.5N, 91. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26.7N, 90.4W. No gales or low pressures. July 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.7N, 93.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 92.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 24N, 93W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered well north of the HURDAT position near 28N, 93.3W. No gales or low pressures. "This slight disturbance formed in the western Gulf of Mexico from a wave in the easterlies, and, through reconnaissance flights, a complete circulation was verified July 19" (MWR). July 20: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.6N, 92.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 27.9N, 93.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.9N, 92.7W and a 12Z position near 27.6N, 92.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a broad low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26.8N, 93.5W. 33 kt (max 5-min) with ~1014 mb at Port Arthur around ~00UTC (OMR). "Pilot balloon reports from stations along the coast later indicated that the circulation existed to at least 15,000 feet and probably extended to 20,000 feet. Despite this deep circulation, the disturbance remained weak throughout its 3-day history, and it is not likely that gales over 45 to 50 miles per hour were associated with it at the time of its greatest development" (MWR). July 21 HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough near 27N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm near 27.8N, 95.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 93.6W and a 12Z position near 28.5N, 95W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28N, 94.3W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 27.3N, 95.1W. No gales or low pressures. "Occasional squalls and rough seas were encountered along the coast from Grand Isle, La., to Port Aransas, Tex." (MWR). July 22: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb inland near 23.5N, 100W. HURDAT last lists this system at 06Z as a 15 kt tropical depression at 26.2N, 98.2W. The MWR post-season track map last shows this system at 00Z near 26.8N, 97.2W. No gales or low pressures. "By the time the center moved inland, the storm had dissipated to such an extent that only fresh winds and a few scattered squalls were reported" (MWR). Genesis of this system was unchanged. The original track of this tropical cyclone is an "n" shape between the 19th and 22nd. On the 19th, the track displays a more northward motion, with a sharp turn to the west the 20th, southwest on the 21st, and south-southwest on the 22nd. The revised track shows the storm starting farther east, with a slow west-northwestward motion followed by a 30 degree turn to left (a west-southwestward motion). The change at 06Z on the 19th at the initial point constitutes the only major change to the track of the cyclone. The remainder of the track changes are minor revisions. There are no available observations of gale force with this storm even though these observations were apparently close to the center. Development of the cyclone into a tropical storm is delayed 18 hours to 00Z on the 20th. This is because aircraft observations on the 19th indicate a very weak circulation on that day - definitely below tropical storm strength. Additionally, the 45 kt peak intensity is lowered to 35 kt on the 20th and 21st. The aircraft flight on the morning of the 20th failed to find any gale force winds, although the winds were slightly stronger than on the 19th. Additionally, Port Arthur recorded a maximum 5- min wind of 33 kts (with 1014 mb) around 00Z on the 20th with the analyzed position of the TX about 215 nm SSE of Port Arthur. Therefore, the cyclone is kept as a tropical storm and it is analyzed that the system impacted Texas with tropical storm force sustained winds. In agreement with MWR Tracks of Lows, the revised HURDAT shows the cyclone dissipating before 12Z on the 22nd, just before landfall in Texas would have occurred. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 3 - Revised in 2013 32825 08/01/1945 M= 4 3 SNBR= 726 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32825 08/02/1945 M= 3 3 SNBR= 726 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 1st is removed from HURDAT.) 32830 08/01* 0 0 0 0*121 563 35 0*127 572 35 0*131 577 35 0* 32835 08/02*136 583 40 0*141 589 40 0*145 597 40 0*150 607 45 0* 32835 08/02*136 583 35 0*141 589 40 0*145 597 40 0*150 607 45 0* ** 32840 08/03*156 620 45 0*161 633 50 0*166 647 50 0*169 662 50 0* 32845 08/04*172 675 50 0*176 687 45 0*180 698 35 0*184 709 25 0* 32845 08/04*172 675 50 0*176 687 50 0*181 700 50 0*187 713 30 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32850 TS Minor track and intensity changes are implemented with this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 31: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 10N, 54.5W. HURDAT does not list this system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.2N, 57.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.7N, 57.2W. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 1545Z at 15.0N, 54.9W (micro). Two other aircraft gales. "The disturbance appeared east of the Lesser Antilles on August 1" (MWR). August 2: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 60.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.5N, 59.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 14.7N, 59.7W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 14.8N, 59.3W. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 18Z at 15.5N, 58.5W (micro). One other gale. "...moved west- northwestward between the islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica on the 2nd..." (MWR). August 3: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.7N, 64.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 16.6N, 64.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 15.8N, 62.5W and a 12Z position near 16.5N, 65.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 65W. No gales or low pressures. "...and during the 3rd passed south of Puerto Rico." (MWR). August 4: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.0N, 69.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.5N, 67.8W and a 12Z position near 18.2N, 69.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.6N, 69.7W. No gales or low pressures. "It crossed the southern coast line of the Dominican Republic west of Ciudad Trujillo on the 4th and dissipated as it moved inland. No winds over Beaufort force 9 (47 to 54 mph) accompanied the storm at any stage" (MWR). August 5: HWM analyzes an open low near 18N 74W over Haiti. HURDAT no longer lists this system. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT started this storm at 06Z on 1 August. In the microfilm maps, the solid wind vectors are flight level winds, while the dashed wind vectors are surface wind estimates. While the system had a closed circulation at 7,000 to 10,000 ft above the ocean, at the surface the system was an open wave on the 11th. The system appears to have become closed around 00Z on the 2nd, which is now when genesis is indicated. The cyclone at that time was accompanied by 35 kt winds, so the system is begun as a tropical storm. The only track changes were made to the last two points, at 12 and 18Z on the 4th. The position is shifted slightly to the northwest, close to and inland over Hispaniola, respectively. Regarding the intensity, limited data from the Lesser Antilles indicates that the central pressure was likely below 1005 mb when the cyclone passed through between 18Z on the 2nd and 00Z on the 3rd. No change is made to the 45 kt winds listed in HURDAT at the time. Peak winds of 50 kt on the 3rd and 4th are unchanged. The largest intensity change was 10 kt stronger, at 12Z on the 4th. Santo Domingo received observed winds of at least 30 kt, and that city may have been close to the RMW around 14Z, but this is uncertain. The storm was still over water at this time, so a continuity of 50 kt up until landfall around 14Z on the 4th is employed instead of 35 kt, as indicated originally in HURDAT. Dissipation after 18Z on the 4th is unchanged from that in HURDAT originally, after the system made landfall. The remnants of the cyclone were in the vicinity of eastern Cuba on the 5th, but did not appear to have a closed circulation any longer. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 4 - Revised in 2013 32855 08/17/1945 M= 5 4 SNBR= 727 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32860 08/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*174 553 35 0* 32860 08/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*174 535 35 0* *** 32865 08/18*177 564 45 0*179 575 50 0*182 585 55 0*185 596 60 0* 32865 08/18*177 549 45 0*179 564 55 0*182 580 60 0*185 597 60 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** 32870 08/19*189 608 60 0*194 624 55 0*200 642 50 0*205 657 50 0* 32870 08/19*188 615 60 0*192 633 55 0*196 650 50 0*201 667 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32875 08/20*210 672 45 0*215 688 40 0*219 705 40 0*225 723 35 0* 32875 08/20*206 683 45 0*211 699 40 0*214 718 40 0*216 738 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32880 08/21*231 743 30 0*236 760 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32880 08/21*218 756 30 0*220 772 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** 32885 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes were implemented with this storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. August 17: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 15N, 54.5W. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.4N, 55.3W. No gales or low pressures. "When first detected by aircraft reconnaissance on August 17, this storm was centered near latitude 17-18 N, longitude 53-54 W, and showed a circulation with highest winds of Beaufort force 7 to 8 (32 to 54 mph)" (MWR). August 18: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 18N, 57.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 58.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 18N, 58W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 18.5N, 58.5W. Aircraft highlights: 65 kt E at 1330Z at 19.3N, 58.2W (micro). Five other aircraft gales. "It reached its greatest development on August 18, when reconnaissance reported winds of 65 knots in the vicinity of latitude 19N, longitude 61W. From this point, it began to lose intensity as it continued on a west-northwest course" (MWR). August 19: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 21N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20N, 64.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19N, 61.4W and a 12Z position near 19.8N, 64.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 65W. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 1345Z at 21.4N, 64.5W (micro). Two other gales. August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20.8N, 70.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.9N, 70.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21N, 67.7W and a 12Z position near 22N, 71.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 21.4N, 71.1W. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt E at 2030Z at 23.1N, 72.8W (micro). One other gale. "By the morning of the 20th, when the center reached the vicinity of Turks Island, the highest winds were only 35 to 40 mph" (MWR). August 21: HWM does not analyze a closed low, in fact it only analyzes a weak trough. HURDAT last lists this system at 6Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.6N, 76.0W. The MWR post-season track map last shows this at 00Z near 22.7N, 74.7W. Microfilm also just analyzes a weak trough. No gales or low pressures. "Dissipation took place over the ocean between Cuba and the Bahama Islands during the night of August 20-21" (MWR). No changes were made to the genesis of this cyclone. Throughout the lifetime of this system, the track had minor adjustments made to it. On the 19th through the 21st, the new track is to the south and west of the HURDAT track. These changes were made mostly based on observations from microfilm and HWM. The peak intensity of 60 kt is unchanged. Although aircraft estimated surface winds of 65 kt at one observation point on the 18th, this alone is not enough evidence to justify changing this from a tropical storm to a hurricane given the rudimentary methods for estimating wind speeds from reconnaissance during the mid-1940s. However, it is possible that the system briefly became a hurricane. If so, a reasonable analog for this system is Hurricane Debby from 2000. Weakening in accordance with HURDAT follows beginning on the 19th with no further changes because there are no additional wind speed observations higher than the HURDAT intensity. No changes were made to the dissipation of this cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 5 - Revised in 2013 32130 08/24/1945 M= 6 5 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 32130 08/24/1945 M= 6 5 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 * 32135 08/24* 0 0 0 0*194 940 60 0*209 947 60 0*216 952 65 0* 32135 08/24*205 944 40 0*213 947 45 0*220 950 50 0*226 953 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32140 08/25*224 957 70 0*234 961 75 0*243 964 80 0*249 966 85 0* 32140 08/25*233 956 60 0*240 958 70 0*247 960 80 0*253 962 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 32145 08/26*254 967 90 0*260 968 95 0*266 968 100 0*270 968 105 0* 32145 08/26*259 964 90 0*265 966 95 0*270 968 100 0*273 969 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32150 08/27*273 968 110 0*278 965 115 0*282 962 115 963*286 961 120 966* 32150 08/27*275 970 100 0*278 970 100 0*282 967 100 963*286 963 90 966* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 32155 08/28*291 960 120 968*295 960 65 980*299 961 50 987*306 964 40 993* 32155 08/28*289 961 75 0*294 960 65 980*299 961 50 987*305 963 40 993* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 32160 08/29*310 966 35 998*315 971 30 1002*318 975 25 1006*321 979 20 1009* 32165 HRBTX2 32165 HRATX1BTX3CTX1 ************ U.S. Landfall: 8/27/1945 ~12 UTC - 28.2N, 96.7W - 10 nm RMW - 963 mb - 100 kt - 1010 mb OCI - 150 nm ROCI Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, the Daily Weather Map series, an unpublished U.S. Engineer Office report, the COADS ship database, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 23: HWM indicates an open low near 27N, 95W. HURDAT does not start this system until 06Z on the 24th. The MWR Tracks of the Centers of Cyclones does not begin this system until 12Z on the 24th. No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 20.9N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 21.8N, 94.9W (a.m.) and at 23.2, 95.5W (p.m.). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 50kt at 21N, 93W at 1530 UTC (USWB). "The storm formed in an area of squalls which had persisted for several days over the Gulf of Campeche, near latitude 21.5N, longitude 95W. It rapidly developed into a hurricane during the morning of August 24 and began a northward movement at a rate of 8 to 10 mph. This rate of forward movement continued during the 24th and the 25th" (MWR). August 25: HWM indicates a storm with a center at approximately 26N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 24.3N, 96.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 24.8N, 96W (a.m.) and at 25.9N, 97W (p.m.). Ship highlight: 35 kt E with pressure of 1011mb at 24N, 92W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Station highlight: 39 kt NNE and 1006 mb at Port Isabel at 1830 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 75- 80 kt NW at 25N, 96.3W at 1140 UTC (USWB). August 26: HWM indicates a storm with a center at approximately 26.5N, 97W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.6N, 96.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 27N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 28.3N, 96W (p.m.) Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 72 kt NNE with pressure at 995mb at Corpus Christi at 2200 UTC (SWO). Aircraft highlight: 43 kt SE at 27N, 96.8W at 1745 UTC (USWB). "As the storm neared the coast on the 26th, the speed of translation dropped to about 5 mph, a rate which was maintained until the center moved inland near Port Aransas" (MWR). "Estm. position storm at 25.7 96.4 intensity 105 mph" at 0030 UTC (USWB). August 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 28N, 97W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 28.2N, 96.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 28.9N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 29.9N, 96.3W (p.m.) Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 967 mb (possible central pressure?) at Camp Hulen, Palacios at 2000 UTC (SWO); 91 kt E-W at 1830-2030 UTC ("Anemometer cups blown away by wind registering 105 miles per hour", likely a gust) and 968 mb pressure (peripheral) at 16 UTC at Port O'Connor (MWR, DWM); 983 mb between 03-05 UTC at Port Aransas (DWM). Aircraft highlight: 48 kt SSE at 27.3N, 95.9W at 1400 UTC (USWB). "Winds accompanying the storm were estimated as high as 135 miles per hour at Seadrift, Port O'Connor, and Port Lavaca... At [Port Aransas] a 20-minute lull in the wind between 1 a.m. and 2 a.m. on the 27th indicated passage of the calm eye of the storm. On the 27th the center also passed a short distance south of Seadrift, Tex., at about 10 a.m., and slightly north of Port O'Connor about 11 a.m. Neither place experienced a calm, although they are only 19 miles apart" (MWR). "Also, the lowest reliable barometer reading was recorded at Camp Hulen, Palacios, Tex., on August 27 about 3 p.m. It was 28.57 inches (967.5 mb), only 0.02 inch higher than the low reported for Galveston in the disastrous hurricane of September 8, 1900" (MWR). "Three deaths were attributed directly to the hurricane: two men were drowned at Port Isabel when their small boat crashed into the jetties, and one person was killed about eight miles north-northeast of Houston in a small tornado that developed in the storm circulation on August 27" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - Aug. 26-27 - Middle Coast - Extreme [Category 4 or 5] - 3 killed - $20,133,000 in damage" (Dunn and Miller). "Aug. 27 - 968 mb central pressure - 18 nmi RMW - 4 kt forward speed - landfall position 28.5N 96.2W" (Ho et al.). "1005 mb environmental pressure - 80 kt maximum sustained surface wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "TX - Category 2 - Central coast - 967 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.). "Center crossed coast near Palacios, 967 mb minimum central pressure" (Connor). "Reconnaissance flights by military planes into the vicinity of the hurricane while it was in the Gulf of Mexico greatly aided in determining the position and future movements of the storm. Without the information obtained from these flights, it would have been difficult if not impossible to issue advisories as accurately and so far in advance as was the case with this storm. Reconnaissance pilots located the storm in the Bay of Campeche and determined its dangerous character well before these facts would have been known otherwise" (Daily Weather Map series). "[The hurricane] followed the Texas coastline for nearly 100 miles before it passed inland 5 or 6 miles west of Port Aransas on the morning of August 27" (U.S. Engineer Office). August 28: HWM indicates a small low near 29N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 29.9N, 96.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 31N, 97W (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 97.5W (p.m.). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 976mb at Bay City between 3 and 4 UTC (MWR). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Slow progression accounted for excessive precipitation along the coast and for a considerable distance inland. At Houston, for instance, 9.39 inches fell in a 6-hour period ending at 2:30 a.m., August 28. Rainfall along the coast, estimated as high as 30 inches, added to the flooding and damage caused by the wind-impounded waters of the Gulf" (MWR). "The storm decreased slightly in intensity as it moved inland, but winds of hurricane force were still reported over a small area near the center early on the 28th" (Daily Map Series). August 29: HWM indicates a closed low at approximately 31N, 98W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 31.8N, 97.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center 32N, 98.5W (a.m.) and at 32.5N, 99W (p.m.). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Continuing a northeastward movement parallel to the coast, the storm began to recurve toward the northwest as it passed west of Matagorda and dissipated in the interior of Texas on the 29th" (MWR). Genesis begun six hours earlier (at 00 UTC on the 24th) to account for a well-developed vortex by the time aircraft reconnaissance reached the system around 14 UTC on the 24th. This change also corrects for an unrealistically abrupt movement in the system's first six hours and for a more gradual spin-up than starting the system at 60 kt. An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 23rd indicated that the system was an open trough. Small track changes are introduced for all but the 29th based upon aircraft reconnaissance and land station data. (Due to World War II, few ship observations were available operationally or from COADS.) Intensity originally was quickly brought up from a tropical storm on the 24th, to a Category 1 on the 25th, to a Category 3 on the 26th, to a Category 4 on the 27th until landfall. Aircraft observations - which were relying upon estimates of wind from visual assessments of the wind effects on the ocean - did suggest that hurricane force was reached on the 25th. However, the aircraft reconnaissance did not provide any central pressure readings, or any confirmation of Category 3 or 4 winds. The most complete analysis of its intensity was at landfall, which was then used to adjust the maximum winds during the preceding day. Intensity is unaltered from that shown in HURDAT late on the 25th and on the 26th, as data was quite sparse and the values shown appear to be reasonable. Port Aransas was apparently inside the RMW early on 27 August with a pressure of 983 mb. A 20 min lull occurred at that city between 06-07Z, though the Daily Weather Map listed 03-05Z as the time of the 983 mb lowest pressure. Perhaps because of this apparent disagreement, the MWR table did not list a time for the lowest pressure. One possibility is that a lower pressure occurred during the lull during 06-07Z, though this value was not recorded. Because of this uncertainty, the 983 mb pressure value is not considered a central pressure and is not added into HURDAT. It is noted that the U.S. Engineer Office indicated that the center passed west of Port Aransas. Unfortunately, there is no wind data from Port Aransas. The closest wind observations early on the 27th were from Corpus Christi which clearly indicated a track well to the east of that location, as winds shifted from NE to NW during the day. The track of the hurricane is moved considerably closer to the coast, just offshore (~5 nm) east of Port Aransas at 06Z. The hurricane made landfall at 28.2N 96.7W south of Seadrift and southwest of Port O'Connor, Texas around 12 UTC on the 27th. Despite numerous reports of estimated (visually) wind gusts of up to about 120 kt, the highest observed winds were 91 kt at Port O'Connor (with the anemometer cups blowing away at that point with no further measurements available). A possible central pressure of 967 mb was recorded at Palacios around 20 UTC, about four hours after landfall. Utilizing the Ho (1987) inland pressure decay model, this suggests a central pressure of 963 mb using the Florida peninsula version (to account for the hurricane primarily passing over Matagorda Bay after making initial landfall on the Texas barrier islands. 963 mb is slightly lower than the Ho et al. and Jarrell et al. estimate of 967 mb, which essentially assumed that the Palacios reading was a landfall value. 963 mb suggests winds of 92 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure- wind relationship and 96 kt for the subset of intensifying systems. The center apparently passed between Seadrift and Port O'Connor with neither station reporting a calm. Seadrift and Port O'Connor are 17 nm apart, and if the reported lack of calm is correct the eye diameter was smaller than that. In turn, that means the 18 nm RMW from Ho et al. is substantially too large. An RMW of 10 nm is now analyzed. Given the slow speed of motion for this system at landfall (about 5 kt) and but the quite small RMW size (10 nm versus 20 nm climatologically from Vickery et al. 2000), 100 kt is chosen for the maximum sustained winds at landfall. Category 3 at landfall along the central Texas coast is an upgrade from the Jarrell et al. Category 2 assessment, but requires a reduction in winds on the 26th and 27th. Due to observed hurricane conditions along a large stretch of the coast because of the near-parallel track, Category 1 impacts are also included for south Texas coast (south of Corpus Christi) and the north Texas coast (north of Matagorda Bay). Peak observed winds after landfall were 91+ kt (likely a gust) at 18 UTC on the 27th, 39 kt at 00 UTC on the 28th, 35 kt at 06 UTC, and below gale force at 12 UTC. Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model suggests winds of 69 kt, 53 kt, 40 kt, and 31 kt, accordingly. Because of the transit of the system over a partial water terrain for the first several hours after landfall, winds are chosen above the model, though at 00 UTC the winds chosen are substantially lower than originally in HURDAT. Additionally, keeping the system hurricane force through 06 UTC on the 28th agrees with the assessment described in the Daily Map Series. No changes were made to the decay phase of the system. Unlike most hurricanes of its era, estimates had already been provided of the central pressure from just before landfall up until final dissipation. All of these value looked reasonable (including the pre-landfall one which agreed exactly with our landfall central pressure), except for 00 UTC on the 28th which appears to be a few millibars too low. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 6 - Revised in 2013 32930 08/29/1945 M= 4 6 SNBR= 729 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32935 08/29* 0 0 0 0*130 826 35 0*142 818 35 0*148 815 40 0* 32935 08/29* 0 0 0 0*136 823 35 0*142 818 35 0*148 815 40 0* *** *** 32940 08/30*155 813 40 0*164 815 45 0*172 822 50 0*176 832 50 0* 32945 08/31*177 844 50 0*178 859 45 0*177 873 40 0*174 886 35 993* 32945 08/31*177 844 55 0*178 856 55 0*177 869 60 0*174 882 60 990* ** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 32950 09/01*172 894 25 0*167 906 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 32950 09/01*172 894 40 0*171 904 30 0*170 913 25 0*170 920 25 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32955 TS Minor track changes and major intensity changes are introduced for this strong tropical storm that made a landfall at Belize City, Belize. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. August 29: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 82W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 81.8W. No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough near 16.8N, 82.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 82.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 17.4N, 82.2W. Microfilm, although showing a closed low at 00Z, does not show a closed low, but a trough instead. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance formed in the Caribbean Sea east of Belize on the 30th and moved westward into British Honduras" (MWR). August 31: HWM does not analyze a low, but does analyze a strong trough that is almost closed off. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.7N, 87.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.8N, 84.2W and a 12Z position near 18N, 87.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 17.7N, 86.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E at 7Z at 20.0N, 84.5W (micro). Land highlights: Calm and 990 mb at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) around 1730 UTC (MWR); 993 mb at 1930Z at Belize City (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt E at 1530Z at 17.7N, 87.4W (micro). Three other gales. "Belize, over which the center passed on the 31st, reported an almost complete calm at 12:30 pm and a low pressure of 29.33 inches (993 mb) at 2:30 pm. Winds of hurricane force did not accompany the storm at the surface, but it is believed that velocities of 60 mph marked its entire course. Actual wind damage was slight, but excessive rains and high tides resulted in flooding portions of Belize 2 to 3 feet...Maximum wind velocity reported - 60 miles per hour reported from airplane east of Belize. Lowest pressure reported - 989.3 millibars (29.23 inches) at Belize" (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, located in a trough near 18N, 88.5W. HURDAT last lists this system at 6Z as a 20 kt tropical depression at 16.7N, 90.6W. The MWR post-season track map last shows this system at 00Z near 17.4N, 89.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17.3N, 90.7W. No gales or low pressures. Regarding the storm tide... "Disturbance inland. Water over sea wall at Belize City. Three feet of water in the street" (Sep 01 0030Z Microfilm). There were no changes made to the genesis of this system. The first position on the 29th was adjusted to provide a more realistic initial motion. The other track changes introduced for the 31st and 1st were near and after the time of landfall. On the 31st, the 12Z and 18Z positions are shifted about half a degree to the east based on available observations from HWM and microfilm. The system made landfall around 18Z on the 31st near Belize City. There were observations of 50 kt at the surface from aircraft just prior to landfall, but a 990 mb central pressure was recorded at Belize City as the center passed overhead. 990 mb gives 64 kt from the Brown south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The size and speed of the storm are about average. 60 kt is chosen since damage reports indicate that wind damage was slight and the MWR text suggests that winds of hurricane force did not accompany this storm at the surface. However, this system may have been a minimal hurricane. Major intensity changes were thus made at these 12 and 18Z times on the 31st. The 12Z intensity is changes from 40 kt to 60 kt, and the 18Z intensity is changed from 35 kt to 60 kt. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 42 kt for 00Z on the 1st. 40 kt (up from 25 kt originally) is indicated at this point. Dissipation of the system is delayed 12 hours to 00Z on the 2nd, as observations indicate that a closed circulation existed longer than originally listed. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 7 - Revised in 2013 32960 09/03/1945 M= 4 7 SNBR= 730 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 32965 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 840 35 0* 32965 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 846 30 0* *** *** ** 32970 09/04*216 833 35 0*234 825 35 0*247 821 35 0*257 821 35 0* 32970 09/04*221 838 30 0*232 828 30 0*244 821 35 0*255 820 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 32975 09/05*267 823 35 0*279 838 35 0*287 854 30 0*291 869 30 0* 32975 09/05*265 821 35 0*275 838 35 0*285 860 30 0*293 875 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32980 09/06*295 883 30 0*303 896 25 0*311 908 20 0*319 919 15 0* 32980 09/06*300 888 30 0*307 898 25 0*313 908 25 0*319 919 20 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 32985 TS U.S. Landfall: 9/5/1945 - 0000Z - 26.5N 82.1W - 35 kt Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this minimal tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and Perez et al. (2000). September 2: HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 82.5W. HWM also analyzes a trough of low pressure extending from north of Honduras southward and westward into the east Pacific. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm does not plot a closed low. No gales or low pressures (the one ship that reports low pressures is biased 4 to 5 mb too low). September 3: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 84.1W. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 84.0W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 12Z position near 19N, 84W. Microfilm shows a very broad low with a 1011 mb contour closed off over the western Caribbean and Yucatan Peninsula. No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM analyzes a large, elongated low of at most 1010 mb with the "L" plotted near 24.6N, 83.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 82.1W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 00Z position near 21.6N, 82.9W and a 12Z position near 24.2N, 82W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 83.9W and a 12Z position near the HWM position. Microfilm shows a position near the HURDAT position. Highlights: 45 kt S (fastest mile/elevated at 68 m) at Miami at 1702Z (WB); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 18Z near Marathon, FL (micro); 40 kt S (elevated - likely Alligator Reef) and 1010 mb at 18Z near Islamorada, FL (micro); 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 25.1N, 80.2W (micro); 34 kt S (max 5- min wind/elevated) at Miami at 1813Z (WB). "A slight disturbance moved northward out of the Caribbean Sea, across western Cuba and into the Florida Peninsula near Fort Myers during September 3-4" (MWR). This system is not listed as a tropical storm strike for Cuba (Perez). September 5: HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb in the general vicinity of 29N, 86.5W, with the SW end of a SW-NE warm front almost touching the NE side of the 1010 mb isobar. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 28.7N, 85.4W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 82.3W and a 12Z position near 28N, 86W. The MWR post-season track map shows its last point at 00Z with a position near 26.4N, 82.8W. Microfilm shows a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 28N, 88W. Land highlights: 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.9N, 80.8W (micro). "The lowest reported pressure (for this storm) was 29.77 inches, and the circulation about the center was not strong. However, squalls of tropical character, with winds reaching 40 miles per hour and gusts to 50 miles per hour, prevailed among the Keys and along the southeast Florida coast northward beyond Miami. The only damage reported was to small boats in Miami harbors" (MWR). September 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.2N, 90.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 31.1N, 90.8W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29N, 88.2W and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 90.3W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.5N, 90.2W. No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the time of genesis, 18Z on the 3rd. The position at 18Z on the 3rd was adjusted about a degree to the northwest. The position adjustments are very minor around southern Florida as changes of a few tenths of a degree were made. Later in the Gulf of Mexico, the track is shifted to the left of the HURDAT track, but then near landfall at the northern Gulf Coast, the track is very similar to the HURDAT track again. There were no intensity changes larger than a 5 kt change. The system is now begun as a tropical depression with tropical storm intensity achieved at 12Z on the 4th, north of Cuba. This is consistent with Perez et al.'s assessment of the system being a tropical depression over Cuba. There was an observation on microfilm of a 40 kt wind near or at Islamorada, FL at 18Z on the 4th, but this observation is an elevated observation from Alligator Reef Lighthouse. The peak lifetime intensity of 35 kt is unchanged from HURDAT originally. The cyclone made a brief landfall in southwestern Florida at 00Z on the 5th at 26.5N, 82.1W near Sanibel Island with maximum winds of 35 kt. Hourly observations from the Fort Myers (26.6N 81.8W) airport show that the center did not go east of that location. However, at 00Z a ship reported north winds at 15 kt (20 mph) at a location of 26.5N 82.3W - only ~10 nm offshore. This is the main reason for showing a landfall for this minimal tropical storm in southwest Florida, which is consistent with the original HURDAT. The system made a second landfall early on the 6th near the border of Mississippi and Louisiana as a tropical depression, which is unchanged in intensity from originally indicated. No change is made to the dissipation stage of this cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 8 - Revised in 2013 32990 09/10/1945 M= 3 8 SNBR= 731 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 32990 09/09/1945 M= 4 8 SNBR= 731 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 9th is new to HURDAT.) 32992 09/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*164 583 45 0*174 592 45 1009* 32995 09/10*183 603 35 0*194 610 45 0*204 616 50 0*219 632 50 0* 32995 09/10*183 600 45 0*191 608 45 0*201 618 50 0*213 632 50 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 33000 09/11*236 649 50 0*246 655 50 0*258 661 45 0*275 667 45 0* 33000 09/11*226 649 50 0*240 661 50 0*255 670 45 0*270 673 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33005 09/12*294 671 40 0*313 671 40 0*332 671 35 0*351 667 30 0* 33005 09/12*286 674 40 0*303 673 40 0*322 671 35 0*345 667 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** **** 33010 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are introduced for this tropical storm that stayed out over the open waters of the Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 9: HWM analyzes a low in a trough located near 16.7N, 59.3W. HURDAT does not list a storm on this day. Microfilm locates a storm center by aircraft at 17.6N, 59.4W at 1915Z with sustained surface winds of 55 kt and minimum central pressure of 1009 mb. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SE at 1630Z at 18.0N, 56.2W (micro). "A slight disturbance was located east of the Leeward Islands on the 9th of September" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzes a trough near the Virgin Islands. HURDAT lists this system as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.4N, 61.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.1N, 61.8W. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 22.5N, 63.4W at 2145Z (micro). Two other gales. "It moved northwestward during the 10th" (MWR). September 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 66.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.6N, 61.5W and a 12Z position near 24.7N, 63.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 23N, 64.6W and a 12Z position near 26N, 66.2W. Microfilm shows a broad low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 25.2N, 66.5W. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt ESE around ~1230Z at 23.3N, 63.0W (micro). "...turned to northward along the 67th meridian on the 11th..." (MWR). September 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a cold front approaching a few hundred miles west of the HURDAT position. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 67.1W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 64W, and a 12Z position near 32N, 65.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 67W and a 12Z position near 33N, 66.9W. Microfilm does not show a closed low. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S at 0915Z at 30.7N, 66.0W (micro). One other gale. "...and began to dissipate as it passed about 100 miles west of Bermuda on the 12th. The storm did not develop a well-defined circulation, although at the time it was centered northeast of the Leeward Islands reports from reconnaissance planes indicated winds of 60 miles per hour" (MWR). September 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but shows a frontal boundary off of the U.S. East coast. HURDAT's last position was at 18Z on the 12th. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a final position at 00Z on the 13th of 36N 65W. No gales or low pressures. Two 6-hourly positions are added to the beginning of this storm. HURDAT started this storm at 00Z on the 10th as a 35 kt tropical storm. At 1915Z on the 9th, an aircraft performed a center fix on the storm, located at 17.6N, 59.4W. The aircraft visually estimated maximum surface winds of 55 kt 20 miles from the center. However, the aircraft measured a minimum central pressure in the center of 1009 mb. This pressure information hints that the maximum winds were overestimated by the aircraft. 1009 mb gives 29 kt according to the Brown pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N. An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z splitting the difference between the aircraft wind estimate the winds given from the pressure-wind relationship. On the 10th and 11th, the track of the storm is shifted slightly to the left (southwest). On the morning of the 11th, aircraft observations indicate a latitude west of the original HURDAT latitude due to southerly winds as far west as 66.5W in the circulation of the TC. On the 12th at 12Z, the storm is analyzed to be due west of Bermuda, a degree south of HURDAT's position. The only intensity change made was the 00Z intensity of the 10th to reflect the earlier start time for this storm taking into account the given starting intensity. The 35 kt is raised to 45 kt at that time. No changes were made to the timing of dissipation. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 9 - Revised in 2013 32255 09/12/1945 M= 9 9 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 32255 09/12/1945 M= 9 9 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 * 32260 09/12*190 566 65 0*191 582 70 0*192 597 75 0*192 615 80 0* 32260 09/12*190 585 65 0*191 599 70 0*192 613 75 0*193 626 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** 32265 09/13*194 633 85 0*195 649 95 0*199 665 95 0*204 683 100 0* 32265 09/13*195 638 85 0*198 649 95 0*202 662 95 0*206 680 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32270 09/14*208 700 100 0*213 715 105 977*220 734 105 0*224 745 105 0* 32270 09/14*210 700 100 0*213 717 105 0*216 730 105 0*220 744 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32275 09/15*230 760 105 0*236 773 110 0*242 785 115 0*249 796 120 0* 32275 09/15*226 758 105 0*234 772 110 0*242 786 115 0*251 800 115 949* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32280 09/16*257 806 115 951*268 814 110 963*280 818 85 974*289 818 65 982* 32280 09/16*259 809 100 954*266 815 85 963*275 818 75 974*285 817 70 982* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32285 09/17*298 816 55 987*310 812 50 990*322 808 45 991*334 804 40 996* 32285 09/17*296 815 65 987*310 812 60 990*323 808 60 990*334 803 50 996* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 32290 09/18*346 799 40 1000*358 793 35 1006*370 785 35 1012E386 772 30 0* 32290 09/18*344 799 50 1000*356 793 45 1006E368 785 40 1012E383 770 35 0* *** ** *** ** **** ** *** *** ** 32295 09/19E406 753 25 0E427 727 25 0E441 694 25 0E451 655 25 0* 32295 09/19E403 750 30 0E423 724 25 0E441 690 25 0E451 650 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 32300 09/20E456 606 25 0E463 548 25 0E470 490 25 0E479 461 25 0* 32300 09/20E456 606 30 0E463 548 30 0E470 490 35 0E479 461 35 0* ** ** ** ** 32305 HRCFL3 32305 HRCFL4BFL3DFL1 ************ U.S. Landfalls: 9/15 1930Z 25.3 80.3 115 kt 949 mb RMW 10 nm OCI 1011 mb ROCI 125 nm 9/15 2000Z 25.4 80.4 115 kt 949 mb RMW 10 nm OCI 1011 mb ROCI 125 nm 9/17 1100Z 32.1 80.9 60 kt 990 mb OCI 1013 mb ROCI 275 nm Minor track and major intensity changes are made to this cyclone that made landfall in the Bahamas and Southeast Florida as a major hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992). September 12: HWM shows a weak low pressure centered near 15.5 N 61W. HURDAT list this as Category 1 hurricane at 19.2N 59.7W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 19N 59.5W (am) and 19.5N 63.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 47kt NW at 20UTC at 18.9N 62.4W (NHC). "It was first noted east of the Leeward Islands on September 11" (MWR). September 13: HWM indicates a hurricane centered near 19.8 N 66.2W. HURDAT list this as a Category 2 hurricane at 19.9 N 66.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 20N 66W (am) 22N 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 48kt NNE at 1200UTC at 21.0N 65.8W (NHC); "105K at flight level, 120K at sfc etd" (NHC). "This system was noticed moving west-northwestward passing north over Puerto Rico during the morning of the 13th" (MWR). September 14: HWM shows a hurricane centered near 23.5N 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 22N 73.4W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbance showed a center at 22.5N 72W (am) 23.5N 75.5 (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station highlights: 91 kt (no time - fastest mile) and 1001mb at Clarence Town, Bahamas at 1900 UTC (MWR) and 977mb at Turks Islands at 0530UTC (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 52kt S at 0200UTC at 21.8N 71.8W (NHC), Center fix of 21.7N 73.7W at 1415UTC (NHC). "The storm began a gradual curvature to the northwest while passing over the Great Bahama Bank...Turks Island reported gusts reaching 150 miles per hour (estimated)."(MWR) September 15: HWM shows a hurricane centered near 24.5N 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 at 24.5N 78.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 24N 79.5W (am) 25.5N 81W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 951mb at 2055UTC at Homestead, FL (Army base) (MWR). 107kt SW at Carysfort Reef Light at 1935 UTC (MWR). 953mb at Carysfort Reef Light at 1900 UTC (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 65kt SE at 1900UTC at 24.9N 80.0W (NHC). "The hurricane struck inland on the south Florida coast over the northern end of Key Largo about 3:30pm on September 15th. Moving inland, the center passed almost directly over Homestead Army Air Base. After leaving the cities of the south coast, the hurricane traversed the swamplands of the Everglades for about 150 miles. La Belle, on Lake Okeechobee, was the only town to feel the full force of the winds in this area. Reports indicate that every house in town was damaged." (MWR) "1009 mb environmental pressure, 101 kt max 1 min equivalent wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.). "Landfall at 25.3N 80.3W, Central pressure at landfall 951 mb observed in Homestead, FL, RMW 12 nmi, Speed of motion 10 kt" (Ho et al.). "FL, SE3, 951 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.). September 16: HWM shows a hurricane center near 27.8N 82W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.0N 81.8W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 27N 83W (am) and 29.9N 82.9W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station highlights: 985 mb at Ft. Myers, FL at 0500UTC (MWR), 70kt SE at Miami (CO) at 0000UTC (OMR), 70 kt E (fastest mile) at Moore Haven at 0730UC (MWR); 70kt S (fastest mile) at Ponce De Leon light at 1900UTC (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 52kt SSE at 0330UTC at 23.5N 75.5W (NHC). "By the time the center reached the rich citrus belt of Florida the central pressure had filled approximately an inch, and winds had dropped to velocities only slightly in excess of 75 miles per hour, an intensity which was apparently maintained until the center reached the Atlantic, near St. Augustine, about 10:00pm"(MWR). September 17: HWM shows a tropical depression centered near 33N 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 28.0N 81.8W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 33N 81.5W (am) and 34.8N 80.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station highlights: 74 kt E (fastest mile - no time - MWR), 992 mb minimum pressure at 1145 UTC, 30 kt E (5 min) with 993 mb at 1130 UTC, 39 kt (5 min peak winds) at 0830Z with 1002 mb at Paris Island, SC at (SWO, MWR), 50kt E at 0845UTC and with pressure at 997mb at 1345UTC at Charleston, SC (WBO) (MWR). "MG 0410E E85-90" (Surface Weather Observations for Paris Island - Translation: "Maximum gust 0410 Eastern time, estimated 85-90 mph"). "Skirting over the Georgia coast, the center again moved inland on the South Carolina coast near Paris Island, where winds of 80 to 90 miles per hour were reported. As the storm began to lose force over the Carolinas, excessive rain caused considerable flooding, with resultant crop losses running into millions of dollars. Serious floods occurred along the Pee Dee reaching the highest of record. The storm was traced as far as Nova Scotia where it dissipated on the 19th" (MWR). September 18: HWM shows a weak low centered near 44.5N 66W. HURDAT list this as a weak low at 37.0N 78.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 37N 79W (am) and 40.5N 75.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. "Parts of Virginia as well as the Maryland/DC area are receiving great amounts of rain as the storm is steadily dissipating as the low continues north with a warm front leading the storm; it is constantly weakening with winds keeping steady between 20 and 40kt. The storm is now dissipating at a steady but fast pace as it approaches the Mason-Dixon Line bordering the New England states " (MWR). September 19: HWM shows a weak low centered near 44.5N 68W. HURDAT lists this as a weak low at 44.1N 69.4W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 44.3N 68.5W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. No change to the genesis time of this cyclone. The system was investigated as to whether it began farther east over the tropical North Atlantic. However, no ship reports could be obtained. HURDAT originally started the system as a 65 kt hurricane at 00Z on the 12th. Minor track changes are introduced throughout the lifetime of the cyclone. Aircraft reconnaissance reached the cyclone late on the 12th and visually estimated the surface winds to peak around 50 kt. It appears that the mission was a circumnavigation fix, not a penetration fix. Therefore, the 50 kt surface winds estimated by the crew likely cannot be considered an intensity value, especially given the large radii that the aircraft flew around the cyclone. The original intensity values from HURDAT are now retained. The cyclone certainly existed east of the first position at 00Z on the 12th, but without any observations this cannot be added. The cyclone apparently intensified on the 13th and a second aircraft reconnaissance mission estimated maximum winds at flight level (1500') of 105 kt and estimated surface winds of 120 kt. Unfortunately, neither of these measurements of the era were well-calibrated or reliable. Additionally, no aircraft central pressure measurements were obtained for the lifetime of this cyclone. The 100 kt intensity at 18Z the 13th is retained in HURDAT. On the 14th at 0530Z, the center of the hurricane came closer or perhaps went over Turks Island, which observed 977 mb pressure. This suggests maximum winds of at least 81 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N. Given the uncertainty, this 977 mb value is removed from HURDAT and the original intensity of 105 kt retained. The hurricane also impacted the Bahamas with highest winds reported were 91 kt (fastest mile) from Clarence Town, sometime during the 14th. This is consistent with the extreme damage that occurred over the Bahamas and the Category 3 intensities already included for HURDAT during its passage over the islands of the Bahamas. The hurricane made landfall in Southeast Florida around 1930UTC on the 15th at 25.3N 80.3W at Key Largo and at 2000UTC at 25.4N 80.4W on the mainland. A 951 mb central pressure was observed at the Homestead Army base about an hour (2055UTC) after landfall. Using the Ho et al. pressure-decay model with for the Florida peninsula stratification, this suggests that the central pressure at landfall was slightly deeper - 949 mb. This central pressure suggests winds of 112 and 106 kt for the Brown et al. south and north of 25N, respectively. Perhaps more appropriately, for the subset of intensifying tropical cyclones, 949 mb suggests winds of 114 and 108 kt, respectively. The hurricane had a small RMW (~10 nm) compared with climatology for that central pressure and landfall latitude (17 nm - Vickery et al. 2001). The outer closed isobar of 1011 mb was near average, but the size was a tiny 125 nm radius. The hurricane had slowed somewhat from its previously quick motion, but still made landfall with a forward speed of 11 kt, close to average speed. The small size of the hurricane indicates winds above that from the pressure-wind relationship, so 115 kt is chosen as the landfall intensity for southeast Florida. It is of note that the Carysfort Reef Light had a peak 5 min wind of 107 kt at 1936 UTC (which converts to a 1-min wind of 113 kt after multiplying by 1.06) and a fastest mile of 120 kt at 1937 UTC [making this a 26 sec wind] (which converts to a 113 kt 1-min wind after dividing by 1.06. Reducing the elevated (~40 m above the ground) anemometer observation of 113 kt wind to the standard 10 m gives 102 kt, which is consistent with a landfall intensity of 115 kt. An interesting aspect is that the strongest winds were from the southwest, which suggests the possibility the station did not sample the maximum wind of the northwestward-moving hurricane. While the 115 kt value for the landfall intensity is slightly less (120 kt) than that previously indicated in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, it does boost the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale from a Category 3 to a Category 4 ("CFL4"). After landfall, the highest observed winds within two hours of synoptic times were: 75 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, 70 kt at 06 UTC, 39 kt at 12 UTC, 68 kt at 18 UTC, and 66 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th. (The 70 kt fastest mile wind reported at the Ponce De Leon light [roughly 40 m above the ground] at 19 UTC converts to 68 kt after adjusting to a peak 1 min 10 m wind.) Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds of 80, 59, 42, 36, and 39 kt, respectively. Given the transit of the hurricane over the Everglades/Big Cypress as well as movement that kept the center of the hurricane not too far from the coast, substantially less decay to the winds may occur than suggested by the Kaplan- DeMaria model. Winds are selected to be 100 kt (a major change downward from 115 kt originally) at 00 UTC, 85 kt (down from 110 kt) at 06 UTC, 75 kt (down from 85 kt) at 12 UTC, 70 kt (up from 65 kt) at 18 UTC, and 65 kt (up from 55 kt) at 00 UTC on the 17th in the reanalysis. The winds selected better match the observed high winds on the 16th/early on the 17th as well as the reported extreme destruction at inland locations. This also maintains the system as a hurricane all the way across the Florida peninsula until after it briefly reached the Atlantic Ocean. Previously the cyclone was downgraded to a tropical storm at 00 UTC on the 17th just south of 30N over northeastern Florida. Application of the Schwerdt et al. wind model suggests that Southwest Florida was impacted by Category 3 winds based upon the revised track and intensity. Thus Southwest Florida is now indicated as experiencing Category 3 winds ("BFL3"), while previously HURDAT did not list the area as a hurricane impact. Farther north in Florida, Northeast Florida is also now listed as a hurricane impact based upon the revised track and intensity, with Category 1 ("DFL1") conditions as confirmed by the observations along the coast. After reaching the Atlantic coast of Florida, the hurricane closely paralleled the Georgia coast until making a final landfall near the border of Georgia and South Carolina. Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 11 UTC on the 17th near 32.1N 80.9W. A 992 mb pressure (no wind provided) was recorded at Paris Island (now "Parris Island"), SC at 1145 UTC and 993 mb with 30 kt E was observed 15 minutes earlier. This indicates a central pressure of 990 mb, which replaces the 991 mb in HURDAT. 990 mb suggests winds of 59 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The radius of the outer closed isobar had expanded to 275 nm and the forward speed had accelerated some to 14 kt, neither of which would one expect a large deviation from the pressure-wind relationship. The MWR table had mistakenly indicated that Paris Island had a fastest mile wind of 74 kt E. However, the original records from Paris Island show that these were gusts and the strongest sustained (5 min) winds were only 39 kt E at 0830Z. Maximum winds at landfall are analyzed to be 60 kt, a high end tropical storm. The cyclone became extratropical around 12 UTC on the 18th, near the North Carolina-Virginia border, which is six hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT. Winds were boosted on the 20th back to gale force while the system was still extratropical through available ship observations. No changes were made to the dissipation of this cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 10 - Revised in 2013 33070 10/02/1945 M= 4 10 SNBR= 733 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 33070 10/02/1945 M= 6 10 SNBR= 733 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * 33075 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 803 60 0* 33075 10/02* 0 0 0 0*155 810 40 0*156 815 50 0*158 820 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 33080 10/03*162 826 65 0*164 833 70 0*165 842 80 0*165 856 85 982* 33080 10/03*161 825 65 0*164 831 70 0*166 838 70 987*168 849 75 982* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 33085 10/04*165 870 80 0*164 883 70 0*162 894 60 0*160 903 50 0* 33085 10/04*166 861 80 0*164 874 80 0*162 887 80 0*160 900 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 33090 10/05*158 912 35 0*157 922 25 0*155 932 20 0*154 937 15 0* 33090 10/05*158 913 35 0*157 926 30 0*155 940 30 0*155 957 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.) 33092 10/06*158 977 30 0*163 997 30 0*1701015 30 0*1801027 30 0* 33094 10/07*1931035 30 0*2101041 30 0*2301045 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 33095 HR Major track and intensity changes are made to this hurricane that impacted Central America. An additional two days were added to this system, as it remained a tropical depression in the Northeastern Pacific. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 30: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N 84W along the coast of Honduras. HURDAT does not list the system on this date. No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM analyzes a monsoon trough/ITCZ over Central America and the southwestern Caribbean Seas. HURDAT does not list the system on this date. No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm inside a closed contour of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.3N, 82.6W. HURDAT firsts lists this at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 80.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 16N, 81.8W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 16.2N, 82.4W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1002 mb at 16.2N, 81.6W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt SE at 16.0N, 80.4W at 2115Z (micro). Five other gales. "This disturbance was first detected in the western Caribbean near latitude 16N, longitude 81-82W on October 2. From this position, the storm moved west-northwestward and passed about 50 miles south of Swan Island. Light sea swells, indicating a disturbance in the vicinity, were first noted during the afternoon of October 1. They increased in magnitude during the night and following morning, and by noon of the following day were very distinct, having a frequency of 7 per minute. Later the frequency dropped to 6 per minute at 4 pm (on the 2nd)" (MWR). October 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.2N, 84.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 16.5N, 84.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16.3N, 82.8W and a 12Z position near 16.5N, 84W. Microfilm shows a position near the MWR position. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 15.7N, 81.7W at 4Z (micro); 55 kt SE and 1008 mb at 16.2N, 81.5W at 11Z (micro). One other gale. Land highlights: 1001 mb at Swan Island at 1010Z (min pressure) (MWR); 38 kt E (1-min) at Swan Island at 1345Z (MWR). Six other low pressures at Swan Island between 1001-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 85 kt NE at 16.8N, 84.1W at 14Z (micro); 982 mb pressure estimated from aircraft (MWR). Three other hurricane force wind obs. Ten tropical storm force wind obs (35-60 kt). "...and 5 per minute the following morning (referring to sea swell frequency on the morning of the 3rd), an indication that the storm was of considerable intensity. A plane on reconnaissance came on the storm while it was centered south of Swan Island, and the crew estimated winds at 85 knots with a central pressure near 29.00 inches. At Swan Island a maximum wind (5-min) of 39 mph from the east (extreme 1-min wind of 44 mph), was experienced at 8:45 am on the 3rd, with occasional gusts at 60 mph; the pressure was 29.57 inches at 5:10 am on that date. Hundreds of coconut palms were uprooted on the island, and practically all banana trees were blown over. Other damage was slight" (MWR). Microfilm says that an aircraft reported the center at 1504Z to be at 16.5N, 84.2W with a pressure of 987 mb (29.15 in) (micro). Microfilm says that at 19Z, the center was at 16.9N, 85.1W. October 4: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered inland near 14.9N, 88.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 89.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16.6N, 85.7W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 993 mb centered near 16.7N, 88.2W. Land highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 16.0N, 86.0W at 0Z (micro); 10 kt SW and 997 mb at Tela, Honduras (15.7N, 87.5W) at 9Z (micro). Three other low pressures. "Moving westward, the hurricane struck inland about 8 am, August 4, 60 to 80 miles south of Belize. Press reports indicate that three-fourths of the houses in Punta Gorda were flattened and that 40 houses were destroyed at Livingston on the Guatemala coast. Many were injured in towns along the coast, and one death was reported. After passing inland the storm continued on a westward course and lost force over Guatemala and Mexico" (MWR). October 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15N, 93.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 15.5N, 93.2W. No gales or low pressures. "Reports indicate that a center, accompanied by heavy rain, was recognizable as far west as Acapulco on October 5, making this hurricane as one of the rare tropical storms that have succeeded in maintaining a circulation as they passed from one ocean to another over Central America and Mexico" (MWR). October 6: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 101.4W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 30 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 1Z at 14.5N, 98.5W (COA); 25 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 3Z at 14.5N, 98.5W (COA). Land highlights: 15 kt SSW and 1004 mb at Acapulco, Mexico (16.8N, 99.9W) at 12Z (HWM). October 7: HWM analyzes two closed lows in close proximity, both of at most 1005 mb. The larger one is centered near 19.2N, 105W and the smaller one is centered near 15.6N, 105.7W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Highlights: none. Low pressure covered the western Caribbean and Central America on September 30 and October 1, but no closed circulation was present based upon observations that are available. HURDAT started this storm at 18Z on 2 October as a 60 kt tropical storm. However, it is chosen to start this storm 12 hours earlier at 06Z on 2 October based upon observations that the system underwent genesis at this time (or earlier). At 08Z on the 2nd, there was a ship reporting 40 kt from the east along with 1004 mb pressure located north of where the center was thought to be located. This strong wind accompanied by a low pressure gives some confidence that there may have been a closed low located to the south, although it is not definitive proof. However, by 12Z, there were observed west winds south of the center, and it was definitely closed at that time. 35 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 2nd, but the winds may have been higher. Minor track changes were introduced throughout the duration of the storm's existence, except for a major change westward on the original last position in HURDAT (at 18Z on the 5th). (More about the decay phase of this cyclone is given below.) An aircraft central pressure fix of 987 mb was measured at 15Z on the 3rd. This suggests winds of 68 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. An 85 kt surface wind was visually estimated by aircraft at 14Z on the 3rd. A second central pressure of 982 mb was observed by aircraft at 18Z of the 3rd. The Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for 982 mb is 75 kt. 70 kt is selected for 12Z and 75 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 3rd, as the visual estimated surface winds of the era were not well- calibrated. On the 4th, landfall of the hurricane at 16.1N, 88.8W near Punta Gorda, occurred around 13Z, which is a couple of hours later than in HURDAT. HURDAT had the intensity of the hurricane increasing to 85 kt at 18Z on the 3rd and then decreasing to 60 kt at 12Z of the 4th, the time of landfall. However, there is evidence to support that the hurricane did not weaken prior to landfall. Tela, Honduras recorded a minimum peripheral pressure of 995 mb while the storm passed more than half a degree latitude to the north on the 4th. It is possible - perhaps likely - that the system continued to intensify up until landfall. Unfortunately, the Belize Meteorological Service has no further information about this hurricane. Given the severe wind- caused damage described in the Monthly Weather Review ("three-fourths of the houses were flattened"), indicating this hurricane at the high end of a Category 1 hurricane at landfall - 80 kt - is a reasonable solution in the absence of additional information. Because of the mountainous terrain over Guatemala, a decay to a tropical depression is now indicated by 06Z on the 5th, 17 hours after landfall. HURDAT's original last position on this storm is at 18Z on the 5th over the Pacific Ocean. However, there is evidence from HWM and COADS that the circulation remained intact as it crossed central America and extreme southern Mexico and then reintensified in the Northeastern Pacific. The depression then turned towards the WNW, paralleling the coast of Mexico, perhaps staying just offshore for much of the time. At 04Z on the 6th, a 30 kt west wind with a pressure of 1005 mb was observed south of the center of the storm. At 12Z, Acapulco reported a pressure of 1004 mb. 1004 mb corresponds to 39 kt using the Brown pressure-wind relationship. However, because of the monsoon trough environment of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic pressure-wind relationships are not as valid. Without explicit tropical storm force winds being observed, this system is designated a high end (30 kt) tropical depression while over the Pacific. It is possible though that the cyclone did reach tropical storm force. The system clearly moves inland later on the 6th over western Mexico. The last position is given at 12Z on the 7th as a dissipating tropical depression near 23N, 104.5W. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Storm 11 - Revised in 2013 33100 10/10/1945 M= 7 11 SNBR= 734 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L 33105 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*131 779 30 0*144 788 30 0* 33105 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 779 30 0*149 780 30 0* *** *** *** 33110 10/11*155 795 35 0*167 800 35 0*178 803 45 0*188 803 55 0* 33110 10/11*158 789 35 0*168 798 35 0*178 803 45 0*188 803 55 0* *** *** *** *** 33115 10/12*196 802 65 0*205 798 70 0*216 793 85 1000*229 786 80 0* 33115 10/12*196 802 65 0*205 798 75 0*216 793 85 0*229 786 80 0* ** **** 33120 10/13*244 774 65 0*258 760 65 982*272 738 65 0*285 710 65 0* 33120 10/13*242 772 80 0*256 758 75 982*272 738 70 0*285 705 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 33125 10/14E299 680 65 0E312 642 55 0E324 605 40 0E335 567 30 0* 33125 10/14E299 680 65 0E312 642 55 0E324 605 40 0E332 575 35 0* *** *** ** 33130 10/15E345 529 30 0E353 490 30 0E360 449 30 0E367 422 30 0* 33130 10/15E340 545 35 0E349 505 35 0E358 455 35 0E367 422 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 33135 10/16E372 400 30 0E378 377 30 0E383 350 30 0E390 322 30 0* 33140 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this small hurricane that made landfall in Cuba and the Bahamas. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Perez et al. (2000), and the Monthly Weather Review's 1966 article by Fernandez-Partagas. October 10: HWM does not analyze a low on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.1N, 77.9W. A paper in the July 1966 MWR by Fernandez-Partagas (from now on referred to as "MWR 1966") had a center near the HURDAT position and tropical depression intensity. Land highlights: 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at Barranquilla, Colombia at 12Z. "Strong evidence of a tropical depression- or perhaps a tropical storm- has been found over the southwestern Caribbean, north of Colombia and Panama, as early as October 10, 1945" (MWR 1966). October 11: HWM analyzes a trough with a WSW-ENE frontal zone from 21N, 91W to 27N, 78W and HWM analyzes a low in the trough near 23.3N, 87W. HURDAT lists a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 80.3W. MWR 1966 shows a center near the HURDAT position and tropical storm intensity. No gales or low pressures. "It is believed that the storm reached hurricane intensity during October 11, while the storm was approaching the Cayman Islands and just in that vicinity. Little is known about the storm's passage over the Cayman Islands. The reference available came from some Cuban fishermen who were taken by surprise at Cayman Brac; they merely said that 'rain and winds' were felt there. The diameter of the storm was so small that the meteorological station at Grand Cayman, about 70 miles to the west, did not report any significant stormy weather" (MWR 1966). October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22.3N, 86.1W along a complex SW-NE frontal structure extending from the Yucatan Peninsula to the low to Havana to the northwest Bahamas to beyond 28N, 71W. HURDAT lists an 85 kt hurricane at 21.6N, 79.3W. MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position with hurricane intensity. Land highlights: 60-65 kt around 12Z at Tunas de Zaza, Cuba (21.7N, 79.5W) (MWR 1966); 1000 mb around 12Z somewhere in the zone of Tunas de Zaza (MWR 1966); 45-50 kt around 13Z at Sancti-Spiritus, Cuba (21.9N, 79.4W) (MWR 1966). Regarding the storm in Cuba, "Based on observations received, the center of the storm moved ashore about 7 am EST (12Z) on the 12th, and emerged on the northern coast about 11:30 am (1630Z). While passing over Laberinto de las Doce Legunas (an archipelago off the southern coast of Cuba), the cyclone destroyed almost all the mangrove trees at Cayo Breton. The center of the storm moved over Las Villas Province just east of Tunas de Zaza, near a place called Las Coloradas, where it also destroyed all the mangrove trees, and there the sea water advanced some distance ashore. It then moved to the vicinity of the Jatibonico sugar-mill where a lull was reported for about 5 minutes, and thereafter crossed over Mayajigua where a calm was reported for about the same period. The minimum value (storm's central pressure) was felt at Jatibonico, where the storm was violently felt. The storm emerged at the Bahamas Channel, west of Punta Alegre sugar-mill, and sea waters receded at that place." Regarding the storm speed, "The 'unrecorded' hurricane of October 1945 was moving fairly rapidly, at an average speed of 16-17 kt, while crossing over central Cuba, and slightly over 20 kt when emerging from the Bahamas into the Atlantic Ocean" (MWR 1966). Regarding the intensity, "Estimated winds over 100 mph as the storm moved across Cuba are in excellent agreement with those expected from the data available, if a vr1/2 = constant vortex with an inner radius of 4 miles or less is accepted. Also under this reasoning, it is very likely that the minimum sea level pressure was around 975-980 mb in accordance with Fletcher's empirical formula (used in Fletcher 1955). Therefore, hurricane force winds can be easily supported" (MWR 1966). "Along the path south of Sierra de Jatibonico (rather low mountains in central Cuba), and about 20 km with, palm trees to the right of the center's path fell down toward the north, while those to the left did so toward the south. The eastern sector or the storm was more severe than the western one. Winds of 70 to 75 mph were reported at Tunas de Zaza. The influence of the storm was clearly noticed in Sancti-Spiritus where winds reached 55 mph and the barographic curve was typical of a tropical cyclone." "Four persons died and 200 were injured in the furious storm which struck Jatibonico and Sancti-Spiritus. Damages are estimated at $2 million. Strong winds affected Sancti-Spiritus and the outskirts of Tunas de Zaza, Guasimal, Zaza del Medio, and Taguasco from 9 to 11 am, the most affected being Guasimal." The following is the only advisory released on this storm by a meteorological service: "National Observatory (Cuban Weather Service) October 12, 1945, 11 am. A small tropical storm, a disturbance somewhat greater in size than a tornado or waterspout, hit the zone of Tunas de Zaza with pressure reading of 1000 mb, strong northeasterly winds, and intermittent showers at 7:30 am this morning. The disturbance is moving northward; it is affecting places near its track and it is passing rapidly toward the northern coast." The following three quotes are from El Pais (Havana, Cuba) evening issue, October 13, 1945: "Mayajigua is without communications. A severe storm struck this town and its outskirts yesterday morning. Several buildings were seriously damaged." "Zaza del Medio. Between 8:30 am and 11 am, a storm passed over this town, and caused heavy damage to houses and tobacco-houses (flimsy constructions where tobacco is processed)." "Guayos. A tropical storm accompanied by torrential rain and strong northeasterly winds in gusts, affected this town in the morning hours yesterday; heavy damage was reported." "The following quote is from Diario de la Marina, (Havana, Cuba), October 13, 1945: 'Many vessels have been torn away from their mooring at Tunas de Zaza because of the spout.'" "1945, October 11-12, Category 1 hurricane for Cuba" (Perez et al.) October 13: HWM analyzes an extremely elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26.5N, 70.7W along a WSW-ENE frontal boundary extending from the Yucatan Peninsula, through the low to beyond 30N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 73.8W. MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position with hurricane intensity. Land highlights: 35-45 kt and 1005 mb (min p) at Nassau, Bahamas (MWR 1966); calm and 982 mb (uncorrected) at Eleuthera, Bahamas (25.0N, 76.3W) (MWR 1966); 60-80 kt at Eleuthera, Bahamas (MWR 1966); 40-45 kt and 1007 mb (uncorrected) at Andros Island, Bahamas (24.5N, 78.0W) (MWR 1966). Regarding the storm in the Bahamas, "Although wind estimates in the vicinity of the path over the Bahamas have been found to be somewhat contradictory, most of the data available are also in favor of the existence of winds in excess of 74 mph. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to pinpoint an accurate track of the center over the Islands because of the lack of proper information. However, unconfirmed calm reports have been stated by different persons who formerly lived in small villages on the southern tip of Andros and indications are that the center must have passed very close to Governor's Harbour (Eleuthera) where the minimum sea level pressure (982 mb, probably uncorrected) was recorded and where the heaviest damages were suffered. An upper-air study of this case was initially considered, but data were not sufficient to make a serious attempt. 500 mb maps of the HWM series have been examined for the period concerned, and a fairly good agreement of the track with the prevailing pattern of circulation was detected. Some slight warming was also noticed in the 500-mb radiosonde reports from southern Florida and Cuba on October 12, 1945. Regarding the storm in the Bahamas, "According to press reports, the barometer read a minimum of 29.68 in. (about 1005 mb.) at Nassau, New Providence, where 40-50 mph winds were felt." "Regarding Eleuthera, the Nassau Guardian published the following account on October 13: Storm damages small vessels. Takes one life at Eleuthera. Harbour Island experiences winds over 70 mph. Harbour Island (Eleuthera), where a number of small boats are destroyed, reports that there was a wind force last night of between 70 and 90 mph. No damage to houses was reported and crops also escaped. Winds of an estimated gale force were reported to have raged over the whole length of Eleuthera, sending two vessels ashore and tearing others from their moorings. It is understood that Governor's property as well as a number of privately-owned buildings have been very badly damaged, and that telephone lines are down and roads throughout the island are blocked...A severe north to northwest storm passed over the whole length of Eleuthera between 11:30 pm and 2 am (October 12-13). The wind was estimated at gale force and was accompanied by rain. Vessels were blown from their mooring." "Some additional information on the storm's passage over Eleuthera is found in the 1945 Annual Report submitted to the Out Island Commissioner of the Bahamas by his colleague at the Governor's Harbour: 'Lowest reading: 29.00 inches. From 11 pm on the 12th to 3 am on the 13th of October a severe hurricane passed over the district.' Although it is not indicated in the report, it is obvious that the lowest barometer reading of 29.00 inches (982 mb) (probably uncorrected) must have been recorded at Governor's Harbour during the hurricane's passage. There can be no possible confusion in this case, since no other hurricane directly affected the settlement in the whole year of 1945" (MWR 1966). "The Commissioner at Mangrove Cay, Andros, gave the following account in his Annual Report for 1945: 'On the 14-15th night of September a storm with full hurricane force at the center came near the District, passing slightly to the south. Again on October 12, a cyclonic storm with winds up to 50 mph struck the District! It was during these storms that the barometer fell to 1007 mb (uncorrected). The storm on October 12th struck the District with terrific force in sections. Apparently, it was more like a cyclonic storm. This brought greater destruction to farms and coconut trees. Thousands of coconut trees which had not recovered from the shocks of the storm of September were twisted, uprooted, snapped and dashed to the ground'" (MWR 1966). October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 31.2N, 60.6W with a cold front extending from the low towards the WSW to 26N, 75W and a warm front extending ESE from the low to 29N, 52W. Another front is located just a few hundred miles north and west of the low and the cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 32.4N, 60.5W. MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position as an extratropical storm. No gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 35.8N, 45W with a cold front extending southwestward from the low to 26N, 59W, and a warm front extending southeastward from the low to 28N, 38W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 36.0N, 44.9W. MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position as extratropical. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 34N, 52W at 3Z (COA). One other low pressure. October 16: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb centered near 38.5N, 35.5W with an occluded front extending down to a triple point with a warm and cold front near 34N, 34W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.3N, 35.0W. MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position as extratropical. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 6Z at 42.0N, 37.0W (COA). Six other low pressures. No changes were introduced for the genesis of this system. Track changes for this storm are minor and are introduced on all dates of the cyclone's lifetime except for the 12th and 16th. The 35 kt SW wind with 1012 mb in Barranquilla occurred 180 nm southeast of the analyzed centered position at 12Z on the 10th. Given the relatively high pressure, it appears that this observation likely is not directly related to the circulation of the cyclone and/or was a transient event. The system is retained as a tropical depression on the 10th. The cyclone made landfall around 12Z on the 12th in southern Cuba. The estimated minimum pressure of the storm at landfall in Cuba was 975-980 mb based upon the Fletcher relationship applied to a 1000 mb peripheral pressure reading. Although the central pressure may have been around 980 mb, this value is not added to HURDAT because of the uncertainty in what the central pressure was. Assuming the central pressure was in the neighborhood of 980 mb, this value yields a wind speed of 78 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. There was lower than usual environmental pressure (~1010 mb outer closed isobar), and the storm was moving at an average forward speed of about 11-12 kt. These arguments for going with a lower wind speed are counteracted by the extremely small RMW of this hurricane. Despite the Perez et al. (2000) assessment of a Category 1 for Cuba, there is not enough evidence to change the original HURDAT wind speed of 85 kt at Cuban landfall. Therefore, the 85 kt Category 2 hurricane is retained in HURDAT and for Cuban landfall. Since Eleuthera reported a 982 mb central pressure early on the 13th, the analyzed intensity is kept stronger than HURDAT through the hurricane's passage through the Bahamas. 982 mb equals 75 kt using the Brown pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N and 70 kt for N of 25 N. 80 kt is chosen for 00Z, 75 kt is chosen for 6Z, and 70 kt is chosen for 12Z, all higher than the constant 65 kt in HRUDAT. From late on the 14th through the 15th, during the extratropical stage, the intensity is analyzed to be slightly stronger than in HURDAT as well, due to available observations from HWM and COADS. There was no change to the extratropical transition phase or to the dissipation of this hurricane. References: Fernandez-Partagas, J. J., 1966: The "Unrecorded" Hurricane of October 1945. Monthly Weather Review, 94, 475-480. R.D. Fletcher, 1955: Computation of Maximum Winds in Hurricanes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 36, 6, pp. 346-350. ******************************************************************************** 1945 Additional Notes: 1) A large occluded low was located over the north central Atlantic on 23 May. There was one observed gale with this system (35 kt) at 00Z on 23 May, and the lowest observed pressure was 1008 mb also on 23 May. On this day, the system was baroclinic and had a very large circulation. On the 24th and 25th, the temperature gradient began to relax, but there was no observed gales or low pressures. By the 26th, the circulation opened up into a trough, and pressures were rising. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 23 37N 53W Extratropical May 24 37N 50W Extratropical May 25 36.5N 46.5W Subtropical May 26 Open trough 2) A general area of low pressure prevailed in the central Caribbean Sea between 24 May and 29 May. It is not certain that there was a closed circulation at any point during these days. The 26th and 27th are the days that the system is closest to attaining a closed circulation. But the wind barbs indicate a very elongated low, almost frontal in nature (although there is no temperature gradient across the low). Also, there were no gales at all with this system, and the lowest pressure observed was 1007 mb. The highest wind was 30 kt on the 26th. This was likely a broad area of low pressure that stayed over the Caribbean for several days. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 24 Open wave May 25 Open wave May 26 14.5N 77W Broad low May 27 16.5N 77.5W Broad low May 28 17N 77.5W Broad low May 29 Open wave 3) A low associated with the tail end of a front moved into the extreme northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 18 August. Pressures as low as 1009 mb were recorded by ships as well as by land stations such as Apalachicola, FL. The low moved inland over the big bend area of FL on 19 August, and continued northeast. Microfilm and HWM both were consistent in showing this low. The low never seemed to fully detach from the front, however. Temperatures were very warm surrounding the low. The highest wind recorded (30 kt) was off the Atlantic coast east of Jacksonville during the afternoon of the 19th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 17 Open Aug 18 29.5N 84.5W Low Aug 19 Open 4) Microfilm indicates that a low formed in the central Gulf of Mexico on 29 August. At 00Z on 30 August, a NW wind of 30 kt along with an 1006 mb pressure was recorded by a ship at 24.8N, 93.2W (micro). The low continued westward, and six hours later there were wind observations from the south on the east side of the low. Therefore, there is a good chance that this system was a tropical depression at 00Z on 30 August. When this system was close to making landfall in northeast Mexico, at 12Z on 30 August, the center was located near 25N, 97W. Aircraft observations at this time show that the circulation center was closed and well-defined, confirming the existence of a tropical depression. Winds of 20 to 30 knots accompanied this depression from 18Z the 29th through landfall, which occurred between 12Z and 18Z on the 30th. But there were no observed gales. Dissipation occurred shortly thereafter as the depression moved inland over Mexico. The highest wind at Brownsville, TX was 30 kt from the east around 14Z (OMR). The winds shifted at Brownsville from NE to E to SE between 12Z and 16Z (OMR). One-minute winds of 25 kt or higher occurred at least once in each hour in Brownsville for 6 consecutive hours from 14Z to 20Z (OMR). 0.19" of precipitation fell at Brownsville with this depression. It is interesting to note that a rainbow was observed at Brownsville at 12Z on the 30th (OMR). The pressure at Brownsville at 12Z was 1011 mb, but the minimum pressure at Brownsville, which likely occurred a couple of hours later, is unknown. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 29 Open Aug 30 25.2N 97.2W Tropical depression Aug 31 Dissipated 5) An extratropical low on 3 September was located over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. This low moved south, then drifted around and moved eastward. Subtropical characteristics were gradually attained, but there were no observed gales at any point with this system. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 3 46N 23W Extratropical Sep 4 41N 25W Extratropical Sep 5 39N 25W Extratropical Sep 6 40.5N 17.5W Subtropical Sep 7 43N 16.5W Subtropical Sep 8 Dissipated 6) A small low formed from a dissipating stationary front on 8 September just off the North Carolina coast. This low remained stationary through 10 September. On the 11th, it moved northward to east of Nantucket. There were no observed gales associated with this system. The highest wind was 30 kt from the SSE, which occurred on 10 September at 15Z at 36N, 70W. There were not any pressures of 1005 or lower until the 11th north of 40N, and these low pressures were accompanied by 20-25 kt winds on that day. The lowest pressure was 1004 mb at 11Z of the 11th. At this time, the small low was in the warm sector of an approaching extratropical cyclone, so environmental pressures were low. The pressure-wind relationship of 1004 mb = 36 kt is assumed to be invalid for this case. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 8 35.5N 73.5W Tropical depression Sep 9 35N 74W Tropical depression Sep 10 36N 73W Tropical depression Sep 11 41N 68.5W Tropical depression 7) A low may have broken off from the tail end of a dissipating stationary front in the eastern Bay of Campeche on 15 September. From the 15th to the 16th, the pressures along the Mexican coast of the western Bay of Campeche dropped as much as 7 mb. There is not enough evidence to know for sure if there was a closed low, but there is enough evidence to make a rough guess of the position if the low was indeed closed. The highest observed wind was 10 kt and the lowest pressure was 1010 mb. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 15 15 93.5 Low Sep 16 16.5N 97W Low Sep 17 inland in central Mexico and dissipated 8) An extratropical low formed along a front on 26 September near 40N, 37.5W. The low broke off from the front and attained either subtropical or tropical characteristics on the 27th. On the 27th, the highest observed wind was 25 kt and the lowest pressure was 1010 mb. A new approaching cold front from the west merged with the low and provided the low with renewed baroclinicity. A wind speed of 65 kt from the north was recorded at 21Z on the 28th, and several other gales were recorded. These winds are all associated with the frontal passage, and the temperatures drop significantly behind the front. On the 30th, the same low is still left behind, with no fronts plotted on HWM, but there is still a temperature gradient across the low, and there are no observed gales on the 30th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 26 40N 37.5W Extratropical Sep 27 38.5N 40.5W Subtropical depression Sep 28 36N 34.5W Extratropical Sep 29 37.5N 35W Extratropical Sep 30 41.5N 33.5W Extratropical 9) A small, closed area of low pressure developed on 26 September in the area of the Caribbean Sea just north of Honduras. Pressures fell in the area as the low deepened a few millibars from the 26th to the 28th. On the 28th, the low moved just inland on the coast of Honduras, but maintained itself as a closed low through the 30th. The lowest observed pressure was 1004 mb, but there were low environmental pressures. The highest observed wind was 25 kt. It is interesting to note that HWM plots a tropical storm symbol on the 27th. This low was likely a tropical depression because the wind observations support a small, closed low, but there were no gales. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 26 17.5N 85.5W Tropical depression Sep 27 17.5N 86W Tropical depression Sep 28 15.5N 86W Tropical depression Sep 29 15N 85W Tropical depression Sep 30 15.5N 86W Tropical depression 10) A low began to form in association with a front on 4 October in the northeastern Atlantic. The low was closed by 5 October, but it was attended by weak winds near the broad circulation center. The low was mostly occluded by 6 October, and there was not a large temperature gradient across the low on the 6th or 7th. The circulation was very broad, and there were no observed gales through October 8th. The lowest observed pressure was 1012 mb through the 8th. By the 8th, baroclinicity returned, and the extratropical low moved off slowly to the northeast. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 5 36N 33W Extratropical Oct 6 36N 33W Extratropical Oct 7 36.5N 29.5W Subtropical Oct 8 42.5N 27.5W Extratropical 11) A closed low formed on 19 October near Miami and the Bahamas, possibly associated with a front. On the 19th, the temperature gradient across the low from the Bahamas to Tampa was 13 degrees. On the 20th, the baroclinicity may have lessened, and this system may have been a 30 kt tropical depression. On both the 19th and 20th, the circulation was very tight and compact like a tropical system, which is why this system is analyzed as a tropical depression on both the 19th and 20th. There were several 30 kt wind observations on the 20th, but there were no gales at any point. On 21 October, the circulation began to get larger and the low was becoming extratropical as it moved quickly off to the northeast. It should be noted that this low is tracked in the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones October 1945 map from the 19th to the 22nd. The positions on the MWR map follow the positions in HWM fairly closely. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 19 24.5N 78W Tropical depression Oct 20 29.5N 72.5W Tropical depression Oct 21 34.5N 62.5W Becoming extratropical Oct 22 39N 51W Extratropical ******************************************************************************** 1946 Storm 1 - Revised 2014 33145 06/13/1946 M= 4 1 SNBR= 735 NOT NAMED XING=1 33145 06/13/1946 M= 4 1 SNBR= 735 NOT NAMED XING=1 33150 06/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*270 855 35 0* 33150 06/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 865 25 0*278 868 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 33155 06/14*279 862 35 0*283 868 35 0*286 875 35 0*287 886 35 0* 33155 06/14*281 872 30 0*284 876 35 0*286 880 35 0*287 887 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33160 06/15*287 897 35 0*288 905 35 0*288 912 35 0*288 922 35 0* 33160 06/15*287 895 35 0*288 903 35 0*288 910 35 0*289 917 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 33165 06/16*291 930 35 0*296 935 35 0*302 940 35 0*308 945 25 0* 33165 06/16*291 924 30 0*294 931 30 0*297 938 25 0*301 948 20 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33170 TS Minor changes to both track and intensity were made to this minimal tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and Dunn and Miller (1960). The system made landfall in the United States as a tropical depression, but likely caused minimal (~35 kt) tropical storm conditions in parts of coastal Louisiana. June 13: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT first lists this storm at 18Z at 27.0N, 85.5W with a 35 kt intensity. Microfilm plots a tropical storm symbol at 12Z near 27.8N, 87.1W. No gales or low pressures. June 14: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.6N, 87.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance, accompanied by a small area of squally weather with winds of 25-35 mph, was first detected near latitude 29.0N, longitude 86.5W, about 110 miles south of Valparaiso, FL" (MWR). June 15: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.8N, 91.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a tropical storm symbol plotted inside a closed low of at most 1014 mb near 28.5N, 91.0W. No gales or low pressures. "The highest wind velocity recorded was 36 mph at Grand Isle, LA, on June 15, at 1:30 am (0630Z). No damage or loss of life was reported, although the sea was very rough in Mississippi Sound as the disturbance, traveling westward, moved across the Gulf to the south" (MWR). June 16: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.2N, 94.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 30.1N, 93.7W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1016 mb near 29.5N, 93.7W. No gales or low pressures. "The center moved west-northwestward during its 3-day life span, and passed inland on the Texas coast near Port Arthur on the 16th, attended by winds of gentle to moderate force" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - 1946 - June 16 - Port Arthur - Minor ("Minor" - Maximum winds less than 74 mph, Minimum central pressure above 996 mb.)" (Dunn and Miller 1960). A tropical depression formed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico at 12Z on 13 June with 25 kt maximum sustained winds (HURDAT originally started this at 18Z as a 35 kt (tropical storm). Because the circulation was very well defined by 18Z, and there were 10 kt west winds south of the center at 12Z, the low is analyzed to be closed at 12Z. At 18Z, there are many observations close to the center, and the highest observed wind was 25 kt. HURDAT's 35 kt intensity is thus revised downward to 30 kt. The largest track change to this storm was made at 18Z on the 13th. The depression is analyzed to be about 1.5 degrees to the NW of the HURDAT position based on aircraft observations from the 1830Z microfilm map. The depression moved very slowly to the northwest on the 13th and early on the 14th, and made a westward turn during the morning of the 14th, paralleling the Louisiana coast with the center not far offshore. The forward motion only increased slightly on the 14th. The highest sustained wind observation available is 31 kt at Grand Isle, LA at 0630Z on the 15th, suggesting that perhaps this was indeed a tropical storm. The depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 14th (18Z on the 13th originally) before it began to parallel the Louisiana coastline. The intensity remained at 35 kt until 00Z on the 16th (12Z the 16th originally), when it weakened back to a tropical depression and was located off the coast of Lake Charles, LA. The depression then made a northwestward turn and made landfall as a 25 kt depression at 12Z on the 16th at the Texas/Louisiana border. It had originally made landfall as a 35 kt tropical storm a little farther east and a couple of hours earlier. Although the only direct landfall of this system was as a tropical depression, it is possible that the coast of Louisiana felt tropical storm force winds when the storm traveled just offshore. No changes were made to the timing of inland dissipation of this system. It should be noted that there were no observed tropical storm force winds with this system. In addition, neither the MWR nor the Louisiana Climatological Data mention any significant wind or tide impact from this system despite its proximity to the Louisiana coast. Therefore, it is possible that this was only a 30 kt tropical depression. However, given the 31 kt wind from Grand Isle, there is not enough evidence to change the status of this system from a tropical storm to a tropical depression. ******************************************************************************** 1946 Storm 2 - Revised 2014 33175 07/05/1946 M= 6 2 SNBR= 736 NOT NAMED XING=1 33180 07/05* 0 0 0 0*290 790 35 0*318 796 40 1006*327 793 40 0* 33180 07/05* 0 0 0 0E314 793 30 0E320 792 30 0E326 789 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 33185 07/06*334 789 40 0*340 784 40 0*346 777 40 0*354 767 45 0* 33185 07/06*332 786 40 0*337 783 45 0*344 780 45 1005*351 770 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **** *** *** 33190 07/07*361 754 55 0*363 738 60 0*365 723 65 0*367 708 70 0* 33190 07/07*358 756 45 0*368 736 55 0*378 721 65 0*382 706 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33195 07/08*370 693 70 0*375 677 70 0*380 660 70 0*385 645 70 0* 33195 07/08*382 691 70 0*381 676 70 0*380 660 70 0*380 642 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 33200 07/09E390 630 65 0E396 616 60 0E404 601 55 0E414 582 50 0* 33200 07/09E384 622 65 0E391 602 60 0E400 585 55 0E410 572 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33205 07/10E427 560 45 0E442 538 40 0E448 515 40 0E460 497 35 0* 33205 07/10E421 560 45 0E433 550 40 0E448 540 40 0E465 530 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 33210 HR U.S. Landfall: Jul. 6th - 08Z - 33.9N 78.2W - 45 kt - NC Major track changes and minor changes to intensity were implemented with this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 3: HWM analyzes a trough near 75W from 15N-25N as well as a stationary frontal boundary over the Georgia and Carolina coasts. HURDAT did not list this system on this date. No gales or low pressures. July 4: HWM analyzes no features in the tropics, but does indicate a cold front just offshore of Georgia to the Carolinas. HURDAT did not list this system on this date. No gales or low pressures. July 5: HWM plots a low (not closed) near 31.8N, 77W located just east of the intersection of a warm front, which extends to the northeast, and a cold front, which extends southward and then westward. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 31.8N, 79.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position (first position provided) near 32.3N, 79.3W with a pressure of 1016 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows a position (first position provided) near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1017 mb near 32.8N, 79.7W located on a SW-NE frontal boundary. No gales or low pressures. "A small tropical disturbance moved north-northeastward along the coast of South Carolina during July 5" (MWR). July 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34.3N, 77.5W, with a dissipating warm front plotted extending from the low northeastward and a dissipating cold front plotted extending from the low southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 34.6N, 77.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 78.4W, and a 12Z position near 34.3N, 77.4W with a 1006 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.3N, 78.9W and a 12Z position near 34.9N, 77.6W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 34.3N, 78.1W at 12Z. Land highlights: 39 kt (1-min; max wind) S at Cape Hatteras, NC at 2130Z (OMR); 37 kt SSW and 1005 mb (min pressure) at Cape Hatteras, NC at 22Z (OMR); 40 kt sustained gusting to 45-50 kt at Wrightsville Beach, NC (MWR). "At 6 am (11Z) on the 6th... moved inland over North Carolina in the vicinity of Wilmington. At 5:50 am on the 6th (1050Z), during the passage of the center over Wilmington, the barometer there reached a low of 29.71 inches (1006.1 mb). A maximum wind velocity of 30 mph (with gusts estimated at 45 mph) was recorded at Wilmington at 1 am, some 5 hours before the passage of the center. Reports for Carolina and Wrightsville beaches indicate that winds reached 45 mph (50-60 mph in gusts) in that area. Little damage was reported to beachfront property. In and near Wilmington wind damage was limited to plate-glass breakage and a short interruption of power and communication services. However, considerable crop damage (15 to 20 percent in some areas) resulted from the heavy rainfall. At Manteo, NC (35.9N, 75.7W) rainfall measuring 7.84 inches fell in less than 24 hours. This was the greatest 24 hour rainfall ever to have been recorded since the beginning of records at Manteo in 1905. As the storm moved seaward on July 6, between Cape Hatteras and Elizabeth City, NC, it showed marked signs of greater intensity. During the next 4 days the center moved northeastward some distance off the coast" (MWR). July 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 37.3N, 71.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 36.5N, 72.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.4N, 75.5W and a 12Z position near 37.2N, 72.3W with a 1005 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position similar to the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows the storm centered near 37.7N, 72.5W at 12Z. Land highlights: 35 kt (1-min) W around 0230Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR). July 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 37.3N, 67.6W with a W-E cold front just one or two hundred nm north of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 66.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a broad closed low of at most 1011 mb. No gales or low pressures. July 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb located near 39N, 62.5W located near the intersection of a warm front and cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt extratropical storm at 40.4N, 60.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position similar to the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. July 10: HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1015 mb near 44N, 53.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 44.8N, 51.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 45.1N, 51.5W. Microfilm shows a tropical storm symbol near 44.8N, 53.8W, located within a closed low of at most 1017 mb. No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 10th, it reached a point southeast of Newfoundland" (MWR). The cyclone developed from the interaction of a west-northwestward moving tropical wave and a frontal boundary that had pushed off of the Carolina coast. The original HURDAT indicated that the system originated as a tropical storm at 06Z on the 5th of July. However, it appears - though data away from the coast is sparse - that the cyclone was still extratropical on the 5th. Tropical transformation is now indicated to have occurred around 00Z on the 6th. A large track change was introduced at the initial position. This is due to an unrealistic forward speed in the first 6 hours followed by an immediate drastic deceleration shown in the original HURDAT. Only minor adjustments were made throughout the remainder of the lifetime of the system as a tropical cyclone. The cyclone reached gale force, while still extratropical, by 18Z on the 5th (12 hours later than originally) as it moved northward, and then north-northeastward towards the Carolina coast. The tropical storm made landfall at 08Z on the 6th, just west of Oak Island, NC. The track changes made at the time of landfall are very minor (four-tenths of a degree or less). Wilmington, NC recorded a pressure of 1006 mb with 10 kt of wind at 12Z, which means that the central pressure was about 1005 mb. This value is added into HURDAT. The Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 1005 mb gives 34 kt N of 25N and the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship suggests 40 kt N of 35 N. However there is an observed 40 kt wind at Wrightsville Beach. Based on that, a landfall intensity of 45 kt is analyzed. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z and 12Z as well (up from 40 kt originally). As the storm turned towards the NE, a 1005 mb pressure with 37 kt of wind was observed at Cape Hatteras at 22Z. The Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 1005 mb gives 34 kt N of 25N and the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship suggests 40 kt N of 35 N. 45 kt is analyzed to be the intensity for 00Z on the 7th (down from 55 kt originally). As the cyclone moved over the Atlantic, some larger track changes were made on the 7th, 9th, and 10th. The cyclone made an eastward turn on the 7th, but this eastward turn is analyzed to have occurred farther north than in HURDAT based upon ship and coastal observations. It then turned back towards the northeast around 00Z on the 9th, but the turn is analyzed to have occurred farther east that in HURDAT. On the 10th, the position is analyzed well west of the HURDAT position, a major change in location. HURDAT strengthened this tropical storm to a hurricane at 12Z on the 7th when the cyclone was located between 150-200 nm east of the Virginia coastline and maintained hurricane strength until extratropical transition at 00Z on the 9th. The last observed gale was at 0230Z on the 7th at Cape Hatteras. After that, the observations became very sparse, and therefore, no changes are made to HURDAT's intensity from 12Z on the 8th throughout the remaining duration of its lifetime. On the 9th and 10th there were three ship observations (the same ship #43986) with pressures below 1000 mb. It appears, but is not certain, that based upon comparison of the ship at 12Z on the 9th with coastal station data, that these pressures may be 5 to 10 mb too low. There are no changes to the timing of extratropical transition, which occurred at 00Z on the 9th. The storm dissipated around 18Z on the 10th (no change to timing of dissipation) as a 35 kt extratropical storm a short distance from the eastern tip of Newfoundland. July 11th was checked using HWM and COADS to see if the storm still existed on that day, but it was found that the low was no longer closed on the 11th. ******************************************************************************** 1946 Storm 3 - Revised 2014 33215 08/25/1946 M= 2 3 SNBR= 737 NOT NAMED XING=0 33220 08/25*205 932 35 0*211 950 35 0*214 960 35 0*219 978 35 0* 33220 08/25*210 940 35 0*212 948 35 0*215 960 35 0*220 976 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33225 08/26*225 999 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33225 08/26*225 995 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** 33230 TS Mexico Landfall: 25th/19Z - 22.1N, 97.8W - 35 kt Minor track and no intensity changes are analyzed for this short-lived tropical storm that struck near Tampico, Mexico. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the New Orleans Weather Bureau operational advisories. August 25: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.4N, 96.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. "Although the lack of a trade inversion over Swan Island, West Indies, during the several days previous indicated that conditions were favorable for the formation of a tropical disturbance in that vicinity, no development was detected until the morning of August 25, when reconnaissance flights located a well-defined circulation east of Tampico" (MWR). August 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 99.9W. No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved west-northwestward and passed inland a short distance south of Tampico, Mexico, dissipating rapidly during the night as it reached the mountains west of Tampico" (MWR). From the New Orleans Weather Bureau advisory... "New Orleans Advisory Number two, 9:45 pm est (25th) (0245Z- 26th). The tropical storm has moved inland near Tampico Mexico and is central near latitude 22.2N, longitude 98W or a short distance west of Tampico. The highest wind reported at Tampico was 60 mph" (Weather Bureau). A tropical storm formed in the Bay of Campeche around 00Z on 25 August. HURDAT starts this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on 25 Aug at 20.5N, 93.2W. There are not very many available observations around 00Z, but the 00Z position is adjusted to 21.0N, 94.0W to show a more consistent storm speed between 00Z and 12Z on the 25th. The storm moved towards the west-northwest for its entire lifetime of 1 day and only minor changes were made to the track of the cyclone. The storm made landfall just south of Tampico around 19Z on the 25th near 22.1N, 97.8W. The New Orleans Weather Bureau advisory stated that Tampico reported a wind of 60 mph. However, it is unknown whether this was an estimate, a gust or a sustained wind. Without further information (and detailed observations from Tampico are not available), the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt is retained both for the peak intensity as well as at the time of landfall. The tropical storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 26th as it moved rapidly inland over the mountainous terrain. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation. ******************************************************************************** 1946 Storm 4 - Revised 2014 33235 09/12/1946 M= 6 4 SNBR= 738 NOT NAMED XING=0 33240 09/12* 0 0 0 0*238 796 50 0*249 792 55 0*256 788 60 0* 33240 09/12*235 790 35 0*240 792 40 0*245 787 50 0*252 780 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33245 09/13*264 779 65 0*272 768 75 994*284 750 85 0*301 735 85 975* 33245 09/13*260 772 65 0*269 763 75 0*278 752 85 0*292 738 85 975* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33250 09/14*318 720 80 0*334 709 80 0*350 700 75 0*368 688 75 0* 33250 09/14*308 725 80 0*327 713 80 0*348 702 75 0*369 690 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 33255 09/15*387 675 70 0*407 660 65 0E427 642 60 0E448 620 55 0* 33255 09/15*390 675 60 0E410 660 55 0E430 642 50 0E448 615 50 0* *** ** **** ** *** ** *** ** 33260 09/16E470 589 50 0E487 542 50 0E497 494 45 0E498 464 45 0* 33260 09/16E465 585 50 0E487 542 50 0E497 504 45 0E501 468 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 33265 09/17E499 432 45 0E500 391 45 0E510 350 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 33265 09/17E504 432 45 0E508 391 45 0E515 350 40 0E525 305 35 0* *** *** *** **** *** ** 33270 HR Bahamas Landfalls: 9/12/17Z - 25.0N 78.2W - 55 kt 9/12/23Z - 25.9N 77.3W - 65 kt Minor changes to both track and intensity were implemented with this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 10: HWM and microfilm (at 18Z) do not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM and microfilm do not analyze any features of interest on this day at 12Z, but microfilm at 18Z indicates a sharp trough from the Bahamas to Cuba. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 24.9N, 79.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 19N, 79.6W, and a 12Z position near 22.2N, 79.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 78.8W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb near 24.9N, 78.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW at 18Z at 25.9N, 77.1W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt S at 15Z at 25.6N, 78.5W (micro); center fix near 25.5N, 78.2W with max winds of 55 kt (micro). "On the 11th of September an area of falling pressure was noted over the Bahama Islands, with a minimum pressure over Andros Island. By 7:30 am of the 12th there were evidences of a weak cyclonic circulation, and reconnaissance flights were arranged for the forenoon and afternoon. The afternoon flight located a definite center with an "eye" about 8 miles in diameter, surrounded by a 5-mile wide ring of winds with speeds up to 55 knots. At 4 pm of the 12th the area of high winds was about 20 miles in diameter, with the center located about 125 miles east of Miami, FL, and 90 miles northwest of Nassau" (MWR). At 20Z, the aircraft estimated 55 kt winds within 5 miles of the eye and 15-20 kt winds extended outward to 19 miles from the eyewall edge (micro). September 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 28.4N, 73.8W located within a closed low of at most 1005 mb. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 75.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.2N, 77.8W, and a 12Z position near 28N, 76W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.9N, 77.8W, and a 12Z position near 29.0N, 75.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 28.2N, 74.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 85 kt near 16Z at 28.7N, 74.8W (micro, MWR); 50+ kt NW and (988 mb?) 1730Z at 29.2N, 73.8W (micro?). Land highlights: 55 kt W gust to 75 kt and 995 mb at 0520Z at Hopetown, Bahamas (26.6N, 77.0W) (micro, MWR). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 27.9N, 75.2W at 1315Z with 80 kt max winds (micro); 85-90 kt around 18Z in the vicinity of 29.2N, 73.8W (MWR); 975 mb central pressure at 1830Z at 29.2N, 73.8W (MWR). "The center passed over Great Abaco Island, Bahamas, about midnight (05Z on the 13th). Hopetown reported a west wind of 65 miles per hour; gusts of higher velocity; and a low pressure at the center of 29.38 inches (994.9 mb). Continuing a northeastward movement over the Atlantic, the disturbance soon developed full hurricane force. A reconnaissance plane flew into the center at about 1:30 pm of the 13th, near latitude 29.2N, longitude 73.8W, and encountered winds of 85 to 90 knots. On this flight the central pressure was reported as 28.80 inches (975.3 mb). Several hours earlier the S. S. St. Cloud was involved in the hurricane near latitude 28.7N, longitude 74.8W, and reported winds of 100 mph" (MWR). On the same flight around the same time that the 975 mb central pressure was reported (the plane is believed to be flying at about 2,000 feet), "the wind structure of the hurricane as reported by pilot passing thru storm + eye on NE course (the following ranges are distance from the center in miles from SW to NE across the center, and then estimated surface wind speed in knots): 60-45 miles SW of center - 30-40 kt winds; 45-33 miles SW of center- 40-50 kt winds; 33-24 miles SW of center - 50-60 kt winds; 24-8 miles SW of center- 60-70 kt winds; 8 miles SW to 8 miles NE of center- 70-90 kt winds were the highest (implying the RMW was less than 8 miles); 8 to 23 miles NE of center- 60-70 kt winds; 23-40 miles NE of center- 50-60 kt winds; 40-55 miles NE of center- 40-50 kt winds; 55-70 miles NE of center- 30-40 kt winds" (micro). September 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 34.7N, 70.9W located within a 1005 mb closed contour. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 35.0N, 70.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.2N, 74W, and a 12Z position near 33N, 71W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.1N, 72.9W, and a 12Z position near 35.0N, 70.4W. Microfilm shows a closed low centered near 34.7N, 70.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1005 mb around 08Z at 32.7N, 72.2W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SSW at 1445Z at 35.1N, 69.3W (micro); > 40 kt NW (85 kt at flight level of 1300 feet) at 1530Z at 36.3N, 69.6W (micro). Six other gales. "During the 14th and 15th the forward movement of the storm increased at a rapid rate as it moved northeastward some distance off the Atlantic coast" (MWR). September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 43.4N, 62.9W near the intersection of a W-E warm front and a NNE-SSW cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 42.7N, 64.2W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 38.1N, 66.7N, and a 12Z position near 42.6N, 62.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a closed low centered near 43.4N, 63.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1012 mb at 12Z at 41.0N, 65.0W (HWM); 35 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z at 43.9N, 60.0W (micro). One other gale. Land highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at Sydney, Prince Edward Island (near 46.1N, 60.2W) (micro). "It skirted Nova Scotia on the 15th and, diminishing in intensity, passed into Newfoundland accompanied by winds reduced to gale force" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 49N, 47.5W, located at the intersection of a warm front, which extends east-southeastward from the low, and a cold front, which extends southwestward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 49.7N, 49.4W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.5N, 56.7W, and a 12Z position near 49.4N, 51.5W with a 998 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 47N, 58.4W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 44.2W (COA). Land highlights: 30 kt NW and 1003 mb at 00Z at Sydney, Nova Scotia (46.1N, 60.2W) (micro); >25 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 47.3N, 54.7W (HWM). One other low pressure. September 17: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 51.2N, 34.2W with an occluded front extending east-southeastward from the low to a triple point with a cold front and warm front. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 51.0N, 35.0W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 51.2N, 47W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 993 mb at 6Z at 52.0N, 39.4W (COA). Three other gales of 35 kt, and several other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. A tropical storm formed at 00Z on 12 September (6 hours earlier than originally) apparently from the northern portion of a tropical wave which was moving westward. The disturbed weather associated with the tropical wave was tracked back to 10 September using microfilm and HWM when it was located farther east. At 00Z on the 12th, available observations indicate a closed low. The highest observed wind at 00Z is 30 kt (from Nassau, Bahamas), and it is reasonable to assume that this was a 35 kt tropical storm by that time (originally begun as a 50 kt tropical storm at 06Z). As soon the tropical storm formed, it began moving northward and immediately turned towards the northeast. At 20Z on the 12th, aircraft estimated 55 kt surface winds and provided a location of the center. The 18Z (12th) intensity is revised downward from 60 to 55 kt. Although there was certainly some uncertainty in aircraft wind speeds in the mid-1940s, there was less uncertainty for tropical storm strength systems near land because navigation was more accurate for these cases. Additionally, all available data on the maps and from all sources indicates the cyclone was likely slightly weaker on the 12th than in HURDAT originally. The intensities at 06Z and 12Z on the 12th are also lowered to allow for a steady strengthening between 00Z and 18Z on the 12th. On the 12th and early on the 13th, the analyzed track is slightly to the right of the previous HURDAT track. The tropical storm center passed over parts of the northwest Bahamas as a category 1 hurricane (the storm is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 13th- no change from previous HURDAT). There were no observations available from Great Abaco Island, where the center of the hurricane passed around 5Z of the 13th. The only land observation available from the Bahamas is at Hopetown (a small island next to Great Abaco) where a 55 kt wind with a 995 mb pressure was recorded at 0520Z on the 13th. A message on a microfilm map indicates that 55 kt west winds were observed with a simultaneous pressure of 995 mb at 0520Z. Therefore, the eye was not over Hopetown at the time. During the afternoon of the 13th, aircraft estimated surface winds of 85-90 kt and measured a central pressure of 975 mb. A central pressure of 975 mb gives 79 kt using the N of 25N pressure-wind relationship. But this hurricane had a small radius of maximum winds, so 85 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18Z on the 13th. No changes were made to intensity from 00Z the 13th to 12Z the 14th. The hurricane reached its peak intensity of 85 kt from 12-18Z on the 13th, and it started to slowly weaken on the 14th as it continued to move northeastward about halfway between the NC coast and Bermuda. The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened below hurricane strength at 00Z on the 15th (12 hours earlier than in the original HURDAT). At the time, observations no longer supported hurricane force winds, so the intensity was lowered to 60 kt (down from 70 kt originally). Microfilm shows a large temperature gradient across the storm on its 12Z map (15th). Observations are more sparse on the 00Z map on the 15th. In addition, the aircraft data from the 14th at 18Z indicate that the wind structure of the low was already becoming more frontal by that time. Given the data available on the 06Z microfim map, there is enough evidence that the cyclone was extratropical by 06Z on the 15th. Therefore, the timing of extratropical transition is analyzed to be 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. On the 15th, the storm passed over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Track changes of one degree or less were made on the 15th and 16th. On the 15th, the intensity was lowered slightly as the available observations indicated a weaker storm. HURDAT previously ended this storm at 12Z on the 17th at 51.5N, 35.0W as a 40 kt extratropical storm. A 00Z/18th map was plotted with available observations to check if the extratropical storm had been absorbed at that point by another system. By 00Z, it had already been absorbed, but the data suggests that it was probably not absorbed yet at 18Z on the 17th, so one extra 6-hour point is added to HURDAT for the end of this storm. ******************************************************************************** 1946 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2014 33271 10/01/1946 M= 6 5 SNBR= 738 NOT NAMED XING=0 33271 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*325 365 30 0*327 363 35 0* 33271 10/02*330 360 40 0*332 354 45 0*335 345 50 0*337 333 50 0* 33271 10/03*339 318 50 0*342 303 50 0E345 295 55 0E350 292 60 0* 33271 10/04E356 292 65 0E363 292 70 0E370 295 75 0E377 297 80 0* 33271 10/05E382 297 80 0E388 295 75 0E395 290 70 0E405 283 65 0* 33271 10/06E417 275 60 0E430 265 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33271 TS HWM, COADS, and the 20th Century Reanalysis indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the northeastern Atlantic in early October. Additionally, after extratropical transition, it intensified to a hurricane-strength cyclone and caused severe damage to the Azores. This analysis was assisted through newspaper articles about the impacts provided by Vince (last name?) from Portugal. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 40N, 41W with a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward from the low. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes a trough near 37W with a cold front extending from 33N, 36W to 40N, 20W. No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.5N, 35W with a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward from the low. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 26W, with a warm front extending ENE and a cold front extending SW of the low. HWM analyzed another closed low of at most 1005 mb near 43N, 22W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 33.5N, 35.0W (COA); 45 kt N and 1007 mb at 06Z at 32.7N, 36.5N from the same ship (COA). October 3: HWM analyzes a very large closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36.5N, 26W with a warm front extending to the ENE and a cold front extending to the south of the low. No gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 38N, 28.5W with an occluded front extending from the low NE to a triple point at 40N, 25W, with a warm front extending to the ENE and a weak cold front extending to the SE of the triple point. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 35.2N, 33.2W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 40.4N, 33.5W (COA). Land highlights: 30 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at an island in the Azores near 37.8N, 25.7W (HWM). October 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb near 39.5N, 28.5W with a dissipating occluded front wrapped around part of the low. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 40.2N, 33.5W (COA); 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 33.2W (COA); 20 kt N and 1002 mb at 12Z at 40.7N, 33.0W (COA); 15 kt NE and 1001 mb at 40.9N, 32.7W (COA). Land highlights: 30 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 39.3N, 30.6W (HWM); unknown wind speed SW and 991 mb at 12Z at 38.5N, 28.2W (HWM). Regarding the storm in the Azores... "One hundred and 20 fishermen were reported missing today at the island of Santa Maria in the wake of a 98 mile-an-hour typhoon which destroyed 12 fishing vessels, two port tugs and several launches. Four fishing boats were missing. Reports from San Miguel and Santa Maria Island said the winds did 'catastrophic' damage yesterday, destroying crops, ruining homes, smashing pineapple hot-houses and wrecking communications. Latest reports said the American-built airfield in the Azores was practically destroyed" (newspaper article). October 6: HWM analyzed a large low of at most 990 mb near 50N, 28.5W, with a cold front extending to the south of the low and another extratropical low approaching closely from the west. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 40.9N, 33.9W (COA); 30 kt NW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 41.0N, 32.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 06Z at 40.4N, 35.2W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 41.2N, 31.7W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 42.1N, 22.0W (HWM); 30 kt S and 1005 mb at 45.0N, 17.2W (COA). A tropical depression formed around 12Z on 1 October southwest of the Azores. The HWM analysis of the system as a frontal cyclone is incorrect, as shown by additional ship observations from COADS. It appears that no frontal boundaries were in the vicinity of the system on this date and instead the cyclone was surrounded by uniformly warm air. Moving slowly towards the east-northeast, the depression became a tropical storm later on the 1st. Early on October 2nd, a tight circulation was observed with gales and relatively low pressures. The first observed gale occurred at 00Z on the 2nd- a 35 kt SE wind at 33.5N, 35W. This observation occurred with a 1004 mb peripheral pressure measurement. The same ship reported 1019 mb 24 hours earlier, a 15 mb drop in one day. Six hours later at 06Z on the 2nd, there was an additional observation from the same ship of 45 kt N wind with an 1007 mb pressure - about 100 nm west-southwest of the previous observation. A time series analysis and comparison of this ship - #43938 - with its neighboring ships indicates that both the winds and pressures have little to no bias. For 00Z, 06Z, and 12Z on the 2nd, 40, 45, and 50 kt are analyzed for intensity. 50 kt is also the highest intensity achieved by this system as a tropical cyclone. It is of note that the October 2nd HWM analysis also has significant errors. A single ship observation plotted at 35N 28W was instead supposed to have been at 45N 28W, as indicated by COADS. A revised synoptic analysis for that date indicates that a cold frontal boundary was approaching the tropical storm from the north. Around 12Z on the 3rd, it appears that the frontal boundary had reached the cyclone's center (though the data are sparse near the cyclone at this time) and extratropical transition is suggested to have occurred then. From the 3rd to the 5th, the now extratropical cyclone underwent a structural transformation becoming very large in size (reaching a diameter of about 900 nm on the 5th) with moderate baroclinicity. There were no available observations of gales on the 3rd, but on the 4th and 5th, the cyclone hit the Azores with strong winds and caused significant damage, according to the newspaper article from the Azores newspaper. Although the newspaper reports that 98 mph winds struck the Azores, it is unknown whether this was a gust or sustained wind, and it is unknown how this wind was measured or if it was estimated (though a specific value of "98 mph" would suggest a measured, rather than an estimated wind speed). The article says that the airfield was "practically destroyed", which would be consistent with sustained hurricane force winds. The lowest pressure recorded on the 5th was 991 mb, a peripheral value. Despite the large size, a strong pressure gradient was established primarily in the system's northeast semicircle due to the combination of the cyclone's low pressure and a subtropical high to its northeast. This situation led to the severe impact in the Azores. 80 kt is chosen for the maximum intensity attained by this cyclone (obtained during its extratropical phase), during 18Z of 4 October to 00Z of 5 October, based primarily upon the impacts in the Azores. The storm moved northward away from the Azores late on the 5th, and at 00Z on the 6th, a 50 kt wind from the NNW with an 1003 mb pressure was recorded by a ship some distance west of the center. An intensity of 60 kt is analyzed for 00Z on the 6th, decreasing to 55 kt at 06Z. At 12Z on the 6th, the cyclone had merged with another strong, extratropical low to its north, so 06Z is analyzed as the last position in HURDAT north of the Azores. This evolution of the cyclone is supported by the 20th Century Reanalyses, available from the NOAA ESRL laboratory. ******************************************************************************** Storm 6 1946 (was storm 5) - Revised 2014 33275 10/05/1946 M=10 5 SNBR= 739 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 33275 10/05/1946 M=10 6 SNBR= 739 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 33280 10/05* 0 0 0 0*180 872 35 0*184 867 40 0*186 865 45 1005* 33280 10/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*182 875 35 * *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 33285 10/06*188 862 55 0*191 860 60 0*196 856 65 993*203 851 75 0* 33285 10/06*188 867 45 0*194 860 55 0*200 852 65 993*207 845 75 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33290 10/07*213 846 85 0*223 841 100 0*237 836 110 0*254 832 115 979* 33290 10/07*215 841 80 0*225 838 80 977*237 836 85 0*254 833 80 979* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33295 10/08*270 828 65 0*286 826 40 0*303 824 35 0*319 821 35 0* 33295 10/08*270 829 75 980*286 825 65 0*308 821 55 0*325 817 50 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33300 10/09*335 816 30 0*346 807 30 0E353 794 25 0E358 778 25 0* 33300 10/09*335 816 40 0E340 813 35 0E343 806 30 0E347 788 30 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33305 10/10E361 762 25 0E363 746 25 0E362 729 25 0E359 702 25 0* 33305 10/10E353 768 30 0E359 750 35 0E362 733 40 0E359 710 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 33310 10/11E353 672 25 0E345 650 25 0E338 635 25 0E332 627 25 0* 33310 10/11E353 677 35 0E345 650 35 0E338 635 30 0E332 627 25 0* *** ** ** ** 33315 10/12E326 621 25 0E321 617 25 0E315 614 25 0E304 612 25 0* 33320 10/13E292 613 25 0E281 620 25 0E272 629 25 0E266 640 25 0* 33325 10/14E264 650 25 0E263 658 25 0E262 667 25 0E262 677 25 0* 33325 10/14E262 652 25 0E258 665 25 0E255 680 25 0E253 695 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33330 HRBFL1AFL1 Cuba landfall: 10/7/04Z - 22.2N 83.9W - 977 mb - 80 kt US Landfall: 10/8/1946 at 02Z at 27.5N, 82.6W; 75 kt; 980 mb; 35 nmi RMW; 1009 mb outer closed isobar; 325 nmi radius of outer closed isobar Minor track changes and major changes to intensity are analyzed with this hurricane that made landfall in Cuba and Florida. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Conner (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). October 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 18.4N, 86.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 86.7W. Microfilm does not show a closed low, and the lowest pressure observation on microfilm is 1005 mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 86.9W (COA, micro). Land highlights: 10 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) (micro). Two other low pressures. "Late on October 5 a poorly defined cyclonic circulation passed northeastward from Guatemala into the Caribbean Sea. The forward movement of this low pressure area slowed to about 12 mph as it moved out over the waters of the Caribbean" (MWR). October 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.2N, 84.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position at 12Z near 20.2N, 83.3W with a pressure of 1000 mb. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 20.2N, 85.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 989 mb at 1830Z (mirco); > 50 kt S-SSE and 995 mb around 15Z at 20.5N, 84.8W (micro); 75 kt E at 21Z at 21.4N, 84.5W (micro). Five other ship obs of 45 kt or greater and numerous other gales. Four other ship obs of 995 mb or less, and numerous other low pressures below 1005 mb. Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) (micro); 25 kt N and 1001 mb at 9Z at Cozumel (20.5N, 86.9W) (micro); 15 kt S and 1005 mb at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro). Aircraft highlights: Army Pirep Center fix at 1515Z at 20.5N, 85.0W (micro); 85 kt maximum sustained winds east of center around 18Z reported by the Navy (micro); center fix at 20.6N, 84.4W with maximum sustained winds of storm 85 kt (micro). At least five other aircraft gales. "Between 1:30 pm of the 5th and 7:30 am of the 6th, the central pressure fell from 1005 mb to 993 mb, with winds increasing to over 50 mph. During the late afternoon of the 6th winds of 85 mph were measured from aircraft and surface vessels" (MWR). From the weather office in Key West... "Tropical disturbance formed south of Yucatan Channel during early morning. It was reported to be increasing in intensity and would move over Western Cuba and Fla. Straits giving winds of hurricane force. Hurricane warnings deployed 5:00 pm" (OMR). "A Navy destroyer about 40 to 50 miles south of the extreme western tip of Cuba reported a maximum wind of 85 knots at 5:30 pm (2230Z) of the 6th. During the night the center crossed extreme western Cuba and the station at San Julian reported winds in gusts of 112 mph" (10/1946 FL Climatological Data). October 7: HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 24.9N, 83.2W located inside a closed 995 mb contour. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 83.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22N, 83.6W, and a 12Z position near 24N, 83.3W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 84.9W, and a 12Z position near 23.7N, 84.4W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 996 mb centered in the general vicinity of 24N, 84W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 75 kt NW and 990 mb at 1530Z at 24.0N, 84.9W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 985 mb at 20Z at 25.2N, 83.6W (micro). Three other ships obs of at least 50 kt and numerous other gales. Several other ships obs between 988-1000 mb. Land highlights: 43 kt SSE and 982 mb (min P) at San Juan y Martinez, Cuba (Perez); 97 kt SSE peak gust at San Juan y Martinez (no accompanying sustained wind) at 03Z (Perez); 985 mb at 0600 and 0630Z at La Fe (not known if this is minimum pressure) (Perez); 45 kt SE and 991 mb at 4Z at 22.3N, 83.8W (Cuba) (micro); 73 kt (fastest mile; max w) S and 995 mb at 1730Z at Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) (micro, MWR). Several other gales and low pressures reported across western Cuba, South Florida, and the Keys. Aircraft highlights: 68 kt S at 1230Z at 24.4N, 83.0W (micro); center fix at 1310Z at 24.0N, 83.4W (micro); 115 kt at 24.1N, 83.6W (MWR); 110 kt W at 1630Z at 23.9N, 84.5W (micro); 50 kt N and 994 mb at 1915Z at 26.5N, 83.9W (micro); 979 mb at 26.1N, 83.7W (MWR); center fix (~19-21Z) at 26.3N, 83.2W with 979 mb central pressure and estimated maximum sustained surface winds of 85 kt (micro). Numerous other gales and two other low pressures. "The center crossed extreme western Cuba, with the station at San Julian, Cuba, reporting gusts reaching 112 mph. Moving into the Gulf, the center passed a short distance west of Dry Tortugas, which, at 12:30 pm on the 7th, recorded an extreme wind velocity (~1-min sustained wind) of 84 mph from the south. Several ships west of the island reported winds of 80-100 kt, and a reconnaissance plane flying into the center estimated a wind of 115 kt (132 mph). After passing the latitude of Dry Tortugas, the storm began to lose intensity, as indicated by reports from a plane that flew into the storm at 4:18 pm, while it was centered about 100 miles WSW of Fort Myers; no winds greater than 85 kt (98 mph) were reported" (MWR). From the weather office in Key West... "Tropical hurricane continued to move northward and passed about 130 miles west of Key West during the day. By night fall all danger was passed. Hurricane warnings lowered at 4:00 pm. No damage reported" (OMR). From the FL Climatological Data "A reconnaissance plane estimated highest wind at 115 knots, but there is some question about the accuracy of this estimate" (10/1946 FL Climatological Data). Regarding the forward motion, "the forward movement accelerated rapidly from 14 mph when leaving Cuba to 33 mph while passing over Florida and southeastern Georgia. The rapid acceleration doubtless contributed to loss of force, however, winds were nearly as strong over northeastern Florida as on the west coast where it first struck" (10/1946 FL Climatological Data). "No name - 1946 - October 7 - Category 1 (no track changes recommended)" (Perez et al. 2000). October 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 31N, 82.2W with a warm front extending from just northeast of the low northeastward for several hundred miles. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.3N, 82.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.5N, 83.4W, and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 82.4W with a 996 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 990 near 31.2N, 81.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 24.9N, 83.5W (COA). Two other low pressures of 1004 mb. Land highlights: 50 kt (1-min, max w) ESE at 0127Z at Fort Myers (26.6N, 81.9W) (MWR); 56 kt (1-min, max w) SSE at 0145Z at Okeechobee, FL (27.2N, 80.8W) (MWR); 980 mb (min p) at 0330Z at Cortez, FL (27.5N, 82.7W) (MWR); 65 kt (1-min, max w) SSE at 04Z at Punta Gorda (27.0N, 82.1W) (MWR); 985 mb (min p) around 0515Z at Lakeland, FL (28.0N, 82.0W) (micro); 57 kt SSE (max w) and 993 mb (min p) at 08Z at Daytona Beach (29.2N, 81.1W) (MWR, micro); 35 kt SE and 989 mb (min p) at 1615Z at Savannah, GA (32.1N, 81.2W) (OMR, MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. "As the storm approached the Florida coast, the ring of hurricane-force winds, which probably never exceeded 50 miles in width, was destroyed at the surface, leaving a poorly defined and relatively flat central area surrounded by a broad circulation of gale-force winds. Some Florida stations directly in the path of the storm reported winds which gradually decreased from 40-50 mph down to 15-20 mph, and gradually increased again, without any relative calm period intervening. Others reported a complete calm for periods as long as 1 hour. However, a short distance above the surface, there seemed to be little disruption of the hurricane-force winds. Several stations reported very rapidly moving low clouds at the height of the storm, with only fresh surface winds; and one observer stated that while small trees were being gently swayed by the wind at the peak of the storm, the tops of the taller pines in the same field were being violently twisted and sheared. Along the west Florida coast the maximum winds reported were 75 mph. These high velocities were reported from stations to the right of the center of the storm, in the Fort Myers-Punta Gorda section. Tampa, over which the calm center passed about midnight (5Z the 8th), reported a highest wind of only 47 mph" (MWR). From the Tampa weather office... "A tropical disturbance passed about directly over the station on the night of October 7-8, 1946. Lowest pressure was 29.14 sea level. No damage in the vicinity of the station" (OMR). Regarding the storm in Jacksonville... "the center passed west of Jacksonville during the morning of the 8th. The maximum (5-min) wind was 33 (mph) South at 7:00 am EST, with extreme (1-min) the same. The airport reported 39 (mph) ESE at 4:33 am, with gusts up to 60 mph. The lowest barometer, 29.21 inches (sea-level) occurred at both the airport and the city office at 5:50 am (1050Z). There was only minor damage reported in the city, mostly from water. The Red Cross estimated the total losses in the neighborhood of $8,111.00" (OMR). Regarding the damage on the Georgia coast (from Savannah weather office)... "There was no damage from the tropical storm in this area. Unusually high tides were not high enough to do any damage at Savannah Beach. High tides in the Brunswick area did considerable damage to piers and beach installations and the water came up to around several houses. It did not get high enough to come above the doors" (OMR). The tropical storm passed to the west of Savannah on the 8th (Savannah OMR). From the Columbia, SC weather office... "The tropical storm entered South Carolina in the vicinity of Augusta, GA. The center passed a short distance west of Columbia during the mid-afternoon of the 8th. The lowest sea-level pressure, 29.29 inches..." (OMR). From the Charleston, SC weather office... "The maximum wind velocity (5-min) was 36 mph on the 8th, at which time the hurricane was passing to the west of the station, with greatly diminished intensity" (OMR). From the Greenville, SC weather office... "Remnants of the tropical storm that moved up from Florida hit us on the 8th and high winds with one gust up to 79 mph was recorded. No property damage was reported" (OMR). Regarding the forward motion of the storm.. "The forward movement of the hurricane accelerated rapidly during the 7-8th, from about 14 mph upon leaving Cuba to 33 mph when passing over Florida and southeastern Georgia. Coming to an abrupt stop between Columbia, SC and Augusta, GA on the 8th, it continued to lose force" (MWR). Regarding the high tides in Florida, "tides on the Florida coast were unusually high and caused much of the damage reported. The town of Everglades (City) was inundated to depths ranging 1.5 to 3 feet. Parts of Punta Gorda and Ft. Myers were also flooded as well as low beaches and islands from Tampa Bay to the Keys. Slight damage was also reported along the Atlantic Coast from around Titusville, FL to Charleston, SC, mostly from high tides" (10/1946 FL Climatological Data). "1946 - Oct - FL, 1SW - 980 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "Tropical Cyclone in Florida - 1946 - Oct. 7-8 - West Coast - Minimal - Tides high, damage $5,200,000" (Dunn and Miller 1960). October 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 34.5N, 80W with a dissipating warm front somewhat wrapping around the low. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 35.3N, 79.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.6N, 81.9W, and a 12Z position near 35.1N, 81.3W with a 999 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 33.8N, 85.7W. Land highlights: 31 kt NE and 995 mb at 0010Z at Greenville, SC (34.8N, 82.4W). Ten other low pressures between 999-1004 mb across parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. "Heavy rains spread over the Carolinas and Virginia, with diminishing winds. After remaining stationary for about 18 hours, the weak low-pressure system moved over the North Carolina Capes and into the Atlantic" (MWR). October 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 36N, 72.8W with no fronts in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 36.2N, 72.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.9N, 76.9W, and a 12Z position near 36.5N, 73.6W with a 1002 mb pressure. Microfilm shows a broad low of at most 1005 mb in the general vicinity of 36.8N, 73.6W, with frontal structures extending from the low. Ship highlights: 10 kt E and 1003 mb at 06Z at 37.7N, 73.7W (COA). Four other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1002 mb (min p) at 0445Z at Hatteras, NC (35.2N, 75.6W) (OMR); 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at Atlantic City, NJ (39.4N, 74.4W) (micro). One other low pressure. October 11: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 35N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 33.8N, 63.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.6N, 70.2W, and a 12Z position near 32.4N, 64.7W with a 1008 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 31.8N, 61.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 31.5N, 61.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 31.3N, 62.4W. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a larger low of at most 1005 mb in the general vicinity of 27.3N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 27.2N, 62.9W. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a large low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 26.2N, 67W with a stationary front located a couple hundred miles to the west of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 25 extratropical low 26.2N, 66.7W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed at 18Z on 5 October (12 hours later than originally) in the extreme western Caribbean Sea just off the coast of the Belize/Mexico border. The tropical storm apparently originated from a trough of low pressure over northern Central America. The tropical storm moved slowly at first to the northeast on the 5th and 6th, intensifying to a hurricane at 12Z on the 6th (no change to the time hurricane strength was attained). Then the hurricane accelerated and moved more in a NNE direction, crossing extreme western Cuba on the 7th. Minor adjustments were made to the track for all days of this tropical cyclone, except for no changes on the 12th and 13th when it was an extratropical cyclone. For intensity, Belize City recorded a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb at 18Z on the 5th. According to the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship, the tropical storm should have maximum sustained winds of at least 39 kt. However, the storm was moving slow and the environmental pressure was low, so 35 kt is chosen for the start of this tropical cyclone at 18Z on the 5th (revised downwards from 45 kt at 18Z). MWR indicated that the central pressure on the 6th at 12Z was 993 mb. This value yields 59 kt using the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, by 18Z, aircraft had estimated maximum surface winds of 85 kt, and there was a 989 mb pressure along with 30 kt of wind from a SHIP. 989 mb (not a central pressure) yields greater than 65 kt maximum winds. Considering the above information including the aircraft estimate of 85 kt winds, the intensity at 12Z on the 6th is kept at 65 kt and at 18Z the intensity is kept at 75 kt. Winds are accordingly ramped early on the 6th starting from the 35 kt at 18Z on the 5th. The hurricane made landfall in western Cuba around 04Z on the 7th of October near 22.2N 83.9W. Observations from San Juan y Martinez (982 mb minimum pressure with 43 kt SSE wind at 05Z) indicate a landfall central pressure of around 977 mb. This central pressure suggests maximum winds of 81 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is selected as the Cuban landfall intensity - high end Category 1 hurricane, which matches the assessment by Perez et al., and winds are slightly reduced at 00Z from 85 to 80 kt. The hurricane moved into the Florida Straits around 08Z on the 7th. During midday on the 7th, when the hurricane was passing west of the Dry Tortugas, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 115 kt. This was likely an overestimate, because approximately 4 hours later around 20Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 979 mb. 979 mb yields 79 and 76 kt for south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively. The highest direct wind observation available from a ship is 75 kt, although MWR text states that several ships west of Dry Tortugas reported winds of 80-100 kt. Observations from the Dry Tortugas station recorded a fastest mile wind of 73 kt at 1730Z, as the hurricane passed just to the west of the islands. This converts to a maximum 1-min wind of 72 kt. Taking all of the information into account, 85 kt is chosen as the intensity of this storm at 12Z (which is now analyzed to be the peak lifetime intensity of the system) and 80 kt at both 06Z and 18Z (originally, the values were 100, 110, and 115 kt, respectively for 06, 12, and 18Z). The changes introduced for the winds at these three times are major revisions. The hurricane is analyzed to have made landfall near Cortez, FL around 02Z on 8 October. The revised positions around the time of landfall are within half of a degree of the previous HURDAT positions. Cortez reported a central pressure of 980 mb. This suggests maximum winds of 73 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The highest wind observation on the Florida Peninsula was 65 kt at Punta Gorda, FL at 4Z on the 8th, indicating a large RMW. Additional factors are the somewhat fast forward speed (16 kt), but large size (35 nm RMW and 325 nm radius of outer closed isobar). Taken together, this suggests a maximum wind of 75 kt at landfall in southwest Florida (Category 1). The storm continued quickly after landfall northward through northern Florida, eastern Georgia, and into South Carolina by 00Z on the 9th. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model for 06Z, 12Z and 18Z on the 8th yields intensities of 60, 46, and 35 kt respectively. Peak observed winds (within 2 hr of synoptic time) were 65, 35, and 63 kt, respectively. One surprising observation from Greenville, SC was a 1-minute wind of 63 kt around 18Z on the 8th. However, it is likely that this wind was enhanced due to local topography effects. Surrounding observations make it hard to believe that the observation at Greenville is representative of the winds not influenced by terrain. 65, 55, and 50 kt are chosen for the 06, 12, and 18Z on the 8th (up from 40, 35, and 35 kt originally). The first two are major changes upward in the intensity. Additionally, as the cyclone is still a hurricane at 06Z, it is also considered a Category 1 impact for northwest Florida. The system weakened below tropical storm intensity at 12Z on the 9th (12 hours later than originally) and became extratropical around 06Z on the 9th (6 hours earlier than originally). On the 9th, the cyclone turned eastward in North Carolina and emerged off of the Atlantic coast between 00 and 06Z on the 10th moving due east. The extratropical low made a large loop during the next 4 days (in HURDAT and confirmed in the reanalysis). Moving eastward near 36N, 74W on the 10th, it turned towards the ESE and SE on the 11th, southward on the 12th (near 32N, 61W), southwestward on the 13th (near 27N, 63W), and westward on the 14th (near 26N, 67W) before dissipating. Observations indicate that it briefly regained gale force on the 10th and 11th as an extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** Storm 7 1946 (was storm 6) - Revised 2014 33335 10/31/1946 M= 4 6 SNBR= 740 NOT NAMED XING=1 L 33335 10/31/1946 M= 4 6 SNBR= 740 NOT NAMED XING=1 * 33340 10/31* 0 0 0 0*200 710 35 0*206 720 35 0*219 735 35 0* 33340 10/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*219 735 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** 33345 11/01*230 750 40 0*239 765 40 0*248 780 40 0*258 793 40 0* 33345 11/01*230 753 35 0*239 765 40 0*246 778 40 0*258 793 40 1002* *** ** *** *** **** 33350 11/02*268 803 35 0*277 812 30 0*285 818 25 0*302 820 25 0* 33350 11/02*268 803 35 0*277 812 30 0*285 818 25 0*291 820 25 0* *** 33355 11/03*317 810 20 0*323 799 20 0*330 788 15 0* 0 0 0 0* 33355 11/03*297 818 20 0*309 807 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 33360 TS Bahamas Landfalls: Nov. 1st - 03Z - 23.4N 75.8W - 35 kt Nov. 1st - 12Z - 24.6N 77.8W - 40 kt U.S. Landfall: Nov. 1st - 22Z - 26.6N 80.1W - 40 kt - 1002 mb Major track changes and minor intensity changes were analyzed for this minimal tropical storm that made landfall at Palm Beach, FL. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Simpson (1948). October 31: HWM analyzes a trough axis from 24N, 69W to a low located near 14N, 77W. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 72.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position close to the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb near 20.7N, 71.5W. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance developed from a wave formation in the pressure field which was noted moving westward north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on October 31" (MWR). "Early on the 31st, it became apparent that the (tropical wave) axis had rotated into a forward or westward inclination. At the same time deepening began to occur and there was some evidence of a closed circulation as low as 7,000 feet. On the afternoon and evening of October 31st, rapid deepening occurred with 24-hour katallobaric centers over the wave crest increasing on three successive six-hourly maps from 1.5 to 5.0 millibars" (Simpson 1948). November 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 76.5W with a trough extending south-southwestward from that low to another broad low in the Caribbean. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.8N, 78.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21N, 76.4W, and a 12Z position near 23.8N, 76.2W with a 1008 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 24.2N, 77.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 1830Z at 27.5N, 79.5W (micro). One low pressure of 1005 mb at an unknown location at 2045Z. Land highlights: 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 1830Z at 26.7N, 79.0W (micro); 10 kt SE and 1004 mb at 23Z at West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) (micro). Two other low pressures of 1005 mb at West Palm Beach. "Early on November 1, a rather concentrated fall in pressure was noted as the wave moved through the Bahama Islands. During the morning, aircraft reconnaissance located signs of a forming cyclonic circulation, which was, however, still weak and poorly defined. The highest wind reported from the Bahamas area was Beaufort force 8 (39-46 mph), at West End, Grand Bahama Island, and aboard two ships north of that island. From the Bahamas the center moved northwestward and passed over the Florida coast near Palm Beach at about 4:30 pm (2130Z) on the 1st of November. Wind velocities over Florida at no time exceeded 40 mph, although squalls and winds between 30-40 mph were reported from near Miami to Daytona Beach" (MWR). "Circulation rapidly developed at the surface and extended vertically to 30,000 feet by the morning of November 1st. The tropical cyclone which formed did not attain hurricane force before moving inland over South Florida" (unknown source). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - 1946 - Nov. 1-2 - Palm Beach - Minor - Damage several millions ("Minor" - Maximum winds less then 74 mph, Minimum central pressure above 996 mb) - (Dunn and Miller 1960). November 2: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb near 28.8N, 80.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 28.5N, 81.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.9N, 80.1W, and a 12Z position near 27.9N, 81.6W with a 1005 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1006.5 mb in the general vicinity of 28.5N, 81.4W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 26.4N, 80.0W (micro). Land highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 0830Z at Melbourne, FL (28.1N, 80.6W) (micro); 5 kt E and 1004 mb at 1830Z at Ocala, FL (29.2N, 82.1W) (micro). At least six other low pressures of 1005 mb on the Florida peninsula. "Moving more slowly and continuing a northwestward movement, the center reached a location between Lakeland and Orlando, FL by 7:30 am on November 2. Thereafter the disturbance deteriorated rapidly with the remnants finally drifting into the Atlantic near Jacksonville. In Florida, no wind damage occurred, but heavy rains that accompanied the disturbance flooded crops from Lake Okeechobee to the coast, with damage amounting to 50-75 percent (several million dollars) of early fall plantings" (MWR). November 3: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 31.8N, 77.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression near 33.0N, 78.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 30.5N, 82W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 29.8N, 81.9W. Microfilm does not show a low. No gales or low pressures. A tropical depression with 30 kt winds formed on 31 October at 18Z near 21.9N, 73.8W from a westward moving tropical wave. HURDAT originally started this cyclone at 06Z on the 31st as a 35 kt tropical storm. Observations do not indicate a closed low at 06Z or at 12Z. Furthermore, text from Simpson indicates that the low was closed down to 7,000 feet, but not down to the surface the morning of the 31st. The starting intensity is revised downward because there are no observed gales on the 31st. The depression moved between WNW and NW and became a tropical storm at 00Z on 1 November (18 hours later than originally). The first observed gale occurred at 1830Z on the 1st at Grand Bahama Island. This 35 kt wind was observed along with a pressure of 1006 mb. The tropical storm made landfall with a 40 kt intensity at Palm Beach, FL (26.6N, 80.1W) at 22Z on the 1st of November. Although the lowest pressure at West Palm Beach was 1004 mb with 10 kt of wind, there was a ship just off the coast that recorded a pressure of 1003 mb with 15 kt of wind. Using these to obtain a 1002 mb central pressure at landfall suggests a maximum wind of 40 kt using the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The highest observed wind was 35 kt. An intensity of 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z (unchanged) and landfall, and 35 kt is retained at 00Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 1002 mb was added in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st. On the 2nd, the cyclone turned north through the Florida Peninsula. It weakened to a depression at 06Z on the 2nd (unchanged). Track changes from genesis through 12Z on the 2nd were very minor. Larger track changes were made after the depression passed Orlando, FL. From 18Z on the 2nd through 06Z on the 3rd, a much slower forward motion and a track to the right of the previous track are analyzed. Originally, HURDAT dissipated this depression after 12Z on the 3rd at 33.0N, 78.8W, but reanalysis does not find a closed low at 12Z, and dissipates the depression after 06Z at 30.9N, 80.7W. ******************************************************************************** 1946 Additional Notes: Suspect 1 Between 15-20 May, there were several observations of low pressures and gales along the coasts of Louisiana and Texas, and low pressure also prevailed along the upper Mexican coast. We looked to see whether these high winds and low pressures were due to a frontal passage, but there were no indications of a definite frontal passage. The HWM maps indicate that the entire area was in a general area of low pressure starting on the 15th, but late on the 18th and into the 19th, a possible trough-like feature that may have come from the Rocky Mountains region could have enhanced the area of the low pressure and produced some high winds and low pressures on the 19th. It is still possible that a tropical or subtropical storm struck near Port Arthur late on the 19th, and this possibility should not be ruled out. The COADS data was obtained for this period, but there were few ships in the entire area of the western Gulf during this time in the COADS database. If more data in the western Gulf of Mexico becomes available in the future, this should be evaluated again. The following are highlight observations from OMR from coastal stations during this period: Shreveport, LA: lowest pressure 1003 mb at 22Z on the 17th; highest wind 41 kt at 0430Z on the 19th. Port Arthur, TX: very strong winds on the 15th and again on the 19th; highest wind 47 kt E on the 19th; lowest pressure 1001 mb at 2230Z on the 19th. Galveston, TX: Highest wind 33 kt N at 2030Z on the 19th; lowest pressure 1005 mb at 0030Z on the 20th. Corpus Christi, TX: lowest pressure 1002 mb at 22Z on the 19th; S wind 25 kt on the 19th, NE wind 25 kt on the 20th. DAY LAT LON STATUS No positions provided Suspect 2 An area of low pressure, which originated from a trough over the eastern United States, was nearly stationary over the NC coast during 9 and 10 July. On the 11th and 12th, the area of low pressure moved into the Atlantic Ocean. On the 13th, HWM analyzes the low near 40N, 60W. The first observed gales and low pressures associated with this low also occurred on the 13th. HWM plots a cold front coming from the west that is getting very close to the low by 12Z on the 13th. To the east of the low, there is a south wind of 40 kt along with a pressure of 1008 mb. Right at the position of the analyzed low in HWM, a ship in COADS reported 20 kt winds from the SSE with a 999 mb pressure. The pressure readings from this ship are not reliable, as the ship recorded a pressure of 1020 mb just six hours later with no indication of an increase in its winds. One observation west of the supposed "center" is a WSW wind, and this wind is responding to the front. So we do not know if the low is closed at the time of our first gale (12Z). Furthermore, by this same time (12Z on the 13th), a significant temperature gradient exists across the low, even entirely ahead of the front so this system may not have been tropical at this time. Quotation from Grady Norton's "Forecaster's Report on Tropical Disturbances, July, 1946": "The second disturbance had its genesis in the Foehn area east of the mountains in North Carolina. The bubble was first noted near Charlotte on the morning map of the 9th. It moved slowly over eastern North Carolina and passed into the Atlantic near Elizabeth City on the morning of July 11th, with only about two circular isobars about it. It gained force and became a near hurricane as it moved eastward and northeastward over the Atlantic during the next 2 days. This is the first observed case in the writer's experience of a vortex of hurricane proportions developing and moving eastward from the Piedmont Foehn area of the Carolinas. However, on two other occasions, retrograde movement of heat bubbles southwestward from this area, has formed hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico that moved westward into Texas... No formal advisories were issued by this office in connection [with this storm]." DAY LAT LON STATUS July 11 34N 73W broad low/trough July 12 36N 71W broad low/trough July 13 40N 61W extratropical storm (maybe closed) July 14 Absorbed by larger extratropical low Suspect 3 HWM shows a low with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold front extending from the low west-southwestward moved off the east coast of the US and into the western Atlantic on 16 July. Observations from HWM along with COADS confirm the existence of a broad, closed low on the 16th, but not quite a tropical depression. The system continued northeastward on the 17th and 18th. On the 17th, there are no observed west winds south of the low, so a closed circulation could not be confirmed. The temperature gradient across the low was small on the 16th and 17th, but there are no observed gales or low pressures for the duration of this system. On the 19th, the low merged with another extratropical low. DAY LAT LON STATUS July 16 34N 73W broad low July 17 35N 68W broad low/trough July 18 39N 62W Extratropical July 19 Absorbed Suspect 4 A weak low appeared to have formed on 9 September in the area of the Caribbean north of Honduras and east of Belize. HWM indicates a small, weak trough at 84W on the 8th, so it is possible that the low may have formed from a tropical wave. Microfilm observations indicate a closed low at 12 and 18Z on the 9th. By the 10th, this low is gone, and it is unclear whether the low dissipated or moved inland into Central America. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system. DAY LAT LON STATUS September 8 Trough along 84W September 9 17N 86W Tropical depression September 10 Dissipated Suspect 5 The Monthly Weather Review wrote: "Tropical Disturbance - Storm developed off the South Carolina coast and moved inland near North Carolina border on the night of the 19th, then moved northeastward, leaving the State in the vicinity of Northampton County on the night of the 20th. Rains of 8 to 12 inches were general over the tidewater counties from the South Carolina border northward to the Pamlico River. Roads flooded; telephone service interrupted to some beach resorts due to high winds." The system was clearly a baroclinic cyclone with well-developed frontal boundaries and cold air advection. It is thus not added into HURDAT, but is mentioned here because of the notation of "Tropical Disturbance" in MWR. DAY LAT LON STATUS September 17 31N 77W Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone? September 18 32N 76W Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone? September 19 33N 78W Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone? September 20 35N 80W Extratropical Cyclone September 21 39N 76W Extratropical Cyclone Suspect 6 HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb on 22 September near 23N, 90W. There were no observed west winds south of the center on this day from HWM and COADS. On 23 September, HWM shows the closed low has moved westward to near 24N, 96W. Brownsville, TX recorded a minimum pressure of 1002 mb at 1730Z of the 22nd, but the highest wind on this day was 19 kt from the SE, and there was not much of a wind shift. The highest wind on the 23rd was 21 kt, but Brownsville may have been influenced by the tail end of a cold front during the evening of the 23rd. There were no observed gales with this system, and the time of the minimum pressure at Brownsville is not consistent with HWM's position of the low. DAY LAT LON STATUS September 22 23N 90W Broad low/Trough September 23 24N 96W Broad low/Trough September 24 Dissipated Suspect 7 A broad low was noted in HWM in the central Caribbean Sea on 16 October. It moved westward for the next day and then became stationary near 80W as the low appeared to become part of a trough (tail-like feature) extending all the way down from the mid-latitudes from a low in the central Atlantic. The area of low pressure persisted in the western Caribbean for the next few days. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this area of low pressure. There is no evidence that the low is closed at any time. On the 19th, there are south winds, east winds, and north winds, but there are no west winds south of the center. Instead, there is a light east wind south of the center. DAY LAT LON STATUS October 16 15N 72W Broad Low/Trough October 17 17N 80W Broad Low/Trough October 18 18N 80W Broad Low/Trough October 19 16N 80W Broad Low/Trough October 20 15N 79W Broad Low/Trough Suspect 8 A trough accompanied by gale force winds was evident late on 2 November according to available microfilm maps and COADS just off the coast on North Carolina in the area between Wilmington and Hatteras. There were five observations of E to ESE 35 kt winds from 20Z on the 2nd to 00Z on the 3rd. After 00Z on the 3rd, there were no more observed gales. It is difficult to close off the low at 00Z due to insufficient observations south of where the center is believed to be. A definite closed low is found at 06Z on the 3rd. Due to the gales observed at 00Z, and the closed circulation at 06Z, it is reasonable to believe that the low was closed by 00Z on the 3rd. It moved northward, and made landfall in North Carolina southwest of Cape Hatteras around 05Z on the 3rd with peak winds of about 35 kt. Continuing towards the north, the cyclone weakened to a sub-gale force extratropical cyclone by 12Z on the 3rd. The cyclone continued weakening and began being absorbed by a frontal boundary after 00Z on the 4th. The reason for not including this system into HURDAT is because of the moderate baroclinicity - both temperatures and dewpoints - while of gale force on the 3rd. While no frontal boundaries were indicated in the NHC microfilm on 00 and 06Z on the 3rd, they were shown at 12 and 18Z on the same date. Given the moderate (~5 deg F) surface temperature and dewpoint gradients across the system indicated early on the 3rd while it was strongest, this indicates that the cyclone was extratropical. DAY LAT LON STATUS November 3 36N 76W Extratropical November 4 --- --- Dissipated November 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT did not previously list this system. Microfilm does not show a closed low. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE-E and 1013-1015 mb at 35.5N, 75.5W at 20Z, 21Z, 22Z, and 23Z (COA). November 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 37N, 73.5W. Microfilm at 00Z shows a tiny closed low near 34.3N, 75.6W with 35 kt east winds just north of their analyzed center. Microfilm at 12Z plots a low, not closed, near 37N, 75.5W, with developing trough or frontal features extending from the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt E gust 50 kt and 1013 mb at 00Z at 34.6N, 75.4W. Land highlights: 33 kt SE (1-min) and about 1012.5 mb around 00Z at Hatteras, NC (35.2N, 75.6W) (OMR). The wind direction at Hatteras, NC, changed 180 degrees from east to west, through south between ~2330Z on the 2nd to ~0930Z on the 3rd, a period of 10 hours. Hourly averaged winds higher than 20 kt were observed between 22Z on the 2nd and 01Z on the 3rd at Cape Hatteras (OMR). November 4: HWM plots a closed low at 12Z of at most 1005 mb near 42.5N, 65W embedded within frontal features; however, according to the analysis, this low may be a combination of the remnants of the this suspect and another developing baroclinic low that approached from the continent. The last available microfilm image is at 00Z, and it shows an elongated closed low of at most 1014 mb in the general vicinity of 37.5N, 73.5W with a frontal feature extending to the east from the low and another frontal feature extending to the SSW from the low. No gales or low pressures. Suspect 9 A low, which likely originated from a mid-latitude system over New England, became evident in the Atlantic Ocean on 10 November in the general area near 31N, 58W. On the 11th, the low strengthened and occluded. There were a few observed gales on the 11th including a 40 kt NNW wind along with a 1006 mb pressure west of the center. This storm had a large circulation. On the 12th, the circulation became much larger and moved southward. There were not any gales near the center on the 12th. On the 13th, the low continued to be very large and broad, covering an area from 15-35N, and at least 48-68W. It had a central pressure of about 997 mb, but the strongest observed winds were 30 kt. On the 14th, the low consolidated somewhat, but the radius of strongest winds were still well removed from the center. Also on the 14th, a frontal system was approaching from the west and it was very close to the low by 12Z on the 14th. By the 15th, the low was likely absorbed by the frontal system and pushed up north along the front towards the extratropical cyclone associated with the front. The highest observed wind with this system was 40 kt on the 11th and the lowest observed pressure was 990 mb on the 14th. DAY LAT LON STATUS November 10 31N 58W Broad Low/Trough November 11 33N 54W Extratropical storm November 12 25N 56W Extratropical November 13 27N 56W Extratropical November 14 35N 57W Extratropical November 15 Absorbed Suspect 10 A low formed north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on 5 December. The low was closed, but elongated SW-NE. This low is analyzed as extratropical on the 5th due a moderate temperature gradient across the low. HWM analyzes a warm front extending to the ENE from the low, and this analysis appears to be accurate. There is a strong pressure gradient to the NW of the low producing two 30 kt wind observations. The lowest observed pressure on the 5th is 1010 mb. On the 6th, the system has a similar structure as on the 5th, except on this day there were several observed gales where the strong pressure gradient was in place. On the 6th, the low appears even more elongated than on the 5th. The highest wind on the 6th is 40 kt and the lowest observed pressure is 1008 mb. On the 7th, the system began to pull northward and it appears as it there are two different circulations associated with the frontal system, but the circulations are ill-defined and it may not be closed on the 7th. DAY LAT LON STATUS December 5 23N 68W Extratropical low December 6 28N 64W Extratropical storm December 7 30N 58W Broad Low/Trough Suspect 11 HWM tracks a low from the southwestern Caribbean Sea to the coast of Alabama between 11-20 December with steady progression. On certain days, it is somewhat unclear whether the low is the same system as the previous day. Also, on certain days, the low is closed and on other days, the low appears to not be closed. By the time the supposed low reaches the coast of Alabama, it is located in a strongly baroclinic environment with cold, winter temperatures. There are no observed gales or low pressures with this system until it reaches the Alabama coast, and it is unclear whether the strong winds observed along the Alabama coast were from this system or from a separate baroclinic system. From the Mobile, Alabama OMR, "Dec. 20 Sand Island light house reported winds to 50 mph. A local disturbance covering small area around Hollingers Island (30.5N, 88.1W)...occurred about 0300 (8Z 20th) with minor damage to homes...strong winds grounded tugs and cast barges adrift" (OMR). DAY LAT LON STATUS December 11 14N 80W open trough December 12 15N 81W open trough December 13 19.5N 83.5W low (maybe closed) December 14 22N 81.5W low (closed, but not a TD) December 15 22.5N 80.5W low (closed, but not a TD) December 16 22N? 79.5W? open trough December 17 ? ? open trough December 18 24.5N 81W open trough December 19 25.5N? 84.5W? low? December 20 30.5N 88W extratropical low ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 1 - Revised 2014 33365 07/31/1947 M= 3 1 SNBR= 741 NOT NAMED XING=1 33365 07/31/1947 M= 3 1 SNBR= 741 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 33370 07/31* 0 0 0 0*195 920 35 0*202 938 35 0*206 947 35 0* 33370 07/31* 0 0 0 0*195 936 30 0*202 938 35 0*210 940 35 0* *** ** *** *** 33375 08/01*211 953 35 0*226 958 35 0*241 962 35 0*250 967 35 0* 33375 08/01*220 943 35 0*230 947 35 0*241 954 35 0*249 963 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 33380 08/02*256 973 40 0*260 982 40 0*263 990 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 33380 08/02*256 973 45 0*260 981 40 0*261 985 30 0* 0 0 0 0* ** *** *** *** ** 33385 TS Mexico landfall: August 2/00Z - 25.6N 97.3W - 45 kt - (also 40 kt impact in Texas) Minor changes to both track and intensity are implemented with this tropical storm that struck Mexico not far from its border with Texas. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Mexican observations, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). July 31: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 93.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a broad, closed low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 20.5N, 93W. No gales or low pressures. "A weak tropical disturbance formed in the southwest Gulf of Mexico on July 31, moved westward and then north-northwestward across the western Gulf of Mexico, and passed inland on the Gulf Coast a short distance south of Brownsville, Tex" (MWR). August 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 23.5N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.1N, 96.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 23.7N, 94.8W. Land highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 18.3N, 94.5W (micro); 1002 mb (min p) at 2320Z at Brownsville, TX (OMR). "The strongest wind reported was 44 mph at Port Isabel, Tex. Heavy rains caused some damage to the cotton crop. Among the recorded heavy amounts of precipitation which fell in Texas during the passage of the storm are: Raymondville, 9.78 inches; Falfurrias, 8.11 inches; and Brownsville, 4.41 inches" (MWR). "Preliminary estimate of damage to cotton crop, about $2,000,000, caused by heavy rain..." (MWR). "A weak tropical storm moved inland just south of Brownsville during the early night. The lowest pressure recorded was 29.56 inches at 6:30 pm. No damage was done" (Brownsville OMR). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - Aug. 1 - Lower coast - Minor - Rain damage $2,000,000" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb- Dunn and Miller). August 2: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26N, 98.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 99.0W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near the 00Z HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.2N, 98.6W. Ship highlight: 40 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 26.5N, 97.0W (micro). Land highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 00Z at Port Isabel, TX (26.1N, 97.2W) (micro); 38 kt at 06Z at Port Isabel, TX (micro). HWM indicates a trough east of Yucatan on the 29th and west of Yucatan on the 30th, but there is no evidence of a closed low on these days. It is possible, however, that a closed low (and a tropical depression) developed late on the 29th before moving over Yucatan. A tropical depression formed in the Bay of Campeche at 06Z on 31 July with a 30 kt intensity. No changes were made to the timing of genesis, except that HURDAT started this as a 35 kt tropical storm. However, the initial position at 06Z is adjusted westward for a more realistic initial motion (much too fast originally). From genesis until landfall, there are only a few ship or aircraft observations near the center. The cyclone is brought up to tropical storm intensity (six hours after that indicated originally in HURDAT) by 12Z of the 31st. After that, the storm is analyzed to have moved towards the NNW, instead of NW and then NW as in HURDAT, so a track to the right of the previous HURDAT position is analyzed up until just before landfall. Landfall occurred on the Mexican coastline around 00Z on 2 August, 30 miles SSE of Brownsville at 25.6N, 97.3W. Port Isabel, TX recorded a pressure of 1001 mb simultaneously with 30 kt of wind at 00Z on the 2nd. Using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for N of 25N, a 1001 mb peripheral pressure yields an intensity of greater than 42 kt, and for south of 25N, greater than 45 kt. No changes were made to the timing or position of landfall, but the intensity at landfall is raised from 40 to 45 kt. It should be noted that there was not a substantial amount of observations near the center at landfall, so if the cyclone actually tracked equatorward of this track, the cyclone may have been substantially stronger. Also, the highest ship observation was 40 kt, and this came six hours after landfall. For 06Z, the HURDAT intensity of 40 kt is maintained due to the 06Z ship observation of 40 kt. At 12Z on the 2nd, HURDAT's 35 kt intensity is lowered to 30 kt and the cyclone is analyzed to be a half degree east of the previous position. There were no changes made to the timing of dissipation, and 12Z on the 2nd is maintained as the last point in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 2 - Revised 2014 33390 08/09/1947 M= 8 2 SNBR= 742 NOT NAMED XING=0 33395 08/09* 0 0 0 0*137 746 35 0*138 755 35 0*139 764 35 0* 33395 08/09* 0 0 0 0*127 755 25 0*130 762 25 0*133 769 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33400 08/10*141 773 35 0*145 782 35 0*150 790 35 0*155 796 35 0* 33400 08/10*137 776 25 0*141 783 25 0*145 790 25 0*150 797 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 33405 08/11*160 801 35 0*166 805 35 0*172 810 40 0*179 820 40 0* 33405 08/11*155 804 30 0*160 812 30 0*165 820 30 0*172 830 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33410 08/12*187 834 45 0*193 850 50 0*197 866 50 0*200 881 55 0* 33410 08/12*181 842 35 0*191 854 40 0*197 866 45 0*200 879 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 33415 08/13*203 896 60 0*206 911 60 0*210 925 70 0*214 936 70 0* 33415 08/13*203 893 40 0*206 907 45 0*208 919 50 0*208 929 60 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33420 08/14*216 943 80 0*217 948 85 0*218 953 90 0*219 958 90 0* 33420 08/14*208 938 70 0*211 944 80 0*216 950 90 0*219 958 90 977* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 33425 08/15*220 964 95 0*220 972 95 0*220 980 60 0*220 986 55 0* 33425 08/15*220 966 95 0*219 972 95 0*216 978 85 0*213 983 65 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33430 08/16*220 990 50 0*220 995 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33430 08/16*210 986 45 0*203 988 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 33435 HR International Landfall: 8/12/16Z - 19.9N 87.5W - 45 kt - Mexico 8/15/10Z - 21.7N 97.5W - 95 kt - Mexico Minor changes to track and major intensity changes are documented for this storm which struck the Yucatan Peninsula as a tropical storm and then made a second Mexican landfall as a Category 2 hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Mexican observations, and Connor (1956). August 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 14.4N, 71.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 75.5W. Microfilm shows a very broad closed low of at most 1011 mb between 8-16N, 74-81W. No gales or low pressures. August 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 77.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 79.0W. Microfilm does not show a closed low at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. August 11: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 18.5N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 81.0W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1012 mb near 16.3N, 82.2W. No gales or low pressures. August 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 85.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 19.7N, 86.6W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near19.9N, 86.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 06Z at 20.2N, 85.7W (micro); 40 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 0830Z at 20.3N, 85.4W (micro). Aircraft highlights: three obs of 35 kt SE-SSE all near 20Z between 20-21N, 86.5-87.5W (micro). "On August 12 a tropical storm formed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea and then moved on a westerly course over the Yucatan Peninsula" (MWR). August 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 92.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 20.5N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 999 mb at 20Z at 21.7N, 93.4W (micro); 40 kt E and 997 mb at 22Z at 21.9N, 93.0W from the same ship (micro). One other gale. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt ESE at ~21Z at 22.7N, 94.4W (micro). One other gale. August 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 22N, 94.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 21.8N, 95.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 21.7N, 94.8W. Ship highlights: 65 to 70 kt NNE and 972 mb around 12Z at 21.7N, 95.0W (micro). Two other gales and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 65 kt E around 00Z at 20.8N, 95.0W (micro); center fix at 1717Z at 22.1N, 95.8W with a 977 mb central pressure and maximum surface winds of 100 kt (micro). Seven other gales. Land highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1007 mb at both 22Z and 2330Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.8W) (micro). "From Army Recon- Tropical cyclone definitely hurricane; winds northern quadrant 100 knots; precipitation heavy; turbulence moderate to severe at 400 feet. Surface pressure at center 977 mb; diameter of eye 20 NM; 1717Z position of center 22.1N, 95.8W; movement of center WNW 7 knots. Radius of squally weather in west and northwest quadrants 80 to 100 NM" (micro). "Navy plane estimates storm center at 21.9N, 95.9W at 1930Z" (micro). August 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 21.9N, 98W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 98.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 21.8N, 97.7W. Land highlights: 96 kt (max wind) at Tampico (22.2N, 97.8W) (MWR); gust to 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 0935Z at Tuxpan (21.0N, 97.4W) (micro); 70 kt ENE gust 80 kt and 1005 mb at 12Z at Tampico (micro). Two other observations of hurricane force winds at Tampico at 1435Z and 1635Z (micro). Six other gale observations at Tampico and Tuxpan. "After developing hurricane force winds while passing over the southern Gulf of Mexico, it moved inland on the Mexican east coast a short distance south of Tampico. On the morning of August 15, winds as high as 110 mph were reported at that city. There were 19 deaths from this hurricane, one in Tampico and 18 in the oil fields to the south" (MWR). August 16: HWM analyzes an open trough between 20-23N, 97-100W. HURDAT last lists this system at 06Z as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 99.5W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 22.0N, 98.7W. Microfilm last shows a closed low at 06Z of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 98.5W. Land highlight: 40 kt E at 0030Z at Tampico. HURDAT originally started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 9 August in the central Caribbean Sea. There are no changes to the timing of genesis; however, a 25 kt tropical depression is analyzed instead of a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 9th. The analysis keeps this a depression for nearly three days and does not bring it to tropical storm strength until 00Z on the 12th. From the 9th to the 11th, there were several observations within 200 nmi of the center including a couple of observations within 100 nmi of the center. Of all these observations, the strongest observed wind was 15 kts. In addition to having no gales or low pressure observations from the 9th to the 11th, the above quote by MWR on 12 August which states that a tropical storm formed on August 12 adds further evidence for delaying the attainment of tropical storm intensity. At this time, the intensity in the original HURDAT had increased to 45 kt. Track changes during the first 3 days keep the cyclone to the southwest (or left) of the original HURDAT track by about one degree. By 00Z on the 12th, the storm had already passed to the north of Swan Island and was beginning to approach the Yucatan Peninsula. The storm is analyzed to have made landfall as a 45 kt tropical storm (50 kt originally) at 16Z on the 12th in the Yucatan Peninsula south of Cozumel, or about halfway between Cancun and the border with Belize. HURDAT originally had this tropical storm strengthening from 50 to 60 kt while over the Yucatan Peninsula. There are no observations that support this unusual behavior, and the storm is analyzed to have weakened from 45 kt to 40 kt while crossing the Yucatan Peninsula. It emerged back over water in the Bay of Campeche between 00Z and 06Z on 13 August moving westward. HURDAT originally had this becoming a hurricane at 12Z on the 13th located at 21.0N, 92.5W. It is analyzed that at this time, the storm's intensity had increased to only 50 kt and was located at 20.8N, 91.9W. Observations from the ship Sheldon late on the 13th were helpful in the analysis. The peak observation from this ship was 40 kt E and 997 mb at 22Z at 21.9N, 93.0W. From the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N, a 997 mb peripheral pressure yields an intensity greater than 53 kt. Also, an aircraft estimated surface winds of 65 kt around 00Z on the 14th. 70 kt is chosen as the intensity at 00Z on the 14th (down from 80 kt originally). On the 14th around 12Z, a ship near the center reported a pressure of 972 mb with 65 to 70 kt of wind. This would suggest that the central pressure was at most around 965 mb. A 972 mb peripheral pressure yields at least 88 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, five hours later, at 1717Z, an aircraft reported a central pressure of 977 mb. A 977 mb central pressure yields a wind speed of 81 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. This aircraft also reported information that suggests that the RMW of the hurricane was about 12 to 15 nm at the time. The climatological RMW for this location/central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000) is 18 nm, so the hurricane was a smaller than average. An average of the 977 mb central pressure with a central pressure of at most 965 mb from the ship yields 971 mb around the 12-18Z time frame on the 14th. This value yields exactly 90 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems. 90 kt is chosen for both 12Z and 18Z on the 14th (both unchanged from HURDAT). A 977 mb central pressure (from the aircraft observation) is added in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th. Landfall is analyzed to have occurred on the Mexican coast near 21.7N 97.5W about 40 nmi SSE of Tampico at 10Z on the 15th. The closest approach of the center to Tampico may have been 35 to 40 nmi since the storm was moving slightly south of west at the time. The previous HURDAT had landfall closer to Tampico, at 22.0N latitude (Tampico is at 22.2N). The peak observed wind at Tampico was 96 kt (MWR). The 96 kt value may have been a gust because the strongest sustained wind according to an hourly report on NHC microfilm was 74 kt with a gust to 87 kt. In addition, the pressure observations from Tampico were rather high and not indicative of a major hurricane with an RMW near Tampico. A landfall intensity of 95 kt is analyzed (unchanged from HURDAT originally). Therefore, 95 kt is chosen as the intensity at 06Z (no change to original HURDAT) and at landfall. This storm is analyzed to have intensified by 55 kt in the 54 hour period from 00Z on the 13th to 06Z on the 15th, while the previous HURDAT showed an intensification of 35 kt during this period. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 77 kt for 12Z on the 15th, 55 kt for 18Z, 42 kt for 00Z on the 16th, and 32 kt for 06Z. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were: gust to 96 kt around 12Z (but likely at time of landfall), 74 kt at 1635Z, 40kt around 00Z on the 16th, and less than gale force around 06Z. Revised winds in HURDAT are 85 kt at 12Z on the 15th (up from 60 kt originally), 65 kt at 18Z (up from 55 kt), 45 kt at 00Z on the 16th (down from 50 kt), and 30 kt at 06Z (down from 45 kt). The values chosen are about 8 to 10 kt above the Kaplan-DeMaria model at 12 and 18Z due to the observed 74 kt sustained wind at Tampico at 1635Z. After landfall, the storm is analyzed to have been making a turn towards the SW with a motion towards the SSW until dissipation, while the original HURDAT kept the cyclone on a westward course through Mexico. The east-southeast winds at Tuxpan at 0030 UTC on 16 August support this more southerly track after landfall. However, both HURDAT and this analysis agree that the cyclone moved inland slowly after landfall and did not reach the higher terrain of Mexico until around 00Z on the 16th. The winds chosen at 00Z and 06Z on the 16th are below Kaplan-DeMaria because of the impact of the higher terrain in quickening the tropical cyclone's weakening. No changes were made to the timing of dissipation, and 06Z is maintained as the last point in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 3 - Revised 2014 33440 08/18/1947 M=10 3 SNBR= 743 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 33445 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 800 35 0* 33445 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*233 820 30 0* *** *** ** 33450 08/19*241 815 35 0*241 823 40 0*242 831 40 0*243 840 45 0* 33450 08/19*230 827 30 0*230 833 35 0*234 839 40 0*241 844 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33455 08/20*243 849 45 0*244 856 45 0*245 862 40 0*246 867 35 0* 33455 08/20*241 854 45 0*242 863 45 0*244 870 40 0*246 873 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 33460 08/21*248 872 35 0*251 879 40 0*254 887 45 0*257 893 50 0* 33460 08/21*252 875 40 0*260 877 40 0*268 880 40 0*277 884 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33465 08/22*260 898 55 0*263 902 60 0*265 906 65 0*269 912 70 0* 33465 08/22*283 892 40 1004*286 898 40 0*289 902 40 0*294 908 35 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33470 08/23*272 917 70 0*275 921 70 0*278 925 70 0*281 931 70 0* 33470 08/23*290 913 35 0*284 917 40 0*279 923 45 0*280 929 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33475 08/24*284 936 70 0*287 939 70 0*290 943 70 0*292 948 70 0* 33475 08/24*283 935 60 0*286 939 65 0*289 941 70 0*291 945 70 984* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 33480 08/25*295 953 60 0*298 958 60 0*302 962 60 0*305 966 55 0* 33480 08/25*293 950 65 0*296 955 50 0*300 960 35 0*304 965 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33485 08/26*308 970 35 0*310 973 25 0*314 975 20 0*318 977 20 0* 33485 08/26*308 970 30 0*312 973 25 0*316 976 20 0*320 979 20 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 33490 08/27*323 978 15 0*333 979 15 0*340 979 15 0*350 979 15 0* 33490 08/27*324 981 20 0*330 980 20 0*338 979 15 0*350 979 15 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 33495 HRCTX1 Landfalls: 8/22/1947 14Z, 29.1N 90.3W, 40 kt 8/24/1947 22Z, 29.2N 94.9W, 70 kt, 984 mb, 1010 mb oci, 75 nmi radius oci Major track and intensity changes are both analyzed for this storm. In addition to the category 1 hurricane landfall near Galveston on the 24th, an additional landfall is analyzed in Louisiana as a 40 kt tropical storm two days earlier. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 18: HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 26N, 76W to 16N, 86W. HURDAT first lists a system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 80.0W. Microfilm first shows a closed low at 12Z of at most 1014 mb centered near 24N, 81W. Highlight: 35 kt SE and 1017 mb at 12Z at 24.8N, 79.1W (micro). "This disturbance formed in an easterly wave that moved westward through the Florida Straits on August 18" (MWR). August 19: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 23.6N, 84.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 83.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24N, 83.7W. Land highlights: 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 12Z at Dry Tortugas (micro). "Navy recon 23.5N, 83.8W at 1330Z: Passed through front.wind shift.no definite center; area of bad weather 24N - 84W" (micro). "By the morning of the 19th a circulation had formed some 150 miles west-southwest of Key West, Fla. During this stage of development the highest wind reported was about 45 mph in squalls at some points along the Florida Keys" (MWR). "Navy recon 23.5N, 83.3W at 1330Z: Passed through front with wind shift. No definite center; area of bad weather 24N-84W" (micro). August 20: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 86.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.7N, 83.6W, and a 12Z position near 23.8N, 86.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 24N, 87.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 14Z at 25.5N, 84.2W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 16Z at 26.5N, 84.9W (micro). August 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25.6N, 89.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.4N, 88.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.4N, 87.8W, and a 12Z position near 24.9N, 89.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near the HURDAT position and a 12Z position near 25.2N, 88.4W. The MWR post-season track map also shows the position of a second tropical storm at 12Z near 27.3N, 87.7W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.7N, 88.7W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 08Z at 26.9N, 88.6W (micro). Two other gales. Aircraft highlights: Center at 28.1N 88.8W at 2145Z with central pressure of 1004 mb and peak surface winds of 40 kt (micro). "The disturbance moved slowly westward to the middle Gulf, where on the 21st it was so weak that its path could not be followed with certainty" (MWR). August 22: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 28.6N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 26.5N, 90.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 89.7W, and a 12Z position near 27.9N, 90.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. The MWR post-season track map also shows a position of the second tropical storm located at 00Z near 28.2N, 88.8W and at 12Z near 29.2N, 90.1W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 28.8N, 90.6W. Land highlights: 37 kt SE and 1014 mb at 14Z at Grand Isle (29.2N, 90.0W) (micro). "A tropical storm moving westward across the Gulf was near enough to cause showers on the coast from the 22-24th, and squalls on the southeast coast on the 22d" (Louisiana Climatological Data). August 23: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 28.6N, 91.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 92.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.7N, 92.6W, and a 12Z position near 27.7N, 94.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 91.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.3N, 92.4W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb near 27.8N, 92.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at 15Z at 28.2N, 92.0W (micro); 35 kt S and 1008 mb at ~17Z at 28.2N, 92.6W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SSW at 2215Z (micro). August 24: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 28.7N, 93.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 94.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 95.3W, and a 12Z position near 27.1N, 96.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.8N, 93.2W, and 12Z position near 28.7N, 94.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.9N, 94.3W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE and 994 mb at 0030Z at 27.8N, 94.0W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 08Z at 28.4N, 93.0W (micro). Land highlights: 52 kt NW and 1001 mb at 2136Z at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) (micro); 992 mb (min pressure) at Galveston at 2145Z (also approximate time of landfall) (MWR, OMR, climo data); 63 kt (fastest mile or ~1-minute wind, max wind) E at ~2230Z at Galveston (OMR, MWR). Five other observations of winds at Galveston between 35-57 kt. "It redeveloped and moved into Texas in the vicinity of Galveston on the 24th, as a storm of small diameter accompanied by winds of near-hurricane force. The lowest observed pressure, 992.2 mb. (29.30 inches), reported by the Galveston office, occurred at 4:45 pm (2145Z). There was little evidence of a storm tide until shortly before the approach of the center: the rise of 0.6 foot, from 3.4 to 4.0 feet, took place on August 24 between 3 and 4 pm. Total damage from the storm was estimated at $200,000. In the city of Galveston, it was confined mainly to roofs, signs, plate glass, and the interiors of dwellings, for the most part caused by the wind-driven rain. In Galveston County, outside the city, property damage was estimated at $150,000 and crop damage at $32,500" (MWR). "A tropical storm, the first to visit this section of the Gulf Coast since July 1943, passed inland on the 24th with a maximum wind velocity of 66 mph from the east at 5:04 pm" (Galveston OMR). "On August 23rd, a small tropical storm developed from an area of squall about 150 miles southeast of Galveston and moved inland over Galveston about 4:45 pm, August 24. The total damage was estimated at $757,000; of this amount $500,000 was to buildings and improvements and the remainder to crops" (Texas climo data). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas, 1947 Aug. 24 - Galveston - Minimal - 1 killed, damage $757,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph, and 983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and Miller). "Estimated lowest pressure - 992 mb" (Connor). "1947 Aug TX, 1N - Cat 1 - 992 mb" - (Jarrell et al.). August 25: HWM shows a low of at most 1010 mb near 30N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 30.2N, 96.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.8N, 96.5W, and a 12Z position near 29.6N, 97.9W with a 1011 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 95.3W and a 12Z position near 29.7N, 96.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 29.8N, 96W. Land highlights: 59 kt SE and 1000 mb at 0030Z at Galveston (OMR); 39 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) E at ~0430Z at Houston (29.7N, 95.2W) (OMR). One other gale at Houston. August 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, but instead analyzes a cold front located within a trough over east-central Texas. HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 31.4N, 97.5W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.4N, 98.9W, and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 98.6W with a 1008 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 31.8N, 97.8W apparently with an approaching frontal system very near the low. No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with the tropical depression, but does analyze a closed low of at most 1015 mb well to the north, over Nebraska with a cold front extending northeastward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 34.0N, 97.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.9N, 98.9W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1014 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.5N, 98.1W, and a 12Z position near 33.8N, 98.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1014 mb near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed from a westward moving tropical wave in the Florida Straits at 18Z on 18 August (no changes to timing of genesis). Available observations show evidence of a closed low despite an aircraft that could not locate a definite center at 12Z on the 19th. Observations from Cuba also indicate that the cyclone made landfall as a tropical depression in Cuba before 00Z on the 19th and then moved back over the Gulf of Mexico around 06Z. This necessitated a major track change at the initial point (18Z on the 18th) west-southwestward of that shown originally. Development to a tropical storm is delayed 12 hours until the time when the cyclone emerged back over the Gulf. Between 18Z on the 20th and 12Z on the 21st, it is analyzed that the center quickly moved or underwent a reformation to the north of its previous position. At 18Z the 20th, the analyzed position is 24.6N, 87.3W (24.6N, 86.7W originally), and at 12Z on the 21st, the analyzed position is 27.6N, 87.6W (25.4N, 88.7W originally). The revised positions late on the 21st and early on the 22nd are supported by an aircraft reconnaissance mission, which also estimated 40 kt maximum surface winds and 1004 mb central pressure. (This central pressure is now added into HURDAT.) After the storm reformed, it moved towards the WNW until making landfall in southeastern Louisiana at 14Z on the 22nd at 29.1N, 90.3W. An intensity of 40 kt is maintained from 00Z on the 21st until landfall. Ship and Grand Isle station observations confirm this 40 kt intensity. However, it is noted that the pressures were significantly higher over Louisiana than that reported by the aircraft reconnaissance 16 hours previously, thus it is likely that the cyclone had a small inner core. Moreover, it is quite possible that the central pressure filled some before landfall, which would be more consistent with a 1014 mb peripheral pressure observation at Grand Isle at the time of landfall. The Monthly Weather Review assessment was that a second tropical cyclone made landfall in Louisiana, with the original system continuing very slowly over the central Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT, however, had no indication of a second system. (See more discussion below in the final paragraph.) At 12Z on the 22nd, when the re-analyzed tropical storm was nearing the Louisiana coastline at 28.9N 90.2W with 40 kt winds, HURDAT originally had the cyclone at 26.5N, 90.6W well south of Louisiana as a 65 kt hurricane. If there was a hurricane at HURDAT's position, the system would likely have been located some distance to the east or east-southeast on the 21st. However, upon looking at the 8/21 1230Z (previous day's) microfilm map, sufficient observations between 24-27N, 83-90W indicate no presence of any significant circulation. On the 22nd, there are only a few available observations near the location of HURDAT's position, and none of these observations indicates the possibility of the existence of a tropical cyclone at HURDAT's position. All of the evidence is indicative of only one cyclone in existence though with a substantially different track and intensity on the 21st and 22nd of August. After landfall in Louisiana, the tropical storm moved about 30 miles inland by 18Z on the 22nd, but at this time, the storm is analyzed to have made a turn back to the southwest, and the tropical storm re-emerged back into the Gulf of Mexico around 22Z on the 22nd, 8 hours after it made landfall in Louisiana. The storm is analyzed to have maintained tropical storm intensity while over Louisiana (35 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 22nd while over Louisiana, and 40 kt is reached again by 06Z on the 23rd after the storm emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico). During the time that this weak tropical storm is analyzed over southern Louisiana, HURDAT has this storm about 2.5 degrees to the SSW as a hurricane. After re-entering the Gulf of Mexico, the storm is analyzed to have kept moving to the southwest or south-southwest until around 12Z on the 23rd, when it again turned back to the original west-northwesterly direction. Although there is not an abundance of available observations on the 23rd at 00Z and 06Z, enough evidence exists at both of those times to show the analyzed southward motion from 18Z on the 22nd to 12Z on the 23rd. At 12Z on the 23rd, a ship observation with a 1004 mb pressure along with a 35 kt SE wind was very helpful for determining a position at this time. By 12Z on the 23rd, the analyzed position is close to the HURDAT position for the first time since 18Z on the 20th. The intensity is analyzed to have increased slightly to 45 kt by 12Z on the 23rd (but still substantially lower than the 70 kt originally in HURDAT). After 12Z on the 23rd, the cyclone continued on a reasonably straight path until landfall near Galveston, which occurred at 22Z on 24 August. Analyzed intensities during this time are 55 kt at 18Z of the 23rd, 60 kt at 00Z of the 24th, 65 kt at 06Z, and 70 kt at 12Z and 18Z. HURDAT previously had 70 kt for all of these times. The positions from 8/23 12Z to 8/25 12Z are all very near the HURDAT positions, but are all shifted a few tenths of a degree to the southeast. Key observations from Galveston help locate the time and location of landfall which is analyzed to have occurred just a few miles SW of Galveston (one-tenth of a degree). Galveston recorded a 52 kt wind at 2136Z, just 9 minutes before its minimum pressure of 992 mb (2145Z). This indicates that the center of the storm likely did not pass directly over Galveston. On the other hand, during those 9 minutes, the pressure at Galveston dropped from 1001 mb to 992 mb. It is possible that this hurricane had a small RMW, and that maybe the winds were calm when the pressure was 992 mb, but there is no available wind speed data at the exact time that the lowest pressure was recorded. The maximum wind of 63 kt (1-minute) at Galveston was recorded 45 minutes after the time of the lowest pressure (this converts to 58 kt after adjusting from the 35 m anemometer height down to 10 m). From the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N, a 992 mb peripheral pressure would produce winds greater than 56 kt, and for the relationship for intensifying systems, it produces winds greater than 59 kt. This storm was significantly smaller than average; however, it was slow-moving. 70 kt is chosen for landfall, which agrees with HURDAT and the Jarrell et al. characterization of a Category 1 hurricane. A category 1 hurricane is also consistent with the damage that occurred. The 992 mb central pressure reported in Jarrell et al. (originally from Connor), however, is judged likely to be instead a peripheral pressure with an estimate instead of 984 mb central pressure at landfall in Texas. The analyzed landfall time is about 3 hours later than originally in HURDAT. After landfall, the cyclone continued moving very slowly towards the NW and gradually weakened over land. The Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model was run for 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z on the 25th. For 00Z, the inland decay model yields 59 kt, and the highest observed wind around this time is also 59 kt at Galveston, and 65 kt is chosen (up from 60 kt originally) as the intensity two hours after landfall because the area of strongest winds on the right side of the cyclone might have still been occurring over Galveston Bay. For 06Z, the inland decay model yields 45 kt, and the highest observed wind is 36 kt at Houston, and 50 kt is chosen for 06Z (down from 60 kt originally). For 12Z, the inland decay model yields 36 kt and there were no observed gales, so 35 kt is chosen (down from 60 kt originally) for this time. For 18Z, the inland decay model yields 29 kt and there were no observed gales, so 30 kt is chosen (down from 55 kt originally) for this time. After weakening to a depression at 18Z of the 25th, it is analyzed that this depression maintained itself as a closed low through 18Z the 27th as shown in HURDAT. Positions during this time are all analyzed to be within three-tenths of a degree of the HURDAT position, and there are no changes to the timing of dissipation. In summary, it is noteworthy that on the 21st and 22nd, the MWR post-season track map showed two separate tropical cyclones separated by just 2 degrees latitude. The southern cyclone, storm 3, formed (according to MWR) in the Florida Straits on the 19th and continued on a straight line and at a very slow speed all the way to landfall in Galveston as a category 1 hurricane. The northern cyclone formed (according to MWR) around 12Z on the 21st about 2 degrees north of storm 3, made landfall in Louisiana on the 22nd, and then dissipated. If the MWR post-season track map was correct, there would have been a Fujiwara Effect between the two tropical cyclones, but that is not what is analyzed to have occurred. By the time the more northern circulation was evident from observations, the more southern circulation was already ill-defined and weak, and probably no longer a closed low. This strongly suggests that the storm reformed to the north. It is clearly evident from observations that a tropical storm made landfall in Louisiana. It is also clear from observations that at 12Z on the 23rd, the storm was located again well to the south of the southwestern Louisiana coastline, and then continued towards Galveston. 500 mb maps show high pressure located to the north over the United States, which explains the westward motion of the storm, but does not explain the erratic motion that occurred. In addition to the MWR post-season track map being incorrect, the previous HURDAT is likely incorrect as well. The previous HURDAT shows one tropical cyclone on a path through the central Gulf that stays well south of Louisiana and makes landfall in Galveston. One reason why this scenario is unlikely (in addition to observations at several times that indicate there is likely no closed low on the more southern route) is because this storm was very slow-moving throughout much of its lifetime. Slow-moving tropical cyclones tend not to move in straight lines for prolonged periods of time and often have erratic paths. When performing the reanalysis for this storm, there were three scenarios considered. In scenario number one (the most unlikely scenario), the storm that developed in the Florida Straits went on a straight path through the Gulf to hit Galveston, and a second storm developed on the 21st two degrees north of the first storm and this second storm hit Louisiana. In the 2nd scenario (slightly more likely than the 1st scenario, but still unlikely), the storm that developed in the Florida Straits reformed to the north on the 21st and made landfall in Louisiana and dissipated inland in Louisiana, while a second storm developed on the 23rd in the west-central Gulf and hit Galveston as a category 1 hurricane. In the third scenario (the most likely scenario, which was used for this reanalysis), only one tropical cyclone occurred. It formed in the Florida Straits, reformed to the north on the 21st, made landfall in Louisiana, dipped back southward over the Gulf of Mexico, and then turned towards the WNW and strengthened into a category 1 hurricane making landfall in Galveston. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014 32740 09/04/1947 M=18 4 SNBR= 728 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 32745 09/04* 0 0 0 0*145 201 45 0*143 215 50 0*142 228 60 0* 32745 09/04* 0 0 0 0*145 201 30 0*143 215 30 0*142 228 30 0* ** ** ** 32750 09/05*141 240 65 0*140 250 65 0*140 261 70 0*140 271 70 0* 32750 09/05*141 240 35 0*140 250 35 0*140 261 40 0*140 271 40 0* ** ** ** ** 32755 09/06*141 282 70 0*142 293 70 0*143 304 75 0*143 315 75 0* 32755 09/06*141 282 45 0*142 293 45 0*143 304 50 0*143 315 50 0* ** ** ** ** 32760 09/07*143 326 75 0*142 337 75 0*140 348 75 0*137 360 80 0* 32760 09/07*142 326 50 0*141 337 50 0*140 348 50 0*139 360 50 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** ** 32765 09/08*133 372 80 0*128 385 80 0*124 398 80 0*121 410 80 0* 32765 09/08*138 372 50 0*137 385 50 0*136 398 50 0*135 410 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 32770 09/09*119 420 80 0*117 429 80 0*116 438 85 0*116 448 85 0* 32770 09/09*134 420 50 0*133 429 50 0*132 438 50 0*132 448 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 32775 09/10*117 457 85 0*120 467 85 0*123 476 90 0*127 486 90 0* 32775 09/10*133 457 50 0*135 467 50 0*138 476 50 0*141 484 50 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 32780 09/11*132 497 90 0*137 505 95 0*142 514 95 0*151 529 95 0* 32780 09/11*144 490 50 0*148 498 50 0*152 510 50 999*157 525 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 32785 09/12*161 547 100 0*172 567 100 0*182 586 105 0*189 600 105 0* 32785 09/12*163 545 65 0*169 565 75 0*176 584 85 977*186 603 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32790 09/13*195 614 110 0*203 629 110 0*210 643 115 0*215 653 115 0* 32790 09/13*196 622 95 0*206 640 100 0*214 654 105 0*220 664 110 952* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32795 09/14*220 662 120 0*225 672 120 0*230 682 125 0*236 695 125 0* 32795 09/14*226 674 115 0*232 684 120 0*237 694 125 0*242 704 125 938* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32800 09/15*243 711 125 0*251 722 130 0*258 733 130 0*262 742 135 0* 32800 09/15*248 716 125 0*254 728 125 0*260 737 120 0*265 745 115 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32805 09/16*264 749 135 0*265 754 140 0*266 760 140 0*267 768 140 0* 32805 09/16*267 752 110 951*268 757 110 0*269 762 105 956*267 769 105 954* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32810 09/17*267 776 140 0*266 785 140 0*265 795 135 947*263 804 130 0* 32810 09/17*266 778 105 0*265 786 110 0*263 795 115 0*261 804 105 951* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 32815 09/18*261 812 120 0*261 818 85 0*263 825 85 0*269 838 80 0* 32815 09/18*262 813 90 0*265 823 85 970*268 834 85 0*272 845 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 32820 09/19*277 856 80 0*289 877 80 0*300 897 80 966*304 910 75 970* 32820 09/19*277 857 95 0*284 873 95 0*294 890 95 966*301 907 80 970* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 32825 09/20*308 922 60 984*316 937 35 987E327 952 30 994E341 959 25 996* 32825 09/20*308 922 60 981*316 937 40 987*327 952 35 994*337 959 30 996* *** ** *** *** ** * ** * ** 32830 09/21E354 946 25 997E364 933 20 999E374 920 20 1000* 0 0 0 0* 32830 09/21*350 950 25 997*364 933 20 999E380 915 20 1000* 0 0 0 0* **** *** * *** *** 32835 HRCFL4 LA3 MS3BFL2 32835 HRCFL4 LA2 MS2BFL2 *** *** International Landfall: 9/16 19Z - 26.7N 77.1W - 105 kt - 954 mb - Bahamas U.S. Landfall: 9/17 1630Z 26.1N, 80.1W, 943 mb, 115kt, RMW 15 nmi, OCI 1010 mb, ROCI 275 nmi 9/19 14Z 29.6N, 89.5W, 966 mb, 95kt, RMW 25 nmi, OCI 1010 mb, ROCI 250 nmi Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, the COADS ship database, Tannehill (1952), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). Credit for the reanalysis of this major hurricane goes to Donna Strahan, Daniel Gladstein, and Andrew Hagen. September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 17W. HURDAT does not mention a storm on September 3. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 21W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 14.3N, 21.5W 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The Pan American Airways station at Dakar, F. W. A., had reported that a low pressure area had developed over French West Africa on September 2 and had moved westward across the coast line. Over the water the depression deepened, and on September 4 gave Dakar 3.36 inches of rain" (MWR). September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 26W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.0N, 26.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt NNW with pressure of 1003mb at 20.2N, 24.2W at 1800 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 30.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 30.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 35W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.0N, 34.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 12N, 39.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12.4N, 39.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 11N, 44W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 11.6N, 43.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11N, 48.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12.3N, 47.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 14N, 51.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 14.2N, 51.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 15.5N, 51.5W (a.m.) and at 17.5N, 54.9W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with pressure of 1011mb at 15.1N, 49.1W at 1600 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 45kt maximum surface wind estimate, central pressure of 999mb at 15.5N, 51.4W at 1500 UTC (USWB). "The first indication that a well developed tropical storm had formed over the Atlantic came in a report from the S.S. Arakaka, radioed during the night of September 10 from a position near latitude 15N, longitude 49W" (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 18N, 58.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18.2N, 58.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 18N, 59W (a.m.) and at 19.5N, 61.5W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 65kt NW at 18.0N, 59.0W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 61kt SE with 1000mb at 18.0N, 58.0W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Aircraft highlight: 125kt surface wind estimate, central pressure of 977mb at 17.8N, 59.3W at 1345 UTC (USWB). September 13: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 21N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 21N, 64.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 21N, 64W (a.m.) and at 22N, 67W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 100kt surface wind estimate, central pressure of 952mb at 22.3N, 66.6W at 1930 UTC (USWB). September 14: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 23.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 23.5N, 69W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 71W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 74kt NW with pressure of 1000mb at 23.5N, 68.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Aircraft highlight: 110kt at 24.1N, 69.3W at 1530 UTC (USWB); 95kt SW with pressure of 997mb at 25.0N, 68.2W at 1600 UTC (USWB); 938 mb central pressure at 24.2N, 70.6W at 2027 UTC (USWB). September 15: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 26.5N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 26N, 73W (a.m.) and at 26.5N, 75W (p.m.). Station highlight: 35kt N with pressure of 1009mb at Abaco at 2030 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 43kt NNW at 26.1N, 76.2W at 2030 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 80kt NNW at 25.5N, 74.0W at 1240 UTC (USWB); 100kt with pressure of 951mb at 26.6N, 74.8W at 2108 UTC (USWB). "From the time of the storms detection on September 10, reconnaissance planes of the Army and the Navy followed it on a west-northwesterly course until it reached a position east of Abaco Island in the Bahamas on the 15th. Here it came to a virtual standstill for about 24 hours and then moved west-southwestward over that island and on to the Florida east coast at Fort Lauderdale on the 17th." (MWR) September 16: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 27.5N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 5 hurricane at 26.6N, 76W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 27N, 76.5W (a.m.) and at 27N, 80.5W (p.m.). Station highlight: 83kt NW with pressure of 983mb at Hopetown at 1430 UTC (USWB); 954mb at Hopetown at 1830 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 39kt W with pressure of 1002mb at 26.0N, 76.2W at 1230 UTC (HWM); 3kt WSW with pressure of 997mb at 25.4N, 77.8W at 1730 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 956mb at 26.5N, 77.0W at 2045 UTC (USWB). "Hopetown, on Abaco Island, recorded a highest wind speed of 160mph when the center passed near the observatory" (MWR). September 17: HWM indicates a strong storm of at most 985mb near 26.7N, 78.8W. HURDAT lists the storm as a category 4 hurricane with winds of 155mph and a central pressure of 947mb. MWR tracks of lows show the hurricane being at 26.5N, 79.5W (am) and at 26.5N, 80.5W (pm). Station highlight: 105kt with pressure of 947mb at Hillsboro Lighthouse, 26.3N, 80.1W, at 1625 UTC for lowest pressure and 1457 UTC for highest wind measurement (MWR); 945 mb (min pressure) at Lighthouse Point, 26.3N 80.1W (just north of Hillsboro Lighthouse) at ~1645Z (book - Magnificent Mile: A History of Hillsboro Beach); 951 mb (min pressure) at two locations, Hopkins Marine Supply and the Fort Lauderdale Coast Guard Station, at, 26.1N 80.1W, at ~1610Z (newspaper). Ship highlights: 43kt SE with pressure of 1006mb at 25.1N, 75.1W at 0030 UTC (USWB); 29kt NW with pressure of 999mb at 25.3N, 80.3W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "The highest wind recoded by a reliable instrument in Florida was 155mph, at Hillsboro Light near Pompano at 12:56pm on the 17th, at which time the lowest reliable pressure reading of 947.2mb (27.97 inches) was also recorded. Wind of 100mph or over were experienced generally along the Florida east coast from the northern portion of Miami to well north of Palm Beach, a distance of about 70miles, while winds of hurricane force prevailed from approximately Cape Canaveral to Carysfort Reef Light, a distance of about 240 miles. The great expanse of coast subjected to hurricane force winds, from this storm that moved inland at right angles to the coast line, classes it as one of the great storms on record. It was fortunate that in Florida the most destructive portion of the storm passed inland between the large communities of Miami and Palm Beach. As it was, the less heavily populated area between Fort Lauderdale and Lake Worth bore the brunt of its violence. Pompano, Deerfield, Boca Raton, and Delray Beach were in the path of the strongest winds. Moving on a westward course across the State at about 10mph, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, with the center passing a short distance north of Naples at about 10pm on the 17th. It had passed over swamplands of the Everglades and the Big Cypress, with little damage resulting. The section around Lake Okeechobee was swept by the highest winds, but the dikes held and there was no flooding of rich farm lands and pastures. The loss to crops, especially sugarcane, was estimated at several million dollars, and a considerable number of livestock were lost. When it reached Florida's west coast communities, the storm retained much of its intensity. The strongest wind reported was observed at Sanibel Light, where gusts of 120mph were recorded. At Fort Myers the highest wind was estimated at 90mph, with gusts to 110mph. Heavy damage occurred along the west coast from Everglades City to Sarasota, with greatest damage in the Ft. Myers-Punta Gorda area. Everglades City was inundated to a depth of 2 feet by tidewater which rose 5.5 feet above normal. At Naples the lull was felt for an hour between 9 and 10pm on the 17th, with the wind dropping to 12mph at 9:45pm. North of Naples strong offshore winds resulted in below-normal tides" (MWR). September 18: HWM shows the hurricane as being below 990mb centered around 26.5N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a category 2 hurricane with winds of 100mph at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 26.5N. 83W (am) and at 27.5N, 85.5W (pm). Station highlight: 87 kt (5-min, max wind) at Naples at 0100Z, lull from 02-03Z with 10 kt at 0245Z (climo), and 975mb at Naples at 0245Z (MWR, climo). Ship highlight: 35kt SSE with pressure of 1007mb at 24.9N, 80.2W at 0630 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "When the storm reached the west coast communities it still retained much of its violence. The strongest winds at a west coast point were reported from Sanibel Light where gusts of 120 mph were noted. The official in charge at Fort Myers estimated highest sustained wind at that place at about 90 mph, with gusts to 110, while at Naples 105 mph was recorded on good instruments but with rather poor exposure. The lull was felt for an hour at Naples from 9 to 10 p.m., and the wind dropped to 12 mph at 9:45 p.m., with shift from northwest thru west to south. This leads us to conclude that Naples was near the southern edge of the calm. Heavy damage was done in the west coast communities from Everglades City to Sarasota, with greatest damage in the Ft. Myers-Punta Gorda area. The town of Everglades City was inundated by about two feet of tidewater when it rose 5½ feet above normal. North of the center, however, strongest winds were offshore and low tides resulted" (FL Climatological Data). September 19: HWM indicates the system making landfall with pressures of at most 990mb near 34.2N and 89.2W. HURDAT lists the storm as a category 1 hurricane with 90mph winds and 966mb central pressure at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm at 34.5N and 89.5W (am). Station highlights: 981 mb at Burwood (min p) at 1240Z (S19M&L); 974 mb (min p) at Buras at 1345Z (S19M&L); 967 mb (min p) at St. Bernard Village at 1515Z (S19M&L); 970 mb (min p) at 1543Z at NO Airport (S19M&L); Pressure of 969mb at New Orleans at 1600 UTC (MWR); 57kt NW at Burrwood at 1028UTC (MWR); 85 kt N (max w) with 967 mb (min p) at Moisant Airport at 1600Z (S19M&L); 83 kt E (max w) at Baton Rouge at 2010Z (S19M&L); 984 mb (min p) at Lafayette at 2328Z (S19M&L). Ship highlight: 35kt WNW with pressure of 1005mb at 25.7N, 87.5W at 0000 UTC (COA).Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "...[the storm] swept on to the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts during the morning of September 19. By 5 a.m. winds of hurricane force were being felt over the Chandeleur Islands as far northward as Chandeleur Light. The highest tide, 14 feet above normal high tide, was recorded at Chandeleur Light. Along the Mississippi coast, from Pearlington to Pascagoula, winds reached hurricane force at about 6:30 a.m. of the 19th. Similar winds reached New Orleans at 7:30 a.m. and an hour later extended to the Moisant Airport, just west of the city. These coastal communities experienced the strongest winds of the storm and the greatest duration of hurricane force winds. From Pearlington, which endured 5.5 hours of these winds, an observer reported that at 3 p.m. he noticed that a south wind was carrying water back into the Pearl River. At 4p.m. the bayous near Pearlington and the Pearl River at Logtown were overflowing and inundating the land up to the floor level of the Logtown Post Office, with the river flowing upstream at a rate of about 15m.p.h. Tides along the Mississippi coast rose to 12 feet at Biloxi, Bay St. Louis, and Gulfport, and to about 9 feet at Pascagoula and in the Lake Catherine-Chef Menteur area. The calm center, which passed directly over the business district of New Orleans and the city of Baton Rouge, was estimated to be about 25 miles in diameter as it passed over New Orleans. Moisant Airport was flooded to a depth of 2 feet, and during the height of the storm part of the roof of the Administration Building gave way, forcing employees to run to another building in the area. Baton Rouge was not seriously menaced by high winds until about noon, by which time the hurricane was dissipating rapidly. Hurricane force winds did not reach any section west of Melville, LA., where the highest wind was estimated as 75m.p.h., occurring between 3:30 and 4:00p.m. In Mississippi and Louisiana it was estimated that 90 percent of the damage was caused by water. In Mississippi most of the severe water damage was limited to a section within 2 blocks of the water front. Homes there are built practically to the edge of the water, and there is no sea wall for protection. Minor flooding occurred in one section of New Orleans due to a break in the Industrial Canal levee, and more severe flooding occurred in Jefferson Parish because of breaks in the embankment or overflowing in sections not protected by embankments" (MWR). September 20: HWM indicates the system with a closed low of at most 1000mb near 32.9N, 94W. HURDAT lists the storm as an extratropical storm with 994mb and 35mph winds at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows did not track the storm inland. Station highlights: 48 kt (max w) at 0000Z at Alexandria (S19M&L); 39 kt (max w) at Elizabeth at 0230Z (S19M&L); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1007mb at Pine Bluff, 34.2N, 92.0W at 0630 UTC (USWB); 21kt SW with pressure of 990mb at Lafayette at 0030 UTC (USWB); 994 mb (min p) at 1005Z at Shreveport (S19M&L). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM indicates the storm was completely absorbed by the front. HURDAT lists the storm as an extratropical storm of 1000mb and 25mph winds at 37.4N, 92.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows did not track the storm inland. Station highlight: 13kt E with pressure of 999mb at Fort Smith at 0030 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane. Small to moderate track alterations were introduced for all days except for the 4th through the 6th based upon available ship and land-based observations. In the original HURDAT, the system was quickly brought up to hurricane status on the 5th just south of the Cape Verde Islands. However, the COADS, HWM, and other sources (including Monthly Weather Review in 1947) provided no evidence that hurricane intensity was attained that far east. (Observations, as is usual for the eastern tropical North Atlantic in this era, were quite sparse from the 4th until the 10th.) Indeed, both the 1947 MWR and Tannehill showed this system starting on the 11th near 50W, so it is unclear on what evidence was used to call this a hurricane originally in HURDAT on the 5th near the Cape Verde Islands. Fortunately, aircraft reconnaissance found a central pressure of 999 mb and maximum estimated surface winds of 45 kt around 15Z on the 11th. 999 mb central pressure suggests winds of 49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z. This is down from 95 kt originally, quite a drastic reduction. Given the aircraft fix that suggests it was not a hurricane near 50W, the intensity is adjusted downward accordingly on the 4th to the 11th and it is carried across the Atlantic as a 50 kt tropical storm. The system was investigated again by aircraft at 1345Z on the 12th, which found 977 mb central pressure and estimated maximum sustained surface winds of 125 kt. (It is to be noted that aircraft of this era did not have reliable flight-level winds and relied upon visual inspection of the sea state for their surface wind estimates. These, while likely helpful up to Category 1 hurricane conditions, would not be well-calibrated for winds above about 70-80 kt. Thus not much weight is placed upon this 125 kt surface wind value.) 977 mb central pressure suggests winds of 81 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT as the system was quickly (20 kt) moving toward the west-northwest, which is down from 105 kt originally. Aircraft monitored the hurricane again on 1930Z on the 13th with a central pressure of 952 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt. This pressure suggests winds of 109 kt from the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Winds are chosen for HURDAT to be 110 kt (down from 115 kt originally). Although a 6 nmi diameter eye was reported by reconnaissance, a 30 nmi outer eye was also reported, so it should not be assumed that this hurricane had a small RMW. On the 14th, aircraft reported a central pressure of 938 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 110 kt. This pressure suggests winds of 123 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 125 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th (no change). Aircraft reconnaissance measured 951 mb central pressure at 2108Z on the 15th and estimated surface winds of 100 kt. A 951 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th 951 mb pressure suggests winds of 110 kt and 104 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, accordingly. 110 kt chosen for HURDAT (down from 135 kt originally). Around 12 UTC on the 16th, aircraft measured a 956 mb central pressure and estimated surface winds of 100 kt. A 956 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. The 956 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt and 99 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships - 105 kt is chosen for HURDAT (down from 140 kt originally). Hopetown, Bahamas reported a minimum pressure of 960 mb with 52 kt winds (inside the RMW) at 1930 UTC on the 16th. That observation was reported by a newspaper article from the Bahamas. Another source (USWB/NHC Microfilm) reported that Hopetown experienced a minimum pressure of 954 mb at 1830 UTC, which was confirmed with obtaining the barograph trace from that station. While it is unknown whether this was a central pressure (as there was no accompanying wind data), the central pressure likely was at or just below 954 mb, especially given the 956 mb aircraft central pressures at two separate fixes, one at 12Z and the other at 2030 UTC. A central pressure of 954 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 16th. A 954 mb pressure suggests winds of 107 kt and 101 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt chosen for HURDAT at 18Z, down from 140 kt originally. After passing through the northern Bahamas, the hurricane made landfall in southeast Florida near Ft. Lauderdale at 26.1N, 80.1W around 1630 UTC on the 17th. Lowest pressures recorded were 956 mb in Ft. Lauderdale (which experienced a "1-hr lull"), 951 mb at the Fort Lauderdale Coast Guard station (which likely was along the coast northeast of the airport), 945 mb at Lighthouse Point (just north of Hillsboro Light), and 947 mb in Hillsboro Light (which experienced a short lull). These somewhat contradictory datapoints make ascertaining the central pressure problematic. However, based on hourly wind and pressure observations from Hillsboro Light, which indicates that the winds only lulled a little bit inside the RMW, a landfall central pressure of 943 mb is analyzed for the 1630Z landfall. Jarrell et al. lists a central pressure of 940 mb. It is noted that both Ho et al. and the 12Z listing in HURDAT use the 947 mb value as a central pressure, though this does not appear to be the case. Nevertheless, the 947 mb value was measured at 1625Z, closer to 18Z than to 12Z, and so is not rounded to the nearest synoptic time; thus this value is removed from the 12Z time slot, as the 943 mb pressure is for the landfall at 1630Z and the pressure inland at 18Z is estimated to have been 951 mb. A 943 mb central pressure equals winds of 118 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship and 112 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given an analyzed RMW of 15 nmi, which is near the 16 nmi RMW from climatology for this pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.), 115 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained surface winds at landfall. Note that Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 27 nmi, but numerous wind and pressure observations from Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties indicate that Ho et al.'s assessment of the RMW was too large. Observations taken are somewhat contradictory, but may represent an eyewall mesovortex as it appears that the lowest pressure observed was not in the center of the calm eye. Note that Hillsboro Light observed peak winds of 105 kt 5 min maximum and 135 kt fastest mile. A conversion of the 5 min wind to 1 min (Powell et al. 1996) gives 111 kt. Since the anemometer at Hillsboro Light was 43m above ground level, multiplying 111 kt by 0.895 yield a 10m/1-min wind of 100 kt. If one chooses to convert the 135 kt fastest mile wind, a fastest mile of 155 mph is equivalent to a 24-sec averaged wind. Dividing 135 kt by 1.06 yields a 1-min wind of 127 kt. Multiplying this value by 0.895 yields a 10m/1-min wind of 114 kt. While the 114 kt value is significantly different than the 100 kt value, a landfall intensity of 115 kt is chosen primarily upon the pressure-wind relationship but this is also supported by this wind data. A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 95 kt at 18Z on the 17th and 67 kt at 00Z on the 18th. Naples observed a peak 5 min wind of 87 kt (converts to 92 kt 1 min) 0100Z. However, the anemometer was elevated. Given the much higher observed winds compared to Kaplan/DeMaria, 105 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 130 kt) and 90 kt is chosen for 00Z (down from 120 kt). Thus, the Category 2 conditions appearing in Jarrell et al. (2006) for Southwest Florida are unchanged - "BFL2". The hurricane moved into the Gulf of Mexico around 05Z on the 18th, near Naples. According to Climatological Data, Naples was in the southern part of the eye for one hour between 02 and 03 UTC. According to the MWR, the lowest pressure at Naples was 975 mb at 0445Z. However, all other data suggest that this time is a typographical error and that the pressure coincided with the lull in the winds (to 10 kt) at 0245 UTC. Nevertheless, the pressure value at Naples appears to be reasonable and is consistent with the center of the eye passing between Fort Myers and Naples. Sanibel Light recorded a pressure of 971 mb at 04 UTC, and Captiva Island measured 970 mb (unknown time) (Ho et al. 1987). The 970-mb value was likely a central pressure and is added as a new value at 06 UTC in HURDAT. A central pressure of 970 mb suggests a wind speed of 84 kt and 81 kt, respectively, for the steady and weakening subsets north of 25N (Brown et al., 2006). However, Climatological Data listed 5-min and 1-min winds 104 kt at Sanibel, while the MWR listed the 104 kt as estimated. Whether the Sanibel observation(s) was estimated or elevated is uncertain. Thus the original 85 kt is retained at 06 and 12 UTC on the 18th in HURDAT. To account for the timing of the minimum pressures at Fort Myers and Sanibel Light, the center's passage between Naples and Fort Myers, and the location of the Sanibel Light observation, west-northwestward position adjustments are implemented on the 18th at 06Z. To maintain a more realistic translational velocity, adjustments are also made to the positions at 12 and 18Z on the 18th. No reconnaissance aircraft was available in the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane accelerated toward the northwest and made a second U.S. landfall around 14Z on the 19th at 29.6N 89.5W southeast of New Orleans. New Orleans Moisant Airport observed a 969 mb central pressure at 1547Z. However, this was not the minimum pressure observed there. The minimum pressure at New Orleans Moisant Airport was 967 mb two hours earlier. The eye also passed over the Belle Chasse Naval Air Station southeast of New Orleans (974 mb), St. Bernard Village east of New Orleans (967mb), and the New Orleans Weather Bureau Office (969 mb). This data suggests about a 966 mb central pressure at landfall. This is in agreement with the assessment by Ho et al. and what was listed in HURDAT at 12Z. A 966 mb pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for tropical cyclones north of 25oN. Given the faster than normal forward speed (about 18 kt), maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated to be 95 kt. Thus winds in HURDAT are boosted accordingly on the 18th and 19th. This makes the impact a Category 2 for Louisiana, which is lower than previously indicated in HURDAT. Based upon an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al., it is estimated that Mississippi also received Category 2 hurricane conditions, which is a reduction from Category 3 shown originally. After landfall, Baton Rouge recorded a 1-min wind of 83 kts at 2010 UTC. However, based on all the observations in southeast Louisiana, there is strong evidence that there may have been eyewall mesovorticies occurring. The maximum observed winds were 83 kt within 2 hr of 18Z, 48 kt near 00Z on the 20th, and 35 kt near 06Z. Application of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 66 kt, 49 kt, and 40 kt, respectively. Thus winds are increased to 80 kt at 18Z (up from 75 kt), 60 kt at 00Z (no change), and bumped up (from 35 kt) to 40 kt at 06Z. While the system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 20th over northeastern Texas, observations indicate that a frontal boundary was well to the northwest of the system at that time. Extratropical transition is now indicated to have occurred around 12Z on the 21st. It is of note that the aircraft reconnaissance report of concentric eyewalls with diameters of 6 and 30 nm may be the earliest known case of concentric eyewalls in an Atlantic hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 5 - Revised 2014 33600 09/07/1947 M= 2 5 SNBR= 745 NOT NAMED XING=1 33600 09/07/1947 M= 3 5 SNBR= 745 NOT NAMED XING=1 * 33605 09/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*279 850 40 0* 33605 09/07*277 856 25 0*279 861 25 0*282 867 30 0*285 873 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33610 09/08*290 866 40 0*295 873 40 0*300 880 35 0*307 890 30 0* 33610 09/08*290 876 40 0*295 877 50 0*300 880 45 0*307 887 35 0* *** *** ** ** *** ** (The 9th is new to HURDAT.) 33612 09/09*315 895 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33615 TS U.S. Landfall: Sep. 8th - 14Z - 30.3N 88.2W - 45 kt Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm which made landfall in Mississippi just west of its border with Alabama. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 7: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 28.2N, 85.6W. HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 27.9N, 85.0W. No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 32 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) E at ~2030Z at Mobile (30.7N, 88.0W) (OMR). "During the afternoon of September 7 a small tropical storm formed over the northeast Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 29.5N, 87.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.0N, 88.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 29N, 87.4W with a 1014 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW at 0630Z at 30.2N, 88.1W (micro); 35 kt SE at 10Z at 30.2N, 87.2W (micro). Land highlights: 1006 mb (min pressure) at Mobile (MWR); gust to 44 kt sometime between 07Z-10Z at Pensacola (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt S wind (flight level) and 25 kt S wind (surface) at 1600' at 1430Z at 30.3N 87.3W (micro). "Moving northwestward, it passed over the Gulf coast between Mobile, Ala., and Biloxi, Miss., on the afternoon of the 8th. Gusts of 45 mph were reported at Mobile and 51 mph at Pensacola, Fla. Two ships went aground in Mobile Bay during the morning of September 8, but were refloated early in the afternoon. No other damage was reported" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Sept. 8 - Biloxi-Mobile - Minor" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb (Dunn and Miller). September 9: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.7N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 32.6N, 89.9W with a pressure of 1014 mb. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally started this system as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 7 September at 27.9N, 85.0W. A 00Z ship observation from microfilm (northwest wind) on the 7th along with observations later that day suggest that there was a closed low at 00Z on the 7th, so this cyclone is started as a 25 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 7th at 27.7N, 85.6W - 18 hours than originally indicated in HURDAT. However, there is some uncertainty with this change due to the high central pressure implied by the 1015 mb ship report, as well as the subsequent lack of data near the center on this date. The track adjustments for this storm over the Gulf of Mexico on the 7th and early on the 8th are based on the new (earlier) genesis location and a smoothing out of forward speed discontinuities in the original HURDAT. The depression is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity of 35 kt by 18Z (40 kt originally) and the new 18Z position is 28.5N, 87.3W, which constitutes a major track change. As this tropical storm moved towards the north-northwest and approached the north Gulf Coast, observations indicate that it intensified. A 45 kt observed wind at 06Z on the 8th from a ship along with two other gale observations around the storm suggests that the maximum winds at that time were about 50 kt (up from 40 kt originally). Although the storm is not analyzed to have made landfall until 14Z, the intensity is brought down to 45 kt at 12Z (consistent with original HURDAT bringing down the intensity from 40 to 35 kt during this time), two hours prior to landfall because sufficient spatial coverage of observations at this time indicates the storm was likely slightly weaker than at 06Z. No change is made to the HURDAT positions at 12Z on the 8th and there are no changes to the timing or location of landfall, which occurred on the Mississippi coast just west of its border with Alabama at 14Z on the 8th as a 45 kt tropical storm. This is 10 kt higher than that originally implied for landfall in HURDAT. After landfall at 18Z, the intensity is analyzed to be 35 kt (up from 30 kt originally). One six-hour point is added to end of this cyclone's lifetime at 00Z on the 9th with a position of 31.5N, 89.5W with a 25 kt intensity. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014 33620 09/20/1947 M= 6 6 SNBR= 746 NOT NAMED XING=1 33625 09/20* 0 0 0 0*186 781 35 0*189 787 35 0*192 794 35 0* 33625 09/20* 0 0 0 0*192 777 35 0*195 787 35 0*197 794 35 0* *** *** *** *** 33630 09/21*196 800 35 0*200 806 40 0*205 812 40 0*213 820 40 0* 33630 09/21*199 800 35 0*202 806 40 0*205 812 40 0*211 820 45 0* *** *** *** ** 33635 09/22*222 828 40 0*230 834 40 0*238 834 45 0*247 837 45 0* 33635 09/22*220 828 45 0*230 833 45 0*238 834 45 0*247 834 50 993* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 33640 09/23*257 836 45 0*267 834 50 0*277 832 50 0*285 830 50 0* 33640 09/23*257 834 50 994*267 834 50 0*276 832 55 0*285 829 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 33645 09/24*294 827 50 989*312 821 45 0E330 812 35 0E341 802 30 0* 33645 09/24E294 826 50 987E307 821 45 0E324 812 40 0E336 802 40 0* * *** ******* *** ** *** ** 33650 09/25E351 788 25 0E360 769 20 0E370 750 15 0E377 735 15 0* 33650 09/25E346 788 35 0E356 769 35 0E366 748 40 0E373 723 35 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 26th is new to HURDAT.) 33655 09/26E380 683 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33655 TS International Landfall: Sep 21 - 22Z - 21.6N 82.6W - 45 kt - Cuba Sep 22 - 03Z - 22.5N 83.1W - 45 kt - Cuba U.S. Landfall: Sep 23 - 22Z - 28.9N 82.7W - 55 kt Minor track changes are made to this tropical storm that made a landfall on the Gulf Coast of Florida. Major intensity changes are made, but only during the extratropical portion of this cyclone's lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Perez et al. (2000). September 12: HWM analyzes a wave axis from 16N, 38W to 8N, 41W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 9N, 45W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 8.8N, 48.7W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 54.4W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Aircraft highlights: 30 kt W at 1745Z at 8.5N, 53.4W (micro). September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 11.8N, 60.4W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 13N, 63.1W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb at 14.8N, 67W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 19: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 16.2N, 74W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.3N, 78.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 78.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 19N, 79W. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance developed in the eastern Caribbean south of Cuba on September 20 from an easterly wave" (MWR). "The tropical disturbance of September 20-25, formed in the Caribbean south of Cuba on the 20th from an easterly wave" (Florida climo data). September 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.8N, 81.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 81.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.3N, 80.9W with an 1005 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.6N, 79.8W, and a 12Z position near 20.6N, 81.2W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 20.8N, 81.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 1725Z at 22.7N, 79.4W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and one low pressure of 1005 mb. Land highlights: 43 kt (max wind) SW at ~17Z at Grand Cayman (19.3N, 81.4W) (micro); 15 kt and 1002 mb at 2130Z at the Isle of Youth (21.8N, 82.8W) (micro). September 22: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N, 83.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.8N, 83.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.3N, 82.4W, and a 12Z position near 23.3N, 83.0W with a 1003 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.5N, 83.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: NE wind and 994 mb at ~1830Z at 24.6N, 83.5W (micro); 20 kt S and 1001 mb at ~1830Z at 24.3N, 82.7W (micro). One other low pressure. Land highlights: 35 kt SE and 997 mb at 1830Z at Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) (micro); 20 kt S and 996 mb at 2230Z at Dry Tortugas (micro). Several other gales of 35 kt and low pressures between 996-1005 mb in the Keys and extreme south Florida. Aircraft highlights: Center fix with a 996 mb pressure at 2249Z at 26.0N, 83.1W (micro). A few gales of 35 kt. "Moving northwestward, it crossed western Cuba during the night of the 21st without becoming a well-defined circulation, although it was preceded by an area of squalls with winds up to 40-50 mph for a distance of 200 miles or more to the northward" (MWR). "September 22 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al.). "Duck Special locates center at 2249Z at 2601N, 8305W. Central pressure 995.5 mb (29.40 inches)- (micro). "2330Z- unconfirmed tornadoes 12 miles E (of the coastline near 27.9N, 82.7W)" (micro). September 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 27.9N, 83.0W with a WSW-ENE stationary front located just a couple hundred nm to the northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 27.7N, 83.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclone shows a position near the HURDAT position with a 994 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 27.3N, 83.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 0630Z at 27.2N, 79.8W (micro); 25 kt NE and 994 mb at 1330Z at 28.3N, 82.9W. One other low pressure. Land highlights: 50 kt SSE (27 meter elevation?) and 991 mb at 1330Z at Egmont Key (27.6N, 82.8W) (micro); 40 kt SE gust 52 kt and 994 mb at 1751Z at Tampa (28.0N, 82.4W); 49 kt S (1-minute wind, max wind) at ~18Z at Tampa (OMR); 30 kt NNW gust 35 kt and 990 mb (min pressure) at 2230Z at Cedar Keys (29.1N, 83.0W) (micro, MWR); 990 mb at St. Leo (28.3N, 82.3W) (MWR). Numerous other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W surface estimate at 1845Z at 28.0N, 83.6W (micro). Two other gales. The highest winds experienced in Florida were estimated to be around 60 mph (~52 kt) (MWR). "After it entered the Gulf of Mexico, west of Havana, it slowly increased in intensity and thereafter had a fairly well-defined center as it moved up the Florida west coast and passed inland between Tampa and Cedar Keys, between 5 and 6 pm (22 and 23Z) on the 23rd. Winds of about 60 mph were reported along the west Florida coast from Sarasota northward to near Cedar Keys, and squalls of 40-60 mph were quite general over the entire peninsula. The lowest pressures reported were 989.8 mb. (29.23 inches) at Cedar Keys and 989.5 mb (29.22 inches) at Saint Leo, and the center passed inland between these two communities. Rainfall was heavy throughout the state. There was some damage along the beaches from Bradenton to Tarpon Springs and slight damage to power and communication lines. Total damage was estimated at $100,000" (MWR). From the Tampa OMR... "The center passed west of St. Petersburg at 10:00 am September 23. Highest wind at Tampa was 43 mph at 12:45 pm September 23rd. Lowest pressure 29.37 MSL at 11:40 am 23rd. Small tornadoes were reported in this section of the state during the evening of the 22nd. Tides were abnormally high during afternoon of September 23, but no loss of life or important property damage" (Tampa OMR). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sept. 23 - N of Clearwater - Minor - St. Leo bar. 29.22 in." ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). September 24: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.6N, 82.2W with a cold front extending to the SW from the low and another front extending to the ENE from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 33.0N, 81.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.5N, 82.8W, and a 12Z position near 32.1N, 81.7W with a 1002 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 82.6W, and a 12Z position near 32.6N, 81.4W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1001 mb centered near 32.3N, 81.4W with a front extending to the south and southwest from the low and another front extending from the low towards the northeast. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 1230Z at 30.7N, 80.1W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 1830Z at 31.7N, 79.5W (micro). One other gale. Land highlights: 25 kt ESE and 991 mb at 0030Z at Gainesville (29.6N, 82.4W) (micro); 37 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) NE at ~0530Z at Charleston (32.8N, 79.9W) (OMR); 35 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) SW at ~1730Z at Wilmington (34.2N, 77.9W) (OMR). Numerous other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. "The storm lost force rapidly as it moved northeastward. It passed west of Jacksonville during the night of the 23rd and on the following morning was located west of Savannah and Charleston" (MWR). From Jacksonville OMR... "The tropical storm crossed northern Florida from the Gulf into Georgia, its center passing only a short distance west of Jacksonville, near midnight 23-24. The lowest barometer reading was 29.45 at 11 pm of the 23rd, and the maximum wind was 30 mph from the south at 12:27 am of the 24th. The rainfall was very heavy, and 9.44 inches fell in 48 hours. The storm was accompanied by several local squalls or tornadoes on the forenoon of the 23rd. Several houses lost chimneys and some roofing, and sustained other damage, one house in Arlington was moved off its foundations, and in all sections affected by these local storms power and telephone lines went down" (Jacksonville OMR). From Charleston, SC OMR... "Winds reached near gale force during the passage of a storm on the 24th" (Charleston OMR). September 25: HWM analyzes an elongated, but still closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.5N, 75W with a cold front extending southward from the low and a warm front extending eastward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt extratropical low at 37.0N, 75.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclone shows a 00Z position near 34.5N, 78.9W and a 12Z position near 36.1N, 74.9W with a 1009 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 35.0N, 78.5, and a 12Z position near 36.8N, 74.7W. Microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 36N, 75W with a front extending southward and southwestward from the low and another front extending northeastward from the low. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 14Z at 39.5N, 73.5W (COA). Five other ships gales between 35-40 kt. Land highlights: 37 kt (max wind) N at ~15Z at Cape Henry (36.9N, 76.0W) (OMR). Two other gales of 35 kt N at Cape Henry between 1430Z and 1530Z. "Its remnants moved off into the Atlantic between the North Carolina and the Virginia Capes on the morning of the 25th" (MWR). September 26: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.8N, 68.3W, and a 12Z position near 39.5N, 62.5W with a 1013 mb pressure. The last microfilm image of this system is the 00Z image, and it shows an elongated closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 37.5N, 70.0W with a front extending from the low southward, and another front extending from the low to the NE. No gales or low pressures. The easterly wave that spawned this cyclone can be traced back to 40W longitude on 12 September via HWM. Aircraft observations on the 15th indicate the possibility that the low may have been closed on the 15th in the vicinity of 10N, 54W, but observations on subsequent days fail to show a closed low. Genesis just northwest of Jamaica is unchanged at 06Z on the 20th as shown in HURDAT, though it is possible that it may have formed on the 19th or earlier on the 20th as the observations were somewhat sparse over the Caribbean. Although all track changes for the whole lifetime of the cyclone are minor, for nearly the entire storm the new analyzed track is about half of a degree to the right of the previous HURDAT track, based upon aircraft reconnaissance, ships, and coastal stations. Moving towards the west-northwest, the storm passed to the northeast and north of the Cayman Islands, where a maximum wind of 43 kt from the SW was recorded around 17Z on the 21st. The storm then started to make a turn towards the north. By the time the storm reached the Isle of Youth, it was moving northwestward; by the time it reached the north coast of Cuba, it was traveling north-northwestward, and when it passed by the Dry Tortugas, it turned towards the north-northeast. No intensity changes are made from 06Z on the 20th through 12Z on the 21st as the cyclone traveled slowly past the Cayman Islands. However, at 18Z on the 21st, a 45 kt intensity is analyzed (40 kt originally) due to the 43 kt wind at Grand Cayman at 17Z. The tropical storm crossed over the Isle of youth between 22Z on the 21st and 00Z on the 22nd as a 45 kt tropical storm. It then crossed over western Cuba between about 03Z and 06Z on the 22nd, maintaining its 45 kt intensity. The cyclone passed just a little to the west of the Dry Tortugas around 18Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 993 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd due to a ship observation inside the RMW at 18Z of 15 kt NE and 994 mb. A 993 mb central pressure yields 59 kt from the S of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship and 55 kt from the N of 25N relationship. By this time, the pressure field of this cyclone was broad as both the RMW and radius of outermost closed isobar are larger than average, gales extended outward far from the center, and the cyclone was moving slowly. An intensity of 50 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd (45 kt originally). The tropical storm continued slowly northward, and by 12Z on the 23rd was located just west of Tampa Bay. At 1330Z, a 50 kt wind was recorded at a 27m elevation along with a pressure of 991 mb at Egmont Key. A 991 mb peripheral pressure yields an intensity of greater than 58 kt from the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 55 kt is chosen for 12Z the 23rd again lower than the wind from the pressure-wind relationship because of the large size and slow motion of the cyclone (up from 50 kt originally). The cyclone made landfall along the west coast of the Florida peninsula late on the 23rd. The 55 kt intensity is maintained until landfall, which occurred at 22Z at 28.9N, 82.7W. The lowest observed pressure was 990 mb at both Cedar Keys and St. Leo, although the center did not pass over either of these locations. The Cedar Keys pressure of 990 mb came along with a 30 kt wind, and a 987 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT for 00Z on the 24th. A central pressure of 987 mb yields 64 kt from the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind relationship, but 55 kt is chosen for landfall due to the large size of the storm, its slow (~9 kt) motion, and that the highest observed winds were 50 kt (both at the elevated location in Egmont Key, and at Tampa, which was a non-elevated location). The storm had already begun extratropical transition prior to landfall, and it is analyzed that extratropical transition was complete by 00Z on the 24th, just two hours after landfall (12 hours earlier than originally). Continuing towards the north-northeast and then northeast, the storm stayed inland west of Jacksonville, Savannah, and Charleston, but finally passed seaward north of Cape Hatteras between 06Z and 12Z on the 25th. The original HURDAT weakened the storm considerably while over land, and kept it weak after emerging over water, but observations indicate that it did not weaken as much as shown in HURDAT. From 12Z on the 24th to 18Z on the 25th, the intensity changes are as follows: 40 kt (35 originally), 40 kt (30 kt originally), 35 kt (25 kt originally), 35 kt (20 kt originally), 40 kt (15 kt originally), and 35 kt (15 kt originally). At 18Z on the 25th the track is shifted over a degree to the east-southeast. 18Z on the 25th was HURDAT's last position. At 00Z on the 26th, although the low was elongated and frontal in nature, it is analyzed to be closed, so an additional point is added to HURDAT with a 35 kt intensity. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 7 - Revised in 2014 33660 10/06/1947 M= 3 7 SNBR= 747 NOT NAMED XING=1 33660 10/05/1947 M= 5 7 SNBR= 747 NOT NAMED XING=1 ** * (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 33662 10/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E250 785 25 0* 33665 10/06* 0 0 0 0*220 770 45 0*260 778 45 0*288 789 45 0* 33665 10/06E259 781 30 0E268 780 35 0E278 781 35 0E288 786 45 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 33670 10/07*304 803 40 0*309 827 35 0*308 833 30 0*301 848 30 0* 33670 10/07*302 800 50 0*309 821 45 0*306 849 30 0*303 860 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33675 10/08*293 838 25 0*306 828 25 0*321 826 20 0*336 823 20 0* 33675 10/08*296 845 25 0*300 838 25 0*312 834 20 0*325 832 20 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 9th is new to HURDAT.) 33677 10/09*335 830 20 0*340 826 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33680 TS U.S. Landfall: Oct. 7th - 04Z - 30.8N 81.5W - 50 kt Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed with this tropical storm that made landfall in Georgia. A large change to the genesis of this system is also introduced with the cyclone beginning as an extratropical storm, which transitioned into a tropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. October 5: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 2130Z of at most 1008 mb near 25.5N, 78.5W. No gales or low pressures. October 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.6N, 78.2W with a warm front extending eastward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 77.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.3N, 77.2W and a 12Z position near 25.8N, 77.1W with a 1007 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.0N, 8.0W. Microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.3N, 77.8W with a front extending southward from the low and another front extending eastward from the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 0630Z at 28.0N, 78.5W (micro); 35 kt NE and (1005 mb?) at 1825Z at 30.6N, 79.8W (micro); 40 kt at ~21Z (MWR). Land highlights: 33 kt (max wind) NE at ~2130Z at Jacksonville (30.3N, 81.8W) (OMR). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NE surface wind estimate at 1945Z at 30.8N, 80.2W (micro). "A moderate and partly developed easterly wave disturbance had its inception over the Bahama Islands and Florida Straits on October 6. It advanced northward and then northwestward and moved inland near Brunswick, GA., during the night of October 6-7. Highest winds reported were Beaufort force 9 (47-54 mph) from ships off the Georgia coast during the afternoon of the 6th. The strongest wind along the coast was about 50 mph" (MWR). "At Fernandina high winds lasted from 5:30 pm to 10:45 pm of the 6th, with highest estimated at 60 mph." (Florida climo data). "Winds of 50 to 60 mph occurred along the coast" (Florida climo data). October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.2N, 82.6W with a warm front extending eastward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 30.8N, 83.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.8N, 79.5W, and a 12Z position near 30.8N, 84.3W with a 1010 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.4N, 80.2W, and a 12Z position near 30.5N, 84.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 30.4N, 84.4W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 0030Z at 31.4N, 79.8W (micro). Three other gales and two other low pressures. Land highlights: ~43 kt (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 0330Z at Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W) (micro). One other low pressure. October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.8N, 83.1W with a warm front extending from 100 nm NE of the low eastward from there. HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 32.1N, 82.6W. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 31N, 83.7W with a front extending from about 100 nm NE of the low east-northeastward from there. No gales or low pressures. October 9: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.6N, 82.6W and a 12Z position near 34.6N, 82.2W with a 1014 mb pressure. Microfilm last shows a closed low at 00Z of at most 1011 mb centered near 33.5N, 82.8W with a front extending from the low east-northeastward. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT previously started this at 06Z on 6 October as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 77.0W. The new analysis starts this at 18Z on 5 October as a 25 kt extratropical low in the vicinity of 25.0N, 78.5W. The extratropical nature of this low can be seen from the wind field structure on some of the microfilm maps on the 5th and 6th. In the new analysis, by 06Z on 6 October, the low is still extratropical, although the intensity had increased to 35 kt and the analyzed position is near 26.8N, 78.0W (nearly 5 degrees north of the previous HURDAT position at this time, making this a major change in track). HURDAT has the cyclone moving northward at a speed of 40 kt between 06Z and 12Z, which is an unrealistic speed. By 12Z, the HURDAT position is 2 degrees south of the analyzed position. The extratropical storm then turned towards the northwest (towards the SE US coastline). The remainder of the track changes introduced are minor. It is analyzed that this low finally became a tropical cyclone by 00Z on the 7th with a 50 kt intensity (40 kt at this time originally). Evidence for it to have become a tropical cyclone were the more symmetric structure of the pressures and winds and having the strongest winds near - 50 to 100 nm - the center. However, there did still exist a moderate temperature gradient across the center at 00Z on the 7th. In the upper levels, a pronounced trough was present to the southwest of the surface center. If satellite imagery were available, then this system would likely have been considered a subtropical cyclone. (The use of "subtropical cyclone" status is begun in 1968, at the advent of routine satellite imagery availability.) The increase in winds is due to a 45 kt ship report and a 43 kt station report from Brunswick early on the 7th. Landfall occurred just four hours after transitioning to a tropical storm, at 04Z on the 7th along the Georgia coast at 30.8N, 81.5W as a 50 kt tropical storm. The tropical storm accelerated westward and started a loop towards the southwest with a new 12Z position of 30.6N, 84.9W (30.8N, 83.3W originally). It also weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression by 12Z on the 7th (unchanged). The depression moved as far west as 86.0W at 18Z, at which time it moved south over the Gulf of Mexico before looping towards the southeast, and then northeast by 06Z on the 8th. The depression moved back inland into Florida around 06Z on the 8th near 30.0N, 83.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression. At 12Z on the 8th, the depression is analyzed to have weakened to 20 kt (unchanged) with a position more than one degree southwest of the previous HURDAT position. HURDAT last listed this depression at 18Z on the 8th, but the microfilm analysis from 00Z on the 9th still shows a closed low, and a 20 kt tropical depression is maintained with a position at 00Z of 33.5N, 83.0W. There is still a closed low at 06Z on the 9th- a 20 kt tropical d epression at 34.0N, 82.6W, which is now the last position before dissipation. It is noted that there are similarities between this system and Tropical Storm Tammy of 2005 ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 8 (new) - Added in 2014 33685 10/08/1947 M= 4 8 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED XING=0 33690 10/08E347 428 40 0E351 425 45 0*355 422 50 0*359 419 50 0* 33691 10/09*363 417 50 0*367 415 50 0*370 410 50 0*374 402 50 0* 33692 10/10*377 392 50 0*380 380 50 0*383 368 50 0*386 355 50 0* 33693 10/11E391 340 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33734 TS HWM, COADS, and microfilm indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed in the north Atlantic from 00Z 8 October to 00Z 11 October, 1947. October 7: HWM analyzes a NE-SW stationary front from 35N, 33W to west of 25N, 60W, with a cold front extending northeastward from the NE end of the stationary front. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35N, 42.5W, with a warm front extending eastward from the low to 35N, 27W, and a cold front extending southward from the low curving to westward to beyond 25N, 51W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 36.5N, 44.0W (COA); 15 kt SE and 1005 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 42.9W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 36.4N, 43.6W (HWM); 45 kt N and 1013 mb at 12Z at 36.9N, 43.2W (COA). One other gale. October 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36N, 42W, with an occluded front extending from the low northeastward to a triple point at 39N, 37W. A warm front extends from the triple point eastward and then southeastward to 35N, 25W, and a cold front extends from the triple point wrapping around the east side of the low and then fading off to the southwest to beyond 29N, 38W. No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.5N, 37.5W with no fronts attached to this low, but with a strong frontal system approaching from the northwest. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1001 mb at 18Z at 38.7N, 34.4W (COA). October 11: HWM shows that the low has been absorbed by a larger, extratropical low. HWM shows that this extratropical low of at most 1000 mb is centered near 51.5N, 26.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW with 1010 mb at 38.0N 35.5W at 00Z (COA). A 40 kt cyclone developed at 00Z on 8 October. It originated from a frontal system and thus it is begun as an extratropical storm, though these fronts are reanalyzed to have dissipated by 12Z on the 8th (which is different from the Historical Weather Map analysis). A tropical transition is then indicated with tropical storm status begun at 12Z on the 8th. Twelve hourly analyses and time series from two ships indicate that from late on the 8th until late on the 10th, while the system existed in relatively cool air and sea surface temperatures, there did exist strong winds simultaneous with lowest pressures in an isothermal environment with no fronts nearby. By 12Z on the 8th, it was located near 35.5N, 42.2W, with an intensity of 50 kt. It moved slowly towards the northeast on the 8th and 9th, and east-northeast on the 10th, retaining its 50 kt intensity. Since there were no observed gales or low pressures on the 9th, it is possible that the system had weakened from the previous day. However, on the 10th at 18Z, an observed 1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of greater than 47 kt using the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N, so a steady 50 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 8th to 18Z on the 10th. At 18Z on the 10th, the storm was located near 38.6N, 35.5W. On the 11th, the tropical storm was absorbed by an extratropical low. The last point is given at 00Z on the 11th as an extratropical storm with a 45 kt intensity. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 9 (was storm 8) - Revised in 2014 33685 10/09/1947 M= 8 8 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 33685 10/08/1947 M= 9 9 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** * * (The 8th is new to HURDAT.) 33688 10/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*135 823 25 0* 33690 10/09* 0 0 0 0*154 820 35 0*160 822 35 0*165 825 35 0* 33690 10/09*142 825 25 0*149 827 30 0*156 830 30 0*164 833 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 33695 10/10*170 827 40 0*175 829 40 0*180 830 45 0*197 835 50 0* 33695 10/10*172 835 40 0*181 837 40 0*191 840 45 0*201 841 50 1000* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **** 33700 10/11*207 837 55 0*223 837 55 0*230 832 60 0*241 823 65 0* 33700 10/11*211 839 55 0*221 837 55 0*232 834 60 0*243 829 75 983* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 33705 10/12*251 814 70 0*258 806 75 0*266 798 75 991*273 787 75 0* 33705 10/12*252 818 80 975*258 805 70 0*266 795 70 0*273 785 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 33710 10/13*281 775 70 0*293 758 70 0*305 746 70 0*314 746 70 0* 33710 10/13*281 772 60 0*293 758 60 0*306 750 65 0*316 749 70 982* *** ** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 33715 10/14*319 757 65 0*318 764 65 0*318 771 65 0*318 776 65 0* 33715 10/14*321 756 70 0*323 764 75 0*321 771 75 0*319 776 80 975* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 33720 10/15*319 782 70 0*320 795 75 0*319 810 75 973*318 823 65 0* 33720 10/15*317 784 85 966*316 795 90 0*318 811 90 0*316 831 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 33725 10/16*317 834 50 0*318 842 40 0*322 850 35 0*325 858 25 0* 33725 10/16*313 839 40 0*311 845 30 0*318 852 25 0*325 863 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 33730 HR GA2 SC2CFL1 33730 HR GA2 SC2BFL1CFL1 **** International Landfall: 10/11th - 07Z - 22.2N, 83.6W - 55 kt - Cuba U.S. Impacts: Close Approach: 10/11/1947 - 19Z - 24.5N 82.8W - 75 kt - 983 mb - 1010 mb OCI - 275 nm ROCI Landfall: 10/12/1947 - 02Z - 25.4N, 81.2W - 80 kt - 975 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI Landfall: 10/15/1947 - 11Z - 31.8N, 80.9W - 90 kt - 965 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI Minor changes to both track and intensity are made to this hurricane that made two landfalls- one in Florida and one in Georgia. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, The Miami Herald, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al., Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000). October 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.7N, 74.7W with trough/wave axis drawn through the low from 11N, 75W, northward to 22N, 72W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 81.6W with the ITCZ axis extending from 9N, 76W to 12N, 79W to 11N, 83Wto 10N, 87W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 81.5W. No gales or low pressures. "It was first spotted as a tropical low deep in the Caribbean off the coast of Nicaragua on October 8" (Barnes). October 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.0N, 83.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 82.2W. The MWR post season track map shows a position near 15.4N, 82.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.4N, 83.2W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "This storm was first noted as it developed on the intertropical convergence zone which had moved north of the Isthmus of Panama. On the 9th the storm was centered off the coast of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua" (MWR). October 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.2N, 83.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 18.0N, 83.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 17.6N, 82.9W with a pressure of 1003 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.0N, 83.5W and a 12Z position near 18.7N, 84.1W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.0N, 84.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1003 mb at 15Z at 19.9N, 84.1W (micro). Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 1003 mb at 03Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro). One other low pressure at Swan Island. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 19.6N, 84.4W with 1000 mb central pressure and 45-55 kt maximum sustained winds (micro); center fix at 1808Z at 20.2N, 84.2W with 1000 mb central pressure and 50 kt maximum sustained winds (micro). At least three other aircraft gales between 35-40 kt between 18-19Z. "Army Recon Plane at 10/1530Z reports tropical storm located 19.6N, 84.4W; highest wind 45-55 kts; lowest pressure 1000 mbs" (micro). "Synopsis of Navy flight: Tropical storm centered at 2013N, 8415W at 1808Z. 50 knot winds radius 30 miles north of center. 40 knot winds 60 miles north of center. 35 kt winds south of center. Eye approximately 15 miles in diameter and circular: central pressure 1000 mbs. Heavy squalls extend from storm center to Miami" (micro). October 11: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.4N, 82.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 83.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position as well. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 23.4N, 83.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 986 mb at 1715Z at 24.3N, 82.8W (micro); at least 50 kt NNE at 20Z at 24.8N, 82.8W (micro). Two other ships obs of 40 kt NNE-NE and 996 mb near 24.5N, 83.0W between 18-19Z (micro). Land highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at the Isle of Youth (21.5N, 82.7W) (micro); 73 kt (1 min. wind) at 1737Z at the Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) (highest value before being disabled MWR); 993 mb (min p) at 19Z at the Dry Tortugas (climo data); 57 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) SSE at 2001Z at Key West Airport (Boca Chica) (24.6N, 81.7W) (climo data); 35 kt (1 min, max wind) SW and 999 mb (min pressure) at 2230Z at Key West city office (OMR). Numerous other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1716Z at 24.2N, 82.9W with central pressure of 983 mb (micro); apparently, a 993 mb peripheral pressure along with 80-85 kt surface winds at 1910Z at 24.2N, 83.0W (micro). At least five other gales. "During the night of the 10th it crossed Cuba a short distance west of Havana as a moderate storm, with the strongest winds reported as gusts of 57 mph at Batista Field. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, and within a short period of 3 to 4 hours, the storm's winds rapidly increased to hurricane force. At Dry Tortugas the anemometer became inoperative at 12:30 pm on the 11th, while the instrument was registering 84 mph, and the observer reported that higher winds were experienced during the hour following this reading" (MWR). "It slowly drifted northward with little increase in strength until the morning of the 11th, when it passed over western Cuba. At that point, it turned toward the northeast and intensified rapidly, growing from tropical storm to hurricane strength in the few hours prior to its landfall in Florida. Weather Bureau reports indicated that the anemometer at the Dry Tortugas 'froze at 84 mph due to friction from lack of oil.' Observers at that station watched the wind increase until it reached an estimated 150 mph" (Barnes). From the Key West OMR... "A hurricane of moderate intensity crossed western Cuba on the night of Oct 10-11. The storm decreased in strength while crossing land but on the morning of the 11th a rapid restrengthening took place and by early afternoon the hurricane center, 55 miles west of Key West, was attended by winds in excess of 100 mph. While due west of Key West its course altered somewhat from NNW to N to NNE to NE. When about 40 miles NW of Key West the highest velocity occurred. This was 37 mph from the SW and 5:23 pm. No damage reported in this area [note that this 5 min peak of only 32 kt was from the Key West City Office]" (Key West OMR). "Navy radar bearing from Key West- center 280° and 65 mi at 20Z; bank of clouds 5-10 mi north of center moving 15-18 mph. (At 2130Z?) Navy radar bearing 305° and 50 mi from Key West; center 20 mi diameter; speed 18 mph heading NNE. Navy radar rpt 2200Z- bearing 310° from Key West; center now well defined by cloud formations. Storm continuing in a more easterly direction than former position at 18 mph. Navy radar fix 2300Z- center 39 mi from Boca Chica still holding course 070°; speed 18 mph; well defined center. Navy radar fix 2330Z; Bearing 350° and 40 mi from Boca Chica; still steady at 070° moving 18 mph" (micro). "October 11 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al.) October 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 26.2N, 78.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.6N, 79.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 82.0W, and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 79.1W with a 996 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.8N, 81.2W and a 12Z position near 26.2N, 79.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.8N, 79.2W. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 0330Z at 25.7N, 79.3W (micro). One other low pressure. Land highlights: 62 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) S at 0548Z at downtown Miami (25.8N, 80.2W) (Miami Herald); 994 mb (min pressure) at 0540Z at Miami (KMIA- 25.8N, 80.3W) (Miami Herald); 43 kt S and 996 mb at Miami (OMR); 982 mb with pressure still falling at 07Z at Fort Lauderdale (26.1N, 80.2) (Miami Herald); 80 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) at 0730Z at Hillsboro Lighthouse (elevated observation) (26.3N 80.1W) (climo data); 991 mb (min pressure) at 0745Z at Hillsboro Lighthouse (MWR, climo data); 30 kt SSW and 996 mb at 1530Z at west end, Grand Bahama Island (26.7N, 79.0W) (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix over Cape Sable at 0130Z (micro); 35 kt ENE surface winds at 17Z at 26.3N, 78.5W (micro). "During the night of October 11-12 the hurricane passed over the extreme southern portion of the Florida Peninsula. Although at this stage, the storm was accompanied by a small center of hurricane winds, there was little wind damage as it passed over swamplands from the time it entered the west coast north of Cape Sable until it reached the east coast communities between Miami and Palm Beach. The Weather Bureau Office in downtown Miami recorded 62 mph for the fastest wind speed at 12:23 am, and a low pressure of 998.0 mb (29.47 inches) as the center passed a short distance to the northwest. At the Airport Station, about 7 miles closer to the storm center, the lowest pressure recorded was 995.3 mb (29.39 inches). In moving off the east coast into the Atlantic the center passed directly over Hillsboro Lighthouse, near Pompano, where the calm center was experienced between 3:30 am and 4:30 am on the 12th. The strongest winds recorded were 86 mph averaged for 5 minutes, and 92 mph for the fastest mile of wind, both registered at 2:30 am. The lowest pressure, 991.2 mb (29.27 inches), occurred at 2:45 am" (MWR). From Florida's Hurricane History... "The storm center apparently turned just after passing the Dry Tortugas and struck the Florida coast near Cape Sable. The Weather Bureau reported that 'as the storm passed over Florida it was preceded by spectacular thunderstorm activity and heavy rainfall. Bargrams show a double minimum, a weak one at the time of the thunderstorm with a short recovering before the minimum of the storm center itself.' Witnesses reported seeing an almost continuous display of lightning around the eye, which some local meteorologists noted was among the most vivid they had ever seen. Winds of 95 mph buffeted the area around Cape Sable, where the hurricane came ashore. At the Miami airport, winds were sustained at 80 mph, and the Hillsboro Lighthouse recorded maximum winds of 2 mph" (Barnes). "Navy radar report (0130Z?)- center 35° and 54 miles from Boca Chica; center over Cape Sable. At 0220Z, Rarep center bearing 37° dist 70 miles from Key West; course 65°, speed 24 mph. Rarep 0320Z: center bearing 035° dist 85 miles from Key West; course 30° moving 12-15 mph. WBAS 2935 0540Z; MM 2947 0605Z" (micro). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 12 - S Fla. - Minimal 5 to 13 in. rain" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "1947 Oct FL, 1SE" (Jarrell et al.). October 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of a most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 74.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 30.5N, 74.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.5N, 76.5W and a 12Z position near 29.8N, 74.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.7N, 76.8W and a 12Z position near 30.7N, 75.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 73.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 11Z at 27.9N, 74.5W (micro); 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 12Z at 30.0N, 73.3W (HWM). Land highlights: 38 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) N at 1145Z at Ponce De Leon light (elevated observation?) (29.1N, 80.9W) (climo data). Aircraft highlights: center fix at ~18Z at 31.5N, 74.9W with 60 kt surface winds in the SW quadrant (micro); center fix at 20Z at 32.1N, 75.1W with a 982 mb central pressure and 70 kt winds in the NE quadrant. At least six other gales. "The most unusual feature however, was the apparent dissipation of the original center about 100 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, and the formation and rapid development of a secondary center 180-200 miles southwest of the original. This secondary developed hurricane force and moved westward with the center reaching the coast a short distance south of Savannah about 7 am of the 15th..." (Florida climo data). "0700Z- navy radar reports posit 2907N, 7502W, no eye apparent in storm area. 0740Z- hrcn posit 2949N, 7548W, course 042°, spd 15, no eye apparent in storm so far" (micro). Army plane located center (1705Z or 1905Z?) at 31.5N, 74.9W; highest winds in SW quadrant are 60 knots and extend outward 30 miles from the center. Navy plane located center 20Z at 32.1N, 75.1W; diameter of eye 12 miles; winds 70 knots within 40 miles of center in NE quadrant; lowest pressure in center 982 mb" (micro). October 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 31.6N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 31.8N, 77.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.4N, 74.3W, and a 12Z position near 32.5N, 76W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.3N, 77.0W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 993 mb centered near 32.2N, 76.6W with trough or frontal-like features beginning to develop with a trough extending southward from the low and another trough extending east-northeastward from the low, and another trough extending southwestward from the low just for 100-200 nm. Ship highlights: 45? kt E and 1007 mb at 00Z at 34.0N, 73.0W (micro); 35 kt NNW and 994 mb at 12Z at 31.8N, 78.3W (micro); 40 kt NNW and 995 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 78.5W (micro); 35 kt NNE and 991 mb at 18Z at 32.3N, 77.5W (micro); 40 kt N and 986 mb at 21Z at 31.8N, 78.2W (micro). Numerous other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 1004 mb (min pressure) at Wilmington (34.2N, 77.9W) (climo data). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 06Z at 32.3N, 76.7W with 70-80 kt winds at flight level of 5000 feet (micro); center fix at 2137Z at 31.7N, 77.7W with central pressure of 975 mb and maximum winds of 80 kt (micro, MWR). "After leaving Florida the hurricane was followed by aircraft as it moved on a northeastward course over the Atlantic, although insufficient observations during the night of October 13-14 made its movement uncertain during that time. A reconnaissance plane entered the storm area during the early hours of the 14th, and highest winds were estimated at 50 to 55 knots. During the afternoon the storm gained force, and when another plane flew into the center at about sunset, winds were estimated at 80 knots" (MWR). "Recon weather reports: 14/0330Z- storm not definitely located. Frontal lines starting 65 miles south of Cape Lookout extending 200 miles eastward and curving south. Radar plane #6L36 at 0510Z reports accumulation of thunderstorms at 3340N, 7520W- seems to indicate general position of storm; unable to get definite center. Plane #9L36 at 0705Z- posit (of plane?) 3355N, 7555W; course 045, speed 130, hurricane not definitely located yet. 0950Z- 3525N, 7503W- mdt turbulence and heavy rain within 100 miles of storm. Info received by phone from (Navy Weather?) at 1130Z- Navy radar officer on recon flight out of Miami ran into separate center at 32°20'N, 76°40'W at 06Z with 70-80 knots at 5000'; the other center at about 34°35'N, 74°03'W. 1830Z- in eye of storm; diameter of eye 12 miles, highest winds 50 to 55 kt north of center. Eye of storm located by Navy Hurricane plane at 2137Z at 31.7N, 77.7W, 80 knot winds 10 miles radius of eye in NE and NW quadrants; winds 40 knots within 60 to 75 miles of eye in NE and NW quadrants; diameter of eye 12 miles; lowest pressure recorded 975 mbs; (gale?) winds extend 180 miles in SW quadrant" (micro). October 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered close to Savannah, GA, near 32.1N, 81.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 81.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 77.8W and a 12Z position near 32.2N, 80.5W with a pressure of 971 mb. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 981 mb centered near 31.8N, 81.3W. Ship highlights: at least 50 kt WSW and 982 mb at 00Z at 32.0N, 78.0W (micro); 966 mb reported in eye by ship at 0230Z at 31.6N, 78.6W with 50 kt SE winds before the eye and 50 kt SW winds after the eye (micro); 70 to 80 kt NE and 971 mb at 0645Z at 31.9N, 79.4W (micro); 35 kt ESE and 978 mb at 0705Z at 31.9N, 79.4W (micro). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 996 mb (min pressure) at 0830Z and 47 kt NE (1 minute wind, maximum wind) at 0855Z at Charleston (32.8N, 79.9W) (climo data); 984 mb (min pressure) at 0945Z at Parris Island (32.4N, 80.7W) (OMR); 74 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) NE with estimated gusts to 83 kt and 974 mb (minimum pressure) at 12Z at Savannah (32.1N, 81.3W) (MWR, OMR); 30 kt SW and 994 mb at (~14Z?) at Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W) (micro); 43 kt NW (1-minute wind, max wind) at 1510Z and 984 mb (min pressure) at 1630Z at Alma (31.5N, 82.5W) (climo data); 33 kt (max wind) at 2129Z at Jacksonville (climo data). Several other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0520Z at 31.4N, 79.3W (micro). "Moving on a westward course, the center moved over Georgia at about 7 am (12Z) of the 15th, a short distance south of Savannah. The lowest pressure at Savannah was 973.9 mb (28.76 inches) at 7 am, and the strongest wind was estimated at 85 mph at 6:59 am, with gusts estimated as high as 95 mph. The area of hurricane winds was small, probably about 40 miles in width. The city of Savannah and its vicinity experienced the worst part of the hurricane when the center passed inland about 15 miles to the south. Damage in the Savannah area was estimated at approximately $2,000,000, while in all other areas of Georgia damage did not exceed $500,000. Some structural damage occurred in Savannah, with many roofs damaged either by direct action of the wind or by falling trees. Window glass was extensively broken while signs, ventilators, chimney tops, awnings, and like objects were blown down. High tides along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts ranged from 12.0 feet above mean low tide at Savannah Beach, Ga., and Parris Island, SC., to 9.0 feet at Charleston, SC, and 9.6 feet at St. Simons Island, near Brunswick, Ga. The lower portions of Charleston were flooded to a depth of about 1 foot, while low-lying beaches and islands in the area also suffered considerable damage. Salt-water flooding damaged the rice crop. Some small communities as far north as Cape Hatteras were partly or wholly inundated by tides" (MWR). From Savannah OMR... "The hurricane of the 15th did very little crop damage except where rains were heavy. It blew off about 90% of the pecan crop and damaged many trees. It also blew down sugarcane. Total damage in this hurricane has been estimated at $2,725,000 in Chatham County. The bulk of this was in roofs and frame houses, though there was considerable commodity damage in warehouses where blowing rains and high tides did the most of it. Many trees were blown down. Much shrubbery was destroyed or damaged. The wind was estimated at 95 mph in gusts, 85 mph extreme mile, and 77 mph 5-minute velocity from the northeast at about 0655-0700. This exceeded the old October record of 57 and the 71 miles record for all months. The sea-level barometer established a new low of 28.77 inches at 0700 in the 15th" (Savannah OMR). "The storm...struck Savannah Beach on the Georgia coast at about 6:00 am (11Z) on the 15th...high winds at Savannah Beach were estimated at 100 mph. Exceptionally heavy damage was sustained at Savannah and Savannah Beach; some structures were practically demolished, and extensive destruction included roofs blown off or badly lashed..." (Georgia climo data). Total damage along the South Carolina coast totaled to around $185,000 (South Carolina climo data). "Center located at 31:25N, 77:52.5W, pressure 975 mb (~00Z?). Tanker (SHIP) reports the center of hurricane at 0230Z at latitude 31°35'N and long 78°35'W, pressure in center 28.54 (966 mb), winds SE force 10 to SW. Special Navy Recon plane reports radar fix on hurricane at 0240Z- 31.5N, 78.6W; well defined eye 20 miles diameter; heavy weather surrounding eye to a distance of 55 miles. Recon plane located center at 0520Z at 31°27'N, 79°20'W. S.S. Rhode Island reports center passed south of position (31.9N, 79.4W) at 0645Z, wind NE 80-90 mph, barometer 28.66 (970 mb); at 0705Z, wind ESE force 8 (35 kt) with barometer 28.88 (978 mb). SH special 1030Z- gusts NNW 62 (mph), Barometer 29.20 (989 mb); 1100Z- wind steady 60 mph, barometer 29.10 (985 mb), gust recorders out. NOTAM SH 15/1035Z- Savannah Airport control tower abandoned; all facilities inoperative 1035Z. TSV about 1130Z- Ventilators and other solid objects being blown from Fed. Building, estimated gusts to 100 mph, severe lightning north of station" (micro). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - Oct. 15 - Savannah - Minimal - Damage $3,000,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Oct 15, 1947 - 1013 mb environmental pressure - 85 kt 1 min wind equivalent" (Schwerdt et al.). "Oct. 15, 1947 - 968 mb (from 974 mb observed at Savannah) - 13 nm RMW - 17 kt speed - 31.9N, 81.1W landfall" (Ho et al.). "1947 Oct GA, SC, 2 - Cat 2 - 974 mb" (Jarrell et al.). October 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.7N, 83.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 85.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position with a pressure of 1005 mb. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 30.5N, 87.5W (COA). Several other pressures of 1005 mb. Land highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 00Z at Albany (31.5N, 84.2W) (micro). Three other low pressures. October 17: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.0N, 87.9W and a 12Z position near 36.6N, 88.4W with a pressure of 1010 mb. Microflim no longer plots a closed low at 00Z. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally started this on 9 October at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm. There is evidence that there was a closed low in the western Caribbean Sea as early as 18Z on the 8th, and this is analyzed as the time of genesis with a 25 kt intensity. By 06Z on the 9th, the depression had strengthened to 30 kt (down from 35 kt originally). There is not an abundance of data available on the 9th, but the depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on the 9th (12 hours later than originally) when it was near 16.4N, 83.3W. Also, a peripheral pressure of 1003 mb from Swan Island at 03Z on the 10th suggests that the storm intensity was greater than 41 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 10th (no change), as the environmental pressures were low. The track changes introduced throughout the lifetime of the system are all minor. From genesis up until landfall in Cuba, which occurred around 07Z on the 11th, the new track is generally to the left (west) of the previous HURDAT track by less than one degree. At both 1530Z and 1808Z on the 10th, aircraft reconnaissance made center fixes providing the location, central pressure, and estimated maximum surface winds. Based on this information, a central pressure of 1000 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th. 1000 mb equals 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for 12Z and 50 kt is chosen for 18Z (no change to either). The tropical storm then made landfall in Cuba around 07Z on the 11th near 22.2N, 83.6W as a 55 kt tropical storm. This is in agreement with Perez et al.'s assessment of a tropical storm in Cuba. It is analyzed to have exited the north coast of Cuba around 11Z near 22.9N, 83.4W. In this analysis, the intensities are kept unchanged at 06Z (55 kt) and 12Z (60 kt). When the storm reached the Florida Straits it began a turn more towards a northeasterly direction and it intensified into a hurricane before passing perhaps 10 nm to the southeast of Dry Tortugas at 19Z on the 11th. The Dry Tortugas recorded peak 1 min winds of 73 kt at 1737Z before being disabled (these reduce to 65 kt after adjusting the 48 m height of the anemometer above the ground down to 10 m) and aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 983 mb at 1716Z. A central pressure of 983 mb is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 11th. 983 mb equals 74 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 69 kt for N of 25N. For intensifying systems, this value equals 74 and 72 kt respectively. Dry Tortugas likely experienced the maximum winds in the NW quadrant, but the winds in the NE quadrant could have been higher. 75 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 11th (up from 65 kt originally). A land-based radar on Boca Chica easily tracked the center of the hurricane from 20Z on the 11th to 0320Z on the 12th, so the position was known with good accuracy. The hurricane made landfall on the extreme southern part of the west coast of Florida, northwest of Cape Sable, near 25.4N, 81.2W at 02Z on the 12th. Since there are no land observations available on the southwest coast of mainland Florida where the hurricane made landfall, the landfall intensity was estimated based on observations from the previous day as well as observations from the southeast Florida metro areas when the storm passed that area a few hours later. At 18Z the previous day, 8 hours before landfall, the assigned intensity was 75 kt. Just an hour later, at 1910Z, an aircraft estimated 80-85 kt maximum surface winds, keeping in mind that aircraft estimates during this era could be off by 15 kt with a high bias more often than not. When the storm reached the east coast of Florida, the strongest sustained wind recorded was 80 kt at Hillsboro Lighthouse (elevated site). MWR notes that the lowest pressure there was 991 mb at 2:45 am, but the calm center passed there from 3:30 am to 4:30 am. The 991 mb observation is therefore not treated as a central pressure in the analysis because it occurred 15 minutes after the maximum wind and 45 minutes before the beginning of the calm period. A barometer in Fort Lauderdale confirmed this suspicion by registering a reading of 982 mb at 07Z. The barometer was reported to be still falling at the time of this measurement, thus this is not a central pressure reading either. A run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model using 982 mb (and 1009 mb outer closed isobar) suggests at most 976 mb at landfall in southwest Florida seven hours earlier. Thus a rounded value of 975 mb central pressure at landfall is reanalyzed, which is consistent with some deepening after the 983 mb central pressure observation by aircraft reconnaissance about nine hours before landfall. 975 mb suggests winds of 82 kt from the intensifying subset of Brown et al. north of 25N. An intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 12th and landfall (up from 70 kt originally). This makes the hurricane a high end Category 1 at landfall in Southwest Florida (BFL1), which is now added into HURDAT (the system was inexplicably not counted as a Southwest Florida hurricane originally). A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yields a value of 61 kt for 06Z, and highest observed winds within two hours of 06Z were 54 kt (aside from the Hillsboro Lighthouse measurement). Taking into consideration the observed pressure at Fort Lauderdale and the fact that the hurricane was traveling over the swampy Everglades, an intensity of 70 kt is analyzed for 06Z (down from 75 kt originally). This confirms considering the system to be a hurricane for Southeast Florida (CFL1). The hurricane emerged over the Atlantic Ocean around 09Z on the 12th. (The 991 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT originally comes from the Hillsboro Lighthouse measurement, which has been determined to have been a peripheral pressure and is removed.) A 12th/19Z aircraft fix along with the 09Z center fix over Hillsboro Light allowed for the 12Z and 18Z positions to be interpolated. The new positions are only a few tenths of a degree east of the previous HURDAT positions. There is some evidence that weakening occurred on the 12th and 13th as the cyclone moved towards the northeast over the Atlantic. Around 07Z on the 13th, with the storm in the vicinity of 29.3N, 75.8W, aircraft radar did not show an eye. It is clearly evident that a degradation of the storm structure took place from the time it exited Florida (09Z on the 12th) to 07Z on the 13th. In addition, the highest available observed wind during this 22-hour period was only 35 kt. It is analyzed that the hurricane weakened to a 60 kt tropical storm by 00Z on the 13th. The reanalyzed intensities from 12Z on the 12th to 06Z on the 13th are as follows (with original HURDAT values in parentheses): 70 (75); 65 (75); 60 (70); 60 (70). On the 13th, the cyclone began an unusual, rather sharp turn in its forward motion from northeast to north to northwest to west, and by the 14th, it was evident that this cyclone was going to make landfall on the SE coast of the US. The revised track has this turn occurring slightly farther west than in HURDAT previously. At 20Z on the 13th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 982 mb with estimated maximum winds of 70 kt. A central pressure of 982 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 13th. 982 mb equals 70 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 73 kt for intensifying systems. 70 kt is chosen for 18Z (unchanged) and 65 kt is chosen for 12Z (6 hours previous) (down from 70 kt originally). So, after weakening to a tropical storm at 00Z the 13th, it strengthened back to a hurricane at 12Z on the 13th. From the 13th until landfall in Georgia, which occurred at 11Z on the 15th, several center fixes were made. The largest track change made during the time period is about a half degree. It is of note that the conclusion in the Florida Climatological Data of the dissipation of the original center and rapid development of a new center is not supported by the available observations. Several gales and low pressures as low as 985 mb were observed between late on the 13th and late on the 14th. At 2137Z on the 14th, a central pressure was reported by aircraft of 975 mb along with 80 kt estimated surface winds. Five hours later, at 0230Z on the 15th, a ship reported venturing through the eye of the hurricane with calm winds and a central pressure of 966 mb. Ten minutes later, at 0240Z, an aircraft reported a center fix just one-tenth of a degree from the ship location of the eye. The 966 mb value was likely accurate because another ship recorded a 971 mb pressure along with winds of 70 to 80 knots at 06Z on the 15th. A central pressure of 975 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th, and a central pressure of 966 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 15th, with the hurricane moving westward, located at 31.7N, 78.4W. 975 mb equals 79 kt according to the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 82 kt for intensifying systems, and 80 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 14th. 966 mb equals 89 kt and 93 kt, respectively. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06Z on the 15th. From 18Z on the 14th until landfall at 12Z on the 15th, the previous HURDAT intensity is increased by 15 kt at each point. The hurricane continued westward and made landfall a few miles south of Savannah Beach, GA at 11Z on the 15th as a 90 kt hurricane. The station at Savannah, which is located inland from the coast, recorded its maximum wind and minimum pressure at the same time around 12Z. These values are 74 kt and 974 mb, respectively. There were three sources that contained that information, and one of the sources said that the 74 kt one-minute sustained wind at Savannah was estimated, but the other two sources did not indicate that the observation was estimated. The central pressure was 966 mb at 0230Z based upon the ship's eye observation several hours before landfall. The landfall central pressure is estimated at 965 mb, based upon with the 974 mb accompanied by hurricane force winds measured in Savannah - which supports a 90 kt intensity at landfall. This 965 mb is, however, too uncertain to include into HURDAT as an observation. 90 kt at landfall is a Category 2 hurricane for Georgia and South Carolina, confirming the original HURDAT estimate. From the analyzed positions, it appears that the hurricane moved relatively quickly between 06Z and 18Z on the 15th compared to before and after that time. After landfall, the cyclone moved quickly inland towards the west-southwest, but after 18Z, its forward motion slowed once again. Around 06Z on the 16th, with the cyclone located over southwestern Georgia, it made a turn towards the northwest, and dissipated after 18Z the 16th, 31 hours after landfall. The 12Z 15th intensity 90 kt value is analyzed to be the same as at landfall an hour before (11Z), as the location of the maximum winds may have still been at the coast at that time. The Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was run for 18Z on the 15th (seven hours after landfall) through 06Z on the 16th (19 hours after landfall) yielding values of 54 kt, 38 kt, and 29 kt respectively. The highest wind observations within two hours of the synoptic times are 43 kt, 33 kt, and 20 kt respectively, though as is typical there were few observations available near the cyclone's center after landfall. 55 kt, 40 kt, and 30 kt are chosen for HURDAT (down from 65 kt, 50 kt, and 40 kt originally). 25 kt and 20 kt are chosen for 12Z and 18Z on the 16th respectively (down from 35 kt and 25 kt originally). There was no longer a closed low evident at 00Z on the 17th, so no changes were made to the timing of dissipation. This hurricane may have been the first that was operationally monitored by land-based radar. It is also noteworthy that a cloud seeding experient was conducted by U.S. military research aircraft in a effort to determine whether the release of a certain chemical could help to weaken the hurricne. The experiment was conducted while the cyclone was centered several hundred miles east of Jacksonville on a northeastward course. After this mission was completed, the hurricane made an abrupt westward turn and then made landfall in Savannah, GA. The cloud seeding experiment was publicized in the media. After the hurricane, the public and media blamed and heavily criticized the scientists for changing the course of the hurricane. 500 mb maps indicate a strong high to the north just off the northeast U.S. coast. In reality, the cloud seeding experiment was not at all responsible for the westward turn. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Storm 10 (was storm 9) - Revised in 2014 33735 10/16/1947 M= 7 9 SNBR= 749 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 33735 10/17/1947 M= 6 10 SNBR= 749 NOT NAMED XING=0 L ** * ** (The 16th is removed from HURDAT.) 33740 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*174 624 35 0* 33745 10/17*184 639 50 0*190 653 60 0*197 666 65 0*204 678 70 0* 33745 10/17*190 632 35 0*195 647 40 0*200 662 45 1000*207 675 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 33750 10/18*210 687 75 0*218 696 75 0*228 702 80 0*237 705 85 0* 33750 10/18*214 687 60 0*221 696 65 0*228 702 70 990*237 704 80 981* *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** *** 33755 10/19*247 705 85 0*261 702 90 0*277 697 95 0*289 690 95 0* 33755 10/19*247 705 85 0*259 702 90 0*273 699 100 0*286 692 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33760 10/20*301 681 100 0*314 669 105 0*327 657 105 0*337 645 105 0* 33760 10/20*299 681 105 0*313 669 105 0*327 657 100 0*337 651 100 961* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33765 10/21*348 632 95 0*361 614 85 0*375 590 65 0E388 566 60 0* 33765 10/21*348 640 95 0*361 614 90 0*375 590 85 0*384 566 85 0* *** ** ** **** ** 33770 10/22E400 541 55 0E415 500 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33770 10/22*390 520 80 0E395 470 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** ** *** *** ** 33775 HR Major track changes and intensity changes are analyzed with this major hurricane that recurved in the Atlantic near 70W and then affected Bermuda. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Macky (1947 - provided by Kimberly Zuill of the Bermuda Weather Service), and Tucker (1995). October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 15.8N, 59.0W with a wave axis running through the low from 18N, 55W to 12N, 61W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Ship highlight: 15 kt E and 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.7N, 51.2W (HWM). October 15: HWM analyzes an open trough with a wave axis inside the trough running from 19N, 58W to 11N, 63W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm shows a low near 17.5N, 55.8W, but aircraft claims to have found a cyclonic circulation further south. No gales or low pressures. "Cyclonic circulation of light intensity, lowest pressure 1008 mbs, area covered by CB with moderate rain; easterly wave evident north of center; swells easterly entire flight (15°20'N, 58°10'W) (micro). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.4N, 63.7W at 12Z. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.4N, 62.4W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb near 16N, 59.5W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 20Z at 20.7N, 61.5W (micro). "The last storm of the season was first noted east of the Leeward Islands as an easterly wave. This wave developed into a closed circulation on the 16th north of the Virgin Islands and moved on a broad curving path over the Atlantic" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.7N, 66.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 19.9N, 65W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 18.5N, 63.2W and a 12Z position near 19.4N, 66.8W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 20.0N, 66.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 12Z at 21.8N, 66.6W (micro); 35 kt NE and (1005 mb?) at 1830Z at 21.6N, 68.4W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1150Z at 20.0N, 66.2W with 1002 mb lowest measured pressure and maximum winds of 30 kt (micro); center fix at 1739Z at 20.9N, 67.3W with central pressure 1004 mb and 35 kt maximum winds (micro). "It reached hurricane intensity during the night of the 17th when it was some distance northeast of Turks Island" (MWR). "It had first been detected by the Bermuda Meteorological Office on Friday 17th through wireless messages of various ships just north and east of the Leeward Islands" (Tucker). "Navy plane reports at 1150Z- complete circulation 20.0N, 66.2W, highest wind 30k, lowest pressure 1002 mbs. 19.8N, 66.4W, 12Z, center diffuse, 10 miles in diameter, wind calm in eye. Army B17 5654 report storm 20.9N, 67.3W, winds 35 knots, pressure 1004, sudden wind shift from 170 to 350 degree (17/1739Z). Duck special 2: storm center at 20.4N, 66.9W at (1947Z)? Definite eye 30 miles across, three small twisters on NW side" (micro). October 18: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.4N, 68.8W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 22.8N, 70.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.2N, 68.1W, and a 12Z position near 22.7N, 69.7W with a 981 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.9N, 68.4W, and a 12Z position near 22.1N, 70.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb near 22.6N, 70.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE at 00Z at 21.4N, 68.4W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 21.1N, 68.2W (micro); 50 kt SE and 998 mb at 23Z at 24.3N, 69.2W (micro). A few other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1310Z at 22.6N, 70.2W with central pressure 990 mb and maximum winds 85 kt (micro); center fix at 1925Z at 23.8N, 70.4W with central pressure 981 mb and maximum winds 100 kt (micro). A few other gales. "By Saturday afternoon (the 18th) it had approached the Turks Islands where it recurved in a more northerly direction, and it was definitely established that the centre was of full hurricane intensity, with gales extending from it in all directions for about 150 miles" (Tucker). "Hurep from recon plane: Hurricane centered 18/1310Z at 22.38N, 70.15W. Maximum winds approx 5 miles from center east 65 knots. North 85 knots. Northwest 85 knots. West 80 knots. SW 70 knots. South 55 knots. SE 60 knots. Very tight center with lowest pressure 990 mbs. Southeast side very weak. Vicious turbulence encountered on west side of storm. Center weather broken STCU based 1200 tops 3500. AVC altostratus based 1500 feet" (micro). "Recon from AWXAN: Eye of hurricane located at 23.8N, 70.4W at 1925Z, highest wind 100 knots, lowest pressure 981 mbs" (micro). October 19: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.2N, 67.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 69.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.5N, 70.5W and a 12Z position near 27.2N, 69.5W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 987 mb with a radar center fix at 27.8N, 69.3W at 1430Z and a 1440Z position of 27.8N, 69.8W which is "more accurate than the previous position." Ship highlights: At least 50 kt SE and 996 mb at 14Z at 28.3N, 68.7W (micro); at least 50 kt ESE and (970 mb?) at (17Z?) at 28.2N, 69.0W (micro); at least 50 kt NW and 994 mb at 20Z at 27.8N, 69.3W (micro). A few other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1515Z at 27.7N, 69.2W with maximum winds of 125 kt (micro); center fix at 1633Z at 28.5N, 69.3W with 90 kt maximum winds (micro); center fix at 2215Z at 29.8N, 69.0W with maximum winds of at least 87 kt (micro). Several other gales. "The latest report received Sunday night (night of Oct 19) by the "Royal Gazette", from the Meteorological Station, based on a radar "fix" taken by a Hurricane Hunter aircraft from Kindley AFB, stated that the hurricane's position was about 280 miles S.W. of Bermuda, moving north-northeast at about 15 miles per hour. A B-17 weather reconnaissance aircraft made two flights into the hurricane from Bermuda on Sunday, October 19, penetrating the eye of the storm on each occasion and gathering weather data. Winds of over one hundred miles per hour were reported" (Tucker). "Radar plane report: Storm center 25.41N, 69.54W at 0520Z. Fix by radar accurate within five miles. 0745Z- center 26.28N, 70.17W- fix by radar. This is my third hurricane position report: center position 26.36N, 70.08W, course 045, speed 11 knots; the 0745Z and 0830Z positions determined by definite radar fixes..." (micro). "Duck hurep high three- high by radar 27.8N, 68.8W at 1440Z; this position more accurate than previous position. Position of center at 1515Z 27.40N, 69.10W; winds estimated 125 kts near center, 100 kts within 40 miles of center, 75 kts within 80 miles of center, 45 kts within 140 miles of center; lightning in NW quad; moderate to heavy rain in northern semicircle; moderate to heavy turbulence. DH4 says "sight of hurricane 28.5N, 69.3W at 1633Z...90 knots surface winds." DH5 says "radar...at 28.4N, 69.3W at 1722Z." Hurricane special- eye of storm found at 2215Z at 29.8N, 69.0W (by Army plane). Winds estimated in excess of 100 mph. Eye by radar at 2355Z (29.9N, 68.6W)" (micro). October 20: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 32.7N, 65.4W with a SW-NE frontal system approaching about 500 nm to the NW of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 32.7N, 65.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.0N, 68.1W and a 12Z position near 31.8N, 66.1W with a 970 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 978 mb centered near 32.4N, 65.9W. Ship highlights: (87 kt?) NNE and 991 mb at (16Z?) at 34.4N 66.4W (micro). Seven other gales and two other low pressures. Land highlights: 78 kt SW (max 15 min wind), 110 kt gust 1600-1615Z at Fort Georges, Bermuda (Macky), 990 mb (min p) at 15Z at Hamilton, Bermuda (Macky), 990 mb (min p) at 1530Z at St. Georges, Bermuda (Macky). Several other gales and low pressures at Bermuda. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1615Z (location unknown) with maximum winds of 112 kt and gusts to 125 kt (micro); center fix at 2038Z at 34.3N, 65.1W with central pressure 961 mb and maximum winds at least 100 kt (micro). A few other gales. "Its curving path brought the center to a point slightly west of Bermuda, where during the forenoon of the 20th winds in excess of 100 mph were reported" (MWR). "Throughout the night (early on the 20th) about 12 ships in the path of the storm provided valuable meteorological data by radio, so that by 4 A.M. (local time) (08Z?) it was exactly located as 150 miles SW of the islands and moving NE. Between 8 and 10 A.M. of Monday the 20th it curved past Bermuda, just 40 miles to the west, now moving at the rate of 25 miles per hour and causing winds to lash the islands at a velocity of over 100 miles an hour. By 8 A.M. winds blew across the islands of hurricane force and so continued until 10 o'clock, by which time the centre had passed within 40 miles to the north and was still moving ENE. The Meteorological Office reported it as 'only an average disturbance for this type of storm." And by 6 P.M. the local winds had decreased to 45 miles per hour.' (Tucker). "Hurricane eye positions by radar: 0640Z- 31°15'N, 66°48'W; 0715Z- 31°35'N, 66°30'W. Hurep 1615Z- west quad 82 kt, gusts to 110 kt; east quad 112 kt, gusts to 125 kt. Blue sky to SE. Position of eye at 2038Z at 3420N, 6506W...(120 knot?) winds 30 miles radius, 100 knot winds 60 miles radius, 65 knot winds extend 130 miles from eye in NW and SW quadrants, 40 knot winds extend 250 miles in NW and SW quadrants; lowest pressure 961 mb; eye diameter estimated 15 miles" (micro). "After 9.00 p.m. [local time 19th] a more rapid fall of pressure set in and continued until the centre was at its closest about twelve hours later. During the night the wind continued to increase and slowly veer, reaching gale force about midnight, while there was intermittent rain...By dawn the wind had reached 55 m.p.h. from the south southeast...Hurricane force was reached about 9.00 a.m. from the south southeast, when rain became continuous and the pressure reached its lowest level of 990.2 mbs (29.24") at Hamilton. It rose slightly to 990.0 at 10.00 a.m., but fell again to 990.2 at 11.00 a.m., after which it began to rise unsteadily. At St. George's a minimum of about 990 mbs occurred at 11.30 a.m...the Dines anemometer record at Fort George (8 ½ miles north east of Hamilton) shows that after 9.00 a.m. the wind continued to veer but remained about 75 m.p.h. until 11.00 a.m. when it decreased fairly rapidly to be 55 m.p.h. in a brief lull at 11.30 when the rain stopped. Wind speed increased rapidly again until noon, when for a bout a quarter of an hour a mean speed of 90 m.p.h. from the southwest, with one gust to 126 m.p.h. gave the highest winds recorded during the storm. After this the wind backed to south southwest and fell to 40 m.p.h. for three-quarters of an hour before veering to the southwest and increasing to near hurricane force again by 1.20 p.m. Between 11.30 and 1.30 the lower cloud cover broke, and for about an hour the sun was visible through a cloud layer, which was, apparently, thin alto stratus...Rain commenced again with the veer to southwest, and was continuous from shortly after 2.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m. Pressure also began to rise fairly steadily at 1.30 p.m...The wind remained about 55-65 m.p.h. and continued to veer until it was west by north about 5.00 p.m., after which there was little change in direction, and the speed gradually decreased and was below gale force shortly after midnight...There was considerable amount of damage done by the wind; branches were broken off many trees and a great many crops of vegetation were damaged - tomatoes and bananas in particular being flattened in many places. Power and telephone lines were blown down and it was several days before normal services were restored even in Hamilton. A number of roofs were blown off, but in general, very little damage was done to buildings of normal Bermuda construction" (Macky). October 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 38.8N, 57.6W with a complex SW-NE frontal structure beginning to interact with the low. Also, a trough is plotted extending southward and then southwestward with the north end of the trough about 200 nm south of the low center. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 37.5N, 59.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.6N, 62.4W and a 12Z position near 36.9N, 58.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 38.0N, 58.9W with an approaching mid-latitude low of at most 993 mb near 47.5N, 61W, with a front extending southwestward from the mid-latitude low. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 998 mb at 00Z at 36.0N, 63.0W (micro); 40 kt N and (992 mb?) at 06Z at 36.8N, 62.5W (micro); 45 kt SW and 999 mb at 12Z at 33.7N, 57.9W (COA); 45 kt W at 21Z at 36.2N, 54.3W (micro); 85 kt S and 992 mb at 2140Z at 38.3N, 51.0W (micro); 75-85 kt SW and 989 mb at 2250Z at 37.8N, 51.5W (micro). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 15 kt W and 1004 mb at 00Z at Bermuda (micro). October 22: HWM shows one large, intense, occluded low (the TC and the mid-latitude low had already combined before 12Z) of at most 970 mb centered near 50N, 44.5W with an occluded front wrapping around from just north of the low to a triple point located at 52N, 37W, a warm front extending from the triple point southeastward to 45N, 30W, and a cold front extending from the triple point southwestward for a great distance. HURDAT last listed this system at 06Z as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 41.5N, 50.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39.7N, 51.2W and a 12Z position near 43.8N, 40W. Microfilm last shows this system at 00Z as a low of at most 975 mb centered near 39.3N, 51.8W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 987 mb at 00Z at 38.8N, 53.8W (micro); 40 kt SE and 962 mb at 12Z at 49.3N, 41.1W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 975 mb at 18Z at 49.7N, 38.7W (COA); 60 kt (MWR); 958 mb (MWR). Numerous other gales and low pressures. "A report from the Danish S. S. Astra indicated that winds of Beaufort force 11 (64-75 mph) and a low barometric pressure of 958.4 mb (28.30 inches) were experienced near the center of this storm as far north as latitude 42.5N" (MWR). "The last Bermudians heard of the storm itself was on Wednesday, October 22nd, when it was charted as 1800 miles NE of Bermuda (46.5N, 37W), heading towards Iceland and the north of Scotland, but gradually dispersing and losing its velocity. In the meantime, Bermuda was appraising its casualties - widespread secondary damages but no disaster of a major character, except one death - that of an Electric Light Company's linesman who fell from a pole while attempting to fix broken wires. Kindley AFB looked deserted, barren, stripped of its accustomed aircraft. Gibbs Hill Lighthouse had swayed visibly - and sufficiently to spill the mercury from the trough in which the revolving light is set. Some of the hotel in more elevated positions had the appearance of bombed-out areas. The total damage to property was estimated at thousands of pounds; that it was mostly of secondary nature was entirely due to the very adequate warnings received" (Tucker). From the Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau- advisory issued 11/22 at 16Z: "The Atlantic hurricane still maintains its intensity and was centered near lat 46.5N, long 37.0W or about 750 miles east of Cape Race, Newfoundland at 1600Z moving east-northeast with a tendency towards northeast at about 50 mph. Hurricane winds are still being experienced near and about 100 miles south of the center..." (Washington DC Weather Bureau advisory). This tropical cyclone likely formed from an easterly wave. On 14 October, there was a ship ob of 15 kt E and 1005 mb around 52W longitude, likely north of where the disturbance was at that time, but that is the only available observation in the vicinity on that day. On the 15th, the low looks closed according to available aircraft observations around 56W, but on the 16th, sufficient observations show that there is not a closed low. HURDAT starts this at 18Z on the 16th at 17.4N, 62.4W with an intensity of 35 kt. At 00Z on the 17th, there is a reliable west wind (although only 10 kt), so the new analysis starts this system at 00Z on the 17th (6 hours later than HURDAT) at 19.0N, 63.2W (less than 1 degree northeast of the HURDAT position at that time) with an intensity of 3 5 kt (down from 50 kt originally). At 12Z on the 17th, a center fix and a complete circulation were reported by an aircraft at 20.0N, 66.2W, about half of a degree northeast of the HURDAT position. The maximum estimated surface winds and minimum surface pressure encountered by the aircraft were 30 kt and 1002 mb respectively; however, the 1002 mb observation was a peripheral observation with 15 kt winds, believed to be in the RMW. Using the 10 kt equivalent to 1 mb inside the RMW rule, 1000 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z. A central pressure of 1000 mb equals 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th (down from 65 kt originally). The intensity changes introduced on the 17th were major downward adjustments. A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 18th due to a ship observation of 50 kt with a few other 45 kt observations and peripheral pressures below 1000 mb. On the 18th, the cyclone turned towards the north after 12Z. From 12Z on the 18th to 12Z on the 21st, most of the new positions are very close to the HURDAT position and all changes are less than one degree adjustments. At 1310Z of the 18th, there was an aircraft center fix at 22.6N, 70.2W, with estimated maximum surface winds of 85 kt and a central pressure of 990 mb. According to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, 990 mb equals 64 kt, and 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z (down from 80 kt originally). A central pressure of 990 mb is added into HURDAT for 12Z. This cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane intensity by 06Z of the 18th (18 hours later than originally). Another center fix at 1925Z of the 18th was reported by aircraft at 23.8N, 70.4 with a central pressure of 981 mb and estimated surface winds of 100 kt. According to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, a central pressure of 981 mb equals 76 kt, and 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT (down from 85 kt originally), keeping in mind that aircraft surface wind visual estimates were usually accurate to within 15 to 20 kt. A central pressure of 981 mb is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 18th. The next center fix (by aircraft radar) came at 0520Z of the 19th at 25.7N, 69.9W, but no aircraft intensity estimates were available at night. More center fixes at 0745Z and 0830Z confirm that the 06Z HURDAT position need only minor adjustments. There were four center fixes between 12Z and 18Z on the 19th, with max wind estimates ranging from 90 kt to 125 kt, but no central pressures. At 17Z, a ship reported winds of at least 50 kt along with a pressure of 970 mb. The hurricane is analyzed to have reached its peak intensity of 105 kt at 18Z on the 19th and is analyzed to have maintained this intensity through 06Z on the 20th. HURDAT previously had 105 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 20th. Tucker (1995) claims that the center passed 40 miles from Bermuda at closest approach and no changes are made to the position of the hurricane at that time. The lowest pressure observed from Bermuda was 990 mb, both at Hamilton and St. Georges around 15-16Z, as peripheral pressures, which was the closest approach by the hurricane. As a lull was experienced at St. Georges at the same time, Bermuda was inside of the RMW. The strongest wind observed at Bermuda (Fort Georges) was 78 kt 15 min, which is equivalent to ~87 kt 1 min. High end Category 2 hurricane conditions in Bermuda are consistent with the moderate wind-caused impacts on the island. An aircraft reported a central pressure of 961 mb at 2038Z of the 20th. According to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 25-35N, 961 mb equals 94 kt, and it equals 89 kt for north of 35N from the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship. The center fix occurred at 34.3N, 65.1W, and 120 kt max winds were estimated. The 15 nm diameter eye suggests an RMW of about 10-15 nm. Climatological RMW from a central pressure of 961 mb at 32N indicates an RMW of 24 nm. The hurricane was moving at about 15 kt. However, the outer closed isobar was a somewhat low 1008 mb. The combination of the above suggests going a bit higher than the pressure-wind relationships. Since this aircraft center fix occurred at 2038Z, 100 kt is chosen for 18Z and 95 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 21st (down 5 kt at 18Z and unchanged at 00Z). The 961 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 20th. The hurricane gradually turned towards the east-northeast after 12Z on the 21st. The position at 12Z on the 21st is unchanged. For intensity, later on the 21st, two ship reports (same ship, different times) reported 85 kt winds roughly 100-150 nm southeast of the center. It is likely that the RMW had expanded from the tight center on the day before. 85 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12Z and 18Z (up from 65 and 60 kt respectively), and 80 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 22nd (up from 55 kt originally). The intensity changes between 12Z on the 21st until 00Z on the 22nd are major upward adjustments. At 00 and 06ZZ on the 22nd the positions have major changes to the southeast of the original locations, in part because of the aforementioned ship measurements. HURDAT originally had this hurricane becoming extratropical at 18Z of the 21st, but available observations indicate that it did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 22nd. A 65 kt intensity is analyzed for 06Z on the 22nd (up from 50 kt originally). Shortly after that time it was absorbed by a large, powerful extratropical low. This low produced pressures as low as 944 mb later that day but much farther to the north and east. It should be noted that in an advisory by the Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau office, issued on the 22nd at 16Z, not only did it say that hurricane force winds were still being experienced, but their wording also implies that the system was still a hurricane at that time (see above quote in October 22 paragraph). This was considered, but not included into HURDAT, as it appears that the original cyclone was indeed absorbed by this separate, large extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1947 Additional Notes: Suspect 1 A weak low formed between the southeastern US and Bermuda from the remains of a front on 7 June. It moved northeastward until it was absorbed by the next frontal system between 00Z and 12Z on the 10th. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system until the time it was merging on the 10th. From the 7th to the 9th, there were uniform temperatures around the low. It is possible that the low was a tropical depression, but it was likely a broad area of weak low pressure instead. It should be noted that this suspect is in Jack Beven's list highlighted in yellow- the 2nd mostly likely color to be added into HURDAT. However, the additional data obtained does not warrant inclusion into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 7 29.5N 72.5W Broad low Jun 8 33.0N 69.0W Low Jun 9 35.0N 65.0W Low Jun 10 Absorbed Suspect 2 A possibly closed low (either tropical depression or trough) moved westward into Belize from the Caribbean Sea late on 12 June. On 13 June, the system was located along the southeast Mexico coast near the Bay of Campeche. There were no observed gales with this system, but of note are two land station based observations of 1003 mb and 1005 mb respectively at 12Z the 13th. However, no strong winds were observed nor was there confirmation that the system had a closed circulation on either the 12th or 13th. By the 14th, the system either dissipated or perhaps was pulled quickly northward ahead of an advancing cold front as a weak low near 29N 87W. Without evidence of a closed circulation and tropical storm force winds on the 12th and 13th, this system is not considered a tropical storm and thus not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 12 17.5N 87.0W Tropical depression?/Trough? Jun 13 18.5N 91.0W Tropical depression Jun 14 Dissipated or weak low near 29N 87W Suspect 3 An area of low pressure formed at the tail end of a front just off the SE coast of the US late on 31 August or early on 1 September. On 1 September, this may have been a tropical depression, and temperatures were warm all the way around the low. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system. By 12Z on 2 September, this low had moved north and merged with a larger frontal system. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 1 32.0N 75.5W Tropical depression Sep 2 Absorbed Suspect 4 HWM and microfilm indicate that a low broke off of an exiting front sometime around 9 September and stayed near the SC-NC coast until 14 September. On the 10th and 11th, the low may have been closed, but this was not likely a tropical depression. The low opened up back into a trough on the 12th, lingering around the same location. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 8 Open trough 37N, 70W to 35N, 75W to 33N, 77W Sep 9 Open trough 36N, 73W to 33N, 76.5W to 31.5N, 79W Sep 10 33.0N 78.5W Low Sep 11 33.0N 80.5W Low Sep 12 Open trough 35N, 75W to 31N, 81W Sep 13 Open trough 34N, 77W to 30N, 80W Sep 14 Open trough 35N, 74W to 31N, 78W Suspect 5 HWM indicates that a disturbance emerged off of Africa on the 15th and then was lost for several days as it likely traveled west-northwestward through the Atlantic until the 22nd, reaching a point near 24.0N, 53.5W. At this point, the movement became slow and erratic as it meandered staying over the central Atlantic through the end of the month. There were no observed gales or low pressures associated with this system, but it may have been a tropical depression. It should be noted that there is a possibility that the low seen on the 23rd, which is more clearly evident on the 25th and 27th, may not have originated from Africa on the 15th. It may have originated from the remnants of a frontal boundary on the 22nd and 23rd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 15 13.0N 22.0W Tropical depression Sep 16 14.0N 27.0W Tropical depression Sep 17 15.0N 32.0W Tropical depression Sep 18 16.0N 37.0W Tropical depression Sep 19 18.0N 41.0W Tropical depression Sep 20 20.0N 45.0W Tropical depression Sep 21 22.0N 49.0W Tropical depression Sep 22 24.0N 53.5W Tropical depression Sep 23 24.5N 52.0W Tropical depression Sep 24 26.0N 50.0W Tropical depression Sep 25 27.5N 47.5W Tropical depression Sep 26 27.0N 49.5W Tropical depression Sep 27 26.5N 52.0W Tropical depression Sep 28 29.5N, 52.5W Tropical depression Sep 29 31.0N 48.0W Tropical depression Sep 30 32.5N 43.0W Extratropical low Oct 01 Merged with front Suspect 6 On 21 September, a low developed along a front in the central north Atlantic. It moved off to the northeast by the 22nd with increasing baroclinicity. Early on the 21st, in the first few hours after the low became closed, the temperature gradient across the low may not have been very large. But by 12Z on the 21st, the temperature gradient across the low along with the wind structure near the low indicate that the low was likely extratropical by this time. The only observed gale associated with this system was at 18Z on the 22nd, and the low was clearly extratropical. On the 21st, there were no observed gales or low pressures, so this system is not added to HURDAT. By the 23rd, the low was gone and a ridge of high pressure dominated in the region. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 35.5N 49.5W Extratropical low Sep 22 40.0N 46.0W Extratropical storm Sep 23 Dissipated Suspect 7 HWM and MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones indicate that a low developed along a frontal system on 29 September in the western Atlantic west of Bermuda. There were four observed gales on the 29th, all between 31.3-32.0N, 71.1-76.5W from COADS. But the low was not closed by 12Z on the 29th. By the 30th, the low was closed, and there was not much of a temperature gradient across the low. Furthermore, there was one gale of 35 kt and one low pressure of 1003 mb on the 30th associated with this system, both from HWM. The only thing holding this back from being added into HURDAT is the large size of the low and the elongated wind structure, not typically associated with a tropical cyclone. Also, the gale is located in an area of a strong environmental pressure gradient on the NW side of the low. By 1 October, the low is certainly extratropical, as the temperature gradient across the low is large. The extratropical low continued moving rapidly northeastward, and it combined with another extratopical low late on the 3rd between Greenland and Iceland. Of all the suspects for 1947 that were not added to HURDAT, this was the one that was closest to being added in. This was a difficult call, and it may have been a tropical storm on the 30th with the very small temperature gradient, gales, and low pressures. Ultimately, the size and wind structure led to the decision not to add it into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 29 Open trough/front 32N, 67W to 31N, 71W to 25N, 80W Sep 30 31.5N 67.5W Extratropical Oct 01 45.0N 59.5W Extratropical Oct 02 54.5N 49.0W Extratropical Oct 03 62.5N 32.5W Extratropical Oct 04 Absorbed Suspect 8 A low formed in the northeastern Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores Islands on 3 October. At first, the low was associated with a weak front, and the low was large and elongated on the 3rd. Then the front dissipated, the temperature gradient became more uniform (although temperature were in the 60s), and by the 4th, the low had shrunk down in size. It appears as if this was an occluded low, but it could have been a depression. A 40 kt gale in HWM on the 5th appears to be dubious since the highest wind speed in COADS on that day is only 20 kt. On the 6th, the low moved further east towards the Iberian Peninsula, but weakened and dissipated as it did so. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 3 40.0N 19.0W Frontal low Oct 4 40.0N 18.0W Occluded low Oct 5 40.0N 14.5W Occluded low Oct 6 37.5N 12.5W Occluded low Oct 7 Dissipated Suspect 9 A small area of low pressure developed on 12 October in the vicinity of 28N, 60W. It probably separated from the tail end of an occluded front. The low grew in size, and was not definitely closed until the 14th. On the 14th, there was not a temperature gradient across the low, but it was large and weak, likely an occluded low. There were no low pressures associated with this system until 12Z on the 15th and no observed gales until 18Z on the 15th. By 12Z on the 15th, the low had moved to near 43N, 42W with a large frontal system approaching from the west. Although there are no observations north or west of the center within a couple hundred miles of the low at this time, other surrounding temperature observations along with the wind structure indicate that this low was extratropical by 12Z on the 15th. Therefore, this system is not added to HURDAT. On the 16th, it merged with a frontal system. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 12 Open with lowest pressure near 27.5N 60.0W Oct 13 Open trough 37N 50W to 28N, 59W Oct 14 34.0N 49.5W Occluded low Oct 15 43.0N 42.0W Extratropical storm Oct 16 Merged with frontal system Suspect 10 A low developed either from a trough or a decaying front on the 25th near 24.5N, 57.0W. Although there are not enough observations to definitely close the low on the 25th, a south wind at 06Z (probably east of the center) changed within six hours to a westerly wind at 12Z (probably south of the center), so the system may have been a tropical depression on this day. Another front approached, and by the 26th, the low was extratropical. There was one observed gale associated with this system of 35 kt at 12Z on the 26th. There was also one low pressure of 1005 mb at 18Z of the 26th, both after the low was extratropical. By the 27th, the front had completely absorbed the low and the observed wind structure was frontal in nature. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 24 Open trough 33N, 56W to beyond 17N, 68W Oct 25 24.5N 57.0W Tropical depression Oct 26 29.0N 49.0W Extratropical storm Oct 27 Absorbed by front Suspect 11 On 25 October, an area of low pressure developed along a NE-SW trough in the Caribbean Sea. On the 27th, a front approached from the west and carried the low towards the northeast. Although the temperature gradient across the low was not significant at any portion of its lifetime, the low never attained the wind structure if a tropical cyclone. The wind structure showed a weak and elongated system for its duration, and this system is not analyzed to definitely be a closed low at any point in its lifetime. The first observed low pressure occurred at 00Z on the 31st, and the only gale observed with this system came at 18Z of the 31st. By early on November 1st, winds become extremely light near the area of the low, and there was clearly no TC on this day. The system became even less impressive by 12Z on the 1st, and was clearly a remnant trough by then. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 25 14.0N 71.0W (not closed) Open trough 22N, 60W to 10N, 77W Oct 26 15.5N 69.0W (not closed) Open trough 22N, 58W to 13N, 73W Oct 27 19.0N 67.5W (not closed) Oct 28 19.0N 60.5W (not closed) Oct 29 23.0N 53.0W (not closed) Oct 30 27.5N 49.0W elongated low Oct 31 32.5N 42.0W elongated low Nov 1 Open trough 40N, 26W to 33N, 35W Suspect 12 A weak low, possibly a tropical depression, was first noted near the Lesser Antilles on 28 November. It moved westward, then turned northwestward, passing near the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. Early on 1 December, it was absorbed by a front in the vicinity of 23N, 69W. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 28 15.0N 61.0W Tropical depression Nov 29 16.5N 67.0W Tropical depression Nov 30 21.0N 69.0W Tropical depression Dec 01 Absorbed Suspect 13 MWR, Key West OMR, Florida November Climatological Data, HWM, COADS, Jack Beven's packet of suspects, and Lixion Avila's book containing advisories issued from various Weather Bureau offices indicate that a strong disturbance along a quasi-stationary front moved generally from west to east, or WSW to ENE across the Florida Keys on 28 November. Jack Beven had this suspect highlighted in orange. Orange is for "systems that are not likely to be added (to HURDAT) but need more work to be sure." Winds weakened somewhat over the Keys on the 29th, but were still brisk that day. On 29th, gales were reported in the western Bahamas according to observations mentioned in advisories issued by the Miami Weather Bureau Office. At Key West, the minimum pressure and maximum temperature were recorded at 1735Z (1007 mb and 79 degrees respectively). Before that time, there were gales from the E at Key West. By 1801Z, 26 minutes after the minimum pressure at Key West, their maximum wind of 50 kt from the NW occurred. By 1815Z, the temperature at Key West had dropped to 67 degrees. Because the temperature dropped from 79 to 67 degrees in 40 minutes, and because this temperature drop was marked by a wind shift from E to NW, this system is not considered a tropical cyclone and is not added into HURDAT. Further evidence for the extratropical nature of this system is that temperatures at 12Z on the 29th in central and northern Florida were in the 40s (Tampa 47, Jacksonville 43). There were still some more notable highlights with this system. At 18Z, Boca Chica recorded 56 kt NE, 1008 mb, and 79 degrees. Boca Chica's minimum pressure (1008 mb) occurred at 1810Z, 35 minutes after Key West's minimum pressure, and Boca Chica recorded a temperature of 79 degrees at 18Z. It seems as if the front passed Key West at 1735Z and passed Boca Chica at 1810Z. At Key West, after the front passed, the winds increased and the temperature decreased, and this likely occurred at Boca Chica as well. The strongest wind recorded was 65 to 70 kt from the N at Sombrero Key Lighthouse (24.6N, 81.1W), which is an elevated observation, sometime after 21Z. Earlier, at 21Z, the "center" was reported to be over Sombrero Key. Miami reported 35 kt gales from the NE around 2030Z on the 28th and again around 06Z on the 29th. From the Florida November 1947 climatological data... "On the 28th, a small belated tropical storm struck Key West doing damage estimated at $25,000. The maximum wind for a 5-minute period was 54 (mph) NW, extreme (1-min) 58 (mph). Sombrero Light, 65 miles ENE has winds 75 to 80 mph" (Florida climatological data). Given the 2.13" 24-hour rainfall that occurred on the 27th-28th of November, the system had substantial convection in addition to the very strong winds. It is noted that this system may have been a hybrid of a frontal nature. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 28 24.5N 83.0W Extratropical Nov 29 24.5N 78.0W Extratropical Nov 30 Front 30N 65W to 22N, 78W Suspect 14 A low developed in the eastern Atlantic on 16 December. It occluded, became very large in size, and eventually was absorbed and swept away by a front late on 21 December. There were both gales and low pressures observed with this large low, but the gales were only on the side of the low with the largest pressure gradient. Temperatures throughout much of the lifetime of this low were in the upper 60s on the NW side to the lower 70s on the SE side. This low was not a tropical cyclone due to the very large, broad nature of the low throughout its lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 16 20.0N 32.0W Weak low Dec 17 30.0N 32.0W Occluded low Dec 18 33.0N 33.5W Occluded low Dec 19 29.0N 35.5W Occluded low Dec 20 30.0N 35.0W Occluded low Dec 21 32.5N 34.5W Occluded low Dec 22 Absorbed ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 1 - Revised in 2014 33780 05/22/1948 M= 7 1 SNBR= 750 NOT NAMED XING=0 33780 05/22/1948 M= 8 1 SNBR= 750 NOT NAMED XING=0 * 33785 05/22* 0 0 0 0*160 750 35 0*182 731 35 0*194 722 35 0* 33785 05/22* 0 0 0 0*171 732 30 0*182 731 30 0*193 730 30 0* *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 33790 05/23*205 715 35 0*214 709 35 0*224 703 35 0*235 697 35 0* 33790 05/23*204 729 30 0*214 727 30 0*224 723 30 0*234 716 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 33795 05/24*246 692 35 0*259 687 40 0*269 684 40 0*276 682 40 0* 33795 05/24*244 706 30 0*254 696 30 0*263 690 35 0*272 688 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33800 05/25*283 681 45 0*290 680 45 0*297 680 45 0*301 680 45 0* 33800 05/25*281 687 40 0*289 689 40 0*294 690 45 0*297 690 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33805 05/26*303 680 45 0*307 680 45 0*310 680 45 0*313 680 40 0* 33805 05/26*297 689 45 0*295 688 45 0*295 686 45 0*297 684 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33810 05/27*315 680 40 0*318 680 40 0*320 680 40 0*328 680 40 0* 33810 05/27*301 682 40 0*306 681 40 0*313 680 40 0*320 682 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33815 05/28*337 680 35 0*343 680 30 0*350 680 30 0*379 680 25 0* 33815 05/28*328 685 35 0*337 688 30 0*346 690 30 0*354 690 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 29th is new to HURDAT) 33817 05/29*361 690 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33820 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm which occurred in the month of May. A major change is also made to the time that this system became a tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review. May 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 11.3N, 75.4W, with a trough or wave axis extending northward from the low to near 21N, 73W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. May 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 16.2N, 80.8W with a trough or wave axis extending north-northeastward from the low to near 25N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 73.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.3N, 73.6W. No gales or low pressures. "Originating in a widespread low-pressure area southwest of Hispaniola, this storm began a northeastward movement and by 7 am on May 22 was centered over southwestern Haiti accompanied by widespread heavy rains. These rains caused floods throughout much of Hispaniola. Press reports from the Dominican Republic indicate that 80 persons were drowned in floods associated with this disturbance." (MWR). May 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 22.2N, 73.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 70.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 75.7W with a 1006 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position just west of the HURDAT position near 22.4N, 70.6W. No gales or low pressures. May 24: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 26.8N, 69.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 26.9N, 68.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.9N, 73.0W, and a 12Z position near 24.8N, 70.8W with a 1008 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.6N, 69.7W, and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 68.9W. No gales or low pressures. May 25: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 29.7N, 69.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 68.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 69.6W, and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 69.0W with a 997 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position near 29.5N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z 30.4N, 72.0W (COA); 30 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 69.3W (COA); 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 18Z at 30.7N, 71.5W (COA). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt (MWR). "The storm moved north-northeastward and by May 25 was centered near latitude 30N, longitude 69W where it remained practically stationary for two days. The highest winds reported were about 50 mph observed from a reconnaissance plane which was flown through the storm on the 25th" (MWR). May 26: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 29.8N, 68.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.0N, 68.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 68.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.3N, 68.7W, and a 12Z position near 31.0N, 68.8W. No gales or low pressures. May 27: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 30.6N, 68.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 32.0N, 68.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 69.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 68.8W, and a 12Z position near 32.3N, 68.8W. No gales or low pressures. "During the afternoon of the 27th it began moving northward more rapidly and became an extra-tropical storm" (MWR). May 28: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 34.5N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 35.0N, 68.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position near 33.9N, 69.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.7N, 68.9W, and a 12Z position near 35.3N, 68.8W. No gales or low pressures. May 29: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 38.3N, 67.4W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.7N, 69.3W, and a 12Z position near 37.3N, 68.9W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. An early-season tropical cyclone formed on 22 May in the north-central Caribbean Sea. It formed in association with an easterly wave. The wave continued moving off towards the west, but the vortex of the newly formed tropical cyclone moved towards the north or north-northeast across western Haiti and into the Atlantic Ocean. No changes were made to the timing of genesis. The initial position is adjusted east-northeastward to account for an unrealistically fast initial motion. This system was started as a depression and is not analyzed to have reached tropical storm strength until 24 May (two days later than originally), when it was located in the vicinity of 26N, 69W. The position was altered two degrees to the west on the 23rd - a major change - when it is was in the vicinity of the Turks and Caicos Islands based upon ship and station observations. By the 24th, the structure had improved enough to assign a 35 kt intensity (revised downward from 40 kt originally). There were no gales observed for the duration of this cyclone's lifetime, but on the 25th, there were low pressures observed simultaneously with 30 kt winds. Furthermore, the structure of the system indicated that it was a tropical cyclone. 1004 mb was observed by a ship at 12Z on the 25th with 30 kt of wind. The 1004 mb peripheral pressure implies a maximum sustained wind of at least 36 kt using the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. HURDAT's intensity of 45 kt is retained at 12Z on the 25th. This is consistent with the estimated surface winds of 45 kt from aircraft reconnaissance on the 25th. The storm was still moving generally towards the north, but its forward motion slowed to a crawl from the 25th through the 27th. HURDAT's intensity of 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt is retained at 12Z each day from the 25th through the 27th. On the 26th and 27th, the revised positions are adjusted substantially north-northwestward based upon ship and station data. On the 28th, the cyclone was passing well to the east of the US mid-Atlantic coastline. HURDAT originally showed the storm weakening to a depression at 06Z on 28 May, but tropical storm strength is retained for 18 more hours. HURDAT's final position is at 18Z on the 28th at 37.9N, 68.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression. The analysis indicates that it was still a depression on the 29th at 00Z, and it is analyzed with a 25 kt intensity for that time. The original final position at 18Z on the 28th had an unrealistic northward acceleration. The analyzed position at 00Z on the 29th (the final position) is at 36.1N, 69.0W. This dictated a large change in position at 18Z on the 28th to the south-southwest of the original HURDAT position, which also corrected the original unrealistic accelration. After early on the 29th, the low was no longer closed as it degenerated into an open trough which moved towards the north until it was picked up by an extratropical system. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 2 - Revised in 2014 33825 07/07/1948 M= 5 2 SNBR= 751 NOT NAMED XING=1 33830 07/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*263 906 35 0* 33830 07/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 894 30 0* *** *** ** 33835 07/08*272 900 35 0*276 896 35 0*280 892 35 0*287 881 35 0* 33835 07/08*276 894 30 0*277 894 30 0*280 892 30 0*285 888 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 33840 07/09*296 869 35 0*302 862 35 0*308 859 35 0*313 858 30 0* 33840 07/09*292 882 35 0*302 874 35 0*308 869 35 0*313 866 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** 33845 07/10*317 858 30 0*322 858 30 0*327 859 25 0*333 860 25 0* 33845 07/10*318 866 30 0*323 865 30 0*327 863 25 0*333 863 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 33850 07/11*340 861 20 0*346 863 20 0*352 866 15 0*355 868 15 0* 33850 07/11*340 865 20 0*346 866 20 0*352 866 15 0*358 866 15 0* *** *** *** *** 33855 TS U.S. Landfall: 07/09/1948 - 07Z - 30.3N, 87.3W - 35 kt Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this minimal tropical storm that struck Florida's panhandle between Pensacola and Florida's border with Alabama. A major change was made to the time that the cyclone attained tropical storm strength. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. July 7: HWM does not analyze any features of interest. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 90.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 87.9W. Microfilm shows a 12Z position near 28.0N, 89.6W. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance formed in an area of unsettled weather in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the afternoon of July 7" (MWR). July 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a weak SW-NE trough from the west-central Gulf of Mexico to the SE US, and HWM analyzes a W-E cold front over the SE US. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 89.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 88.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.5N, 90.4W, and a 12Z position near 28.5N, 89.2W. Microfilm shows a SW-NE trough extending from the west-central Gulf of Mexico to the SE US, with a frontal feature extending from NW of the trough, southeastward through the SE US, and then eastward to the GA/SC coast. No gales or low pressures. July 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.7N, 88.2W with a cold front extending from the low eastward into the Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 85.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.0N, 87.6W with a 1010 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.7N, 87.8W, and a 12Z position near 30.9N, 86.9W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered at 12Z near 30.9N, 87.1W with a W-E frontal feature extending from 100 nm east of the low eastward into to Atlantic. Land highlights: 1007 mb (min p) with 30 kt SE (max w) at 0620Z at Pensacola, FL (OMR, climo); 32 kt S (max w/1-min) ~0930Z at Apalachicola, FL (OMR, climo). "It moved northeastward and passed inland over Pensacola, Fla., during the night of July 8. A highest wind of 35 mph was observed during a thunderstorm at the Pensacola station. This disturbance caused heavy rains over extreme northern Florida, southern Alabama, and southern Georgia. Little damage has been reported" (MWR). From the Pensacola OMR... "A minor tropical disturbance that moved inland between Mobile and Pensacola on the night of July 8th-9th was attended by strong winds and heavy to excessive rains at Pensacola. Extreme (1-minute) wind velocity was 35 mph from the southeast. 7.50 inches of rain fell during the storms, establishing new July records for greatest precipitation for 5, 10, and 15 minutes and 2 hours and 24 hours at Pensacola" (Pensacola OMR). From the July, 1948 Florida Climatological Data summary... "Night of 8-9th, Pensacola, minor tropical storm moved in from the Gulf, causing winds up to 32 mph, heavy rain, and damage by water to extent of $500" (Florida Climatological Data). "On July 9th a disturbance, which had developed off the coast, moved northward along the Alabama-Georgia line with very heavy rain in its path. Maximum 24-hour amounts averaged around 7 inches near the border from Lee County southward through Houston County. Heavy rain from this storm was, however, confined mostly to the eastern portion of the state east of the Alabama and Coosa Rivers, and there were areas in the northwest and west portions where little or none was recorded at that time" (Alabama Climatological Data). July 10: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.7N, 85.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.0N, 87.1W, and a 12Z position near 33.1N, 86.7W with a 1013 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 86.4W, and a 12Z position near 32.7N, 86.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low at 12Z of at most 1011 mb centered near 32.6N, 87.1W. No gales or low pressures. July 11: HWM analyzes a weak trough of low pressure over Tennessee with a NW-SE warm front extending through the trough from NW to SE. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 35.2N, 86.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.3N, 86.2W, and a 12Z position near 35.4N, 85.6W with a 1013 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. The microfilm analysis is similar to the HWM analysis. No gales or low pressures. A tropical depression formed in the northern Gulf of Mexico at 18Z on 7 July (no change to timing of genesis). The starting position is analyzed to be about a degree and a half northeast of the previous HURDAT position based upon available ship and coastal observations. Additionally, a moderate westward adjustment was made early on the 9th before landfall. The remainder of the lifecycle of this tropical cyclone had very minor position adjustments. The depression moved slowly northeastward and became a tropical storm at 00Z on the 9th (30 hours later than originally). The tropical storm made landfall near Pensacola, FL (more than 1 degree west of where HURDAT's previous track showed landfall) around 06Z on the 9th as a 35 kt tropical storm. (The 32 kt 1 min maximum wind at Appalachicola was within an hourly averaged wind of only 17 kt, so it may have been a convective gust. It is possible that the system may have been a high end tropical depression, rather than a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall.) It weakened to a tropical depression 12 hours after moving inland (no change to HURDAT) but the analyzed track was still slightly to the left (west) of the previous track. The depression moved north through eastern Alabama and dissipated in Tennessee after 18Z on the 11th (no change to timing of dissipation). Although there were no gales or low pressure observations with this system, a 1-minute peak sustained wind of 32 kt at Apalachicola and a 1007 mb pressure at Pensacola warrant keeping this system a tropical storm in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 3 - Revised in 2014 33860 08/26/1948 M=10 3 SNBR= 752 NOT NAMED XING=0 33860 08/26/1948 M=11 3 SNBR= 752 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** 33865 08/26* 0 0 0 0*195 589 50 0*209 610 65 0*218 626 70 0* 33865 08/26*204 606 55 0*213 616 60 0*222 626 65 0*230 636 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 33870 08/27*228 641 75 0*238 655 80 0*248 667 85 0*256 676 90 0* 33870 08/27*238 645 75 0*247 654 80 0*255 663 85 0*263 672 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33875 08/28*261 684 95 0*265 690 95 0*270 697 100 0*276 704 105 0* 33875 08/28*268 681 95 0*272 689 95 0*276 697 100 0*281 706 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33880 08/29*282 712 105 0*286 719 105 0*291 725 100 0*297 734 100 0* 33880 08/29*286 715 105 0*289 723 105 0*291 731 100 0*295 739 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33885 08/30*303 743 95 0*308 750 95 0*313 754 90 0*320 754 85 0* 33885 08/30*300 745 95 0*306 749 95 0*312 752 90 0*319 753 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33890 08/31*328 751 80 0*334 746 75 0*341 736 70 0*353 716 70 0* 33890 08/31*326 749 80 0*333 744 75 0*342 733 70 0*353 716 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 33895 09/01E370 687 65 0E390 651 60 0E410 618 60 0E429 594 55 0* 33895 09/01*370 687 65 0*390 651 60 0E410 620 60 0E429 594 60 0* * * *** ** 33900 09/02E448 578 50 0E485 553 45 0E517 528 45 0E528 514 40 0* 33900 09/02E450 574 55 0E480 560 55 0E510 540 50 0E528 520 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 33905 09/03E538 500 40 0E549 475 40 0E560 450 35 0E570 430 35 0* 33905 09/03E538 500 50 0E549 478 50 0E560 455 50 0E570 435 50 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 33910 09/04E580 410 35 0E589 391 35 0E598 372 35 0E612 348 35 0* 33910 09/04E580 418 45 0E589 400 45 0E598 382 40 0E606 358 40 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 33912 09/05E613 325 35 0E619 280 35 0E625 230 30 0E630 170 30 0* 33915 HR Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this major hurricane that recurved before it reached the east coast of the US. (It is noted that the genesis of this tropical cyclone is not explicitly included above, as it formed east of the Lesser Antilles in the data sparse tropical North Atlantic.) An additional day was added into HURDAT at the end of this system's lifetime as an extratropical cyclone before it was absorbed. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. August 25: HWM analyzes a SW-NE trough or wave-like feature extending from 12N, 64W to 23N, 51W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. "Existence [of 1948 storm 3] had been well established by other reports [before August 26th]" (AWS). August 26: HWM analyzes a low inside in open trough located near 22N, 62W, with the trough axis extending southwestward from the low to beyond 16N, 71W. HURDAT lists a 65 kt hurricane at 20.9N, 61.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.0N, 62.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.9N, 61.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 22.0N, 62.1W, although at 06Z, microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb. Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 03Z at 21.4N, 59.7W (micro); 40 kt N and 997 mb at 0330Z at 20.7N, 61.4W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Seven gales between 35-45 kt between 1330Z and 1700Z between 21.5-24.0N, 61.3-64.0W (micro); 90 kt at 1500 feet at 1634Z 15 miles NE of center (AWS); 35* kt E at 1915Z at 24.5N, 62.8W (micro). "This storm was first reported during the night of August 25-26 by the S.S. Virginia and the S.S. Petrakis Nomikos when they encountered winds of Beaufort force 9 and other signs of a hurricane forming near latitude 20.5N, longitude 60.5W" (MWR). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 25.2N, 67.7W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 66.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.0N, 64.2W, and a 12Z position near 25.2N, 66.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.5N, 64.2W, and a 12Z position near 24.7N, 67.0W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.8N, 67.5W. Aircraft highlights: center estimate at 1325Z at 24.9N, 67.7W with 100 kt estimated max surface winds (micro); 40 kt SW at 1330Z at 24.4N, 67.1W (micro); center fix at 1852Z at 26.7N, 67.4W (AWS); 40 kt W at 1945Z at 26.2N, 67.5W (micro). "40 kt (wind) radius is 70 miles" (aircraft on 1325Z center fix at 24.9N, 67.7W- micro). "Airforce plane reported center at 1500E (2000Z) at 27.0N, 67.7W on course of north northwest 18 knots. Airplane reported center at 1445E (1945Z) at 26.5N, 67.7W. These obs corrected in post flight to read 26.8N, 67.4W at 1440E (1940Z) and 27.1N, 67.9W at 1640E (2140Z)" (micro). August 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 28.1N, 69.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 69.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.6N, 68.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.8N, 69.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.7N, 68.5W, and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 70.2W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 28.2N, 70.4W. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 1410Z at 28.0N, 70.0W with 110 kt estimated maximum sustained winds (micro); center fix at 1634Z at 28.3N, 70.7W with estimated maximum sustained winds of 100 kt (micro, AWS); center fix at 27.8N, 71.1W (AWS). Eight other gales, two of which are hurricane force. "A highest wind of 120 mph was estimated from reconnaissance aircraft which reconnoitered the storm on August 28 and 29" (MWR). The AWS tech report stated that the lowest observed pressure for this storm by aircraft was 985 mb. It is unknown what day that occurred and it is unknown whether it was a central pressure of a peripheral pressure. "Storm center 0647Z 27.3N, 69.0W- navy radar. Storm center 0804Z 27.6N, 69.4W- navy radar" (micro). "Intense area of storm has radius of 50 miles. Plane swept through edge of eye after center located by radar showing a diffused eye eight miles in diameter centered 28N, 70W at 1410Z. Max winds (encountered) 260 degrees 110 knots" (micro). "Duck report. Airforce plane reports center 28.3N, 70.7W at 1134E (1634Z). Winds near center estimated 100 knots" (micro). "Post flight summary...Hurricane center located at 28.3N, 70.7W at 1634Z. Estimated wind near center in excess of 100 knots; wind within 70 mile radius 60 knots. Moderate to light intermittent turbulence with light to moderate continuous rain and showers near center. Continuous instrument flight near center in the base of clouds 400 feet; tops unknown" (micro). "Post flight summary... In area of NW quadrants experienced wind of over 100 knots with heavy rain at 28.2N, 71.5W. Experienced this condition 13 minutes... intense area of storm has radius 50 miles. Estimated movement in WNW direction. Dead reckoning positions confirmed by loran in southeast and northwest quadrants" (micro). August 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 72.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 29.1N, 72.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.8N, 71.2W, and a 12Z position near the HWM position. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 28.8N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 1230Z at 27.8N, 71.7W (micro). Aircraft highlights: (992 mb peripheral surface pressure) with strong west wind at 13Z at 28.4N, 72.7W (micro); 85 kt (possibly flight-level wind) W at 28.6N, 73.1W (micro); center fix at 2230Z at 29.3N, 73.3W (AWS). At least 18 other reported aircraft gales. "Here is message we received from plane: 1300Z position 28.5N, 72.6W. Estimated eye position from dead reckoning. Radar fix 28.7N, 72.5W at 13Z when 10 miles from eye. Wind 270 degrees 85 knots plus; pressure 992(?) mbs" (micro). "Post flight summary storm center located at 29.8N, 74.3W at 2130Z. All fixes used in computing location of center were checked by loran" (micro). Interesting discussion from Aug. 29 20Z microfilm... "We have been digesting, assimilating, and perhaps disgorging the replotted inflights from our plane this morning. The following points will be of interest to you: 1. The observer, Barron, is experienced at the business. 2. The reports along the top of the storm, all reporting 1013 pressure are the good ones for position; that is, they were all based on loran fixes and should be on the button. 3. The other reports are based on dead reckoning and subject to the usual potential error, but have been checked and rechecked until the worst busts are eliminated I think. 4. I deduce from them that we could move the position of the eye up about 20 miles without distorting the reports as plotted. We would move that 85 knot along with it. 5. The longitude looks to be correct judging from the winds on both sides. 6. Does this report mean what it looks like? 7. The worst weather was encountered in the SW quadrant rather than the E and NE. Lt. Ryner reminds me that this was a characteristic of the storm last year which curved into Savannah. He made the last two hops on it. That is the gist of our deductions. Anyone got anything to throw in our grist mill as a result of this flight? -Harding" (micro). August 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 30.7N, 75.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.3N, 75.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.5N, 73.8W, and a 12Z position near 31.6N, 74.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 31.6N, 75.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1010 mb at ~1230Z at 31.4N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt WSW and 1003 mb at ~1830Z at 30.0N, 73.7W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W (may be a flight-level wind) at 1245Z at 30.0N, 74.8W (micro); 40 kt N at (13Z?) at 30.4N, 75.5W (micro). "The hurricane moved on a west-northwesterly course to a point about 250 miles south of Cape Hatteras when the forward movement slowed and a turn to the northeast began. This trajectory was some distance east of Hatteras and no dangerous winds occurred on land. Tides, however, were high on the North Carolina coast and justified evacuations and other precautions which were taken in the area" (MWR). "Navy radar fixes: 0406Z- 30.5N, 74.5W; 0435Z- 30.6N, 74.6W; 0615Z- 30.8N, 75.0W. This latter reading corrected to read 30.8N, 75.6W about 0930Z. (Eye was slightly diffused according to report from plane)" (micro). "Loran fix at 1329Z at 31.1N, 74.6W" (micro). "Hurricane positions as reported by navy radar 2032Z position- hurricane eye 32.2N, 75.2W; 2140Z position hurricane eye 31.9N, 75.4W (position based on gadget bearings and loran; 2252Z hurricane eye position 32.3N, 75.2W based on loran (land bearings poor)" (micro). August 31: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 34.4N, 73.6W with a stationary front partially wrapped around the cyclone a couple hundred miles to the west and several hundred miles to the north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 34.1N, 73.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.0N, 74.9W, and a 12Z position near 34.1N, 72.7W with a 962 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 75.5W, and a 12Z position near 34.1N, 74.0W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 34.3N, 73.8W with a frontal feature located to the west and the north of the cyclone. Ship highlights: At least 50 kt ENE and 996 mb at 1830Z at 36.1N, 71.8W (micro). At least 30 other gale observations between 35-50 kt, and at least 10 other low pressure observations between 996-1005 mb. Land highlights: 1004 mb (min pressure) at 1045Z At Cape Hatteras (OMR); 20 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at Cape Hatteras (HWM, micro). Aircraft highlights: 45* kt N possibly along with a 994 mb surface pressure at 1615Z at 35.2N, 73.2W (center fix at 1645Z was at 35.1N, 72.1W) (micro); 76 kt SW at 1500 ft at 1658Z at 34.2N, 70.5W (AWS); at least 50 kt (possibly 70 kt?) WSW at 17Z at 34.3N, 75.5W (micro). At least 4 other gales between 35-40 kt. "Hurricane eye 0030Z 32.6N, 74.9W from good land fix" (micro). "D-7 center 1540Z 34.8N, 72.1W; D10 center 1645Z 35.1N, 72.1W" (micro). September 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 41.1N, 61.2W with a cold front extending from the low towards the SSW curving towards the WSW to beyond 33N, 75W, and a warm front extending from the low eastward to beyond 42N, 46W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 41.0N, 61.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 69.1W, and a 12Z position near 40.7N, 63.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position close to the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 981 mb centered near 40.7N, 62.3W with the NE end of a NE-SW frontal feature located about 300 nm SW of the low. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 995 mb at 08Z at 40.4N, 66.7W (COA); 30 kt NNE and 992 mb at 10Z at 40.8N, 64.3W (micro). At least 23 other gales between 35-45 kt. At least seven other low pressures between 992-999 mb. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt WSW(?) and 992(?) mb at 17Z at 41.1N, 59.8W (micro); 20 kt W and 983 mb at 1830Z at 42.9N, 58.8W (micro); center fix at 1830Z at 44.8N, 58.8W with 60 kt estimated max winds (AWS). Two other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1002 mb. According to AWS, this cyclone was extratropical on 1 September. September 2: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 990 mb near 50.5N, 54.1W, with an occluded front extending from the low southeastward to a triple point near48N, 50W, with a cold front extending from the triple point southward and then south-southwestward to beyond 34N, 56W, and a warm front extending from the triple point east-southeastward to beyond 45N, 38W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 51.7N, 52.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.0N, 57.3W, and a 12Z position near 49.9N, 55.0W with a 978 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 993 mb at 12Z at 52.5N, 52.5W (COA, HWM); 35 kt SE and 986 mb at 18Z at 52.5N, 51.5W (COA). Five other gales between 35-45 kt, and six other low pressures between 989-1000 mb. Land highlights: 40 kt WSW and 996 mb at 0630Z at 46.5N, 53.2W (micro); 35 kt WNW and 994 mb at 12Z at 48.5N, 57.5W (HWM). September 3: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 985 mb centered near 56.0N, 45.5W with an occluded front extending from the low, wrapping around on the east side southward to beyond 50N, 33W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 56.0N, 45.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 53.2, 51.8W, and a 12Z position near 56.1N, 47.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 997 mb at 00Z at 49.5N, 49.0W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 991 mb at 12Z at 54.3N, 51.5W (HWM); 45 kt SSW and 992 mb at 12Z at 53.5N, 44.5W (COA, HWM). Two other gales and one other low pressure below 1000 mb. Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1016 mb at 12Z at 60.5N, 45.5W (HWM). September 4: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 59.8N, 37.8W with a cold front extending from the low towards the NE for a short distance, then becoming an occluded front and extending towards the east, southeast, and then south to south of 52N, 21W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 59.8N, 37.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 58.8N, 42.4W, and a 12Z position near 61.6N, 35.5W with a 998 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 57.4N, 35.7W (COA); 35 kt SW and 996 mb at 18Z at 56.4N, 32.5W (COA). Ten other gales of 35 kt, and 12 other low pressures between 997-1000 mb. Land highlights: 10 kt NNE and 999 mb at 12Z at 60.8N, 46.0W (HWM). September 5: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 62.0N, 21.5W, with an occluded front extending from the low wrapping around to southwest of 50N, 10W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 63.5N, 15.5W (COA); 10 kt SE and 998 mb at 10Z at 63.5N, 19.5W (COA); 15 kt SSW and 998 mb at 12Z at 60.0N, 20.0W (HWM, COA); 15 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 62.3N, 33.0W (HWM). Seven other low pressures between 998-999 mb. Land highlights: 15 kt ENE and 998 mb at Reykjavik, Iceland (64.1N, 21.9W). A tropical storm was first noticed in the Atlantic Ocean a couple hundred miles north-northeast of the Leeward and Virgin Islands early on 26 August when winds as high as 40 kt and pressures as low as 997 mb were measured from two ships. HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on the 26th at 19.5N, 58.9W with a 50 kt intensity. The new analysis starts this tropical storm six hours earlier (at 00Z) at 20.4N, 60.6W based on the two ship observations on the Aug 26th. All sources were utilized to check for observations during the several days prior to the 26th, but neither a closed low nor any gales or low pressures could be found due to a lack of data. The actual genesis of this event began earlier, perhaps substantially before 00Z on the 26th. The 997 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 26th suggests winds of at least 53 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. This 997 mb was recorded simultaneously with 40 kt winds. 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 26th. The HURDAT position for 06Z on the 26th is too far east, and HURDAT's initial forward speed is too fast. The 06Z position on the 26th is shifted more than 2 degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position (a major track change) based upon ship and subsequent aircraft observations. After that, all remaining track changes to this cyclone are minor, with only one moderate position change at 12Z on the 2nd to the west-southwest based upon ship and Canadian observations. The cyclone strengthened to a hurricane at 12Z on the 26th (no change). From 12Z on the 26th until 12Z on the 1st, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT. The main reason for the lack of intensity alterations is because there were no available central pressure observations and the few inner core surface wind estimates are highly uncertain. From the 26th to the 29th, the cyclone moved in a general direction between west-northwest and northwest. The revised track is slightly to the right and north of the previous HURDAT track on the 27th and 28th. On the 28th, the forward motion slowed down, and this slow motion continued on the 29th. At 1325Z on the 27th, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt. HURDAT's intensity of 85 kt at that time is maintained since it is within 15 kt of the aircraft estimate and there is no other information to indicate that HURDAT's intensity should be adjusted upward. On the 28th around 14Z, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 110 kt. HURDAT's intensity of 100 kt at the time was not changed, especially since another aircraft estimated only 100 kt maximum surface winds around 1630Z on the same day. The peak intensity of 105 kt is maintained from 18Z on the 28th to 06Z on the 29th. On the 29th at 12Z, the hurricane was located in the vicinity of 29N, 73W, still moving towards the west-northwest and the intensity had decreased to 100 kt. Still moving slowly, the hurricane recurved on the 30th between 75-76 W and 31-32N. An aircraft report early on the 30th that the eye was slightly diffused is consistent with the slow weakening indicated in HURDAT. The hurricane made its closest approach to Cape Hatteras early on the 31st when Cape Hatteras recorded a minimum pressure of 1004 mb, but all of the dangerous weather remained offshore. By 18Z on the 31st, the hurricane was located at 35.3N, 71.6W with a 70 kt intensity (no changes to HURDAT), and it had already begun to accelerate in a northeasterly direction. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 18Z on 1 September (18 hours later than originally). On the September 1st 18Z microfilm map, there appears to be an aircraft observation of 85 kt flight-level winds at 1500 feet, but it is unclear whether that value is the correct wind speed. Furthermore, the cyclone is extratropical and in the westerlies at that time, so the winds at 1500 feet could be much stronger than at the surface. For those two reasons, this observation was discounted in the intensity analysis. The cyclone continued to accelerate on the 1st and it made landfall in New Foundland, Canada as a 55 kt extratropical storm around 04Z on the 2nd of September. The new intensity on the 2nd though the 4th is revised upward by between 5 and 15 knots at each point (all minor adjustments). Track changes through 18Z on the 4th were very minor. At that time, the cyclone was located between southern Greenland and Iceland. 18Z on the 4th is the last point in HURDAT, but HWM and COADS show evidence that the cyclone was not absorbed until after 18Z on the 5th. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 5th is 62.5N, 23.0W, at which time the intensity had decreased from 35 to 30 kt. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014 33920 08/31/1948 M= 2 4 SNBR= 753 NOT NAMED XING=0 33920 08/30/1948 M= 3 4 SNBR= 753 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 33922 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*129 554 50 0* 33925 08/31*135 530 50 1009*137 555 50 0*138 570 45 0*139 581 40 0* 33925 08/31*131 566 50 0*133 578 50 0*135 590 45 0*137 602 40 0* *** *** **** *** *** *** *** *** *** 33930 09/01*140 593 40 0*141 612 35 0*142 630 30 1007*143 655 25 0* 33930 09/01*139 613 40 0*141 623 35 0*142 631 30 1007*143 640 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** 33935 TS International Landfall 8/31/22Z 13.8N 60.9W 40 kt - St. Lucia Major track changes but no changes to intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that passed through the Windward Islands. (It is noted that the genesis of this tropical cyclone is not explicitly included above, as it formed east of the Windward Islands in the data sparse tropical North Atlantic.) Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories. August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 9.5N, 51.2W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 21Z at 14.0N, 55.8W (micro). "The first indication of the existence of this storm came from the S.S. Benjamin H. Grierson, which transmitted the following report during the afternoon of August 30: 'Position 2100 (30th) G.C.T., 14N, 55.8W; vessel hove to; barometer 29.80; wind ESE 10 (50 kt); very high easterly seas; stratocumulus clouds.'" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1015 mb in the general vicinity of 12.5N, 58.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 57.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 13.7N, 54.1W, and a 12Z position near 13.8N, 57.3W. Microfilm at 18Z shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14.1N, 60.1W. No gales or low pressures. "From the above position this storm, of small diameter, advanced westward passing between St. Lucia and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles during the early evening of August 31" (MWR). "Benjamin H. Grierson position at 13Z (31st) 13.2N, 52.2W, wind SE 10 with 1018 pressure and a moderate ESE swell. Vessel experienced force 9 to 10 winds with high seas. Hove to from 2000Z Aug 30 until 0300Z Aug 31. Lowest pressure 29.80 after 0300Z" (micro). September 1: HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 15N, 63.3W, located in a trough of low pressure with a trough or wave-like axis plotted from the low extending northeastward to 20N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 14.2N, 63.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 13.9N, 59.5W, and a 12Z position near 14.1N, 62.1W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 14.2N, 63.0W. Aircraft highlights: 15 kt WSW at 13Z at 13.8N, 63.9W (micro); center fix at 1340Z at 14.2N, 63.3W with a lowest pressure of 1007 mb and maximum winds of 28 kt (micro). From the Sep 01 0400Z Weather Bureau Advsiory... "It is a very small storm with the lowest pressure about 1006 mb (~00Z on the 1st)" (San Juan Weather Bureau advisories). "At 8:40 am on September 1, a reconnaissance plane located the center at latitude 14.2N, longitude 63.3W with lowest pressure 1007 millibars (29.74 inches) and highest wind 28 knots. Subsequent reconnaissance failed to locate the center. This storm was minor in character, and it apparently weakened from the time of the report from the S. S. Grierson until it dissipated near latitude 15N, longitude 66W. No reports of property destruction or loss of life from the storm have been received. Resulting heavy rains, especially on the island of Puerto Rico, were very beneficial to crops and water supply and more than offset minor damage caused by floods" (MWR). "Navy report: Position of eye 14.2N, 63.3W at 1340Z. Highest winds 28 kt. Lowest pressure 1007 mb. Definite eye (18?) miles in diameter" (micro). Regarding the storm in Dominica... "Continuous rain yesterday (September 1) for more than eight hours followed by heavy westerly squalls marked the eighteenth anniversary of the last hurricane here. Telephone communication has been disturbed. Small craft were removed to safety but a small yacht ruined its moorings and was wrecked" (The West Indian- a newspaper from September 2, 1948) September 2: HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 12.5N, 71.5W at the SW end of a SW-NE trough/tropical wave that extends to beyond 21N, 65W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Microfilm shows a trough or tropical wave extending from12N, 71W to beyond 20N, 64W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm was first noticed in the Atlantic when the ship SS Benjamin H. Grierson reported winds up to 50 kt, pressures down to 1009 mb, and rough weather from 20Z on 30 August until 03Z on the 31st. At 20Z on the 30th, when the rough weather and high winds commenced aboard the ship, the ship was located at 14.0N, 56.0W. At 21Z, the ship was located at 14.0N, 55.8W and was recording ESE winds of 45-50 kt with a concurrent pressure of 1009 mb (the 1009 mb central pressure in HURDAT is removed). The ship was moving east-southeastward, and by 03Z on the 31st, when the rough weather ended, the ship was located in the vicinity of 13.7N, 54.5W. HURDAT starts this system at 00Z on the 31st, but the ship observations display enough evidence that a tropical storm existed at least six hours before that, so this storm is begun at 18Z on the 30th as a 50 kt tropical storm. The ESE wind of 50 kt from the ship at 21Z on the 30th indicates that the storm was probably located near 56W at that time. The starting position for this storm at 18Z on the 30th is at 12.9N, 55.4W, and the new 00Z position is 13.1N, 56.6W (a major adjustment of over 3 and a half degrees to the west-southwest of the previous HURDAT position for that time). In fact, major track alterations were made to all of the positions at all synoptic times on the 31st (all westward adjustments). Genesis was not captured with this storm, and the storm could have formed before the time shown in the analysis. Moving with a moderate forward speed in a direction between west and west-northwest, the center of the cyclone passed over St. Lucia around 22Z on the 31st. Although the microfilm map from 00Z on the 1st does not show any high wind or low pressure observations from the islands, sources indicate that this was a small cyclone. At 1340Z on the 1st, an aircraft located the center of the cyclone at 14.2N, 63.3W with estimated maximum surface winds of 28 kt and a minimum central pressure of 1007 mb. The 1007 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT for 12Z on the 1st. These aircraft observations indicate that the position and intensity at 12Z on the 1st need not be changed. The storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on the 1st in accordance with HURDAT and with the aircraft information. The last point given for this system is at 18Z on the 1st (no change to timing of dissipation). However, the position of the last point is adjusted a degree and a half to the east. After 18Z on the 1st, the cyclone degenerated into an open tropical wave. This moderately strong to vigorous tropical wave can be traced with microfilm and HWM all the way across the Caribbean Sea to September 6th when HWM shows it near 81W. The strongest observed winds and lowest observed pressure with the wave between the 3rd and the 6th were 20 kt and 1007 mb respectively. However, the system apparently did not regenerate before reaching Central America on the 7th of September. It is noted that this system may have been a fast-moving open wave without a well-defined center. But given that the observations are ambiguous, the tropical storm is retained in HURDAT. The following quotes should be noted from the Air Weather Service Tech report on the 1948 hurricane season regarding this cyclone: "Storm [4] (31 August to 2 September) was apparently a strong easterly wave instead of a true tropical storm. It was first discovered at 14N, 58W... a closed center was reported at 14N, 63W by Navy Reconnaissance. This cell, if existent, moved in a WNW direction and filled and dissipated near 16N, 71W over a water area" (AWS). The AWS tech report goes on to mention that all environmental conditions were favorable for further development of this wave. Then, the report says... "Since the storm failed to develop in spite of the above favorable conditions, it is believed that the stage of closed circulation never occurred. Although an "eye" had been reported with winds of 28 knots, a closed investigation revealed that no northwest or west winds were reported in this circulation and the isobars could have been drawn without a closed center. This "false" center was likely the result of a squall which formed on the wave and gradually dissipated in showers. A popular theory at the Air Force Hurricane Office is that every easterly wave is potentially capable of developing into a hurricane. Squalls develop along these waves which in turn causes periods of brief duration when minute cells of closed circulation develop and move along the axis of the wave in a northeast direction. The majority of these cells dissipate in shower activity and no further development occurs unless the wave passes under a stationary or westerly trough. It is therefore concluded by the Air Force Hurricane Office that Storm [4] never existed as a tropical cyclone and it is not further discussed in this report" (AWS). The Air Weather Service tech report lists information with regards to each tropical cyclone in 1948. If a piece of information contains a high degree of uncertainty, a question mark will follow the piece of information. One of the pieces of information listed is the number of days each system existed as a tropical storm. The AWS lists Storm 4 as having possibly been a tropical storm for 2 days with a question mark. Other information listed is that the maximum observed wind by reconnaissance was 55 mph. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 5 - Revised in 2014 33940 09/01/1948 M= 7 5 SNBR= 754 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 33940 09/01/1948 M= 6 5 SNBR= 754 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * 33945 09/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 947 35 0* 33945 09/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 948 25 0* *** *** ** 33950 09/02*244 944 40 0*247 939 45 0*250 935 50 0*252 932 55 0* 33950 09/02*243 948 30 0*243 948 30 0*243 947 35 0*243 943 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33955 09/03*253 930 60 0*255 928 60 0*258 926 65 0*266 919 70 0* 33955 09/03*245 938 40 0*251 932 45 0*259 926 50 998*269 919 60 990* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** 33960 09/04*277 911 70 990*288 905 65 989*299 900 55 0*311 896 50 0* 33960 09/04*279 913 65 0*289 906 70 983*299 900 60 986*311 894 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 33965 09/05*323 893 45 0*334 891 40 0*345 890 35 0*354 890 30 0* 33965 09/05*323 891 35 0*335 891 30 0*348 892 25 0*358 893 25 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 33970 09/06*363 889 30 0*373 887 25 0*390 883 25 0*402 875 20 0* 33970 09/06*365 893 25 0*375 891 25 0*388 886 20 0*400 876 20 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** (The 7th is removed from HURDAT.) 33975 09/07*413 864 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 33980 HR LA1 U.S. Landfall: 9/4/1948 - 07Z - 29.1N 90.5W - 70 kt - 983 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed with this hurricane that made landfall in southeastern Louisiana. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories, Connor (1956), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Dunn and Miller (1960). August 31: Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1008 mb near 25.2N, 94.7W. No gales or low pressures. "On August 29, 1948 weather conditions became disturbed with an apparent partial circulation in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico" (Louisiana Climatological Data). September 1: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25.8N, 92.7W with the W end of a W-E cold front located a few hundred miles north of the low. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.8N, 94.7W. Microfilm analyzes a large closed low of at most 1011 mb in the general vicinity of 25.2N, 93.4W. No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.4N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 25.0N, 93.5W. Microfilm analyzes a large closed low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 23.5N, 94.8W. Aircraft highlights: 35* kt SE at 1645Z at 24.1N, 92.7W (micro). September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.4N, 92.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.8N, 92.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.7N, 93.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.6N, 92.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.0N, 92.6W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1005 mb at 0030Z at 23.0N, 95.0W (micro); 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 1830Z at 28.0N, 91.5W (micro). Two other ship gales of 35 kt. Aircraft highlights: calm and 998 mb (center fix) at 1515Z at 26.4N, 92.6W (micro); 40 kt S at 1615Z at 25.9N, 91.0W (micro); eye ¾ formed at 2043Z at 27.3N, 91.4W with 993 mb the lowest surface pressure encountered (micro); center fix at 2054Z at 27.3N, 91.8W with 990 mb central pressure (AWS). Ten other gales and at least six other low pressures between 992 and 1000 mb. "This hurricane developed in an area of unsettled weather that had prevailed for several days in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Aircraft reconnaissance reported development of a complete circulation with an ill-defined center on the morning of September 3" (MWR). "Special reports from surface ships were obtained and flights were made through the area by reconnaissance airplanes daily thereafter (after August 29th) without showing any definite developments until the morning of September 3rd. Reports that morning indicated an ill-defined hurricane center" (Louisiana Climatological Data). "Shortly before attaining hurricane strength, recon reported an eye diameter of 30 miles" (AWS). September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 90.3W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located over central Alabama. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 29.9N, 90.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 91.8W, and a 12Z position near 30.5N, 90.3W with a 991 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 30.2N, 89.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 996 mb at 00Z at 27.8N, 91.2W (micro). Six other gales and three other low pressures. Land highlights: 55 kt (max wind) SSE at 07Z and 990 mb (min pressure) at 08Z at Grand Isle, LA (29.2N, 90.0W) (MWR); 68 kt gust NNE (max wind) at 0950Z at New Orleans Airport (30.0N, 90.3W) (MWR, OMR); 56 kt (max wind, 1-minute) at 1050Z at the top of the Huey Long Bridge in New Orleans (29.9N, 90.2W) (OMR); 989 mb (min pressure) with 12Z NW at 1217Z at New Orleans City Office (30.0N, 90.1W) (MWR, OMR); "Tropical storm (hurricane) eye passed over this station at 0540 CST"; 987 mb with 20 kt NW at 13Z at New Orleans Naval Air Station (SWO). Seven other gales and about 20 other low pressures. "From a position near 25N, 92.5W, the storm moved north-northeastward and crossed the Louisiana coast line a short distance west of Grand Isle. The lowest pressure at Grand Isle was 990.2 millibars (29.24 inches) at 3 am and the highest winds 63 mph from the south-southeast at 2 am on September 4. Passing over a sparsely settled coastal area, the center reached New Orleans early on the 4th of September, with a highest wind velocity of 78 mph from the north-northeast recorded at Moisant Airport at 3:50 am. At Huey Long Bridge a low pressure of 989.2 millibars (29.21 inches) was recorded from 6:15 to 6:20 am with maximum winds of 64 mph at 4:50 am (the center of the hurricane did not pass over either of these 2 points). Continuing with decreasing intensity, (the storm) passed over Picayune, Purvis, and reached Hattiesburg, Miss., at 2 pm on the 4th when the lowest pressure was 29.67 inches (1005 mb) with highest winds 40 mph from the northeast. Thereafter, it decreased steadily in intensity, but the circulation was maintained as it passed near Memphis, Tenn., and Cairo, Ill., reaching Lafayette, Ind., at 6 pm on the 6th" (MWR). From the New Orleans Weather Bureau advisory issued September 4th at 1115Z... "Strongest winds reported so far 65 mph at Moisant Airport at New Orleans with gusts to 85 mph" (Weather Bureau Advisories). Regarding the high tides... "Tides at the Mississippi River at New Orleans rose from 2.0 feet on September 3 to 4.7 feet on September 4 and at Reserve from 2.2 feet on September 3rd to 4.7 feet on September 4th. The highest tide along the Mississippi coast was about 6 feet. At Mobile, Ala., it reached 5.3 feet and at Pensacola, FL., 3.4 feet" (MWR, Louisiana Climatological Data). "At Buras, Port Sulphur and Chandeluer Island, LA the tide reached 4-5 feet early on September 4th...at Pensacola Fla. It reached 3.8 feet" (Louisiana Climatological Data). Regarding the damage... "In section along Mississippi River below New Orleans, fall truck was inundated by heavy rains and high tides, and orange crop suffered considerable damage (by high winds). In the region north of Lake Pontchartrain, fall bean crop destroyed by heavy rains and high winds; pecan and tung nut crops in this area and in southeastern Mississippi suffered considerable damage; possibly the heaviest damage to pecans. Sugarcane and corn blown down by high winds, aided by torrential rain in Terrebonne, La Fourche, Jefferson, and St. Charles Parishes. In New Orleans Parish damage was confined to small boats, signs, trees, and power and communication lines, with damage estimated at $100,000. The heaviest damage occurred near Grand Isle when immovable oil-drilling rigs and equipment in the Gulf of Mexico were demolished by heavy seas. Total property and crop damage was approximately $900,000 divided among the four states affected as follows: Louisiana $660,000; Mississippi $140,000; Alabama $88,000; and Florida $12,000" (MWR). From the New Orleans OMR... "The center of a small tropical storm of near hurricane intensity passed over the City of New Orleans on September 4, 1948. The lowest pressure, 29.21 inches (sea-level) occurred at 6:17 am CST; the highest wind velocity recorded at the City Office was 34 mph from the northeast with an extreme (1-min) velocity of 37 (mph) from the north at 3:28 am. These wind velocities are reduced by nearby obstructions, and the maximum wind of 64 mph (average for one minute) at 4:50 am, recorded atop the Huey P. Long Bridge (29.9N, 90.2W) has been accepted as the official maximum wind. The estimated 80 mph from the north-northeast at Moisant International Airport (30.0N, 90.3W) based on instantaneous velocity of 78 mph when the instrument failed is too high, since it does not represent a one minute average" (New Orleans OMR). "No loss of life was directly attributable to the hurricane (but there was at least one indirect death)" (Louisiana Climatological Data). "Center crossed coast near Grand Isle, LA, Estimated lowest (lifetime) pressure - 987 mb, Lowest observed pressure - 989 mb New Orleans, Highest observed winds - 78 mph N "MSY", Movement NNE 15 mph" (Connor 1956). "Sep, LA, 1, 987 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 4, E La. Eastward, Minimal, Damage $888,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph, and 983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and Miller). September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34.8N, 89.8W with the NW end of a dissipating NW-SE warm front about 100 nm NE of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 34.5N, 89.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 89.4W, and a 12Z position near 35.0N, 90.2W with a 1004 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.0N, 89.0W, and a 12Z position near 34.1N, 89.1W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34.9N, 89.1W. Land highlights: 35 kt E and 1007(?) mb at 0030Z at Birmingham, AL (33.5N, 86.8W) (micro); 999 mb (min pressure) at 0012Z at Meridian, MS (32.4N, 88.7W) (OMR). At least six other low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.3N, 89.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 39.0N, 88.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 89.0W with a 1007 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.4N, 89.3W, and a 12Z position near 38.7N, 88.8W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1009 mb centered near 38.6N, 89.0W. Land highlights: 10 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Bloomfield, MO (36.9N, 89.9W). September 7: HWM analyzes a very elongated, but closed low of at most 1010 mb in the Great Lakes region at 12Z with a cold front extending south and west from the low and a warm front extending from the low towards the ENE. HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 20 kt tropical depression at 41.3N, 86.4W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z at 41.1N, 86.7W. Microfilm at 00Z shows a small closed low of at most 1008 mb near 40.9N, 87.7W with a front approaching from the west. No gales or low pressures. This tropical cyclone originated from an existing area of low pressure that was present in the western Gulf of Mexico since 28 August. While there are some indications that the system may have undergone genesis on 31 August or early on 1 September, the evidence is not definitive. Genesis is thus unchanged from that shown in HURDAT originally. The cyclone was nearly stationary for the first day of its lifetime. The first observed surface gale was at 1645Z on 2 September by aircraft visual estimate. It is analyzed that the tropical depression strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm 18 hours later than originally- by 12Z on the 2nd (revised down from 50 kt previously for this time). Also, at 12Z on the 2nd, the analyzed position is over 1 degree southwest of the previous HURDAT position based upon aircraft and ship observations, and this position places the storm in nearly the same location it was at the time of genesis. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb suggests an intensity of at least 37 kt according the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for intensity since there is no indication that the storm had strengthened yet and environmental pressures were somewhat low. This is a major intensity change at 00Z on the 3rd (down from 60 kt originally) and is the only point for this storm when a major intensity change was made. At 1515Z on the 3rd, an aircraft in the center measured a central pressure of 998 mb. 998 mb equals 47 kt using the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 51 kt for south of 25N. This central pressure value of 998 mb is added into HURDAT for 12Z on the 3rd. At 2054Z on the 3rd, aircraft observed a central pressure of 990 mb, and it is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 3rd. 990 mb equals 59 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. 50 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 3rd and 60 kt is chosen for 18Z. These values have been lowered from the original HURDAT values of 65 and 70 kt for those times. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane status at 00Z on the 4th, 12 hours later than originally. At this time, the cyclone was continuing to move towards the northeast and was approaching the southeast Louisiana coastline. The peak intensity for the lifetime of the cyclone is retained at 70 kt. Landfall occurred about 20 nm west of Grand Isle, Louisiana at 07Z on the 4th. The lowest pressure measured was 987 mb with 20 kt NW winds at 13Z at the New Orleans Naval Air Station (with the eye passing over around 12Z). Additionally, 989 mb at New Orleans City Office was measured simultaneously with 12 kt NW winds just after 12Z on the 4th. Given that these sites were only about 5 nm apart, the combination of them suggest a central pressure at 12Z of around 986 mb. Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model, it is estimated that the central pressure at landfall was 983 mb. This is slightly deeper than the analysis of Jarrell et al. (1992), who came up with a central pressure of 987 mb at landfall (and was likely derived directly from Connor 1956). A central pressure of 983 mb equals 69 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 72 kt for his intensifying subset. The speed of the storm was 12 kt, which is about average. The size of the storm was near average as well, but environmental pressures were lower than average. The highest reliable observed 1-minute wind was 56 kt in New Orleans at the Huey Long Bridge at 1050Z on the 4th. 55 kt was the maximum observed wind at Grand Isle at 07Z on the 4th. 70 kt is chosen for the intensity at 06Z and at landfall (07Z). Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 57 kt for 12Z on the 4th, 43 kt for 18Z, and 31 kt for 00Z on the 5th. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were: 56 kt around 12Z on the 4th, 35 kt around 18Z, and 35 kt around 00Z on the 5th. Revised winds in HURDAT are 60 kt at 12Z on the 4th (up from 55 kt originally), 45 kt at 18Z (down from 50 kt originally), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 5th (down from 45 kt originally). Track changes on the 4th and 5th were all very minor (all less than half of a degree), and weakening occurred as the cyclone traveled northward through eastern Mississippi and extreme western Tennessee. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 5th (12 hours earlier than originally). The circulation stayed closed through the 6th of September as it moved through Illinois. HURDAT previously held this cyclone through 00Z on the 7th, but observations indicate that by 00Z on the 7th, the low was no longer closed so one 6-hourly point is removed from HURDAT. The final point of this tropical cyclone was at 18Z on the 6th at 40N latitude near the Illinois-Indiana border with a 20 kt intensity. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014 33985 09/04/1948 M=13 6 SNBR= 755 NOT NAMED XING=0 33985 09/04/1948 M=14 6 SNBR= 755 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** 33990 09/04* 0 0 0 0*143 197 50 0*142 208 55 0*142 218 60 0* 33990 09/04* 0 0 0 0*143 202 35 0*142 213 40 0*142 224 40 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** 33995 09/05*143 230 65 0*144 243 65 0*145 255 70 0*146 268 70 0* 33995 09/05*143 236 40 0*144 248 40 0*145 260 45 0*146 273 45 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34000 09/06*147 280 70 0*149 291 75 0*150 300 75 0*151 309 75 0* 34000 09/06*148 287 45 0*150 301 45 0*152 315 50 0*155 329 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34005 09/07*151 318 75 0*152 329 80 0*153 341 80 0*154 354 80 0* 34005 09/07*160 343 50 0*166 357 50 0*170 370 50 0*172 383 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34010 09/08*156 368 80 0*158 384 85 0*160 400 85 0*163 415 85 0* 34010 09/08*173 396 50 0*173 408 50 0*173 420 50 0*173 432 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34015 09/09*166 430 85 0*169 445 90 0*172 460 90 0*176 473 90 0* 34015 09/09*173 443 50 0*173 454 50 0*173 466 50 0*173 479 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34020 09/10*180 485 90 0*183 496 95 0*187 508 95 0*194 523 95 0* 34020 09/10*174 492 50 0*176 505 50 0*180 518 50 0*185 531 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34025 09/11*200 538 100 0*206 549 100 0*213 561 105 0*222 581 105 0* 34025 09/11*194 545 55 0*204 559 65 0*216 574 80 0*229 590 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34030 09/12*233 602 105 0*242 616 110 0*254 628 110 0*270 638 110 0* 34030 09/12*240 610 100 0*246 620 105 0*254 628 110 0*268 636 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34035 09/13*287 646 115 0*301 654 115 0*316 658 115 0*330 658 110 0* 34035 09/13*285 644 115 0*298 652 115 0*310 658 115 0*323 658 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 34040 09/14*344 655 105 0*357 649 100 0*370 640 95 0*385 626 85 0* 34040 09/14*337 655 105 0*351 649 100 0*365 640 95 0*385 626 85 0* *** *** *** 34045 09/15*403 604 80 0*423 574 75 0*446 534 70 0E469 488 65 0* 34045 09/15*403 604 80 0E420 574 75 0E446 534 70 0E471 488 65 0* **** * *** 34050 09/16E498 442 60 0E533 400 55 0E567 350 45 0E583 329 40 0* 34050 09/16E498 442 60 0E530 400 55 0E563 350 55 0E583 290 55 0* *** *** ** *** ** (The 17th is new to HURDAT.) 34052 09/17E600 220 60 0E615 140 60 0E625 60 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 34055 HR Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane. In addition, one day was added to the end of this system during the extratropical phase. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories, Macky (1956), and Tucker (1995). September 3: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT does not list a cyclone on this day. No gales or low pressures. "This hurricane, which had an unusually long history, was first reported on September 3 when it moved off the African mainland near Dakar. It followed a westerly course during the next several days" (MWR). September 4: HWM analyzes a low within a trough (almost a closed low) near 15.3N, 19.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 20.8W. No gales or low pressures. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 14.5N, 26.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 14.5N, 25.5W. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 30.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 15.0N, 30.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 34.3W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 15.3N, 34.1W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1007 mb at 1830Z at 19.5N, 40.0W (micro). "On Tuesday, September 7th, there was an unofficial report that a hurricane was in existence one thousand miles S.E. of the colony (Bermuda)" (Tucker). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.6N, 39.5W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 40.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.1N, 45.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 17.2N, 46.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.7N, 46.2W. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 17.5N, 47.3W (at 15Z). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1508Z at 17.5N, 47.3W (micro, MWR); 35-40 kt at 1940Z at 19.0N, 48.4W (micro). "On September 9, it was detected by aircraft reconnaissance near latitude 17.5N, longitude 47W. Thereafter, it moved on a broad curving path over the Atlantic..." (MWR). From the San Juan, Puerto Rico Weather Bureau Advisory issued September 9th at 2000Z... "A tropical storm of moderate intensity was located by aircraft reconnaissance at 1500Z September 9 at latitude 17.5N, longitude 47.5W" (Weather Bureau Advisories). From the advisory issued September 10th at 0100Z... "At 2100Z (on the 9th) it was attended by winds of 40 to 45 mph near the center and 30 to 40 mph with a radius of 125 miles from the center" (Weather Bureau Advisories). September 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 51.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 18.7N, 50.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.8N, 48.6W, and a 12Z position near 19.0N, 51.4W. No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1900Z at 18.5N, 53.5W (Weather Bureau Advisories) September 11: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 56.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 21.3N, 56.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.1N, 59.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.3N, 54.3W, and a 12Z position near 21.6N, 56.9W. Microfilm at 18Z plots a hurricane of at most 999 mb near 23.9N, 60.7W. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 23.5N, 56.0W (HWM); 35 kt ESE and 1018 mb at 1830Z at 26.5N, 59.2W (micro). Two other gales. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 2030Z at 23.5N, 60.5W with 75-100 kt estimated maximum sustained winds (micro); 40 kt WSW and 999(?) mb at 23.8N, 60.3W (micro). Four other gales and two other low pressures. "At 3:30 pm on Saturday (September 11th), the preliminary storm warning No. 1 was hoisted. Though a matter of general interest, No. 1 does not really affect the ordinary public, since it merely shows that a storm exists within eight hundred miles, whose direction and movements are still uncertain" (Tucker). "Note: Army recon reported center at 23.5N, 60.5W at 1530 EST (2030Z). Weather extends 100 miles to south and 250 miles to north of center. 75-100 kt winds near center, 50 kt winds extend 100 miles to south and 150 to north; 30 to 40 kt winds 200 miles to north. Center of storm showed on radar...to be approximately 10 miles from the position 23.7N, 60.3W, diameter (of eye) 20 miles..." (micro). September 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 25.3N, 63.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 62.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 61.7W, and a 12Z position near 26.7N, 63.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 25.3N, 63.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1019 mb at 1230Z at 25.9N, 58.8W (micro); 40 kt E and 1010 mb at 1830Z at 29.4N, 63.0W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1310Z at 25.2N, 62.8W with 120 kt estimated max winds (micro); center fix at 21Z at 27.6N, 64.2W with estimated max winds greater than 100 kt and lowest pressure encountered 992 mb (micro). At least eleven other aircraft gales between 35-45 kt and one other reported low pressure. "By Sunday, September 12, ZBM was broadcasting the warning to the whole island. And by Monday, September 13th, the "Royal Gazette" was running the banner headline. 'Hurricane may hit this afternoon', with the additional caution that one-hundred-and-fifty-miles-per-hour winds were reported. At 4 pm on Sunday, September 12th, the hurricane's 'translation' movement had slowed from eighteen to twelve miles an hour, while its rotatory winds had a velocity of at least one hundred and forty miles per hour within a hundred miles of its centre" (Tucker). "Inflight 121433Z- hurricane center estimate 1310Z position 25.0N, 62.8W, maximum winds 120 knots, radius of 60 knot wind 70 miles, radius 40 knot wind 120 miles (later corrected to 1310Z position 25.2N, 62.8W)" (micro). "Airforce reported hurricane at 2100Z at 27.6N, 64.2W, track 330, speed 18 knots, lowest pressure (encountered) 992 mb, winds estimated in excess of 100 knots" (micro). September 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 64.5W, with a dissipating WSW-ENE warm front located about 300 nm NW of the storm and a WSW-ENE cold front extending from the dissipating warm front continuing east-northeastward. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 31.6N, 65.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.7N, 64.8W, and a 12Z position near 31.3N, 65.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.0N, 64.5W, and a 12Z position near 31.9N, 66.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered in the general vicinity of 30.9N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: at least 50 kt S and 990 mb from Navy ship at 1815Z near/at Bermuda (micro); Land highlights: At least 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 1730Z at Bermuda (micro); at least 60 kt S and 994 mb at 1930Z at Bermuda (micro); 50 kt SSW and 998 mb at 2330Z at Bermuda (micro); at least 87 kt (max wind) at Bermuda (MWR estimate); 994 mb (min p) at 19Z and 20Z and 87 kt S (highest wind at the top of the hour, likely to be fastest mile) at 20Z at Kindley Air Force (Bermuda); 69 kt (max 10 min wind) at Fort George (Macky). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NW and 989(?) mb at 2130Z at 32.1N, 66.0W (micro). Regarding the hurricane at Bermuda... "...passing a short distance west of Bermuda on the 13th. Winds at Bermuda exceeded 100 mph, and damage was reported as heavy" (MWR). "By midmorning (13th), winds were lashing across the islands at 80-100 miles an hour, with gusts up to one hundred and thirty-five miles. At 3 o'clock, the centre passed fifty miles to the west of Bermuda, and by 3:30 the barometer, which had fallen to 29.23 began to rise again. A rainfall of 4.85 inches for twelve hours was recorded. Owing to the rigid battening down, in the main only superficial damages were suffered. True it was that fifteen hundred telephones were put out of action, that all electric current was cut off, that St. George's was isolated by both a block in the Causeway and the breakdown of the Barge Bridge, that the streets were littered with fallen branches, torn shutters, broken glass and trailing wires. No major disaster and no deaths were suffered anywhere" (Tucker). "Army Duck located hurricane at 2230Z(?) 32.8N, 65.9W, wind 120 knots moving NNW at 17 knots" (micro). September 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 37.0N, 64.1W with an approaching cold front about 300 nm to the NW of the storm. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 64.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.0N, 66.0W, and a 12Z position near 37.0N, 64.8W with a 977 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 34.4N, 65.7W, and a 12Z position near 37.0N, 64.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb with a hurricane symbol plotted near 37.0N, 64.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 999 mb at 11Z at 35.5N, 62.3W (micro); At least 50 kt SE and 1002 mb at 1230Z at 37.3N, 62.7W (micro); 50 kt S and 998 mb at 14Z at 35.0N, 62.0W (micro); 50 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 17Z at 34.8N, 62.1W (micro); 85 kt SW and 998(?) mb at 1830Z at 37.3N, 62.4W (micro). Several other gales and a few other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 0030Z at Bermuda (micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 0130Z at Bermuda; 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0630Z at Bermuda. September 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb near 45.1N, 52.6W with a frontal system starting to interact and surround the storm. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 44.6N, 53.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 40.6N, 60.3W, and a 12Z position near 44.3N, 55.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 40.5N, 61.0W, and a 12Z position near 44.4N, 53.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 984 mb centered near 44.7N, 53.2W. Ship highlights: 113 kt W at 0030Z at 37.2N, 62.8W (micro); 50 kt NW and 1002 mb at 0030Z at 38.0N, 58.8W (micro); 35 kt NNE and 986 mb at 09Z at 42.7N, 59.4W (micro); 45 kt N and 997 mb at 12Z at 46.0N, 56.0W (COA); 40 kt W and 995 mb at 1230Z at 41.6N, 53.7W (micro); 30 kt NW and 982 mb at 1230Z at 44.9N, 57.5W (micro); 40 kt SW and 994 mb at 43.6N, 48.4W (micro). Twelve other gales and nine other low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 1230Z at St. George's, Newfoundland (48.5N, 58.5W) (micro); 25 kt ENE and 992 mb at 1230Z at Cape Race, Newfoundland (46.6N, 53.1W) (micro). "After passing Bermuda the hurricane continued its broad curve over the North Atlantic, passing south of Cape Race, Newfoundland, on the 15th. It is notable that for the second year in a row a hurricane has been traced to a point of origin over West Africa" (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb near 56.7N, 34.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 56.7N, 35.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 50.8N, 45.3W, and a 12Z position near 56.5N, 35.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 985 mb at 04Z at 52.5N, 43.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 983 mb at 12Z at 56.0N, 34.0W (COA); 50 kt SW and 992 mb at 12Z at 53.9N, 33.4W (COA); 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 56.2N, 27.9W (COA). Fifteen other gales between 35-50 kt, and fourteen other low pressures between 987-999 mb. September 17: HWM analyzes a frontal low of at most 985 mb centered near 62.8N, 5.5W with a warm front extending southeastward from the low and a cold front extending from the low southward and then westward. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 985 mb at 60.0N, 20.0W at both 00Z and 03Z from the same ship (COA); 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 06Z at 58.7N, 16.5W (COA); 70 kt W at both 12Z and 16Z at 58.7N, 3.2W (COA); 50 kt WNW at 20Z at 58.7N, 3.2W (COA). Twelve other gales between 35-50 kt, and fourteen other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. HWM indicates that a wave of low pressure within or near the ITCZ trough emerged off of the African coast on the 3rd and 4th and became a closed low on the 5th after it passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands. HURDAT started this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 4 September at 14.3N, 19.7W. A 25 kt N wind along with a 1010 mb pressure at a station in the Cape Verde Islands and south-southeast winds from ships along the African coast are enough to justify keeping HURDAT's genesis time for this cyclone. As the tropical cyclone moved westward through the tropical Atlantic, there were no observed gales from pre-genesis until September 9th, when the cyclone had moved far west enough for aircraft reconnaissance flights. Even then, the aircraft only found maximum winds of 35 to 40 kt on the afternoon of the 9th near 19.0N, 48.4W, at which time HURDAT indicates an intensity of 90 kt. Major track changes are made from late on the 6th until the 8th. The positions are adjusted more than two degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT positions those days. These alterations are based on a ship observation at 18Z on the 7th (see September 7th paragraph above). The first indication that this cyclone was beginning to increase in intensity (stronger than a 40 kt tropical storm, which was indicated in the 9th and 10th) was on the 11th when the advisory issued at 1715Z by the San Juan Weather Bureau mentioned that the storm "is increasing in intensity" and "strongest winds near the center are 65 to 70 mph." By the time of the aircraft reconnaissance flight on the afternoon of the 11th, the storm was a hurricane, and it was apparently too strong to fly into the eye. Aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 75-100 kt at 2030Z on the 11th. The next day, 12 September, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 120 kt at 1310Z and "in excess of 100 kt" at 21Z. By late on the 12th, the hurricane had begun to turn to the northwest and north-northwest in the area near 25-30N, 60-65W. The reconnaissance data on the 9th until late on the 11th indicates that the cyclone had not yet reached hurricane intensity and thus major changes are required to HURDAT's winds from genesis up until the 11th. At 12Z each day from the 4th to the 11th, the following adjustments were made to intensity: 4th- 40 kt (down from 55 kt originally), 5th- 45 kt (down from 70 kt originally); a 50 kt intensity is carried from the 6th through the 10th (a decrease in intensity from 95 kt to 50 kt on the 10th- a very large intensity change); 75 kt on the 11th at 12Z (down from 105 kt originally). When aircraft estimated 75-100 kt winds at 2030Z on the 11th, 85 kt is the analyzed intensity for 18Z on the 11th (down from 105 kt originally). At 12Z on the 12th, the HURDAT intensity of 110 kt is unchanged due to the aircraft surface wind estimates that day. The HURDAT intensity also remains unchanged for the duration of the tropical phase of this cyclone's lifetime (through the 15th of September). Minor track alterations were made on the 9th through early on the 12th to adjust the position to the west. On the 13th and 14th the track was shifted about half a degree to the south of the previous HURDAT positions. The hurricane recurved and passed just west of Bermuda moving close to due north at the time of closest approach, which was around 18Z on 13 September. Fastest mile winds were 87 kt S (but may have been strongest between the hourly observations) at Bermuda (Kindley Air Force Base) and the lowest pressure recorded near/at Bermuda was 990 mb (U.S. Navy ship). It is analyzed that the center of the hurricane passed about 50 nautical miles to the west or west-northwest of the island at closest approach (about the same distance from the island as in HURDAT previously). The 110 kt originally in HURDAT at 18Z on the 13th is unchanged and it is analyzed that sustained Category 2 conditions impacted Bermuda. After passing Bermuda, the hurricane turned towards the north-northeast and northeast on the 14th. This system is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 15th (12 hours earlier than in the original HURDAT). It passed a short distance southeast of the southeastern tip of Newfoundland on the 15th on a course between northeast and east-northeast. At 12Z on the 16th, the intensity is revised upward to 55 kt (45 kt originally). Meanwhile, the cyclone was rapidly accelerating towards the east-northeast. HURDAT's last position was at 18Z on the 16th, which showed an unrealistic 6 h acceleration at this final point. The system remained in existence as a separate extratropical cyclone through 12Z on the 17th, based upon twelve hourly synoptic analyses. After 12Z on the 17th, the system merged with another extratropical low. This led to the addition of eighteen additional hours to HURDAT (from 00Z on the 17th through 12Z on the 17th). The following quotes from the Air Weather Service tech report should be noted: "During [Storm 6's] early history, its movement and size were constant, about 15 mph and small in size and intensity. This condition changed rapidly (overnight, 10-11 September) from a small tropical storm to a full fledged hurricane and deepened rapidly" (AWS). According to the AWS report, the estimated peak intensity of this cyclone was 135 mph and 940 mb, the latter was likely measured, but the former was likely visually estimated. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 7 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2014 34060 09/07/1948 M= 4 7 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED XING=0 34065 09/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E360 580 40 0*358 600 45 0* 34066 09/08*360 615 45 0*363 625 50 0*368 632 50 0*373 637 55 0* 34067 09/09*379 640 55 0*385 640 50 0*391 639 45 0*401 634 45 0* 34068 09/10E413 623 40 0E425 610 40 0E440 585 40 0E460 550 35 0* 34105 TS HWM, COADS, MWR, and microfilm indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed in the northwestern Atlantic from 7 September to 10 September, 1948. September 5: HWM analyzes a trough with a SW-NE cold front extending from 30N, 65W to a low at 44N, 48W. HURDAT does not list this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.2N, 56.8W with a 1015 mb pressure. The 12Z microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 34.2N, 57.8W with fronts attached. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the vicinity of 32N, 58W with a cold front extending from the low towards the west-southwest to 28N, 68W, and a warm front extending from the low towards the east-northeast, becoming a cold front, which extends to another low further northeast. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.6N, 57.9W, and a 12Z position near 34.6N, 59.3W. The 12Z microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1014 mb centered in the general vicinity of 33N, 55W. No gales or low pressures. September 7: HWM analyzes a now more compact closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 57.5W with a cold front extending southward and westward from the low to 28N, 63W and a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low to beyond 50N, 38W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.0N, 59.0W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 59.5W with a 1005 mb pressure. The 12Z microfilm shows a closed, but not circularly symmetric low of at most 1008 mb centered near 36.5N, 56.5W with a cold front extending southwestward from the low and a warm front extending eastward from the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 12Z at 35.2N, 60.4W (micro); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 18Z at 35.5N, 62.0W (COA); 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 58.8W (micro); 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 39.1N, 62.1W (micro). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.2N, 62.8W, and there are no longer fronts attached to the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.3N, 61.2W and a 12Z position near 37.8N, 62.8W with a 1002 mb pressure. The 12Z microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 36.8N, 63.9W, and there are no longer fronts attached to the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 60.6W (micro); 30 kt SE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 38.5N, 63.5W (COA, micro); 25 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 35.3N, 62.6W (micro); 40 kt E and 1001 mb at 16Z at 37.4N, 62.7W (micro); 45 kt E and 993 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 63.1W (micro). Five other low pressures. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.7N, 62.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39.1N, 64.4W and a 12Z position near 40.7N, 64.0W with a 996 mb pressure. The 12Z microfilm shows a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.5N, 64.0W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 39.4N, 60.5W (COA); 30 kt WSW and 997 mb at 06Z at 38.2N, 62.8W (micro). September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.0N, 58.5W with a mid-latitude cyclone and associated fronts approaching from the west (the cyclone of interest is located in the warm sector of the approaching mid-latitude cyclone). The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.7N, 62.4W and a 12Z position near45.0N, 59.7W with a 1003 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 44.5N, 58.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1001 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 59.7W (COA); 35 kt W and 1007 mb at 12Z at 41.9N, 58.9W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 18Z at 43.3N, 56.2W (COA). Five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. September 11: HWM no longer analyzes the feature of interest. HWM analyzes the mid-latitude cyclone mentioned on September 10th as a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 53.5N, 58W with a cold front extending south-southwestward from the low to beyond 37N, 72W and a warm front extending eastward from the low to 50N, 41W. Extending from the warm front is an awkwardly plotted decaying front which wraps around from 50N, 41W to 52N, 33W to 55N, 34W to 56N, 45W to 60N, 69W. The former low (former feature of interest) either begins to go off the microfilm map around 00Z or is already absorbed. On 5 September, a front extended southwestward from a mid-latitude cyclone at 44N, 47W to 30N, 67W. A low began to develop along the front on the 5th in the general vicinity of 34N, 57W. On the 6th, the low was still elongated and there is not enough evidence that it was closed. On the 7th, the low consolidated and became much less elongated. A well-defined, closed cyclone had developed by 12Z on the 7th. A moderate temperature gradient still existed, and the wind structure suggests that the cyclone was extratropical at 12Z on the 7th. The highest observed wind around 12Z on the 7th is 35 kt. This system is started at 12Z on the 7th as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 36.0N, 58.0W. The cyclone continued to lose baroclinicity, and by 18Z on the 7th, this system is analyzed to be a tropical cyclone at 35.8N, 60.0W (today this may have been designated a subtropical cyclone at this time). The lowest observed pressure around 18Z is 1003 mb. This observation was reported with 30 kt winds at the same time. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb corresponds to a wind speed of at least 44 kt using the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N, and at least 38 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 25-35N. The highest observed wind around 18Z was 40 kt. An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 7th. The cyclone, which had been moving westward on the 7th, moved northwestward early on the 8th and turned northward late on the 8th. At 18Z on the 8th of September, a 993 mb pressure was observed simultaneously with at least 45 kt winds. A 993 mb peripheral pressure corresponds to at least 59 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The highest observed wind is the 45 kt just previously mentioned. The size of the cyclone is still significantly larger than normal; however, the strongest winds around 18Z on the 8th were observed in close proximity to the center, which indicates that this cyclone may have lost any hybrid characteristics by this time. 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 8th with a position of 37.3N, 63.7W. By 12Z on the 9th, the tropical storm had moved northward to 39.1N, 63.9W. The analysis and observations indicate that the intensity of the tropical storm had weakened to 45 kt by 12Z on the 9th, and it was beginning to undergo extratropical transition as it moved northward. This cyclone is analyzed to have remained tropical through 18Z on the 9th, and became extratropical with 40 kt intensity by 00Z on the 10th. Around 00Z on the 10th, the cyclone turned to the northeast. The center of the cyclone missed Nova Scotia, but it was headed in the direction of New Foundland later on the 10th. At 12Z on the 10th, the 40 kt extratropical storm is analyzed to have been located at 44.0N, 58.5W. The final point before the system was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone is at 18Z on the 10th with a 35 kt intensity. In summary, this cyclone is analyzed to have been a tropical storm from 18Z on the 7th through 18Z on the 9th. It attained a peak intensity of 55 kt around 18Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th. The lack of baroclinicity and the symmetry of the cyclone, as well as its track, were the several factors taken into consideration when determining that this cyclone attained tropical cyclone status. The westward motion on the 7th and 8th followed by the turn to the north on the 9th (recurvature) and turn to the northeast on the 10th indicate that the direction of motion taken by this cyclone is typical of recurving tropical cyclones. The starting latitude where the westward motion took place (~36N) is a little further north than usual, but this cyclone occurred during the peak of the season in early September. It is possible that at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone would have been designated as a subtropical storm during the satellite era. But without the satellite imagery to examine the convective structure, this system is classified as a tropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 8 (was Storm 7) - Revised in 2014 34060 09/18/1948 M= 8 7 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 34060 09/18/1948 M= 9 8 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 * * * 34065 09/18* 0 0 0 0*182 788 50 0*182 798 55 0*183 804 60 0* 34065 09/18* 0 0 0 0*182 792 40 0*182 798 50 0*183 804 60 994* *** ** ** *** 34070 09/19*185 808 65 0*188 811 70 0*191 814 75 0*195 816 80 0* 34070 09/19*185 808 70 0*188 811 80 0*192 815 90 0*196 819 105 951* ** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 34075 09/20*201 818 85 0*208 819 85 0*215 819 90 0*221 819 95 0* 34075 09/20*200 822 110 0*205 823 110 0*212 823 110 0*219 823 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34080 09/21*228 820 100 0*235 819 100 0*243 817 105 0*250 815 105 963* 34080 09/21*226 821 110 0*233 819 100 0*240 817 105 0*247 815 105 955* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34085 09/22*256 812 100 0*262 807 85 0*268 802 75 964*273 797 80 965* 34085 09/22*254 814 115 0*260 812 115 940*265 808 85 0*273 801 80 965* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** 34090 09/23*277 790 80 0*285 776 85 0*298 756 90 0*314 736 90 0* 34090 09/23*279 789 80 0*285 776 85 0*296 757 90 0*310 736 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** 34095 09/24*332 716 85 0*351 695 75 0E371 669 65 0E398 623 60 0* 34095 09/24*330 716 85 0E351 695 75 0E371 669 65 0E393 620 60 0* *** * *** *** 34100 09/25E420 570 55 0E433 528 50 0E446 486 45 0E469 432 40 0* 34100 09/25E415 575 55 0E433 528 50 0E446 486 45 0E460 437 45 0* *** *** *** *** ** (The 26th is new to HURDAT.) 34102 09/26E475 390 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34105 HRBFL3CFL2 34105 HRBFL4CFL2 **** International Landfalls 9/20 22Z 22.3N 82.1W - 110 kt - Cuba 9/21 01Z 22.7N 82.0W - 110 kt - Cuba U.S. Landfalls: 9/21/1948 - 17Z - 24.6N, 81.6W - 105 kt - 955 mb - 10 nmi RMW - 1008 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI 9/22/1948 - 05Z - 25.8N, 81.3W - 115 kt - 940 mb - 10 nmi RMW - 1007 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major changes to intensity are analyzed for this major hurricane that made two landfalls in Cuba and two landfalls in southern Florida. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Ho et al. (1987), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. (2000), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Barnes. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.8N, 61.9W with a wave axis extending northeastward from the low to 18N, 57W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm at 18Z shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 10.8N, 59.6W. No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a trough or wavelike axis extending from 11N, 68W to 20N, 62W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z at 17.5N, 60.7W (COA). September 16: HWM analyzes a low (not quite closed) located in a trough in the general vicinity of 13.6N, 72.0W with a wave axis extending from the low northeastward to 22N, 64W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low. No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 17N, 75W with a wave axis extending to beyond 16N, 71W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1009 mb in the general vicinity of the western Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM analyzes a slightly elongated closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.2N, 78.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 79.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.1N, 79.7W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17.2N, 80.8W. "The most destructive hurricane of 1948 developed in the western Caribbean between Jamaica and Grand Cayman Island on September 18. It formed from an easterly wave that had been under observation since it passed through the Lesser Antilles on the 14th" (MWR). Ship highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 2130Z at 17.7N, 80.3W (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 12Z at Kingston, Jamaica (HWM, micro); 30 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 1830Z at Grand Cayman (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1815Z at 18.7N, 80.5W with 60 kt estimated maximum winds and 994 mb pressure (maybe central pressure?). "Note: Navy Hurep #8. Storm centered at 18.7N, 80.5W at 1815Z, lowest pressure 994 mbs, max winds SE 60 knots. Pilot said perfect eye about 15 miles in diameter. Wind about hurricane force in gusts. Position checked by radar from Cayman" (micro). September 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 19.5N, 81.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.1N, 81.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 19.3N, 80.9W, and a 12Z position near 19.6N, 81.8W with a 997 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 18.3N, 81.4W, and a 12Z position near 19.1N, 81.7W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 18.9N, 81.4W. Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 1830Z at 18.2N, 81.1W (micro). Two other low pressures of 1001 mb and 1002 mb. Land highlights: 40 kt E (55 kt was the maximum 1-mintue wind for the previous hour) and 997 mb at 12Z at Grand Cayman (HWM, micro); 45 kt SE (65 kt was the maximum 1-minute wind for the previous hour) and 998 mb at 1430Z at Grand Cayman (micro). Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 1611Z at 19.5N, 81.8W with estimated maximum winds of 100 kt (micro); center fix at 2030Z at 20.0N, 82.8W with 951 mb central pressure (micro). Six other gales. "Navy 15- 1611Z- Radar storm fix 19.5N, 81.8W, max wind south 100 knots. Eye only 5 miles in diameter. Hurricane force winds about 60 miles in diameter. Strong easterlies to E and NE of storm seem to be independent of storm circulation" (micro). September 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.3N, 82.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 21.5N, 81.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.7N, 82.3W, and a 12Z position near 21.9N, 82.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.8N, 82.0W, and a 12Z position near 21.4N, 82.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1004 mb at 20Z at 24.3N, 83.6W (micro). Land highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 03Z at Grand Cayman (micro); 35 kt NE G 40 kt and 995 mb at 2330Z at 22.9N, 82.6W (micro). Eleven other gales and 26 other low pressures between 995-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 21.4N, 82.3W at 1428Z with 85 kt estimated maximum winds (micro); 45 kt E and 1002 mb at 23.6N, 81.0W (micro). At least six other gales and at least two other low pressures. Other highlights: 45 kt SE and 998 mb at 14Z at 21.8N, 81.0W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 995 mb at 2130Z at 21.8N, 81.0W (micro). Six other gales and eight other low pressures. "After a center developed on the 18th, it moved very slowly, turned to a northerly direction, and passed over western Cuba with the center moving between Havana and Matanzas on the 20th. At this time it was a fully developed hurricane, with winds well over 100 mph, and reports indicate that the city of Matanzas suffered extensive damage. Some damage occurred at Havana where the wind reached 90 mph from the north and some damage occurred. Press reports indicate that 10 persons were killed by the storm in Cuba and that property damage reached 'several million dollars'" (MWR). "Navy at 10:15 am, EST (1515Z) hurricane center at 9:28E (1428Z) at 21.4N, 82.3W. Max winds at 85 kt" (micro). Station 969 (23.0N, 82.6W) reported NE 9- gusty to 70 knots, squally, at 2030Z" (micro). "'El Huracan de Matanzas' - Sep 20-21 - Category 3" (Perez et al. 2000). September 21: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 24.3N, 81.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 24.3N, 81.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.7N, 82.5W, and a 12Z position near 24.7N, 82.0W with a 964 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.8N, 82.0W, and a 12Z position near 23.8N, 81.8W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near 23.8N, 81.4W. Ship highlights: 65 kt SE and 997 mb at 1230Z at 24.4N, 80.7W (micro). One other gale and five other low pressures. Land highlights: 78 kt N (max wind) at Havana (MWR); 50 kt NNW and 988 mb at 0630Z at Havana (micro); 68 kt (max wind, 1-minute) at 1558Z and 988 mb (min pressure) at 16Z at Dry Tortugas, FL (MWR, climo); 963 mb (min pressure) at 1615Z at Boca Chica (MWR, OMR); 973 mb (min pressure) at 1630Z and 65 kt NW (max wind, 1-minute) at 1708Z at Key West (MWR, climo, OMR); 104 kt (elevated) SE (max wind, 1-minute) and 986 mb (min pressure) at 18Z at Sombrero Key (MWR, climo); 96 kt NW and 980 mb at 1830Z at Boca Chica (OMR); 66 kt SE (1st max wind, 1-minute) at 1943Z at downtown Miami (OMR, MWR). At least 88 other gales and at least 43 other low pressures below 1000 mb. Other highlights: 50 kt E and 992 mb at 1030Z at 24.5N, 81.4W (micro); 85 kt NE at 1230Z at 24.5N, 81.4W (micro). Nine other gales and seven other low pressures. "Leaving Cuba the hurricane crossed the Florida Straits and by noon of the 21st the center was very close to Key West and due east of the station. The lowest barometric pressure recorded in the Keys was 963.4 millibars (28.45 inches) observed at the Boca Chica Airport, 8 miles east-northeast of the Key West city office. The wind speed at the same station reached 122 mph (estimated) before the anemometer was blown away. This was the highest reported in the hurricane but undoubtedly higher winds were experienced. Boca Chica was in the western portion of the calm center for a period of 15 minutes beginning at 11 am, September 21" (MWR). "Its forward speed was less than 8 mph as it drifted over the Cuban countryside on the night of September 20. Winds of 100 mph caused widespread but moderate damages just east of Havana. Over the next few hours it made the short journey to Key West, where its ten-mile wide eye passed over Boca Chica airport. Even though the wind howled, tides at Key West only reached six feet above mean low water" (Barnes). "Radar fixes from Key West. 0500Z- (center) 180 degrees and 78 miles (from Key West) movement north 4 mph. 0700Z- 180 degrees 70 miles, horseshoe effect shows axis running almost due N-S moving about 4 mph. 0800Z- 180 degrees 66 miles moving 4 mph. Indications show forward part of horseshoe diminishing slightly while southern part seems to be closing in. 0900Z- 190 degrees 60 miles, movement north 6 mph. Seems to have picked up speed. 1000Z- 190 degrees 54 miles, north motion about 6 knots. Definitions excellent. Diameter about 20 miles outer fringe of heavy wind area about 10 miles from Key. Circulation about ¾ complete. 1100Z- hurricane center bears 185 degrees true distance 48 miles from Boca Chica, course northerly, speed 6 knots, diameter of eye 20 miles, definition excellent. 1200Z- storm center bears 180 degrees 42 miles moving northerly 6 knots. 1300Z radar report #12 from Boca Chica. Hurricane center bears 180 degrees true distance 36 miles course north, speed 6 knots. 1400Z report from Key radar position 180 degrees 26 miles moving due north. 1500Z hurricane center bearing 170 degrees true distance 16 miles from Boca Chica, (movement) accelerated to 10 knots, diameter of eye 10 miles. 1600Z hurricane center bearing 165 degrees true distance 10 miles. Remarks instruments carried away 1615Z, gusty 165 mph. 1700Z hurricane center 60 degrees true distance 7 miles from Boca Chica. Course NNE, speed 10 knots, western edge of eye passed Boca Chica. 1800Z hurricane center bearing 45 degrees true distance 14 miles from Boca Chica, (movement) NNE 6 knots, eye 20 miles diameter" (micro). "9/21/1948 - 935 mb central pressure, based upon 963 measured at Boca Chica Airport, FL, 7 nm RMW, 8 kt movement" (Ho et al. 1987). "9/21/1948 - 1010 mb environmental pressure, 111 kt 1 min surface wind estimate" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Sep - FL - 3SW, 2SE, 963 mb" (Jarrell et al.). September 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 985mb centered near 26.8N, 80.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.8N, 80.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.9N, 81.9W, and a 12Z position near 27.0N, 80.8W with a 964 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.8N, 81.6W, and a 12Z position near 26.7N, 81.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 972 mb centered near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 988 mb at 16Z at 26.4N, 79.4W (micro); 985 mb at 1845Z at 26.4N, 79.2W (micro). Five other gales and seven other low pressures. Land highlights: 104 kt NNW (max wind, 1-minute) at Everglades City (MWR, climo); 95 kt NE and 958 mb at 0430Z at Everglades City (micro); at least 85 kt and at most 948 mb at 0515Z at Everglades City (micro); 83 kt ENE (max wind, 1-minute) at 1004Z at Clewiston, FL (MWR, climo); 50 kt ENE G 85 kt and 964 mb at 1030Z at Clewiston (micro); 965 mb (central pressure) at 1730Z at Stuart (MWR); 71 kt and 976 mb at 20Z at Melbourne (micro). At least ten other hurricane force winds, and at least 25 other low pressures below 980 mb. Other highlights: 50 kt WSW at 0330Z at 25.2N, 80.6W (micro); 45 kt S and 983 mb at 1830Z at 26.7N, 78.7W (micro). It should be noted that according to the Air Weather Service tech report, the lowest observed pressure during the hurricane was 951.6 mb from Everglades City, and the highest observed wind was 122 mph from Everglades City (AWS). "After leaving the Keys the center moved onto the mainland a short distance east of Everglades City, crossed Lake Okeechobee between Clewiston and Belle Glade and passed into the Atlantic at Jenson Beach near Stuart. By the time the Lake Okeechobee section was reached, wind velocities had been reduced to about 90 to 95 mph, while on the Atlantic coast where the center passed to sea readings were slightly below hurricane force for sustained velocities, but with gusts above hurricane force" (MWR). "It will be noted that the strongest wind recorded was 122 mph (estimated) at Boca Chica Airport near Key West. The anemometer was blown down at this place, but it is believed this velocity is about correct for sustained wind. A gust recorded showed an extreme of 160 mph, but we believe this reading is open to considerable doubt as to accuracy. The anemometer at Everglades City was blown down after recording about 100 mph, and it was estimated that the maximum at that place was about 120 mph, which seems logical. Lowest pressure 28.45 inches at Boca Chica and 28.47 at Clewiston" (Florida Climatological Data). "An unusual feature of this hurricane was the number of calms and lulls reported from widely separated points. Several stations in the Lake Okeechobee area reported two distinct "eyes" with blue sky and calms in each, spaced several hours apart. Such widely separated places as Tavernier, Boca Chica, Okeechobee City, and Stuart reported lulls. These stations lie 40 to 80 miles apart on an east-west axis. These reports appear to be substantiated by actual records and leave little doubt that the central vortex was distorted, or even divided into several partially or fully developed centers. Mr. Grady Norton, meteorologist in charge of the Miami Office has written a descriptive account of this phase of the hurricane which is quoted below: "When the hurricane was in Cuba, a news writer called it "a blind behemoth" but we believe a more descriptive character comes from mythology in Cyclops, the one-eyed giant. To carry the simile further, Cyclops must have encountered Ulysses in Cuba, because something happened to his eye! When he came out into the Florida Straits, the eye was distorted and elongated, and to some extent broken up, and it reminded us of Argus, otherwise known as Panoptes, for when it came over Florida on the 21st and 22nd there was an eye for everybody! There were so many eyes reported at so many widely separated places, and the movement was so slow (about 8 to 10 mph), we were reminded of an oxcart. So Oxcart Panoptes made his leisurely way up through the Florida Everglades ogling every community in the southeastern part of the State" (Norton)" (MWR). "When the storm came out into the Florida Straits, the "eye" was distorted and elongated, and to some extent broken up, and when it came over Florida on the 21st and 22nd there seems to have been several centers. Since it was over the sparsely settled Everglades, it was very difficult to keep accurate track of the main center during the hurricane's progress..." (Florida Climatological Data). "A summary of casualties and estimated damage for Florida follows: deaths, 3; injuries requiring hospital care, 45; homes destroyed, 39; homes damaged severely, 1,161; buildings other than homes destroyed, 40; buildings other than homes damaged, 237; people sheltered in 213 Red Cross shelters, 38,323; property damage (all kinds), $5,000,000; crop damage (all kinds), $6,500,000; power and communications, $300,000; highways, streets, and bridges, $200,000; total for Florida, $12,000,000"(MWR). "Property damage in Florida will approximate $5,000,000 divided somewhat as follows: Key West and Keys about $1,000,000; Greater Miami and other Dade County communities, around $2,000,000; all other areas about $2,000,000" (Florida Climatological Data). Regarding the flooding... "Heavy rainfall, which amounted to a total of 10 to 11 inches in places and averaged about 8 inches for the entire Everglades-Okeechobee area, caused considerable flooding throughout the area. In addition, there was apparently some spillage of water through canal locks at the Lake, and as a result some towns were inundated, as well as the farm and pasture lands. Clewiston was flooded to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, La Belle was under water for several days, while Everglades City got its usual bath of salt water from the Gulf. Flooding of pastures caused loss of some cattle, and required the extensive evacuation of herds to higher ground. In the lower east coast Indian River areas there was considerable loss to citrus and other tropical fruits as well as to fall truck crops" (MWR, Florida Climatological Data). "The flooding, together with the hurricane winds, caused rather heavy damage to sugarcane, and practically all early fall truck crops were destroyed" (Florida Climatological Data). "Hours after its arrival in Key West, the storm struck the mainland near Everglades City. It passed inland through sparsely populated portions of Collier County, moved just below Belle Glade, and eventually emerged over the Atlantic near Jupiter on the morning of September 22" (Barnes). Regarding the multiple lulls reported... "some meteorologists at the time suggested that the storm had several distinct centers; other theorized that the lulls were pockets of dry air between approaching rainbands" (Barnes). "In Miami winds reached 90 mph, and almost 4.5 inches of rain fell. High tides covered portions of the bayfront, and large breakers pounded the shore. The tide was 4.5 feet above mean low water. Boats and small craft were battered by waves; some broke their moorings and were bashed against their docks. Docking facilities at Coconut Grove were badly damaged, and piers and boat houses around the bay suffered from the rising tide. At Miami Beach the ocean road approach to Haulover Bridge was washed away. Palm trees littered the area around Lummus park, and homes and businesses had shattered windows and torn awnings" (Barnes). "SS Morvana 1230Z- 27.4N, 79.5W- SE 70- sea 7- Barometer 29.3- squalls. SS Georgia 1230Z- 26.5N, 79.5W- Barometer 29.22- SE (force) 12- Heavy Sea" (micro). "SS Georgia- a hurricane from the west apparently going to N or NE from latitude 26.4N, 79.3W...reported 1600Z, barometer 988 mb and falling, wind force 12, more at times. South sea rough, heavy swells and torrential rains. S.S. Georgia located 26.3N, 79.2W. Eye of hurricane passed overhead NNE, barometer 29.08 1845Z" (micro). "By telephone at 2022Z: on auto trip from Stuart to Lake Okeechobee- wind SE at Stuart 60 to 70 (mph) estimated; 7 or 8 miles from lake a calm; right at lake wind SW 70 to 80 mph; on return trip one hour later at lake SW 60 or 70 mph; at Indian town calm; at Stuart SE 60 or 70 mph pressure 28.92; above confirmed by another resident" (micro). Stuart and Jensen Beach...center for 25 minutes between 1735Z and 1800Z. Wind before lull SE 50 (mph) sharp increase to NW 60 (mph) after lull passes. During this same period, winds at Fort Pierce backed from S around thru N to NW" (micro). Telephone at 2020Z: Fellesmere (17 miles NW of Vero Beach)- No high winds of signs of center up to 2000Z; Melbourne wind 82 mph baro. 28.82 rising at 2000Z" (micro). "9/22/1948 - 963 mb central pressure, based upon 965 mb measured at St Lucie Lock, FL, 16 nm RMW, 11 kt movement (exiting the coast)" (Ho et al. 1987). "9/22/1948 - 1007 mb environmental pressure, 87 kt 1 min surface wind estimate (exiting the coast)" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Tropical cyclones in Florida, Sept. 22, Southern portion, Major, Key West bar. 28.45 in., wind 122 mph" (Major is equivalent to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3, Dunn and Miller). September 23: HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.1N, 76.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 75.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.1N, 79.4W, and a 12Z position near 30.4N, 76.1W with a 968 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.6N, 78.6W, and a 12Z position near 29.5N, 76.0W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 963 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 00Z at 26.0N, 78.4W (micro); at least 50 kt NW at 01Z at 27.8N, 79.5W (micro); 35 kt SE and 970(?) mb at ~00Z to 03Z at 28.1N, 77.7W (micro); 50 kt S and 979 mb at 06Z at 28.2N, 76.3W (micro); 50 kt ENE and 968 mb at 12Z at 30.1N, 76.1W (micro). At least nine other gales, and at least 19 other low pressures below 1000 mb. Land highlights: At least 50 kt SW and 984(?) mb at 00Z at West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro); 35 kt W and 994 mb at 0030Z at Jupiter, FL (OMR); 45 kt S and 990 mb at 06Z at Great Abaco Island (micro); 998 mb (min pressure) at 2010Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR). One other gale and six other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W and 979 mb at 16Z at 29.8N, 65.8W (micro). Three other gales of 40 kt and one other low pressure of 981 mb. "There was some intensification of the hurricane after it moved northeastward between Hatteras and Bermuda, finally reaching a point south of Newfoundland on September 25" (MWR). Navy estimated position of storm center at 1630Z to be 30.0N, 74.2W (good loran fixes)" (micro). September 24: HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 36.5N, 66.9W with the NE end of a NE-SW cold front located about 150 nm SW of the low, and the W end of a W-E warm from located about 200 nm north of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical storm at 37.1N, 66.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.1N, 72.7W, and a 12Z position near 36.5N, 67.6W with a 969 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 71.6W, and a 12Z position near 37.1N, 67.4W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 981 mb centered near 36.8N, 67.7W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 977 mb at 04Z at 34.5N, 70.1W (micro); at least 50 kt NNE around ~12Z at 36.8N, 69.3W (micro). About six other gales of at least 50 kt, and about eight other low pressures below 990 mb. Land highlights: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (micro). Aircraft highlights: At least 50** kt SSW at 06Z at 34.0N, 65.1W (micro); 45 kt SW and 980 mb at 2045Z at 37.8N, 61.0W (micro); at least 50** kt SSW at 2115Z at 37.9N, 59.1W (micro). "Radar recon reported indefinite center at 0500Z- estimated center position 34.6N, 70.3W" (micro). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 44.0N, 48.3W with a cold front extending from a few hundred nm SSW of the low southwestward to beyond 35N, 62W. Another cold front extends from several hundred nm ENE of the low northeastward to several hundred nm south of another low (the other low is of at most 980 mb and is located near 55N, 35W), and a warm from extends from the NE end of that cold front southeastward to 46N, 26W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 44.6N, 48.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.7N, 58.7W, and a 12Z position near 45.7N, 49.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 42.2N, 57.2W, and a 12Z position near 44.2N, 48.9W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 984 mb centered near 44.0N, 49.5W. Ship highlights: At least 50 kt SSW and 987 mb at 00Z at 40.3N, 55.0W (micro); 45 kt SW and 984 mb at 06Z at 40.9N, 52.9W (COA); 45 kt W and 997 mb at 12Z at 40.0N, 52.2W (COA); 40 kt NW and 987 mb at 18Z at 43.3N, 47.3W (micro). Six other gales of 40 to 50 kt and about 20 other relevant low pressures below 1000 mb. September 26: HWM analyzes three closed lows- two of at most 975 mb located near 54N, 36W and 51N, 27W respectively, and one of at most 970 mb located near 57N, 21W. These three closed lows are all encircled by a single 980 mb isobar. An occluded front extends from the 3rd low towards the east, and then wraps around to the south and south-southwest to 48N, 16W. A cold front is plotted from 45N, 27W to west of 36N, 49W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 48.0N, 39.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 979 mb at 00Z at 45.9N, 40.4W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 18 September (no change to timing of genesis). This system was tracked as an easterly wave from 14 September when it crossed the Lesser Antilles. Aircraft reconnaissance first investigated the wave on the 16th, and they did not find a closed low. As the system moved westward into the central to western Caribbean, there were no flights on the 17th. There is a chance that the low that spawned this hurricane could have been closed by the 17th, but there are no observed west winds that day. Observations from Jamaica and the Cayman Islands at 12Z on the 18th suggest that the timing of genesis in HURDAT is good. The intensity at the first point (06Z on the 18th) is revised downward to 40 kt (from 50 kt originally). The largest track change for this storm between the 18th and the 21st of September is only half of a degree. Aircraft center fixes as well as the land-based radar at Boca Chica were important for the track changes made. At 1815Z on the 18th, aircraft performed a center fix. A central pressure of 994 mb was measured and maximum surface winds of 60 kt were estimated. A 994 mb central pressure corresponds to a 58 kt intensity using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The 60 kt previously in HURDAT at 18Z the 18th is maintained, and a central pressure of 994 mb is added into HURDAT. On the 18th through the 19th, the tropical cyclone rapidly intensified. On the morning of the 19th, Grand Cayman recorded a 1-minute sustained wind of 65 kt. A couple of hours later, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt. Apparently, forecasters and the aircraft reconnaissance crew did not realize how quickly this system was intensifying, because an aircraft decided to fly into the eye at 2030Z on the 19th (usually they would not fly into the eye of major hurricanes). The aircraft measured a central pressure of 951 mb inside the eye. It should be noted that this value of 951 mb obtained from the aircraft center fix is the 2nd lowest central pressure observation from any aircraft between the years 1944-1948. The lowest was 938 mb in 1947 Storm #4. A central pressure of 951 mb corresponds to an intensity of 110 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship, and 112 kt for intensifying systems. 105 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 19th (up from 80 kt originally), and 110 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 20th (up from 80 kt originally). Major upward intensity revisions were made from 18Z on the 19th through 12Z on the 20th. A central pressure of 951 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 19th. By 00Z on the 20th, the slow-moving hurricane had made a gradual turn towards the north and was located between the Cayman Islands and the Isle of Youth. The hurricane passed just to the east of the Isle of Youth around midday on the 20th. It made its first landfall in Cuba at 22Z on the 20th at 22.3N, 82.1W with an intensity of 110 kt (a category 3). The cyclone made a 2nd Cuban landfall about three hours later (01Z on the 21st) at 22.7N, 82.0W, also with an intensity of 110 kt at 00Z the 21st (100 kt originally). The highest wind recorded at Havana was 78 kt from the N, but the hurricane passed well to the east of Havana. The analysis here of a category 3 at Cuban landfall is consistent with the analysis of Perez et al. (2000). The hurricane moved off the northern coast of Cuba and into the Straits of Florida around 04Z on the 21st. The hurricane may have weakened to a category 2 while it traversed Cuba, but by 06Z on the 21st, it is analyzed that the hurricane had re-intensified over water to 100 kt (no change to HURDAT). On the 21st, the hurricane moved in a direction just east of due north towards the lower Florida Keys. The hurricane made its first Florida landfall in the lower Florida Keys approximately seven miles east-northeast of Boca Chica around 17Z on the 21st. The lowest pressure recorded in the Keys was 963 mb at Boca Chica at 1615Z but the wind speed at Boca Chica at the time of the lowest pressure is not known. The distance of the closest approach of the center of the eye to Boca Chica was probably around six nautical miles. The landfall RMW is analyzed to be 10 nautical miles. Text (above in the September 21st paragraph) indicates that Boca Chica Airport was in the western portion of the "calm center" for 15 minutes. Although the analysis indicates that Boca Chica experienced the RMW, the analysis does not indicate that Boca Chica experienced the calm eye. The 963 mb observation at Boca Chica is not treated as a central pressure. Since Boca Chica was inside the RMW, it is estimated that the central pressure at the time was near 955 mb. A central pressure of 955 mb equals 106 kt south of 25N and 100 kt north of 25N, and 105 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 21st (no change from HURDAT originally). The highest measured wind from the Keys was 104 kt (1-min) from Sombrero Key Lighthouse, but this reduces to about 93 kt at 10m. After passing through the Keys, the hurricane continued north-northeastward and made landfall just a few nautical miles southeast of Everglades City, FL around 05Z on the 22nd. A note on the 0530Z microfilm map from September 22nd indicates that at 0515Z, Everglades City recorded a pressure of less than 948 mb along with a wind speed of more than 100 mph. While there is no observational evidence that Everglades City was inside the RMW, it had to have been near the RMW because it reported a pressure of 948 mb. A landfall central pressure of 940 mb is analyzed since winds were at least 85 kt at the time of the 948 mb pressure. Everglades City was likely at, very near, or possibly inside the RMW on the left (weak side of the storm). (See next paragraph for more on why 940 mb was chosen as the central pressure.) A central pressure of 940 mb is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 940 mb equals 115 kt north of 25N and 120 kt S of 25N. Although the forward motion of the hurricane was still slow, the RMW was smaller than average, and the storm may have been intensifying before landfall. An intensity of 115 kt is analyzed for landfall. An intensity of 115 kt is analyzed for both 00Z and 06Z on the 22nd (up from 100 and 85 kt originally; the latter is a major intensity change). Although 06Z on the 22nd is about one hour after landfall, part of the RMW is still analyzed to be over water, so the landfall intensity of 115 kt is kept at 06Z on the 22nd as well. At 12Z on the 22nd, the center of the hurricane is analyzed to be located at 26.5N, 80.8W (26.8N, 80.2W originally), or just south of Lake Okeechobee. The cyclone is analyzed to have emerged into the Atlantic at 18Z on the 22nd near Stuart, FL. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model for 12Z on the 22nd yields an intensity of 68 kt. The highest reliable observed wind within two hours of the 12Z synoptic time is 83 kt, and 85 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (up from 75 kt originally). The MWR text indicates that the maximum winds were 90 to 95 mph when the cyclone was in the Lake Okeechobee region (around 12Z), so the intensity of 85 kt is slightly above that. It is not appropriate to run the Kaplan and DeMaria model to obtain the intensity at 18Z on the 22nd since the center was crossing the coastline of eastern Florida at that time. The highest observed wind within two hours of the 18Z synoptic time is 71 kt. However, a 965 mb central pressure was observed at Stuart, FL at 1730Z. A central pressure of 965 mb equals 90 kt using the north of 25N relationship and 86 kt for weakening systems. Using a combination of the 71 kt observed wind speed, the pressure-wind relationship, and consideration that the cyclone was beginning to emerge off of the coast, 80 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 22nd (unchanged from HURDAT). The observation from Everglades City of the pressure lower than 948 mb found on microfilm was surprising. Off all the sources utilized, microfilm was the only source to contain any pressure observations from Everglades City. Microfilm shows that the pressure decreased at Everglades City from 972 mb (and 85 kt NE winds) at 0315Z to 958 mb (and 95 kt NE winds) at 0430Z to less than 948 mb (and winds above 85 kt) at 0515Z. It was uncertain whether a central pressure of 940 mb was a good estimate (or too high since the observation on microfilm precisely said that "Pressure less than 28 in. wind 100+") because it was uncertain whether Everglades City was inside the RMW at the 0515Z observation. Since there is a central pressure observation from Stuart at 1730Z, the Ho et al. Inland Pressure Decay Model was run to determine whether a central pressure of 940 mb was too high for the central pressure at landfall. A value of 947 mb was obtained for landfall using the model which is in the same ballpark, so it was decided to keep to the 940 mb central pressure for the mainland Florida landfall. After the hurricane emerged into the Atlantic, it accelerated and moved northeastward. Again, on the 23rd, only very small track changes are made. At 12Z on the 23rd, a ship observed a pressure of 968 mb with 50 kt winds. A peripheral pressure of 968 mb corresponds to a wind speed of at least 87 kt using the north of 25N relationship. The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged. The cyclone passed about halfway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda on its northeastward course. It is analyzed that this cyclone became extratropical around 06Z on the 24th (6 hours earlier than originally) while the analyzed intensity of 75 kt is unchanged for that time. On the 25th, the largest track changes are only half of a degree and the only intensity change made was to raise the 18Z intensity by 5 kt. HURDAT's last 6-hourly position is at 18Z on the 25th. Observations indicate that the cyclone was not absorbed until after 00Z on the 26th, so one six-hourly point is added to HURDAT at 47.5N, 39.0W with a 45 kt intensity. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 9 (was Storm 8) - Revised in 2014 34110 10/03/1948 M=14 8 SNBR= 757 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 34110 10/03/1948 M=14 9 SNBR= 757 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 * 34115 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 818 40 0* 34115 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*167 835 30 0*174 843 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 34120 10/04*168 839 50 0*181 850 55 0*194 851 65 0*204 845 75 0* 34120 10/04*181 847 35 0*188 850 45 0*195 852 55 0*202 850 70 991* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34125 10/05*214 838 90 0*222 833 105 0*233 825 115 0*244 814 110 975* 34125 10/05*212 842 90 0*223 833 110 0*235 823 105 0*247 812 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34130 10/06*257 801 90 979*267 786 85 0*277 772 75 0*287 756 75 0* 34130 10/06*258 802 80 979*268 792 85 0*277 779 85 0*287 764 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 34135 10/07*297 738 80 0*306 716 85 0*314 690 90 0*319 660 90 0* 34135 10/07*297 747 85 0*307 728 85 0*314 700 90 0*319 670 90 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** 34140 10/08*322 630 85 0*325 601 80 0*327 572 75 0*325 543 70 0* 34140 10/08*324 636 90 971*325 601 80 0*324 566 75 0*321 532 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 34145 10/09*322 513 70 0*320 485 60 0*319 463 60 0*319 447 60 0* 34145 10/09*318 510 65 0*314 492 60 0*310 475 55 0*310 458 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34150 10/10*319 433 60 0*320 420 55 0*321 408 55 0*321 400 50 0* 34150 10/10*312 441 50 0*315 424 50 0*318 410 45 0*318 400 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34155 10/11*320 393 50 0*318 387 50 0*315 382 45 0*310 380 45 0* 34160 10/12*306 382 45 0*303 385 45 0*302 390 45 0*302 396 40 0* 34165 10/13*302 403 40 0*302 407 40 0*303 413 40 0*305 426 40 0* 34165 10/13*303 403 40 0*305 407 35 0*308 413 35 0*312 426 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** 34170 10/14*309 439 40 0*316 452 40 0*326 464 40 0*337 472 40 0* 34170 10/14*316 439 45 0*321 452 50 0*326 464 55 0*334 470 60 0* *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 34175 10/15*348 478 40 0*357 480 40 0*367 480 40 0*385 479 35 0* 34175 10/15*344 475 60 989*354 478 55 0*364 477 55 0*380 479 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 34180 10/16*415 466 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34180 10/16*407 466 50 0E437 430 45 0E465 375 40 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 34185 HRCFL2 34185 HRBFL2CFL2 **** International Landfalls: 10/5/1948 - 07Z - 22.4N 83.2W - 110 kt - Cuba 10/7/1948 - 22Z - 32.3N 64.9W - 90 kt - 971 mb - Bermuda U.S. Landfalls: 10/5/1948 - 18Z - 24.7N 81.2W - 90 kt - (963 mb) - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI - 13 nmi RMW 10/5/1948 - 20Z - 25.1N, 80.9W - 90 kt - (963 mb) - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI - 13 nm RMW Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this October hurricane that made landfall in Cuba, Florida, and Bermuda. A major change additionally was to add a transient extratropical phase on the 8th and 9th of October. A final major change is to indicate an extratropical stage at the last 12 hr of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Tucker (1995), Perez et al. (2000), and Barnes (1998). October 1: HWM analyzes a very large, weak, elongated closed low along the ITCZ of at most 1010 mb with the "L" plotted near 13N, 70.5W with a trough or wavelike axis extending from the low northeastward to beyond 19N, 58W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low. No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM analyzes a large, weak closed low of at most 1010 mb along the ITCZ centered in the general vicinity of 13.4N, 76.6W with a trough or wavelike axis extending northeastward to 17N, 74W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low. No gales or low pressures. October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16.5N, 81.8W with a trough or wavelike axis extending north-northeastward from the low to 23N, 79W. HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 81.8W. Microfilm shows a trough in the western Caribbean, but no closed low at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb centered near 19.7N, 83.8W with a cold front well north of the low extending from 26N, 93W to 27N, 82W to 29N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.4N, 85.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 85.1W with a 1006 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.0N, 85.5W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 20.1N, 85.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 995 mb at 1830Z at 20.0N, 85.2W (micro); 40 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 1830Z at 19.7N, 85.9W (micro). Three other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Land highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 20Z at 21.8N, 84.8W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt NE at 1545Z at 20.6N, 85.6W (micro); center fix at 1730Z at 20.1N, 85.2W with 992 (central?) pressure. Two other gales and one other low pressure. "Forming in the western Caribbean Sea this hurricane was first reported as an organized storm at 10:45 am on October 4, near latitude 19.6N, longitude 85W" (MWR). "It must be assumed that previous to this time the disturbance may have been an easterly wave from the Windward Islands. This disturbance was estimated to contain winds of 40 to 50 mph in squalls within 60 miles of the center. It was expected to move northward over western Cuba during the night. As soon as a reconnaissance plane reached the spot it was found the storm was very small and intense, containing winds of 90 mph at the center. It was still moving northward at 12 mph at 1:15 pm and was expected to increase in intensity and forward speed. By 5:30 pm of the 4th, it was definitely determined that the storm was of full hurricane strength. At this time, the storm was near lat 21 and lon 85, still moving northward at 12 mph" (Key West OMR). "Navy reports fix on center 1645Z 20.2N, 85.2W. Ship reports 1730Z passed through center at 20.1N, 85.2W. Winds force 4. Confused seas. Barometer 992.5 mb" (micro). From the Miami Weather Bureau Advisory issued at 1815Z, October 4... "The tropical disturbance in the northwestern Caribbean Sea has intensified rapidly to full hurricane force. Aircraft estimated highest winds near center at about 90 mph" (Weather Bureau Advisories). October 5: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 81.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 23.3N, 82.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.2N, 83.8W, and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 81.8W with a 977 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position close to the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 23.7N, 82.4W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 995 mb at 1230Z at 23.5N, 82.1W (position uncertain) (micro); 40 kt N and (992?) mb at 1230Z at 23.0N, 84.2W (micro). Three other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. Land highlights: 105 kt SSE at 1026Z at Havana (micro); 975 mb (min pressure) at 1815Z at Sombrero Key (24.6N, 81.1W) (MWR); calm and 975 mb (central pressure) at ~2250Z at Homestead, FL (micro); 63 kt SE at ~2330Z at downtown Miami (OMR). Ten other winds of between 60-100 kt (although many of them are estimated or uncertain), and 27 other low pressures between 979-1000 mb. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SW G 60 kt and 990 mb at 1430Z at 23.1N, 80.9W (micro). At least three other gales and at least five other low pressures. According to the Air Weather Service tech report, the highest wind observed during this hurricane was 126 mph at Havana and the lowest observed pressure was 975 mb at Havana (AWS). "It increased rapidly in intensity during the night and moved northeastward across Cuba with the center passing a short distance west of Havana at 6 am of the 5th. The highest wind at Havana was 132 mph. Considerable damage resulted in the city and crop losses were heavy in Havana and Pinar Del Rio provinces. There were 11 deaths and 300 injuries in Cuba, with property damage estimated at $6,000,000. By noon the 5th the center was over the Keys. At Bahia Honda Bridge and Marathon a lull of about 45 minutes occurred. Winds were well over 100 mph in this area of the Keys" (MWR). "The hurricane moved up to the Keys, where winds were estimated at around 100 mph" (Barnes). "By 11:00 pm (4th, 4Z the 5th) it appeared to be at a standstill indicating a turn to the northeastward. By 6:15 am of Oct. 5th, it was known that this was a very severe storm; Havana reported over 100 mph winds and gusts to 130 mph. As the storm passed Havana near 6 am winds of 132 mph occurred. The storm was at this time entering the Florida Straits just west of Havana and on a northeast course which would pass near Key West and impinge on the Florida coast in the Miami area. At 8:30 am, the storm was 60 miles south-southwest of Key West. At noon, the storm was nearest Key West and the 12:30 pm advisory stated that at noon the storm was 18 miles ESE of Boca Chica; this would place it about 26 miles ESE of Key West. It was continuing to move rapidly northeastward. By 2:30 pm it was apparently over the Keys. At Marathon, Fla., a lull of some 45 minutes occurred near 2:30 pm. The storm continued to move northeastward and was over and west of Homestead at 5:30 pm, over Miami between 8 and 9 pm and passed off the coast near Pompano between 9 and 10 pm. Highest winds at Miami were 82 mph from the NW with gusts to 90 mph. Subsequently, the storm moved rapidly northeastward into the Atlantic passing over Bermuda" (Key West OMR). From the Key West OMR... "The highest wind velocity for a 5-minute period (at the city office) was 45 mph, true, at 12:12 pm. This wind was from the north. Previous to that time and at 11:35 am, 43 mph true was recorded and during the passage of a squall then, the extreme velocity (1 mile) occurred and was 56 mph, true, from the northeast. The lowest pressure was at noon and from the barograph trace it appears to have been 29.25 inches (city office), sea-level. At Boca Chica Airport station, the highest wind was estimated to have been 85+ mph from the north at 12:25 pm. During the progress of the storm gusts were estimated at 120 mph. The only recorded in operation at the station was a Selsyn, untested for some time. This instrument records velocity up to 80 mph and the needle of the instrument was seen to pass this point on occasions. The lowest pressure at Boca Chica was 29.16 inches, sea-level, and this occurred at or near 12:25 pm. The maximum and extreme velocities occurring were recorded by a 3-cup anemometer. The velocities cited before as being true would therefore have been 48 mph and 60 mph respectively, both uncorrected. By a 4-cup anemometer they would have been 55 mph and 72 mph, respectively, both uncorrected. The path of the hurricane was nearest Key West about noon when it bore approximately southeast from the station and distant some 25 miles. The storm passed over Pinar del Rio province of western Cuba and then moved off the northern Cuban coast a short distance west of Havana at which place a velocity of 132 mph from the south was reported. From the position just mentioned the storm moved in a nearly straight line, passing over Miami and off the coast in the vicinity of Pompano. The hurricane was situated west of Havana about 5:00 am; it was near Key West at noon, over Miami between 8 and 9 pm and off the coast about 10:30 pm. The approximate forward speed of the disturbance therefore was 16 to 18 mph, unusually fast for this locality, a fact which materially reduced the damage. The storm in question was undoubtedly a very severe, small hurricane; the area of hurricane winds scarcely covered a diameter of 50 miles. The center probably contained winds well over 100 mph until it struck the southern tip of the mainland (FL peninsula). By barometric and wind indications at the city office at 10:00 am, it was determined that the center would pass some distance eastward and would cross the line of Florida Keys in the vicinity of the Bahia Honda bridge. The center passed over Bahia Honda bridge; at Marathon a few miles east of the center when the storm was over Bahia Honda, a lull of 45 minutes occurred. The distance from Bahia Honda bridge to Marathon is approximately 10 miles and so it seems that this was the true area of the path. On Cudjoe and Big Pine Keys the wind was severe. At Big Pine Key there is conflicting testimony as to whether a calm period existed or not; however we believe it did exist although it must have been rather brief. From Cudjoe Key and keys to the westward, heavy winds began to from the east but backed thru north and west and continued from the west and southwest. Reports from the vicinity of Marathon, Big Pine, Cudjoe and Sugar Loaf Keys indicate this storm was fully as intense as its predecessor two weeks ago with the difference that the former storm was slow moving and gales lasted many hours. This storm, the intensity built up rapidly, was of short duration and subsided even faster than it grew and had moved from the area all within the period of a day. As we receive delayed reports from the area, we conclude that this storm was fully as great as the hurricane of September 21st although in the presently mentioned storm the most violent winds were from the north and northwest. Heavy northeasterly gales were experienced prior to the storm; in the disturbance of two weeks previous, heavy gales began from the northeast and intensified from the east and southeast" (Key West OMR). "Winds were well over 100 mph in this area of the Keys (referring to the area near Bahia Honda bridge)" (Florida Climatological Data). Regarding the hurricane in Cuba... "heavy rains caused flash floods that swept away homes and cattle" (Barnes). "The storm surge in Biscayne Bay matched that of the September storm- about 4.5 feet above mean low tide. Rainfall at the Miami Airport exceeded 9.5 inches, and once again streets and alleyways around Miami were submerged under deep standing water. Streets in Homestead, Miami Springs, Hialeah, and portions of Miami Beach were turned into flowing streams. In Hialeah, so troubled by floods in recent years, Mayor Henry Milander reported that the depth of standing water in many streets surpassed 3.5 feet. In Miami the Southeast Second Avenue bridge, near the mouth of the Miami River, was damaged when it was rammed by a banana boat during the height of the storm. Numerous airplanes were flipped over and damaged by high winds at the Tamiami airport. And two tornadoes were reported- one at Fort Lauderdale and another near Opa-Locka, where numerous cars were overturned and considerable damages were inflicted at the Royal Palm dairy farm" (Barnes). "Radar report #12- 052130Z- storm center bears 40 degrees true distance 66 miles from Boca Chica, course 10 degrees true speed 8 knots. Scope of definition: poor. Storm appears to be losing form. This is the last radar report from Boca Chica Field. Unable to track due to poor definition" (micro). "Florida City fire (department?) reported at 6 pm (23Z) calm between 5:40 - 5:50 pm (2240-2250Z)- wind changed from SSE to SW and W. Barometer dropped to 28.94 and is back to 29.00. Wind east 40 mp" (micro). "Homestead 2316Z- W 30 (mph), barometer 28.92; calm from 2240Z - 2300Z. Richmond, FL calm center at 2315Z" (micro). "10/5/1948 - 963 mb central pressure, based upon 975 measured at Sombrero Key, FL, 13 nm RMW, 16 kt movement, 24.8N, 81.0W landfall point" (Ho et al. 1987). "10/5/1948 - 1010 mb environmental pressure, 74 kt 1 min surface wind maximum estimate" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Oct, FL, 2SE, 975 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "'Sin Nombre' - Oct 5 - Category 3" (Perez et al. 2000). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, Oct. 5, S Fla., Minimal, Miami bar. 28.92 in., wind 86 mph" (Dunn and Miller - "Minimal" has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb). October 6: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.8N, 75.2W with a separate mid-latitude cyclone centered near 38N, 73W, with a cold front extending from that low down to 31N, 73W, and a warm front extending from that low to beyond 33N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 77.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.1N, 79.8W, and a 12Z position near 27.7N, 77.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.0N, 80.3W, and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 77.7W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 984 mb centered near 27.8N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 998 mb at 11Z at 26.8N, 74.7W (HWM, micro); 15 kt SE and 1005 mb at 23Z at 30.9N, 73.4W (micro). Land highlights: 3 kt N and 979 mb (central pressure) at 0030Z at Miami (OMR, micro); 75 kt NW (max wind, 1-minute) G 78 kt at 0205Z at downtown Miami (MWR, OMR); 981 mb peripheral pressure at 08Z at West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro); 57 kt (max wind) G 75-80 kt at West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro). Five other winds of between 50-78 kt (one of these was estimated), and 14 other low pressures between 979-998 mb. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NW and 995(?) mb at 19Z at 28.5N, 77.0W (micro). Five other gales and one other low pressure. "By 7:25 pm (5th- 0025Z 6th) the calm center was over Miami. The Miami Airport Station was apparently very near the center of the storm, with lowest pressure 979.3 millibars (28.92 inches) with the wind dropping to 3 mph. At the airport the lull lasted from 7 pm to 7:35 pm and at the City Office 7 miles to the east, from 7 pm to 7:45 pm. However, at the City Office the wind did not drop below 19 mph and the lowest pressure was 980.7 millibars (28.96 inches). Because of a better exposure the highest wind, 86 mph, from the northwest with several gusts of 15 seconds above 90 mph, occurred at the City Office. Over Florida the hurricane moved at a fairly rapid rate of about 18 to 20 mph until it passed into the Atlantic in the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano area about 9:30 pm of the 5th. Since the lull lasted 35 to 45 minutes at Miami, the center of the storm was about 15 miles in diameter. The sky remained overcast with low stratus clouds during the passage of the center. Three tornadoes were reported along the advancing edge of this hurricane; one at Opa Locka destroyed several houses, another at Fort Lauderdale caused minor damage, and a third at Pompano destroyed about 25 houses, many of which were occupied at the time. A characteristic tornado dip and recovery in pressure recorded on barograph traces from the Keys to Hillsboro Lighthouse seems to indicate that a single tornado may have dipped to earth at several places as it progressed northeastward in advance of the hurricane vortex. An unusual occurrence during this storm was reported from a small summer colony situated on Cudjoe Key. A home was unroofed during the September hurricane and the roof blown or floated northwestward for a distance of about 200 yards. Two weeks later, during the October hurricane, the same roof was floated back across the highway and came to rest in almost the exact location in which it had been originally constructed. No deaths or critical injuries have been reported from Florida as a result of this hurricane. It is extremely unusual for a hurricane of such intensity to pass over heavily populated areas without loss of life. A summary of casualties and estimated damage (for Florida) follows: deaths, none; injured, 42; homes destroyed, 36; homes damaged severely, 638; buildings other than homes destroyed, 45; buildings other than homes damaged, 50; persons sheltered in 143 Red Cross shelters, 21,663; property damage (includes flooding), $3,500,000; crop damage, $1,500,000; power and communications, $400,000; highways, streets, etc., $100,000; total, $5,500,000. After leaving Florida there was an acceleration in the forward movement of the hurricane as it passed north of Grand Bahama Island, with West End reporting winds of near hurricane force" (MWR). "This is the first hurricane in Florida history, to my knowledge, in which there was no loss of life" (Grady Norton quoted in Florida Climatological Data). "Once the storm left the Florida coast, it steered out to sea, but not before taking over Grand Bahama Island with gusts estimated near 110 mph" (Barnes). "Miami airport center of hurricane over station. Lowest pressure 979.3 mb 0006Z" (micro). "Received from observer westend, (Grad Bahama Island). The hurricane passed over Grand Bahama about 3 am EST (08Z). Highest winds 65 mph gusts 85-90 mph. Lowest barometer pressure 28.96 lowest mercurial reading 29.02. No damages in the area of westend" (micro). "Army reported center of storm 28.9N, 76.3W at 1930Z" (micro). "DH10- Storm apparently enlargening and intensifying. SE quad appears to be most violent sector. Severe turbulence made drift readings impossible at times" (micro). "10/6/1948 - 977 mb central pressure, based upon 979 mb measured at Miami, FL, 16 nm RMW, 13 kt movement (exiting the coast) - (Ho et al. 1987). October 7: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.6N, 70.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 69.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 73.8W, and a 12Z position near 30.7N, 69.2W with a 971 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 74.7W, and a 12Z position near 31.9N, 68.5W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 31.6N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 994 mb at 13Z at 31.0N, 68.5W (micro); 45 kt S and 994 mb at 20Z at 32.0N, 64.4W (COA). Three other low pressures of 1003-1004 mb between 02-04Z between 30.5-31.7N, 73.4-74.8W (micro). Land highlights: 50 kt SSW and 981 mb at 2130Z at Bermuda (micro); 976 mb at 2145Z at Bermuda (micro); 972 mb at Bermuda (Tucker); at least 87 kt at Bermuda (MWR estimate); 25 kt NW and 976 mb at 2230Z at Bermuda (micro). Seven other gales at Bermuda between 35-65 kt and five other low pressures at Bermuda between 990-1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: 50** kt NNE and (996?) mb at 1740Z at 32.8N, 66.5W (micro); at least 50** kt NE and (997?) mb at 1745Z at 32.5N, 67.6W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 1915Z at 31.0N, 66.3W (micro); 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 1930Z at 31.8N, 64.7W (micro). Four other gales. "Continuing a rapid northeastward and later eastward movement, the center passed almost directly over Bermuda during the later afternoon of the 7th, where winds in excess of 100 mph were experienced. The storm later dissipated in mid-Atlantic in the vicinity of latitude 32N, longitude 48W" (MWR). "A vicious storm struck the islands between 5 and 7 o'clock on Thursday. A ship report was turned in that the transit movement of the hurricane had tuned up from 22 to 40 miles an hour - which in all probability meant that its course had recurved. The barometer began to fall rapidly. At 2:40 pm No. 5 Warning was hoisted; by 5:30 the barometer registered 28.70 inches (972 mb). The storm blew by, its centre skirting the islands' coastline extremely closely, heading east north-east. By five o'clock, Bermuda was getting winds of 65 miles per hour, and after the lull during which winds dropped to 12 mph, the winds blew from the north with tremendously increases velocity, gusts being registered at 110 mph. Though these high winds raged for a comparatively brief time, the damage done was much greater than in the September storm. Driving down the North Shore Road at any time during the next few days, one could not but be aware of the dreadful number of houses partly or wholly unroofed. And all the public utility services suffered severely" (Tucker). "It tracked toward Bermuda, which would become its last victim. On October 7, it raced over the island with winds that topped 100 mph and a forward speed that approached 30 mph. It then went on for over a week, carving a large clockwise loop in the open Atlantic before finally dissipating over cooler waters" (Barnes). "Recon report 0621Z storm at 31.0N, 73.1W" (micro). "Navy fix at 1610Z (Loran fix) lat 31.8N, long 68.5W. Eye 30 miles in diameter (later said 10 miles south of this position)" (micro). "Edge of center of hurricane observed by Air Force Bermuda Weather Station at 2145Z. Barometer beginning to level off at lowest pressure of 28.81 inches. Wind shifting from SSE to SSW to SW. Sky condition overcast at estimated 200 feet. Light rain is falling" (micro). "Associated press reported that the center was at Bermuda at 5:00 pm. ½ hour calm, hurricane winds for 45 minutes. Highest winds estimated 110 mph" (micro). "Air force plane put center at 32.4N, 64.8W at 22Z moving NE at 32 mph" (micro). October 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 57.6W with a trough axis plotted extending from the low southwestward to beyond 23N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 32.7N, 57.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 63.4W, and a 12Z position between the HURDAT and HWM positions. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.4N, 64.0W, and a 12Z position just west of the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 32.5N, 56.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1009 mb at 1830Z at 29.4N, 57.4W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1008 mb at 21Z at 34.0N, 53.0W (COA). One other gale. Land highlights: 30 kt NNE and 996 mb at 0030Z at Bermuda (micro). Aircraft highlights: at least 50** kt WSW at 31.2N, 65.5W (micro). "By 10 am on Friday, October 8th, the hurricane was 500 miles away in a north-easterly direction petering out across the Atlantic. Thankfully, there was no loss of life (at Bermuda) to record" (Tucker). October 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.7N, 45.8W with a trough axis extending from about 100 nm SW of the low southwestward to beyond 25N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 31.9N, 46.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.1N, 52.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 53.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 34.0N, 52.0W (COA); 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 03Z at 35.0N, 34.0W (COA). Two other gales of 35 kt. October 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.9N, 40.7W with the NE end of a NE-SW trough axis located just south of the low center. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.1N, 40.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1006 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 41.8W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 36.6W (HWM). October 11: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.6N, 37.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.5N, 38.2W. No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.3N, 39.7W and a radius of outer closed isobar of at least 1015 mb with radius of 1015 isobar about 325 miles. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 30.2N, 39.0W. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.5N, 40.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 30.3N, 41.3W. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.3N, 47.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 32.6N, 46.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 46.2W (HWM); 45 kt N and 998 mb at 18Z at 33.0N, 48.2W (COA): 35 kt NW and 992 mb at 18Z at 32.9N, 47.7W (COA). One other low pressure. October 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.0N, 48.5W with a mid-latitude low pressure system (with associated warm and cold fronts) closely approaching from the west. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 36.7N, 48.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.3N, 47.0W, and a 12Z position near 36.4N, 48.1W with a 993 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 992 mb at 00Z at 33.9N, 47.2W (COA); 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 46.7W (COA). Two other gales and two other low pressures. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 46.8N, 37.6W with a warm front extending from the low east-southeastward, and a cold front extending from the low west-southwestward. This cold front becomes a stationary front, continuing west-southwestward to a baroclinic low of at most 1000 mb centered near 42N, 55.5W. There is also a cold front extending from this baroclinic low southward to beyond 31N, 55W. HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 41.5N, 46.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.6N, 45.3W, and a 12Z position near 46.5N, 36.6W with a 997 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 997 mb at 12Z at 46.7N, 38.5W (COA, HWM); 35 kt S at 12Z at 46.2N, 35.7W (COA). A tropical cyclone developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 3 October. HURDAT previously began this system at 18Z on the 3rd as a 40 kt tropical storm. However, evidence exists that there was a closed low by 12Z on the 3rd, and a 30 kt tropical depression is analyzed at 12Z on the 3rd. There is evidence that the cyclone remained a depression on the 3rd, so a 30 kt depression is maintained for that time (down from 40 kt originally). Observations also indicate that the position of the tropical cyclone at 18Z on the 3rd was well northwest of the original HURDAT position at that time, about three and a half degrees northwest of the previous HURDAT position (a major track change). The new position has the depression centered a short distance northwest of Swan Island at 18Z on the 3rd. This track change is the only major track adjustment for the entire lifetime of the cyclone. A moderate westward shift was introduced early on the 7th based upon aircraft and ship observations and a moderate southwestward shift was made late on the 8th based upon ship measurements. The remainder of the track had minor changes introduced to the positions. The cyclone moved slowly towards the north-northwest until 12Z on the 4th when it reached its westernmost point of 19.5N, 85.2W. Then it turned towards the northeast. It is analyzed that the cyclone strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 4th (50 kt originally at 00Z; reached tropical storm intensity 6 hours later than originally shown). Later on the 4th, at 1730Z, an aircraft measured a central pressure of 992 mb. Another aircraft observation estimated that maximum surface winds were about 80 kt. At 1830Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds along with a pressure of 995 mb. A central pressure of 991 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th. A central pressure of 991 mb corresponds to an intensity of 62 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone was small (based on the reconnaissance report), its forward motion was 13 kt, and it was also intensifying. Taking all of the above information into consideration, an intensity of 70 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 4th (down from 75 kt originally). HURDAT originally had this becoming a hurricane at 12Z on the 4th, but it is analyzed that the cyclone reached hurricane strength at 18Z. The hurricane made landfall on the south coast of western Cuba at 07Z on 5 October at 22.4N, 83.2W. The hurricane continued northeastward and passed a short distance west of Havana. The highest sustained wind at Havana was 105 kt from the SSE at 1026Z on the 5th. Some sources claim that Havana's highest wind was 115 kt, but this observation is believed to be a gust since one of the sources said that it was a gust and that wind speed is much too high for the pressures observed. 110 kt is the analyzed intensity for 06Z on the 5th (up from 105 kt originally) and for landfall (07Z). This is in agreement with the assessment of Category 3 landfall in Cuba by Perez et al. In the 24-hour period from 06Z on the 4th to 06Z on the 5th, it is analyzed that the tropical cyclone rapidly intensified from 45 kt to 110 kt (55 kt to 105 kt originally). The peak intensity for the lifetime of the hurricane is reduced slightly from 115 kt to 110 kt. The hurricane reached the Gulf of Mexico north of Cuba around 11Z. The analyzed intensity for 12Z on the 5th is 105 kt (down from 115 kt originally) allowing for some weakening during its four hours over land. Only several hours later, the hurricane made a U.S. landfall around 1820-1830Z (~18Z rounded to the nearest hour) on the 5th at the location where the Seven Mile Bridge stands today in the Florida Keys. Sombrero Key Lighthouse (24.6N, 81.1W) measured a pressure of 975 mb (the lowest pressure for that station) at 1815Z. This station recorded its maximum wind (87 kt S estimated and elevated) at 1800Z (just 15 minutes before the minimum pressure was recorded). Moving at 15 kt, the cyclone could have traveled 4 nautical miles in 15 minutes. The RMW was analyzed by Ho et al. (1987) to be 13 nautical miles, which looks reasonable in the analysis. It is also analyzed that the center of the eye was somewhere between 6 to 8 nautical miles west-northwest of Sombrero Key at 1815Z (closest approach/time of lowest pressure). Since there is no available wind observation at the time of the lowest pressure, and since the hurricane force maximum winds occurred just 15 minutes before the minimum pressure, the 975 mb minimum pressure recorded at Sombrero Key Lighthouse is not treated as a central pressure. Another reason to believe that the 975 mb observation is not a central pressure is due to the 105 kt winds observed at Havana eight hours earlier. Ho et al. (1987) determined in his analysis that the central pressure at landfall in the Keys was 963 mb, and this value is chosen as the central pressure at landfall in the Keys as it is reasonable given the information available. However, because of the uncertainty in the value, 963 mb is not added into HURDAT, but the 975 mb originally in the database has been removed at 18Z on the 5th. For weakening systems, 963 mb corresponds to intensities of 95 and 88 kt for south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively. The RMW was smaller than normal (13 nmi vs. 17 nmi climatology for given location and central pressure). The highest reliable, non-estimated, non-elevated, sustained wind observed in the Florida Keys was 74 kt at Boca Chica at 1637Z. Undoubtedly, higher winds occurred farther east near the center. An intensity of 90 kt is analyzed for 18Z and landfall in the Keys, a major change downward from the 110 kt indicated in HURDAT originally. Next, the hurricane made landfall on southern tip of the mainland Florida peninsula just east of Flamingo near 25.1N, 80.9W at 20Z. The 90 kt intensity is maintained for this landfall (there were no central pressures or other data in the Everglades). The eye passed over Homestead, which recorded calm and 975 mb at 2250Z. The eye then passed over Miami International Airport, which recorded 3 kt N and 979 mb at 0006Z on the 6th, so the 979 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th is retained. The highest reliable observed wind in mainland Florida was 75 kt at the downtown Miami weather office at 0205Z on the 6th. The intensity at 00Z on the 6th is analyzed to be 80 kt (down from 90 kt originally). Both southwest Florida (BFL) and southeast Florida (CFL) are analyzed to have received Category 2 winds from this hurricane, as the landfall point in the Keys was just west of the dividing line between the two regions. Early on the 6th, the hurricane moved into the Atlantic Ocean east of southern Florida on a northeastward course. The cyclone then accelerated and turned towards the east-northeast and east with the center apparently staying just north of the islands of the northern Bahamas. At 08Z on the 6th, West End, Grand Bahama Island recorded a minimum pressure of 981 mb, which may or may not be a central pressure. The wording in the microfilm text does not suggest strongly enough that this was a central pressure, so it is not treated as a central pressure in the analysis. A 981 mb peripheral pressure corresponds to winds of at least 71 kt using the Brown et al. wind-pressure relationship for north of 25N. The HURDAT intensity of 85 kt is retained for 06Z on the 6th. Thus the northern Bahamas received low-end Category 2 hurricane impacts. The analyzed intensity of 85 kt is maintained through 06Z on the 7th, so some minor upward intensity adjustments were made to HURDAT late on the 6th and early on the 7th. On the 7th, the positions are adjusted slightly to the west. The cyclone approached Bermuda, and the eye passed over the portions of the islands of Bermuda around 22Z on the 7th. The lowest pressure recorded at Bermuda was 972 mb, and it is analyzed that the central pressure was 971 mb. 971 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure at 00Z on the 8th. A central pressure of 971 mb corresponds to an intensity of 83 kt using the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. The forward motion of the hurricane was 25 kt, but the hurricane had grown somewhat in size from a few days before. 90 kt is chosen as the analyzed intensity for 00Z on the 8th (up from 75 kt originally). By 12Z on the 8th, the wind and temperature structure of the cyclone suggests that it developed some extratropical characteristics for about a day. However, as no frontal boundaries are apparent, the system is retained as a tropical cyclone on the 8th and 9th. One reason why the cyclone may have displayed this behavior is because a weak occluded low, which had been located to the northwest of the hurricane, may have been absorbed by the circulation of the hurricane on the 8th. This could have caused the hurricane to increase in size and weaken somewhat. It may also have caused the map analysts in 1948 some confusion. (More details about this extratropical or occluded low can be found in note 14 of the additional notes section.) On the 9th, the system weakened to a tropical storm around 06Z, the same as originally shown in HURDAT. The tropical storm then greatly slowed its forward motion, and it did a small clockwise loop between the 9th and the 14th of October as indicated in HURDAT (with minor track changes each day except for no alterations on the 11th and 12th). On some of those days, although observations are sparse, there are enough observations to be confident that the cyclone remained closed throughout the period indicated in HURDAT and to make the appropriate track alterations. On the 14th at 18Z, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 992 with 35 kt winds. On the 15th at 00Z, a ship measured a minimum peripheral pressure of 992 mb with a lull of 25 kt winds. Based upon these observations, at 00Z on the 15th, it is analyzed that the central pressure is 989 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT. 989 mb equals 61 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The highest observed winds around that time were 45 kt at 18Z on the 14th and 50 kt at 06Z on the 15th. 60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th (both up from 40 kt originally- major intensity changes). After the cyclone performed a loop, it moved northward on the 15th. The final position listed in HURDAT is at 00Z on the 16th at 41.5N, 46.6W as a 35 kt tropical storm. The analysis indicates that HURDAT's position for 00Z on the 16th is reasonably accurate, and that the cyclone is still a tropical storm at that time. However, the intensity is raised from 35 kt to 50 kt at 00Z on the 16th. After 00Z on the 16th, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical, but was still closed. Two 6-hourly points are added as an extratropical cyclone. The new final point is at 12Z on the 16th at 46.5N, 37.5W as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone. After this time, it is analyzed that the cyclone became absorbed within a larger extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Storm 10 (was Storm 9) - Revised in 2014 34190 11/08/1948 M= 4 9 SNBR= 758 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 34190 11/08/1948 M= 4 10 SNBR= 758 NOT NAMED XING=0 L ** 34195 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*246 633 60 0* 34195 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*258 660 45 0* *** *** ** 34200 11/09*254 668 60 0*259 688 65 0*263 708 70 0*273 724 70 0* 34200 11/09*262 678 50 996*266 695 50 0*271 712 55 0*278 728 60 994* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34205 11/10*288 736 70 0*301 744 65 0*314 747 60 0*331 745 60 0* 34205 11/10*289 739 65 990*301 744 65 0*314 748 65 0*336 750 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 34210 11/11E352 739 55 0E368 725 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34210 11/11*357 739 55 994E368 725 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** ** 34215 HR Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this November hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.5N 59W. HURDAT does not yet list this system. Ship/station highlights: No low pressures or high winds. November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.3N, 65.6W. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 24.6N, 63.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1000 mb at 21Z at 26.4N, 67.0W (COA); 30 kt NNE and (1003?) mb at 23Z at 27.8N, 68.6W (micro). "A tropical disturbance was detected on the afternoon of November 8 over the Atlantic, in the vicinity of latitude 26N, longitude 67.5W. At that time it had a small area of winds of about hurricane force. Estimates made from reconnaissance planes indicated highest winds of about 60 to 70 knots which were maintained during the next 2 days as the storm moved on a curving course to the northwest and north" (MWR). November 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 71.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 70.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.8N, 67.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.2N, 71.7W with a 1004 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.6N, 67.5W, and a 12Z position near 26.6N, 71.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 00Z at 26.5N, 67.4W (COA); 45 kt E and 1004 mb at (1145Z?) at 28.2N, 71.2W (micro); 40 kt W and (1000?) mb at 2030Z at 28.2N, 73.5W (micro); 15 kt NNW and 992 mb at 21Z at 28.4N, 73.5W (micro). One other gale and four other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1815Z at 27.8N, 72.8W with 65 kt estimated max winds and 994 mb (central?) pressure (micro); center fix at 22Z at 29.1N, 73.5W with 65 kt estimated max winds and 990 mb (central?) pressure. Two other gales and two other low pressures. "Navy recon plane 1815Z storm position 27.8N, 72.8W, max winds by quadrants: SW- 45 kt, E- 65 kt, NE- 60 kt, S- 55 kt. Min pressure 994 mbs" (micro). Air force plane reported: center (22Z) 29.1N, 73.5W. Min pressure 989.9 mb, strongest winds south of center 38 kt; strongest wind N and NE of center 65 kt; hurricane winds 20 miles across; storm winds 100 miles N-NE-E of center; very little S and SW" (micro). November 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 32.2N, 77.0W with a N-S cold front approaching a few hundred nm to the west of the storm. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 74.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 74.1W, and a 12Z position near 31.8N, 75.4W with a 994 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.8N, 73.6W, and a 12Z position near 31.6N, 75.2W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 996 mb centered near 32.2N, 75.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 1630Z at 32.1N, 74.4W (micro). Five other gales between 35-45 kt, and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1355Z at 31.8N, 74.9W with 70 kt estimated max winds (micro); 75-80 kt estimated max winds and a 994 central pressure at 2130Z (micro). Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 994 mb. "By the late afternoon of the 10th the organized center began to disintegrate and the wind rapidly lost force, so that by the time it passed east of Hatteras it had dissipated into an area of squalls to the east of the original center. No damage has been reported in connection with this storm" (MWR). "Navy fix 31.8N, 74.9W at 1355Z, max wind 70 knots" (micro). "The flight aerologist said that the storm is somewhat similar to yesterday except that the weak side on the SW is even weaker today insofar as the radar picture is concerned. The bad weather and heavy squalls are concentrated on the NE and E side. There was a fairly well marked wind shift out the SW side, as though a cold front might be trying to form in there. However, the cloud structure hadn't followed through as of yet. The eye was about 20 miles across, but not well formed on W and SW side. No evidence of frontal structure in E or NE quadrants" (micro). (Late on the 10th): Post flight summary (transmitted at 0215Z on the 11th): Entered through SE quadrant, left through NE quadrant. Estimate maximum winds in NE quadrant 75 to 80 knots. Pressure in eye 994 mb. Storm has well defined eye with...low scattered cumulus and high scattered cirrus. NE quadrant has stronger winds, more turbulence, more precipitation, and lower ceilings than SE quadrant. Pressure gradient not exceptionally strong near eye" (micro). "Duck position of storm 2130Z 34.8N, 74.2W" (micro). November 11: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW cold front extending from north of 49N, 60W, to SW of 29N, 78W. HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 36.8N, 72.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.4N, 74.4W, and a 12Z position near 41.6N, 68.3W with a 1001 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows this system at 00Z near 35.3N, 74.0W. The microfilm analysis is similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 20 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 66.4W (COA); 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12Z at 40.7N, 64.0W (COA). One other low pressure. A sharp trough existed in the Atlantic in the area northeast of Puerto Rico on 7 November. The lowest pressure was 1009 mb, the highest wind was 30 kt, and there was a 10 kt SW wind at 12Z. However, there is not enough evidence to close off the low on the 7th. There are not any consistent indications of a closed low or the existence of a tropical storm until 21Z on the 8th. Three observations from COADS ship #1413 at 18Z on the 8th, 21Z, and 00Z on the 9th, respectively, indicate that the ship passed through or near the center of a tropical storm. HURDAT starts this tropical storm at 18Z on the 8th with an intensity of 60 kt. Although no changes are made to the timing of genesis, the true genesis may not have been captured (i.e. this system may have been a tropical storm or tropical depression earlier). 45 kt is the new analyzed starting intensity at 18Z on the 8th (down from 60 kt originally). The ship previously mentioned was inside the RMW at 21Z on the 8th. At 21Z, the ship recorded 35 kt N winds with a pressure of 1000 mb. The reason why it is assumed that this observation is inside the RMW is because three hours later, the ship recorded 45 kt winds with a higher pressure- 1006 mb. A central pressure of 996 mb is added into HURDAT for 00Z on the 9th. A central pressure of 996 mb corresponds to an intensity of 54 kt (50 kt) using the Brown et al. pressure wind relationship for south of 25N (north of 25N). 50 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 9th (down from 60 kt originally). A major track adjustment was made at the first point at 18Z on the 8th based upon ship #1413 and other nearby ships. The position is shifted about 3 degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position. This change also corrected the unrealistically fast initial movement originally shown in HURDAT. On the 9th, the positions are also shifted to the north and west of the previous HURDAT positions, but the changes are all minor. The first aircraft center fix was at 1815Z on the 9th at 27.8N, 72.8W. The aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 65 kt while measuring a central pressure of 994 mb. 994 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure for 18Z on the 9th. A central pressure of 994 mb equals 53 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 9th (down from 70 kt originally). At 22Z on the 9th, there was another aircraft center fix at 29.1N, 73.5W. The aircraft measured a central pressure of 990 mb and maximum surface winds of 65 kt were estimated. 990 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure for 00Z on the 10th. 990 mb equals 59 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 65 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 10th (down from 70 kt originally). The next day, an aircraft performed a center fix at 1355Z on the 10th at 31.8N, 74.9W and estimated maximum winds of 70 kt. There was another aircraft center fix on the 10th at 2130Z at 34.8N, 74.2W with a central pressure of 994 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 75-80 kt. A central pressure of 994 mb is added into HURDAT for 00Z on the 11th. A 994 mb central pressure corresponds to an intensity of 53 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 58 kt using the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 65 kt is analyzed for the intensity at both 12 and 18Z on the 10th (both up from 60 kt originally), and 55 kt is the analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 11th (no change). Previously, HURDAT analyzed the peak intensity of this hurricane to be 70 kt from 12Z on the 9th through 00Z on the 10th. This analysis has the peak intensity at 65 kt from 00Z on the 10th though 18Z on the 10th. Track changes on the 10th were all very minor (the largest factor in the track adjustments were the aircraft center fixes). Early on the 11th, as the storm moved towards the north-northeast off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, a strong cold front approached from the west and began to absorb the cyclone. HURDAT previously had the cyclone becoming extratropical at 00Z on the 11th, but the analysis indicates that it did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 11th. The final point in both HURDAT and in this analysis is at 06Z on the 11th at 36.8N, 72.5W as an extratropical storm. HURDAT's p revious intensity of 50 kt is adjusted down to 40 kt for the last point at 06Z on the 11th. Shortly thereafter, the low became extremely elongated, and it was completely absorbed into the powerful frontal system. The following quotes from the Air Weather Service tech report should be noted regarding this cyclone: "[Storm 10 (was Storm 9)] (7-11 November 1948) originated on an easterly wave passing under a westerly trough near 28N, 72W. It moved NW with no change in intensity into a frontal structure off the coast of Cape Hatteras and rapidly dissipated due to the introduction of cold polar air into the system" (AWS). The AWS tech report claims that this storm "deepened to near hurricane force" and in the table at the end of the report, the AWS claims that this was a hurricane for one day and a tropical storm for 4 days. ******************************************************************************** 1948 Additional Notes: 1) In January, a small low was noted in HWM starting on the 16th which formed from a westward moving trough on the 15th. The low was pretty far south. There is no doubt that the low had a closed circulation from the 16th to the 18th. On the 16th, both air temperatures and sea-surface temperatures were in the upper 60s. On the 17th and 18th, they were in the 70s. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system, although the data was rather sparse. The highest observed wind was 25 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1008 mb from HWM, MWR, and COADS. It is possible that this system could have been a tropical cyclone on the 17th and 18th, but it is not added into HURDAT since there are no observed gales or low pressures. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan 15 Open trough 26N, 42W to 18N, 46W Jan 16 24N 48W Extratropical low Jan 17 24N 50W Occluded Low/Tropical depression? Jan 18 23N 56W Occluded Low/Tropical depression? Jan 19 Dissipated 2) A low developed north of The Dominican Republic on 19 February. It moved generally eastward through the 24th of February. The designation of a tropical depression may be generous. On the 19th and 20th, while the low was probably closed, it appears very weak. On the 21st through the 23rd, it might not have had a closed, compact circulation typical of a tropical cyclone. Temperatures were in the lower to middle 70s and there was a slight temperature gradient across the low, but it still may have been a tropical depression. On the 24th, a combination of HWM and COADS observations indicates that it was probably closed on that day. There were no observed gales or low pressures associated with this system between the 19th and 24th. The first low pressures are observed on the 25th and the first gales are observed on the 26th, but it is analyzed that the low became extratropical by the 25th. The extratropical low continued moving northeastward until 29 February when it was absorbed by another extratropical low. There were no observed gales or low pressures during the tropical portion of the low's lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Feb 19 20N 68W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 20 23N 63W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 21 24N 61W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 22 23N 58W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 23 20N 52W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 24 20N 50W Low/Tropical depression? Feb 25 25N 49W Extratropical Feb 26 27N 46W Extratropical Feb 27 38N 33W Extratropical Feb 28 39N 26W Extratropical Feb 29 Absorbed 3) A quite long-lived cyclone existed in the central Atlantic for much of April. A search of observations from HWM, MWR, and COADS was performed. A weak broad low developed on 5 April that was associated with a trough that extended on the 5th from 22N, 51W to 5N, 58W. HWM shows that the low moved northeastward for the next few days, but there is no evidence of a closed low and there were no gales or low pressures for the first several days. From the 8th to the 11th, the low slowed down and moved slowly towards the north, but it still could not be closed off. On the 12th, the low ran into a weak, dissipating front which had approached from the west. The weak front may have provided some fuel for the low, which spun up and was closed from the 12th through the 17th. On the 13th at 12Z, there were two separate highlight observations. One was a gale of 35 kt and another was a low pressure of 1004 mb. But the low was clearly extratropical on this day. The low began to occlude on the 14th and may still be considered an occluded low on the 15th or perhaps a tropical depression. From the 15th to 17th, it may have been a tropical depression. There was one more low pressure observation of 1005 mb on the 15th (the only highlight observation for this system's lifetime when it may have been a TC) but without another piece of information, this system cannot be added into HURDAT. From the 18th to the 24th of April, HWM shows that the low meandered around the Atlantic, but observations do not indicate that the low was closed these days. On the 24th, the low merged with a front and attained extratropical characteristics, and it was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone on the 26th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 5 13N 55W Broad low/trough Apr 6 16N 50W Broad low/trough Apr 7 19N 46W Broad low/trough Apr 8 22N 42W Broad low/trough Apr 9 23N 41W Broad low/trough Apr 10 26N 41W Broad low/trough Apr 11 28N 42W Broad low/trough Apr 12 33N 46W Extratropical low Apr 13 32N 48W Extratropical storm Apr 14 27N 48W Occluded low Apr 15 24N 45W Tropical depression Apr 16 26N 44W Tropical depression Apr 17 26N 44W Tropical depression Apr 18 26N 43W Broad low/trough Apr 19 22N 46W Broad low/trough Apr 20 23N 51W Broad low/trough Apr 21 26N 54W Broad low/trough Apr 22 27N 51W Broad low/trough Apr 23 30N 44W Broad low/trough Apr 24 34N 44W Broad low/trough Apr 25 40N 40W Extratropical Apr 26 Dissipated 4) The MWR post-season Atlantic tropical cyclone summary and track map, Tannehill (1952), the Charleston, SC May 1948 OMR, the South Carolina May climatological data summary, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a possible tropical storm may have made landfall on either the Georgia coast or the lower South Carolina coast on 12 May. HWM and COADS were utilized as well to analyze this suspect. A low (or possibly just a trough) was found on 10 May near the Bahamas. It moved northwards very near the east coast of Florida on the 11th, and moved inland on the 12th. Charleston, SC recorded a 1-minute sustained wind of 35 kt from the SE around 0830Z on the 12th. The winds at Charleston were under the influence of the circulation of the low from approximately 01Z on the 12th to 18Z on the 13th. Hourly averaged winds at Charleston of over 20 mph were experienced every hour from 05Z on the 12th through 13Z on the 12th. The South Carolina May climatological data summary shows that the eastern half of South Carolina received a lot of precipitation on the 11th through the 13th of May (although some of the precipitation on the 13th could have been more associated with an approaching front). There were no observed pressures lower than 1012 mb associated with this system until well after landfall when it was extratropical. The delta p between the cyclone and the environment appears to be 3 to 4 mb, but the central pressure of the cyclone is not really known. The only gale was the one gale observed at Charleston. The HWM map from May 12th clearly shows that the low was closed and that the low displayed a compact circulation- typical of tropical cyclones. There was barely any temperature gradient across the low. Since there was only one observed gale and no observed low pressures, this system is not added into HURDAT since two pieces of evidence are needed to add a suspect into HURDAT. The cyclone moved northward and became extratropical on the 13th. It moved northeastward and continued as an extratropical cyclone until it merged with another extratropical cyclone on 17 May. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 10 Open trough May 11 26N 79W Open trough May 12 32N 81W Tropical storm??? May 13 39N 78W Extratropical May 14 41N 73W Extratropical May 15 44N 62W Extratropical May 16 49N 47W Extratropical May 17 Absorbed 5) HWM shows that a tropical wave moving westward through the Caribbean Sea on 27 and 28 July started to develop a circulation that turned northward into the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 29th and 30th. By the 31st, a tropical depression had formed, and it persisted through August 1st, with a well-defined, closed, warm-core circulation. It dissipated on August 2nd, and a detailed analysis was not performed to determine whether it moved inland as a tropical cyclone late on the 1st or early on the 2nd. There were no gales or low pressures observed with this system after a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. However, the July, 1948 Florida climatological data summary indicates that on the 31st of July, Tampa, FL recorded a maximum 5-minute averaged wind of 34 mph (30 kt) from the south (with the cyclone located west of Tampa on that day). An alternative scenario for the evolution of this system is that it moved inland (Atlanta, Georgia reported 33 mph SE winds on August 1), instead of remaining over the Gulf of Mexico. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 27 21N, 73W to 11N, 77W Broad low/trough Jul 28 21N, 83W to 13N, 85W Broad low/trough Jul 29 26N, 85W to 22N, 88W Broad low/trough Jul 30 27N 86W Weak low/trough Jul 31 28N 86W Tropical depression Aug 01 29N 86W Tropical depression Aug 02 Dissipated 6) An area of troughiness appeared in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 11 August. It moved across northern Florida and was located in the Atlantic off the coast of Georgia on the 12th. It continued to move quickly northeastward, and likely attained a closed circulation on the 13th when a pressure of 1003 mb was observed by a ship at 12Z on the 13th. The temperatures around the low were very warm on the 13th, and the low was likely a tropical cyclone on this day. The highest winds observed on the 13th were only 25 kt, and the 1003 mb observation was the only low pressure observation on that date based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. At 06Z on the 14th, a ship reported 25 kt SW winds and a pressure of 995 mb with a temperature of 60 degrees. It is estimated that the system became extratropical around 00Z on the 14th, while south of Canada. As the system only had one low pressure observation and no high wind measurements before extratropical transition, this cyclone is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 11 28N 85W Broad low/trough Aug 12 32N 78W Broad low/trough Aug 13 37N 69W Tropical depression/storm Aug 14 47N 61W Extratropical Aug 15 54N 54W Extratropical Aug 16 58N 42W Extratropical Aug 17 Absorbed 7) A low apparently developed along a frontal boundary on 16 August off the coast of South Carolina. It moved northeastward, staying off of the United States coast. On the 17th, although there was not much of a temperature gradient across the low, the wind structure was still asymmetric and frontal in nature. On the 18th, the wind structure was more circularly symmetric, but the temperature gradient across the low increased and was too great to be considered a tropical cyclone. After that, it accelerated in the mid-latitude westerlies. There was one observed gale of 35 kt with this system at 12Z on the 18th and there was one observed low pressure of 1004 mb at 06Z on the 19th based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. Although it is possible that this system may have been a tropical depression for a short time late on the 17th and early on the 18th, this system is not added into HURDAT as there is little to no evidence that this system was a tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 16 33N 75W Broad low/trough; extratropical Aug 17 35N 70W Extratropical Aug 18 41N 63W Extratropical Aug 19 45N 53W Extratropical Aug 20 Absorbed 8) Two different newspaper articles - provided by Mike Chenoweth, both from The West Indian, indicate the possibility that a disturbance progressed westward across the southern Caribbean Sea from 29 August to 1 September. The newspaper describes bad weather in Trinidad on 29 August. The newspaper also describes "a hurricane" that sunk a ship in the southwestern Caribbean on 1 September. HWM, COADS, and microfilm were utilized to search for indications of a tropical cyclone. A single west wind (10 kt W with 1002 mb) was recorded from a ship at 13N 74.5W at 00Z 31 August. However, earlier and subsequent measurements in that vicinity show only east winds and high pressures, so this observation may be suspect. There were no observed gales or no additional low pressures from any of the sources, and a closed circulation was not found either. Thus, this suspect is not added into HURDAT. The following are quotes from the newspaper articles: Regarding the suspect disturbance in Trinidad... "When the worst squall to hit Trinidad in thirteen years, according to reports, bore down on Port of Spain harbour last Sunday morning (August 29, 1948) the Grenada schooner Elody F...sank as she was being towed out from alongside Queen's wharf jetty by a launch. Other schooners...fought a strong southwest wind to take refuge in the open harbour and most of them got clear. A Government launch and three lighters were sunk while several other small craft sustained damage. Landslides occurred in various parts of Trinidad, houses were damaged in some districts and there were losses in livestock and poultry in resulting floods brought on by rains accompanying the squall" (The West Indian from Wednesday, September 1, 1948). On September 1st, a small ship which had been enroute from Cuba to Cartagena, Colombia sunk approximately "130 miles off the Colombian coast, 200 miles from Panama, and about 30 hours from port" (The West Indian from September 9th). "A tiny Circus ship was swallowed up by a hurricane which swept the Caribbean in the dark morning of September 1. Forty-four of the number of persons aboard and thirty-nine trained animals are missing and are feared to be lost. The Norwegian motor vessel 'Caribe' radioed yesterday that she had picked up twelve survivors in a lifeboat, 770 miles south of Miami. Naval experts in Havana piecing together bits of information in by the 'Caribe' said that they thought the Circus ship, a 140-foot Honduran motor vessel 'Euzkera' probably capsized in heavy seas because she was overladen. The 'Euzkera' was carrying the Razzore Circus from Cuba to Cartagena, Colombia. There were fifty-six persons aboard, forty-six of them passengers. Circus officials, performers, and labourers with their wives and families. There also were fifty-nine trained animals- lions, tigers, monkeys, horses and dogs. Those rescued by the 'Caribe' were three crew members and nine passengers" (The West Indian from September 9th). "The 'Caribe' arrived yesterday with twelve survivors of the Circus ship 'Euzkera' which were down in a storm off Columbia, September 1st. All twelve survivors had been injured and had gone without food or water for a week. The crew member said he was told that the 'Euzkera' broke her steering cable, went out of control, and capsized because of a heavy deck load; she sunk stern first" (The West Indian from September 9th). DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 28 11N 58W Open wave Aug 29 11N 63W Open wave Aug 30 11N 68W Open wave Aug 31 12N 73W Open wave Sep 01 12N 79W Open wave Sep 02 13N 85W Open wave 9) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, and microfilm indicate that a low developed off the Georgia coast on 2 September associated with a frontal boundary and moved east-northeastward and then northeastward at a rapid pace. Observations indicate that this low may have possibly become a tropical cyclone from approximately 12Z on the 3rd through 06Z on the 4th before becoming extratropical again. The first observed gale occurred at 00Z on the 4th, during the period of time when the cyclone was closest to being a tropical cyclone based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. At 12Z on the 4th, another gale was observed, but the cyclone appears to be extratropical again by 12Z on the 4th. The lowest observed pressure during the time it may have been tropical is 1008 mb, and 1006 mb was observed at 12Z on the 4th. Since there is only one piece of evidence (the one gale of 35 kt at 00Z on the 4th) during the time that this cyclone may have possibly been tropical, this system is not added into HURDAT. Even though the wind and temperature structure indicates that this cyclone may have been a tropical cyclone for a short period of time, the fast forward motion in an east-northeasterly direction is a more typical motion for an extratropical cyclone rather than a tropical cyclone. Thus, the analysis indicates that this system never did attain tropical status. It is worth mentioning that the one new storm which was added into HURDAT in 1948 (1948 Storm 7) started to develop its circulation on 5 September along the cold front that extended southwestward from the extratropical cyclone mentioned here. At 12Z on the 5th, the developing circulation of 1948 storm 7 was located about 700 nautical miles southwest of this extratropical cyclone along the cold front. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 02 31N 77W Extratropical Sep 03 32N 70W Extratropical Sep 04 34N 62W Extratropical Sep 05 43N 47W Extratropical Sep 06 52N 33W Extratropical Sep 07 Absorbed 10) The microfilm map from 12Z on September 8th indicates that a Navy Aircraft intercepted extremely bad weather at 17Z on the 8th near 14.1N, 81.8W. The following is a text from microfilm: "081702Z: Report from Navy Plane: Extremely bad weather. Wind to 50 kt in gusts. High Sea. Visibility zero. 14.1N, 81.8W" (micro). HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate the lowest pressure on the 7th through the 9th is 1008 mb and strongest wind is 20 kt, with no indication of a closed low within the Caribbean and Central America. It is suspected that the aircraft encountered a squall line embedded within a tropical wave. Thus, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 7 ---- 72W Open Wave Sep 8 ---- 81W Open Wave Sep 9 ---- 90W Open Wave 11) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, the MWR September river section (p 208, paragraph 4), the September 1948 Louisiana climatological data summary, microfilm, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a low formed along a frontal boundary in the western Gulf of Mexico on 11-12 September and moved northeastward to the Louisiana coast on 13 September. It made landfall in Louisiana just after 12Z on the 13th before stalling and dissipating over extreme southern Louisiana by the afternoon of the 14th. It is uncertain from the analysis whether the system became a tropical cyclone or stayed extratropical. There were no observed gales at any point with this system, although there were three 30 kt wind observations and one low pressure of 1003 mb, all on the 13th based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. The following is a quote from the Louisiana climatological data summary: "...Rainfall was 3.26 inches above normal (for the month). This excess resulted from unusually heavy rains in the southeast (part of the state) on the 3rd-4th and on the 12th-13th (of the month); the first in connection with the hurricane on the 4th, and the latter in connection with squalls of tropical origin; 8.00" were recorded at Morgan City and 7.47" at Houma during the 24 hours ending at 7:00 am on the 13th" (September, 1948 Louisiana Climatological Data). Regarding the flooding in Louisiana.. "Atchafalaya Basin: Light flooding occurred on the Atchafalaya River at Morgan City, LA on the 13th due to strong south and southeast winds caused by the passage of a small cyclonic disturbance over southwestern Louisiana. These winds caused the water to back up the river to slightly above bank-full stage from 6:15 am to 2:50 pm. No damage was reported" (MWR). DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 11 Broad low/trough Sep 12 27N 95W Extratropical? Sep 13 29N 93W Extratropical/tropical depression/storm ? Sep 14 Dissipated 12) On 15 September, a trough of low pressure was located in the Gulf of Mexico. A 35 kt gale from the ESE was observed at 18Z on the 15th from a ship at 27.9N, 91.3W, but there was not a closed low at that time. A closed low formed from the trough on the 16th, but since there are no gales or low pressures on the 16th, a tropical depression is analyzed for this day. On the 17th, the depression quickly dissipated as environmental conditions quickly became unfavorable. Even if the low was closed when the gale occurred, this system cannot be added into HURDAT with only one piece of evidence based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 15 28N, 92W to 23N 94W Broad low/trough Sep 16 26N 94W Tropical depression Sep 17 Dissipated 13) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, microfilm, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects show that a low, which was first apparent on 24 September in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, moved slowly across the northern Yucatan Peninsula and into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. After that, it moved northward and made landfall between 00Z and 06Z on the 28th in the Florida Panhandle close to Apalachicola. The highest observed wind with this system from any source is 25 kt. There was one observed low pressure of 1005 mb at 18Z on the 27th when the system was approaching the Florida Panhandle. Pressures of 1006 mb were observed on the 24th and again on the 27th at 12Z. This system never appeared to attain the structure of a tropical cyclone. It may have become extratropical as soon as it was a closed low. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 24 18N 86W Broad low/trough Sep 25 19N 86W Broad low/trough Sep 26 21N 88W Broad low/trough Sep 27 26N 86W Extratropical Sep 28 34N 87W Extratropical Sep 29 36N 89W Extratropical Sep 30 43N 87W Extratropical Oct 01 Absorbed 14) A westward moving tropical wave appeared near the Lesser Antilles on 25 September in both HWM and microfilm. When the wave had reached the central Caribbean on the 27th, aircraft flew the wave and found that it was a moderately strong wave with wind gusts to 45 kt and heavy squalls, but a closed circulation was not found. However, there was one aircraft observation that day of 1005 mb with estimated surface winds of 35 kt. But the first relevant wind with a westerly component does not appear until 12Z on the 28th (15 kt SW), but this appears not to be enough to call it a closed low yet. On the 29th, when it had reached the northwestern Caribbean Sea, an aircraft reconnaissance investigation found the following: "Complete search of area shows well-organized circle of storm but open to west and northwest; wind SE 30 (mph)" (micro). The same plane measured a lowest surface pressure of 1004 mb. Given some westerly winds from the aircraft, this system may have been a tropical depression or close to being a depression on the 29th. On the 30th, the disturbance moved into the northern Yucatan Peninsula, and on 1 October it moved slowly north into the southern Gulf of Mexico. Available wind observations indicate very light winds and an ill-defined circulation on the 30th and 1st, and it is possible that the land interaction with the Yucatan Peninsula disrupted the circulation. By the 2nd of October whatever was left of the weak area of low pressure started to elongate and open into a trough. On the 3rd and 4th, cold air moving southward over the central/eastern part of the United States along with the formation of a hurricane in the western Caribbean Sea acted to prevent any opportunity for redevelopment of this system as a tropical entity. The area of disturbed weather apparently moved northeastward across the northern Florida Peninsula and it deepened as an extratropical cyclone on the 5th as it moved along the coastlines of North Carolina and Virginia producing strong gales. Several ships and US cities reported sustained winds of between 35-50 kt along and near the mid-Atlantic coast between 12Z on the 5th and 00Z on the 6th, but this cyclone was clearly extratropical on the 5th. On the 6th, it turned eastward but slowed down, and by the 8th, it had either dissipated or was absorbed by the circulation of storm 9, which was a hurricane moving eastward by Bermuda at the time. The system indicated here from September 25th through October 8th may not have been one coherent system. On the 1st or 2nd of October, the system may have dissipated altogether and it is possible that a new trough appeared and became the extratropical cyclone that plagued the east coast on the 5th. Another scenario is that the remnants of the system in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd combined with a separate trough to generate the extratropical cyclone on the 5th. There were no observed gales with this system between 28 September and 4 October based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. The system was not closed until the 29th of September. It was extratropical on the 5th of October. The only time this system could have possibly been a tropical storm is on the 29-30th before landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula, but the evidence is not strong enough so this system is not added into HURDAT. Highlights/recap: 27th Aircraft ob of 35 kt and 1005 mb but not a closed low 28th: Ship with SW wind 15 kt (first relevant westerly wind component) 29th: Aircraft- 1004 mb; aircraft report implies it may be a closed TD Last observed gale in Caribbean Sea: 9/27 18Z (not yet closed) Next observed gale: 10/05 ~1030ZZ (extratropical) DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 25 13N 58W Open wave Sep 26 14N 64W Open wave Sep 27 15N 70W Open wave Sep 28 16N 76W Open wave Sep 29 18N 84W Tropical depression Sep 30 21N 88W Tropical depression Oct 01 24N 90W Tropical depression Oct 02 26N 87W Tropical depression Oct 03 28N 85W Broad low/trough Oct 04 30N 81W Broad low/trough Oct 05 35N 76W Extratropical storm Oct 06 38N 73W Extratropical Oct 07 38N 71W Broad low Oct 08 Dissipated or absorbed by the hurricane (storm 9) 15) A closed low formed just off the southeast coast of the United States on 23 October. At 12Z on the 23rd, the temperature southwest of the low in Jacksonville, FL was 51 degrees and the temperature east of the low from a ship with 69 degrees with a south wind. Therefore, this low was likely extratropical from the time it formed on the 23rd. HWM and the MWR October tracks of centers of cyclones were utilized to track this cyclone. The combination of this cyclone and a strong pressure gradient from high pressure over the Great Lakes region produced a 5-minute maximum wind of 50 kt at Block Island on the 24th. MWR p 236 states that Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, Cape Cod, and southern Rhode Island experienced gales and rain from 10Z on the 24th to 04Z on the 26th. Regarding the storm in eastern MA and RI... "Northeast storm of unusually long duration, accompanied by winds of gale force and resulting high seas, caused moderate damage to small craft and shore property, and electric power failures in southeastern Massachusetts and the Narragansett area of Rhode Island. Heavy rain interrupted traffic and caused numerous highway accidents throughout eastern Massachusetts" (MWR). On the 26th, the extratropical cyclone moved eastward and away from the United States. It continued moving slowly (for an extratropical system) eastward through the Atlantic and turned northeastward on the 29th. It was absorbed on 3 November over the far northeastern Atlantic. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 23 33N 74W Extratropical Oct 24 37N 70W Extratropical Oct 25 37N 70W Extratropical Oct 26 37N 66W Extratropical Oct 27 37N 58W Extratropical Oct 28 37N 54W Extratropical Oct 29 39N 53W Extratropical Oct 30 42N 48W Extratropical Oct 31 47N 41W Extratropical Nov 01 52N 32W Extratropical Nov 02 58N 20W Extratropical Nov 03 Absorbed ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 1 - Revised in 2014 34220 08/21/1949 M= 8 1 SNBR= 759 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 34220 08/21/1949 M=10 1 SNBR= 759 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 ** 34225 08/21* 0 0 0 0*213 626 60 0*223 647 65 0*232 663 70 0* 34225 08/21*212 615 55 0*219 632 60 0*226 649 65 0*233 666 70 993* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34230 08/22*243 678 75 0*249 693 80 0*254 707 85 0*260 723 85 0* 34230 08/22*240 683 75 0*247 700 75 0*254 716 80 984*262 731 85 974* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 34235 08/23*265 739 85 0*274 752 85 0*286 759 90 0*297 762 90 0* 34235 08/23*272 743 85 0*282 753 85 0*292 761 90 0*302 766 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34240 08/24*309 762 95 0*326 760 95 0*343 757 95 977*355 745 95 0* 34240 08/24*315 767 95 0*329 766 95 0*343 761 90 977*357 745 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 34245 08/25*365 729 90 0*376 685 85 0*378 642 75 0*385 598 65 0* 34245 08/25*367 717 85 0*374 677 85 0E382 613 80 963E396 567 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** ******* *** ** 34250 08/26E402 555 65 0E422 519 65 0E442 493 65 0E460 470 60 0* 34250 08/26E413 540 70 0E430 519 65 0E447 500 65 0E461 475 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 34255 08/27E477 447 60 0E495 423 60 0E512 400 60 0E530 376 55 0* 34255 08/27E474 450 60 0E492 425 55 0E512 400 50 0E528 378 50 0* *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 34260 08/28E547 353 50 0E565 326 45 0E584 300 45 0E600 274 40 0* 34260 08/28E542 357 50 0E560 330 45 0E580 300 40 0E600 274 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** (The 29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.) 34262 08/29E615 247 50 0E629 219 45 0E640 190 40 0E650 160 40 0* 34263 08/30E660 130 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34265 HR NC1 US Landfall (closest approach): 8/24/1949 12Z - 34.3N, 76.1W - 70 kt - 977 mb - 1016 mb OCI - 175 nmi ROCI (note that 70 kt is estimate of peak 1 min winds along NC coast - stronger winds remained offshore) Major track changes and minor intensity changes are introduced for this August hurricane that passed close to the Outer Banks of North Carolina. 30 hours is added to the end of this system during the extratropical phase, as it was not yet absorbed. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau operational advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Dunn and Miller (1960). August 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12N, 44.5W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 47W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 51.5W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15N, 54.5W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM analyzes an open trough with a "T" plotted near 21.5N, 62.5W. "T" probably stands for "Tropical." HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 22.3N, 64.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.3N, 65.9W with a 1012 mb pressure. Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 66.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt (no time or location - MWR); 45 kt WNW and 1005 mb around ~21Z at 23.6N, 67.9W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 50 kt E at 24.2N, 66.8W (micro); center fix at 17Z at 23.2N, 66.4W with estimated surface winds of 80 kt and lowest pressure of 993 mb [probably a central pressure, but not certain that plane flew inside eye; treated as central pressure] (micro). "Note: Army post flight report from storm center. Estimate hurricane winds 35-40 miles radius from center. Precipitation and turbulence heaviest in northern quadrants. Lowest pressure 993.4 (mb). Center at 23.2N, 66.4W at 12 EST [17Z], wind velocity 80 knots, no direction given" (micro). "The first disturbance [of the season] was discovered on August 21, 300 miles north of San Juan, Puerto Rico, moving WNW at 18 mph. Six hours after discovery the storm was well developed with winds of 80 mph reported by surface vessels in its path" (MWR). August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.8N, 71.0W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 70.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.8N, 68.9W, and a 12Z position near 25.7N, 71.9W with a 984 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.2N, 67.7W, and a 12Z position near 25.6N, 71.2W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 25.8N, 72.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 01Z at 25.3N, 69.1W (micro); 45 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 23.9N, 69.5W (COA); possible center fix at 19Z at 26.3N, 73.3W with 974 pressure [probably central pressure; treated as central pressure] (micro). At least four other gales; 2 other low pressures from same ship that encountered the 974 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1515Z at 25.6N, 72.0W with 984 central pressure and 70 kt winds on the weak side (micro); center fix at 2107Z at 26.4N, 73.6W with estimated max winds of at least 75 kt (micro). At least eight other gales and one other low pressure. "Navy 1015E (1515Z) location: center 25.6N, 72.0W - well-defined eye 25 miles in diameter; strongest wind on weak side 70 kt"(micro). "Lowest pressure was 984 mb and it stayed that way all through the eye. They stayed in it for better than half an hour taking pictures. The rain was so intense in western part they couldn't get through it with radar to fix the eye. Heavy rain all around. Coming out of eye to south they hit some very heavy rain and severe turbulence, which is when they hauled out to the 1013 mb isobar and went around. Sully figures they might have had around 80 - 90 knots just south of the eye, but the turbulence makes it hard to estimate. The navigator hit the overhead twice. Otherwise that 70 knots in western quadrant was estimate of highest wind. The squall lines around the eye were characteristic and well formed all around the storm. The SW sector was about as strong as the others so far as precip was concerned" (micro). "Air Force gives center at 2107Z at 26.4N, 73.6W. Max wind [encountered] 35 miles from the center was 75 kt" (micro). "Camche [a ship] believes it passed thru center at 1900Z at 26.3N, 73.3W. Winds... shifting from NNE to W and SW in 20 minutes. Barometer fell from 29.3 at 1500(Z) to 28.75 at 1900(Z), rising to 29.50 at 2000(Z)" (micro). [I believe they may have meant 29.3 inches at 1800Z instead of 15Z.] August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.6N, 75.6W, with a SW-NE stationary front over the southeastern United States a few hundred miles northwest of the low. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 28.6N, 75.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.1N, 74.2W and a 12Z position near 28.8N, 75.9W with a 996 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 74.0W and a 12Z position near 28.0N, 75.5W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.0N, 75.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 90 kt SW and 999 mb at 1630Z at 29.9N, 75.9W (micro); 68 kt S and 999 mb at 18Z at 29.8N, 75.9W (micro). Four other gales. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0439Z, 0725Z, and 0830Z between 27.2-27.8N, 75.2-75.4W (micro); center fix at 1420Z at 29.3N, 75.8W with max winds estimated 100 kt (micro); 80 kt (max wind observed on flight 25 miles west of eye) N and 1005 mb at 1421Z at 29.4N, 76.2W (micro); center fix at ~1845Z at 30.5N, 76.8W (micro). At least 13 other gales and five low pressures. "Navy position 1420Z 29.3N, 75.8W; eye 28 miles diameter; max winds estimated 100 knots" (micro). "Navy 10 notes: max wind observed at 29.4N, 76.2W at 1421Z- 80 kt N with lowest pressure [encountered] 1005.1 mb 25 miles west of eye" (micro). "Air Force plane found hurricane winds 40 miles from center in NE quadrant and 30 miles from center in other quadrants. Estimate maximum velocity at 85 knots. Encountered only moderate rainfall and turbulence" (micro). "Duck at 1345E (1845Z) reports: Passed thru light squall line (box pattern completed). Center is at 30.5N, 76.8W. Duck 11 at 30.5N, 77.3W 'over the Sun [a ship]'" (micro). "The hurricane moved WNW from the point of discovery to the position 27.5N, 75W, where it began to curve northward" (MWR). August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.8N, 75.7W with a dissipating SSW-NNE stationary front located just to the west. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.3N, 75.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.4N, 76.6W and a 12Z position near 34.8N, 76.5W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.0N, 76.0W, and a 12Z position near 33.8N, 76.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 34.7N, 75.8W with a frontal boundary located just to the west. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 33.0N, 77.0W (micro); 40 kt NW and 999 mb at 10Z at 33.0N, 77.0W (micro); 45 kt SW at 18Z at 34.0N, 74.1W (micro). At least five other gales. Land and station highlights: 100 kt ESE at Diamond Shoals Lightship [35.2N, 75.3W] (WB advisories); 60 kt NNE and 993 mb at 1430Z at Cape Hatteras (min pressure at Cape Hatteras was 992 mb) (micro, climo); 977 mb (central pressure) and calm at 1445Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (MWR); 977 mb (min pressure) during lull at 1445Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (micro); 63 kt NNW (max wind; 1-minute) and 996 mb at 1530Z at Cape Hatteras (climo, micro); 100-105 kt NW and 986 mb at 1545Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (micro). Two other gales and two other low pressures at Cape Hatteras. Aircraft highlights: 3 good radar center fixes between 0416Z - 0620Z (micro); radar center fix at 21Z at 36.3N, 73.3W (micro). "From Norfolk: Diamond Shoals Lightship 1045E (1545Z) NW 115-120 mph and 29.12 inches (986 mb) (barometer) rising rapidly; storm lull at 0945E (1445Z)" (micro). "Moving at a speed of 15 to 18 mph, the hurricane passed over Diamond Shoals Lightship located off Cape Hatteras, NC. As the eye of the storm passed over the Lightship, a 15-minute calm and a minimum pressure of 977.3 mb were recorded. Shortly afterward, the storm curved northeastward and finally eastward in the Atlantic" (MWR). "The first hurricane of this season passed close to the North Carolina coast on the morning of the 24th bringing heavy rain and violent winds to the outer banks, but had almost no effect a few miles inland. The hurricane inflicted a considerable amount of damage particularly to forests on the outer banks. One man was drowned and an estimated $50,000 damage was inflicted on housing in Buxton." (August 1949 North Carolina climatological data). "As the eye of the hurricane passed over the Lightship, a 15-minute calm was reported with a minimum pressure of 980.7 mb" (back of Oct. 31 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Map). "Aug 24, bypass hurricane, 977 mb central pressure at 35.1N, 75.2W measured at Diamond Shoals Lighthouse, NC, 24 nmi RMW, 22 kt translational speed" (Ho et al. 1987). "Aug - NC 1 - 980 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 1949 Aug. 24, NC coast, Minimal, Center off coast" (Minimal has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb, Dunn and Miller). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.3N, 62.2W, with a WSW-ENE frontal system located on the NW side of the low interacting with the low. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 64.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.4N, 72.4W and a 12Z position near 38.3N, 62.3W with a 994 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 72.5W, and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 64.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 38.0N, 63.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 35.4N, 71.1W (micro); 50 kt E and 997(?) mb at 12Z at 38.2N, 63.0W (micro); 74 kt NE and 1007(?) mb at 12Z at 40.2N, 58.8W (micro); 963 mb (min pressure encountered for ship Marseille with short interval of almost calm winds) at 12Z at 38.0N, 60.3W (MWR); 55 kt NW and 1001 mb at 21Z at 39.8N, 57.8W (micro). 14 other gales and five other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 14Z at 37.3N, 61.3W (micro). Four other gales. "2300 E [0400Z] radar fix on land 36.7N, 70.1W. 0020E [0520Z] radar fix on land 36.7N, 69.4W" (micro). "By 1:30 am, the center had already moved away from the North Carolina coast after having passed close to Cape Hatteras" (back of Oct. 31 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Map). "The French ship Marseille passed through the center of this hurricane on August 25 at 1200 G.M.T. At this time the ship was at 38.0N, and 60.3W, and the lowest pressure recorded on the ship's barograph was 962.6 mb. The captain of the ship reports as follows: 'At first we experienced extremely strong southwest winds, overcast skies and rough seas. Next these winds brought heavy rain reducing the visibility to almost zero. Afterwards, there was a short interval of almost calm, a small clearing at the zenith, and an enormous confused swell. Finally, the wind shifted to the northeast, blew with practically the same force, and gradually became a northwest wind'" (MWR). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 45.2N, 49.5W with a cold front extending from the low southward and then southwestward, and a warm front extending from the low northeastward to another low located near 58N, 39W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.2N, 49.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.0N, 52.4W, and a 12Z position near 44.4N, 49.6W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 39N, 52W. Microfilm at 00Z shows a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 40.5N, 52.5W, but by 12Z, the low is moving off the edge of the microfilm map. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 986 mb at 06Z at 42.2N, 51.8W (micro); 55 kt SSW and 994 mb at 18Z at 45.0N, 45.0W (COA). 15 other gales and 15 other low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 51.5N, 40.1W with a cold front extending from the low southward to beyond 33N, 42W, and a warm front extending from the low northeastward to another low centered near 58N, 32W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 51.2N, 40.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.9N, 45.6W, and a 12Z position near 50.7N, 40.1W with a 989 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 991 mb at 00Z at 46.2N, 44.4W (COA); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 46.4N, 39.5W (HWM, COA); 5 kt SSE and 992 mb at 18Z at 53.2N, 37.9W (COA); 45 kt W and 1013 mb at 18Z at 45.4N, 41.5W (COA). Two other gales and 23 other low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.1N, 29.5W with a cold front extending southward from the low and a warm front extending northeastward, becoming a cold front extending to another low near 61.5N, 24W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 58.4N, 30.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 54.9N, 35.6W, and a 12Z position near 58.4N, 28.5W with a 990 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 992 mb at 00Z at 52.7N, 35.5W (COA); 45 kt W and 1019 mb at 00Z at 44.8N, 42.8W (COA); 35 kt W and 1002 mb at 06Z at 52.7N, 35.5W (COA). 17 other low pressures. August 29: HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 995 mb centered near 62.5N, 20.0W with an occluded front extending from the low northeastward to a triple point near 66N, 13W, with a warm front extending from the triple point eastward and then southeastward to beyond 63N, 8E, and a cold front extending from the triple point southeastward and then southward and south-southwestward to beyond 52N, 8W. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 995 mb at 11Z at 63.5N, 16.5W (COA); 40 kt WNW and 1022 mb at 18Z at 49.5N, 21.6W (COA). 13 other low pressures. Land highlights: 15 kt N and 994(?) mb at 64.0N, 22.6W (HWM); 10 kt SSE and 996 mb at 12Z at 65.2N, 13.8W (HWM). This tropical cyclone apparently formed from a westward moving tropical wave in mid-August. Due to the lack of ship data in the tropical Atlantic, genesis was not captured. HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on 21 August at 21.3N, 62.6W. However, HWM first plots a closed low on 17 August at 12.5N, 44.5W. All available ship observations over the eastern and central Atlantic were obtained from the 17th to the 20th of August. There are no observed gales or low pressures before the first position noted in HURDAT, and there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation to extend the track back in time more than six hours. This system is started at 00Z on 21 August (originally started at 06Z on 21 August) as a 55 kt tropical storm. Around midday on the 21st, an Army aircraft reported a pressure of 993 mb in the storm center, and a central pressure of 993 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st. The maximum wind velocity reported on that flight was 80 kt. A central pressure of 993 mb equals 59 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Additionally, the MWR reported 70 kt winds from ships on the 21st, but did not specify the location or time. The 70 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st is unchanged, based upon a blend of the pressure-wind relationship value and the estimated surface winds from the aircraft reconnaissance and is consistent with the ship reports. From the 21st to the 23rd the hurricane moved west-northwestward. Then it recurved, passing very near the Outer Banks of North Carolina on 24 August. All track changes for this portion of the track (through the 24th) are minor. On the 22nd, with the cyclone passing well north of the Turks and Caicos Islands, aircraft measured a central pressure of 984 mb in the eye at 15Z. At 19Z, a ship "believed" that they passed through the center and their wind reports are consistent with this, and a pressure of 974 mb was measured (treated as a central pressure in the analysis). A central pressure of 974 mb is added at 18Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 984 mb yields wind speeds of 73 and 72 kt respectively for the southern and north of 25N subsets of the pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems. The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT is lowered 5 kt to 80 kt at 12Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 974 mb yields wind speeds of 86 and 84 kt respectively for the southern and north of 25N subsets of the pressure-winds relationship for intensifying systems. The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd is unchanged. On the 23rd at 1420Z, an aircraft estimated maximum winds of 100 kt and measured winds of 80 kt with a pressure of 1005 mb 25 miles west of the eye at 1421Z. There was also a 90 kt ship observation at 1630Z, and another aircraft max wind estimate of 85 kt later the same day. It is known that this last plane did not penetrate the center, but it is not known how close it flew to the RMW. The intensity in HURDAT at all times on the 23rd is unchanged. On the 24th, the hurricane approached the vicinity of Cape Hatteras from the south. Diamond Shoals Lightship, located not far offshore from Cape Hatteras measured 100 kt ESE before the center passed and 100-105 kt NW with 986 mb after the center passed. The height of the anemometer was unknown during this analysis. Diamond Shoals recorded a minimum pressure of 977 mb. MWR states clearly that a 15 minute calm was observed as the center passed, and this was also the time when the minimum pressure of 977 mb was recorded. A central pressure of 977 mb - already in HURDAT - equals 76 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for 25-35N and 76 kt for north of 35N. The 95 kt intensity in HURDAT is lowered to 90 kt at both 12 and 18Z on the 24th even though Diamond Shoals observed 100 kt winds because the anemometer is probably elevated. During this time, it is analyzed that the OCI was 1016 mb and the ROCI was 175 nmi. The center of the eye did not make landfall on the coast. However, the positions from 18Z on the 23rd to 12Z on the 24th are adjusted slightly westward (closer to the coast). Since Cape Hatteras recorded a 1-minute maximum wind of 63 kt it is very likely that 1 min Category 1 winds occurred nearby along the North Carolina coast, the Category 1 impact for North Carolina is maintained. On the 25th, the cyclone turned to the east-northeast and accelerated. At 12Z on 25 August, a ship ventured into the eye and recorded a central pressure of 963 mb at 38.0N, 60.3W. This location is 3.9 degrees east of the HURDAT position. However, going directly with this position leads toward an unrealistic acceleration and deceleration. Thus assuming that the ship's longitude may have been somewhat uncertain, the HURDAT position at 12Z on the 25th is moved from 37.8N, 64.2W to 38.2N, 61.3W (a major track change). At 18Z on the 25th, the analyzed position is 2.9 degrees east of the previous HURDAT position (still a major track change). A 963 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th. It is also analyzed that this cyclone became extratropical at this time, 12 hours earlier than in HURDAT previously. By 18Z on the 25th, a 19 degree temperature gradient is separated by just 3 degrees of longitude across the low. While the 963 mb would support 88 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, this may provide too high a wind estimate as the cyclone had become extratropical. The highest observed wind on the 25th is 74 kt (from a ship) at 12Z. The 75 kt intensity in HURDAT is increased to 80 kt at 12Z on the 25th. Both the 74 kt wind observation and the 963 mb observation support some increase in intensity. Observed winds of 55 kt occurred at 21Z on the 25th and again at 18Z on the 26th. Due to these observations, the 60 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th is unchanged. The 80 kt analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 25th is analyzed to have decreased to 60 kt by 18Z on the 26th. Only minor track changes are analyzed on the 26th, and by 12Z on the 26th, the cyclone was located at 44.7N, 50.0W. On the 27th and 28th, the cyclone moved northeastward. All track changes on the 27th and 28th were less than 1 degree changes. Sufficient observational coverage on the 27th suggests that the HURDAT intensity should be decreased slightly since the highest observed wind on the 27th is 45 kt. The 60 kt intensity at 12Z on the 27th is lowered to 50 kt. A 45 kt wind was also observed at 00Z on the 28th, and the 50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 00Z on the 28th is maintained. At 06Z on the 28th a gale of 35 kt was recorded. The next observed gale (40 kt) does not occur until the 29th at 18Z, and that gale may not have been considered part of the cyclone. Again, since there were many ships in the area, the HURDAT intensity of 45 kt at 12Z on the 28th is decreased to 40 kt. The final position listed in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 28th at 60.0N, 27.4W. Evidence shows that this cyclone was not dissipated or absorbed until after 00Z on the 30th, and 30 hours are added into HURDAT at the end of this system as an extratropical cyclone. The position at 12Z the 29th is 64.0N, 19.0W (over Iceland) with a 40 kt intensity. A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 30th. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 2 - Revised in 2014 34270 08/23/1949 M= 9 2 SNBR= 760 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 34270 08/23/1949 M=10 2 SNBR= 760 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 ** * 34275 08/23* 0 0 0 0*182 600 50 0*184 620 50 0*186 631 50 0* 34275 08/23* 0 0 0 0*180 600 50 0*182 614 50 0*185 627 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** 34280 08/24*189 643 55 0*194 656 55 0*200 669 55 0*207 681 60 0* 34280 08/24*190 642 60 0*197 658 60 0*205 673 65 0*213 686 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34285 08/25*214 693 60 0*227 711 60 0*234 730 65 0*237 740 70 0* 34285 08/25*221 698 70 0*230 711 75 0*236 724 75 0*240 737 80 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34290 08/26*240 750 85 0*246 764 100 0*252 778 115 0*261 790 130 0* 34290 08/26*242 750 90 0*246 764 100 0*252 778 110 0*259 790 115 0* *** ** *** *** *** 34295 08/27*268 801 130 954*276 812 100 965*283 822 65 974*293 827 55 982* 34295 08/27*266 801 115 954*273 812 85 965*282 822 65 974*291 828 65 980* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34300 08/28*303 829 50 987*315 829 45 992*330 827 40 996*346 820 40 1000* 34300 08/28*303 829 65 984*318 829 65 988*332 827 55 996*347 822 50 1000* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34305 08/29*364 808 40 1002*384 789 40 1000*408 761 35 1000E438 719 35 0* 34305 08/29*364 806 50 1002*386 782 50 1000*408 766 50 998E438 725 45 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** 34310 08/30E472 676 35 0E499 653 30 0E522 628 30 0E541 587 30 0* 34310 08/30E468 682 45 0E495 649 45 0E522 625 45 0E541 592 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34315 08/31E548 547 25 0E548 510 25 0E549 472 25 0E547 436 25 0* 34315 08/31E548 547 35 0E548 510 35 0E549 469 35 0E547 420 35 0* ** ** *** ** *** ** (The 1st is new to HURDAT.) 34317 09/01E540 350 40 0E535 250 45 0E532 190 50 0E530 170 50 0* 34320 HRCFL3 34320 HRCFL4BFL1AFL1DFL1 GA1 ******************** US Landfall: 8/26/1949 23Z - 26.6N, 80.0W - 115 kt - 954 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this major hurricane that made landfall just south of West Palm Beach, FL. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, state monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, local monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps, U.S Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, newspaper reports from the Nassau (Bahamas) Guardian provided by Wayne Neely, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Barnes et al. (2007). August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.6N, 60.9W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16.8N, 61.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 62.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z near 19.6N, 62.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.7N, 61.7W. Ship highlights: 55 kt and 1008 mb at 2050Z at 19.3N, 62.8W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 40* kt SE and 1530Z at 19.5N, 61.1W (micro); 50* kt SE at 1615Z at 19.0N, 61.4W (micro). From ship Mataroa at 2050Z... "Mountainous seas. Pressure 1007.8 and falling. Very long, heavy swells" (micro). "The Delray Beach hurricane, as weather observers would later call it, most likely began as a tropical wave from the Cape Verde region" (Barnes). "This hurricane was discovered in its formative stages on August 23 about 125 miles northeast of St. Martin, Leeward Islands, at latitude 19N, longitude 61.5W. It moved on a west-northwestward course for a time as a partially developed easterly wave, and some characteristics of the wave could be observed until the storm moved into the Bahama Islands two days later (the 25th). "The first Weather Bureau advisory for this storm was issued from San Juan, Puerto Rico at 4:00 pm EST, August 23rd, locating the center at 19.0N, 62.5W. The Air Force and the Navy sent hurricane reconnaissance aircraft to scout the storm and report its location and movement" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 20.1N, 67.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 66.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 19.8N, 63.8W, and a 12Z position near 20.9N, 67.2W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HWM and HURDAT positions. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 12Z centered near 20.5N, 67.4W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 21.1N, 67.7W (HWM, micro); 65 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 15Z at 21.0N, 67.3W (micro); 50 kt E and 998 mb at 18Z at 21.6N, 68.6W (COA, micro). 14 other gales and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 40* kt SW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 20.5N, 68.4W (micro); 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 2045Z at 22.3N, 68.3W (micro). At least three other gales and one other low pressure. "Duck eight: storm center 21.8N, 69.1W (2010Z). Very light winds SW and S of center" (micro). "Duck 14 reports scattered showers and overcast entire course to... Winds very light 110 miles SW of storm" (micro). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.8N, 71.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 23.4N, 73.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.2N, 69.6W, and a 12Z position near 23.5N, 72.0W, with a 986 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.4N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position near 23.5N, 71.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 23.7N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 01Z at 22.5N, 68.3W (micro); 45 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 21Z at 25.5N, 72.6W (micro). Five other gales. Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 995 mb at 21Z at San Salvador (24.1N, 74.5W) (micro); 45 kt NE and 1003 mb at 22Z at Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (micro); 45 kt SSW and 998 mb at 23Z at San Salvador (micro). Two other gales and four other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 55 kt SE and 1000 mb at 1415Z at 23.7N, 72.6W (micro); center fix at ~1422Z at 23.7N, 72.8W with maximum surface winds encountered of 75 kt NE (micro); center fix at 2045Z at 24.3N, 74.0W with estimated maximum winds of 100 kt and lowest pressure encountered of 993 mb (not central pressure) (micro); 993 mb with 800 ft flight level winds of 80 kt SSE at 21Z at 24.7N, 73.8W (micro). At least five other gales and three other low pressures. "On August 25th, the storm...passed north of San Salvador and then across southern Eleuthera on the evening of August 25th. The highest winds reported by San Salvador were 50 miles per hour from the South-South-West at 6:30 p.m. on the 25th" (Nassau Guardian). "By August 25th at 1:30 am, the center is shown about 200 miles north of Puerto Rico moving NW at 12-15 mph. At this time, it was estimated that gales extended over an area of 150 miles north and east of the center with winds at 75 mph near the center" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "It moved rapidly toward the northwest but did not reach hurricane strength until the twenty-fifth, when it entered the Bahama Islands. It stayed on a course with a steady forward speed of almost 20 mph and threatened the Florida coast on the morning of the following day" (Barnes). "The eye situation is odd. He started around the eastern side of the storm as per reports you have. He came on around the north side, intending to circle into the center from the NW quadrant. As he reached that report with the 75 NE he was breezing along according to the book, when he hit a wind shift to NW 50. Report 8 I think the shift was even very noticeably on the water surface with waves blowing into each other from these converging winds. He put the wind on his plane to head in and didn't get any change. He flew SE from that number 8 report with the NW 50 and kept getting the same wind in part where he expected the eye. The lowest pressure was at the wind shift where he turned toward the supposed center. He went back almost to where he had S to SE winds and gave up the ghost and came home. There was no visual evidence of an eye, nor would radar show one. The ceiling was good all the way, and he said it was exceptionally smooth all the way. Visibility was good, and there were some thunderheads in the NW flow which he did not enter. He was very definite about the 75 knots. This was his first hurricane flight, and the pilot of plane thought they were above this. He is old timer. Aerologist kept them 75 to keep us from getting alarmed. I imagine that personally, from above... I theorize that the thing is still in a formative stage from the original strong easterly we had in Lesser Antilles. The wave is easily followed to the south, and that wind shear he hit is probably the remnants to the wave north of the eye which is trying to form. There was lots of rain but no turbulence. Rain was in south side. Also, those cumulonimbus in NW quadrant apparently not so pronounced as the first hurricane (storm 1)" (micro). "Position of storm at 2045Z (1545E) at 24.3N, 74.0W, accurate within 15 miles, established by visual fixes- north quadrant roughest with pressure 993 and winds estimated 100 kts" (micro). "Airforce plane reports located storm east of Salvador Island. Winds in excess of 90 knots. Lowest pressure (encountered) 989.3 mb" (micro). August 26: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.1N, 77.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 25.2N, 77.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.6N, 74.7W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 982 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position just east of the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 25.3N, 77.6W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 999(?) mb at 18Z at 26.2N, 79.4W (micro). Two other gales and one other low pressure. Land highlights: 70 kt ENE and 995 mb at 00Z at Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (micro); 96 kt NNE (max wind, may be gust) and 987 mb (min pressure) at Cat Island at 0230Z (Nassau Guardian, WB maps); 70 kt S and 1003 mb at 06Z at Cat Island (micro); 982 mb (min p) at 1015Z at Nassau (25.1N, 77.4W) with no lull (center passed to NE of Nassau) (climo); 104 kt (may be gust) at Little Whale Cay, Bahamas at 11Z (Nassau Guardian); 974 mb (min p) at 1930Z at Bimini (25.7N, 79.4W); 85-95 kt (max wind; 1-minute) ESE at 2120Z at West End, Gand Bahama Island (26.7N, 79.0W) (climo); center fix with calm winds at Del Ray Beach, FL (26.5N, 80.1W) at ~2307Z (micro); 969 mb (min pressure, uncorrected pressure) at 2330Z at Hillsboro Light, FL (26.3N, 80.1W); 133 kt NE (max wind; 1-minute; elevated observation) at 2333Z at Jupiter Light (26.9N, 80.1W) (climo). Seven other hurricane force wind obs and three other pressures below 1000 mb. "The worst of the storm came shortly after 5.30 o'clock on Friday [26th] morning after the centre of the hurricane had passed directly north of New Providence. The highest winds recorded during the period by the Meteorological Office at Oakes Airport were 85 miles per hour and the island was afterwards lashed for several hours with winds of hurricane force...Bimini reported that it felt the full fury of the storm, with winds up to 120 miles per hour...A dispatch received in Nassau this afternoon by the Meteorological Officer from a ship near Little Whale Cay, states: 'Yesterday [26th] at 6 a.m. winds of 120 miles per hour were reported at Little Whale Cay. The centre of the hurricane passed near the Cay between 6 and 7 a.m. The wind recorder was blown down at 6:20 a.m....The [???] station at Harbour Island reported winds of 75 miles per hour from the East-South East at 4:30 a.m. on August 26th. The lowest barometer reading was 29.31. The storm centre passed a few miles north of Nassau at 5.15 a.m. yesterday morning moving West-North-West at 18 miles per hour. Winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour were recorded with gust up to 75 miles per hour. Before the passage of the storm centre the lowest barometric pressure was 28.90 at 5.15 a.m. As the storm centre moved West-North-West the winds backed from North-West to Southwest and increased from 50 to 60 miles per hour. The maximum gust recorded after the passage of the centre was 85 miles per hour at 8.00 a.m. The hurricane is believed to have crossed the extreme north tip of Andros and passing to the north of Bimini and entering the Florida peninsula near Delray Beach. At 11.30 a.m. yesterday, Cherokee Sound, Abaco, reported winds up to 86 miles per hour and Hope Town, Abaco, had winds up to 75 miles per hour" (Nassau Guardian). "By August 25th at 7:30 pm EST, the winds were 95 mph. Surface winds in southern Florida changed from NNE 5 mph to ENE 25 mph between 06Z the 25th and 00Z the 26th. The high north of the Great Lakes eventually moved southeastward to a position immediately off the North Carolina coast. This action blocked any recurving to the north of this hurricane while it was over the ocean. A continued WNW movement would carry it inland near West Palm Beach. The winds at Miami, Key West, and Havana were influenced by the approaching hurricane. The wind at Miami at 700 mb was ENE 25 mph at 10 am EST on the 25th indicating low pressure to the SE of Miami. There was already a steady increase in the wind velocity at all levels over the Florida peninsula as the hurricane moved closer. Later reports showed that winds at the three stations mentioned above all backed from ENE through N to NW and later to W or SW as the hurricane moved inland to the north of Miami" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). At 11 pm EST on the 25th, the hurricane was centered near 24.5N, 75.7W and was moving WNW at 12-15 mph. The weather station at Cat Island in the Bahamas reported winds of 95 mph. Aircraft estimated winds in the center over 100 mph. At this time, the area of hurricane winds was small, but was increasing in size and intensity. By 1:30 pm EST on the 26th, the hurricane had moved close enough to the Florida coast to cause coastal winds up to 45 mph. Winds in the NW quadrant of the hurricane were onshore and added the danger of high tides to the danger of high winds. Winds at Cat Island previously reported at 95 mph had increased to 110 mph. The hurricane moved over the Florida east coast at Delray Beach, about 20 miles south of West Palm Beach, where the winds diminished rapidly from hurricane force to calm at 23Z on the 26th. Winds were reported up to 125 mph with gusts to 150 mph at Stuart. In many cases, wind instruments were blown down and maximum winds could not be recorded." (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "The storm was well-developed by the time its center passed a short distance north of Nassau at about 5 am of the 26th. It was over West Palm Beach Airport from 6:37 to 7:57 pm (2337Z 26th to 0057Z 27th), and a calm was experienced for 22 minutes from 7:20 pm to 7:42 pm (0020Z to 0042Z on the 27th). The lowest sea-level pressure was 28.17 inches recorded at the Weather Bureau Airport Station, West Palm Beach. The wind instrument was blown down when the velocity reached 110 mph with gusts of 125 mph. The official in charge at the station estimated the highest wind at 120 mph with gusts to 130 mph. A privately owned anemometer on Palm Beach, the accuracy of which is unknown, recorded gusts of 155 mph. The strongest wind occurred, as usual, some distance to the right of the center in the vicinity of Jupiter and Stuart, Florida. The anemometer failed at Jupiter Lighthouse after reaching a velocity of 153 mph. The observer reported that winds were somewhat stronger thereafter, but he felt unable to make a reliable estimate of the peak strength" (MWR). 'It swept inland at Delray Beach" (Barnes). "It crossed the coastline near Delray Beach at 6:00 pm on August 26 (23Z) and delivered vicious winds and tides to much of the coast from Miami to the Georgia line" (Barnes). "Prior to the arrival of the eye at the airport (West Palm Beach), northeasterly gusts of 125 mph destroyed the tower's anemometer, so the highest winds at that location were never recorded. Several higher readings were reported, including a one-minute maximum of 153 mph measured at Jupiter Lighthouse just before the wind instrument was also carried away. Earlier, the same instrument had recorded a 5-minute maximum of 132 mph. Unofficial reports included a gust of 155 mph at a residence in Palm Beach and a reading of 160 mph at a fire station in downtown Stuart. Neither of these instruments survived the storm either" (Barnes). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 28.2N, 82.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 82.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.5N, 80.3W, and a 12Z position near 28.4N, 82.0W with a 987 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 28.3N, 82.5W. Ship highlights: 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 00Z at 24.4N, 81.2W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 29.2N, 80.3W (COA); 50 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 30.4N, 80.6W (micro). Six other gales. Land highlights: center fix with calm and 954 mb (central pressure) at 0026Z at West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) (micro, climo); 955 mb (min p) at 0045Z at Lake Worth Inlet (26.8N, 80.0W) (climo); 956 mb (min p, central p(?)) at 02Z at Canal Point (26.9N, 80.6W) (climo); 87 kt NNW (max wind; 1-minute) at 0205Z at Belle Glade (26.7N, 80.7W) (climo); 960 mb (min p) with lull at 0330Z at Okeechobee (27.3N, 80.9W); 68 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) at 0812Z at Melbourne (28.1N, 80.6W) (climo); 970 mb at 0950Z and 13 kt at 1000Z at Lakeland (28.0N, 81.9W) (both obs inside RMW) (climo); 986 mb (min p) at 1137Z and 36 kt W and 12Z at Tampa (climo); 983 mb (min p) at 1845Z at Cedar Keys (29.2N, 83.0W) (climo); 60 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) gust to 75 kt SE at 2226Z at Jacksonville Airport (climo). Many other gales and low pressures. "After leaving the coast of Florida, the center of the storm crossed the northern part of Lake Okeechobee during the early part of the night of the 26th. The storm was the worst felt in that section since the disastrous hurricane of September 1928. The highest winds registered around the lake ranged from 100 to 126 mph on instruments of the U.S. Army Engineers. The water of the lake rose 12 feet or more at places on the southeast and east side of the lake (Belle Glade and Clewiston), but the levees held and there was no flooding from the lake. After leaving the Lake Okeechobee area, the center passed northwestward through the heart of Florida's main citrus belt, where much fruit was destroyed, and upon reaching the west coast north of Tampa it turned northward" (MWR). "The general path of this storm was almost the same as the great disaster of 1928. As the storm carved northward through the peninsula, its wide swath spread winds of at least 50 mph over much of the state. Extreme winds of hurricane force were felt as far south as Miami Beach and as far north as St. Augustine" (Barnes). The deluge (rainfall) at Belle Glade measured 8.18 inches, Okeechobee City 7.10 inches, and 9.51 inches fell at St. Lucie Lock near Stuart. The storm remained powerful as it turned across the central portion of the state and curved northward above Tampa Bay. Pressure readings on the east side of the storm remained below 29.00 inches as far north as Levy County, above Cedar Key. Winds gusted to 75 mph in Clermont, and other communities in central Florida experienced significant wind damage. The storm's forward speed slowed as it churned through the state" (Barnes). Regarding the damage... "At Palm Beach, Jupiter, and Stuart, high winds and high waters tested every structure. In some areas, the trunks of palm trees were snapped off just a few feet above the ground, leaving boulevards lined with sticks and stumps. Hundreds of apartments, homes, stores, and warehouses lost their roofs, their windows, and in some cases their furnishings, which were sucked out into the street by the force of the winds. In Stuart, officials estimated that 40% of the residential and commercial buildings were severely damaged and 90% were in need of at least some repair. The city's black neighborhoods were especially devastated, with many homes leveled by the ferocious winds. Among the landmarks that were totally destroyed were the Macedonia Baptist Church, the Little Dixie baseball park, and the Olympia Ice Company. The storm's incredible winds carried large timbers through the air like missiles. At a car dealership in West Palm Beach, automobiles were overturned inside the showroom after winds smashed the building's plate glass windows. Large airplanes were toppled at the nearby airport, and in some locations, utility poles were carried upward onto second-story balconies. The roof of the Stuart City Hall was peeled away by the wind and scattered in the streets across town. High tides lifted piers and fish houses off their pilings and tossed them onto the shore. At Palm Beach the storm surge carried sand into the streets and left wreckage piled high. Heavy rains across the region added to the flooding problems, and many portions of Palm Beach and Martin Counties were under water following the storm. Days afterward, residents reported finding snakes in their homes, and the plague of mosquitoes that swarmed over the area was said to have been 'the worst infestation ever witnessed.' Heavy damages were reported to citrus crops, and in many groves, up to a third of the trees were uprooted. Total agricultural losses in Florida were estimated at $20 million, which included the estimated loss of 14 million boxes of fruit. Property damages were placed at $25 million, most of which occurred within a few hours of landfall. Damages totaling another $7 million were reported in states that endured the remnants of the storm, placing the total cost of the disaster at $52 million. Even though dozens of injuries were reported, only two deaths resulted, both of which occurred in Florida. In Miami, damages were limited to downed trees and power lines" (Barnes). "Damage to the four southeastern states- FL, GA, SC, NC was set at $52,350,000 by reports summarized by the American Red Cross. Of this, $45,000,000 occurred in Florida. A breakdown of the damage follows: property damage: $18,000,000; crop damage (including 14,000,000 boxes of citrus fruits): $20,000,000; power and communication: $4,000,000; highways, bridges and city streets: $500,000; other damage: $2,500,000. Of the remaining $7,350,000 damage, $4,000,000 occurred in Georgia. The Carolinas were far enough north to be spared the full force of the hurricane winds. In all, 265 dwellings were destroyed and 24,338 other damaged. There were also deaths to livestock, with 112 cattle reported killed and poultry deaths placed at 2,000" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "The hurricane diminished in intensity after its center moved inland. Further curving to the north was noted as the hurricane moved over the Florida peninsula. The hurricane had moved on the coast with a forward movement of 12-15 mph, and increased to about 17 mph over Florida and Georgia. The course of the hurricane changed from WNW to a NW direction later curving north into Georgia. The center took a course that kept it east of the Appalachian Mountains, and so insured a supply of warm, moist air in its journey up the coast. As the storm moved northward, it diminished in intensity and lost its identity as a hurricane. It then assumed more and more of the characteristics of an extra-tropical cyclone" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "The 700 mb conditions, for 03Z on the 27th...Miami reported a wind at this level with a direction of 220 degrees and a velocity of 40 to 45 mph. Tampa reported a wind from 50 degrees with a velocity of 55 to 60 mph, while the wind at Key West was 280 degrees at 25 to 30 mph. At this time, a cyclonic circulation of the winds at 300 mb was present. Also at this time, 03Z on the 27th, the hurricane was located between Miami and Tampa. Winds at Miami at all levels were from the SW at approximately 50 mph, while those over Tampa were from the NE at 55 to 60 mph" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "Augsut 27th 0630Z: center was over central Florida near Lake Placid, SE of Tampa. Precipitation near the center of the hurricane was very heavy, with several stations reporting 7 to more than 9 inches of rain. A sectional chart of the southeastern US placed the center just east of Tampa at 0930Z on the 27th. Winds had already diminished somewhat, now being 75 mph as the hurricane approached the west coast of Florida. Of interest is the barometric tendency recorded at Tampa, FL, showing a fall of 9.9 mb during the previous 3 hours. The central pressure at this time (0930Z on the 27th) was 969 mb, as contrasted to the central pressure of 954 mb as the hurricane passed over West Palm Beach earlier. The lowest pressure for the storm ws 953.9 mb at West Palm Beach. The highest winds were recorded to the right of the center of the eye" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps). "8/27/1949 - 1011 mb OCI, 95 kt equivalent 1 min max wind at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Aug 27, 954 mb central pressure at landfall based upon 954 mb measured at West Palm Beach, FL, 23 nmi RMW, 14 kt translational speed, landfall point - 26.9N, 80.0W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Aug - FL - SE3, 954 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida: 1949 Aug. 26-27, Extreme, 2 killed, damage $45,000,000" ("Extreme" is equivalent to 136 mph and higher, 948 mb or lower, Dunn and Miller). August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 33.3N, 82.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.0N, 82.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.2N, 82.8W, and a 12Z position near 33.2N, 82.7W with a 992 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.2N, 82.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1011 mb at 00Z at 28.8N, 80.2W (COA); 55(?) kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 80.4W (micro). Two other gales. Land highlights: 986 mb (min p) at 0428Z at Alma, GA (31.5N, 82.5W); 65 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) at 05Z at Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W); 40 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 12Z at Augusta, GA (33.5N, 82.0W (micro); 41 kt S at Wilmington, NC (climo). Four other gales and 17 other low pressures. "It moved through Georgia and the Carolinas as a weakened disturbance" (MWR). "It finally passed into Georgia as a storm tropical storm around 8:00 pm on August 27, just over 24 hours after it had made landfall. In Georgia and the Carolinas, heavy rains overfilled rivers and caused widespread flooding. At least four tornadoes touched down in central North Carolina, causing millions of dollars in damages" (Barnes). Regarding the storm in North Carolina... "Heavy rain fell on the 28th as a dying hurricane moved across the State accompanied also by destructive tornadoes...On the 28th, the remnants of a hurricane that had lashed Florida earlier moved across the State [North Carolina]. The center of the storm moved in a northeasterly direction passing near Charlotte and Winston-Salem. Heavy rain amounting to 3 or more inches fell over the central part of the State. All rivers rose sharply at the end of the month as a result of the heavy rain produced by the hurricane. Even the Tar River, which floods infrequently, overflowed its banks in the upper portions of its channel. The Neuse, Cape Fear and Catawba Rivers reached the highest stages since November, 1948. The Neuse rose to a crest about 6 feet above flood level at both Smithfield and Goldsboro. The Cape Fear River reached 41 feet at Fayetteville or 6 feet above flood level and went 11 feet above flood level at Elizabethtown. At Catawba the Catawba River crested at 18 feet on the 29th or 10 feet above its banks at that point. Flood stages on a number of streams in the extreme western part of the State were the highest since August, 1940. While crests well above flood stage were reached in Virginia, flood levels were only slightly exceeded, if at all, in North Carolina. A considerable amount of crop damage was inflicted by these floods, but it is believed that very little other property damage resulted. The hurricane caused considerable damage in the central part of the State. Winds with gusts up to 40 and 50 mph accompanied the storm and evidence indicates that several small tornadoes developed in various parts of the eastern Piedmont. These twisters totally or partially destroyed many farm buildings, including a few residences, but no one was killed. Much damage was done to communication and power lines and the heavy rain severely damaged smaller roads and caused considerable field erosion" (August 1949 North Carolina Climatological Data). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 1949 Aug. 28, Interior sections, Minor, Overland from Fla." (Minor indicates winds less than 74 mph and a central pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.6N, 75.7W with an approaching cold front very near the low and already starting to interact with the low. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 40.8N, 76.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.9N, 80.6W, and a 12Z position near 41.4N, 76.0W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.1N, 81.0W, and a 12Z position near 41.1N, 76.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 41.0N, 75.8W with an approaching front close to the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 33.6N, 77.5W (micro); 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 12Z at 36.9N, 74.7W (COA). Six other low pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 06Z at Washington, D.C. (micro); 15 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 12Z at Harrisburg, PA (micro); 15 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 18Z at Burlington, VT (micro); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 18Z at Nantucket, MA (micro). Six other low pressures. "Another twister was spawned in the Tidewater region of Virginia. The decaying storm tracked through Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, where damaging floods ended an extended drought" (Barnes). August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 52.0N, 62.8W with a warm front extending from the low towards the ESE and a cold front extending from the low towards the SSE-S-SSW. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 52.2N, 62.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 47.5N, 68.4W, and a 12Z position near 52.7N, 62.3W with a 992 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 47.0N, 67.0W. By 12Z, the low is off the microfilm map, but at 06Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 59.4N, 65.9W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low towards the S-SSW. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1009 mb at 12Z at 47.4N, 61.9W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 52.5N, 52.5W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt. Land highlights: 40 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at Harbour Island (47.3N, 61.9W) (micro); 15 kt NNE and 995 mb at 06Z at 49.0N, 64.7W (micro). Three other low pressures. August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 55.1N, 45.7W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward and a cold front extending from the low towards the SSE-S-SSW. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone at 54.9N, 47.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 54.5N, 55.7W and a 12Z position near 56.3N, 45.4W with a 992 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 06Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA); 30 kt WSW and 999 mb at 53.5N, 49.5W (COA). Five other low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 52.3N, 20.2W with a warm/occluded front extending from the low wrapping around southward to a triple point near 47N, 19W. From the triple point, a warm front extends southward and then southeastward to southeast of 43N, 17W, and a cold front extends southwestward and then westward to west of 44N, 41W. HWM also analyzes a separate extratropical low of at most 990 mb centered near 61N, 19.5W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 1011 mb at 06Z at 48.2N, 29.1W (COA); 20 kt NE and 992 mb at 12Z at 53.7N, 18.7W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1011 mb at 12Z at 48.4N, 26.7W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 18Z at 45.0N, 16.0W (COA). Several other gales of 35-40 kt and several other low pressures of 992-1005 mb. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 23 August as a 50 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 60.0W. No changes were made to timing of the beginning of this system in HURDAT. However, the genesis of this cyclone was not captured. Available data on the 21st and 22nd is sparse. This cyclone moved west-northwestward passing just north of the northern Virgin Islands late on the 23rd and through the Bahamas on the 25th and 26th. It made landfall as a category 4 hurricane in Palm Beach County, FL around 23Z on the 26th. On the 27th and 28th, the cyclone moved through Florida and northward through the eastern United States. The largest track change from the 23rd through the 28th of August was only about six-tenths of a degree at various times from the 23rd to the 25th. Some intensity changes were also made. At 2050Z on 23 August, a ship in the storm area reported an ESE wind of 55 kt. The HURDAT intensities at 18Z on the 23rd and 00Z on the 24th are each raised by 5 kt because of the ship observation. On the 24th at 15Z, a different ship recorded a wind of 65 kt from the ESE. The HURDAT intensity at 12Z and 18Z on the 24th is increased by 10 kt to 65 and 70 kt respectively. From the 23rd at 2050Z until the 24th at 18Z there were six different observations of winds between 50-65 kt from five different ships. This cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane by 12Z on the 24th (12Z on the 25th previously), which is 24 hours earlier than in HURDAT previously. On the 25th at 2045Z, maximum winds of 100 kt were estimated by aircraft reconnaissance, and the plane did not fly into the center. The hurricane passed very near Cat Island in the Bahamas, where hurricane force winds were experienced from 00Z on the 26th until at least 06Z, with a highest reported wind of 96 kt (though this may be a gust). The peak wind (likely a gust) observed was 104 kt in Little Whale Cay. Regardless, the winds in HURDAT are boosted on the 25th due to the combination of the aircraft estimate along with the Cat Island observations. HURDAT previously showed a quick increase in the winds on the 26th, but observations from the Bahamas indicate that this hurricane likely did not intensify as rapidly as indicated in HURDAT. The hurricane made landfall in Palm Beach County, Florida around 23Z on the 26th at 26.6N, 80.0W between Boynton Beach and Lake Worth. The highest official wind observation at standard observing height was 110 kt with a gust to 130 kt at Lake Worth (26.8N, 80.0W) (time unknown and the instrument failed at the time of the 110 kt measurement). The highest official elevated wind observation was 133 kt (1-minute wind) from the northeast. This observation occurred at Jupiter Lighthouse (26.9N, 80.1W) at 2333Z on the 26th. Converting this wind down to the standard measuring height of 10 m for a 1 min peak wind yields a value of 112-122 kt (the uncertainty is due to whether the anemometer was at 35 m or 45 m, as well as whether the wind was a fastest mile or 1 min). Hillsboro Lighthouse (26.3N, 80.1W) recorded a maximum 1-minute elevated wind of 120 kt from the west at 2347Z on the 26th. Adjusting for anemometer evelvation above the ground, this reduces down to 101-109 kt, again due to the uncertainty in the actual height. The lowest pressure of 954 mb was measured at West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) on the 27th at 0026Z with simultaneous calm winds. West Palm Beach recorded 22 minutes of calm winds from 0020Z to 0042Z on the 27th. Del Ray Beach (26.5N, 80.1W) recorded 15 minutes of calm winds from 2300Z to 2315Z on the 26th, but Del Ray Beach did not report a pressure value. It is possible that the central pressure at landfall at 23Z was less than the measured central pressure at West Palm Beach at 0026Z, which was more than 1 hour after landfall. Del Ray Beach experienced the left part of the calm eye and West Palm Beach experienced the right portion of the calm eye an hour later as the hurricane moved northwestward at about 13 kt. 954 mb is the analyzed central pressure for landfall and for 00Z. A central pressure of 954 yields an intensity of 109 kt and 104 kt respectively using the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships for intensifying systems. The analyzed RMW is 20 nmi, which is near the climatological value of 18 nmi for this location and central pressure. 115 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity and the intensity at 00Z on the 27th based primarily on the Lake Worth, Jupiter Lighthouse, and Hillsboro Lighthouse readings. HURDAT previously listed a 130 kt intensity at 18Z on the 26th and 00Z on the 27th. A combination of factors including the numerous wind and pressure observations at landfall, accounts and descriptions of the damage, and analyses of this storm in previous publications all support reducing the winds previously listed in HURDAT. From 12Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th, intensities of 110, 115, and 115 kt are analyzed (down from 115, 130, and 130 kt respectively). This hurricane was previously listed as a category 3 hurricane landfall for Florida, but it is increased to a category 4 hurricane for southeast Florida. The new track around the time of landfall is about one to two-tenths of a degree to the left of the previous track. After landfall, the cyclone moved towards the north-northwest, passing over the northeastern edge of Lake Okeechobee and moving towards the Gulf coast near Cedar Keys. By the time it reached the shoreline near Cedar Keys, the cyclone turned towards the north and moved further inland again over the southeastern U.S. A second U.S. landfall is not analyzed since there is not evidence that the center moved into the Gulf of Mexico. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model after landfall in Palm Beach County yield 71 kt for 06Z on the 27th, 56 kt for 12Z, 55 kt for 18Z, 36 kt for 00Z on the 28th, and 29 kt for 06Z on the 28th. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times were 84 kt (Vero Beach official observation) around 06Z on the 27th, 50 kt around 12Z, 50 kt around 18Z, 60 kt around 00Z on the 28th, and 65 kt around 06Z on the 28th. Revised winds in HURDAT are 85 kt at 06Z the 27th (down from 100 kt originally), 65 kt at 12Z (no change to HURDAT), 65 kt at 18Z (up from 55 kt), 65 kt at 00Z the 28th (up from 50 kt), and 65 kt at 06Z the 28th (up from 45 kt). A category 1 impact is analyzed for southwest Florida, northeast Florida, and northwest Florida. At 06Z the 28th, the cyclone (still a hurricane) is analyzed to be located at 31.8N, 82.9W (31.5N, 82.9W originally). The central pressures listed in HURDAT from 00Z to 12Z on the 27th of 954, 965, and 974 mb are unchanged. The central pressures listed in HURDAT from 18Z on the 27th to 06Z on the 28th were changed based on observations. The new analyzed pressures for these times are 980 mb at 18Z on the 27th (982 mb originally), 984 mb at 00Z on the 28th (987 mb originally), and 988 mb at 06Z on the 28th (992 mb originally). For 12Z on the 28th, the highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic time is 55 kt from a ship about 50 nmi offshore of Savannah, GA. Compared to nearby observations, it is possible that the 55 kt ship observation may be biased slightly too high. However, a wind of 49 kt was observed at Charleston, SC, so 55 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 28th (up from 40 kt originally). Later on the 28th, 45 kt was observed at Greenville, NC, and 41 kt was observed at Wilmington, NC. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 28th (up from 40 kt originally). The pressures listed in HURDAT from 12Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th are unchanged. After passing through Georgia and the Carolinas on the 28th, the cyclone moved through Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, northern New Hampshire, and Maine on the 29th. Late on the 28th and early on the 29th the new track is slightly to the right of the previous track, but later on the 29th, the new track is slightly to the left of the previous track. The largest track change on the 29th was seven tenths of a degree. The intensity is analyzed to have remained at 50 kt through 12Z on the 29th (up from 35 kt originally at 12Z the 29th). The central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th of 1000 mb is changed to 998 mb. No change is made to the timing of extratropical transition, which occurred at 18Z on the 29th with the center located in the Vermont/New Hampshire area, and the analyzed intensity for that time is 45 kt (35 kt originally). On the 30th, the cyclone moved northeastward through eastern Canada and then made a turn towards the east along 55N around 00Z on the 31st. By 18Z on the 31st, it was in the vicinity of 55N, 43W. The largest track change on the 30th through the 31st was about 1 degree at 06Z on the 30th. The last point in HURDAT previously was at 18Z on the 31st as 25 kt and extratropical, but the analysis indicates that the cyclone was not absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on 1 September, so 24 hours are added to this system as an extratropical cyclone. By 12Z on 1 September, the cyclone was centered near 53.2N, 19.0W, and it was rotating counterclockwise in conjunction with another, separate, closed extratropical low located near 61N, 19W. The two cyclones finally merged after 18Z on 1 September. After a 40 kt observation at 12Z on 30 August, there were no more observed gales associated with this cyclone until an observation of 45 kt at 06Z on 1 September. However, there were several 30 kt observations from 12Z on the 30th through 12Z on the 31st. On the 31st, there was very sparse data coverage on the right (south) side of the cyclone. The intensity on the 30th is analyzed to be 45 kt at all times (an increase of 10 to 15 kt from HURDAT previously), and on the 31st intensities of 40, 40, 35, and 35 kt are analyzed (25 kt at all times originally). The analyzed intensities on 1 September are 40, 45, 50, and 50 kt respectively. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 3 - Revised in 2014 34325 08/30/1949 M= 5 3 SNBR= 761 NOT NAMED XING=0 34330 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*119 558 35 0* 34330 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*119 558 30 0* ** 34335 08/31*122 569 40 0*124 577 45 0*127 587 45 0*129 594 45 0* 34335 08/31*122 565 30 0*126 573 35 0*130 581 35 0*133 590 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34340 09/01*134 605 45 0*138 613 45 0*142 620 40 0*147 632 40 0* 34340 09/01*136 600 40 0*139 610 40 0*142 620 40 0*147 632 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 34345 09/02*150 644 40 0*152 651 35 0*153 657 35 0*153 666 30 0* 34345 09/02*150 644 40 0*152 652 40 0*153 660 40 0*153 669 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** 34350 09/03*153 677 25 0*153 684 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34350 09/03*153 680 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** ** 34355 TS International Landfall: Sep. 1st, 06Z, 13.9N 61.0W, 40 kt, St. Lucia Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories. August 30: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT first lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z at 11.9N, 55.8W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1008 mb at 18Z at 8.6N, 56.8W (COA). "This storm was discovered by reconnaissance aircraft early on the afternoon of August 30" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 11.7N, 58.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 12.7N, 58.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 12.0N, 56.5W and a 12Z position near 12.7N, 58.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 12.5N, 59.5W, although it is on the edge of the map so it is difficult to tell. Land highlights: 10 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 13.8N, 60.9W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 13.1N, 58.5W (micro). September 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.7N, 62.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 62.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 14.0N, 60.3W and a 12Z position near 14.5N, 62.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 14.7N, 63.1W. Land highlights: 15 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z at 14.0N, 61.0W (micro); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 18Z at Montserrat (16.7N, 62.2W) (Caribbean obs). Aircraft highlights: 35* kt S at ~18Z at ~14.5N, 61.9W (micro). From the aircraft flight... "Hurep Duck Note: 13.8N and 63.0W wind shift to 220 degrees. Sea calm, wind constant in direction and velocity to present location. Lowest pressure (encountered) 1008.2 mbs... no indication of hurricane" (micro). September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.3N, 66.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 65.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 15.1N, 64.2W and last shows a position at 12Z near 15.5N, 65.4W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.6N, 65.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 14Z at 20.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 20Z at 22.5N, 68.5W (COA). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt ESE (at the surface) and 40 kt ESE (at flight level of 1,000 feet) at 1230Z at 16.0N, 64.5W (micro); 60 kt SE (at flight level of 1,000 feet) (max wind encountered by aircraft on flight) at 1315Z at 16.0N, 62.9W (micro). From the aircraft flight... "Turning SE parallel to diffused easterly wave. Max wind 145 degrees, 60 kt in squall area 180 miles wide." (micro). From the next flight... "Calm 60 miles west of forecast storm center position. No storm evident. Winds calm, sea calm. Entered line of cumulus 2035Z, calm in area, no swell or sea" (micro). "Although aircraft encountered winds as high as 50 to 60 knots at 1,000 feet and estimated surface winds as high as 45 to 50 knots in the eastern semicircle of the storm, no surface winds were reported higher than 31 knots recorded at Caravelle, Martinique. Aircraft reported the location of the eye of this storm on several occasions, but apparently it never was well developed. Winds in the western semicircle never were very strong, and on the afternoon of September 2 there no longer appeared to be a definite center. The storm, having weakened considerably, moved westward as part of the easterly wave" (MWR). September 3: HWM no longer shows any features of interest on this day pertaining to storm 3, but instead analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb pertaining to storm 4 centered near 19.3N, 66.6W. HURDAT last lists 1949 Storm #3 at 06Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 15.3N, 68.4W. No gales or low pressures associated with storm #3. "[Storm 4] apparently formed on the same easterly wave with which the storm of August 30 - September 2 was associated. On the night of September 2 when the storm in the Caribbean had apparently weakened into an area of squalls, indications of a closed circulation north of the Virgin Islands began to appear. After passage of the wave the surface wind in the islands gradually veered to south-southwest and increased in velocity to Beaufort force 5 to 7. At 8:30 pm of September 2 (0130Z September 3) the surface winds at San Juan was easterly but shifted to light westerly 3 hours later. The upper air at this time had westerly winds at all levels up to 25,000 feet" (MWR). A tropical cyclone formed from an easterly wave on 30 August at 18Z near 11.9N, 55.8W, according to HURDAT. The 28th and 29th were searched, but a closed low was not found. There was not much data available on the 30th, despite having an aircraft reconnaissance mission on this date. In part because of this, no change is made to the timing of genesis or the initial location of the tropical cyclone. The track is moved slightly to the ENE at 12Z and 18Z on the 31st due to second aircraft missions that provide a center fix on the 31st at 1530Z. This second aircraft mission confirmed the existence of a closed low, and this confirmation is supported by observations from the Windward Islands as the cyclone passed through the islands early on the 1 September. There are three observations of 1005 mb pressures from 18Z on the 31st of August to 06Z on the 1st of September. 1005 mb peripheral pressure suggests peak winds of at least 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. There was one 30 kt wind observation from a ship at 00Z on the 1st. The first tropical storm force winds reported were at 18Z on the 1st, when 35 kt winds were recorded at Montserrat and from aircraft. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed from genesis at 18Z on 30 August and at 00Z on 31 August (down from 35 and 40 kt, respectively). Intensification to a tropical storm is reanalyzed to have occurred at 06Z on the 31st and reaching 40 kt by 18Z at the time of the first 1005 mb pressure measurement. The low end tropical storm continued moving westward at about 8 kt, and on the 2nd of September, aircraft flying at 1000 feet reported 40 kt surface winds with flight-level winds as high as 60 kt between 12Z and 15Z. Due to the numerous reports of 40 kt winds from aircraft, the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT is changed to 40 kt on the 2nd at 06Z and 12Z. The intensity of 40 kt from 18Z on the 31st through 12Z on the 2nd is the peak for the cyclone, down slightly from 45 kt originally from 06Z on the 31st through 06Z on the 1st. The microfilm map from 12Z on 2 September indicates that the precipitation around this storm was extremely asymmetric, and the system was likely experiencing strong, westerly shear. This shear prevented any further organization or strengthening and likely contributed to the quick demise of this tropical cyclone. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 2nd (no change to HURDAT intensity) as it continued slowly westward. By 00Z on the 3rd, the winds around the circulation had significantly weakened, and a closed low barely existed. The last point in HURDAT (06Z on the 3rd) is eliminated from HURDAT. Even though the observations at 06Z are sparser than at 00Z, the extremely weak circulation at 00Z continued to weaken, and it is analyzed that a closed low no longer existed by 06Z. It should be noted that genesis of 1949 storm 4 occurred very close in space and time to the dissipation of 1949 Storm 3. There are three scenarios regarding Storms 3 and 4. Scenario 1 is that Storm 3 dissipated on the 3rd well to the south of where the genesis of storm 4 occurred the same day, and they are two separate storms, as in HURDAT. Scenario 2 is that Storm 3 and Storm 4 are actually the same storm. In this scenario, Storm 3 would have moved northwards on September 2nd 06Z from 15.2N, 65.1W to the Storm 4 genesis location on September 3rd at 06Z (18.4N, 65.0W). Scenario number 3 is that the center of Storm 3 underwent a reformation, and although it was actually the same storm, analysts at the time thought that a new storm had developed. Analyses were performed to determine which scenario is correct. Within the Historical Weather Maps are contained 12Z 500 mb observations and analyses. These indicated NE 15 kt winds at San Juan on the 1st, E 10 kt on the 2nd, and WNW 20 kt on the 3rd. These observations along with the six hourly microfilm surface maps are consistent with there being two separate tropical cyclones for storm #3 and storm #4 - scenario 1, as in HURDAT. Storm 3 maintained its own identity through its lifetime, moving almost due west on the 2nd. Although Storm 4 formed from the same easterly wave as Storm 3, there is no evidence that a reformation of the center of Storm 3 took place. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014 34360 09/03/1949 M= 9 4 SNBR= 762 NOT NAMED XING=0 34365 09/03* 0 0 0 0*184 650 35 0*195 663 55 0*209 666 65 0* 34365 09/03*185 654 30 0*189 659 40 0*198 663 55 0*210 666 70 987* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34370 09/04*220 668 70 0*228 669 75 0*235 670 80 0*243 670 80 0* 34370 09/04*221 668 65 0*230 670 60 995*235 672 60 994*241 674 60 994* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 34375 09/05*251 670 85 0*256 669 90 0*258 667 95 0*259 662 95 0* 34375 09/05*247 674 65 0*252 672 70 0*256 670 75 0*259 667 80 982* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 34380 09/06*260 657 100 0*260 653 105 0*261 650 105 0*263 648 105 0* 34380 09/06*260 664 90 974*260 659 95 0*261 653 100 0*263 649 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34385 09/07*265 646 100 0*267 645 100 0*272 644 95 0*284 642 100 0* 34385 09/07*265 647 100 0*267 645 100 0*272 644 100 0*284 644 105 0* *** *** *** *** 34390 09/08*297 640 100 0*307 638 105 0*317 635 110 0*330 630 110 0* 34390 09/08*297 643 110 0*307 641 110 0*317 638 110 0*330 632 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 34395 09/09*344 621 110 0*360 610 105 0*378 598 95 0*399 587 85 0* 34395 09/09*344 621 110 0*358 610 105 0*376 598 95 0*399 587 85 0* *** *** 34400 09/10*424 572 75 0E455 551 65 0E489 530 60 0E533 509 55 0* 34400 09/10*424 578 75 0E450 563 65 0E489 532 60 0E533 509 60 0* *** *** *** *** ** 34405 09/11E568 488 50 0E587 477 45 0E605 472 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 34405 09/11E568 488 60 0E587 477 50 0E610 469 45 0* 0 0 0 0* ** ** *** *** 34410 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, and Tucker (1995). September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.3N, 66.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 19.5N, 66.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 66.9W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map first shows a position for this storm at 12Z near the HURDAT position. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 19.7N, 66.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt and 1001 mb at 18Z at 21.2N, 67.0W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2025Z at 21.7N, 67.1W with a 987 mb central pressure and estimated maximum winds of 65 kt (micro). From the aircraft flight... "Navy Hurep- 2025Z: Max wind 65 kt near center. Position of center is 21.7N, 67.1W. Eye diameter 26 miles. Lowest pressure 987 mbs ( treatedas central pressure). Position reliable. Conservative wind estimate. 50 kt winds within 25 miles of center" (micro). "This storm apparently formed on the same easterly wave with which the storm of August 30 - September 2 was associated. On the night of September 2 when the storm in the Caribbean had apparently weakened into an area of squalls, indications of a closed circulation north of the Virgin Islands began to appear. After passage of the wave the surface wind in the islands gradually veered to south-southwest and increased in velocity to Beaufort force 5 to 7. At 8:30 pm of September 2 (0130Z September 3) the surface wind at San Juan was easterly but shifted to light westerly 3 hours later. The upper air at this time had westerly winds at all levels up to 25,000 feet. The storm rapidly developed to hurricane force and by late afternoon, September 3, aircraft estimated winds of 75 mph" (MWR). "Spotted early on Saturday morning, September 3rd, the hurricane was believed to have originated 250 miles due north of San Juan" (Tucker). September 4: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.7N, 67.2W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 23.5N, 67.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.1N, 67.9W and a 12Z position near 24.0N, 68.0W with a 992 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.2N, 66.9W and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 67.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb near 24.0N, 67.2W. Ship highlights: center fix at 07Z at 23.3N, 67.1W with calm winds and a 995 mb central pressure (micro); 70 kt (max w encountered) at ~07Z at ~23.3N, ~67.1W (micro); 15 kt SSE and 996 mb at 15Z at 23.9N, 67.2W (micro); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 18Z at 23.7N, 66.9W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1257Z at 24.2N, 67.2W with a 994 mb central pressure and 80 kt max (flight level of 700 ft?) winds (micro); center fix at ~1502Z at 23.8N, 68.2W with a 992 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds (micro); center fix at 2022Z with 996 mb central pressure (micro). From ship... "Position 0700Z 23.3N, 67.1W. Pass about 20 miles closed center. Hurricane moving NNW about 16 knots with winds force 12 near center. Absolutely calm in the hurricane center. Heavy rain and winds force 10 thirty miles to eastern side. Barometer lowest pressure 994.6 mbs" (micro). From aircraft... "Navy 6- lowest pressure at 1257Z 994 mbs. Position 24.2N, 67.2W. Max winds 80 knots" (micro). From aircraft... "Navy: Entered eye from west side at 23.8N, 68.4W at 1500Z. Middle of eye diameter 20 miles. Light variable winds. Surface pressure 992 mbs. Max NW winds 80 knots..." (micro). From aircraft... "Entered eye 2020Z. Position 24.3N, 67.9W, wind and sea calm, low pressure 995.5. Left eye 2025Z, enter CB, winds in south quadrant less than 40 kt" (micro). "Rapid intensification continued as the storm moved north-northwestward on the 4th and 5th to about latitude 26N, longitude 67 to 68W, where it remained at nearly a standstill for 2 days, probably with a slow eastward drift" (MWR). "By Sunday night (the 4th), it was 500 miles SSW of [Bermuda]" (Tucker). September 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.3N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 25.8N, 66.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.4N, 68.6W and a 12Z position near 26.7N, 67.9W with a 982 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 67.0W and a 12Z position near 25.8N, 66.5W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 25.6N, 67.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 1005 mb at 00Z at 24.4N, 68.5W (micro). At least seven other gales (all of 35 kt) and at least five other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix from Navy plane [storm position estimate; no penetration] at 1513Z at 25.8N, 66.9W with strongest winds encountered of 90 kt [13 miles west of center or eye edge?] and lowest pressure encountered [peripheral] of 982 mb (micro); center fix by Air Force at 2124Z at 26.2N, 65.8W with 974 mb central pressure simultaneously with winds of between 0 to 8 knots, and the maximum winds encountered by the aircraft were 100 kt 40 miles south of center (micro). At least 12 other gales and at least nine other low pressures. From the Navy plane... "Unable penetrate storm. Circled west since due to 90 knots wind. Severe turbulence, no radar and common sense. Life raft door carried away. Life raft protruding. Within 13 miles of eye at 1510Z 25.8N, 67.3W. Some storm! Cleared storm 1532Z. Lowest pressure [encountered] 982 mb at 1513Z. SW side of storm no longer soft. Estimate center of storm at 1513Z 25.8N, 66.9W" (micro). "Received dispatch from Air Force plane saying 'We are in eye of the storm 2124Z 26.2N, 65.8W.' At 2130Z, Duck Hurep in the eye at 26.2N, 65.8W. Highest measured wind (in eye) 8 knots. Forty miles to south wind as high as 100 kt. Diameter of eye 20 miles. NE and SE quadrants have most activity" (micro). September 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.1N, 65.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 26.1N, 65.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.2N, 66.7W and a 12Z position near 26.6N, 65.8W with a 970 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.2N, 65.7W and a 12Z position near 26.6N, 64.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.0N, 65.3W. Ship highlights: At least 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 20Z at 25.6N, 64.0W (micro). At least seven other gales between 35-45 kt and at least 12 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt W (65 kt WSW at flight level of 800 feet) and 989 mb at 1330Z at 25.2N, 65.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (did not penetrate center) at 1340Z at 26.0N, 65.2W (below average position accuracy) with max winds of 100 to 120 kt (micro); center fix at 2105Z at 26.6N, 65.0W with max winds of 80 kt and max gusts of 100 kt (micro). At least nine other gales and at least three other low pressures between 993-994 mb. "0225Z Air Force radar fix (based on Loran) on center 26.3N, 66.8W" (micro). "Duck special: Center at 1340Z 26.0N, 65.2W located by drift. Some storm winds 100/120 knots" (micro). "Duck four: Storm center 26.4N, 64.8W at 2105Z; max winds 80 kt, gusts 100 kt. Duck five: position (of aircraft), winds (flight level?), and pressure (surface) follow (between 2215Z and 2245Z)- 27.2N, 65.0W, NE 74 kt, 993 mb; 26.1N, 65.6W, NNW 60 kt, 993 mb; 25.7N, 64.4W, SW 74 kt, 994 mb. Duck six remarks: correct storm center to 26.6N, 65.0W at 2105Z (replot from loran)" (micro). "By Tuesday [September 6th], the Miami Weather Bureau had estimated that the eye of the hurricane would pass as close as fifty miles to the west of Bermuda with a hurricane radius of more then a hundred miles and a velocity of 175 mph near the center" (Tucker). September 7: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.7N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 64.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 65.0W and a 12Z position near 27.4N, 64.9W with a 994 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.2N, 64.4W and a 12Z position near 28.2N, 64.0W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 64.0W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 00Z at 25.2N, 64.7W (micro); 40-65 kt at 01Z at 27.8N, 62.8W (micro); 50-65 kt at 12Z at 28.0N, 62.3W (micro, HWM); at least 50 kt ESE and 1000-1001 mb around 18Z from three ships at 29.3N, 62.3W, 29.9N, 62.6W, and 29.7N, 63.0W (micro); at least 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 20Z at 28.7N, 62.5W (micro). At least seven other gales and at least five other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 2000Z at 28.4N, 64.3W and 28.6N, 64.5W (micro); 120 + kt and 988 mb at ~ 20Z at 28.4N, 63.3W (micro). From ship Sharf & Mead... "Whole gale hurricane force 0100Z" (micro). From Air Force plane... "Duck 3- hurricane located by radar and loran fix estimated at 26.2N, 64.6W at 0540Z. Max error 20 miles. Diameter of eye 50 miles" (micro). "Air Force plane center 28.6N, 64.5W at 2000Z. Wind estimated 120 knots plus on east side. Heavy turbulence east and southeast" (micro). "Message at 2005Z: Storm center at 1910Z approximately 250 miles due south of Bermuda. Message at 2037Z: Storm center 28.6N, 64.5W at 1930Z. Estimated winds 120 knots plus on east side. Heavy turbulence from 50 miles southeast to 150 miles north" (micro). "By afternoon of September 7 it had become a hurricane of great size and severity, and a north to north-northeastward movement was resumed" (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 31.6N, 64.2W. HWM anlso analyzes a weak extratropical cyclone located several hundred miles to the northwest of the tropical cyclone near 39N, 71W with a warm front extending eastward from the extratropical low to beyond 41N, 56W and a cold front extending southwestward from the extratropical low to beyond 36N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 31.7N, 63.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.8N, 64.8W and a 12Z position near 31.8N, 64.7W with a 988 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 63.9W and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 63.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position with an extratropical low analyzed well northwest of the tropical cyclone similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 996 mb at 12Z at 30.2N, 65.8W (HWM). At least four other gales of 35 kt and at least six other low pressures between 999 and 1004 mb. Land highlights: 55 kt NE and 990 mb at 1630Z at Bermuda (micro). Aircraft highlights: (Eye edge or center fix?) at 0104Z at 29.8N, 64.4W (micro). "Entered eye 0104Z at 29.8N, 64.4W" (micro). "Radar center fix 1320Z near 31.8N, 63.8W" (micro). "The center passed 60 to 70 miles east of Bermuda about 11 am of September 8. Bermuda experienced strong gale winds but escaped hurricane force, since hurricane winds did not extend very far west of the center" (MWR). "The 'Royal Gazette' of Thursday, September 8th carried flaring headlines: HURRICANE WITH 140 MPH WINDS TO STRIKE BERMUDA EARLY TODAY and the colony entered its fifth day of hurricane tension. The hurricane had indeed changed course and when 400 miles due south of Bermuda had become almost stationary. The hurricane passed 65 miles to the east (of Bermuda) at 11:30 am on Thursday (September 8th) and not only was the colony unscathed but, as the Meteorological Station commented: 'We hardly had a gale'. At the dockyard, the floating dock had been submerged... 250 telephones were out of operation owing to salt spray, but not a single tree had fallen and only one house had lost one tile" (Tucker). September 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 60.0W with a complex frontal system approaching from the west located from 31N, 73W to 33N, 69W to 37N, 67W to 41N, 64W to 45N, 59W to 46N 55W to east of 45N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 59.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.1N, 63.0W and a 12Z position near 37.7N, 60.1W with a 988 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.9N, 61.6W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 59.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 978 mb centered near 38.2N, 59.6W. Ship highlights: 20 kt N and 993 mb at 18Z at 40.1N, 61.2W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1013 mb at 18Z at 32.1N, 57.4W (COA). At least 31 other low pressures between 993-1005 mb. Land highlights: 30 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 0130Z at Bermuda (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 0704Z at 36.0N, 60.7W (micro); 45 kt SW (50 kt WSW at flight level of 9,500 feet) and 1001 mb at 22Z at 38.6N, 56.2W (micro); 991 mb at 2215Z at 40.1N, 55.5W (micro); radar center fix at 2230Z at 41.8N, 56.7W (micro). "Air Force: storm center located by radar 0704Z 35.9N, 60.6W" (micro). "Radar fix 0704Z 36.0N, 60.7W" (micro). "Position given by Navy radar ship at 1200Z 38.3N, 59.0W" (micro). "Duck 7 reports center at 2230Z at 41.8N, 56.7W by radar" (micro). September 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 975 mb centered near 49.4N, 51.6W with a WNW-ESE warm front extending from 49.5N, 48W to 45N, 36W and a cold front extending from 48N, 51W to southwest of 36N, 57W. Also, another cold front is approaching several hundred miles to the west. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 48.9N, 53.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.3N, 57.1W and a 12Z position near 49.7N, 53.2W with a 970 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 42.5N, 57.4W. Microfilm analyzes a large low centered just off the map, but probably in the vicinity of 48.5N, 52.5W of at most 990 mb with a front to the west. Ship highlights: 40(?) kt W and 984 mb at 00Z at 42.1N, 60.0W (micro); 55 kt S and 980(?) mb at ~06Z at 44.3N, 56.3W (micro); 20 kt N and 979 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt E and 993 mb at 18Z at 55.5N, 46.5W (COA). At least four other gales and at least 19 other low pressures below 1000 mb. Land highlights: 40 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 18Z at 47.3N, 61.9W (micro). At least 3 other low pressures between 987-998 mb. "Hurep Duck received 1117Z: hurricane center 41.8N, 54.7W at 2230Z (9th?) by radar" (micro) [maybe they meant 0330Z on the 10th]. "SS Tabinta- 0800Z: 44.2N, 55.7W [position of ship]. High SSW swell. 992.3 mbs. Wind WNW, force 8" (micro). "North-northeast movement continued and the center passed very near Cape Race, Newfoundland, on the early morning of September 10, but by this time the storm had lost much of its force and it was becoming extratropical in character. There were no reports of damage" (MWR). September 11: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 61.2N, 47.0W with an occluded front wrapping around from the low well to the east and then south connecting to a triple point near 55N, 34W. A warm front extends from this triple point south-southeastward to 51N, 33W, and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 50N, 40W. Another cold front extends from a couple hundred miles south of the low southward to beyond 45N, 48W. Another low of at most 995 mb is plotted near 75N, 40W. HURDAT last lists this at 12Z as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 60.5N, 47.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 57.2N, 48.1W and a 12Z position near 64.3N, 41.5W with a 988 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 986 mb at 00Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA); 60 kt S and 998 mb at 00Z at 55.5N, 44.5W (COA). About 20 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least eight other low pressures between 987-1000 mb. Land highlight: 25 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 61.6N 49.6W (HWM). "SS Woenodrecht - 10370 - 35503 - 1111 046/32 - course 230 degrees. Storm probably 2 or 3 points starboard bow. Wind veering southward force 7. Overcast with heavy rain. Barometer is at lowest point" (micro). September 12: HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 68.3N, 33.0W. This storm apparently formed from the same easterly wave as 1949 storm 3. HURDAT starts this storm on 3 September at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm just east of Puerto Rico. Available observations indicate that a low was beginning to form near eastern Puerto Rico at 18Z on the 2nd. Sufficient evidence from ships and Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands exists that a closed circulation was present by 00Z on the 3rd at 18.5N, 65.4W, so genesis is analyzed to have occurred 6 hours prior to genesis in HURDAT as a 30 kt tropical depression. The cyclone moved north-northwestward and the analysis indicates that it rapidly intensified from a 30 kt tropical depression to a 70 kt hurricane from 00Z 3 September to 00Z 4 September. The previous HURDAT position at 06Z on the 3rd is too far to the southeast by about 1 degree. No change is made to the timing that this cyclone attained tropical storm strength (35 kt by 06Z on the 3rd). At 12Z on the 3rd, a ship reported a 35 kt gale with a 1003 mb pressure (the ship was analyzed to have a low bias of 1 to 2 mb). A peripheral pressure of 1004-1005 mb corresponds to a wind speed of greater than 37 to 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The 55 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd is not changed. Later on the 3rd, at 2025Z, a Navy aircraft performed a center fix and measured a central pressure of 987 mb, which corresponds to 68 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. 65 kt maximum winds were estimated on the flight. A central pressure of 987 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd, and 70 kt is analyzed for the intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd, up from 65 kt originally. At 07Z on the 4th, a ship was in the center and measured a central pressure of 995 mb with calm winds, and the ship also reported maximum winds of force 12 (hurricane force) near the center (force 12 is treated generally as 70 kt in the reanalysis). A central pressure of 995 mb equals 56 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship, and the 995 mb central pressure value is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 4th. 65 kt is chosen for 00Z and 60 kt for 06Z on the 4th (70 kt and 75 kt originally). There were also three aircraft center fixes later on the 4th, and central pressures between 992-996 mb were reported with each fix along with maximum winds of 80 kt. Central pressures of 994 mb are added into HURDAT at both 12Z and 18Z on the 4th. The latter value was determined by taking an average of the 992 and 996 mb central pressures reported at 1502Z and 2022Z respectively. The intensity is analyzed to be 60 kt at 12 and 18Z on the 4th, down significantly from 80 kt originally. The cyclone decelerated on the 4th, and its forward motion slowed to about 3 kt by the 5th with the storm located near 25-26N, 67W. There were two aircraft center fixes on the 5th. The in-flight summary message from the first fix (1513Z) says that the lowest pressure encountered by the aircraft was 982 mb at 1513Z, but it does not say the location of the aircraft at that time. It is unclear whether the aircraft penetrated the center on this fix, but - given the subsequent pressure measurement in the eye - the 982 mb is likely a central pressure value and is treated as such. 982 mb suggests winds of 76 and 74 kt from the south and north of 25N intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Given the subsequent small inferred RMW size, the intensity is analyzed to be 80 kt at 18Z on the 5th. The next center fix on the 5th was made by an Air Force plane at 2124Z. This plane clearly penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 974 mb. A central pressure of 974 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th. A central pressure of 974 mb from the 2124Z fix on the 5th yields a wind speed of 83 kt using the north of 25N and intensifying relationship. The aircraft estimated maximum winds at this time of 100 kt. The climatological RMW for this case is 20 nmi, and the radius of the eye was reported to be 9 nmi, which means that the RMW was likely less then the climatological value. 90 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 6th (down from 100 kt originally). The HURDAT intensity is decreased by between 10 - 20 kt all times between 12Z on 4 September and 06Z on 6 September. No more central pressure values were reported after the 974 mb at 2124Z on the 5th. There were, however, several more center fixes and a few more maximum wind estimates. The peak maximum wind estimate occurred at the fix on 7 September at 1930Z at 28.6N, 64.5W. Maximum winds were estimated in excess of 120 kt along with an eye radius of 22 nmi. HURDAT lists a peak intensity of 110 kt for this storm, and there is no evidence to change the value of the peak intensity in HURDAT. However, the time of the peak intensity is changed due to the previously mentioned wind estimate from aircraft. The peak intensity of 110 kt is now listed from 00Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th (previously 12Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th). On the 7th, after the storm had moved very slowly for 3 days, it accelerated towards the north-northeast, passing east of Bermuda on the 8th. It passed far enough to the east of Bermuda that gale winds were barely felt there. The largest track change between the 4th and the 9th of September was only seven-tenths of a degree (at 00Z on the 6th). There were no intensity changes made from September 8th at 12Z through the 10th at 12Z. On the 9th and 10th, the hurricane accelerated towards the north-northeast. The cyclone became extratropical at 06Z on the 10th (no change to timing of extratropical transition) with a 65 kt intensity (no change to HURDAT intensity). The cyclone made landfall in extreme eastern Newfoundland around 10Z on the 10th as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone on a track shifted slightly to the west of the previous HURDAT track. As the cyclone continued moving rapidly towards the north-northeast, the HURDAT intensity is raised slightly from 18Z on the 10th to 06Z on the 11th due to ship observations of higher winds. Just before the cyclone was absorbed, it made its final landfall on the southern coast of Greenland at 12Z on 11 September with a 45 kt intensity. No changes are made to the timing of when this cyclone was absorbed, and 12Z on the 11th is the final point in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 5 - Revised in 2014 34415 09/03/1949 M= 3 5 SNBR= 763 NOT NAMED XING=1 34420 09/03* 0 0 0 0*237 890 40 0*242 890 40 0*248 893 40 0* 34420 09/03* 0 0 0 0*237 890 35 0*242 890 40 0*250 893 45 0* ** *** ** 34425 09/04*259 896 40 0*276 901 40 0*293 906 40 1008*303 908 40 0* 34425 09/04*263 898 50 0*278 902 50 0*293 906 50 0*303 908 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** **** 34430 09/05*313 906 40 0*325 901 40 0*337 891 35 0*357 879 30 0* 34430 09/05*313 906 35 0*323 901 30 0*334 894 25 0*348 885 20 0* ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34435 TS U.S. Landfall: 09/04/1949 - 12Z - 29.3N, 90.6W - 50 kt Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall in Louisiana. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Surface Weather Observations, monthly (state and local) climatological data summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Conner (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 3: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22.5N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 89.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 4: HWM analyzes a more compact closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.0N, 89.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 29.3N, 90.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.5N, 90.3W and a 12Z position near 28.0N, 90.6W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.9N, 90.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 27.2N, 89.5W (micro). Two other gales. Station highlights: 37 kt (max wind) ESE and 1005 mb at 12Z at Grand Isle (micro, climo); center fix around ~14Z at Houma, LA (29.6N, 90.7W) with calm winds (max winds at Houma were estimated to be 50-60 kt from the east before the arrival of the center) (micro); 35 kt SE (maximum wind) and 1002 mb (minimum pressure) at New Orleans Airport Station (SWO); 13 kt NNW and 1007 mb (min pressure) at Baton Rouge (SWO). Four other gales and two other low pressures between (1004-1005 mb). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt S (flight-level gust 80 kt) at 1345Z at 28.7N, 89.1W (micro). One other gale of 40 kt. "The following reports were taken about 0630Z... Reports from Grand Isle... [oil] rig 36 [wind] east 35 mph, 10 ft waves; [oil] rig 40 [wind] east 50 mph, 15 ft waves; [oil] rig 38 [wind] ENE 34 mph shifted from SE about 1130 [pm central time- 0530Z]. Radar reports [likely from the New Orleans area]: Line of strong echoes 130 deg 40 mi to 105 deg 60 mi to 110 deg 30 mi (5 mi wide). Line of strong echoes 45 deg 40 mi to 60 deg 55 mi to 80 deg 10 mi. Area of moderate echoes 55 deg 30 mi, 85 deg 70 mi (20 mi wide). Area of moderate echoes 320 deg 20 mi, 205 deg 50 mi, 150 deg 55 mi, 130 deg, 70 mi, 140 deg 40 mi, 90 deg 15 mi, 20 deg, 29 mi" (micro). "50 mi frontal system located between 89-90 W oriented N-S, Torrential rains. Average winds 55 knots, gusts 80 knots in severe squalls. Request instruction" (micro). "Severe squall line located between 89-90 degrees west extending north and south between 29N and 26N. 50 miles wide north limit, 10 miles wide south limit. Winds east-northeastern portion 60 knots with 80 knots in heavy squalls. Weather west of this squall line scattered showers; winds south-southwest to southwest 25 to 30 knots, gusts 45 knots. Weather east of this squall line is overcast with moderate rain and moderate squalls. Winds south to southeast 35 to 45 knots with gusts to 55 to 65 knots in squalls. Moderate squalls extend to 30 north, 88 west. No alignment of squalls evident. Secondary weak squall line 10 miles side arranged northeast-southwest from position 28.6N, 90.5W" (micro). "About 1120 [Z, local am, or local pm?] or earlier Texas Co. at Houma reported wind had become calm. Had been easterly estimated at 60 to 70 mph" (micro). "Lowest S. L pres 1001.7 mb at 1000C Max wind SE 40+ mph gusts to 58 at 1000C Mdt to hvy wind squalls from 0455 to 1310C" (New Orleans SWO). "This storm originated in the Gulf of Mexico on the night of September 3-4. It took a northerly course and its center passed inland to the west of New Orleans on September 4 and to the east of Vicksburg, MS on the night of September 4-5. The highest wind reported was 45 mph about 10 am September 4 at Bay St. Louis, MS. Damage was reported in both Louisiana and Mississippi but it was small, probably less than $50,000. No lives were lost" (MWR). "The tropical disturbance which moved inland near Grand Isle during the night of September 3rd-4th moved northward into central Mississippi on the 5th and eastward into Alabama on the 6th before dissipating entirely. It formed rapidly in an area of squally weather located just off the coast and developed as it moved inland, as evidenced by the .08 inch lower pressure at New Orleans than Grand Isle. It was attended by a small area of high winds and an extensive area of rain, much of it heavy. The winds which accompanied this disturbance reached a speed of 42 mph at Grand Isle and 40 mph at New Orleans (Moisant Airport). The tide rose at Grand Isle to a height two feet above mean low water. It moved across both ends of the island, rendering the highway to the mainland impassible for several hours. A few beach cottages were damaged but the beach itself suffered considerable erosion from wave action. There were some reports of damage to sugar cane in Terrebonne parish but it was mostly negligible. Total damages have been estimated at not to exceed $12,500" (Louisiana climatological data). "The wind on the Mississippi coast reached 45-50 mph in the Bay St. Louis-Pass Christian area. High tides and winds damaged or destroyed several piers in this area and there was some damage to the pecan and tung crops in the southwest [Mississippi] coastal counties. The heavy rains ruined considerable cut hay in eastern Mississippi and caused some deterioration in quality of open cotton. Altogether, it is not believed that damages exceeded $12,500. Heavy rains attending this disturbance resulted in sharp rises in the Pearl, Leaf, Chickasawhay and Pascagoula Rivers" (Mississippi climatological data). From the Meridian, MS local climatological data... "By far the greatest amount fell on the 4-5th when excessive rain at the rate of 2.50 inches in 24 hours occurred. We had 3.26 inches in 17 hours. Some of the smaller streams overflowed their banks but no damage was reported" (Meridian, MS local climatological data). "Sep 4, landfall near Grand Isle, estimated lowest (lifetime) pressure 29.65 inches (1004 mb)" (Connor 1956). "Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 4, Louisiana, Minor" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb) (Dunn and Miller 1960). September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mississippi near 33N, 90W with an approaching cold front extending from central Indiana to southwestern Illinois to southwestern Missouri to southwestern Oklahoma. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.7N, 89.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 91.1W and a 12Z position near 33.4N, 91.1W with a 1008 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near HURDAT's 00Z position but it shows a 12Z position near 33.2N, 89.6W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 33.3N, 90.0W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes an open trough over Mississippi, Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, which may have been the remnants of the tropical cyclone with the frontal system approaching very near the trough. HURDAT no longer lists this tropical cyclone on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.5N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 34.4N, 87.0W with a 1013 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico on 3 September at 06Z, according to HURDAT. On the 3rd, there are no observations of gales, low pressures, or west winds south of the center, so it is possible that genesis occurred later than indicated in HURDAT. Although a tropical cyclone could not be confirmed on the 3rd, a tropical storm was confirmed on the 4th. Since there is little data in the area on the 3rd, no changes are made to the HURDAT track on the 3rd. On the 4th at 00Z a ship reported a wind of 45 kt. The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 4th is raised from 40 kt to 50 kt, and the position is moved slightly to the north-northwest of the original position based on that observation along with a few other ship observations in the area. The cyclone moved north-northwestward and made landfall 30 to 35 nmi west of Grand Isle, LA at 12Z on the 4th. The 1008 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th is removed since there are several observations of lower pressures both prior to and following landfall. Peripheral pressure observations suggest that the central pressure at landfall was not higher than 1000 mb, but a precise central pressure value for landfall cannot be determined. Within a couple of hours after landfall, the center of the cyclone passed directly over Houma, LA (the only center fix for this storm). No pressure was reported from Houma, and winds prior to the arrival of the center were estimated at 50 to 60 kt from the east. The highest official measured wind from a land station was 40 kt from the east-southeast at Grand Isle at 12Z with a pressure of 1005 mb. The lowest sea-level pressure observed from a land station was 1002 mb at New Orleans Airport Station at 1602Z with 35 kt SE winds. 50 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity and for 12Z (up from 40 kt originally). The position at landfall (12Z) is unchanged. 50 kt is also the new peak intensity of the tropical storm from 00Z to 12Z on the 4th, up from 40 kt originally. The storm moved northward and weakened as it moved inland. The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 5th is lowered from 40 kt to 35 kt, and at 06Z on the 5th, the intensity is lowered from 40 kt to 30 kt. The previous HURDAT shows no weakening for the first 18 hours after landfall, but observations clearly show that the winds had significantly weakened. There are no changes made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on the 5th, but the position at that time is adjusted a degree to the southwest and the intensity is lowered from 30 kt to 20 kt. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014 34440 09/05/1949 M= 7 6 SNBR= 764 NOT NAMED XING=0 34440 09/05/1949 M=12 6 SNBR= 764 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** 34445 09/05* 0 0 0 0*273 404 35 0*283 412 35 0*292 421 35 0* 34445 09/05* 0 0 0 0*273 404 35 0*283 412 35 0*292 420 35 0* *** 34450 09/06*302 430 40 0*316 442 40 0*329 447 40 0*337 447 40 0* 34450 09/06*302 428 40 0*316 435 40 0*329 437 40 0*340 435 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** 34455 09/07*344 444 40 0*350 438 40 0*355 432 40 0*358 426 40 0* 34455 09/07*343 427 40 0*344 417 40 0*345 410 40 0*347 410 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34460 09/08*360 420 40 0*361 415 40 0*360 410 40 0*355 407 40 0* 34460 09/08*350 410 40 0*353 410 40 0*355 410 40 0*355 407 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** 34465 09/09*348 407 40 0*341 419 40 0*344 433 40 0*348 438 40 0* 34465 09/09*350 407 40 0*345 419 40 0*342 433 40 0*343 438 40 0* *** *** *** *** 34470 09/10*352 442 40 0*355 445 40 0*359 447 40 0*367 448 40 0* 34470 09/10*344 442 40 0*346 445 40 0*352 445 40 0*360 446 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 34475 09/11*375 446 40 0*383 442 40 0*390 438 40 0*416 420 40 0* 34475 09/11*371 446 40 0*383 442 40 0*396 438 40 0*414 430 45 0* *** *** *** *** ** (The 12th to the 16th are new to HURDAT.) 34475 09/12*436 411 55 996E460 390 55 0E478 375 55 0E485 370 55 0* 34476 09/13E484 372 60 0E480 382 60 0E474 395 60 0E467 405 60 0* 34477 09/14E459 413 65 0E452 419 65 0E447 422 65 0E442 418 65 0* 34478 09/15E437 408 65 0E432 394 55 0E428 380 45 0E428 368 40 0* 34479 09/16E430 358 35 0E437 349 35 0E450 340 35 0E465 332 30 0* 34480 TS Major alterations are made to the track, but only minor alterations to the intensity for this storm. Also, major changes are made to the end of this cyclone's lifetime, with five days added primarily as an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28N, 41W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.3N, 41.2W. No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 33N, 45W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 32.9N, 44.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 06Z at 32.2N, 43.7W (COA). September 7: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35N, 42W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.5N, 43.2W. No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.8N, 41.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 36.0N, 41.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 42.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 34.4N, 43.3W. Ship highlight: 30 kt N and 1010 mb at 12Z at 35.0N, 44.3W (COA). No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 35.5N, 44.2W with a NNE-SSW cold front approaching, but still several hundred miles away extending from north of 46N, 51W to 40N, 53W to 35N, 58W to southwest of 32N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.9N, 44.7W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z at 35.9N, 45.2W (COA). No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N, 43.8W, with a cold front now only about 100 nautical miles away from the low extending from a separate extratropical low (1949 Storm #4), near 44N, 45W, southward and then southwestward from the extratropical low to 40N, 45W to 38N, 46W to 35N, 50W to southwest of 32N, 54W. HWM also analyzes another cold front just behind the aforementioned cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 39.0N, 43.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 46.1W and a 12Z position near 40.6N, 43.7W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 48N, 37.1W with a dissipating warm front extending from just northwest of the low, at 49N, 38W, northeastward to 55N, 36W to east-northeast of 60N, 25W. HWM also analyzes a warm/stationary front from 46N, 34W eastward to 46N, 25W and a cold front from 46N, 34W southward and then southwestward to 40N, 34W to 35N, 38W to southwest of 33N, 42W. HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.1N, 41.2W and a 12Z position near 47.6N, 36.8W with a 993 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1000 mb at 00Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 03Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA); 40 kt W and 1003 mb at 18Z at 46.8N, 38.6W (COA). Twenty other gales between 35-45 kt. September 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 48N, 38.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 50.1N, 36.7W and a 12Z position near 49.7N, 39.7W with a 982 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 45.0N, 41.3W (COA); at least 40 kt WNW and 984 mb at 46.5N, 40.0W (HWM); 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.0N, 41.4W (COA); 45 kt W and 986 mb at 18Z at 46.6N, 41.2W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 998 mb at 21Z at 44.3N, 41.9W (COA). 26 other gales between 35-50 kt, and one other pressure of 995 mb. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 45.5N, 41.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 47.5N, 40.1W and a 12Z position near 45.4N, 41.2W with a 989 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 998 mb at 00Z at 44.7N, 41.7W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 985 mb at 06Z at 45.9N, 41.2W (COA); 50 kt NW and 988 mb at 09Z at 45.2N, 42.7W (COA); 45 kt NE and 991 mb at 18Z at 44.8N, 41.8W (COA). 24 other gales between 35-50 kt and 16 other low pressures between 987-999 mb. September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.3N, 38.2W. HWM also analyzes a WNW-ESE cold front extending from 40N, 33W to ESE of 36N, 21W and a cold front extending from 40N, 33W to 33N, 36W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.4N, 40.1W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 38.4W with a 987 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 998 mb at 00Z at 45.5N, 40.0W (COA); 35 kt N and 990 mb at 18Z at 43.2N, 38.8W (COA). Four other gales between 35-40 kt and five other low pressures between 995-999 mb. September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 47.5N, 32W with an occluded front extending from the low wrapping around to a triple point at 45N, 23W. A warm front extends from the triple point to south-southeast of 36N, 20W, and a cold front extends from the triple point to 41N, 26W where it becomes a warm front that extends to 41N, 32W, and a continued complex frontal system extends from this southward to another low near 31N, 40W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.3N, 36.9W and a 12Z position near 46.5N, 35.1W with a 1001 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 00Z at 42.2N, 35.0W (COA); 20 kt NW and 998 mb at 06Z at 43.3N, 36.9W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 42.3N, 35.7W (COA, HWM); 25 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 34.1W (COA); 20 kt W and 1000 mb at 18Z at 44.5N, 34.0W (COA). Nine other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. No gales on this day. September 17: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 48.7N, 32.3W. A tropical storm formed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on 5 September near 27N, 40W. No changes are made to the timing of genesis, and no changes are made to the track or intensity on the 5th. The storm moved northwest until the 6th, when it reached a location near 33N, 44W. From the 7th to the 10th, the cyclone completed a small, clockwise loop during which time the cyclone moved very slowly. This loop is shown both in the analysis and in the original HURDAT, but is more irregular in the revisions. Minor changes to the positions are made on the 5th-6th and 8th-9th, but major alterations are introduced on the 7th due to ships indicating the position was well east-southeast of the original HURDAT. No changes are made to the intensity through the 10th. On September 10th at 18Z, a pressure of 1007 mb was observed simultaneously with a 30 kt N wind. A peripheral pressure of 1007 mb yields a wind speed of at least 35 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N. The HURDAT intensity of 40 kt is unchanged. The HURDAT position at 18Z is half a degree east and nearly one degree north of that observation, so the HURDAT position is moved southward a bit. After completing the clockwise loop on the 10th, the cyclone assumed a north-northeastward course on the 11th near 39N, 44W. The final position listed in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 11th as a 40 kt tropical storm. HURDAT is extended five days through the 16th of September (a major change to HURDAT) as analyses show that the cyclone remained a closed low and did not combine with any other system. This cyclone is analyzed to have remained a tropical storm until after the 12th at 00Z (6 hours later than originally). On the 12th at 00Z, a detailed analysis was performed to locate the center. Just north of the center, a ship recorded a 35 kt E wind with a pressure of 1000 mb. An analysis of the ship track observations reveals a high likelihood that this observation occurred near or inside the RMW. This suggests a central pressure of about 996 mb, utilizing the rough 10 kt ~ 1 mb rule. A central pressure of 996 mb yields a wind speed of 55 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A wind of 55 kt is chosen and a central pressure of 996 mb is added into HURDAT. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 12th. The cyclone was still moving towards the north-northeast, and the analyzed position at 12Z on the 12th is 47.8N, 37.5W as a 55 kt extratropical storm. At that time, the north-northeastward motion came to an abrupt halt since high pressure to the northeast of the cyclone prevented it from moving farther in that direction. From the 12th to the 15th, the cyclone traveled in a counterclockwise loop, reaching its peak extratropical intensity of 65 kt from 18Z on the 13th through 00Z on the 15th. By the 14th of September, the temperature gradient had disappeared, and it is analyzed as an occluded low on the 14th. On the 15th, the occluded low started to weaken, and the winds were down to 45 kt by 12Z on the 15th with an analyzed position of 42.8N, 38.0W. On the 16th, the low moved towards the northeast and continued to weaken, but it was still closed. The position at 12Z on the 16th is 45.0N, 34.0W, with an intensity of 35 kt. The final position before dissipation is at 18Z on the 16th. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 7 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014 34485 09/11/1949 M= 4 7 SNBR= 765 NOT NAMED XING=0 34486 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E310 728 40 0* 34487 09/12E320 725 40 0E327 730 40 0*332 740 40 0*336 751 45 0* 34488 09/13*339 763 40 0*342 776 35 0*344 787 30 0*345 791 25 0* 34489 09/14*349 791 25 0*353 787 25 0*358 780 25 0*366 773 25 0* 34489 TS U.S. Landfall: 9/13/1949 08Z - 34.3N, 77.8W - 35 kt HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 11 September to 14 September and made landfall near Wilmington, NC on 13 September as a 35 kt tropical storm. This new storm was also noted in Jack Beven's list of suspects. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.8N, 76.9W with a stationary front extending eastward from the low to 31N, 65W and a cold front extending from the low southwestward and then west-southwestward to 28N, 80W to 27N, 83W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 77.8W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but instead analyzes a weak low located in a trough with some fronts analyzed. No relevant gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.7N, 72.6W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 30N, 64W and a cold front extending from the low southwestward and then westward to 26N, 76W to 25N, 83W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclone shows a 00Z position near 30.1N, 74.7W and a 12Z position near 30.4N, 72.0W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 30.5N, 71.6W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1016 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt E and 1014 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 72.4W (micro). September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N, 74.5W with an occluded front plotted from 33.5N, 75W to 34.5N, 74W to a triple point at 35N, 73W. A warm front extends southeastward from this triple point to 31N, 63W and a dissipating cold front extends from the triple point to 32N, 71W to 28N, 72W to 26N, 74W to 23N, 79W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 71.8W and a 12Z position near 33.6N, 73.9W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 32.3, 74.5W with a front extending from 32N, 75W to 34N, 73W to 31N, 68W and another front extending from 32N, 75W to 30N, 73W to 27N, 74W to 24N, 80W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.7N, 75.2W with an occluded front extending from the low to 35N, 73W to a triple point at 32N, 70W. One front extends southeastward from the triple point and another front extends southwestward from the triple point. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z at 34.0N, 72.8W (COA, micro); 40 kt ENE at 18Z at 35.1N, 75.3W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 33.9N, 75.5W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 34.7N, 74.1W (micro). Nine other gales of 35 kt. Lowest pressure was the 1008 mb (mentioned above). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.2N, 78.1W with a warm front plotted extending from the low to 37N, 76W to 37N, 71W to 36N, 68W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.7N, 76.0W and a 12Z position inland in North Carolina near 34.8N, 78.0W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.5N, 75.8W with a front extending from the low to 36N, 75W to 37N, 73W to 36N, 71W to 33N, 69W. Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.5N, 77.0W with no fronts analyzed. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1009.5 mb centered near 34.3N, 78.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 00Z at 32.8N, 75.9W (COA, micro); 35 kt N and 1010 mb at 00Z at 33.6N, 77.5W (micro); 35 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z at 36.6N, 74.2W (COA); 25 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 33.8N, 75.0W (COA, micro). Two other gales of 35 kt. Land/station highlights: 30 kt SSW at 06Z at 34.5N, 76.9W (micro); 10 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 34.3N, 77.9W (micro); 15 kt E and 1009 mb at 06Z at 34.9N, 76.8W (micro). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 36.1N, 77.8W located in a warm sector with a cold front approaching from the west. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.0N, 79.6W and last shows a position at 06Z near 34.5N, 80.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 36.0N, 77.4W with a frontal analysis somewhat similar to the HWM analysis. No gales or low pressures. On 10 September, a broad area of low pressure formed associated with a frontal system just off the southeast coast of the U.S. A closed low formed by 18Z on 11 September. This system is started as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 31N, 73W at 18Z on 11 September, as the cyclone's structure was still frontal on that date. It is analyzed that this system became a 40 kt tropical storm by 12Z on 12 September near 33N, 74W, as the frontal features had dissipated. Also, stronger winds observed simultaneously with the lowest observed pressures were observed not far from the center. One of these is a 35 kt gale from the west-northwest with 1008 mb about 40 nmi south of the analyzed position of the center at 00Z on the 13th. The peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed at 18Z on 12 September. Several gales were observed within 100 nmi of the center. The cyclone moved towards the west-northwest and made landfall in North Carolina near Wilmington at 08Z on the 13th as a 35 kt tropical storm at 34.3N, 77.8W. After landfall, the storm weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 13th. By 18Z on the 13th, the analyzed position is 34.5N, 79.1W as a 25 kt tropical depression. The depression then turned to the north-northeast but moved very slowly. The last point is at 18Z on the 14th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 36.6N, 77.3W, which is inland near the NC/VA border. After that, the circulation was absorbed by a front as it was dissipating. While satellite imagery is not available to confirm the convective structure, it is likely that today this system would have been classified as a subtropical on the 12th and early on the 13th. By the time of landfall, the cyclone contained many characteristics of a true tropical cyclone at landfall, including strong winds with low pressures near the center, no temperature gradient across the low, and the substantial symmetry to the wind field. The mid-level evolution supports this life cycle as well as seen from the 12Z 500 mb observations/analyses from the Historical Weather Maps: 11th - mid-level trough perhaps cut off low centered off of the Carolinas, 12th - mid-level low is more distinct, troughing has dissipated, 13th - mid-level low is stronger and is located just southeast of the surface center, and 14th - mid-level low weakens and is south of the surface center. From the 12th through the 14th, the Greensboro rawindsonde 500 mb temperature rose from -9C, to -6C, to -4C as the system approached, suggesting that it was warm-core in the middle levels. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 8 (was Storm 7) - Revised in 2014 34485 09/13/1949 M= 5 7 SNBR= 765 NOT NAMED XING=0 34485 09/13/1949 M= 5 8 SNBR= 766 NOT NAMED XING=0 * *** 34490 09/13* 0 0 0 0*155 337 35 0*170 331 35 0*178 329 35 0* 34490 09/13* 0 0 0 0*160 320 35 0*170 326 35 0*178 329 35 0* *** *** *** 34495 09/14*188 326 40 0*200 323 40 0*211 320 45 0*220 319 45 0* 34495 09/14*188 326 40 0*200 325 40 0*211 323 45 0*218 321 50 0* *** *** *** *** ** 34500 09/15*229 318 45 0*237 317 50 0*245 315 50 0*254 313 50 0* 34500 09/15*227 318 50 0*236 317 50 0*245 315 50 0*254 313 50 0* *** ** *** 34505 09/16*264 310 45 0*276 306 40 0*287 301 40 0*294 298 35 0* 34510 09/17*300 297 30 0*305 297 30 0*310 297 25 0*315 297 25 0* 34510 09/17*300 297 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34515 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and McAdie et al. (2009). September 11: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM plots a spot low (not closed) near 10N, 33W located in a trough. HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 32.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.0N, 33.1W. No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 32.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.1N, 32.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW at 18Z at 20.5N, 33.7W (COA). September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 31.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 31.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 21.3N, 34.0W (micro) September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.4N, 29.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.7N, 30.1W. No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.3N, 29.9W with an approaching cold front extending from 40N, 28W to 35N, 31W to 30N, 36W to west-southwest of 31N, 43W; however, the portion of the cold front southwest of 33N, 33W is analyzed as a dissipating cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.0N, 29.7W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm formed, according to HURDAT, at 06Z on 13 September in the eastern Atlantic at 15.5N, 33.7W. The 11th and 12th of September were searched. Although a closed circulation was not found, it is possible that there could have been a closed circulation on the 11th and/or the 12th, but data in the area is sparse. No changes are made to the timing of genesis. However, some track changes are made on the 13th. The position at 06Z on the 13th is moved about 1.8 degrees to the east-northeast of the previous HURDAT position. Also, climatological tracks for mid-September indicate that the north-northeastward motion for the beginning of the track in this location is a significant outlier in the entire HURDAT database from 1851-2006 inclusive (McAdie et al. 2009). Therefore, an initial motion in a north-northwest direction is shown with a slight curve to the north-northeast by 18Z on the 13th. The HURDAT position at 18Z on the 13th is unchanged. The track changes from the remainder of this system's lifetime were all less than half of a degree. A number of observations by the same ship between 06Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th confirmed the existence of this tropical storm. At 18Z on the 14th, the ship recorded 45 kt winds with an unknown pressure, and at 00Z on the 15th, 45 kt winds with a 1004 mb pressure was recorded. Since a central pressure of less than 1004 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 39 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and the highest observed wind was 45 kt, the 45 kt intensity in HURDAT is increased to 50 kt at both 18Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th. It is possible that this storm could have been a hurricane, but observations were limited, and there were no observations of the peak intensity of the storm. The extremely minor track change at 18Z on the 14th pushes the storm slightly closer to the ship observation at that time. No more track or intensity changes are made for this storm after 06Z on the 15th since data are sparse. The cyclone continued to move north-northeastward, and by the 17th, observations of pressures near 1020 mb with weak winds near the HURDAT position indicate that the low had likely dissipated. Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT previously. The reanalyzed final position is at 00Z on the 17th, with the HURDAT track and intensity unchanged. Hurricane Fred of 2009 is perhaps a decent analog for this storm. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 9 (was storm 8) - Revised in 2014 34520 09/20/1949 M= 7 8 SNBR= 766 NOT NAMED XING=0 34520 09/20/1949 M= 7 9 SNBR= 767 NOT NAMED XING=0 * *** 34525 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 920 35 0*266 923 35 0* 34525 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 918 35 0*264 923 35 0* *** *** 34530 09/21*269 930 40 0*268 933 40 0*266 935 45 0*263 940 45 0* 34530 09/21*266 928 40 0*266 933 45 0*266 935 50 0*266 940 55 0* *** *** *** ** ** *** ** 34535 09/22*260 950 50 0*267 952 50 0*271 941 55 0*263 940 55 0* 34535 09/22*262 944 55 0*258 945 55 0*256 945 55 0*255 943 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 34540 09/23*255 940 60 0*248 943 60 0*240 946 60 0*230 949 70 0* 34540 09/23*253 940 55 0*248 941 55 0*240 942 60 0*228 946 60 0* ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 34545 09/24*222 952 75 0*220 955 80 0*219 959 85 0*217 961 85 0* 34545 09/24*222 952 65 0*220 957 65 0*219 961 70 0*219 965 75 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 34550 09/25*216 961 85 0*214 961 80 0*210 960 80 0*206 958 75 0* 34550 09/25*216 967 80 0*212 968 80 0*209 966 80 0*206 964 75 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 34555 09/26*203 958 65 0*197 959 55 0*188 962 35 0*181 965 20 0* 34555 09/26*203 962 65 0*197 963 55 0*190 963 35 0*181 965 20 0* *** *** *** *** 34560 HR International Landfall: 9/26 - 08Z - 19.5N 96.3W - 55 kt - Mexico Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane in the western Gulf of Mexico. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Cry et al. (1959), and Tannehil (1956). September 19: HWM analyzes an 'L' in a trough (not a closed low) near 25.5N, 92.0W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low. Aircraft highlights: 35* kt SE (30 kt at flight level) and 1010 mb at 23Z at 23.9N, 90.9W (micro). From aircraft late in the day... "Passed through heavy rain area 10 miles wide near 24.7N, 89.5W" (micro). "A weak wave passed from the extreme northwest Caribbean Sea into the Gulf of Mexico during the morning of September 18, moving west-northwestward. Reconnaissance flights on September 19 and 20 found no evidence of a closed circulation" (MWR). September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.2N, 93.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 92.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.9N, 93.0W and a 12Z position near 25.7N, 93.6W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.7N, 92.5W at 12Z. Aircraft highlights: 35* kt N (30 kt at flight level of 1000 feet) at 15Z at 27.9N, 93.4W (micro); 40* kt S (35 kt at flight level of 600 feet) at 17Z at 24.7N, 91.1W (micro). Two other flight-level gales of 35-40 at 1000 feet. September 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.4N, 94.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.6N, 93.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.0N, 95.0W and a 12Z position near 24.8N, 95.3W with a 1002 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z is not sure where the tropical cyclone is but at 18Z puts the position near 26.6N, 94.1W inside a low of at most 1002 mb. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 1758Z at 26.6N, 94.1W (micro); 50 kt SE (not sure whether surface wind or flight level wind) and 998 mb at 1758Z at 26.8N, 94.0W (micro). From aircraft... "Entered storm NE side; [wind] to 50 knots from 140 degrees. [1758Z] lat 26.8N, [lon] 94.0W. Radar eye estimated 26.6N, 94.1W. Engine out; departing [for] Corpus Cristi. Lowest pressure [encountered] 998 mb (1758Z)" (micro). "Reconnaissance flights on September 21, however, placed the center at latitude 26.4N, longitude 94.0W at noon. The seas were rough along the Louisiana and Texas coasts and heavy squalls occurred locally along the Texas coast September 21-23. The highest wind reported at a coastal station was 51 mph (44 kt) at Port Isabel. Tides along the Texas coast were generally 2 to 2.5 feet above normal" (MWR). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.6N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 27.1N, 94.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 94.6W and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 95.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.0N, 93.5W and a 12Z position near 26.5N, 94.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 27.0N, 93.6W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 00Z at 22.3N, 95.8W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 22Z at 25.8N, 92.4W (micro). From post flight report of Air Force in the western Gulf (likely late afternoon on the 21st or around 00Z on the 22nd)... "Just talked to weather man from ship that flew Gulf. He says that the furthest west position they went to was 94W and that west of them the sky appeared to be clearing and that nothing showed on their radar scope to the west from there. He also says that he wanted to investigate the area south of their course about 92 to 94 west but it was too dark. True enough that the sun was high in the heavens but that under the clouds and rain it was dark as pitch. Awfully sorry they didn't get out there earlier. They seemed to think that the radar was slightly confusing as at one time they had two centers on their scope- one to north and one on course. Flew through one of these and no wind shift no nothing seemed to think that radar not too useful with all the interference from clouds, rain, etc. More weather and rain than he has seen before ever. Also seems to think that most likely place for storm to be is somewhere near 25 or so. But could be a degree any way from that except north" (micro). "[0530Z or 0830Z?] Navy Radar: No hurricane indications visible. Crescent shaped storm indications only lying 030 true approximately 150 miles long varying 10-50 miles thick. Best approximation of geographical center of storm 27N, 94W. Indications not solid. Contains heavy thunderstorms. No estimate winds. Will remain in area to obtain whether further information is possible" (micro). September 23: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 26.0N, 94.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 94.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.4N, 94.6W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low (maybe because they did not know where the storm was located). Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 92.4W (COA); 45 kt NNW and 1024 mb at 18Z at 19.4N, 95.5W (should we throw out this ob completely, or is the 45 kt believable?) (COA). Aircraft highlights: 50* kt (45 kt at flight level of 9,500 feet) probably around midday at some point on a straight line path from 26N, 97.5W to 19N, 92W (micro). "0515Z: Extensive squalls erratic in pattern covering area approximately 150 mile square. Approximate center 27.5N, 93.2W. No indication of cyclonic formation at present. 0640Z: No definite radar confirmation of a cyclonic disturbance. Entire area appears to be under influence of frontal activity. 0835Z: Radar reconnaissance... area reveals no actual hurricane circulation. Presence all necessary weather less circulation indicates storm did not deepen or form. Actual weather squalls, fronts, rain are present in area with no definite center" (micro). On a flight from Brownsville, TX (26N, 97.5W) to 19N, 92W on a straight line path... "SE 50 mph (45 kt) at 9,500 feet. Surface [wind] estimated 60 mph (50 kt)" (micro). "2215Z: Squall line E to W 100 miles either direction (24.6N, 94.3W)" (micro). "On September 23 reports by radar and by plane indicated that this hurricane had dissipated" (MWR). September 24: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.7N, 95.4W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 21.9N, 95.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a separate system from the system it showed on the 22nd. It shows a 00Z position near 21.8N, 94.9W and a 12Z position near 22.4N, 95.4W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 21.7N, 95.6W, and at 12Z, microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: At least 50 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.0N, 96.0W (HWM); 60 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z at 22.1N, 96.5W (COA). Three other gales between 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0012Z at 21.8N, 95.7W with highest measured winds of 52 kt (assume at flight level), estimated max (surface or flight level?) winds of 65 kt, and lowest pressure encountered 997 mb (at the edge of the eye?) (micro); radar center fix at 0733Z at 21.9N, 95.8W (micro); radar center fixes around ~18Z at 22.0N, 96.3W (position approximate) and 22.0N, 96.0W (maybe more accurate) with max wind encountered (assume flight level?) 75 kt from the SE (micro); 40 kt NW at 2315Z(?) at 21.6N, 96.9W (micro). Three other gales of 40 kt between 1715Z-1745Z between 22.2-22.7N, 95.5-96.8W (micro). "Storm definitely fixed by radar at 21.8N, 95.7W at 0012Z. Center 20 miles across. Highest measured winds 52 knots (but max) estimated to 65 knots. Pressure on [rim?] of eye 997 mbs. Moderate rain and light turbulence" (micro). From Navy radar plane... "0600Z: Only widely scattered indications remaining of storm covered last two nights. Proceeding to new storm area. Plan to land and standby. 0840Z: Center of storm 0733Z 21.9N, 95.8W. Has appearance of forming hurricane. Eye not completely formed. Storm diameter approximately 100 miles but still irregular in shape. 60 miles to NW turbulence and precipitation. Winds undetermined" (micro). "Estimate center bearing 65 degrees and 68 miles from Cape Rojo, Mexico (Cape Rojo is located at 21.6N, 97.3W). Estimate center 20 miles southwest of closest penetration which was 22.2N, 95.8W. Rain moderate to occasionally heavy. Max winds encountered 140 degrees 75 knots" (micro). "This hurricane developed within an easterly wave which had been stagnant over the western Gulf for the previous 3 days. A center was definitely located by airborne radar at 6 pm September 24 [or 6 pm September 23?] at latitude 21.8N, longitude 95.7W and a wind of 52 knots was reported" (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.8N, 95.9W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 96.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.0N, 96.3W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 21.1N, 96.3W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 999 mb at 00Z at 20.7N, 96.7W (micro); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 06Z at 21.7N, 96.4W (COA); 70 kt SW and 998 mb at 06Z at 20.4N, 96.7W (MWR, micro); 40(?) kt WSW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 20.4N, 96.2W (micro). Three other ship gales between 35-50 kt and two other low pressures of 1001 and 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 35 kt WNW at 18Z at Nautla, Mexico (20.3N, 96.8W) (micro); 35-50 kt at Nautla, Mexico for many hours on the 25th (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 40* kt S at 0030Z at 21.5N, 95.4W (micro); 40* kt SW at 01Z at 20.7N, 95.4W (micro); radar center fix at 0531Z at 20.8N, 95.8W (micro); radar center fixes at 0620Z and 08Z at 20.8N, 96.0W (micro); radar center fix at 2251Z at 20.2N, 96.2W (micro). "Navy radar plane: First report... fix estimated eye 20.8N, 95.8W at 0531Z. Storm is well-developed. Second report... aircraft radar fix over Cape Rojo. Eye of storm at 20.8N, 96.0W at 0620Z. Believe this fix is accurate. Third report... radar fix eye 0800Z 20.9N, 96.0W. Estimated radius of storm extends from eye to NW 70 miles, NE 90 miles, SE 60 miles, SW 65 miles. Including outer wall, there are 44 well-defined miles extending from the eye. Final report storm tonight. Believe position of (ship) P. Llano to be one degree too far west" (micro). "Storm located by radar 2251Z 20.2N, 96.2W. Definitely 20 miles across. North quadrant appears strongest; west [quadrant] weakest" (micro). "During the night of the September 24 the SS Potrero del Llano reported winds as high as 80 mph. The storm weakened during the 25th. Winds at Nautla, Mexico during a large part of September 25 were 40-60 mph (35-50 kt)" (MWR). September 26: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.8N, 96.2W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 20.0N, 95.9W. Microfilm at 06Z shows a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 19.9N, 96.2W and by 12Z microfilm no longer shows the deep, compact, closed low that it showed previously. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0550Z at 19.8N, 96.3W (micro); center fix around ~0815Z at 19.7N, 96.3W (position approximate) (micro). No gales or low pressures. "0550Z: Storm position 19.8N, 96.3W. Eye not complete; probably partly over land; approximately 15 miles diameter. Weather 45 miles north of storm- moderate rain and turbulence. Weather [extends?] to north and northeast approximately 150 miles. Will investigate to south. [Sent at 0815Z]: Storm becoming too confused to obtain accurate fix on eye. Believe it has moved approximately 5 miles SSW. Eye flattening out and almost completely over coastline. Rest of storm very irregular in shape and [cloud] density. No indication storm recurving or reforming. Cannot accomplish anymore tonight- departed for base" (micro). "By the morning of the 26th its remains had passed inland between Nautla and Vera Cruz, Mexico. Nautla was the only coastal station that reported high winds" (MWR). This system was interesting in that all publications prior to Cry et al. (1959) including the Monthly Weather Review list this as two separate storms. The earlier publications show the first of these storms forming on 20 or 21 September near the location where HURDAT shows this storm forming. That system is shown to have moved towards the Texas coast by 22 September, dissipating on that date. The earlier publications also show another storm developing in the southern Gulf of Mexico on the 23rd or 24th making landfall in southern Mexico as a hurricane on the 26th. Publications since Cry et al. (1959) including HURDAT show this as one system. HURDAT does not show that this storm moved very near the Texas coast. The track shows a southward motion from the 22nd through landfall on the 26th. Upon conducting the reanalysis for this storm, it was found that while there was a distinct trough in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 21st and 22nd, there is not enough evidence to discredit the scenario in HURDAT that there was only one tropical cyclone. The presence of a trough was apparent in the central Gulf of Mexico on 19 September. This trough became a closed low and a tropical storm at 12Z on 20 September (no change to timing of genesis or intensity at genesis). The cyclone moved slowly westward at first early on the 21st in the west-central Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT previously showed a clockwise loop in the track from the 18Z the 21st to 12Z the 22nd. The HURDAT position on the 22nd at 12Z is too far north, and is adjusted 1.6 degrees to the south-southwest of the previous position (the largest track change analyzed for this storm). Therefore, the loop indicated in HURDAT appears unrealistic and is eliminated. The new track shows a turn to a southerly direction by 00Z on the 22nd, and the cyclone is analyzed to have continued in a general southerly direction until landfall on the 26th. An important observation that somewhat supports the one storm scenario (described above) is a ship observation at 22Z on the 22nd of 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 25.8N, 92.4W. This observation, along with the commentary on the 22nd suggest the existence of a tropical cyclone on the 22nd and 23rd well to the south of where other sources such as MWR showed the first storm approaching the Texas coast. It is still possible that the circulation on the 21st moved towards Texas and that a new circulation developed and moved south, but there is not enough evidence to support this scenario. (It is noted, however, that this ship late on the 22nd was not entirely consistent with the limited aircraft reconnaissance data obtained at about the same time.) Because of the observation at 22Z on the 22nd, the HURDAT position at 00Z on the 23rd is unchanged. A Navy aircraft performed a center fix at 1758Z on the 21st, but it did not fly into the center. It flew to the 50 kt isotach before circumnavigating the storm. A surface pressure of 998 mb with 50 kt winds from the SE was measured on this flight while flying at an altitude of 1000 feet at 26.8N, 94.0W at 1758Z on the 21st. The aircraft at this location was 13 nmi from the center of the eye, as seen on the plane radar. The Scholemer equation was used to obtain the central pressure [using the assumption that the RMW was 12 nmi]. This yields a value of 991 mb for the central pressure. Due to the uncertainty in the exact central pressure value, the value of 991 mb is not added into HURDAT. However, there is enough information to increase the HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 21st. A 991 mb central pressure would yield a wind speed of 58 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. The RMW is less than 13 nmi while the climatological RMW for this latitude and intensity is 20 nmi. However, the storm was slow-moving. An intensity of 55 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 21st (up from 45 kt originally). The strongest observed wind on the 22nd was 45 kt with a pressure of 1007 mb from a ship at 22Z. There is very little data available near the cyclone on the 23rd as there was no aircraft reconnaissance sent out because the Weather Bureau did not realize that a tropical cyclone still existed on that day. At 0012Z on the 24th, aircraft located the cyclone (now a hurricane, or at least a strong tropical storm) at 21.8N, 95.7W, and this was confirmed by several more center fixes later the same day. Therefore, the cyclone is analyzed to have moved towards the south on the 23rd. The aircraft reconnaissance crew and the meteorologists at the U.S. Weather Bureau believed that this was a new hurricane, and advisory number one was issued on this hurricane at 0230Z on the 24th. HURDAT indicates that this hurricane is still the same cyclone that existed on the 22nd, as first published by Cry et al. (1959). On the flight on the 24th at 0012Z, a maximum (flight level?) wind of 52 kt was measured and maximum surface winds of 65 kt were estimated. The aircraft measured a lowest peripheral pressure of 997 mb very close to the eye, likely near the RMW. Moderate rain and light turbulence were reported. The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 24th is decreased from 75 to 65 kt. The maximum wind encountered by an aircraft on a midday flight on the 24th was 75 kt 25 miles from the eye. A pressure of 1005 mb was measured at this time/location. The HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 24th is lowered from 85 to 75 kt. Ships reported winds of 50 kt at 12Z on the 24th, 60 kt at 18Z and 00Z on the 25th, and 70 kt at 06Z on the 25th. There is no evidence that any of these observations occurred at or inside the RMW. The 70 kt was observed simultaneously with a 998 mb pressure. On the 24th, the cyclone meandered slowly westward, but it resumed a slow southward course on the 25th and made landfall on the 26th at 08Z at 19.5N, 96.3W (between Nautla and Veracruz). On the 25th, the track is shifted about half a degree to the west of the previous track. The highest observed wind from a coastal station in Mexico was 50 kt at Nautla late on the 25th, while the cyclone was still over water. The analyzed closest approach of the cyclone to Nautla (around 00Z on the 26th) was about 30 nmi (Nautla was on the right side of the storm). The landfall point at 08Z on the 26th is about 20 nmi from Veracruz (Veracruz was on the left side of the storm). No strong winds or any damage was reported from Veracruz (MWR). Therefore, the cyclone likely began weakening prior to landfall, which is consistent with what HURDAT showed originally. The maximum intensity for this cyclone listed in HURDAT previously was 85 kt from the 24th at 12Z through the 25th at 00Z. The revised maximum intensity is 80 kt on the 25th at 00Z and 06Z. The largest downward intensity adjustment for this storm is 15 kt (on the 24th), and the largest upward intensity adjustment for this storm is 10 kt (on the 21st). Descriptions from the aircraft radar are consistent with the existing weakening shown in HURDAT before landfall, going from 80 kt at 06Z on the 25th to 55 kt at 06Z on the 26th, which are unchanged. The analyzed landfall intensity in Mexico is 55 kt, also unchanged from original HURDAT. Available information indicates that the cyclone rapidly weakened after landfall over mountainous terrain, and the HURDAT intensities at 12 and 18Z on the 26th of 35 and 20 kt respectively are unchanged. The last point in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 26th at 18.1N, 96.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression, and no changes to the position, intensity, or timing of dissipation were made at 18Z on the 26th. The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 26th. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 10 (was storm 9) - Revised in 2014 34565 09/21/1949 M= 2 9 SNBR= 767 NOT NAMED XING=0 34565 09/20/1949 M= 3 10 SNBR= 768 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * ** *** (The 20th is new to HURDAT.) 34568 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*142 608 40 0*147 618 45 0* 34570 09/21* 0 0 0 0*162 625 60 0*164 653 65 0*169 666 70 0* 34570 09/21*152 629 50 0*158 641 60 0*164 653 65 0*171 666 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** 34575 09/22*173 678 70 0*178 688 70 0*182 699 65 0*185 720 35 0* 34575 09/22*175 676 70 0*178 686 65 0*182 695 55 0*185 706 35 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** 34580 HR International landfall Sep. 22nd, 15Z, 18.4N 70.0W, 55 kt, Dominican Republic Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the U.S Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Surface Weather Observations, and Local Climatological Data, and Perez (1971). September 19: Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 16N, 60W south-southwestward to 10N, 63W. No gales or low pressures. From aircraft... "Passed through strong easterly wave near Antigua. Encountered severe squalls" (micro). September 20: HURDAT does not yet list this as a system on this day. Microfilm at 12Z shows a low, not closed, near 15.5N, 59.5W with several easterly aircraft gales north of the low and a trough or wave axis extending from 18N, 59W to 11N, 64W. Microfilm first shows a closed low at 18Z of at most 1008 mb near 15N, 62W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 00Z at 18.5N, 56.3W (micro). Aircraft highlights: several observations of 40 kt E-ESE and 1014-1015 mb between 1230-1530Z between 16.4-19.0N, 58.3-61.4W (micro). A couple of other gales. From aircraft... "Crossed extensive squall line 40 miles long, 2 miles wide at 16.6N, (58-59W). Severe line squall near (~16.4N, ~59.3W). Heavy rain and turbulence but no drop in pressure; max [flight-level?] wind 55 knots. No evidence of circulation; strong winds and severe squalls throughout" (micro). "Recon reports strong easterly wave centered (near 15.2N, 61.3W) with a 1007 mb surface pressure at 1815Z" (micro). "On September 20 a rather strong easterly wave was crossing the Lesser Antilles. Two reconnaissance flights searched for suspicious areas for a possible tropical storm but no closed circulation was found that day" (MWR). September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.9N, 64.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.4N, 65.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 11Z at 16.5N, 64.5W (COA); 51 kt WSW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 15.7N, 64.0W (micro, MWR, COA); 40 kt SE and 1010 mb at 15Z at 15.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 14.5N, 63.5W (COA). Three other gales from the same ship. All 7 ship gale observations on this day were from the same ship. Land/station highlights: 40 kt E and 1011 mb at 06Z at Ponce, Puerto Rico (18.0N, 66.6W) (micro); at least 65 kt (max w, likely to be estimated gust) at St. Croix (17.7N, 64.7W) (Perez); 40 kt E (max w) with 1008 mb (min p) at 2224Z (max gust of 55 ktt E at 2324Z) at Aguadilla, Ramey Air Force Base (18.5N, 67.1W) (SWO, Perez); 36 kt E (max gust) at San Juan, Puerto Rico (Perez). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1406Z at 16.4N, 65.6W with max surface winds of 45 kt and surface gusts to 65 kt and a 1006 mb peripheral pressure reported (micro); center fix at 1728Z at 17.1N, 65.9W with 65 kt winds (surface or flight level?) NW of center with max winds estimated at 75 kt (surface or flight level?) at 18Z at 17.7N, 65.6W with an 1009 mb pressure at this location (micro). About eight other gales. "Navy recon: center 1406Z 16.4N, 65.6W. Lowest pressure 1006 mbs (I would have assumed central pressure, but ship data says cp is lower). Squalls to NE and E of center. Surface wind gusts to 65 kt; average surface winds 45 kt. No strong winds W-SW-or NW-center. Torrential rain NNE and E" (micro). "Navy position (of aircraft) 17.5N, 65.1W at 1445Z. Surface gusts to 60 knots N and E sector. Average (flight level) winds 65 knots with gusts to 80 kt" (micro). "Hurricane center 1728Z 17.1N, 65.9W. Estimate winds 65 kt NW of center. 1800Z: aircraft position 17.7N, 65.6W winds estimated 75 knots" (micro). "[This cyclone] formed the night of September 20 from an easterly wave in the Caribbean some 150-200 miles southeast of St. Croix. [It] passed a short distance south of St. Croix on the 21st, moved west-northwest at 12 mph and passed 50 miles off the south coast of Puerto Rico from 4:00 pm to 10:00 pm on Sept. 21st [21Z 21st to 03Z 22nd], much closer to Cabo Rojo, and dissipated in the mountains of central Dominican Republic on the 22nd. St. Croix experienced hurricane force winds and great damages. Highest winds were in southern and southwestern Puerto Rico, and Ramey AFB recorded winds east 64 mph (55 kt). San Juan recorded winds east at 38 mph (33 kt) at 10:00 pm (September 21st/03Z 22nd); lowest bar. 29.83 (1010 mb) at 4:30 pm (21st/2130Z 21st). Most rivers were in flood, including the rivers of northern Puerto Rico. Damages were reported in Yabucoa, Santa Isabel, Ponce, Guayanilla, Cabo Rojo, Mayaguez, Cidra, Jayuya, and Toa Alta. Ponce experienced high gusts. Damages were minor. San Juan rainfall, 1.41 inches; max wind east 41 mph. 48 hour rainfall, Sept. 21-22: Yauco 8.70 inches; Coamo 7.55 inches; Santa Rita 9.07; Carite 9.81; San Lorenzo 13.56" (Perez 1971). "During the night of September 20-21 a closed circulation centered about 100 miles south-southeast of St. Croix, Virgin Islands, developed on the wave. This followed a report from the U.S.S President Adams, at 15.7N, and 64.0W indicating a surface wind of 51 knots from 250 degrees. Aircraft flying in the storm area on September 21 reported hurricane winds in the northeast quadrant; but no strong winds, other than those by the aforementioned vessel, were reported in the western quadrants" (MWR). "A small tropical hurricane passed South of Puerto Rico September 21, 1949 causing heavy precipitation and strong winds over the Western part of the Island during passage of this storm; there was no loss of life but some property damage and crop losses" (LCD). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 69.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 69.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.4N, 67.6W and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 69.4W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 16.4N, 69.9W, and also a trough or wave axis extending from 20N, 68W through the low south-southwestward to 12N, 72W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE at 13Z at 17.0N, 67.8W (micro); 35 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 15Z at 15.7N, 69.3W (micro). Three other gales of 35-40 kt. Land/station highlights: 33 kt at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 03Z. Aircraft highlights: 40* kt E and 1004 mb at 2145Z at 16.9N, 70.7W (micro). Two other gales of 40 kt and 2 other low pressures of 1003 and 1005 mb. "Plane at 17.2N, 69.1W around ~2230Z: Radar continuously indicated worse weather to south of [forecast?] track in Caribbean" (micro). "This small hurricane moved west-northwestward to the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic and dissipated as it moved inland in the vicinity of Ciudad Trujillo. The storm caused damages to the extent of $1,000,000 in Puerto Rico although the center did not pass over the island. The damage was mostly to the coffee industry and to buildings. No lives were lost in Puerto Rico. In the Dominican Republic only $12,000 damage was reported but 15 lives were lost" (MWR). September 23: HWM analyzes a wave axis from 26N, 76W to 14N, 75W and a closed low of at most 1010 mb located in the ITCZ near 13N, 75W. HURDAT no longer lists this system. Microfilm no longer analyzes a closed low on this day but analyzes a general large area of troughiness over the west-central Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressurs. September 24: HWM analyzes a wave axis from 28N, 77W to 14N, 82W with a closed low of at most 1010 mb located in the ITCZ near 11.5N, 81W. Microfilm analyzes a general area of weak troughiness over the western Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM analyzes a wave axis from 27N, 80W to 15N, 85W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a low, not closed, near 16.5N, 82.5W within a general area of troughiness. No gales or low pressures. From 9/25 18Z microfilm... "Duck-7 remarks: 18.2N, 85.9W. No evidence of closed circulation in this area" (micro). A tropical storm formed from a strong easterly wave near the Leeward Islands on 20 September. HURDAT starts this system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 21st. Available observations first indicate a closed low at 12Z on the 20th, with an east wind near Dominica and a weak west-southwest wind near Barbados. Numerous easterly gales of between 35 and 45 kt were observed two to four degrees north of the analyzed position at 12Z on the 20th, and the pressures with those gales were three to four mb higher than the pressure of the observation closest to the analyzed center. Although 12Z on the 20th is the first time for which evidence of a closed low was found, and genesis may have been captured, it is possible that genesis occurred east of the Lesser Antillies on an earlier date. This system is started at 12Z on the 20th (18 hours before HURDAT originally) as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 60.8W. The tropical cyclone moved west-northwestward and intensified. Positions were analyzed at 18Z on the 20th and then again at 12Z on the 21st. Interpolating the analyzed positions for 06Z on the 21st would indicate a position at that time about a degree and a half west of the previous HURDAT position (the largest track change made to HURDAT for this storm). Although aircraft reconnaissance performed two center fixes on the 21st, no central pressure values were reported. Estimated maximum winds of 65-75 kt were reported at the 1728Z fix. St. Croix reported maximum winds of 65 kt on the 21st as the storm passed to the south of the island, though this was likely to be a visually estimated gust. No ship reported a wind stronger than 51 kt during this storm. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity on the 21st. The cyclone passed south of Puerto Rico, and on a west-northwest course, it was headed towards Hispaniola. A ship observation at 05Z on the 22nd of 1010 mb with 25 kt of wind located very close to the HURDAT position indicates either that the system had weakened or that the HURDAT position was in error. From the analysis on the 22nd, it was difficult to determine whether the storm had weakened by 06Z and 12Z or whether the HURDAT position was in error. Perhaps the storm was breaking up as it approached Hispaniola. Because of the uncertainty in the analysis on the 22nd, only slight changes are made to HURDAT. For 06Z on the 22nd, the position is moved two-tenths of a degree further away from the observation of 1010 mb with 25 kt, and the intensity is also reduced in HURDAT from 70 to 65 kt. In the original HURDAT, the cyclone made landfall in the Dominican Republic around 15Z on the 22nd. However, by 12Z on the 22nd, the strongest observed winds and the lowest available pressures were quite a distance south of the HURDAT position. It is highly uncertain whether this cyclone made landfall in the Dominican Republic, but there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation further south where the higher winds and lower pressures are located, so no large changes are made to HURDAT. The 65 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 22nd is reduced to 55 kt since the highest observed wind (including the winds that may not be directly associated with the circulation) is 50 kt. If the HURDAT position (and the analyzed position) is correct, then the intensity may have been much weaker. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in the Dominican Republic at 15Z on the 22nd as a 55 kt tropical storm. The intensity at 18Z on the 22nd of 35 kt in HURDAT is unchanged, but the position at that time is analyzed to be 1.4 degrees east of the previous HURDAT position. The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 22nd, and there are no changes to the timing of dissipation. It should be noted that the easterly wave associated with this disturbance can be followed to the western Caribbean through 25 September, and this wave may have possibly played a role in the formation of 1949 storm 10 (now storm 11- see metadata for more details). ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 11 (was Storm 10) - Revised in 2014 34585 09/27/1949 M=10 10 SNBR= 768 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 34585 09/27/1949 M=11 11 SNBR= 769 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 ** ** *** 34590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*125 895 35 0*133 901 35 0*134 902 35 0* 34590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*132 900 30 0*133 901 30 0*134 902 30 0* *** *** ** ** ** 34595 09/28*135 902 35 0*137 902 35 0*140 902 35 0*142 903 35 0* 34595 09/28*135 902 30 0*137 902 30 0*140 902 30 0*142 903 30 0* ** ** ** ** 34600 09/29*144 905 35 0*146 907 35 0*150 911 35 0*156 909 35 0* 34600 09/29*144 905 30 0*146 907 30 0*150 911 30 0*155 909 30 0* ** ** ** *** ** 34605 09/30*163 909 35 0*168 908 35 0*173 906 40 0*179 905 40 0* 34605 09/30*160 909 30 0*165 908 30 0*170 906 30 0*175 905 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34610 10/01*185 905 40 0*188 907 45 0*191 912 45 0*195 918 50 0* 34610 10/01*180 907 30 0*186 915 30 0*191 920 35 0*195 923 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34615 10/02*200 925 50 0*206 932 55 0*213 938 60 0*220 943 65 0* 34615 10/02*200 927 50 0*206 935 55 0*213 939 60 0*220 943 65 0* *** *** *** 34620 10/03*227 946 75 0*235 949 85 0*245 952 95 0*260 955 100 0* 34620 10/03*227 946 75 0*235 950 85 0*247 954 95 0*263 955 95 0* *** *** *** *** ** 34625 10/04*276 956 110 0*291 954 115 0*303 950 60 0*310 946 55 0* 34625 10/04*278 956 95 0*291 956 95 965*301 952 55 982*310 950 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34630 10/05*316 941 50 0*323 936 45 0*330 931 40 0*339 925 35 0* 34630 10/05*316 948 35 998*321 944 30 0*330 939 25 0*341 929 25 0* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 34635 10/06*354 917 35 0*375 907 30 0*396 896 30 0*422 884 25 0* 34635 10/06*354 917 25 0E377 907 25 0E398 896 25 0E419 886 25 0* ** **** ** **** ** **** *** (The 7th is new to HURDAT.) 34637 10/07E439 875 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34640 HRCTX2 34640 HRCTX2BTX1 **** U.S. Landfall: 10/04/1949 - 05Z - 28.8N, 95.6W - 95 kt - 965 mb - RMW 15 nmi - OCI 1009 mb - ROCI 200 nmi - speed 11 kt Minor changes to track, but major alterations to intensity are analyzed for this major hurricane that struck Texas just west of Freeport. A major alteration is also made to indicate that intensification into a tropical storm is delayed by four days (no longer showing it as a tropical storm for four days over Central America). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Texas monthly climatological data summary for October, 1949 from NCDC, Surface Weather Observations, the U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Connor (1956), Jarrell et al. (1992), Dunn and Miller (1960), Wiggert et al. (1986), Cry et al. (1959), and Tannehil (1956). September 26: HWM analyzes the westward moving tropical wave which had been responsible for spawning storm 9 [now Storm 10] from 25N, 81W to 16N, 87W. HURDAT does not list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. [Of note is that storm 8 (now storm 9) was dissipating inland on the 26th near 19N, 96.3W.] September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.9N, 89.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.3N, 90.1W. Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 20.0N, 91.5W. No gales or low pressures. "On 27 September 1949, a weak low pressure area began to develop off the Pacific coast of El Salvador. The area moved northward, across Guatemala and into the Gulf of Mexico" (Wiggert et al. 1986). September 28: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.0N, 90.2W. Microfilm analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 15.5N, 86W. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.5N, 91W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 91.1W. Microfilm does not analyze a closed low on this day but instead analyzes a trough over southern Mexico and northern Central America. No gales or low pressures. "Pressure had been abnormally low over Yucatan, Honduras, and Guatemala for 2 or 3 days prior to October 1" (MWR). September 30: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.7N, 90.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 90.6W. Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17.3N, 90.5W. Land/station highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 14.9N, 92.4W (HWM). October 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19N, 91W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 19.1N, 91.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 91.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 91.3W. Ship highlights: Land/station highlights: 20 kt S gust 30 kt and 1004 mb at 12Z at Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico (18.7N, 91.8W) (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 18Z at Campeche, Mexico (19.8N, 90.6W) (micro). "During the night of September 30-October 1 a low pressure center passed into the Gulf of Mexico near Carmen, Mexico" (MWR). "By October 1, the low intensified into a tropical storm just off the Yucatan Peninsula" (Wiggert et al. 1986). October 2: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 94.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 93.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.0N, 93.3W and a 12Z position near 21.2N, 93.8W with a 1007 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.8N, 92.8W and a 12Z position near 21.1N, 93.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.1N, 93.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 1000 mb at 07Z at 20.7N, 94.0W (micro). Two other low pressures between 1002-1004 mb from same ship. Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SE (55 kt SE at flight level of 1100 feet) and 1004 mb at 1345Z at 21.3N, 93.8W (micro); center fix at 1410Z at 21.2N, 93.9W with estimated (max surface?) winds of 70 kt (micro); Navy center fix at 2338Z at 22.8N, 94.7W with highest winds encountered 50 kt and lowest pressure 990 mb (likely a peripheral pressure; treated as a peripheral pressure in the analysis) (micro). Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 992-1001 mb. "It increased to hurricane intensity by 10:45 am, October 2. This hurricane moved from Yucatan almost directly northward" (MWR). "By noon [the 2nd], it was classified as a hurricane" (Wiggert et al. 1986). "Remarks Navy: Weak squall line oriented north-south thirty miles long" (micro). "Note: Eye diameter 30 miles 21.2N, 93.9W (1410Z center fix) wind velocity estimated 70 knots [surface or flight level? Assume surface since they used the word 'estimated.'] west side. Climbing for radar pictures" (micro). "Moving NNW about 13 knots around 18Z" (micro). "Note from Navy recon: Eye indicated by radar at 2338Z at 22.8N, 94.7W. Maximum winds SW 50 kt. Min pressure 990 mbs. Eye diameter 20 miles. All quadrants appear closed" (micro). [They probably only flew to the 50 kt isotach and measured a minimum pressure of 990 mb at the 50 kt isotach.] October 3: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 24.8N, 95.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 24.5N, 95.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.7N, 94.7W and a 12Z position near 25.1N, 95.3W with a 997 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a shows a 00Z position near 22.6N, 94.2W and a 12Z position near 24.4N, 94.9W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 25.2N, 95.6W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 08Z at 25.9N, 93.9W (micro); 30 kt SE and 1005 mb at 10Z(?) at 26.3N, 93.2W (micro). Three other gales between 35-45 kt. Land/station highlights: 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 12Z at Port O'Connor, TX (28.4N, 96.6W) (micro); 20 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 12Z at Port Isabel, TX (26.1N, 97.2W) (micro). Three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0855Z at 24.2N, 95.5W (micro); 80 kt N (probably a flight level wind) and 981 mb at ~1345Z at 25.1N, 95.8W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1348Z at 25.0N, 95.6W with 100 kt max (flight level?) winds encountered and 981 mb lowest pressure encountered (micro); 90 kt W (flight level?) at ~1354Z at 24.7N, 95.7W (micro); 100 kt S (flight level?) at ~14Z at 24.8N, 95.4W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1730Z at 25.9N, 95.5W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1815Z at 26.4N, 95.2W (micro). Seven other gales between 35-45 kt. Four other low pressures between 990-1000 mb. "Navy radar 0855Z: Storm center 24.2N, 95.5W. Fix believed good; eye well defined. 0925Z present fixed continued 0855Z fix" (micro). "Navy radar 1348Z: center at 25N, 95.6W at 1348Z. 90 kt west [quadrant], 100 kt south [quadrant]. Remarks around ~1415Z: Squall line arranged N-S at 25.3N, 96.2W. It has surface gusts 65 kts. Remarks around ~1445Z: Surface gust 60 kt in squalls (~24.9N, 93.6W). Navy at 1513Z: Hurricane center located at 1348Z at 25N, 95.6W. Max winds 80 kt N 12 miles WNW of eye; 90 kt W 20 miles SSW of eye; 100 kt S 20 miles SSE of eye. Lowest pressure [encountered] 981 mb 12 miles WNW of eye. Squall line 50 miles NW of center has surface gusts of 65 kts. Hurricane winds extend 30 miles NW of center, 60 miles SW of center, and 75 miles ESE of center. 1730Z Navy radar fix: 25.9N, 95.5W. This fix believed to be accurate within 5 miles. 1815Z Navy radar fix: Storm position 26.4N, 95.2W- believed to be somewhat more accurate than the 1730Z position. Will continue reporting positions" (micro). "1750Z Freeport, TX radar (29.0N, 95.4W): 3 concentric arcs around center- 180 degrees, 180 miles (implies center at 26.4N, 95.4W). Possible circulation around center. 1830Z Freeport, TX radar: 3 concentric arcs about center- 180 degrees, 165 miles (implies center 26.6N, 95.4W). Movement arc indicates eye 30 miles in diameter. Movement toward north. 2145Z Freeport, TX radar: Heavy band points- 250 degrees, 40 miles (28.8N, 96.0W); over station (29.0N, 95.4W); 100 degrees, 40 miles (28.9N, 94.8W); 125 degrees, 20 miles (28.8N, 95.2W) (5 miles wide west to east). Moderate bands- from 225 degrees, 70 miles (28.3N, 96.2W) through 140 degrees at 170 miles (27.1N, 93.6W). Broken moderate bands (10 miles wide) from 200 degrees, 100 miles (27.6N, 95.8W) through 180 degrees, 80 miles (27.8N, 95.4W) through 150 degrees, 120 miles (27.5N, 94.5W). Heavy band 15 miles wide from 190 degrees, 110 miles (27.4N, 95.7W) through 180 degrees, 105 miles (27.5N, 95.4W) to 170 degrees, 120 miles (27.3N, 95.1W). Eye at 180 degrees, 110 miles. 2315Z Freeport, TX radar: series of sharp spiral bands are centered at 180 degrees, 95 miles (27.6N, 95.4W) moving from south at 18 to 20 mph" (micro). October 4: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.0N, 95.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 30.3N, 95.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.4N, 95.3W and a 12Z position near 30.2N, 94.8W with a 992 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.5N, 95.3W and a 12Z position near 30.2N, 94.7W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.1N, 95.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 28.2N, 94.3W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 91.5W (COA). Land/station highlights: hurricane force ENE and 978 mb at 0540Z at 5 miles west of Freeport, TX (29.0N, 95.4W) (MWR); 87 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) and 982 mb at 06Z at Freeport coast guard station (MWR, micro); 58 kt SE (max wind) with 1001 mb at 0502Z and 34 kt SSE with 997 mb (min pressure) at Galveston City Office (SWO); 20 kt SSW and 986 mb (min pressure) at 1028Z at Houston WBAS (SWO). "The center passed between the [Houston] airport and the city office. The lowest pressure at the city office was 29.17" at 4:50 am [1050Z]. The lowest pressure at the airport was 29.12" at 4:28 am [1028Z]" (SWO). "The center moved inland near Freeport, TX during the night of October 3-4, and passed between the airport and city offices of the Weather Bureau at Houston, TX during the early morning of October 4. Winds were estimated at 135 mph 5 miles west of Freeport by the Brazos River Engineers. High tides were reported as follows: Velasco, 11.0 feet; Matagorda, 8.0 feet; Anahuac, 9.0 feet; Harrisburg (in Houston ship channel), 11.4 feet. The heaviest (rainfall) reported was at Goodrich, TX, (65 miles north of Houston) where 14.50 inches fell during the storm. Two lives were lost in this hurricane. The total damage reported amounted to $6,700,000, of which more than four-fifths was to crops. The remainder was mainly to roads and oil rigs" (MWR). "It headed northward and made landfall between Matagorda and Freeport, Texas, about 11:30 pm on October 3rd (0530Z October 4th assuming 11:30 pm CST). Lowest reported pressure was 978 mb at Freeport, which also had maximum sustained winds of 100 mph and peak wind gusts estimated at 135 mph. Total storm damage was estimated at about $8M. Of this, an estimated $1M was property damage, including $800,000 damage to oil rigs off the Texas coast. Crop damage was about $6.7M" (Wiggert et al. 1986). US landfall RMW was 20 statute miles according to Wiggert et al. (1986). US landfall delta p (difference between central pressure and environmental pressure) was 50 mb according to Wiggert et al. (1986). From the October, 1949 Texas climatological data summary... "A Gulf hurricane entered the State near Freeport October 3-4th and traveled northeastward over Houston, causing severe damage to rice and moderate damage to cotton and other property. A tropical hurricane hit the Texas coast at Freeport on the evening of the 3rd and moved north-northeastward toward Lufkin. The inflow of humid tropical air continued all week, bringing effective rains over most of the State. The total [October] rainfall at Houston of 17.64 inches during the month was the highest ever recorded in one month in the Houston record. A hurricane moved inland near Freeport during the night of October 3-4th and passed between the City and Airport Offices at Houston during the early morning of the 4th. The highest wind reported at Houston Airport was 90 mph from the east, and from the City Office, Houston, 70 mph from the east. The low barometer reading at the Houston Airport was 29.12 (986 mb) [incorrect according to microfilm] and at the City Office 29.17 (988 mb). Crop damage in Texas was $5,250,000 to rice and $250,000 to cotton. Other property damage including roads and oil rigging off the Texas coast amounted to $1,000,000. Total damage for the storm in Texas and Louisiana was $6,700,000. Excessive rains which occurred in the lower Trinity River watershed in connection with the hurricane on the 3rd and 4th caused a rapid rise on the Trinity at Liberty, where rainfall exceeded 10 inches during this storm" (climo). "Freeport radar 0045Z: Spiral band around open area 180 degrees, 70 miles moving north. Northern edge of open area... at 180 degrees, 50 miles. Freeport radar 02Z: Center of spiral bands located at range 45 to 50 miles. Azimuth indefinite 182 degrees. Wind gusts interfering with antenna sweep. Communications difficulties at Freeport. Radar now shut down" (micro). "From Freeport at 0515Z: Wind taking southerly component; has changed direction from 80 degrees to present direction 120 degrees..." (micro). "Oct 4 - 1007 mb OCI, 90 kt equivalent 1 min max wind at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Oct 4, 963 mb central pressure at landfall based upon 978 mb measured at 5 mi SW of Freeport, TX, 20 nm RMW, 11 kt translational speed, landfall point - 28.9N, 95.4W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Oct 4, landfall near Freeport, 28.70 in. (972 mb)" (Connor 1956). "Oct, TX, N2, 972 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). "Tropical Cyclones in Texas: 1949 Oct. 3-4, Freeport, Major, 2 killed, damage $6,700,000 ("Major" - 101 to 135 mph, 949 to 982 mb)" (Dunn and Miller 1960). October 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33N, 93.7W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal system located just a couple hundred miles north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.0N, 93.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 93.9W and a 12Z position near 32.8N, 92.5W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.5N, 94.2W and a 12Z position near 33.0N, 93.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 32.9N, 93.8W with a frontal system located several hundred miles north of the cyclone. Land/station highlights: 10 kt SSE and 999 mb at 00Z at Lufkin (31.5N, 94.8W) (micro); 25 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Shreveport (32.4N, 93.8W) (micro). Five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. October 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40N, 90W with the west end of a W-E warm front located due east of the cyclone at 87W and an approaching cold front located several hundred miles west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 39.6N, 89.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.6N, 90.7W, and a 12Z position near 39.8N, 89.3W with a 998 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 35.2N, 91.9W and a 12Z position near 39.2N, 89.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 40.3N, 89.7W with analysis features similar to HWM's analysis. Land/station highlights: 15 kt S and 998 mb at 12Z at Springfield, IL (39.8N, 89.7W) (micro); 25 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z at Fort Wayne, IN (41.1N, 85.2W) (micro). Six other low pressures between 999-1005 mb. October 7: HURDAT does not list a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 43.6N, 87.7W. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 44.4N, 87.0W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44N, 87.5W with the aforementioned warm front and cold front impinging much closer on the cyclone. Land/station highlights: 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at Muskegon, MI (43.2N, 86.3W) (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 00Z at Fort Wayne, IN (micro). An area of lower than normal pressure persisted over Central America and southern Mexico for several days from the 25th to the 30th of September. The tropical wave associated with 1949 Storm 9 (now Storm 10), which moved westward from the Caribbean Sea into Central America on the 25th and 26th of September, likely contributed to the low pressure in the region. Also, the remnants of 1949 Storm 8 (now Storm 9) also likely contributed to the low pressure in the region. The genesis of this cyclone, 1949 Storm 10 (now Storm 11) is somewhat obscure. HURDAT lists a tropical storm forming in the eastern Pacific on the 27 September, crossing over land from early on the 28th to early on 1 October (maintaining storm strength the entire time), and emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on 1 October. There are no observed high winds or pressure gradients to confirm the existence of a tropical storm until 1 October in the southern Bay of Campeche (all available observations over a wide area were utilized from September 26-30). However, due to a lack of data, there is not enough evidence to remove the beginning portion of the track from HURDAT. The little data available suggests a closed low (at least in a broad sense) beginning on 28 September, but no strong winds are observed between the 27th and 30th. Evidence of a closed low was much more concrete by late on the 29th and early on the 30th. Cry et al. (1959) was the first publication to include the 27th to the 30th in a track book, and this portion of the track has been included in the official Atlantic hurricane records thereafter. Tannehil (1956) does not include this portion of the track, and shows 1 October as the first day of this storm. Cry et al. does not offer an explanation as to why the track was extended back to 27 September. As it is implausible for a tropical storm to maintain storm strength for 3 days over Central America and Mexico, the system is instead indicated to be a tropical depression from genesis through 06Z 1 October. There were no changes are made to the HURDAT track from genesis (27 September 06Z) through 30 September 06Z, except to make a more physically consistent initial position and first 6 hourly translational velocity. The cyclone moved into the Bay of Campeche before 12Z on 1 October. A station on the Mexican coast of the Bay of Campeche recorded 20 kt S with a pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z on the 1st. This observation indicates that the HURDAT position is too far east. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb yields a wind speed of at least 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 35 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12Z on the 1st (45 kt originally) due to the large size, slow movement of the cyclone, and that it had just moved back over water. The cyclone moved towards the northwest on the 1st and 2nd of October. At 06Z on the 2nd, a ship reported a pressure of 1002 mb simultaneously with 20 kt NW winds. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests at least 43 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 55 kt intensity in HURDAT is maintained at 06Z on the 2nd. A Navy reconnaissance aircraft located the center of the cyclone on radar at 2338Z of the 2nd but did not fly into the center. The lowest pressure measured by the aircraft was 990 mb, but this value is not a central pressure. A central pressure of less than 990 mb yields an intensity of greater than 64 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. The HURDAT intensity of 75 kt at 00Z on the 3rd is maintained. By the 3rd, the hurricane was turning northward towards the Texas coast. On the 3rd at 1348Z, a Navy aircraft did not penetrate the center, but measured a lowest pressure of 981 mb 12 miles WNW of the eye. A central pressure of 970 mb was obtained using the Schloemer (1954) equation using values of 15 nmi for the RMW and 1009 mb for the environmental pressure. A central pressure of 970 mb equals 91 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems and 88 kt using the N of 25N relationship for intensifying systems. Due to the smaller than average RMW, 95 kt is maintained as the HURDAT intensity. A central pressure of 970 mb is not added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd because there is too much uncertainty in the variables used in the calculation to be confident enough in an accurate enough central pressure value. The hurricane made landfall on the Texas coast just west of Freeport at 05Z on 4 October at 28.8N, 95.6W, which is slightly west-northwest of the previous interpolated HURDAT track by 2 tenths of a degree. The lowest observed pressure from a land station was 978 mb, and this observation occurred simultaneously with estimated winds of 117 kt, which were the highest measured or estimated winds during the storm. This observation of 978 mb and 117 kt estimated at 0540Z occurred on the right side of the hurricane, probably very close to or at the RMW. The highest official measured wind was 87 kt at 06Z, and this occurred simultaneously with a pressure of 982 mb, but this observation was 5 nmi east of the other observation, and thus farther outside of the RMW on the right side of the storm. The Scholemer equation was again used to obtain the central pressure assuming that the 978 mb observation was located at the RMW, and that the RMW was 15 nmi (Wiggert et al.). An environmental pressure of 1009 mb was used. This yields a central pressure of 960 mb at landfall. This central pressure is supported by Wiggert et al., which lists a delta p of 50 mb at landfall. Alternatively, a landfall central pressure can be estimated from the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model. A central pressure of 982 mb about 5 hours after landfall was obtained from the Houston WBAS station which had 20 kt SSW and 986 mb (min pressure) at 1028Z at this inland location. The Ho et al. inland pressure-decay model suggests a 970 mb central pressure at landfall. The combination of the Scholemer equation result (960 mb) and the Ho et al. decay model (970 mb) along with the previous estimates (Wiggert et al. - 960 mb, Connor/Jarrell et al. - 972 mb, Ho et al. - 978 mb) leads to an analysis of 965 mb. 965 mb central pressure at landfall suggests maximum winds of 90 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 94 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. The climatological RMW in this case according to Vickery et al. is 22 nmi and the analyzed RMW is about 15 nmi. Given a near average speed, but slightly smaller RMW than climatology and a slightly lower environmental pressure than average, a 95 kt intensity is analyzed at landfall. This is a major reduction in the HURDAT winds from 115 kt, but retains this is as a Saffir-Simpson Category 2 for Texas on the U.S. landfalling hurricanes list. The category 2 impact for north Texas is retained and a category 1 impact is added into HURDAT for central Texas. 95 kt is also now indicated to be the peak intensity for the hurricane, down from 115 kt previously. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 57 kt for 12Z on the 4th, 41 kt for 18Z, and 33 kt for 00Z on the 5th. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were 40 kt around 12Z on the 4th, 30 kt around 18Z, and 25 kt around 00Z on the 5th. Revised winds in HURDAT are 55 kt at 12Z on the 4th (down from 60 kt), 40 kt at 18Z (down from 55 kt originally), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 5th (down from 50 kt originally). By 12Z on the 5th, a 25 kt intensity is analyzed (down from 40 kt originally). After landfall, the cyclone turned towards the north-northeast and traveled through eastern Texas, Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, and Illinois as it weakened. From 12Z on the 4th to 18Z on the 5th, a track slightly to the left of the HURDAT track is analyzed. By 06Z on the 6th, the low is analyzed to have become extratropical as it was entering an environment with colder air being advected from the north. Extratropical transition is 12 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT previously. HURDAT originally ended this system as a tropical depression at 18Z on the 6th. There is evidence that the low is still closed at 00Z on the 7th, and one extra point is added into HURDAT as an extratropical low before the cyclone is absorbed by a front shortly after 00Z on the 7th. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 12 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014 34645 10/02/1949 M= 6 12 SNBR= 770 NOT NAMED XING=0 34646 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 568 35 0* 34647 10/03*250 568 35 0*259 567 35 0*265 565 40 0*268 563 40 0* 34648 10/04*268 561 45 0*269 558 45 0*272 550 50 0*280 536 50 0* 34649 10/05*288 518 50 0*297 498 50 0*305 480 50 0*308 465 50 0* 34649 10/06*310 455 45 0*315 444 45 0*320 430 45 0*325 416 40 0* 34649 10/07*330 402 40 0*335 388 35 0E340 370 35 0E348 345 30 0* 34649 TS HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 2 October to 8 October in the central Atlantic. September 28: HWM analyzes a trough with a wave axis from 5N, 39W to 16N, 41W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a trough with a wave axis from 5N, 45W to 17N, 46W. Ship highlights: 20 kt E with 1014 mb at 13N 47.5W at 12Z (HWM). September 30: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 18N, 45W with a trough axis extending from the low southward to 10N, 45W. No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22N, 53W with a trough axis extending from the low southward to south of 12N, 55W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 26.3N, 53.4W (micro). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.2N, 55.7W with a trough axis extending from the low south-southwestward to beyond 13N, 60W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 25.7N, 56.0W (COA, micro); 30 kt S and 1008 mb at 18Z at 24.2N, 55.4W (COA). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.0N, 57.0W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to 29N, 51W, and a trough extending from 25N, 59W to south of 13N, 64W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.7N, 56.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z at 26.2N, 55.7W (COA, micro, HWM). October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 56.8W with a stationary front extending from the low eastward to 31N, 34W, and a trough extending from 25N, 60W to 16N, 70W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 30.2N, 54.1W (COA, micro). From an Air Force flight... "1215 E (1715Z) Hurep Duck Four- Max winds near center of 45 knots. Center located 27.3N, 60.6W. Center estimated 60 miles diameter. Moderate turbulence and rain encountered NW quadrant and NE quadrant. Winds of 40 knots extend 100 miles from center and to 60 northwest [quadrant]" (micro). [The Air Force investigation was significantly west of the analyzed position, so the above commentary probably does not pertain to this new tropical storm.] October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.9N, 48.2W with the intersection of a warm front and a cold front located at the low. The warm front extends from the low eastward to 30N, 36W and the cold front extends from the low southward and then westward to 29N, 51W to 29N 55W. Ship highlights: 45 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 30.2N, 48.0W (HWM). October 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.0N, 41.0W, with a warm front extending eastward from the low to 31N, 34W, and a cold front extending southward from the low and then westward to 26N, 46W to 26N, 52W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 00Z at 29.9N, 43.9W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 29.7N, 44.1W (COA). October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.9N, 37.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point at 34N, 37W. A warm front extends from this triple point east-southeastward to 31N, 26W, and a cold front extends from the triple point to 33N, 36W to 30N, 36W to 27N, 40W to 26N, 43W. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low with this system, but the area of partial cyclonic turning and lowest pressure associated with the remnants of this system may have been located near 41N, 24.5W. An occluded front extends from this point southeastward to and then southward to a triple point near 34N, 27W. A dissipating warm front extends southeastward from the triple point to 31N, 25W. A cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 29N, 32W. A larger, deeper extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb is analyzed by HWM to be centered near 43.5N, 37W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm, new to HURDAT, is analyzed to have formed around 12Z on 2 October with an 18Z position on the 2nd at 24.0N, 56.8W and a 35 kt intensity. HWM indicates that this storm originated from an easterly wave, first plotted by HWM on 28 September along 40W. On the 28th and 29th, there are no observed gales, low pressures, or west winds south of where a center might be. On the 30th, as the wave continued towards the west, there were still no observed gales or low pressures, but a southwest wind of 15 kt and 1014 mb was observed at 19.7N, 49W. This single observation alone is not enough to indicate genesis on the 30th of September. On 1 October, a broad low started to form, and the first 40 kt gale was observed. However, there was not yet evidence of a complete or compact circulation. On 2 October, pressures as low as 1007 mb were observed with 30 kt winds. Three important ship observations at 18Z on the 2nd give enough evidence of the existence of a tropical storm by that time. A south wind of 30 kt with a 1008 mb pressure (east of the center), an east wind of 30 kt with a 1007 mb pressure (north of the center), and a north wind of 15 kt with a 1009 mb pressure (west of the center) are enough to start this tropical storm at 12Z on the 2nd. There were no observed gales or winds with a westerly component on the 2nd. However, the system is analyzed to be closed and compact enough to be considered a tropical cyclone at 18Z 2 October as a 35 kt tropical storm. The temperatures of the three aforementioned observations were all between 78-81 degrees. On 3 October, the cyclone moved northward. On the 3rd at 12Z, a 35 kt south wind with a 1007 mb pressure from a ship 60 nm east of the center was an important observation for determining the position of the storm on that day. The position on the 3rd at 12Z is analyzed at 26.5N, 56.5W with a 40 kt intensity. On the 4th, the forward speed of the storm increased, and the cyclone turned to the northeast. On the 4th between 15Z to 18Z, the Air Force flew between 27-31N, 60-64W and provided observations with estimated surface winds speeds as high as 45 kt. However, the analyzed position of this tropical storm at the time of the flight is near 53W (about 7 degrees east of the furthest east position that the aircraft surveyed). Therefore, the aircraft commentary is not taken into account as being relevant to the analysis of this tropical cyclone. All of the plotted aircraft wind observations were easterly and there were no observed pressures below 1010 mb in that area. The highest observed wind during the lifetime of this storm was 50 kt from the east-northeast at 18Z on the 4th (from a ship), and this observation occurred about 150 nmi north of the analyzed center at that time with a pressure of 1014 mb. At 12Z on the 5th, a different ship observed a 45 kt WSW wind with a 1008 mb pressure (18 hours after the 50 kt wind was observed). The center of the storm at 12Z on the 5th is analyzed to be about 20 nmi north of that observation. A 50 kt intensity is analyzed on the 4th and 5th, and this is the peak analyzed intensity for this tropical cyclone. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 5th is 30.5N, 48W. On the 5th, the storm moved eastward for a short while before resuming a course towards the northeast on the 6th. The last observed gale directly associated with this tropical storm occurred at 06Z on 6 October - a 35 kt wind from the southwest with a 1011 mb pressure about 100 nmi from the center. A 45 kt intensity is analyzed on the 6th with a 06Z position in the vicinity of 31.5N, 44.4W. It is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical by 12Z on the 7th due to the presence of a temperature gradient across the cyclone. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 7th is 34N, 37W. The system is estimated to have weakened to 35 kt by 12Z on the 7th since observed winds on the 7th were substantially weaker (although there were no observations near the center closer than the 1011 mb isobar at 12Z). 12Z on the 7th is the last time that there is still evidence of a closed low for this system. The last point is analyzed at 18Z on 7th as a 30 kt extratropical low. The low dissipated before 00Z on the 8th. To summarize, four key ship observations indicate gale force winds relatively close to the center: 12Z 3rd - 35 kt S about 60 nm from center, 18Z 4th - 50 kt NE about 150 nm from center, 12Z 5th - 45 kt WSW about 20 nm from center, and 06Z 6th - 35 kt SW about 100 nm from center. Moreover, while fronts were shown in HWM and in some of the microfilm maps, the analyses indicate a fairly symmetric vortex, with maximum winds near the center (with most being on the southern semicircle), with almost no baroclinicity from the 3rd to the 6th. Thus the evidence shows that the system was a tropical storm. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 13 (was Storm 11) - Revised in 2014 34645 10/12/1949 M= 8 11 SNBR= 769 NOT NAMED XING=0 34645 10/13/1949 M= 9 13 SNBR= 771 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** * ** *** (The 12th has been removed from HURDAT.) 34650 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*181 786 35 0*189 769 35 0* 34655 10/13*198 756 35 0*206 745 40 0*215 738 45 0*222 733 50 0* 34655 10/13* 0 0 0 0*208 745 30 0*215 741 30 0*222 735 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34660 10/14*229 728 55 0*235 723 60 0*242 719 65 0*250 714 70 0* 34660 10/14*229 729 40 0*235 724 50 0*242 719 60 0*250 714 65 995* *** ** *** ** ** ** *** 34665 10/15*259 710 75 0*268 705 75 0*276 700 80 0*289 694 85 0* 34665 10/15*259 710 70 0*268 705 75 0*276 700 80 0*292 696 80 0* ** *** *** ** 34670 10/16*306 688 85 0*324 683 90 0*341 677 90 0*350 665 85 0* 34670 10/16*309 692 80 0*326 687 80 0*345 680 80 0*355 669 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34675 10/17*357 655 65 0*363 645 60 0*369 636 55 0*373 629 55 0* 34675 10/17*359 658 65 0*363 647 60 0*367 636 55 0*371 629 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** 34680 10/18*378 625 50 0E385 622 50 0E393 620 50 0E400 621 45 0* 34680 10/18*372 627 55 0*373 626 55 0*378 625 55 0*389 625 55 0* *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 34685 10/19E407 622 45 0E415 622 45 0E421 619 45 0E436 596 45 0* 34685 10/19*400 624 50 0E412 622 50 0E421 619 50 0E430 610 50 0* **** *** ** ** ** *** *** ** (The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.) 34686 10/20E430 600 45 0E425 602 40 0E415 608 35 0E417 605 35 0* 34689 10/21E425 590 35 0E435 560 35 0E447 510 35 0E450 450 35 0* 34690 HR Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane. Major changes were made to both the timing of extratropical transition and the timing of dissipation. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau operational advisories, and Perez et al. (2000). October 12: HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) near 18.3N, 78.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.1N, 78.6W. Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 19.0N, 79.8W. No gales or low pressures. "Disturbed conditions were observed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 11 and 12, and these moved over extreme western Cuba during the night of the 12th without any evidence of a center" (MWR). October 13: HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) near 21.6N, 74.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.5N, 73.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z near 22.0N, 73.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.0N, 74.8W, another closed low of at most 1008 mb center near 23.7N, 79.3W and a third closed low of at most 1009.5 mb centered near 27.1N, 72.8W. No gales or low pressures. "But on October 13 a closed circulation began forming over the extreme southeastern Bahamas in the vicinity of Great Inagua and Mayaguana. The strongest winds at this time were only 30-35 mph" (MWR). "Sin Nombre, 1949, Octubre 13, tormentas tropicales" (Perez et al. 2000). October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 72.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 24.2N, 71.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.9N, 73.2W and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 72.9W with a 1005 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.9N, 72.6W and a 12Z position near 24.3N, 71.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.9N, 71.8W. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SSE (fl 40 kt S at 1300 feet) and 1006 mb at 14Z at 25.2N, 70.7W (micro); loran center fix at 1547Z at 24.8N, 71.3W with 75 kt max winds (sfc or fl?) with gust to 80 kt and 995 mb lowest pressure (probably central pressure or close to central pressure since it appeared they flew all the way in) (micro); 50 kt ESE (60 kt ENE at fl of 600 feet) and 999 mb at 21Z at 25.1N, 71.5W (micro); center fix at 2115Z at 24.9N, 71.4W (position not as accurate as 1547Z center fix) with 70 kt (+?) max winds and lowest pressure encountered 998 mb to NE of center (micro); 65 kt ESE (sfc or fl?) and 1000 mb at 2145Z at 25.4N, 71.2W (micro). Two other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. "Passed through weak squall line 1435Z; wind decreased slowly and shifted to 90 degrees at 8 kts. Passed through weak squall line 1441Z; wind shifted to 350 degrees at 12 kts. Pressure rose 1 mb across squalls. Mostly clear skies ahead. No center located at recon position. Turning SE" (micro). "From Navy Recon: Passed through storm 1547Z. Loran position 24.8N, 71.3W. Lowest pressure 995 mbs. Wind shifted NW 45 kts through S to SE. Max wind 120 degrees 75 kts with gusts to 80 kts on east side. No center located on radar. Climbed to 5,000 feet for radar search. No eye formed... Complete circulation found. Wind 45 kts 60 miles from center eastern semicircle" (micro). "Approximate position of storm at 2115Z at 24.9N, 71.4W moving north. Max winds 70 (plus?) knots. Storm small in area. Lowest pressure (encountered) 998.3 mb to NE" (micro). "This center moved in a north-northeast direction and increased in intensity, and at noon of October 14 aircraft reconnaissance indicated a very small center of hurricane force" (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.3N, 70.1W with a mid-latitude trough/frontal system approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.6N, 70.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.4N, 71.4W and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 70.0W with a 1004 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.1N, 70.7W and a 12Z position near 27.9N, 69.8W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 27.7N, 69.3W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 70.3W (COA, micro); 40 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 2130Z at 29.7N, 69.1W (micro). One other low pressure of 1003 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 1545Z at 27.6N, 68.4W (position uncertain) with 75 kt max flight level winds around 500 feet (micro); center fix at 22Z at 31.1N, 69.4W with 80 kt estimated winds and 997 mb lowest pressure (may be a central pressure or close to a central pressure) (micro). Four other gales of 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. "Navy at 1545Z: Radar fix center of hook-shaped center 27.6N, 68.4W. South and southwest sides clear. Max wind 75 knots. Hurricane force 40 miles SE and 25 miles NE, and 35 miles NW of center of 'hook'" (micro). "Many errors in ship reports in the Atlantic hurricane area- also recon reports in error. Coordinates given in this advisory (#9 issued at 1630Z the 15th) evidently in error by a degree or more in light of later reports from ships" (micro). "Aircraft at 1515Z: 27.1N, 67.8W (location of aircraft). Wind S 65 knots (at the surface wind S force 9), gusts to 74 knots" (micro). "SS Puerto Rico at 1530Z: force 6 east, barometer 1005.8 and falling with rain squalls (30.2N, 70.5W)" (micro). "Hurep duck 10 eight: storm area located at 2200Z to be 31.1N, 69.4W. Large dome-shaped cloud to NW with tops extending to 20,000 feet and covering over 120 degrees of horizon. CS clouds at 25,000 feet. Estimated winds 80 knots. Ceiling 500 feet or less. Lowest pressure 996.8 mb" (micro). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.9N, 68.4W with a NE-SW frontal system now very close to the low and approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 34.1N, 67.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.5N, 69.1W and a 12Z position near 34.0N, 67.9W with a 1003 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.9N, 68.9W and a 12Z position near 34.3N, 67.4W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 34.6N, 67.6W with a NE-SW frontal system very near the low, extending from east-northeast of 41N, 60W to 39N, 68W to 38N, 70W to 34N, 73W to southwest of 30N, 75W. Ship highlights: 35-45 kt W-WNW and 999-1000 mb at 00Z at 30.5-30.6N, 69.5W (micro, COA); 55 kt SW and 994 mb at 21Z near ~35.0N, 66.2W (micro). Four other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0835Z at 33.2N, 68.5W (position uncertain) (micro); center fix at 1345Z at 34.6N, 67.8W with 84 kt measured winds, 100 kt estimated max winds, and 993 mb lowest pressure encountered 5 miles from the edge of the eye (micro). Four other gales and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. "Ship Brazil- 0300Z: ship position latitude 31.3N, longitude 69.9W; baro 100; NW - force 8; temp 77; overcast and squalls" (micro). "Navy radar plane 0835Z: Storm penetration vague and indefinite. Possible eye 30 miles in diameter. Changing to indefinite possible location 33.2N, 68.5W. Much weather extends SE 60 to 70 miles. Believe storm weathering. What suggestions? No indications in 0600Z predicted position" (micro). "Duck 2: Penetrated to within 5 miles of eye. Highest winds 100 knots. Duck 3: Position of storm 34.6N, 67.8W. Post flight report: position at 1345Z at 34.6N, 67.8W. Strongest measured wind 84 knots 5 miles east of inside edge of eye. Lowest pressure (encountered) 992.6 mb. Diameter of eye 30 miles. Moving NNE at 15 knots" (micro). [The RMW at 1345Z is 18 to 20 miles ~ 16 to 18 nmi]. "The north-northeastward movement carried the center some 200 miles west of Bermuda by October 16" (MWR). "The strongest winds were estimated at 80 to 90 mph over most of the path [of the lifetime of this cyclone] but reached 100 mph about the time it reached latitude 35N on October 16. No damage was reported as the strong winds occurred over the ocean" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.0N, 63.2W with another low of at most 1015 mb centered near 33N, 72W with a stationary front extending from the 2nd low to 36N, 70W to 38N, 66W to east of 38N, 50W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 63.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.1N, 65.7W and a 12Z position near 37.1N, 63.8W with a 1007 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 65.3W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1001 mb centered near 37.3N, 62.4W with the west end of a front plotted near 36N, 58W extending eastward and the northeast end of another front plotted near 39N, 66W extending southwestward to beyond 36N, 71W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 36.5N, 63.7W (micro); 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 15Z at 38.2N, 63.1W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0325Z at 36.1N, 65.3W (micro). "From Navy radar plane: radar fix places eye at 37.0N, 64.2W. Inner edge of outer wall extends 30 miles all directions. At 36.1N, 65.3W another area presented picture similar to storm. Believe associated weather now as we closed to 40 miles and are getting southerly winds. Squalls exist between two areas. Second radar report: Radar fix near first report on eye. Eye now 36.8N, 65.3W now believed to be storm. Other indication is two separate squalls oriented NE-SW. No signs of orientation. Fix accurate within 10 miles. Departing area for base at 0235Z. Third report radar fix eye well-defined 36.1N, 65.3W. Diameter of eye 20 (or 30?) miles. Outer squall 40 miles west of eye oriented NE-SW. Mild turbulence- 0325Z" (micro). "When several hundred miles north of Bermuda, it was blocked by high pressure and moved very slowly during the following 2 days" (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.9N, 63.5W with a stationary front extending east-southeastward from the low to 35N, 56W. HWM analyzes another low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37N, 72W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 37N, 70W. A warm front extends from the triple point east-southeastward to 36N, 65W and a cold front extends from the triple point to 35N, 68W to 30N, 68W to southwest of 27N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 39.3N, 62.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.8N, 62.6W and a 12Z position near 38.3N, 61.7W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 37.8N, 62.0W and a 12Z position near 39.0N, 61.2W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.3N, 63.0. Microfilm analyzes another low of at most 1011 mb centered near 37.5N, 72.0W with an occluded front extending from 38N, 73W to a triple point near 37N, 71W. A warm front extends from this triple point to 38N, 66W and a cold front extends from this triple point southward to 31N, 70W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 38.8N, 63.1W (micro); 20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 18Z at 38.6N, 62.3W (micro). Four other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 42.5N, 61.9W. The closest front is the north end of a cold front plotted near 40N, 60W which extends southward and southwestward. A warm front is plotted from 38N, 56W extending southeastward to beyond 33N, 53W. The west end of another front is plotted near 45N, 54W extending eastward. Another low of at most 1010 mb is centered near 37.5N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 42.1N, 61.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39.8N, 61.5W and a 12Z position near 41.3N, 60.7W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 40.0N, 61.6W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 61.2W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 42.3N, 61.7W with another low/frontal system to the southwest of the feature of interest. Station highlights: 40 kt E and 1007 mb at 18Z at Sable Island (micro). Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 988 mb at 12Z at 42.7N, 61.4W (HWM, micro); at least 35 kt NW and 993 mb at 12Z near ~42.0N, ~63.5W (HWM); 45 kt and 1005 mb at 18Z at 42.9N, 63.5W (COA). One other gale of 40 kt and five other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. The storm was located "a short distance south of Sable Island on October 19. During this time it took on extra-tropical character and began to spread out and dissipate" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.1N, 59.0W with an occluded front extending from the low wrapping around to 42.5N, 57W to 42N, 55W to 40N, 53W to a triple point near 37N, 53W. A warm front extends from this triple point southeastward to southeast of 34N, 49W and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to beyond 28N, 65W. The northeast end of another NE-SW cold front is plotted near 36N, 65W extending southwestward to southwest of 31N, 74W. The west end of a west-east stationary front is plotted near 42N, 48W extending eastward to east of 42N, 37W. HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 43.2N, 59.3W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 61.2W with a 998 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 63.7W. Five other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.0N, 60.8W with an occluded front extending east-northeastward from the low to 44N, 47W and a cold front extending from the low through another low at 29N, 68W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.8N, 57.2W and a 12Z position near 44.3N, 49.8W with a 1007 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 45.6N, 50.5W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1000 mb at 18Z at 37.3N, 43.3W (COA). About six other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43.2N, 47.5W with a stationary front extending from the low to 45N, 33W, a cold front extending from the low to southwest of 32N, 60W, and a dissipating occluded front extending from the low southwestward to 40N, 58W. The stationary front that extends east of the low turns into a cold front which connects to another closed low of at most 1010 mb near 48N, 25W. This low also contains a warm front that extends from this low east-southeastward to beyond 47N, 16W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.0N, 37.8W and a 12Z position near 45.0N, 30.3W with a 1006 mb pressure. Highlights: Not applicable. October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.6N, 35.6W with a dissipating occluded front extending from the low southwestward to 43N, 40W, a warm front extending eastward from the low to 43, 24W, and a cold front extending from the low to 40N, 35W to 36N, 40W to west of 35N, 48W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z at 46.6N, 21.1W. Highlights: Not applicable. A broad area of low pressure in the northwestern Caribbean Sea existed at 12Z on 12 October near 18N, 79W. HURDAT started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at that time which had then made landfall into Cuba 12 hours later. Perez et al. (2000) had called this cyclone a tropical storm for Cuba. However, examination of the available data suggests that a well-defined closed circulation did not exist until around 06Z on 13 October, after the system had moved north of Cuba. Sufficient spatial coverage of observations on the 13th indicates that the system was not initially of tropical storm intensity. An intensity of 30 kt is used initially at 06Z on the 13th (revised down from 40 kt) as the winds surrounding the circulation were quite weak. At 18Z on the 13th, a 30 kt wind was observed as well as two pressure readings below 1007 mb so the intensity is raised to 35 kt at 18Z on the 13th (down from 50 kt). The reanalysis therefore shows this cyclone becoming a tropical storm 30 hours later than originally shown. At this time, the tropical cyclone was passing through the Bahamas (but not making a landfall) on a continued northeast course. Aircraft on the 14th fixed the center twice (at 1547Z and 2115Z). At 1547Z, the aircraft recorded a central pressure of 995 mb. This value is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 14th. A central pressure of 995 mb yields an intensity of 56 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems and 54 kt using the north of 25N relationship. On the same day, aircraft reported that the storm was small in area. The aircraft at 1547Z reported max winds of 75 kt and the flight at 2115Z reported max winds of 70 kt and no central pressure. 60 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 14th and 65 kt is chosen for 18Z (a decrease of 5 kt from HURDAT at both times). Therefore, it is analyzed that this cyclone became a hurricane 6 hours later than originally. Of note is that the first time a ship reported a gale with this cyclone was the 15th at 2130Z. Track changes on the 14th through the 17th were mostly less than half of a degree. On the 15th and 16th the hurricane passed well to the west of Bermuda moving north-northeastward. There were two flights on the 15th, and center fixes were obtained at 1545Z and at 2200Z. Maximum winds on each flight were estimated at 75 kt and 80 kt respectively. The later flight encountered a lowest pressure of 997 mb, but neither flight reported central pressures. It is analyzed that the hurricane strengthened to 80 kt by 12Z on the 15th (no change to HURDAT). On the 16th at 1345Z, an aircraft located the center at 34.6N, 67.8W. The center was not penetrated; the lowest pressure encountered was 993 mb. It is known that the aircraft penetrated to within five miles of either the RMW or the eye's edge, so it is assumed that the 993 mb was measured at the time of closest penetration to the center since it is clear the 993 mb was the minimum pressure encountered by the aircaft. From the aircraft information, it is estimated that the RMW was about 16 to 18 nautical miles. The Schloemer equation (Schloemer 1954) was used to calculate the central pressure. In this case, there were two different scenarios since the aircraft message was unclear about whether the aircraft was 5 miles outside the RMW or whether it was at the RMW and 5 miles outside the eye. The equation yields central pressure values of 985 mb if the plane was at the RMW and 981 mb if the plane was 5 miles outside the RMW at 1345Z on the 16th. Using the lower central pressure value of 981 mb to attain a wind speed from the pressure-wind relationship yields a wind speed of 71 kt using the Brown et al. north of 25N relationship. This is well below the 90 kt listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. Another factor to consider is that the aircraft reported highest measured (flight level) winds of 84 kt, and estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt. 80 kt is chosen for 12Z and 18Z on the 16th as a compromise of the data, but leaning more heavily towards the central pressure value of 981 mb. The analyzed central pressure value of 981 mb is too uncertain to add into HURDAT for 12Z on the 16th. The peak intensity of this hurricane is analyzed as 80 kt from 12Z on the 15th to 18Z on the 16th (originally 90 kt from 06Z on the 16th to 12Z on the 16th). The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm on the 17th as it moved northeastward between Bermuda and Nova Scotia. On the 17th at 12Z, a 1001 mb peripheral pressure was observed simultaneously with 45 kt winds. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb yields an intensity of greater than 47 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The HURDAT intensity of 55 kt for 12Z the 17th is unchanged. Later on the 17th, the cyclone slowed down and turned towards the north, and it continued moving slowly towards the north on the 18th and early on the 19th to a location near 42N, 62W on the 19th. It is analyzed that the cyclone slowed down even more than shown in HURDAT, and the position at 12Z on the 18th is analyzed to be about 1.6 degrees to the SSW of the previous HURDAT position. HURDAT has this cyclone becoming extratropical at 06Z on the 18th. Available observations indicate that the cyclone maintained a small core of high winds near the center and warm temperatures surrounding the cyclone for one more day. It is analyzed that the cyclone did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 19th (24 hours later than originally). The HURDAT intensities are increased slightly on the 18th and 19th due to ship observations of higher winds. At 12Z on the 19th, no changes are made to the HURDAT position, and HURDAT lasts lists this cyclone at 18Z on the 19th, with a northeast motion in the final six hours. On the 20th, the cyclone combined with a separate, but much weaker cyclone [see #13 in additional notes section] and HURDAT is extended for two more days through the 21st. By the 20th at 12Z, it had moved slightly southeast from its position on the 19th at 12Z. By 12Z on the 21st, it accelerated towards the east-northeast to near 44.7N, 51W with 35 kt winds. The new final point is at 18Z on the 21st. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 14 (was Storm 12) - Revised in 2014 34695 10/13/1949 M= 5 12 SNBR= 770 NOT NAMED XING=0 34695 10/13/1949 M= 5 14 SNBR= 772 NOT NAMED XING=0 ** *** 34700 10/13* 0 0 0 0*218 492 35 0*221 501 35 0*225 509 35 0* 34705 10/14*229 516 35 0*233 522 40 0*240 527 40 0*251 533 45 0* 34705 10/14*229 516 35 0*233 521 40 0*240 523 40 0*252 525 45 0* *** *** *** *** 34710 10/15*263 539 50 0*275 546 50 0*288 553 50 0*304 562 50 0* 34710 10/15*268 530 50 0*281 540 50 0*291 550 50 0*302 562 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34715 10/16*321 571 50 0*336 572 45 0*350 566 40 0*361 558 35 0* 34715 10/16*321 569 50 0*336 567 45 0*350 557 40 0*361 546 35 0* *** *** *** *** 34720 10/17*371 536 30 0*378 515 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34720 10/17*372 531 35 0*380 512 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 34725 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. October 12: HWM analyzes a dissipating W-E warm front and an associated area of troughiness which extends from 27N, 52W to east of 27N, 37W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) located within an area of troughiness near 21N, 51.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.1N, 50.1W. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) located within an area of troughiness near 23N, 52W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 52.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 23Z at 32.3N, 49.9W (COA). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.3N, 57.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 28.8N, 55.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.3N, 53.8W and a 12Z position near 29.2N, 55.0W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered in the general vicinity of 28.8N, 55.3W. No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.0N, 56.0W. HWM analyzes storm 11 as a closed low of at most 1005 located near 33.9N, 68.4W. A NE-SW frontal system extends from 36N, 71W to 40N, 61W to 42N, 56W to northeast of 44N, 53W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.0N, 56.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.1N, 57.8W and a 12Z position near 35.2N, 57.0W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 34.0N, 54.4W with a trough or frontal feature extending southward from the low to 32N, 54W to 29N, 56W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 53.7W (COA). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 47.0W, now completely embedded within the frontal system. The same front extends from the low to the west (north of storm #13) and to the northeast. HURDAT last lists this system at 06Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 37.8N, 51.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.7N, 53.6W and a 12Z position near 38.0N, 48.5W with a 1011 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1005 mb at 06Z at 46.1N, 38.2W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 46.0N, 37.8W (COA); 35 kt S and 1019 mb at 06Z at 36.0N, 44.9W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 36.1N, 46.5W (COA). October 18: HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 38.0N, 41.0W. HURDAT shows genesis of this tropical cyclone occurring on 13 October at 06Z in the central Atlantic near 22N, 49W with an intensity of 35 kt. There were only a few available observations for much of the cyclone's lifetime, so few significant changes were made. Available observations indicate that the cyclone was slightly east of the previous HURDAT track from the 14th to dissipation on the 17th. The cyclone moved north-northwestward on the 14th and 15th, and it recurved early on the 16th near 33N, 56W. The peak intensity of 50 kt in HURDAT is maintained. The 17th is the only day for which intensity changes are analyzed. The intensity of 35 kt at 18Z on the 16th is held at both 00Z and 06Z on the 17th due to two observations of 35 kt winds. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation (06Z on the 17th). The cyclone was absorbed by a front and was no longer closed before 12Z on the 17th. The tropical cyclone did not become extratropical before dissipation. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 15 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014 34645 11/01/1949 M= 6 15 SNBR= 773 NOT NAMED XING=0 34646 11/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 455 35 0*250 465 40 0* 34647 11/02*241 477 40 0*233 490 40 0*225 510 45 0*218 536 45 0* 34648 11/03*212 560 45 0*208 580 45 0*205 600 45 0*208 620 45 0* 34649 11/04*215 640 40 0*224 653 35 0*235 660 35 0*250 662 30 0* 34649 11/05*267 660 30 0E290 650 30 0E318 635 30 0E360 630 30 0* 34649 10/06E415 630 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34649 TS HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 1 November to 7 November in the Atlantic Ocean. This new storm was also noted in Jack Beven's list of suspects. November 1: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26N, 43W with a trough/wave axis extending south-southwestward from the low to 15N, 47W. An east-west stationary front is plotted along 28N, just north of the low. HURDAT did not previously list this system. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW and 993 mb [ship pressure biased 8 to 10 mb too high] at 18Z at 24.9N, 48.5W (COA); 30 kt N and 1004 mb at 18Z at 26.2N, 48.0W (COA). November 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23N, 52W with a trough/wave axis extending from the low southwestward to at least 16N, 56W. Microfilm analyzes a low just off the east edge of the map at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 22.5N, 53.9W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 53.2W (COA); 15 kt N and 1002 mb at 12Z at 22.4N, 52.9W (COA); 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 22.0N, 51.9W (COA); 25 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 23N 56.5W at 18Z (micro - appears to be several millibars too low). Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E (50 kt E at fl of 10,900 ft) at 2030Z at 27.2N, 54.7W (micro). 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 2315Z at 23.5N, 55.2W (micro). At least 3 other aircraft gales well north of the center. November 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 60.0W with a trough/wave axis extending from the low south-southwestward to south of 12N, 67W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 60.6W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 21N, 60W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 03Z at 21.8N, 55.9W (micro - appears to be several millibars too low); 30 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 15Z at 22.5N, 58.3W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1004 mb [pressure biased 3 to 4 mb too low] at 18Z at 18.9N, 57.5W (micro); 40 kt SE at 1830Z at 25.2N, 58.8W (micro). Two other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. November 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.2N, 66.2W with a trough/wave axis extending from 22N, 66W to south-southwest of 14N, 71W. HWM also analyzes a cold front approaching the low from the west from north of 38N, 69W to 30N, 71W to 27N, 73W to 25N, 76W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.1N, 63.9W and a 12Z position near 23.6N, 66.1W with a 997 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of (but perhaps 1 degree west of) the HWM position at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a front approaching the low extending from north-northeast of 31N, 70W to 28N, 72W to southwest of 26N, 74W. Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 68.4W (COA). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt NE [may be a flight level wind] at 1252Z at 25.2N, 63.6W (micro); 30 kt SW (55 kt at flight level) and 1011 mb at 13Z at 24.9N, 64.0W (micro). From aircraft reconnaissance flight... "Lowest pressure 1008.5 millibars at 1243Z at 25.0N, 64.1W. Surface winds calm [at that location?]. Heavy squalls circle area. Max wind 050 degrees 35 knots at 1252Z at 25.2N, 63.6W. Winds backed west through south from 1225Z. Avg 12 knots" (micro). November 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.3N, 63.4W with a warm front extending from the low northeastward to 39N, 60W and a cold front extending from the low southward and then southwestward to 30N, 64W to 24N, 69W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.0N, 65.9W and a 12Z position near 34.2N, 63.3W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 31.5N, 65.1W with an approaching front located only about 100 nmi west of the low. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 31.3N, 63.7W (COA). A broad, area of low pressure was first noted in the central Atlantic on 1 November near 26N, 45W. It moved west-southwestward on the 1st and 2nd, westward on the 3rd (20.5N, 60W), and turned northward on the 4th (23.5N, 66W). On the 1st, the wind structure was slightly asymmetric on the northeast side of the cyclone, but from the 2nd to the 4th, the cyclone was clearly symmetric and non-frontal. It is important to note that this cyclone never contained a significant temperature gradient across the low from 1 November to 4 November. This cyclone is analyzed to be a tropical cyclone from 12Z on 1 November to 00Z on 5 November, and it is therefore added into HURDAT. On the 1st, there were only three relevant observations of winds with a westerly component south of the center. However, a time series of a ship from 06Z on 1 November to 12Z on 2 November reveals that the ship experienced a pressure drop of 12 mb during a 12 hour period followed by a pressure rise of 14 mb over the next 18 hours. This ship is analyzed to contain a low pressure bias of 8 to 10 mb. The minimum pressure recorded by the ship was 993 mb (likely to actually be 1001-1003 mb) at 18Z on the 1st with a 30 kt NNW wind. By 00Z on the 2nd, the wind shifted to 30 kt ENE and the pressure rose 4 mb. Unfortunately, the 6 hour time resolution of the observations from this ship may have prevented an observation of the highest wind or lowest pressure that was actually experienced by the ship. The first gales were observed on 2 November at 00Z and 06Z (35 kt for both observations) but those observations are analyzed to have occurred too far from the center to be included directly in the circulation of the cyclone. The gale at 00Z occurred approximately 430 nmi from the analyzed center and the gale at 06Z occurred 550 nmi from the analyzed center, and those gales were observed with pressures of 1017 and 1018 mb respectively. The first gale close enough to the cyclone to be considered part of the system occurred at 12Z on the 2nd, and this 35 kt gale (observed along with a pressure of 1012 mb) occurred about 280 nmi north-northwest of the analyzed center. Also by 12Z on the 2nd, four pressure observations of between 1001-1005 mb had been observed since the 1st, three of which were observed along with winds of 30 kt. On the 2nd, the closest observation to the center that contained a wind with a westerly component occurred at 18Z. This observation was 10 kt NW and 1006 mb and it occurred about 220 nmi southwest of the analyzed center. (Note that a ship - the Nyborg - measured 1003 mb with 25 kt NE at 14Z on the 2nd, 1001 mb with 25 kt NNE at 18Z, and 1001 mb with 15 kt SE at 02Z on the 3rd. However, it appears based upon comparison with other nearby ships, that the barometer was perhaps several millibars too low.) Six hours later, at 00Z on the 3rd, a 10 kt southwest wind was observed with a pressure of 1007 mb about the same distance away, but southeast of the center. During the afternoon of the 2nd, aircraft reconnaissance flew this system and estimated surface gales of 35-40 kt at several locations north of the center. One of the 35 kt gales was reported along with a pressure of 1008 mb about 150 nmi north of the interpolated analyzed storm position at 2315Z on the 2nd. The reconnaissance mission, however, did not go far enough southeast to reach the center. As the cyclone traveled westward on the 3rd, more gales of 35-40 kt and low pressures of 1001-1005 mb were observed, but not simultaneous measurements. Although there were not many gales observed within 300 nmi of the center on the 3rd, the data coverage was sparse at 06Z, 12Z and 18Z. On the 4th at 12Z, the circulation remained well-defined, and was located near 23.5N, 66.0W. Ship winds as high as 30 kt were observed and aircraft surface winds were estimated to 35 kt. By 18Z on the 4th, a cold front was approaching the cyclone from the west. 18Z on the 4th is also when the cyclone is analyzed to have reached its farthest west point as it was recurving (25.0N, 66.2W). By 18Z on the 4th the storm is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt depression. The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 06Z on the 5th as the baroclinicity of the cold front induced a 14 degree temperature gradient across the low. The last point before the cyclone was absorbed by the frontal system is at 00Z on the 6th as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.5N, 63.0W. While differentiating between tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones before satellite imagery(which could provide the convective structure) is problematic, it is likely that this system today would be considered a subtropical cyclone from the 1st until the 5th. It is possible that the system never attained tropical (or subtropical) status and remained a broad (occluded) low throughout its lifetime. However, the balance of the evidence is that the system was a tropical storm and is thus included into HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Storm 16 (was Storm 13) - Revised in 2014 34730 11/03/1949 M= 3 13 SNBR= 771 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 34730 11/03/1949 M= 3 16 SNBR= 774 NOT NAMED XING=0 L ** *** 34735 11/03* 0 0 0 0*178 820 50 0*178 832 50 0*172 836 50 0* 34735 11/03* 0 0 0 0*180 825 35 0*180 832 45 0*175 836 55 993* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 34740 11/04*167 839 45 0*163 841 40 0*158 842 35 0*143 839 30 0* 34740 11/04*170 839 50 0*163 841 45 0*158 842 40 0*152 839 30 0* *** ** ** ** *** 34745 11/05*145 826 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34745 11/05*145 836 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** 34750 TS International Landfall Nov. 4th, 14Z - 15.6N 84.1W - 40 kt - Honduras Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall in Honduras. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories. November 2: HWM analyzes a closed low along a dissipating front of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.2N, 80.9W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm does not yet analyze a closed low, but it analyzes a sharp trough in the western Caribbean. No gales or low pressures. "The pressure began falling in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on November 2..." (MWR). November 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 83.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.0N, 83.1W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.4N, 83.8W. Ship highlights: Three obs of 35-40 kt N-NW and 1012 mb between 17-18Z between 19-20N, 85.9-86.5W (micro). [Those gales may be related to a frontal passage.] Land/station highlights: 15 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro). Aircraft highlights: At least 40 kt S and 1002 mb at 19Z at 17.6N, 83.3W (micro); Navy center fix sometime between 1930Z-2055Z at 17.3N, 83.4-83.6W with a 993 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum winds (micro). One other gale of 35 kt. "Note from Navy at 2055Z (fix occurred sometime between 1930Z-2055Z): Small circular storm centered 20 miles east of Swan Island (17.3N, 83.6W). Closed circulation. Average winds 40 knots. NE sector 50 knots. Central pressure 993 mb. Accurate pressure check over Swan Island. Definite eye visual and radar. Criss-crossed high and low levels. Departing area" (micro). "Navy postflight summary: Sully just came in off the hop. Anybody got any hot questions they would like to ask? While you are thinking up some 64 dollar questions here is some of the dope he passed on to us. The center is very well-defined and is small in area. But here is the hot one. It is a very shallow storm with vertical extent to only 3000 feet. The pressure in the center is 993 mbs and is accurate as they checked in with the Swan Island bunch by radio while orbiting the island and set their barometer while there. They then flew east from there and the pressure dropped off very rapidly. The maximum wind was 55 knots on the northeast side. The southeast side it was 50 knots and on the southwest side it was 35 knots. On the northwest side it was 40 knots. On the north side it was 45 knots. The storm is almost concentric in appearance. The center is 25 miles from Swan due east with the diameter 30 miles in both north/south and east/west directions. That is about all I can get from him unless you want to ask something I have not thought of" (micro). "By the morning of November 3 low pressure had become concentrated in the vicinity of Swan Island. A reconnaissance plane located a small center about 50 miles in diameter, perfectly formed with a well defined eye, about 30 miles east of Swan Island. The highest wind was estimated at 50 knots, and the lowest pressure 992.9 mb. It was described as very shallow in its organization. Earlier on November 3 a TACA airliner en route from San Jose to Havana had flown over the storm at 9,000 feet and described it very much as the reconnaissance plane had done. From this elevation, the entire system could be seen; the active part extended only 4,000 feet" (MWR). November 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.0N, 83.9W with a front along 20N approaching the TC. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 18.4N, 84.5W and a 12Z position near 18.3N, 85.6W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.2N, 83.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.7N, 83.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 18.8N, 82.6W (micro). Land/station highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Swan Island. "Navy: recrossed front at 18.6N, 83.9W - wind shift. 070 degrees 8 knots to 030 degrees 20 knots - ENE SW" (micro). "1335Z: Pirep arrived 1218 direct route overhead Swan clear up to Cape Gracias. High overcast low overcast tops 7000 (ft) with thunder-heads protruding tops 20 to 25,000 (ft) avoidable. Little turbulence around CBs extending on a line NE/SW. Rain area to 120 miles north of Swan not bad then hi overcast, low broken, ocnl overcast tops 6 to 8,000 (ft) to south Cuba then clearing. Winds practically calm all the way" (micro). "During the night of November 3 it drifted south-southwestward into the northeastern tip of Honduras and dissipated. No damage was reported" (MWR). November 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 81.8W with a WSW-ENE stationary front just northwest of the low extending from 16N, 89W to 17N, 85W to 19N, 81W to 20N, 76W to beyond 22N, 72W. HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 14.5N, 82.6W. Microfilm at 00Z shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 14.9N, 83.2W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical storm developed in the western Caribbean Sea on 3 November from a trough/area of low pressure, which was evident on 2 November. No changes were made to the timing of genesis, which was at 06Z on 3 November. At the genesis time, the position was shifted half a degree to the west-northwest (18N, 82.5W). The storm traveled slowly in a westward direction before making a southwestward turn later on the 3rd. Swan Island recorded a pressure of 1005 mb at 12Z on the 3rd, and several gales from ships and aircraft were recorded later on the 3rd. Around 20Z on the 3rd, a Navy aircraft performed a center fix, locating the center about 20 to 25 miles east of Swan Island. A central pressure of 993 mb was measured by the aircraft at that location, and that value is added into HURDAT. A central pressure of 993 mb yields a wind speed of 59 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Although the cyclone was described as "small" in the Weather Bureau operational advisories, the forward speed of the storm was slow. The aircraft observer estimated maximum surface winds in the tropical cyclone of 55 kt. The HURDAT intensity of 50 kt at 18Z on the 3rd is raised to 55 kt, which is the new peak intensity for the lifetime of this cyclone. Going back to the intensity at genesis, sufficient observational coverage in the area on the 2nd and early on the 3rd shows that a 50 kt intensity at 06Z on the 3rd is probably too high. An intensity of 35 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 3rd and 45 kt is chosen for 12Z. The HURDAT positions around the time of the center fix on the afternoon of the 3rd are only adjusted a few tenths of a degree. On the 4th, the storm turned towards the south and made landfall around 14Z on the 4th on the north coast of eastern Honduras near 15.6N 84.1W (no change to the 12Z position on the 4th). The HURDAT intensities at 00Z, 06Z, and 12Z on the 4th are raised by 5 kt, showing an identical rate of weakening to the previous HURDAT prior to landfall. There were no peak intensity observations on the 4th and the landfall occurred in a sparsely populated area, and 40 kt is analyzed as the intensity at landfall. The tropical storm weakened to a depression by 18Z on the 4th and no changes were made to the timing of dissipation, which was after 00Z on the 5th. Available observations warranted a few track changes, which were made at the end of the track. The changes keep the TC inland in Central America until dissipation rather than moving erratically back over water. ******************************************************************************** 1949 Additional Notes: 1) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS indicate that a low, which originated from a frontal system, developed just off the southeast coast of the U.S. on 2 June. Numerous low pressure observations of 1004-1005 mb and numerous gales of 35-45 kt were observed between 08Z on 2 June and 09Z on 3 June. The gale that contained the lowest pressure was 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z on 2 June at 32.5N, 77.8W (COA). Two low pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb contained wind speeds of 30 kt on the 2nd. On the 2nd, there was a moderate temperature gradient and a large moisture gradient across the low, and the wind structure looks frontal. On the 3rd, there was no longer a temperature gradient across the low, and there was a moderate moisture gradient across the low, but some of this may have been a natural moisture gradient. On the 3rd, although the wind structure appears less frontal than on the 2nd, the strongest winds were located well north of the center. From the 1st to the 6th, the low meandered around between 30-33N, 75-79W. There were no observed gales or low pressures from 10Z on the 3rd through 23Z on the 5th. On the 4th and the 5th, the low remained closed and continued to lose its frontal characteristics, but sufficient observational coverage indicates that the low was very weak on these days. The only highlight from the 3rd at 10Z through the 6th occurred at 00Z on the 6th. The observation was a 30 kt SW wind with 1004 mb at 32.7N, 75.5W, and this was the closest available observation to the center of the low around that time. On the 5th and 6th, available observations indicate that the low was closed, and there were minimal temperature and moisture gradients across the low. However, this one piece of evidence is not enough justification to add this system into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 1 Open trough/front/too elongated Jun 2 33N 75W Extratropical Jun 3 30N 76W Extratropical Jun 4 32N 78W Extratropical Jun 5 33N 79W Weak low Jun 6 33N 76W Weak low- extratropical? 2) HWM shows a low near the Texas coast on 9 June. Available data shows no west winds south of the center. Also, the lowest pressure was not below 1010 mb and the highest wind was only 20 kt. This may have been a tropical depression, but that is not confirmed by available data. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 9 27N 96W Spot low Jun 10 Dissipated 3) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a low, possibly of tropical origin, became defined on 13 June near Florida. This low was closed from 13 June to 20 June and traveled from 28N, 81W to 37N, 73W during that time. From the 13th to the 20th of June, there were no temperature or moisture gradients across the low, and temperatures were warm the whole time. Also from the 13th to the 20th, there were a total of three observed gales of 35 kt and one low pressure of 1004 mb, all of which occurred on 16 June when the low was centered near 31N, 78W. However, none of the gales were within 200 nmi of the center. The gale with the lowest simultaneously observed pressure occurred at 00Z on the 16th, and the pressure value was 1014 mb. This observation occurred about 250 nmi (but perhaps as close as 200 nmi) northeast of the center. The low moved inland into North Carolina on the 17th, and it moved eastward back over water on the 19th. There are no observations of gales from any U.S. coastal station after a search of all stations, including HWM, MWR, state Climatological Data, and local records. The highest observed winds at the coast were 28 kt E early on the 16th at Charleston, SC and 27 kt SE early on the 17th at Hatteras, NC. Thus there is not enough evidence to include this system in as a new tropical (subtropical) storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 13 28N 81W Spot low Jun 14 28N 80W Low Jun 15 28N 80W Subtropical Depression??? Jun 16 31N 78W Subtropical Storm??? Jun 17 34N 77W Subtropical/tropical depression/storm??? Jun 18 36N 77W Low Jun 19 36N 74W Weak low Jun 20 37N 73W Weak low 4) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS indicate that a surface trough over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico was located at the southwest end of a SW-NE frontal system on 1 July. This trough broke off from the front and may have become a closed low by 2 July. The low moved westward in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd and 3rd, and it may have moved inland in Texas or Louisiana as a weak low. The highest observed wind after the low may have become closed (from the 2nd onward) is 25 kt and the lowest observed pressure is 1011 mb based upon a search of HWM, MWR, COADS, state Climatological Data and local stations. Although temperatures were warm surrounding the low on the 2nd and 3rd, since there is no definitive evidence that it was closed, and since there are no gales or low pressures, this system cannot be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 1 28N 87W Trough Jul 2 27N 91W Spot low Jul 3 28N 94W Spot low Jul 4 Dissipated 5) A westward moving tropical wave was first analyzed by HWM on 4 August from 7N, 53W to 16N, 50W. It entered the Caribbean Sea on 7 August and reached the western Caribbean on 9 August. The wave spawned a broad area of low pressure in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 11 August (also indicated in the MWR tracks of lows beginning on 11 August) that was essentially stationary through 14 August. By the 14th, there is definitive evidence of a closed, more compact circulation located on the coastline of the western Florida panhandle. The low dissipated by the 15th. Although this may have been a tropical depression, based upon observations from HWM, MWR, COADS, state Climatological Data, and local stations, the highest observed wind was 32 mph from the NNW at New Orleans on the 14th (though even this was clearly a thunderstorm wind event) and the lowest observed pressure was 1010 mb associated with this system. Thus, it cannot be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 11 29N 85W Trough Aug 12 28N 84W Trough Aug 13 29N 84W Trough Aug 14 31N 86W Tropical depression Aug 15 Dissipated 6) HWM and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a low began to develop along a front on 16 August just off the southeast coast of the U.S. On the 16th and 17th, the wind structure was still elongated and frontal in nature. On the 18th, the low started to become better organized while located off the North Carolina coast. On the 19th, the low rapidly deepened and accelerated northeastward. Once the low started to obtain a structure slightly more similar to a tropical cyclone (18th around 18Z) there were no more observed gales until 12Z on the 19th, when a 50 kt SW wind with a pressure of 985 mb and a temperature of 75 degrees was observed just southeast of the center. Since temperatures in the low 60s were observed just a couple of degrees north of the center, it is analyzed that this system was extratropical by 12Z on the 19th. It is possible that this could have been a tropical storm sometime between 18Z on the 18th and 06Z on the 19th, but there were no observed gales during that time. However, there were several low pressures below 1000 mb and several 30 kt winds at 00Z and 06Z on the 19th. Although the structure looked more tropical late on the 18th and early on the 19th, it is analyzed that the system never attained both the wind structure and temperature structure simultaneously to be considered a tropical cyclone. Therefore, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 16 33N 77W Broad low/trough (35 kt/1014 mb) Aug 17 34N 76W Broad low/trough (35 kt/1010 mb) Aug 18 35N 71W Broad low (35 kt/1001 mb) Aug 19 41N 64W Extratropical Storm (55 kt/980 mb) Aug 20 51N 63W Extratropical Storm (971 mb) Aug 21 51N 58W Extratropical low Aug 22 Merged with another extratropical low 7) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a tropical wave, which had been moving westward in the tropical Atlantic since the 22nd, may have formed a complete circulation by the 26th, although there are no north, northwest, or west winds near the low then. There are no observed low pressures during the lifetime of this system, and there were two gales. The first gale was a east wind of 35 kt on the 22nd, but there is not nearly enough evidence to consider closing off a low until 26 September. The second gale was a 45 kt E wind with a 1018 mb pressure on the 26th only 2 degrees northeast of the center. Such a strong wind with a high pressure may be reasonable, as the environmental pressures are very high. On the 27th, a combination of observations from HWM and COADS confirm that the low is closed, but there were no more observed gales or low pressures for the remainder of the lifetime of this system. By 12Z on the 28th, there is no longer evidence the low is closed and it likely dissipated around that time. With only one gale while a closed low, this is not enough evidence to add the system into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 22 Open wave along 44W between 9N ? 19N Sep 23 Open wave along 47W between 10N ? 22N Sep 24 Open wave along 50W between 11N ? 22N Sep 25 Open wave along 53W between 13N ? 24N Sep 26 30N 59W Spot low Sep 27 29N 62W Spot low Sep 28 34N 64W Spot low Sep 29 Dissipated 8) On 25 September, microfilm analyzes a small low with a closed 1008 mb isobar near 19N, 82W. Aircraft investigated the system during the afternoon of the 25th, and reported that they found "no evidence of a closed circulation near 18.2N, 85.9W." Although it appears that the aircraft was searching too far west, there are no observed west winds near the feature of interest near 19N, 82W. The highest wind was 20 knots from the east on the north side and the lowest pressure was 1008 mb. This area was also located in an area of low environmental pressure, and it was likely part of a tropical wave. This was likely the same tropical wave that spawned storm 9 (now storm 10). DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 25 19N 82W Open wave 9) Microfilm indicates the presence of a low in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from 28 September at 18Z to 29 September at 00Z. The highest observed wind with this system was 30 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1004 mb. There were at least five separate reliable observations of 1004-1005 mb. The wind structure of this system appears to be frontal. Although there appears to be some slightly cooler air to the northeast of the low, the temperature gradient across the low is not large. Apparently, a plane enroute from Havana, Cuba to New Orleans, LA reported flight level winds with this system as high as 35 kt and surface winds of about 30 kt near 25N, 85W. This report came after a report of heavy rain from the aircraft between 23-25N, 83-85W. Due to the extremely disorganized wind structure, this system is not added in to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 28 18Z 27N 87W Extratropical Sep 29 00Z 27N 87W Extratropical 10) HWM and COADS indicate that a low with gale force winds existed in the northeastern Atlantic during 29-30 September. On the 29th, there were signs that the fronts analyzed by HWM were somewhat accurate. The gales on the 29th as high as 45 kt were observed west of the low (and maybe also west of a front). However, the wind structure displayed a well-defined center, which is typical of tropical cyclones, on the 29th and 30th. The frontal structure on the 29th was much less evident on the 30th, and the fronts may have partially dissipated. The is only a slight temperature gradient across the low on the 30th. Furthermore, absolute temperatures increased from the lower 60s on the 29th to the upper 60s on the 30th. However, on the 30th, there are no west winds observed south of the center. The last observed gale associated with this system on the 30th was at 06Z, but it was observed simultaneously with a pressure of 1022 mb. Due to the cold temperatures, lack of observed gales near the center, and partial frontal structure, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 29 38N 34W Extratropical Sep 30 37N 33E Extratropical 11) A broad low appeared in the north-central Atlantic on 2 October. A front was approaching from the west and the low was absorbed by 00Z on 3 October. On the 2nd, there were no observed gales and only one low pressure of 1005 mb observed with this system. The low was probably too broad to be considered a tropical depression. This system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 2 35N 41W Broad low Oct 3 Absorbed 12) HWM, microfilm and reconnaissance records indicate that a tropical cyclone - perhaps a tropical storm - existed on 4 October northeast of the Lesser Antilles. From an Air Force flight... "1215 E (1715Z) Hurep Duck Four- Max winds near center of 45 knots. Center located 27.3N, 60.6W. Center estimated 60 miles diameter. Moderate turbulence and rain encountered NW quadrant and NE quadrant. Winds of 40 knots extend 100 miles from center and to 60 northwest [quadrant]" (micro). Aircraft and ship observations do confirm a closed circulation on the 4th, though some of the winds may be due more to the synoptic environment (strong high to the north) than to the cyclone itself. Also at the same time storm #12 (new) was located only about 300 nm to the east of this suspect. Data were sparse on the 5th and 6th, but do suggest at least a trough in the same vicinity. On the 7th, the system - if it is the same as earlier - moved quickly toward the east-northeast and on the 8th was absorbed in a frontal boundary. With only one report of gale force winds (from aircraft) which may be due at least in part to the large-scale gradient and no measurements of low pressures, this is not sufficient to add the system in as a new tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 4 27N 61W Tropical Storm? Oct 5 27N 63W Trough? Oct 6 28N 62W Trough? Oct 7 29N 54W Low Oct 8 ----- ----- Absorbed in a front 13) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a weak low was located in the area north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola from 9-12 October. There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system. Although it never attained the compact wind structure of a tropical cyclone, the time when it is closest to perhaps being classified as a tropical depression is around 00Z on the 10th. The system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 9 20N 67W Broad low/trough Oct 10 22N 67W Broad low/trough Oct 11 25N 69W Broad low/trough Oct 12 Dissipated 14) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, microfilm, and COADS indicate that an elongated low developed along a frontal boundary on 16 October off the southeast coast of the U.S. The low only moved northward to offshore of the mid-Atlantic coast by the 18th. This low maintained frontal features for much of its lifetime. From the 16th through the 18th at 12Z, the strongest winds were too far from the center and the organization was not good enough for the low to be a tropical cyclone. From 18Z on the 18th through some of the 19th, the organization improved with more gales closer to the center. However, during this time, a 10 degree temperature gradient existed across the low. This low is analyzed to have been extratropical for the duration of its lifetime and thus it is not added into HURDAT. However, if the structure would have been slightly less frontal on the 18th or slightly less of a temperature gradient on the 19th, this system could have been added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 16 30N 76W Extratropical Oct 17 33N 73W Extratropical Oct 18 36N 71W Extratropical Oct 19 37N 70W Extratropical Oct 20 Absorbed by Storm 11 (now Storm 13) 15) HWM and COADS indicate that a weak low formed off the east coast of northern Florida on 10 November. This low moved eastward through 13 November. On the 14th through the 16th, HWM still analyzes a trough to the east of the position on the 13th, but available observations indicate that the low/trough became less organized/pronounced by the 14th, and it was gone totally by the 17th. There was one 35-kt gale observed with this system at 05Z on the 10th, but there were no low pressures. Since there is only one piece of evidence, and since the gale occurred on a day when the low looked elongated and trough-like, this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 10 30N 79W Broad low/trough Nov 11 32N 69W Broad low/trough Nov 12 28N 62W Broad low/trough Nov 13 25N 57W Broad low/trough Nov 14 Dissipated 16) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate an area of interest in the central to western Atlantic from 12-19 December. HWM and COADS indicate that two enhanced areas of cyclonic turning associated with a front were present on 12 December in the central Atlantic. The area of cyclonic turning located further north was near 32N, 50W on the 12th. HWM analyzes a warm front extending east-northeastward from this low and a dissipating quasi-stationary front extending from this low southward to the other area of cyclonic turning near 22N, 53W. On the 13th and 14th, the frontal features dissipate and the two areas of cyclonic turning seem to merge into one very large, broad area of low pressure. From the 14th through the 16th, this non-frontal, broad, closed low moved slowly westward. The tail end of the next approaching frontal system appears to have interacted with the broad low from the 17th through the 19th. Although the low does not appear to be completely absorbed by the front, the interaction with the front may have caused the low to begin dissipating on the 17th. By the 20th, HWM no longer analyzed a closed low, and the low is completely dissipated by that date. There were several observed gales and low pressures associated with this system. Most of the gales occurred outside the 1015 mb isobar and were well removed from the center. Most of the low pressures had very weak winds over an area of several hundred miles; however, there were a few instances of low pressures observed with winds above 20 kt. There was one observation at 06Z on the 14th of a 35 kt south wind with a 1003 mb pressure. This was the only observation of a gale with a low pressure. This system was very large, and inspection of the 500 mb analysis in HWM reveals that this was likely an occluded low. This system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 12 32N 50W Extratropical Dec 13 26N 55W Broad low, occluded Dec 14 27N 60W Broad low, occluded Dec 15 25N 59W Broad low/trough Dec 16 23N 63W Broad low/trough Dec 17 23N 62W Broad low/trough Dec 18 22N 61W Broad low/trough Dec 19 22N 64W Dissipating Dec 20 Dissipated 17) HWM indicates a low broke off from the tail end of a front in the northeastern Atlantic on 23 December. The low began moving southward, and from the 14th through the 17th, there was no temperature gradient across the low. Gales were observed a few hundred miles from the center and were directly associated with this low on the 24th and 25th. During this time, absolute temperatures were in the upper 60s. By the 26th, the low became even broader and the strong winds weakened and spread out. However, HWM shows that on the 27th, an east gale was observed about 200 to 300 nmi north of the center. On the 28th, the low is picked up and moved northward, expanding and becoming extratropical again as it does so. The low merges with another extratropical low on the 29th. In summary, on the 23rd, there were several gales and low pressures observed with this system, but it was extratropical and absolute temperatures were cold. The time when available observations indicate that this system was closest to being a tropical cyclone was from about 12Z on the 24th to 12Z on the 25th. Before 12Z on the 24th, the system was extratropical. After 12Z on the 25th, there were no more observed gales within 300 nmi of the center. But late on the 24th and early on the 25th there were a few observed gales within 300 nmi of the center. The observation of 35 kt NW with 998 mb and 67 degrees at 00Z on the 25th at 30.9N, 35.9W (COA) suggests that there is chance that this may have been a subtropical cyclone. However, there is not enough evidence for this to be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 23 37N 28W Extratropical Dec 24 32N 28W Occluded low Dec 25 28N 35W Broad low Dec 26 25N 33W Broad low Dec 27 28N 28N Broad low Dec 28 36N 20W Extratropical Dec 29 44N 17W Absorbed ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 1 (Able) 34755 08/12/1950 M=11 1 SNBR= 772 ABLE XING=0 34755 08/12/1950 M=13 1 SNBR= 772 ABLE XING=0 ** 34760 08/12*165 545 35 0*171 555 40 0*177 570 45 0*184 583 50 0* 34760 08/12*171 555 35 0*177 563 40 0*182 574 45 0*190 586 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34765 08/13*191 595 50 0*201 611 55 0*210 625 65 0*216 632 70 0* 34765 08/13*200 600 50 0*207 611 50 0*213 622 55 0*220 632 55 997* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 34770 08/14*222 637 70 0*230 646 70 0*236 653 70 0*240 658 75 0* 34770 08/14*227 638 60 995*231 646 60 0*234 654 60 995*239 660 65 989* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 34775 08/15*244 662 75 0*248 667 75 0*252 672 80 0*255 677 80 0* 34775 08/15*244 662 65 0*248 665 65 0*252 668 70 987*255 675 75 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 34780 08/16*257 683 85 0*258 688 90 0*257 692 90 0*256 697 95 0* 34780 08/16*257 681 80 0*257 687 80 0*255 693 80 980*254 698 85 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 34785 08/17*254 704 100 0*253 714 105 0*253 724 110 0*255 732 115 0* 34785 08/17*254 706 90 0*254 715 95 0*255 726 100 962*259 733 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34790 08/18*261 738 120 0*268 744 120 0*275 749 120 0*282 754 120 0* 34790 08/18*267 739 100 0*273 744 100 0*279 749 100 958*284 753 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34795 08/19*289 758 120 0*299 761 120 0*310 762 120 0*319 760 120 0* 34795 08/19*291 755 105 0*299 755 105 0*307 755 105 953*317 755 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34800 08/20*328 757 120 0*345 748 115 0*365 729 110 0*379 714 105 0* 34800 08/20*328 752 110 0*344 743 105 0*360 727 100 0*376 710 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34805 08/21*394 695 90 0*418 670 65 0*442 643 35 0*460 620 30 0* 34805 08/21*393 694 80 0*412 673 70 0*433 650 65 0*455 626 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34810 08/22*479 596 30 0*498 568 25 0*518 540 25 0*536 507 25 0* 34810 08/22E479 598 35 0E500 568 30 0E520 538 30 0E536 507 30 0* * *** ** **** ** **** *** ** * ** (The 23rd and 24th are new to HURDAT.) 34810 08/23E547 477 35 0E553 448 35 0E553 418 35 0E545 377 30 0* 34810 08/24E535 337 30 0E525 303 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 34815 HR U.S. Tropical Storm impacts: 8/20 06Z - 34.4N 74.3W - (closest point of approach) - 35 kt impact - NC 8/21 06Z - 41.2N 67.3W - (closest point of approach) - 40 kt impact - MA International landfall: 8/21 16Z - 44.6N 63.7W - 65 kt - Canada Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Major alterations are also made by including an extratropical stage as well as the timing of dissipation, 36 hours later than originally indicated. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Local and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. August 7: HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. "On 9 August, the following message was received from Martinique: 'Meteo Dakar advised no cyclonic center located Monday the 7th at 0200Z by 14N, 25W'" (AWS). August 8: HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. "'AINMP's EIN confirm existence of this center on the 8th at about 0300Z toward 15N, 30W.' The EIN AINMP's were expanded and clearly indicated the existence at the 11,000 foot level of a cyclonic vortex centered near 15N, 30W at 080300Z. The two positions given in the Dakar message indicated a WNW movement of approximately 11 knots" (AWS). August 9: HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 10: HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 11: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day except for hinting at the possibility that a trough/wave might exist along/near 55W due to the kink in the 1015 mb isobar. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. "Reconnaissance flights were sent out on the 11th and 12th but found no indication of a storm. The flight on the 11th reported easterly winds with some indication of cyclonic curvature around 50W" (AWS). August 12: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.7N, 57.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17N, 54W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. "The first hurricane of the season was suspected on the afternoon of August 12 from general conditions several hundred miles northeast of the Leeward Islands" (MWR). "Duck special observations: Passed through mass CBs 16N, 59W at 1300Z. Sea calm with slight swell. Radar report... CB in area" (micro). "The flight on the 12th reported wind shifts which indicated a vortex to the north of the flight track" (AWS). August 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 62.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 62.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.5N, 59.2W with max winds of 30 kt and central pressure 1000 mb. The AWS best track lists a 1230Z position at 21.8N, 62.1W with max winds of 40 kt and central pressure 998 mb. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.2N, 62.2W with a 1002 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.1N, 61.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 06Z at 22.0N, 59.9W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 23.2N, 63.6W (micro); 20 kt NE and 994 mb at 2030Z at 22.3N, 63.4W (micro); 50 kt NE and 998 mb at 2045Z at 23.0N, 62.8W [ob suspicious] (micro); center fix at 22Z at 22.8N, 63.2W with winds variable at 10 kt, pressure 996 mb, and blue sky overhead (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1003 mb. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S (40 kt SSW at flight-level of 700 ft) and 1008 mb at 21.2N, 61.5W (micro, ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 2045Z at 22.2N, 63.5W with 997 mb central pressure and max observed winds of 45 kt (micro, AWS). One other gale and one other low pressure. "A reconnaissance plane located the developing hurricane on the morning of the 13th near 21N, 62W. It soon increased to hurricane force..." (MWR). "Computing from the 08/0300Z position to the position at which Storm Able was located on 13 August, a movement of WNW at slightly less than 15 knots is obtained. This [along with other information] indicates fairly conclusively that Storm Able developed from the cyclonic vortex reported by Dakar 150 miles south of the Cape Verde Islands on 7 August" (AWS). "The Navy flight on the morning of the 13th reported a cyclonic wind shift from 190 degrees at 40 kt to 20 degrees at 12 kt over an 85 miles track but did not investigate the area. The Air Force flight approximately six hours later reported an eye with a central pressure of 997 mbs and a maximum winds of 45 kt" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Air Force flight... "13/2045Z: diameter of eye 10 nautical miles. Calm area with circular clouds around us as reported by radar" (AWS). From microfilm... "Duck #8 2045Z: 22.2N, 63.5W. Eye at this position. Just after crossing center of eye wind SE 45 kt" (micro). From the ATS report... "This flight was dispatched from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico to investigate an easterly wave lying just to the east of the Lesser Antilles. The area of squally weather was encountered at 1141Z near 18N, 61W. Penetration on an easterly heading was made and the wind backed across the squall zone. Plain language was appended to 'Navy three: Passed through moderate squall line at 1144Z- position 18.1N, 60.6W. Wind backed 200 degrees at 20 kts to 170 degrees at 20 kts. Turned north at 1150Z.' Squall line was about 25 miles wide. At 1217Z, and squall line was again penetrated. Penetration was made to about the center of squall at 1234Z. At 1305Z position 20.4N, 60.1W, radar showed off to the east of track a severe squall, banana shaped with good curvature to the NW, and with a series of light squalls to the W. At 1315Z, course was set to WNW but no significant weather was encountered so departure was set for Ramey AFB" (ATS). From microfilm... "S.S. P. Lincoln passed center at 2200Z at 22.8N, 63.2W. Wind variable 10 kt. Blue sky overhead. Lowest barometer 995.8 mb" (micro). August 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.6N, 66.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.6N, 65.3W. The AWS best track has a 0030Z position at 22.5N, 64.0W with max winds of 50 kt and central pressure of 997 mb and a 12Z position of 23.3N, 65.5W with max winds of 65 kt and central pressure 995 mb. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.0N, 66.0W with a 995 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyses a low of at most 996 mb centered near 23.2N, 65.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 22.5N, 63.4W (COA, micro). At least three other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix (low-level penetration; DR confirmed by loran) at 1208Z at 23.3N, 65.5W with central pressure 995 mb and max flight-level winds encountered of 65 kt at 500 ft (micro, ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 1935Z at 24.0N, 66.2W with 989 mb central pressure (AWS, micro). Four other surface gales and seven other low pressures reported. "During the [14th and 15th] it decelerated, turned to a more northerly direction and intensified" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "14/1245Z: N-5: Eye diameter 20 nmi. Symmetrical but ragged. The eye was well defined in all respects except for relative dryness on the west side" (AWS). Regarding the Air Force flight... "Center of storm by penetrating 24N, 66.2W at 1935Z. Low pressure 989.1 mb...SE corner of eye and SE sector winds not over 50 kt. Sea rough. NE sector winds over 75 kt. Gale force to 80 miles from center in NE direction. Sea very high. Heavy rain with continuous lightning. Storm moving NW at about 15 kt. Winds north sector 75 degrees 80 kts, west sector 310 degrees 55 kt, south sector 260 degrees 45 kts" (micro). From the ATS report... "This flight was destined to find the first hurricane of 1950. The tropical disturbance had been classified as a storm on 13 August with winds near 45 knots. The storm was approached from the southwest side until a position west of the center was attained. Penetration to the eye was then effected in the standard Navy 'low-level - wind on the port beam' manner. Highest wind encountered on entry was 65 knots. Central pressure of 995 mb was established and the center DR position confirmed by Loran. Departure was taken through the southwest quadrant and the storm was then circumnavigated to show its exten" (ATS). From microfilm (Navy flight)... "N-4: In eye. DR fix 1208Z 23.4N, 65.5W. Climbing for loran. N-9: Wind backing to west" (micro). "Note: PAA flight San Juan-LaGuardia reported wind 348 degrees 22 kt at about 24.5N, 68.1W at 8500 feet. Hurricane position (estimated?) 24.8N, 67.5W at 2315Z" (micro). August 15: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.4N, 67.1W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 25.2N, 67.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.4N, 66.4W with max winds of 85 kt and central pressure 987 mb and a 1230Z position at 25.2N, 66.9W with 90 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 67.3W with a 987 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.4N, 67.0W. Microfilm analyses a low of at most 987 mb centered near 25.3N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 24.9N, 68.4W (HWM); 45 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 26.1N, 66.1W (COA, micro); 80 kt N (estimated) [not necessarily max w] and 996 mb [probably not min p] [both obs not necessarily simultaneous] around 16 to 22Z at 26.2N, 67.0W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (low-level penetration, DR) at 1304Z at 25.3N, 66.8W with 987 mb central pressure (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1955Z [?] at 26.7N, 67.7W with 100 kt max winds reported. At least seven other surface gales reported, at least two other flight-level hurricane force winds reported, and at least three other low pressures below 1000 mb reported. "By the afternoon of the 15th, it reached a minimum speed estimated at 4 kt. At this point, it made an abrupt turn to the left and accelerated along a track slightly south of wes" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye diameter 20 nmi. Eye well defined. West and south side defined poorly on radar due to relative dryness" (AWS). From the ATS report... "This was the second Navy flight into Hurricane Able, as the flight on the previous day had definitely established the storm as a hurricane with a fairly well-defined eye. It was decided [today] to go directly to the storm and establish a fix on the eye by going up to the west side, since the west side had been reported relatively dry and weak. Departure was taken from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico on a northwesterly heading. The wind was kept on the port bow until 70 knots from the ENE was reached, then put on the beam and the eye was entered on the western side at 1304Z. Plain language appended to 'Navy seven: Highest winds encountered at 1253Z at aircraft position of 25.6N, 66.9W. NNE 80 knots. 45 kt winds extend 55 miles to west of eye. Entered eye on west side. Navy eight: Entered eye at 1304Z- 20 mile radius. Well defined. Position [of eye] 25.3N, 66.8W. Circling in eye at 5,000 feet.' After having spent one hour and seventeen minutes inside the eye trying to obtain a Loran fix, it was decided to return to base as circumnavigation was impractical due to fuel limitations" (ATS, micro). Regarding an afternoon Air Force flight... "Air Force: Eye located 25.7N, 67.7W at 1955Z. Winds 100 kt in NE quadrant" (micro). From a ship report... "Rebecca Boone Ship: estimated position 26.2N, 67.0W. Hurricane definitely changed course northerly. Was hoved to on fast rising barometer 1600Z. Started to fall at 2200Z 29.40 [inches] (996 mb). Wind north force estimated 90 mph (80 kt). Visibility ½ mile. Sea very high and confused" (micro). August 16: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.4N, 69.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 25.7N, 69.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.7N, 67.9W with max winds of 105 kt and central pressure 984 mb and a 1230Z position at 25.5N, 69.3W with max winds 120 kt and central pressure 980 mb. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 69.2W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 69.0W. Microfilm analyses a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 25.7N, 69.4W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 990-999 mb at 04Z at 25.7N, 66.9W (micro); 40 kt W and 1001 mb around 18Z at 24.3N, 70.4W. Six other gales between 35-45 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Hurricane force S (80 kt S at flight-level of 500 ft) and 997 mb at 1145Z at 25.3N, 68.5W (ATS); hurricane force NNE (100 kt NNE at flight-level of 700 ft) and 985 mb at 1230Z at 26.1N, 69.8W (ATS); Navy center fix (low-level penetration, but with loran) at 1305Z at 25.4N, 69.4W with 980 mb central pressure and 850 mb height of 4250 feet (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (boxing method) at 2003Z at 25.2N, 70.1W with 80 kt max winds encountered [they may not have been anywhere near the RMW when they hit 80 kt since this center fix was not obtained by penetration]. Two other hurricane force surface winds reported, three other hurricane force flight-level winds reported, and two other low pressures below 1000 mb reported. "Twenty-four hours after discovery of the storm, the AF flight reported winds to 80 kt [on the 16th]" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye diameter 20 nmi. Eye well defined at 5,000 [feet] by precip pattern, not well defined at low level between 230 and 280 degrees" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Flight departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 16/0924Z to reconnoiter the two day old hurricane, first of the 1950 season, expected to be located near 26N, 68W. At 1256Z, the eye was entered with maximum winds from the north at 75 knots on this new approach for penetration. After circling in the eye for 34 minutes, the following was observed: (a) Loran fix of eye at 16/1305Z was 25.4N, 69.4W; (b) Lowest pressure 980 mb; (c) Diameter of eye 20 miles; (d) Eye well defined at 5,000 feet by precipitation pattern; and (e) Eye not well defined at low levels between true bearings of 230 and 280 degrees. Departure of eye was taken at 1329Z in a west southwest direction and course was altered ay 1345Z to return to Ramey AFB" (ATS). "Note: PAA 525 at 1005Z- Flying at 7500 [feet] in south edge of hurricane at 24.0N, 68.3W" (micro). "Hurep Duck 16 Aug located eye at 2003Z at 25.2N, 70.1W by boxing procedure" (micro). "Gull special eleven 2330Z: At 24.5N, 71.7W reports they are first out of eye of storm" (micro). August 17: HWM analyzes a hurricane of most 1000 mb centered near 25.6N, 72.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 25.3N, 72.4W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.3N, 70.8W with a 130 kt max winds and 971 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 25.5N, 72.7W with 130 kt max winds and 962 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.9N, 73.0W with a 962 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 72.5W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 987 mb centered near 25.5N, 72.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE at 00Z at 25.9N, 70.7W (micro); 40 kt S and 996 mb at 00Z at 24.3N, 69.8W (micro); 45 kt E and 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 73.8W (micro). At least four other gales and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 00Z at 25.3N, 70.7W with max 10,000 ft winds encountered 72 kt in NE quadrant, 977 mb pressure from dropsonde, and 700 mb height in eye of 9,380 feet (AWS, micro); 90 kt W at flight-level of 1000 ft and 983 mb at 1330Z at 25.4N, 72.7W (AWS); Navy center fix (low level penetration/DR) at 1335Z at 25.6N, 72.8W with 962 mb central pressure and max flight-level (~1000 ft) winds of 120 kt encountered upon departure of the eye around 1405Z (AWS, micro); Air Force center fixes (by low-level boxing method) at 1955Z and at 2000Z at 26.0N, 73.2W and at 26.2N, 73.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 2245Z at 27.1N, 73.8W with estimated max intensity of storm 130 kt, 969 mb pressure measured from dropsonde, and 700 mb height of 9,450 feet (AWS). Six other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and three other low pressures. "Corrected location of eye at 0000Z by two loran fixes at 10,000 feet. Maximum measured wind in NE quadrant 72 kt" (micro). "Gull special 17 Aug located eye at 0000Z at 25.3N, 70.7W. This center was found by penetrating eye at 10,000 feet and obtaining two 3 station loran fixes in the eye of the storm. Storm position excellent reliability" (micro). "Post flight summary Aug 17: DR position of eye 25.6N, 72.8W at 1335Z considered excellent. Lowest pressure observed 962 mb. Departed eye to northwest with maximum winds encountered 120 kt extending 12 mi from edge of eye. Observed at least two spiral bands of heavier weather on western side of storm" (micro). "Hurep Duck Special: Center of hurricane located 26.0N, 73.2W at 1955Z. Hurep Duck Special: Second position of storm located by low-level boxing method 26.2N, 73.8W at 2000Z. Storm moving WNW at 11 kt. AF Gull flight: center 27.1N, 73.8W at 2245Z" (micro). "The wind was estimated [by aircraft] to have reached 130 kt. This was the highest estimate reported and was reported on the 17th. It is believed that winds of this intensity persisted at least until the 18th" (AWS). A description of the eye from the first Air Force flight... "Eye diameter 25 nmi by radar" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye diameter 25 nmi. Edge of eye not well defined, considerable blue sky observed while circling in eye. Departed eye on NW heading, winds increased gradually rather than with the usual abrupt jolt" (AWS). A description of the eye from the last Air Force flight on this day... "Eye diameter 30 nmi" (AWS). "By 17/1530Z, a major trough formed in the Mississippi valley in the midst of the ridge which had been there. This indicated the beginning of a new turn to the north which was confirmed by aircraft fixes" (AWS). From the ATS report... "This was the first hurricane reconnaissance in this storm flown from Miami, and showed the storm to be still deepening with central pressure down to 962 mbs. Low level penetration was made until 70-knot winds were encountered west of the center, then commenced circumnavigation. Wind increased steadily to 90 kt SSE of center, so decision was made to enter the eye rather than get into the extreme conditions of the east and northeast sectors. Highest winds immediately prior to entry were 110 knots. Eye was rather poorly defined but about 25 miles in diameter. Stayed in eye from 1335Z until 1400Z, then departed on a NW heading. Wind increased gradually rather than with the usual abrupt jolt, and 120 knots was found in this sector with severe turbulence and heavy rain. Hurricane winds extend 40 miles from center, and 45 kt winds [extend] 90 miles [from center]" (ATS). August 18: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 120 kt hurricane at 27.5N, 74.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.6N, 73.9W with max winds of 130 kt and central pressure 960 mb and a 12Z position at 27.9N, 75.0W with max winds of 130 kt and central pressure 958 mb. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 75.7W with a 958 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.6N, 74.8W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 28.0N, 75.1W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 29.5N, 70.7W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 29.5N, 72.7W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0200, 0230, 0700, 0800, and 0920Z between 27.0-27.7N, 73.7-74.9W (micro); Navy center fix (low-level penetration with loran) at 1315Z at 28.0N, 75.0W with central pressure 958 mb and max flight-level gusts of 110 kt [max flight-level wind was at least 95 kt at 400 ft] (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 2039Z at 28.7N, 75.4W with a 967 mb pressure from dropsonde and 700 mb height of 9125 ft (AWS, micro); Navy radar center fixes at 2040Z, 2159Z, and 2358Z between 29.0-29.2N, 74.8-75.5W [loran aided on at least the first two of these three fixes] (micro). Seven other surface gales, three other flight-level hurricane force winds, and four other low pressures between 968-995 mb. "Navy aircraft penetrating the south and west sides of the storm on the 18th and 19th estimated maximum winds of 110 kt in these sectors. This would indicate winds of at least 125 kt on the east side" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy radar flight... "18/0700Z: center poorly defined (on radar)" (AWS). A description of the eye from Navy flight... "18/1315Z: Eye well defined; extremely hazy" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Air Force flight... "18/2039Z: Diameter of center of storm as observed by radar 50 miles; eye almost complete circle. Surface winds [in eye] estimated as variable at 17-20 kt with moderate to rough sea" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Direct penetration of the eye was agreed to by pilot and aerologist. Consequently, approach was made from Miami to a point WNW of the center. Winds gradually increased from 50 knots to 95 knots 3 miles outside the eye boundary with severe, continuous turbulence lasting for approximately 20 minutes. Heavy rain was encountered as squall lines were crossed. Gusts were estimated to 110 knots. Eye was well defined with central pressure of 958 mb located at 28.0N, 75.0W at 1315Z, loran fix. Remained in eye for 58 minutes. Departed eye south, spiraling out on SE side. Previous intention to circumnavigate was abandoned and flight returned to Miami (ATS). August 19: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 centered near 30.3N, 75.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 120 kt hurricane at 31.0N, 76.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.0N, 75.6W with 125 kt max winds and 955 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.7N, 75.5W with max winds 125 kt and central pressure 953 mb. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 75.9W with a 953 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.2N, 75.9W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 31.0N, 75.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 06Z at 27.6N, 73.7W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0059, 0200, 0300, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0755, 0844, 1005Z between 29.2-30.4N, 75.1-75.7W (micro); Navy center fix (low-level penetration- DR and loran) at 1307Z at 30.8N, 75.4W with 953 mb central pressure, maximum flight-level winds encountered 110 kt on the west side, and 5000 ft pressure of 810 mb (AWS, micro, ATS); radar center fix at 18Z at 31.7N, 76.1W (estimated position) (micro); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 2015Z with 972 mb pressure by dropsonde and a 700 mb height in the eye of 9040 feet (AWS, micro); center fix (penetration, radar, and loran) at 2058Z at 32.2N, 75.2W with max flight-level winds encountered 120 kt from the south (micro). Three other surface gales, one other flight-level hurricane force wind, and three other low pressures reported. "It moved slowly on a variable northwesterly course which brought the center a short distance east of Cape Hatteras during the night of the 19th" (MWR). "Navy 4- entered eye position 30.7N, 75.5W at 1252Z. Navy 5- In eye. Loran position excellent at 1307Z 30.8N, 75.4W. Diameter well-defined 35 miles- open in SW quadrant. Max wind 110 kt west side 12 miles [from center]; 90 kt 30 miles [from center]. 6000 ft pressure 810 mb. Surface pressure 953 mb. N-6: 29.9N, 76.5W (aircraft position) surface winds NW 45 kt" (micro). "1800Z: Hurricane estimated 31.7N, 76.1W. Center completely dissipated from scope during last hour. Correct previous hurricane course and speed to 351 degrees at 4 kt" (micro). "Post flight summary: Departed Miami and encountered long low swell from the NE about 100 miles ENE of Miami. Swells increased rapidly to heavy with increasing northwesterly winds, causing a cross state of sea and sharper crests. Entered eye of hurricane at 1252Z and obtained an excellent loran fix at 1307Z position 30.8N, 75.4W. Diameter of eye measured 35 miles and open at the top vertically. Radar indicated lack of precipitation in southwest quadrant. Surface pressure 953 mbs. Pressure at 5,000 feet 810 mbs. Strongest winds encountered west side estimated 110 knots at a distance of 12 miles from the center wall [from edge of eye. This implies an RMW of approximately 30 miles]. Winds of 90 knots extend west and southwest to 30 miles" (micro). "Hurep Duck: In eye 10,600 feet. Eye 30 by 30 miles moving NE 11 kts. Dropsonde at 2045Z - surface pressure 972.5 mbs, wind across eye S to N 140/80 kts" (micro). "2058Z: Radar plus loran fix 32.2N, 75.2W. Wind last leg into eye 190 degrees 140 mph" (micro). "During the 17th, 18th and 19th the storm made a gradual recurve to the northeast passing 100 miles off Hatteras..." (AWS). "This was the last direct observation of the central pressure (the 953 mb ob); however, it is considered to be near the minimum developed by the storm since it had completed recurvature by this time and had begun to accelerate toward the NE" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "19/1252Z: Eye diameter 35 nmi. Eye well defined, radar shows lack of precipitation in SW quadrant, open at top vertically" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy radar flight... "19/1500Z: Broken center poorly defined. 19/1700Z: Center determination becoming difficult with apparent increasing clouds in center and fading side definition" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Air Force flight... "19/2015Z: Eye diameter 30 nmi. Wind across eye at flight level 10,000 feet 140 degrees 80 kt, eye clear above 5,000 feet to well above 25,000 feet, topped by cirrus type overcast. Temperature at 25,000 feet -10C, dropped to -27C on way out of storm. Air very moist (over 90% [RH?]) up to 25,000 feet on dropsonde from this level" (AWS). From the ATS report... "The flight departed Miami at first light and proceeded to an area approximately 350 miles northeast of Miami with plans to penetrate the center of the storm from the west quadrant. This was accomplished very satisfactorily and excellent loran fixes in the center verified the DR track within 3 miles accuracy. "Entered eye 1252Z. Diameter well defined 35 miles. Open SW quadrant. Max winds 110 knots west side 12 miles, 90 knots 30 miles. 5000 ft pressure 810 mbs, surface pressure 953 mbs" (ATS). August 20: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.2N, 73.0W with a dissipating cold front extending from 34N, 76W to 32N, 80W to 31N, 84W, a warm front extending from 40N, 76W to 43N, 73W, and a cold front extending from 46N, 75W to 42N, 78W to 38N, 82W to 37N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 36.5N, 72.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.1N, 74.8W with 120 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.0N, 72.6W with 110 kt max winds and 969 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.5N, 73.5W with a 955 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position close to the HWM and HURDAT positions. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 981 mb centered near 36.2N, 72.7W with a front located from 40N, 75W extending northeastward to beyond 43N, 72W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 34.3N, 72.3W (micro); 60 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 34.8N, 71.4W (micro); 55 kt S and 1003 mb at 15Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA); 65 kt ESE and 986 mb at 17Z at 37.5N, 70.2W (micro). Nine other gales between 35-55 kt and four other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Land/station/land radar highlights: 50 kt NE and 998 mb at 06Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.0N, 75.2W) (micro); 30-35 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 06Z at Cape Hatteras (micro); center fixes from Norfolk, VA land radar at 0805, 0829, and 0900Z around between 35.2-35.4N, 74.0-74.3W [may not be as accurate as aircraft fixes] (micro); max 1-minute winds from Able at Cape Hatteras, Cape Henry, and Nantucket were all 32 kt and occurred sometime during the day of the 20th (between 20/05Z - 21/05Z) (climo). Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0125 ("excellent"), 0200 ("excellent"), two fixes at 0300 (one "good" and the other with loran), 0400, 0500 ("good"), 0700, 0800, 0900, 1000, and 1400Z between 33.2-37.0N, 72.4-75.2W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1939Z at 36.8N, 71.0W with estimated max winds of 100 kt (micro, AWS); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration, loran) at 2030Z at 38.1N, 70.0W with 100 kt max winds and 700 mb height in eye of 9095 feet (AWS, micro). "On the afternoon of the 20th, the Air Force flight estimated maximum winds at 100 kt" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Navy radar flights... "20/0200Z: Eye open SW quadrant. 20/0400Z: Eye diameter 45 nmi. Eye open S quadrant. 20/1000Z: Eye breaking up. Storm assuming extratropical characteristics. 20/1100Z: Impossible to determine center of storm. 20/1420Z: Storm circular formation 80 miles diameter. No defined eye. 20/1443Z: Storm diameter increasin" (AWS). A description of the eye from the Air Force flight on the afternoon of the 20th... "Eye large and indefinite" (AWS). "20/1420Z: Navy hurricane position 37.0N, 72.4W. Course [of storm] 035 [degrees], speed [of storm] 20. Radar fix 1400Z: Plane position 35.7N, 74.9W" (micro). "D-4: Surface winds estimated at 60 kt" (micro). "At 2030Z, storm was at 38.1N, 70.0W based on loran fix in eye at ten thousand ft and loran aided box at low level. Eye is large and indefinite. The eye is elliptical in shape 65 by 55 miles. Maximum estimate winds 100 kt. Radius of hurricane winds NE quadrant 120 nmi, SE quad 100 nmi, NW quad 100 nmi, SW quad 80 nmi" (micro). Riverdale in Prince George's County measured a 24-hour rainfall of 5.65 inches on the 20th (Delaware-Maryland-D.C. climatological data). The southern coastline of New Jersey suffered $1,000 in property damage. "Damage was caused by high tides and accompanying towering waves which destroyed cottage porches. Heavy rains caused flood conditions at some coastal towns and cities, but little permanent damage resulted" (climo). In Massachusetts, "heavy surf, induced by the hurricane swell, cost two bather's lives at Duxbury and Plymouth" (climo). August 21: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 43.3N, 64.8W. An occluded front extends from 59N, 66W to 58N, 60W to 56N, 58W to a triple point near 55N, 57W. A warm front extends from this triple point south-southeastward to 50N, 54W to 47N, 52W to 45N, 50W. A dissipating stationary front extends from the triple point to 50N, 63W to 46N, 68W to 41N, 69W becoming a cold front there and continuing to 38N, 71W to 35N, 74W to 34N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 44.2N, 64.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 39.6N, 68.9W with 95 kt max winds and 977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.3N, 64.8W with 80 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.6N, 65.4W with a 967 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.9N, 64.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 42.6N, 64.4W. Ship highlights: 100 kt NW 990-999 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 71.0W (micro); 50 kt W and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.0N, 66.2W. 12 other gales between 35-45 kt and seven other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 55 kt NE and 995 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 69.9W (micro); 978 mb (min p) around ~16Z at Halifax (44.6N, 63.6W) (AWS); 40 kt sustained winds with gusts to 65 kt reported over Nova Scotia (AWS). One other gale of 35 kt and four other low pressures between 988-998 mb. "It moved northeastward into Nova Scotia on the 21st. It caused strong winds on Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod, but hurricane force was not experienced on land, except in parts of Nova Scotia" (MWR). The storm accelerated "along a straight track passing over Halifax, Nova Scotia on the 21st..." (AWS). "The storm center passed over Halifax, Nova Scotia, which reported a minimum [pressure] near 978 mbs" (AWS). "As the storm passed over Nova Scotia on the 21st, winds of 40 kt with gusts to 65 kt were reported" (AWS). August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 51.8N, 54.0W. A cold front extends from 48N, 50W to 45N, 52W to 42N, 56W to 39N, 62W. Another weak low is centered near 65N, 58W, and a dissipating occluded front extends from this low southward to 59N, 56W to 56N, 54W, becoming a warm front at 54N, 51W continuing southeastward to 52N, 48W to 46N, 43W. Another occluded front is approaching the feature of interest from the west, and this feature is plotted from 58N, 70W to 54N, 69W to 51N, 70W to 48N, 72W to 46N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 51.8N, 54.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 47.3N, 60.2W with 60 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 51.7N, 54.0W with 55 kt max winds and 991 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.3N, 54.4W with a 996 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 11Z at 53.5N, 56.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 48.5W (COA). Three other low pressures of 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 51.7N, 55.3W (HWM). The storm moved "off Newfoundland into the North Atlantic on the 22nd" (AWS). August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 55.8N, 37.5W with an occluded front extending from the low southward to a triple point near 50N, 36W. A warm front extends southeastward from the triple point to 45N, 33W, and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point to 43N, 45W. HURDAT no longer lists the system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 56.0N, 37.7W with a 1007 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1004 mb at 00Z at 53.5N, 47.5W (COA); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 06Z at 57.5N, 48.5W (COA). August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.2N, 26.1W with an occluded front extending from 53N, 25W to 49N, 24W to 45N, 27W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.3N, 26.5W with a 1003 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. The first tropical cyclone of 1950 (Able) formed from an African easterly wave which emerged off of Africa around 5 August. It is possible that Able existed as a tropical depression or even a tropical storm a few days prior to the genesis time shown in HURDAT. In particular, the Air Weather Service report mentions aircraft observations suggesting that at least a mid-level circulation was present on the 8th, but these actual reports are unavailable. With the ship observations being quite sparse (typical for that part of the Atlantic), there is not enough evidence to change the timing of genesis in HURDAT (00Z on 12 August). The 35 kt HURDAT intensity for the genesis point is also retained, but the position is shifted to 17.1N, 55.5W (over one degree to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position). By 06Z on the 13th, the position was adjusted slightly northward of the previous HURDAT position. The track changes on the 12th and early on the 13th are based on ship observations. The first observed gale also occurred at 06Z on the 13th. Later on the 13th, there were several ship observations of less than 1000 mb as well as an aircraft central pressure report of 997 mb at 2045Z obtained via low-level penetration and this value is added into HURDAT for the 18Z slot. 997 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53 kt from the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is the intensity analyzed at 18Z, down significantly from 70 kt originally in HURDAT. A 995 mb central pressure was added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 14th due to a 22Z ship report of 10 kt with 996 mb likely located inside the RMW. A 995 mb central pressure yields 56 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship. The eye radius at the time was reported to be 5 nmi. The highest wind from a ship on the 13th was 50 kt at 2045Z. 60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 13th (down from 70 kt originally). On the 14th and 15th, Able, which had been moving northwestward well north of the Greater Antilles and well east of the Bahamas, slowed down and turned towards the west. On the 16th, Able continued at a crawling pace and turned towards the west-southwest near 25.7N, 68.7W at 12Z. On the 17th, Able accelerated again as it turned back towards the west-northwest with a 17/12Z position near 25.5N, 72.6W. All track changes made from the 14th through the 17th are less than half a degree and are based on several aircraft fixes as well as ship observations. Aircraft measured a central pressure of 995 mb at 1208Z on the 14th via low-level penetration. This indicates that no deepening had taken place during the previous 18 hours. The intensity is analyzed to have remained steady at 60 kt through 12Z on the 14th (down from 70 kt originally at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 14th). A 995 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 14th. At 1935Z on the 14th, a central pressure of 989 mb was measured by aircraft via low-level penetration, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th. A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 and 63 kt respectively for south and north of 25N making use of the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships. 65 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 14th (down from 75 kt originally). Able is analyzed to have attainted hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 14th (30 hours later than originally- a major change to HURDAT). The next intensity information available is a 987 mb central pressure obtained by Navy Aircraft via low-level penetration at 1304Z on the 15th. A 987 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th. A ship estimated winds of 80 kt during the afternoon of the 15th. An aircraft central pressure of 980 mb was measured at 1305Z on the 16th via low-level penetration, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. On the 17th at 1335Z, an aircraft measured a central pressure of 962 mb via low-level penetration, indicating significant intensification had taken place. A 962 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th. A 987 mb central pressure yields wind speeds of 68 and 64 kt respectively for south and north of 25N. A central pressure of 980 mb yields 78 and 76 kt respectively for south and north of 25N using the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship. A central pressure of 962 mb yields wind speeds of 100 and 97 kt respectively for south and north of 25N using the intensifying subset. The revised intensities at 12Z each day from the 15th through the 17th are 70, 80, and 100 kt (down from 80, 90, and 110 kt originally). On the 18th and 19th, Able began to slowly accelerate, and it recurved, passing 85 nm east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, NC around 06Z on the 20th. Although all track changes to HURDAT from the 18th through 06Z on the 20th were less than seven-tenths of a degree, and the revised track is consistently to the right of the previous HURDAT track. These track changes were based primarily on the numerous aircraft fixes because no ships ventured near the center. The Navy aircraft was used on the 18th through the 20th to provide hourly radar center fixes at times, but this aircraft was rarely used for intensity estimates. On the 18th at 1315Z, the other Navy Aircraft (PB4Y-2) measured a central pressure of 958 mb, and on the 19th at 1307Z it recorded a central pressure of 953 mb, both by low-level penetration. In addition, observations of 700 mb heights from Air Force penetrations at 700 mb on the 18th and 19th are consistent with the central pressures obtained by low-level penetration. The central pressure values of 958 and 953 mb obtained by the Navy aircraft are added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th and 19th respectively. A central pressure of 958 mb yields a wind speed of 97 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and a central pressure of 953 mb yields a wind speed of 102 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW (obtained by multiplying the aircraft reported eye radius by 1.5) increased from 22 nmi at 2245Z on the 17th to 37 nmi by 2040Z on the 18th, but decreased again to 27 nmi by 1307Z on the 19th. The climatological RMW on the 18th is 20 nmi and 22 nmi on the 19th. The speed of the storm increased from 8 kt on the 18th to 11 kt on the 19th. Intensities of 100 and 105 kt are chosen for 12Z on the 18th and 19th (down from 120 kt originally on both days). The 20 kt intensity change on the 18th is a major downward adjustment to HURDAT. As the center of Able passed east of the outer banks of North Carolina, tropical storm force winds occurred on the barrier islands, but no hurricane force winds were observed on land. On the 20th, Able accelerated as it moved north-northeastward off the mid-Atlantic coast. The final aircraft intensity information received was at 2030Z on the 20th. An Air Force aircraft reported a 700 mb height of 9095 ft implying a central pressure somewhere between 947-965 mb, although it is highly likely that the central pressure was near the high end of that range because the eye was described as becoming much less organized and larger on the 20th. The RMW was about 45 nmi at 2030Z on the 20th (the climatological value is 30 nmi). The speed of the storm had increased substantially and was now in excess of 25 kt. The peak analyzed intensity of 110 kt is analyzed to have occurred from 18Z on the 19th to 00Z on the 20th (down from 120 kt at those times) because the eye was contracting from 18/2040Z to 19/2015Z and the lowest 700 mb height was recorded at 2015Z on the 19th. HURDAT previously listed a peak intensity of 120 kt from 00Z on the 18th to 00Z on the 20th. By 18Z on the 20th, 90 kt is chosen for the intensity (down from 105 kt originally) due in part to the high latitude and to the much larger eye size indicating extratropical transition was beginning. Early on the 21st, tropical storm force winds of around 40 kt brushed the easternmost portions of the Massachusetts capes. Later on the 21st, Able made landfall in Nova Scotia at 16Z as a 65 kt hurricane. The center passed directly over Halifax around 16Z. A continuous (hourly) temperature record at Halifax is available, and it indicates that the temperature did not drop after the passage of the cyclone. In fact, the temperature after the cyclone passage was a few degrees warmer than before the cyclone passage (likely due to solar radiation in the afternoon). This temperature record along with all other available observations indicate that Able was still tropical at landfall in Nova Scotia. Although only winds of tropical storm force were observed, a 978 mb minimum pressure was observed at Halifax. It may have been a central pressure but there is no information as to whether a calm was observed at the location of the barometer. A central pressure of less than or equal to 978 mb yields a wind speed of at least 75 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N. Since no hurricane force winds were observed in Nova Scotia, 65 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 21st (up from 35 kt originally- a major intensity adjustment) and landfall as a compromise of the wind and pressure data. Slight southwestward track adjustments are analyzed for the 21st. Able quickly weakened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 21st and became extratropical by 00Z on the 22nd with a 35 kt intensity at 47.9N, 59.8W. HURDAT does not list Able as ever becoming extratropical and lists dissipation after 18Z on 22 August. The extratropical addition is a major change to HURDAT. It is analyzed that the extratropical low remained closed until after 06Z on the 24th, so 36 hours are added to HURDAT (another major change). There were several interesting/noteworthy quotes from AWS and MWR regarding Able, and they are included below: "The strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 140 mph and lowest pressure 953.3 mb recorded by aircraft at sea" (MWR). "Reconnaissance aircraft penetrated Storm Able 14 times, six of which were at the 10,000 ft level. These penetrations and night radar flights revealed a fairly consistent increase in the size of the eye from a diameter of 10 miles of the 13th to an indefinite ellipse 55 by 65 miles on the 20th" (AWS). "It is interesting to note that the central surface pressures as obtained by dropsonde from 10,000 feet and above are consistently 10 or more mbs higher than central pressures as obtained by low level penetration" (AWS). "As usual, the maximum wind in the storm area did not follow a linear relationship with the minimum pressure" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 2 (Baker) 34820 08/20/1950 M=13 2 SNBR= 773 BAKER XING=1 SSS=1 34820 08/18/1950 M=15 2 SNBR= 773 BAKER XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** (The 18th and 19th are new to HURDAT.) 34825 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 540 30 0*125 542 30 0* 34825 08/19*130 544 30 0*135 547 30 0*140 550 35 0*145 554 40 0* 34825 08/20* 0 0 0 0*163 550 60 0*165 565 60 0*165 574 65 0* 34825 08/20*150 559 45 0*155 564 50 0*160 570 55 0*163 579 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34830 08/21*166 583 80 0*166 592 95 0*167 600 105 0*166 607 100 0* 34830 08/21*166 588 65 0*168 598 70 0*169 606 70 990*170 610 75 987* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34835 08/22*165 613 90 0*166 618 80 0*167 624 70 0*168 631 60 0* 34835 08/22*170 614 85 0*169 618 75 0*168 622 60 0*168 629 45 1003* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** 34840 08/23*170 640 50 0*173 650 40 0*176 660 35 0*180 670 30 0* 34840 08/23*170 640 45 0*174 651 40 0*178 662 35 0*182 673 30 0* ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34845 08/24*186 683 30 0*194 700 25 0*203 717 25 0*209 734 25 0* 34845 08/24*186 686 30 0*194 700 25 0*203 717 30 0*209 734 40 0* *** ** ** 34850 08/25*213 751 25 0*216 770 25 0*218 784 30 0*218 793 30 0* 34850 08/25*213 748 45 0*216 766 45 0*217 781 35 0*217 791 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 34855 08/26*217 801 35 0*218 810 35 0*218 818 40 0*219 826 40 0* 34855 08/26*217 801 35 0*217 812 45 0*218 819 45 0*219 825 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34860 08/27*220 833 45 0*221 841 50 0*222 848 50 0*223 856 55 0* 34860 08/27*220 832 50 0*222 840 45 0*223 846 50 0*224 853 55 996* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 34865 08/28*226 864 55 0*229 872 60 0*232 877 65 0*234 880 65 0* 34865 08/28*226 861 55 0*228 868 55 0*230 872 55 998*232 875 55 996* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 34870 08/29*236 883 70 0*239 886 75 0*244 889 80 0*250 891 85 0* 34870 08/29*235 877 65 0*237 880 75 0*239 883 80 0*241 884 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34875 08/30*256 892 90 0*263 893 90 979*272 892 95 0*282 887 95 0* 34875 08/30*247 886 90 0*257 888 90 0*270 890 90 0*282 887 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** 34880 08/31*294 881 75 0*308 878 65 0*322 879 50 0*332 881 35 0* 34880 08/31*294 882 75 979*311 879 60 0*334 882 40 0*348 887 35 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 34885 09/01*343 885 25 0*352 889 20 0*360 893 15 0*370 899 15 0* 34885 09/01*360 890 25 0*367 890 20 0*367 892 15 0*370 897 15 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34890 HR AL1 34890 HR AL1AFL1 **** International Landfalls 8/22/1950 - 12Z - 16.8N 62.2W - 60 kt - Montserrat U.S. Landfall: 8/31/1950 - 03Z - 30.2N, 88.0W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1003 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI - 20 nmi RMW - 16 kt speed U.S. Landfall: 8/31/1950 - 04Z - 30.7N, 87.9W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1003 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast. Additionally, a major alteration is to indicate genesis almost two days earlier than in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Caribbean station observations, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Perez et al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 18: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 16.5N, 56.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. "The vortex formed east of Antigua on the 20th" (AWS). "This hurricane appeared east of the Leeward Islands on August 20" (MWR). August 21: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17.2N, 60.1W with a trough/wave extending from 18N, 59W northeastward to 26N, 53W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 16.7N, 60.0W. The AWS best track lists a 1230Z position at 17.0N, 61.0W with 70 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.0N, 60.4W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 16.9N, 60.8W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 10Z at 16.9N, 60.3W (micro). Land/station highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Antigua. One other 35 kt gale at 12Z at Antigua. Aircraft highlights: center fix (low-level penetration, DR) at 1247Z at 17.2N, 62.0W with 990 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 90 kt at ~700 feet (ATS, micro, AWS); center fix at (low-level penetration) at 2040Z at 17.0N, 61.1W with 987 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (AWS, micro). At least one surface hurricane force wind, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and five other peripheral pressures between 996-999 mb. "Navy hurep eight 21/1247: DR position excellent. Hurricane center 17.2N, 61.0W. Max winds 90 kt in the west and north quadrants. 40 kt winds extend outward 25 miles in the SE quadrant, 25 miles in the west quadrant, 30 miles in the northeast quadrant. Eye open SSE to SW. Hook extends from SW to east. Width 10 to 15 miles with heavy rain. Min pressure 990 mb" (micro). "Post flight report 21/1625Z: Eye forming. No area of relative calm or apparent cloud breaks. Minimum winds area 12 miles diameter. Hurricane carries torrential rain all quadrants except SSW. DR positions excellent" (micro). "N-10: Gust 75 kts in squall line" (micro). "AF 2040Z: Recon 17.0N, 61.1W [center fix]. Climbing to 10,000 ft in eye (received at 2105Z)" (micro). From Air Force flight.. "Hurricane winds extend 40 miles to NE of center and 15 miles to SW. Storm winds extend 60 miles NE and 35 miles SW of center. Gale winds extend 80 miles NE and 35 miles SW of center. Storm center located by simultaneous radar fix on island and eye of storm" (micro). "A reconnaissance mission was dispatched early on the 21st to search the area east of Antigua. This flight found a storm with winds to 70 knots and a central pressure of 990 mbs. The center had not developed a well defined eye but did contain an area of relative calm. The afternoon flight found Storm Baker better organized with a central pressure of 987 mbs and winds to 90 kt" (AWS). From the ATS report... "This flight departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 21/0952Z to investigate an area of suspicion existing to the east of the Lesser Antilles. After having cleared the islands by 1240Z the wind was placed on the port beam and penetration of the hurricane commenced. The wind increased to over 90 knots and radar indicated our position to be in the northwestern edge of the eye at 1247Z. However, the wind did not diminish in the next minute so heading was immediately altered to circumnavigate the hurricane. At 1252Z, the aircraft emerged into an area of very confused seas and winds from all direction ranging in velocities from 25 to 50 knots. This area was 12 miles in diameter and centered near 17.2N, 61.0W at 21/1247Z with no apparent breaks in the lower clouds present. Departure was immediately taken from this area in a southwesterly direction after having observed a pressure low of 990 mb. Circumnavigation was again commenced at 1300Z with the flight returning to Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico" (ATS). August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 62.8W with a trough/wave extending from the low northeastward to 24N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 16.7N, 62.4W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 17.0N, 61.2W with 90 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 17.0N, 61.6W with 50 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.9N, 62.7W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.5N, 62.4W. Land/station highlights: 80-105 kt N (estimated, max w) around ~04Z at Antigua (AWS); 990 mb [min p?] around ~04Z at Antigua (AWS); 40 kt ENE G 50 kt and 1008 mb at 06Z at St. Kitts. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt NE (flight-level of 900 ft 45 kt ENE) and 1006 mb at 1415Z at 16.8N, 62.9W (ATS); center fix (low-level) at 15Z at 16.7N, 62.2W with 1003 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level gusts of 50 kt (ATS, micro, AWS). Two other low pressures of 1005 mb. "It passed about over the island of Antigua during the night of the 21st with winds reported at 90 to 120 mph" (MWR). "Navy-6: Area of relative calm and confused seas was centered at 16.7N, 62.2W at 22/1500Z. Land radar fix [by radar on Navy aircraft]. Central pressure 1003.1 mb. All quadrants except NE open at 10,000 ft. 850 mb height 4890, temperature 19.6C, wind 160 degrees 18 kts [in center]. 700 mb data [in center] height 10,300 ft, temperature 13.7C, wind 220 degrees 38 kt. Max winds- gust to 50 kt 15 miles NW of the center [at ~700 mb or 10,000 ft]" (micro). "A verbal report from Antigua indicated that the wind had reached 90 to 120 mph N and the pressure had dropped to 990 mbs approximately 22/0400Z. A few hours later, Antigua reported NE winds force 3 to 5 [10 to 20 kt] and pressures above 1005 mb. Since the wind direction had not changed, it was quite apparent that Storm Baker had either reversed its direction and moved off to the east or northeast or had weakened considerably. The morning reconnaissance flight on the 22nd reported a weak cyclonic circulation centered 60 miles SW of Antigua at 22/1500Z. This added to the confusion since Antigua still reported NE winds. However, at 22/1930Z, Antigua reported a SE wind [had shifted from NE] making it fairly conclusive that Storm Baker had dissipated immediately after formation" (AWS). "After crossing Antigua, Baker moved in a west-northwesterly direction and accelerated to about 18 knots; at this point it existed as a small unstable vortex with maximum winds of 50 knots and minimum pressure of 1003 mbs" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Shortly after departure from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 22/1200Z, course was taken from Montserrat Island in the Lesser Antilles to investigate the hurricane which in the previous 24 hours had moved from a position 40 miles east of Antigua Island into the Montserrat- St. Kitts Island area. A thorough investigation of this area was made maintaining a margin of safety around the mountainous islands with the following in-flight plain language and post flight summary bring reported: 'In-flight plain language- Area of relative calm and confused seas centered near 16.7N, 62.2W at 22/1500Z by land radar fix. Central pressure 1003.1 mb. All quadrants except northeast open at 10,000 feet. Maximum winds gust 50 knots 15 miles northwest of center. Post flight summary- intertropical front extends west southwest from south of Antigua into closed circulation thence southwest. Swells and weather indicate this to be remains of severe hurricane located yesterday. Observations in eye indicate rapid filling of this low although severe squalls accompany it to the northwest, north and northeast.' Flight was routine throughout retuning to Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 22/1804Z" (ATS). Regarding the storm in Antigua... "Roofs blown off several sugar warehouses, trees uprooted, some power and telephone lines broken, and 40 or more homes flattened" (climo). Regarding the storm in Barbados... "Heavy rains and some flooding caused minor damages due to the effects of the southern part of easterly wave with which hurricane was associated" (climo). August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 66.2W with a trough/wave extending from 19N, 66W northeastward to 26N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.6N, 66.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 17.1N, 63.0W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 18.2N, 66.5W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.3N, 66.1W with a 1002 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM position. Microfilm continues to analyze a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.7N, 65.9W. Aircraft highlights: 20 kt SW (at both the surface and flight-level of 1000 ft) and 1003 mb at 1145Z at 17.6N, 65.7W (ATS); 40 kt E (45 kt E at flight-level of 700 ft) and 1006 mb at 15Z at 19.5N, 66.8W (ATS). One other surface gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Station highlight: 30 kt ENE with 1009 mb at Isabella, Puerto Rico (micro). "It progressed slowly west-northwestward losing force, and was only a minor disturbance on the 23rd when it reached Puerto Rico, where strongest winds were 35 to 40 mp" (MWR). "As the vortex passed just south of St. Croix on 23 August, the station at Eingshill reported a wind shift from north to south and force 6 winds [25 kt] with gusts to 35 mph. Navy recon found the storm on the 23rd just as it entered the Puerto Rican coast and passed NE of Ponce at about 1300Z. Ponce indicated a pressure of 1006 as the center passed. Moving through the Mona Passage and skirting the north coast of Hispaniola, the storm, still in the unstable vortex stage, continued at a steady 15 knot movement" (AWS). "Strong squall line passed north of Puerto Rico at 23/1130Z oriented SW to ENE which marked boundary between ENE and SE flow [aloft?]. Moderate squall line passed north of Puerto Rico at 23/1627Z oriented SW to ENE which marked boundary between ESE and S flow aloft. Pressure and winds indicate existence of weak cyclonic circulation to south southwest of Ramey. Morning flight encountered squalls mentioned which appear to cease at 20N. Situation looks identical to yesterday's flight results" (micro). From the ATS report... "Flight was to scout the area in vicinity and southwest of Puerto Rico. Showers and light southerly winds were found south of the island, but upon investigating this area northeast and north of Puerto Rico, increasing heavy squalls were experienced and winds of east 40 knots were observed, gusting to 50 in squall centers. These squalls were heaviest in a 60 square mile area north of Puerto Rico" (ATS). Regarding the storm in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico... "Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico experienced very minor damages from the wind and rain which occurred in connection with tropical disturbance which degenerated into an area of squally weather. Damages consisted of a few broken electric and telephone lines, torn awnings, and broken neon signs. Heavy rains in some sections of Puerto Rico delayed farm work and construction projects. Some small streams reached flood stage" (climo). August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.2N, 71.7W with a trough/wave axis extending from the low northeastward to 27N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 20.3N, 71.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 19.6N, 69.1W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 20.7N, 72.2W with 50 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.4N, 71.3W with a 1009 mb pressure. The MWR post-season tracks map shows a 12Z position near 20.4N, 72.0W. Microfilm analyzes an open wave containing a spot low near 20.6N, 71.8W. Land/station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb (min p) at 18Z at Great Inagua Island (21.1N, 73.3W) (micro, AWS). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt E (micro). "This track brought the storm across Great Inagua at about 1800Z on the 24th, at which time the island had a 1003 mb pressure. A slow deceleration and deepening of the central pressure occurred from this point on" (AWS). "D-10: Weak squall line oriented NW by SE 30 miles N of position appears to extend 100 miles E and 75 mi W then across to the south approximately 2.5 [degrees?] proceeding to 20N, 74W" (micro). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.8N, 77.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 21.8N, 78.4W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.2N, 75.1W with 50 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.6N, 78.1W with 46 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.6N, 78.7W with a 1002 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position between the HURDAT and HWM positions. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.7N, 78.2W. Land/station highlights: 25 kt W and 1002 mb (min p) at 1230Z at Camaguey, Cuba (21.4N, 78.0W) (AWS, HWM); 20 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 21.9N, 79.4W (micro). "Thereafter, it was in the nature of a squally wave until the evening of the 25th when signs of another developing center were noted off the south Cuban coast. This center developed slowly, moved westward across the western tip of Cuba into the Gulf, made a curve to northward, and increased to hurricane force" (MWR). "After passing Great Inagua, the vortex moved due west and entered the Cuban coast just east of Camaguey. This station later reported a minimum pressure of 1002 mbs with force 6 winds [25 kt] as the storm passed just to the north of the city at about 1230Z on the 25th" (AWS). "Baker - Aug. 25-28 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.9N, 83.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.8N, 81.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.5N, 80.3W with 46 kt max winds and 1001 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.9N, 82.1W with 46 kt max winds 1001 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 82.3W with a 1001 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.0N, 82.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.6N, 82.0W. Ship highlights: 20 kt W and 1005 mb at 18Z at 20.6N, 82.8W (COA, micro). Land/station highlights: 35 kt N and 1001 mb at 06Z at Cayo Guano de Este (21.7N, 81.5W) (micro); 45 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 18Z at Cayo Guano de Este (micro). 11 other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 46 kt maximum flight-level wind encountered by Air Force during afternoon flight (AWS); 25 kt SW (25 kt WSW at flight-level of 1500 ft) and 1003 mb at 2045Z at 20.9N, 82.9W (micro). "The disturbance emerged from the south Cuban coast in the vicinity of Palo Alto and passed just north of the Isle of Pines with a westerly movement of 7 knots at 2000Z on the 26th. Air Force reconnaissance in the area found evidence of a closed circulation at the 700 mb level. Descending to the low level, the flight encountered maximum winds of 46 knots" (AWS). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.3N, 85.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 22.8N, 84.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.1N, 83.4W with 46 kt max winds and 1001 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 22.4N, 84.6W with 55 kt max winds and 1000 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.9N, 84.5W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.5N, 84.8W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.4N, 84.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 21.2N, 83.8W (COA, micro); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 24.3N, 82.5W (COA). One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00Z at Caletade (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro); 20 kt W and 1003 mb at 12Z at Cayo de San Antonio (21.8N, 84.8W) (HWM); 50 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at Dry Tortugas (micro). Nine other low pressures and two other gales, both at Dry Tortugas. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 15Z at 22.5N, 84.9W with 996 mb central pressure, 40 kt maximum surface winds and 50 kt measured flight-level winds with a report of "eye forming" (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 2204Z with 997 central pressure and 58 kt winds with report of "eye not definite" (AWS). Three other surface gales of 35-40 kt, two other flight-level gales of 40-44 kt, and five other low pressures of 1001-1005 mb. "The vortex again crossed western Cuba in the vicinity of Pinar del Rio at about 0700Z on the 27th. The press reported a crop loss in this area of $2,000,000 and 20 deaths caused by devastating winds and rain. Upon entering the Gulf, the storm again took up a WNW movement and at 2200Z on the 27th, Aircraft Recon penetrated the storm at low level to find a minimum pressure of 997 mbs and maximum winds of 58 knots. No definite eye had yet formed" (AWS). After entering the Gulf of Mexico, Baker intensified in terms of wind speed on the 27th through the 29th, "but the surface pressure remained between 995-998 mbs. Also, the degree of organization of the storm remained unchanged" (AWS). "Post flight summary 27 August: Lowest pressure located at 1500Z at 22.5N, 84.9W with characteristics of eye in formative stage. West and south sides very weak with max winds 20 kt. Noticeable lack of middle and high clouds west and south sides. Entire storm relatively dry all quadrants. North and northeast quadrants max winds 50 kt at a distance of 100 miles from center 40 kt to 150 miles. Lowest pressure in center 996 mb. Would indicate moderate deepening and intensification expected" (micro). From the ATS report... "This was the fifth recco flight into a squally area which had previously been a well-developed hurricane before being broken up moving through the Lesser and Greater Antilles island group. During the 24 hours preceding this flight, the weak low pressure center had moved over western Cuba, and now out over open water in the Gulf it would bear investigating for possible redevelopment. The flight departed Miami and a weak closed circulation was found, but winds of tropical force were found in the northeast quadrant. Further reconnaissance would be necessary to determine extent of future intensification. Surface pressure 996 mb believed to be weak center. 5000 ft pressure (834 or 854 mb?)" (ATS). August 28: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 87.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 87.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.9N, 85.5W with 58 kt max winds and 996 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.2N, 86.6W with 60 kt max winds and 995 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 23.6N, 87.4W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.3N, 87.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 22.8N, 87.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 23.5N, 86.9W (micro); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 84.3W (COA); 995 mb (min p) and 50 kt (max w), both around 2130Z (but not necessarily simultaneous observations) (AWS). Six other gales and eight other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 20 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at 22.1N, 84.1W. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar attempted center fix at 05Z with report of "no center discernable, scattered squalls" (AWS); Navy center fix (low-level penetration) at 1315Z at 22.9N, 87.4W with 998 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 65-75 kt (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 18Z at 23.3N, 87.0W with 996 mb pressure and 60 kt winds (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix (at 10,000 feet) at 2039Z at 23.3N, 87.2W with 993 mb pressure from dropsonde (micro). Seven other surface gales, five other flight level winds of between 60-70 kt, ten other low pressures of 1000-1005 mb. "On the 28th, the storm continued to decelerate and to intensify in so far as wind speed is concerned. The minimum central pressure remained nearly constant. The forward speed reached about 4 kt, the minimum speed since leaving Antigua" (AWS). "Navy 2: 0500Z 23.2N, 84.1W. 10,000 ft wind estimated 161 degrees 38 kt. No center discernable. Scattered squalls. Will proceed to 23N, 85W then to 24N, 85W. Navy: 25N, 85.2W. Proceeded as indicated in previous report. Only light squalls on scope" (micro). "1345Z: Navy 7- departed eye NE side. Max winds 65 to 70 kt 23.5N, 86.8W. Navy 8 (1430Z): 23.8N, 85.7W. Winds extend 70 miles from center on NE side" (micro). "PM duck flight on Gulf hurricane: Post flight remarks- Storm center at 1800Z was 23.3N, 87.0W located by low-level flight. SLP = 995.9 mb. At 2039Z at 10,000 feet altitude the center was located at 23.3N, 87.2W. A dropsonde reported SLP 993 mb. Max winds north sector 60 kt. Gale winds extend 150 miles in the NE quadrant. South sector open with light winds" (micro). "SS Rincon Hills at 2130Z reported SW 5 kt 999 mb pressure at 23.8N, 87.7W. Remarks- passing through center of storm. Wind SW 10 kt. Increasing. Greatest wind experienced 50 kt" (micro). From the ATS report... "Winds gradually increased from 20 knots to 60 knots from the SE to ESE over a distance of nearly 200 miles. As the low pressure center was approached, heavy squall lines were encountered. Course was held to the north of the storm center until the winds backed through the east and then very rapidly backed through northeast and north and subsided down to 35 knots down to 15 knots and then to near calm as the flight entered from the northwest into a calm and clear area. Departed through northeast side encountering extremely heavy rain as squall lines were crossed. Returned to Miami" (ATS). August 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.3N, 89.9W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 24.4N, 88.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.4N, 87.5W with 75 kt max winds and 993 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.6N, 88.4W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 88.3W with a 988 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 88.5W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 23.8N, 88.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 25.8N, 86.8W (micro); 30 kt E and 1001 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 88.0W (micro); 55 kt [?] SE and 1008 mb [?] at 18Z at 26.1N, 86.2W (micro). Eight other gales and ten other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0415, 0500, and 0600Z between 23.1-23.2N, 86.4-86.5W (micro, AWS); at least 40 kt (80 kt SE at flight-level of 600 ft) and 997 mb at 13Z at 24.1N, 87.1W (ATS); Navy center fix (low-level) at 1307Z with 85 kt max flight-level winds with a report of "passed through clear area 25 miles wide, 60 miles long; wind dropped to 20 knots" (AWS); Air Force center fix at 1930Z at 23.7N, 88.9W [or 88.5W?] with 997 mb pressure [probably not central pressure] with report of "center elliptical, clear to SW" (AWS, micro). Five other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and five other low pressures. "Late on the 29th, the storm turned abruptly to the north. The afternoon flight on the 29th indicated no change in movement [though]..." (AWS). "Navy six storm position 22.7N, 86.6W at 0345Z. Radar, land, loran fix. Poorly defined eye open to northwest. Checked area to north and west with negative results. Time of first position 0230Z. Navy seven correct storm position at 0415Z determined by radar fix on land to 23.1N, 86.4W. 0500Z: Radar fix on land 23.1N, 86.4W. Eye lies on bearing 35 to 170 degrees - 20 miles wide, 65 miles in length. Open to NW. 0600Z: Center of widely diffused storm area at 23.2N, 86.5W. No eye apparent" (micro). "D-5: Position of center 23.7N, 88.9W. Not completely closed. Clear to west-southwest quadrant. Diameter of center 40 miles long and 30 miles wide" (micro). From the ATS report... "Previous reconnaissance of this storm had shown hurricane force winds in severe squalls in the eastern sector, with a weak circulation, but no definite eye. This flight verified the fact that there were still winds in excess of 65 knots in the squalls, but no circulation was established. A post flight analysis that the center of the weak circulation was further north than the track flown. The heavy rain area was determined to have been 120 miles wide. Severe thunderstorms with a greenish cast to the sky were observed near 23.5N, 87.7W to the south of the flight path" (ATS). August 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 27.3N, 88.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 89.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.7N, 89.0W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position 27.0N, 88.6W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 88.8W with a 985 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 88.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.9N, 88.8W. Ship highlights: 80 kt SE and 996 mb [around ~06Z is a guess for the time, but it definitely occurred sometime between 00Z-12Z] at 26.2N, 87.0W (micro); 55 kt SW and 993 mb at 12Z at 26.8N, 88.1W (micro); 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 29.8N< 87.8W (COA); 978 mb (min p encountered by ship "Mather") at 20Z (AWS); hurricane force at or around 20Z by ship "Mather" (AWS). Nine other gales and one other low pressure of less than 1000 mb. Land/station highlights: 25 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 29.0N, 89.4W (micro). Aircraft highlights: At least 40 kt S (80 kt S at flight-level of 900 ft) and 992 mb at 13Z at 27.4N, 88.8W (ATS); Approximate Navy center fix at 1307Z at 27.5N, 89.0W with lowest peripheral pressure encountered of 992 mb (ATS); attempted Navy center fix at 1540Z with lowest peripheral pressure encountered 992 mb and 90 kt winds with report of "no eye, only NE-SW trough" (AWS); at least 65 kt NW (60 kt NNW at flight-level of 600 ft) and 986[?] mb at 19Z at 28.1N, 88.6W (micro); 100 kt ESE at flight-level of ~600 feet and 980 mb at 1930Z at 28.2N, 88.1W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1930Z at 28.0N, 88.5W with 980 pressure [not sure if central pressure- 50/50 chance] and 100 kt flight-level winds with flight-level gusts to 125 kt with report of "storm intensified" (AWS, micro). Eight other surface gales, six other flight-level hurricane force winds, and eight other low pressures of less than 1000 mb. "Ship reports during the night [of the 29th-30th] indicated the possibility that the storm center was turning northward and the morning reconnaissance flight found the storm center at latitude 27.8N, indicating not only a turn to the north but rapid acceleration. Hurricane Warning was advised from Mobile to Cross City at 30/0930Z on the basis of the ship reports in the Gulf. During the afternoon of the 30th, the SS Mather reported a minimum pressure of 978 mbs and reconnaissance reported gusts to 125 kt. At this time, the center was moving north at 12-15 kt" (AWS). "Aircraft and ship reports on the afternoon of the 30th estimated strongest winds at about 115 mph some distance south of the Alabama coast. This was the strongest reported in connection with this storm" (MWR). "On the 30th, wind speeds continued to rise to 125 kt in gusts and the surface pressure fell rapidly to at least 978 mbs. Approximately 8 hours after those observations were reported, the center moved inland" (AWS). "Hurep Duck: Very rough sea. Gusts to 125 kt. Center of storm at 1930Z 28.0N, 88.5W. Storm has intensified very much. Winds are 100 kt in NE quadrant. Sea is very rough with very high swells. Severe turbulence encountered" (micro). From the ATS report... "It is now apparently moving northward toward the U.S. Gulf Coast. The flight departed Miami for a position almost due west of Miami, but found after a short distance that the hurricane was further north than anticipated and plans were changed enroute. The storm area was circumnavigated twice and the rather indistinct center of low pressure was passed through twice and investigated thoroughly. Then the area to the northeast was searched so that knowledge of the weather and wind field preceding the storm toward the coastline, particularly the Pensacola area, could be relayed to the people who needed to know. Several extra hours in flight were spent to gather the fullest amount of data possible. 1540Z plain language message: No eye encountered. Elongated trough oriented NE-SW. Easterly wave type wind shear across trough. Min pressure 993 mbs extends along trough" (ATS). "Tropical cyclones in Florida, Aug. 30, Pensacola, Minor, Damage $550,000. Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Minimal, 1 killed, damage $2,550,000" ("Minor" is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb; "minimal" is equivalent to winds of 74-100 mph and pressure 983 to 996 mb- Dunn and Miller). "Aug 30 - Center crossed coast near Mobile - Estimated lowest 28.90'" (Connor 1956). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered over west-central Alabama near 33.7N, 87.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 87.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.2N, 88.0W with 100 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 34.0N, 88.7W with 55 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.3N, 88.1W with a 987 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33.7N, 87.6W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 34.2N 88.2W with a front plotted extending from 37N, 91W northeastward to beyond 41N, 84W. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 996 mb at 00Z at 29.8N, 87.8W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and 34 other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 85 kt at Santa Rosa Island (max w) [gust or sustained? Measured or estimated?] (climo); 40 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Pensacola, Apalachicola, and Birmingham (climo); 979 mb (central pressure) around ~03Z at Fort Morgan, AL (30.2N, 88.0W) (Connor, Ho et al.); 63 kt NW around ~03Z at Fort Morgan (Connor); 991 mb (min p) at 03Z at Pensacola (climo); 987 mb (min p) around 03Z or 04Z at Mobile, AL (Connor); 40 kt WSW and 995 mb at 06Z at Pensacola (micro); 20 kt WSW and 993 mb at 06Z at Mobile (micro); 30 kt N and 993 mb at 12Z at Tupelo, MS (34.3N, 88.8W) (micro); 30 kt NNW and 998 mb at 18Z at Memphis, TN. Three other gales and six other low pressures of less than 1000 mb. "It lost some force before moving inland during the night of the 30th between Mobile and Pensacola. Winds on the coast were 75 to 85 mph; a total of about $2,550,000 damage to property and crops resulted from winds and tides in a zone from near Mobile to St. Marks, FL. There were two tornadoes reported in connection with this hurricane, one of which demolished four dwellings and a store building, and damaged 11 other buildings at Apalachicola. The other tornado occurred in Jackson County, FL, but only one home was destroyed. Heavy rain and winds results in heavy crop damage in southern Alabama and northwest Florida. Gusts of 50 mph were recorded as far inland as Birmingham Airport, and were estimated as high as 75 mph atop adjacent mountains. One person was killed and two injured in Birmingham by fallen live wires" (MWR). "This movement brought the center inland just east of Mobile at about 0400Z on the 31st. Coastal stations reported maximum winds of only 75 to 80 knots as compared to the 90 to 120 knots expected on the basis of winds reported by ships and aircraft recon. The storm continued inland along the Mississippi-Alabama state line into western Tennessee at an accelerated rate. In this area, the disturbance became associated with a frontal system and lost its identity as a tropical storm as the winds dropped below gale force. Although the storm did not live up to its advance notices in strength, Northwest Florida and Alabama along the Mississippi state line received damages in excess of $1,000,000. Two people were killed and six hurt. Florida suffered $600,000 worth of property damage along the Gulf Coast between Apalachicola and Pensacola. Alabama had property damage of at least $500,000" (AWS). "No land station reported even gusts above 80 kt" (AWS). "After the center moved inland it accelerated to 24 kt for 12 hours and then dropped back to about 15 kt. Regarding the storm in Alabama (where $1,500,000 damage was done to crops and $500,000 damage was done to property, 1 killed, and 2 injured)... "Center of storm moved northward from Gulf through Alabama, near Mississippi border. Considerable roof and miscellaneous damage to houses and other buildings in Monroe County. Damage progressively lighter eastward and northward [in the state of Alabama]; no damage in eastern border counties and extreme north. Some slight damage to most houses in Frisco City, Monroe County, but farther south where building designers are wind-conscious, little general damage to buildings. Limit of area in which roof damage occurred included southwestern one-fourth of State. Some uprooted trees over an area including about one-half of remainder of State and extended to within 50 or 60 miles of Georgia line and about 100 miles of Tennessee line. Damage heavy in Birmingham area, however, due to topographic effect on air flow" (climo). Regarding the storm in Florida (northwestern portion- Franklin County, and all of Florida west of Apalachicola river, where $100,000 damage was done to crops and $409,000 was done to property)... "Center passed inland between Mobile and Pensacola moving north-northeastward. Wind reached 100 mph night of 30th at Santa Rosa Island south of Pensacola. At Pensacola, lowest sea-level pressure was 29.27 inches at 10 pm, 30th (991 mb at 03Z on the 31st), and maximum wind speed 42 mph from the southeast at 8:48 to 8:53 pm 30th (37 kt SE- 5 min max wind at 0150Z on the 31st)" (climo). Regarding two tornadoes associated with Baker... "Apalachicola- 22Z-2210Z- 30th- 50 yards wide- damage to property $35,000- Tornado moved northeastward in northeastern quadrant of hurricane damaging 23 homes. Reported as a waterspout that came ashore. It was on the ground for a length of 900 yards. Another tornado was reported in Jackson County, FL- early am- 31st- property damage $6,000- Tornado occurred in northeastern quadrant of hurricane. One home and one other building destroyed; one home and two other buildings damaged" (climo). "Aug 31, 1950 - 979 mb landfall pressure based upon 979 mb observed at Ft. Morgan, AL - RMW 21 nm - speed 23 kt - landfall point 30.2N, 88.1W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Baker - 1004 mb environmental pressure at landfall - 70 kt estimated max 1-min wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Baker - AL, 1 - 980 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over the northern part of extreme western Tennessee near 36.3N, 89.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 36.0N, 89.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.6N, 89.0W. Land/station highlights: 25 kt NNW and 999 mb at 00Z at 36.4N, 90.0W (micro); 20 kt N and 1004 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 88.5W (micro). September 2: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day but instead analyzes a trough over the south-central states around the Arkansas area. A warm front extends southeastward from a mid-latitude low pressure area over South Dakota to the Nebraska/Missouri border. The warm front becomes a cold front there and it extends eastward all the way through to near southeastern Pennsylvania. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Baker formed from an easterly wave that emerged off the African coast on 13 August. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 20 August at 16.3N, 55.0W with a 60 kt intensity. Observations on 18 August indicate that the system had undergone genesis by 12Z on that date. Genesis is now indicated 42 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT. The existing intensity at 06Z on the 20th is lowered by 10 kt and the position is moved over a degree west-southwest of the previous HURDAT starting position. Development into a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred around 12Z on 19 August, 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT. By 06Z on the 21st, observations from the Leeward Islands indicated the approaching cyclone with slowly falling pressures and cyclonic curvature of the winds. The first highlight observation was a ship report of 60 kt and 1006 mb at 10Z on the 21st, and the first aircraft center fix was made at 1247Z (the aircraft found a 990 mb central pressure and reported an eye radius of 6 nmi). Later, at 2040Z, aircraft measured a 987 mb central pressure with the cyclone centered at 17N, 61.1W. Central pressures of 990 and 987 mb are added into HURDAT at 12Z and 18Z on the 21st respectively. At 04Z on the 22nd, the hurricane is analyzed to have passed just south of Antigua. Antigua verbally reported winds of between 80-105 kt, but it is unknown whether these winds were estimated or measured or whether they were sustained or gusts. The minimum pressure reported at Antigua was 990 mb, but there were no reports of calm on the island. The HURDAT track is moved northward to show a track closer to Antigua. For intensity on the 21st, a 990 mb central pressure yields 64 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, but 70 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 105 kt originally) due to the small RMW size reported by the aircraft. A 987 mb central pressure yields 68 kt, and 75 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 100 kt originally). The intensity is reduced slightly from 90 to 85 kt at 00Z on the 22nd, which is consistent with the moderate wind impact reported in Antigua and gives a more realistic intensity change for the system. All available information indicates that Baker rapidly weakened as it moved westward after its impact on Antigua. Aircraft fixes at 15Z on the 22nd reported central pressure had risen to 1003 mb, but the circulation was definitely still closed. A central pressure of 1003 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 1003 mb yields 43 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship for weakening systems, and 45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd (down from 60 kt originally). Baker is analyzed to have made landfall on the southern coast of Puerto Rico just east of Ponce around 13Z on the 23rd as a 35 kt tropical storm. Some Puerto Rican land stations reported 30 kt winds and pressures as low as 1006 mb, and aircraft estimated surface winds as high as 40 kt and measured pressures as low as 1003 mb around the time of Puerto Rican landfall. Baker is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 23rd, about the same time it exited the west coast of Puerto Rico. Baker made landfall on Hispaniola at 18.6N, 68.6W at 00Z the 24th as a 30 kt tropical depression (no change to HURDAT). The center of circulation stayed over the island until 10Z the 24th when it moved north of the island. (It is noted that it is possible that the center jumped/reformed from south to north across Hispaniola between 00-06 and 12-18Z on the 24th. However, the evidence is not conclusive so no large changes in position are introduced on this date.) While over Hispaniola, Baker is analyzed to have weakened to a 25 kt tropical depression. At 18Z on the 24th, Baker passed over Great Inagua Island in the Bahamas, where a minimum pressure of 1003 mb was recorded. A 30 kt wind was also reported from a ship, and observations indicated the circulation was definitely closed. It is analyzed that Baker re-strengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm by that time (up from 35 kt originally). Baker continued moving westward and is analyzed to have made its first Cuban landfall around 08Z on the 25th at 21.7N, 77.1W as a 45 kt tropical storm. The previous HURDAT track was a few tenths of a degree too far west at each point on the 25th as indicated by Cuban observations, and slight eastward adjustments are analyzed. Even though the highest observed wind on the 25th was only 30 kt, a minimum pressure of 1002 mb was record at Camaguey simultaneously with 25 kt winds around 1230Z on the 25th. The revised intensities on the 25th are as follows: 45, 45, 35, and 30 kt (originally 25, 25, 30, and 30 kt). The center of Baker emerged over water south of Cuba around 20Z on the 25th, and it is analyzed that Baker strengthened again to a 35 kt tropical storm by 00Z on the 26th (no change to HURDAT). On the 26th, no track changes of more than two-tenths of a degree are analyzed. At 06Z on the 26th, the island of Cayo Guano de Este recorded 35 kt N and 1001 mb, and a 45 kt intensity is analyzed for HURDAT at that time (up from 35 kt originally). Baker is analyzed to have passed near of over the north coast of the Isle of Youth from 12Z on the 26th to 00Z on the 27th. Ship and station observations indicate that Baker was likely strengthening during this time. HURDAT intensities are increased by 5 to 10 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 26th accordingly. It is analyzed that Baker made another landfall on Cuba around 05Z on the 27th near 22.2N, 83.8W as a 50 kt tropical storm. Baker emerged over the Gulf of Mexico by 11Z on the 27th. It is analyzed that Baker weakened by 5 kt during its short time over western Cuba. From the 27th through the 29th, Baker moved slowly and erratically towards the west-northwest, reaching a position of 24.1N, 88.4W by 18Z on the 29th (original position 25.0N, 89.1W). Numerous aircraft fixes from the 27th through the 29th do not resemble anything remotely similar to a smooth curve. Available ship observations aided somewhat in the track reanalysis during this period. It is noteworthy that the Dry Tortugas anemometer appeared consistently too high with wind speed observations, and this may be due in part to the elevation of the anemometer. Navy aircraft reported central pressures between 996-998 mb between 15Z on the 27th and 18Z on 28th. Central pressures of 996, 998, and 996 mb are added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 27th, and 12 and 18Z on the 28th respectively. The 996 mb central pressures yields 54 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. A steady intensity of 55 kt is chosen at all times from 18Z on the 27th through 18Z on the 28th (down from 65 kt originally by 18Z on the 28th). At 2039Z on the 28th a dropsonde from an Air Force plane recorded a 993 mb pressure, and a ship around the same time recorded a minimum pressure of 995 and a maximum wind of 50 kt. On the 29th, Baker likely underwent intensification, but the aircraft did not attempt to penetrate the center on that day and no reliable observations of the peak intensity were taken. On the 30th, Baker suddenly accelerated towards the north. The analyzed position, which is a degree south of the previous HURDAT position at 00Z on the 30th, "caught up" with the HURDAT position by 12Z. Aircraft approximately fixed the center at 1307Z, and located the center more precisely with the final aircraft fix at 1930Z on the 30th at 28.0N, 88.5W. A ship reported winds of 80 kt along with a pressure of 996 mb sometime between 06Z - 10Z on the 30th. A 980 mb pressure was the lowest pressure reported by the aircraft on the afternoon flight, but it is uncertain whether this is a central pressure value. At 20Z on the 30th a ship involved with Baker recorded a minimum pressure of 978 mb, and it is unknown whether this value is a central pressure. This ship also recorded maximum winds of 70 kt around the same time, but not necessarily simultaneously. A 978 mb peripheral pressure suggests wind speeds of greater than 75 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Baker made landfall at Fort Morgan, AL (30.2N, 88.0W) at 03Z on 31 August where a 979 mb central pressure was recorded at landfall (Ho et al. 1987, Connor 1956). The 979 mb central pressure at 06Z on the 30th is removed from HURDAT and a central pressure of 979 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 31st. The center of Baker then traveled into Mobile Bay and made its final landfall at 04Z on the 31st at 30.7N, 87.9W. The highest wind information available from land is an 85 kt max wind report from Santa Rosa Island, FL (30.3N, 87.1W), but it is unknown whether these winds were observed or estimated and it is unknown whether this was a sustained wind or a gust. An official wind of 63 kt was recorded at Fort Morgan (Connor). The RMW at landfall was 21 nmi (Ho et al.) (climo RMW is 23 nmi), the 12 hour forward speed of Baker was 16 kt, the OCI is analyzed to be 1003 mb and the ROCI was 250 nmi. Baker was either steady state or weakening at landfall. A 979 mb central pressure corresponds to 74 or 71 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship for steady state and weakening systems respectively. The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 31st of 75 kt is unchanged, and 75 kt is chosen for 00Z and landfall despite the very low environmental pressure. Although the environmental pressure of the southwest side of the cyclone was very low, it was higher on the northeast side where a much tighter pressure gradient is evident. Intensities of 75 kt are chosen for both landfalls because of the uncertainty in the Santa Rosa Island observation (described above). A run of the Schwerdt Model indicates a Category 1 impact for northwest Florida, and this is added into HURDAT. Baker is also analyzed as a Category 1 impact for Alabama. The Schwerdt model suggests that Mississippi did not receive hurricane force winds. For the 30th, intensities of 90, 90, 90, and 85 kt are analyzed for 00, 06, 12, and 18Z respectively (originally 90, 90, 95, and 95 kt). Although there are not available intensity observations that show that the hurricane was that strong, there were no definite central pressure observations on the 30th. Baker is analyzed to have reached its peak intensity of 90 kt between 00Z and 12Z on the 30th. Baker is analyzed to have weakened from 90 kt to 75 kt during the final 12 hours or so before reaching the Gulf Coast. After landfall, Baker moved northward near the Alabama/Mississippi border and into western Tennessee. The largest track changes for the lifetime of Baker are analyzed after landfall from 12Z on 31 August through 06Z on 1 September with changes up to 1.8 degrees to the north-northwest of the previous HURDAT positions. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 58, 39, and 29 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z on 31 August respectively. The highest observed wind within 2 hr of the synoptic times are 40, 30, and 30 kt respectively. Intensities of 60, 40, and 35 kt are chosen for 06, 12, and 18Z (down from 65, 50, and 35 kt originally). Baker weakened to a tropical depression by 00Z on 1 September and dissipated after 18Z on the 1st. No intensity changes are made on the 1st, and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation. The final point at 18Z on 1 September is over extreme southeastern Missouri. ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 3 (Charlie) 34895 08/21/1950 M=16 3 SNBR= 774 CHARLIE XING=0 34900 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*131 240 35 0*124 254 35 0 34900 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*111 264 35 0*110 276 35 0* *** *** *** *** 34905 08/22*118 270 35 0*112 288 35 0*107 306 35 0*104 320 35 0* 34905 08/22*109 289 35 0*108 301 35 0*107 314 35 0*106 327 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34910 08/23*103 332 35 0*102 344 35 0*102 356 35 0*103 369 35 0* 34910 08/23*106 340 35 0*106 352 35 0*107 364 35 0*108 375 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34915 08/24*103 382 35 0*104 391 35 0*105 400 35 0*106 410 40 0* 34915 08/24*110 386 35 0*112 397 35 0*115 407 35 0*119 417 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34920 08/25*108 420 40 0*110 427 40 0*114 434 40 0*122 441 40 0* 34920 08/25*124 427 40 0*129 436 40 0*135 445 40 0*142 454 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34925 08/26*132 449 45 0*144 458 45 0*155 467 45 0*164 474 45 0* 34925 08/26*149 462 45 0*157 471 45 0*165 480 45 0*173 490 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34930 08/27*172 480 50 0*181 487 55 0*190 495 55 0*204 510 60 0* 34930 08/27*181 500 50 0*189 510 55 0*198 520 55 0*209 529 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34935 08/28*220 528 70 0*234 543 80 0*247 555 85 0*255 564 90 0* 34935 08/28*223 537 65 0*238 546 70 0*250 555 75 0*261 564 80 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 34940 08/29*262 571 95 0*277 577 95 0*292 580 100 0*303 578 100 0* 34940 08/29*271 571 80 0*283 573 80 0*295 575 85 974*304 575 90 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 34945 08/30*313 573 100 0*323 566 95 0*332 558 90 0*328 546 90 0* 34945 08/30*312 571 90 0*319 566 90 0*325 561 90 0*328 560 90 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** 34950 08/31*322 554 85 0*324 562 85 0*326 571 85 0*327 577 85 0* 34950 08/31*329 562 90 0*328 564 90 0*328 567 95 0*328 573 95 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34955 09/01*327 582 75 0*328 586 75 0*329 590 70 0*330 595 75 0* 34955 09/01*328 579 95 0*327 584 90 0*326 589 85 0*327 595 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 34960 09/02*330 601 75 0*331 607 80 0*333 612 85 0*341 617 85 0* 34960 09/02*330 601 80 0*333 607 80 0*337 612 75 0*343 614 75 980* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 34965 09/03*350 617 85 0*357 613 85 0*363 608 85 0*366 605 80 0* 34965 09/03*349 615 75 0*354 613 75 0*360 610 75 0*363 607 70 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34970 09/04*369 601 75 0*373 595 70 0*378 588 70 0*384 581 65 0* 34970 09/04*366 601 65 0*371 593 65 0*378 582 60 0E386 571 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** ** **** *** ** 34975 09/05E397 568 55 0E417 547 45 0E437 525 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 34975 09/05E400 558 55 0E422 530 50 0E448 474 50 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 34980 HR Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations arises from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. August 20: HWM analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 31W and a trough of low pressure over northwest Africa. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 14.5N, 24.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.1N, 24.0W. No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 11.5N, 31.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.7N, 30.6W. No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 35.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.2N, 35.6W. No gales or low pressures. "Charlie, the third storm of the 1950 Hurricane Season, entered the sphere of our maps as a closed circulation. The first manifestation of a disturbance was a ship at 10N, 40W at 1830Z on 23 August reporting a west wind of 10 kt, pressure 1010.5 mbs, pressure tendency -2.0 mbs and rain within the last hour. Post analysis placed the center of a closed disturbance at 13N, 39.4W at 23/1830Z. To say how or where the storm developed would be pure conjecture since we have neither map nor data for earlier analysis. For nearly four days subsequent to its initial detection, the disturbance was carried alternatively as a closed low and open wave because of the lack of positive data" (AWS). August 24: HWM analyzes 2 spot lows- the feature of interest near 11N, 39.5W and another spot low near 14N, 27W, both enclosed by a single 1010 mb isobar, which covers a distance from 9-19N, 24-45W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.5N, 40.0W. No gales or low pressures. August 25: HWM analyzes two spot lows- the feature of interest near 13N, 43W and another spot low near 14N, 32W, both enclosed by a single 1010 mb isobar, which covers a very large area similar to the previous day. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 11.4N, 43.4W. No gales or low pressures. "Charlie [was analyzed in the post-season analysis to have] moved on a west-northwest course [from the 23rd] until the 25th in conformance with the conception that a storm in its initial stages of development moves about 15 to 20 degrees to the right of the flow in which it is imbedded" (AWS). "The track to the northwest on the 25th was short lived" [and then synoptic conditions] forced the storm to resume its WNW movement" (AWS). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 46.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.5N, 46.7W. No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a spot low within a open trough (the 1015 mb isobar is not completely closed) located near 19.5N, 49.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 49.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.3N, 49.3W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.4N, 51.6W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure. Ship highlights: 40-50 kt E G 70 kt and 1015 mb at 13Z at 21.9N, 52.0W (AWS). "It was noted on August 27 near 23N, 53W whence it moved northwestward to about 29N, 58W and recurved to the northeast" (MWR). "On the 27th, we received the following report from the ship Liparus: 'Liparus 1300 GMT, 21.9N, 52.0W, very rough sea, very heavy SSE swell, overcast, wind east by north force 9, force 10 to 12 in squalls, visibility poor, barometer 1015 mb rising slowly.' This report showed rather conclusively the presence of a full fledged hurricane. AFBUL (advisory) number one on Hurricane Charlie was issued at 27/2000Z placing the center at 21.0N, 52.5W. In post analysis, it was learned that this position was approximately 90 miles too far south" (AWS). August 28: HWM analyzes a spot low within a trough located near 23.5N, 52.5W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.7N, 55.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.3N, 53.8W with 85 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 25.4N, 55.8W with 85 kt max winds and 981 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.6N, 55.2W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 25.1N, 55.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 998 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 55.3W (micro); less than or equal to 981 mb at 21Z near 26.6N, 56.5W (00Z 29th micro map "Pressure rose 27 mbs in last 3 hrs"); 50 kt SSW and 996 mb at 22Z at 26.5N, 56.5W (micro). One other gale. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 10Z at 25.2N, 55.2W with 85 kt max winds and 998 mb pressure (micro); Air Force center fix (by boxing) at 20Z at 26.8N, 57.2W (micro). From the 27th through the 29th the storm moved around the outer periphery of the subtropical high in a "smooth parabolic curve" (AWS). "Duck 10: Circling in eye of hurricane. Center located at 25.2N, 55.2W moving NW 15 kt at 10Z. Duck 11: Eye of hurricane 35 miles diameter. Max winds 85 kt. Hurricane force winds extend [40?] miles in all quadrants" (micro). "Post flight AF plane: Entered eye 0955Z at 25.2N, 55.1W. Eye 35 miles in diameter. Max winds 85 kt in all quadrants. Hurricane force winds extend 40 miles in all quadrants. Gales extend 80 miles in all quadrants" (micro). "Estimated position of center from boxing is 26.8N, 57.2W at 2000Z by AF plane" (micro). August 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 57.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 58.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.6N, 57.2W with 95 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.5N, 57.7W with 100 kt max winds and 974 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.8N, 58.4W with a 996 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.5N, 58.1W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 29.2N, 58.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1010 mb at 18Z at 28.7N, 57.0W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1023Z at 29.3N, 57.4W with 974 mb central pressure, 90 + kt max measured (at flight-level) wind on southwest side, and 100 kt estimated max surface winds (micro, AWS); Air Force center fix at 1850Z at 30.5N, 57.5W with 100 kt max winds [at 700 mb?] (micro); Air Force center fix at 21Z at 30.9N, 57.3W (micro). "Duck 4: Position of eye 29.3N, 57.4W at 1023Z" (micro). "975 mb surface pressure in eye. Wind SW edge 90 kt plus" (micro). Duck 9: Hurricane center 30.5N, 57.5W at 1850Z. Circling in eye. Second position by boxing. Eye of hurricane 20 miles wide by 30 miles long. Elongated E-W. Winds edge of eye 100 kt in NE quadrant and 90 kt in remaining quadrants. Leaving eye to box low levels" (micro). "Post flight summary: Hurricane approached from southwest at 10,000 ft by surface winds and radar. Hurricane winds on surface observed 60 miles from edge of eye. Eye entered from west at 1840Z. Center located 30.5N, 57.5W at 1840Z. Departed eye to the west at 1900Z and started boxing procedure [at 1500 feet?] at 1927Z. Completed box at 2104Z. Eye elongated east-west 20 by 35 miles in diameter. Hurricane winds extend 80 miles in all quadrants. Gale winds extend 90 miles in all quadrants. Second position of center located 30.9N, 57.3W at 2100Z" (micro). "Theoretically, a storm should attain its highest wind velocity at the time of minimum central pressure and vice versa. This may or may not have been true in the case of the storm in question. A minimum pressure of 974.4 mbs and a maximum wind of 100 knots was reported at 29/1049Z" (AWS). August 30: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 55.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 33.2N, 55.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 31.3N, 57.1W with 100 kt max winds and 972 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 32.3N, 56.3W with 105 kt max winds and 968 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.8N, 55.6W with a 983 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33N, 56W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 33.7N, 56.2W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 06Z at 30.7N, 55.2W (COA). Five other gales between 35-45 kt. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (by boxing) at 2145Z at 32.9N, 56.1W with 105-110 [estimated?] max winds (micro, AWS); 994 mb 50 mi SW of center and 996 mb 50 mi NE of center around time of 2145Z fix (micro, AWS). "On the 30th when it had reached the vicinity of 34N, 56W, its progress was blocked by high pressure to the north" (MWR). "The movement of the storm to the northeast on the 30th and the abrupt change of direction to the west on the 31st were the result of a series of [synoptic] changes that took place at upper levels" (AWS). "By 30/2145Z, the wind had increased to 110 knots. While boxing the storm on the 30th the reconnaissance flight reported a pressure of 994.4 mbs 50 miles SW of the center and a pressure of 996.1 mbs 50 miles NE of the center" (AWS). "Storm boxed. Position of center 32.9N, 56.1W. Definite oval shape SE to NW. Maximum winds 105 to 110 kt. Hurricane [winds extend outward] to 80 miles, gale winds to 150 miles [radius from center]. Minimum pressure 32.1N, 56.8W 994.4 mb and 33.7 N and 55.8W 996.1 mb" (micro). August 31: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 55.6W with a SW-NE stationary front located north of the cyclone from 40N, 62W to 44N, 52W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 32.6N, 57.1W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.0N, 56.2W with 115 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 33.0N, 56.6W with 125 kt max winds and 960 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.9N, 56.5W with a 969 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33N, 56W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.7N, 55.8W. Aircraft highlights: center fix (by boxing) around 21Z at 33.0N, 57.0W with estimated max winds of 125 kt (micro, AWS). "On the 31st, Charlie was effectively blocked to the north. Its only recourse was to move westward around the southern periphery of the high" (AWS). "On the 31st, the storm had slowed to 2 knots with a maximum intensity of 125 knots" (AWS). "Since no penetration was attempted on the 31st, it is impossible to say what the central pressure was at the time the winds had reached their maximum of 125 knots. It is safe to assume, however, that the central pressure on the 31st was in the neighborhood of 960 mbs since the storm was in the process of filling on the 1st and 2nd and still had a pressure of 980.2 mbs at 02/1847Z" (AWS). "Extent of hurricane winds NW quadrant 110 miles, SW quadrant 65 miles, SE quadrant 80 miles, NE quadrant 90 miles. Extent of storm winds NW quadrant 125 miles, SW quadrant 80 miles, SE quadrant 105 miles, NE quadrant 110 miles. Extent of gale winds NW 135 mi, SW 90 mi, SE 120 mi, NE 120 mi. Generally light, continuous turbulence over track covered while boxing storm. Generally light, continuous rain. Storm center by navigator and weather observer in very close agreement. Degree of confidence of DR fixes is high. Storm seems to be moving SW at 16 kt. Winds at center estimated 125 kt" (micro). "Duck 08 special: Hurricane calculation- storm center at 33N, 57W- weather observer's data show southwesterly movement at 16 kt"(micro). September 1: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 58.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 32.9N, 59.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 32.9N, 57.5W with 125 kt max winds and 970 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 32.8N, 58.7W with 100 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 33N, 59W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered near 32.5N, 59.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 32.4N, 62.2W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.4N, 61.3W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran-aided) at 1610Z at 32.5N, 59.4W (micro). There were hurricane force winds in all quadrants on the 1st and into most of the 2nd (AWS). "AF 1727Z: In eye at 1610Z at 32.5N, 59.4W by loran. Eye filled by clouds" (micro). September 2: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 61.3W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 61.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.2N, 59.9W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 33.9N, 60.9W with 95 kt max winds and 979 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33.6N, 61.1W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb centered near 34.3N, 61.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 998 mb at 00Z at 32.7N, 61.4W (COA). Three other gales and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1847Z with 980 mb central pressure (AWS). "After becoming quasistationary, or perhaps making a loop in this area, it drifted very slowly westward to 34N, 62W on September 2 when it resumed northward and northeastward movement and rapidly became extratropical several hundred miles southeast of Nova Scotia. Strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 115 mph recorded by aircraft" (MWR). "By 2 September, the storm had reached the western edge of the main body of the high and began to move slowly northward being retarded by a persistent ridge of high pressure that lay to the north" (AWS). "By 02/0630Z its speed had increased to 5.8 kt and the maximum wind had decreased to 80 kt. At this point it again slowed down and recurved to the north with winds increasing to 95 kt by 02/1230Z. On the afternoon of the 2nd, the 373rd Reconnaissance plane flew into the storm through the weak quadrant (the west side) and reported the maximum winds to be 58 kt. This report on the maximum wind is very misleading first because it is a measured wind and not an estimate of the maximum over the area of the storm traversed and secondly because the gradient to the east of the storm at that time was very tight. It is believed that the maximum wind in the east quadrant was near or in excess of 100 knots' (AWS). September 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.0N, 61.3W with a WSW-ENE cold front analyzed from 39N, 68W to 42N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.3N, 60.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 34.4N, 61.3W with 100 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 34.9N, 61.3W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.1N, 61.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 36.3N, 61.2W with the east end of an apparent E-W frontal boundary located near 38N, 67W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1013 mb at 00Z at 31.4N, 57.9W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1017 mb at 12Z at 31.4N, 59.4W (COA). "On the 3rd of September, the ridge to the north began to decay in the face of a cold front and upper trough moving in from the northwest. At the same time, the center of the high to the east of the storm shifted more to the south and the storm moved off to the NNE" (AWS). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.3N, 58.5W embedded within an elongated region of below 1005 mb pressure elongated N-S along 56-59W from 35-43N. A warm front extends from 42N, 56W to 44N, 52W to 44.5N, 46W, and a cold front extends from 37N, 62W to 38N, 63W, and then it becomes a warm front extending northwestward to another, separate low. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 58.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 35.6N, 60.7W with 50 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 37.6N, 59.2W with 35 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 37.6N, 59.1W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 40.5N, 57.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 39.6N, 61.1W (COA); 20 kt S and 1004 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 55.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 18Z at 41.5N, 53.5W (COA); 20 kt NNW and 999 mb at 18Z at 38.7N, 57.7W (COA, micro). Three other gales and two other low pressures. "Charlie joined forces with a small frontal wave [on this day]. The final bulletin was issued at 04/2130Z" (AWS). September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 44.5N, 47.3W with a warm front extending from the low northeastward for 2 degrees, becoming a cold front, and connecting to another closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 49.5N, 41.5W. A cold front extends from the first low (feature of interest) southward and then west-southwestward, becoming a warm front near 39N, 50W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 43.7N, 52.5W. At 12Z, the low is just off the edge of the microfilm map; however, microfilm analyzes a low (closed in all likelihood) of at most 999 mb centered in the general vicinity of 45N, 47W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 00Z at 41.8N, 51.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 999 mb at 06Z at 42.2N, 52.0W (micro); 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 06Z at 41.6N, 48.3W (COA, micro); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA). A few more gales and a few to several more low pressures. Charlie formed from an easterly wave that emerged off the African coast on 20 August. HURDAT started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12Z on 21 August south of the Cape Verde Islands. At 12Z on the 21st, there is a ship observation northeast of the HURDAT position with 20 kt westerly winds, which is not consistent with nearby Cape Verde Island reports and is thus suspect. HURDAT has an unrealistic fast southwestward motion of Charlie on the 21st and early on the 22nd. Though observations are sparse, this has been revised to indicate a reasonable westward motion. Additionally, due to a ship reporting 10 kt W with 1010 mb on 23 August showing that the position was well west of the previous HURDAT location, the positions from the 21st to the 23rd are moved west of those previously in HURDAT with major westward track adjustments introduced on the 21st and no change to the intensity. Also, although there is not definite evidence of a closed circulation on the 21st, there is not enough evidence to remove this portion of the track from HURDAT. The next time there were any observations pertaining to this system was not until the 27th when a ship recorded easterly gales north of the center. At the same time, another ship located 4.5 degrees to the south recorded light southwest winds. These observations allowed for an approximate location of the storm to be analyzed well east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles at 12Z on the 27th (a major track adjustment of more than 2.5 degrees west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position). The revised track from the 24th through the 27th is consistently well northwest of the previous HURDAT track. No changes are made to the intensity from the 20th through the 27th, by which time HURDAT lists Charlie as a 55 kt tropical storm. On the 28th, Charlie moved north-northwestward, and on the 29th, it turned towards the north and slowed down well east-southeast of Bermuda. The largest track change made on the 28th through the 29th is about 1 degree. The track changes are based mainly on aircraft fixes, but some important ship data late on the 28th influenced the analyzed track as well. The first aircraft reconnaissance flight into Charlie on the early morning of the 28th measured a pressure of 998 mb. It is not known whether this is a central pressure reading, so it is treated as a peripheral measurmement. The same aircraft reconnaissance mission estimated surface winds of 85 kt. During the afternoon of the 28th, a ship reported that the pressure fell from 1007 mb to 981 mb (it is uncertain if this was a central pressure) between 18Z and 21Z and then rose from 981 mb to 1008 mb between 21Z and 00Z on the 29th. Although there are no available wind observations higher than 50 kt from this ship, its time series provides extremely consistent observations that indicate that an Air Force center fix by boxing at 20Z on the 28th was likely off by a few tenths of a degree. A pressure of less than or equal to 981 mb yields wind speeds of at least 77 and 74 kt, respectively, from the intensifying subsets of the Brown et al. south and north of 25N pressure-wind relaitonship. Intensity is reduced from 85 to 75 kt at 12Z and 90 to 80 kt at 18Z. On the 29th at 1023Z, an Air Force aircraft penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 974 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th. A central pressure of 974 mb yields 80 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 83 kt if the cyclone was intensifying. 85 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 29th (down from 100 kt originally). On the 30th, the previous HURDAT track shows Charlie making a small, clockwise loop east of Bermuda; however, observations and center fixes do not show any evidence that this loop occurred, and it is removed. On the 30th, the reanalyzed track shows Charlie moving towards the north-northeast, slowing down, and making a westward turn late on the 30th east of Bermuda. On the 31st of August and the 1st of September, Charlie continued to move slowly in a westward direction. Including the removal of the loop, all track changes made from 30 August through 1 September were less than 1 degree. The changes were mainly based on aircraft fixes with some weight applied to any ship observations that conflicted with aircraft data. Although there were no subsequent central pressure observations after the 974 mb observation on the 29th, there is some evidence that intensification continued to take place. During the flight on the 29th, aircraft had estimated maximum surface winds only as high as 100 kt. During subsequent flights, maximum surface winds were estimated as high as 110 and 125 kt on the 30th and 31st respectively indicating that the cyclone was more intense on the 31st than on the 29th. The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th is unchanged due to large uncertainty. The flight on the 31st did not reveal any additional intensity information besides the (quite unreliable) maximum surface wind estimate of 125 kt. The flight on 1 September does not reveal any intensity information, and the flight on the 2nd (the final flight into Charlie) reported a central pressure of 980 mb, indicating Charlie had weakened. The peak intensity for Charlie is analyzed to be 95 kt from 12Z on the 31st to 00Z on the 1st of September (previously 100 kt from 29/12Z - 30/00Z). Therefore, downward adjustments to the HURDAT intensity were implemented on the 28th - 30th, and the intensity was increased on the 31st - 1st. Charlie continued moving very slowly through 4 September, during which time it recurved northeast of Bermuda. The largest track change analyzed between the 2nd - 4th of September is only six-tenths of a degree. The 980 mb central pressure (mentioned above) is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 980 mb equals 73 kt according to the pressure-wind relationships for north of 25N as well as north of 35N and 75 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 2nd (down from 85 kt originally). Although the highest observed winds on the 3rd and 4th were only 35 kt, the ship density was not quite high enough to justify a significant downward adjustment of the HURDAT intensities. Analyzed intensities are 10 kt lower than the previous HURDAT intensities at most times on the 3rd and 4th. Charlie is analyzed to have become extratropical by 18Z on the 4th (6 hours earlier than originally). By 00Z on the 5th, a 22 degree F / 140 nmi temperature gradient existed across the cyclone. On the 5th, Charlie accelerated northeastward, and a major track change was made for the final point at 12Z on the 5th before Charlie was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone. The final HURDAT position was moved a couple hundred miles east-northeastward, and the intensity at that time is raised from 40 to 50 kt due to ship observations of higher winds. A couple of additional quotes of interest from AWS are included below: "During the course of Hurricane Charlie, the 373rd Reconnaissance Squadron flew 11 missions and established 16 separate fixes. All fixes were on or within 30 miles of the post analysis track in both time and position. It seems that with "fixes" that close to the true track, forecasting by means of pure extrapolation should be fairly accurate. This however is not true. The practice of issuing forecasts based purely on the extrapolation of reconnaissance fixes can be very disastrous. In most cases, the immediate forecast position is placed in an extended line joining the last two fixes. If on the other hand there are more than two fixes, an attempt is made to place the forecast position on an extended curved line joining all the fixes that in some cases result in a snake-like track. Experience in both the Pacific and Atlantic has indicated that the best procedure to follow is that once you have established a straight or curved track on the basis of the synoptic pattern and verified it by two or more fixes do not change that track merely on the basis of one additional reconnaissance fix. Wait for a second fix to verify the change unless it can be verified by other means. Since the "eye" or "fix" on a storm can vary from 0 to 75 miles in diameter and the navigational error can often exceed 30 miles, any track derived by using the coordinates given in each "fix" is exceedingly questionable. Unless, of course, the fixes themselves describe a smooth curve. All in all, the reconnaissance on this storm was exceedingly good. The one thing that greatly decreases the immediate value of reconnaissance is inadequate communications facilities. In this case, the most valuable part of reconnaissance was received so late that its value was in the past tense. A good example of this is the two fixes that we received at 29/1032Z and 29/1049Z, both from the same plane but at different times. At the time the fixes were received no mention was made of the fact that both fixes were a part of the same eye. When the Form 5D and the narrative history of the flight were received by mail, we learned that both fixes were the opposite extremities of an eye 40 miles long and 30 miles wide. This would have been an invaluable piece of information had it been transmitted with the "fix" positions. As it happened, the 29/1049Z fix was used which gave the storm a NNW movement. Had the truth been known, a NNE course would have been forecast. On the 2nd of September, a similar situation occurred but with less drastic results" (AWS). "Most people think that the first problem that confronts a forecaster after a storm has been detected is, where is it going? That is a misconception. His first problem is to determine from whence it came. Once the storm's track to its present position is determined, the next step is to try and formulate with, in most cases, a very limited amount of data, a synoptic pattern into which the storm will fit. Once this has been done, the forecaster is ready to forecast its direction of movement. The first 24 hour forecast made is usually the most uncertain. Once the synoptic pattern and track have been established and verified by two or more reconnaissance fixes, the direction of movement can be fairly accurately forecast. This situation will continue to exist in the vast reaches of the Atlantic where there is an absence of data. The hurricane forecaster is holding his own and making great strides toward better forecasts with the limited supply of resources at his command" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 4 (Dog) 34985 08/30/1950 M=19 4 SNBR= 775 DOG XING=0 34985 08/30/1950 M=20 4 SNBR= 775 DOG XING=0 ** 34990 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 553 60 0* 34990 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 556 80 0* *** ** 34995 08/31*157 565 65 0*159 576 70 0*160 587 75 0*162 596 80 0* 34995 08/31*155 569 90 0*159 581 100 0*162 592 110 953*165 601 115 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35000 09/01*164 603 85 0*169 611 90 0*175 618 95 0*179 623 105 0* 35000 09/01*168 609 115 0*172 617 115 0*177 624 110 0*182 631 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35005 09/02*184 628 110 0*191 636 110 0*198 643 115 0*203 647 115 0* 35005 09/02*186 635 105 0*191 639 100 0*195 643 100 962*201 647 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35010 09/03*207 650 120 0*210 652 125 0*213 655 125 0*216 658 125 0* 35010 09/03*206 649 105 0*211 650 105 0*216 651 105 0*221 652 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35015 09/04*219 661 130 0*222 664 130 0*226 668 135 0*229 672 135 0* 35015 09/04*224 654 105 0*227 657 105 0*231 660 105 0*234 664 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35020 09/05*234 677 140 0*241 681 140 0*248 684 145 0*255 685 145 0* 35020 09/05*237 668 115 0*241 673 120 0*246 677 125 0*253 682 125 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35025 09/06*262 685 155 0*267 684 160 0*272 683 160 0*279 681 160 0* 35025 09/06*261 684 125 0*268 684 120 0*275 682 120 0*282 681 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35030 09/07*286 679 150 0*293 677 140 0*300 675 130 0*304 674 125 0* 35030 09/07*289 680 115 0*296 679 105 0*302 676 100 0*304 674 85 972* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35035 09/08*307 673 115 0*309 674 105 0*312 677 95 0*311 682 90 0* 35035 09/08*306 673 80 0*308 674 75 0*309 676 75 0*310 679 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35040 09/09*310 686 85 0*309 690 85 0*307 695 80 0*306 699 80 0* 35040 09/09*310 682 70 0*309 685 70 0*306 689 70 0*305 693 65 987* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35045 09/10*305 702 80 0*305 706 80 0*310 710 85 0*323 717 85 0* 35045 09/10*304 700 65 0*305 706 65 0*310 710 65 986*320 715 65 986* *** *** ** ** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35050 09/11*337 721 85 0*351 723 85 0*365 721 80 0*379 717 75 0* 35050 09/11*333 721 75 982*349 722 80 978*364 719 85 974*379 714 85 972* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35055 09/12*393 706 65 0E405 688 65 0E413 669 60 0E419 651 60 0* 35055 09/12E390 700 80 0E397 684 75 0E404 669 70 979E411 657 70 0* **** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35060 09/13E422 634 60 0E424 618 55 0E426 603 55 0E428 583 50 0* 35060 09/13E415 644 70 0E419 627 65 0E422 607 60 0E423 583 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35065 09/14E429 559 50 0E430 532 50 0E431 500 50 0E432 462 50 0* 35065 09/14E423 559 55 0E425 532 50 0E428 500 50 0E430 455 50 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** 35070 09/15E434 421 50 0E440 379 50 0E453 336 50 0E471 285 50 0* 35070 09/15E434 415 55 0E445 375 60 0E460 332 60 0E475 285 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35075 09/16E490 232 50 0E509 186 50 0E528 147 50 0E543 116 50 0* 35075 09/16E492 232 65 0E509 186 65 0E528 147 65 0E543 116 65 0* *** ** ** ** ** 35080 09/17E552 91 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35080 09/17E556 91 65 0E568 66 65 0E578 45 60 0E588 38 55 0* *** ** **** ** ** **** ** ** **** ** ** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 35080 09/18E598 38 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35085 HR U.S. Tropical Storm Impact 9/11 06Z (closest point of approach) 40 kt - NC Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful, long-lived Atlantic hurricane. Additionally, a major change was introduced in extending the extratropical portion of this cyclone by one day. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Caribbean station observations, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, the U.K. Monthly Weather Report, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Boose et al. (2004). August 24: HWM analyzes an elongated east-west trough with a spot low analyzed near 14N, 27.5W. HURDAT does not yet this a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 25: HWM analyzes an elongated area of troughiness in the central tropical Atlantic with a spot low analyzed near 14.5N, 32W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. "Closed surface circulation is evident as far back as 26/0030Z August in the area just north of Cayenne, French Guiana" (AWS). August 27: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 29: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. "Note- Received from San Juan: 'Received from Trinidad report from SS Sibrodin 29/2000Z. Position is in vicinity of disturbance tracked in this office from Cape Verde since 8/24 with speed, 13 kt..." (micro). August 30: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day. HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.2N, 55.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt at 18Z (AWS); 45 kt NE at 20Z at 16.6N, 57.2W (micro). "This hurricane was located August 30 when the SS Sibrodin reported gale winds and falling pressure near 16.5N, 57W. It might have been the same storm whose beginnings were reported near the Cape Verde Islands on August 24, but there were no reports of it after it left the Cape Verde area until the Sibrodin reported on the 30th. It proved to be the most severe hurricane of the 1950 season, with winds estimated by aircraft at over 160 kt and waves 100 feet high" (MWR). "At 30/1830Z, the ship Sibrodin reported a force 9 [40 kt] wind on the west side of the disturbance" (AWS). "The closed low north of Cayenne drifted slowly to the northwest and developed winds of hurricane speed on or shortly prior to 31/0000Z August" (AWS). August 31: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.1N, 59.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 58.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 15.0N, 58.3W with 70 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 16.2N, 59.5W with 125 kt max winds and 953 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 16.1N, 58.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.2N, 59.2W. Ship highlights: 75 kt N and 1000 mb at 00Z at 15.0N, 57.9W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 18.0N, 60.9W (COA, micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR plus four radar bearings) at 1050Z at 16.3N, 59.0W with 953 mb central pressure and estimated maximum winds of 125 kt (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix (boxing, 700 mb penetration) at 13Z at 16.5N, 59.5W with 953 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and the 700 mb height in the eye of 8780 feet (AWS, micro); 105 kt W at flight level of 800 ft and 990 mb at 1915Z at 16.2N, 60.2W (ATS); Navy radar center fix (PB4Y-2) (radar, DR, no penetration) at [1715Z or 1915Z?] at 16.4N, 60.3W with lowest pressure encountered 988 mb 3 miles west of the edge of the eye and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 120 kt (AWS, ATS). At least four other surface gales (including one other surface hurricane force wind), three flight-level hurricane force winds, and six other low pressures. "[At 31/0030Z], the Sibrodin reported hurricane winds. Recon aircraft on 31 August reported the hurricane centered at 16.3N, 59.0W at 1050Z with maximum winds estimated at 125 kt, a minimum central pressure of 953 mbs and 'phenomenally heavy seas.' This placed the storm center 160 nautical miles southeast of Antigua, BWI. In view of the size and intensity of the storm, the low latitude and the high seas reported, it is safe to say that this storm has been developing for several days and had not developed suddenly" (AWS). "When first investigated by aircraft on 31 August, the weather observer reported a central pressure 953 mbs, estimated the maximum winds at over 125 kt with hurricane winds covering an area 90 to 100 miles in diameter and gales covering 180 miles [in diameter]" (AWS). "31/1130Z: In eye proper. Eye diameter 22 miles" (AWS). "31/1915Z: Eye appeared well defined by radar" (AWS). "The storm recurved toward the west somewhat so that by 31/1200Z it was moving in a west by north direction" (AWS). From microfilm's version of the Air Force flight... "D-11: In eye of storm. Eye located at 1050Z. Definite circular cloud around eye. Winds estimated to be over 100 kt at edge of eye. Diameter 22 miles wide of 30 kt from several direction observed in eye" (micro). "Duck 11: in eye of storm at 16.3N, 59.0W at 1050Z. Definite circular cloud around eye. Position by dead reckoning. Position of 16.3N, 59.1W was given 15 minutes later based on four radio bearings" (micro). "Center located by box at 16.5N, 59.5W at 1300Z. Position reliable" (micro). "1715Z- N-6: Eye by radar and dead reckoning 16.4N, 60.3W. Lowest pressure [encountered] 3 miles west 988 mb. Highest wind estimated 120 kt- circumnavigation" (micro). From the ATS report... "This was the first Navy flight into this very severe hurricane, departing Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico about noon. Direct entry was made from the west-northwest until due west of the center. The wind was then placed on the port beam and entry into the eye through violent turbulence with winds up to 120 knots was made. Although the eye appeared well defined by radar, it was poorly defined to the eye and winds decreased only slightly, so that pilot was forced immediately into south sector where again 120 knots winds were encountered. Lowest pressure at the edge of the eye was 988 mbs and center position was 16.4N, 60.3W. Course was taken to get out to somewhat lower velocities and then circumnavigate. Two very rough spirals were crossed where winds again increased briefly to 100 knots and then backed. Remainder of flight was routine as winds gradually backed and decreased, and precipitation became intermittent and ended" (ATS). September 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.5N, 63.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 17.5N, 61.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 16.8N, 60.9W with 125 kt max winds and 960 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 17.6N, 62.4W with 130 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 17.4N, 61.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 17.7N, 62.3W. Land/station highlights: 60 kt NE and 1003 mb at 0115Z at Antigua (17.1N, 61.7W) (micro); 125 kt (not known if gust or sustained) at Antigua ("anemometer disintegrated before maximum could be recorded") (AWS); 973 mb (min p) at Antigua (AWS). One other gale at Antigua and four other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 65 kt E and 997 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 63.4W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1832Z at 18.3N, 63.2W with 110 kt estimated maximum surface winds, 964 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and the 700 mb height in the eye of 9140 feet (AWS, micro). One other gale and two other low pressures. "It moved on a northwesterly course and passed close to Antigua, Barbuda, and other islands of the northeastern Leeward group on September 1. Residents of Antigua, where highest winds were estimated at over 130 mph and hurricane force lasted for 6 hours, reported it to be the most severe hurricane in the history of that island. Many homes and businesses were destroyed or damaged, crops destroyed, roads blocked by washouts and fallen trees, communications and power lines down, and many small craft wrecked. Two persons were drowned when their small boat capsized. The island of Barbuda also estimated winds of 130 mph or greater, with equal or worse devastation than experienced at Antigua. Damage has been placed at over $1,000,000 on these small islands" (MWR). From "Antigua 01/0115Z: Present condition worsening and now 30/60 barometer 1002.8 mb falling rapidly. Forced to close now" (micro). "D-3 in the eye 1832Z position 18.3N, 63.2W. Radar position on island shows movement 201 degrees at 18 kt. Surface wind in NE quadrant estimated 110 kt" (micro). "From the point at which detected, Dog moved WNW passing just north of Antigua, turned slowly toward the northwest passing just NE of St. Martin, BWI at 1830Z on the 1st of September. Speed had been 8 kt but at this point decreased to 5 kt." (AWS). "According to newspaper reports and a report from the San Juan Weather Bureau Office the islands of St. Martin and Antigua were badly battered by the storm. Three fatalities, thousands homeless and $1,000,000 worth of property damage were reported on Antigua. Coastal craft were swept ashore and the streets of St. Johns on Antigua were flooded by high tides. The PAA weather station on Antigua reported a maximum wind of 144 mph (125 kt) before the anemometer disintegrated. Sea level pressure dropped to a minimum of 28.73 inches (972.6 mbs); although the eye did not pass directly over the station" (AWS). "01/1832Z: Eye located by radar" (AWS). "Late on 1 September Dog resumed its nearly northward track. This continued through the 2nd and 3rd of September" (AWS). September 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 64.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 19.8N, 64.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 18.6N, 63.5W with 130 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.6N, 63.9W with 135 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.2N, 64.5W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 64.3W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 19.9N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 985 mb at 21Z at 21.7N, 65.0W (micro). Two other gales. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1405Z at 19.6N, 64.4W (low-level penetration, DR) with 962 mb central pressure, maximum estimated surface winds 120 + kt on west side and 140 kt on north side (AWS, micro, ATS); Air Force 700 mb penetration at 1945Z with 964 mb surface pressure by dropsonde, 140 kt estimated [maximum surface winds estimated after descending in the eye], and 700 mb height in the eye of 9050 feet (AWS). Ten other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and five other pressures below 1000 mb. "N-14: Entered eye 1405Z. DR fix 19.3N, 64.3W. Max winds 340 degrees 120 kt. Severe turbulence. Further entry not recommended. Eye on radar well defined. Central pressure 962 mb" (micro). "Hurep Duck 18: In eye. Loran inoperative. Will drop dropsonde and head for San Juan for back DR position. 65 kt surface winds at 100 mi west of center. Max surface winds west side eye 120 plus kt. 140 kt north side. Do not plan to box" (micro). "On the morning of 2 September the Navy flight into the storm reported 'severe turbulence. Further entry into eye not recommended.' It also reported winds 120 kt on the west side and minimum pressure 962 mbs. The direct observation of the central pressure makes the 953 mbs obtained by dropsonde on the 31st seem questionable. However, in those cases in which the sea level pressures were obtained by dropsonde, the 700 mb height was obtained by direct observation and the variations in the 700 mb heights and sea levels are in perfect agreement and both follow a logical sequence. Therefore, all sea level pressure in this storm obtained by dropsonde have been assumed to be approximately accurate. [Since the dropsondes contained no winds, they could not have known whether the dropsonde splashed in the eye]" (AWS). "On the afternoon of September 2nd, the AF flight at 10,000 feet reported 140 kt on the north side of the storm center and 120 kt on the west" (AWS). "02/1405Z: Eye on radar well defined south half only. Diameter estimated 20 miles. Eye not well defined and winds in eye not less than 30 kt" (AWS). "02/1945Z: Eye approximately 30 miles in diameter with 10 miles area calm (no whitecaps). The surface winds were visible on all sides of the eye and estimated to be in excess of 120 kt" (AWS). From the ATS report... "This hurricane had passed over and caused considerable damage to the island of Antigua in the Lesser Antilles on the preceding day. It was decided to circumnavigate the storm at approximately the 45 kt wind circle, then penetrate to the eye. This would not only locate the center, but would determine all other characteristics of the storm. Only on the south side did the flight have to deviate from this plan. This was to avoid getting too close to nearby islands. This storm was exceedingly turbulent entering the eye from the west side and winds in excess of 120 knots were encountered for nearly 20 miles. Flight message: Entered eye at 1405Z. Max winds 340 degrees 120 kts. Severe turbulence. Further entry eye not recommended. Eye on radar defined south half only. Diameter [of eye] 20 miles. Central pressure 962 mb" (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.0N, 65.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 21.3N, 65.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.6N, 64.2W with 135 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.1N, 64.5W with 140 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 65.8W with a 972 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 65.5W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 21.7N, 65.3W. Ship highlights: 80[?] kt E and 985 mb at 00Z at 21.6N, 64.8W (micro); 75 kt ENE at 18Z at 23.2N, 65.5W (micro). 11 other gales between 35-55 kt and one other low pressure of 999 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (no penetration, radar) at 1252Z at 21.7N, 65.0W with lowest pressure encountered 979 mb 10 miles west of [the edge of the] eye, maximum flight-level winds encountered of 125 kt, and estimated maximum surface winds of 125 kt (micro, AWS, ATS); 125 kt at flight-level of around 600 feet and 979 mb at 1252Z at 21.7N, 65.3W (micro, AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration, loran) at 21Z at 22.5N, 65.1W with maximum observed flight-level winds [at approximately 700 mb or 10,000 ft] of 120 kt and 700 mb height in eye of 9100 ft (micro). At least eight other surface gales, four other flight-level hurricane force winds, and three other low pressures below 1000 mb. "Estimate small but intense storm. Diameter of hurricane winds 120 miles. DR checked- good. Max error 5 miles. Penetrated west side to the 125 kt isotach. In extreme turbulence. Radar reports possible eye eight miles to east but believe to be farther east about ten miles. Lowest pressure [encountered] 979 mb at 1252Z" (micro). "Radar eye 8 miles east of 21.7N, 65.3W" (micro). "Hurep Duck 9: Loran radio fix in eye at 9500 feet at 2100Z at 22.5N, 65.1W. Storm is still very intense. Winds of 120 kt observed on the outskirts of eye" (micro). "The storm continued its slow turn to the right until 03/1230Z when it slowly turned back to a NW course" (AWS). "As previously mentioned the Navy flight on the 3rd penetrated the west side at low level to within 10 miles of the eye. At this point, the winds were estimated 125 kt, pressure 979 mbs" (AWS). "03/2100Z: Very little turbulence was encountered during passage into the eye. It was cloudy and not as distinct at 10,000 feet as previously. At the surface the winds were generally 25 kt from various directions with a small calm region in the inner portion" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Flight departed Ramey AFB, PR at dawn, and in little more than an hour, were in hurricane winds and commenced circumnavigation, keeping at an average distance of about 70 miles from the center. On reaching the northwest quadrant, commenced gradual penetration until due west of the center, then put the wind on the port wing and probed until the winds reached 125 knots and plane became almost uncontrollable. At this point, radar showed the edge of the core to be 8 miles east. Unable to continue further, were forced to slide southward, eventually leaving the storm. Lowest pressure observed- 979 mb" (ATS) September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 65.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 135 kt hurricane at 22.6N, 66.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.6N, 65.2W with 140 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.3N, 65.9W with 145 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.7N, 66.3W with a 965 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.2N, 66.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 987 mb centered near 23.3N, 66.3W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 63.0W (COA). Six other gales between 35-60 kt and two other low pressures between 1001-1003 mb. Aircraft highlights: 70 kt SSW at flight-level of 700 feet and 991 mb at 1130Z at 22.5N, 65.3W (ATS); center fix (estimated position) at 13Z at 23.2N, 66.2W (micro); center fix (boxing) at 1930Z at 24.0N, 66.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 22Z at 23.7N, 66.6W with 120 kt estimated maximum surface winds, 963 mb surface pressure by dropsonde, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9013 feet (AWS, micro). At least nine other surface gales, three other hurricane force flight-level winds, and six other low pressures between 987-999 mb. "Post flight summary: Center estimated near 23.2N, 66.2W at 1300Z. Hurricane force winds extend outward [90 to 110 miles from the center]" (micro). "Estimated position of center from boxing 24.0N, 66.0W at 1930Z. Proceeding into eye. Loran fix while flying in eye at 2200Z 23.7N, 66.6W. Diameter of eye 22 miles. Shape of eye almost perfect" (micro). "The AF flight on the afternoon of the 4th circumnavigated the storm center at low level and later penetrated the center at 700 mbs. Of the low-level portion of the mission the weather observer wrote as follows: 'When closest to the eye, we estimated winds of 120 kt which confused the swell and appeared to scoop off great quantities of seething white sea surface at times. The waves were so great that they gave the sensation of a slow motion movie'" (AWS). "04/2200Z: Eye penetrated by radar. It was almost perfectly round, about 22 miles in diameter as measured on the radar scope. [Cloud] tops were apparently above 30,000 feet. Hurricane Dog was very round at this stage and fit the classical pattern better than usual. On departing from the eye our radar operator informed us that a north heading would be as good as any since the cloud returns on his radar scope were so symmetrical" (AWS). Dog recurved slightly to the northwest of the 4th and "this northwesterly course continued into the day on 5 September" (AWS). From the ATS report... "This flight was planned for circumnavigation only, with the circumnavigation in close enough to determine the extent of hurricane force winds and to afford a close approximation of the center. The flight was made in about an average 70 kt wind circle with moderate to heavy rainfall and moderate to severe turbulence characterizing the entire flight in the storm area" (ATS). September 5: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.7N, 66.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 145 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 68.4W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.1N, 66.8W with 145 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 24.8N, 67.8W with 150 kt max winds and 950 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.0N, 67.7W with a 958 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 24.6N, 67.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 24.7N, 67.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1001 mb at 00Z and at 06Z at 23.0N, 64.0W (COA). Two other hurricane force winds and three other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 13Z at 24.5N, 67.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (low-level box, and then 10,000 ft loran and radar) at 21Z at 25.8N, 68.3W with 943 mb surface pressure from dropsonde and 700 mb height in the eye of 8540 feet (AWS, micro). At least ten other surface gales, six other flight-level hurricane force winds, and seven other low pressures below 1000 mb. "Summary Atl flight: 13Z center 24.5N, 67.8W. 65 kt wind 80 mi radius north and east; 45 kt wind 180 mi radius. 65 kt wind 60 mi radius west and 95 mi radius south of center" (micro). "Hurep Duck 19 five position of storm by low level box and 10000 ft loran radar fix 25.8N, 68.3 at 2100Z. Pressure at 26.2N, 67.5W 995.4 mb; 24.9N, 69.1W 986.1 mb; 24.3N, 68.3W 992.2 mb. Winds 26.2N, 69.0W 036 degrees at 51 kt; 25.3N, 69.0W 350 degrees at 68 kt; 24.5N, 69.0W 290 degrees at 69 kt; 24.4N, 68.4W 265 degrees at 72 kt. Height of 700 mb in eye 8540 ft. Eye well defined at 10000 ft. At low level, west quadrant very heavy rain. 600 ft ceilings in north quadrant and south quadrant ceilings 1200 ft. Light rain. Penetration at high level..." (micro). "At 05/1830Z, Dog again turned right, accelerated slightly and moved almost due north at 7 kt" (AWS). "On the 5th and 6th the diameter of hurricane force winds was approximately 175 miles and the gales covered twice this distance" (AWS). "05/2100Z: Eye well defined at 10,000 feet" (AWS). "Late on 5 September, Dog again curved toward the north moving almost directly due north during the 6th and 7th of September" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Flight departed Ramey AFB at dawn for another flight to this almost impenetrable hurricane centered about 400 miles north of the station. Simple circumnavigation with no attempt made to penetrate the core of the storm made this flight relatively easy and uneventful. Principle features of interest noted were: that the northwest sector was quite dry, that the center was about 30 miles SSE of the assigned coordinates, and that the hurricane winds covered an area 150 miles in diameter" (ATS). September 6: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N, 68.0W with a frontal boundary located north of the cyclone extending from 32N, 77W to 33N, 69W to 35N, 62W to 36N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 160 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 68.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.9N, 68.4W with 150 kt max winds and 941 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 27.4N, 68.3W with 150 kt max winds and 940 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 68.3W with a 953 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 68.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 27.7N, 68.3W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 66.5W (COA). Five other gales between 50-70 kt and three other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 85 kt NW at flight level of 800 ft and 984 mb at 1415Z at 27.9N, 69.0W (ATS); Air Force center fix at 19Z at 28.4N, 67.9W (micro); Air Force 700 mb penetration at 2115Z with 944 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and 700 mb height in the eye of 8560 feet (AWS). At least 13 other surface gales, nine other flight-level hurricane force winds (600-1000 feet), and nine other low pressures below 1000 mb. "N-10: Tremendous SE swell estimated 100 feet high" (micro). "Duck 3- fix 28.4N, 67.9W at 1900Z" (micro). "At noon on the 6th the Navy flight circumnavigated the storm center and on the north side reported 'tremendous SE swell estimated 100 feet high.' On the basis of these the weather observer wrote, 'It is believed that highest winds near the center were probably in excess of 150 kt'" (AWS). "06/2122Z: Eye is 35 miles in diameter, circular and well defined. Located by radar" (AWS). From the ATS report... "As in previous flights into this storm, no penetration was planned because of the severity of the turbulence...it was considered desirable and adequate to circumnavigate at approximately the 70 kt wind circle. Features of this flight include the observation of the extremely large swells ahead of the hurricane, and the extent of hurricane winds over a very large area. It is believed that highest winds near the center were probably in excess of 150 kt" (ATS). September 7: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.1N, 67.5W with a dissipating WSW-ENE stationary front located north of the cyclone from 32N, 77W to 32N, 73W to 35N, 66W becoming a (non-dissipating) stationary front at 35N, 66W extending eastward to 36N, 57W. HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 67.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.8N, 68.2W with 140 kt max winds and 947 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.2N, 67.9W with 125 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.1N, 67.3W with a 948 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 67.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 30.3N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 29.7N, 66.2W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 66.7W (COA, HWM). Four other gales. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 0420Z at 29.4N, 68.1W with 962 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and 700 mb height in the eye of 9010 feet (AWS, micro); center fix at 1215Z just south of 30.5N, 67.6W with 700 mb height in the eye of 8800 feet (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1945Z with 105 kt estimated maximum surface winds, 972 mb central pressure by low-level penetration, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9295 feet (AWS). "Hurep: In eye at 0420Z at 29.4N, 68.1W. Determined by loran in eye. Eye very good. 0510Z- 29.5N, 68.0W- loran fix. 0800Z- 29.0? or 30.0? N, 68.8W" (micro). "Duck 4: In eye now, surface wind 120 kt, position by DR and degree of confidence medium. Leaving storm" (micro). "It reached a point approximately 200 miles SW of Bermuda at 07/1230Z. At this time, it turned NNE toward Bermuda and decelerated" (AWS). "Dog appears to have lost intensity rapidly during the last few hours of the 6th and early 7th. A night flight into the eye of 07/0420Z indicated an 18 mb rise in the central surface pressure during the 8 hours since the last flight. This was the first night mission into a hurricane by an aircraft equipped with APQ-13 radar. The radar was used only to guide the flight into the eye of the storm at 700 mbs. Here the aircraft stayed for over an hour obtaining loran fixes, taking a dropsonde and computing movement of the storm center. Two more missions were flown during the daylight on the 7th. The second indicated another 10 mb rise in the central surface pressure and estimated the maximum surface wind in the NE quadrant as 105 kt" (AWS). "07/0510Z: Eye of storm well defined circle on radar scope and 30 miles in diameter" (AWS). "07/1215Z: In center wind never observed less than 30 to 35 kt, direction following usual storm pattern. Eye not extremely well defined. No definite rim cloud at edge of eye, which appears nearly circular at about 40 miles in diameter" (AWS). "07/1945Z: The eye was poorly defined and gave poor returns on the radar scope" (AWS). A "ridge prevented the northward movement of Dog and also slowed it to an almost complete halt 150 to 200 miles southwest of Bermuda" (AWS). September 8: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 67.8W with the west end of a dissipating W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone extending from 35N, 65W to 35N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 31.2N, 67.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.6N, 67.7W with 115 kt max winds and 969 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.9N, 67.4W with 110 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of center of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.1N, 67.3W with a 954 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.2N, 67.7W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 30.4N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 21Z at 30.6N, 70.3W (micro). One other gale and one other low pressure. "The hurricane continued to move slowly on a northwesterly course after leaving the Leeward Islands and curved northward toward Bermuda, but its progress was blocked about 200 miles southwest of Bermuda near 31N, 67.5W on September 8" (MWR). "During 8 September, Dog remained nearly stationary with disorganization indicated" (AWS). September 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.4N, 69.3W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.7N, 69.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 31.3N, 67.4W with 105 kt max winds and 981 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.0N, 68.3W with 100 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.9N, 68.9W with a 955 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.0N, 69.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 30N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt WSW and 997 mb at 15Z at 29.1N, 70.5W (micro); 50 kt E and 1004 mb at 18Z at 32.3N, 69.7W (micro). Three other gales and 13 other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 0534Z at 31.0N, 67.5W (micro); center fix (loran) at 2029Z at 30.5N, 69.3W with 987 mb central pressure by low-level penetration, 100 kt estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9670 feet (AWS, micro). At least one other flight-level gale. "It reached a virtual standstill 160 miles SW of Bermuda at 09/0030Z. It then accelerated toward the WSW through the 9th" (AWS). "Duck 6- at 0534Z: Eye at 31.2N, 67.5W- Loran fix in eye. Radar returns poor. Pressure patterns indicate eye elongated north-south. Remarks on Duck summary: Low center at 700 mb level is elongated and oriented N-S. Gradient near the center is not tight. Estimate eye to be 60 mi long on N-S line and 30 miles wide... center of eye is 15 to 20 mi south of 31.2N, 67.5W" (micro). "Navy 5: Our point 0800Z 32.2N, 68.4W. 09/0753 have thoroughly investigated and flown over area. Area marked with heavy line squalls. Definitely no eye indication" (micro). "Hurep Duck 17 six: Winds 120/64 at 32.2N, 68.2W. Center of storm 30.5N, 69.3W at 2029Z by loran. Eye covers large area. Not well-defined. Making decent sounding in eye" (micro). "Three flights were made on the 9th, two early morning radar flights were unable to obtain radar echoes indicating that the storm had lost organization. The afternoon flight entered at 10,000 feet and descended in the eye. The central pressure was 987 mbs, but winds on the east side were still estimated at 100 kt" (AWS). "During the 8th and 9th as Dog came to a standstill and reversed its course 360 miles SW of Bermuda, Kindley AFB reported force 7 winds at the surface for 24 hours. Winds at 4000 feet during this period rose to 50 kt at 09/0300Z" (AWS). "09/0534Z: The radar operator was unable to pick up any returns from the stratiform cloud layers" (AWS). "09/0800Z: (Navy radar plane searching storm area reported:) Area marked by heavy line squalls. Definitely no eye indication" (AWS). "09/2029Z: Center of storm very indefinite, covers very broad area 70 miles in diameter. Center not discernible on radar scope" (AWS). Dog "recurved toward the west so that we find it moving south of west during 9 September" (AWS). September 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.5N, 70.9W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 31.0N, 71.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.6N, 69.8W with 95 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.5N, 71.4W with 90 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.0N, 70.5W with a 964 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 31.0N, 70.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1005 mb at 00Z at 28.6N, 67.2W (COA); 30 kt WNW and 996 mb at 15Z 30.8N, 72.6W (micro); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 31.5N, 73.4W (micro); 65 kt SW and 1014 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 69.3W (micro). Four other gales and four other low pressures of less than 1000 mb. Land/station highlights [had to have occurred between 10/05Z and 11/05Z]: 35 kt W (max w/1-min) at Cape Hatteras (climo); 34 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Baltimore (climo). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1240Z at 31.2N, 71.2W with 986 mb central pressure by low-level penetration, 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered on the west-northwest side of the storm, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9677 feet (AWS, micro); center fix at 2005Z at 32.4N, 71.8W with 986 mb central pressure by low-level penetration, 75 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered on the east side and 700 mb height in the eye of 9760 feet (AWS, micro). At least one other surface and flight-level hurricane force wind. "Post flight summary Hurricane Dog: Position of hurricane was located by penetration at low level at 31.2N, 71.2W at 1240Z. Pressure in center was 986 mb. Eye is approximately 90 miles long and 60 miles wide. The sea is relatively calm and the wind variable at 12 kt. Aircraft sounding was made in center of hurricane. 700 mb height 9677 feet. Hurricane winds extend to 75 miles from center in NE, E, SE, NW quadrants and storm winds exist to 120 miles in all quadrants but the WSW. Gale winds extend 150 miles in NE and SE quadrant and 135 miles in NW. The WNW through SW sector is relatively weak. Winds of 90 kt or better prevail in a small area near the center edges except in WNW sector. Sea in area of center is extremely high" (micro). "Center of storm at 10000 by radar indicates considerably spread out center approximately 90 miles long and 75 miles wide with an opening to the WNW [message transmitted at 1522Z]" (micro). "Duck 18- The eye of the storm is 32.4N, 71.8W at 2005Z" (micro). "It turned right and accelerated during the 10th" (AWS). "The two flights on the 10th both reported surface pressures of 986 mbs but the first reported winds of 90 kt near the center on the WNW side while the second only a few hours later reported maximum winds of 75 kt on the east side" (AWS). "10/1315Z: The eye as determined by visual and radar observation was approximately 90 miles long and 60 wide, oriented WNW-ESE and open to the WNW. The sea was relatively calm and the wind variable at 12 kt" (AWS). "10/2000Z: Eye circular about 65 miles across, not well defined" (AWS). "It recurved [again] to move north during 10 and 11 September" (AWS). The following quote from the Monthly National Climatological Data Summary is definitely not directly related to Hurricane Dog... "Location: Maryland, entire state. Date: 10th of September during the pm hours. Number of people killed: 3. Character of storm: Flooding. Remarks: State police reported that stretches of highways flooded in almost every county. Washington Boulevard near Bladensburg, Md. Covered with over a foot of water, making it necessary for thousands of motorists to detour. In some instances water on roads was as high as 6 feet in low places. A driver lost control of his car and went over side of bridge as another car splashed water on windshield; three men drowned. At Whitemarsh a small 4-room house was swept from its foundation and into a nearby field. At Whitehall there were 6 feet of water in basement of a house, a general store, and a food shed. About a dozen people forced to flee" (climo). The following quote is probably not directly related to Dog, but may be somewhat related to Dog... "Location: The following counties in Virginia- Rockbridge, Beteourt, Floyd, Bedford, Henry, Franklin, Roanoke, Patrick, Montgomery, Prince George, Curry, Greensville, Spotsylvania, and Caroline. Date: 10th of September. People killed: 3. Property damage (exclusive of crops): $750,000. Crop damage: $250,000. Character of storm: Rain. Remarks: Flash flood caused drowning of two persons in Rockbridge County; and severe erosion of land, damage to crops, and destruction of roads, bridges, culvarts, farm houses and contents, business establishments, telephone and power lines, tractors, trailers and cargo, and railroad roadbeds in Rockbridge and portions of Rotetourt Counties and to comparatively small areas in other counties named" (climo). September 11: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.5N, 71.8W with a W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone extending from 41N, 83W to 40N, 71W to 42N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 36.5N, 72.1W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.7N, 72.0W with 95 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.4N, 71.6W with 110 kt max winds and 974 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.7N, 72.0W with a 970 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.7N, 72.3W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 36.5N, 72.3W with a frontal boundary located north of the cyclone extending from 42N, 83W to 41N, 72W to 44N, 64W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 985 mb at 03Z at 34.4N, 72.4W (COA, micro). Nine other gales between 35-45 kt and 15 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Land/station highlights [had to have occurred between 11/05Z and 12/05Z]: 35 kt N (max w/1-min at Atlantic City, NJ (climo). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (low-level penetration) at 1240Z at 36.5N, 71.5W with 974 mb central pressure and winds of 90-100 kt reported (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix at 19Z near 38.1N, 71.2W with 972 mb central pressure (by low-level penetration), 120 kt estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9340 feet (AWS). At least eight other surface gales, three other flight-level hurricane force winds, and nine other low pressures below 1000 mb. "Here is the answer to the dispatch I sent to the plane which landed at Norfolk after this morning's flight quote. Negative- this applies to my query as to whether the eye was defined well enough to justify night radar flights- then the message continues, entered eye located at 36.5N, 71.5W. Fix reliably established twice by bearings, by out flight, by back track navigation and plane radio compass bearing on NGU. Eye characterized by broken lower cloudiness and encircling cumulus to 6000 feet. Signs of dissipation. 75 kt extend to 130 miles in western semicircle. Lowest pressure 974 mb" (micro). "N-6: Circling in eye. Strongest sustained winds west side 85 kt. Center fixed at 36.5N, 71.5W. Lowest pressure 976 mb" (micro). "It passed approximately 200 miles east of Hatteras at 11/0630Z moving north at 14 kt" (AWS). "On September 11th, Dog appears to have intensified again. Central pressures reported were 974 and 972 mbs. The Navy flight reported winds 90-100 kt extended outward 100 miles from the center to the WSW. The AF flight entered only the south side and estimated highest winds there at 120 kt" (AWS). "By the 11th, hurricane winds extended 150 miles to the ESE and 80 miles to the west, gales swept an area 500 miles across from Diamond Shoals to 65W" (AWS). "11/1145Z: Eye diameter 25 miles, showed little phenomena on radar scope" (AWS). "11/1915Z: Eye not well defined. Eye 70 miles wide NE-SW and appears to be circular. Unable to find eye aloft" (AWS). "It accelerated to 14 kt by 11 September when it began a recurvature toward the east" (AWS). From the ATS report... "Flight was made to investigate eye and determine fix on position of well developed storm off Virginia coast. Penetration was made into southwest quadrant and fixes determined directional bearings from several RDO stations and by backtracking navigation of outflight from eye. The eye was fixed at 36.5N, 71.5W, but showed little phenomena on radar scope. This indicated that although the storm was still well-defined and sustained winds of 90-100 knots outward 100 miles from the center, it was in its first stage of filling and dissipation" (ATS). [Maybe there was radar attenuation.] From the Monthly National Climate Data Summary... "Location: New Jersey (southern coastline). Date: 11th-12th of September. Property damage (exclusive of crops): $1,000. Character of storm: Hurricane. Remarks: Passed 200 miles east of New Jersey shoreline. High tides and heavy seas caused considerable beach erosion and some damage to dwellings located near beach. Heavy rain caused mild flood conditions at some coastal towns and cities, but no permanent damage resulted from water" (climo). From the Monthly National Climatic Data Summary... "Location: Massachusetts (eastern portion), and Rhode Island. Date/time: Noon 11th to noon 12th. Deaths: 12. Injuries: 1. Property damage (exclusive of crops): $2,000,000. Character of storm: Hurricane. Remarks: By the morning of the 12th, center of the storm had reached a point 85 miles ESE of Nantucket. Still a very severe extratropical storm, but had lost some of its true hurricane character. Shortly before midnight of the 11th, winds attainted velocity in peak gusts of over 75 mph at Nantucket and off elbow of Cape Cod, but precautionary measures held damage to a minimum. However, several fishing vessels were caught in worst sector of storm, where winds of hurricane velocity and tremendous seas overwhelmed 105-foot scalloper "Theresa A," lost with 11 persons on board. Another, the 'Muriel and Russell,' managed to make North Chatam Beach, where Coast Guard aided the 10-man crew to get ashore. At Provincetown, an automobile that was blown off road, overturned, killing driver. In combination with naturally high Spring tides, hurricane swell and gale-driven surf pounded sea-walls and coastal highways, undermining buildings in some places. Pleasure boats and small craft suffered largest monetary loss in New England's history, although numerically not as great as the 1938 hurricane. At Marblehead, Mass., alone, wide open to a northeaster, yacht replacement damage set at $1,125,000; at Winthrop a 50-foot section of sea-wall smashed, damage of $300,000; on Cape Cod damage to traps alone $150,000. The overall estimate of $2,000,000 is probably too conservative. Along south New England coast, west of Bussard's Bay, winds less violent and off-shore, no damage confined to wired and trees. Twenty-five communities without light or power all night and 20,000 homes without telephone service" (climo). September 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.5N, 66.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front located just east of the cyclone extending from 41N, 64W to 41N, 56W becoming a stationary front there continuing eastward to 40N, 46W. The east end of a cold front is located west of the cyclone and it extends from 38N, 72W to 38N, 76W, becoming a warm front there and extending northwestward to 42N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 41.3N, 66.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 38.9N, 70.2W with 120 kt max winds and 972 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 40.8N, 67.3W with 100 kt max winds and 979 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 41.3N, 67.3W with a 975 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 41.5N, 67.6W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 40.6N, 66.7W with the west end of a frontal boundary located east of the cyclone extending from 41N, 62W to 41N, 52W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 995 mb at 06Z at 38.7N, 67.1W (micro); 45 kt WSW and 985 mb at 16Z at 40.5N, 66.4W (micro); 60 kt E and 1001 mb at 18Z at 42.7N, 64.8W (COA, micro). At least 31 other gales between 35-60 kt and nine other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 63 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Nantucket sometime between 00Z-05Z (climo); 55 kt ENE and 998 mb at 06Z at Nantucket (micro); 42 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Boston (climo); 35 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Eastport, ME (climo). At least one other gale and one other low pressure at Nantucket. Aircraft highlights: center fix (low-level penetration) at 1303Z at 39.9N, 66.9W with 979 mb central pressure and 75 kt max winds on the west side of the storm (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1745Z at 41.4N, 65.9W [accuracy in doubt due to description of degree of certainty in estimated position] (micro). "It drifted slowly westward for two days before resuming a north to northeast course, and finally turned eastward south of Nova Scotia on the 13-14th. It gave strong winds to Cape Cod when it was passing some distance offshore on the 12th, and the station at Nantucket reported gusts of near hurricane force. Although winds along the New England coast were less than full hurricane force, damage amounted to $2,000,000 and 12 lives were lost, 11 in capsized boats" (MWR). "On September 12 an Atlantic hurricane passed near the New England coast, causing 13 casualties and over $2,000,000 damage, mostly in Massachusetts" (climo). "Hurep Duck summary: Center of storm located by penetration at low level 39.9N, 66.9W at 1303Z. Eye was completely overcast. Light to calm winds in small area approximately 90 miles wide E to W. Winds on east side 50 kt or less, west side maximum 75 kt. Ceiling in all quadrants 500 ft or less. Very rough seas. 60 kt winds extend 110 miles S of center. 35 kt winds extend 215 mi south. Low pressure in eye 979 mb" (micro). "D-7: Center of storm at 1745Z- 41.4N, 65.9W by pressure drop and wind shift at 700 mb" (micro). "On the 12th, weaker values were reported again, 979 mbs and 75 kt. Dog seems to have maintained extremes near or even exceeding these all across the Atlantic" (AWS). "From this time on the areas of strong winds continued to expand except for a shrinking in the area of hurricane winds on the 12th and 13th. On the 12th, as the center passed 120 miles SE of Marthas Vineyard, hurricane winds grazed the island with gales lashing the coast from New York City to Portland, Maine and extending inland as far as Westover AFB" (AWS). "12/1303Z: Eye completely overcast, light to calm winds in area approximately 90 miles wide east to west" (AWS). "By late on 12 September, Dog was moving almost directly east with constantly increasing speed and continued this course until is passed north of the Azores" (AWS). September 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 42.3N, 60.4W with a WNW-ESE warm front extending from the low to 39N, 45W and the northeast end of a cold front located near 38N, 60W extending to 36N, 63W to 35N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt extratropical storm at 42.6N, 60.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 42.0N, 63.4W with 80 kt max winds and 981 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 42.2N, 59.2W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.2N, 60.8W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 42.6N, 60.0W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 42.3N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: 65 kt SW and 993 mb at 00Z at 40.5N, 64.6W (micro); 60 kt W and 1003 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 64.9W (COA); 50 kt W and 1006 mb at 18Z at 39.2N, 60.4W (COA). At least 18 other gales between 35-50 kt and three other low pressures between 1002-1004 mb. "During the 11th and 12th and 13th Dog made a broad turn to the east, bringing gale winds to the storm area from New York City to Portland, Maine and to southern Nova Scotia" (AWS). "Three ships reported pressures below 979 mbs after the [final] aircraft flight" (AWS). "As the storm moved eastward across the Atlantic, gales swept a latitude band 10-11 degrees wide including all but the southern Azores and hurricane winds swept a latitude band 2-4 degrees wide" (AWS). September 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 43.3N, 51.2W with a warm front extending from 44N, 51W southeastward to 38N, 35W and a cold front extending from 41N, 51W to 38N, 55W to 37N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 43.1N, 50.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 42.3N, 54.8W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 42.5N, 50.4W with 70 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.0N, 49.5W with a 985 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.5N, 48.4W. By 12Z, the low is moving off of the microfilm map. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 998 mb at 00Z at 40.9N, 55.2W (COA); 45 kt WNW and 998 mb at 12Z at 41.3N, 53.0W (HWM, micro). At least 14 other gales between 35-45 kt and seven other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. "By 14 September, it had reached a speed of 17 knots moving due east. The storm later moved into Ireland [on or after 16 September]" (AWS). September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 46.2N, 33.7W with a warm front extending from 46N, 29W to 36N, 21W and a cold front extending from 44N, 32W to 39N, 35W to 35N, 42W to 35N, 45W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 45.3N, 33.6W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 42.6N, 43.6W with 70 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.0N, 35.0W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 45.0N, 33.7W with a 985 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 50 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 41.6N, 48.5W (COA); 55 kt NW and 1008 mb at 06Z at 42.6N, 46.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 982 mb at 18Z at 48.2N, 30.8W (COA). Numerous other gales and low pressures. September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 965 mb centered near 52.8N, 15.0W with an occluded front extending from just east of the low near 53N, 12W southward to a triple point at 44N, 13W. From this triple point, a warm front extends southward to 37N, 15W and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 37N, 22W. HWM also analyzes a much weaker extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 58N, 26W and a third extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb centered near 68N, 0W. All three cyclones are located inside the same 995 mb closed isobar which extends over a huge distance. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 52.8N, 14.7W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 994 mb at 06Z at 49.1N, 11.9W (COA); 30 kt S and 966 mb at 12Z at 52.2N, 13.4W (COA). Numerous other gales and low pressures. "It then moved almost due east passing 300 miles north of the Azores on the 16th" (AWS). "From the WBAN analysis, this storm still had a low pressure of 963 mbs just off the coast of Ireland at 1830Z on 16 September" (AWS). "From the 15th to the 18th an intense depression moved north-east from mid-Atlantic to the south-west of Scotland and thence irregularly north-north-east to the west of Norway. Widespread, severe gales occurred in the British Isles on the 16th and 17th, and heavy rainfall was registered in the west" (Monthly Weather Report). September 17: HWM analyzes a low of at most 970 mb centered near 57.5N, 4.5W with an occluded front wrapping around the low extending from 60N, 7W to 61N, 2W to 60N, 3E to 58N, 6E to 55N, 7E to 50N, 4E to 44N, 3W and a dissipating occluded front extending from 53N, 3E to 51N, 0W to 50N, 5W becoming a dissipating cold front there extending westward to 51N, 20W. Another weak extratropical low of at most 995 mb is centered near 69N, 3W. Both cyclones are located inside the same 1000 mb isobar extending over a large distance. HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 55.2N, 9.1W. Land highlights: 70 kt gust at Holyhead, England (no time, MWReport); 78 kt gust at St. Ann's Head (no time, MWReport). Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 992 mb at 00Z at 52.5N, 15.0W (COA); 55 kt SSE at 00Z at 55.5N, 4.9W; 50 kt NW and 987 mb at 12Z at 56.0N, 11.0W (COA); 35 kt SE and 976 mb at 12Z at 59.0N, 1.0W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 974 mb at 18Z at 60.7N, 1.7W (COA); 10 kt SE and 971 mb at 18Z at 59.0N, 3.0W (COA); 45 kt N and 996 mb at 23Z at 62.5N, 13.5W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. "It brought 80 kt winds to the British Isles on the 17th" (AWS). "The British Isles experienced winds of 80 kt as Dog arrived on September 17th" (AWS). "Among the highest gales registered in knots were...70 at Holyhead and 78 at St. Ann's Head on the 17th" (Monthly Weather Report). September 18: HWM suggests that Dog completely merged with another strong extratropical low by 12Z. HWM analyzes the center of the combined low near 61.0N, 0.1W. HURDAT no longer lists Dog on this day. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 45 kt SW and 988 mb at 06Z at 56.0N, 1.0E (COA); 20 kt SE and 979 mb at 06Z at 62.0N, 1.0E (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. The origin of what became Hurricane Dog is somewhat unclear. The Air Weather Service post-season report stated that the surface circulation that formed into Dog originated near the northeastern coast of South America around the 26th of August just north of Cayenne, French Guiana. The Monthly Weather Review article and messages from NHC microfilm maps indicate that Dog originated from an easterly wave noted near the Cape Verde Islands on 24 August. Regardless of which scenario is correct, there are no observations available to draw a track before the first 6-hourly point in HURDAT at 18Z on 30 August for this cyclone, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis about 300 miles east of the Leeward Islands. (Apparently, the ship Sibrodin was in the vicinity of what they termed a "disturbance" late on the 29th, but provided no quantitative information, nor any reported gales.) The first observed gales occurred during the afternoon of the 30th from a ship, confirming the existence of Dog. On the 31st at 00Z, a ship reported 75 kt with 1000 mb, and at 1050Z on the 31st, aircraft measured a central pressure of 953 mb and estimated the center at 16.3N, 59.0W. This central pressure value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on 31 August. A central pressure of 953 mb yields 110 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems, and 110 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity on the 31st (up from 75 kt originally). There is little to no information available to indicate the pace at which the organization and intensification of Dog occurred during the previous hours and days. Backtracking the intensity obtained at 12Z the 31st to the first HURDAT point (18Z the 30th) an intensification of 10 kt per 6 hours is shown. Therefore, the first point in HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th is shown as a hurricane with an 80 kt intensity (up from 60 kt originally). Obviously, genesis did not occur at 18Z on the 30th at the first entry in HURDAT, but actually occurred at some unknown time earlier in the eastern Atlantic. No track changes of larger than one degree are analyzed for the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of Dog (30 August - 11 September). On the 31st, this powerful hurricane was moving towards the west-northwest and was approaching the northern Leeward and Virgin Islands. Early on 1 September, Hurricane Dog inflicted a major blow to the islands of Antigua and Barbuda (described as the worst hurricane in the history of those islands). The anemometer at Antigua recorded a maximum wind of 144 mph (125 kt) before the anemometer "disintegrated," so the highest may not have been recorded, though it is not known if this value is a gust or a sustained wind. The minimum pressure recorded at Antigua was 973 mb, but this was not a central pressure. Dog passed to the north of Antigua, so the island was on the left (typically weaker) side of the cyclone. The revised track shows Dog to have moved two-tenths of a degree closer to the island based upon both surface observations and aircraft reconnaissance. An intensity of 115 kt is chosen from 18Z on the 31st to 06Z on 1 September (major upward changes), but it is possible that Dog could have been stronger at those times. At 01/1832Z, an Air Force plane reported a 700 mb height in the eye of 9140 feet, implying a central pressure in the range of 948 to 966 mb and a 964 mb pressure was reported from a dropsonde at the same time. Thus the central pressure is assumed to be some value between 948-964 mb. This range indicates an intensity in the range of 97-113 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. (Note that these values are not consistent with the 125 kt observation from Antigua several hours earlier being a sustained wind.) 105 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 1st (no change to HURDAT). A central pressure of 962 mb was obtained by aircraft low-level penetration on 2 September at 1405Z about 80 miles north of the Virgin Islands indicating that some filling had taken place since the 953 mb central pressure was reported on the 31 August. A 962 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd. A 962 mb central pressure yields 99 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship but since the storm was moving at only 6 kt, 95 kt would be chosen. However, surface winds were estimated visually at 120 kt and were believed to be as high as 140 kt on the strong side, so 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT for 12Z on the 2nd (down from 115 kt originally) placing a slight weighting on the surface wind estimates. After the central pressure of 962 mb was recorded on 2 September, Dog was not penetrated at low-levels again until 7 September when it was located near 30N, 67W. However, 700-mb penetrations were performed each day in between by the Air Force. The 700 mb heights obtained in the eye on the 3rd and 4th were similar to the 2nd of September, but those obtained on the 5th and 6th indicated a stronger hurricane than was observed during the previous three days. The peak aircraft observations for this storm occurred of 5 September. A 700 mb height of 8540 ft was measured, which implies a central pressure in the range of 930 to 946 mb. A dropsonde at the same time measured a surface pressure of 943 mb, so the central pressure was probably in the range of 930-943 mb at the time. Making use of the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship on the 5th, wind speed values in the range of 120-132 kt and 114-129 kt are yielded for south and north of 25N respectively. 125 kt is chosen for the peak intensity from 12Z on the 5th through 00Z on the 6th. Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 160 kt from 06 to 18Z on the 6th. On the 6th, it is analyzed that Dog weakened from 125 to 120 kt because the storm slowed down, moved north of 25N, the reported 700 mb height that day was slightly higher, and the estimated RMW was larger on that day. It is acknowledged that the rather large downward revisions from the 3rd through the 6th are done with only semi-quantiative information, but there was enough confidence in these to make the adjustments. These reduced intensities on the 6th are though consistent with a substantially weaker hurricane late on the 7th, as measured by aircraft central pressure at that time. After having moved in a general northerly directlion from the 4th to the 6th, Dog slowed down and turned westward by the time it reached a position only a couple hundred miles southwest of Bermuda. The slow westward motion continued until 10 September, when an acceleration towards the north-northwest commenced. On the 11th, Dog reached a longitude as far west as 72W before beginning a recurvature to the north-northeast. At 1945Z on 7 September, a central pressure of 972 mb was obtained by aircraft, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th. A central pressure of 972 mb yields 82 and 78 kt utilizing the north of 25N relationships for steady state and weakening systems, respectively. The forward speed of the cyclone was a very slow 3 kt. Maximum surface winds were visually estimated to be 105 kt from aircraft reconnaissance. 85 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 7th (down from 125 kt originally) and 80 kt at 00z on the 8th (down from 115 kt). A central pressure of 987 mb was obtained by aircraft low-level penetration on the 9th at 2029Z, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 9th. A central pressure of 987 mb yields 64 and 61 kt utilizing the north of 25N relationships for steady state and weakening systems respectively. 65 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 9th (down from 80 kt originally). Several more central pressures were obtained on the 10th and 11th. The following central pressure values are added into HURDAT on those days: 986 mb at both 12 and 18Z on the 10th, 982, 978, 974, and 972 mb at 00, 06, 12, and 18Z on the 11th. Early on the 11th, low end tropical storm conditions were observed in North Carolina and Maryland, thus Dog is considered a U.S. tropical storm impact. By 18Z on the 11th, Dog is analyzed to have been located south of Massachusetts by a couple hundred miles and was analyzed to still be a tropical cyclone. It is analyzed that Dog reintensified from 65 kt on the 10th to 85 kt on the 11th. Dog is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on 12 September (6 hours earlier than originally). Around the same time, it made a turn toward the east-northeast. Dog is analyzed to have made its closest approach ... about 125 nmi south-southeast - of Nantucket, MA around 03Z on 12 September. HURDAT originally indicated roughly 75 nmi for the closest approach to Nantucket. This track adjustment weights the aircraft center fixes obtained at 11/1900Z and 12/1303Z as well as several important ship observations early on the 12th. Nantucket recorded a 1-min maximum wind of 63 kt early on the 12th. Since Dog is analyzed as becoming extratropical before its closest approach to Nantucket (and before the 63 kt wind was recorded), a hurricane impact is not analyzed for any portion of the United States coastline. After the 12th, Dog moved rapidly eastward across the north Atlantic as an extratropical system without being absorbed by any other low pressure systems through the 17th of September. The largest track changes made to HURDAT occur early on the 13th when the positions are analyzed to be just over 1 degree southwest of the previous HURDAT positions. By the 15th at 12Z, Dog was located in the central North Atlantic and by the 16th, it was located a couple hundred miles west of Ireland. A 60 kt wind was observed late on the 15th, and a 966 mb pressure was observed on the 16th. The final position originally listed in HURDAT was at 00Z on the 17th just north of Ireland. The analysis indicates that Dog still existed as a powerful extratropical cyclone even though it began occluding on the 16th, and Dog was not absorbed until the 18th after 00Z when it merged with a large low to its northeast. Dog passed through the British Isles on the 17th, and the Air Weather Service report stated that 80 kt winds were reported in the British Isles that day. This (at least 78 kt) was confirmed as gusts from the U.K. Monthly Weather Report. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 17th is over Scotland. An intensity of 65 kt is analyzed from 00Z on 16 September to 06Z on 17 September (up from 50 kt originally at all times), and the intensity is brought down to 55 kt by 18Z on the 17th. The 55 kt intensity is maintained for the final position north of Scotland at 00Z on 18 September. Some interesting quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report... "Storm Dog definitely reached its maximum intensity between the 2nd and 7th with the extreme apparently on the 6th. Despite the report sent back by the Navy plane on the 2nd, another attempted to penetrate the eye on the 3rd and had to give up a few miles outside the eye due to severe turbulence. After this, Navy flights circumnavigated the storm center until the 11th. Meanwhile, Air Force aircraft penetrated the storm center at the 700 mb level and by means of dropsondes obtained sea level pressures in the eye. Values of 943 and 944 mbs were obtained in this way on the 5th and 6th respectively. Estimates of maximum wind during this period are of course questionable but indicate extreme intensity. Values of 120 kt and above were reported consistently from the first flights on August 31st until the afternoon of September 7th. Most of the Navy estimates were from the west and south sides which were presumably the weaker quadrants. The Air Force flights into the center of the storm were at 10,000 feet which made estimation of the surface wind difficult" (AWS). Regarding the size, "Dog was a 'great hurricane' in both size and intensity" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 5 (Easy) 35090 09/01/1950 M= 9 5 SNBR= 776 EASY XING=1 SSS=3 35095 09/01* 0 0 0 0*191 841 40 0*202 835 45 0*204 834 50 0* 35095 09/01* 0 0 0 0*197 832 40 0*199 832 45 0*201 832 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35100 09/02*206 832 55 0*208 830 60 0*210 828 65 0*214 825 65 0* 35100 09/02*203 832 50 0*205 833 55 0*207 833 55 996*209 832 55 995* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35105 09/03*220 822 70 0*228 820 70 0*237 820 70 0*249 824 75 0* 35105 09/03*214 827 70 0*224 824 80 0*238 823 75 980*249 826 75 980* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 35110 09/04*260 828 90 0*269 832 105 0*274 832 110 0*280 838 110 0* 35110 09/04*262 828 80 0*271 833 85 0*277 835 85 973*280 838 85 973* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35115 09/05*279 831 110 0*283 829 105 958*287 826 105 0*290 830 100 0* 35115 09/05*281 837 95 0*285 833 105 0*288 830 105 0*291 828 105 960* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35120 09/06*283 826 85 0*282 822 65 0*283 818 60 0*286 815 50 0* 35120 09/06*287 828 95 0*284 826 75 0*282 821 60 0*286 817 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35125 09/07*293 812 45 0*300 817 40 0*312 830 35 0*324 845 30 0* 35125 09/07*293 816 40 0*302 819 35 0*312 830 30 0*320 848 25 0* *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 35130 09/08*334 859 30 0*341 870 25 0*346 877 25 0*348 881 25 0* 35130 09/08*331 859 25 0*339 870 20 0*352 883 20 0*352 885 20 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35135 09/09*350 886 25 0*353 892 25 0*356 897 25 0*359 902 25 0* 35135 09/09*353 893 20 0*350 898 20 0*356 899 20 0*359 902 20 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** ** 35140 HRAFL3 35140 HRAFL3BFL1 **** International Landfalls: 09/03/1950 - 01Z - 21.5N, 82.6W - Cuba - 70 kt 09/03/1950 - 07Z - 22.7N, 82.3W - Cuba - 80 kt U.S. Landfalls: 09/05/1950 - 17Z - 29.1N 82.8W - 105 kt - 960 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 325 nm ROCI - 15 nmi RMW 09/06/1950 - 04Z - 28.5N, 82.7W - 90 kt - (965 mb) - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nm ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone that made landfall near Cedar Key, FL as a major hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National and Local Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Perez et al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 31: HWM does not analyze any features of particular interest except it appears as though a trough of low pressure extends southward from Tropical Storm Baker into the extreme western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.6N, 83.7W. No gales or low pressures. "Storm Baker had passed inland over the Gulf Coast near Mobile early on the morning of the 31st of August moving northward across the Gulf States and leaving in its wake a large area of cyclonically curving winds covering the entire western Caribbean, and a deep trough extending from the center of the low [Baker] down across the Gulf of Mexico between the Yucatan Peninsula and western Cuba. This trough was recognizable at the surface level and at all upper levels up to and including at least the 300 mb level. Winds aloft at Swan Island remained westerly and ship reports indicated that low ceilings, precipitation and squally weather persisted in the area, factors indicating possible development of a tropical cyclone. Consequently, a close watch was kept over this area and a Navy flight was sent out [on 1 September] to check conditions in this area" (AWS). September 1: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.2N, 83.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 83.5W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.2N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: At least 15 kt NW and 999 mb at 17Z at 19.5N, 84.8W (micro); 30 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 82.9W (COA, micro). One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 30 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18Z at Isle of Pines 1 (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro). Aircraft highlights: 75 kt SW at flight-level of 500 ft and 999 mb at 2058Z at 20.4N, 82.8W (ATS). Five other low-level flight-level winds of between 50-75 kt, and two other pressures of 999 mb. "[Easy] developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea south of the Isle of Pines on September 1" (MWR). "At 2100Z, position 19.9N, 82.8W- passed into relatively clear area. Wind 290 degrees 35 kt. Max wind 80 kt in gusts. Penetrated above with wind placed on port beam. Circling in clear area. Wall penetrating squall again. N-2: Passed through moderate squall at 1725Z at 23.8N, 83.0W. Wind shifted 130 degrees 20 kt to 160 degrees 28 kt. Squall oriented NW-SE at 01/1800Z. N-3: Passed through scattered squall at 23.2N, 83.9W at 1823Z. Wind dropped off to 6 kt- scattered squalls all quads" (micro). "On the morning of 1 September 1950 a Navy reconnaissance aircraft was dispatched from Miami to investigate a suspicious area southwest of the Isle of Pines in the western Caribbean. At 1725Z at position 23.8N, 83.0W a squall line oriented NW-SE was crossed with a wind shift from 130 degrees at 20 kt to 160 degrees at 20 kt. Heavy rain was encountered at 2027Z and [flight-level] winds were observed from 230 degrees at 60 kt with gusts to 80 kt in heavy squalls. No definite center could be found but a relatively clear area was reported at 19.9N, 82.2W. Minimum pressure reported in the area was 999 mbs" (AWS). From the weather observers' summaries- "01/2100Z: Passed through several squalls and calm areas. Passed into one relatively clear area, wind 290 degrees 35 kt, with maximum winds in squall line to SE 80 kt in gusts. Pressure 999 mb" (AWS). From the ATS report. "On the morning of 1 September, this flight departed Miami to investigate a suspicious area north of Isle of Pines south of Cuba. The coordinates were to 21.5N, 85.0W thence southeastward to 17.2N, 81.0W. At 1752Z position 23.8N, 83.0W passed through moderate squall line oriented NW-SE. Wind shifted 130 degrees 20 kt to 150 degrees 28 kts across squall line. The radar became inoperative about 1840Z due to excessive moisture in radar range unit, and without radar the orientation of squalls covering western tip of Cuba was extremely difficult to determine. At 1949Z position 20.6N, 84.3W moderate rain commenced and by 2000Z had become heavy. Winds southeasterly north of Cuba, backed to northwesterly 25 kt south of Cuba and by 2027Z were 230 degrees 60 kt, with gusts to 80 kt in heavy squalls. At 2100Z position 19.9N, 82.8W passed into relatively clear area. A commercial ship [plane?] was observed at 2112Z heading directly for area of high winds so information about high winds was transmitted to ship. At 2130Z departed clear area of southeasterly heading and a gradual turn to the north was made. At 2200Z, passed from under heavy squall line oriented WNW-ESE. Winds dropped rapidly off to calm so departure was taken for Miami" (ATS). September 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.4N, 84.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 82.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.8N, 83.5W with 80 kt max winds and 999 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 20.8N, 83.5W with 80 kt max winds and 997 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 83.0W with a 988 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 82.8W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 20.7N, 83.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 20.3N, 82.3W (micro); 40 kt W and 1000 mb at 16Z at 20.4N, 83.6W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 19.3N, 83.6W (micro); 30 kt S and 996 mb at 21Z at 20.4N, 82.4W (micro). Two other gales and 26 other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 50 kt E and 994 mb at 20Z at Isle of Pines 2 (21.8N, 82.8W) (micro); 40 kt E and 993 mb at 21Z at Isle of Pines 1 (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro). Five other gales and 11 other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1335Z at 20.8N, 83.4W with 996 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered of 65 kt (AWS, ATS); 20 kt NE (25 kt ENE at flight-level of 1000 feet) and 994 mb at 1415Z at 21.0N, 82.2W (micro); Navy center fix at 1830Z at 20.8N, 83.5W with 995 mb central pressure (max flight-level winds encountered 75 kt ESE at 19Z at 800 ft at 20.9N, 82.0W (AWS, ATS). At least three other surface gales, two other flight-level winds of 55 kt, and seven other low pressures below 1000 mb. "N-13 (1545Z): Position [of aircraft?] 21.9N, 83.8W. Hook center by land radar fix at 20.7N, 82.9W [position of aircraft?]. Circular center 20.8N, 83.7W [position of aircraft?]. Lowest pressure 996 mb. Eye appears to be forming with center at 1335Z at 20.8N, 83.4W. Well defined hook from center." (micro). "Navy special: Entered storm on west side. Storm center 20.8N, 83.5W. Lowest barometer 995 mb at 1825Z. Wind located on the NE and E side 80 kts. Heavy squall lines forming on east side of storm" (micro). "On September 2nd, two reconnaissance flights were made into the area. Each found a center with a partially formed eye, minimum pressure of 996 and 995 mbs and gusts to 80 kt in the squall line forming the eastern wall of the eye. The center positions, reported five hours apart, were separated by less than 7 miles. After the second of these fixes at 1830Z, the storm center began to move to the NE and had crossed Cuba almost before the movement could be detected. Exactly the same thing happened in October 1947 when an even more intense hurricane passed near the Isle of Pines and crossed Cuba. Its movement not being detected until rising winds and falling pressure at Havana and Rancho Bayeros revealed the storm's location. In both cases the storm center seemed to be located in the Isle of Pines area and then suddenly jumped across Cuba and appeared over water north of Havana. However, careful checking indicates that storm Easy moved at nearly a constant speed of between 10 and 12 kt from 02/1830Z and located by reconnaissance north of Cuba at 03/1215Z" (AWS). From the weather observers' summaries- "02/1335Z: Found cyclonic circulation with minimum pressure 996 mbs. Maximum winds of 65 kt with gusts to 80 kt. 02/1830Z: Found widespread calm area approximately 30 miles in diameter, lowest pressure 995 mbs. Strongest winds around center were WNW side 40 kt, S side 45 kt, NW side gusts to 80 kt with torrential rain in squall line" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This flight was ordered out on the morning of 2 September 1950 to further investigate a suspicious area south of the Isle of Pines which had been reconnoitered the previous afternoon. The standard Navy low-level procedure was commenced shortly after reaching a position five miles west of the Isle of Pines. After one hour and 45 minutes of search, a cyclonic circulation with minimum pressure of 996 mb was centered at 02/1335Z near 20.8N, 83.4W. Maximum winds of 65 kt with gusts to 80 kt and torrential rains were encountered in the heavy weather which existed between true bearings of 040 and 170 degrees at a distance of 25 to 30 miles from the circulation center. A climb to 10,000 feet was commenced at 1500Z in order to view the storm structure from that altitude. The flight returned to Miami, landing at 02/1800Z" (ATS). From another ATS report. "Crossed Cuba and entered storm on the northwest side. Highest winds encountered west-northwest of the center 40 knots. A widespread calm area approximately 30 miles in diameter was centered at 20.8N, 83.5W. Lowest central pressure was 995 mb. The strongest west winds encountered near the south side of the calm area were 260 degrees 45 kt. Departed through east side spiraling out through the northeast quadrant and encountering torrential rain and gusts to 75 kt in squall lines" (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.7N, 82.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 82.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.5N, 82.8W with 80 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.9N, 82.3W with 80 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.8N, 82.0W with a 975 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.7N, 82.1. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 24.2N, 82.3W. Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 987 mb at 03Z at 22.3N, 82.8W (micro); 75 kt ENE and 998 mb at 12Z at 24.3N, 81.5W (micro); 65 kt SE and 998 mb at 15Z at 24.3N, 81.6W (micro); 75 kt ENE at 19Z at 25.7N, 82.9W (micro). Eight other gales and 27 other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 58 kt G 63 kt (max w) at Havana, Cuba around ~10Z (micro, AWS); 10 kt (min w inside RMW) and 989 mb (min p) at Havana around ~10Z (micro, Gentry); 60 kt E (wind maybe biased too high) and 1000 mb at 12Z at Key West (micro); 40 kt SSE and 995 mb at 15Z at Key West (micro); 991 mb around 17 or 18Z at Dry Tortugas (Connor); 63 kt NE at Dry Tortugas (Connor); 55 kt SE at Miami (Connor). Eleven other gales and 17 other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1310Z at approximately 24.1N, 82.4W with 980 mb central pressure (AWS, ATS, micro); Navy center fix at 20Z at 25.6N, 82.7W with 980 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered 75 kt ENE at 600 ft at 1938Z at 25.7N, 82.9W (AWS, ATS). At least ten other surface gales, four other flight-level hurricane force winds, and 16 other low pressures below 1000 mb. Several other center fixes by Navy radar plane. "[Easy] remained nearly stationary for two days before moving northward across Cuba near Havana. The center moved north-northwestward thereafter as a storm of just the lower limit of hurricane force and passed between Key West and Dry Tortugas around noon of September 3" (MWR). "The storm passed over the Isle of Pines and just east of Havana where the wind dropped off to 10 or 15 mph" (Gentry). "Navy 2: 24.1N, 81.8W [position of aircraft]. Possible weak eye 30 mi diameter at 23.9N, 82.5W. Squalls 60 miles to NNE from eye. Navy 3: Eye located by radar fix at 1330Z at 24.2N, 83.6W moving northeast. Open to south. Navy 6: Position 24.1N, 82.5W [plane position or storm position?]. Wind NW 65 kt. Entered weak, poorly defined eye at 1310Z. Squalls in the north to southeast quadrants. Eye radar fix 24.7N, 82.7W." (micro). "Hurricane passed just east of Havana at 1000Z. Max winds 67 mph. Lowest pressure 989 mb [at Havana]" (micro). "Navy 9 (1730Z): Plane position 23.9N, 81.4W. Hurricane radar position 24.7N, 82.6W. 15 mi wide. Navy 10: position of plane 24.5N, 81.9W. Radar fix eye 25.1N, 82.6W (1830Z). Navy 11- 1900Z: Radar fix eye located 25.2N, 82.6W. 2120Z hurricane position 25.5N, 82.6W. Eye poorly defined but considered good fix" (micro). "03/2315Z: Hurricane position 26.0N, 82.7W. Excellent radar fix" (micro). "Although winds of 65 kt with gusts to 80 kt were reported by reconnaissance south of Cuba, the highest winds reported at Havana were gusts to 63 kt. Damage was apparently slight. A gradual turn to the NW occurred as Easy moved over Cuba and into the Florida Straits and this course continued until approximately 03/1400Z when another turn was made to the north. The storm was not particularly intense during this period although winds up to hurricane force covered a wide area. Key West reported gusts to 75 knots at 03/1230Z while the center of the circulation was still 50 miles to the southwest. Beginning at 1215Z on the 3rd of September Navy radar aircraft kept almost constant vigil on Storm Easy until its eventual entry into the Florida Gulf Coast southeast of Cedar Keys on the 5th. The reports were received with such regularity that it was possible to nearly pinpoint the position of the center at any time. Aircraft radar reports ended only when the storm entered the land area" (AWS). From the weather observers' summaries- 03/1310Z: "A weak, poorly defined eye, with lowest pressure 980 mbs and semicircular squalls along N to SE sides was encountered but the majority of the heavy weather with NE to E winds of 65-80 kt and heavy squalls was 60 miles to the north of the eye" (AWS). "1st Navy radar flight- 03/1215Z: Possible weak eye 30 miles in diameter. Well defined squall line extending 60 miles to NNE from eye. 03/1330Z: Eye complete with spiral bands open to south. No weather on scope south of Cuba. 03/1430Z: Gradually becoming better defined. 03/1530Z: Eye 30 miles diameter, increasing. 03/1630Z: Eye open to south becoming confused. 03/1730Z: 15 mile wide weather band bears 330 to 90 degrees, 50 mile wide weather band bears 330 to 090 degrees 50 miles from center. 03/2000Z: After passing through one strong and one moderate squall line (approaching from east) aircraft emerged into a large area of confused seas with a noted absence of low and middle clouds. Minimum pressure 980 mb" (AWS). "2nd Navy radar flight- 03/2210Z: Eye poorly defined. Unable to obtain reliable fix at present. 03/2345Z: Very distinct pinwheel for eye" (AWS). From the ATS report. "South of Key West on a morning flight from Miami, winds averaged 35-50 kt from the east to northeast at 24N, 83W, but diminished east of this position. A weak, poorly defined eye, with lowest pressure 980 mb was encountered, but the majority of the heavy weather and winds were encountered in the area between 24.5N to 25.5N, and 83.3W to 82.0W on the return leg. Northeast to east winds of 65-80 kt and heavy squalls characterized this area" (ATS). From the next ATS report. "The second Navy flight of 3 September into the developing hurricane off the west coast of Florida departed NAS Miami at 03/1827Z. After passing through a strong squall line at 1900Z and a moderate squall line shortly after 1915Z, the aircraft emerged into a large area of confused seas with a noted absence of low and middle clouds. However, it required 45 minutes of search after this time before the position of the hurricane center was definitely located at 2000Z near 25.6N, 82.7W. Maximum winds from the east-northeast of 75 kt were encountered near 25.7N, 82.9W. In order to check the dead reckoning position of the hurricane center, course was taken from the center for Dry Tortugas Island" (ATS). "Easy - Sep. 2-3 - Cat 1 in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000). September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N, 83.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 27.4N, 83.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.3N, 82.8W with 90 kt max winds and 977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.0N, 83.6W with 105 kt max winds and 974 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.3N, 83.3W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.7N, 83.4W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 27.9N, 83.6W. Ship highlights: 65 kt SW and 982 mb at 05Z at 26.5N, 83.3W (micro). A few other gales and low pressures. Land/station highlights: 45 kt E and 997 mb at 10Z at St. Petersburg, FL (micro); 70 kt SSE G 90 (station may be elevated) at 16Z at 27.8N, 82.8W (micro). At least 24 other gales and 40 other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1454Z with 973 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered 100 kt NNW at 600 feet 27.8N, 83.9W (ATS, micro); Navy center fix at 1915Z at 28.1N, 83.8W with 973 mb central pressure and 110 kt max flight-level winds encountered [100 kt max surface estimate?] (AWS, ATS, micro). At least four other surface gales, five other flight-level hurricane force winds, and nine other low pressures below 1000 mb. Several other center fixes throughout the day by Navy radar plane. "It continued about parallel to the west Florida coast 30 to 50 miles offshore until it reached a point some 70 miles northwest of Tampa on the 4th. Here it described the first of two loops and started moving northeastward" (MWR). "04/0045Z hurricane position 26.4N, 82.8W. Good radar fix. 04/0145Z hurricane position 26.5N, 83.0W. Poorly defined eye. Questionable accuracy. 04/0200Z: 26.7N, 82.7W. 04/0215Z hurricane position 26.6N, 83.2W. Eye poorly defined. Accurate within eight miles. 04/0345Z: 26.7N, 83.2W. 0415Z: 26.8N, 83.3W. 0445Z: 26.9N, 83.4W. 0515Z: 27.0N, 83.3W. Two Navy 0900Z radar position- eye centered 27.5N, 83.3W. Plane position 26.5N, 81.8W [115 statute miles distance from plane to center]. Eye semi-circular and closed from SW to NW and 40 miles in diameter. Open SE sector. Three Navy 1000Z radar position eye centered 27.6N, 83.4W. Eye diameter increased to 45 miles. Plane position 26.6N, 81.6W [130 statute miles from plane to center]. Five Navy 1100Z radar position of eye- 27.8N, 83.4W. Plane 26.3N, 82.1W. Eye retains definition. Radar fix at 12Z at 27.9N, 83.6W. Position doubtful due to poor definition. Navy radar fix 1317Z 28.0N, 83.7W. Radar position Navy nine: 28.2N, 83.7W at 14Z. Radar position 15Z: 28.2N, 83.8W. Hurep Navy five: Eye at 1452Z well defined 26 by 25 miles diameter. Position 27.8N, 83.7W. Max winds 5 mi east of eye 350 degrees 100 kt sustained for 5 miles. Min pressure 975 mb. DR and radio fix accurate within 8 miles. N-7: Left eye south side. Encountered wind 270 degrees 90 kt. Wind backed around to 190 degrees to 130 degrees- sustained 85 kt gusts to 100 kt. Entered eye at 1715Z. Eye well-defined 20 miles on diameter. Blue sky. Highest wind 110 [kt?]. Center 28.1N, 83.8W" (micro). "Storm Easy continued its northerly course, making a 45 degree turn to the left at 04/0030Z but resuming course three hours later. Very little change occurred either in size or intensity during this travel. Edgemont Key reported storm winds from the northeast when the storm was positioned 50 miles due southwest of the station. At 04/1230Z, the forward speed reduced to 4 knots and the storm began a movement to the west. By 1830Z, it had become nearly stationary 50 miles due west of Antclode Key and reconnaissance by two Navy aircraft gave evidence that it was at this point that intensification progressed to a high degree. Penetration by one aircraft revealed the center position at 04/1915Z as 28.1N, 83.8W with the added information that the eye was well defined 20 miles in diameter with winds of over 100 kt extending 15 miles from the center and hurricane winds extending 35 miles from the center" (AWS). From 2nd Navy radar flight (continued), "04/0145Z: Poorly defined eye. 04/0345Z: Eye appears 35 to 40 miles in diameter" (AWS). "3rd Navy radar flight: 04/0900Z: Eye semicircular closed from SW to ENE with 40 miles inside diameter open SE sector. 04/1000Z: Eye diameter increased to 45 miles. 04/1100Z: Eye retains definition. 04/1200Z: Eye position doubtful due to poor definition. 04/1320Z: Fair radar eye. Considerable weather return in center" (AWS). From aircraft, "04/1915Z: Eye well defined with partly cloudy blue skies inside, 25 by 26 miles. Minimum pressure 973 mbs. Maximum wind 5 miles W of eye 350 degrees 110 kt. Rain heavy to torrential W, S, and SE sides. 04/1915Z: Eye well defined, 20 miles in diameter, blue sky above. Highest wind 100 kt accompanied by torrential rain" (AWS). From the ATS report. "Radar planes of VX-4 had been covering this storm all night and reported the eye seemed well-defined just offshore from Tampa. At 1349Z the eye appeared on radar to be 28 mi to the SW, surface winds at this time were east-northeasterly 75 kts. The storm was circumnavigated and the eye penetrated on the west side at 1454Z. The eye was well-defined with partly cloudy skies inside the eye. It was 26 miles long N-S, and 35 miles wide E-W. Lowest pressure was 973 mb. Max sustained winds from 350 degrees 110 kts for 5 mi west of the eye, and on south side 270 degrees 100 kt for 8 miles from eye. 75 kt winds extended 35 mi north and west of eye and 22 mi east of eye" (ATS). From the next ATS report. "Flight was made to determine fix on the center of [the storm]. Approach was made from the southeast quadrant and penetration was made at 1915Z. The eye was found to be well defined; calm and clear to have a diameter of 20 miles, and fixed at 28.1N, 83.8W. Circumnavigation was made out the west side and around to the east, leaving the 75 kt perimeter about 35 miles from the center. This storm had developed considerably during the morning of 4 September. It proved to be relatively small in area, but severe in intensity, with max winds near the center to 110 kt" (ATS). September 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.7N, 82.9W with the west end of a dissipating cold front located north of the cyclone near 32N, 85W extending eastward and becoming a cold front near 32N, 81W extending eastward to 34N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 28.7N, 82.6W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.2N, 83.0W? or 83.8? with 120 kt max winds and 958 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.9N, 82.9W with 120 kt max winds and 950 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.3N, 82.6W with a 982 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 82.7W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 28.9N, 82.9W. Land/station highlights: 65-75 kt NE and 985 mb at Cedar Key, FL at 1050Z at 29.1N, 83.0W (micro); 89 kt N (max 5 min wind), 109 kt N (max gust) at Cedar Key, FL at 1430Z (climo); 109 kt (max w - gust - before instrument was blown away) and 960 mb [probably simultaneous observations] at Cedar Key (micro, advisories); 958 mb (min p) at 1530Z at Cedar Key (MWR, micro, Connor, climo); calm from 1600Z - 1830Z at Cedar Key (MWR, micro); 60 kt NNE and 993 mb at 21Z at Cross City, FL (29.6N, 83.1W) (micro); 85 kt [estimated?] at Cedar Key at 22Z (micro). Numerous other gales and low pressures. At least five center fixes from land-based radar in Gainesville at University of Florida between 12Z-18Z. Aircraft highlights: About 20 center fixes from Navy radar plane between 0245Z-1300Z. "The center reached the coast a short distance south of Cedar Keys the morning of the 5th, where it made another loop; in making this loop, the calm center moved over the town of Cedar Keys from the southeast and then away toward the south. This gave the town the unusual experience of exposure to the same side of a hurricane twice, with 2.5 hours of calm center between. About the time of the first loop, the intensity increased to 125 mph, the strongest wind reported at Cedar Keys, but the loop described over that place resulted in hurricane force or higher from 11Z to 23Z on the 5th, except for 2.5 hours of calm from 16Z to 1830Z. Long time residents reported it was the worst hurricane experienced at that place in more than 70 years. This fishing village of about 1,000 people was badly wrecked. Half of the houses were destroyed or rendered unfit for habitation, and 90 percent of the remainder were damaged. The fleet of fishing boats which was the principal source of livelihood for the community was completely destroyed. Extremely heavy rainfall occurred in connection with the storm over central and northeast Florida. Cedar Keys had 24.50 inches in 3 days while many other stations had from 10 to 20 inches of rainfall. These rains caused much flooding and some crop damage which, when added to the damage by high tide and wind of the west Florida coast, amounted to about $3,300,000. Two persons were killed by fallen live wires and 27 others were injured in various ways. The small damage figure is due to the sparsely settled area where the worst part of the hurricane occurred. The lowest pressure reported was 958.3 mb at Cedar Keys" (MWR). The extremely erratic movements of this storm as well as forecasting problems are discussed by Gentry (1951). "Radar position at 0310Z 28.2N, 83.5W. Navy four storm position at 0350Z 28.3N, 83.4W. Excellent land and hurricane radar bearings. Eye three-quarters closed. Southern quadrant open" (micro). From Anclote island. "3-5 ft of water over entire island at 1015Z" (micro). "N-13 Hurricane position 28.9N, 83.0W. Good radar fix. N-14: Hurricane position 28.9N, 82.9W 1230Z. Leading edge of eye on beach. N-15: Hurricane position 1300Z 29.0N, 82.8W. Land fix- eye or band nearing" (micro). "Radar fixes from Gainesville- 12Z: 28.8N, 83.0W. 1230Z: 28.9N, 82.9W. West 70 miles 216 degrees. 1430Z: 29.0N, 82.9W. Pressure at Gainesville 1001 mb. Gainesville radar fix 1530Z 29.0N, 83.9W. Gainesville radar 18Z: 29.1N, 82.8W. Barometer at Gainesville 1000 mb. Wind at Gainesville ENE 20 kt" (micro). "After an almost stationary period of about six hours Storm Easy took up an erratic course to the northeast and north until at 05/0930Z when it began a turn to the east-northeast and continued at a rate of 5 to 6 kt, merging with the Gulf Coast shoreline 20 miles SE of Cedar Keys at 1400Z. The storm began a turn to the left at 1530Z which continued until the storm center was again over the Gulf of Mexico whereupon it began a twisting course southward along the coast finally re-entering the land mass at a point about 30 miles SE of Cedar Keys. Reports from Cedar Keys indicate that the winds blew steadily and heavily there for a period of 18 hours wreaking widespread damage to all part of the town. Almost all of the total damage due to the storm, estimated at $3,500,000 and two deaths, occurred in and around Cedar Keys" (AWS). "On the 5th, northwestern Florida experienced one of its worst hurricanes on record. Wind gusts reached a speed of 125 mph and over 20 inches of rain fell in the Cedar Key area. The path of this hurricane was unusual in that it described a loop near Cedar Key and this city was in the calm center for 2 ½ hours. There were 29 casualties, and over $3,000,000 damage" (climo). From the Monthly National Climatic Data summary. "Place: Florida Counties of Dixie, Levy, Alachua, Marion, Citrus, Lake, Hernando, Pasco, Penellas, Hillsborough, Manatee, and Polk. Date/time: 5th 6 am to 6 pm. Path of area affected 60 by 150 miles in size. Number of persons killed: 2. Number of persons injured 27. Property damage (exclusive of crops): $3,100,000. Property damage to crops: $300,000. Character of storm: Hurricane. Remarks: Storm center passed between Key West and Dry Tortugas between 10 and 11 am of the 3rd, and moved north-northwestward, parallel to west Florida coast 30 to 50 miles offshore, about 10 or 12 mph to a point about 70 miles northwest of Tampa at 8 pm of the 4th. Here it began to show increased intensity and aircraft estimated highest winds about 125 mph. During the night of the 4th and 5th, storm made a sharp turn to the northeast and reached the coast a little south of Cedar Keys about 8 am of the 5th. Here it made a small loop that brought the lull over Cedar Keys at 11 am from the east. Center lingered over Cedar Keys until 1:30 pm when the southward bend of the loop carried the center away to the south. Strongest winds were 125 mph in gusts, and hurricane force or higher prevailed from about 6 am to 6 pm on the 5th, except for the calm period. Lowest pressure was 28.30 inches (958.3 mb). The whole coastal area from Sarasota to Cedar Keys suffered extensively from wind and high water. Beach erosion severe, especially in St. Petersburg-Clearwater area. Tide in Tampa Bay rose 6.5 feet, the highest since 1921" (climo). "4th Navy radar flight- 05/0245Z: Eye well defined. Open south quadrant. Diameter 25 miles. 05/0515Z: Diameter of eye fluctuating from 18 to 26 miles. 05/0545Z: Eye complete, diameter 19 miles" (AWS). "5th Navy radar flight- 05/0630Z: eye well defined, completely closed. 05/0930Z: Eye 12 to 15 miles in diameter, outer wall touching beach from Cedar Keys 25 miles down the coast. 05/1030Z: Pinwheel eye now almost anchored at this position. 05/1300Z: Land and eye merging" (AWS). "Easy - Sept. 5, 1950 - 958 mb landfall pressure based 958 mb observed at Cedar Key, FL - RMW 15 nm - Speed 3 kt - Landfall point 28.6N, 82.7W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sept. 3-7 - Peninsula - Major - Cedar Keys bar. 28.30 in. (958 mb), wind 125 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3; Dunn and Miller 1960). "Sept. 5 - Center crossed coast near Cedar Key - Estimated lowest pressure 28.30 (958 mb)" (Connor 1956). "Easy - 1009 mb environmental pressure at landfall - 88 kt estimated max 1-min wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "Easy - FL, NW - 958 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). September 6: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.5N, 82.3W with the west end of a W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone near 32N, 83W extending eastward to 33N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.3N, 81.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.8N, 82.7W with 100 kt max winds and 966 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.3N, 82.4W with 80 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.6N, 82.1W with a 984 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.2N, 82.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 28.3N, 82.3W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located near 30N, 82W extending east-northeastward to 32N, 75W. Ship highlights: Two gales of 35 kt at 12Z and numerous low pressures of 1001-1005 mb throughout the day. Land/station highlights: 70 kt SW (elevated 33 m) and 986 mb at 07Z at Anclote Light (28.2N, 82.8W) (micro); 40 kt SW and 988 mb at Tampa at 08Z and 09Z (micro); center fix at 0905Z at Lutz, FL (28.2N, 82.5W) with variable winds of 5 kt reported with scattered clouds (micro); 60 kt W (elevated) and 994 mb at 12Z at Anclote Light (micro); 35 kt SSW and 996 mb at 21Z at Orlando (micro). Ten radar center fixes by land-based radar in Gainesville at University of Florida. Several other gales and low pressures. "The hurricane was not through with its gymnastics. It moved southward about 70 miles to a point about 30 miles north of Tampa where it turned eastward and made a rather sharp curve back to northward over Florida on the 6th. This made four abrupt changes in course in 3 days! It had lost hurricane force by this time, however" (MWR). "Gainesville radar report: 0000Z: 28.8N, 82.8W. 0030Z: 28.8N, 82.8W. 0330Z: 28.6N, 82.6W. 0430Z: 28.5N, 82.6W. Barometer [at Gainesville] 1000 mb. 0530Z: 28.5N, 82.6W. 0630Z: 28.5N, 82.6W. 0730Z: 28.4N, 82.5W. 0830Z: 28.3N, 82.4W. Fix indefinite, pattern spotty. Not known if due to distance or poorly organized storm. Distance 94 miles, azimuth 185 degrees. Barometer at Gainesville 999 mb. Light to moderate rain" (micro). "A report from Lutz, which is about 20 mi north of Tampa, indicates light variable winds and scattered clouds at 0905Z" (micro). "Gainesville radar- estimated position at 0910Z- 28.3N, 82.4W. 1030Z: 28.2N, 82.3W. [Previous 2] Gainesville radar position are estimates. Image badly broken up and spotty. Gainesville radar reports: 1130Z: Series of squalls between Dade City and Zephyrhills. No well defined center. 1230Z: Squall area drifting eastward and now over Withlacooshee swamp. No further reports unless reported" (micro). "A slow movement to the southeast followed the storm's second entry into the coastline with rapid reduction in wind force around the center. Gainesville radar gave its last definite position report at 06/1530Z and stated that the storm pattern was becoming indefinite and diffuse. Its path carried it around in a wide curve to the northwest, passing just west of Orlando at 06/1830Z, with steadily diminishing intensity" (AWS). "The greatest monthly amount [of precipitation during September, 1950 recorded for any station in the entire United States] was 26.40 inches which fell at Cedar Key, FL. Twenty-four hour amounts exceeding 10 inches were measured in Florida" (climo). September 7: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N, 83.0W with a dissipating stationary front located from 33N, 81W to 32N, 75W to 34N, 68W to 36N, 64W. HWM analyzes Hurricane Dog to be centered near 30.1N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists Easy as a 35 kt tropical storm at 31.2N, 83.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.5N, 81.9W with 40 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.2N, 83.1W with 20 kt max winds and 996 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.7N, 83.0W with a 998 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.5N, 82.8W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 31.6N, 83.3W with a frontal boundary located from 33N, 81W to 33N, 76W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 32.1N, 79.6W (micro); 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 00Z at 32.9N, 77.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at 28.3N, 78.6W (COA, micro). Two other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 25 kt S and 997 mb at 00Z at Daytona Beach (micro); 10 kt WNW and 993 mb at 00Z at Ocala (micro); 20 kt S and 998 mb at 06Z at Jacksonville (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 12Z at Alma, GA (micro); 42 kt NE [not representative of storm intensity due to topography] (max w/1-min) at Spartanburg, SC (climo). One other gale and five other low pressures. "[Easy] dissipated as it moved into southern Georgia on the 7th" (MWR). "Increasing speed of movement took the dying storm into South Georgia just north of Valdosta by 1230Z on the 7th and gale winds continued in Georgia and South Carolina for some time" (AWS). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.6N, 87.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 34.6N, 87.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.1N, 89.3W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 35.5N, 89.0W. Land/station highlights: 5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 32.3N, 86.2W (micro); 10 kt WNW and 1008 mb at 18Z at Memphis, TN (micro). September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 34.6N, 90.6W with a warm front extending from 44N, 105W to 40N, 101W becoming a cold front at 39N, 97W continuing to 40N, 91W to 45N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 35.6N, 89.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.1N, 89.3W with a 1009 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes an extremely broad, closed low of at most 1011 mb with the 1011 mb enclosing an area extending from 30-39N, 86-93W. Land/station highlights: 5 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 00Z at Memphis, TN (micro). September 10: HWM analyzes a spot low near 38N, 88W with a complex W-E frontal system located about 3 degrees north of the spot low. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.5N, 92.0W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 37.7N, 92.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM no longer analyzes the feature of interest on this day, and it only analyzes a complex frontal system with a weak extratropical cyclone center unrelated to the remnant of Easy. HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 41.1N, 88.8W with a 1010 mb pressure. September 12: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 41.4N, 84.0W with a 1012 mb pressure. September 13: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.0N, 81.3W with a 1011 mb pressure. September 14: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 45.9N, 80.2W with a 1009 mb pressure. Easy formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 1 September from a trough, which extended from Tropical Storm Baker along the U.S. North Gulf Coast southward to the western Caribbean and Central America. There are no changes to the timing of genesis or the 40 kt intensity at genesis, but the genesis point is moved about one degree northeast of the previous HURDAT position to 19.7N, 83.2W at 06Z on 1 September. Aircraft investigated the system during the afternoon of the 1st but could not locate a definite center. The lowest pressure observed by both aircraft and ships on the 1st was 999 mb. On the 1st and the 2nd, Easy moved very slowly towards the north, but on the night of the 2nd - 3rd, it slowly accelerated and curved a little to the northeast before turning back northward and north-northwestward later on the 3rd. On 2 September, Easy was slowly approaching the Isle of Pines from the south. Early on the 2nd, the first ship gales were reported, and at 1335Z on the 2nd, aircraft fixed the center and measured a central pressure of 996 mb. A 995 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft at 1830Z; however, by 20Z, observations from the Isle of Pines indicate that the central pressure may have been lower than 989 mb. Central pressures of 996 and 995 mb are added into HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on 2 September. Central pressures of 996 and 995 mb yield 54 and 56 kt respectively according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 55 kt is chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 2nd (down from 65 kt originally at both times). Easy made landfall on the eastern tip of the Isle of Pines (21.5N, 82.6W) at 01Z on 3 September. Winds as high as 50 kt and pressures as low as 993 mb were observed on the Isle of Pines, but more intense values may have occurred. As Easy continued northward between the Isle of Pines and mainland Cuba, a ship reported 75 kt simultaneously with 987 mb at 03Z on 3 September. This ship was located 25 to 30 nmi from the interpolated analyzed center position for 03Z. The approximate RMW reported 9 hours earlier as well as 12 hours later was 22 to 23 nmi. Easy made landfall on mainland Cuba around 07Z on 3 September at 22.7N, 82.3W. The center of Easy passed just a few nmi east of Havana around 10Z. Havana recorded a maximum wind of 58 kt and a minimum pressure of 989 mb. The 989 mb minimum pressure observation was reported simultaneously with minimum winds of 10 kt inside the RMW as the center passed just to the east of the city (Gentry). By 1310Z on the 3rd, aircraft fixed the center between Havana, Key West and Dry Tortugas with a central pressure value of 980 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd. An intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 3rd (up from 70 kt originally) and for the Cuban landfall at 07Z. There is a chance that Easy could have been a Category 2 hurricane at Cuban landfall, but there is not enough evidence to change Perez et al.'s assessment of a Category 1 for Cuba. A central pressure of 980 mb at 1310Z on the 3rd yields 78 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. A ship reported a 75 kt wind at 12Z. 75 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (up from 70 kt originally). Another ship reported a 75 kt wind at 19Z and aircraft reported another 980 mb central pressure at 20Z. A central pressure of 980 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on 3 September, and 75 kt is also chosen for the 18Z intensity (no change to HURDAT) because although the RMW contracted, Easy was moving north of 25N, which changes the pressure-wind relationship that suggested 73 kt for the north of 25N relationship. Easy passed between Key West and Dry Tortugas between 15-18Z on the 3rd. Dozens of aircraft center fixes on the 4th and 5th by the Navy radar aircraft enabled for accurate hourly tracking of the center. Late on the 3rd through 12Z on the 4th, Easy moved north-northwestward paralleling the west coast of Florida. By 12Z on the 4th, Easy reached a position of 27.7N, 83.5W, or about 55 nmi west-southwest of Tampa, FL. At this point, Easy became nearly stationary for the next 12 hours and moved slowly and erratically to the northwest with a 00Z position on the 5th of 28.1N, 83.7W. Thereafter, a northeastward motion commenced so that by 12Z on the 5th, the center of Easy was very nearly approaching the coast of the big bend of Florida with a position of 28.8N, 83.0W. All available data indicate that the HURDAT positions at 00 and 06Z on the 5th are too close to the coast and the positions are shifted about half a degree westward. Observations indicate that the hurricane remained at 980 mb in central pressure from 13Z to 20Z on the 3rd, but began to intensify again early on the 4th. At 05Z on 4 September, a ship observed 65 kt with a 982 mb pressure, which indicates a central pressure well below 980 mb. At 1454Z on the 4th and again at 1915Z, aircraft measured central pressures of 973 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at both 12 and 18Z. A central pressure of 973 mb yields 81 kt north of 25N and 85 kt for intensifying systems, and 85 kt is chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 4th (down from 110 kt originally at both times). On the 5th from 00Z to 13Z, Easy moved generally northeastward towards the coastline. Center fixes from the Navy radar aircraft and the land-based radar located in Gainesville, FL, as well as comments from the aircraft aerologists, indicate that the edge of the eye of Hurricane Easy came onshore around 13Z on the 5th near 29.0, 82.7W. However, the center of Easy's eye came ashore 4 hours later at 17Z at 29.1N, 82.8W. Therefore, landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 17Z. The 13Z center fix (29.0N, 82.8W) indicates that the center of the eye was located only a couple nmi offshore at the time. The next available center fix, at 1430Z, is 29.0N, 82.9W, indicating a westward motion of one-tenth of a degree in 1 and a half hours, which takes the center of Easy farther out over the water. All fixes between 1430Z and 1530Z were at a position of 29.0N, 82.9W. The next radar fix, which did not come until 18Z, is at 29.1N, 82.8W, which is inland on the coastline. Between 1530Z and 1800Z, the center of Easy curved to the northwest, north, northeast, and then east with this entire arc occurring in the tiny area between 29.0-29.1N, 82.8-82.9W. Landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 17Z on the 5th at 29.1N, 82.8W, and this is also the 18Z position. The city of Cedar Key (29.1N, 83.0W) provided some crucial observations of wind and pressure while experiencing a huge blow from this hurricane. Hurricane force winds commenced at Cedar Key at 1050Z, when 70 kt with 985 mb was recorded. At 1430Z, Cedar Key recorded a 5-minute averaged wind of 89 kt N. The peak wind gust recorded at Cedar Key was 109 kt (time unknown, but perhaps sometime between 1430-1530Z), and it is possible (but not certain) that this 109 kt wind occurred simultaneously with a 960 mb pressure that was observed. After the 109 kt observation was recorded, the anemometer was blown away. The minimum pressure recorded at Cedar Key was 958 mb at 1530Z. Cedar Key reported the calm center lasting 2.5 hours from 1600Z to 1830Z and the Florida State Climatological Data Summary confirms that the lowest pressure was recorded 30 minutes before the beginning of the calm period at Cedar Keys. Given that the 958 mb observation had occurred before the calm eye arrived, this indicates that some filling may have taken place as it was slowly making landfall. Another possible explanation for lower pressure outside the eye is the possibility that there may have been an eyewall mesovortex present. The central pressure at landfall at 17Z is estimated to be about 960 mb, which is added into HURDAT at 18Z. This central pressure suggests winds at that time of 94 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The observed 89 kt 5 min 25 m peak wind at 1430Z converts to a 88 kt 1 min peak wind at 10 m. Winds in HURDAT are unchanged at 105 kt at 12Z and boosted 5 kt to 105 kt at 18Z. The strongest winds to impact the coast are analyzed to be about 105 kt around 13Z ten nm southeast of Cedar Key. The landfall RMW is analyzed to be 15 nmi, OCI 1009 mb, and ROCI 325 nmi. After 18Z on the 5th, after traveling inland a couple of miles, Easy turned towards the south and emerged back over water by 21Z at nearly the same spot where the hurricane was located at 13Z. After 21Z, the severe hurricane conditions at Cedar Key likely began to slowly abate, but hurricane force winds lasted from 1050 to 2300Z at Cedar Keys except when the calm center was observed from 1600 to 1830Z. From 21Z on 5 September to 00Z on 6 September, Easy traveled southward off the coast, but at 00Z, it made a turn to the southeast. Easy made its 2nd and final Florida landfall at 04Z on 6 September at 28.5N, 82.7W as a 90 kt hurricane. The 90 kt intensity for Easy's final landfall in Florida has substantial uncertainty, as there were no measurements of wind or pressure inside the radius of maximum wind. However, Anclote Light was still recording 70 kt (at 33 m) with 986 mb at 07Z, 3 hours after landfall. This converts to 64 kt adjusting to a 10 m wind. Running the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model at 07Z, 3 hours after landfall suggests maximum winds at that time of about 68 kt, assuming a 90 kt landfall intensity. Thus, 90 kt at landfall is not inconsistent with the Anclote Light observations three hours later. Additionally, it did appear with the preceding information at Cedar Key that the cyclone was gradually weakening before final landfall. Thus the initial landfall at 17Z was 105 kt, the 18Z intensity 100 kt, the 00Z 6th intensity 95 kt, and the 04Z final landfall was 90 kt. This gradual weakening is also generally consistent with the original HURDAT analyses. After this final landfall, which occurred about 15 nmi north of New Port Richie, FL, Easy moved slowly southeastward reaching 28.2N, 82.1W by 12Z on the 6th. Then it made a rather sharp turn to the east, northeast, and north by 18Z, staying over the Florida peninsula the entire time. It moved northward over the eastern half of the northern Florida peninsula, passing west of Jacksonville around 06Z on the 7th, and it then moved northwestward over the southeastern United States as it continued to weaken. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 73 kt for 06Z on the 6th, 57 kt for 12Z, 41 kt for 18Z, 40 kt for 00Z on the 7th, and 35 kt for 06Z. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were: 70 kt (elevated, which reduces to 64 kt at 10 m) at 06Z on the 6th, 60 kt (elevated, which reduces to 55 kt at 10 m) at 12Z, 35 kt at 18Z, 40 kt at 00Z on the 7th, and 25 kt at 06Z. Revised winds in HURDAT from 06Z on the 6th through 06Z on the 7th are 75, 60, 40, 40, and 35 kt (65, 60, 50, 45, and 40 kt originally). The Category 3 impact in HURDAT for NW FL is unchanged. However, a Category 1 impact for SW FL is analyzed and added into HURDAT. When Easy passed between Key West and the Dry Tortugas, neither Key West nor the Dry Tortugas are analyzed to have experienced hurricane force winds. However, the Marquesas Keys (located west of Key West) are analyzed to have experienced Category 1 winds. Also, on 6 September between 06 - 12Z, Category 1 winds were likely felt at the border between the SW and NW FL dividing line north of Tampa. No hurricane force winds were felt in the eastern half of Florida. Easy is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 7th, 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally when it was located over southern Georgia. It weakened to a 20 kt tropical depression by 06Z on the 8th when located over north-central Alabama. The circulation remained closed as a tropical depression through the 9th of September, as in HURDAT, with a final position in extreme northeastern Arkansas at 18Z on the 9th. Some interesting quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report. "These reports clearly indicate that the storm was poorly organized south of Cuba and became increasingly well organized until it moved on shore near Cedar Keys. They show too that the wall of the eye is not static in either size or definition. It also seems that the area of strongest winds began on the SE side of the eye and gradually moved around it in a cyclonic direction arriving on the west side as the storm became stationary off Cedar Keys" (AWS). "Storm Easy was well covered by reconnaissance and entirely by Navy aircraft. Seven penetrations of the storm center were made and five VX-4 Squadron radar flights obtained a total of 51 radar fixes. In addition, 22 land radar fixes were taken by the University of Florida at Gainesville. These fixes clearly confirm that some tropical cyclone centers follow an undulatory track as predicted by Dr. Veh in his theory on the trochoid track. The fixes at the same time clearly show that the short period movement of the storm center is unrepresentative of the general movement of the storm" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 6 (Fox) 35145 09/08/1950 M=10 6 SNBR= 777 FOX XING=0 35150 09/08* 0 0 0 0*156 401 40 0*157 411 40 0*157 423 40 0* 35150 09/08* 0 0 0 0*155 410 40 0*155 418 40 0*156 428 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35155 09/09*158 434 45 0*159 445 45 0*161 455 50 0*166 469 50 0* 35155 09/09*157 438 45 0*159 446 45 0*161 453 50 0*164 460 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35160 09/10*173 483 55 0*181 494 60 0*189 502 65 0*195 508 70 0* 35160 09/10*167 467 50 0*171 473 55 0*175 480 55 0*179 488 55 995* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35165 09/11*199 513 75 0*202 518 80 0*205 523 80 0*210 530 85 0* 35165 09/11*183 496 60 0*187 502 65 0*191 507 70 0*196 512 75 986* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35170 09/12*214 537 85 0*218 543 85 0*220 547 90 0*222 551 90 0* 35170 09/12*202 518 75 0*210 525 80 0*217 534 80 0*223 542 85 977* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35175 09/13*224 554 90 0*225 557 95 0*227 562 95 0*228 569 100 0* 35175 09/13*227 550 90 0*229 558 95 0*231 565 95 0*233 572 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35180 09/14*231 576 105 0*235 583 110 0*240 590 115 0*246 594 120 0* 35180 09/14*236 578 105 0*238 584 110 0*241 589 115 0*249 594 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35185 09/15*255 597 120 0*266 598 120 0*283 597 120 0*306 591 115 0* 35185 09/15*259 597 120 0*270 598 120 0*282 597 120 946*302 593 115 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35190 09/16*330 577 110 0*350 559 105 0*368 537 100 0*382 512 90 0* 35190 09/16*326 582 110 0*347 565 105 0*365 545 100 0*378 522 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35195 09/17E393 485 85 0E419 428 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35195 09/17*395 485 85 0*425 435 70 0E455 395 55 0* 0 0 0 0* **** **** *** ** **** *** ** 35200 HR Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that recurved around 60W. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 40.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.7N, 41.1W. No gales or low pressures. "After 08/0630Z, the reports could not easily be ignored since they consistently indicated a vortex from this time on" (AWS). September 9: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 15.5N, 45.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 16.1N, 45.5W. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.9N, 50.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 50.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 16.6N, 46.1W with 30 kt max winds and 1005 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 17.0N, 47.8W with 60 kt max winds and 998 mb central pressure. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 18.2N 44.0W (HWM). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 19Z at 19.0N, 49.0W with 995 mb central pressure and estimated maximum winds of 60 kt (micro, AWS, advisories). "This storm was discovered by aircraft reconnaissance on September 10 near 19N, 50W. At that time, it was a small hurricane with winds estimated at 70 to 80 mph. The wind speed increased to about 140 mph as it moved in a curving path toward the northwest and north during the next few days" (MWR). "Located hurricane at 1900Z at 19.0N, 49.0W. This is a corrected position using sun lines and visual fix on islands to correct DR navigation. Storm has small 10 mile ring of hurricane force winds in the northern sector. Encountered winds of 40 to 50 kt in southern sector so closed circulation is very well established. Pressure in eye is 994.8 mb. Unable to accurately measure wind. 60 kt estimate. Highest wind not over 75 kt" (micro). "Although still far out in the Atlantic a flight was dispatched on September 10" (AWS). A fairly well organized storm was found with a central pressure near 995 mbs and a narrow ring of hurricane force winds on the west side. An advisory was coordinated, and since no additional information was expected before the next reconnaissance mission, it was agreed to state in the advisory that the next advisory would not be issued until after the next reconnaissance flight" (AWS). "The ship Luclano Manara passed north of the storm center approximately 10/0300Z indicating quite definitely that the storm center was approximately two degrees further south than reported by the first aircraft flight. In this case, the ship's navigation was accepted over that of the aircraft because it yields a more consistent track for the storm. There may be other fixes which also are in error but since they are the only information available no attempt at correction can be made. On the basis of all information available, Storm Fox was moving WNW at 8 kt at 10/1900Z when first located by reconnaissance. It slowly turned to the right and accelerated to around 14 kt. (It is quite possible that the second fix is too far south and that a more constant speed was followed during that period)" (AWS). "Storm Fox was fairly well organized when first located on September 10th but appears to have been newly developed. A band of hurricane force winds 10 miles wide was observed on the north side of the eye; winds on the south side were 40-50 kt. Surface pressure was reported as 994.8 mbs. The cloud system of the storm covered a relatively small area" (AWS). "The eye appeared nearly formed when observed by aircraft in the late afternoon" (AWS). September 11: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 49.9W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 20.5N, 52.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 17.5N, 49.2W with 80 kt max winds and 993 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 18.4N, 50.7W with 95 kt max winds and 989 mb central pressure. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1919Z at 19.0N, 51.3W with 986 mb central pressure 85 kt estimated max winds (AWS, micro). "Hurep Duck 09: Center of storm located by radar and visual observation at 1919Z at 19.0N, 51.3W. Diameter of eye 12 miles. Moderate to severe turbulence exist in all quadrants within 25 miles radius of center. NE quadrant extremely rough. Winds of 85 kt exist near center. [Central pressure 987 mb from code- probably central pressure.]" (micro). "The second flight 23 hours later found the eye 12 miles in diameter, circular and with a pressure of 986 mbs. The plane did not enter the NE quadrant because radar indicated severe weather there. Winds of 70 kt or better were found in all other quadrants and the maximum in the NE quadrant was estimated to be 100 kt. Hurricane winds were reported to cover a radius of 20 miles" (AWS). September 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 52.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 54.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 19.5N, 52.2W with 105 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.9N, 53.6W with 110 kt max winds and 979 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.2N, 53.7W. The cyclone first enters the map area of microfilm at 18Z as a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 22.4N, 54.8W at 18Z. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 18Z at 22.7N, 54.3W with 977 mb central pressure and 100-110 kt estimated max winds (highest measured flight-level wind was 100 kt at 1000 ft) (micro). Three other surface gales between 35-70 kt and two other flight-level hurricane force winds. "D-5: Max wind on west side 70 kt" (micro). "Duck report- in eye at 22.2N, 54.8W at 1800Z. Max winds 100-110 kt. Pressure in eye 977 mb" (micro). "Note change in coordinates of positions for obs no 8-13. These were corrected by sun lines and land fixes and by back navigation. This puts the storm center approximately at 22.7N, 54.3W. Hurricane winds extend 50 miles to the north of the eye but only are found [at the eyewall] in the southern sector. NW and NE quadrants have the lowest ceilings and the most weather. Estimate [cloud] buildups 16000 ft south of eye and 22000 feet to the north. Highest measured wind was 100 kt just on the edge of the western side of the eye at 1000 ft. The navigator. feels that the positions given are accurate to within 29 miles. [Central pressure 978 mb from obs in code- probably central pressure]" (micro). "At 12/1800Z the storm turned toward the WNW to W and slowed to 5-6 kt. The dip to the north in the track here is consistent with the synoptic pattern even though the speed of movement must be considered approximate" (AWS). "The flight on the 3rd day (12th?) reported hurricane winds 50 miles north of the center and only on the rim of the eye on the south side" (AWS). September 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 56.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.7N, 56.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.2N, 55.0W with 110 kt max winds and 977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.4N, 56.1W with 115 kt max winds and 976 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 56.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 23.4N, 56.7W. Aircraft highlights: center fix (radar/DR) at 1648Z at 23.5N, 57.1W (micro). "Center of hurricane as determined by radar is 23.5N, 57.1W at 1648Z. This is a reliable position. Eye is 15 miles in diameter. Radar returns indicate all quadrants near center as rough" (micro). "Post flight summary Hurricane Fox: Center of Hurricane Fox was located by radar and determined to be 23.5N, 57.1W at 1648Z. The center appeared as circular with a diameter of 15 miles. Radar returns indicated this storm is still very small in area with heavy cumulus buildups existing in all quadrants near the center. Judging by the dropsonde sounding made at 24.3N, 57.8W at 1656Z, it is believed the storm center may be 20 miles further than reported. Position of center was determined by DR navigation. Hurricane winds do not extend more than 20 miles from the center in NW quadrant and storm winds not more than 50 miles. Gale winds extend to 75 miles from center in NW quadrant. Hurricane winds extend to estimated 25 miles in SW quadrant and storm winds to 40 miles. Gale winds are prevalent to 60 miles in SW sector" (micro). "At 13/1830Z, Fox again accelerated slowly throughout recurvature reaching a velocity of NNE 45 kt at latitude 40N" (AWS). "The 4th flight on the 13th reached the storm area just before dark and gave only a center fix and the diameter of the eye as 15 miles (AWS)." September 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.1N, 59.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.0N, 59.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.7N, 57.7W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 24.7N, 59.3W with 125 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.2N, 59.0W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.3N, 58.5W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.1N, 58.8W. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (radar) at 1408Z at 24.2N, 59.0W with lowest pressure encountered 975 mb three miles west of the eye edge and estimated maximum winds of 120 kt (ATS, micro, AWS); Air Force center fix (boxing) at 1740Z at 25.2N, 59.4W (micro). At least one other surface hurricane force wind, five other flight-level hurricane force winds, and two other low pressures. "Hurep Navy nine: Hurricane center by radar at 1418Z at 24.2N, 59.0W. Max winds all quadrants estimated over 120 kt. Max winds encountered at 24.2N, 59.2W north 90 kt; at 24.1N, 59.2W northwest 100 kt; at 24.0N, 59.2W west 75 kt. 40 kt winds exist 30 mi northwest and west, 40 miles south and southwest [of center]. Hurricane winds exist 25 miles from center in all quadrants. Minimum pressure 974.6 mb. Heavy rain 20 miles from center in all quadrants. Eye 20 miles diameter" (micro). "Hurep Duck post flight summary: Highest winds, lowest ceilings, most weather and rain located in the NE quadrant. Hurricane force winds extend 50 miles in the NE quadrant, 30 miles in SE quadrant, and 25 miles in SW quadrant. Storm winds winds extend 70 miles in NW and NE quadrant, 40 miles in SE quadrant, and 35 miles in SW quadrant. 45 kt winds extend 100 miles in NE quadrant, 60 miles in SE quadrant, and 40 miles in SW quadrant. Corrected position of storm at 1740Z is 25.2N, 59.4W [original 1740Z position was 25.7N, 59.7W by box method]" (micro). "Not until 2 days later [the 14th?] did another flight report hurricane winds as far as 50 miles from the center. The eye was reported 20 miles in diameter, pressure 977 mbs and winds 100-110 kt" (AWS). "Two flights were flown on the 14th. The first of these reached the storm just as it was moving NE into recurvature and before it accelerated appreciably. As in most storms this appeared to be the point of maximum intensity. The central pressure was reported as 974.6 mbs and the winds 120 kt plus in all quadrants. Succeeding flights found the pressure rising but the wind speeds did not decrease appreciably until two days later on the 16th" (AWS). From the ATS report. "The first Navy flight into this three day old hurricane departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 1004Z on 14 September. Shortly after 1230Z, definite indications of this hurricane presence became evident in the form of an altostratus shield to the northeast and prevailing northerly winds. At 1300Z, the wind was placed slightly forward of the port beam in order that the hurricane could be penetrated in the western quadrant. By 1400Z, the wind had increased to hurricane velocity and moderate continuous rain was being experienced. The wind increased rapidly from this time on to over 90 kt at a position three miles west of the eye edge where heading was altered to circumnavigate. When five miles south of the eye's edge, it was decided, due to the extended flight range of this hurricane, to return immediately to base, thereby canceling circumnavigation. The hurricane center was located by radar at 1408Z near 24.2N, 59.0W with an eye 20 miles in diameter. Flight returned to Ramey AFB at 1805Z" (ATS). September 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 60.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 120 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 59.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.7N, 59.9W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.9N, 59.8W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure. Both the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and a the former is indicated with a 975 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1002 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.6W. Aircraft highlights: 85 kt N (90 kt NNW at flight-level of 400 ft) and 980 mb at 1445Z at 29.0N, 59.9W (ATS); Navy center fix at 1450Z at 29.2N, 59.5W with 976 mb min p encountered 19 miles SW of the center (and 7 miles from the eye edge) and estimated maximum winds in excess of 120 kt (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (DR) at 1835Z at 30.4N, 59.5W with 975 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and estimated maximum winds of 100 kt (micro). "[Fox] passed more than 300 miles east of Bermuda on the 15th, and thereafter moved rapidly northeastward over the Atlantic. This hurricane remained small throughout its course, but maintained maximum velocities of about 140 mph until it moved out of range of reconnaissance" (MWR). "Hurricane center by radar DR position at 1450Z at 29.2N, 59.5W. Estiamted max winds in all quadrants over 120 kt. Max winds encountered at 29.1N, 59.6W NW 100 kt; at 29.0N, 59.5W W 100 kt. Lowest pressure 976 mb 19 miles SW of eye's center. Eye 20 miles in diameter. Hurricane winds extend 35 miles from center in western semicircle. 40 kt winds extend 75 miles from center in western semicircle" (micro). "Hurep Duck 12 summary: Storm centered at 30.4N, 59.5W at 1835Z. Eye 35 miles in diameter. Maximum winds near center estimated 100 kt with gusts to 120 kt with hurricane winds extending 60 miles to NE, 70 to NW, 55 mi to SE, 50 mi to SE, and storm winds extending 70 mi to NE, 80 mi NW, 60 mi SW, 65 mi SE. Gale winds extend 85 mi NE, 95 mi NW, 75 mi SW, and 70 mi SW. Moderate turbulence. Sea rough. Heavy showery type precipitation. Lowest sea-level pressure by dropsonde 975 mb. Center located by dead reckoning and is considered reliable" (micro). From the ATS report. "The second and last Navy flight into this hurricane departed Ramey AFB at 0941Z on 15 September. Prior to departure it was decided, because of the extended flight range of this hurricane, to penetrate the western quadrant until contact with the eye by radar was established and then immediately return to base. The hurricane was located by radar at 1450Z near 29.2N, 59.5W. Severe intermittent turbulence and backing winds of over 100 kt were experienced from 1447Z to 1450Z during which time the aircraft was located five to nine miles from the eye edge" (ATS). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.8N, 55.1W with many fronts plotted within 500 to 1000 nmi of the low on the west, north and east sides of the low. A cold front and warm front intersect near 43N, 62W. The cold front extends southwestward to 38N, 65W to 35N, 69W to 33N, 72W, and the warm front extends from the intersection eastward to 42N, 55W becoming a cold front there and continuing to 45N, 51W to 48N, 50W. Another warm front is plotted extending from 47N, 49W southeastward to 41N, 44W to 35N, 39W to 33N, 36W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 36.8N, 53.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 32.6N, 58.5W with 100 kt max winds and 977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.5N, 54.6W with 90 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.0N, 55.7W with a 980 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.7N, 53.8W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 36.4N, 54.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1010 mb at 12Z at 34.3N, 53.5W (micro); 60 kt SW and 991 mb at 18Z at 37.5N, 52.5W (micro). Two other low pressures between 1000-1002 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1550Z at 37.3N, 53.0W with 80 kt estimated maximum winds (AWS, micro). "Winds SW 80 kt. Storm broken up over wide spread area. Radar indicated indefinite wall clouds 80 miles apart. Storm center at 37.3N, 53.0W at 1550Z" (micro). "The wind speed was reported as 80 kt and the storm was observed to be breaking up and spreading over a wide area. Instead of an eye the flight found two indefinite squall line 80 miles apart" (AWS). September 17: HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 45.2N, 38.0W embedded within a much larger, extratropical cyclone of at most 980 mb centered near 55N, 53W. Numerous fronts are plotted in the very near environment of the feature of interest. HURDAT last lists this system at 06Z as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.9N, 42.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 39.8N, 48.2W with 70 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.3N, 37.9W with 45 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 45.1N, 38.0W with a 985 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 1006 mb at 09Z at 43.2N, 40.0W (COA); 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 45.2N, 41.1W (COA). Several other low pressures. September 18: HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 49.2N, 19.7W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 44N, 26W. A warm front extends from the triple point southward to 40N, 28W, and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 41N, 31W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 47.7N, 20.5W with a 1000 mb pressure. Fox likely formed from an African Easterly Wave. HURDAT starts this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 8 September several hundred miles west of the Cape Verde Islands with motion towards the west-northwest. Observations in the vicinity of the HURDAT positions are extremely sparse on the 8th and 9th, and little evidence exists to make any changes to the HURDAT intensities on those days. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity of the 8th and 9th; HURDAT brings Fox to 50 kt by 12Z on the 9th. A ship observation - the Luciano Manara - at 12Z on the 10th of 25 kt ESE with 1007 mb indicates that the HURDAT position on the 10th is likely too far northwest. (An observation from the same ship at 03Z apparently alerted forecasters to the existence of Fox. However, this observation is not accessible.) The first aircraft center fixes occurred on the 10th as well, and while the uncertainty with the aircraft's positions is large, these are consistent with the 12Z ship and both indicate that the position should be adjusted about 2 degrees southeast. Major track changes are made at 06Z through 18Z on the 10th. The aircraft at 19Z on the 10th measured a central pressure of 995 mb and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th. A central pressure of 995 mb yields 56 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 55 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 10th (down from 70 kt originally). Fox moved rather slowly to the northwest, and reached only a few hundred miles north -northeast of the Lesser Antilles by 14 September. Positions to the southeast of the previous HURDAT locations are analyzed from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 12th. These changes are weighed predominantly by aircraft fixes, with slight adjustments for a few ship observations. On the 13th and 14th, all track changes are less than six-tenths of a degree. On the 11th at 1919Z, an Air Force aircraft measured a central pressure of 986 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 11th. A central pressure of 986 mb equals 70 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship, but 75 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 11th (down from 90 kt originally), because the RMW was about half of the climatological value. On the 12th at 18Z, an Air Force aircraft measured a central pressure of 977 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 12th. A central pressure of 977 mb yields 81 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT (down from 90 kt originally). No peak intensity information is available on the 13th, but on the 14th, the storm was too intense for the aircraft to penetrate. The lowest pressure measured by aircraft was 975 mb, but this was obtained outside of the RMW. The text regarding the values of the radii of the minimum pressure, peak winds, eye, and RMW is somewhat unclear. Depending on how the vortex message is interpreted, the Schloemer equation yields either 943 or 956 mb for the central pressure. If 943 mb was the central pressure, peak wind speeds of 117 kt would be obtained from the north of 25N/intensifying pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported winds in excess of 120 kt. The 115 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 14th is thus not changed. On 15 September this hurricane recurved along 60W and accelerated, and by the 16th it was moving rapidly northeastward. All track changes are less than 1 degree on the 15th through 12Z on the 16th, and these changes are mostly based on aircraft center fixes. On the 15th, Fox was still too intense for penetration to be performed, but peripheral pressure and RMW information were available. Thus the Schloemer equation was able to be calculated based on a 976 mb pressure measured 19 nmi from the center of the eye, a 16 nmi RMW, and a 1016 mb environmental pressure. This yields a central pressure of 946 mb, which is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th. A central pressure of 946 mb yields 109 kt north of 25N. Due to the fast forward motion (~20 kt) of the storm, 5 kt should be added to this relationship. Since the fix occurred at 1450Z, no changes are made to the HURDAT intensities of 120 kt at 12Z and 115 kt at 18Z. In fact, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 13 September through 00Z on 17 September. It is noted though that the lack of inner core observations for most of the 13th through the 17th makes knowing the true intensity quite uncertain. (Note that an aircraft-deployed dropsonde measured a sea level pressure of 975 mb around 1830Z - about three and a half hours after the earlier fix - which was likely launched in the periphery and not in the eye. This aircraft apparently did not perform a penetration fix for this mission.) HURDAT lists Fox as having become extratropical at 00Z on 17 September, but observations indicate that it did not become extratropical until 12Z that day. HURDAT previously listed a final 6-hourly point for Fox at 06Z on 17 September a few hundred miles east-southeast of Newfoundland as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone. The new position at 06Z on 17 September is adjusted northeastward and maintained as a 70 kt hurricane. The analysis included one additional point to HURDAT a few hundred miles east of Newfoundland at 12Z as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone. Thereafter, Fox was absorbed by a complex frontal system. Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report. "Prior to the 1950 season, abnormal ship reports so far east only rarely were followed by the appearance of a hurricane, but having already had five full hurricanes in less than a month, the report were taken seriously this time" (AWS). "For a hurricane so far out in the Atlantic, the life history of Storm Fox is well documented. A total of nine reconnaissance flights were flown into the storm, though not all of them penetrated the center. Navigation on several of these flights was almost entirely dead reckoning so that the positions obtained are questionable and consequently the path of the storm center itself. However, the first position report is the only one far off from the accepted smooth track" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 7 (George) 35205 09/27/1950 M=11 7 SNBR= 778 GEORGE XING=0 35210 09/27* 0 0 0 0*244 527 35 0*252 524 35 0*259 523 35 0* 35210 09/27* 0 0 0 0*246 510 35 0*252 515 35 0*257 520 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 35215 09/28*266 524 35 0*274 528 35 0*281 534 35 0*287 542 35 0* 35215 09/28*263 525 40 0*271 531 40 0*278 540 40 0*283 550 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35220 09/29*291 551 35 0*294 561 35 0*297 572 35 0*301 590 35 0* 35220 09/29*287 560 40 0*289 572 40 0*290 585 40 0*291 596 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35225 09/30*303 607 40 0*303 615 40 0*303 622 45 0*303 632 50 0* 35225 09/30*292 608 40 0*293 620 40 0*294 630 45 0*295 634 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35230 10/01*303 638 65 0*303 640 70 0*303 641 75 0*303 643 80 0* 35230 10/01*296 637 55 0*297 640 60 0*298 643 65 0*298 645 70 978* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35235 10/02*303 644 80 0*303 647 80 0*304 651 85 0*307 657 85 0* 35235 10/02*300 647 75 0*304 649 80 0*308 651 85 0*310 657 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35240 10/03*310 663 90 0*312 667 90 0*314 670 90 0*330 680 95 0* 35240 10/03*312 662 90 0*315 668 90 0*319 675 90 969*329 678 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35245 10/04*346 684 95 0*363 675 95 0*378 660 95 0*399 637 95 0* 35245 10/04*342 680 95 0*357 673 95 0*373 657 95 960*391 637 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35250 10/05*423 605 85 0E446 567 65 0E470 519 60 0E495 460 60 0* 35250 10/05E414 607 85 0E443 566 70 0E472 512 65 0E499 459 60 0* **** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35255 10/06E521 399 55 0E548 341 55 0E575 286 50 0E587 268 50 0* 35255 10/06E525 397 55 0E549 341 55 0E573 286 55 0E587 247 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 35260 10/07E593 249 50 0E599 229 45 0E605 210 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 35260 10/07E595 210 55 0E605 152 55 0E618 75 55 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35265 HR Minor track changes (though major adjustments to track introduced in the extratropical stage) and minor changes to intensity are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. September 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. "The surface disturbance first appeared as a trough in the easterly flow near 50W on the September 26/0030Z chart. The Del Rio, four degrees east of the axis, reported a light south wind while several ships to the west reported winds of NE force 4 [15 kt]" (AWS). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.2N, 52.2W with a NNE-SSW stationary front plotted from 39N, 52W to 32N, 58W, becoming a cold front there extending to 30N, 61W to 28N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.2N, 52.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 12Z at 26.6N, 51.5W (micro). "A strong easterly wave was noted on September 27 over the Atlantic far to the southeast of Bermuda" (MWR). "Note from Llansishus [a ship]: Sea rough, swell heavy, confused, sky overcast, vivid continuous sheet lightning. Had one hour of lull with heavy rain commencing at 2200Z. Lowest reading 29.88, now 29.92, rising slowly" (micro). Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1011 mb (probably closed) on the very edge of the map centered in the vicinity of 25N, 52-52.5W. "The trough moved westward and by September 27th at least developed a vortex" (AWS). September 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.4N, 52.8W with a NE-SW stationary front plotted from 38N, 47W becoming a warm front at 35N, 52W, becoming a dissipating stationary front at 32N, 57W extending to 27N, 64W to 26N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.1N, 53.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.2N, 53.1W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm stamped a spot low near 26N, 54W located inside a very large 1014 mb isobar that might not be closed since the edge is off the map. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 52.0W (micro). "The low level vortex moved north and west and approximately 28/1830Z joined the remnants of the cold front forming a large elongated low" (AWS). September 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 57.3W with a W-E stationary front plotted from 35N, 55W to beyond 36N, 46W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 57.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.1N, 62.9W with a 1004 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a very large closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 27.7N, 62.5W. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.6N, 63.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm 30.3N, 62.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 63.2W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 29.5N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 35.5N, 64.0W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 32.2N, 65.7W (micro). "By September 30th it was directly under an upper cold core, stationary low." (AWS). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.2N, 64.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 30.3N, 64.1W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.5N, 63.5W with 75 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.0N, 64.6W with 80 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 28.6N, 63.4W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 30.2N, 64.7W. Ship highlights: 50-55 kt SSW and 998 mb at 1230Z at 29.8N, 64.7W (AWS, HWM, micro); 30 kt SSE and 996 mb at 18Z at 30.0N, 62.7W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix (loran) at 2012Z at 29.7N, 64.8W with 978 mb central pressure and 85 kt maximum estimated winds (AWS, micro). Three other hurricane force flight-level winds between 65-85 kt. "It developed a large low pressure system that drifted slowly northwestward, but daily reconnaissance failed to find a storm center of strong circulation until October 1. At 1230Z on the 1st, the S.S. Alcoa Regasus, about 170 miles south of Bermuda at 29.5N, 64.4W, reported a southwest wind 65 miles per hour, which indicated hurricane development. An airplane later in the day found the center with highest wind about 100 mph" (MWR). "Post flight summary: Departed KAFB BDA at 1820Z to Storm George. 30N, 65W. Gale force winds were encountered 100 miles from BDA 80 degrees 40 kt. Storm located and position by radar and loran at 29.7N, 64.8W at 2012Z. Winds by quadrants: NW- 60 degrees at 64 kt; NE- 150 degrees at 75 kt; in the southern quadrants, 160 degrees at 85 kt by estimation. SW quadrant 300 degrees at 70 kt and SE quadrant 260 degrees at 80 kt. Eye very well defined. Circular shaped and 50 miles in diameter. Low pressure in eye 977.9 mb. Pressures at position 29.8N, 64.1W 994 mb" (micro). "Duck: In eye. Calm. SLP 977.9 mb. Center of storm 29.7N, 64.8W. Eye well formed circle 35 miles in diameter. Highest wind 85 kt from 150 degrees in the SE quadrant. Duck and remarks: Passed through eye. Pressure 979.2 at 29.5N, 64.8W. Going back in" (micro). "At 01/0030Z the Alcoa Pegasus reported near the center of the low. The report showed wind E force 6 [25 kt], pressure 1008.7 mb. Twelve hours later the Aloca Pegasus reported again about 60 miles south of its previous report. This time it showed wind SSW force 10 [50 kt] and pressure 997.6 mb. The first advisory on the storm was coordinated on the basis of this report and was released at 01/1530Z" (AWS). "The first reconnaissance mission [around 1930Z] reported an eye well-formed, circular, 50 miles in diameter with highest winds of 85 kt in the SE quadrant and central pressure 977.9 mb" (AWS). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 64.9W with a dissipating cold front located north of the cyclone extending from 43N, 67W to 40N, 65W to 38N, 60W becoming a cold front at 37N, 57W extending to beyond 37N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 30.4N, 65.1W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.1N, 64.8W with 85 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.0N, 65.1W with 90 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 30.7N, 65.0W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 30.6N, 65.2W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE front located slightly north of the cyclone near 33N, 65W extending to beyond 34N, 58W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 06Z at 35.7N, 65.6W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 996 mb at 06Z at 29.3N, 62.8W (micro); 40 kt ENE and 1016 mb at 12Z at 35.3N, 64.7W (COA, micro). Three other gales and one other low pressure. Land/station highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1125Z at 30.8N, 65.0W with 988 pressure measured by dropsonde and reported max winds of 90 kt (AWS, micro); center fix at 1933Z at 30.0-30.1N, 65.8W with 974 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and 100 kt max winds (AWS); 95 kt WSW at flight-level of 700 ft at 1945Z at 30.7N, 66.5W (micro). At least one other surface gale, four other hurricane force flight-level winds and one other low pressure. "It moved slowly northward until the morning of October 2 with a threat to Bermuda since it was only 90 to 100 miles away. It changed course, however, and swung westward far enough to miss Bermuda before resuming a northward and northeastward course" (MWR). "Duck: 30.7N, 64.8W [I believe this is a center fix]. Eye is 45 miles diameter and is circular. West side is strongest. This report in eye at 1042Z. Eye well formed with circular bands of cu extending up to 15,000 feet" (micro). "Duck 1125Z?: Center by loran 30.9N, 65.0W. Eye well defined, hurricane well formed all quadrants. Highest winds 90 kt. Hurricane force winds extend 60 miles from center in all quadrants. Storm winds extend 80 miles from the center in all quadrants. Gale winds extend 95 miles from the center in all quadrants" (micro). "Duck position of eye at 1125Z by loran 30.9N, 65.0W. This is most accurate" (micro). "D-10: 50 miles out of Bermuda, surface winds 60 kt. Flight level 120 degrees, 60 kt" (micro). "The second flight at 02/1125Z found no change in the pressure but found winds to 90 kt. The eye had decreased to 45 miles in diameter and was equally well developed in all quadrants. Hurricane winds covered a diameter of 120 miles and gales a diameter of approximately 200 miles" (AWS). October 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.4N, 66.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 67.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 31.2N, 66.4W with 95 kt max winds and 973 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 32.0N, 67.6W with 100 kt max winds and 969 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.8N, 67.3W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 31.8N, 67.3W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 33.0N, 65.2W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 15Z at 30.5N, 66.1W (micro). Land/station highlights: 30-35 kt SSE and 1010 mb at Bermuda at 12Z (HWM, micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1220Z at 31.9N, 67.6W with 969 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and estimated maximum surface winds on the west side 90 kt (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2145Z at 33.5N, 67.8W with 980 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and 100 kt max winds (AWS, micro). "Post flight summary: Hurricane George was located at 31.9N, 67.6W at 1220Z. Position by 3 station loran fixes in eye. Eye is 35 miles in diameter. Surface winds in center of the eye were very light with no apparent swells. Estimated surface winds 90 kt on west edge of eye. Hurricane winds extend approximately 30 miles from center in all quadrants. 50 kt winds extend approximately 50 mi from center in SW and SE quadrants. 50 kt winds extend 70 mi in NW quadrant. Winds decrease very gradually in all quadrants after going out to fringe of 50 kt winds. Duck report 1220Z: In eye at 31.9N, 67.6W. Loran fix. Duck 8: Eye located at 33.5N, 67.8W at 2145Z by loran. Eye well defined. Winds 100 kt near center on all sides. Hurricane winds extend 50 miles from center" (micro). "After the storm turned toward the west it began to deepen and continued to do so until at least the afternoon of the 3rd. October 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 37.8N, 65.2W with a cold front approaching from the northwest extending from 46N, 61W to 43N, 66W to 41N, 69W to 39N, 74W to 38N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 66.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 34.4N, 67.6W with 100 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 37.5N, 65.3W with 90 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 37.9N, 65.8W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb centered near 37.8N, 65.5W with an analysis of a cold front approaching similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 38.0N, 66.6W (micro); 45 kt SSW and 990 mb at 12Z at 36.0N, 65.1W (micro); 70 kt SSE and 998 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 62.6W (micro). At least four other gales and nine other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (low-level penetration, loran) around ~14Z at 37.6N, 65.3W with 960 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 90 kt (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2305Z at 40.6N, 61.6W with 980 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and max winds estimated at least 65 kt (AWS, micro). At least two other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and six other low pressures between 979-999 mb. "The strongest wind reported was about 110 mph on the morning of October 4 when the center was near 39N, 65W" (MWR). "Navy hurep 1415Z: Position of eye by Loran 37.6N, 65.3W. Diameter of eye 10 miles- diffused" (micro). "Duck center at 2305Z 40.6N, 61.6W by Loran. Position reliable" (micro). From the ATS report. "This was the first and only Navy flight into this moderately severe hurricane, the storm being out of range through most of its life. The plane flew to Cherry Point the previous evening and departed before dawn in moderate ground fog. Winds increased slowly but steadily and passed under the cirrus shield while still 300 miles from the center. Winds increased to hurricane force 75 miles from the center, but dropped to 55 kt for a brief period closer in, then increased to a maximum of 90 kt. Entry into the eye was through very gradual decreasing winds, weather and turbulence, and though various altitudes in the eye were tried, the core failed to appear well-defined by radar. Considerable stratus at various levels prevailed, though blue sky showed through. Lowest pressure observed in the eye was 960 mb. Similar conditions in reverse were encountered on leaving the storm, but at similar distances from the observed center were milder, indicating rapid movement to the northeast, and it is believed that the storm was rapidly developing extratropical characteristics although insufficient fuel precluded further investigation. Entered eye 1353Z. Obtained loran fix. Lowest pressure 960 mb. Max winds 90 kt prior to entry." (ATS). October 5: HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 47.7N, 51.0W with the northeast end of a NE-SW cold front located 200-300 n mi SSE of the cyclone extending from 44N, 49W to 37N, 62W and the west end of a dissipating W-E stationary front located several hundred n mi east of the cyclone extending from 51N, 40W to beyond 51N, 28W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.0N, 51.9W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 41.3N, 60.5W with 75 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 47.5N, 50.5W with 65 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 1006 mb at 00Z at 38.0N, 62.4W (micro); 20 kt NE and 968 mb at 06Z at 44.5N, 56.8W (COA); 60 kt S and 983 mb at 12Z at 47.5N, 49.5W (COA, HWM); 55 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 48.1N, 49.7W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. Land/station highlights: 35 kt W and 1000 mb at 06Z at 43.9N, 60.0W (micro); 25 kt NNW and 986 mb at 12Z at 47.6N, 52.9W (HWM, micro). One other low pressure. "It passed south of Newfoundland on the 5th" (MWR). "On October 5th, George ran into a cold front and appears to have acquired extratropical characteristics. Although already moving in excess of 40 kt, it continued to accelerate and the area of gale winds expanded. "It passed 50 miles off the SE tip of Newfoundland at [05/1000Z? or 0100Z?] and continued into the north Atlantic" (AWS). October 6: HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 58.4N, 28.6W. A cold front extends from 53N, 21W to 50N, 24W to 44N, 35W. A weak spot low is plotted inside the same 990 mb contour as the feature of interest near 62N, 10W with an occluded front extending from this low eastward, southeastward, southward, and then southwestward to 49N, 9W. To the west of the feature of interest, an occluded front extends from another low, centered near 66N, 60W, to 65N, 55W to 62N, 52W to 60N, 51W to 56N, 52W to 54N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 57.5N, 28.6W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 981 mb at 12Z at 56.4N, 28.4W (COA, HWM); 50 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 53.2N, 28.0W (COA). At least three other gales between 45-50 kt between 09Z-22Z and several other low pressures. October 7: HWM analyzes three closed lows, all located within the same closed 985 mb isobar, which stretches over a very huge distance. The feature of interest is analyzed as a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 60.7N, 21.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to 57N, 20W to 53N, 23W becoming a cold front at 51N, 26W extending to 47N, 32W to 45N, 36W. The 2nd closed low, of at most 975 mb, is centered near 63N, 6W, and a cold front extends from this low wrapping around to the SE, S, and then SW. The 3rd closed low, of at most 980 mb, is centered near 70N, 6E. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 60.5N, 21.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 970 mb at 00Z at 58.5N, 18.5W (COA); 50 kt W and 991 mb at 06Z at 56.4N, 16.4W (COA); 50 kt SW and 983 mb at 11Z at 59.0N, 3.0W (COA); 10 kt WNW and 968 mb at 11Z at 61.5N, 9.5W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. George formed from a large trough covering the central Atlantic Ocean on 26 and 27 September. HURDAT starts this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 27 September. Although there is not certain evidence that a tropical cyclone existed on the 27th, there is a 35 kt gale from a ship 90 nmi north of the analyzed position of George. At 00Z on the 28th, there is a 40 kt ship gale 80 nmi north-northeast of the analyzed position. Due to this observation, the HURDAT intensity is increased from 35 to 40 kt at all times on the 28th and 29th. Another gale was observed on the 30th farther away from the storm center. The data clearly show that the area of cyclonic turning associated with George was very large from 28 September until at least 1 October; however, by 1 October, there was evidence of a tight, TC-like inner core. Prior to 1 October, there may have been strong winds and low pressures near the center, but there was little data there from the 28th until 12Z on 1 October. Using today's classification system, George may have been classified as a subtropical cyclone from the 27th to the 30th of September. On the 27th and 28th of September, George moved slowly in a northwesterly direction, gradually curving toward the west by early on the 30th a couple hundred miles southeast of Bermuda. From late on 30 September to 2 October, George was nearly stationary, and the analyzed position at 12Z on the 2nd was about 100 nmi south of Bermuda with an 85 kt intensity. Although there were no strong wind observations available from Bermuda, it is possible that Bermuda may have briefly experienced tropical storm force winds. On the 29th and 30th of September, some minor southward and westward adjustments are made to the track based on ship data. On the 1st at 12Z, a 50 kt ship observation with a 998 mb pressure along with the first aircraft center fix at 2012Z both indicate that the HURDAT position needed a small south-southwestward adjustment at those times. On the 2nd, very minor track changes are analyzed based on aircraft center fix positions. The aircraft on the 1st at 2012Z measured a central pressure of 978 mb and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st. A central pressure of 978 mb yields 75 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 78 kt for intensifying systems. The RMW was much larger than the climatological RMW value and the speed was very slow (~2 kt). 70 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 1st (down from 80 kt originally). The HURDAT intensities at all times on the 1st are lowered by 10 kt to show a gradual intensification from 50 kt at 18Z on the 30th to 70 kt by 18Z on the 1st. George is analyzed to have first attained hurricane strength 12 hours later than originally. On 2 October, aircraft dropsondes measured pressures of 988 and 974 mb at 1125 and 1933Z respectively, but no central pressures are added to HURDAT (as it is uncertain if these were in the eye or eyewall), and no changes are made to the HURDAT intensities on the 2nd. On the 3rd, George recurved west of Bermuda and began to accelerate. On the 4th, George was accelerating northeastward in the western Atlantic. All track changes on the 3rd and 4th were less than 1 degree and are very much in agreement with the aircraft center fixes. Peripheral ship observations on the 4th were in agreement with the aircraft fixes. On the 3rd at 12Z, a dropsonde measured a pressure of 969 mb, which appears to be a central pressure. 969 mb yields a maximum wind speed of 86 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. 90 kt surface winds were estimated visually from the aircraft. The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT is not changed at 12Z on the 3rd and a 969 mb pressure is added to HURDAT. It is of interest that George had a large outer circulation on the 3rd, but a relatively small inner core as Bermuda experienced only marginal gales. Based upon the eye diameter, it is estimated that the RMW was about 25-30 nm with climatology for 969 mb and 32N being 25 nm. Thus with a near average RMW - as best that can be determined - a substantial alteration for the wind suggested by the pressure-wind relationship is not called for. On the 4th around 14Z, a Navy aircraft penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 960 mb. This value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th. A central pressure of 960 mb equals a wind speed of 90 kt using the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N. The eye radius was very small - 5-10 nm - on this date and the speed of the storm was more than 20 kt so the 95 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th is not changed. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity on the 3rd and 4th, and the 95 kt peak intensity shown in HURDAT is maintained. HURDAT lists George as becoming extratropical at 06Z on the 5th a few hundred miles south of Newfoundland, but it is analyzed that George was extratropical 6 hours earlier (by 00Z on the 5th) as surface observations indicate a large temperature gradient across the low. George moved northeastward very rapidly on the 5th through the 7th, and it retained winds below hurricane force. No significant track changes are analyzed on the 5th through 12Z on the 6th, and George was located several hundred miles southeast of the tip of Greenland at 12Z on the 6th. However, on the 7th at 12Z (the final point shown in HURDAT), the position is revised to be 400 nmi east of the previous HURDAT position (a very large, major track change). Another developing cyclone was near the HURDAT position, but George was located much farther east. This track change has high confidence because 6-hourly synoptic analyses were conducted in the reanalysis to track George. No changes are made to the timing of when this cyclone was absorbed, but the final position at 12Z on the 7th is moved northeast a couple hundred miles north of Great Britian. The intensity is increased slightly on the 6th and 7th at times due to numerous ship observations of 50 kt winds and pressures as low as 969 mb at 03Z on the 7th. A quote from the Air Weather Service post-season report. "The first two reconnaissance fixes indicated that it was moving slightly west of north at 5 kt almost directly towards Bermuda. Because of this and the fact that the last fix showed the storm to be only 100 miles from Bermuda, Hurricane Warning was advised for the island even though westward movement was expected. With the next aircraft fix confirming westward movement, All Clear was advised" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 8 (How) 35270 10/01/1950 M= 4 8 SNBR= 779 HOW XING=0 35275 10/01* 0 0 0 0*250 873 30 0*258 886 35 0*260 890 40 0* 35275 10/01* 0 0 0 0*256 884 30 0*258 885 30 0*260 886 35 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** 35280 10/02*262 895 45 0*263 901 50 0*264 907 50 0*265 917 50 0* 35280 10/02*261 889 35 0*263 895 35 0*264 903 35 0*262 911 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35285 10/03*265 927 50 0*264 936 50 0*262 945 45 0*258 955 45 0* 35285 10/03*260 921 40 0*255 935 40 0*250 948 40 0*247 958 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35290 10/04*251 964 40 0*243 971 35 0*235 978 30 0*225 988 25 0* 35290 10/04*244 966 40 0*240 972 35 0*235 978 30 0*230 984 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35295 TS Minor changes to track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Mexican observations, and Connor (1956). September 29: HWM does not analyze any features of interest but suggests the presence of a weak trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico extending south towards Yucatan. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM does not analyze any particular features of interest on this day, but indicates the presence of some weak troughing near the Yucatan Peninsula and southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM does not analyze any particular features of interest on this day, but indicates the presence of some weak troughing near the northern Yucatan Peninsula and southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 88.6W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 25.8N, 88.5W. No gales or low pressures. "A tropical storm of less than hurricane force developed in the Gulf of Mexico October 1 near 25.5N, 89W" (MWR). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 91.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.4N, 90.7W. The AWS best track lists a 1230Z position at 26.5N, 90.2W with 50 kt max winds and 1009 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.7N, 89.8W with a 1000 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.4N, 90.5W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.3N, 90.5W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1234Z at 26.5N, 90.2W with 1009 mb central pressure and 38 kt maximum winds (micro, AWS); 50 kt E at flight-level of 1000 ft (max wind encountered during flight) and 1010 mb at 2015Z at 26.6N, 91.1W (ATS); 14 kt ESE at flight-level of 1000 ft and 1008 mb at 2030Z at 26.0N, 90.9W (ATS); 10 kt NNE at flight-level of 900 ft and 1008 mb at 2045Z at 25.8N, 91.7W (ATS) [1008 mb was the lowest pressure encountered during this flight]. At least four other flight-level gales. "Post flight weather summary: Storm center located at 02/1234Z at 26.5N, 90.2W. Second center believed inaccurate due to poor definition of associated weather. Center at 02/1234Z was ten miles in diameter with no weather to west and southwest. Maximum winds sustained 38 kt with gusts to 45 kt. Storm appeared much weaker on second entry as indicated by strength of squalls, decrease in max wind velocity, and subsiding of easterly swells" (micro). "Navy: No closed circulation or eye apparent. Will continue to search area as long as possible" (micro). "Navy post flight summary: A thorough search of the entire disturbed area failed to disclose any signs to a closed circulation. An area of squalls with winds varying from ESE to ENE 30 to 50 kt was bounded by 88.0W, 27.3N and 91.7W, 26.2N. This area was bounded on the north by blue skies and moderate winds and on the west and south by clear skies, light winds and good flying conditions for as far as the eye could see. Highest winds 50 kt. Minimum pressure 1008 mb" (micro). "Maximum wind was reported [by aircraft] as 38 kt sustained, gusts to 45 kt. Minimum pressure [from aircraft] was 1009 mbs" (AWS). "A second flight [on the 2nd] in the afternoon left Miami and flew WNW toward the estimated storm position. Winds were generally easterly and gradually increased to 45 kt. At 91.5W the winds abruptly dropped off and the sky became clear to the west and north. The mission was summarized as follows: 'A thorough search of the entire disturbed area failed to disclose any signs of a closed circulation. An area of squalls with winds varying from ESE to ENE 30 to 50 kt was bounded by 88W, 27.3N and 91.7W, 26.2N. This area was bounded on the north by blue skies and moderate winds, and on the west and south by clear, light winds and good flying conditions for as far as the eye could see. Highest winds 50 kt, minimum pressure 1008 mbs" (AWS). From the ATS report. "Ship reports indicated that a tropical disturbance had developed in a trough area formed by a stagnant cold front. The disturbance was apparently centered at 26.5N, 91.0W. Flying west-northwest from Miami, the winds held generally easterly and gradually increased to 45 kt. At 2000Z, the winds dropped off abruptly and clear area was observed as far as the eye could see to the north and west. Thorough investigation of the area to the south and east led to the determination that there was no closed circulation. The maximum winds encountered were from 080 degrees 50 kt with a minimum observed pressure of 1008 mb" (ATS). October 3: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but instead indicates a strong trough with an apparent NW-SE axis from 25N, 96W to 21N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 94.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.2N, 92.8W with 50 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 24.4N, 95.4W with 50 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.9N, 94.3W with a 1005 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 94.6W. Microfilm at 18Z analyses a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.3N, 95.9W. Land/station highlights: 25-35 kt (max w) at Brownsville, TX (Connor); gust 52 kt (max gust) at 1730Z at Brownsville (AWS, Connor). Aircraft highlights: 18 kt SE at flight-level of 700 ft and 1007 mb (lowest pressure reported during flight) at 1315Z at 25.8N, 94.3W (ATS); 40 kt NE (43 kt NNE at flight-level of 1400 ft) and 1010 mb at 1630Z at 25.3N, 96.0W (ATS); 40 kt NE (45 kt NNE at flight-level of 900 ft) (max flight-level wind encountered during flight) at 1645Z at 25.8N, 96.4W (AWS, ATS). At least one other surface gale and one other flight-level gale. "On the last leg of the flight [on the 3rd, which took off from Pensacola and eventually landed in Corpus Christi] on a northwesterly course to Corpus Christi, a marked wind shift and lowest pressure were noted. The winds shifted nearly 180 degrees from SSW 7 kt to NNE 15 kt and increased rapidly to 45 kt gusting to 55 kt in a series of squalls in this NW quadrant with a sustained [wind] NNE 37 kt to within 60 miles of Corpus Christi" (AWS). "Brownsville did report gusts to 60 mph at 1730Z on the 3rd with gusts to 28-29 mph for several hours, but this report [of 60 mph] appears to have been a local condition" (AWS). From the ATS report. "The 0630Z synoptic chart showed a trough system lying NE-SW over the center Gulf, and the mission of the flight was to scout a suspicious area about 25N, 95W. Semicircular squalls were located on the NE side of this area, outflying from Pensacola, but little winds were encountered. South of latitude 25N, the winds diminished to 10-15 kt. On the last leg of the flight on a northwesterly course to Corpus Christi, a marked wind shift and lowest pressure were noted at 24.5N, 95.7W. The winds shifted nearly 180 degrees; from SSW 7 kt to NNE 15 kt and increased rapidly to 45 kt gusting to 55 kt in a series of squalls in this NW quadrant, with a sustained NNE 37 kt to within 60 miles off Corpus Christi" (ATS). October 4: HWM no longer analyzes any features of interest on this day other than a cold front from 32N, 105W to 30N, 99W to 31N, 93W to 33N, 89W. HURDAT lists How as a 30 kt tropical depression at 23.5N, 97.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.3N, 96.9W with 45 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 22.5N, 97.4W with 35 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.6N, 97.8W with a 1010 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.2N, 98.0W. Microfilm no longer analyzes a closed low, but still indicates some troughiness around the Mexican coast in the vicinity of 22-25N. Station highlights: 1010 mb (min synoptic pressure) at Soto La Marina at 12Z (Mexico). "It moved on a northwest, west, and then southwest course and entered Mexico north of Tampico on the 4th. The strongest winds reported in connection with this storm were about 55 mph. Squally winds of 45 to 55 mph prevailed during most of its life in the Gulf of Mexico, and were confined mostly to the northern semicircle of the disturbance. This was the only disturbance of the season that did not develop hurricane force" (MWR). "Navy 4 position 27.1N, 91.8W, altitude 3300 ft. Clear above, lower scattered below, and radar scope void of significant weather. Since 0100Z light to moderate turbulence" (micro). "By 2130Z the storm was moving slowly a few miles east of Tampico. No land station reported winds above force 6 [25 kt] from Storm How." October 5: The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.0N, 97.4W with 30 kt max winds. An area of cyclonic turning was evident from observations in the east-central Gulf of Mexico on 30 September and 1 October. HURDAT started this system at 06Z on 1 October as a 30 kt tropical depression at 25.0N, 87.3W. However, HURDAT previously showed a dramatic deceleration during the first 12 hours of the life of this cyclone. The revised 06Z position on the 1st corrects this unrealistic speed change by shifting the initial location by more than 1 degree west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position, consistent with the sparse observations available. HURDAT brings the depression to tropical storm strength by 12Z on the 1st, but numerous ship data near the center indicate that the circulation was still very weak, and it is analyzed that this cyclone attained tropical storm strength at 18Z on the 1st (6 hours later than indicated in HURDAT originally). This tropical storm remained weak throughout its lifetime and is analyzed to have made landfall on the Mexican coast on the 4th of October around 12Z as a 30 kt tropical depression. This landfall point, 30 kt landfall intensity, and timing are unchanged from the previous HURDAT and partially based upon the 1010 mb synoptic pressure minimum from Soto La Marina. Aircraft flew into How on the 2nd and 3rd and while center fixes were obtained both days, they were reported with no clouds or precipitation on the south side. The aircraft likely did not fly far enough south to confirm the existence of a closed wind circulation. The lowest pressure for the entire storm from all data platforms was 1007 mb, though this is sufficiently low to insure a closed circulation for moving relatively slow (8-12 kt). There were no observed gales from any ships or land stations; however, aircraft estimated surface winds as high as 40 kt and measured flight-level winds as high as 50 kt. The peak intensity for this storm shown previously in HURDAT is 50 kt from 06Z on the 2nd to 06Z on the 3rd. The new peak intensity is 40 kt from 18Z on the 2nd to 00Z on the 4th. Pressures of 1009 and 1007 mb were measured around 12 and 18Z on the 2nd, but as it is quite possible that the central pressures were lower, these are not added into HURDAT. The 50 kt intensities in HURDAT are lowered to 35 kt at those times. Some track changes are analyzed as well. The reanalyzed track shows more of a straight west-southwestward track between the 2nd and the 4th instead of a track that gradually curves from west to south as shown in HURDAT previously, but observations only provide a little evidence to make these track changes. The most weight was placed on the "apparent" aircraft center fixes on the 2nd and 3rd. After making landfall, How weakened and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation which occurred after 18Z on the 4th as a 25 kt tropical depression over eastern Mexico. Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report. "No synoptic reports were received with winds above force 6 or pressures below 1009.8 mbs" (AWS). From a detailed study of the data available it seems quite probably that a closed circulation existed in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1st until the 4th of October" (AWS). "A definite center which could be pinpointed and tracked was located only once and even then it was questionable. Reconnaissance flights concerned themselves only with the area of strong winds and squally weather. They did not search southward in the area of relatively clear weather to locate the center of the wind field or conclusively prove that no closed center existed. Southwestward movement was forecast consistently from 3 October on but could not be verified until the storm reached the western Gulf and failed to move inland. Meanwhile, current positions in the advisories were pessimistically kept farther north in the absence of reliable information on the storm's position" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 9 (Item) 35300 10/08/1950 M= 3 9 SNBR= 780 ITEM XING=0 35300 10/08/1950 M= 4 9 SNBR= 780 ITEM XING=0 * 35305 10/08* 0 0 0 0*208 906 40 0*208 910 45 0*209 916 45 0* 35305 10/08* 0 0 0 0*233 904 35 0*233 910 40 0*231 916 45 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** 35310 10/09*210 922 50 0*210 927 55 0*210 932 65 0*209 939 65 0* 35310 10/09*224 922 45 1002*218 927 50 0*213 932 55 0*208 938 65 0* *** ** **** *** ** *** ** *** *** 35315 10/10*206 946 80 0*203 949 90 0*199 953 95 0*188 959 65 0* 35315 10/10*205 943 75 990*202 947 80 0*198 951 85 0*194 954 90 980* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 35315 10/11*191 957 90 *188 959 75 0*185 960 40 0*182 960 25 0* 35320 HR International Landfall 11th/04Z - 18.9N, 95.9W - 90 kt - Mexico Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Another major change is to introduce an additional 24 hours to the end of the best track for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Mexican station observations, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Connor (1956). October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over Yucatan near 19N 89W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyses two lows - one of at most 1005 mb near 17N 86W and one of at most 1006 mb near 22N 83W. Ship highlights: 25-30 kt S and 1002 mb at 16.9N 84.2W (micro). "On 2 October the surface isobars around Storm HOW bulged to the SSE and inclosed an area around Honduras. From this date on the surface winds, pressure and weather indicated a small center of closed circulation which drifted slowly NWward. Wind speeds were near normal but the cloud cover and weather were above normal. During the 4th through 6th as the polar trough in which GEORGE recurved moved off the east coast, a 1008 and occasionally a 1006 isobar was drawn around the disturbed area which meanwhile had drifted over Yucatan" (AWS). October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N 85W with a cold front several hundred miles to the north. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N 87W with a cold front several hundred miles to the north. No gales or low pressures. October 6: HWM analyzes a dissipating cold front extending from south Florida to just north of Yucatan to the western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered over Yucatan near 19N 91W with a cold front a couple hundred miles to the north. No gales or low pressures. October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N, 88.7W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 21.8N, 88.8W. No gales or low pressures. "At 071230Z it moved north of Yucatan as evidenced by the winds aloft at Merida shifting from NE to west" (AWS). October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.9N, 92.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.8N, 91.0W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.5N, 91.9W. Ship highlights: 30-35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 15Z at 22.7N, 90.4W (AWS, micro). Aircraft highlights: 5 kt S and 1003 mb (min p encountered during flight) at 2215Z at 22.9N, 91.9W (ATS); 30 kt [N?] and 1007 mb at 2315Z at 23.0N, 92.5W (ATS); 35 kt max wind encountered during flight (AWS). "This small hurricane began to develop on the 8th in the Gulf of Mexico northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula" (MWR). "Navy 6: Marked wind shift 150 degrees 19 kt to 25 degrees at 2200Z. Winds have been steady at 170 degrees 39 kt during the past half hour. "Post flight summary: Southerly winds to 22.6N, 91.7W with associated showers and marked wind shift 180 degrees 18 kt to 020 degrees 7 kt increasing rapidly to 38 kt. Marked trough line. No evidence of complete circulation" (micro). "The lowest surface pressures in the vortex as it moved over Yucatan were 1005 mbs" (AWS). "On the 081230Z chart the disturbance became well marked. At 15Z the Andrew A. Humphries, located just northwest of Yucatan, reported a force seven wind [30 kt] from the SSW with a rough sea from the same direction. The Joint Hurricane Center dispatched a Navy reconnaissance aircraft to the area that same day. The plane found maximum winds of 35 kt with a cyclonic shift in direction from 150 degrees to 25 degrees accompanied by deteriorating weather conditions in the general area. The aircraft observer recommended the area be checked again the following day" (AWS). "The first reconnaissance flight on the afternoon of the 8th. approaching the storm center from the east, the plane reported the wind 170 degrees at 39 kt for 30 minutes, then a marked wind shift and winds northerly at 27-35 kt on the west wide. The lowest pressure reported was 1003 mbs, however no statement was made as to the minimum observed" (AWS). From the ATS report. "Flight was made to investigate the area near 23N, 91W. Light southeast to south winds prevailed over the route outflying from Miami to a position near 22.2N, 92.8W except in a few moderate squalls. At this point, the winds shifted from 150 degrees 19 kt to 025 degrees 22 kt and course was changed to northeast to further investigate for possible circulation or frontal zone. Little increase in winds indicated that at least for the present, there was no 'closed' circulation, but that from the general character of the weather in this area it would bear continued watching. During the next 24 hour period that followed this reconnaissance, this convergence area actually did deepen and develop into a full hurricane" (ATS). October 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.2N, 93.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 93.2W. The AWS best track shows a 0030Z position at 22.5N, 92.4W with 35 kt max winds 1003 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.3N, 93.6W with 65 kt max winds and 997 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 93.1W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 20.8N, 93.8W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW and 1009 mb at 00Z at 22.1N, 93.3W (micro); 20 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.9N, 94.0W (COA, HWM); 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 20.3N, 93.8W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1615Z with max surface winds of 85 kt at 20.7N, 93.8W (micro, ATS, AWS); Navy center fix at 2315Z at 20.6N, 94.3W with 990 mb central pressure and max surface winds 90 kt (AWS, ATS). "On the morning of the 9th, a reconnaissance plane located the small center with 90 mph winds at 21N, 94W, about 200 miles northeast of Vera Cruz, Mexico" (MWR). "Corrected center fix at 1615Z at 20.7N, 93.8W. Surface winds estimated 50 to 60 mph from 60 degrees" (micro). "Navy nine [center] 20.5N, 94.3W [with central pressure 990 mb]. Blue skies and light winds [inside eye]. True center may be slightly north of 20.5N, 94.3W. Navy ten: Max winds 90 kt from 330 degrees just west of previously reported clear. Post-flight summary: A small, intense disturbance was located at 20.5N, 93.7W at 1610Z with full hurricane winds of 85 kt. Maximum extending outward 35 miles in the northwest quadrant and 60 miles in the northeast quadrant and winds over 45 kt outward for nearly 100 miles from the center in the northern semicircle. Weather is generally good in the area with the exception of a well-defined wall around the center which has about a 20 to 25 mile diameter. Post flight summary: Hurricane force winds extend approximately 120 miles southeast and 60 to 100 miles northwest of apparent center. Very heavy swell emanating from center position in all quadrants. Minimum pressure at center position is 990 mb. Max winds encountered were from 330 degrees at 90 kt in squall line." (micro). "Morning reconnaissance on the 9th found the storm had developed to hurricane intensity with maximum winds of 90 kt and a well defined eye 20 to 25 miles in diameter" (AWS). "On 9 October two flights were made. A small, intense center 20-25 miles in diameter was located with winds to 85 kt and hurricane force winds extending 60 miles to the NE and 35 miles to the NW [of the center]. The third Navy flight penetrated the eye at 2315Z on the 9th and found winds over 90 kt and a minimum observed pressure of 990 mbs. The eye was elongated and ragged, oriented N-S about 30 miles long and 10 to 15 miles wide" (AWS). From the ATS report. "On a southeasterly course from Corpus Christi, winds increased gradually from the ENE at 22N, 93.6W, long southeasterly swells were noted, so a more southerly course was made. The winds began to increase more rapidly and at 21.5N, 93.8W, the east-northeasterly winds had reached a velocity of 60-65 kt. It was then decided to put the winds on our port beam and fly into the increasing wind gradient. A heavy wall, or single heavy squall line was entered with maximum winds of 80-90 kt. After penetrating this wall, we suddenly broke out into a relatively calm area of about 25 miles in diameter, located at 20.7N, 93.7W. Course was changed to easterly and again the heavy 'Weather Wall' was encountered. A heading was taken for Miami. This proved to be the first position indication of such a storm in this area" (ATS). From the next ATS report. "This was the third Navy reconnaissance flight into this hurricane. The flight left Miami at 1746Z, and a course was set for Progreso, on the northwest tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. No noteworthy weather was observed until after departure was taken from Progreso. As the flight crossed the Gulf of Campeche on a westerly course, the winds were generally from the southeast, veering slowly and gradually increasing to 80 kt. At 2315Z, the eye was penetrated. It was a ragged, elongated eye, oriented north-south about 30 miles along the long axis, and from 10 to 15 miles wide. Minimum observed pressure in the eye was 991 mb. Departure from the eye was taken to the southwest, and winds of over 90 kt were observed in a narrow band just out of the calm area" (ATS). October 10: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.9N, 95.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.1N, 94.5W with 90 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.2N, 95.2W with 100 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 95.8W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.8N, 95.1W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 19.9N, 93.2W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 06Z at 19.8N, 93.3W (COA); 55 kt E and 1007 mb at 12Z at 20.2N, 93.7W (COA); 70 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 19.8N, 94.4W (micro). Land/station highlights: 40 kt NW and 1004 mb at 18Z and 37 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20Z at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.2W) (micro, Mexico); 50 kt NW at 2230Z at Vera Cruz (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1535Z at 19.5N, 95.3W with 980 mb central pressure and 105 kt max surface winds (ATS, AWS, micro) "It moved southwestward and entered Mexico a short distance south of Vera Cruz on the morning of the 10th. The strongest wind reported was 110 mph at Vera Cruz. Damage in Vera Cruz and vicinity was reported in the press as 'heavy' but no estimate of the amount of damage or number of casualties has been received" (MWR). "Navy six: In eye at 1530Z at 19.6N, 95.6W. Wind just west of eye 20 degrees, 105 kt. Min pressure 980 mb [assume central pressure]. Post flight summary (Navy): Storm appears to be very extensive and severe to the northwest, north, and northeast of the center position. Very heavy swells from the southeast were observed as far north as Cape Rojo. Westerly winds on the coast veered rapidly and increased in velocity to 45 kt due east of Tuxipan about 60 miles. Winds backed very slowly and gradually increased until winds of over 100 kt were observed in circular cloud bands just outside the eye. The eye appeared to be extensive and ragged in outline. Blue skies with some fracto stratus were observed. Minimum pressure was 980 mb. Seas were moderate but confused. Winds to the north and east were neither as strong nor as extensive as winds observed to northwest of center position" (micro). "Penetrating from the west side the plane found maximum winds of 105 kt and a minimum pressure of 980 mbs indicating that further intensification had occurred since the previous day. The eye was clearly defined, oval shaped, about 20 miles N-S and 15 miles W-E. The NW quadrant was reported as being the most intense sector of the hurricane in both speed and extent of winds. The storm was centered about 40 miles east of Vera Cruz" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This was the fourth and final Navy flight into this hurricane. The flight departed Corpus Christi at dawn and flew south to Tuxpan, Mexico. From Tuxpan, a course was set due east. At 1500Z, the wind was from the northeast at 45 kt, with heavy intermittent rain and tremendous swells from the southeast. Course was changed to the south, and then wind was placed on the port beam in attempt to enter the eye. Winds backed slowly and increased in strength rapidly until a maximum of 105 kt from 050 degrees was observed. Pressure had dropped very rapidly. At 1535Z the eye was entered. It was oval, about 20 miles north and south, about 15 miles east-west, and clearly defined. The minimum pressure was recorded as 987 mb. Because of proximity to land, departure from the eye was taken to the north. Here torrential rain, severe turbulence, mountainous seas, and winds of better than 95 kt were encountered. The storm entered the coast of Mexico at Vera Cruz early the next morning" (ATS). October 11: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a spot low within a trough near 17N, 93W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 18.9N, 95.6W with 105 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 18.6N, 96.1W with 60 kt max winds and 995 mb central pressure. Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.0N, 95.4W. At 12Z, microfilm no longer analyzes a closed low, but indicates a trough over the southern Bay of Campeche and southern Mexico. Land/station highlights: 65 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 00Z, 60 kt NNW G 70 kt at 02Z, G 95 kt (max gust), 65 kt NW and 1000 mb at 03Z, 70 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z all at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.2W) (micro, AWS, advisories, Connor, Mexico). From the final New Orleans WB advisory on Item. "The hurricane has moved inland, and at 0930Z, the center was about 30 miles south of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Highest wind reported was 110 mph in gusts at Vera Cruz. The intensity was decreased rapidly since moving inland." (WB advisories). "By 04Z, the storm had moved inland just south of Vera Cruz and the city reported winds to 75 mph with gusts from 75 to 100 mph for 5 hours. Rapid filling occurred as the storm progressed into the mountainous Mexican coast and the last bulletin was issued at 0930Z. Item was a small intense storm. Nautla, a city located 60 miles NW of Vera Cruz, received no strong winds from the hurricane even though it was on the north side of the disturbance which was the most intense quadrant reported by reconnaissance [some 18 hours prior to landfall]" (AWS). The origin of Item was complex. A broad low/trough was present in the western Caribbean on the 4th and 5th. A ship measured 25-30 kt S winds and 1002 mb early on the 4th, but there is no confirmation of a closed low on that date and the ship's pressure may have been biased low. It is possible that the system was a tropical cyclone on the 4th and/or the 5th. On the 6th through early on the 7th, the disturbance was over the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and the circulation became disrupted both by land and interaction with a cold front. The system was not a tropical cyclone on the 6th and 7th. Late on the 7th, the system moved over the Gulf of Mexico and began to develop. A well-developed circulation on the 8th was evident due to a 15Z ship observation of 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 22.7N, 90.4W. Although no changes are made to the timing of genesis (06Z on 8 October), the 15Z ship observation is assumed to be accurate and the positions for Item on the 8th are shifted 2.5 degrees north of the previous HURDAT positions (major track changes). Item moved generally southwestward at a nearly constant speed for its entire lifetime and made landfall about 25 to 30 nmi southeast of Veracruz, Mexico. After the major track changes on the 8th, all track changes on the 9th and 10th are minor (less than 2 degrees). Track changes from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 10th were very tiny (less than half of a degree). A reconnaissance flight late on the 8th did not explicitly report a central pressure, but observations from this flight indicate that the central pressure was likely very close to 1002 mb (plus or minus about 1 mb). A central pressure of 1002 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 9th. A central pressure of 1002 mb equals 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 9th (down from 50 kt originally). On the 9th around 1615Z, aircraft reported maximum surface winds around 85 kt, and by 2315Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 990 mb with maximum surface winds around 90 kt. A central pressure of 990 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 10th. This value yields 64 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and - weighting the surface wind estimates slightly - 75 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 10th (down from 80 kt originally). It is analyzed that Item became a hurricane at 18Z on the 9th (six hours later than originally). On the 10th, there were some gale observations from ships, but these observations alone are not enough to determine the reanalyzed intensity for HURDAT. On the 10th at 1535Z, Navy aircraft penetrated the center and recorded a central pressure of 980 mb after estimating maximum surface winds of 105 kt. A central pressure of 980 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th, and 980 mb yields 78 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Again providing some weight to the surface estimates, 85 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 95 kt originally) and 90 kt is chosen for 18Z (up from 65 kt originally) on the 10th. At 18Z on the 10th, there was also a 70 kt ship observation. The last point shown in HURDAT for Item is 18Z on the 10th on the coastline southeast of Veracruz. However, several sources indicate that Item did not make landfall until 04Z on the 11th. In fact, Item likely was at its peak intensity from 18Z on the 10th until landfall on the 11th. A day is added into HURDAT for Item (through 18Z on 11 October). Only a small handful of observations are available from Veracruz, but one observation at 06Z on the 11th is a 70 kt wind at that time. The highest available observations of the wind at Veracruz from all sources ranged from 65 to 70 kt with gusts to 95 kt. Item made landfall at 04Z on the 11th at 18.9N, 95.9W (25 nmi SE of Veracruz). It is estimated that Item made its closest approach to Veracruz at 03Z on the 11th when it was located 20 to 25 nmi east-southeast of Veracruz. The final aircraft fix at 1535Z on the 10th suggested an RMW of about 15 nmi at that time. Hurricane force winds were observed at Veracruz for at least the 6 hours between 00Z - 06Z on the 11th. There is not much data available to make significant changes to the approximate landfall point in HURDAT. The observations from Veracruz were the main observations that aided in the track analysis around the time before and at landfall. The highest available wind observation from Veracruz is 70 kt but the lowest available observed pressure from that city is only 1000 mb. There is medium to high confidence that Veracruz did not experience the RMW of this hurricane. These factors indicate the possibility that Item may have strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane prior to landfall, but there is no direct evidence that would indicate a reason to analyze an intensity higher than 90 kt at any time. A run of the Schloemer equation is utilized at 03Z just before landfall to estimate the possible central pressure. Using an RMW of 15 nmi from the last recon about 12 hours previous (along with a pressure of 1000 mb, the radius of this pressure of 25 nmi, and environmental pressure of 1011 mb), this suggests a central pressure of 987 mb. If, instead, the RMW had contracted to 10 nm, then the Schloemer equation would suggest a central pressure of 976 mb. These central pressure values suggest maximum winds 68 and 83 kt, respectively, from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The actual central pressure is too uncertain to include into HURDAT. 90 kt is the landfall intensity at 04Z on the 11th, which is consistent with the 70 kt reported in Veracruz outside of the RMW. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 71 kt for 06Z on the 11th and 53 kt for 12Z. The highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic times are 70 kt at 06Z on the 11th and 20 kt at 12Z. Analyzed intensities are 75 kt at 06Z on the 11th and 40 kt at 12Z, as Item was entering the higher terrain of Mexico. It is analyzed that Item dissipated before 00Z on the 12th. ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 10 (Jig) 35325 10/11/1950 M= 7 10 SNBR= 781 JIG XING=0 35325 10/11/1950 M= 8 10 SNBR= 781 JIG XING=0 35330 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 472 40 0*242 482 40 0* 35330 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*224 470 40 0*227 480 40 0* *** *** *** *** 35335 10/12*242 492 45 0*242 502 45 0*242 512 50 0*244 524 55 0* 35335 10/12*230 490 45 0*233 501 45 0*236 512 50 0*239 523 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35340 10/13*247 537 55 0*250 546 60 0*254 555 65 0*261 567 70 0* 35340 10/13*243 534 55 0*248 544 60 0*254 555 65 0*261 567 70 0* *** *** *** *** 35345 10/14*269 578 75 0*276 586 75 0*284 593 80 0*295 600 80 0* 35345 10/14*270 577 75 0*280 586 75 0*290 594 80 0*299 601 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35350 10/15*308 605 85 0*320 602 90 0*332 592 100 0*342 582 105 0* 35350 10/15*308 603 85 0*319 602 90 0*330 597 100 0*341 585 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35355 10/16*351 572 100 0*359 562 95 0*368 550 90 0*388 515 90 0* 35355 10/16*351 574 90 0E360 561 80 0E369 546 75 0E381 522 75 0* *** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 35360 10/17*408 471 85 0*419 445 65 0E430 420 60 0E441 399 60 0* 35360 10/17E395 492 75 0E410 460 75 0E430 428 70 0E450 399 65 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** *** ** *** ** (The 18th is new to HURDAT.) 35360 10/18E475 375 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35365 HR Minor track changes and minor revisions to intensity are analyzed for Hurricane Jig. A major change is also analyzed for the timing of extratropical transition. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. October 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.7N, 47.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.3N, 47.2W. No gales or low pressures. "The ship Del Cro reported SW wind force 3 [10 kt] pressure 1013.2 mbs at 1230Z" (AWS). October 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.1N, 51.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 51.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.2N, 48.7N with 25 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 23.6N, 51.9W with 30 kt max winds. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.0N, 56.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 55.5W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.3N, 53.7W with 35 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 25.2N, 55.4W with 40 kt max winds. The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 25.6N, 56.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.2N, 55.8W. Ship highlights: 35-45 kt NE and 1011 mb at 13Z at 26.1N, 57.0W (micro, AWS); 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 15Z at 25.9N, 56.8W (micro, MWR); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 25.5N, 56.3W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 27.0N, 54.8W (micro). "At 1300Z on October 13 the S.S. Rio Primero reported a northeast gale wind and rapidly falling pressure at 27N, 57W, which indicated that a hurricane center was in the vicinity of 25.5N, 56.5W at the time. A subsequent report at 1500Z from the Rio Primero gave northwest gales and rapidly rising pressure indicating the passing of the small but sharp hurricane center nearby to the east" (MWR). "Ship reports continued to indicate some type of disturbance until 131300Z when the ship Rio Primero reported as follows: Wind NE force 8 [35 kt], pressure 1010.9 falling at position 26.1N, 57.0W. On the basis of this report, AFBUL JIG ONE was issued at 1830Z naming Jig a tropical cyclone and indicating that it had probably already reached hurricane intensity. Bermuda was advised Hurricane Alert at this time as the storm center was then located 520 miles SE of this island" (AWS). October 14: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.8N, 60.1W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 59.3W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.6N, 57.8W with 60 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 29.0N, 59.6W with 80 kt max winds and 973 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.2N, 59.9W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 59.3W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 29.0N, 59.4W. Ship highlights: 30-35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 25.9N, 56.2W (COA, micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix (boxing, radar) at 1130Z at 29.0N, 59.3-59.5W with 80 kt estimated surface winds 20 mi from eye in NE quadrant (micro, AWS); center fix at 20Z at [29.5N, 61.0W or 30.3N, 60.0W?] with 100 kt max winds just outside the eye (AWS, micro). Several gales and low pressures. "A plane out of Bermuda on the 14th located the small, mature hurricane at 29N, 59.3W" (MWR). "Hurricane Jig recon report: Box position 29.0N, 59.5W at 1130Z. Post flight narrative: Located hurricane at 1130Z at 29.0N, 59.3W. Boxed storm. Had loran within 100 miles of eye. Navigation was excellent, so feel confident that position is good within 10 miles. Eye is 20 miles in diameter. Radar got heaviest returns in the NW and NE quadrants. Gale winds extend 90 n mi from center in NW and NE quadrants and 65 miles in SW and SE quadrants. Light to moderate rain in all quadrants. Encountered moderate turbulence occasionally in NW and NE quadrants. Estimated surface winds 80 kt 20 miles from eye in NE quadrant" (micro). "Post flight summary Duck 12: Eye 20 miles in diameter and well defined. Maximum winds just outside eye are 100 kt. Hurricane winds extend 40 miles from center in northern sectors and 30 miles in southern sector. Storm winds extend 60 miles to north and 50 miles to south. Gale winds extend 90 miles to north and 70 miles to south. Air Force fix on Jig at 2000Z is 29.5N, 61.0W" (micro). "An Air Force reconnaissance flight was made into the storm on 14 October and located the center by box and radar [not penetration]. Maximum surface winds were estimated at 80 kt 20 miles NE of the center. Only one aircraft penetration was made (at 20Z). This aircraft reported maximum winds of 100 kt just outside the eye" (AWS). October 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.8N, 59.0W with the SSW end of a SSW-NNE stationary front located near 42N, 52W extending to beyond 46N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 33.2N, 59.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 31.2N, 59.9W with 100 kt max winds and 973 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 33.7N, 58.9W with 75 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.6N, 59.6W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.8N, 59.4W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 33.2N, 59.2W with a trough or front-like feature extending from 35N, 59W northeastward to beyond 40N, 54W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 57.9W (COA). At least three other gales. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (boxing) at 1145Z at 32.9N, 60.0W (micro); 991 mb peripheral pressure at 1230Z at 34.0N, 59.0W (micro). Other gales and low pressures. "It moved on a curving path passing 300 miles east of Bermuda during the night of October 14 and turned northeastward over the Atlantic. This was a small hurricane throughout, and strongest winds were estimated 115 to 120 mph [during the lifetime of Jig]" (MWR). "AF fix 32.9N, 60.0W at 1145Z by boxing" (micro). October 16: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.9N, 54.5W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front plotted near 41N, 52W extending northeastward to beyond 45N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 36.8N, 55.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 35.2N, 56.7W with 55 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.8N, 54.0W with 45 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.8N, 53.9W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR-post season track map shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 52.5W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 38.2N, 52.3W with indications of troughiness extending from the low northeastward. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1018 mb at 12Z at 36.0N, 51.0W (micro); at least 45 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 36.0N, 52.5W (micro). "Storm Jig continued its recurvature until 0030Z when it was 450 miles NE of Bermuda moving NE at a rate of 13 kt" (AWS). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.7N, 42.2W with a SW-NE stationary front extending from the low northeastward to beyond 51N, 32W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 43.0N, 42.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 40.1N, 49.0W with 50 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 44.2N, 42.7W with 65 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.0N, 42.9W with a 985 mb pressure. Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 40N, 46.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 06Z at 41.3N, 46.9W (COA); 45 kt N and 1005 mb at 06Z at 42.2N, 46.7W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 38.4N, 46.8W (micro); 60 kt NW and 1009 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 47.0W (COA); 50 kt N and 997 mb at 12Z at 44.4N, 43.0W; 60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.7N, 39.3W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. "The storm accelerated considerably along a northeasterly track so that by 1230Z it was moving NE at a rate of 25 kt and becoming disorganized. Areas of gale winds spread during 17 October with areas of storm and hurricane winds decreasing and disappearing entirely between 1830Z and 0030Z [on the 18th]. The last AFBUL on this storm was issued at 1530Z [on the 17th]. The storm had lost its tropical characteristics by this time" (AWS). October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 55.6N, 28.5W with a warm front extending from the low northeastward to 59N, 22W and a cold front extending southward from the low to 52N, 27W becoming a dissipating cold front near 49N, 28W continuing to 43N, 33W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 51.7N, 34.5W with 50 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 54.5N, 29.7W with a 992 mb pressure. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 55 kt SW and 992 mb at 00Z at 46.7N, 37.4W (COA); 60 kt S at 00Z at 47.5N, 37.0W (COA); 40 kt W and 998 mb at 06Z. At least two other gales and five other low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 64N, 3W with a warm front extending from the low to 67N, 7E and a cold front extending from the low to 63N, 1E to 60N, 2W to 55N, 8W becoming a dissipating cold front near 53N, 10W continuing to 51N, 16W. From the HWM analysis alone, it appears uncertain whether this cyclone is still purely extratropical Jig or whether it is the combination of the former TC and another extratropical cyclone that merged with Jig. On 11 October at 12Z, HURDAT indicates the formation of Tropical Storm Jig in the central Atlantic, and no changes are made to the timing of genesis. Available observations on the 11th suggest the presence of a tropical cyclone, but nearly 2 degrees south of the previous HURDAT position. The analyzed position for that time is 22.4N, 47.0W (originally 24.3N, 47.2W). Jig moved on a broad curving arc through the Atlantic Ocean. It recurved east of Bermuda around 00Z on the 15th around 31N, 60W. Jig had already begun moving northeastward on the 16th before it finally began to accelerate in that direction on the 17th as an extratropical system. The 14th and 15th were the only two days for which aircraft reconnaissance investigated this cyclone, but on the 13th, a ship timeseries reveals that the 1005 mb isobar was approximately 40 nmi from the center of Jig at two different azimuths between 13Z - 18Z. There are too many uncertain variables to obtain an accurate central pressure by running the Schloemer equation, but the equation was still run to obtain a general idea of what the intensity might have been. Central pressure values ranging from 987 to 994 mb were obtained by running the Schloemer equation a few different times and tweaking the environmental pressure and RMW to allow for the uncertainty. If the central pressure was 987 mb, that value yields 68 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 64 kt for north of 25N. Since it is possible that Jig could have been that intense, no changes are made to the 65 and 70 kt intensities in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 13th. There were three flights to monitor Jig- two on the 14th and one on the 15th, but no aircraft central pressures were reported with Jig. During the flight on the morning of the 14th, 80 kt maximum surface winds were visually estimated 20 nmi from the center in the northeast quadrant. The RMW at the time was about 15 nmi. The aircraft probably did not reach the RMW since the center was fixed by the boxing method. During the afternoon flight on the 14th, the eye was penetrated and maximum surface winds estimated were 100 kt. It is fairly certain that this was a 700 mb penetration, which may have been why the central pressure was not reported. The flight on morning of the 15th located Jig by boxing method, so peak intensity information was probably not observed; however, available aircraft observations from that flight show surface winds were visually estimated at hurricane force. There were also some 50 kt ship observations on the 15th around the 1007 mb isobar about 100 nmi from the center. HURDAT shows a peak intensity for Jig of 105 kt at 18Z on the 15th. No intensity changes are made to HURDAT from genesis on the 11th through the 15th, so the peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th is maintained due to a lack of intensity information. (While there is insufficient evidence to downgrade Jig below major hurricane status, it is noted that the aircraft wind reports for this storm are lower than seen in other storms in 1950. How much of this is due to the boxing-type flight pattern is unclear.) By the 16th, Jig was moving northeastward over the central north Atlantic far from any land areas. By 00Z on 16 October Jig was beginning to take on extratropical characteristics, and Jig is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 16th (30 hours earlier than originally) near 36N, 56W. Ship observations as well as the extratropical transition on the 16th indicate that the intensity of Jig was weaker than the intensities shown in HURDAT. Downward adjustments of 10 to 15 kt are analyzed for HURDAT on the 16th. A 75 kt intensity is maintained through 06Z on the 17th (up from 65 kt originally at 06Z on the 17th) due to a ship observation of 70 kt at 06Z on the 17th. A moderate track change is made at 00Z on the 17th and the position is shifted about 2 degrees southwest of the previous HURDAT position. A few of the ship observations around that time may have contained errors and thus made the analysis complicated, but overall they indicate that the HURDAT position was too far northeast at the time. The final position listed in HURDAT for Jig originally was at 18Z on the 17th at 44.1N, 69.9W as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone. Ship observations indicate that the cyclone was absorbed after 00Z on the 18th, so one 6-hourly point is added to HURDAT. The final position at 00Z on the 18th is analyzed to be 47.5N, 37.5W as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone. Thereafter, no more east winds were found north of the center, because Jig was being absorbed by a very large, broad, weak low to its north. A quote from the Air Weather Service post-season report. "Error in the 24 hour forecast for this hurricane were quite large averaging 238 miles due to three reasons: 1. Because the storm did not seriously threaten any land area, only three flights were made into it, two of these being on one day. 2. The acceleration of this storm, particularly in its latter stages served to magnify the forecast errors, and 3. the fact that after 12 October the storm continued on a NE course instead of continuing its curvature to the right" (AWS). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 11 (King) 35370 10/13/1950 M= 7 11 SNBR= 782 KING XING=1 SSS=3 35370 10/13/1950 M= 8 11 SNBR= 782 KING XING=1 SSS=4 * * 35375 10/13* 0 0 0 0*160 842 35 0*160 839 35 0*160 834 35 0* 35375 10/13* 0 0 0 0*160 842 25 0*160 839 25 0*160 838 25 0* ** ** *** ** 35380 10/14*160 830 35 0*160 827 40 0*162 824 40 0*165 818 45 0* 35380 10/14*160 837 30 0*161 836 30 0*162 835 30 0*163 833 35 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35385 10/15*168 812 50 0*170 808 50 0*173 804 55 0*177 800 60 0* 35385 10/15*166 827 40 0*169 820 45 0*172 810 50 0*177 800 55 992* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 35390 10/16*182 796 65 0*189 791 75 0*196 787 85 0*202 785 95 0* 35390 10/16*184 793 65 0*189 790 70 0*193 787 75 985*200 783 80 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35395 10/17*209 785 100 0*219 786 105 955*230 790 105 0*238 793 100 0* 35395 10/17*211 782 75 0*222 783 65 0*232 790 70 988*240 795 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35400 10/18*247 797 95 0*258 802 90 0*270 808 75 0*286 815 65 0* 35400 10/18*247 798 105 0*259 803 115 955*271 810 80 975*286 815 70 983* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** 35405 10/19*300 824 35 0*311 835 25 0*321 846 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 35405 10/19*300 824 65 989*311 835 45 992*317 845 35 996*321 853 25 999* ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** (The 20th is new to HURDAT.) 35405 10/20*325 860 20 1000*329 865 20 1002* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35410 HRCFL3 35410 HRCFL4DFL1 ******** International Landfall: 10/16/1950 - 22Z - 20.9N, 78.3W - 80 kt - Cuba U.S. Landfall: 10/18/1950 - 05Z - 25.7N, 80.2W - 115 kt - 955 mb - 1005 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI - 5 nmi RMW - 11 kt speed Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane which made landfall in Cuba and at Miami, FL. Major changes are made to the time King became a tropical storm, and changes are made to the U.S. landfall Saffir-Simpson categories. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Barnes (1998), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez et al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992). October 11: HWM analyzes a spot low near11.4N, 80.4W along with an elongated trough over central America. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 12: HWM analyzes a spot low near 14.3N, 79.5W with an elongated trough of low pressure less than 1010 mb extending from there westward across central America to the eastern Pacific. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 13: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.2N, 83.5W located within a trough of low pressure elongated E-W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 83.9W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.7N, 83.4W. "During October 13th it became evident on the surface chart that there was an area of disturbed weather in the western Caribbean centered near Swan Island. At 15Z, the winds aloft at Swan Island were easterly while at Puerta Cabeyas 200 miles to the south the winds aloft were almost due west to 10,000 feet, the top of the pibal" (AWS). No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.1N, 82.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 82.4W. Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 16N, 83.5W. Land/station highlights: 5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 15.0N, 83.2W (HWM, micro); 1005 mb at 2130Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro). "By 1830Z, the 24-hr surface pressure change at Swan Island was -4.4 mbs" (AWS). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 81.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 80.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 17.3N, 79.9W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.4N, 81.0W. Microfilm analyzes a large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17.4N, 81.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1001 mb at 06Z at 16.5N, 82.1W (COA); 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 12Z at 15.0N, 81.7W (COA). A few other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 5 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 15.0N, 83.2W (micro); 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 15Z at Grand Cayman (micro). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S (38 kt SSE at flight-level of ~1000 ft) and 999 mb at 1830Z at 18.1N, 79.2W (ATS); center fix at 1915Z at 18.1N, 79.6W with 992 mb central pressure and 45 kt maximum observed winds on the southeast side (AWS, ATS). At least three other low pressures between 997-1004 mb. "This hurricane formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 15 and moved on a northeasterly course at first, past the western end of Jamaica" (MWR). "Post flight summary: Storm appears to be in development stage with poorly defined center. Low pressure of 992 mb would indicate rapid future development. Max winds in southeast quadrant near 40 to 45 kt with gusts to 55 kt in a few squalls. Moderate rain east and north of the center. Showers southeast through southwest. Cloud west through northwest. Winds fall to average 9 kt in center. Navy ten: Very small closed center- poorly defined at 1915Z at 18.1N, 79.5W. Lowest pressure 992 mb" (micro). "Aircraft reconnaissance was dispatched on the 15th and found a small poorly defined center with gusts to 55 kt and central pressure 992 mbs. By this time, the storm had drifted east-northeastward from the area south of Swan Island and was swinging north toward Cuba" (AWS). "Development of the storm occurred slowly until the 15th and rapidly after that time" (AWS). From flight. "15/1915Z: Storm appears to be in development stage with very small poorly defined center. Central pressure 992 mbs. Max wind in SE quadrant near 40-45 kt and a few squalls gusty to 55 kt. Moderate rain E and N of center. Showers SE through SW, cloudy W through NW. Winds fall to average 9 kt in center" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This was the first flight into a suspicious area south of Cuba. The flight was briefed to investigate the area from Miami, to Swan Island, to Jamaica and back to Miami, departing from this course at the discretion of the aerologist aboard. A very small closed circulation was located with a minimum surface pressure of 992 mb. 1915Z: Very small closed center poorly defined. Lowest sfc pressure 992 mb" (ATS). October 16: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.1N, 79.0W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 78.7W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 18.4N, 79.3W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.3N, 78.6W with 110 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 78.5W with a 987 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.6N, 78.4W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near19.5N, 78.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1002 mb at 03Z at 19.8N, 78.3W (micro); 45 kt ENE and 999 mb at 14Z at 20.2N, 78.4W (micro); 50 kt NNW and 994 mb at 17Z at 20.0N, 78.4W (micro). Four other gales of 35 kt and seven other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00Z at Pt. Negrito, Jamaica (18.3N, 78.3W (micro, AWS); 35 kt ESE and 998 mb at 12Z at 19.8N, 77.6W (micro); 35 kt S and 998 mb at 15Z at 19.8N, 77.6W (micro). Three other gales between 35-40 kt and nine other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1445Z at 19.5N, 78.5W with 985 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 95 kt around ~150-180 m, [which reduces to 73 to 75 kt surface winds after multiplying by 0.77-0.79] (ATS, AWS). At least one other surface gale, two other flight-level gales, and six other low pressures. "Then [King] turned northward across Cuba just west of Camaguey during the night of the 16th. It was a small hurricane at that time; strongest winds at Camaguey were only around 65 mph" (MWR). "Navy 6 at 1445Z: 19.5N, 78.5W. Wind WNW 95 kt with gusts to 100 kt. Entered eye, 10 mi diameter. Post flight summary: It was found to be 10 to 15 miles in diameter" (micro). "During the night [of the 15-16th] it passed 40 miles NW of Jamaica" (AWS). "As the storm passed NW of Jamaica, one report of force 10 [50 kt] winds was received from Point Negrito. The winds probably rose above this but no more information is available" (AWS). From flight. "16/1445Z: Center was 10-15 miles across in diameter with winds over 75 kt extending out 25-30 miles and max wind of 95-110 kt near center. 50 kt winds extend outward 60 miles from center in NW quadrant. The eye though not clear of lower clouds was relatively calm with diffuse winds and clearly visible on radar" (AWS). From the ATS report. "Flight was made south from Miami to Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, obtaining fixes visually on these islands before proceeding to center. Increasing winds and southeasterly swells gave ample indication of both the intensity and proximity of the storm. Penetration was made directly into the west side of the storm and the center was fixed at 19.5N, 78.5W. Lowest pressure was 985 mb" (ATS). [It looks like max flight level wind was 95 kt with flight level gusts to 110 kt. Also, there is a slight chance that 985 mb may not have been a central pressure (ATS). "King - Oct. 16-17 - Cat 1 in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000). October 17: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered over Cuba near 22.3N, 79.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 23.0N, 79.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.2N, 78.1W with 90 kt max winds and 989 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.1N, 79.0W with 100 kt max winds and 988 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 78.9W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.1N, 78.9W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 23.3N, 79.1W. Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 999 mb at 09Z at 22.9N, 78.9W (micro). At least two other gales and seven other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 60 kt SE and 989 mb at 0130Z at 21.2N, 77.9W (micro); 70 kt (max w) and 989 mb (min p) at 0130Z Camaguey, Cuba (21.4N, 77.9W) (AWS) [may not have occurred simultaneously- but probably almost at same time]; 50 kt ENE and 996 mb at 05Z at 22.5N, 78.3W (micro); Key West radar center fixes at 19Z and 20Z between 23.9-24.0N, 79.7-79.8W (micro); 50 kt E and 997 mb at 21Z at 24.6N, 81.1W (micro). At least 19 other gales and 30 other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0329Z at 22.2N, 77.8W (micro); Navy radar center fixes at 1130Z, 1230Z, and 1333Z between 23.2-23.3N, 79.2W (micro); center fix at 1354Z at 23.4N, 79.7W with 988 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered [which reduces to 69 kt surface winds after multiplying by 0.77] (AWS, ATS); Navy radar center fixes at 1630Z, 1840Z, 2240Z, 2305Z, and 2330Z between 23.5-24.7N, 79.4-79.8W (micro). At least seven other flight-level winds between 50-70 kt and four other low pressures between 999-1005 mb between 1315Z-1500Z. "The course turned more to north-northwest as it moved through the Florida Straits on the 17th. A reconnaissance plane entered the 'eye' at about 1400Z on the 17th north of the Cuban coast and found strongest winds about 85 to 90 kt with some gusts to estimated at 100 kt. The minimum pressure in the center at that time was 988 mb, and the 'eye' was about 20 miles in diameter" (MWR). "Navy hurricane radar 17/0329Z position 22.2N, 77.8W. Reliable" (micro). "Navy-2: 23.2N, 79.2W at 1130Z. Navy-3: 23.2N, 79.2W at 1230Z. Navy-4: 23.3N, 79.2W at 1333Z. Entered eye 1354Z- north side. 23.6N, 79.7W. 988 mb. Sustained wind 090 degree 90 kt with gusts to 100 kt. Navy 5: 23.5N, 79.5W. Course of eye is 317 degrees at 14 kt. Navy 7: Eye centered 23.6N, 79.5W (radar and land fix). Navy-8: 1630Z position of eye 23.5N, 79.4W. Eye appears to have slowed and intensified. Scope presentation becoming clearer and better defined. Plane position of hurricane at 1830Z is 23.8N, 79.8W. Reliability uncertain because of unclear picture on scope. 1840Z: 23.8N, 79.6W. Key West radar 1900Z: 23.9N, 79.8W. 1915Z: 23.9N, 79.8W. Key West radar 2000Z: 24.0N, 79.7W (pos uncertain). 2015Z: 24.2N, 79.8W. Definite NE track. Increasing speed. 2100Z: 24.3N, 79.4W. Eye poorly defined. Fix average to good. 2200Z: 24.5N, 79.4W. Eye appears to be splitting into two formations. Due to gear reliability, uncertain. 2240Z: Plane radar position 24.6N, 79.5W. Scope presentation average. Eye open to SW. Storm bears 148 degrees, 78 miles [from Miami?]. 2305Z from [Tampa?]: Position 24.7N, 79.7W. Eye open to SW. 2330Z: Plane radar position 24.7N, 79.8W. Eye completely closed" (micro). "Continuing a curve to the left, it crossed Cuba on the morning of the 17th, straightened out on a NNW heading, and passed directly over Miami on the morning of the 18th" (AWS). "Hourly reports from Camaguey show a minimum pressure of 989 mb and force 12 wind [hurricane force] at 0130Z. This was the only hour the wind was reported above force 7 [30 kt]. Cayo Paredon Grande off the north coast of Cuba reported winds above force 7 for four hours with a maximum of force 10. Outside of the reconnaissance flight on the morning of October 17th which reported 90 kt with gusts to 100 kt there was no indication of the severe intensity of the storm until it reached Miami. Due to the small size of the storm, the automatic weather station in the Florida Straits and the Coast Guard stations along the Keys gave little indication of a severe storm. Before the storm center reached Miami, forecasters were ready to admit that the storm had weakened or had been overestimated by reconnaissance. As the center reached Miami, however, it became apparent that despite its minute size, King packed a terrific punch" (AWS). From Navy Radar flight. "1st Navy Radar flight- 17/1130Z: Eye open to south. 1230Z: Eye closed eastern semicircle. West open on scope. Eye diameter 20 miles. 1330Z: Eye open to SW. Diameter 30 miles. 1354Z: Eye circular, well defined, 20 miles in diameter, broken to south. Lowest pressure 988 mb, max sustained wind 90 kt for 5 miles north edge of eye. 65 kt extends 30 miles N of eye. Sustained wind 75 kt for 25 miles on ESE side of eye. Gusts to 100 kt on north side. 1430Z: Course and speed of eye estimated 317 degrees at 14 kt. 1530Z: Eye appears to be curving toward north. 1630Z: Eye appears to have slowed and intensified. Scope presentation becoming clearer and better defined. 2nd Navy Radar flight- 1840Z: Scope presentation fairly good. 1915Z: Diameter of eye fluctuating 16-24 miles. 2100: eye poorly defined. 2200Z: Eye appears to be splitting into two formations within 10 degrees of each other. 2240Z: No more indication of split eye, eye open to SW. 2330Z: Diameter of eye completely closed" (AWS). "Cape Canaveral experienced winds above hurricane force while Storm King was still over Cuba. As King approached the area the high weakened and the winds abated" (AWS). "Between the time King left Cuba and arrived at Miami, 26 aircraft fixes on the storm center were received. One was by visual penetration and 25 by AEW radar" (AWS). From the ATS report. "During the night of 16-17 October this storm passed over Cuba in the vicinity of Camaguey. A VX-4 radar plane was dispatched to the hurricane early in the morning of 17 October to be stationed at 10,000 feet. Low-level reconnaissance was made to determine size and extent of storm. 50 kt winds were encountered from Miami to about 25 miles north of the eye when winds of 65 kt were encountered. The wall of the eye was 5 miles wide with 90 kt sustained and gusts to 100 kt on the northern side [at flight level]. Navy four, plain language message: Entered eye 1354Z north side. Position 23.4N, 79.7W. Pressure 988 mb. Max sustained wind 090 degrees 90 kt gust 100 kt. Eye not completely solid to south. Diameter [of eye] 20 miles and circular. Departed eye on the east-southeast side at 1408Z sustained winds of 75 kt backing from 230 degrees to 155 degrees extended outward 25 miles from eye" (ATS). October 18: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.5N, 80.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 80.8W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.0N, 80.0W with 120 kt max winds and 966 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 27.0N, 81.0W with 100 kt max winds and 970 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 80.5W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.1N, 80.7W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 984 mb centered near 27.1N, 80.9W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 26.3N, 80.1W (COA); 60 kt E and 1001 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 80.5W (COA); 70 kt E and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.0N, 80.0W (COA, micro); 65 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 21Z at 29.3N, 79.6W (micro). At least 11 other gales between 35-70 kt and four other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 100 kt NE and 962 mb at 0430Z at Miami WBO (Weather Bureau Office in Downtown Miami- near Miami River and Biscayne Bay) (25.8N, 80.2W) (micro); 957 mb (min p) at 0448Z at Miami WBO (WB advisories, MWR, state climo); 30 kt SE (min wind inside RMW) at Miami WBO (state climo); 70 kt NE (max w/1-min) G 109 kt at 0459Z at Miami Airport (NW 36th street - 25.8N, 80.3W) (AWS, MWR, state climo); 960 mb (min p) at 0500Z at Miami Airport (MWR, state climo); 16 kt NW (min wind inside RMW) at Miami Airport (state climo); 955 mb (central pressure) and [presumably calm] around ~05Z at residence of off-duty Weather Bureau employee (Barnes); 106 kt S (max w/1-min) G 130 kt at ~0515-0530Z at WBO Miami (AWS, MWR, climo, state climo, Barnes); 90 kt SW and 968 mb at 0530Z at Miami WBO (micro); 15-20 kt W and 967 mb at 0530Z at Miami Airport (micro); center fix- calm and 962 mb at 0530Z at NAS Miami [Opa Locka?] (state climo); center fix- calm at 07Z at Davie (26.1N, 80.2W) (micro); 92 kt ESE (max w) and 985 mb (min p) around ~0720Z at Bahia Mar, Ft. Lauderdale (26.1N, 80.1W) (micro); 74 kt E (max w/1-min) at 0820Z at Belle Glade Exp. Station (state climo); 60 kt NE and 979 mb at 09Z at Clewiston (26.8N, 80.9W) (micro); 20 kt NNW and 975 mb at 10Z at Clewiston (micro); 975 mb (min p) with 16 kt (min wind inside RMW) at 1006Z at Clewiston (state climo); 70 kt ENE and 998 mb at 10Z at Vero Beach (micro); 63 kt max w/1-min G 74-83 kt at 1125Z at Vero Beach (state climo) 36 kt ESE and 979 mb at 1230Z at Okeechobee (27.2N, 80.8W) (micro); 64 kt E (max w/1-min) G 87 kt at 1308Z at Banana River NAS (28.2N, 80.6W) (state climo); center fix at 1616Z near 27.8N, 81.4W (micro); 65 kt NE (max w/1-min) at 17Z at Cape Canaveral (28.4N, 80.6W) (state climo); 55 kt NE G 81 kt and 995 mb at 17Z at Daytona Beach (29.2N, 81.1W) (micro); 40 kt E G 45 kt and 988 mb at 17Z at Orlando (28.6N, 81.4W) (micro); 987 mb (min p) at 1750Z at Orlando WBAS (state climo); center fix- calm around 1800Z-1830Z at Clarcona (28.6N, 81.5W) (micro); Gainesville radar center fixes at 2000Z and 2040Z between 28.9-29.2N, 81.6W (micro); 63 kt E (max w/1-min) at 2306Z [probably around 22Z] at Jacksonville WBAS (30.4N, 81.7W) (AWS, state climo). Several dozen other gales and low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0000Z, 0030Z, 0100Z, 0130Z, 0200Z, 0230Z, 0320Z, 0330Z, 0400Z, and 0533Z between 24.8-25.9N, 79.9-80.1W (micro). "When it reached Miami at midnight, the central pressure was 955 mb, and the central calm area was only about 5 miles in diameter. Maximum sustained winds had increased to 122 mph with gusts of about 150 mph. Thus in the period from around 1400Z [on the 17th to 0500Z on the 18th] (a 15 hour period), there was considerable intensification; central pressure fell 33 mb [in 15 hr] the wind increased greatly, and the central 'eye' contracted from 20 miles to 5 miles in diameter. The barograph traces for Miami indicate a small, intense vortex. The [Downtown Miami station and the 36th street Airport station] were on the edges of the 'eye,' with center midway between them. The principle damage zone [through the greater Miami area] was only 14 miles wide. In this narrow strip, structural damage was extensive, and it was so sharply outlined that many at first thought the damage was caused by a tornado or a series of them. In a distance of about ¼ to ½ miles, damage increased from light to heavy, but a careful examination immediately after the storm by experienced meteorologists failed to find evidence of tornadic action. The damage was simply that of violent hurricane winds, the most severe to visit Miami since the great hurricane that devastated the city in 1926. There have been numerous reports of lightning and thunder in hurricane vortices, especially in the tropics, and numerous other instances of thunder in peripheral areas, but this is the first occasion observed in Florida, to this writer's knowledge, of lightning and thunder right near the center where wind velocities were 95 to 125 mph. There were several brilliant lightning flashes with thunder during the height of the storm, observed by the writer, and one discharge occurred very near the Weather Bureau Office with a sharp crack of thunder heard about the deafening scream of the wind, only a few minutes before the lull occurred. After leaving the Miami area, the center continued a north-northwesterly course, crossed over Lake Okeechobee, and continued through eastern Florida into Georgia. Hurricane force winds in squalls extended nearly to the Georgia line, especially along the Atlantic coast, and considerable damage resulted in all the eastern counties of Florida. Very heavy squalls extended out a considerable distance northeast of the barometric center after it reached the middle peninsula. By this time, however, the center was beginning to spread out and break up, and winds were weakening on the south and west sides" (MWR). Regarding the damage and causalities. "This small, but violent, hurricane passed directly over the city of Miami about midnight of the October 17 and caused property damage that amounted to an estimated $15,000,000 in the city and its vicinity. Total damage for Florida in crops and property was about $27,750,000, which, when increased by the $250,000 damage done in Georgia, brings the grand total for this hurricane to $28,000,000. Three persons were killed in Florida and one in Georgia, with injuries to 199 others, 16 of whom were injured seriously" (MWR). "0000Z plane radar position of center: 24.8N, 79.9W. Eye well defined with center 30 mi from Key Largo" (micro). "Radar positions 0030Z: 24.8N, 79.9W. 0100Z: 24.9N, 79.9W. Observed definite north movement. Eye well defined 29 miles off Keys. 0130Z: 25.0N, 79.9W. Presentation good. Eye open in SW quadrant. Center 25 miles off beach. 0200Z: 25.1N, 79.9W. Eye well defined. Closed all quadrants. Center of eye 20 miles off Keys. 0230Z: 25.2N, 79.9W. 0300Z: 25.3N, 78.0W. Leading edge of eye 4 miles from beach. 0320Z: 25.5N, 80.0W. 0330Z: 25.5N, 80.0W. Leading edge of eye 3 miles south of Cape Florida. 0400Z: 25.6N, 80.1W. Diameter of eye 17 mi. Open S. NW edge 2 miles south of Miami. 0533Z: 25.9N, 80.1W. Course 349 degrees. Speed 12 kt. Eye poorly defined. Center on coastline. Eye very small" (micro). "Lowest pressure at Bahia Mar, Ft. Lauderdale 985 mb at about 0720Z. Highest winds 80 kt from the ESE. At 0735Z, SSE 57-59 kt. Complete lull at Davie at 0700Z. From the WB advisories. "The center of the hurricane passed between the downtown weather bureau office and the 36th street Airport office here in Miami between midnight and 12:15 am. Highest sustained wind at the city office was 106 mph and the Miami Weather Bureau Office at the Airport had gusts of 125 mph. Lowest pressure observed at the downtown office was 28.25 inches (957 mb)" (WB advisories). From the WB advisory issued at 1330Z. "Late reports from around the Lake Okeechobee area indicate the hurricane center passed between Belle Glade and Clewiston and about over the center of the lake. The center is now located between Lake Okeechobee and Lake Istokpoga still moving towards the NNW at about 12 to 14 mph. Winds of 50 to 60 with gusts of 70 to as much as 90 mph were reported from some of the stations on Lake Okeechobee" (WB advisories). "At 1616Z highway patrol reported lull with sun shining east of Lake Wales at intersection of route 630 and 60" (micro). "DAB evacuated 1704Z, ORL at 1708Z" (micro). "Calm and lull at Clarcona lasted for about 39 minutes" (micro). "Radar fix- Gainesville 2000Z: 28.9N, 81.6W. Barometer at Gainesville 997 mb. Wind NE. 2040Z Gainesville radar fixed storm over Aster Park east of Ocala National Forest. Both fixes were poorly defined" (micro). "At the [Miami] Weather Bureau city office which was closest to the center and to the right of the track the barometer was below 29.00 inches for approximately an hour and thirty minutes. During that time the barometer dropped to 28.32 inches and rose again. The wind instrument was a cup anemometer. In only one hour did more than 75 miles of wind pass the station. Five minute maximums were of hurricane force only two hours. The one-minute maximum was 122 mph and top gusts were estimated at 150 mph. At the airport station on the left side of the track a gust of 125 mph was recorded. Nearly all stations around Lake Okeechobee and along the east coast as far north as Jacksonville reported winds of hurricane force. Jacksonville itself which has never experienced hurricane winds due to a tropical cyclone recorded a one-minute maximum of 72 mph with gusts estimated at 82 mph. The size of the eye of King appears to have decreased considerably as it approached Florida. Over Miami, it passed between the Weather Bureau City and Airport stations which are approximately eight miles apart. From this and other data the calm eye was computed to be approximately five miles in diameter. Less than 18 hours previously, the diameter had been determined as 20 miles by visual observation and 30 miles by radar. As can be seen from the flight summaries, later radar reports indicated the eye to be fluctuating between 7 or 17 miles in diameter. The extent of destructive winds was also erratic. Chief Forecaster Grady Norton personally inspected the storm area and reported that the path of principal destruction was only 7-10 miles wide through the greater Miami area and northward to west Ft. Lauderdale. So sharply defined was this principal damage zone that he passed from the severe damage into the minor damage area within half a mile. The strong winds on the east coast farther north were associated with a band of strong winds which extended across central Florida for several days before the storm arrived" (AWS). "It then traversed the entire Florida peninsula and in Georgia again curved to the left and crossed southern Alabama" (AWS). "In Florida, it caused damages estimated at $27,750,000, killed three people and injured 199. In Georgia one person was killed and damages were estimated at $250,000" (AWS). "It is interesting to note that King is the first recorded hurricane to enter the east coast of Florida during the month of October" (AWS). Continued from the 2nd Navy Radar flight on the 17th. "18/0000Z: Eye well defined. 0230Z: Scope presentation good. Eye open SW quadrant. Diameter of eye 7 miles. 0400Z: Diameter of eye 17 miles, open to south" (AWS). "King - Oct. 18, 1950 - 955 mb landfall pressure based upon 955 mb observed at Miami, FL - RMW 6 nm - Speed 6 kt - Landfall point 26.1N, 80.1W" (Ho et al. 1987). "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 17-18 - Peninsula - Major - Miami bar. 28.20 in., wind 122 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3; Dunn and Miller 1960). "King - 1014 mb [environmental pressure at landfall] - 98 kt [estimated max 1-min wind at landfall]" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). "King - FL, SE - 955 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). October 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm [King] of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.6N, 84.4W. HWM also analyzes another tropical storm [Love] of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.7N, 91.4W with a single 1005 mb isobar encircling both tropical cyclones. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.1N, 84.6W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.0N, 82.7W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.6N, 84.3W with 35 kt max winds and 996 mb pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.4N, 83.7W with a 998 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.1N, 84.4W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 31.7N, 84.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 30.1N, 80.6W (COA). At least one other relevant gale and one other low pressure. Land/station highlights: 40 kt ESE and 997 mb at 00Z at Jacksonville (micro); 15 kt S and 993 mb at 00Z at Ocala (micro); 992 mb (uncorrected) (min p) at 00Z at Raiford, FL (30.1N, 82.2W (state climo); 40 kt NNE and 999 mb at 06Z at 31.5N, 84.1W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 10Z at Valdosta, GA (micro); 25 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 32.2N, 84.9W (micro); 20 kt SE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 32.8N, 83.6W (micro). "By the 19th, the 300 mb trough in the Gulf had expanded to form a large low which now included both King and Love and caused both storms to follow the Fujiwhara pattern" (AWS). October 20: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low associated with King on this day. A cold front is plotted extending from 38N, 86W to 39N, 78W. Tropical Storm Love is shown by HWM to be centered near 27N, 87W. HURDAT no longer lists King on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position for King near 33.3N, 87.1W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z still analyzes a closed low associated with King of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.1N, 87.8W. Microfilm also shows the front as well as Love, similar to the HWM analysis in that sense. Land/station highlights (through 06Z only): 5 kt W and 1001 mb at 00Z at 32.4N, 86.3W (micro); 10 kt SW and 1003 mb at 06Z 32.4N, 86.3W. Thirteen other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. On 11 and 12 October, an elongated trough was located over Central America. Although HURDAT starts this at 06Z on the 13th as a 35 kt tropical storm just off the coast of Honduras, there is not much conclusive evidence of a TC until 12Z on the 14th. There is also not enough evidence to remove a portion of the HURDAT track, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis. However, there are enough observations close enough to the analyzed position of the center to lower the intensity to tropical depression status from 06Z on the 13th through 12Z on the 14th, so King is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 30 hours later than originally. Also, the forward speed from the 13th to the 14th is analyzed to be much slower so that by the 14th at 18Z, the analyzed position is lagging behind the HURDAT position by 1.5 degrees. On the 14th at 18Z, the analyzed position is 16.3N, 83.3W, and the cyclone was moving very slowly towards the east-northeast. The lowest pressures from surface observations on the 14th were 1005 mb, and on the 15th at 06Z, a ship measured 1001 mb 20 nmi from the analyzed center position. However, no gales had been observed from surface observation platforms by the time the first aircraft center fix was performed at 1915Z on the 15th. During the 15th and 16th, King was moving northeastward passing between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. It approached the southern coast of eastern Cuba by late on the 16th. At 1915Z on the 15th, the aircraft measured a central pressure of 992 mb, measured maximum winds of 45 kt, and reported that the center was very small but poorly defined. A 992 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th. A central pressure of 992 mb yields 61 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The environmental pressure was low and the ROCI was very large. 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 15th (down from 60 kt originally). From 06Z on the 13th until 18Z on the 15th, the HURDAT intensity is reduced by 5 to 10 kt at each 6-hourly point. On the 16th at 00Z, the first gales from surface observations were recorded. Point Negrito on the western tip of Jamaica recorded 50 kt with 1000 mb at 00Z on the 16th. The center was 60 nmi away at that time. At 1445Z on the 16th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 985 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z. A central pressure of 985 mb yields 71 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW is about half of the climatological RMW size. 75 kt is chosen for 12Z and 80 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 16th (down from 85 and 95 kt respectively). The new track, which had been lagging behind the original track due to the slower analyzed speed on the 13th and 14th, caught up with the original track by 18Z on 15 October at 17.7N, 80.0W. On the 16th, the largest track change was only three-tenths of a degree, which is in very good agreement with the aircraft center fixes. King is analyzed to have made landfall in Cuba at 22Z on 16 October at 20.9N, 78.3W as an 80 kt hurricane. This analysis is supported by the assessment from Perez et al. of a Category 1 in Cuba. King passed just west of Camaguey around 0130Z on the 17th and emerged over water north of Cuba around 06Z. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 65 kt for 00Z on the 17th and 62 kt for 0130Z on the 17th. Camaguey recorded a minimum pressure of 989 mb simultaneously with 60 kt winds around 0130Z, which means the central pressure at landfall was likely lower than 982 mb and might have been even lower than that. It is possible that King deepened to a Category 2 prior to landfall but there are no concrete observations to support that. If the assumption is made that the central pressure was less than or equal to 982 mb when King passed Camaguey, that pressure yields winds of at least 74 kt (over water exposure). It is analyzed that King weakened to 75 kt by 00Z on the 17th and to 65 kt by 06Z on the 17th (down from 100 and 105 kt respectively at these times). The HURDAT intensities on the 17th as well as the central pressure of 955 mb in HURDAT at 06Z on the 17th were likely placed in the wrong day (the 18th would have been roughly correct for winds and pressure) during the original HURDAT compilation. The reanalyzed track over Cuba is a few tenths of a degree east of the previous HURDAT track, eastward closer to the city of Camaguey. After King emerged over water north of Cuba, it made a turn to the north-northwest and headed toward Miami. At 09Z on the 17th, a ship recorded 65 kt with 999 mb, and at 1354Z, aircraft measured a central pressure oh 988 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 988 mb yields 67 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (down from 105 kt originally). Numerous center fixes were obtained by the Navy radar aircraft between 1130Z on the 17th all the way until landfall near Miami, which occurred on the 18th between 04Z - 05Z. The eye radius was 8 to 12 nmi around 1915Z on the 17th. At 0230Z on the 18th, the aircraft reported King at 25.2N, 79.9W with an eye radius contracted down to 3.5 nautical miles. King moved from south-southeast to north-northwest on its approach from Cuba to southeast Florida. The center of King passed between Elliot Key and Key Biscayne and moved north-northwestward through Biscayne Bay before making landfall near Coconut Grove and Vizcaya. The center of Hurricane King made its first and only Florida landfall near Grove Isle (located about 2 miles south-southwest of downtown Miami) around 0430Z on the 18th. In more general terms, landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 05Z at 25.7N, 80.2W. King was a tiny storm, and the analyzed landfall RMW is 5 nmi, but the RMW may have possibly been as tiny as 3 nmi at landfall. The MWR post-season article shows that the radius of the calm eye was 2.6 miles, and the width of the swath of significant damage caused by this hurricane was only 14 miles wide (confirmed by meteorologists conducting post-storm surverys). King was compared to a "large tornado." The eye was so tiny that it passed in between the Weather Bureau office in Downtown Miami (located near the location of present day Bayside, near Biscayne Boulevard and I-395) and the 36th Street Airport station (located in the vicinity of NW 36th Street and Red Road). At the Downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office, a 5-minute maximum wind of 84 kt from the NE was recorded at 0440Z (anemometer height 68 meters). The minimum pressure of 957 mb at that station was recorded about eight minutes later at 0448Z. The Downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office experienced the inside of the RMW, but not the calm eye. The wind decreased briefly to a minimum of 30 kt inside the RMW. The maximum recorded 1-minute wind at the Downtown Weather Bureau office was 106 kt from the south at 0538 UTC and gusts were estimated as high as 130 kt, however, the anemometer was significantly elevated at a height of 68 meters. The 106 kt 1 min wind adjusts down to 91 kt 10 m. At the Miami Airport, the maximum 1-minute wind reported was 70 kt NNE-NE from the northeast at 0459Z. Gusts were measured as high as 109 kt at the Airport station. The minimum pressure at the Airport Station was 960 mb at 0500Z. The RMW was experienced at the Airport station, but not the calm eye. The wind decreased to a minimum of 16 kt NW inside the RMW around 0530 UTC. Although both stations were inside the RMW for a few brief moments, neither station reported the calm eye. A central pressure of 955 mb was recorded at the residence of an off-duty Miami Weather Bureau Employee (exact location and time both unknown). The analyzed landfall central pressure is 955 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 18th. (Again, note that HURDAT did have the 955 mb value, but was included on the wrong - 17th - date.) A central pressure of 955 mb yields 108 and 105 kt, respectively, according to the intensifying set of the pressure wind relationship for south and north of 25N, respectively. The central pressure of King deepened by 33 mb during the 14 hr prior to landfall at Miami. The forward speed of 11 kt is average, the ROCI of 200 nmi is average, but the OCI of 1005 mb is very low. However, the low OCI should be weighted less in this case, because Tropical Storm Love was forming just to the west in close proximity to Hurricane King, and no isobars greater than 1005 could be closed off around King. The pressure gradient on the northeast side of King was very strong, and there was a very strong high located over the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast coasts of the United States (the pressure at Cape Hatteras was 1027 mb as King approached Miami). The analyzed RMW is 5 nmi, which is tiny compared to the climatological RMW of 17 nmi. A 115 kt intensity is chosen for the 05Z landfall near Miami. The revised intensities in HURDAT leading up to landfall from 12Z on the 17th through 06Z on the 18th are 70, 90, 115, and 115 kt (originally 105, 100, 95, and 90 kt). The Category 3 impact in HURDAT for southeast Florida is revised upwards to a Category 4 impact. No hurricane impact is analyzed for southwest Florida, but Category 1 winds likely came very close to southwest Florida as King moved north-northwestward across Lake Okeechobee. After King passed through the heart of the Miami Metro area, the eye was observed at Davie and 80 kt winds occurred in Fort Lauderdale around 07Z on the 18th. King then passed over Lake Okeechobee between 10Z - 12Z. The center passed over Clarcona, a suburb of Orlando, FL, around 18Z. The land-based radar at Gainesville, FL last located the center at 2040Z on the 18th over Aster Park near 29.2N, 81.6W. King tracked into southwestern Georgia on the 19th and curved slightly from north-northwest to northwest. King dissipated over Alabama on the 20th. The largest track change on the 18th is two-tenths of a degree and on the 19th four-tenths of a degree. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after the Miami landfall yield 93 kt for 06Z on the 18th, 72 kt for 12Z, 51 kt for 18Z, 40 kt for 00Z on the 19th, and 33 kt for 06Z. The highest wind observation within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 91 kt at 06Z on the 18th, 70 kt at 12Z, 70 kt at 18Z, 70 kt at 00Z on the 19th, and 40 kt at 06Z. Revised intensities in HURDAT from 06Z on the 18th through 06Z on the 19th are: 115, 80, 70, 65, and 45 kt (90, 75, 65, 35, and 25 kt originally). King is analyzed to have remained a hurricane 6 hours later than in HURDAT originally. A Category 1 impact for northeast Florida is added into HURDAT. The analysis indicates that King did not weaken to a tropical storm until after the center reached the Georgia coast, although no hurricane force winds likely occurred in Georgia. The following central pressures are added into HURDAT between 12Z on the 18th and 12Z on the 19th based on sufficient observational coverage over land: 975, 983, 989, 992, and 996 mb. The last point listed in HURDAT for King is at 12Z on the 19th as a 25 kt tropical depression over southwestern Georgia. It is analyzed that King was still a 35 kt tropical storm at that time and that dissipation did not occur until 18 hours later than shown in HURDAT. King is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 19th (12 hours later than originally). The following central pressure values are added into HURDAT between 18Z on the 19th and 06Z on the 20th: 999, 1000, and 1002 mb. King dissipated after 06Z on the 20th with a final point of 32.9N, 86.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression at 06Z. Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report and Monthly Weather Review. "The hurricane of October 1950 [King] will be remembered long after the rest of the storms of that year have been forgotten. To Miamians, it will be remembered as the greatest storm since 1926. To the forecasters of the Air Force Hurricane Office it will be remembered as the smallest severe storm of their experience" (AWS). "The warning service was excellent and provided ample time for all possible hurricane preparation. This doubtless saved many lives and much property. A hurricane alert was ordered for south Florida 36 hours ahead of the storm, and hurricane warnings were ordered 18 hours ahead of the hurricane winds by the Miami Hurricane Center. [An "alert" back then is synonymous with a hurricane watch today.] Despite the good warning service, many people remained complacent and failed to take adequate precautions. This resulted in increased damage when glass windows blew out, and the interiors and contents of buildings were damaged by rainwater" (MWR). ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 12 (Unnamed) 35415 10/17/1950 M= 8 12 SNBR= 783 NOT NAMED XING=0 35420 10/17* 0 0 0 0*220 420 35 0*225 427 35 0*229 433 35 0* 35425 10/18*234 438 35 0*242 445 40 0*249 448 40 0*254 449 40 0* 35430 10/19*259 448 45 0*265 446 45 0*272 439 45 0*282 430 50 0* 35435 10/20*292 420 50 0*301 410 55 0*308 400 55 0*314 388 55 0* 35435 10/20*292 418 50 0*301 404 55 0*308 390 55 0*314 375 55 0* *** *** *** *** 35440 10/21*320 376 60 0*324 368 60 0*330 360 60 0*346 346 60 0* 35440 10/21*322 358 60 0*333 341 60 0*350 327 60 0*358 319 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35445 10/22*364 329 60 0*381 318 55 0*396 292 55 0*395 274 50 0* 35445 10/22*368 312 60 0*379 303 55 0*392 292 55 0*393 274 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35450 10/23*386 259 50 0*378 249 45 0*370 240 40 0*362 231 40 0* 35450 10/23*386 261 50 0*378 249 45 0*370 240 40 0*362 231 40 0* *** 35455 10/24*354 224 35 0*347 220 30 0*340 217 30 0*316 226 25 0* 35455 10/24*354 224 35 0*345 220 30 0*334 217 30 0*321 217 25 0* *** *** *** *** 35460 TS Major track changes (and no intensity alterations) are analyzed for this tropical storm that moved through the Azores. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ships database. October 17: HWM analyzes a spot low near 22.3N, 47.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.5N, 42.7W. No gales or low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.1N, 44.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.9N, 44.8W. No gales or low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.6N, 43.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 27.2N, 43.9W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 28.8N, 44.4W (COA). October 20: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.8N, 38.8W with a dissipating stationary front analyzed from 37N, 37W to 41N, 30W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 10 kt E and 1004 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 38.6W (COA, HWM); 15 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 31.6N, 40.3W (COA). October 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 34.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.0N, 36.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 14Z at 36.0N, 30.0W (COA); 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 18Z at 36.0N, 30.0W (COA); 15 kt W and 1004 mb at 22Z at 36.0N, 31.0W (COA). October 22: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.7N, 29.7W. A large, occluded, extratropical cyclone is centered up near 57N, 45W. An occluded front extends from the extratropical cyclone to 57N, 35W to 53N, 33W to 49N, 34W to a triple point near 45N, 36W. A warm front extends southward from this triple point to 42N, 37W and a cold front extends from the triple point to 42N, 41W to 40N, 44W to beyond 39N, 48W. Therefore, HWM analyzes the nearest front to be located about 350 n mi northwest of the feature of interest. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 39.6N, 29.2W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 00Z at 36.7N, 31.0W (COA); 45 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 02Z at 36.0N, 31.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 40.9N, 28.8W (HWM); 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 31.2W (COA). Two other gales and three other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 39.9N, 31.4W (Azores) (HWM); 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 38.8N, 27.3W (Azores) (HWM). October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.5N, 23.4W with an occluded front plotted from 51N, 23W, becoming a dissipating occluded front near 46N, 26W, becoming a cold front near 41N, 29W, continuing to 39N, 30W to 37N, 33W to 36N, 36W, meaning that the front is plotted about 350 n mi northwest of the center of the cyclone of interest. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 37.0N, 24.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1009 mb at 06Z at 38.9N, 29.3W (COA); 30 kt W and 1004 mb at 06Z at 36.4N, 26.1W (COA); 25 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 35.7N, 22.0W (COA). One other low pressure. Land/station highlights: 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 25.1W (Azores) (HWM). October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.7N, 20.5W with a dissipating cold front extending from near the low (36N, 19W), to 33N, 20W to 30N, 22W to 28N, 28W to 28N, 32W to 30N, 36W to 34N, 39W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 34.0N, 21.7W. No gales or low pressures. The 12th tropical storm listed in the original HURDAT for 1950 occurred in the eastern Atlantic from 17 - 24 October. From the 16th to 18th, there are no observations close to the center and there is no definite evidence of a closed circulation. By the 19th, observations indicate the strong likelihood of a compact, closed TC-like vortex near the HURDAT position of 27.2N, 43.9W. No changes can be made to the timing, position, or intensity of the genesis time listed in HURDAT given the sparse nature of the available observations. The first low pressure from a ship was a 1004 mb pressure recorded at 18Z on the 19th, but wind speeds at the time were only reported as high as 30 kt. Regardless, since the 1004 mb ship was not a central pressure, the intensity at 18Z on the 19th was likely in excess of 40 kt. The 50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT is not changed, and the position is not changed either. In fact, no track or intensity changes are made to HURDAT from the 17th through the 19th. On the 17th, this cyclone moved northwestward. It recurved on the 18th near 25N, 40W, and moved northeastward until it was in the vicinity of the Azores on the 22nd. On the 21st, observations from ships indicate that the HURDAT position is too far southwest, and major track changes are analyzed from 00Z on the 21st to 06Z on the 22nd. The largest track change for the lifetime of this cyclone was made at 12Z on the 21st, about 200 nmi to the east-northeast. A ship observation of 50 kt with 1006 mb was recorded at 14Z on the 21st, and 45 kt with 1002 mb occurred at 18Z. The 50 kt observation was the highest wind observation for this cyclone. The lowest observed pressure during the lifetime of this cyclone was 1001 mb at 00Z on the 22nd which occurred simultaneously with a 25 kt wind. This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity of 60 kt at that time is retained, which is also the peak intensity listed in HURDAT for this system. In fact, no intensity changes are made for the entire lifetime of this cyclone. On the 22nd, the cyclone turned eastward and then southeastward. It took a path very close to the Azores Islands, first passing west of the islands, then north, and then east of the islands on a southeastward course. After 06Z on the 22nd, only very minor track changes are analyzed. On 24 October, this cyclone turned towards the south and weakened to a tropical depression. The last 6 hours in HURDAT contain an unrealistic acceleration from 12 to 18Z on the 24th, and the track is adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic speed. The 25th was searched, but no closed circulation is evident due to sparse data coverage, and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation. The circulation was large during some of the days, and this may have been classified as a subtropical cyclone given satellite imagery and using modern designation techniques. (It is of note that this system was not considered a tropical storm during/immediately after the 1950 hurricane season, as it was not advised on, nor was it included in the MWR seasonal summary. Apparently, this tropical storm was added in Cry et al.'s 1959 publication: Cry, G. W, W. H. Haggard, and H. S. White, 1959: North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones. Technical Paper No. 36, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1959, 214 pp. No details were provided for its addition nine years after the fact.) ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 13 (Love) 35465 10/18/1950 M= 4 13 SNBR= 784 LOVE XING=1 L 35465 10/18/1950 M= 5 13 SNBR= 784 LOVE XING=1 * * 35470 10/18*275 892 35 0*275 908 65 0*270 919 70 0*267 921 75 0* 35470 10/18*255 895 40 0*258 905 50 0*263 905 60 0*267 910 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35475 10/19*265 922 75 0*263 923 75 0*261 922 80 0*254 911 80 0* 35475 10/19*266 914 60 0*264 916 60 0*260 916 60 990*256 910 65 990* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35480 10/20*253 894 80 0*257 882 75 0*261 870 75 0*265 861 70 0* 35480 10/20*254 896 70 987*257 883 70 0*260 873 70 0*264 865 70 991* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 35485 10/21*271 852 70 0*282 839 60 0*298 830 35 0*301 831 30 0* 35485 10/21*271 852 70 0*285 840 60 0*299 833 50 0*308 827 30 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** (The 22nd is new to HURDAT.) 35485 10/22*315 822 30 0*320 818 30 0*325 814 30 0E330 812 30 0* 35490 HR U.S. Landfall: 10/21/1950 - 11Z - 29.7N, 83.4W - 50 kt Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone by extending the lifetime by one day. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Connor (1956). October 17: HWM analyzes a trough extending west from King with some curvature in the 1005 mb isobar around 24-25N, 85-88W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a spot low near 25N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 88.5W (COA, micro). At least five other gales of 35-45 kt. October 18: HWM indicates a trough extending from King (which is analyzed to be centered near 26.5N, 80.6W) extending to the general locations of 25N, 82W to 24N, 85W to 26N, 88W to 28N, 90W and indicating something might be forming in the vicinity of 25-28N, 86-91W. HURDAT lists a 70 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 91.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 06Z at 26.2N, 89W, and it shows a 12Z position near 27.0N, 89.3W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 27.0N, 90.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.2N, 89.4W (COA); 25 kt N and 1001 mb at 12Z at 26.5N, 91.8W (COA). At least one other gale of 35 kt and 14 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N and 998 mb at 1830Z at 27.7N, 91.5W (ATS); 30 kt NE and 996 mb (min pressure encountered by aircraft during flight) at 1845Z at 27.1N, 91.1W (ATS, micro). At least two other surface gales, two other flight-level gales, and five other low pressures. "[Love] began forming in the Gulf of Mexico south of the Louisiana coast at the time the severe hurricane was moving northward through Florida on the 18th, and in some respects was an 'offshoot' of it. As the Florida hurricane was moving north-northwestward from the Caribbean Sea, an elongation of low pressure extended ahead of it over Florida. As the hurricane progressed, this pressure trough moved northwest and west, with a tendency to move counter-clockwise around the hurricane. On the 18th, it develop a center of circulation of its own south of the Louisiana coast" (MWR). "Position [of plane] 27.8N, 91.7W at 1715Z. Altitude 7500 ft. Wind north 50 kt. Tops of clouds 7000 ft. 180 mi south of New Orleans - thunderstorms over area 60 by 30 miles" (micro). From aircraft flight. "18/1900Z: Found definite characteristics of an unstable easterly wave with closed circulation probably to south, could not be confirmed due to insufficient fuel. Observed surface pressure of 996 mbs and wind from 20 degrees at 60 kt in squall" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This was the first flight into a suspicious area in the Gulf of Mexico south of New Orleans. The flight departed Miami and proceeded to the assigned area, but found that the suspicious area was still in the development stages and over 100 miles farther south than anticipated. The results of the flight showed definite characteristics of an unstable easterly wave with a closed circulation probable on the southern end of the frontal zone. However, this closed circulation could not be confirmed by this flight due to insufficient fuel" (ATS). October 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.7N, 91.4W and HWM analyzes another tropical storm [King] of at most 1000 mb near 31.6N, 84.4W. HWM analyzes both tropical storms to be located within a single 1005 mb contour. HURDAT lists Love as an 80 kt hurricane at 26.1N, 92.2W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.0N, 91.5W with 60 kt max winds and 995 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 26.2N, 92.0W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.6N, 91.6W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.2N, 91.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.0N, 91.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 06Z at 29.0N, 93.2W (micro); 55 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 17Z at 27.7N, 90.0W (micro); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, 91.3W (micro). At least two other gales of 35 kt and 12 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1329Z at 25.7N, 91.5W with 990 mb central pressure and maximum winds encountered of 48 kt (AWS, ATS); center fix at 1921Z at 25.8N, 90.7W with 990 mb central pressure and 60 kt maximum winds (AWS, ATS). "This center continued its counter-clockwise movement and swung down into the central Gulf on the 19th and increased to hurricane force" (MWR). "Navy six center 1232Z 25.8N, 91.5W. Center poorly defined and 30 mi in diameter. Lowest pressure 999 mb. Max wind west side 341 degrees 48 kt. Course flown on east side- max wind 40 kt. Navy eight: Storm center estimated 25.8N, 90.7W at 1921Z. Diameter 10 miles. Semicircular squalls. Max wind 60 kt. Lowest pressure 990" (micro). From aircraft flight. "19/1329Z: Center poorly defined approximately 30 miles diameter. Radar shows eastern semicircle closed, western semicircle scattered squalls. Min pressure 990 mbs. Max wind on west side 48 kt, east side 40 kt" (AWS). From next aircraft flight. "19/1921Z: The eye was 10-15 miles in diameter and winds of 50-60 kt extend 20-25 miles in east and south quadrants and 100 miles in north and west quadrants. Semicircular squalls tailed out of the northwest quadrant through the north to east within the 45 kt [wind?] perimeter. Lowest pressure in center 990 mbs" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This was the second flight into the area of disturbance south of New Orleans by the same crew, and this time a closed circulation was located. The storm had the characteristics of many previous storms this year; that is, the western half was relatively dry while the heaviest weather was northeast and east of the center" (ATS). ATS indicates a center fix at 1329Z at 25.7N, 91.5W. [990 looks correct for central pressure.] From the next ATS report. "At 2019Z, a disturbance was located centered at 25.8N, 90.7W [fix at 1921Z]. The eye was 10-15 miles in diameter, and winds of 50 to 60 kt extended outward 20-25 miles in the eastern and southern quadrants. In the western and northern quadrants, these winds extended outward 100 miles. Lowest pressure in the center was 990 mb" (ATS). October 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.8N, 86.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.1N, 87.0W. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.7N, 90.0W with 60 kt max winds and 991 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 26.1N, 87.7W with 60 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.4N, 87.4W with a 995 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 87.3W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 26.6N, 86.4W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 990 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 89.6W (micro); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 28.7N, 92.1W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 15Z at 25.3N, 85.5W (micro); 70 kt SW and 999 mb at 20Z at 26.2N, 85.3W (micro). At least two other gales of 35-50 kt and 26 other low pressures between 999-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 16Z at 26.3-26.4N, 86.8W with 992 mb central pressure and 80-90 kt maximum surface winds reported (AWS, ATS, micro); center fix at 2003Z at 26.5N, 86.3W with 990 mb lowest pressure encountered [probably a central pressure, but the central pressure could have been perhaps 5 mb lower- look at ATS] and maximum [flight-level?] winds encountered of 75-85 kt (AWS, ATS). "On the 20th, aircraft reported maximum winds of 75 to 85 kt (85 to 98 mph), especially in the northeastern quadrants. The movement by this time had completed the swing to the east and northeast, which caused it to offer a threat of hurricane winds to the upper west Florida coast" (MWR). "Navy two 0650Z: No indication of hurricane. Squall line extending from 26.9N, 89.4W to 28.2N, 86.2W. Navy six 1608Z: Low pressure center at 16Z 26.4N, 86.8W. No weather on W side. Max wind SW quadrant 45 kt. Center calm. Min pressure 992 mb" (micro). "Winds in the northeastern quadrant are 60 to 70 kt and gusting to an estimated 75 to 85 kt in squall centers. Winds over 45 kt extend outward 80 miles" (micro). From Navy Radar flight. "20/0845Z: Have covered entire area of weather indications (squall line) with no indication of a hurricane" (AWS). From aircraft flight. "20/1600Z: This was the third flight by the same crew [into this cyclone]. Storm had become a hurricane and was quite different than anticipated. The west side had become very dry with practically no cloudiness. This lack of cloudiness included all the western side of the storm, the eye, and the first few miles of the eastern side. The center was almost missed because of the lack of weather and clouds near it but the wind field showed a closed circulation and a low central pressure of 992 mbs. The major surprise came in departing the east side where severe turbulence in heavy weather was encountered and maximum winds of 80-90 kt [at 5,000 ft]. Max wind in SW quadrant was 45 kt. Radar shows heaviest weather in NE quadrant" (AWS). From the next aircraft flight. "20/2003Z: The storm had entirely reversed its active quadrants during the past 24 hours with heavy weather squalls confined nearly exclusively to the NE quadrant rather than the N and NW ones of the day before. NE quadrant has winds of 75-85 kt within 25 miles of the center and severe, extremely turbulent thunderstorms. Winds over 45 kt extend 90 miles in NE quadrant. Western side has winds of 35-40 kt extending 90 miles from center with light, scattered showers. Min pressure 990 mb" (AWS). From the ATS report. "This was the third flight into the storm by this crew on three consecutive days and they thought they were becoming familiar with its appearance. But on this day, the storm had become a hurricane and was quite different than anticipated. [After the central pressure of 992 mb was recorded], the plane was taken to 5,000 ft in the center and the wind field could be seen around the center" (ATS). ATS indicates a center fix at 1600Z at 26.3N, 86.8W with 992 mb central pressure. From the next ATS report. "The return flight from Corpus Christi showed the storm to have entirely reversed its active quadrants during the previous 24 hours. The center was fixed at near 26.5N, 86.3W. This position proved an east-northeasterly movement of the storm at 9 kt. Its low pressure of 990 mb had remained rather constant" (ATS). [990 mb may not be a central pressure]. October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.2N, 83.7W. A W-E stationary front is plotted from 34N, 83W to beyond 36N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.8N, 83.0W (inland over Florida). The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.2N, 85.4W with 85 kt max winds and 989 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.4N, 82.9W with 40 kt max winds and 993 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1002 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.8N, 82.8W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 29.8N, 83.6W with a W-E front plotted from 35N, 80W to beyond 35N, 76W. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00Z at 28.0N, 84.8W (micro); 35 kt WSW at 05Z at 25.8N, 86.0W (micro). Seven other low pressures. (There were two observations from the same ship around 06Z that listed 993 mb pressures. However, comparisons against other nearby ships suggest that these were significantly low biased.) Land/station highlights: 35 kt E and 999 mb at 10Z at Cedar Key (29.1N, 83.0W) (micro). Several other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 0815Z, 0900Z, and 0945Z between 29.2-29.4N, 83.4-83.5W (micro). "During the night of the 20th, however, it lost force rapidly, apparently due to dry air having completely encircled the center, and when it reached the coast on the early morning of the 21st, winds were of only moderate gale force. The presence of dry air from the West Gulf States had been noted on its western side since the time of its development, but it continued to increase in force, despite this, until the dry air had worked its way around to the south and east of the center. When this stage was reached, the loss of intensity was rapid" (MWR). "21/0140Z: We believe hurricane center somewhere along line 070 degrees true from 26.7N, 86W, or close to that course in vicinity 26.9N, 85.1W. Hurricane described as semi-circular and wide open with clear weather in the western semicircle. 21/0815Z: Nothing in nature of squall areas on scope except one large solid cloud to north roughly 20 miles wide and 30 miles long centered at 29.2N, 83.5W. Vivid lightning within cloud. My position [where he is at?] 28.3N, 84.5W. Do you require second plane to believe us? 21/0900Z: Small hole discovered in center of large solid cloud mentioned in previous message. Believed to be eye of small hurricane. Present position 29.4N, 83.4W moving north 12 kt. Our position 29.3N, 86.5W. Proceeding toward storm. 21/0955Z: Center of storm over coast at time 0945Z[?] at position 29.4N, 83.4W" (micro). "Amateur [radio?] reports mobile until Cedar Key area reports storm centered coast there about 1030Z" (micro). "Coast guard phoned 1610Z: 1430Z- Front Cedar Keys. Wind 200 degrees 18 kt. Ceiling 1800 ft. Sea moderately choppy" (micro). October 22: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day but instead analyzes a sharp trough with lowest pressure in the area between 30-35N, 76-84W. A warm front is plotted from 34N, 79W to 35N, 77W to east of 35N, 68W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.3N, 80.8W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a spot low (no longer closed) near 32.6N, 81.3W with a front extending from the low eastward and then east-northeastward into the Atlantic. No gales or low pressures. October 23: HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.8N, 75.4W with a 1008 mb pressure. October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N, 60.5W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold front extending from the low southward, southwestward, and then westward, but this cyclone appears to be the combination of the remnants of Love with another extratropical cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 41.0N, 56.9W with a 999 mb pressure. On the 17th of October, an area of cyclonic turning accompanied by strong winds and low pressure began to take shape in the central Gulf of Mexico. This disturbed weather eventually formed into Tropical Storm Love on the 18th. The origin of Love is somewhat unclear. HURDAT starts this system at 00Z on the 18th and this is unchanged, though it is not certain that a closed low had developed until about 12Z on that date. A major track change is introduced at 00Z on the 18th based upon ship observations with minor track revisions indicated for the remainder of this system. HURDAT initially indicated a 35 kt intensity at 00Z on the 18th, jumping to 65 kt immediately at 06Z. While there does exist a 60 kt ship measurement at 00Z, this observation appears substantially high biased compared to the nearby ships. Initial intensity is set at 40 kt at 00Z on the 18th, a major downward revision. From 12Z on the 18th to 12Z on the 19th, Love moved very slowly westward and then southward to 26.0N, 91.6W by 12Z on the 19th. There is little doubt that the motion of both King and Love were being mutually influenced via the Fujiwara Effect on the 18th and 19th, as King was about 500 nmi east of Love on the 18th and 350 nmi northeast of Love on the 19th. Love accelerated toward the east-southeast and turned toward the east-northeast by 00Z on the 20th at 25.4N, 89.6W. The largest track change made from 12Z on the 18th through 00Z on the 20th was about 1 degree. Although aircraft could not locate a definite center fix during the flight on the 18th, a lowest pressure of 996 mb was recorded at 1845Z, but is it uncertain whether this is a central pressure value. A central pressure of less than or equal to 996 mb yields a wind speed of at least 50 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. The intensity at 18Z is analyzed to be 60 kt, revised downward from 75 kt originally. Aircraft reported central pressures of 990 mb at both 1329 and 1921Z on the 19th, and these are added into HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 19th. The central pressure of 990 mb at 1329Z equals 59 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N, and 60 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 19th (down from 80 kt originally- a major intensity change). The 990 mb central pressure at 1921Z equals 64 and 59 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships respectively. Although the central pressure did not change during the 6 hours, the eye significantly contracted during that time, the forward speed of Love increased, and the cyclone lost latitude. 65 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 19th (down from 80 kt originally). Love is analyzed to have first attained hurricane strength 36 hours later than originally. On the 20th at 00Z, a ship recorded a 990 mb pressure with 25 kt winds. This ship is analyzed to be located inside the RMW, suggesting a central pressure of about 987 mb. A central pressure of 987 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 20th. This value yields wind speeds of 68 and 64 kt, respectively, according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, and 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00Z on the 20th (down from 80 kt originally) because of the small eye radius reported just 5 hours earlier. On the 20th, Love moved east-northeastward in the Gulf of Mexico, and it reached a location of 26.4, 86.5W by 18Z on the 20th. The largest track change on that day was four-tenths of a degree, and the analysis was aided by aircraft fixes at 16 and 20Z on the 20th. The former measured a central pressure of 992 mb and the latter measured a central pressure of 990 mb. A central pressure of 991 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th, and this value yields 58 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, a ship a 20Z observed winds of 70 kt. The 70 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 20th is held through 00Z on the 21st, and 70 kt is the analyzed peak intensity for this storm (previously, HURDAT showed a peak intensity of 80 kt from 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th). On 21 October, Love made a turn to the northeast. Love made landfall near the big bend of Florida at 11Z on 21 October at 29.7N, 83.4W. The strongest wind observations on the 21st were 35 kt from a ship and 35 kt at Cedar Key, FL. The lowest valid pressures on the 21st were 998 mb from a ship at 00Z and 1001 mb at Cross City at 11Z and the highest observed winds 35 kt at Cedar Key at 10Z. 1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. (999 mb was measured at two observations at Cedar Key. However, based upon comparisons with the nearby Cross City pressures, the values at Cedar Key were running 3-5 mb too low.) The HURDAT track is shifted about a half degree to the left before and at landfall due to aircraft center fixes as well as the Cedar Key and Cross City observations. The previous HURDAT intensity of 60 kt at 06Z on the 21st just before landfall is not altered. However, the analyzed intensity at landall at 11Z is 50 kt. Love was significantly weakening from 70 kt to 50 kt during the final 10 hours before landfall, which is consistent with available observations as well as the assessment in MWR. (The 12Z 21st intensity is actually adjusted upward from 35 kt originally to 50 kt, as it was an hour from the landfall at 11Z). There is no change to the timing of when Love weakened to a tropical depression (18Z on the 21st), but the position at that time is moved about a half degree to the north-northeast of the previous HURDAT position. The final point listed in HURDAT for this cyclone is 18Z on the 21st, but observations indicate that Love did not dissipate until after 18Z on the 22nd, so 1 day is added into HURDAT for Love (a major change). At 12Z on the 22nd, the analyzed position is 32.3N, 81.4W (inland over extreme eastern Georgia) as a 30 kt tropical depression. Love is analyzed to have become an extratropical cyclone at 18Z on the 22nd still with a 30 kt intensity moving east-northeastward. However, after 18Z on the 22nd, Love opened up into a sharp trough so 18Z on the 22nd is the last point listed for Love in the reanalysis. A complex frontal system approaching from the west combined with the trough left over by Love to produce a powerful extratropical cyclone that was centered near 39N, 60W by 24 October. Although this powerful, baroclinic system was partially due to Love, it resulted from the combination of Love with the other extratropical system, so the track for Love is not extended any further. ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 14 (Mike - new to HURDAT) 35465 10/25/1950 M= 4 14 SNBR= 785 MIKE XING=0 35470 10/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 422 25 0*253 437 25 0* 35470 10/26*258 451 30 0*262 463 30 0*265 472 35 0*268 478 40 0* 35470 10/27*271 482 40 0*274 486 40 0*277 490 35 0*282 494 35 0* 35470 10/28*289 498 30 0*297 502 30 0*306 505 30 0*318 505 25 0* 35470 TS HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Air Weather Service post-season report indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 25 to 29 October in the central Atlantic Ocean. This system was also listed in Jack Beven's list of suspects. October 24: HWM analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 30N, 39W south-southwestward to 27N, 41W to 23N, 42W. HWM also analyzes a dissipating cold front from 33N, 38W to 30N, 36W to 28N, 32W to 28N, 29W. HURDAT does not list this system. The AWS post-season report suggests a 15 kt tropical depression is centered near 26.4N, 40.5W at 1230Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 1013 mb at 18Z at 25.4N, 40.6W (COA). "Storm Mike first showed evidence of a closed circulation and westerly movement on the 1230Z 24 October map. Highest winds on this day are estimated at 15 kt. The center of the low area at this time was near 26.4N, 40.5W and the movement was toward the west at a rate of 5 kt" (AWS). October 25: HWM analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 28N, 41W to 25N, 45W to 19N, 47W. The AWS post-season report suggests a tropical depression centered in the general vicinity of 26.5N, 43.3W (I interpolated the AWS positions from the 24th and 26th, and the interpolated intensity would be 25 kt). Ship highlights: 5 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 06Z at 23.5N, 40.6W (COA); 15 kt E and 1016 mb at 12Z at 25.6N, 40.0W (HWM). October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 25.5N, 47W with a trough axis extending from the low southwestward to 20N, 55W. The AWS best track first lists a tropical storm with a 1230Z position at 26.7N, 46.1W with 35 kt max winds. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 27.8N, 45.9W (COA). "The storm continued to accelerate until 26/1830Z when we find it at 26.9N, 47.1W moving WNW at 10 kt, with maximum winds of 35 kt" (AWS). October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 28N, 48.5W. A cold front is approaching from the northwest located about 400 nmi away from the feature of interest. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.3N, 48.1W with 45 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 27.7N, 48.9W with 35 kt max winds. Microfilm at 12Z plots a tropical storm of at most 1014 mb near 29.8N, 48.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 00Z at approximately 27.3N, 47.9W (AWS); 20 kt SW and 1015 mb at 06Z at 25.6N, 48.5W (COA). "The storm now slowed considerably. so that on 0030Z 27 October we find it moving WNW 5 kt with maximum winds of 45 kt in a small area. At this time the ship Alvelos reported SSE force 8, minimum pressure 1005.8 mb. The ship at this time was about 10-15 miles east of the storm center. This was the only ship report on this storm that was near enough the center to report gale winds. and in conjunction with other ship reports, [it was found] that this storm was not very intense and covered a very small area" (AWS). "Storm Mike had winds of gale force from 1230Z 26 Oct. to 0030Z 28 Oct. These winds reached a maximum of 45 kt at 0030Z 27 Oct. Minimum pressure at the center probably approached closely to 1000 mb as indicated by the ship report mentioned above of 1005.8 mb 10-15 miles from the center" (AWS). "The fact that Storm Mike was small and of little intensity is ascribed to the fact that it occurred late in the season when cooler temperatures of both air and water prevented the accumulation of sufficient energy to develop a full hurricane" (AWS). October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.5N, 50.3W with a NE-SW cold front approaching from the northwest located only 200 nmi from the feature of interest. The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.3N, 50.1W with 35 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 30.3N, 50.6W with 25 kt max winds. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1015 mb at 00Z at 29.7N, 48.7W (COA); 20 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 50.3W (micro); 15 kt NE and 1020 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 50.0W (COA). "The storm continued a curvature toward the east with increasing speed so that on 28 October 1830Z we find it at 31.5N, 49.6W moving NE at a rate of 15 kt, with maximum winds of force 3 (10 kt). Shortly after this time a cold front from the NW caused the storm to lose identity altogether" (AWS). The Air Weather Service (AWS) post-season report listed this system as Tropical Storm Mike. On 24 October, a trough with westerly movement was evident from observations in the central Atlantic along 40W between 23-30N. There is not enough evidence of a closed low until 12Z on 25 October, and a 25 kt tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at that time at 24.7N, 42.2W. The cyclone moved west-northwestward and was located near 26.5N, 47.2W by 12Z on the 26th. At 00Z on the 27th, a ship reported the only observed gale (35 kt) associated with this cyclone. The lowest pressure reported by the ship was 1006 mb simultaneous with the 35 kt winds. 1006 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 32 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The ship is believed to have been located 10 to 15 miles from the center at the time the 1006 mb observation was recorded. Due to the closed circulation with westerly motion, temperatures in the 70s surrounding the system from the 24th through the 28th, the 35 kt gale, and the 1006 mb peripheral pressure embedded within high (~1016 mb) environmental pressures, this system is added into HURDAT as a tropical storm. A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 26th to 06Z on the 27th. (Given that it is quite unlikely that the strongest part of the cyclone was sampled by the Alvelos, the intensity is estimated slightly higher than this measurement.) It is worth noting that the AWS analyzed the peak intensity at 45 kt, just higher than indicated here. The position at 12Z on the 27th is analyzed at 27.7N, 49.0W with a 35 kt intensity. Thereafter, an approaching cold front caused the cyclone to begin recurving, and it turned to the north-northwest. The tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 28th. By 12Z on the 28th, the depression was located at 30.6N, 50.5W, which is nearly the same position listed in the AWS post-season report for 12Z. The analyzed intensity for 12Z on the 28th is still 30 kt. According to the AWS report, Mike recurved on the 28th because AWS indicates northeastward motion between 12 and 18Z on the 28th. It is analyzed here - similar to the AWS report - that Mike was absorbed by the front shortly after 18Z on the 28th. It is also analyzed that this cyclone did not become extratropical prior to dissipation. The system is being named "Mike", due to its designation as Tropical Storm Mike in the AWS post-season report. (It is a mystery why this system was not included in the post-season MWR summaries or why it was not added in after the fact like unnamed storm #12.) ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 15 (new to HURDAT) 35465 10/27/1950 M= 3 15 SNBR= 786 UNNAMED XING=0 35470 10/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 260 35 0*267 266 40 0* 35470 10/28*273 272 45 0*277 279 45 0*280 286 45 0*280 294 40 0* 35470 10/29*279 303 35 0*278 313 30 0*275 325 30 0*270 338 30 0* 35470 TS HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 27-29 October in the far eastern subtropical Atlantic. October 25: HWM analyses no features of interest in the far eastern Atlantic. HURDAT does not list this system. No gales or low pressures. October 26: HWM analyses no features of interest in the far eastern Atlantic. No gales or low pressures. October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 26N, 28.2W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1015 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 26.9W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1015 mb at 12Z at 28.6N, 29.6W (COA, HWM); 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 29.0N, 28.4W (COA). October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 28N, 29W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 29.2N, 28.0W (COA); 40 kt E and 1010 mb at 06Z at 29.5N, 27.5W (COA); 20 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 31.7W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1015 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 26.1W (COA, HWM). October 29: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general vicinity of 28.3N, 32.5W with a cold front plotted from 40N, 29W becoming a stationary front at 35N, 41W extending to west-southwest of 32N, 48W. This WSW-ENE frontal feature is plotted several hundred nautical miles northwest of the feature of interest. No gales or low pressures. October 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general vicinity of 27.2N, 37.5W. A cold front is plotted from 36N, 29W to 35N, 32W becoming a warm front at 34N, 39W, extending to 35N, 47W to beyond 37N, 52W. The frontal features are located about 400 nmi north of the feature of interest. No gales or low pressures. HWM plots a 1015 mb low with one closed isobar in the subtropical eastern Atlantic Ocean every day from 27 to 30 October. The combination of COADS and HWM ship data indicates the likelihood of the existence of a tropical storm early on the 28th between 26-29N, 26-29W. Two gales were observed - a 45 kt NE wind at 00Z (northwest of the center) and a 40 kt E wind at 06Z (north of the center). Both of those gales were observed simultaneously with pressures of 1010 mb (the lowest observed pressures for this system). A 30 kt SE wind was observed at 12Z (northeast of the center). It is believed that all three of these observations are from the same ship. This ship made a report every 6 hours from 00Z on 27th through 12Z on the 28th. The lowest wind reported by this ship was 25 kt at 00 and 06Z on the 27th. It is believed that the winds for this ship are biased around 5 kt too high. Regardless, there is good evidence that the low is closed on the 28th due to a separate ship observation of 20 kt NW and 1015 mb about 210 nmi SW of the center. Also, temperatures in the 70s surround the low on all sides. In addition, the observations indicate the circulation is compact with the highest winds and lowest pressures close to the center. If the ship that reported the gales is biased 5 kt too high, two pieces of evidence exist that this cyclone was of tropical storm intensity. It is analyzed that a 35 kt tropical storm formed at 12Z on 27 October at 26.0N, 26.0W. The first definitive evidence of a closed low occurs at 12Z October 28th. Given the sparse number of observations on the south side of the system on the 27th and early on the 28th, a closed low could not be confirmed but is quite likely to have occurred at those times. It moved northwestward to a position of 28.0N, 28.6W by 12Z on the 28th. The 35 kt tropical storm intensified to 45 kt by 00Z on the 28th. The 45 kt intensity is the analyzed peak intensity for the cyclone from 00Z to 12Z on the 28th. Observations on the 29th are very sparse and the uncertainty in the analyzed position is higher on the 29th, but the cyclone is analyzed to have moved westward to a position of 27.5N, 32.5W by 12Z on the 29th. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 29th. There is little to no information on the 29th or 30th that proves the existence of a closed circulation on those days. The last point is chosen for 18Z on the 29th as a 30 kt tropical depression before dissipation occurred. ******************************************************************************** 1950 Storm 16 (new to HURDAT) 35465 11/10/1950 M= 4 16 SNBR= 787 UNNAMED XING=0 35470 11/10*337 585 45 0*337 596 55 0*337 604 60 0*339 610 60 0* 35470 11/11*343 610 55 0*349 603 45 0*354 592 40 0*359 581 35 0* 35470 11/12*369 570 30 0*380 557 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35460 TS HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the western Atlantic Ocean from 10 - 13 November. November 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33N, 59W. HURDAT does not list this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 12Z near 34.1N, 59W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 32N, 61W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 06Z at 34.9N, 58.2W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 16Z at 33.4N, 61.4W (micro); 60 kt NW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 33.4N, 62.4W (micro). November 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36N, 58W with a front approaching from the west plotted from northeast of 50N, 53W to 45N, 58W to 42N, 61W becoming a stationary front at 40N, 64W extending southwestward becoming a cold front again at 36N, 71W extending southwestward to beyond 30N, 79W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.4N, 60.1W and a 12Z position near 36.4N, 58.8W with a 996 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.5N, 58W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 32.7N, 59.6W (COA, micro); 20 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 34.2N, 61.1W (COA). November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.5N, 57.5W with a NE-SW cold front located northwest of the low extending from 50N, 40W to 45N, 47W to 41N, 55W to 38N, 60W to 35N, 65W to 33N, 70W to 31N, 75W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.7N, 56.8W and last shows a position at 12Z near 37.1N, 55.2W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a slightly elongated closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 33N, 57W. No gales or low pressures. November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.5N, 53W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to 44N, 33W, and a cold front extending from the low southwestward to 33N, 65W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a different low from the one shown on the 10th through the 12th. This low, which is shown to have been moving eastward, is plotted near 39.7N, 56.8W at 12Z with a 1009 mb pressure. A 3rd low in the vicinity is first shown at 18Z on the 13th near 43.3N, 44.1W with northeastward motion thereafter. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a very large closed low of at most 1014 mb. The 1014 mb contour extends from 30-42N, 50-61W; however, the area south of 37N appears to be where a front should be located, and the area of come cyclonic turning is located between 38-42N, 52-58W. No gales or low pressures. A very broad, large trough was located over the western Atlantic during the days leading up to 10 November between 15-35N, 50-70W. Observations on the 10th indicate that a cyclonic circulation is definitely closed on that day centered near 33.7N, 60.4W at 12Z. At 06Z on the 10th, a ship about 120 nmi northeast of the center observed a 30 kt wind with a pressure of 1005 mb. At 16Z, a ship less than 1 degree from the center of the cyclone recorded 45 kt winds with a 1001 mb pressure. At 18Z, a different ship located not more than 80 nmi from the center observed 60 kt winds with a 1002 mb pressure. Only a slight temperature gradient across the low of about 5 degrees is suggested by observations. There were no fronts analyzed on either HWM or the microfilm maps on the 10th. Since this cyclone was rather large, it would likely be classified as a subtropical cyclone if satellite imagery were avaiable and modern designation techniques were utilized, so this system is added into HURDAT. This cyclone is started at 00Z on the 10th as a 45 kt tropical storm. A 60 kt intensity is analyzed from 12 to 18Z on the 10th. The center of the cyclone started out moving west-northwestward on the 10th, but it reached its farthest west point by 00Z on the 11th and recurved. The position at 00Z on the 11th was near 34.3N, 61.0W. It moved northeastward to 35.4N, 59.2W by 12Z on the 11th, and by that time, the analyzed intensity is down to 40 kt. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression by 00Z on the 12th. The cyclone continued moving northeastward on the 12th, before it opened up into a trough and merged with another cyclonic circulation. A final position of 38.0N, 55.7W is analyzed at 06Z on the 12th as a 25 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1950 Additional Notes 1) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, microfilm, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a trough of low pressure was evident near the Bahamas, Cuba, and South Florida on 24 May. The low became closed around 00Z on the 25th near 26N, 78W, but the highest observed winds were 10-15 kt and the lowest observed pressures were about 1012 mb. Despite the low environmental pressure to the south and east, it appears as if the weak cyclonic turning was occurring a small scale. It is possible that this may have been a tropical depression on the 25th, but the winds remained very weak. The low moved rather rapidly northeastward through 12Z on the 26th; however, by the 26th, the low was very large and broad. Although it was still non-frontal on the 26th, the radius of the OCI (1014 mb) was 400 nmi. Furthermore, no gales or low pressures were observed between the 24th and 26th of May. By the 27th, analyses and observations indicate that a W-E warm front may have been taking shape with the west end of the warm front located not far to the east of the low. This low remained very large and perhaps frontal through at least the 28th of May. On the 27th and 28th, several pressures between 1001-1005 mb were observed; however, only one gale was reported. At 00Z on 28 May, a ship plotted on microfilm (and not in COADS) shows 50 kt with 1004 mb. This observation does not fit in too well with surrounding observations. This combined with the fact that there were no other gales of even 35 kt reported suggests that the ship observation of 50 kt may have been too high. Even if the ship observation was correct, the low was very broad, and it is analyzed to have a weak warm front to the east. On the 29th, the low may become somewhat smaller, but it also starting filling on the 29th, and it was still frontal on the 29th. By the 30th, it weakened even more and opened up into a trough/front on the 31st. Although this suspect is the closest suspect in 1950 listed in the additional notes section to being a tropical cyclone and added into HURDAT, it was not close to being a tropical storm or subtropical on any of the days. Thus, this suspect in not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 24 Open trough 27N, 75W to 20N, 82W May 25 28N 74W Broad low May 26 33N 67W Broad low May 27 33N 67W Broad low; extratropical May 28 33N 66W Broad low; extratropical May 29 33N 62W Broad low; extratropical May 30 34N 60W Broad low; extratropical May 31 Open trough 37N, 46W to 34N, 58W 2) A weak, broad low appeared in the north Atlantic on 19 August. The low strengthened slightly on the 20th and 21st, but it was still broad. NHC microfilm maps show a broad, weak, closed low with little to no temperature gradient. However, no gales or low pressure were observed with this system from any source. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 19 39N 49W Broad low/trough Aug 20 38N 49W Broad low Aug 21 35N 52W Broad low Aug 22 33N 57W Broad low 3) Microfilm indicates that an easterly wave moved through the Caribbean Sea from the 18th to the 24th of September. The weak easterly wave was near 70W on the 19th, with max winds of 20 kt gusting to 35 kt. By the 21st, the wave was near 80W. On the 23rd, a very weak low formed near 21N, 84W, and it may have made landfall in Cuba as a tropical depression around 00Z on the 24th. No gales or low pressures were observed for the duration of the lifetime of this system, thus it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 18 Open wave along 65W in Caribbean Sea Sep 19 Open wave along 70W in Caribbean Sea Sep 20 Open wave along 75W in Caribbean Sea Sep 21 Open wave along 80W in Caribbean Sea Sep 22 Open wave along 83W in Caribbean Sea Sep 23 21N 84W Broad low/trough Sep 24 22N 83W Broad low/trough Sep 25 Dissipated 4) HWM, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that there may have been a closed low in the far eastern Atlantic between 28 September and 2 October. HWM analyzes a closed isobar, but there are not sufficient observations to indicate that the low was definitely closed. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 27 Open trough over Africa Sep 28 19N 18W Broad low; trough Sep 29 22N 21W Broad low; trough Sep 30 25N 26W Broad low; trough Oct 1 25N 33W Broad low; trough Oct 2 Open trough along 42W, 20-25N 5) A trough of low pressure was present on 3 - 4 October from the Florida Keys extending south-southwestward to Central America. On the 4th, two separate disturbances appeared to have been forming- one near western Cuba and the other just north of Honduras. The former migrated northward near south Florida by the 5th, did not produce any gales, and likely did not become a tropical cyclone. The latter disturbance was a broad low/trough present in the western Caribbean on the 4th and 5th. A ship - the Banpico - reported 25-30 kt S with 1002 mb at 07Z on the 4th at 16.9N 84.2W (micro). However, there is no confirmation of a closed low on that date and the ship's pressure may have been biased low. It is possible that the system was a tropical cyclone on the 4th and/or the 5th. On the 6th and 7th, the disturbance was over the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and the circulation became disrupted both by land and interaction with a cold front. The system was not a tropical cyclone on the 6th and 7th. Early on the 8th, the system moved over the Gulf of Mexico and began to develop into what became Hurricane Item. The track of Item therefore cannot be extended back in time. (Also on the 4th and 5th a squall line was indicated in the HWM analysis northeast of the Bahamas. This feature did not produce observed gales, not did it appear to be a closed circulation. Thus this system is also not added into HURDAT.) Low #1 DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 3 Open trough over northwestern Carribean Oct 4 Open trough near western Cuba Oct 5 Open trough near south Florida Oct 6 Merged with front Low #2 DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 3 Open trough over northwestern Carribean Oct 4 17N 86W Broad low/trough Oct 5 19N 87W Broad low/trough Oct 6 Open trough over Yucatan Oct 7 Open trough over Yucatan 6) HWM indicates that an area of low pressure began to take shape on 15 October around 8N, 50W. It moved northwestward and slowly organized into a possible tropical depression by the 18th near 12N, 59W. The low may have remained a depression through the 21st as it moved near Puerto Rico. After that, it dissipated into an open trough. There was only one gale observed in the vicinity of this system (on NHC microfilm), and no low pressures were observed. At 00Z on the 22nd, a ship reported 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 17.3N, 66.4W, but the gale is probably not related to the low because the feature of interest is analyzed to have been well north of that location by that time. Also, by the 22nd, there is no longer evidence that the low is definitely closed, and this system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 15 Open wave/trough 12N, 49W to 6N, 53W Oct 16 9N 51W Spot low Oct 17 11N 54W Spot low Oct 18 12N 59W Tropical depression Oct 19 13N 64W Tropical depression Oct 20 13N 69W Tropical depression Oct 21 18N 68W Tropical depression Oct 22 Open wave/trough 26N, 70W to 20N, 76W 7) COADS, HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and microfilm indicate that an extratropical cyclone emerged over the northeastern coast of the United States on 23 October moving eastward. It produced many gales and low pressures on the 24th of October. This system qualified for the 1950 additional notes section due to the following quote found on the Oct. 24th 18Z NHC microfilm map from a ship: "[Oct. 24] 2015 GMT- 39.8N, 53.3W- Passed through storm's eye. Barometer 29.60". Temperature 70. Area of clear 10 miles wide. Wind shifted SW 30 kt to N 30 kt." Despite this quote, observations indicate a very large temperature gradient, and there is no doubt that this cyclone was extratropical. After the 24th, the extratropical cyclone continued to move northeastward, and it weakened. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 23 37N 71W Extratropical Oct 24 40N 57W Extratropical Storm 8) HWM, NHC microfilm, COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows were utilized to obtain information on this suspect. On 28 October, as a tropical storm near 30N, 50W was being approached by a cold front, which extended from 40N, 42W to 35N, 49W to 31N, 58W to 30N, 64W, a weak, broad area of low pressure began to form well south or south-southwest of the tail end of the cold front. The broad low moved quickly northeastward towards the tail end of the front, and they essentially merged around 00Z on the 30th. The winds around the area were not of gale force by that time, and the pressures were not very low yet either since the front had been in the dissipating stages and the low was weak as well. However, the combined system soon began to intensify as an extratropical system, and the new extratropical low moved northeastward. There were no gales or low pressures observed with this system until 12Z on the 30th. This system is analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 30th. The first low pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 12Z on the 30th and the first gale (40 kt) was observed at 00Z on the 31st. Even before the low became extratropical, it was too broad to be considered a tropical depression at any time. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 28 21N 65W Broad low/trough Oct 29 28N 63W Broad low/trough Oct 30 34N 62W Extratropical storm Oct 31 44N 50W Extratropical storm Nov 1 47N 50W Extratropical storm/occluding 9) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad trough of low pressure existed between 22-35N, 55-62W on the 17th. On the 17th, there was one gale of 35 kt along with a pressure of 1019 mb at 32N, 61W. But observations indicate that the trough was very broad at that time and covered a large area of the Atlantic with no evidence of a closed circulation on a smaller scale. On the 18th, a somewhat smaller, but weak low emerged from this trough and moved northward, and it became extratropical. At 00Z on the 18th, it was not extratropical yet, and the low was located near 35N, 58W at that time. Winds of 15 kt and pressures of 1008 and 1009 mb were observed on the east side and west side of the low. After it became extratropical, there were a few low pressure observations between 1000-1005 mb directly related to this low on the 18th before it merged with another extratropical low on the 19th. No more gales were observed. This system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 17 Broad low/trough 35N, 55W to 26N, 58W to 22N, 62W Nov 18 41N 57W Extratropical Nov 19 Absorbed 10) HWM, NHC microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad low moved northward into the central Atlantic from the tropical central Atlantic during 20-23 November. Although the low appears to have remained too broad for its entire lifetime to be considered a tropical cyclone, observations are very sparse on most of the days. Within the large trough, it is possible that a TC may have existed, but all data sources were utilized, and we may never know if there was a TC there due to a lack of observations in the data-sparse area. There were no observed gales or low pressures from the 20th through the 22nd. The NHC microfilm maps at 18Z on the 22nd and 00Z on the 23rd are interesting, but this low lies on the eastern edge of the map, and only winds as high as 25 kt and pressures as low as 1008 mb are found. On the 23rd, the HWM analysis is complicated, and it is difficult to track where the low traveled to from the 22nd position (although the microfilm map at 00Z on the 23rd shows the low located perhaps only slightly northeast of the 22/12Z position. In addition to no highlights observed from the 20th through the 22nd, no gales were observed on the 23rd either. However, there were a few low pressures observed between 1004-1005 mb (COADS) on the 23rd. But the broad low appears to have lacked organization. This system is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 20 20N 55W Broad low/trough Nov 21 22N 55W Broad low/trough Nov 22 28N 49W Broad low/trough Nov 23 Broad low/trough- box between 20-38N, 37-53W ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 1 (new to HURDAT) 35845 01/02/1951 M=11 1 SNBR= 791 NOT NAMED XING=0 35850 01/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E305 580 50 0E299 568 45 0* 35850 01/03E290 557 45 0E275 548 45 0E265 545 45 0E261 552 45 0* 35850 01/04E258 561 45 0E255 570 45 0E251 579 45 0*240 589 45 0* 35855 01/05*227 600 45 0*221 607 45 0*217 611 45 0*215 613 45 0* 35855 01/06*213 615 50 0*210 617 50 0*207 620 55 0*203 624 55 0* 35855 01/07*202 629 55 0*202 637 55 0*206 645 55 0*210 652 55 0* 35855 01/08*213 658 55 0*216 662 55 0*219 665 50 0*223 665 50 0* 35855 01/09*230 661 50 0*243 655 50 0*260 649 50 0*275 642 50 0* 35855 01/10E289 634 50 0E306 621 50 0E326 605 50 0E342 588 50 0* 35855 01/11E352 572 50 0E370 555 50 0E390 535 45 0E413 507 45 0* 35855 01/12E425 480 45 0E436 450 40 0E447 410 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 35860 TS HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the January 1951 MWR tracks of centers of cyclones chart, MWR 1951 p. 189 (Moore and Davis 1951), MWR 1956 p. 13 (Colon 1956), Hector (1975), Roth (2006), and Beven (personal communication, 2010) indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred during January, 1951 in the central tropical Atlantic Ocean. January 1: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW cold front extending from 45N, 52W to 40N, 56W through an L plotted at 36.5N, 61W to 30N, 65W to 25N, 70W. HURDAT does not previous list this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.5N, 63.2W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z shows an analysis very similar to the HWM analysis, except that microfilm analyzes an elongated, closed low of most 1002 mb centered near 37N, 60W in addition to the cold front. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 34.5N, 63.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 67.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 1009 mb at 12Z at 34.1N, 66.9W (HWM, COA); 50 kt N and 1017 mb at 18Z at 36.5N, 66.0W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. The storm started as a frontal wave cyclone during January 1 around 34N, 69W. It moved first eastward and then curved southward toward tropical latitudes (Colon 1956). At 1230Z on the 1st, a frontal wave is shown in the analysis near 36N, 61W just as there are indications of a 500 hPa closed low pinching off of the southern end of a polar trough (Roth). January 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.8N, 57.5W with a stationary front extending from the low northeastward to 37N, 47W and a dissipating cold front extending from the low southward and southwestward to 25N, 58W to 21N, 61W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.6N, 57.3W with a 996 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 31.7N, 55.8W with frontal analyses similar to the HWM analysis. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 31.5N, 56.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 60.2W (COA). Three other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 998 mb. By the 2nd, this [frontal] wave deepens as it moves southeast in tandem with the upper cyclone, which at the time is quite cold core, with -20C temperatures indicated at 500 hPa. The northern portion of the parent upper trough moves eastward toward western Europe, and shortwave ridging builds north of the closed low (Roth). January 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.6N, 54.7W with a dissipating stationary front extending from the low northeastward to 30N, 53W to 32N, 50W to 34N, 45W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 27.5N, 55.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.0N, 55.0W (HWM, COA). Three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. By January 3 it was already isolated from the polar air and no fronts were distinguished in the circulation after this date (Colon 1956). By the 3rd, the system is nearly barotropic at the surface, with essentially zero temperature and dewpoint contrast within almost 1,000 km east, south, and west of the circulation center. There are still indications of a draping warm front to its northeast. The upper cyclone moves farther into a data void, and from this point onward in the map series a 500 hPa temperature of -12C is shown over the center, an 8C warming from the 1st and 2nd (Roth). January 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.9N, 57.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.5N, 57.3W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt subtropical cyclone at 25.5N, 57.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 12Z at 27.5N, 59.0W and at 18Z at 27.7N, 59.0W (COA); 25 kt S and 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.5N, 56.4W (COA, micro). One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Between January 4 and January 9, 1951, this storm exhibited properties resembling a true tropical storm. Winds of force 7 to 10 (28-55 kt) were reported, the stronger winds generally observed closer to the center. The central pressure ranged from 1000-1005 mb, perhaps lower. The wind and pressure fields indicated a warm-core structure (Colon 1956). At this point, the surface low takes on a southwesterly track, approaching Puerto Rico from the northeast, while becoming smaller in scale as the wind field substantially contracts when compared to previous days, indicating it could be nearly tropical in character by the 5th (Roth). January 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.3N, 60.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.3N, 61.2W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.8N, 60.6W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt subtropical storm at 22.5N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 21.9N, 59.3W (micro); 30 kt S and 1004 mb at 18Z at 20.8N, 60.9W (COA). January 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.3N, 61.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 62.5W with a 999 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 62.0W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 21.0N, 62.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 20.7N, 61.0W (micro); 50 to 55 kt NE at 17Z at 20.5N, 62.7W (micro, Moore and Davis, Colon); 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.8N, 62.0W (micro). It continued on a southward track reaching latitude 20N on January 6. A recurvature to the west occurred at this point, just in time to prevent the storm from striking land (Colon). The surface chart for 1230 GMT, January 6, 1951, shows the storm centered at 21N, 61.5W, with a minimum pressure of around 1004 mb and a wind report of force 8 (37 kt). Six hours after this map a ship reported winds of force 10 (48-55 kt) close to the center (Colon, Hector). The Atlantic maps reveal an example as recently as January 1951 in which a storm, devoid of fronts and exhibiting most of the characteristics of a tropical storm, produced a wind speed of over 60 mph north of the Leeward Islands (Moore and Davis 1951). It didnt gain cyclone status until the 6th at ~ 21N, 61.8W (Hector). January 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.7N, 65.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.3N, 63.6W with a 1002 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 21N, 64W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 65.0W. No gales or low pressures. The system makes its closest approach to Puerto Rico on the 7th, and their temperature at 500 hPa falls from a steady -6/-7C reading -10C, indicating that if there is a warm core, it is embedded still within a larger relatively cool pocket of air at 500 hPa. This would be a similar development sequence to Karl of 1980, the Unnamed Hurricane of 1991 off the East Coast of the United States, and recent South Atlantic Hurricane of March 2004 (Roth). During the 7th and 8th, there are indications in the map series of south to southwesterly wind shear impacting the cyclone. The 500 hPa low is analyzed northeast of the surface low, which is consistent with a deep trough approaching the system from the west (Roth). January 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.3N, 66.5W. A cold front is beginning to approach the cyclone but is located still 400 nmi northwest of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 65.3W with a 998 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.2N, 66.3W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 66.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.0N, 67.3W (COA) and 22.3N, 67.3W (COA); 40 kt E and 997 mb at 18Z at 22.3N, 66.4W (micro); 35 kt WSW at 18Z at 22.2N, 66.5W (COA); 25 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 66.6W (COA). On the 8th, when it passed just north of Paso de la Mona, it recurved NE toward the southeastern Bahamas (where it originated [several] days before) to become an extratropical storm (Hector). January 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.2N, 64.6W with a NE-SW cold front approaching the low, now located only 150 to 175 nmi NW of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.9N, 65.8W with a 1000 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low; the microfilm analysis could be indicating that the cyclone is getting absorbed by or merging with a front or another low pressure system. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.0N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 1008 mb at 00Z at 21.2N, 66.0W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 24.0N, 66.7W (COA). January 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 31.9N, 60.2W with a warm front extending from the low northeastward to 35N, 57W to 38N, 51W to 39N, 47W and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward to 27N, 62W becoming a dissipating cold front at 24N, 64W to 20N, 67W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.5N, 59.5W with a 999 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.3N, 61.0W with the SW end of a possible warm front located at 36N, 56W extending northeastward to 39N, 47W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 32.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z at 31.0N, 62.9W (COA); 45 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z at 29.5N, 62.5W (COA); ~45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 33.7N, 61.0W (COA, micro, HWM). The storm turned northward and joined a polar front on January 10 and became again an extratropical storm (Colon). The system slowly weakens, with the system becoming a frontal wave by 1230 GMT on the 10th as a new 500 hPa cyclone develops to its northwest out of the based of the approaching cold upper trough (Roth). January 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39.6N, 53.9W (probably the feature of interest) with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 41N, 48W to 39N, 37W and a cold front extending from the low southward to 35N, 54W, becoming a stationary front there extending to a spot low in the trough near 31N, 57W and a cold front extending south-southwestward from there. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.9N, 53.9W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 39.7N, 53.6W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a likely cold front extending from the low south-southwestward. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 54.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 00Z at 33.1N, 56.8W (COA); 35 kt (S or E?) and 1007 mb at 00Z at 35.5N, 55.7W (COA, micro); 25 kt S and 1003 mb at 18Z at 41.6N, 49.8W (COA); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 18Z at 40.1N, 47.8W (COA, micro). Five other gales of 35 kt. January 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 45.3N, 40.3W (probably the feature of interest) with a warm front extending from the low east-southeastward and a cold front extending from the low southwestward for a short distance, becoming a warm front at 42N, 44W, and extending to another closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.5N, 47.5W. A cold front extends southward from this low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.7N, 40.7W with a 1004 mb pressure. Microfilm at 00Z (the last time before the low travels off the northeast edge of the map) shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 41.3N, 49.3W within a trough of low pressure. Roth last lists this at 12Z as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 46.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1012 mb at 00Z at 41.8N, 52.7W (COA, micro); 35 kt SSW at 06Z and 35 kt WSW at 12Z and 1007 mb at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA, HWM); 15 kt W and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.5N, 32.5W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt and at least five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. The deepening extratropical cyclone rides northeastward along the frontal boundary, with the surface wave eventually dampening out somewhere east-northeast of 46N, 40W on the 12th as its 500 hPa cyclone starts shearing out in advance of the next closed cyclone dropping through New England (Roth). January 13: The HWM analysis suggests that the feature of interest was absorbed by 12Z on the 13th. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.0N, 38.6W with a 995 mb pressure. [This MWR chart appears to following the incorrect low starting on the 13th because HWM maps and available observations indicate that the feature of interest was either absorbed or dissipated and no longer closed by the 13th. The MWR chart is tracking the low referred to above in the HWM analysis sentence of the January 12th paragraph another closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.5N, 47.5W]. January 14: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.5N, 30.7W with a 989 mb pressure. [This MWR chart is not tracking the feature of interest on this day, as in the January 13th paragraph]. An intense frontal system was located in the northwestern Atlantic on New Years Day, 1951 aligned from about 45N, 52W to 25N, 70W. On the 1st, winds behind the front were as high as hurricane force and temperatures were cold. Since the flow east of that frontal system was all from the SSW, and the flow west of the frontal system was all from the north, a closed low did not yet exist on the 1st. On the 2nd, an extratropical cyclone developed along the front and is analyzed to have been sufficiently closed by 12Z to be considered an extratropical cyclone. The first point will be at 12Z on 2 January as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 30.5N, 58.0W. The cyclone moved southeastward and curved southward on the 3rd to a position near 26.5N, 54.5W by 12Z on the 3rd as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. From the 3rd to the 6th of January, the cyclone moved southwestward and decelerated on the 5th, and it was located only a short distance north of the northern Leeward Islands and Virgin Islands before it turned westward on the 6th. The extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have transitioned to a tropical cyclone by 18Z on the 4th (today it may have been considered a subtropical cyclone from about 18Z on the 4th through 06Z on the 6th, but then it may have been considered purely tropical from the 6th through the 9th of January). On the 6th it turned westward and is analyzed to have been located at 20.7N, 62.0W at 12Z on the 6th. The cyclone reached its farthest south latitude of 20.2N, on the 7th from 00-06Z. On the 8th, it curved northward and on the 9th it turned north-northeastward ahead of an approaching frontal system. The analyzed farthest west position of the cyclone occurred at 12-18Z on the 8th around 22N, 66.5W. It interacted with a front, and the tropical cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 10th. The cyclone maintained its identity through 12 January as it rode northeastward along the front before it was absorbed or dissipated by the 13th. At 12Z on the 12th, the analyzed position is 44.7N, 41.0W as a 40 kt extratropical storm. There were numerous gales and low pressures observed with this cyclone during both the tropical and extratropical phases. On the 4th and 5th a few gales of 35 kt were observed and a couple of 1004 mb pressures were also observed. The analyzed intensity on the 4th and 5th is 45 kt- consistent with David Roths analysis. On the 6th, a ship recorded a force 10 wind (~50 kt) at 17Z (the highest wind recorded during the tropical portion of the lifetime of this cyclone), and on the 8th at 18Z, a 997 mb pressure was recorded (the lowest pressure recorded during the tropical phase) simultaneously with 40 kt winds. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb yields a wind speed to greater than 53 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The highest available wind observation on the 8th was 40 kt, and 40 kt was observed again on the 9th. A 55 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 6th through 06Z on the 9th. When the cyclone became tropical at 18Z on the 4th, 45 kt was analyzed, increasing to 55 kt by 12Z on the 6th. The 55 kt intensity at 06Z on the 9th is analyzed to have decreased to 50 kt by 12Z. This 50 kt intensity is maintained until 06Z on the 11th (well after the cyclone became extratropical). The intensity is analyzed to have decreased to 40 kt by 06Z on the 12th. No central pressures are analyzed to be added to HURDAT with this storm, but observations suggest a central pressure of near or less than 993 mb at 18Z on the 8th. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 2 (Able) - (was Storm 1) 35495 05/15/1951 M=10 1 SNBR= 785 ABLE XING=0 35495 05/16/1951 M= 9 2 SNBR= 785 ABLE XING=0 ** ** * (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 35500 05/15* 0 0 0 0*280 646 25 0*300 665 25 0*308 671 25 0* 35505 05/16*314 685 25 0*319 708 30 0*318 732 30 0*310 753 35 0* 35505 05/16*320 680 30 0*319 708 30 0*316 738 35 0*306 764 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35510 05/17*301 771 40 0*294 782 55 0*287 786 65 0*280 788 65 0* 35510 05/17*294 775 45 0*288 784 55 0*282 788 65 0*275 789 70 983* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 35515 05/18*273 787 70 0*269 782 70 0*270 777 75 0*272 773 80 0* 35515 05/18*271 786 75 0*269 783 75 0*270 779 75 982*272 775 70 985* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35520 05/19*274 770 80 0*277 767 80 0*281 763 80 0*288 760 80 0* 35520 05/19*274 772 70 0*277 769 70 0*281 766 75 982*287 763 75 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35525 05/20*297 758 80 0*306 756 85 0*315 754 90 0*324 753 90 0* 35525 05/20*295 760 75 980*305 757 75 0*314 754 75 0*324 752 75 979* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 35530 05/21*332 752 95 0*344 747 100 0*355 742 100 0*359 736 100 0* 35530 05/21*335 750 75 0*347 746 75 0*356 742 75 978*361 738 75 976* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35535 05/22*362 730 95 0*365 722 90 0*366 712 85 0*366 702 80 0* 35535 05/22*363 732 80 0*365 723 80 0*366 711 80 973*367 699 80 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 35540 05/23*365 690 70 0*364 670 60 0*365 650 50 0E371 636 45 0* 35540 05/23*368 687 80 0*370 670 80 0*373 650 75 984*376 635 65 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** ******* *** ** 35545 05/24E379 623 45 0E387 612 45 0E395 600 45 0E401 592 45 0* 35545 05/24*380 622 55 0*387 612 50 0*397 600 45 0*405 587 35 994* **** *** ** * ** **** **** *** ** *** 35550 HR International Landfall: 5/18 12Z 27.0N 77.9W - 75 kt 982 mb Bahamas U.S. impact: 5/17 18Z Closest approach to Florida 40 kt impact for Florida Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this May hurricane. Major changes are also made to the genesis and the decay of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Bahamian observations and commentary from the Nassau Guardian provided by Trevor Basden and Wayne Neely, Moore and Davis (1951), Tannehill (1956), and Roth (2006). May 15: HWM analyzes a spot low located near 25.3N, 66.7W located within a trough from around 22N, 69W to the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front from 29N, 67W to 37N, 53W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 30.0N, 66.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.5N, 66.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 28.4N, 66.1W located along a trough or front (similar to the HWM analysis). Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1026 mb at 06Z at 28.5N, 79.8W (COA). The wave is shown amplifying on the 15/0030Z and 15/1230Z surface charts, and an initial vortex developing on the 16/0630Z surface chart after having moved rather rapidly west-northwestward (ATS). May 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.6N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.8N, 73.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 31.5N, 73.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 12Z at 33.0N, 75.5W (COA, micro); 35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 76.3W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1018 mb at 12Z at 34.2N, 75.6W (COA). It might be noted that up until 16/1500Z, convergence was taking place aloft over the surface vortex, and after that time, the vortex came under the effects of northerly winds aloft, or in effect, divergent winds. The divergent winds allowed outflow to take place above the surface vortex This allowed the surface vortex to deepen and also caused it to moved southwestward at 12 to 15 kt (ATS). May 17: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.4N, 78.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.7N, 78.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map also shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.7N, 79.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 30.9N, 79.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 28.2N, 79.6W (micro). Three other gales between 35-50 kt and four other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 38 kt W (max w/1-min) at Miami, FL (climo); 31 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Jacksonville, FL (climo). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1845Z at 27.3N, 78.9W with a 983 mb central pressure and 65 kt max estimated winds (ATS). [Able] reached tropical storm intensity after 17/0030Z. It reached hurricane intensity after 17/1230Z [after slowing its southward motion to 8 to 10 kt]. [Able] then slowed and began to curve towards the southeast at about 4 to 6 kt as it came under the effects of northwesterly winds associated with the low aloft, as shown on the 17/1500Z upper air charts (ATS). The earliest fully developed hurricane of record in the Atlantic developed east of Florida during the night of May 16. At 0700 EST (1200Z) on the 17th, the steamship R. P. Smith reported winds of Beaufort force 9 to 10, falling pressure, and waves 25 to 30 feet high near 28.5N, 79.5W. This was the first definite information that a severe storm had formed. The Navy recon squadron was ordered out immediately. During the 17th, they reported a storm of full hurricane strength moving southward (MWR). The hurricane was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reports at 27.3N, 78.9W at 17/1845Z. The eye was described as poorly defined insofar as clouds were concerned but clearly defined by pressure and winds. The maximum winds were estimated to be 65 kt to the east of the center and the minimum pressure was 983 mb in the eye (ATS). From the May, 1951 National Climatic Data Summary A pre-season hurricane, the earliest on record, appeared off the Florida coast on the 17th... Its nearest approach to [Florida] was about 100 miles east of Ft. Pierce, FL and its only effects on land were fresh winds and light showers (climo). May 18: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.8N, 78.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 77.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 77.9W with a 982 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 27.2N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 31.2N, 79.0W (COA); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 06Z at 25.8N, 77.4W (COA). One other low pressure of 1005 mb. Land highlights: 80-85 kt for 5 hours sometime between 00Z-12Z at Walkers Cay (likely to be visual estimates - 27.1N, 78.3W) (MWR); ~65-70 kt at Grand Bahama Island and Little Abaco Island (likely to be visually estimated - MWR). One other low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0520Z, 0800Z, and 0830Z between 26.9-27.0N, 78.2W (micro); center fix at 1215Z at 27.0N, 78.1W with 982 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); center fix at 2047Z at 27.4N, 77.5W with 985 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds. It was later determined that the hurricane was moving on a broad curving loop which brought it over Little Bahama Banks during the night of the 17th and on the 18th. Walkers Cay on these banks reported 90 to 95 mph [80 to 85 kt] winds for 5 hours during the night of the 17-18th, and Grand Bahama and Little Abaco islands both reported about the lower limits of hurricane force (MWR). The hurricane curved slowly eastward at about 4 kt after 18/0630Z under the westerly flow aloft and was fixed by a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane at 27N, 78.1W at 18/1215Z. The central pressure in the eye was 982 mb. The maximum winds had increased to 70 kt to the east of the eye with 55 kt winds extending outward to the east and northeast about 40 miles from the [eye] edge. Maximum winds to the west and southwest of the eye were 60 kt and extended about 25 miles from the [eye] edges. After this fix, the hurricane began curving northeastward at about 4 kt under southwesterly flow aloft. The hurricane was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft at 27.4N, 77.5W with 18/2047Z with a minimum pressure in the eye of 985 mb and maximum winds of 80 kt (ATS). May 19: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.4N, 76.3W. HWM analyzes another low of at most 1015 mb centered near 36.5N, 74W with a dissipating cold front extending southwestward from the low 34N, 76W becoming a stationary front at 32N, 80W, which extends to 32N, 83W to 34N, 85W to 40N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 28.1N, 76.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 77.2W with a 982 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0200, 0300, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, and 0900Z between 27.4-27.9N, 76.8-77.1W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1237Z at 28.1N, 76.7W with a 982 mb central pressure, 75 kt max winds and 25 nm eye diameter at 1319Z (micro, ATS); center fix at 2233Z at 29.1N, 76.1W with 980 mb central pressure, 85 kt max winds and 30 nm eye diameter (micro, ATS); 65 kt WSW at flight-level of 800 ft and 1005 mb at 2315Z at 28.9N, 76.2W (micro). A fix by the Navy at 28.1N, 76.7W at 19/1237Z verified a continued northeasterly movement at 4 kt. The maximum winds reported were 75 kt. A central pressure of 982 mb was reported in the eye. Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reports fixed the eye of the hurricane at 29.2N, 76.1W at 19/2233Z. Maximum winds had increased to 85 kt. Lowest pressure had decreased to 980 mb in the eye. This fix showed more of a north-northeasterly movement with acceleration to 8 to 10 kt (ATS). May 20: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.3N, 75.0W with a WSW-ENE stationary front located from 32N, 73W to 34N, 67W to east of 34N, 55W and a dissipating stationary front plotted from 32N, 78W to 31N, 80W to 31N, 82W to 33N, 84W to 36N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.5N, 75.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map also shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located a few hundred nm north of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 75 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 32.3N, 77.7W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix estimate at 1300Z at 31.2N, 75.5W (ATS, micro); 65 kt at flight-level and 1001 mb at 1435Z at 31.0N, 75.6W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1855Z at 32.6N, 75.2W with 979 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (micro, ATS); Navy radar center fixes at 2000 and 2100Z between 32.7-33.1N, 74.8-75.0W (micro). The hurricane continued moving north-northeastward at 11 kt and was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft at 31.2N, 75.5W at 20/1300Z, and by Air Force reconnaissance reports at 32.6N, 75.2W at 20/1855Z. During the latter reconnaissance, the maximum winds were reported to have increased to 90 kt and the lowest pressure in the eye was 978.6 mb (ATS). May 21: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 35.6N, 73.1W with the west end of a W-E warm front located several hundred miles northeast of the cyclone and a cold front approaching from the northwest located over the Great Lakes region of the U.S. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 35.5N, 74.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.6N, 74.9W with a 998 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 35.7N, 73.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 35.3N, 74.9W (micro); 55 kt SE and 1016 mb (ship pressure biased 7 to 11 mb too high) at 18Z at 39.1N, 73.3W (COA). Four other gales between 35-50 kt and three other low pressures between 1000-1003 mb. Land/station highlights: 20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 06Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0540Z at 34.8N, 74.6W (micro); center fix at 1345Z at 35.8N, 74.1W with 978 mb central pressure and 100 kt max winds (ATS, MWR); dropsonde in eye - 700 mb temperature of +10.0C, height of 9,330 ft, 850 mb temperature of +18.1C, height of 3,930 ft at 2015Z (micro); center fix at 2015Z at 36.6N, 74.0W (ATS). The completion of the loop turned the hurricane northeastward over the Atlantic and it passed 70 miles east of Cape Hatteras on the 21st (MWR). Regarding the intensity The strongest winds [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were estimated by aircraft at 100 knots (115 mph) on the 21st (MWR). North-northeastward movement continued at 11 kt, and a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reported the eye of the hurricane fixed at 35.8N, 74.1W at 21/1345Z. The lowest pressure in the eye was 978 mb and maximum winds of 100 kt were reported in the northwest quadrant. Winds of 65 kt extended outwards from the center for a distance of 50 miles and 40 kt winds outward for a distance of 100 miles. Moderate to heavy turbulence was encountered. The eye was poorly defined. Air Force aircraft reconnaissance [fixed Able] at 36.6N, 74W at 21/2015Z. The hurricane was described as a very small, well-defined one with maximum winds estimated at 90 kt and hurricane force winds extending outward to 50 miles in all quadrants. The hurricane was described as very symmetrical (ATS). From the May, 1951 National Climatic Data Summary Moving on a northerly course [the cyclone] curved out into the Atlantic on the 21st. Its nearest approach to [North Carolina] was about 100 miles east of Cape Hatteras, NC, and its only effects on land were fresh winds and light showers (climo). May 22: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N, 71.3W with the east end of a W-E stationary front located more than 250 nmi ENE of the cyclone and another frontal system approaching from the northeast located over Lakes Ontario and Erie. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.6N, 71.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 70.7W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 37.3N, 71.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA); 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 18Z at 36.5N, 69.3W (micro); 60 kt W and 1002 mb at 18Z at 36.1N, 70.8W (micro). Five other gales between 35-40 kt and two other low pressures of 1003 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0415, 0515, 0630, 0730, and 0820Z between 36.0-36.6N, 72.2-73.0W (micro); Navy radar center fix at 1105Z at 36.8N, 71.1W with 973 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1955Z at 36.7N, 69.2W with 80-90 kt estimated surface winds. [Able curved sharply eastward at 8 kt after the last reconnaissance fix [on the 21st]. Navy radar aircraft from Patuxent River, Maryland tracked the hurricane during the night, and a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reported the hurricane fixed early the next morning at 36.8N, 71.1W at 22/1105Z indicating a continued eastward movement at 10 to 12 kt. The aerologist reported the eye of the hurricane well defined, but open in the southwest quadrant with a minimum pressure of 973 mb. Maximum winds reported were 90 kt in the southwest quadrant. Air Force reconnaissance fixed the hurricane at 36.7N, 69.2W at 22/1955Z. The eye was approximately 15 miles in diameter and maximum winds of 80 to 90 kt were encountered on the outer edge of the eye. The 45 kt wind circle extended outward to only 50 miles from the center (ATS). From the May, 1951 State Climatological Data Summary for Maryland and Delaware An early season hurricane made threatening gestures at Atlantic coastal areas on the 22nd but moved too far offshore to produce any high winds or rain over land areas (climo). May 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 36.3N, 65.0W. HWM analyzes a separate, extratropical low of at most 1000 mb centered near 48N, 66W with a cold front extending from that low to 45N, 68W to 43N, 71W to 41N, 75W to 39N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 36.5N, 65.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.9N, 65.1W with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 37.3N, 65.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 37.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: 30 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA, micro); 75 kt SSE at 12Z at 37.6N, 64.6W (micro); 60 kt SSW at 12Z at 36.4N, 65.3W (micro); 45 kt W [with pressure illegible and possibly inside RMW] at 13Z at 37.5N, 65.0W (micro); 10 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 39.2N, 66.0W (COA, micro). One other legible low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1457Z at 36.9N, 64.3W with 984 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (ATS). On the 23rd of May, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft reported that the hurricane was crescent-shaped with the entire north sector open with very little weather present. Maximum winds of 45 kt were encountered in the north sector while winds of 90 kt were encountered on the south side. A lowest pressure of 994 mb was reported in the center and the eye was reported fixed at 36.9N, 64.3W at 23/1457Z. After 23/1830Z, the hurricane began to curve northeastward at 12 kt (ATS). May 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.3N, 60.0W, with the west end of a W-E stationary front located about 150-200 nmi east of the low. HWM analyzes a more powerful (extratropical) low of at most 990 mb centered near 39.5N, 70.5W with a warm front extending northeastward from this low and a cold front extending south-southwestward and then southwestward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 39.5N, 60.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.3N, 59.7W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 39.9N, 60.0W. The 12Z microfilm analysis is nearly identical to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 1000 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 59.7W (COA, micro, HWM); 15 kt E and 998 mb at 18Z at 40.8N, 58.5W (COA). Three other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 38.9N, 60.3W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1547Z at 40.3N, 59.3W with 994 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (ATS). Thereafter, it turned towards the east-northeast and dissipated over the Atlantic near 40N, 60W on May 24 (MWR). The hurricane weakened as it moved to higher latitudes and encountered cooler, drier air. It decreased to tropical storm intensity after 24/0030Z and dropped below tropical storm intensity after 24/1230Z. This was verified by an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft which reported that a closed circulation had been located at 40.2N, 59.3W at 24/1547Z with a lowest pressure of 994 mb. No winds were observed to be over 45 kt. The disturbance continued moving northeastward and dissipated shortly after the last fix (ATS). May 25: HWM and microfilm (at 12Z) no longer analyze the feature of interest on this day. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. On 14 and 15 May, a sharp trough extended through the area of the western Atlantic east of the Bahamas. HURDAT started this system at 06Z on 15 May as a 25 kt tropical depression. Observations indicate that no closed circulation was present on 15 May so the 15th is removed from HURDAT. By 00Z on the 16th, there was a closed circulation present. This cyclone is started at 00Z on the 16th (18 hours later than HURDAT originally) as a 30 kt tropical cyclone half a degree longitude east of the previous HURDAT position at that time. However, if satellite imagery were available, it is possible that the cyclone may have been considered subtropical from genesis through the 17th. On the 17th, Able rapidly intensified to hurricane strength, decelerated, and made a gradual turn toward the south just east of Florida. At 12Z on the 17th, a ship recorded 50 kt with a 994 mb pressure and at 1845Z, an aircraft measured a central pressure of 983 mb, which yields 72 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N, pressure wind relationship for intensifying systems. This 983 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th (up from 65 kt originally). No change is made to the time Able became a hurricane (12Z on the 17th). Able produced a tropical storm impact in Florida (as evidenced by the 38 kt recorded in Miami and the 31 kt recorded at Jacksonville). Early on the 18th, Able reached its farthest south point not far from Walkers Cay in the Bahamas (where 80-85 kt winds were observed to have occurred, but were likely visually estimated), and then it turned eastward, and eventually north-northeastward by the 19th. Aircraft central pressures of 982 and 985 mb were measured on the 18th at 12Z and 2045Z respectively, and these central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on the 18th. The central pressures yield 70 and 66 kt respectively, making use of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. At 12Z on the 18th, the RMW was near climatology, and the forward speed of the cyclone was about 5 kt. A 75 kt intensity is chosen from 00Z through 12Z on the 18th under the assumption that the winds likely to be estimated visually at Walkers Cay were biased somewhat high. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 18th (down from 80 kt originally at that time). On the 19th, aircraft central pressures of 982 and 980 mb were recorded at 1237Z and 2233Z respectively, and these central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th and 00Z on the 20th respectively. These central pressures yield 70 and 73 kt respectively making use of the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. The RMW on the 19th was near climatology and the speed of the storm accelerated from 5 kt to 8 kt during the day. Intensities of 75 kt are chosen from 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th (all down from 80 kt originally). No track changes of larger than three-tenths of a degree were made from the 18th through the 22nd. On the 20th, Able moved northward and passed east of Cape Hatteras, NC early on the 21st, but no tropical storm force winds were observed in North Carolina. At 1855Z on the 20th, a 979 mb central pressure was recorded by aircraft and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th. A central pressure of 979 mb yields 74 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th (down from 90 kt originally). At 1345Z on the 21st, an aircraft central pressure of 978 mb was recorded and the 75 kt analyzed intensity is maintained through 12Z on the 21st (down from 100 kt originally at 06 and 12Z on the 21st). No tropical storm force winds were recorded along the relatively nearby North Carolina coast. The 978 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 21st. Late on the 21st, Able turned eastward near 36N and moved in a direction between east and east-northeast through the 23rd followed by a northeastward turn in the 24th in the vicinity of 40N, 60W. On the 23rd, the position is adjusted eight-tenths of a degree north based on a ship observation of a west wind very near the center at 37.5N at 13Z on the 23rd, and on the 24th track changes are half a degree or less. At 2015Z on the 21st, a dropsonde measure was launched into the cyclone. While some of the message can be deciphered, we are unable to determine the surface pressure directly. However, the 700 mb temperature of +10.0C along with a height of 9,330 ft (2,844 m) suggests a surface pressure of 974 mb and the 850 mb temperature of +18.1C along with a height of 3,930 ft (1,198 m) suggests a surface pressure of 976 mb. This 976 mb value appears to be a valid central pressure, which is now added in at the 18Z May 21st HURDAT time slot. 976 mb central pressure suggests 77 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship and 75 kt is analyzed for the intensity (down significantly from 100 kt originally). At 1105Z on the 22nd, a 973 mb central pressure (the lowest recorded for the lifetime of the cyclone) was recorded by aircraft. A central pressure of 973 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 973 mb yields 80 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW and speed of the storm were near average, and 80 kt is chosen from 12Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd. The last hurricane force wind recorded by a ship was 75 kt at 12Z on the 23rd, and after that, Able weakened rather quickly as it moved northeastward over cooler waters. Aircraft measured a central pressure of 984 mb at 1457Z on the 23rd, which equals 69 kt north of 35N, and the 984 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd. Intensities of 75 and 65 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 23rd (up from 50 and 45 kt respectively). HURDAT previously listed this cyclone as becoming extratropical at 18Z on 23 May with dissipation occurring after 18Z on 24 May. Observations indicate that Able never became extratropical, and on the 24th, it was located in the warm sector of a large extratropical cyclone emerging off the northeast coast of the U.S. On the 24th at 1547Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 994 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th. A central pressure of 994 mb yields 58 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The environmental pressure was very low, and ship observations very near the center indicate a closed circulation but with very light winds. Intensities of 45 and 35 kt are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 24th (down from 45 kt originally at 18Z). No change is made to the timing of dissipation of this cyclone. After 18Z on the 24th, Able was absorbed by the approaching extratropical cyclone. Additional info and interesting quotes regarding Able: The central eye was well formed and about 20 miles in diameter during much of the storms life and the central pressure was well below 29 inches (MWR). The first disturbance of the season set a new record. It was the first storm of full hurricane force ever recorded in the month of May (Tannehill). Although this hurricane was unique in that it was the first of its type noted so near to the United States coast outside the usual tropical storm season, a study of weather maps of the Atlantic area reveals quite similar cases of hurricanes, or near hurricanes, in the subtropic Atlantic even in midwinter. These have been far at sea for the most part, in the lesser-traveled portions of the Atlantic, and have therefore attracted little notice The Atlantic maps reveal an example as recently as January 1951 in which a storm, devoid of fronts and exhibiting most of the characteristics of a tropical storm, produced a wind speed of over 60 mph north of the Leeward Islands Many such cases of cyclogenesis in the subtropical north Atlantic outside the usual hurricane season do not lend themselves to frontal analysis, nor do they have the exact characteristics expected of a tropical storm. The May hurricane falls in this category (Moore and Davis 1951). The analysis indicates that a combination of several favorable circumstances led to the preseason occurrence of the hurricane in May 1951. The hurricane began in connection with a cold high-level low at subtropic latitudes. It appears that a superposition of a divergent wind field at upper levels over the incipient storm was an important feature of the intensification Such storms as this one are believed to comprise a category distinct from the extratropical, and the usual tropical cyclone. They are associated with a cold-core low which becomes warm-core in the lower levels with intensification. The top of this warm core, and consequently of the steering level, appears to be at a considerably lower level than for a pure tropical storm with a similar radial pressure gradient (Moore and Davis 1951). ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 3 (Baker) (was Storm 2) 35555 08/02/1951 M= 4 2 SNBR= 786 BAKER XING=0 35555 08/02/1951 M= 4 3 SNBR= 786 BAKER XING=0 * 35560 08/02* 0 0 0 0*210 520 25 0*220 543 35 0*227 554 40 0* 35560 08/02* 0 0 0 0*209 529 30 0*218 539 35 0*227 549 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35565 08/03*237 565 45 0*249 575 50 0*262 585 50 0*274 593 50 0* 35565 08/03*237 559 45 0*250 569 50 0*264 579 50 0*277 589 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35570 08/04*286 600 50 0*299 605 45 0*313 608 45 0*328 610 40 0* 35570 08/04*290 598 50 0*304 605 50 0*319 608 45 999*336 609 40 0* *** *** *** ** *** *** *** 35575 08/05*343 610 40 0*354 609 35 0*362 608 35 0*390 590 30 0* 35575 08/05*353 600 40 0*370 588 40 0*388 575 45 0*406 561 50 996* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35580 TS Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that stayed out over the open Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. July 31: HWM analyzes a spot low in an open trough near 14N, 51.8W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. ATS shows a low near 14N, 51W. The 30/1230Z surface chart fixed the position of the vortex at 13N, 50W. As the vortex intensified it began to slow its movement to about 5 kt until 31/1230Z (ATS). August 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.1N, 50.3W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.3N, 53.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 54.3W. Ship highlights: 40-45 kt E and 1014 mb at 20Z at 23.6N, 54.0W (micro). An easterly wave developed into a tropical storm far to the northeast of the Leeward Islands on August 2, near 23N, 56W (MWR). The analysis of the 02/1830Z surface chart showed ship NRDC at 23.4N, 53.8W reported ESE force seven This report [in conjunction with additional reports] indicated the vortex had intensified to tropical storm intensity and fixed the position at 22.8N, 54.1W with a NNW movement, widespread precipitation and force four to seven winds (15-30 kt) spread over an area four to seven hundred miles to the northwest (ATS). August 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.1N, 57.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 58.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.2N, 58.7W with a 1008 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.9N, 58.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 1008 mb centered near 27N, 58W. Ship highlights: 35-40 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z at 24.1N, 54.0W (micro); 45 kt E and 1015 mb at 12Z at 28.5N, 57.7W (COA, micro); 45 kt SE and 1017 mb at 18Z at 29.4N, 57.0W (COA, micro). Three other gales. Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix at 12Z at 27.5N, 57.5W (micro); possible center fix at 1715Z at 26.0N, 58.3W with 35 kt highest wind encountered [plane may have been searching too far south]. This storm did not develop hurricane force; the strongest winds reported were only 60 mph (MWR). August 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32N, 60.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.3N, 60.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.1N, 60.3W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.5N, 61.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.2N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 00Z at 30.0N, 59.1W (COA, micro); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 31.1N, 60.2W (COA, micro); 20 kt NNW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 61.1W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1015 mb at 18Z at 34.9N, 58.7W (COA). Three other gales between 00Z06Z between 35-40 kt. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1225Z at 32.0N, 60.9W with 999 mb central pressure and 40 kt estimated maximum winds (micro). It moved on a broad curving path to the northwest and north and passed about 275 miles east of Bermuda on August 4 and thereafter turned northeastward over the Atlantic (MWR). An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft fixed the center of the storm at 32.1N, 61.2W at 04/1200Z. This aircraft fix in conjunction with the numerous ship reports on the 04/1230Z surface chart showed that the more northerly course had been established (ATS) August 5: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.4N, 56.4W with a frontal system approaching, which extends from 50N, 56W to 45N, 59W to 40N, 63W to 35N 69W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 36.2N, 60.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.0N, 55.6W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 38.8N, 57.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 39.8N, 57W with an elongated, extratropical low approaching from the west. Ship highlights: center fix at 1630 UTC with 996 mb central pressure at 40.2N, 56.3W and max winds encountered of 50-70 kt (micro). The ship NRDC apparently altered her course to follow the center of the storm and gave reports on the storm until 05/0030Z, at which time the storm has passed 180 miles east of Bermuda and began to diminish in intensity. A regeneration of the wind force in the storm was noticed during the period from 05/0630Z until 05/1830Z as the storm approached a strong frontal wave off the northeastern coast. While the center of the storm was indiscernible, force eight to ten winds (35-50 kt) were reported in the vicinity of 41N, 55W for a short time as the frontal system intensified (ATS). August 6: HURDAT no longer lists this system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.6N, 55.6W with a 1002 mb pressure. By 06/0630Z, the high winds had dissipated and only the frontal wave was evident on the chart (ATS). August 7: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 50.2N, 46.6W with a 1002 mb pressure. August 8: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.9N, 34.1W. August 9: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.2N, 25.0W with a 999 mb pressure. The disturbance that would eventually become Tropical Storm Baker was noted as early as 30 July in the Navy post-season tropical cyclone summary book (ATS) around 13N, 50W. On the 31st, HWM and ATS show the position of a disturbance or low near 14N, 51W. Ryan Truchelut (a graduate student at FSU) mentions the possibility of a TS Baker track extension back to near 17N, 50W on 1 August via his warm anomaly research, but he also mentions that a search through COADS indicates no evidence of a closed circulation on the 1st of August. The analysis conducted here agrees with Truchelut and finds no west winds, low pressure, or gales on 1 August. The COADS was obtained back to 30 July, and there is no evidence of a TC on the 30th or 31st either. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 2 August at 21N, 52W as a 25 kt tropical depression. Since observations are sparse early on the 2nd, no change is made to the timing of genesis. No change is made to the time that this cyclone attained tropical storm strength (12Z on the 2nd). Baker moved northwestward on the 2nd and 3rd, and it turned northward on the 4th near 32N, 61W. All track changes on the 2nd through the 4th are one degree or less. At 06Z on the 2nd, the position is adjusted westward by a degree, but for the rest of the 2nd and the 3rd, the revised track is to the right of the previous HURDAT track. Track changes on the 2nd are based on a few ships and a more realistic initial motion, and track changes on the 3rd and 4th take into account the aircraft information available. At 20Z on the 2nd, a ship in the periphery recorded a wind speed of either 40 or 45 kt, and the 18Z intensity on the 2nd is increased from 40 to 45 kt. On the 3rd and early on the 4th, there were a few more ships that recorded wind speeds of 45 kt. The only reliable aircraft center fix that contained a central pressure measurement for Baker was at 1225Z on the 4th. A central pressure of 999 mb was recorded, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th. A central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The speed of the cyclone at this time was about 15 kt. The aerologist on this flight estimated maximum winds of 40 kt. The HURDAT intensity at 12Z on the 4th of 45 kt is unchanged. The 50 kt peak lifetime intensity for Baker shown in HURDAT (from 06Z on the 3rd to 00Z on the 4th) is maintained except the HURDAT intensity at 06Z on the 4th is increased from 45 to 50 kt due to a 45 kt ship observation at 06Z on the 4th. Ship observations indicate that Baker began to weaken on the 4th. On the 5th at 1630Z, a ship passed through Baker and reported a center fix with a 996 mb central pressure and maximum winds of 50 to 70 kt at 40.2N, 56.3W. Baker was absorbed by a trough after 18Z on the 5th (no change to the timing of dissipation). A 50 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 5th at the final point. HURDAT previously listed a final position for Baker at 18Z on 5 August as a 30 kt tropical depression at 39N, 59W. A scarcity of observations on the 5th at 00 and 06Z prevent the removal of the HURDAT points at 00 and 06Z. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 4 (Charlie) (was Storm 3) 35585 08/12/1951 M=12 3 SNBR= 787 CHARLIE XING=0 35585 08/12/1951 M=12 4 SNBR= 787 CHARLIE XING=0 * 35590 08/12* 0 0 0 0*122 457 25 0*123 462 25 0*124 468 25 0* 35590 08/12*121 441 30 0*121 453 30 0*122 462 30 0*124 469 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 35595 08/13*126 475 25 0*128 484 25 0*130 492 25 0*132 499 25 0* 35595 08/13*126 476 30 0*127 484 30 0*128 492 30 0*129 500 30 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35600 08/14*134 506 25 0*136 513 25 0*138 522 30 0*140 535 30 0* 35600 08/14*130 508 35 0*132 516 40 0*134 524 40 0*136 536 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35605 08/15*143 553 35 0*146 572 45 0*149 590 50 0*152 607 60 0* 35605 08/15*138 553 45 0*141 571 50 0*144 589 55 999*148 607 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35610 08/16*154 625 65 0*157 648 70 0*160 670 75 0*161 687 80 0* 35610 08/16*152 626 60 0*156 646 65 0*159 667 65 992*162 686 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35615 08/17*162 703 85 0*164 721 95 0*168 739 95 0*174 757 95 964* 35615 08/17*163 702 75 0*164 717 80 0*166 731 85 978*171 746 95 971* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35620 08/18*181 774 75 0*182 789 80 0*182 805 85 0*185 817 90 0* 35620 08/18*176 762 110 0*181 778 85 0*183 794 75 0*186 809 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35625 08/19*190 831 95 0*193 841 100 0*195 850 105 0*198 861 110 0* 35625 08/19*189 822 80 982*192 834 85 0*194 845 85 976*198 856 100 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35630 08/20*202 872 115 0*206 884 115 0*211 897 100 0*214 909 95 0* 35630 08/20*202 867 115 0*206 879 90 0*210 892 70 0*214 904 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 35635 08/21*216 920 90 0*216 930 90 0*216 938 90 0*216 943 90 0* 35635 08/21*216 916 65 989*216 927 65 0*216 937 65 0*216 943 65 988* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** ** *** 35640 08/22*217 949 95 0*218 958 110 0*220 967 115 0*221 973 110 0* 35640 08/22*217 949 70 982*219 957 80 0*221 966 85 972*222 975 100 968* ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35645 08/23*222 980 65 0*223 987 45 0*225 994 35 0*219 999 25 0* 35645 08/23*223 982 65 0*224 988 45 0*224 994 35 0*224 999 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35650 HR International Landfalls 8/18 03Z 17.9N 76.9W 110 kt Jamaica 8/20 02Z 20.3N 87.0W 115 kt Mexico 8/20 03Z 20.4N 87.3W 115 kt Mexico 8/22 19Z 22.3N 97.8W 100 kt 968 mb - Mexico Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this straight-moving Caribbean hurricane that made four landfalls- all with major hurricane intensity. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Meteorological Magazine (1952), Caribbean station observations, Connor, Tannehill, and French observations and Meteo-France analyses provided by Mike Chenoweth. August 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 14N, 32W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1012 mb at 18Z at 11.5N, 33.0W (COA). August 10: HWM analyzes a spot low near 15N, 33W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.8N, 33.5W. HURDAT does not yet this a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. A suspicious area on an easterly wave was first noticed on the 11/1230Z surface chart at about 13N, 45W. A streamline analysis clearly showed a weak but closed vortex. The vortex cannot be traced to an earlier chart; however, the isobars on the 11/0630Z chart give a slight indication of a trough in the easterlies which may be an easterly wave (ATS). August 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 10N, 46W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 46.2W. No gales or low pressures. August 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 11.5N, 47.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.0N, 49.2W. No gales or low pressures. August 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 50.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.8N, 52.2W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1842Z at 11.2N, 53.5W with 1005 mb central pressure and 25 kt max winds encountered (micro). A partially developed easterly wave appeared east of the Lesser Antilles on August 14 and moved northwestward through the islands early on the 15th without causing damage. Aircraft reported squalls of 90 knots east of Martinique on the afternoon of the 14th, but the island weather stations did not report winds stronger than 35 mph (MWR). In the previous sentence, other information indicates MWR made a typo by saying that the 90 kt squalls occurred on the 14th. They actually occurred on the 15th. The vortex could be traced on subsequent charts [after the 11/1230Z chart] up to the 14/0030Z chart at a speed of 7 kt on a westerly course (ATS). A Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance Aircraft was dispatched from Trinidad on 14 August to investigate this area around 11.5N, 54W. A streamline analysis of the flight plot shows a closed vortex. It is believed that if the aircraft had been able to reconnoiter farther to the east, the winds in this area would have substantiated the closed vortex. Although the winds were observed at reconnaissance level of 400 to 1000 feet, the vortex seemed to just maintain itself rather than intensify. The aircraft fix showed the vortex speed increased to 13 kt since the 14/0030Z chart (ATS). As a slight disturbance, [Charlie] moved through the Lesser Antilles on August 14, but developed destructive force in its movement across the Caribbean (Tannehill). August 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.9N, 59.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 14.9N, 59.0W. The MWR post-season tract map shows a 12Z position near 14.4N, 59.3W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.3N, 60.5W. Station highlights: Two stations in Guadeloupe (La Desirade and Le Raizat) and two stations in Martinique (Fort-de-France and Lamentin) showed no gales and no low pressures (Chenoweth). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1450Z at 14.5N, 59.7W with 999 mb central pressure and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro, MWR). There is some evidence that a small center of strong winds passed between Dominica and Guadeloupe during the morning of the 15th. At any rate, there was regeneration to full hurricane force again during the next 24 hours (MWR). The presence of this vortex was also supported on the time cross-section for Martinique. [This cross section indicated] a probable vortex to the northeast [around 15/1000Z] (ATS). On 15 August, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane fixed the hurricane at 1450Z at 14.5N, 59.7W, which gave the hurricane a northwest movement. The aerologist reported an oval eye 15 to 20 miles in a NNE-SSW direction and 10 miles wide. 90 kt winds were encountered in the NW quadrant and 75 kt winds in the SE quadrant (ATS). It was noted that the microseisms at Roosevelt Roads began rising on the morning of 15 August indicating intensification of the vortex to hurricane intensity (ATS). "The third of this category, formed from a wave from the East, observed since the 13th, crossed on the 15th the Lesser Antilles chain to the North of Dominica without apparently affecting the islands apart from the Saintes archipelago. Spotted as a cyclone near the Lesser Antilles, it appeared to undergo an observable weakening in crossing the Saintes Channel. It exhibited the double characteristic of an extended zone of rain in the Northern sector along with hurricane winds, very limited in the circular zone locating the center, it was quite extended in a North and Northeast direction, the length of a strong line of squalls forming a spiral and constituting the actual wave from the East (Meteo-France). August 16: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 67.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 67.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 66.6W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 15.8N, 66.5W. Ship highlights: 1000 mb (min p encountered) at 1220Z near ~16.2N, 66.7W (micro); 55 kt G 65 (max w encountered) sometime between 1200Z 1300Z near ~16.2N, 66.7W (micro). Three other gales of 40-45 kt, and one other low pressure of 1004 mb. Land/station highlights: 35 kt ESE G 40-45 kt and 1010 mb at 0828Z at San Juan, Puerto Rico. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1415Z at either 16.0N, 67.3W or 16.2N, 67.9W with 992 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (DR) at 1830Z at 16.2N, 68.8W with 50 kt max winds encountered at 700 mb at high-levels and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,870 ft (micro). One to two other surface gales, two other low pressures, and one other flight-level hurricane force wind. On the morning of 16 August, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 1415Z at 16.2N, 67.9W. Maximum winds reported were 70 kt, minimum pressure 992 mb (ATS). August 17: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.5N, 72.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 16.8N, 73.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 72.8W with a 978 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near the HWM position. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (radio, penetration) at 1230Z at 16.4N, 72.9W with 978 mb central pressure and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1837Z at 17.1N, 74.8W with 971 mb central pressure, 110 kt max high-level winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,400 ft (ATS, micro). From aircraft flight Max winds in southern quadrant 90 kts within 35 miles of center and 45 kt within 50 miles (micro). A Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane staging out of San Juan, PR located the hurricane at 16.4N, 72.9W at 17/1230Z. This fix gave the hurricane a westward course at 13 kt during the past 24 hr. The aerologist reported the eye to be 22 miles in diameter and lowest pressure was 978 mb. Maximum winds reported were 90 kt in the NE and SE quadrants. At 1837Z, the high-level Air Force Reconnaissance plane located the center by radar at 17.1N, 74.8W. A minimum pressure of 971 mb was reported with maximum winds of 110 kt in the NE quadrant (ATS). August 18: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 80.1W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 80.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.2N, 79.6W with a 980 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.2N, 80.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 18.1N, 79.8W. Land/station highlights: 75-80 kt estimated highest average wind speed, 95 + kt estimated max wind, and 105-110 kt estimated max gusts around 0215Z to possibly after 0315Z at Kingston, Jamaica (micro, MWR, met mag); 973 mb (min p) around ~0245Z at Kingston, Jamaica (micro, MWR, met mag); 55 kt ENE G 80 kt and 1000 mb at 21Z at Grand Cayman (micro, MWR, advisories). One other gale and low pressure at 20Z at Grand Cayman. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 2112Z at 18.8N, 81.6W with 982 mb central pressure and 75 kt max flight-level winds encountered at 5,500 feet at 19.8N, 81.5W (ATS, micro). One other low pressure. The center skirted the south coast of Jamaica during the night of the 17th and the entire island had destructive winds, which caused the worst hurricane disaster of the century on Jamaica. Property and crop damage was estimated at $50,000,000, 152 persons killed, and 2,000 others injured, and about 25,000 made homeless. The strongest wind at Kingston was estimated at over 110 mph; lowest pressure [measured] 28.74 inches (973 mb); and rainfall 17 inches. The center passed several miles south of the city (MWR). Center of hurricane passed just south of Palisados at 18/0315 GMT. Wind exceeded 100 kt. Lowest pressure 973 mb by barograph. Rainfall 430 mm plus. Weather office wrecked and all coms dislocated (micro). After the hurricane left Jamaica, Grand Cayman experienced 92 mph winds in gusts (MWR). The strongest wind at Jamaica was 110 miles per hour (Tannehill). The eastern parishes [of Jamaica] were the first to be affected torrential rain and winds of 80-90 mph being experienced by about [0130Z]. These conditions moved slowly westward over the southern half of Jamaica and finally cleared the extreme west by [10Z]. The hurricane struck Kingston at [0245Z] when the wind suddenly increased to an average speed of over 85 mph with gusts in excess of 110 mph. This approximation is necessary as the two recording wind instruments in the district ceased to register above these limits. There have been rumors that other anemometers recorded gusts of 140-160 mph before being wrecked but these instruments are of the revolving-cup pattern, which over-read considerably at high speeds. It is considered that a reasonable approximation may be given as an average wind speed of 85-90 mph with gusts to 120-125 mph. These hurricane force winds continued for about six hours, during which time trees were blown down, roofs blown off and much general damage was done by flying debris, such as branches of trees, pieces of timber and sheets of corrugated iron, the latter being using extensively for garage roofs and outbuildings. The number of deaths in Kingston was 56 and the total for the whole island was 152. There was considerable damage to shipping in Kingston Harbor and five large vessels were driven ashore. The minimum value recorded at Palisadoes was 973 mb. It is estimated that the center passed about eight miles south of Palisadoes Airport- that is, about ten miles south of Kingston- and that the pressure at the center, allowing for a five-miles area of uniform pressure in the eye, was about 964 mb (Met Mag). Damage in Jamaica was estimated at $15,000,000 to property and $50,000,000 to crops (ATS). An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft flying out of Ramay AFB, Puerto Rico, located the hurricane on 18/2112Z at 18.8N, 81.6W. This fix showed the hurricane had continued on its WNW track at a speed of 15 kt and had weakened somewhat [from its passage over Jamaica]. Maximum winds reported were 75 kt in the northern semicircle, extending 15 miles from the eye. Minimum pressure reported was 982 mb (ATS). August 19: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 19.4N, 83.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 19.5N, 85.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 84.1W and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 18Z at 22.0N, 85.2W (COA); 50 kt SE G 60 kt and 1000 mb at 22Z at 20.2N, 84.3W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and two other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 50 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro); 30 kt NE G 45 kt and 1005 mb at 1830Z at Cozumel, Mexico (micro); 40 kt NE G 50 kt at 2130Z at Cozumel (micro). Two other gales and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (DR, penetration) at 1330Z at 19.3N, 84.7W with 976 mb central pressure and 115 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro). At least five other low pressures and at least three other flight-level hurricane force winds. At 19/1330Z, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 19.3N, 84.7W. The aerologist reported maximum winds of 115 kt and minimum pressure of 976 mb. The 19/1330Z fix was the last fix before the hurricane crossed over the Yucatan Peninsula (ATS). August 20: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.2N, 89.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 21.1N, 89.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.5N, 88.2W with a 996 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 89.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 19.1N, 86.2W (COA, micro); 50 kt ESE at 00Z at 20.5N, 84.6W (micro). Two other gales of 40 kt and three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 80 kt NNE G 95 kt at 0130Z at Cozumel (micro); 965 mb (min p) [probably] between ~0130Z 0230Z at Cozumel (micro); 30 kt WNW G 35 kt and 986 mb at 1330Z at Merida, Mexico (micro); 40 kt SE G 47 kt at 2030Z at Merida (micro). Nine other gales in the Yucatan Peninsula between 35-55 kt and 12 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2243Z at either 21.9N, 91.1W or 20.6N, 91.5W with 989 mb central pressure and max winds either 70 or 115 kt (ATS, micro); 115 kt SE at flight-level of 500 ft and 996 mb at 2315Z at 20.9N, 90.9W (micro). At least three other flight-level hurricane force winds and seven other low pressures. The next land area seriously affected was the Yucatan Peninsula, which the hurricane crossed during the night of the 19th. Reports indicate heavy crop losses running to 70 percent, but no loss of life in the Yucatan area. The storm entered the Gulf near Merida and Progreso on the morning of the 20th considerably reduced in force (MWR). Hourly reports from Merida commencing at 20/0230Z showed an increasing northerly wind backing slowly to the south by 20/1530Z, indicating that the eye was passing to the north of Merida (ATS). At 20/2243Z, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located the eye at 21.9N, 91.1W about 60 miles west of the Yucatan Peninsula. The aerologist reported the eye to be poorly defined. Severe turbulence and winds up to 115 kt were encountered ENE of the eye. The lowest pressure reported was 989 mb (ATS). August 21: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.0N, 94.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 21.6N, 93.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 91.9W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 24.0N, 92.2W (COA). Three other gales between 35-40 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1538Z at 21.7N, 94.3W with 988 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 100 kt E at flight-level of 500 ft and 995 mb at 1915Z at 22.6N, 93.6W (micro); center fix (DR, penetration) at 2247Z at 20.5N, 94.4W with 982 mb central pressure and 100 kt max flight-level winds. Several other flight-level hurricane force winds and low pressures. On 21 August, two Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance planes were dispatched to the Gulf of Campeche to obtain low level fixes on the hurricane. The first flight entered the eye at 1538Z at 21.7N, 94.3W and the second flight entered the eye at 2247Z at 20.5N, 94.4W. The aerologist stated in his report the eye had an elongated axis oriented NNE-SSW and the above position is the SW extremity of the eye. At first it was thought that the hurricane was making a tight counterclockwise loop, but upon studying the post-flight summaries and the wind circulation of the second reconnaissance flight it was seen that the hurricane had slowed to about three kt on a WNW course, or possibly even became stationary for a few hours (ATS). August 22: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 22.8N, 96.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 96.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 96.1W with a 960 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 96.9W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 22.4N, 96.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NW and 1008 mb at 00Z at 19.8N, 96.3W (COA); 40 kt and 1005 mb at 09Z at 20.6N, 96.9W (micro); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 12Z at 20.9N, 97.1W (COA); 40 kt SSW at 18Z at 22.2N, 97.3W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt. Land/station highlights: 45 kt WNW G 75 kt and 990 mb at 1530Z at Tampico, Mexico (micro); 87 kt WNW G 95 kt and 976 mb at Tampico at 1730Z (micro); 95 kt (max w) at Tampico (MWR); calm between 1900-1930Z at Tampico (micro); 45 kt NE and 973 mb at 1930Z at Tampico (micro); 60 kt WSW at 2315Z at Tampico (micro). Three other gales between 35-60 kt and six other low pressures between 974-1003 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1326Z at 22.3N, 96.8W with 972 mb central pressure and 130 kt max flight-level winds encountered at around 600 ft. One other flight-level wind of 120 kt and two other low pressures. The last aircraft fix before it passed into Mexico was on 22/1326Z at 22.3N, 96.8W. The aerologist reported winds of 50 kt 100 miles to the NW [of the center] and 120 kt winds 30 miles south of the center. The hurricane crossed the coast of Mexico just north of Tampico about noon on the 22nd (ATS). [Charlie] regained its former force before entering Mexico near Tampico on August 22. Tampico was near the southern edge of the eye and reported winds of 110 mph, but winds were doubtless stronger to the north of the calm center. Property damage was estimated at $1,160,000 in the city of Tampico and 4 persons were killed; torrential rains flooded rivers and burst dams in the country west and northwest of the city and caused more than 100 deaths by drowning, according to the final press reports. The exact number of casualties could not be ascertained since many bodies were evidently not recovered in the flooded area. Property damage was in the millions of dollars, but actual estimates are not available (MWR). The pressure at Tampico dropped to 28.81 inches (975.7 mb) (MWR). The eye passed over [Tampico] between 1 pm and 1:30 pm on August 22 and the inhabitants there experienced the calm period, associated with the center, between hurricane force winds of 100 mph from opposite points of the compass (Met mag). Aug 22, 1951 entered coast near Tampico- 973 mb lowest observed pressure at Tampico 972 mb estimated lowest pressure Tampico has NW 100 mph, then SE 110 mph cyclone was moving W at 10 kt (Connor). [Charlie] moved across the southern Gulf and the center passed inland a short distance north of Tampico on August 22, where the winds reached 110 miles per hour. Property damage in the city was estimated at $1,160,000. Four persons in Tampico were killed. Torrential rains flooded rivers, bursting dams in the country northwest of Tampico, and caused the death of another one hundred persons, according to news dispatches, but this estimate is believed to be incomplete. It is possible that total damage from this storm, including Jamaica and the area northwest of Tampico was near $75 million and the total loss of life was more than 250 (Tannehill). Hurricane Charlie, often called the Killer Hurricane by the press, took 242 lives (152 in Jamaica and 90 were killed in floods caused by the failure of a dam in Mexico (ATS). August 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.7N, 99.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.5N, 99.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.4N, 99.0W with a 1004 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.6N, 98.6W. Land/station highlights: 45 kt ESE G 70 kt and 999 mb at 00Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.8W) (micro). The origins of Charlie likely began as a tropical wave in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean in early August, 1951. HURDAT starts this system on 12 August at 06Z near 12N, 46W as a 25 kt tropical depression. The 7th through the 11th of August was searched for data between that location and the African coast, and an observation of 35 kt WNW with 1012 mb at 18Z on 9 August was found at 11.5N, 33.0W (COA). The time series for this ship as well as another ship located somewhat farther away from the center were plotted, and the data indicates the likely existence of either a low or a strong monsoon trough. Because of this ambiguity, genesis is not begun on the 9th. On the 12th, an abundance of ship data in the storm area indicates a very weak closed circulation, and the cyclone is analyzed to have undergone genesis at 00Z on the 12th, six hours earlier than HURDAT. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed at all times on the 12th and 13th (up from 25 kt in HURDAT originally), as data was sparse on the 13th. On the 14th at 1842Z, an aircraft reconnaissance flight in the area reported a minimum pressure of 1005 mb. There is conflicting information with this report as to whether this value is a central pressure. A central pressure of less than or equal to 1005 mb yields a wind speed of greater than or equal to 37 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The tropical depression is analyzed to have attained tropical storm strength again by 00Z on the 14th (which is still 24 hours earlier than HURDAT lists this cyclone becoming a tropical storm for the first time). Charlie continued westward, and on the 15th at 1450Z, aircraft located the center at 14.5N, 59.7W, and a central pressure of 999 mb was measured. The 999 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th. A central pressure of 999 mb yields 49 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was slightly smaller than the climatological value and the speed of the storm was 18 kt, so 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12Z (up from 50 kt originally) and the 60 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th is maintained. This is consistent with the Meteo-France analysis and the station data at Martinique and Guadeloupe of a small system with tropical storm force winds. All track changes from the 12th through the 15th are half a degree or less. All intensity changes from the 12th through 12Z on the 15th are minor upward adjustments. Charlie passed between Dominica and Martinique late on the 15th. The position at 18Z on the 15th is shifted four-tenths of a degree south of the previous HURDAT position, showing that the center passed closer to Martinique than Dominica whereas HURDAT previously showed a landfall on Dominica. Observations are only available from the islands every six hours, and no observations of gale force winds from any of the island stations are found. Nevertheless, the HURDAT intensity of 60 kt at Charlies passage through the islands is maintained. The cyclone then moved west-northwestward into the central Caribbean Sea, and it intensified. On the 16th at 1415Z, a central pressure of 992 mb was measured by Navy Aircraft, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. A central pressure of 992 mb yields 61 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was near the climatological value but the speed of the storm was about 19 kt, so 65 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity on the 16th (down from 75 kt originally). It is analyzed that Charlie attained hurricane strength by 06Z on the 16th (6 hours later than in HURDAT originally). Later on the 16th, at 1935Z, an Air Force plane recorded a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,870 ft which implies a central pressure in the range of 970-990 mb. The next day (17th) at 1230Z, a Navy aircraft measured a central pressure of 978 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 978 mb yields a wind speed of 78 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship for steady state and for intensifying systems, and 85 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th (down from 95 kt originally). The intensity adjustments made to HURDAT from 00Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th are all minor downward adjustments. At 1837Z on the 17th, an Air Force aircraft measured a central pressure of 971 mb, and on the same flight, a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,400 feet was measured, implying a central pressure in the range of 956-974 mb. The 964 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th is removed and replaced by the 971 mb value, which yields a wind speed of 90 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 964 mb central pressure that was removed from HURDAT was likely placed into the original HURDAT because of an estimate of the central pressure at Jamaican landfall provided in the Meteorological Magazine, but this landfall occurred well after 00Z on the 18th, so even if correct, it was listed in the incorrect time slot. (More is discussed regarding this reported 964 mb pressure below.) The eye diameter reported by the Air Force plane on the flight that measured the 971 mb central pressure was very small and indicates an RMW of about 5 nmi, which is much smaller than the 14 nmi climatological RMW. The intensity of 95 kt listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th is unchanged. The center of Hurricane Charlie passed very near Kingston, Jamaica and the observation site at Palisadoes Airport (18.0N, 76.8W) around 03Z on 18 August, and landfall in Jamaica occurred around the same time at 17.9N, 76.9W. The vast literature and numerous sources that discuss the hurricanes impact in Jamaica do not mention any lull being experienced at Kingston. All information is consistent and indicates that the right RMW of Charlie passed either over or just south of Kingston around 03Z as the cyclone was moving west-northwestward. Due to the descriptions of the damage and impacts in Jamaica and in Kingston itself, which are indicative of major hurricane winds, along with available meteorological observations, the RMW could not have been very far from Kingston. The minimum pressure recorded at the Kingston (Palisadoes) airport located on the southern coast was 973 mb. The description of Charlies impact in Jamaica provided in the July, 1952 issue of the Meteorological Magazine estimates [using crude methodology] a central pressure of 964 mb. A run of the Schloemer equation was performed to obtain another estimate of the central pressure making use of the 973 mb peripheral pressure at Kingston and an OCI of 1010 mb. The RMW and the distance from the 973 mb observation to the storm center are unknown. However, these two values were both estimated in the Meteorological Magazine. Also, aircraft reconnaissance provided an eye radius value about nine hours earlier (mentioned above) which indicates an RMW of about 5 nmi. According to the revised track, the center of Charlie passed 7 nmi from the airport at closest approach, and this is also consistent with the publication. The Schloemer equation was run twice using RMWs of 5 and 7 nmi respectively for each run to obtain a possible range of central pressure values. The run with a 5 nmi RMW yields a 938 mb central pressure and the run that assumes the airport was at the RMW at the time of the minimum pressure yields a central pressure of 951 mb. Therefore, while it is possible that Charlie could have been as deep as 938 mb at the time, this seems unlikely given that a 971 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance just 8 or 9 hours earlier. It was decided to average the 951 mb obtained here with the 964 mb central pressure reported by the Meteorological Magazine, and a central pressure of 958 mb is chosen for landfall. Since a landfall central pressure of 958 mb is decided upon, this value yields a wind speed of 105 kt using the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship, and after adding 5 kt for speed/size, 110 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 18th (up from 75 kt originally) and at the Jamaican landfall at 03Z. Although there is little doubt that Charlie impacted Jamaica as a major hurricane, it may have been a stronger Category 4 at landfall. It should be mentioned that the previous HURDAT was faster with Charlie and showed landfall occurring about five hours earlier than the analyzed landfall. The HURDAT intensity at the point just before Jamaican landfall was previously 95 kt, and this intensity is revised upward to 110 kt. The center of Charlie was over Jamaica from 03Z to 07Z on the 18th. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yields an intensity of 84 kt for 06Z on the 18th. The next time intensity information is available is 15 hours later. At 2112Z on the 18th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 982 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 19th. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Analyzed intensities on the 18th for 06, 12, and 18Z are 85, 75, and 75 kt respectively (80, 85, and 90 kt originally). The position of the aircraft fix at 2112Z on the 18th is consistent with the 21Z observations of 55 kt and 1000 mb recorded at Grand Cayman, about 50 nmi north-northeast of the center fix. The revised track late on the 18th and on the 19th is still slower than the previous HURDAT track, and also slightly to the right (north), and these track changes are in agreement with aircraft fixes. On the 19th, Charlie continued moving west-northwestward through the western Caribbean Sea. At 1330Z on the 19th, a Navy aircraft measured a central pressure of 976 mb. A central pressure of 976 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th, and this value yields 83 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 84 kt for the intensifying subset. An intensity of 85 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 19th (down from 105 kt originally- a major change). Next, Charlie approached Cozumel, Mexico, where a minimum pressure of 965 mb was recorded around 0200Z on 20 August, but it was unlikely to have been a central pressure measurement because there was not an 180 degree wind shift (the wind shifted from NNE through E to SE during the time of lowest pressure). A central pressure of less than 965 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 97 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. Cozumel only reported winds at hourly observations, and the highest wind reported at these hourly intervals was 80 kt G 95 kt from the NNE at 0130Z. The previous HURDAT track has the center of Charlie passing south of the island, but the revised track is shifted about two-tenths of a degree to the right to show the center of Charlie passing over the extreme southern tip of the island (but still well south of the station). The weather station on the island is located on the northern part of the island and likely did not experience calm conditions associated with the eye (as mentioned above). However, it is difficult to know for sure exactly how far south of the station the center of Charlie passed. The Schloemer equation was run three times to obtain a range of possibilities of what the central pressure could have been. A value of 1008 mb is used for environmental pressure, 965 mb for the measured peripheral pressure at Cozumel, and 12 nmi for the distance from the station to the center. RMWs of 10, 15, and 20 nmi were used for the three different runs, and central pressures of 932, 947, and 954 mb are obtained. These values yield wind speeds of 130, 116, and 109 kt respectively according to the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship. Since the original HURDAT intensity is 115 kt at 00Z on the 20th, the range of possible central pressures obtained along with the fact that there was not a 180 degree wind shift means that there is no evidence to decrease the original HURDAT intensity, and the 115 kt is thus unchanged. The aircraft fix 12 hours before Charlie reached Cozumel reported a 976 mb central pressure with a RMW of about 15 nmi. Charlie then deepened rapidly during the final 12 hours before reaching Cozumel, so there is a distinct possibility that the eye contracted during this time. Charlie is analyzed to have made landfall on the southern tip of Cozumel Island (20.3N, 87.0W) at 01Z on 20 August as a 115 kt hurricane. Landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula is analyzed to have occurred at 03Z at 20.4N, 87.3W also with a 115 kt intensity. Charlie was still moving west-northwestward, and the center was over the Yucatan Peninsula from 03Z to 16Z on the 20th. Observations from Merida, Mexico indicate that the center passed just north of that station around 14Z. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield wind speeds of 84 and 63 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 20th respectively, and intensities of 90 and 70 kt are chosen for 06 and 12Z respectively (down from 115 and 100 kt originally). The minimum pressure recorded at Merida was 986 mb experienced simultaneously with 30 kt winds at 1330Z. Seven hours after the center of Charlie moved into the Bay of Campeche, an aircraft central pressure of 989 mb was recorded at 2243Z on the 20th, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st. A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Charlie is analyzed to have weakened from 115 kt to 65 kt while over the Yucatan Peninsula, and a 65 kt intensity is also analyzed for 18Z on the 20th and 00Z on the 21st (down from 95 and 90 kt originally). The new positions analyzed for the 20th are still about half a degree slower than the previous HURDAT track, continuing the trend that began on 17 August, but by the 21st at 12Z, the revised track was nearly the same as the original HURDAT. Aircraft central pressures of 988 and 982 mb were measured at 1538 and 2247Z on the 21st respectively. These values are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st and 00Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 988 mb yields 67 kt and 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was larger than climatology and the speed was about 8 kt. The 65 kt intensity analyzed from 18Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 21st is kept through 18Z on the 21st and increased to 70 kt by 00Z the 22nd. At all times on the 21st, the 90 kt intensity previously listed in HURDAT is lowered to 65 kt. On the 22nd at 1326Z, with Charlie located about 60 nmi east of Tampico, aircraft measured a central pressure of 972 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 22nd. A central pressure of 972 mb yields 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship, and the RMW is larger than climatology. An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 22nd (down from 115 kt originally). Major downward intensity adjustments of between 25-30 kt are analyzed at all times from 06Z on the 20th through 12Z on the 22nd. Charlie is analyzed to have made its fourth (third Mexican) and final landfall at 19Z on 22 August at 22.3N, 97.8W. All information is consistent in that Tampico experienced the calm associated with the eye for 30 minutes. The revised HURDAT track is one-tenth of a degree to the north of the previous track at landfall. The previous track shows the center passing just south of the station and the revised track shows the center passing essentially right over the station, based upon the available observational time series from Tampico. The highest wind recorded at Tampico before the passage of the eye was 85 kt from the WNW (or NW) with a 976 mb pressure, and the highest wind recorded after the passage of the eye was 95 kt from the SE. The central pressure was either not recorded or is not available. The lowest available pressure observation at Tampico was 973 mb with 45 kt NE winds inside the RMW. This observation came two hours after the observation with the 85 kt WNW-NW, and it came 30 minutes to 1 hour before the calm eye. Charlie was therefore likely to have been moving slowly. The central pressure at landfall is estimated to be 968 mb (using the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW). A central pressure of 968 mb is also added to HURDAT at 18Z. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones chart shows a 960 mb pressure, but it is not known how this value was attained. A central pressure of 968 mb equals a wind speed of 93 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. Due to the wind observation of 95 kt from Tampico, 100 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd and for the 19Z landfall due to the methodology of assigning a wind speed 5 kt higher than the highest available wind observation. HURDAT previously listed a 110 kt intensity at 18Z on the 22nd, but this intensity was listed in HURDAT previously likely due to the 115 kt placed into HURDAT at 12Z, which was likely based on misleading aircraft winds. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 69, 50, and 36 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z respectively on 23 August. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 60, 20, and 30 kt at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 23rd respectively. The intensities of 65, 45, and 35 kt listed in HURDAT previously at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 23rd are all unchanged. Charlie continued westward and weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 23rd as it moved farther inland. No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, but the final point is adjusted half a degree north at 22.4N, 99.9W at 18Z on the 23rd as a 25 kt tropical depression. Thereafter, the depression dissipated in the high terrain of Mexico. Additional quote: The strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 130 mph (by aircraft) just before it entered Yucatan, and again in the Gulf off Tampico. The total loss of life in this hurricane was almost certainly over 250, while property and crop damage will probably reach a total of $75,000,000 (MWR). ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 5 (Dog) (was Storm 4) 35655 08/27/1951 M=10 4 SNBR= 788 DOG XING=0 35655 08/27/1951 M=10 5 SNBR= 788 DOG XING=0 * 35660 08/27* 0 0 0 0*123 256 25 0*123 266 25 0*123 276 25 0* 35665 08/28*122 287 25 0*121 298 25 0*120 310 25 0*120 323 25 0* 35665 08/28*123 287 25 0*123 298 25 0*123 310 25 0*123 323 25 0* *** *** *** 35670 08/29*120 336 25 0*120 349 25 0*121 363 25 0*122 380 25 0* 35670 08/29*123 336 25 0*123 349 25 0*123 363 25 0*124 380 25 0* *** *** *** *** 35675 08/30*124 397 25 0*127 413 30 0*130 430 30 0*132 447 30 0* 35675 08/30*126 396 25 0*128 412 30 0*130 428 30 0*132 444 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35680 08/31*134 465 35 0*137 484 40 0*140 502 45 0*140 517 45 0* 35680 08/31*134 461 35 0*136 477 40 0*137 494 45 0*138 511 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35685 09/01*140 532 50 0*141 547 50 0*141 562 55 0*141 576 60 0* 35685 09/01*139 528 50 0*140 544 50 0*141 560 55 0*141 573 60 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35690 09/02*141 588 65 0*141 600 80 0*141 613 95 0*142 628 100 0* 35690 09/02*141 584 65 0*141 597 70 0*142 611 80 0*142 627 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35695 09/03*143 644 100 0*144 659 95 0*146 674 90 0*147 697 85 0* 35695 09/03*143 643 70 992*144 658 70 0*146 674 70 0*148 694 70 993* *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** *** 35700 09/04*148 718 80 0*149 731 75 0*151 743 60 0*153 754 60 0* 35700 09/04*150 714 65 0*151 730 55 0*151 742 45 1004*152 753 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** *** ** 35705 09/05*154 765 50 0*156 778 45 0*157 791 35 0*161 824 25 0* 35705 09/05*154 764 35 0*155 779 30 0*155 795 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35710 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Tannehill. August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low elongated W-E of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.3N, 19.1W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a spot low near 11.2N, 27.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 26.6W. No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 28.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.0N, 31.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 14.7N, 25.0W (COA); 15 kt W and 1005 mb at 12Z at 13.0N, 26.0W (COA). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 36.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.1N, 36.3W. No gales or low pressures. August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.3N, 42.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.0N, 43.0W. No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.5N, 50.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 14.0N, 50.2W. No gales or low pressures. On 31 August at 1830Z an easterly wave, which had been progressing westward at about 15 kt, was taken under [closer] observation (ATS). September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.2N, 57.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 14.1N, 56.2W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1011 mb at 14.8N 52.7W at 12Z (COADS). Reconnaissance planes located a disturbance several hundred miles east of Barbados on September 1 (MWR). Ship reports [from 0030Z on September 1] in conjunction with a streamline analysis placed the easterly wave along a line extending southwest from 17N, 45W through 12.3N, 51.6W, where streamline analysis showed a vortex to have formed, to a point about 4N, 57W (ATS). ATS mentions that data leads them to believe that this became a tropical storm by 1830Z on the 1st. However, it was very weak and small at this point (ATS). September 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.1N, 61.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 14.1N, 61.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT and HWM positions. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 14.3N, 61.0W. Land/station highlights: 25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12Z at St. Lucia (14.0N, 61.0W) (ATS, micro); 50 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 12Z at Martinique (14.5N, 61.1W) (HWM); 97 kt (max w, gust) at Fort-de-France, Martinique at 1238Z (ATS, MWR, MeteoFrance); 997 mb (min p) at Caravelle at 1130Z (MeteoFrance). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2122Z at 14.2N, 63.5W with 992 mb central pressure and 58 kt max winds encountered (ATS, micro). At least 12 other aircraft gales between 35-60 kt (some at surface and some at flight-level). Extrapolation of the storm center gave a position of 14.5N, 59W at the 02/0030Z surface chart. Surface reports from Martinique, Santa Lucia, and Barbados at this time continued to point to the fact that the storm was small and weak with Martinique reporting NNE [10 kt], Santa Lucia ENE [3 kt] and Barbados NNW [3 kt]. The only strong wind reported ENE [20 kt] was reported by Desirade, 150 miles NW of the storm center. Reports from Martinique and Barbados on the 02/0630Z surface chart indicated that the storm had slowed drastically from 20 kt to about 7 kt during the previous six hr. However, the intensification [that must have] started between the time of this and the previous map still did not show on the surface chart; for the above mentioned stations only reported 15 and 10 kt winds. The area of hurricane winds was extremely small, for the center was only 75 miles away from each of these stations. At 02/1200Z, a report received from Martinique was relayed via the Weather Bureau of this activity. The report came from a Pan American Airways control tower operator who estimated that the hurricane was over Martinique with winds of 100 kt. As this report was received prior to the aircraft reconnaissance [which later that day found maximum winds of 60 kt], it was the first concrete information which showed the winds in the small center had reached hurricane force. That the center was extremely small was shown on the 02/1230Z surface chart. Santa Lucia reported west wind 25 kt, Dominica reported an east wind 5 kt and Barbados reported a SSE 20 kt. Analysis closed the hurricane center over Martinique with 1001.4 mb, the lowest pressure reported (ATS). On the morning of the 2nd it was found to be a partially developed wave, with squalls of hurricane force in its northeastern quadrant, a short distance east of Martinique. Winds on the southern side were weak. On September 2, it moved through the Lesser Antilles between Santa Lucia and Martinique. Both islands suffered considerable damage. On Martinique 1,000 homes were reported destroyed and many others unroofed; 5 persons lost their lives by drowning; trees which were uprooted blocked roads and tore down telephone and power lines; 90 percent of the banana crop and 30 percent of the sugarcane crop were lost; damage was about $3,000,000. On Santa Lucia, two persons lost their lives by drowning, and one sailing vessel was destroyed and two others damaged; flooding and high winds destroyed 70 percent of the banana crop in the northern part of the island. The strongest wind reported in the islands was 100 knots at Fort-De-France (Martinique) Airport [tower] on September 2. Total damage was well over $3,000,000 and seven people were killed (MWR). Description of damage, deaths, and wind observation in Tannehill matches the MWR description. The 02/1830Z surface chart bore out the surmise that intensification was still taking place as the weather pattern and area of strong winds was spreading considerably. Martinique, over 180 miles from the center, reported steady rain with an east wind 30 kt; Desirade, 240 miles to the NE [of the center], was overcast with an ENE wind 30 kt; and St. Croix, 300 miles to the northeast, reported overcast, showers, and a NE 25 kt. The second reconnaissance of 2 September departed San Juan, Puerto Rico for the hurricane at 1832Z. At a distance of 58 miles NNW of the storm center, an east wind of 58 kt, the highest reported, was encountered. The plane entered the SW quadrant, which was open and with light winds from the SW at 18 kt. They reported the center at 14.1N, 63.5W at 02/2122Z with confused winds and seas. This fix showed that the hurricane had moved at about 15 kt since the 02/1200Z fix over Martinique. The aircraft radar showed heavy weather to the northeast and the plane circumnavigated that sector of the hurricane on its return to San Juan. The track of the return flight took the plane around the hurricane at a distance of about 70 miles from the center. Until darkness prohibited farther observations, SSE winds of 50 to 54 kt were reported [assumed in the NE quadrant 70 miles from the center] (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.6N, 66.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 14.6N, 67.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 15.2N, 67.4W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered slightly west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 16.2N, 64.7W (COA). Aircraft highlights: approximate center fix at 1315Z at 14.6N, 67.7W with 1000 mb lowest pressure encountered (ATS, micro); center fix at 1845Z at 15.2N, 69.9W with 993 mb central pressure and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro). Four other flight-level hurricane force winds and two other low pressures. At 03/0958Z a Navy reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for the hurricane area. At 15.7N, 67W the plane encountered 75 kt winds for a brief period. An area of light variable winds and confused seas, opening to the south, with westerly winds of 12 kt was found at 14.7N, 67.7W. Radar showed no definite eye. The lowest pressure of 1000 mb was found at 14.6N, 67.7W at 03/1315Z. [Another] flight departed San Juan at 1652Z. The eye of the hurricane was located at 15.2N, 69.9W with a central pressure of 993 mb and maximum winds about the center from east at 90 kt. Winds of 65 kt extended 140 miles to the north of the center. Winds to the south were light, 15 kt the maximum. The eye was estimated to be 50 miles along an east-west diameter and 70 miles along the north-south diameter and open on the southern side (ATS). September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 74.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.1N, 74.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 15.3N, 74.4W with a 1005 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Land/station highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 12Z at Kingston, Jamaica (HWM). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 14Z at 15.1N, 74.6W with 1004 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered of 50 kt (micro); 35 kt E at flight-level of 500 ft and 1009 mb at 2030Z at 15.1N, 74.0W (micro). Four other flight-level gales. Surface reports on the 04/0030Z chart were very sparse in the hurricane area. The gradient winds at Ciudad Trujillo, Port Au Prince and Kingston were all from the east at 35 kt. These reports were the bases on which the storm was extrapolated along its west course at 12 to 13 kt. At 04/1634Z a PB4Y2 departed San Juan for the hurricane. The flight had great difficulty locating the disturbance. However, at 15.7N, 73.2W the apparent NW edge of the eye was discovered. Visibility was excellent to the west, south and east with the lowest pressure of 1000.0 mb and a maximum wind of 38 kt (ATS). The 04/1500Z upper-air charts led [forecasters] to believe that filling/weakening would take place (ATS). September 5: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.0N, 78.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.7N, 79.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.5N, 81.5W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 16.6N, 81.2W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 15.8N, 76.3W (micro). After the hurricane entered the Caribbean Sea, it began losing force and by the time its westward course brought it to a position some 200 miles southeast of Swan Island on the 5th, it had dissipated into moderate squalls and thereafter disappeared entirely (MWR). On the 05/0630Z surface chart, a well spread low is all that remained of Dog. The flight which departed Miami on 5 September at 0957Z searched the area thoroughly around the coordinates given and found no signs of a disturbance. The 05/1500Z upper air charts, at all levels, showed that easterly flow again prevailed (ATS). Dog apparently formed from an easterly wave. HURDAT starts this cyclone at 06Z on 27 August at 12.3N, 25.6W as a 25 kt tropical depression. The 25th and the 26th were searched between 30W and the African coast, and no closed circulation could be found. No changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone. The depression moved westward through the tropical Atlantic Ocean for the next several days. On 28 August, a ship reported 1003 mb at 06Z and 1005 mb at 18Z, but these observations are both from the same ship, and both about 5 degrees east of the analyzed position at those times, so these observations are likely not associated with the circulation and appear to be biased too low. This suspicion was confirmed on the 29th, when the same ship reported observations of 1005 and 1007 mb about 12 degrees east of the analyzed position. On the 29th, a couple of ship observations near the depression allow for a relatively accurate placement of the position on that day near the HURDAT position in the vicinity of 12N, 36W. These observations were 5 to 10 kt winds with 1013 mb pressures, and the 25 kt intensity in HURDAT is maintained. There is not any data on the 30th in the vicinity of the cyclone, but on the 31st, a ship recorded 15 kt SW with 1012 mb, and this ship is analyzed to be located just over one degree ESE of the center of the cyclone. The HURDAT position on the 31st at 12Z is moved about nine-tenths of a degree ESE of the previous HURDAT position- the largest single track change for the entire lifetime of this system. No intensity changes were made to HURDAT from genesis on the 27th through 00Z on 2 September, and the main reason for this is lack of observations/lack of evidence to make a change to HURDAT. The depression became Tropical Storm Dog at 00Z on 31 August. By the 1st of September, it was approaching the Lesser Antilles. On the 1st at 12Z, a ship observation of 35 kt NE with 1011 mb may have been plotted five degrees too far east (and there are no additional observations available from this ship). If this assumption is made, the HURDAT position and intensity appear accurate. At this time, the 55 kt tropical storm was located near 14N, 56W. On 2 September sometime around 12Z, the center of Dog passed between St. Lucia and Martinique on a westward course. At the 12Z observation, St. Lucia recorded 25 kt WSW with 1001 mb, and Fort de France, Martinique recorded 50 kt ENE with 1004 mb. At Caravelle, Martinque a peripheral pressure value of 997 mb was recorded. The descriptions of the damage inflicted with thousands of homes destroyed producing millions of dollars in damage on the two islands indicate that this cyclone was extremely likely to have been at hurricane intensity during its passage through the islands. A 97 kt peak gust was recorded at Fort de France is consistent with this assessment. Nine hours later, at 2122Z of 2 September, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 992 mb with maximum flight-level winds encountered of 58 kt (although surface winds of 60 kt were estimated by aircraft at 1730Z). A central pressure of 992 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 3rd, and this value yields a wind speed of 61 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship. Subjectively weighting the impacts from the islands into the reanalysis along with the subsequent central pressure, an intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 12Z during Dogs passage through the islands (down from 95 kt originally), and 70 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 3rd (down from 100 kt originally - a major change). Dog continued westward, and on the 3rd at 1845Z, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 993 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd. A central pressure of 993 mb yields 59 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was much larger than climatology, but the storm had a forward speed of 21 kt. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 3rd (down from 85 kt originally), based upon a combination of the pressure-wind relationship, the quick forward speed, and the large area of estimated hurricane force winds. Dog is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. On the 4th of September, as Dog was moving westward into the central Caribbean Sea, it weakened further. At 14Z on the 4th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 1004 mb with maximum flight-level winds of 50 kt around 600 ft. A central pressure of 1004 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th, and this value yields 41 kt according to the weakening subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th (down from 60 kt originally), and 40 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 60 kt- a major change). Major downward intensity adjustments of 25 to 30 kt are analyzed for Dog at all times from 18Z on 2 September to 06Z on 4 September, and a major downward adjustment of 20 kt is implemented at 18Z on the 4th. The storm continued to weaken as it moved westward. At 1955Z in the 4th, aircraft recorded a maximum flight-level wind of 38 kt. Two ship observations at 00Z on the 5th confirm that the circulation was still closed. One of these observations is a pressure of 1008 mb with 25 kt ESE winds located half a degree NNE of the center, and the other is 5 kt NNW with 1011 about 1 degree SW of the center. 00Z on the 5th is the last time that there is confirmation of a closed circulation. The circulation may have still been closed at 06Z and 12Z, but by 18Z on the 5th, observations indicate that the circulation had opened up into a remnant trough/wave. Dog is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 5th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). HURDAT lists a final position at 18Z on the 5th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 16.1N, 82.4W, but the final point is eliminated from HURDAT. The last position is now shown to be at 12Z on the 5th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 15.5N, 79.5W before it became an open wave. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 6 (Easy) (was Storm 5) 35715 09/02/1951 M=12 5 SNBR= 789 EASY XING=0 35715 09/01/1951 M=14 6 SNBR= 789 EASY XING=0 ** ** * (The 1st is new to HURDAT.) 35720 09/01* 0 0 0 0*125 320 30 0*132 333 30 0*140 345 35 0* 35720 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 370 40 0* 35720 09/02*146 355 35 0*148 364 40 0*150 374 40 0*153 386 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35725 09/03*157 396 40 0*163 411 55 0*166 426 65 0*167 438 70 0* 35725 09/03*157 402 45 0*161 418 55 0*164 433 65 0*166 445 70 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35730 09/04*166 449 75 0*167 459 80 0*170 470 85 0*178 487 90 0* 35730 09/04*167 457 75 0*169 469 80 0*172 482 85 0*178 497 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35735 09/05*187 505 95 0*197 521 95 0*206 537 100 0*211 555 100 0* 35735 09/05*187 513 95 0*197 529 95 0*206 544 90 0*212 559 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35740 09/06*215 573 105 0*219 593 105 0*223 612 110 0*227 625 120 0* 35740 09/06*215 574 85 0*219 591 85 0*223 606 90 967*226 619 100 957* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35745 09/07*230 637 130 0*234 649 135 0*240 660 140 0*248 670 140 0* 35745 09/07*230 632 110 0*236 646 115 0*245 660 120 0*254 669 125 937* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35750 09/08*258 676 140 0*271 678 135 0*283 674 130 0*292 667 120 0* 35750 09/08*262 675 130 0*271 676 130 0*279 674 125 0*286 671 120 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35755 09/09*299 660 115 0*303 653 100 0*308 644 95 0*320 627 90 0* 35755 09/09*294 664 110 0*299 655 100 0*305 643 95 0*316 626 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35760 09/10*332 608 85 0*341 597 85 0*350 585 85 0*362 571 80 0* 35760 09/10*330 611 85 0*342 597 85 0*354 581 85 0*367 567 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35765 09/11*373 557 80 0*381 541 75 0*386 526 70 0*389 513 70 0* 35765 09/11*379 555 80 0*390 541 75 0*395 526 70 0E395 512 70 0* *** *** *** *** **** *** 35770 09/12*390 499 65 0*390 484 65 0E390 469 65 0E390 455 65 0* 35770 09/12E395 499 65 0E395 486 65 0E395 470 60 0E395 455 60 0* **** **** *** *** *** ** *** ** 35775 09/13E396 438 65 0E408 415 60 0E420 393 50 0E458 374 45 0* 35775 09/13E397 440 60 0E407 415 60 0E419 393 60 0E432 370 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 35775 09/14E442 322 60 0E452 280 65 0E463 225 65 0E475 171 60 0* 35780 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful hurricane. Major changes are made to both the genesis and the dissipation of this cyclone, and a major change is made to the timing of when Easy became a major hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.9N, 25.4W. HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 28.8W. HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.3N, 32.3W. HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 16.0N, 36.9W (COA). It was determined on the 3rd of September by forecasters/analysts that the vortex of what was not yet a tropical storm [on the 1st of September] had formed between 1230Z and 1830Z on 1 September at about 14.5N, 34.7W (ATS). September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.4N, 38.5W. HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.0N, 37.0W. No gales or low pressures. Easy gave the first indication of its presence on the 02/1830Z surface chart (ATS). ATS mentions that one ship south of the developing storm had a SW wind of 15 kt and several ships displayed negative pressure tendencies. September 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.9N, 42.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.6N, 42.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 07Z at 16.5N, 43.6W (ATS); 30 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 15.6N, 43.7W (ATS). The steamship Barn sent three special reports on the morning of September 3 which indicated the existence of a circulation, probably of hurricane force, near 16.5N, 42.5W (MWR). On the 03/1230Z surface chart, the ship Barn at 15.6N, 43.7W reported overcast sky with continuous rain, WNW 30 kt wind, and a pressure at 1005 mb. At this time, two delayed reports from Barn were also received [including a 0700Z report of 35 kt NNE with 1000 mb]. These reports from the Barn definitely established that it had intensified to tropical storm intensity (ATS). An aircraft on the 3rd of September, which left from Ramay AFB, Puerto Rico, reached the extreme end of its search range at 12.8N, 51.8W and was forced to turn back. The report from this position gave scattered altocumulus clouds with NNE winds of 10 kt (ATS). September 4: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.6N, 48.6W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 47.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position just northwest of the HURDAT position near 17.2N, 47.2W. Aircraft highlights: possible center fix at 1750Z near 20.3N, 49.0W with 989 mb lowest pressure encountered and 58 kt max flight-level winds encountered [position may be in error; not sure if center fix; not sure if central pressure] (ATS). Aircraft reported it to be of hurricane force and increasing [in intensity] as it moved on a west-northwestward course (MWR). At 04/1123Z an Air Force B-29 departed Ramey Air Force Base for the storm area. At 04/1750Z the reconnaissance plane reported the disturbance, located by DR, consisting of twin cells with centers at 20.3N, 49W and 20.8N, 49W respectively. The maximum measured continuous winds were 58 kt. The pressure of the southern most eye reported was 992 mb. No pressure report was given for the more northern eye; however, the lowest pressure [for the flight] (989 mb) was reported on the east side of the disturbance. As there was no indication of wind shift of shear between these and around those two reported centers it was assumed that the eye was elongated along a north-south axis The position of the hurricane center was taken as 20.5N, 49W (ATS). September 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 54.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 53.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position just southwest of the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered close to the 18Z HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 994 mb at 18Z at 21.1N, 55.4W (micro). Three other gales of 35 kt and four other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1627Z at 21.0N, 55.7W with 120 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro). The 05/1230Z surface chart yielded enough [ship] reports to establish the position of Easy. An off-time ship at 23N, 55.5W reported a pressure of 997 mb with a minus 5.2 mb tendency. At 05/1230Z, an Air Force Reconnaissance plane departed Ramay Air Force Based for the hurricane. At 05/1627Z the Air Force reconnaissance aircraft reported the position of the hurricane center at 21N, 55.7W. Maximum winds reported were 120 kt in the northern quadrant. The hurricane was still on a westerly course and was maintaining its 12 kt speed of advance (ATS). September 6: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 21.7N, 60.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 22.3N, 61.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.6N, 60.1W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 22.3N, 60.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 21.2N, 55.4W (COA); 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 00Z at 23.2N, 56.4W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR) at 1406Z at 22.5N, 61.2W with 967 mb central pressure and 110 kt max flight level winds (ATS, micro); Navy center fix (DR) at 2006Z at 22.6N, 61.9W with 957 mb central pressure and 125 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); 120 kt NW (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 22.5N, 62.5W (micro); 120 kt SE (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 22.5N, 61.3W (micro); 95 kt ENE (at flight-level of 500 ft) at 2100Z at 23.4N, 62.1W (micro). At 06/1406Z the Air Force reconnaissance plane fixed the center of Hurricane Easy at 22.5N, 61.2W. The eye was described as being 70 mi in diameter with maximum winds in the NE quadrant at 110 kt. A Navy Hurricane reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for Hurricane Easy at 06/1745Z. Penetration gave the center at 22.5N, 61.9W at 06/2028Z. The crew described the eye as 30 mi in diameter with winds of 125 kt from the WNW (ATS). September 7: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 23.7N, 65.8W. HWM analyzes Hurricane Fox near 22.0N, 50.3W, or about 860 nmi east of Easy. HURDAT lists Easy with a 140 kt intensity at 24.0N, 66.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.0N, 65.0W with a 960 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 26.0N, 62.2W (COA, micro); 40 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 67.1W (COA, micro). One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Estimated storm position (by Navy) at 1442Z at 25.1N, 66.5W with 968 mb (peripheral) lowest pressure encountered and 140 kt + maximum flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); 140 kt + (at flight-level- low-level) and 968 mb at 1442Z at 25.2N, 66.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1925Z and 2022Z at 25.6N, 66.9W with 937 mb central pressure, 110 kt visual surface winds, 140 kt max flight-level winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 8,620 feet (ATS, micro). By the time it began recurving northward on the 7th near 25N, 67W, aircraft reported it to be too severe for penetration. The wind reached an estimated 140 knots at deepest penetration on the south side when the plane had to turn back. This indicated that a possible wind of between 160 and 200 mph was prevailing near the center and on the stronger northern side. This was by far the most severe hurricane of the 1951 season (MWR). At 07/1155Z a Navy Hurricane reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for Hurricane Easy. The Navy plane gave the position of the center of Easy at 07/1442Z at 25.1N, 66.5W. This was an estimated position for due to extreme turbulence and very high winds (140 kt from the NNW were encountered in the western semi-circle), penetration was not possible. A second reconnaissance flight to hurricane Easy departed Bermuda at 07/1700Z and gave a fix on its center at 07/1925Z at 25.6N, 66.9W with maximum winds of 140 kt to the south of the eye (ATS). September 8: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 28.2N, 67.8W with a dissipating cold front located well northwest of the cyclone extending from 39N, 64W to 35N, 68W to 33N, 71W to 31N, 75W. HWM also analyzes Hurricane Fox to be located near 26.6N, 57.1W, or about 580 nmi ESE of Easy. HURDAT lists Hurricane Easy with a 130 kt intensity at 28.3N, 67.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.2N, 67.2W with a 937 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 28.0N, 67.3W. Ship highlights: 80 kt E and 988 mb at 00Z at 27.2N, 67.2W (COA, micro); 120 kt SSW and 983 mb at 06Z at 27.1N, 67.2W (COA, micro); 120 kt E and 986 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 68.0W (COA); 65 kt SW and 985 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 67.8W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 996 mb at 21Z at 27.8N, 66.1W (micro). 14 other gales between 35-60 kt and nine other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 15 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 21Z at Bermuda (micro); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 2230 and 2330Z at Bermuda (micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR) at 1316Z at 28.2N, 67.0W with 130 kt max flight-level wind encountered (ATS, micro). An Air Force reconnaissance aircraft departed Bermuda at 08/1030Z and gave a fix on the center of Hurricane Easy at 08/1316Z at 28.2N, 67W. The maximum winds, 130 kt, were found in the NE quadrant (ATS). September 9: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 30.7N, 64.0W. HWM also analyzes hurricane Fox to be located near 37.8N, 57.9W, or about 520 nmi NE of Easy. HURDAT lists Hurricane Easy with a 95 kt intensity at 30.8N, 64.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 65.1W with a 966 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 30.6N, 63.6W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes the centers of Easy and Fox to be located only about 440 nmi from each other. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low (Easy) of at most 990 mb centered near 30.5N, 63.7W. The microfilm analysis also shows that Easy and Fox are located within the same 1005 mb contour, but the two cyclones are analyzed with separate 1002 mb closed isobars, and both cyclones are analyzed to be of at most 990 mb. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 00Z at 27.0N, 66.5W (COA); 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 66.2W (COA); 50 kt S at 00Z at 26.5N, 65.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 992 mb at 15Z at 31.6N, 63.6W (micro); 45 kt NNW and 994 mb at 18Z at 31.5N, 63.8W (micro). Ten other gales and eight other low pressures. Land/station highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 1530Z at Bermuda (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and 21 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb at Bermuda. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 0051Z at 29.4N, 66.4W with 700 mb height in the eye of 8,935 ft (micro, ATS); Air Force center fix at 1605Z at 31.0N, 63.1W with 80-100 ft waves (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1815Z (no position given) with 967 mb pressure [it is unknown whether this is a central pressure] and 140 kt max flight level winds encountered (micro). It curved sharply and passed a short distance southeast of Bermuda on the 9th (MWR). At 08/2330Z another Air Force reconnaissance aircraft departed Bermuda for hurricane Easy and reported the center at 09/0120Z at 29.5N, 66.4W. No winds were reported. This reported showed that Easy had indeed slowed and recurved toward the northeast. Hurricane Fox at that time [09/0030Z] was estimated to be about 31.6N, 59.4W with the hurricane centers now about 390 miles apart. Analysis of the 09/1230Z surface chart gave a fairly good [position estimate] on both hurricanes. Hurricane Easy showed a speed of advance of about 10 kt on a NE course taking it south of Bermuda at 30.6N, 64.8W. At 09/1045Z an Air Force reconnaissance plane departed Tampa, FL for Hurricane Easy. The aircraft fix on Hurricane Easy at 09/1605Z was 31N, 63.1W. [On the 09/1830Z surface chart, Easy was placed] at 31.8N, 62.2W (ATS). September 10: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 35.1N, 58.6W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 35.0N, 58.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.2N, 56.5W with a 967 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.2N, 56.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 35.4N, 56.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 34.4N, 61.2W (COA); 55 kt SE and 1009 mb at 12Z at 35.0N, 55.1W (COA); 55 kt S and 1008 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 54.2W (COA). 12 other gales of 35-55 kt and one other low pressure. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 2053Z at either 37.2N, 54.8W or 37.6N, 56.4W [not sure which is correct] with 120 kt max flight level winds encountered (ATS, micro). Hurricane Easy was accelerating and by 10/1830Z was at 36.5N, 56.7W (had assumed a speed of advance of about 20 kt). A fix on the center of Easy was received from the Air Force reconnaissance plane at 10/2053Z at 37.2N, 54.8W. The maximum winds of 120 kt were reported on the south side of the hurricane (ATS). September 11: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 39.7N, 52.7W with a dissipating cold front plotted from 44N, 46W to 45N, 36W and another dissipating cold front plotted from 40N, 58W to 41N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.6N, 52.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 40.0N, 51.4W with a 984 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 40.3N, 52.6W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 40.4N, 53.1W. Ship highlights: 55 kt N and 995 mb at 06Z at 40.3N, 55.6W (COA); 40 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 40.8N, 55.3W (COA). 12 other gales between 35-45 kt and three other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. The 11/0630Z surface chart indicated Easy was beginning to take on extra-tropical characteristics as it moved northeastward following the path of the now defunct Fox. At 11/1830Z with the highest winds at 60 miles from the center on the west side reported as 35 kt; 5 kt 70 miles to the north and 20 and 25 kt in the southern and eastern sector and with 10 to 20 degree temperature discontinuities across the storm, Easy was declared extratropical (ATS). September 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.3N, 47.1W with a west end of a W-E stationary front plotted about 220 nmi ENE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 46.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 40.2N, 47.3W with a 990 mb pressure. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.0N, 45.7W. Ship highlights: 55 kt SSW and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.1N, 48.4W (COA); 50 kt SSW and 989 mb at 06Z at 39.0N, 49.0W (COA); 40 kt WSW and 997 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 46.9W (micro). Nine other gales between 35-45 kt and two other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. [Easy] continued northeastward and was well off Newfoundland by the 12th. This great hurricane did not strike any land area, but a few ships were involved more or less and suffered damage to their superstructures. There was no loss of life (MWR). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.6N, 39.4W with the west end of a W-E warm front plotted about 250 nmi ENE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 42.0N, 39.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.2N, 38.1W with a 997 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 42.9N, 41.7W (COA); 45 kt SW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 38.4N, 41.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 1007 mb at 12Z at 41.0N, 44.0W (COA); 50 kt S at 18Z at 42.2N, 35.0W (COA). Three other gales between 35-45 kt. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 46.4N, 22.8W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward to 39N, 9W and a cold front extending from the low southwestward to 42N, 30W. HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.0N, 23.0W with a 990 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 998 mb at 00Z at 44.1N, 27.2W (COA); 50 kt SW and 981 mb at 06Z at 43.3N, 27.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 989 mb at 12Z at 46.9N, 21.7W (COA, HWM); 60 kt NE and 991 mb at 14Z at 48.0N, 20.0W (COA); 50 kt SW and 990 mb at 18Z at 46.7N, 17.5W (COA). At least ten other gales and 12 other low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.7N, 2.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point at 47.5N, 0.1E. A dissipating stationary front extends eastward from the triple point and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point. HURDAT no longer lists this system. HURDAT previously started this cyclone at 18Z on 2 September at 14.0N, 37.0W as a 40 kt tropical storm. August 30th through September 1st were searched for data between 40W and the African coast. On 30 and 31 August, there is not enough data to indicate the presence of a closed circulation although there are a couple of observations of west winds far from where the cyclone likely was if it existed. On 1 September, there were more observations with westerly wind components relatively far away as well, but at 06Z on 1 September, a ship recorded 25 kt NE with 1008 mb around 13.7N, 31.7W, and at 18Z that day, the same ship recorded 35 kt NE with 1010 mb at 16N, 36.9W. (It is noted that the ship would have to been traveling at over 25 kt to have been in the locations reported at 06Z and 18Z. It is quite possible that one (or both) positions of the ship given were incorrect.) This information is enough to start this cyclone on the 1st, especially because of observations found on 3 September that indicate the definite presence of at least a strong tropical storm. The location of the observations found on 1 September are consistent with observations on the 3rd from a tropical cyclone moving with a forward speed of about 13 kt. Genesis is analyzed to have occurred at 06Z on 1 September (36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally) at 12.5N, 32.0W (5 degrees east of the original HURDAT genesis location) as a 30 kt tropical depression. The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 18Z on the 1st (24 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). A 35 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 1st at the time as the 35 kt ship observation was recorded, which was about 150 nmi NW of the analyzed position at that time. On the 2nd, there is no data near the cyclone, but on the 3rd at 07Z, a ship recorded 35 kt NE with 1000 mb around 16.5N, 43.7W. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of at least 47 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship, and the HURDAT intensity of 55 kt at 06Z on the 3rd is unchanged. No change is made to the time of when Easy became a hurricane (12Z on the 3rd). It should be mentioned that a major change is made to the HURDAT position at 18Z on 2 September. The position is shifted about 2.1 degrees NW of the previous position to 15.3N, 38.6W (from 14.0N, 37.0W originally). That was the only major track change during the tropical portion of the lifetime of Easy, and all track changes from the 3rd through the 12th are minor track changes. Analyzed positions from 18Z on the 2nd to 18Z on the 5th are all west of the previous HURDAT positions, but from the 6th at 06Z on the 7th at 06Z, the analyzed position are slightly east of the previous HURDAT positions. Late on the 7th and early on the 8th, Easy turned toward north and began to recurve with a farthest west position of 27.1N, 67.6W at 06Z on 8 September. Back on September 4th, Easy was moving towards the west-northwest, and on the 4th at 1750Z, aircraft reconnaissance intercepted the cyclone at the very edge of its range near 20.3N, 49.0W. The lowest pressure encountered was 989 mb and the strongest flight-level winds encountered were 58 kt, but the information available suggests that the flight crew was uncertain of the location of the true center of the cyclone, and that the 989 mb was not measured at a location of a minimum in wind speed or near a wind shift. Furthermore, ship data suggests that the position of Easy was about 150 nmi south of the reported aircraft fix. The 989 mb reading is therefore not treated as a central pressure. A peripheral pressure of 989 mb yields a wind speed of at least 65 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. Because of the uncertainties with this aircraft reconnaissance mission and what it was reporting, no changes are made to HURDAT on the 4th and early on the 5th. The first reliable aircraft center fix occurred on the 5th at 1627Z at 21.0N, 55.7W, but no central pressure was reported. On the 6th, aircraft reconnaissance reported central pressures of 967 mb 1406Z and 957 mb 2006Z, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12Z and 18Z respectively on the 6th. A central pressure of 967 mb yields 93 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 95 kt for the intensifying subset. The RMW reported was much larger than climatology (50-55 nm versus 17 nm) and the speed to the cyclone was 13 kt. A central pressure of 957 mb yields 106 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure wind relationship. The RMW was a little larger than climatology (~22 nm versus 16 nm) and the speed of Easy had slowed to 11 kt. Analyzed intensities from 12Z on the 6th through 00Z on the 7th are 90, 100, and 110 kt (down from 110, 120, and 130 kt originally - all major downward adjustments). Easy is analyzed to have become a major hurricane 30 hours later than originally (a major change). On the 7th of September at 1442Z, a Navy low-level penetration attempt was unsuccessful, but did measure a pressure of 968 mb about an estimated 18 nmi from the center. The eye was not visible on radar to the flight crew, so the 18 nmi value is an estimate. A run of the Schloemer equation was performed assuming the plane reached the RMW. The equation yields a central pressure value of 942 mb. Just five hours later, at 1925Z on the 7th, a 700 mb height in the eye of 8,935 ft was reported, indicating a central pressure in the range of 933-950 mb. One hour later, at 2022Z on the 7th, an Air Force aircraft reported a central pressure of 937 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th. A central pressure of 937 mb yields 126 and 123 kt respectively according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW and the speed of the cyclone were near average. An intensity of 125 kt is chosen for 18Z on 7 September (down from 140 kt originally). Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 25 kt are analyzed at all times from 00Z on the 6th to 12Z on the 7th. After the 937 mb aircraft central pressure late on the 7th, there were no more central pressure observations for this cyclone. On the 8th, Easy began a turn toward the northeast. At 06Z, a ship reported 120 kt with 983 mb, and at 12Z, another ship reported 120 kt with 986 mb. On the 9th at 0051Z, an Air Force aircraft recorded a 700 mb height in the eye of 8,935 ft, indicating a central pressure in the range of 942-959 mb. This central pressure range suggests wind speeds in the range of 96-113 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 92-108 kt for its weakening subset. A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 9th (down from 115 kt originally). HURDAT previously listed Easy with a peak intensity of 140 kt from 12Z on the 7th to 00Z on the 8th. The revised peak intensity is 130 kt from 00Z on the 8th to 06Z on the 8th. A peak intensity of 130 kt was chosen because after the 937 mb central pressure was recorded, there was no definitive information to indicate that weakening had taken place until 0051Z on the 9th (29 hours after the 937 mb central pressure). Therefore, it is possible that Easy continued to strengthen for a short time after the 937 mb central pressure was recorded before weakening commenced. Since it is unknown whether the actual intensity was closer to 125 kt or 130 kt at 00 and 06Z on the 8th, it is better to edge closer to the original HURDAT intensities (140 and 135 kt at 00 and 06Z respectively). Easy made its closest approach to Bermuda on the 9th- it passed roughly 100 nmi SE of Bermuda on a northeast course. Hourly observations are available from Bermuda. The lowest hourly pressure recorded was 1000 mb. The barometer was steady around 1000 mb there from 0830Z to 1530Z on the 9th. The highest hourly wind was 35 kt recorded at 1430 and 1530Z. Later on the 9th, at 1605Z, aircraft reconnaissance reported 80 to 100 ft waves. At 1815Z on the 9th, aircraft reconnaissance reported a minimum pressure of 967 mb, and it is not known whether this reading is a central pressure, thus it is not added into HURDAT. A central pressure of less than or equal to 967 mb yields a wind speed of at least 88 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 84 kt for its weakening subset. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 06Z on the 9th through 06Z on the 12th. On the 11th, Easy turned eastward for a day along 39.5N, from about 52.5W to 47W, and on the 12th around 12Z, it made a turn toward the ENE. Easy is analyzed to have become extratropical by 18Z on the 11th (18 hours earlier than originally). HURDAT previously showed a final position at 18Z on 13 September at 45.8N, 37.4W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. At 18Z on the 13th, the revised position is 43.2N, 37.0W (a major track change) with a 60 kt intensity. The cyclone was not dissipated or absorbed until after 18Z on the 14th, so HURDAT is revised to extend this cyclone for 24 more hours. The final position at 18Z on the 14th is analyzed to be 47.5N, 17.1W with a 60 kt intensity. Thereafter, Easy was absorbed into another extratropical low to its north. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 7 (Fox) (was Storm 6) 35785 09/02/1951 M=10 6 SNBR= 790 FOX XING=0 35785 09/02/1951 M=10 7 SNBR= 790 FOX XING=0 * 35790 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 200 25 0* 35790 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*126 203 30 0* *** *** ** 35795 09/03*118 235 25 0*116 248 30 0*115 260 30 0*115 275 30 0* 35795 09/03*127 218 40 0*128 233 45 0*130 247 50 0*132 260 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35800 09/04*118 290 35 0*124 305 40 0*130 320 45 0*137 333 55 0* 35800 09/04*134 273 55 0*136 290 55 0*142 310 55 0*149 328 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35805 09/05*144 346 60 0*152 362 70 0*160 378 75 0*165 390 75 0* 35805 09/05*156 345 65 0*163 362 70 0*168 378 75 0*173 393 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35810 09/06*171 401 80 0*176 414 85 0*182 430 90 0*192 455 90 0* 35810 09/06*178 407 80 0*183 421 85 0*189 437 90 0*196 456 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35815 09/07*203 482 95 0*210 495 95 0*217 507 100 0*230 531 100 0* 35815 09/07*203 473 95 0*211 490 95 0*220 507 100 0*231 524 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35820 09/08*244 552 100 0*252 564 95 0*264 575 95 0*292 588 95 0* 35820 09/08*243 538 100 0*255 552 95 0*272 566 95 0*296 579 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35825 09/09*324 600 90 0*353 598 90 0*380 580 85 0*400 546 85 0* 35825 09/09*322 587 90 0*351 591 90 0*378 582 85 0*403 546 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 35830 09/10*420 505 75 0*445 439 75 0*470 370 70 0E496 299 65 0* 35830 09/10E423 505 75 0E445 439 75 0E472 368 75 0E500 298 75 0* **** * **** *** ** *** *** ** 35835 09/11E524 228 60 0E555 211 55 0E590 232 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 35835 09/11E535 240 65 0E575 212 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** 35840 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. A major change is made to the timing of when this cyclone became a tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Africa near 14.0N, 14.9W. HURDAT does not yet list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 18.8W. HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.0N, 20.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.4N, 25.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 11.5N, 26.0W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 13.9N, 22.2W (COA); 20 kt N and 1003 mb at 18Z at 14.4N, 26.6W (COA). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.4N, 32.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 32.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 13.4N, 25.4W (COA). September 5: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.6N, 38.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 37.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.6N, 37.6W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 999 mb at 07Z at 16.7N, 35.7W (ATS). This hurricane was first suspected when the steamship Janecke Naess encountered 45-knot south winds at 15N, 35W on September 5. This wind report indicated that a small hurricane center was located a short distance northwest of the ships position (MWR). On [the 05/1230Z surface chart] the disturbance that was to become Fox appeared. The ship British Premier at 13.5N, 40.2W reported 1008.4 mb, scattered clouds and a NNE 15 kt wind. The Juthay at 9.8N, 38W reported 1015.6 mb with a SE 15 kt wind. These reports showed very clearly the position of the wave from which the tropical storm had formed. The storm center for Fox was of course based on the ship Janeckenaess [Janecke Naess] at 05/1230Z. At this time, the centers of [Easy and Fox] were computed to be 990 miles apart separated by a weakening north-south ridge (ATS). September 6: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.8N, 42.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 43.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 21.4N, 46.4W (COA). September 7: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.0N, 50.3W. HWM analyzes Hurricane Easy to be located near 23.7N, 65.8W, or about 860 nmi west of Fox. HURDAT lists Fox with a 100 kt intensity at 21.7N, 50.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.3N, 52.3W. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1002 mb at 00Z at 21.5N, 46.2W (COA, ATS); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 06Z at 21.5N, 46.2W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR, penetration) at 1737Z at 23.1N, 52.4W with estimated visual surface winds of hurricane force, maximum measured flight-level winds of 82 kt, and estimated maximum storm intensity of 100 kt (ATS, micro). The report of the ship Tectus with overcast sky, a minus 4.5 mb falling then rising and a 60 kt E wind indicated hurricane Fox was at about 20N, 46.4W [at 07/0030Z]. This position indicated Hurricane Fox was still on its WNW course and that it had slight increased its speed of advance to about 23 kt. Air Force flying at 10,120 feet altitude gave the center of Fox at 07/1737Z as 23.1N, 52.4W. The eye was described as being oblong 20 by 30 miles. The average wind was reported as 82 kt with the maximum winds of 100 kt from the ESE. Winds of force 12 or greater were reported from west through north to south and southeast (ATS). September 8: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.6N, 57.1W. HWM analyzes Hurricane Easy to be located near 28.2N, 67.8W, or about 580 nmi WNW of Fox. HURDAT lists Hurricane Fox with a 95 kt intensity at 26.4N, 57.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.3N, 56.7W with a 976 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.3N, 57.7W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb centered near 24.0N, 53.9W and at 12Z the microfilm analysis position is not useful because the position is plotted at the location of an 18Z aircraft fix (29.4N, 58.0W). Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 992 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 54.5W (Ruanine, COA, micro); 978 mb (min p encountered by ship Ruanine) at 03Z near ~24.8N, 54.1W (micro); 65 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 56.7W (micro). Four other gales between 35-50 kt. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1750Z at 29.5N, 58.0W (ATS). It later proved to be a small, fast moving hurricane which moved on a northwestward course and passed some 350 miles east of Bermuda on September 8th. Thereafter it turned northeastward and continued its rapid movement over the Atlantic (MWR). The proximity of Hurricane Fox [to Hurricane Easy on the morning of the 8th] (the centers at this time were about 540 miles apart) and its greater speed of advance (about 20 kt), however, were considered to be a factor important in the slowing of Hurricane Easy. The situation seemed to indicate that the Fujiwhara effect was indeed taking place. At 08/1344Z an Air Force plane departed Bermuda to reconnoiter Hurricane Fox. At 08/1750Z the plane gave the center position of Fox as 29.5N, 58W (ATS). September 9: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 37.8N, 57.9W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located about 250 nmi north-northeast of the cyclone and a second frontal boundary located farther north and north-northwest. HWM also analyzes Hurricane Easy to be located near 30.7N, 64.0W, or about 520 nmi SW of Fox. HURDAT lists Hurricane Fox with an 85 kt intensity at 38.0N, 58.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.5N, 58.6W with a 982 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.2N, 58.7W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes the centers of Fox and Easy to be located only about 440 nmi from each other. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm (Fox) of at most 990 mb centered near 36.2N, 58.4W. The microfilm analysis also shows that Fox and Easy are located within the same 1005 mb contour, but the two cyclones are analyzed with separate 1002 mb closed isobars, and both cyclones are analyzed to be of at most 990 mb. Ship highlights: 75 kt ESE at 01Z at 33.6N, 58.2W (micro); 50 kt S and 985 mb at 33.5N, 57.4W (micro); 70 kt and 989 mb at 04Z at 33.7N, 58.2W (micro); 55 kt SW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 58.0W (micro); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 37.9N, 53.5W (micro). 11 other gales between 35-55 kt and 14 other low pressures between 991-1005 mb. Hurricane Fox [around ~01Z on the 9th] was estimated to be about 32.6N, 59.4W with the hurricane centers now about 390 miles apart. Analysis of the 09/1230 surface chart [positioned Hurricane Fox] at 37N, 57W, thereby indicated a slight increase in speed of advance to about 30 kt. Strong southerly convergent flow over Fox at all levels pointed toward a large acceleration in the speed of advance as well as eminent dissipation. The 09/1830Z surface chart [and] ship reports indicated the center of Fox to be about 40N, 55W and taking on extratropical characteristics with as much as a 20 degree temperature difference across the hurricane. The highest reported wind was south 50 kt and this latest position showed that the speed of advance had increased to nearly 50 kt (ATS). September 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 980 mb centered near 48.0N, 36.3W. A separate large, broad, weaker extratropical low of at most 990 mb is centered in the general vicinity of 56-60N, 30-38W. A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 61N, 28W to 60N, 22W to 58N, 19W to 56N, 18W to 50N, 20W to 46N, 23W. A small, elongated, weak low of at most 1015 mb is plotted near 48N, 57W with a dissipating stationary front extending eastward from this low to 46N, 46W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 47.0N, 37.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 47.6N, 38.1W with a 990 mb pressure. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 40.5N, 54.3W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 42.8N, 50.4W and the last microfilm position before Fox goes off the map is at 06Z near 44.4N, 45.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 993 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 49.0W (micro); 60 kt S and 997 mb at 04Z at 43.0N, 45.0W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 989 mb at 08Z at 43.0N, 45.0W (COA); 80 kt W and 1006 mb at 18Z at 43.2N, 33.4W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 989 mb at 18Z at 48.0N, 27.0W (COA). 27 other gales between 35-60 kt and 40 other low pressures between 987-1005 mb. It passed well to the east of Newfoundland on the 10th (MWR). By 10/0630Z, Fox at 43.8N, 45.8W was definitely extratropical having been considered to have lost the last of its tropical characteristics about 10/0200Z (ATS). September 11: HWM indicates that Fox was absorbed by the low to its north before 12Z on the 11th. HWM analyzes a single low of at most 965 mb centered near 59N, 23.7W. HURDAT last lists Fox at 12Z as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 59.0N, 23.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position for Fox near 58.8N, 25.0W with a 963 mb pressure. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 50 kt NW and 973 mb at 00Z at 53.7N, 25.5W (COA); 30 kt SE and 968 mb at 00Z at 56.0N, 24.0W (COA); 50 kt SE and 973 mb at 06Z at 59.3N, 19.1W (COA); 45 kt S and 967 mb at 57.6N, 18.9W (COA). Six other gales between 35-50 kt and 14 other low pressures between 973-999 mb. The African easterly wave that produced Fox emerged off of Africa late on 1 September or early on the 2nd. HURDAT starts this system as a 25 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 2nd at 13.0N, 20.0W, and no change is made to the timing of genesis. Fox moved on a broad, curving path throughout its lifetime. It reached 20.6N, 54.4W by the 5th of September, and by the 8th, Fox was located close to and east of Hurricane Easy. The strong southerly winds of the east side of Easy caused Fox to accelerate very quickly north. Fox recurved early on the 9th near 60W. On the 3rd through the 5th, the track is revised north of the previous HURDAT track. These adjustments were made based on ship observations such as the 1002 mb observation at 06Z on the 3rd, a 1003 mb ship observation at 18Z on the 3rd, and a 45 kt wind observation at 00Z on the 4th. Another important ship observation of 40 kt S with 999 mb occurred at 07Z on the 5th, and a position about a degree north of the previous HURDAT position continued to be analyzed on the 5th. For intensity, the 1002 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 3rd suggests a wind speed of at least 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and at 00Z on the 4th, a ship recorded 45 kt with 1009 mb. An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 3rd (up from 30 kt originally) and 55 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 4th (up from 35 kt originally- a major change). This cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 3rd (24 hours earlier than originally- a major change). The HURDAT intensity of 70 kt at 06Z on the 5th is unchanged (the ship observation of 999 mb with 40 kt at 07Z on the 5th is 45 nmi ENE of the analyzed interpolated position at 07Z). Fox is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 5th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). The revised positions on the 6th and 7th are all within one degree of the previous HURDAT positions. No intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 06Z on the 5th to 12Z on the 9th (which is after recurvature). This analysis was highlighted by several observations. First, at 00Z on the 7th, a ship recorded a 60 kt wind with a pressure of 1002 mb 95 nmi NE of the analyzed position. There were only two aircraft center fixes for Fox- one on the 7th and one on the 8th, but no aircraft central pressures were obtained. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 7th confirmed that Fox was a compact and intense hurricane, as ship observations suggested. At 00Z on the 8th, a ship recorded 70 kt with 992 mb 40 nmi from the analyzed position, and at 03Z on the 8th, a ship encountered its minimum pressure of 978 mb, but there is no information to indicate whether this was an eye reading, so a central pressure cannot be assumed here. A central pressure of less than or equal to 978 mb yields wind speeds of at least 80 and 75 kt according the south and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. Fox was moving with a forward speed of 18 kt, and the RMW reported by aircraft 9 hours earlier is near climatology. The peak intensity of 100 kt in HURDAT from 12Z on the 7th to 00Z on the 8th is maintained. The significant eastward changes to the track of Fox at 00Z and 06Z on the 8th are due to the ship Ruanine, while the eastward changes at 18Z on the 8th and 00Z on the 9th are due to the aircraft reconnaissance and a few nearby ship observations. On the 9th, Fox accelerated northeastward. Early on the 9th, a couple of ships reported hurricane force winds of 70-75 kt and pressures of 985 and 989 mb. Fox is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 10th (18 hour earlier than in HURDAT originally) at 42.3N, 50.5W with a 75 kt intensity. The cyclone continued moving northeastward on the 10th and early on the 11th to an analyzed position of 57.5N, 21.2W at 06Z on the 11th (55.5N, 21.1W originally- a major track change that occurred during the extratropical phase). The intensities in HURDAT from 12Z on the 10th to 00Z on the 11th are revised upward by 5 to 10 kt based upon at least three hurricane force wind observations reported by ships on the 10th. The last point listed in HURDAT previously was at 12Z on the 11th, but observations show that Fox had merged with another baroclinic system and had become a very large and powerful extratropical cyclone before 12Z. Thus the last six hourly point is removed from HURDAT. It is noted that given how close Hurricanes Easy and Fox became on the 8th and 9th, the tracks look remarkably smooth with no obvious sign of interaction. However, the tracks are consistent with some indirect Fujiwara interaction, as the slow speed of Easy from the 7th to the 9th to the west of the storms centroid along with the fast speed of Fox on the same dates to the east of the storms centroid is what one would expect. One consideration of the tracks is that Fox only had two center fixes total from aircraft reconnaissance, while Easy had ten total but only three on the 8th and 9th. Without inner core data at least a few times a day, one typically has quite smooth tracks. Additional quotes for Fox: It will be noted that this hurricanes entire life was coexistent with the great Hurricane Easy. When the two were nearest Bermuda on the 8th, they exerted the usual counterclockwise torque on each other, which probably prevented Easy from striking the island. The strongest winds reported by aircraft from Fox were 115 to 120 mph. A few ships were involved to some extent but no damage reports have been received (MWR). ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 8 (George) (was Storm 7) 35845 09/20/1951 M= 2 7 SNBR= 791 GEORGE XING=0 35845 09/19/1951 M= 4 8 SNBR= 791 GEORGE XING=0 ** * * (The 19th is new to HURDAT.) 35850 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 932 30 0* 35850 09/20* 0 0 0 0*198 930 35 0*206 947 45 0*208 952 50 0* 35850 09/20*195 934 40 0*197 937 40 0*202 942 45 0*208 952 50 999* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 35855 09/21*209 957 50 0*210 962 50 0*212 967 45 0*215 975 35 0* 35855 09/21*210 958 50 0*212 964 50 0*215 971 50 0*218 978 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** (The 22nd is new to HURDAT.) 35855 09/22*223 986 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35860 TS International Landfall 9/21 14Z 21.6N 97.4W 50 kt - Mexico Minor track and minor intensity changes are analyzed for Tropical Storm George. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. September 19: HWM analyzes a dissipating stationary front depicted running through a sharp trough a3nd through a spot low plotted near 20.7N, 93.3W. The front runs from 29N, 78W to 29N, 86W to 27N, 90W through the low near 21N, 93W to 17N, 95W to 16N, 97W to 17N, 98W to 20N, 101W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Although the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a cyclone at 12Z near 20.2N, 92.1W with a 1002 mb pressure, this is not the same cyclone shown by MWR on the 21st that strikes Mexico. No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 19 kt E max flight-level wind encountered and 1007 mb lowest pressure encountered in trough along 93W (micro). On the morning of the 19th, a decision was made to reconnoiter the Gulf of Campeche. The Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft dispatched to the area reported a weak trough located along 93W with a minimum pressure of 1007 mb. The maximum winds encountered were from the east and southeast, 19 kt. Very little precipitation was reported for the entire area. A streamline analysis combining the winds observed on this flight and the gradient winds reported by a few of the Mexican stations along the Gulf of Campeche was performed. A weak vortex was developed and centered at 19.8N, 93.9W (ATS) September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 95.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 94.7W. Although the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a cyclone at 12Z near 20.3N, 91.0W with a 1005 mb pressure, this is not the same cyclone shown by MWR on the 21st that strikes Mexico. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 18Z analyzed a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 21.0N, 95.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1007 mb at 00Z at 20.3N, 93.5W (COA) [ship may have biases- check wind direction, wind speed with time series]. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1830Z at 20.5N, 95.4W with 999 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered at 800 ft (ATS, micro). Four total reported flight-level gales between 35-55 kt and four low pressures between 999-1004 mb between 1800-1845Z between 20.5-20.8N, 94.3-95.4W (micro, ATS). A tropical storm of less than hurricane force developed in the Gulf of Campeche on September 20 (MWR). [On] September 20th, a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft located the circulation at 1830Z at 20.5N, 95.4W. The aerologist reported maximum winds of 55 kt from the south, minimum pressure of 999 mb. The diameter of the eye was 20 miles, with the northern semicircle completely open. Heaviest precipitation was encountered in the southeast quadrant with very little to the southwest. Using the streamline analysis performed on the first fix, the second fix gave the center a WNW movement at 4 kt (ATS). The strongest wind reported [for the lifetime of the storm] was about 60 mph (by aircraft) during the afternoon of the 20th (MWR). September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 95.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.2N, 96.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 97.0W with a 1003 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.7N, 97.4W. Aircraft highlights: Estimated position of center by aircraft at 1025Z at 21.7N, 96.7W with 40 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered with report of unable to locate closed circulation (micro); 55 kt W (max flight-level wind encountered) at 15Z at 21.8N, 97.3W and 1006 mb (lowest pressure encountered) at 1515Z at 21.6N, 97.3W (center may have already been inland) (micro, ATS). One other flight-level gale. [It] moved into Mexico a short distance south of Tampico on the 21st. No damage has been reported in connection with this storm (MWR). On 21 September, a Navy reconnaissance aircraft encountered an abrupt wind shift from east to west of 40 to 50 kt at 21/1500Z at 21.8N, 97.3W. Due to the proximity to the Mexican coast, the aircraft did not reconnoiter farther to the west where radar showed heavy weather over land. Possibly because of the inability to reconnoiter farther west, no closed circulation was found. The 21/1230Z surface chart showed that the center would cross the coast about 30 miles south of Tampico at about 21/1400Z. The storm rapidly dissipated after it crossed the coastline (ATS). September 22: HWM analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT no longer lists George on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 22.6N, 98.6W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.9N, 98.8W. No gales or low pressures. George originated from a frontal boundary that extended into the Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Campeche on 18 September. On the 19th, the front began to dissipate and lift out to the north, but it left behind a circulation in the Bay of Campeche that is analyzed to have become a tropical cyclone by 18Z on 19 September (12 hours earlier than the original HURDAT genesis time). Ships and Mexican station observations at 18Z on the 19th indicate a closed circulation near 19.4N, 93.2W, and this is the analyzed genesis location. It is possible that genesis occurred even earlier on the 19th, but the sparseness of data preclude an earlier first entry for this system. A 30 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 19th. An aircraft reconnaissance flight on the 19th around 18Z-21Z did not report a closed circulation, but indicated a sharp trough along 93W with minimum pressure encountered 1007 mb and a maximum wind encountered of 19 kt, but the cyclone is started due to the closed circulation indicated by the surface observations. The depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 20th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally), and this is based on a 45 kt ship observation at 00Z, although an observation from this ship at 06Z on the 20th indicates that the storm may not have yet reached a 45 kt intensity, and the wind speed reported by the ship at 00Z may have been somewhat too high. A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at both 00Z and 06Z on the 20th (up from 35 kt at 06Z). From 18Z on the 19th to 06Z on the 20th, George moved rather slowly toward the west-northwest. But it accelerated somewhat on the 20th. At 06Z on the 20th, the position is adjusted slightly to the west of the previous HURDAT position, and at 12Z, the position is adjusted slightly to the southeast. The only reliable aircraft reconnaissance center fix for George occurred at 1830Z on the 20th during which a 999 mb central pressure was measured. A central pressure of 999 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th, and this pressure yields a wind speed of 49 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The 50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th is unchanged. On the 21st, George continued moving west-northwestward and approached landfall in Mexico. At 15Z on the 21st, aircraft reconnaissance flew as close as they could to the center of system while remaining over water, but the center of the storm had already moved inland by that time. The flight crew reported that the worst weather was over land to the west. The lowest pressure encountered over water was 1006 mb and the highest flight-level wind encountered was 55 kt. George is analyzed to have made landfall at 14Z on 21 September at 21.6N, 97.4W as a 50 kt tropical storm. The intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 21st is increased from 45 to 50 kt, and the revised position at that time is 21.5N, 97.1W (originally 21.2N, 96.7W). HURDAT previously showed a final position for George at 18Z on the 21st barely inland between a barrier island and the mainland. The new revised 18Z position is three-tenths of a degree west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position, and fully inland with a 35 kt intensity (unchanged). One point is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 22nd as a 25 kt tropical depression at 22.3N, 98.6W- observations indicate that the circulation was likely still closed at that time. The depression dissipated over Mexico after 00Z on the 22nd. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 9 (How) (was Storm 8) 35865 09/28/1951 M=11 8 SNBR= 792 HOW XING=1 35865 09/29/1951 M=13 9 SNBR= 792 HOW XING=1 ** ** * (The 28th is removed from HURDAT.) 35870 09/28* 0 0 0 0*187 848 25 0*190 850 25 0*196 853 25 0* 35875 09/29*203 857 25 0*213 863 25 0*222 868 25 0*228 871 25 0* 35875 09/29*202 858 25 0*211 866 25 0*219 872 25 0*227 873 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35880 09/30*233 873 25 0*238 874 25 0*243 875 25 0*249 876 30 0* 35880 09/30*233 873 25 0*239 874 30 0*245 875 30 0*250 876 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** 35885 10/01*254 877 30 0*258 875 30 0*261 868 35 0*263 860 40 0* 35885 10/01*255 877 35 0*258 876 35 0*261 868 40 1003*263 860 40 0* *** ** *** ** ** **** 35890 10/02*264 848 45 0*266 833 55 0*268 817 60 0*276 802 60 0* 35890 10/02*264 848 45 0*266 833 55 0*268 817 45 0*276 801 50 0* ** *** ** 35895 10/03*290 788 65 0*306 776 75 0*320 767 80 0*326 762 85 0* 35895 10/03*288 787 60 0*301 773 70 0*314 765 75 982*321 761 80 979* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35900 10/04*332 758 90 0*339 752 95 0*346 745 95 0*351 738 95 0* 35900 10/04*328 757 85 0*336 752 85 0*343 746 85 0*349 740 80 975* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35905 10/05*357 730 90 0*364 722 90 0*371 713 90 0*377 702 85 0* 35905 10/05*354 734 80 0*361 726 80 0*369 716 85 972*377 704 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35910 10/06*383 690 80 0*389 678 75 0*395 657 75 0*403 609 70 0* 35910 10/06*384 692 85 0*391 676 85 0E397 654 80 0E403 612 75 963* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** * *** ** *** 35915 10/07E412 553 65 0E419 507 60 0E426 460 60 0E436 409 55 0* 35915 10/07E412 567 75 0E423 510 75 0E435 455 75 0E447 398 75 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35920 10/08E452 359 50 0E483 312 45 0E533 268 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 35920 10/08E464 340 75 0E493 293 75 0E523 263 75 0E563 230 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 9th to the 11th are new to HURDAT.) 35920 10/09E593 210 70 0E640 195 65 0E670 170 60 0E700 130 60 0* 35920 10/10E730 80 55 0E755 20 55 0E7803650 50 0E7953740 50 0* 35920 10/11E8033840 50 0E8083950 50 0E8104080 50 0E8104230 50 0* 35925 HR U.S. Landfall: 10/02/1951 10Z 26.7N, 82.3W 55 kt - FL Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Dunn and Miller, Tannehill, and Caribbean station observations. September 28: HWM indicates the presence of a trough in the western Caribbean and analyzes a spot low near 19.5N, 85.0W and a cold front from 30N, 94W to 32N, 85W dipping southward. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 19.0N, 85.0W. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N, 88W and a WSW-ENE cold front extending from 22N, 99W to 23N, 95W to 25N, 92W to 27N, 89W to 29N, 83W to 30N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 22.2N, 86.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 86.8W with a 1010 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. An easterly wave moved into the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel the last two days of September (MWR). September 30: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 23.5N, 87.5W with a dissipating cold front extending from the low southwestward to 19N, 95W and a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to beyond 28N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 24.3N, 87.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.9N, 87.0W with a 1009 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position just north of the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 24.7N, 87.2W with the west end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located about 240 nmi north of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 15Z at 25.4N, 85.1W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 21Z at 24.9N, 86.6W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2230Z at 25.5N, 87.7W with 35 kt max winds (ATS). From ship reports in the area, a closed circulation was drawn on the 30/1230Z surface chart in the Gulf of Mexico at 25N, 87W. Ship reports showed winds of 20 kt, clouds and shower activity. In view of the above situation, the decision was made to reconnoiter aircraft. At 30/2230Z, the aerologist reported an elliptical eye with a major east-west axis of 70 miles in diameter of which the apparent center was located at 25.5N, 87.7W. Maximum winds reported were 35 kt in the eastern semicircle (ATS). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.6N, 86.1W with a stationary front plotted from 26N, 79W to 30N, 73W to 30N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.1N, 86.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1006 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.9N, 86.4W with the west end of a W-E frontal boundary located about 170 nmi NNE of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 25.0N, 85.3W (COA); 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.3N, 86.2W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 26.3N, 85.5W (COA). Three other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix in the morning at 26.2N, 86.7W with 1003 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (micro). On October 1, reconnaissance planes located a center of circulation near 26.0N, 87.5W attended by squally winds of about 40 mph (MWR). On the 1st of October, the aerologist failed to find a closed circulation. The aerologist reported a flat low pressure with squalls and rapidly shifting winds. Heavy overcast and continuous rain extended out 200 miles from the west coast of Florida. Rapidly shifting winds were reported at 26.4N, 86.4W. Although a closed circulation wasnt found by the reconnaissance plane, surface and ship reports indicate that a closed circulation was present (ATS). October 2: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 26.2N, 82.5W with a warm front plotted from 28N, 76W to 31N, 71W to 32N, 67W to 32N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 26.8N, 81.7W, or very near Fort Myers, FL. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.8N, 82.3W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.8N, 82.1W with a frontal or trough-like feature extending from the low to 29N, 80W to 30N, 77W to 29N, 74W. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 1001 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 84.6W (COA); 40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 84.4W (COA); 40 kt SW and 999 mb at 18Z at 26.7N, 79.1W (micro); 45 kt NNE and 993 mb at 21Z at 28.5N, 78.9W (micro). Five other gales of 35 kt and 64 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. Land highlights: 19 kt SW and 998 mb at 1230Z at Fort Myers (lowest hourly pressure - NCDC); 12 kt SW and 996 mb at 1230Z at Clewiston, FL (micro); 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 18Z at West Palm Beach, FL (micro); 48 kt S (max w/1-min/elevated) at Downtown Miami WB office (climo). One other gale of 37 kt at Jacksonville and 18 other low pressures between 997-1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: 997 lowest pressure encountered between 12Z-13Z somewhere in the vicinity of 26.7N, 82.3W (micro). The center turned sharply eastward and crossed Florida from about Punta Gorda to Vero Beach on October 2. From the 02/1300Z Weather Bureau advisory It is moving inland on the west Florida coast [with winds of 50 mph] (stated in the advisory) (WB advisories). From the October, 1951 Monthly National Climatic Data Summary Monthly [rainfall] totals [for October, 1951] in a strip across southern Florida that included Fort Myers equaled or exceeded 10 inches and ranged up to 17.52 inches. This months greatest 24-hour precipitation [for the entire U.S.] occurred in this area, exceeding 10 inches at a number of stations. Most of the months storm damage occurred in southern Florida during the passage of a tropical disturbance. The storm, attended by heavy rains that ranged from about 8 to 13 inches, crossed Florida on the 2nd, the center passing from near Fort Myers to Vero Beach. Squall winds of 50 to 60 mph occurred along the lower east coast and in the Keys. The greatest damage resulted from the heavy rains which flooded early fall crops in the Okeechobee area. Also, a number of cattle were lost by drowning. Losses due to this storm were estimated at about $2,000,000 (climo). From the National Climatic Data Summary severe storm reports Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 2[nd of October]; Time: All day; Property damage: $400,000; Crop damage: $1,600,000; Character of storm: Tropical storm; Remarks: No strong winds occurred near the center [on its trek over Florida]. Minor damage to small craft, and a few windows and awnings were lost along the coast from Key West to West Palm Beach. Greatest damage was from rains that flooded farms and pasture lands over a broad belt extending from Naples, Fort Myers, and Punta Gorda on the west coast to Stuart, Fort Pierce, and Vero Beach on the east [coast]. Early fall crops flooded out in the rich Okeechobee farming area. Roadways were damaged and several bridges were washed out (climo). The strong winds associated with the disturbance while passing over Florida were confined to squalls along the Keys and on the east coast up to Palm Beach far to the southeast of the center; they reached 50 to 60 mph. No loss of life or injuries occurred (MWR). The storm crossed the west coast of Florida between Fort Myers and Tampa as shown on the 02/1230Z surface chart. The storm passed over the east coast of Florida into the Atlantic at Vero Beach at 02/1830Z. In the storms transit over the Florida Peninsula, maximum winds were reduced from 60 kt to 45 kt (ATS). Tropical Cyclone in Florida Oct. 2 Southwest coast Minor Damage $2,000,000 (Minor is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller). October 3: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 31.0N, 75.9W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 76.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.3N, 76.4W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 31.9N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 30.4N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 994 mb at 00Z at 28.4N, 78.4W (micro); 50 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 31.8N, 78.4W (COA, micro); 40 kt ENE and 990 mb at 1615Z at 32.6N, 75.8W (micro); 75 kt NE and 994 mb at 1930Z at 33.8N, 76.9W (micro); 60 kt NNW and 996 mb at 21Z at 32.4N, 77.6W (micro). 11 other gales between 35-50 kt and 67 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 5 kt N and 1002 mb at 00Z at Tampa, FL (climo); 40 kt WSW and 999 mb at 00Z at West End, Bahamas (26.7N, 79.1W) (micro); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 2230Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) (micro); 40 kt N and 997 mb at 2330Z at Frying Pan (33.5N, 77.5W); 33 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Cape Hatteras (climo). Three other gales of 35-40 kt and 11 other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1324Z at 31.4-31.6N, 76.4W with 982 mb central pressure and 85 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 70 kt S estimated surface winds and 981 mb with hurricane force flight-level winds at 800 ft at 1930Z at 31.9N, 75.5W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1930Z at 32.1N, 76.0W with 979 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (micro). Three other surface gales between 35-70 kt, three other flight-level hurricane force winds of at least 70 kt and eight other low pressures between 988-999 mb. From the 03/2200Z Weather Bureau advisory [position- 32.2N, 75.9W; movement NNE 6 to 8 mph; winds well over 100 mph] (WB advisories). A Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft on the morning of the 3rd of October located the storm at 1324Z at 31.4N, 76.4W. The aerologist had reported a poorly defined eye with minimum pressure 982 mb, winds of 55 kt within 40 miles of center in the northern semicircle, and 85 kt within 25 miles southwest of the center were reported (ATS). October 4: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.5N, 74.5W with a warm front extending from 50N, 73W to 45N, 74W to 42N, 75W to 40N, 75W to 39N, 72W to 39N, 55W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.6N, 74.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.0N, 73.8W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 80 kt N and 996 mb at 00Z at 32.5N, 77.4W (COA); 40 kt SSE and 988 mb at 00Z at 32.2N, 74.7W (micro); 55 kt NW G 65 kt and 995 mb at 09Z at 33.6N, 76.6W (micro); 50 kt NW and 999 mb at 12Z at 33.3N, 76.5W (COA). 32 other gales between 35-70 kt and at least 45 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 50 kt N and 997 mb at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) at both 0130Z and 0330Z (micro); 20 kt N and 995 mb at 07Z and 08Z at Cape Hatteras (micro); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 08Z at Frying Pan (33.5N, 77.5W) (micro); 43 kt N (max w/1-min) at both Cape Henry, VA and Atlantic City, NJ (climo). 23 other gales between 35-45 kt, and 46 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 85 kt N (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 18Z at 35.3N, 74.3W (micro); center fix at 19Z at 35.2N, 73.7W with 975 mb central pressure and 85 kt max winds (ATS). Four other flight-level hurricane force winds between 65-70 kt and eight other low pressures between 977-996 mb. After leaving Florida the storm increased to hurricane force as it moved northeastward in the Atlantic. It passed a short distance offshore from Cape Hatteras on October 4, without damaging winds on land (MWR). On 04/1900Z a low level reconnaissance aircraft located the hurricane at 35.2N, 73.7W. The aerologist reported a poorly defined eye with lowest pressure 975 mb. Maximum winds were 85 kt out to a radius of 40 miles from the center, and 50 kt out to 100 miles from the center. This fix showed that the hurricane had continued to move in a NNE direction at 9 to 11 kt with some intensification (ATS). October 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 36.5N, 72.1W with the closest fronts plotted 400 to 500 nmi north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 71.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.1N, 71.0W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 34.7N, 75.1W (COA); 30 kt NW and 995 mb at 00Z at 35.7N, 74.8W (COA); 50 kt NW and 999 mb at 06Z at 35.5N, 74.5W (COA); 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z at 37.1N, 66.5W (COA). 38 other gales between 35-50 kt and 46 other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 55 kt NW and 999 mb at 00Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (micro). Four other low pressures between 1000-1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0001, 0100, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, 0900, 1000, and 1100Z between 35.2-36.7N, 72.1-73.5W (micro); Navy center fix at 1245Z at 37.0N, 71.3W with 972 mb central pressure and 95 kt max winds (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2029Z at 38.2N, 70.0W with 977 mb lowest pressure encountered, 80 kt maximum visual surface winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,475 ft (micro). At least four other hurricane force flight-level winds between 65-90 kt between 1600-1800Z between 400-600 ft and at least five other low pressures between 979-992 mb. Due to the hurricanes proximity to the coast, radar aircraft were used during hours of darkness on the night of the 4-5 October to get hourly fixes. These fixes showed the hurricane had continued on its previous course and speed. On 5 October, two reconnaissance flight were made, and found the hurricane to be continuing on the same course and speed as it had been for the past 24 hours (ATS). October 6: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 40.1N, 65.7W with another weak, small low plotted near 44N, 72W with a stationary front extending from this 2nd low eastward to 43N, 65W to 43N, 47W and a cold front extending from the 2nd low to 41N, 73W to 39N, 76W to 37N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 39.5N, 65.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 65.1W with a 988 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 40.1N, 64.6W. Ship highlights: 55 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 37.0N, 67.2W (COA); 70 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 38.1N, 68.4W (micro); 35 kt N and 987 mb at 06Z at 40.0N, 67.5W (COA); 65 kt WSW and 996 mb at 06Z at 37.5N, 67.6W (COA); 60 kt SW and 979 mb at 09Z at 38.8N, 67.5W (micro); 70 kt S and 988 mb at 12Z at 38.5N, 65.7W (COA); 65 kt NE and 990 mb at 18Z at 40.9N, 62.4W (COA); 70 kt ENE and 996 mb at 18Z at 42.0N, 62.5W (micro); 965 mb (min p encountered by ship) at 2210Z (micro). 35 other gales between 35-70 kt and 35 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1002 mb at 00Z at Nantucket, MA (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 00, 01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, and 11Z between 38.4-40.0N, 65.7-69.4W (micro); Navy center fix at 1535Z at 40.1N, 62.6W with 963 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered 40-60 nmi WNW of center (ATS); Air Force center fix at 1923Z at 40.3N, 60.6W with 972 mb pressure by dropsonde and 85 kt max winds encountered in the southern semicircle only (ATS, micro). One other hurricane force flight-level wind of 75 kt and four other low pressures between 987-999 mb. [The cyclone] then continued northeastward and east-northeastward and passed several hundred miles south of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on the 6th and 7th. The strongest winds reported [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were about 110 mph (MWR). Radar aircraft were again employed on the night of 5-6 October to obtain hourly fixes. These radar fixes from 06/0000Z to 06/1100Z showed the hurricane track to be curving from the NE course it had been following to an easterly course and had accelerated to a speed of 18 kt. On the morning of the 6th, a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft located the hurricane at 1553Z at 40.1N, 62.6W. The aerologist reported the eye to be poorly defined, but with well defined spiral bands leading into the center. Maximum winds reported were 110 kt 40 to 60 miles WNW of the center, 65 kt out 85 miles, and 45 kt out to 140 miles. The minimum pressure reported was 963 mb. This fix showed the hurricane to be traveling east and that it had accelerated and was now traveling at 30 kt. The Air Force high-level afternoon fix was the last aircraft fix on this hurricane. The center was located at 06/1923Z at 40.3N, 60.6W. The northern semicircle was not observed, but 85 kt was observed in the southern semicircle. The hurricane became extratropical soon after this fix, as it showed extra-tropical characteristics on the 07/0030Z surface chart (ATS). October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 42.5N, 44.8W with a dissipating stationary front extending from just northeast of the low eastward and a cold front extending from 200-300 nmi SSW of the low westward. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 42.6N, 46.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.8N, 46.5W with a 982 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.4N, 45.9W. Ship highlights: 65 kt SW and 985 mb at 00Z at 39.9N, 55.3W (COA); 70 kt NNW and 996 mb at 00Z at 41.0N, 59.3W (micro); 70 kt SW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 39.5N, 49.0W (micro); 70 kt SW and 968 mb at 17Z at 45.0N, 37.0W (COA); 70 kt NW and 974 mb at 18Z at 44.7N, 41.7W (COA); 70 kt N and 976 mb at 18Z at 45.4N, 41.4W (COA). Four other hurricane force winds, numerous other gales, and 32 other low pressures between 978-999 mb. The last warning on this hurricane was issued at 07/2200Z (ATS). October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 54N, 26W with a cold front extending from 50N, 22W to 45N, 24W to 40N, 28W to 37N, 33W. HWM also analyzes two other lows within the same 990 mb contour as the feature of interest- one of at most 985 mb centered near 59N, 39N, and the other of at most 975 mb centered near 68.5N, 18W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 53.3N, 26.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 51.3N, 22.7W with a 978 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 963 mb at 06Z at 50.5N, 28.4W (COA); 70 kt NW and 965 mb at 12Z at 50.5N, 28.5W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 980 mb at 14Z at 52.5N, 19.7W (COA); 60 kt SW and 985 mb at 18Z at 52.4N, 19.8W (COA); 45 kt S and 963 mb at 21Z at 58.9N, 19.4W (COA). 15 other gales of 50-60 kt and numerous other low pressures. The hurricane was then tracked on an ENE course across the North Atlantic by use of ship reports. Some of the ship reports indicated that it attained speeds of 55 kt. Winds near the center diminished slowly while the area of gale winds became more widespread (ATS). October 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 960 mb centered near the north coast of Iceland at 66.5N 17W with a cold front extending southward from east of the center along with troughing from the low westward to Greenland. HURDAT no longer lists this system. The MWR Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 62N 28W with 965 mb, though this position may be an artifact of reaching the end of the map. Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 964 mb at 00Z at 56.7N 20.7W (COADS); 60 kt SSW and 980 mb at 07Z at 63.5N 10.5W (COADS); 60 kt N and 977 mb at 12Z at 66.5N 24.5W (COADS); 50 kt SW and 998 mb at 18Z at 63.5N 10.5W (COADS). Station highlights: 40 kt S and 966 mb at Egilststadir, Iceland at 12Z (HWM); 20 kt S and 960 mb at Raufarhofn, Iceland at 12Z (HWM). October 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 78N 02E with a cold front extending south from the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1010 mb at 69.5N 16.5E at 09Z (COADS); 45 kt SSW and 979 mb at 76.3N 11.4E at 12Z (COADS); 45 kt SW and 978 mb at 76.1N 11.2E at 18Z (COADS). Station highlights: no gales. October 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 81N 48E with a cold front extending south from the cyclone. Additionally, a new extratropical cyclone of at most 1010 mb is to the lows southeast near 62N 84E. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW at 69.0N 18.0E at 00Z (COADS); 45 kt WNW and 998 mb at 75.4N 12.5E at 12Z (COADS); 50 kt W at 71.5N 23.5E at 17Z (COADS). Station highlights: no gales. October 12: HWM analyzes a single low of at most 980 mb near 75N 80E with a cold front extending to its south. No gales. Troughing in the western Caribbean Sea became apparent on 27 September, and this may have been an easterly wave that stalled at that location. Although observations on the 27th at 12Z indicate that there may have been a closed circulation near 16N, 83W, subsequent observations on the 28th at 18Z provide evidence that there was not yet a closed circulation at that time. HURDAT started this system at 06Z on the 28th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 18.7N, 84.8W. Genesis is now analyzed to have not occurred until 00Z on the 29th (18 hours later than originally) at 20.2N, 85.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression. As the depression moved northward through the Yucatan Channel into the Gulf of Mexico, a track closer to the northeastern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula is analyzed. On the 30th, the depression moved northward in the Gulf of Mexico and strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z (18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). Two ship observations of 35 kt are the evidence for this change. As this system was developing on the 28th and 29th, a cold front entered the Gulf of Mexico from the northwest. By 12Z on the 29th of September, the cold front was oriented WSW-ENE over the northern Gulf of Mexico while the depression was located just north of Cancun. As the front moved southward late on the 29th and early on the 30th, observations indicate that the front weakened significantly, The depression moved northward and interacted with the weakening front early on the 30th, but the front appears to have dissipated by late on the 30th, and the depression, which strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 30th, did not appear to be too adversely affected by the dissipating front. By 12Z on 1 October, Tropical Storm How, moving slowly, made a turn toward the ENE around 26N, 87W. On the morning of the 1st, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 1st. A central pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Ships at 12Z on the 1st also suggested a central pressure of at most 1003 mb. A ship also measured a 40 kt wind at 12Z. A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 1st (up from 35 kt originally). How continued its east-northeastward motion with some acceleration until it made landfall between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda, FL as a 55 kt tropical storm at 10Z on the 2nd. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 2nd around 12-13Z only flew over the Gulf of Mexico after the center was already inland and measured a lowest pressure of 997 mb. The lowest available pressure measured from a land station in Florida is 996 mb at Clewiston at 1230Z simultaneously with 12 kt winds. The highest available wind measured from a land station in Florida is a 48 kt one-minute max wind recorded at Miami WBO, which reduces to about 42 kt when the anemometer is brought down to 10m. A landfall central pressure of less than 996 mb yields a landfall intensity of greater than 50 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The HURDAT intensity at the point before landfall (06Z on the 2nd) of 55 kt is unchanged. How was over Florida on the 2nd from 10Z to 18Z before it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Pierce, FL. Rather than keeping the HURDAT intensities which show strengthening while over land, the intensity at 12Z is reduced from 60 to 45 kt to account for observed winds as well as typical weakening. As the data shows on the 3rd, How immediately restrengthened upon reaching the Atlantic. Thus at 18Z on the 2nd, the systems center is back over water and winds increased slightly to 50 kt. The largest track change made thus far (from the 29th of September through the 2nd of October) is half a degree (on the 29th). After How emerged into the Atlantic, it made a turn toward the northeast passing about 80 nmi SE of Cape Hatteras around 10Z on the 4th. At 12Z on the 3rd, the revised position is six-tenths of a degree SSE of the previous HURDAT position due to aircraft reconnaissance information. Observations indicate that intensification commenced as soon as How emerged into the Atlantic. At 21Z on the 2nd, a ship recorded 45 kt simultaneously with 993 mb, and at 00Z on the 3rd, a ship measured 55 kt winds. At 1324Z on the 3rd, a 982 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this is added to HURDAT as a central pressure at 12Z on the 3rd. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 70 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 73 kt for its intensifying subset. The HURDAT intensity of 80 kt at 12Z on the 3rd is reduced to 75 kt. A 979 mb aircraft central pressure was measured at 1930Z, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd. A central pressure of 979 mb yields wind speeds of 74 and 77 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and its intensifying subset respectively. The RMW was slightly smaller than average. At the same time, a ship recorded a 75 kt wind with a 994 mb pressure. The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd is lowered to 80 kt. There was one ship observation of 80 kt at 00Z on the 4th. A time series analysis of this ship reveals that there is no evidence of any high bias in the winds with this ship. The analyzed intensity is 85 kt at 00Z on the 4th (down from 90 kt originally). This ship observation was observed simultaneously with a 996 mb pressure about 85 nmi west of the analyzed center position. As How passed by North Carolina, some gales occurred on the coast and pressures as low as 995 mb were recorded at Cape Hatteras, so a tropical storm impact is analyzed for North Carolina. How also produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia and New Jersey, where maximum 1-minute winds of 43 kt were recorded at Cape Henry and Atlantic City. How may have produced tropical storm impacts in Maryland and/or Delaware, though available observations indicate peak 1-minute winds of below tropical storm force. Late on the 4th and the 5th, How continued to move northeastward, and then it turned toward the ENE on the 6th around the time it became extratropical near 40N, 65W. All track changes from the 4th through the 6th are less than half a degree. Regarding the intensity changes, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 19Z on the 4th, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 and 78 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships respectively. The 85 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 4th is reduced to 80 kt at 18Z on the 4th (down from 95 kt originally at 18Z on the 4th). On the 5th at 1245Z, a 972 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 5th. A central pressure of 972 mb yields 80 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was much smaller than the climatological value, and an intensity of 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on the 5th (down from 90 kt originally). At 2029Z on the 5th, aircraft reconnaissance encountered a minimum pressure of 977 mb (may not be a central pressure), and on the same flight, a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,475 ft was recorded, indicating a central pressure in the range of 959-978 mb. This range yields a wind speed of between 75-91 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. How is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 6th (12 hours earlier than originally). At 1535Z on the 6th, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 963 mb after extratropical transition, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th. It is believed that the central pressure of How decreased steadily from 972 mb to 963 mb from 1245Z on the 5th to 1535Z on the 6th. The 85 kt analyzed intensity on the 5th at 12Z is held through the 6th at 06Z (up from 75 kt originally at 06Z on the 6th). Intensities of 80 and 75 kt are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 6th (up from 75 and 70 kt respectively). On the 7th, the cyclone accelerated toward the ENE, and on the 8th, it acquired a northeastward motion. On the 7th at 00Z, the analyzed position is 1.6 degrees west of the previous HURDAT position, and this change is justified because the previous HURDAT position was east of a ship with a reliable observation of a southerly wind. From 06Z to 18Z on the 7th, a track to the left (north) of the previous HURDAT track is analyzed, and on the 8th and 00 and 06Z, the reanalyzed positions are about 1.9 degrees northeast of the previous HURDAT positions (the largest track changes for the entire lifetime of this cyclone), also justified by ship observations. Ship observations of hurricane force winds were observed the entire time on the 7th through 12Z on the 8th, and the 75 kt intensity as a strong extratropical cyclone analyzed on the 6th is maintained through 12Z on the 8th. HURDAT previously analyzed 55 kt at 18Z on the 7th and 45 kt at 12Z on the 8th. Major upward intensity revisions of between 20-30 kt are made to HURDAT at all times from 18Z on the 7th to 12Z on the 8th. HURDAT previously lists a final point at 12Z on the 8th, but available observations show that it continued for a few more days as an extratropical cyclone at very high latitudes. The last new position is at 18Z on the 11th, after which the system merged with another extratropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 10 (Item) (was Storm 9) 35930 10/12/1951 M= 6 9 SNBR= 793 ITEM XING=0 35930 10/12/1951 M= 6 10 SNBR= 793 ITEM XING=0 ** 35935 10/12* 0 0 0 0*143 782 30 0*150 788 30 0*156 795 30 0* 35935 10/12* 0 0 0 0*155 802 30 0*162 806 30 0*169 811 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35940 10/13*162 802 35 0*167 810 45 0*173 818 50 0*179 822 60 0* 35940 10/13*174 815 30 0*178 818 35 0*181 821 35 0*185 822 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35945 10/14*185 821 65 0*191 818 70 0*197 815 70 0*201 813 70 0* 35945 10/14*189 822 45 0*195 820 50 0*201 819 55 0*205 818 55 1000* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 35950 10/15*204 812 65 0*207 813 55 0*209 816 55 0*210 820 50 0* 35950 10/15*207 818 55 0*208 819 55 0*209 819 55 0*211 819 55 998* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 35955 10/16*211 823 50 0*211 826 45 0*212 829 40 0*215 832 40 0* 35955 10/16*213 820 45 0*215 820 35 0*217 820 25 1009*220 821 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 35960 10/17*220 833 35 0*225 834 30 0*230 835 25 0*236 836 25 0* 35960 10/17*223 823 25 0*227 825 25 0*232 827 25 0*236 829 25 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 35965 HR 35965 TS ** Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. The peak intensity of this cyclone is changed from hurricane to tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book) and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. October 11: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.5N, 80W in an open trough with a stationary front extending from 30 nmi east of the low northeastward to 20N, 75W to 25N, 72W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Microfilm analyzes a spot low near 16.8N, 80.6W in an open trough with a frontal boundary plotted through the trough from 15N, 83W to 20N, 80W to 26N, 76W. No gales or low pressures. The southern portion of [a] frontal system which extended from the Bahamas down through the western Caribbean lay in a stationary trough [on the 11/0030Z surface chart] (ATS). ATS also mentions some easterly waves moving through the Caribbean Sea, causing widespread weather over the Caribbean. October 12: HWM analyzes a spot low near 15N, 80W in a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with a SSW-NNE stationary front extending from 90 nmi north of the low to 19N, 79W to 23N, 78W to 26N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.0N, 78.8W. Microfilm analyzes a sharp trough in the western Caribbean Sea with a spot low plotted near 17.3N, 82W. No gales or low pressures. A very small hurricane developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12 near 18N, 82W (MWR). October 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.5N, 81.5W with a dissipating stationary front extending from 18N, 82W to 19N, 81W, becoming a warm front at 22N, 79W, extending to 26N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 81.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.2N, 81.8W. Microfilm analyzed a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 17.9N, 81.6W. No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.4N, 82.1W with a stationary front plotted from 23N, 82W to 26N, 78W, becoming a warm front at 28N, 76W extended eastward to 28N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 19.7N, 81.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.8N, 79.8W with a 1008 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.2N, 81.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.6N, 81.9W and at 18Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 20.8N, 81.9W. Land/station highlights: 30-35 kt E and 1009 mb at 21Z at 21.7N, 81.0W (micro). Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 1421Z at 20.7N, 81.9W with 1008 mb lowest pressure encountered and 65 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 55 kt NE at flight-level of 500 ft and 1010 mb at 15Z at 21.0N, 82.0W (micro); center fix at 2024Z at either 20.4N, 81.9W or 20.9N, 81.9W (I think 20.4N is more correct) with 1000 mb central pressure, 70 kt max winds, and 5,000 ft pressure in the center of 834 mb (micro, ATS). One other flight-level gale of 40 kt. On the morning of 14 October a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft investigating the suspicious area reported a well-defined eye at 1421Z at 20.7N, 81.9W, with a minimum pressure of 1008 mb. Maximum winds of 65 kt were reported in the NW quadrant, and 55 kt winds extending 45 miles out from the center in the northern semicircle, and 45 kt winds extending 35 miles to the west of the center. The afternoon reconnaissance into the hurricane penetrated the eye at 2024Z at 20.4N, 81.9W. This gave the hurricane a northward drift of about 2 kt. The aerologist reported an elongated eye oriented north-south 22 miles by 9 miles with minimum pressure of 1000 mb. Maximum winds reported were 70 kt, three miles from the center in the northwest quadrant, and 45 kt in the northeast quadrant extending out to 35 miles. The southern semicircle was not investigated on this flight (ATS). October 15: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 82.2W with a dissipating stationary front plotted from 23N, 81W to 29N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 81.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 81.0W with a 1008 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 21.2N, 81.8W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 21.0N, 81.8W. Land/station highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 21.7N, 81.0W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 35 kt reported (possibly well outside the RMW) around 1615Z at 20.9N, 82.9W (micro); center fix around ~2010Z at 21.0N, 81.9W with 998 mb central pressure and max winds of either 45 or 60 kt (micro, ATS). During the night of 14-15 October the hourly wind and pressure reported from Cuba aided tremendously in watching the hurricane, particularly the hourly reports from Caya Guana (Station 78340) located just south of Cuba at 21.6N, 81.2W. During the night, the pressure remained almost steady, dropping only about 1 mb. The wind remained easterly and steady at about [20 kt]. The pressure and wind reports, therefore, indicated that the hurricane remained quasi-stationary during the night, and probably with no intensification. At 15/2015Z a reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 21N, 81.9W. This fix showed the hurricane to be quasi-stationary as was expected from the hourly reports of Station 78340 prior to the fix. Maximum winds of 60 kt out to 45 miles were reported in the northeast quadrant. Minimum pressure reported was 998 mb (ATS). It moved slowly northward to a position 60 to 80 miles east-southeast of the Isle of Pines where it became stationary, or made a small loop, and slowly dissipated on the 15th and 16th. Strongest winds reported by aircraft [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were around 80 mph maintained from the 13th to 15th. No damage resulted from the hurricane. Lowest pressure reported was 997.3 mb (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.4N, 82.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.2N, 82.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 82.1W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 20.7N, 81.8W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at either 1300Z or 1415Z at 21.9N, 82.0W with 1009 mb central pressure and 20 kt max winds (micro, ATS). No gales or low pressures on this day. When the 16/0300Z upper air charts were analyzed, it was observed that the hurricane was hardly noticeable on the 700 mb chart, where it had previously [late 14th through 15th] shown up as a low at this level. A differential analysis was performed between the 850 mb and 700 mb and between the 700 mb and 500 mb levels. This analysis showed advection of cold air into the area over the hurricane in both layers. Some dissipation was called for, and no movement was forecast due to the weak meridional winds. A Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft on a flight into the hurricane area was unable to find an eye at 16/1415Z. The aerologist reported no signs of a tropical disturbance other than a closed wind field centered at 21.8N, 82W at 1300Z. Maximum winds were 20 kt in the northern semicircle and 15 kt in the southern semicircle. Minimum pressure reported was 1009 mb (ATS). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.0N, 83.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.0N, 83.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 23.4N, 82.1W. No gales or low pressures. The genesis of Item may have been associated with the combination of a front (which extended down to the western Caribbean Sea) noted on 10 October and an ITCZ disturbance emerging out of the deep southwestern Caribbean. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 12 October as a 30 kt tropical depression, and no change is made to the timing of genesis. A major track change is made at the first point at 06Z on the 12th, and the position is moved over 2 degrees WNW of the previous HURDAT position. The cyclone moved generally northward, reaching a location near 20N, 82W by the 14th before the cyclone decelerated. On the 14th at 2024Z, aircraft reconnaissance estimated an eye diameter of 8 nm and measured a central pressure of 1000 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th. A central pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The eye diameter suggests an RMW of 6 nm, which is substantially smaller than the 16 nm from climatology for this central pressure and latitude. Given the small size, but very slow translation velocity of 4 kt, 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th (down from 70 kt originally). On the 15th, Item moved very slowly northward near 21N, 82W. On the 15th at 2005Z, a 998 mb central pressure was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance and is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th. A central pressure of 998 mb yields 51 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also estimated an eye diameter of 9 nm, suggesting an RMW of about 7 nm. A 55 kt intensity is analyzed, based upon the small size despite the continued slow (3 kt) movement of the system, up slightly from 50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th originally. The days when Item was strongest were the 14th and 15th. HURDAT previously shows a peak intensity for Item of 70 kt from 06Z on the 14th to 18Z on the 14th, but the reanalyzed peak intensity is 55 kt from 12Z on the 14th through 18Z on the 15th. Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 kt are analyzed at all times from 18Z on the 13th to 18Z on the 14th. The reanalysis of Item as only being a tropical storm removes it as a hurricane and is a major change to HURDAT. The 70 kt intensity listed in the original HURDAT on the 14th was placed there due to the 70 kt wind reported by aircraft. Estimated surface winds and flight-level winds were unreliable and uncertain during the first decade of aircraft reconnaissance. Much more weight is placed on the central pressure measurements to reanalyze the intensity. Aircraft center fixes along with available observations indicate the previous HURDAT positions from late on the 15th through the 17th are too far west. On the 16th, Item is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression while passing just east of the Isle of Pines. On the morning of the 16th, aircraft reconnaissance located a closed wind circulation with no convection. A 1009 mb central pressure was measured with maximum winds of 20 kt. A central pressure of 1009 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. A 25 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 16th (down from 40 kt originally). It is analyzed that Item weakened to a tropical depression 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. Item is analyzed to have made landfall in Cuba around 06Z on the 17th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 22.7N, 82.5W. Although Item may have dissipated by 12 or 18Z on the 17th, there is not quite enough evidence to remove it from HURDAT at those times, so no changes are made to the timing of dissipation. The only change made at the final point (18Z on the 17th) is to move the position seven-tenths of a degree east to 23.6N, 82.9W. Thereafter, Item dissipated. ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 11 (Jig) (was Storm 10) 35970 10/15/1951 M= 6 10 SNBR= 794 JIG XING=0 L 35970 10/15/1951 M= 6 11 SNBR= 794 JIG XING=0 ** * 35975 10/15* 0 0 0 0*281 756 35 0*294 753 65 0*306 748 70 0* 35975 10/15* 0 0 0 0*277 760 50 0*290 755 65 0*303 749 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 35980 10/16*314 742 70 0*319 736 70 0*322 730 60 0*324 723 55 0* 35980 10/16*311 744 65 990*315 739 65 0*317 733 60 1000*320 726 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **** *** *** 35985 10/17*327 716 55 0*331 707 50 0*335 699 50 0*339 698 50 0* 35985 10/17*324 719 55 999*329 710 55 0*334 702 55 0*336 699 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35990 10/18*342 704 50 0*342 713 45 0*340 722 45 0*335 725 40 0* 35990 10/18E338 703 60 0E337 711 60 0E335 720 60 0E332 723 55 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 35995 10/19*328 726 40 0*319 723 40 0*310 718 40 0*303 711 40 0* 35995 10/19E322 726 55 0E316 727 50 0E310 721 50 0E304 713 50 0* **** ** **** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** 36000 10/20*298 707 35 0*294 699 30 0*292 693 25 0*290 650 25 0* 36000 10/20E298 707 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* * ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36005 HR Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. A major change is made to add an extratropical phase for the final couple days of this cyclones lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book) and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. October 14: HWM analyzes a front running through a trough of low pressure with a spot low plotted near 27.5N, 75.5W. This frontal/trough system is oriented from 28N, 65W westward through the spot low and southwestward to 23N, 82W. Item on this day is plotted as a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.4N, 82.1W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Highest wind observation on this day: a few to several 35 kt observations from ships. ATS describes a front over the western Atlantic off the east coast of the US on the 14th. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward to 25N, 65W to 24N, 62W and a dissipating stationary front extending from the low southwestward to 23N, 81W. Item on this day is plotted as a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 21.1N, 82.2W. HURDAT lists Jig as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.4N, 75.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 75.4W with a 1007 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z does not yet analyze a closed low, but analyzes a sharp trough and frontal feature extending from 30N, 72W to 31N, 75W to 30N, 77W to 24N, 81W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 30.6N, 74.8W with a front extending from the low east-southeastward to 30N, 71W and another front extending from the low southwestward to 26N, 80W. Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1012 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 73.9W (COA, micro); 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z at 30.6N, 75.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 20Z at 31.6N, 74.3W (micro). 14 other gales between 35-45 kt. Aircraft highlights: center fix (loran) at 2240Z at 31.0N, 74.5W with 998 mb lowest pressure encountered and 70 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (at 500 feet) (micro, ATS). The last hurricane of the season developed off the south Atlantic coast on October 15 near 30N, 75W. A semicircular area of hurricane force winds of around 75 to 80 mph developed north of the center and persisted for a couple of days as it moved slowly northeastward (MWR). ATS describes that by 15/0030Z, the density discontinuity had disappeared although a wind discontinuity remained causing a wind shear line between the strong easterly flow around the high to the north and the weaker easterly flow to the south in the subtropics. On the 15/0630Z surface chart, a ship at 31N, 74.5W reported a NE wind 25 kt with showers. Drawing to this report, the analysis showed a trough in the easterlies extending to the south, and a closed low of 1014 mb giving a tight gradient to the surface isobars in the northeast. A vortex was suspected as having been forced along the shear line by the strong easterly winds to the north overrunning the slower easterly winds to the south. The aerologist on the first aircraft reconnaissance flight into the suspected area reported that no eye could be found, but a large, flat low pressure area existed with a minimum pressure of 998 mb near 31N, 74.5W. A wind shift from SE to NE was found at 31.2N, 75W, about 30 miles to the west of the low pressure area. Maximum winds reported were 70 kt. At the 5,000 ft level, the aircraft was above all clouds except an altostratus shield observed to the south (ATS). October 16: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 73.0W with the NW end of a NW-SE dissipating warm front located about 220 nmi ENE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 73.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position with the former showing a 1002 mb pressure. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.9N, 72.4W with a trough or front axis extending from 30N, 72W southwestward to 26N, 76W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE at 03Z at 32.1N, 75.0W (micro); 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 74.4W (micro); 50 kt NE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 32.9N, 73.1W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 21Z at 33.1N, 72.5W (micro). 21 other gales between 35-50 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1342Z at either 31.4N, 73.1W or 31.8N, 73.2W with 1000 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (ATS, micro); center fix at 2200Z at either 36.1N, 72.1N, or 31.9N, 72.2W with 999 mb central pressure, 38 kt max winds, and 850 mb height of 4,560 ft in the center (ATS, micro). On the morning of 16 October, a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft located the low pressure area, 1000 mb, at 1342Z at 31.4N, 73.1W. Maximum winds reported at this time were 45 kt 80 miles to the NE of the low pressure area. The winds were north-northeasterly. The aerologist reported that at 4,500 ft, the plane was on top of stratus clouds, and that no storm clouds were visible. The aircraft fixes showed the disturbance to have moved NE at 10 kt. This direction and speed is not considered to be too accurate, especially the speed of movement due to the fact that both fixes were estimated positions of the center of a large flat low pressure area. Because the disturbance moved in an area of heavily traveled shipping lanes, reports were quite numerous and the disturbance could be tracked quite easily. These reports verified the northeasterly movement. An afternoon reconnaissance of the disturbance located an extensive low pressure area at 16/2200Z at 31.6N, 72.1W. Minimum pressure reported was 999 mb. Maximum winds of 38 kt from the NNE were encountered in the NW quadrant. The aerologist reported a strato-cumulus overcast at 2,300 ft with bases at 800 ft. No middle or high clouds were visible in any direction. A widespread area of frequent light to moderate precipitation was reported (ATS). October 17: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.7N, 70.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 33.5N, 69.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 69.8W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a large low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 32.5N, 70W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 33.3N, 73.0W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1009 mb at 06Z at 33.0N, 68.7W (COA); 45 kt E and 1006 mb at 12Z at 34.9N, 68.9 (COA, micro); 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z at 33.0N, 68.7W (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z at 33.9N, 68.0W (COA). 18 other gales between 35-50 kt. On the 17th and 18th the center described a loop westward and then southwestward between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras and lost force (MWR). The 17/1830Z surface chart showed that the disturbance was fast becoming extra-tropical in character. The area of high winds was becoming more widespread (ATS). October 18: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.8N, 72.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 34.0N, 72.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.0N, 71.6W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a large low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 35.4N, 72.5W (COA, micro); 55 kt E and 1018 mb at 00Z at 38.0N, 69.8W (COA); 65 kt E and 1019 mb at 06Z at 38.3N, 68.2W (COA); 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 68.0W (COA); 60 kt E (wind too high) and 1009 mb at 18Z at 33.7N, 66.9W (COA); 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 34.2N, 71.3W (micro). 46 other gales between 35-55 kt and four other low pressures of 1005 mb. October 19: HWM analyzes a very large, broad closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.9N, 72.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 31.0N, 71.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.7N, 72W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.1N, 72.7W, and microfilm analyzes another large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 38N, 54.2W with both lows located within the same 1011 closed isobar. This elongated area of low pressure extends from about 27N, 78W to 41N, 44W. Ship highlights: 60 kt E (wind too high) and 1012 mb at 00Z at 33.8N, 66.0W (COA); 50 kt N at 00Z at 32.5N, 77.3W (COA); 40 kt N and 1011 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 76.4W (COA); 35 kt NE and 999 mb at 12Z at 31.5N, 72.4W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 72.4W (COA). 24 other gales between 35-50 kt and 11 other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb. October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 70.2W located within a very large area of low pressure below 1010 mb extending from 24N, 74W to northeast, southeast, and northwest of 35N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 29.2N, 69.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.9N, 68.7W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 69.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 68.9W located within a very large area of low pressure below 1010 mb similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights (through 00Z only): 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 30.4N, 71.9W (COA). Three other gales between 35-40 kt and 3 other low pressures between 1002-1004 mb. It finally died out several hundred miles southwest of Bermuda on October 20. Several ships were involved with the storm, but no reports of damage have been received (MWR). October 21: HWM no longer shows a closed low on this day associated with what was Jig. HWM shows a different broad low near 41N, 44W with an upper-level cold front [and likely associated deep-layer troughing] extending southwestward from 34N, 48W to 30N, 55W to 28N, 60W to 27N, 65W to 26N, 70W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 54.6W with a 1012 mb pressure. Hurricane Jig appeared to have formed from the same front/trough that was partially responsible for the formation of Tropical Storm Item. An area on enhanced cyclonic turning became apparent on 13 and 14 October near the northwest Bahamas. On the 14th, a very strong surface high was located over the mid-Atlantic and northeast coasts of the U.S. A large area of gale force winds of 35-40 kt in the tight pressure gradient region was located between 29-34N, 69-78W on the 14th. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 15 October as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.1N, 76.0W. No change is made to the timing of genesis, but this system is started with a 50 kt intensity at 06Z on the 15th (up from 35 kt originally) about half a degree southwest of the previous HURDAT position. At 12Z on the 15th, a ship likely located near the center recorded 45 kt NE with 1008 mb. Another ship slightly farther away recorded 60 kt with 1012 mb. The 65 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is unchanged; thus no change is made to the timing of Jig becoming a hurricane. Jig moved northeastward from the 15th to 17th until it reached a location near 34N, 70W. The cyclone is then analyzed to have made a counterclockwise loop (as in HURDAT). It moved southward to a position near 31N, 72W on the 19th and then moved southeastward to near 20N, 71W by 00Z on the 20th. The largest track change during the entire lifetime of Jig was about seven-tenths of a degree. This magnitude of a change was made at 12Z on the 16th due to aircraft reconnaissance center fix information. At 00Z on the 19th, ship observations are responsible for the track change made then. Regarding the intensity and structure of Jig, at 2240Z on the 15th, aircraft reconnaissance measured a 998 mb central pressure, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th. A central pressure of 998 mb yields a wind speed of 47 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N. An eye radius of 6 nmi was reported. There were a few 60 kt ship observations within a few hours before and after the aircraft fix. These ship observations are believable, given the very strong pressure gradient to the north of the cyclone. An intensity of 65 kt is chosen for both 18Z on the 15th and 00Z on the 16th (down from 70 kt originally at both times). On the 16th, central pressures of 1000 and 999 mb were measured by aircraft at 1342 and 2200Z respectively. These values are added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th and 00Z on the 17th respectively. A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 44 kt and a central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The HURDAT intensities of 60, 55, and 55 kt from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th are all unchanged because there are many ship observations of 50 kt around those times. Although the pressure-wind relationships were considered for this cyclone, they were not strictly followed as with pure tropical cyclones because Hurricane Jig may have been classified as a subtropical cyclone with the classification system of today from the 15th to 17th of October. The strongest observed winds for much of the lifetime of Jig were rather far from the center, but there were also times when strong gales were observed close to the center. Examination of the thermal structure reveals little to no surface baroclinicity and no frontal features near the center of the cyclone on the 15th through the 17th. It should be noted that there are multiple aircraft reports that mention an apparent lack of convection near the center, which is not inconsistent with either a sheared tropical cyclone or a subtropical cyclone. Certainly, the system could have been a subtropical storm, but without satellite imagery, this category cannot be used. Jig is analyzed as tropical from genesis through the 17th, but it is analyzed that Jig became extratropical by 00Z on the 18th. Previously, HURDAT showed no extratropical phase for this cyclone. The addition of an extratropical phase for the final two-plus days of this cyclones life is a major change to HURDAT. Although there are not any fronts apparent by 00Z on the 18th, winds of 10 to 15 kt are observed within 100 nmi of the center, and the winds greater than 50 kt are observed to be located more than 250 nmi from the center. An RMW of 250 nmi is too large to be considered a tropical (or even a subtropical cyclone). The system appears to evolved into a structure similar to an occluded low, although there were no fronts on the days previous to the 18th. The HURDAT intensities between 06Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 20th are all raised by 5 to 15 kt because of ship observations of higher winds. HURDAT previously shows dissipation after 18Z on the 20th, but observations indicate that a closed circulation no longer existed after 00Z on the 20th, so the final 18 hours are eliminated from HURDAT. Interesting quote from ATS: It is doubtful that this hurricane could be classed as a truly characteristic tropical hurricane, as it developed frontal and extratropical characteristics at such an early stage. No eye was ever found in this disturbance so it probably never developed to more than the stage of a closed vortex with a low central pressure and high winds to the north of this central pressure. It is believed that the high latitude at which it formed and its late date of occurrence in the hurricane season prevented this disturbance from developing into a more intense hurricane (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1951 Storm 12 (new to HURDAT) 35970 12/03/1951 M=10 12 SNBR= 794 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 35970 12/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E390 530 60 0E388 505 65 0* 35975 12/04E386 481 65 0E383 457 65 0E380 445 65 0E377 444 65 0* 35975 12/05E375 449 65 0E373 454 65 0E370 460 65 0E367 468 60 0* 35975 12/06E364 477 60 0E360 484 60 0E355 486 60 0E351 480 60 0* 35975 12/07E348 470 60 0*346 464 60 0*345 460 65 0*344 462 70 0* 35975 12/08*340 463 70 0*333 464 65 0*327 463 60 0*326 457 55 0* 35975 12/09*325 448 55 0*325 437 50 0*327 423 50 0*335 402 50 0* 35975 12/10*350 376 50 0*365 348 55 0*378 320 55 0*388 300 55 0* 35975 12/11*390 288 50 0E390 277 45 0E392 265 40 0E396 255 40 0* 35975 12/12E405 247 35 0E415 240 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36005 HR Information, observations, and analyses from HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones, Roth (2006), and Beven (personal communication, 2010) indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred during December, 1951 in the north-central Atlantic Ocean. December 2: HWM does not yet analyze a closed low associated with the feature of interest but instead analyzes an E-W cold front from 43N, 61W to 42N, 70W to 44N, 80W. HWM also analyzes a powerful extratropical cyclone centered near 39N, 51W (not the feature of interest) December 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.5N, 53.0W with a cold front extending from the low westward to 37N, 60W to 36N, 66W to 37N, 71W. HWM also analyzes a powerful extratropical cyclone centered near 46N, 41W (not the feature of interest). At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 54.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z at 39.8N, 58.7W (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 54.7W (COA); 60 kt NW and 1015 mb at 18Z at 40.4N, 54.8W (COA). Nine other gales between 35-45 kt. This cyclone and its attendant cold front were induced by a 500 hPa trough in the westerlies moving across the western Atlantic Ocean on the 3rd (Roth). December 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37.5N, 43.7W with a cold front extending from the low southwestward to 30N, 53W to 29N, 57W. A separate frontal system extends from 44N, 28W to 40N, 35W to 30N, 40W to 22N, 47W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.3N, 49.8W with a 1004 mb pressure. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 38.0N, 43.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 50.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 1012 mb at 12Z at 39.6N, 50.5W (COA); 60 kt N and 1012 mb at 18Z at 39.0N, 50.4W (COA). At least 12 other gales between 35-50 kt. As it moved eastward, a stronger low and its associated shortwave became absorbed by this deep system, which caused the formation of a cold low aloft, with air as chilly as -25C at 500 hPa by the morning of the 4th (Roth). December 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.1N, 45.7W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to 44N, 31W and a cold front extending from the low to 35N, 41W to 32N, 39W to 28N, 41W to 25N, 43W to 22N, 52W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 44.8W with a 1001 mb pressure. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 36.5N, 47.0W. Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 1012 mb at 06Z at 39.0N, 49.8W (COA); 50 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 06Z at 37.0N, 44.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 1013 mb at 12Z at 39.1N, 49.4W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 49.4W (COA). Ten other gales between 35-50 kt and two other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. Its core warmed 3C by the 5th and began to retrograde as a shortwave ridge blocked any farther eastward movement (Roth) December 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 35.1N, 49.2W. A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 37N, 54W to 41N, 52W to 44N, 48W to 44N, 45W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.1N, 47.7W with a 993 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 35.7N, 48.1W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 35.5N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 39.9N, 47.3W (COA); 30 kt NE and 987 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 48.2W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 38.8N, 46.7W. Five other gales between 35-50 kt and 15 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Its pressure pattern was still rather large on the 6th, with extensive gales north of the center, hinting at a subtropical storm at this time, as ships reported winds of 50-60 kt over the preceding 24 hr (Roth). December 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.2N, 45.8W. A separate closed low of at most 1000 mb is plotted centered near 42N, 37W with a dissipating occluded front extending from this second low N-NE-E-SE-S becoming a stationary front. Both lows are plotted within the same 1010 mb isobar. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.3N, 45.2W with a 997 mb pressure. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 34.0N, 46.0W. Ship highlights: 65 kt NNW and 995 mb at 18Z and 65 kt N and 996 mb at 21Z at 35.0N, 48.0W (COA). 14 other gales between 35-45 kt and 30 other low pressures between 995-1005 mb. By the 7th, its occlusion began to dissipate and the 500 hPa temperature warmed another 8C up to minus 14C according to an upper-air report from a weather ship near the center (Roth). A ship report of 65 kt winds at 18Z on the 7th revealed the presence of a hurricane (Roth). December 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.4N, 45.6W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.0N, 46.0W. Ship highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 00Z at 35.3N, 48.0W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 06Z at 35.8N, 47.8W (COA); 35 kt E and 997 mb at 06Z at 34.7N, 46.2W (COA); 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 35.8N, 47.5W (COA). 15 other gales between 35-50 kt and 15 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. December 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.3N, 42.6W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 42.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1013 mb at 00Z at 32.7N, 49.2W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 32.4N, 41.6W (COA). Two other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1002 mb. The hurricane dropped southward on the 9th due to a warm core ridge building to the northwest, and according to ship reports weakened while executing this maneuver, with no winds about 45 kt noted that day. An approaching trough in the westerlies moved the ridge out to the east, and the tropical storm began to accelerate east-northeastward across the Azores (Roth). December 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.9N, 32.3W. A cold front is plotted from 50N, 30W to 45N, 32W becoming a dissipating cold front at 42N, 34W, becoming a warm front at 39N, 41W, extending to 41N, 46W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 38.0N, 32.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NW at 12Z at 37.5N, 32.5W (HWM); 35 kt ENE and 991 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 30.5W (COA). At least two other gales of 35-40 kt and at least 20 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb. December 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 39.5N, 25.8W with a frontal system located just a few hundred nmi northwest of the low. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 39.0N, 25.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 27.9W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 996 mb at 06Z at 39.5N, 26.9W (COA); 10 kt N and 992 mb at 12Z at 38.9N, 26.7W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12Z at 39.6N, 25.0W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt and 17 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. December 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 42.2N, 26.5W. It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system that is followed from December 3-11. A warm front extends from 100 nmi north of the low northward, and a cold front extends from the low to 41N, 23W to 39N, 22W At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.0N, 26.0W. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 30 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 38.2N, 15.7W (COA); 10 kt N and 1003 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 25.7W (COA); 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 06Z at 42.3N, 23.0W (COA). Four other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. It reacquired fronts around the center by the 12th soon after passing by the Azores, but was again blocked by another shortwave ridge. A new upper cyclone closed off aloft, and was forced southeast by a building warm core ridge northwest of Spain, which commenced another turn to the southeast and a final round of weakening (Roth). December 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.8N, 17.2W with a S-N dissipating occluded front located north of the low and the north end of a N-S cold front located 100-150 nmi SE of the low. It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system that is followed from December 3-11. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.0N, 17.0W. December 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 37.5N, 13.0W. It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system that is followed from December 3-11. A dissipating cold front is plotted from 40N, 7W becoming a cold front at 34N, 8W to 30N, 11W to 24N, 20W. At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 20 kt extratropical low at 38.0N, 11.0W. December 15: The low dissipated by the 15th as it moved into Morocco (Roth). On 2 December, 1951, an area of cyclonic turning began to take place in the general vicinity of 43N, 65W along a cold front oriented E-W from 43N, 61W to 44N, 80W. A small, extratropical cyclone developed along the east end of this cold front by the 3rd. At the same time, a powerful extratropical cyclone was located several hundred nmi NE of this cyclone. The cyclone is started as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 12Z on 3 December at 39.0N, 53.5W. By 18Z, the intensity increased to 65 kt. From the 3rd to the 4th, the cyclone moved eastward, but it curved toward the south and moved southwestward from the 4th to the 6th. The 12Z position on the 4th is 38.0N, 44.0W and on the 6th is 35.5N, 49.0W. A 65 kt intensity is analyzed for this extratropical cyclone from 18Z on the 3rd to 12Z on the 5th. It is analyzed that the cyclone weakened to 60 kt at 18Z on the 5th, and the 60 kt intensity is maintained through the 6th. On the 6th, the cyclone, which had been moving southwestward, made a turn toward the southeast, but moved slowly for the next couple of days. It is analyzed that the cyclone transitioned to a tropical cyclone at 06Z on 7 December at 34.6N, 46.4W with a 60 kt intensity (today, this cyclone would likely have been classified as a subtropical cyclone for the entire time it is listed as tropical in this analysis, as it likely never became purely tropical). The 60 kt tropical storm increased to hurricane intensity by 12Z on the 7th at 34.5N, 46.0W. On the 7th at 18Z 65 kt was recorded by a ship simultaneously with a pressure of 995 mb. On the 7th the system was over SSTs around 18-19C with a weather ship reporting 500 mb temperatures of -14C. While this appears to be too cold mid-tropospheric conditions for a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone, one would have to have cooler mid and upper level tropospheric temperatures to still obtain conditionally unstable conditions with SSTs of relatively cold 18-19C. Just 24 hours earlier, a ship recorded a 987 mb pressure with 30 kt winds, but the cyclone was not yet tropical when the 987 mb pressure was recorded. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 52 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and greater than 56 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 7th and 00Z on the 8th (this is the peak analyzed intensity for the hurricane). The cyclone, which had been moving southward, turned toward the east on the 8th with a 12Z position of 32.7N, 46.3W on the 8th. The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 12Z on the 8th. The cyclone moved eastward for a day and then accelerated toward the ENE between the 9th and 10th. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 50 kt tropical storm by 06Z on the 9th, and it strengthened to a 55 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 10th. The analyzed position for 12Z on the 10th is 38.0N, 32.0W. The cyclone continued to move toward the ENE, but it slowed down late on the 10th and early on the 11th. It is analyzed that the tropical cyclone again became extratropical at 06Z on the 11th at 39.0N, 27.7W with a 45 kt intensity. It is of note that the 00Z and 12Z rawinsondes show a significant warming at 500 mb in the Azores from 10-11 December as the cyclone made a close approach to the islands. This warming is consistent with the system being a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone. Late on the 11th and early on the 12th the cyclone moved slowly toward the northeast as it slowly spun down. It is analyzed that the cyclone was no longer closed after 06Z on the 12th because no east winds could be found north of the center after that time. Although no observations of east winds could be found north of the center after 06Z on the 12th, there is a possibility that the cyclone stayed closed as the same coherent system until 14 December. The analysis concludes that the feature of interest merged with a separate extratropical cyclone after 06Z on the 12th. The final point at 06Z on the 12th is at 41.5N, 24.0W as a 35 kt extratropical storm. Many of the significant winds and pressure reported from this system come from one ship which traversed the cyclone, identified in COADS as #11054. Multiple comparisons of this ships winds and pressures versus other numerous ships were available for a few days. These data suggest that the observations from this ship had little to no bias in either parameter. Additional quote from David Roth: It is quite possible this storm was briefly subtropical on the 6th, but it is likely that the conversion was quick as the temperature differential between the sea surface and 500 hPa was initially 47C water temperatures in the area were around 23C or 72F. This temperature difference in the lower 20,000 foot layer of the troposphere yielded an upper air profile that was nearly dry adiabatic, which should have initiated convection beginning late on the 4th or early on the 5th as hinted at by the first temperature rises occurred at 500 hPa. Studies have in the past noted the formation of convection thunderstorms when temperature differences reach 40C in the lower half of the troposphere (Roth). ******************************************************************************* 1951 additional notes 1) HWM, COADS, and David Roth indicate that an area of low pressure formed from a larger extratropical cyclone or front on 16 January, becoming its own extratropical cyclone on the 16th near 34N, 30W. Several gales and a few low pressures were observed during each day of the lifetime of this cyclone. Late on the 17th, the frontal features of this new cyclone may have begun to dissipate somewhat, but during the 17th and 18th, there is not enough evidence that the cyclone was closed or compact enough to be considered a subtropical cyclone. It was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone by 00Z on the 19th. Although there is a slight chance that this was a subtropical storm, this system is not added to HURDAT. This suspect is considered to be #5 on this list of additional notes for the year 1951 for systems not added to HURDAT (the system not added in to HURDAT that was 5th closest to being added in during 1951). DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan 16 34N 30W Extratropical Jan 17 33N 34W Extratropical Jan 18 35N 37W Extratropical Jan 19 Absorbed 2) HWM, COADS, David Roth, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a frontal low became non-frontal in the central north Atlantic on 14 February. The low was broad and there was still somewhat of a temperature gradient across the low on the 14th and 15th even though there were no fronts apparent on those days in association with the low. The low became extratropical again on the 16th as the next approaching frontal system absorbed it. There were no observed low pressures with this system. There were four or five gales in the general vicinity of this low during the 13th-16th, but only two gales were observed to be directly associated with it- both of 35 kt. One was at 06Z on the 13th and the other was at 00Z on the 16th. Two gales observed on the 15th are too far away and are located in a high pressure gradient region about 10 degrees west of the low. These gales are not considered to be directly related to this system. Although this system may have been a subtropical cyclone on the 14th and 15th with an intensity of 30 or 35 kt, it is treated as a broad low and is not analyzed to have been a subtropical cyclone. Thus, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Feb 13 26N 60W Extratropical Feb 14 30N 61W Broad low Feb 15 33N 59W Broad low Feb 16 33N 55W Extratropical 3) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that an extratropical cyclone developed and intensified along a frontal system on 18 February in the north-central Atlantic. The frontal features were largely dissipated by the 19th, and a large, powerful occluded low with widespread gales and low pressures was left over with a minimal temperature gradient from the 19th through the 22nd. The microfilm map for 0000 UTC 19 February shows a 50 kt ship report close to the center with 996 mb (with a second 50 kt observation well north of the center), and comparison to the map for 1800 UTC 18 February shows that significant deepening occurred during that six hour period. On the 23rd, the cyclone was no longer closed as an interaction with an approaching extratropical system took place. The closest that this cyclone came to possibly being a subtropical cyclone was around 18Z on the 19th, but it is analyzed that this cyclone was too large and occluded to be considered a subtropical cyclone. Given the secondary surge of cold air entering the system around 00Z on the 19th, it is likely that the significant deepening observed was at least in part baroclinic in origin. However, it is acknowledged that the system could have a frontal hybrid. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. This suspect is considered to be #4 (the 4th closest to being added in to HURDAT that was not added in for 1951) DAY LAT LON STATUS Feb 18 34N 54W Extratropical Feb 19 35N 55W Extratropical/Frontal Hybrid Feb 20 34N 52W Extratropical Feb 21 36N 50W Extratropical Feb 22 34N 48W Extratropical Feb 23 Dissipated 4) HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb on 9 March near 11N, 54W. The COADS was obtained to compliment observations on HWM, and no gales or low pressures could be found. Although there may have been a closed circulation, this could not be confirmed by observations. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar 08 11N 55W Broad low/trough Mar 09 11N 54W Broad low/trough Mar 10 11N 55W Broad low/trough 5) HWM and microfilm indicate that an extratropical (or perhaps subtropical) cyclone formed over the north Atlantic on 30 March. Several gales and low pressures were observed with this cyclone. For many of the days of this cyclones lifetime, there was a minimal temperature gradient across the low, but absolute temperatures were rather cool. On all days, the cyclone was very large, and the strongest winds were far from the center. Although there is a slight chance that this cyclone could have been subtropical on 30-31 March, it is analyzed to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime. Thus, this cyclone is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar 30 34N 53W Extratropical Mar 31 33N 48W Extratropical Apr 01 37N 45W Extratropical Apr 02 41N 46W Extratropical Apr 03 41N 45W Extratropical Apr 04 38N 44W Extratropical Apr 05 36N 43W Extratropical Apr 06 36N 40W Extratropical Apr 07 36N 37W Broad low/trough Apr 08 Dissipated 6) HWM, microfilm, COADS, the May 1951 MWR tracks of lows, MWR 1951 p. 189, David Roth, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a tropical depression formed on 17 May during the same time when Hurricane Able was forming to its west. This suspect is analyzed to have been a tropical cyclone from 12Z on 17 May to 12Z on 18 May. It became extratropical at 18Z on the 18th. There was one 35 kt ship observation with a pressure of 1008 mb at 00Z on the 18th. There were at least four other ship observations of 30 kt during the time when this was a tropical cyclone. There were four ship observations of 1008 mb, and 1008 mb was the lowest pressure recorded from a ship. It is noted that the observations of 1008 mb on 18 May are accompanied by 20-35 kt winds, suggesting a central pressure of 1004-1006 mb. However, given the systems location and time of year, the standard pressure-wind relationships may not be as applicable and thus not provide a second observational piece of evidence that the system reached tropical storm intensity. The strongest pressure gradient with no ships available appeared to be on the northeast quadrant on the 18th at 00Z 9 mb over ~150 nm. This gives a gradient wind calculation of 18 m/s (35 kt). Assuming a ~20% reduction to the surface, this would support about 28 kt, below tropical storm force. Since there is only one piece of evidence during the tropical cyclone portion of this cyclones lifetime, it is not added to HURDAT. This suspect is judged to be #1 for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes of 1951. The following two quotes are regarding this suspect which occurred just east of Able from May 16-20: It might be noted that a second vortex with quite similar characteristics, failed to produce winds of more than 45 mph (Moore and Davis). The life cycle of the subtropical/tropical storm to [Ables] east is covered in Moore and Davis, and through the Daily Weather Map and Historical Weather Map Series. The cyclone formed east of Able at around the same time Ables circulation formed. As Able rapidly intensified and was swung southward by their parent 500 hPa low, the steering flow was strongly out of the south, and this eastern cyclone was swept northward towards the stationary frontal zone offshore North Carolina. The pressure gradient was depicted as tight in both map series, so there is a strong likelihood that it was tropical through much of its life. After briefly occluding along this zone and becoming extratropical, which is depicted in the Daily Weather Map series, it was quickly absorbed into the larger circulation of Able, which at that time was moving northward in response to its presence offshore North Carolina (Roth). DAY LAT LON STATUS May 15 Open wave/trough 30N, 66W to 17N, 73W May 16 23N 70W Spot low May 17 30N 69W Tropical Depression May 18 36N 71W Tropical Depression May 19 36N 74W Extratropical May 20 Absorbed into Hurricane Able 7) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate the presence of a strong tropical wave or a tropical depression in the western Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from the 20th through the 25th of June. At 12Z on the 21st, observations of 30 kt with 1010 mb and 25 kt with 1009 mb were recorded near the center of the disturbance. This disturbance moved westward into Central America late on the 21st or early on the 22nd. It appears likely that the system then moved across Central America on the 22nd and reached the Bay of Campeche by early on the 23rd as an area of showers, thunderstorms, and winds possibly as high as 30 kt and a lowest pressure of 1006 mb reported. It then may have moved westward into Mexico during the night of the 24th-25th. Information from commercial aircraft flights on the 24th and 25th provided this information in addition to surface observations. Despite this, observations are still sparse and it is difficult to track a disturbance. There are no gales or low pressures, and this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 20 15N 82W Wave/tropical depression Jun 21 16N 87W Wave/tropical depression Jun 22 16N 90W Wave/tropical depression Jun 23 19N 93W Wave/tropical depression Jun 24 21N 95W Wave/tropical depression Jun 25 23N 102W Dissipating 8) David Roth suggests that a tropical depression may have formed on 10 July in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. This disturbance moved over Florida, the Atlantic Ocean, and portions of the southeastern U.S. over the next couple of days. HWM, COADS, and microfilm were searched, and no strong winds near gale force were found. No low pressures were found either. This system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 10 25N 83W Tropical depression Jul 11 26N 82W Tropical depression Jul 12 29N 78W Tropical depression Jul 13 33N 82W Dissipating 9) HWM, microfilm, and COADS suggest that a trough of low pressure in the northern Gulf of Mexico was near the north-central Gulf Coast on 29 July. A closed circulation may have developed and could have been a tropical depression on the 30th. It opened up again into a trough on 31st as it moved slowly westward and moved inland in western Louisiana. There were no gales or low pressures with this system, and it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 29 29N 91W Broad low/trough Jul 30 29N 92W Tropical depression Jul 31 30N 93W Broad low/trough 10) HWM, microfilm, COADS, the 1951 Navy log book (ATS), Ryan Truchelut, David Roth, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a tropical wave, which first appeared in HWM along 32W on 12 August, moved westward through the tropical Atlantic and was likely a tropical depression on 19 August near or just north of the northern Leeward Islands. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 19th reported wind shifts from southwest to north to east with a minimum pressure encountered 1008 mb and max wind of 23 kt from the SW. Circular cloudiness covering a diameter of 40 miles was reported. This evidence points to a likely tropical depression. HWM, microfilm, and ATS all show a tropical storm symbol on their August 19 maps. The reconnaissance flight on the 20th conducted a through search along the wave axis and found no closed circulation. Lowest pressure encountered was 1012 mb and winds were not gale force. For the remainder of this systems lifetime, there is no evidence of a closed circulation. Although a tropical depression was confirmed on the 19th, there are no observed gales or low pressures with this system. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 12 Tropical wave along 32W Aug 13 Tropical wave along 35W Aug 14 Tropical wave along 38W Aug 15 11N 41W Spot low Aug 16 11N 44W Spot low Aug 17 12N 50W Spot low Aug 18 13N 57W Tropical depression Aug 19 18N 62W Tropical depression Aug 20 21N 66W Spot low/wave Aug 21 23N 68W Spot low/wave Aug 22 25N 68W Weak low/trough Aug 23 28N 68W Weak low/trough Aug 24 28N 68W Weak low/trough Aug 25 Absorbed by front 11) HWM, microfilm, COADS, the August and September MWR tracks of lows, August and September Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data from NCDC, the 1951 Navy log book (ATS), David Roth, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a tropical cyclone formed from an old frontal boundary on 31 August off the Carolina coast. At 00Z on the 31st, it was still extratropical and located near 33.5N, 72W. It became a tropical depression by 12Z on the 31st near 33N, 75W with an intensity of about 25 kt. By 18Z on the 31st, the intensity had increased to 30 kt and it was moving west-southwestward located near 32.8N, 76.2W. By 06Z on 1 September, the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 32.7N, 78.7W, and by 12Z, it was nearing landfall in southern South Carolina south of Charleston. The likely 12Z position on the 1st is 32.3N, 79.6W and 18Z position is well inland near 32.1N, 81.8W. The highest available wind recorded from a coastal station was NE 25 kt (max w/1-min) recorded at Charleston City Office on the 1st at 1310Z. The lowest pressure recorded from a coastal station was 1004 mb at Charleston on the 1st, likely around the same time. A central pressure of less than or possibly equal to 1004 mb yields a wind speed of at least 36 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Environmental pressures were a little lower than typical, so it may have only been a 30 kt tropical depression. The highest available wind for the entire system is 30 kt recorded at Frying Pan (33.5N, 77.5W) at 18Z on 31 August (the elevation of the anemometer at Frying Pan was not investigated). The Charleston City Office had this account about the system: Note: Very threatening weather in early morning at sunrise. Cloud deck of nimbo stratus over station with apparent sharp break to east but sun never visible (even after time of eclipse, occurring just before sunrse). An urgent call from Isle of Palms about 0715 stated that a circular break about 10 mi. in diameter with clouds revolving counter clockwise, sunshine streaming through was overhead. A quick observation assured of same phenomenon moving in direction of station. From approximately 0800-0900 the center, with definite closed circulation in counterclockwise direction, passed just south of Custom-House, northern rim overhead with sunlight and clear sky visible. Diameter of eye: 5 to 8 miles. Gusts estimated 45 mph. Airport and Atlanta notified. Special warning bulletin issued to radio stations, yacht basins and others on small craft warning list. Since there is only one piece of evidence (the 1004 mb recorded at Charleston) and since there were no gales recorded for the entire lifetime of this system, it is not added to HURDAT. It should be noted that there is a chance that this could have been a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall. No coastal station information could be found for any locations between Charleston, SC and Savannah, GA. This is the #2 suspect for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes of 1951. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 29 36N 70W Extratropical Aug 30 35N 72W Extratropical Aug 31 33N 75W Tropical depression Sep 01 32.3N 79.6W Tropical depression Sep 02 31N 83W Tropical depression Sep 03 Dissipated 12) HWM, COADS, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a tropical wave emerged off of Africa late on the 16th. A low formed and moved northward east of the Cape Verde Islands near the African coast. It was likely a tropical depression from 18 to 20 September. On the 19th at 06Z, a ship recorded 30 kt SSW with 1006 mb at 17.2N, 18.0W (COA). There were several more observations of 25-30 kt and pressures of 1007-1008 mb on the 19th and 20th associated with this system. On the 19th and 20th, there were a total of three 30 kt ship observations and five 25 kt ship observations. There was one 1006 mb ob, one 1007 mb ob, and six 1008 mb observations during those two days. Since there are no gales or low pressures, this system is not added to HURDAT. It is possible that this depression was ready to strengthen to a tropical storm, but its path over cooler waters by the 20th likely prevented this. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 16 Tropical wave over Africa along 16W Sep 17 16N 18W Spot low Sep 18 17N 19W Tropical depression Sep 19 19N 19W Tropical depression Sep 20 23N 18W Tropical depression Sep 21 28N 15W Weak low/trough Sep 22 Weak trough near Canary Islands Sep 23 Absorbed by front 13) HWM, COADS, and Ryan Truchelut indicate that a large, well-defined cyclonic circulation existed in the eastern Atlantic on 16 October near 11N, 23W. The low traveled slowly westward through the tropical Atlantic. There were no gales observed, but there were two low pressures of 1005 mb observed for the entire lifetime of this system. On the 17th, there were two separate observations of 1005 mb. One of these 1005 mb observations was from one of the Cape Verde Islands (reported with winds of either 20 or 30 kt) where a 24-hour pressure fall of 5.2 mb was observed from the 16th to the 17th. The observation from one of the Cape Verde Islands has 20-30 kt winds at the time of the 1005 mb pressure, suggesting a lower central pressure of around 1002-1003 mb and the possibility this was a tropical storm. The other 1005 mb observation was from a ship at 14.0N 21.7Z with 15 kt SE wind at 06Z on the 17th. A closed circulation may have existed from the 16th through the 19th, and there may be enough evidence that there was a closed circulation on the 19th at 12Z when a ship at 9.0N, 32.9W recorded a WNW wind. During the 16th through the 18th, there were a few relevant observations south of the center with westerly wind components, but most were either SSW winds, or rather far from the center. It may have been a tropical cyclone on the 17th during the time when the two low pressures of 1005 mb were recorded. There were a few 25 kt observations during that time, and maybe one 30 kt observation (it is difficult to tell whether the observation in HWM on the 17th at 14.8N, 23.8W is 25 or 35 mph- Cape Verde Island ob referred to above). From the 20th to the 24th, there were very few observations in the central tropical Atlantic so the location and status of this potential system is highly uncertain during those days. It is possible that it was the same system as the weak low or trough that was observed from the 25th to the 29th at the locations listed below. Even though there are two pieces of evidence, this system is not added to HURDAT because there were no observed gales and it is not absolutely conclusive that a closed circulation existed during the time of the 1005 mb observations. This is the #3 suspect for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes of 1951. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 16 12N 20W Broad low/wave Oct 17 13N 23W Broad low/wave Oct 18 13N 27W Broad low/wave Oct 19 13N 31W Broad low/wave Oct 20 13N 35W Broad low/wave Oct 21 14N 38W Broad low/wave Oct 22 14N 40W Broad low/wave Oct 23 14N 42W Broad low/wave Oct 24 14N 45W Broad low/wave Oct 25 14N 50W Broad low/wave Oct 26 20N 49W Broad low/wave Oct 27 27N 48W Broad low/trough Oct 28 28N 48W Broad low/trough Oct 29 30N 48W Broad low/trough Oct 30 Dissipated 14) HWM and COADS suggest that a low or trough appeared in the eastern tropical Atlantic on 30 October. It moved generally westward through the 4th of November until dissipation. On the 30th, winds as high as 30 kt and pressures as low as 1007 mb were recorded. However, there are no available gales or low pressures for the lifetime of this disturbance. Thus, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 30 12N 23W Broad low/trough Oct 31 12N 27W Broad low/trough Nov 1 12N 32W Broad low/trough Nov 2 13N 37W Broad low/trough Nov 3 15N 42W Broad low/trough Nov 4 16N 48W Broad low/trough 15) HWM, microfilm and COADS indicate the presence of a broad low that meandered in the central Atlantic for a few days beginning on 31 October. By 18Z on the 3rd of November and 00Z on the 4th, observations from microfilm and COADS confirm a closed circulation. A tropical cyclone likely passed southwest of Bermuda on a northwest course between 18Z on the 3rd and 06Z on the 4th. A cold front approaching from the west absorbed the cyclone by 12Z on the 4th. A few 30 kt winds and pressures as low as 1008 mb were recorded from Bermuda and from ships late on the 3rd and early on the 4th. This could have been a tropical storm, but there are no gales or low pressures that can be directly tied to this system for its entire lifetime. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 31 26N 58W Broad low/trough Nov 1 25N 56W Broad low/trough Nov 2 24N 59W Broad low/trough Nov 3 29N 64W Tropical Depression Nov 4 37N 65W Extratropical/absorbed by frontal system 16) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad low formed along the tail end of a front located in the western Atlantic just east of the Bahamas on 11 November. The low may not have been completely separated from the front until the front moved well east of the area by 14 November. The low stayed broad and somewhat elongated. Winds of only about 20 to occasionally 25 kt accompanied the low as it moved slowly northward and northeastward before it was absorbed by the next approaching frontal system on the 17th. There were no observed gales or low pressures associated with the broad low or trough, and it might not have even been a tropical depression. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 11 25N 73W Broad low/trough Nov 12 25N 73W Broad low/trough Nov 13 27N 70W Broad low/trough Nov 14 29N 71W Broad low/trough Nov 15 30N 65W Broad low/trough Nov 16 34N 63W Broad low/trough Nov 17 Absorbed into approaching frontal system ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 1 (Unnamed) 35250 02/02/1952 M= 4 1 SNBR= 779 NOT NAMED XING=1 35255 02/02* 0 0 0 0*175 872 30 0*202 874 35 0*220 855 35 0* 35255 02/02* 0 0 0 0L185 872 25 0L195 874 25 0L218 855 30 0* **** ** **** ** **** ** 35260 02/03*240 826 35 0*262 804 45 0*285 784 45 0*307 770 45 0* 35260 02/03L237 828 40 0L262 806 55 0*289 786 55 0*310 773 60 0* **** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35265 02/04E329 756 45 0E357 737 50 0E388 718 50 0E416 699 50 0* 35265 02/04*331 758 60 0E354 743 60 0E384 720 60 0E414 697 55 0* **** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35270 02/05E444 680 45 0E474 672 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35270 02/05E438 684 50 0E465 674 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 35275 TS Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this February tropical storm. A major change is to indicate the first 30 hours of its existence as a Low, neither a tropical cyclone nor an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries as well as the Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Hector, and Dunn and Miller. February 1: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. February 2: HWM analyzes a spot low near 21.5N, 86.0W. HWM also analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29N, 92W with a cold front running through it extending south-southwestward to 22N, 95W. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 87.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.5N, 85.2W with a 1013 mb pressure. No gales or low pressures. 1952- February 2-3: Low intensity hurricane which originated from an extensive low pressure area near Gulf of Honduras. On the 2nd, we found the area to be very close to Cozumel after which the storm recurved passing through the Yucatan Channel. It was moving NE with a fast translational velocity (Hector). From USWB- communication (possibly between New Orleans office and Miami office) 02/2205Z: Your estimate of closed low in Caribbean [is] completely unfounded on basis of our reports. There [is] a closed low centered over western Mississippi at 1830Z with [a] warm front [extending] into [a] sharp trough along [a] Burwood/Isle of Pines/Manzanillo/ line and [a] cold front extending from [the] low to just south of Vera Cruz. Tropical storms do not form in February (KMIA WBAS). February 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.3N, 78.8W located in the warm sector of an extratropical low of at most 1000 mb centered near 35N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 28.5N, 78.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.5N, 78.9W with a 1003 mb pressure. Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 00Z of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.1N, 82.5W located along a warm frontal boundary which extends from an extratropical low centered near 31N, 88W. At 06Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 26.3N, 80.5W with some sort of boundary running through or extending from the low. At 12Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.8N, 77.9W with fronts extending from the low. At 18Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.5N, 77.3W with a front extending from this low to 28N, 79W to 30N, 81W to 31N, 82W to 31N, 84W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 27.4N, 80.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 30.4N, 77.4W (HWM, micro, COA); 45 kt SSE and 995 mb at 18Z at 31.3N, 76.9W (COA); 50 kt SE and 991 mb at 18Z at 31.0N, 77.0W (micro). Six other gales between 35-50 kt and four other low pressures between 994-1002 mb. Land/station highlights: 1004 mb (min p - ~03Z) and 36 kt SSE (max hourly wind 0305Z) at Key West WBAS (SWO, climo); 41 kt SE (max wind, observed once every 4 hours) with 1007 mb (observed once every 4 hours) at Sombrero Key Light Station (SWO); 55 kt SE (max wind, observed once every 6 hours - elevated) and 1002 mb (min pressure, observed once every 6 hours, appears to be too low) at 06Z at Carysfort Reef Light Station (25.2N, 80.2W) (SWO, micro); 59 kt SE (max wind, fastest mile, elevated) at 0434Z and 73 kt (gust) at 0430-0455Z at Miami WBO (SWO, climo); 1004 mb (min pressure) with 28 kt SSE at ~04Z at Miami WBAS (climo, SWO); 39 kt SSE (max wind, fastest mile, ~07Z), 1002 mb (min pressure) with SSE 38 kt SSE at West Palm Beach (SWO, climo); 41 kt E (max wind, observed once every 4 hours) with 1011 mb at 05Z, 1005 mb (min pressure, observed once every 4 hours) with SW 15 kt (SWO) at Jupiter Inlet Light Station (SWO); 1003 mb (min pressure) with NNE 14 kt at 0926Z at Vero Beach (SWO); Three other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. Incipient tropical disturbance passed short distance west of city (Key West Local Monthly Climatological Data). From the February 1952 National Climatic Data Summary Severe Storm Reports Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 2-3; Property damage (exclusive of crops): Minor; Character of storm: Wind and rain; Remarks: Tropical storm crossed extreme southern Florida during night of February 2-3, attended by winds up to 60 mph in gusts and rainfall that totaled from 2 to 3 inches. Wind and rain caused considerable damage in growing vegetable crops in Everglades and lower East Coast districts (National climo). Tropical Cyclones in Florida- Feb 2-3 S Fla. Minor Miami wind 68 mph, gusts 84 mph (Minor is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller). [Late] on the 3rd, it was located near the southern portion of Charleston Harbor en route towards Cape Hatteras. There, it produced considerable damages to navigation and coastal areas equal to 3,000,000 pesos (Hector). From 03/22Z WB Advisory A cyclonic storm of about hurricane force has developed off the south Atlantic coast and at 5 pm EST/2200Z it was centered near latitude 31N, longitude 77W, or about 250 miles east of the Georgia coast. It is moving north-northeastward about 30 mph and should pass the Cape Hatteras area late tonight attended by dangerous gales (WB advisories). February 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.3N, 72.5W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located about 120 nmi east of the low, and the front previously associated with the extratropical low is oriented E-W and plotted about 180 nmi north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 38.8N, 71.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.1N, 73.0W with a 995 mb pressure. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 33.1N, 75.8W with no fronts analyzed except an E-W front is located about 200 nmi north of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.4N, 73.0W with the east end of a front extending from 100 nmi west of the low westward. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 41.1N, 69.4W with an east end of a front located 150 nmi west of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 33.7N, 75.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 997 mb at 12Z at 37.2N, 72.2W (COA, HWM); 60 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 39.1N, 70.7W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 993 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 69.7W (COA). 17 other gales between 35-45 kt and 32 other low pressures between 992-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 21 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Portland, ME (climo); 15 kt NW and 991 mb at Nantucket, MA (micro). February 5: HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 990 mb [might be the feature of interest] near 49.9N, 65.0W. HWM analyzes another closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 53.5N, 74W. Both lows are located within a single 995 mb isobar, and there are numerous fronts plotted all around these lows. HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.4N, 67.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 993 mb pressure. Microfilm last shows a closed low at 00Z of at most 993 mb centered near 43.9N, 68.2W. The east end of an E-W front is located 130 nmi SSW of the low. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE and 993 mb at 00Z at 43.0N, 69.9W (COA). Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 00Z at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (43.8N, 66.1W) (micro); 35 kt E and 996 mb at 00Z at Eastport, ME (micro); 20 kt N and 995 mb at 00Z at Portland, ME (climo); 47 kt E (max w/1-min) at Eastport (climo). February 6: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.1N, 56.3W with a 988 mb pressure. HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on 2 February as a 30 kt tropical depression not far from Cozumel, Mexico. Observations are somewhat sparse, but are supportive of beginning the system at that time. Given that the system was in February, it is important to ascertain what structure the cyclone had. Early on February 3rd while the cyclone was making landfall over Florida, there were abundant surface temperature, dewpoint and wind observations. These indicate that the system had a minor east-west temperature gradient across its center, but no north-south gradient. Also there was very little dewpoint gradient across the cyclone and no evidence for a surface front through the system. The wind and pressure structure was somewhat elongated north-south, but did exhibit a strong pressure gradient and winds near the center. It should be noted that the north winds on the west side of the cyclone were very weak for the entire duration of its lifetime, as the system was embedded within the warm sector of a large extratropical cyclone with fairly large southerly flow. Nevertheless, north winds with the cyclone and a closed circulation were present throughout. Additionally, the cyclones development was aided by a vigorous upper-level trough over the Gulf of Mexico and southeast United States. While convection likely played a role in the genesis and intensification, the system is too much of a hybrid on the 2nd and early on the 3rd to indicate it to be a tropical cyclone (or a subtropical cyclone). Thus from genesis at 06Z on the 2nd through 06Z on the 3rd, the system is given the status of Low neither a tropical cyclone nor an extratropical cyclone. HURDAT previously listed the cyclone as strengthening to a tropical storm by 12Z, and by 18Z, it was located in HURDAT just west of the western tip of Cuba. However, observations indicate that the system did not reach gale force until about 00Z on the 3rd, after moving north of Cuba. This is a 12 hour delay in the intensification to an intensity of at least 35 kt. The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in southern Florida close to Cape Sable on 3 February at 0430Z at 25.5N, 81.2W as a 55 kt low. The highest official fastest mile wind of 59 kt (elevated) was recorded at the Miami Weather Bureau Office at about 06Z on the 3rd. This value reduces to 51 kt at 10 m. The lowest pressure recorded over southern Florida was 1002 mb (with 38 kt SSE) at West Palm Beach, but observations suggest that the central pressure at that time was likely between 995 and 1000 mb. Observations over southern Florida are helpful in determining the 06Z position and intensity, especially the observations from Miami and West Palm Beach. The analyzed intensity at the 0430Z landfall and 06Z is 55 kt (up from 45 kt originally). A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 3rd (up from 35 kt originally). The storm was over Florida from 0430Z to 08Z on the 3rd of February and exited the east coast of Florida just north of West Palm Beach on a northeastward course at a rapid pace. The cyclone obtained an organized inner core by 12Z on the 3rd as it was over the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida. Thus at this time, it is analyzed that the system evolved into a tropical storm. (It is likely that if one had satellite imagery, that today this system would be considered a subtropical storm.) By 18Z on the 3rd, observations indicate that the cyclone was centered near 30.7N, 77.5W (half a degree west of the original HURDAT position at that time). At 18Z, a ship recorded 55 kt with a 991 mb pressure. A 991 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 58 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd (up from 45 kt originally). HURDAT originally listed this cyclone as having become extratropical at 00Z on the 4th at 32.9N, 75.6W. However, observations at 00Z on the 4th indicate that there is no temperature gradient across the low, and the structure appears the same as on the previous day, which is that of a tropical cyclone. By 12Z on the 4th, observations show a large temperature gradient across the low, so extratropical transition is analyzed to have occurred by 06Z (six hours later than in HURDAT originally) with the cyclone located near 35.4N, 74.3W and a 60 kt intensity (originally 35.7N, 73.7W and 50 kt). At 12Z on the 4th it was centered east of Delmarva and New Jersey, and by 18Z, it was located just east of Nantucket, MA. The highest wind observed during the lifetime of this cyclone was 60 kt from a ship at 12Z on the 4th. The peak analyzed intensity for this cyclone is 60 kt from 18Z on the 3rd through 12Z on the 4th (part of this time includes the tropical portion of the lifetime of the cyclone). Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 50 kt on the 4th from 06Z to 18Z. By 00Z on the 5th, the extratropical cyclone was located over the Gulf of Maine between Portland and Halifax, and it moved inland into Maine shortly after that time. The highest 1-minute wind recorded in Maine was 47 kt E at Eastport, and a 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 5th (up from 45 kt originally). HURDAT last lists this at 06Z on the 5th over Canada close to Caribou, Maine, and no change is made to the timing of dissipation as the cyclone was being absorbed by a system to its west. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 2 (Able) 35280 08/18/1952 M=16 2 SNBR= 780 ABLE XING=1 SSS=1 35280 08/18/1952 M=17 2 SNBR= 780 ABLE XING=1 SSS=2 ** * 35285 08/18* 0 0 0 0*146 190 25 0*144 196 25 0*143 198 25 0* 35285 08/18* 0 0 0 0*146 190 25 0*144 196 25 0*143 205 25 0* *** 35290 08/19*141 209 25 0*139 215 25 0*137 226 25 0*134 236 25 0* 35290 08/19*141 215 25 0*139 226 25 0*137 237 25 0*134 251 25 0* *** *** *** *** 35295 08/20*132 247 25 0*130 259 25 0*128 272 25 0*126 283 25 0* 35295 08/20*132 266 25 0*130 282 25 0*128 298 25 0*126 314 25 0* *** *** *** *** 35300 08/21*124 294 25 0*123 307 25 0*123 321 25 0*123 334 25 0* 35300 08/21*124 331 25 0*123 348 25 0*123 366 25 0*123 384 25 0* *** *** *** *** 35305 08/22*123 346 25 0*123 354 25 0*123 365 25 0*125 381 25 0* 35305 08/22*123 401 25 0*126 418 25 0*130 434 25 0*135 450 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35310 08/23*129 398 25 0*133 415 25 0*137 431 25 0*143 447 25 0* 35310 08/23*140 466 25 0*145 482 25 0*150 498 25 0*155 512 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35315 08/24*149 463 25 0*153 477 25 0*158 491 30 0*164 512 35 0* 35315 08/24*160 524 25 0*165 536 25 0*170 548 30 0*175 558 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35320 08/25*170 535 40 0*177 555 40 0*184 571 45 0*190 581 45 0* 35320 08/25*180 567 35 0*186 576 35 0*193 584 35 0*198 591 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35325 08/26*196 591 50 1006*201 603 50 0*206 614 50 0*209 622 55 0* 35325 08/26*200 599 40 0*203 608 45 0*207 617 45 0*211 624 50 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35330 08/27*212 629 60 0*215 637 60 0*219 647 70 1003*223 658 70 998* 35330 08/27*214 631 50 0*217 638 55 0*219 646 55 1003*222 656 60 998* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35335 08/28*230 671 75 0*238 685 75 0*247 698 75 0*255 710 75 0* 35335 08/28*227 667 60 0*234 680 55 0*242 693 55 1002*251 706 50 1003* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** **** 35340 08/29*263 722 75 0*271 734 75 0*278 747 80 0*285 762 80 0* 35340 08/29*259 719 50 0*267 734 55 0*274 749 60 999*279 763 65 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 35345 08/30*292 778 80 0*295 790 85 0*298 797 85 0*307 801 85 0* 35345 08/30*285 777 65 0*291 788 70 0*298 795 70 992*307 799 80 983* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35350 08/31*318 805 90 0*331 808 70 0*344 810 45 0*358 806 40 0* 35350 08/31*317 804 85 0*329 808 65 0*342 809 45 0*354 806 40 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 35355 09/01*372 797 40 0*383 786 35 0*393 771 35 0*409 748 30 0* 35355 09/01*366 799 40 0*381 786 45 0*395 771 50 0*408 750 50 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35360 09/02*423 727 30 0*430 715 25 0*437 704 25 0*444 694 25 0* 35360 09/02*422 729 45 0*430 715 30 0*439 700 25 0*455 682 25 0* *** *** ** ** *** *** *** *** (The 3rd is new to HURDAT.) 35360 09/03*472 658 25 0*485 635 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35365 HR SC1 35365 HR SC2 *** US Landfall: 8/31/1952 03Z 32.3N 80.6W 85 kt (980 mb) 1011 mb OCI 175 nmi ROCI Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane which made landfall near Beaufort, SC. A major change is made to the time this cyclone first became a hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ross (1952), Sherman and Carino (1952), and Dunn and Miller. August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.7N, 18.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 14.4N, 19.6W. No gales or low pressures. The occurrence of hurricane Able was anticipated as much as ten days before a definite tropical disturbance was evident on the weather map. The Hurricane Warning Central, Miami, received a report from a Pan-American Airways plane on 15 August which stated that an apparent closed circulation was observed at 14.0N, 34.0W at about 1000Z. There were at that time no surface weather reports from that vicinity to substantiate that plane report, nor was there enough information on subsequent maps to follow any disturbance that might be traveling across the ocean. Nevertheless, this report on 15 August had all components of the Hurricane Warning Central ready for the outbreak of storm Able (ATS). August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.4N, 23.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.7N, 22.6W. No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.8N, 27.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.8N, 27.2W. No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 32.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 32.1W. No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.7N, 36.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 36.5W. No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.8N, 42.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.7N, 43.1W. No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.6N, 49.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.8N, 49.1W. No gales or low pressures. At 2100Z on 24 August, the time cross-section streamline analysis showed a line of divergence passing through Martinique and a backing wind from the NNE to NNW. This indicated the approach of a cyclonic circulation with a center to the northeast of the station (ATS). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.5N, 56.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 57.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.3N, 58.4W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 19.1N, 58.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 19.6N, 58.9W. Aircraft highlights: 30-40 kt SE (surface wind estimate by commercial aircraft) at 10Z in the general vicinity of 16N, 54 to 55W (ATS); center fix at 2130Z at 20.0N, 59.0W with 1006 mb lowest pressure (peripheral) and 40 kt SE max flight-level winds encountered at 20.5N, 58.3W (ATS, micro). A report was received from an Iberia Airline plane stating that an apparent closed circulation was encountered near 16.0N, 54.0W to 55.0W at 1000Z, and upon deviating to the north a trough line was crossed at about 56.0W. The surface wind in the NE quadrant was estimated to be 30 to 40 kt from the SE. The 1230Z surface map, however, showed indications of a disturbance 260 nmi NW of the plane report. The first Navy reconnaissance flight into the storm substantiated the indications of the surface map. The Navy flight departed San Juan at 1750Z and found a diffuse eye centered near 20.0N, 59.0W at 2130Z. Maximum winds of 40 kt were experienced in the NE quadrant. The lowest pressure was 1006 mb (ATS). The first hurricane of the 1952 season was discovered as a slowly developing wave about 600 miles east of Puerto Rico on August 25. During the next several days, aircraft reported it to be a crescent-shaped, partially developed, squally wave, with winds of hurricane force on the northeastern side, but open in the southern semicircle, where winds were only 25 kt (MWR). Storm Able originated from a development on a wave in the easterlies. When discovered on August 25, organization of the storm circulation was incomplete. The Miami Weather Bureau Office issued its first advisory for storm Able on August 25, 1952. Navy aerial reconnaissance had reported squally conditions with a poorly defined center located at 20N, 59W (Ross). August 26: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.4N, 62.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 61.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 61.7W with a 1011 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.3N, 61.9W. ATS at 00Z analyses a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 60.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 62.0W. Ship highlights: 35-40 kt WNW and 1010 mb at 06Z at 18.4N, 63.8W (micro); 35-40 kt E-ESE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 21.6N, 60.6W (HWM, micro); 35-40 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 21.5N, 60.3W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1408Z at 21.0N, 62.0W with 1007 mb pressure with 10 kt SE and 50 kt max (flight-level?) winds reported (micro); center fix at 1910Z at 20.2 [or 21.2?]N, 62.5W with 1008 mb pressure with 25 kt ENE and 50 kt (flight-level?) winds reported (micro); 50 kt ENE (at flight-level of 10,700 ft) at 2307Z at 25.8N, 64.8W (micro). Able continued on the west to west-northwest course and slowly intensified to hurricane force. Early in the day the first microseismic indications of this storm were recorded at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, by an increase in the period of microseisms. This was followed by an increase in amplitude at that station some 18 hours later (ATS). August 27: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.1N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 21.9N, 64.7W with an 1003 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 1002 mb pressure. ATS at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.8N, 64.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at ~1230Z at 22.0N, 64.6W with 1003 mb central pressure and 80 kt max flight-level wind encountered 105 nmi NNE of center (micro, ATS); Air Force center fixes at 1945Z at 22.3N, 65.2W with 998 mb central pressure (micro, ATS) and 2010Z at 22.2N, 66.2W (micro). The morning Navy reconnaissance flight reported a maximum wind of 80 kt 105 nmi NNE of the center and a diffuse eye with a minimum pressure of 1003 mb. The most severe weather and the roughest seas were observed in the NE quadrant. The storm was about 220 nmi NNE of San Juan. The Air Force reconnaissance in the afternoon found a minimum pressure of 998 mb, indicating continued deepening of the storm (ATS). The first winds of hurricane force, observed by aerial reconnaissance, were reported in squalls located in the northern semi-circle of the storm on August 27 (Ross). August 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 69.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 24.7N, 69.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 67.9W with a 1002 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 70.0W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb near 24.7N, 70.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT and HWM positions. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 03Z at 25.3N, 69.0W (micro); 40-45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 1930Z at 27.0N, 70.1W (micro); 35 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 21Z at 28.6N, 70.2W (COA). A few other gales around 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: 1003 mb with 10 kt SE at around 1230Z at 24.3N 69.7W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1940Z at 25.0N, 70.7W with 1003 mb lowest pressure reported and 50 kt max (flight-level?) wind reported (micro). The storm changed to a northwest movement and the speed increased from 10 to 16 kt. The winds, however had decreased to 50-55 kt. The streamline analysis indicated that Able was due north of Turks Island at 1830Z. Post analysis showed it to be 225 nmi NNE of Turks Island. During this date, the amplitude of the microseisms began to increase at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (ATS). August 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.3W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 74.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.0N, 75.0W with a 999 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z at 27.1N, 70.5W (micro); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 06Z at 26.1N, 73.3W (COA, micro); 35 kt N and 1008 mb at 12Z at 27.8N, 77.0W (COA, micro); 40 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 15Z at 26.7N, 73.5W (micro). At least three other gales between 35-40 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fixes at 1434 and 1445Z at 27.8N, 75.8W and 27.9N, 75.9W 999 mb central pressure and 80 kt max flight-level winds encountered (micro); center fix at 1646Z at 28.2N, 76.2W with 70 kt max flight-level winds encountered (micro); 998 mb pressure and 50 kt E at 1815Z at 27.8N 76.1W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1830Z at 27.7N, 76.2W (micro); center fix at 2237Z at 28.9N, 77.5W (ATS). This state of development continued as it moved on a northwest course for about 2,000 miles until the 29th, when the first evidence of a more completed organization was observed (MWR). Development was slow and until August 29th, the southern semi-circle of the storm remained open with observed winds not over 25 kt (Ross). At 0600Z, when the microseismic amplitude at Guantanamo Bay had reached the maximum value, the microseismic amplitudes at Jacksonville and Miami begun to increase slowly. At 1830Z, Able was 220 nmi east of Cape Canaveral, FL and was moving WNW at 16 to 18 kt On 29 August, the microseismic amplitude at Guantanamo Bay had registered a sharp increase [from 0000-0600Z]. At this time, the storm was moving away from Guantanamo. An increase in microseismic amplitude at a station away from which a storm is moving indicates the intensification of that storm, provided the microseisms at that station are caused only by the storm (ATS). August 30: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.6N, 79.6W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 79.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 999 mb pressure. ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 77.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HWM position. Ship highlights: 55 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 30.0N, 76.1W (COA, micro); 45 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 28.2N, 78.7W (micro); 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 78.4W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1010 mb at 18Z at 29.3N, 80.0W (COA). At least 12 other gales between 35-50 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0815 and 0852Z at 29.0N, 79.6-79.8W (micro); center fix at 1227Z at 29.6N, 79.4W with 992 mb central pressure and 75 kt maximum (flight-level?) winds (micro, ATS); center fix at 2012Z at 31.7N, 80.0W with 983 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds (ATS). Other center fixes: Gainesville, FL land-based radar center fixes at 1430 and 1500Z at 29.6-29.7N, 79.3-79.4W (micro). Navy Radar Reconnaissance was ordered for the night of 29-30 August. Two planes afforded continuous coverage throughout the night. The fixes obtained by the radar planes showed that the storm had slowed and assumed a more northwesterly course. However, the fixes obtained by the second plane (commencing at 0815Z on 30 August) were consistently 40 to 60 nmi west to southwest of the five fixes obtained by the first plane earlier in the evening. These fixes were the first indications of the false or secondary eye that characterized the circulation of Able for nearly 12 hours (ATS). When it reached the vicinity of 30N, 80W, it turned northward, skirted the Georgia coast, and (MWR). On August 30, 1952, storm Able slowed down in its forward movement. Intensification with the formation of a definite eye took place and indications of recurvature were noted. The storm at this point was located about 130 miles ESE of Jacksonville, FL. An interesting feature of storm Able, after recurvature took place, was the report of an apparent double eye structure. In a post-flight summary August 30, Navy reconnaissance reported a principal eye of 38 miles diameter and a secondary eye located just a few miles to the southwest of the principle eye (Ross). A Navy reconnaissance plane from Miami definitely established the existence of the secondary eye during the morning reconnaissance of this date. By actual penetration the secondary eye was found to exist 35 to 40 miles WSW of the real eye. The morning reconnaissance fix when used with the night radar positions revealed that the storm was now moving in a northwest direction at a speed of 12 to 14 kt and the secondary eye was remaining in the SW quadrant and was paralleling the course of the real eye. The process of general intensification of the storm, the favorable location of the southwest quadrant over the Gulf Stream and the absence of an established strong circulation pattern in the southwest quadrant [previously] evidently induced the formation of the secondary eye. An unusual amount of lightning was observed in this quadrant by the morning penetration flight. As late as 2012Z on 30 August, the presence of the secondary eye in the SW quadrant was verified by Navy reconnaissance. This flight positioned the storm about 60 nmi ESE of Savannah, Georgia, observed a pressure of 983 mb and encountered winds of 110 kt. This reconnaissance, which was the last daytime flight into Able, was the last to observe a secondary eye (ATS). August 31: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.1N, 81.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 34.4N, 81.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.5N, 80.7W with a 997 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.8N, 80.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 34.1N, 80.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1005 mb at 06Z at 31.6N, 80.4W (micro); 35 kt S and 1015 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 78.6W (COA, micro). One other gale of 35 kt. Land/station highlights: lull inside RMW [or calm?] for ten minutes from 0320-0330Z at Beaufort, SC (Ross); 985 mb (min p- uncorrected) at Beaufort (Ross); ~75-80 kt WSW (max w) sometime after 0330Z at Beaufort (ATS, Ross); 55 kt SE (measured max w/1-min) G 68 kt (estimated) at Charleston, SC (climo); 28 kt N and 998 mb at 1145Z at Columbia, SC (SWO, climo); 35 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12Z at Florence, SC (micro); 1002 mb (min p) at Charlotte, NC (climo). One other gale of 35 kt (at Columbia, SC) and at least four other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0345Z 10 nmi north of Parris Island (32.4N, 80.7W) (ATS, micro). moved inland over South Carolina near Beaufort between 10 and 11 pm, August 30. It was the indirect cause of two deaths in South Carolina, and one death in Pennsylvania, and property damage in the Atlantic States was estimated at $2,750,000 (MWR). Again, on August 31 a post-flight summary verified the existence of a secondary eye in the same relative position. This same summary reported maximum winds of 110 kt, the highest winds encountered during the existence of the storm (Ross). Continuous coverage of the storm by radar was again accomplished by Navy planes during the night of 30-31 August until about 0345Z when the storm moved inland. The radar planes maintained excellent radar coverage but found no further traces of a secondary eye. It had no doubt been absorbed into the main circulation of the storm. The radar plane observed a circular eye about 28 nmi in diameter, which became reduced to about 15 nmi at 0152Z, 31 August. Three precipitation bands encircled the eye at distances of 20, 25, and 30 nmi from the center. The eye of Hurricane Able moved inland at Beaufort, SC. The highest winds at that coastal town were 90 mph, occurring just after the passage of the eye. The Hurricane Warning Central, Miami, issued its last warning and advisory at 1600Z this date, when Able was in the vicinity of Charlotte, NC (ATS). On August 31, 1952 Navy reconnaissance reported the northwest edge of the storms eye over the coastline at 0255Z. By 0345Z, the eye of the storm had moved inland. The following is quoted from the preliminary report on storm Able by Mr. Grady Norton: Beaufort was in the western edge of the calm center with unofficial pressure of 985 mb and strongest wind 80 to 90 mph from WSW after the lull, which lasted about 10 minutes from 10:20 to 10:30 pm (0320 to 0330Z). The strongest wind would be expected on the right on eastern side of the eye, but this was over the marsh and swamplands between Beaufort and Charleston where no measurements were obtainable. At Charleston, about 50 miles to the east of the center, the wind reached 63 mph, while at Savannah, about 30 miles west, the highest gusts were only 35 mph. Damage was estimated at about $2,200,000 in South Carolina, divided roughly $500,000 to property, $200,000 to communications, and $1,500,000 to crops. The crop damage was mostly to open cotton blown on the ground and damaged. Most of it was salvaged but beating by wind and rain in dirt lowered grade and price. In North Carolina, damage was given as minor, or light. Highest winds over a widespread area of the state ranged around 40 mph and did little damage. A small tornado occurred in connection with the passage of the weakened hurricane in Stokes County and damaged a number of farm buildings. Torrential rains caused flooding of lowlands, and a number of highways were flooded for a short time, and a few small bridges and embankments were washed out. The total actual damage [in North Carolina] probably did not exceed $50,000. Two persons lost their lives in the hurricane in South Carolina. One man was killed when he tried to remove a live wire that had fallen on his automobile, while another was killed when his car was wrecked in the blinding rain when it struck a tree that had fallen on the highway. The storm center was located just to the northeast of Columbia, SC at 1230Z on August 31 (Ross). In eastern South Carolina, from 10:30 pm on the 30th to about noon on the 31st, a tropical storm which entered the coast near Beaufort moved northward causing damage from rain and wind mostly in the eastern part of the state as follows: $500,000 to property; $200,000 to communications, and about $1,500,000 to crops, mostly cotton by lowering grades from beating down. There were two fatalities directly attributable to the storm but no injuries were otherwise reported (South Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary). Center of tropical storm passed a short distance east of station moving north at 7:00 am on the 31st (Columbia, SC Local Monthly Climatological Data). The tropical storm which passed west of the station on August 31st gave a peak gust of wind of 53 mph (Florence, SC Local Monthly Climatological Data). This tropical storm center gave Charlotte its lowest pressure of the month when the center passed east of the station just after noon of the 31st (Charlotte, NC Local Monthly Climatological Data). The remnant of the hurricane of August 31 passed to the west of the station as it continued on its northward course (Greensboro, NC Local Monthly Climatological Data). Tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic States- Carolinas and Georgia Aug. 30-31 All sections minimal Damage $3,000,000 S.C. (Minimal is equivalent to winds of 74-100 mph and pressure 983 to 996 mb- Dunn and Miller) September 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 39.9N, 77.3W. A NNE-SSW cold front is plotted several hundred nmi west of the low and the SSE end of a NNW-SSE warm front is located a couple hundred nmi ENE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 39.3N, 77.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 37.0N, 79.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 39.0N, 77.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 39.7N, 77.1W. Land/station highlights: 39 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Richmond, VA (climo); 49 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Washington, DC (climo); 12 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at Washington, DC (climo); 49 kt W (max w/1-min) at Baltimore, MD (climo); 36 kt E (max w/1-min) at Philadelphia, PA (climo); 59 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ (climo); 60 kt SE (max w/1-min) at New York City, NY (climo); 35 kt SSE (max w/1-min) at Blue Hill, MA (climo). One other gale of 35 kt at Reading, PA. [Around 1230Z on 1 September] the center had moved to Frederick, MD. The storm in the Washington, DC area was attended by winds 35 to 40 mph with occasional gusts up to 50 mph. The peak gust reported at Washington National Airport was 60 mph. A small tornado did considerable damage to dwellings at Franconia, VA, in Fairfax County. A tornado, which may have been the same one also struck with destructive force at Potomac, MD. Rainfall was heavy, ranging from 2 to over 3 inches. Property damage done in the area was estimated to be in excess of $500,000, caused primarily by flooding and the destructive force of the tornado. Falling trees and branches disrupted power and telephone facilities. There were no reports of personal injuries (Ross). September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.5N, 70.3W. A larger, more powerful extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb is centered near 57.5N, 76.5W and fronts extends southward from this low to the vicinity of Able. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 43.7N, 70.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.4N, 69.9W with an approaching NNE-SSW cold front located about 375 nmi west and northwest of the cyclone. Land/station highlights: 25 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Albany, NY (micro); 30 kt W (max w/1-min) at Hartford, CT (climo); 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12Z at Portland, ME (micro, climo); 24 kt S (max w/1-min) at Eastport, ME (climo); 6 kt E and 1004 mb at 18Z at Caribou, ME (micro). At least seven other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. After leaving the Washington area, the storm moved up into the New England states and was centered just to the northwest of Portland, ME at 1230Z, September 2. It was in this area that the storm finally lost its closed circulation and dissipated. Pennsylvania, New York, and the New England states experienced winds of 30 to 40 mph, with gusts to 50 mph with the passage of the storm (Ross). Able continued on a NNE course and remained an identifiable storm until 3 September. It continued weakening throughout its passage over land; however, strong winds and precipitation remained with the storm until it reached the Canadian border. Able finally disappeared on 3 September in New Brunswick, Canada (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 59N, 67W, but this low is likely a combination of a separate extratropical system (which had been approaching from the west) and the remnants of Able. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Microfilm at 00Z no longer analyzes a closed low associated with Able but analyzes an approaching extratropical cyclone centered near 48N, 75W at 00Z. Ship highlights: missing wind speed SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z at 47.9N, 63.2W (COA). Land/station highlights: 7 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at Caribou, ME (climo, micro); 10 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z at Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada (46.2N, 64.8W) (micro). Able formed from a tropical wave which emerged off the African coast late on 17 August or early on 18 August. HURDAT starts this system soon after it emerged off of Africa at 06Z on 18 August as a 25 kt tropical depression at 14.6N, 19.0W. HURDAT keeps this system at tropical depression intensity through 12Z the 24th, with a previous HURDAT position of 15.8N, 49.1W on the 24th. There is no concrete evidence that there was in fact a closed circulation present from the 18th through the 23rd. From the 20th to the 23rd, there are no observation within 400 nmi of the system. There is also not enough evidence that there was not a closed circulation, so a tropical depression is maintained. No changes are made to the timing of genesis, and no intensity changes are analyzed from the 18th through the 24th. On the 19th, a couple of observations in the vicinity of the system suggest that the position was likely a degree farther west. The next observation to aid in the position analysis is a 10 kt SSE wind on 24 August at 12Z on HWM at 16.8N, 53.6W. This observation, if accurate, indicates that the system that was to become Able was centered west of that ship. A position of 17.0N, 54.8W is analyzed for 12Z on the 24th (originally 15.8N, 49.1W- a major track change). Major westward track adjustments are assessed at all times from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 25th. Westward track adjustments of 5 to 7 degrees longitude are made from 18Z on the 21st through 12Z on the 24th. The first aircraft reconnaissance flight reached the system at 2130Z on the 25th and measured a 1006 mb pressure. However, this was measured with 20 kt ESE wind, meaning that it was not a central pressure. Thus is it removed from HURDAT at 00Z on the 26th. A peripheral pressure of 1006 mb yields at least 35 kt maximum winds according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 40 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 25th and 00Z on the 26th (down from 45 and 50 kt respectively). No change is made to the timing of when the system became a tropical storm (18Z on the 24th) because there is no evidence to do so. A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 26th, down from 50 kt, previously. That fix late on the 25th along with other observations indicates that the HURDAT position was less than one degree too far to the ESE. From August 26th through 29th, Able moved west-northwestward from north of the northernmost Leeward Islands to north of the Bahamas. All track changes from the 26th through the 29th are less than one degree changes, and all analyzed positions are within two-tenths of a degree of interpolated aircraft reconnaissance fixes, which are plentiful those days. The aircraft on the 26th estimated 50 kt maximum winds, though it is unknown whether these were flight-level or surface winds. There were a few 35 to 40 kt ship observations on the 26th. But in deference to the estimated winds from the aircraft, intensities of 45 kt and 50 kt are analyzed at 12Z and 18Z on the 26th (down from 50 and 55 kt, respectively). On the 27th at 12Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1003 mb and at 1945Z, a 998 mb central pressure was measured by an Air Force reconnaissance plane. The 1003 and 998 mb pressures in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively are retained. These pressures yield 41 and 51 kt respectively according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt maximum flight-level winds were reported, but these are not reliable. Intensities of 55 and 60 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 27th (down from 70 kt originally). At 1230Z on the 27th, aircraft reconnaissance measured 1003 mb with 10 kt SE winds. A 1002 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z. On the 28th at 1940Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 28th. A central pressure of 1003 mb yields 41 and 38 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, respectively. In this case, maximum winds estimated by the aircraft were 50 kt, though again it is ambiguous if these were flight level or surface winds. The intensity values are gradually brought down from the 60 kt peak at 18Z 27th/00Z 28th to 50 kt at 18Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th (75 kt originally at all times on the 28th and early on the 29th- major downward intensity adjustments). An aircraft central pressure of 999 mb was observed on the 29th at 1434Z. A central pressure of 999 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th. The cyclone was deepening as a 998 mb pressure with 50 kt E was recorded at 1815Z. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb yields at least 47 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Visual observations indicate the RMW was smaller than the climatological value, and 60 kt is the analyzed intensity at 12Z and 65 kt at 18Z on the 29th (down from 80 kt originally at both times). Early on the 30th, Able was moving west-northwestward in the direction of Jacksonville, or the Georgia coast, but the cyclone made a north-northwestward turn late on the 30th. On the 30th, surveillance by aircraft radar, land-based radar located in Gainesville, FL, and aircraft penetrations allowed for a relatively accurate track and intensity analysis on this day as Able moved closer to the US coastline. On the 30th at 00Z, the position is adjusted seven-tenths of a degree south of the previous HURDAT position, which is in agreement with aircraft fixes at 1830Z on the 29th and 0815Z on the 30th. The 12Z and 18Z positions on the 30th are very close to previous HURDAT positions. At 00Z on the 30th, a ship observed 55 kt winds, and a 60 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT (down from 80 kt originally). Aircraft reconnaissance measured central pressures of 992 and 983 mb on the 30th at 1227 and 2012Z respectively, and these central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on the 30th. A central pressure 992 mb yields 59 kt according to the intensifying subset on the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 983 mb equals 72 kt according to the same subset. Intensities of 70 and 80 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 30th (down from 85 kt at both times). Able is analyzed to have become a hurricane 54 hours later than in HURDAT originally - a major change. Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 25 kt are analyzed at all times from the 28th at 06Z through the 29th at 12Z. In addition to observations that indicate these adjustments are necessary, written commentary indicates that the cyclone was weak and not fully developed until soon before landfall (which occurred on the 31st of August). Hurricane Able made landfall near Beaufort, SC on 31 August at 03Z at 32.3N, 80.6W. The city of Beaufort was located inside the left RMW of Baker as it made landfall. Beaufort experienced a lull for ten minutes from 0320-0330Z. Highest observed winds at Beaufort were ~75-80 kt after the lull. Lowest observed pressure at Beaufort was 985 mb. There was a comment that this pressure observation was an unofficial observation, but sources indicate that the wind was a measured wind and was not a gust. There is evidence that the eye of Able was contracting prior to landfall. HURDAT previously listed a 90 kt intensity at 00Z on the 31st. Observations indicate that the central pressure at landfall was likely in the ballpark of 980 mb, which yields 76 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. In a quote from Ross (1952), which quotes Grady Norton in what is likely either a personal communication or a post-season summary article that is unavailable, Norton believes that the strongest winds at landfall were not measured since the right RMW made landfall over a swampy marsh area between Beaufort and Charleston that was very sparsely populated. An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 31st (down from 90 kt originally) and landfall. In addition to the evidence just mentioned for decreasing the landfall intensity, this cyclone is not listed in the Ho et al. study (this study lists U.S. Landfalling hurricanes with central pressures below 983 mb). A category 2 impact is analyzed for South Carolina. No hurricane impact is analyzed for Georgia (the highest gusts at Savannah failed to reach tropical storm force). Although track adjustments of one-tenth of a degree were made at 00 and 06Z, the landfall point is nearly identical to the interpolated previous landfall point. Later on the 31st, Able passed just east of Columbia, SC and turned northward into central North Carolina. Able passed just west of Washington, D.C. a little before 12Z on 1 September. Then the cyclone moved over extreme eastern Pennsylvania, northwestern New Jersey, southeastern New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, where it was located by 12Z on the 2nd. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 65, 45, and 35 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z respectively on 31 August. The highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times are 40, 35, and 31 kt at 06, 12, and 18Z respectively. Revised intensities in HURDAT are 65, 45, and 40 kt (originally 70 kt at 06Z and no change at 12 and 18Z on the 31st). On 1 September, Able was still a tropical storm. The cyclone reintensified as a tropical storm, and tropical storm force winds (1-min avg) were reported from numerous official Weather Bureau stations including Richmond, VA (39 kt); Washington, D.C. (49 kt); Baltimore, MD (49 kt); Reading, PA (35 kt); Philadelphia, PA (36 kt); Atlantic City, NJ (59 kt); New York City, NY (60 kt); and Blue Hill, MA (35 kt). Analyzed intensities on the 1st are 40, 45, 50, and 60 kt (originally 40, 35, 35, and 30 kt) at 00, 06, 12, and 18Z respectively (a major 30-kt upward intensity adjustment at 18Z on 1 September). After 1 September, no more gales were recorded in association with Able. The highest winds recorded early on the 2nd were 30 kt in Connecticut. Intensities of 45 and 30 kt are chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 2nd respectively (up from 30 and 25 kt originally). Able is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression 12 hours later than shown in HURDAT originally. The following states are analyzed to have received tropical storm impacts from Able: North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. There is a chance that tropical storm impacts could have also occurred in portions of Georgia, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, but tropical storm impacts are not analyzed for those states. The last point listed in HURDAT, at 18Z on 2 September, is as a 25 kt tropical depression just inland over southeastern Maine. Although the HURDAT position at 12Z was barely adjusted, available observations indicate that Able was located more than one degree northeast of the previous HURDAT position at 18Z (still over Maine but approaching the border of New Brunswick, Canada). Observations indicate that Able was still a tropical depression through at least 00Z on the 3rd, and maybe after 06Z on the 3rd as well. Observations show that Able was absorbed by an extratropical low before 12Z on the 3rd. Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 12 hours later. The final point is now shown to be at 06Z on 3 September as a 20 kt tropical depression at 48.5N, 63.5W. Additional quotes: MWR: [Able] moved into South Carolina late on August 30, and advanced northward over the Atlantic Plain to die out over New England on September 2. Property and crop damage in the states affected has been estimated at $2,750,000, a very low damage figure. This hurricane was small and not unusually severe, but it had a small area of winds near 100 mph when it moved inland near Beaufort, SC. The strongest winds occurred over a swampy area between Beaufort and Charleston, where there were few inhabitants and little property exposed (MWR). Ross: Storm Able, although never really developing into a large storm over the ocean maintained its circulation and identity as a tropical storm over a long land trajectory. Two important features can account for this. First, since the trajectory remained east of the Appalachian Mountains, the storms circulation was not distorted appreciably by the terrain. Secondly, and of perhaps greater importance, the general circulation over the eastern seaboard, prior to and during the time storm was inland, was characterized by southerly flow bringing warm moist tropical air into the area. The dew point temperatures ranged in the 70s as far north as New York City. The tropical maritime area supplied the energy required by the storm to maintain itself (Ross). ATS: Able (Aug 24- Sep 3): Number of warnings [advisories] issued: 24; Number of reconnaissance flights: 14 in total- 8 by Navy WoaRon 2, 4 by Air Force, 2 by Navy radar (Faetulant); maximum velocity reported: 110 kt; minimum pressure reported: 983 mb; number of days Able was hurricane force: 4; originated: Atlantic. Able: First suspected: 8/15 1000Z A PAA plane reported a closed circulation at 14N, 34W. First recon fix on closed circulation: 8/25 2130Z, 20N, 59W, 1006 mb, 40 kt. First advisory: 8/26 0200Z. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 3 (new to HURDAT) 35370 08/27/1952 M= 2 3 SNBR= 781 NOT NAMED XING=1 35420 08/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*322 776 45 0* 35420 08/28*333 782 45 1000*344 795 40 0*357 810 30 0*375 823 20 0* 35275 TS US Landfall: 08/28/1952 02Z 33.7N 78.7W - 45 kt - 1000 mb HWM, microfilm, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, climatological data summaries and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, made landfall near the South Carolina/North Carolina border with a 45 kt intensity on 28 August, 1952. August 26: HWM analyzes a warm front lying through an open trough plotted from 33N, 65W to 32N, 70W to 29N, 73W to 26N, 75W becoming a stationary front at 24N, 79W and continuing westward. HURDAT did not previously list this system. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a NE-SW front lying through a trough from 32N, 67W to 29N, 73W to 27N, 79W. August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.7N, 76.2W with a stationary front running right through the low extending from 23N, 82W to 25N, 78W to the low, becoming a warm front at 32N, 76W, extending to 34N, 74W to 35N, 71W becoming a stationary front at 34N, 66W and extending eastward. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.9N, 76.8W with a 1002 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HWM position with a front extending from the low east-northeastward to 32N, 71W and another front extending from the low south-southwestward to 25N, 79W turning westward to beyond 24N, 83W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 32.2N, 78.2W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 32.4N, 77.9W (COA); 40 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z at 33.2N, 76.9W (COA). Four other gales and one other low pressure. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered inland near 34.8N, 81.3W. A dissipating stationary front is analyzed running through the low and the front becomes a stationary front just NE of the low extending eastward. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 78.1W and a 12Z position inland near 35.3N, 80.4W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.3N, 78.3W with no fronts analyzed. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 35.4N, 81.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 00Z at 32.9N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 33.9N, 76.7W (COA). Land/station highlights: 6 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 0230Z at Mrytle Beach (SWO min pressure); 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Frying Pan Shoals lightship at 33.5N, 77.5W (micro); 31 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Wilmington, NC (climo); 30 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 06Z at Charlotte, NC (micro). From the North Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary Outstanding features of the months weather were the two tropical storms which passed across the state during the last four days [of the month]. The first was a small storm which moved inland near the North Carolina-South Carolina line on the 28th, and passed rapidly northwestward across North Carolina The fine, sunny weather of the 24th-26th was cut short by the rapid growth of a tropical storm off the coast of Florida. This storm moved into the coast of the North Carolina-South Carolina line on the evening of the 27th, sped across Piedmont North Carolina, and died out in the hills of Kentucky and West Virginia. Neither of the storms during the final week of August brought any general destructive winds to North Carolina. Most of the damage results from the tropical storms of late August was caused by washouts of highway bridges. From the South Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary A high proportion of the total rain in the eastern portion of South Carolina fell during the last week when two storms, one an extratropical one and the other a tropical storm [Able], entered the section from the Atlantic Ocean A low pressure area which originated off the coast of Florida moved into the coast of South Carolina on the 27th and caused rainy weather with normal temperatures through the 28th. August 29: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low, but analyzes a cold front extending from 50N, 68W southwestward to 45N, 78W becoming a stationary front at 42N, 84W extending to 41N, 91W. Microfilm last analyzes a closed low at 00Z of at most 1014 mb centered near 39.6N, 85.0W. On 26 August, synoptic weather maps analyze a front running through a trough just north of the Bahamas. However, 12Z temperatures were all warm on both sides of the front. An area of some cyclonic turning was located near 29N, 72.5W on the 26th, but there was not yet a closed circulation present. Winds on the 26th and into the 27th were mainly unidirectional on each side of the front in most locations. By 12Z on the 27th, distinct pressure falls were noted and the first gale was observed in the vicinity of 31-32N, 76-78W. There is not yet enough evidence to close off a circulation at 12Z on the 27th. At 18Z on the 27th, there are numerous gale and low pressure observations surrounded by high environmental pressure on all sides. Although there are no observations of west winds south of a likely center position of a tropical cyclone, this system is started at 18Z on 27 August as a 45 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 77.6W. Although the highest observed wind was 60 kt from a ship, there were two other 35 kt ship observations straddling the 60 kt ship. Moreover, the ship reported 15 kt winds at subsequent times which compared with other observations much more reasonably. Thus it is likely that this measurement from the ship was in error and significantly biased high. With two other 40 kt ship reports in cyclones northern quadrant at the same time, the intensity is analyzed to be 45kt. This is also the cyclones peak intensity. The lowest observed pressure so far was 1003 mb. A closed circulation likely existed by this time because of the very low pressure observed within an environmental pressure of about 1011 mb for a system moving about 12 kt, though no ships were present within the southern semicircle to confirm this. The winds around the low were no longer unidirectional. By 00Z on 28 August, observations south of the center confirm the closed, symmetric wind circulation. There was no temperature gradient across the cyclone, and gales coincided with low pressures near the center. At 00Z, Myrtle Beach recorded 30 kt winds with a 1003 mb pressure and Frying Pan Shoals Lightship recorded 45 kt with 1004 mb also. The position of the 45 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 28th is 33.3N, 78.2W. The cyclone made landfall at 02Z on 28 August as a 45 kt tropical storm between Myrtle Beach and the North Carolina-South Carolina border at 33.7N, 78.7W. Myrtle Beach recorded a minimum pressure of 1001 mb with NNW 6 kt winds at 0230Z, indicating a central pressure of 1000 mb at landfall. 1000 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 44 kt. There are no available observations of gale force winds from any coastal station, though the observational coverage at the coast is sparse. The highest wind at Wilmington was 31 kt (1-min). However, the Frying Pan Shoals lightship reported a peak of 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z on the 28th. An intensity of 45 kt at landfall is assessed and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for South Carolina and North Carolina. At 06Z on the 28th, Charlotte, NC recorded 30 kt with 1002 mb and the analyzed position is 34.4N, 79.5W as a 40 kt tropical storm. It is analyzed that the tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 28th at 34.9N, 81.0W. The cyclone continued inland and reached the mountains of West Virginia and Kentucky by 18Z. The final position is listed at 18Z on the 28th as a 20 kt tropical depression at 38.1N, 82.3W. As the South Carolina Climatological Data considered this an extratropical cyclone in their summary, the evidence for what classification is most appropriate is discussed below. The cyclone originated from a frontal low, and even as it was making landfall a tongue of very dry air is present west of the system. This is shown by dewpoints in the 40s and 50s northwest of the low, and dewpoints in the lower 60s as far south as northern Florida quite dry for August. This raises some doubts as to whether the system totally shed its frontal character before landfall. However, the surface temperatures at Myrtle Beach remained relatively constant near 70F in the 24 hours up to landfall and the dewpoint significantly rose and reached 70F at the time of landfall despite winds out of the north the entire time. The dry dewpoints were well about 200 nm west of the cyclone at the time of landfall. It is worth noting that the 500 mb temperatures rose significantly in the near vicinity of the cyclone between the 27th and 28th, suggesting that the system was a developing tropical or subtropical cyclone. If satellite imagery were available for this system, it is possible that it would have been designated as a subtropical cyclone as the radius of maximum wind was on the order of 100 nm. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 4 (Baker) (was Storm 3) 35370 08/31/1952 M=10 3 SNBR= 781 BAKER XING=0 35370 08/31/1952 M=11 4 SNBR= 781 BAKER XING=0 * 35375 08/31* 0 0 0 0*167 584 60 0*173 587 60 0*178 590 60 0* 35375 08/31* 0 0 0 0*154 539 50 0*161 551 55 0*168 563 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** 35380 09/01*182 593 65 0*186 595 70 1003*190 598 75 0*199 603 80 1003* 35380 09/01*175 575 60 0*182 587 60 1003*191 597 60 0*201 605 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 35385 09/02*210 610 85 0*219 619 90 0*228 630 95 0*237 642 95 0* 35385 09/02*211 612 65 0*220 621 65 0*228 630 65 993*237 642 65 996* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** *** 35390 09/03*245 653 100 0*252 664 100 0*259 674 100 993*268 684 105 0* 35390 09/03*245 653 65 0*252 663 65 0*259 671 65 993*265 680 65 993* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35395 09/04*277 694 105 0*287 702 105 0*297 707 105 0*307 711 105 0* 35395 09/04*274 690 65 0*284 698 70 0*295 704 70 0*307 707 70 983* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35400 09/05*316 713 105 0*324 712 105 0*330 710 105 0*335 706 100 0* 35400 09/05*316 709 70 0*322 711 70 0*327 712 70 0*331 710 70 983* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35405 09/06*339 702 100 0*343 699 100 0*348 696 95 981*358 686 95 0* 35405 09/06*334 707 75 0*337 704 75 0*343 697 75 981*351 690 80 978* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35410 09/07*369 671 90 0*380 657 85 0*390 640 80 0*404 611 75 969* 35410 09/07*362 679 90 0*376 660 95 0*389 635 95 0*404 601 95 969* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35415 09/08*425 574 70 0*456 517 65 0E478 493 60 0E500 477 55 0* 35415 09/08E425 564 90 0E454 523 85 0E480 489 80 0E500 473 75 0* * *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35420 09/09E520 470 50 0E539 465 50 0E558 459 45 0E576 458 45 0* 35420 09/09E518 470 75 0E538 460 75 0E558 450 70 0E570 440 55 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 35420 09/10E577 430 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35425 HR Major track and major intensity adjustments are made to this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Sherman and Carino (1952). August 30: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. Ship highlights: E wind and 1004 mb at 18Z at 14.5N, 50.3W (COA). August 31: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.3N, 55.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 58.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.8N, 58.6W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 19.1N, 58.7W. No gales or low pressures. Martinique, French West Indies, gave the first indication of the presence of Hurricane Baker, which was forming in the general area that had been the breeding grounds of Able. The Time-Cross-Section streamline analysis showed a neutral point passing Martinique at 1700Z on 31 August, which indicated the presence of a vortex northeast of that station. Post analysis of the 1830Z map placed the vortex about 375 nmi NNE of Martinique. The actual cyclonic circulation of the storm did not affect Martinique (ATS). September 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.2N, 58.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.0N, 59.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 60.2W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 60.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1017 mb at 03Z at 18.7N, 58.7W (ATS); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 06Z at 18.6N, 58.6W (micro); 45 kt S and 1001 mb at 17Z at 19.7N, 60.0W (ATS, micro); 50 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 20.7N, 60.2W (COA). Two other gales of 50 kt. Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 1828Z at either 19.8N, 61.0W or 21.0N, 61.0W with 1003 mb (likely peripheral) lowest pressure encountered and 80 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro); 1003 mb at 20.0N, 61.2W (micro); 80 kt (flight-level) at 2000Z at 22.0N, 60.0W (micro). The Norwegian S. S. Fridtjof Nansen located at 18.8N, 58.8W in the early morning of September 1 sent a special report as follows: Wind easterly force 7 to 8 in squalls, sea 5 increasing, barometer 30.02 inches at 0300Z, 29.90 at 0400Z. Fear tropical storm and have altered course to 70 degrees 8 kt at 0400Z, after which barometer steady at 29.90 inches. This report was the first indication of the development of the second hurricane of the season. Reconnaissance aircraft dispatched to search later on the 1st, found that the storm had developed winds of hurricane force on its northern and eastern sides and was increasing and moving on a northwesterly course (MWR). Ship reports and the first Navy reconnaissance, which staged from San Juan, definitely established the existence of a hurricane near 21.0N, 61.0W. The issuing of advisories by the Fleet Weather Central, Miami, and the Weather Bureau Office, San Juan, began at 2015Z. The initial movement of the storm was WNW to NW at 10 to 12 kt (ATS). September 2: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 23.3N, 63.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.8N, 63.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 993 mb pressure. ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.3N, 62.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1215Z at 22.8N, 63.0W with 993 mb central pressure, 130 kt maximum flight-level winds, and 12 nm eye diameter (ATS, micro); center fix at 1905Z at 24.2N, 64.8W with 996 mb (probably central pressure) and 100 kt max wind estimate (micro); 996 mb at 24.2N, 64.8W (micro); 100 kt E at 24.8N, 64.6W (micro). A Navy reconnaissance flight, entering the eye of Baker at 1215Z, reported maximum winds of 130 kt showing that the hurricanes intensity has increased considerably (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 67.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 25.9N, 67.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 993 mb pressure. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 25.7N, 66.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1430Z at 26.1N, 67.4W with 993 mb central pressure (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2017Z at 26.5N, 68.4W with 993 mb central pressure (micro); 90-130 kt estimated maximum wind range on this day from Navy and AF (ATS). At 1030Z, Baker was about 340 nmi NE of Turks Island and was still moving NW at a speed of about 12 kt. Reconnaissance flights into the storm by both Navy and Air Force planes encountered hurricane-force winds which varied between 90 and 130 kt. The Navy flight found the eye still poorly defined although the minimum pressure was 993 mb and the hurricane itself was fully formed. Recurvature of Baker commenced late this day when the hurricane was about 640 nmi east of Miami, FL, and about 500 nmi NNW of San Juan, PR (ATS). September 4: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.4N, 70.7W. A NE-SW stationary front is plotted from 37N, 67W becoming a dissipating front at 33N, 73W, becoming a cold front at 30N, 78W becoming a warm front at 28N, 83W extending to beyond 27N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 70.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.0N, 71.3W with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 30.4N, 70.6W with the SW end of a NE-SW cold front located NNE of the cyclone near 35N, 68W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 29.9N, 70.4W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 15Z at 31.5N, 68.2W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 33.2N, 70.3W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1015 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 67.7W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1822Z at 30.8N, 70.6W with 983 mb central pressure, estimated surface winds of 100 kt (micro), and 50 nm eye diameter; Air Force center fix (loran) at 2117Z at 30.9N, 70.7W with a 700 mb height in the center of 9,778 ft (micro); 60 kt (surface estimate) at 2130Z at 31.5N, 69.9W (micro). September 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 32.7N, 71.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front located 300 nmi NE of the hurricane and the east end of a E-W cold front located 225 nmi SW of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 71.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 71.8W with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 32.3N, 70.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the ENE end of a ENE-WSW front located a short distance SW of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 33.0N, 70.5W (micro); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 33.7N, 68.4W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 21Z at 31.8N, 69.7W (COA). Four other gales between 35-40 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1618Z at 33.0N, 71.2W with 983 mb central pressure, 90 kt max winds, and 25 nm eye diameter (micro); 90 kt and 996 mb at 1700Z at 33.5N, 71.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2005Z at 33.1N, 70.9W with 988 mb central pressure, 62 kt highest measured flight-level winds, but maximum winds for storm not determined (micro). The course continued northwestward during the next several days, until it reached the vicinity of 32N, 71W on September 5 (MWR). At 0030Z, it was located near 31.5N, 70.7W. The Microseismic Research Project supplied valuable information during the early portion of the recurvature and especially during the evening of 5 September when there was no night [aircraft] radar coverage The micro-ratio technique, developed by Mr. Gilmore at Miami, was applied successfully during the night of 5 September using the readings of Cherry Point [NC] and Bermuda. The fixes thus obtained greatly aided the Fleet Weather Central in the tracking and forecasting of the movement of Baker (ATS). September 6: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.1N, 70.1W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located 340 nmi NNE of the hurricane and the ENE end of a ENE-WSW cold front located 190 nmi SSW of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.8N, 69.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.4N, 69.7W with a 987 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at about the same location. ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.2N, 70.5W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located several hundred miles ENE of the cyclone and the ENE end of a ENE-WSW cold front located a few hundred miles SSW of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered about 30 nmi S of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1001 mb at 00Z at 32.1N, 69.4W (COA); 50 kt SSE at 03Z at 32.3N, 69.5W (COA); 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 09Z at 32.2N, 69.5W (COA, micro); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 69.2W (COA, micro). Three other gales between 35-40 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix with 30 nm eye diameter at 0104Z at 33.4N, 70.8W (micro); radar center fixes at 0546, 0600, and 0640Z at 33.7N, 70.6-70.7W (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 1154Z at 34.3N, 69.7W with 981 mb central pressure, 110-120 kt maximum winds encountered, and 20 nm eye diameter (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2030Z at 35.5N, 68.7W with 978 mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum winds encountered (ATS, micro); 80 kt SE at 35.0N, 68.3W (micro). Here it began curving along a course which carried the center about midway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda on the 6th and then northeastward over the Atlantic. In the period September 2-6 winds were estimated at 100-115 mph with gusts to 140 mph. (MWR). Continuous radar coverage during the night had shown the hurricane drifting northeastward at about 5 kt. The morning Navy reconnaissance encountered a clearly-defined eye of 20 nmi diameter and winds of 120 kt with gusts to 130 kt in the northern semi-circle. The lowest pressure was 981 mb and 65-kt winds existed in the SE semicircle. The hurricane was showing no signs of becoming extratropical and joining the front that divided the Bermuda High Cell. The slow advance of the hurricane continued until the afternoon at which time a reconnaissance fix by the Air Force plane from Bermuda showed evidences of its slow acceleration (ATS). September 7: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.3N, 64.4W. A cold front is undergoing frontogenesis extending from 37N, 62W to 34N, 62W to 29N, 67W. A warm front extends from 44N, 58W to 42N, 54W to 37N, 52W to 34N, 50W. A 3rd front extends from 46N, 57W southwestward to 43N, 65W becoming a cold front at 40N, 69W, extending to 38N, 75W to 38N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 39.0N, 64.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.6N, 63.7W with a 985 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 63.9W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 39.3N, 62.8W with a boundary extending from the cyclone northeastward. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near 39.5N, 62.3W with a NE-SW frontal boundary plotted a couple hundred nmi NW of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 64.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 41.3N, 62.1W (micro); 40 kt E and 979 mb at 23Z at 42.8N, 56.5W (micro). 19 other gales between 35-55 kt and ten other low pressures between 989-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0130, 0230, and 0300Z between 36.1-36.9N, 66.8-68.2W (micro); 65 kt at 1450Z at 38.8N, 63.2W (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 1526Z with 969 mb central pressure, 3 nm eye diameter, maximum winds of either 100 or 140 kt (ATS, micro what is written in the ATS and microfilm about the winds is ambiguous); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2110Z at 40.3N, 58.4W with 100 kt surface winds and 136 kt flight-level winds [at 10,000 feet?] (ATS, micro). The last Navy reconnaissance into this hurricane was staged from the Naval Air Station, New York, during the morning. This flight found a small eye, 3 nmi in diameter, at 39.5N, 61.1W or about 320 nmi SSE of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The maximum winds were above 100 kt and gusting to 140 to 150 kt in the southern semicircle of the storm. The minimum pressure was 969 mb. The last reconnaissance flight into Baker was flown by the Air Force during the afternoon. The position of the hurricane was fixes at 40.3N, 58.4W. The eye was confused and surface winds were reported to be still about 100 kt. The last [advisory] on Baker issued by the Miami Hurricane Warning Central was at 1600Z. This advisory described Baker as moving northeastward at a speed of 26 kt (ATS). This hurricane remained at sea and did not give strong winds at any land point. It moved out over the Atlantic several hundred miles south of Newfoundland on September 7 and 8, and passed beyond aircraft range. A total of 25 advisories were broadcast enabling shipping to avoid the hurricane or maneuver to miss the strongest part, and no reports of marine damage have been received (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 47.9N, 47.9W with a cold front extending from 70 nmi south of the low southwestward to 44N, 48W to 39N, 54W to 36N, 61W. A N-S warm front extends from 49N, 43W to 47N, 42W to 44N, 43W to 38N, 45W to 36N, 45W. A SSW-NNE warm front extends from 52N, 46W north-northeastward, becoming a stationary front at 56N, 40W, extending to 61N, 31W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.8N, 49.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.1N, 50.3W, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 44.4N, 49.8W. Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 43.3N, 54.7W and at 12Z, the low is starting to go off the map, but microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 43.5N, 48.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1004 mb at 00Z at 42.7N, 59.5W (COA, micro); 50 kt SE and 987 mb at 18Z at 49.7N, 45.4W (COA); 70 kt NNE and 989 mb at 23Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA). 12 other gales between 35-60 kt and six other low pressures between 992-1005 mb. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 56.0N, 45.5W with a cold front extending from the low to 57N, 44W to 56N, 39W to 54N, 35W to 49N, 33W and a warm front extending from the low north-northeastward to 63N, 40W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 55.8N, 45.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.0N, 43.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 982 mb at 00Z at 50.5N, 44.5W (COA); 70 kt N and 992 mb at 03Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 70 kt N and 997 mb at 07Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 60 kt NW and 995 mb at 12Z at 54.5N, 47.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 1007 mb at 15Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 50 kt NW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt E and 988 mb at 23Z at 58.0N, 41.0W (COA). 19 other gales between 35-60 kt and 18 other low pressures between 985-1005 mb. Baker continued on a northeast course until 0030Z on 9 September then came to a NNW movement. The Fleet Weather Central, Washington, DC, continued the issuance of [advisories] for the information of shipping in the North Atlantic. At 1830Z on 9 September at 55.8N, 47.0W Baker lost its identity as a hurricane and ceased to be regarded as a menace to shipping due to its far northern position and rapid filling (ATS). September 10: HWM analyzes the extratropical remnant of Baker [not sure whether absorbed by this date] in the vicinity of 62N, 40W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights (through 05Z only): 30 kt SE and 987 mb at 00Z at 57.5N, 40.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 00Z at 56.0N, 31.9W (COA); 25 kt SE and 986 mb at 02Z at 58.0N, 40.0W (COA). Two other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 994 mb. Baker may have originated from a tropical wave which emerged off of Africa on 23 August. The 23rd through the 29th were searched for data from the African coast to 60W longitude, but no gales or low pressures were found, and there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation to begin this cyclone on any of these dates. At 18Z on 30 August, a ship reported an east wind with a pressure of 1004 mb at 14.5N, 50.3W. Unfortunately, the ship only reported once and did not provide a wind speed. Therefore, while the cyclone may have formed on the 30th, the observations are not enough to change HURDATs formation time. HURDAT originally starts this system at 06Z on the 31st as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 58.4W. There are no data near the cyclone on the 31st, but the position estimate of the cyclone on 1 September is more accurate due to more ship observations as well as an aircraft fix. The analyzed position at 06Z on the 1st was extrapolated forward in time to obtain the positions on the 31st and at 00Z on the 1st. Major eastward track adjustments are made from 06Z to 18Z on the 31st. The largest track change (06Z on the 31st) places the position about five degrees ESE of the original HURDAT position at that time. Baker passed northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 1st and 2nd, and it traveled northwestward to its recurvature point about halfway between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras by the 5th of September. The east-southeastward track adjustments made from 06Z on 31 August through 06Z on 1 September are no longer necessary by 12Z on 1 September. All track changes from 12Z on the 1st through the 5th were six-tenths of a degree or less. The first available gale observation associated with Baker occurred at 03Z on the 1st (a ship observation of 35 kt). At 17Z on the 1st, a ship recorded 45 kt along with a 1001 mb pressure, and two ships observed 50 kt winds at 18Z. At 1828Z on the 1st, aircraft reconnaissance had some trouble finding the center, although it was well established that a closed circulation existed. A lowest pressure of 1003 mb was encountered on this flight. Since the aircraft messages displayed some uncertainty regarding the location of the true center, and since ship observations suggested the central pressure was likely significantly lower than that value, the 1003 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z is removed. On the 2nd at 1215Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 993 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 993 mb yields 59 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW at this time was about half of the climatological value. A 65 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd (down from 90 kt originally- a major change). Intensities are analyzed to be 50 kt at 06Z on the 31st (down from 60 kt originally), 60 kt at 18Z on the 31st (no change), and 65 kt at 18Z on the 1st (down from 80 kt originally). Baker is analyzed to have become a hurricane 18 hours later than originally. The 1003 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at 06Z on the 1st is removed as it was apparently reported at a location that does not match either of the center position estimates from this mission. Later on the 2nd, a 996 mb central pressure was reported by aircraft, and this value is added at to HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 and 50 kt respectively according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, and 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd (down from 95 kt originally). On the 3rd, central pressures of 993 mb were recorded by aircraft reconnaissance at 1430 and 2017Z. The 993 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd is retained and a 993 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z. These central pressure values both yield 55 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N. A 65 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at all times on the 3rd (down from 100 kt originally from 00-12Z and down from 105 kt at 18Z- all major downward intensity adjustments). Central pressures of 983 mb were recorded by aircraft reconnaissance on the 4th at 1822Z and again on the 5th at 1618Z, and 983 mb central pressures are added to HURDAT at 18Z both days. The 983 mb central pressure on the 4th yields 69 kt north of 25N and 72 kt if the intensifying subset is used. The RMW was reported to be nearly twice the climatological value. The 983 mb central pressure on the 5th yields 69 kt north of 25N, and the RMW was significantly smaller than the climatological value. However, the forward speed to the storm, which was 11 kt on the 4th, had slowed to 6 kt by the 5th. A 70 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z on the 4th through 18Z on the 5th (down from 105 kt from the 4th/06Z through the 5th/12Z and down from 100 kt at the 5th/18Z- all major downward intensity adjustments). After Baker recurved on the 5th, it moved in a direction between NE and ENE until the 8th, and then made a north-northeastward turn. The cyclone passed roughly 100 nmi SE of the outer Newfoundland banks on the 8th just after becoming extratropical. From 00Z on the 6th through 06Z on the 7th, the positions are adjusted slightly south and west, and at 12 and 18Z on the 7th, the positions are moved slightly south and east of the previous HURDAT positions. These adjustments are mostly in good agreement with interpolated aircraft reconnaissance fixes, but ship observations are weighted for some of the track changes as well. On the 6th, aircraft central pressures of 981 and 978 mb were measured at 1154 and 2030Z respectively. The 981 mb central pressure in HURDAT 12Z on the 6th is retained, and a 978 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th. The 981 mb central pressure equals 71 kt north of 25N and 72 kt north of 35 kt. The RMW was about half of the climatological value. The 978 mb central pressure yields 75 kt according to both the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. Intensities of 75 and 80 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 6th (down from 95 kt originally at both times). Major downward intensity revisions of 20 to 40 kt are implemented at all times from 00Z on 2 September to 12Z on 6 September. On the 7th at 1526Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 969 mb at 39.5N, 61.1W with a 3 nmi diameter eye. The 969 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on 7th is retained. A central pressure of 969 mb yields a wind speed of 83 kt according to the north of 35N pressure wind relationship. The system was intensifying, the RMW was 2 nmi compared with a 33 nmi climatological RMW, and the cyclone had been accelerating and was now moving at about 27 kt. A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 06Z to 18Z on the 7th (up from75 kt at 18Z on the 7th- a major intensity change) and this is the analyzed peak intensity for Hurricane Baker. HURDAT previously showed a peak intensity of 105 kt from 18Z on the 3rd to 12Z on the 5th. The last aircraft fix for Baker occurred at 2110Z on the 7th, and this fix estimated surface winds of 100 kt. However, on the flight, it was reported that there were no clouds above 5,000 ft. Available observations indicate that Baker was extratropical by 00Z on the 8th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). Some minor eastward track adjustments are made on the 9th as the cyclone moved north-northeastward with a position at 18Z on the 9th of 57.0N, 44.3W (originally 57.6N, 45.8W). Ship observations of strong winds require major upward intensity adjustments on the 8th and 9th. Major upward intensity revisions of 20 to 25 kt are analyzed at all times from 18Z on the 7th through 12Z on the 9th. Numerous ship observations of 60 kt to hurricane force were observed from 19Z on the 8th through 15Z on the 9th. The winds dropped below 50 kt by 00Z on the 10th. The last position shown in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 9th, but available observations indicate that Baker was not absorbed or dissipated until after 06Z on the 10th, so 12 hours are added to HURDAT. By 00Z on the 10th, the cyclone was located near the southern tip of Greenland, and it was moving northeastward until dissipation after 06Z on the 10th. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) 35370 09/08/1952 M= 7 5 SNBR= 781 NOT NAMED XING=0 35420 09/08*420 230 35 0*418 250 35 0*416 270 40 0*411 281 40 0* 35420 09/09*406 285 45 0*403 276 45 0*400 265 45 0*398 260 40 0* 35410 09/10*395 258 40 0*393 254 35 0*390 250 35 0*386 244 30 0* 35410 09/11*385 237 30 0*387 230 30 0E387 223 30 0E383 203 35 0* 35410 09/12E375 168 35 0E373 139 35 0E372 112 35 0E370 090 35 0* 35410 09/13E372 078 35 0E390 058 35 0E410 038 35 0E417 020 35 0* 35410 09/14E423 002 35 0E4323591 35 0E4403584 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 35275 TS HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT occurred over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from 8 to 14 September, 1952. September 7: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 42.5N, 25.5W with a warm front extending from the low northward and a cold front extending from the low southward and then south-southwestward. HURDAT did not previously list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41.4N, 27.1W with a dissipating warm front extending from the low northwestward and then northward and a cold front extending from 60 nmi east of the low southeastward, and then southward, becoming a dissipating cold front. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 14Z at 40.0N, 28.0W (COA). Six other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.0N, 27.6W. A dissipating cold front extends from 42N, 28W to 43N, 27W to 43N, 23W to 40N, 19W to 35N, 19W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 999 mb at 00Z at 40.4N, 28.0W (COA); 40 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 26.5W (COA); 40 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 39.6N, 24.4W (COA, HWM). One other gale of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 999-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 38.7N, 27.2W (HWM). September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.6N, 23.8W. No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N, 20.4W. The northeast end of a ENE-WSW cold front is located about 180 nmi SSW of the HWM analyzed position. No gales or low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37.8N, 14.7W with a cold front extending from the low southwestward. No gales or low pressures. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Spain near 40.7N, 4.0W with a cold front extending from the low southward to 35N, 5W and then southwestward to 20N, 13W to 29N, 19W. Land/station highlights: 30 kt WSW at 12Z at Madrid, Spain (HWM). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 44.0N, 1.0E with a cold front extending from the low to 44N, 4E to 41N, 6E to 37N, 5E to 36N, 3E. No gales or low pressures directly related to circulation. On 7 September, a frontal wave stalled out near 25W between 35-50N. A low pressure area formed, and this low quickly lost its frontal characteristics as it attained a closed circulation. Temperatures were uniformly warm (~70F) around the low. The key piece of information that distinguishes this system as a tropical (subtropical) cyclone versus a decaying baroclinic low is the presence of several four gales located between 60 and 120 nm from the cyclones center. Additionally, the westward motion of the cyclone on 8 September is not consistent with the behavior of an extratropical cyclone. This cyclone is begun at 00Z on the 8th as a 35 kt tropical storm. At 12Z on the 8th, the position is 41.6N, 27.0W with a 40 kt analyzed intensity. The cyclone moved slowly southwestward to 40.6N, 28.5W by 00Z on the 9th. The cyclone moved slowly southeastward on the 9th and 10th, reaching a position of 39.0N, 25.0W by 12Z on the 10th. A peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 00Z to 12Z on the 9th based upon two 40 kt ship observations. The storm weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 10th at 38.5N, 24.4W. The tropical depression is analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 11th at 39.0N, 22.3W. After the cyclone become extratropical, it accelerated eastward and moved into the Iberian Peninsula around 20Z on 12 September near 37.1N, 8.9W as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone. By 12Z on the 13th, it was located near Madrid, Spain with a 35 kt intensity, and it dissipated after 12Z on the 14th into an elongated area of low pressure with a final position of 44.0N, 1.6E. With satellite imagery available today, this system likely would be characterized as a subtropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 6 (Charlie) (was Storm 4) 35430 09/22/1952 M=10 4 SNBR= 782 CHARLIE XING=0 35430 09/24/1952 M= 8 6 SNBR= 782 CHARLIE XING=0 ** ** * (The 22nd and 23rd are removed from HURDAT.) 35435 09/22* 0 0 0 0*144 622 25 0*151 649 25 0*154 659 30 0* 35440 09/23*160 668 30 0*168 676 35 0*177 684 35 0*185 691 35 0* 35445 09/24*193 698 35 0*202 706 40 0*212 714 45 0*222 722 55 0* 35445 09/24*200 692 30 0*208 700 30 0*217 708 30 0*227 717 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35450 09/25*233 730 60 0*245 738 70 0*256 747 85 0*265 751 90 993* 35450 09/25*235 728 45 0*245 734 50 0*255 740 60 0*265 746 70 993* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35455 09/26*273 750 100 0*282 748 105 0*291 741 105 0*303 724 105 0* 35455 09/26*272 749 75 989*279 748 85 0*290 743 95 969*303 731 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35460 09/27*317 706 105 0*326 695 100 0*336 681 100 0*352 657 95 0* 35460 09/27*315 716 105 0*325 702 100 0*338 686 100 958*351 659 95 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35465 09/28*369 632 95 0*384 608 90 0*395 586 85 0*400 569 85 0* 35465 09/28*367 630 95 0E384 608 90 0E395 587 85 0E399 571 85 0* *** *** *** **** *** 35470 09/29*403 555 80 0*407 541 75 0*408 527 70 0E405 510 65 0* 35470 09/29E403 555 75 0E406 541 70 0E406 529 65 0E404 515 60 0* * ** **** ** **** *** ** *** ** 35475 09/30E402 494 60 0E398 482 55 0E395 470 50 0E392 455 50 0* 35475 09/30E399 501 55 0E397 486 50 0E395 472 45 0E395 460 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35480 10/01E397 440 45 0E406 425 45 0E422 411 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 35480 10/01E400 447 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 35485 HR Minor track changes and major intensity adjustments are made to this hurricane. A major alteration is to indicate genesis 42 hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. Another major change is made to the time of extratropical transition, which is moved forward by 30 hours. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Long (1952). September 19: The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest east of the Lesser Antilles. ATS at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 12.5N, 56.3W located along a wave axis which extends from 21N, 54W to 15N, 56W to the low to 10N, 56W to 7N, 56W. Hurricane Charlie began causing concern to the Hurricane Warning Service early on 19 September when a strong easterly wave approaching the Lesser Antilles was detected on the 0030Z surface map (ATS). September 20: The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles. On the basis of the widespread precipitation ahead of this wave, the area of lower pressure (near 1011 mb) east of Barbados, and the west and south winds reported by ships near the southern extremity of the wave, the entire area just east of the Antilles was investigated on 20 September by a Navy reconnaissance plane which staged from Trinidad about 0800Z, 20 September. The easterly wave was now moving into the Caribbean where its progress could be followed by reports from the islands and by the analysis of the time cross-section (ATS). September 21: The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 64.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 15.1N, 64.9W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical wave axis along 67W from 20N to 10N. Microfilm does not show any features of interest on this day. No gales or low pressures. An easterly wave moved into the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea on September 22 (MWR). This wave continued across the Caribbean at a speed of 8 to 9 kt, slightly slower than the normal speed of advance of an easterly wave in the Caribbean. At 1630Z on 22 September, this easterly wave, now clearly unstable, passed San Juan (ATS). September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 68.9W and another closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.7N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.7N, 68.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 17.4N, 68.8W. No gales or low pressures. It showed some signs of developing a center just south of Mona Passage on September 23. Just prior to this, the wave caused heavy flooding rains on Puerto Rico September 22-23, which caused four deaths and damage estimated at $1,000,000, but no strong winds were reported. The incipient center noted on the 23rd moved northwestward over the Dominican Republic during the day and lost its identity (MWR). September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.3N, 72.0W with a NE-SW stationary front located about 620 nmi NW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.2N, 71.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 71.1W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 23.3N, 71.7W with a frontal system located several hundred miles northwest of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z shows a spot low or perhaps weak closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 22.5N, 71.5W with a front located 400 nmi NW of the cyclone, but at 18Z, microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1008 mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1009 mb at 00Z at 20.2N 68.3W (COADS), 35 kt SE at 18Z at 22.9N, 70.3W (micro). But on the 24th, there were signs of a reforming center near Turks Island, with strongest winds about 20 to 30 kt (MWR). Post analysis placed the vortex at 1230Z, 24 September, about 120 nmi north of Turks Island (ATS). September 25: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.8N, 74.5W with a dissipating stationary front located 310 nmi WNW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 74.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.7N, 73.8W with a warm front located northwest of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 25N, 74.8W with a NE-SW frontal boundary located 250 nmi WNW of the cyclone, but at 18Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb with the front a little closer to the cyclone than at 12Z. Ship highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 26.3N, 73.8W with estimated maximum winds encountered of 52 kt (micro); 45 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 21Z at 27.1N, 74.1W (micro). Six other gales between 35-40 kt and two other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1700Z at 26.2N, 74.5W with 993 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro). An airplane dispatched to reconnoiter the area east of the Bahama Islands on the 25th found the hurricane with winds 80 to 90 kt near 26N, 74.5W moving north-northwestward (MWR). A Navy reconnaissance plane departed Jacksonville early in the day and found a hurricane at 26.2N, 74.5W. The eye was well-defined, circular and 10 nmi in diameter and the minimum pressure was 993 mb. Winds of 90 kt with gusts to 100 kt existed in the eastern quadrant out to 35 nmi from the eye. The consensus of the various forecasting tools indicated the possibility of early recurvature. This was based primarily on the eastward movement of the trough which was over the Atlantic Coastal waters at 1500Z on 24 September and the southeastward movement into low latitudes of the jet stream at 200 mb. Accordingly, the first [advisory] forecast a northwest movement and stated that early recurvature to the NNW and then to the north was expected. As the storm was about 340 nmi from the Florida coast, radar reconnaissance was ordered for the night of 25-26 September (ATS). September 26: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.1N, 74.4W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located 280 nmi NNW of the cyclone and the east end of a E-W stationary front located 310 nmi WSW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.1N, 74.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.3N, 74.6W with a 1000 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 29.3N, 74.0W with a NE-SW stationary front located a few hundred nmi northwest of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered about 30 nmi north of the HWM position with a dissipating frontal boundary located a couple hundred nmi NW of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 990 mb at 00Z (unknown location climo); 35 kt NE and 995 mb at 00Z at 26.9N, 74.9W (micro); 55 kt NNE at 18Z at 31.0N, 74.0W (micro); 65 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 21Z at 30.9N, 71.0W (micro). Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 1000-1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0105, 0210, 0305, and 0400Z between 27.2-27.4N, 75.0-75.1W (micro); Navy center fix at 1323Z at 29.4N, 74.0W with 969 mb central pressure and 100+ kt winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 2030Z at 30.8N, 72.6W (micro). It recurved to the northeast on the 26th (MWR). Strongest winds in connection with this hurricane were around 120 to 125 mph estimated by aircraft on the 26th. Thereafter, it gradually lost force (MWR). All-night radar coverage was accomplished by Faetulant and their radar fixes showed Charlie moving NNW for four hours then curving to the NNE. The Navy and Air Force reconnaissance flights found that intensification was continuing. Winds were now slightly in excess of 100 kt, the minimum pressure was 969 mb and the eye was well-defined and 20 nmi in diameter (ATS). September 27: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 33.4N, 69.1W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary front located 200 nmi NE of the cyclone and the NE end of a NE-SW cold front located 110 nmi SW of the cyclone. Another NE-SW front is plotted about 500 nmi NW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 33.6N, 68.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.4N, 68.6W with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 993 mb centered near 33.8N, 68.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 34.0N, 68.2W with a NE-SW front located 250 nmi NW of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 999 mb at 00Z at 32.5N, 72.1W (COA); 65 kt SW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 30.4N, 71.0W (COA, micro); 70 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 31.0N, 68.7W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 995 mb at 15Z at 33.5N, 66.5W (micro). Eight other gales between 35-60 kt. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix (loran) at 0800Z at 32.9N, 69.8W (micro); 75 kt S (flight-level) and 992 mb at 1150Z at 32.9N, 67.3W (micro); 65 kt ESE (flight-level) and 992 mb at 1254Z at 34.0N, 67.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at either 1321Z or 1421Z at 34.0N, 68.1W with 958 mb central pressure and 130 kt maximum winds encountered at 34.1N, 68.1W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2027Z at 35.8N, 64.2W with 982 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum winds encountered at 35.8N, 63.7W (micro). It passed some distance to the northwest of Bermuda on the 27th (MWR). Charlie settled on a northeast movement at a speed of 22 to 24 kt. The microseismic amplitude at Bermuda began a sharp increase early in the day and remained above normal until the storm went out of microseismic range north of Bermuda on the following day. Both reconnaissance flights were made by Air Force planes from Bermuda. They found Charlie well-defined and containing winds in excess of hurricane force. These two flights were the last reconnaissance flights into Charlie. The last advisory was issued by the Hurricane Warning Central, Miami, at 2200Z (ATS). September 28: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.7N, 57.8W. The WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front is located 150 nmi ENE of the cyclone and another front oriented in a similar fashion is located just 100 nmi north of the former front. Two cold fronts are plotted oriented ENE-WSW with the ENE ends located 310 nmi south and 250 nmi SW of the cyclone respectively. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 39.5N, 58.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 58.8W with a 988 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a somewhat large and elongated closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 40.0N, 58.6W. Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 985 mb at 06Z at 39.3N, 60.9W (micro); 80 kt SW at 1130Z at 39.5N, 58.0W (micro); either 65 or 85 kt and 979 mb[?] sometime around 14Z-18Z at 38.8N, 59.0W (micro). 12 other gales between 35-50 kt and 13 other low pressures between 992-1005 mb. September 29: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 40.3N, 53.0W with the west end of a W-E warm front located 230 nmi ENE of the cyclone and the northeast end of a NE-SW cold front located 260 nmi south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 40.8N, 52.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 41.6N, 53.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a large closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of the HWM position. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 41.2N, 58.9W (COA, micro); 50 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 41.3N, 56.5W (COA, micro); 40 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 54.8W (COA, micro). 14 other gales between 35-50 kt and three other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. It continued northeastward over the Atlantic and passed 400 miles or more southeast of Newfoundland on September 29 and 30 (MWR). Warnings on this hurricane continued to be issued by the Fleet Warning Central, Washington, until 2200Z on 29 September. Charlie continued on a northeast course at a speed of 30 to 35 kt until 29 September, then came to an east course and decelerated (ATS). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.1N, 47.7W. The west end of a W-E warm front is located 490 nmi NNE of the cyclone and the NNE end of a NNE-SSW dissipating cold front is plotted 270 nmi SSE of the cyclone extending from 37N, 43W to 32N, 46W to 30N, 48W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.5N, 47.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 47.3W with a 996 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position very different from the other sources near 44.3N, 43.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.8N, 47.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 38.5N, 53.6W (COA, micro); 15 kt E and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.6N, 47.8W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 37.5N, 46.7W (COA, HWM); 35 kt N and 1016 mb at 18Z at 38.3N, 53.7W (COA); either 20 or 30 kt NW and 997 mb at 18Z at 39.7N, 48.4W (micro). Four other gales between 35-40 kt and 19 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. On 30 September it began decreasing in intensity (ATS). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43.8N, 40.9W with an approaching NE-SW cold front located 220 nmi WNW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.2N, 41.1W. Ship highlights (through 05Z only): 20 kt NW and 1001 mb at 00Z at 38.5N, 50.2W (COA); 30 kt NW and 997 mb at 00Z at 40.8N, 45.5W (micro); 5 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 42.0N, 43.0W (COA). It finally became extratropical and lost its intensity on 1 October near 46.0N, 36.8W (ATS). October 2: The HWM analysis indicates the remnant of Charlie was absorbed by a more powerful extratropical low before 12Z on this day. HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 49.8N, 25.6W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward and a cold front extending from the low southwestward. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Charlie may have originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 12 September. On the 19th, observations detected the presence of the wave as it began to approach the Lesser Antilles. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 20th located the wave axis just east of the islands with no closed circulation present. HURDAT begins this cyclone at 06Z on 22 September at 14.4N, 62.2W as a 25 kt tropical depression. Sufficient observations on the 22nd and 23rd suggest that a closed circulation was not yet present on those date, within the Caribbean and up until the system supposedly made landfall in the Dominican Republic. ATS and MWR call the system an open wave on the 22nd as well and the MWR is ambiguous as to whether they considered that a center had formed on the 23rd. It is also noted that at 18Z on the 23rd, when the tropical storm was supposedly at is closest approach to Santo Domingo and Port Au-Prince that both stations had higher pressures than the 22nd at 18Z (1010 mb on the 23rd versus 1009 mb on the 22nd at both stations). However, by 00Z on the 24th, there is enough evidence in particular the SSE 25 kt/1009 mb observations from a ship that the system had formed at that time. Genesis is now shown to have occurred at 00Z on 24 September (42 hours later than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression, down from 35 kt originally. The first observed gale occurred at 18Z on the 24th from a ship. Data from the 25th at 00Z suggests the wind from that ship might be biased slightly high. Nevertheless, a 35 kt wind was recorded by a different ship at 00Z on the 25th, so Charlie is analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 18Z on the 24th with a 35 kt intensity (a major revision down from 55 kt originally). The largest track change on the 24th was seven-tenths of a degree. On the 25th, Charlie turned northward and the cyclone recurved around the 26th at 00Z near 27N, 75W. The cyclone then accelerated northeastward reaching 39.4N, 58.7W by the 28th at 12Z. Charlie did not affect any more land areas subsequent to the Caicos Islands and Hispaniola. All track changes from the 25th through the 28th are one degree or less. These changes are based primarily on center fix data and to a lesser extent peripheral ship observations. The first center fix occurred on 25 September at 1530Z when a ship passed through the center of Charlie. Maximum winds encountered were estimated at 60 mph. The first aircraft center fix just a short time later at 17Z reported a central pressure of 993 mb and a well-defined circular eye of 10 nm. This suggests at RMW of about 8 nm, which is much smaller than 21 nm based upon climatology for that central pressure at that latitude. However, there is a quote that winds of 90 kt existed out to 35 miles in the eastern quadrant, so it is possible that the actual RMW may have been significantly larger than 8 nm. The 993 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 25th is retained. This value yields winds of 57 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Because of the small size, intensities of 60 and 70 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z respectively on the 25th (down from 85 and 90 kt- major downward intensity revisions). Charlie is analyzed to have become a hurricane 12 hours later than in HURDAT originally. The next day, on the 26th at 1323Z, a central pressure of 969 mb was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 26th. A central pressure of 969 mb yields 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was smaller than climatological value, and 95 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 26th (down from 105 kt originally). Ship observations of hurricane force winds are observed late on the 26th and early on the 27th. On the 27th at either 1321 or 1421Z, a 958 mb central pressure was observed by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 27th. A central pressure of 958 mb yields 97 and 91 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships respectively. The RMW was average and the forward speed of the cyclone was 20 kt. The 100 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 27th is not changed. About six hours after the aircraft measured a central pressure of 958 mb, an apparent 982 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance. However, other data indicates that this was incorrectly reported and that the plane was not in the eye. Not considering 982 mb as a central pressure is reasonable considering a 24 mb pressure rise in about six hours is quite unlikely, given that other synoptic data did not change much and still indicated the presence of a strong hurricane. On the 28th at 06Z, a ship reported 75 kt with 985 mb and at 1130Z, a different ship recorded an 80 kt wind. A few hours later, this second ship reported a 979 mb pressure with simultaneous hurricane force winds. Hurricane force winds experienced by this ship veered from SW at 1130Z to NW around 1500Z (the time of the 979 mb observation was simultaneous with the NW hurricane force winds). According to the revised track and the reported positions of the ship, the minimum pressure of the ship (not reported) likely occurred sometime around 13Z. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 74 kt for north of 35N. The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th is unchanged. No changes are made to the HURDAT intensities from 18Z on the 26th through the 28th. HURDAT previously showed a peak intensity of 105 kt occurring from 06Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th. The peak intensity of 105 kt is retained, but only from 18Z on the 26th to 00Z on the 27th. Although there is no information to indicate that the storm reached an intensity of 105 kt, it easily could have attained that intensity in between the aircraft fixes on the 26th and the 27th. On the 28th through the 30th, Charlie moved generally eastward along the 40th parallel as it became extratropical. Charlie is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 28th (36 hours earlier than originally- a major change). No track changes larger than one degree are analyzed for the remainder of the cyclones lifetime. Intensities on the 29th and 30th are lowered slightly by 5 to 10 kt due to sufficient observational coverage by ships that indicates the cyclone was weakening more quickly than indicated in HURDAT. By 00Z on the 1st, the circulation was becoming elongated and ill-defined, and observations indicate that it was no longer closed after 00Z on the 1st. Dissipation is analyzed to have taken place 12 hours prior to the time shown in HURDAT. The new final position at 00Z on 1 October is at 40.0N, 44.6W as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone. Additional quote: With the exception of the flood damage noted in Puerto Rico, no damage has been reported (MWR). ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 7 (Dog) (was Storm 5) 35490 09/25/1952 M= 5 5 SNBR= 783 DOG XING=0 35490 09/24/1952 M= 7 7 SNBR= 783 DOG XING=0 ** * * (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 35495 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*126 487 30 0*129 495 35 0* 35495 09/25* 0 0 0 0*140 510 50 0*148 516 50 0*152 519 50 0* 35495 09/25*132 502 40 0*137 509 50 0*142 516 50 0*147 521 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** 35500 09/26*155 523 55 0*159 528 55 0*162 534 60 0*166 540 70 998* 35500 09/26*152 525 55 0*157 529 55 0*162 534 55 0*166 540 60 998* *** *** *** *** ** ** 35505 09/27*170 546 75 0*175 550 70 0*180 554 55 0*187 559 45 0* 35505 09/27*170 546 60 0*175 551 55 0*180 555 45 1002*187 559 45 1001* ** *** ** *** ** **** **** 35510 09/28*193 564 40 0*198 569 40 0*202 573 40 0*207 577 35 0* 35510 09/28*193 563 40 0*199 567 40 0*204 570 40 1001*208 575 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 35515 09/29*213 581 35 0*217 587 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35515 09/29*211 579 35 0*213 582 35 0*214 585 30 0*215 589 30 1009* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** (The 30th is new to HURDAT.) 35515 09/30*217 592 30 0*219 594 30 0*221 596 25 1008*222 598 25 0* 35520 HR 35520 TS ** Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Dog is reanalyzed to have been only a tropical storm instead of a hurricane. A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. September 24: HWM analyzes a spot low near 10.7N, 52.3W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. ATS at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 12.4N, 48.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 1830Z at 11.3N, 49.4W (ATS). On 24 September, the ship Mormacowl reported west and southwest winds in the vicinity of 11.0N, 49.0W. Other ships north and west of the Mormacowls position showed the northeast winds that usually precede the approach of an easterly wave. Therefore, it appeared that an unstable easterly wave or possibly a vortex was in existence and was moving toward the Lesser Antilles island chain (ATS). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.3N, 52.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 14.8N, 51.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.0N, 51.0W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 13N, 51W. No gales or low pressures. An easterly wave was discovered over the Atlantic about 700 miles east of the Lesser Antilles on September 25 (MWR). The Air Force diverted the Gull Hotel flight to investigate this general area. No severe weather or significant circulation was encountered. However, the surface map at 1230Z showed the suspicious area centered about 13.0N, 50.0W (ATS). September 26: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 53.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 53.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.9N, 53.3W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 53.1W. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 2020Z at 16.6N, 54.2W with 998 mb central pressure, maximum surface wind visually estimated at force 12, maximum flight-level wind measured 68 kt, and estimated maximum storm intensity 100 kt (ATS, micro) [not sure whether the 100 kt was the maximum visual sea-surface estimate or a guess of the maximum storm intensity]. One other surface gale. It showed signs of intensifying, and on the 26th aircraft searching the area encountered squalls of 68 kt over a considerable area in the northern quadrant of the wave around 16 to 18N, 54W. Winds in the northeast quadrant were estimated at 100 mph, but a closed center of circulation could not be found (MWR). The Air Force reconnaissance flight discovered Hurricane Dog at 2020Z at 16.6N, 54.2W. The maximum measured winds were 68 kt, but 100-kt winds were estimated in the northern quadrant. The eye was described as well-defined and 70 nmi in diameter. A minimum pressure of 997.6 mb existed in the center. Dog was situated in a portion of the Atlantic where weather reports from ships are always rather scarce. Due to this fact and the distance of the hurricane at this time from any inhabited land area, the Hurricane Warning Central made the decision to issue [advisories] only after reconnaissance flights or after receipt of other significant information (ATS). September 27: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.0N, 55.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.0N, 55.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 18.2N, 56.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 55.8W. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1340Z (DR, sun lines) at 18.2N, 56.2W with 1002 mb central pressure and 50 kt max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 2010Z at 18.9N, 55.6W with 1001 mb central pressure (ATS, micro). By the 27th winds had weakened to 45 kt (MWR). Two reconnaissance flights one Navy and one Air Force penetrated the storm but found no hurricane-force winds. The Navy plane encountered 50 kt maximum winds and the Air Force plane reported a maximum of 30 kt. The storm was described as fairly dry and the eye was reported as well-defined. Post-analysis showed that Dog was centered near 18.2N, 56.2W or about 350 nmi northeast of Martinique at 1230Z. There was a small irregularity present on this day. The late afternoon Air Force fix was approximately 45 nmi northeast of the morning Navy fix. This small irregularity was felt due to the reintensification of the storm about a new center slightly removed from the position of the previous eye (ATS). September 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 58.5W with the closest front located 550 nmi NNW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 57.3W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.8N, 57.4W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.3N, 57.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 20.6N, 57.0W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1315Z at 20.6N, 57.1W with 1001 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (ATS, micro). The morning reconnaissance flight into Dog found the storm quite weak with a maximum winds of 35 kt, but still showing a definite closed circulation. At 1830Z, the disturbance was now about 450 nmi NNE of Martinique. At 2200Z, the Hurricane Warning Central issued the last [advisory] on Dog with the statement that issuance of [advisories] would be resumed if further reconnaissance information reveal indications of reintensification (ATS). September 29: HWM no longer analyzes any features of interest on this day that can be traced to a remnant of Dog. HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.7N, 58.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.4N, 59.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 22.2N, 59.2W. Ship highlight: 15 kt S with 1009 mb at 12Z at 20.5N 59.0W (HWM). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1935Z at 21.6N, 59.0W with 1009 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (ATS, micro). The Air Force again diverted their regularly scheduled Gull Hotel flight to reconnoiter the general area of Dog or the remnants thereof. The best remaining indication of a storm center was found near 21.6N, 59.0W or about 440 nmi NNE of Martinique at 1935Z. The maximum winds were 35 kt (ATS). September 30: The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.5N, 59.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a weak, broad closed low of at most 1011 mb between 20-26N, 55-62W. Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1000 mb [pressure likely a typo] at 12Z at 22.6N, 59.1W (COA). Aircraft highlights: possible center fix at 1305Z at 21.9N, 59.8W with 1008 mb central pressure and 30 kt max winds (ATS, micro) It continued losing force as it moved northwestward and finally died out by September 30 near 23N, 60W. While winds of hurricane force in squalls were reported at one time, all evidence indicates that this storm remained a wave and did not develop an organized center of circulation (MWR). The last reconnaissance into Dog was made by the Air Force Gull Hotel flight on this date. The remnants of the eye were now very diffuse and no actual closed circulation could be established. The maximum winds were 30 kt and the lowest pressure was 1008 mb. The last fix on Dog was at 21.9N, 59.8W (ATS). There is good evidence Dog formed from a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 18 September. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 25 September at 14.0N, 51.0W. The COADS data was obtained back to 18 September to the African coast. The data indicates an easterly wave with a circulation not defined well enough to be considered a tropical cyclone for the first two days after leaving the African coast. After that, data becomes more sparse until the 24th when ship data indicates a closed circulation. This system is begun on the 24th at 12Z (18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally) as a 35 kt tropical storm. By 06Z on the 25th (the first point listed in HURDAT), the HURDAT intensity of 50 kt is not changed and the position is adjusted four-tenths of a degree southward. Some ship data in the northern and eastern outer periphery of the circulation is helpful in locating the position on the 25th. Dog continued moving northwestward far from any land areas, and it reached a position of 21.3N, 58.2W by the 29th at 06Z. On the 26th, although there is no available ship data near the storm, an aircraft reconnaissance plane located the center at 2020Z and measured a central pressure of 998 mb. All track changes from the 26th through 06Z on the 29th are half a degree or less. The 998 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th is retained. A central pressure of 998 mb equals 51 kt according the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was 2.5 times the climatological value and the forward speed of the cyclone was a slow 7 kt. Visually estimated surface winds of hurricane force were recorded. Giving some weighting to the hurricane force surface winds (despite the system being large and having a slow forward speed), an intensity of 60 kt is analyzed at this time, down from 70 kt originally. A peak intensity of 60 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th. The previous peak intensity in HURDAT was 75 kt at 00Z on the 27th. On the 27th, aircraft central pressures of 1002 and 1001 mb were measured at 1310 and 2010Z. These values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively. On the 28th at 1315Z, a central pressure of 1001 mb was measured, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th. Intensities of 45 kt are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 27th (down from 55 kt at 12Z), and the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th is not changed. The last point shown in HURDAT previously was at 06Z on the 29th at 21.7N, 58.7W as a 35 kt tropical storm. Data from ships and aircraft reconnaissance indicate that there was still a closed circulation on the 29th and into the 30th. The new analysis shows a weakening of Dog to a tropical depression at 12Z on the 29th. Aircraft located the cyclone with a closed circulation and a central pressure of 1009 mb at 1935Z on the 29th with a max wind estimate of 35 kt. On the 30th at 1305Z aircraft reconnaissance located the system at 21.9N, 59.8W with 30 kt max winds and a 1008 mb central pressure. Central pressures of 1009 and 1008 mb are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 29th and 12Z on the 30th respectively. The revised final position is listed at 18Z on 30 September at 22.2N, 59.4W as a 25 kt tropical depression. Thereafter, the depression is analyzed to have degenerated to a remnant low or broad low, which persisted for another couple of days before the low completely dissipated. Additional quotes: ATS: Post-analysis shows that although Dog manifested hurricane-force winds at an early stage, it was never disassociated from the easterly wave on which it originally developed. From the limited information available it appears that Dog was an unstable vortex formation from a strong easterly wave, which did not continue its development to the stable vortex or hurricane stage except for a brief interval of time. All reconnaissance flights reported the southwest quadrant weak (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 8 (new to HURDAT) 35525 09/25/1952 M= 6 8 SNBR= 784 NOT NAMED XING=0 35530 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*124 227 25 0*126 239 30 0* 35530 09/26*129 249 30 0*132 257 35 0*135 263 35 0*138 268 40 0* 35530 09/27*141 272 40 0*145 274 40 0*150 275 40 0*157 274 35 0* 35530 09/28*165 272 35 0*173 271 30 0*180 270 35 0*187 270 30 0* 35530 09/29*195 270 30 0*203 270 30 0*210 270 30 0*217 270 25 0* 35530 09/30*224 270 25 0*232 270 25 0*240 270 25 9* 0 0 0 0* 35530 TS HWM, COADS, and Ryan Trucheluts warm anomaly study indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean from 25-30 September. September 25: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16N, 22W. HURDAT did not previous list this system. No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 26W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 13.7N, 27.0W (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt S and 1011 mb at 12Z at Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands (HWM). September 27: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16N, 30W. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 16.0N 25.0W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 14.0N, 27.7W (COA); 20 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 14.5N, 28.5W (COA); 20 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 14.7N, 29.4W (COA); 30 kt S and 1007 mb at 14.0N 26.0W (COA). September 28: HWM analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 33W. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure from 22N, 28W to 17N, 31W to 14N, 36W to 13N, 43W. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure from 15N45W to 18N27W. No gales or low pressures. A tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 24 September became attained a closed circulation and became a tropical depression by 12Z on the 25th at 12.4N, 22.7W with a 25 kt intensity. The depression moved west-northwestward and became a tropical storm by 06Z on the 26th with an analyzed position of 13.2N, 25.7W. By 12Z on the 27th, the cyclone was located near 15.0N, 27.5W. There were no observations of gales recorded with this cyclone, but there were four low pressure observations between 1000-1005 mb, all from the same ship. Comparison with other ships and the Cape Verde Islands reveals that the pressure on this ship likely had little to no bias. The four low pressure observations occurred between 18Z on the 26th and 12Z on the 27th. There were two 30 kt winds recorded from a different ship between 00Z on the 27th and 12Z on the 27th. The lowest pressure of 1000 mb was recorded by the first ship at 06Z on 27 September. Additionally, the ship recorded a 24 hr change of 12 mb, from 1000 mb to 1012 mb, indicative of a substantial pressure gradient being present, even if the actual pressures have a slight low bias. While the ship only recorded a maximum of 25 kt, it moved across the southwestern semicircle, which would be expected to have the weakest winds. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of at least 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 26th through 12Z on the 27th. The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 28th at 18.7N 27.0W. Observations become sparse on the 28th, but indicate that the cyclone moved northward while likely weakening. After 12Z on 30 September, the depression is analyzed to have degenerated into an open trough. The final position at 12Z on the 30th is 24.0N 27.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression. ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 9 (Easy) (was Storm 6) 35525 10/06/1952 M= 6 6 SNBR= 784 EASY XING=0 35525 10/06/1952 M= 6 9 SNBR= 784 EASY XING=0 * 35530 10/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*152 510 30 0*153 510 30 0* 35535 10/07*155 510 35 0*157 510 35 0*160 510 40 0*163 510 45 995* 35535 10/07*154 509 35 0*157 508 40 0*162 507 45 0*167 506 50 995* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35540 10/08*167 510 50 0*171 510 60 0*175 510 65 0*181 509 80 968* 35540 10/08*171 505 60 0*174 505 70 0*177 505 80 0*180 504 90 968* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35545 10/09*187 505 95 0*187 502 80 0*187 498 60 0*180 492 40 1001* 35545 10/09*181 501 85 0*181 498 75 0*180 495 60 0*177 494 40 1001* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35550 10/10*172 492 40 0*164 494 40 0*156 499 35 0*151 503 35 0* 35550 10/10*170 495 40 0*163 497 40 0*157 501 35 0*154 505 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35555 10/11*147 510 35 0*141 519 35 0*140 530 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 35555 10/11*152 510 35 0*149 519 30 0*145 530 30 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** ** 35560 HR Minor track and intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories. October 6: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.1N, 51.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.2N, 51.0W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 16.5N, 48.5W with a wave axis running through the low from 21N, 47W to 8N, 51W. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1010 mb at 18Z at 17.0N, 48.5W (COA); 75 kt ENE (wind appears either too high, a typo, or incorrect) and 1012 mb at 1830Z at 19.3N, 52.3W (ATS). October 7: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.4N, 51.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 51.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.3N, 50.6W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 16.2N, 50.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 06Z at 15.5N, 49.9W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 18.2N, 51.6W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1720Z at 16.8N, 50.5W with 995 mb central pressure and 40 kt max winds (ATS). It was located by reconnaissance aircraft on October 7 with maximum winds of only about 40 kt (MWR). The Gull Hotel flight arrived in the suspicious area in the early afternoon. A definite disturbance was encountered and a low-level penetration of a well-defined eye of 25 nmi diameter was made at 1720Z. The disturbance was centered about 16.8N, 50.5W. The maximum observed winds were 40 kt and the minimum pressure was 995 mb. Advisory number one on Tropical Storm Easy was issued at 1930Z by the Fleet Weather Central, Miami, and the Weather Bureau Office, San Juan, respectively. As in the early stages of Storm Dog, it was decided that further warnings and advisories on Easy would not be issued until after the reconnaissance flight of the following day unless other significant information was received earlier. This was predictable at this time due to the remoteness of the storm from land areas or busy shipping lanes (ATS). October 8: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.8N, 50.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.5N, 51.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.0N, 51.0W. ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 17.3N, 50.4W. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1006 mb at 00Z at 18.7N, 50.2W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 0630Z at 19.4N, 49.4W (ATS). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1626Z at 17.8N, 50.4W with 968 mb central pressure, 83 kt maximum measured flight-level winds, and 95 kt maximum estimated winds (ATS, micro). But on the 8th, the plane encountered winds of 95 kt near the center (MWR). The Air Force plane diverted from the Gull Hotel flight to make the Duck Echo flight into Easy. This flight found a hurricane with measured winds of 83 kt gusting to 100 kt. At 1626Z, the center was fixed near 17.8N, 50.4W. The eye was 25 nmi in diameter and the minimum pressure was 968 mb. This fix showed a northerly drift of the storm of only 60 nmi in the past 24 hr (ATS). October 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.7N, 49.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 49.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 50.5W. ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 18.1N, 49.8W and at 18Z, ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 17.5N, 49.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 17.7N, 51.4W (COA). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1727Z 60 nautical miles due east of the previous days fix with 1001 mb central pressure and 42 kt maximum winds (ATS). The flight on October 9 found that winds had dropped to 42 kt and thereafter it died out (MWR). The Air Force reconnaissance flight arrived in the storm at 1727Z and revealed that Easy was now 60 nmi due east of the position fixed by the plane the previous day. Furthermore, Easy had diminished greatly in intensity and was apparently filling. The reconnaissance plane stated positively that no winds over 42 kt existed in the storm area. The minimum pressure had risen to 1001 mb (ATS). October 10: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 50.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.6N, 49.9W. No gales or low pressures. Easy continued weakening and continued moving southward until late on 10 October. Then the easterly flow initiated the westward movement of the storm (ATS). October 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.1N, 53.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.0N, 53.0W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.7N, 53.9W. No gales or low pressures. A recognizable circulation persisted at the surface until 1830Z on 11 October (ATS). October 12: HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.3N, 54.7W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. Easy lost its identity as a circulation after 11 October but progressed westward in the form of a strong easterly wave, which crossed the Lesser Antilles on 13 October. This easterly wave, or the remnants of Easy, disappeared during the passage over the Caribbean Sea. After the formation of Fox on 20-21 October, it was noted that the remnants of Easy, traveling westward at a speed of 8 to 10 kt, would have been in the area of the formation of Fox at the time it was discovered. All attempts to establish such a relationship between Easy and Fox failed, however, due to the disappearance of the remnants of Easy both on the surface maps and on the time cross-section. This disappearance may have been an actuality or may have been the result of the scarcity of reports in the eastern areas of the Caribbean. Whichever was the case, this most interesting relationship could not be positively established, and the two storms, Easy and Fox, had to be considered as separate and individual phenomena (ATS). HURDAT begins this cyclone on 6 October at 12Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.2N, 51.0W. Data obtained back to 5 October does not indicate a closed circulation. No changes are made to the timing of genesis or the intensities and positions on the 6th. Easy moved very little for the next few days and aircraft center fixes substantiate the loop in the track shown in HURDAT. However, the fixes and well as available ship observations indicate the loop was tighter than shown in the original HURDAT. Despite that, all track changes are eight-tenths of a degree or less. The three aircraft fixes reported central pressures of 995, 968, and 1001 mb- one per day for three consecutive days. These central pressures are retained in HURDAT. The 995 mb central pressure yields 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW is slightly larger than the climatological value and the speed is slow. Maximum winds of 40 kt were encountered on the flight. A 50 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 7th (up from 45 kt originally). The 968 mb central pressure on the 8th yields 93 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW and speed of the storm were about the same as the previous day. A 90 kt intensity is chosen at 18Z on 8 October (up from 80 kt originally). The central pressure of 1001 mb on the 9th yields 47 kt according to the weakening subset of the southern pressure wind relationship. The speed of the storm was still 4 kt. The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 9th is retained. This cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane on the 8th six hours earlier than originally. The peak intensity of 85 kt is analyzed to have occurred at 18Z on the 8th. The previous peak intensity of 95 kt was listed at 00Z on the 9th. No intensity changes are made from 12Z on the 9th through 00Z on the 11th. Easy is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 11th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally), and no change is made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 12Z on the 11th at 14.5N, 53.0W as a 30 kt tropical depression. The possibility of Easy and Fox being the same system as was mentioned in the ATS was investigated. However, the passage of about eight days between the demise of Easy and the formation of Fox as well as the lack of any coherent surface features during that time period suggests that the two systems were independent. Additional quote: This storm flared briefly to hurricane intensity and then as rapidly dissipated over the Atlantic about 700 miles east of Antigua, BWI. The hurricane moved very little during its existence, but remained in the vicinity of 17-18N, and 50-51W. Without the extension of our view provided by the B-29 reconnaissance planes, this hurricane would doubtless have done undetected (MWR). ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 10 (Fox) (was Storm 7) 35565 10/20/1952 M= 9 7 SNBR= 785 FOX XING=0 L 35565 10/20/1952 M= 9 10 SNBR= 785 FOX XING=0 ** * 35570 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*118 776 25 0*125 783 30 0* 35570 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*114 777 25 0*125 785 30 0* *** *** *** 35575 10/21*133 791 30 0*142 799 30 0*150 807 45 0*154 812 50 1003* 35575 10/21*136 793 30 0*147 802 30 0*157 811 35 0*166 818 45 1003* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35580 10/22*157 815 55 0*163 819 60 0*168 822 65 0*173 823 75 993* 35580 10/22*170 820 50 0*171 820 55 0*172 820 55 0*173 820 60 993* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35585 10/23*177 823 80 0*180 823 85 0*184 822 95 0*189 821 100 0* 35585 10/23*176 820 75 0*179 820 95 0*183 820 110 942*188 820 115 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35590 10/24*195 820 110 0*201 818 120 0*208 815 125 0*218 810 130 934* 35590 10/24*194 819 115 0*200 816 120 0*210 813 120 940*220 809 125 934* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35595 10/25*228 805 100 0*235 801 85 0*241 796 85 0*246 788 90 991* 35595 10/25*228 805 85 0*234 799 70 0*239 793 65 0*244 784 60 991* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35600 10/26*248 778 95 0*247 768 95 0*246 759 100 0*244 751 95 0* 35600 10/26*247 775 65 0*248 766 75 0*246 759 75 0*244 752 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35605 10/27*244 745 80 0*253 740 65 0*263 744 40 0*273 735 35 0* 35605 10/27*244 745 55 994*253 743 50 0*264 742 45 0E276 738 40 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 35610 10/28*282 721 30 0*296 696 30 0*317 690 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 35610 10/28E288 728 35 0E300 717 30 0E314 704 25 0* 0 0 0 0* **** *** ** **** *** **** *** 35615 HR International Landfalls: 10/24/1952 18Z 22.0N 80.9W 125 kt 934 mb Cuba 10/25/1952 19Z 24.4N 78.3W 60 kt Bahamas (Andros) 10/26/1952 10Z 24.7N 76.2W 75 kt Bahamas (Eleuthera) 10/26/1952 15Z 24.5N 75.6W 75 kt Bahamas (Cat Island) Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Fox, which made a Cuban landfall as a major hurricane. A major change is made to add in an extratropical phase. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Perez et al. (2000). October 19: HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.1N, 79.2W located within a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a spot low near 10.3N, 77.6W located within a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 11.8N, 77.6W. Microfilm first plots a closed low at 18Z of at most 1008 mb centered near 13.9N, 79.9W. No gales or low pressures. The outbreak of Fox provided another demonstration of the great value of the Microseismic Research Project. The first positive indications of a tropical disturbance came from the microseismic station at Swan Island as early as 1200Z on 20 October. The surface wind at Swan Island, which was NE force 2 (5 kt), at 1230Z, 20 October became NW, force 3 (10 kt), after the [cold] frontal passage (ATS). October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.3N, 80.7W with a dissipating stationary front located from 22N, 83W to 19N, 85W, becoming a cold front at 17N, 87W, extending to 16N, 90W to 15N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 80.7W. ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N, 81.1W with the south end of a cold front located about 200 nmi north of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17N, 81W. Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 2050Z at 17.4N, 82.2W with 1003 mb lowest pressure encountered (possible central pressure) and 50 kt max wind encountered (ATS, micro). A Navy reconnaissance flight arrived in the area at 2050Z. The plane encountered a heavy squall line and a wind shift at 17.4N, 82.2W. The max winds were 50 kt and these existed in the southwest portion of the area. The lowest pressure was 1003 mb. On the return flight the plane penetrated the mild cold front ten nmi north of Grand Cayman Island at 2300Z. The strongest wind and lowest pressure reported from that vicinity on 21 October were at station #725, near Cabo Gracis a Dios, Nicaragua at 1230Z (ATS). The last hurricane of the 1952 season was the most severe. It developed from a perturbation on the intertropical convergence zone that was first noted in the western Caribbean Sea north of the Canal Zone on October 21 (MWR). October 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.0N, 81.9W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 24N, 80W, and the north end of a ENE-WSW dissipating cold front located about 120 nmi south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.8N, 82.2W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 82.3W. ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 16.9N, 81.7W with the SW end of a SW-NE cold front located 180 nmi NNW of the cyclone. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near the HWM position with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located near 22N, 84W extending to 24N, 80W. Ship highlights: 40 kt WNW and 999 mb at 21Z at 17.0N, 82.6W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1745Z at 17.2N, 81.9W with 993 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds (ATS, micro). Three other flight-level gales between 40-50 kt and two other low pressures between 1001-1004 mb. It increased to hurricane force on the 22nd when it was about 150 miles east of Swan Island (MWR). The 0030Z surface map contained a report from a ship about 85 nmi east of Swan Island. This report showed NW wind force 7 (30 kt) and continuous moderate rain. The Navy reconnaissance plane arrived in the suspicious area at 1745Z. This time a hurricane was found. The eye, which was centered near 17.2N, 81.9W, was very poorly defined and contained no definite calm area. The maximum winds of 80 kt existed in the eastern semicircle and the minimum pressure was now 993 mb. [Advisory] Number One was issued at 2000Z, 22 October. At the same time the plane reported hurricane force winds, the microseismic amplitude at Swan Island was increasing. This comparison of reconnaissance and microseismic information is an illustration of the value of microseisms in detecting changes of intensity in storms (ATS). October 23: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 81.9W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 24N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 18.4N, 82.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.5N, 81.0W with a 991 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 18.2N, 82.1W with the SW end of a cold front located at 24N, 80W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the southwest end of a SW-NE front located near 23N, 81W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 17.2N, 82.8W (COA); 35 kt NW and 1007 mb at 00Z at 17.8N, 83.0W (micro); 40 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z at 16.0N, 84.2W (micro). Five other gales of 35 kt. Land/station highlights: 40-45 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 21Z at Grand Cayman (micro). One other gale and one other low pressure at Grand Cayman between 15-18Z. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1410Z at 18.5N, 82.0W with 942 mb central pressure and 100+ kt winds (ATS, micro); 80 kt SSE at flight-level of 600 ft and 995 mb at 15Z at 18.7N, 81.3W (micro); center fix (circumnavigation only) during the afternoon at 19.3N, 82.0W with 80-85 kt maximum winds encountered in outer periphery (ATS). Two Navy reconnaissance flights were scheduled for this date. The morning flight fixed the center of the hurricane about 75 nmi SW of Grand Cayman at 1410Z. The eye was now well-defined and circular. The minimum pressure was 942 mb. Severe turbulence and continuous heavy rain were encountered as long as 10 minutes prior to and after penetration. This morning flight returned to the Marina Corps Air Station, Miami, and the pilot and aerologist were interviewed personally by the Officer in Charge, Fleet Weather Central. The pilot and aerologist, both experienced in hurricane and typhoon flying, stated that Fox was the worst storm they had experienced. They advised that subsequent reconnaissance flights not attempt penetration but reconnoiter the storm by circumnavigation. The afternoon reconnaissance heeded this advice and circumnavigated the hurricane on the 45 and 70-knot isovels [isotachs?]. The maximum winds encountered on circumnavigation were 80 to 85 kt. The estimated position of the center at 19.5N, 82.0W showed that the storm was still moving northward at a rather slow speed (ATS). October 24: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.9N, 81.5W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 26N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 20.8N, 81.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 80.5W with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR-post season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 81.6W. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.3N, 80.8W with the SW end of a cold front located at 25N, 78W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near the HWM and HURDAT positions with the southwest end of a SW-NE front located 140 nmi NNW of the hurricane extending from 23N, 82W to 25N, 79W to 27N, 75W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1011 mb at 00Z at 17.7N, 84.1W (COA, micro). Land/station highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro); either 934 or 940 mb (min p) at 1630Z at Cayo Guano del Este (21.6N, 81.1W) (MWR, Perez); 155 kt (peak gust at 25 meters) around ~1630Z at Cayo Guano del Este (MWR, Perez); gusts of 85 kt reported from several stations in Cienfuegos province (Perez); 981 mb (min p) at Abreu, Cienfuegos, Cuba (22.3N, 80.6W) (Perez). Five other gales between 35-80 kt and five other low pressures between 986-1005 mb. Boca Chica land-based radar center fixes at 2030, 2230, and 2330Z between 22.3-22.6N, 80.6-80.9W (micro). Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, 0900, and 0950Z between 19.6-20.3N, 81.4-82.0W (micro); Navy center fix at 1534Z at 21.8N, 80.9W with 940 mb central pressure and 130 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro). All night coverage by Navy radar aircraft was provided on 23-24 October by Faetulant. Very good fixes were obtained throughout the night and the plot of these fixes substantiated the commencement of a slow recurvature to the NNE. The last radar report at 1000Z fixed the eye 170 nmi SSE of Havana, Cuba. The Navy morning reconnaissance flight again decided on a low-level penetration and found the storm at 21.9N, 80.9W, about 25 nmi south of Cuba, at 1534Z. The eye was circular, well-defined and 18 nmi in diameter. Winds of 130 kt were encountered 20 nmi SW of the eye, with extremely heavy precipitation. This morning reconnaissance revealed that the storm already had accelerated. The 1830Z surface map shows the situation shortly after the eye went inland near Cienfuegos, Cuba. Cuba suffered considerable damage as a result of the passage of Fox. Extensive damage to the principal industries sugar and bananas and to shipping near the coast was reported. About 100 people were injured and property damage was well above $3,000,000. No loss of life was reported (ATS). It moved northward with increasing intensity and crossed Cuba on the 24th as a very severe small hurricane. The passage over Cuba was through the rural sugar cane plantation section, and it was reported that 36 of Cubas 161 sugar mills were in the storm area and suffered damage in addition to the heavy damage to the cane crops. The largest community struck was the inland town of Aguada de Pasajeros (25,000 population) where about 600 homes were destroyed, and a thousand or more damaged. No lives were lost. Strongest winds reported 180 mph and lowest pressure 933.6 mb at Cayo Guano del Este (MWR). This was by far the most severe hurricane of the season when it reached the south Cuban coast 30 or 40 miles west of Cienfuegos. Lowest pressure was 933.6 mb and maximum wind gusts reached 170 and 180 mph at the official weather station on Cayo Guano del Este just off the south Cuban coast. Aircraft flying into the hurricane [south of Cuba] reported torrential rain driven with such force by the wind that the paint was stripped from the nose and all leading surfaces of the plane, and turbulence was the most severe the crew had ever experienced. Fortunately, no very large communities were hit in Cuba, but the rural areas affected were severely damaged (MWR). Perez indicates a Category 4 landfall for Cuba with 936 mb central pressure (from a 940 mb observation) and estimated 120 kt max sustained winds. "Maxima intensidad cerca de Cayo Guano del Este. Grandes danos (Perez). October 25: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.7N, 79.5W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located 170 nmi NNE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 79.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions. ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.8N, 79.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near the positions of all the above sources. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 28.3N, 79.8W (COA, micro). Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 22.5N, 79.4W (micro); 25 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 21Z at Nassau (25.1N, 77.4W) (micro, ATS), 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 21Z at Andros Island (24.2N, 77.7W) (micro). One other low pressure of 1003 mb at Andros Island. Boca Chica land-based radar center fixes at 0030, 0130, 0230, 0430, 0530, 0630, and 0830Z between 22.7-23.7N, 79.7-80.6W (micro). Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0250, 0346, 0408, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, and 0900Z between 23.2-23.7N, 79.4-79.8W (micro); Navy center fix [probably bad] at 1305Z at 23.7N, 79.3W with 995 mb lowest pressure encountered and 100 kt max flight-level winds encountered at 500 ft (ATS, micro); Navy center fix at 2005Z at 24.7N, 77.8W with 991 mb central pressure and 40 kt winds reported (ATS, micro). Hurricane Fox lost much of its violence in crossing Cuba, but retained winds of 100 mph or better as it moved on an erratic course through the Bahama Islands (MWR). Moving at a speed of 10 kt, the hurricane was over water again on the 0030Z surface analysis. Navy radar coverage was again provided throughout the night. On the radar the storm had a diffuse eye with precipitation bands existing only in the northern quadrant. The passage over land evidently had affected the size and intensity of the storm. At the surface the circulation of Fox extended over southern Florida however the winds were quite light. Two Navy reconnaissance flights were made from Miami on 25 October. The morning flight located the eye about 140 nmi SE of Miami. The SW quadrant appeared quite weak and clear, however, winds in excess of 100 kt were found in the NE quadrant. The afternoon flight penetrated the storm at 2005Z and centered the well-defined, circular eye just east of Andros Island. The lowest pressure was 991 mb. Fox had crossed the center of Andros Island, Bahamas, between the two reconnaissance fixes. It was now on an ENE course and passing very close to Nassau. Nassau, being only 30 nmi from the northern edge of the eye at the closest point, experienced maximum winds of only 25 kt! It was apparent that Fox had not recovered from its passage over Cuba and that its eventual complete dissipation was a matter of time (ATS). October 26: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 75.0W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located 80 nmi northeast of the cyclone extending from 26N, 74W to 28N, 67W to 29N, 61W. A W-E cold front is also plotted from 31N, 77W to 31N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 24.6N, 75.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 76.0W with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 75.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzed a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position with a W-E frontal boundary located about 240 nmi north of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 74.2W. A few other gales of 35 kt possibly related to the circulation far away from the center. Land/station highlights: 25 kt E and 1002 mb at 01Z at Nassau (micro); 95 kt SE (estimated) and 1000 mb at 0745Z at Eleuthera (25.1N, 76.2W) (micro); 83 (kt or mph?) S at either 15 or 16Z Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (ATS, micro); 50 kt SW at 2120Z at San Salvador (24.0N, 74.5W). 14 other gales between 35-85 kt and 14 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix [probably bad] at 1425Z at 24.8N, 76.3W with 994 mb lowest pressure encountered and 50 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 95 kt WSW flight-level max at 1630Z (micro); Air Force center fix at 2118Z at 24.4N, 74.8W with 994 mb central pressure and 65 kt max winds (ATS, micro). Two other gales of 35-60 kt and two other low pressures of 995-998 mb. In the Bahamas, winds of 100 mph or a little higher attended the erratic course. The station at Cat Island reported 110 mph for the strongest wind, and about 100 mph was reached on Watling and Eleuthera Islands, and a few other. In the southern part of Eleuthera Island crops suffered severe damage from wind and heavy rain. It is estimated that 30% of the tomato crop was destroyed (MWR). Regarding the track The erratic swing to east and east-southeast was not indicated by meteorological conditions, and even more unusual was its swing back northward to its normal course after reaching the vicinity of Watling Island (MWR). During the night, reports of hurricane force winds began to arrive from the eastern-most islands of the Bahamas group. Shortly after midnight (Miami time) a report of 100 kt of wind was received from Eleuthera Island. Fox had to be considered as still a dangerous hurricane until more complete information was received. It was evident that such information had to come from a reconnaissance flight since the reports from the Bahamas and ships in the vicinity on the current maps showed light to moderate winds for the most part. The Air Force at Bermuda was now assuming the primary reconnaissance duty. The morning flight found a well-defined circulation centered at 24.8N, 76.3W. The maximum winds, however, were 50 kt and these occurred only in squalls. The afternoon reconnaissance located the storm at 24.4N, 74.8W and observed maximum winds of 65 kt in the NE quadrant. The flight aerologists described the active storm area as a crescent-shaped arc 70 nmi from the center in the southern semicircle. At 1100 (Miami time) a report of 83 kt of wind was received from Cat Island. During the afternoon, San Salvador reported increasing winds and a falling barometer. Eleuthera, Cat, and San Salvador Islands, which lie in a NW-SE line, obviously were experiencing successively the passage of squalls in the active storm area described by the afternoon reconnaissance. The Fleet Weather Central held the theory that the storm was weakening and consisted now of a slow-moving small center and a squall line which was moving ahead of the center to the east and which contained the most severe weather and the highest winds (ATS). October 27: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 74.9W with the west end of a W-E warm front located about 140 nmi north of the cyclone extending from 30N, 75W to 30N, 70W to 29N, 65W to 29N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 74.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 73.1W with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS at 18Z analyses a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.4N, 75.4W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes two closed lows along a frontal boundary- one of at most 1011 mb centered near 29.6N, 70.1W, and the other of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.9N, 75.2W. At 18Z, microfilm analyzes the first low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.5N, 68.3W, and the other low is of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.9N, 74.7W (the 18Z HURDAT position is 27.3N, 73.5W). Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 27.0N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 74.0W (micro); 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 28.0N, 75.7W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb (pressure looks too low) at 18Z at 29.7N, 74.4W (COA). Land/station highlights: 35 kt NNE and 0007Z at San Salvador (micro). Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix at 1437Z at 25.9N, 75.2W with 1008 mb lowest pressure encountered and 45 kt max winds (ATS, micro). After clearing the Bahamas the storm swung back north to resume a more normal course, it was joined by an old polar front and become a wave disturbance of extratropical character (MWR). The Air Force provided the morning reconnaissance of 27 October and found a diffuse eye at 25.9N, 75.2W. This position was about 80 nmi NNW of the fix of the previous afternoon. The maximum winds encountered were 45 kt in the SE quadrant and the minimum pressure had risen to 1008 mb. A search of the area of the reconnaissance plane failed to disclose any indication of a closed circulation. The degeneration of Hurricane Fox was now evident. The remnants of the organized storm were drifting slowly north-northwestward toward an area of falling pressure tendencies near a front. Fox was extratropical on the 1830Z surface analysis of 27 October. The frontal wind shifts and temperature discontinuities were becoming more marked and Fox was becoming the westernmost cell of an elongated low which extended eastward to an open wave about 180 nmi SW of Bermuda. After 1830Z, 27 October, the open wave, which had been Fox, began to move northeastward (ATS). October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.0N, 72.5W with a warm front plotted from 35N, 70W southeastward to 32N, 64W to 30N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.7N, 69.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated, but closed low along a frontal boundary of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.2N, 69.8W. Ship highlights (through 12Z only): 35 kt ENE at 00Z at 29.0N, 76.0W (COA). It moved northeastward thereafter as a disturbance of no great violence and passed to the northwest of Bermuda on October 28 (MWR). The last [advisories] on Fox were issued on the morning of 28 October (ATS). October 29: HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 41.3N, 55.2W [not sure if this is the remnant of Fox]. This low is located in the warm sector of a powerful extratropical cyclone of at most 987 mb centered near 46.6N, 64W. The wave passed 100 nmi north of Bermuda on 29 October (ATS). October 30: On 30 October the open wave lost its identity as a separate circulation and become imbedded in the much stronger circulation of a deep North Atlantic low (ATS). The disturbance that became Hurricane Fox originated in the western Caribbean Sea as many historical hurricanes have in the month of October. HURDAT begins this system on 20 October at 12Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 11.8N, 77.6W. Observations back on the 19th show that a closed circulation did not yet exist on that day. On the 20th, observations show a weak circulation beginning to take shape. No change is made to the timing of genesis or to the intensity at genesis, but the position is moved a few tenths of a degree southward to 11.4N, 77.7W. No major track changes are made to this system until the 28th during an extratropical phase (discussed later). While the circulation was still weak, it moved northward at a modest speed, but by the 21st at 18Z, it began to slow down when it reached a location near 16.6N, 81.8W. The highest wind recorded from genesis through the 21st at 18Z was 25 kt and the lowest pressure recorded during that time was 1008 mb. On the 21st, the center of the cyclone passed about 60-75 nmi northeast of ship 6583 (COA). The ship was sailing southeastward. The wind shifted from 15 kt N and 1010 mb at 12Z on the 21st to 15 kt SW and 1010 mb at 18Z on the 21st. On 21 October at 2050Z, aircraft reconnaissance encountered a lowest pressure of 1003 mb and 50 kt maximum winds. The recon crew reported a sharp wind shift with the 1003 mb lowest pressure encountered, but they werent 100% sure it was definitely the center. Ship data suggest that the center may have been located a few dozen nmi farther to the SSE. If the 1003 mb value was indeed a central pressure, 1003 mb yields 41 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 21st (down from 50 kt originally). No change is made to the time this cyclone became a tropical storm (12Z on the 21st). Since it is possible that the 1003 mb pressure may have been correct, the value is retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st. Fox moved slowly north-northwestward, and then it moved slowly northward. It passed west of Grand Cayman on the 23rd and moved north-northeastward toward the south-central coast of Cuba. The largest track change during the period from genesis through the 24th is over 1.3 degrees at 00Z on the 22nd. Although the original HURDAT position is not moved quite as far NNW as the recon fix from 21/205Z, the recon fix is weighted significantly. .Some 30 kt winds were observed from ships and Swan Island from late on the 21st through 12Z on the 22nd. On the 22nd at 1745Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 993 mb. The 993 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd is retained. A central pressure of 993 mb yields 59 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Maximum flight-level winds encountered were 80 kt at 600 ft. Fox was moving with a forward speed at only 4 kt. A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd (down from 75 kt originally). The first ship gale was recorded at 21Z on the 22nd (40 kt with a 999 mb pressure 40 to 45 nmi from the interpolated analyzed center). On the 23rd at 1410Z, a central pressure of 942 mb was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd. A 942 mb central pressure equals 121 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW was average and the speed was still slow. Intensities of 110 and 115 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 23rd (up to 95 and 100 kt originally). Fox is analyzed to have become a hurricane by 00Z on the 23rd (12 hours later than originally). Fox is analyzed to have become a major hurricane by 12Z on the 23rd (six hours earlier than originally). Observations from Grand Cayman late on the 23rd indicate that this intense hurricane was very small (strong winds did not extend very far outward from the center). On the 24th at 1534Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 940 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 24th. A central pressure of 940 mb equals 121 kt according to the southern-pressure wind relationship. The RMW was average and the speed had increased to about 9 kt. Hurricane Fox passed near or over Cayo Guano Del Este lighthouse (21.6 to 21.7N, 81.0 to 81.1W) at 1630Z on the 24th and it is analyzed to have made landfall in mainland Cuba at 18Z on 24 October. MWR states that the minimum pressure recorded at Cayo Guano Del Este was 933.6 mb, but Perez states that 940 mb was the minimum pressure experienced at 1630Z. Perez estimates a central pressure of 936 mb based on the 940 mb observation. Therefore, Perez believes that the 940 mb observation was not a central pressure observation. The analyzed central pressure should be either 934 or 936 mb, depending on whether the MWR or the Perez information is used. (Maybe the 934 mb was a pressure not adjusted to sea-level, but there is no information on this). The 934 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is retained. The highest wind gusts reported at Cayo Guano Del Este are 151 kt (Perez) and 157 kt (MWR). It is not certain whether these wind gusts were measured or estimated. If they were measured, this lighthouse is about 25 m tall, and the anemometer can be assumed to be at a height of 25 m. Regardless, this uncertain wind gust information cannot be used to determine the intensity. The 934 mb central pressure yields intensities of 126 and 129 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and its intensifying subset respectively. HURDAT previously showed landfall with a 130 kt intensity. Perez recommends a 120 kt landfall intensity. A 125 kt intensity is chosen for the 16Z landfall on Cayo Guano Del Este and the 18Z landfall in mainland Cuba. Therefore, the landfall intensity (which is also the peak intensity for Hurricane Fox) is reduced from 130 to 125 kt. Fox was over Cuba until 02Z on the 25th. The center was tracked by radar fixes from the Boca Chica land-based radar while it was over land, and when it emerged back over water, aircraft made radar fixes during the night. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yields 78 kt for 00Z on the 25th, and 85 kt is chosen for the 00Z intensity (down from 100 kt originally). All information indicates that rapid filling occurred as soon as Fox made landfall in Cuba. On the 25th, Fox curved from north-northeastward to eastward. It passed over Andros Island from 19Z to 22Z on the 25th. On the 25th at 2005Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 991 mb along the east coast of Andros Island. The 991 mb central pressure value is retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 25th. A central pressure of 991 mb yields 62 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 58 kt north of 25N. A 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 25th (down from 90 kt originally- a major change). As Fox continued moving eastward through the Bahamas, Eleuthera experienced strong winds and pressures down to 1000 mb during the pre-dawn hours of the 26th. All winds reported from Eleuthera were estimated after 04Z and should not be considered official winds. At 1425Z on the 26th, aircraft apparently fixed the center and measured a central pressure of 994 mb. However, other data indicates that this fix was in error and a 994 mb central pressure in not added to HURDAT. Cat Island reported hurricane force winds at 15 or 16Z on the 26th. At 1630Z, aircraft reconnaissance reported 95 kt flight-level winds. At 1930Z, San Salvador recorded winds of 45 to 50 kt, and a rather interesting wind shift of nearly 180 degrees was observed there. At about the same time, at 2118Z on the 26th, a central pressure of 994 mb was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 27th. A central pressure of 994 mb yields 58 and 53 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. The center fix by aircraft reconnaissance was eight-tenths of a degree north of San Salvador. A position halfway between San Salvador and aircraft fix is analyzed for that time. Analyzed intensities on the 26th are 65, 75, 75, and 70 kt (down from 95, 95, 100, and 95 kt- all major changes). A 55 kt intensity is analyzed from 00Z on the 27th (down from 80 kt originally). Fox is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 27th (12 hours earlier than originally). It is difficult to track the cyclone on the 27th after it left the Bahamas. Observations indicate that the circulation of Fox became elongated as frontal features began to take shape. On the 27th at 18Z, ship data indicates that Fox was still a rather distinct cyclone about eight-tenths of a degree west of the previous HURDAT position. It is analyzed that Fox became extratropical at 18Z on the 27th. This is a new addition to HURDAT, as HURDAT did not previously show an extratropical phase. The only major track change is made at 06Z on the 28th. The position is moved 2,1 degrees west of the previous HURDAT position, and this is indicated by a few ship observations. No change is made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred at 12Z on the 28th at 31.4N, 70.4W as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone. Additional quote: The excellent warning service is given credit for the fact that no lives were lost. Commander Millas of the National Observatory at Havana gave the Miami Hurricane Central the best possible cooperation, and the special surface and upper air observations furnished from Cuban stations made the excellent warnings possible. This was another of those very small but very severe hurricanes from the western Caribbean for which October is famous (MWR). ******************************************************************************* 1952 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT) 35565 11/24/1952 M= 7 11 SNBR= 785 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 35570 11/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E225 600 30 0* 35570 11/25E232 585 35 0E241 570 40 0E251 560 45 0E260 553 45 0* 35570 11/26*267 550 45 0*274 548 45 992*280 553 45 0*284 565 45 0* 35570 11/27*288 580 50 0*292 593 50 0*293 603 50 0*290 613 50 0* 35570 11/28*284 623 50 0*278 626 50 0*272 627 50 0*269 627 45 0* 35570 11/29*266 624 45 0*263 613 40 0*262 602 40 0*262 588 35 0* 35570 11/30*262 576 35 0*265 570 30 0*267 567 30 0E270 563 30 0* 35570 TS HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows COADS, Jack Bevens list of suspects, and David Roths list of potential systems indicates that a tropical storm, previously undocumented to HURDAT, occurred during late November in the central Atlantic Ocean. November 23: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.8N, 61.3W with a stationary front extending from the low east-northeastward to 25N, 50W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 65.1W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 21.0N, 65.0W. No gales or low pressures. November 24: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb between 19-24N, 55-64W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 24N, 46W and a stationary front extending from the low southwestward to 18N, 66W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 60.7W with a 1008 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone at 22.5N, 58.0W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low. No gales or low pressures. November 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.5N, 55.7W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 25N, 46W and a cold front extending from the low southwestward to 18N, 65W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.5N, 57.1W with a 1000 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 24.5N, 56.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.4N, 56.1W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 56.7W (micro, Saxton Star); 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 26.7N, 54.5W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 26.2N, 55.7W (micro, Saxton Star); 35 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 27.0N, 53.7W (COA, micro). November 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.8N, 58.0W. An occluded front extends from 29N, 58W to a triple point at 29N, 55W. A stationary front extends from the triple point eastward to 27N, 44W, and a dissipating cold front extends from the triple point to 27N, 54W to 25N, 54W to 22N, 55W becoming a cold front at 21N, 56W extending southwestward to 17N, 65W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.6N, 57.7W with a 995 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 28.0N, 56.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 27.8N, 56.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 995 mb at 26.5N 55.2W (COA, Saxton Star); 30 kt W and 1003 mb at 00Z at 24.6N, 56.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 994 mb at at 06Z at 27.4N 54.5W (COA, Saxton Star); 20 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 57.2W (COA); 30 kt S and 999 mb at 12Z at 27.7N, 55.4W (HWM, micro, COA, Saxton Star position appears to be in error transposed and should be 54.5W); 30 kt S and 1002 mb at 18Z at 26.6N, 55.8W (COA, micro); 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 28.5N, 54.5W (COA, Saxton Star). Six other low pressures. November 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.6W. The WNW end of a WNW-ESE dissipating stationary front is located 120 nmi ENE of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 59.1W with a 1004 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 28.5N, 60.5W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt N and 1001 mb at 06Z at 29.3N, 61.3W (COA); 40 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 30.0N, 62.0W (COA); 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 30.7N, 63.2W (COA). Three other low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 40 kt N surface winds with 1007 mb at 1025Z at 27.9N 52.7W (micro). November 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N, 61.9W. The west end of a W-E warm front is located more than 300 nmi east of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 62.6W with a 997 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 50 kt subtropical storm at 26.5N, 62.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.0N, 61.3W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 31.5N, 64.8W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1001 mb at 00Z at 27.5N, 64.0W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 12Z at 28.1N, 62.0W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 27.8N, 63.6W (COA). November 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.3N, 59.3W. A warm front is plotted from 32N, 57W to 29N, 52W becoming a dissipating stationary front at 27N, 50W extending to 23N, 43W. Also, a cold front is approaching from the northwest as is located 400 nmi NW of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.8N, 61.9W with a 1002 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 45 kt subtropical storm at 26.5N, 59.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 25.7N, 61.2W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 58.4W (COA). November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.3N, 56.6W. A cold front approaching from the northwest is now located about 110 nmi NW of the cyclone. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 58.4W with a 1005 mb pressure. Roth at 12Z lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 34.0N, 50.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.1N, 56.2W with fronts encroaching on the cyclone from the NNE and SW, each located about 120 nmi from the cyclone. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 06Z at 25.1N, 55.9W (COA). December 1: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 26.8N, 55.7W. On 23 November, the tail end of a front was located a few hundred nmi north of the Virgin Islands. A large, broad, extratropical low formed along this front on 24 October. This cyclone is started at 18Z on 24 November as a 30 kt extratropical low at 22.5N, 60.5W. The low intensified to a 45 kt extratropical cyclone by 12Z on the 25th as it moved northeastward to a position of 25.2N, 56.0W. The cyclone moved northward and transitioned to a tropical cyclone at 00Z on the 26th at 26.7N 55.0W. Although no gales were observed on the 26th, gales were observed on every other day from the 25th through the 28th. On the 26th, a 994 mb pressure was recorded with winds of 15 kt by a ship the Saxton Star at 06Z. This indicates that the system did develop an inner core on the 26th within a warm, low temperature gradient environment. These observations indicate a central pressure of 992 mb, which suggests maximum winds of 56 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to slow motion of the system and the environmental low pressure, a 45 kt intensity is analyzed at all times on the 26th. Then the tropical storm moved west-northwestward to 29.3N, 60.3W by 12Z on the 27th. On the 27th, winds as high as 50 kt and peripheral pressures as low as 1001 mb were recorded by ships. An aircraft measured 40 kt N winds in the western periphery of the cyclone at 1025Z. The analyzed intensity of the tropical storm is 50 kt at all times on the 27th. The cyclone moved southwestward to 27.2N, 62.7W by 12Z on the 28th. Winds as high as 40 kt and pressures as low as 1001 mb were recorded on the 28th. A peak intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 00Z on the 27th through 18Z on the 28th. Then, the cyclone made a southeastward turn, reaching a point of 26.2N, 60.2W by the 29th at 12Z. The tropical storm did not move much on the 30th as a cold front approached from the northwest. No gales or low pressures were observed on the 29th or 30th for the remainder of the lifetime of the cyclone. The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 00Z on the 30th. The cyclone was absorbed and dissipated by a cold front early on 1 December. The final point before the cyclone was absorbed is 18Z on 30 November at 26.4N, 56.0W as a 35 kt tropical storm. The circulation of this cyclone was large throughout its lifetime and likely would have been considered to be a subtropical storm using the classification system of today if satellite imagery were available. ******************************************************************************* 1952 additional notes 1) HWM, microfilm, and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a weak, non-frontal low existed in the west-central Atlantic Ocean from 24-26 April. No gales or low pressures were found, even after obtaining the COADS data. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr 24 23N 64W Broad low/trough Apr 25 28N 68W Broad low/trough Apr 26 33N 69W Broad low/trough Apr 27 Absorbed by frontal system 2) Hector (1975) indicates that a low pressure system formed SE of Swan Island with a central pressure of 1005 mb [on the 11th]. On the 12th, it was located NE of Grand Cayman Island where it had weakened and its central pressure had risen to 1009 mb (Hector). There are no other sources that indicate a disturbance of any kind, and there are no gales, low pressures, or observations that would indicate a closed circulation in the area. Thus, this is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 11 16N 82W Weak low May 12 20N 80W Weak low 3) David Roths list of potential suspects and Ryan Trucheluts (FSU grad student) warm anomaly study indicate that an extratropical low pressure system developed over the northern Bahamas on 1 July. By the 3rd, these sources indicate the system was no longer extratropical and it had a closed circulation. It crossed the Florida peninsula on the 3rd from east to west before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. A search through observations over Florida from the climatological summaries and microfilm reveals that there were no gales recorded on land. No gales or low pressures were recorded during the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this system. Thus, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 01 Open trough Jul 02 28N 78W Extratropical Jul 03 26N 83W Tropical Depression Jul 04 24N 88W Tropical Depression Jul 05 Dissipated 4) HWM, microfilm, COADS, climatological data summaries from NCDC, and Trucheluts warm anomaly study indicate that a sharp trough or easterly wave containing squally weather moved across the western half of the Gulf of Mexico on 15-16 July and moved inland over Texas and Mexico on the 17th. Aircraft reconnaissance flights on the 15th and 16th find an elongated, squally trough over the western Gulf of Mexico with lowest pressure 1005 mb on the 15th and 1004 mb on the 14th. The land-based radar in Freeport, TX also does not show a tropical cyclone on its scope but does show squall lines containing heavy rain according to human observers there. Highest 1-minute winds recorded at Corpus Christi and Galveston were 35 and 37 kt respectively. The lowest pressure recorded from a land station in Texas was 1007 mb. Hourly observations obtained from Texas coastal cities reveal that no tropical cyclone made landfall on the Texas coast. There were no wind shifts or pressure drops suggesting the passage of a tropical cyclone. The strongest winds were behind the wave axis and were recorded well after the lowest pressures. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 15 Open wave/trough along 92W from 32N-18N Jul 16 Open wave/trough along 95W from 32N-20N Jul 17 Open wave/trough along 99W from 31N-20W Jul 18 Open wave/trough along 103W 5) HWM shows a small, weak low in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean on 27 July. On the 27th, the low was closed with temperatures in the 70s surrounding it. No gales or low pressures were observed in association with the low for the entire duration of its lifetime. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul 27 38N 36W Tropical Depression Jul 28 41N 33W Broad low/trough Jul 29 Dissipated 6) HWM, COADS, and Ryan Trucheluts study indicate that a tropical wave emerged off of Africa on 12 August and traveled westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean during the next several days. COADS data suggests that it may have attained a closed circulation by the 14th, and Trucheluts data indicates a possible closed circulation on the 15th. No gales or low pressures are found with this system from the 12th through the 18th, which is all of the days that were searched. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. Note that points listed below from 15 to 18 August are somewhat uncertain due to lack of data. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 12 5-24N 18W Tropical wave Aug 13 14N 23W Broad low/wave Aug 14 13N 28W Tropical depression Aug 15 14N 32W Tropical depression Aug 16 15N 35W Broad low/wave Aug 17 15N 38W Broad low/wave Aug 18 17N 40W Broad low/wave 7) HWM, microfilm, and Shernan and Carino (1952) indicate that a broad area of elongated low pressure or a trough was present in the Gulf of Mexico on 28 August. On the 28th at 12Z, a 35 kt east wind was observed with a 1013 mb pressure at 28.7N, 93.7W but other observations very close to this ship reported lower winds. One low pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 12Z on the 28th plotted on microfilm much further south in the central Gulf of Mexico. The trough split into two areas of slightly low pressure on the 29th. One moved inland on the Gulf coast and one continued southward. Neither of these are analyzed to have become tropical cyclones, and neither system is added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 28 26N 93W Broad low/trough Split into 2 broad lows/areas of troughiness Aug 29 area 1: 30N 86W Broad low/trough Aug 29 area 2: 24N 93W Broad low/trough Aug 30 area 1: 35N 87W Broad low/trough Aug 30 area 2: 24N 93W Broad low/trough Aug 31 area 1: Dissipated Aug 31 area 2: Dissipated 8) Lott (1952) describes a severe flooding rain event that occurred in Texas on September 9th and 10th. Lott suggests that one of the key ingredients that produced this flood was a tropical wave that moved westward into Texas from the Gulf of Mexico. HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that some squally weather was present in the western Gulf of Mexico during the time that would be consistent with a wave moving into northern Mexico and/or southern Texas late on the 9th. Ryan Trucheluts study indicates a tropical wave with warm signature anomalies near 20N, 73W on 2 September, and this anomaly is tracked westward to the Bay of Campeche by 7 September. It is possible this was the precursor to the rain event in Texas. HWM on the 3rd indicates a tropical wave or spot low near 17N, 80W. On the 8th, HWM analyzes two areas of interest- one near 25N, 94W, and the other near 21N, 88W. Even after obtaining all data, it is difficult to track a coherent vortex, and data indicates this was an open wave. Although the system produced pressure falls of about 3 mb over the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, there were no gales or low pressures observed with this system, either over the ocean or over Texas. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 08 23N 89W Broad low/trough Sep 09 25N 94W Broad low/trough Sep 10 32N, 97W to 22N 99W Open trough Sep 11 Dissipated 9) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a low formed along a dissipating frontal boundary near 28N, 78W on 10 September. Later on the 10th, the low occluded and drifted west-northwestward. Some gales of 35-45 kt were reported on the 10th through 00Z on the 11th. On the 11th, observations indicate that this low was still occluded as it moved closer to the coastline near the Florida/Georgia border. By the time the low reached the coast just after 12Z, the circulation was very weak. No gales were reported from any land stations. Although several gales were reported on the 10th through 00Z on the 11th, it is analyzed that this system never became a tropical cyclone. During the time when the gales were recorded, it was frontal and then occluded. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 10 28N 78W Extratropical Sep 11 30N 80W Weak low Sep 12 Dissipated 10) Analyses and a few observations in HWM and on microfilm suggest that a broad area of low pressure or a pressure trough existed in the Gulf of Mexico from 10-13 September. At 18Z on the 12th, microfilm interesting analyzes a closed low near Vera Cruz. Pressures of 1004 and 1003 mb are observed, but the winds are light and environmental pressures are low. It is more likely that this remained a NNE-SSW open trough the Gulf of Mexico rather than an organized area of low pressure. There are no observed gales in this area associated with this trough from the 10th through the 13th, and a closed circulation is difficult to confirm from available observations. It is possible, but not confirmed, that this suspect may be one in the same with suspect #8. This system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 10 24N 93W Broad low/trough Sep 11 21N 93W Broad low/trough Sep 12 19N 94W Broad low/trough Sep 13 31N 91W to 15N 98W Open trough Sep 14 Dissipated 11) HWM and COADS data indicate a compact, closed low with winds of at least 30 kt and temperatures in the 70s centered near 44N, 32W on 14 September. This low probably formed along a frontal boundary associated with an eastward-moving mid-latitude cyclone, but there is the possibility that this could have been an early recurving tropical cyclone. The COADS data from 12th and 13th were obtained for a wide area of the Atlantic, but no data was found to indicate a disturbance on the 12th or 13th. The former scenario is used in this case- that this low was developing along a frontal boundary which already existed, although observations show that there was not a temperature gradient across the low. On the 14th, only one gale could be found at 18Z, but this gale is too far away from the center of the cyclone and lies in a region with a high synoptic pressure gradient. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 14 44N 32W Extratropical Sep 15 45N 32W Extratropical Sep 16 Absorbed by a frontal wave which later became additional note #12 12) HWM, COADS, David Roths list of potential systems, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a frontal wave in the North Atlantic Ocean became an extratropical cyclone on the 17th with an intensity of about 35 kt. This extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have transitioned to a tropical cyclone by the 19th through at least the 21st. By the 22nd, the tropical cyclone was very weak and by the 23rd it was dissipated. There are three observed gales of 35 kt (two on the 19th and one on the 20th) after the cyclone lost its extratropical characteristics, but two of them are too far away from the center to be considered representative of the circulation. Since only one gale is observed near the center of circulation, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 17 49N 34W Extratropical Sep 18 43N 30W Extratropical Sep 19 39N 33W Tropical depression Sep 20 39N 35W Tropical depression Sep 21 41N 36W Tropical depression Sep 22 46N 37W Tropical depression Sep 23 Dissipated 13) Microfilm shows a ship observation of 40 kt with 1009 mb at 0330Z on 25 September at 21.5N, 96.5W. The ships lowest pressure of 1007.5 mb occurred on the 24th at 2000Z. All available data including COADS on the 24th and 25th does not reveal any other gales or low pressures. The data also does not reveal any signs of a significant disturbance. Since there is only one piece of evidence and since there are no other signs of a disturbance, a system cannot be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 25 00Z 21N 96W Squall 14) HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and climatological data summaries indicate that an extratropical cyclone, which formed over the Gulf of Mexico on the 19th, moved eastward and passed over Florida on the 20th and 21st before moving off into the Atlantic on the 22nd. Gales were reported from several official Weather Bureau stations including Downtown Miami, Miami Airport, Tampa, Daytona Beach, and Jacksonville. Miami WBO recorded 52 kt (max w/1-min/elevated) (45 kt at 10 m), and Jacksonville recorded 49 kt (max w/1-min/elevated) (47 kt at 10 m). Since all data sources indicate that this system was extratropical, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 19 26N 86W Extratropical Oct 20 27N 83W Extratropical Oct 21 27N 78W Extratropical Oct 22 27N 74W Extratropical Oct 23 Open trough/front 15) Observations mainly from HWM and also from COADS and microfilm indicate that a disturbance in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 29 October moved west-northwestward. It appears to have attained a closed circulation by the 31st near 13N, 83W. Observations on microfilm maps outline the system fairly well from 2 November at 06Z through 3 November at 00Z as it moves over the Yucatan Peninsula; observations from HWM alone to locate the position on the 2nd are not sufficient compared to observations on microfilm maps over land. The one gale observed with this system- 40 kt- is found in COADS from a ship 350 nmi north of the center. The highest available wind observation directly associated with this system is 30 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1007 mb (with simultaneous 20 kt wind). This system was likely at least a tropical depression and could have been a tropical storm. Since the only piece of evidence is a gale located too far away, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 29 13N 76W Weak low Oct 30 13N 79W Weak low Oct 31 14N 83W Tropical depression Nov 01 16N 85W Tropical depression Nov 02 18N 89W Tropical depression Nov 03 19N 93W Remnant low Nov 04 Dissipated 16) Jack Bevens list of suspects, David Roths list of potential systems, and HWM indicate that an extratropical cyclone over the northeastern Atlantic lost its frontal characteristics late on 4 November with temperatures surrounding the cyclone of near 70 degrees. It could have been a tropical cyclone on the 4th and 5th before being absorbed on the 6th. The only gale directly associated with this system occurred at 00Z on the 4th. Since there is only one piece of evidence, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 03 34N 36W Extratropical Nov 04 32N 34W Extratropical Nov 05 34N 35W Tropical depression Nov 06 Absorbed 17) HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that a non-frontal, but broad, closed low was moving slowly northward in the subtropical central Atlantic Ocean on 3 and 4 November. There were observed pressures below 1005 mb closer to the center, but these were all accompanied by light winds. Stronger winds associated with the circulation were located several hundred miles away. Although available observations indicate this system was not a tropical cyclone, but instead a very broad low on the 3rd and 4th, observations were somewhat sparse on those days. It was absorbed by a front early on the 5th. A powerful extratropical cyclone rapidly developed that day from the combination of the broad low and the front, and it accelerated north-northeastward. At 18Z on the 5th, a ship near the center reported 75 kt WNW with a 967 mb pressure at about 41.5N, 54.4W. Since data suggests that this system was never a tropical cyclone, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov 03 26N 62W Broad low Nov 04 28N 62W Broad low Nov 05 39N 56W Extratropical Nov 06 50N 57W Extratropical Nov 07 57N 59W Extratropical Nov 08 62N 57W Extratropical Nov 09 67N 55W Extratropical Nov 10 Dissipated 18) David Roth and HWM show a disturbance in the southwestern Caribbean in December that may have been a tropical depression or storm. The highest observed wind is 30 kt. There are no gales or low pressures with this system. There is a ship report of 1007 mb and 25 kt at December 6th from the HWM. However, this system it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 05 12N 78W Weak low/trough Dec 06 13N 78W Weak low/trough Dec 07 14N 79W Weak low/trough Dec 08 14N 80W Weak low/trough Dec 09 Dissipated 19) HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and Jack Bevens list of suspects indicate that an extratropical cyclone moves from just off the southeast coast of the US northward and then eastward. This cyclone was extratropical for its entire lifetime, and this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 05 33N 76W Extratropical Dec 06 44N 70W Extratropical Dec 07 41N 58W Extratropical Dec 08 42N 52W Extratropical Dec 09 41N 48W Extratropical Dec 10 41N 50W Extratropical Dec 11 37N 52W Extratropical Dec 12 37N 52W Extratropical Dec 13 38N 50W Extratropical Dec 14 37N 43W Extratropical ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 1 (Alice) 35620 05/25/1953 M=13 1 SNBR= 786 ALICE XING=1 35620 05/25/1953 M=14 1 SNBR= 786 ALICE XING=1 ** 35625 05/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*144 818 35 0* 35625 05/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*144 818 25 0* ** 35630 05/26*150 820 35 0*156 823 35 0*162 831 35 0*161 842 35 0* 35630 05/26*149 823 30 0*152 828 30 0*155 833 35 0*154 839 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35635 05/27*155 850 35 0*148 849 35 0*143 848 35 0*138 846 35 0* 35635 05/27*151 845 35 0*148 849 30 0*144 850 25 0*140 849 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35640 05/28*133 842 35 0*131 839 35 0*131 835 40 0*137 824 40 0* 35640 05/28*136 845 25 0*132 840 25 0*131 835 30 0*137 830 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 35645 05/29*147 820 40 0*159 818 40 0*173 819 40 0*184 821 45 0* 35645 05/29*147 825 30 0*159 821 30 0*173 821 30 0*182 822 35 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35650 05/30*194 823 45 0*203 827 45 0*209 830 45 0*212 832 45 0* 35650 05/30*190 825 35 0*197 831 35 0*202 837 40 0*205 840 40 1000* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 35655 05/31*214 833 45 0*217 834 45 0*220 836 45 0*223 838 50 0* 35655 05/31*209 841 45 0*213 842 45 0*218 843 45 0*222 845 40 1003* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** **** 35660 06/01*226 839 50 0*233 842 55 0*240 847 55 0*246 856 55 0* 35660 06/01*227 847 45 0*233 848 45 0*239 850 50 0*242 854 50 997* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35665 06/02*240 862 50 0*233 857 50 0*230 847 45 0*230 841 40 0* 35665 06/02*240 852 50 996*235 849 50 0*232 846 45 0*231 843 40 999* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35670 06/03*231 836 40 0*232 833 35 0*234 830 35 0*237 826 35 0* 35670 06/03*230 840 40 0*231 837 40 0*232 834 40 0*234 829 40 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35675 06/04*240 826 35 0*242 832 40 0*245 837 50 0*252 843 55 0* 35675 06/04*236 828 40 0*240 832 45 0*245 838 50 0*252 844 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35680 06/05*259 848 60 0*266 852 60 0*273 855 60 0*280 857 60 0* 35680 06/05*259 850 55 0*266 857 55 0*273 858 60 0*280 858 60 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** 35685 06/06*286 858 60 997*291 858 40 0*296 858 40 0*302 858 35 0* 35685 06/06*287 858 55 994*293 859 50 0*298 859 45 0*304 859 40 0* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 7th is new to HURDAT.) 35685 06/07*308 858 25 0*311 855 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35690 TS Landfall information: 5/26/1953 18Z 15.4N, 83.9W 35 kt Honduras 5/31/1953 13Z 21.9N, 84.3W 45 kt - Cuba 6/6/1953 - 17Z - 30.3N, 85.9W - 40 kt - Florida Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for Alice. A major change is made to the timing of when Alice first attained tropical storm strength. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data State and National Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories and Dunn and Miller (1960). May 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 82.6W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. [An easterly] wave proceeded westward appearing at Havana (24/0630Z) (ATS). May 25: HWM analyzes a very broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 11-20N, 76-87W with a spot low plotted near 15.3N, 80.1W. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.4N, 81.8W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 18.5N, 82.7W. No gales or low pressures. The first storm of the season developed rather earlier than usual and did not attain hurricane strength. During the latter part of May, a large cold low aloft drifted northward from the vicinity of Panama. On May 25, when this low was centered east of the Nicaraguan coast, a weak warm-core surface center formed (MWR). Swan Island (25/0930Z). Swan Island, supported by other synoptic reports in the vicinity, showed that this easterly wave had been carrying a small vortex through an area of sparse reports along 19N, and at 25/1830Z it was detected near 18.7N, 84.3W (ATS). The time cross section showed a second easterly wave passing Martinique and Trinidad at 25/1230Z and 1830Z respectively (ATS). May 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.1N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 83.1W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.5N, 83.0W. Land/station highlights: 10 kt N and 1005 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro); 5 kt W and 1004 mb at 12Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (HWM, micro); 15 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 14.3N, 87.1W (micro). Moving with the larger cyclonic circulation aloft, the surface low made a counterclockwise loop over the Cape Gracias area during the 26th to 28th and lost force (MWR). Surface reports at 26/0630Z placed the circulation near 16.8N, 87.0W, accompanied by winds of 20 kt and moving SW at 15 kt. It then moved inland over Honduras and its identity was lost. A general area of low pressure persisted near 14.0N, 83.0W, fluctuating with the ITCZ, and occasionally deepening to a possible 1002 mb. The western Caribbean was therefore an area of suspicion prior to the formation of Tropical Storm Alice (ATS). [The second wave] at 26/0630Z passed San Juan, with precipitation spreading in advance of the wave; however, passage at Curacao was only lightly reflected at 26/1830Z (ATS). May 27: HWM analyzes a trough in the western Caribbean with a spot low plotted near 13.0N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N 84.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.3N, 85.4W. Land/station highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro); 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 14.0N, 83.4W (micro); 10 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 14.3N, 87.1W (micro). Surface reports tracked [the second] wave at a fairly constant speed of 10 kt, and pilot reports from the area confirmed that there was a general spreading and intensification of precipitation to the north, and then to the west of the wave axis as it moved westward (ATS). May 28: HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.8N, 80.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 13.1N, 83.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 14.2N, 83.3W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 17.1N, 76.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 13.6N, 81.4W. Ship highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 13.5N, 80.7W (micro). Land/station highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro). Regarding the second wave described in ATS Light continuous rain began at Guantanamo Bay [around 28/0030Z], when the wave was still 200 nmi to the east. This forerunning precipitation reached Kingston [Jamaica], six hours later at 28/0630Z. The surface charts at 28/1230Z and 28/1830Z showed Jamaica to be under the influence of a disturbance passing to the south on a westward course. It is believed that the easterly wave spilled at about 75W, and the resulting small vortex was the beginning of Tropical Storm Alice (ATS). May 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.4N, 82.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 81.9W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 17.7N, 82.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.9N, 82.3W. Station highlight: 10 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro). The 700 mb chart reflected the circulation [of Alice] by 29/0300Z near 18N, 80W, at which time the post analysis track placed the surface center near 17.2N, 80.5W, entering the envelope of already low pressure previous mentioned as being in the Western Caribbean. The 29/1230Z surface reports showed it passing to the northeast of Swan Island with a central pressure of 1006 mb, and winds Beaufort Force 2 to 4 (5 to 15 kt) (ATS). May 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N, 85.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 83.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.0N, 83.8W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.9N, 83.4W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 19.5N, 82.9W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 83.5W (COA). Three other low pressures of 1004 mb. Land/station highlights: 10 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1750Z at 20.5N, 84.2W with 1000 mb (possible central) pressure and 40 kt max winds (micro, ATS). At 30/1230Z, the 3,000 foot winds at Swan Island, Grand Cayman, and Cape San Antonio, Cuba, showed the vortex enclosed with 30 kt [winds] at that level. The surface disturbance was then under a low at 300 mb. [A Navy reconnaissance plane] located the low pressure center at 20.5N, 84.2W at 1750Z with the central pressure at [1000] mb accompanied by 15 kt winds near the center (ATS). May 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 83.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 83.6W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 0030Z map time position near 21.0N, 84.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.6N, 83.7W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 22.9N, 84.0W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.7N, 83.0W (COA). Four other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Isle of Pines (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro); 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 22.5N, 83.3W (micro). Four other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 1710Z at 21.8N, 85.0W and at 1730Z near 21.9N, 84.9W with 1003 mb central pressure and 42 kt maximum winds encountered (ATS, micro). A plane located a definite circulation near 21.8N, 85.0W at 31/1710Z with a low pressure of 1003 mb. This flight, as well as the previous one [on the 30th?] encountered winds of 40 kt, but in both cases they were found in the Florida Straits rather than near the surface low center. As the center passed closed to the westward of Cape San Antonio winds of no greater than force 3 [10 kt] were reported (ATS). June 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 85.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 84.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 0030Z map time position near 22.6N, 85.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.3N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 24.6N, 86.2W (COA); 20 kt S and 1002 mb at 12Z at 23.6N, 84.4W (COA, micro); 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 18Z at 25.2N, 84.6W (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1417Z at 24.2N, 84.9W (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at either 1530 or 1605Z at 24.3N, 85.6W with 997 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum winds encountered (micro); center fix at 2345Z at 24.0N, 84.7W with 996 mb central pressure (micro). Emerging from the loop, the storm deepened as it moved northward and then on June 1-2 described another loop north of the western end of Cuba in another counterclockwise movement with the upper level circulation. During this second loop, aircraft estimated maximum winds of about 55 kt on June 1 (MWR). The first [advisory] on Tropical Storm Alice was released at 01/1530Z. A fix on an eye, amply justifying the [advisory] was obtained by a flight at 01/1605Z, placing the center at 24.3N, 85.6W, with a central pressure of 997 mb, and maximum winds of 55 kt (ATS). June 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 84.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 84.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 23.3N, 84.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 23.0N, 84.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.5N, 85.4W (COA); 20 kt S and 1000 mb at 14Z at 23.7N, 83.2W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 1830Z[?] at 24.2N, 82.0W (micro). Three other gales of 35 kt and 15 other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 21.8N, 84.8W (HWM, micro). Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 0148 and 0240Z between 24.1-24.2N, 84.5W (micro); 40 kt E and 1000 mb at 14Z at 23.3N, 84.3W (ATS); possible Navy center fix at 2050Z at 23.1N, 84.4W with 999 mb (possible central pressure) and 28 kt maximum winds encountered (micro, ATS). But on the 2nd and 3rd the wind force dropped to 35-40 kt (MWR). Flight No. 6 was a night flight and the plane maintained position between the Florida coast and the storm area. This flight reported that an apparent eye, 40 nmi long, was located Flight No. 7, made the next morning, searched the area of the night radar fixes and found no closed circulation. The southernmost report from this flight, however, was only 23.3N, 84.3W. At that position at 02/1400Z he reported a pressure of 1000 mb, and wind east at 40 kt. This was the lowest pressure and highest wind reported by that flight. Flight No. 8 found the storm at the position indicated by the 02/2050Z fix. This flight reported Definite closed circulation exists. Max west winds were 25 kt just north of Cape San Antonio. Eye completely clear. Lowest pressure 999 mbs. Max winds 28 kt (ATS). June 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 83.3W with a dissipating stationary front plotted from 34N, 93W to 29N, 90W to 27N, 85W, becoming a cold front near 27N, 80W, extending to 30N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.4N, 83.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 23.2N, 82.8W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT and HWM positions. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1002 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 83.1W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 23.0N, 83.6W (COA). Six other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 20 kt S and 1002 mb at 00Z at 22.7N, 83.3W (micro); 30 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at Havana, Cuba (micro). This storm gave heavy flooding rains in western Cuba and unconfirmed press reports indicate there were several deaths from drowning (MWR). The effect of a high pressure cell to block northward movement believed to be responsible for the erratic movement of Alice from 01/1500Z to 04/0300Z. In coordination with the Weather Bureau, it was decided to discontinue [advisories] after 03/0400Z (ATS). June 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 84.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 83.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 25.0N, 84.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.3N, 84.3W with the west end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located several hundred nmi NE of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 23.1N, 83.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 06Z at 25.3N, 82.8W (COA); 20 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 83.5W (COA, HWM). Northward movement was resumed on June 4 (MWR). By 04/0030Z, with the storm beginning to occupy a position under the western edge of the ridge, which had strengthened to the east, [Alice] commenced a northwesterly movement at approximately 11 kt. Aware of the possible danger to Gulf coastal installations should it intensify, a close watch was kept on this depression as it moved northward (ATS). June 5: HWM analyzes a spot low near 27.2N, 84.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.3N, 85.5W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 27.6N, 85.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.2N, 86.4W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.3N, 85.6W (COA); 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 06Z at 26.5N, 85.6W (COA); 45 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z at 25.1N, 84.8W (COA). Five other low pressures of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 2245Z at 28.6N, 85.8W with 994 mb central pressure and 65 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered 60 nmi NE of center (micro, ATS). Maximum development was reached on the 5th when aircraft estimated highest winds to be 60 to 65 kt in brief squalls northeast of the center near 29N, 83 to 85W. Central pressure at this time was 997 mb (MWR). [A reconnaissance] flight reported a well-defined eye at 28.6N, 85.8W at 05/2245Z. Maximum winds found near the center of the circulation were 40 kt from 160 degrees, however one report was made of 65 kt near an isovellic wind maxima located approximately 60 nmi northeast of the low pressure center (ATS). June 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 87.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 29.6N, 85.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.6N, 86.0W. ATS shows an 1830Z map time position of 30.4N, 86.0W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 86.3W. Land/station highlights: 35 kt E (max wind/1-minute) at Apalachicola, FL (29.7N, 85.0W) (climo); 1005 mb (min p) at Panama City, FL (30.2N, 85.7W) (ATS). [Advisories] were resumed on Alice at 06/0025Z. A Navy [radar night] flight showed the storm slowing in speed with a continued NW movement changing to northerly. A flight from Jacksonville on 6 June was unable to find a surface center, however average winds encountered at 11,000 ft from 29.5N, 86.9W to 28.8N, 84.9W were 290 degrees at 60 kt. Alice lost intensity quickly as the northern edge of its circulation moved over land. The center was estimated to have moved inland at about 06/1800Z by the flight aerologist on the last flight. The post-analysis of the 06/1830Z surface chart proved this quite accurate. Strongest surface winds, although decreasing, continued to be to the east of the center. Highest winds reported by a land station were force 6 [25 kt] at Panama City, FL, as the storm passed 80 nmi to the west. Lowest pressure (1005.1 mb) was also noted at that station (ATS). During the night of the 5th, the storm again lost force and when it moved inland a short distance west of Panama City, FL about noon of the 6th, strongest winds were around 35 to 40 kt. There was no damage of consequence in Florida (MWR, climo). Tropical Cyclones in Florida June 6 NW FL Minor (Minor winds less than 74 mph, pressure greater than 996 mb- Dunn and Miller). Florida Keys and extreme northwestern Florida, 1-6 June, Tropical Storm, From 1st to 3d storm drifted around in Eastern Gulf of Mexico west and southwest of Key West. On 4th center passed about 60 miles west of Dry Tortugas and moved very near parallel to west coast of Florida and passed inland a short distance west of Panama City, about noon of 6th. Winds below hurricane force during entire history of this storm and highest winds experienced on land were 40 to 45 m.p.h. Rains associated with storm beneficial (Climatological Data). June 7: HWM analyzes a spot low near 30.7N, 86.1W with a W-E frontal boundary located 300 nmi north of the cyclone. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 31.0N, 86.0W. ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 31.5N, 85.7W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 30.7N, 84.8W. The circulation continued inland with decreasing intensity. The weather and winds associated with it remained in the northeast quadrant (ATS). June 8: ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 32.3N, 84.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 32.4N, 83.9W. It maintained a central pressure of approximately 1011 mb until 08/0030Z after which time it filled rapidly and was last identifiable as a small closed low of 1016 mb on the 08/1830Z surface chart (ATS). HURDAT previously started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 25 May at 14.4N, 81.8W. Although the timing of genesis is not changed, the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression. The depression is analyzed to have moved inland over Honduras and Nicaragua from 18Z on the 26th until 12Z on the 28th when, after performing a loop, the center moved back into the Caribbean Sea. On the 26th, before the cyclone first moved inland into Central America, a pressure of 1004 mb with 5 kt was recorded from a costal station near the Nicaragua/Honduras border at 12Z on the 26th. After the system moved inland at 18Z, two coastal station observations of 1003 mb with 15-20 kt winds were observed, suggesting a central pressure near 1002 mb. Since environmental pressures were very low, the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt is unchanged from 12Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th. Beginning at 06Z on the 27th, the revised HURDAT indicates depression intensity (a reduction from the original HURDAT) since there are no observations to indicate that it maintained its tropical storm intensity over land. All track changes during that time were eight-tenths of a degree or less. It needs to be mentioned that there is some uncertainty as to whether a tropical cyclone actually existed along the indicated track between the 25th and the 28th. It is possible that the area of low pressure that moved into Central America on the 26th continued westward into the East Pacific. If that is the case, then the cyclone located on the 29th near 17N, 82W is not the same cyclone and would have originated from the westward moving tropical wave mentioned in ATS. It is of note that the Historical Weather Map does analyze a weak low in the East Pacific on the 28th, which would support the hypothesis for the original low moving into that basin. However, there are few observations to support the easterly wave scenario, with observations being generally ambiguous as to which scenario is correct. Therefore, the genesis location and track for the first few days with the loop over Central America is maintained. After re-emerging over the Caribbean Sea, the depression is analyzed to have moved northward reaching a position of 18.2N, 82.2W by 18Z on the 29th, which is the time that the cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened back to a tropical storm. The revised intensity at 18Z on the 29th is 35 kt (down from 45 kt originally). From the 29th to the 31st, Alice moved slowly north-northwestward toward the western tip of Cuba. A track about a half degree to the left of the previous HURDAT track is analyzed during that time. ATS mentions that Alice was located underneath a low at the 300 mb level on the 30th, and this may have persisted for several more days, hinting that Alice may have been more subtropical in structure. An aircraft fix at 1750Z on 30 May reported a central pressure of 1000 mb, and this pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th. A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 40 kt is chosen (down from 45 kt originally) due to a slow forward motion of the cyclone combined with the fact that no gales had been reported from any ships or surface stations yet and aircraft reconnaissance also reported max winds of 40 kt on that flight. The first gale reported by a ship occurred at 12Z on the 31st when 35 kt with a 1004 mb pressure was recorded. The tropical storm is analyzed to have moved over the western tip of Cuba between 12-18Z on the 31st at a 45 kt tropical storm (no change to HURDAT intensity at 12Z on the 31st). At 1710Z, just after the center re-emerged over water, aircraft reconnaissance reported a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 31st. A central pressure of 1003 mb yields 41 kt south of 25N, and due to the slow speed, 40 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 31st (down from 50 kt originally). Five center fixes between 1417Z on 1 June and 0240Z on 2 June show that the cyclone moved north-northwestward until 18Z on the 1st reaching a point of 24.3N, 85.5W, and then it moved south-southeastward over the same track from where it came through 12Z the 2nd before it turned east-north-eastward just north of the western Cuban coast. These are minor track changes to HURDAT. Central pressures of 997 and 996 mb are measured by aircraft on the 1st of June at ~1605Z and 2345Z respectively, and these values are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st and 00Z on the 2nd respectively. A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 2nd is maintained. A 999 mb central pressure is measured by aircraft reconnaissance at 2050Z on the 2nd, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 999 mb yields 49 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship. The 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT is not changed because the storm was nearly stationary and there are no other observations to indicate a stronger storm. Around 00Z on 4 June, the cyclone turned toward the north-northwest near 24N, 83W. No flights were performed on the 3rd and the 4th, but on the 5th at 2245Z, a Navy fix, which located the tropical cyclone near 28.6N, 85.8W, reported a central pressure of 994 mb. This not only indicated that Alice was moving toward the Gulf Coast, but also showed that some strengthening had occurred. The 997 mb central pressure previously listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th is replaced by a 994 mb central pressure value. A central pressure of 994 mb yields 53 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 6th. Previously, HURDAT showed a peak lifetime intensity of 60 kt from 00Z on the 5th to 00Z on the 6th. The revised peak intensity is maintained at 60 kt, but only from 12-18Z on the 5th. The same afternoon, a reconnaissance aircraft reported 65 kt winds encountered 60 nmi NE of the center. Therefore, Alice may have been a hurricane. These reports are enough to keep the 60 kt peak intensity, but not enough evidence to increase Alice to hurricane strength. The aircraft report may have been of flight-level winds. Either way, when Alice made landfall at 17Z on the 6th just west of Panama City, FL, the highest winds observed from any land station were reported to have been about 35 to 40 kt. The analyzed landfall intensity at 17Z on the 6th is 40 kt and this is also the 18Z intensity. The intensities at 12 and 18Z on the 6th are increased by 5 kt from the previous HURDAT intensities. HURDAT previously showed dissipation after 18Z on the 6th as soon as Alice reached the coastline. Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 12 hours later after the storm weakened to a depression and moved into extreme southeastern Alabama as a tropical depression. The revised final point is at 06Z on 7 June at 31.1N, 85.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression before dissipation occurred. Additional quotes: Tropical Storm Alice was a small storm and its erratic track reflects the large variability of synoptic weather patterns over the Gulf. Winds were not of hurricane force, but did sink a 65-foot trawler 100 miles northeast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Principle damage was from the torrential rains which caused drowning of six people in Cuba and drenched the Florida Peninsula for a week. 7.16 inches of rain was reported in Havana in a 24-hour period (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 2 (new to HURDAT) 35692 07/11/1953 M= 6 2 SNBR= 787 NOT NAMED XING=0 35692 07/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*261 813 25 0* 35692 07/12*266 809 30 0*272 805 30 0*277 801 35 0*282 792 35 0* 35692 07/13*287 783 35 0*291 774 35 0*295 763 35 0*302 752 40 0* 35692 07/14*309 743 40 0*320 740 40 0*331 738 40 0*343 736 40 0* 35692 07/15*356 733 40 0*369 725 45 0E382 717 45 0E397 705 45 0* 35692 07/16E414 686 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35692 TS HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, NHC microfilm, Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, Jack Bevens list of suspects, and Ryan Trucheluts warm anomaly study indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed a couple hundred miles off the east coast of the United States from 11 to 16 July. July 11: HWM analyzes a trough axis plotted from 27N, 82W to 20N, 83W to 14N, 82W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z near 25.1N, 82.0W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyzed a closed low. July 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.2N, 79.8W with a warm front extending north-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending westward from the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 79.6W with a 1006 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.9N, 79.2W with a front running through the low. July 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.5N, 77.6W with a warm front extending northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southward from the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.1N, 78.0W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 29.6N, 77.4W with a front extending northeastward from the low and another front extending southward from the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1010 mb at 18Z at 30.2N, 73.5W (micro); 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 30.7N, 74.6W (COA); 25 kt ESE and ~1005 mb at 18Z at 30.9N, 74.8W (COA). July 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.2N, 74.8W with a warm front extending northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southward from the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 74.1W with a 1006 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.8N, 73.0W. The SW end of a front is located about 150 nmi NW of the cyclone. July 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.2N, 71.4W with several fronts analyzed intersecting the low and near the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 71.2W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 38.1N, 71.0W with the south end of a SSW-NNE front located 80 nmi north of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z at 37.0N, 74.7W (micro); 40 kt N and 1014 mb at 06Z at 37.7N, 74.8W (COA); 40 kt S and 1010 mb at 18Z at 39.8N, 68.7W (COA). A few other gales. Station highlights: 27 kt NNE (max wind) and 1015 mb (min pressure) at 1925Z at Nantucket, MA (SWO). July 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 43.9N, 60.9W with a NNE-SSW cold front running through the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.2N, 62.2W with a 1008 mb pressure. The microfilm analysis suggests that the low may have been absorbed before 12Z. A tropical disturbance started to become better defined near the southwest coast of Florida on 11 July. At the same time, an E-W frontal boundary was located over northern Florida. However, the origins of the disturbance were purely tropical. A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 18Z on 11 October over south Florida. It moved northeastward and emerged into the Atlantic early on the 12th. On the 12th and the 13th, the tropical cyclone was heavily involved with the environment of the front located to the north of it, and the circulation was asymmetric, although temperatures were warm all around the low. The low strengthened and the wind structure improved by late on the 13th and the 14th. It is analyzed that the depression became a tropical storm just after emerging off of Florida at 12Z on the 12th at 27.7N, 80.1W. At 18Z on 13 July, one ship recorded 35 kt with 1010 mb, and two other ships recorded 1005 mb pressures, one with 30 kt and the other with 25 kt. At 18Z on the 13th, it is analyzed that the intensity increased to 40 kt with a position near 30.2N, 75.2. The cyclone continued moving north-northeastward. On the 14th, the structure is that of a tropical cyclone with warm temperatures surrounding it. Although there are no highlight observations on the 14th, there are numerous 25 to 30 kt winds and pressures below 1010 mb. At 00Z on the 15th, with the storm centered near 35.6N, 73.3W, another 35 kt gale was recorded about 120 nmi NNW of the center, but by this time, extratropical transition was underway. The system was not fully extratropical until 12Z on the 5th, so the last highlight is analyzed to have occurred during the tropical stage. At least five pieces of evidence exist while this cyclone is tropical one gale and two low pressures at 18Z on the 13th, one gale at 00Z on the 15th and one gale at 06Z on the 15th. The peak intensity of the system while a tropical cyclone is 45 kt at 06Z on the 15th. When the cyclone became extratropical at 12Z on the 15th, the intensity remained 45 kt and the position at 12Z on the 15th is analyzed at 38.2N, 71.7W. The cyclone continued north-northeastward with a 45 kt intensity before dissipating after 00Z on the 16th with a final position at that time of 41.4N, 68.6W. ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 3 (Barbara) (originally Storm 2) 35695 08/11/1953 M= 6 2 SNBR= 787 BARBARA XING=1 SSS=1 35695 08/11/1953 M= 6 3 SNBR= 787 BARBARA XING=1 SSS=1 * 35700 08/11* 0 0 0 0*228 739 35 0*241 745 45 0*253 748 50 0* 35700 08/11* 0 0 0 0*228 744 25 0*238 746 30 0*252 748 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35705 08/12*265 752 55 0*279 756 60 0*292 759 65 0*299 760 70 0* 35705 08/12*266 750 45 0*279 753 55 0*291 756 60 1005*298 759 65 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 35710 08/13*305 761 80 0*315 762 85 0*325 763 90 0*336 763 95 0* 35710 08/13*305 761 65 1002*313 763 65 0*323 765 65 995*334 764 70 987* ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 35715 08/14*347 761 90 987*358 757 70 0*370 750 65 0*381 738 70 0* 35715 08/14*346 762 80 0*356 760 75 0*366 757 75 0*376 749 80 973* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 35720 08/15*393 723 75 0*404 704 75 0*415 680 75 0E431 643 70 0* 35720 08/15*387 730 75 0*401 705 70 0*415 677 60 0*431 641 60 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** * *** ** 35725 08/16E453 605 55 0E487 591 50 0E535 594 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 35725 08/16E460 605 55 0E490 593 50 0E528 591 45 0E540 590 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ** 35730 HR NC1 U.S. Landfall (barrier island): 8/14/1953 03Z 35.0N, 76.1W 80 kt (975 mb estimated) 1015 mb OCI 150 nmi ROCI U.S. Landfall (mainland NC): 8/14/1953 05Z - 35.4N, 76.1W 75 kt (978 mb estimated) 1015 mb OCI 150 nmi ROCI U.S. Landfall (barrier island- approach from the intercoastal waters): 8/14/1953 09Z - 36.1N, 75.9W 70 kt (982 mb estimated) 1015 mb OCI 150 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major alterations to the intensity are analyzed for Hurricane Barbara. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, James and Thomas (1953), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (2001). August 8: The charts at 700 and 500 mb show good continuity of the wave which crossed San Juan, Puerto Rico about 1500Z, August 8 (James and Thomas). August 9: The earliest indications of the formation of Hurricane Barbara were from synoptic reports in the vicinity of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. At 09/1830Z the surface charts commenced indicating a persistent cyclonic tendency in the winds just north of eastern Cuba (ATS). August 10: ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.9N, 73.8W. No gales or low pressures. At 10/1230Z there was a small 1014 mb low in the area of 20-22N, 73-75W (ATS). The 700-mb chart for 1500Z, August 10 showed the first definite indication of a closed circulation over eastern Cuba (James and Thomas). August 11: HWM analyzes a spot low associated with a trough near 24.2N, 73.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.1N, 74.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position with the former showing a 1013 mb pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 24.8N, 74.0W. Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 18Z of at most 1014 mb near 26.0N, 74.8W. No gales or low pressures. The low fluctuated considerably, but at 11/0030Z the center of circulation was near 22N, 73.5W and further identified itself on the 11/1230Z surface chart near 25N, 74W. Reported winds were force 2-4 (5-15 kt) (ATS). This low [at 700 mb] deepened slightly and moved northward to a position just east of Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas at 1500Z, August 11 with the closed circulation extending to the 500 mb level. It wasnt until the afternoon of the 11th that a definite low could be noted on the surface chart (James and Thomas). The 11/1830Z surface chart showed the circulation near 26N, 74W attended by winds of force 6 (25 kt) (ATS). August 12: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 74.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N 75.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.8N, 75.6W with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE at 06Z at 28.7N, 74.5W (micro); 35 kt at 1230Z (ATS); 50 kt S and 1014 mb at 18Z at 29.3N, 74.0W (COA). Two other gales of 35 kt. Aircraft highlights: 75 kt E (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1009 mb at 1400Z at 29.5N, 75.7W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1420Z at 29.4N, 75.9W with a 1005 mb central pressure and 60 kt maximum winds (micro, ATS); 80 kt S (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1005 mb at 2130Z at 30.1N, 75.0W (micro); center fix (loran) at 29.8-29.9N, 75.9W at 2250Z with 1002 mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro, ATS). The second storm [of the season] developed during the night of August 11 northeast of the Bahama Islands from a weak easterly wave that had moved westward over the Atlantic during several days preceding. On the morning of the 12th, reconnaissance aircraft located the center in the formative stages near 29N, 76W; it was moving northward. Strongest winds were about 75 mph on the northeast side at this time, but the southwest quadrant was weak and open (MWR). At 12/1420Z, [aircraft reconnaissance] reported a poorly defined eye at 29.4N, 75.9W. Winds were 60 kt with gusts to 75 kt within 50 nmi of the center in the NE quadrant. The first [advisory] on Barbara was issued at 12/1500Z. The original intensification of Barbara came about rather rapidly, passing through the tropical storm stage in less than 24 hours. Ships at distances of approximately 60 nmi from the center reported no winds higher than force 6 (25 kt) as late as 12/0630Z. By 12/1230Z one ship reported force 8 (35 kt). In view of these reports and the result of the first aircraft reconnaissance flight it appears unlikely that hurricane wind velocities had been long in existence. Following the 12/1420Z aircraft fix, Barbara continued to move north-northwesterly as it had for about 18 hours previously. As Barbara was a potential threat to the East Coast of the United States, maximum reconnaissance was planned. A second Navy flight on the 12th fixed the eye at 29.8N, 75.9W at 12/2250Z with maximum winds of 80 kt near the center (ATS). August 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 75.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 32.5N, 76.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.8N, 76.2W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track maps shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1004 mb at 06Z at 32.1N, 75.6W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 32.7N, 75.6W (COA). 27 other gales between 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 989 mb (min p) at 2230Z at Morehead City, NC (climo, J & T); 49 kt N (max wind/1-min) at Wilmington, NC (climo); 25 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 21Z at Cherry Point, NC (micro); 40 kt E and 1002 mb at 23Z at Hatteras, NC (micro); 30 kt N and 1000 mb at 23Z at New Bern, NC (micro). One other gale of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0200, 0300, 0400, 0430, and 0600Z between 29.9-31.3N, 76.2-78.5W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1327Z at 32.4N, 76.5W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt maximum flight-level gusts (micro); 65 kt ESE (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1000 mb at 1430Z at 33.5N, 75.9W (micro); center fix at 1945Z at 33.6N, 76.6W with 987 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds (ATS, micro). During the 12th and 13th, winds increased slowly in force and completed a circular organization; the strongest winds, estimated at slightly over 100 mph, were observed by aircraft about 120 miles south of Cape Hatteras (MWR). Two Navy flights from Jacksonville on August 13 fixed the eye of Barbara and indicated the course to be veering to the northward. These flights were in agreement as to winds, weather and general configuration of the storm. However, minimum surface pressure at 1945Z was found to be 987 mb, a decrease of 12 mb from that observed approximately six hours earlier. The position of the center of the storm was at this time about 70 nmi south of Cape Lookout and coastal stations had already begun to feel the effects of the circulation (ATS). August 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.4N, 75.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 75.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.0N, 75.6W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.8N, 75.6W. ATS shows a 0030Z map time position near 34.8N, 76.7W and a 1230Z map time position near 37.0N, 75.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzed a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near the MWR positions with a NE-SW front located a few hundred nmi northwest of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 08Z at 36.5N, 74.6W (micro); 65 kt E and 999 mb at 12Z at 38.0N, 74.4W (COA); 55 kt S and 996 mb at 15Z at 36.7N, 74.6W (COA); 70 kt SE and 992 mb at 18Z at 37.9N, 74.4W. 30 other gales of 35-60 kt and six other low pressures of 998-1005 mb. Land highlights: 35 kt NNW and 994 mb at 01Z at Cherry Pt., NC (J & T); [land-based radar?] center fix at 0230Z at 34.9N, 76.4W (J & T); 67 kt SE (max wind/1-min) at Hatteras, NC (highest gust at Hatteras was 78 kt E) (climo); center fix at 0330Z at Ocracoke, NC (J & T); 989 mb (min p) at 0430Z at Belhaven, NC (climo, J & T); 990 mb (min p) at 0425Z at Hatteras, NC (climo); 55 kt NE and 1000 mb at 06Z at Elizabeth City, NC (micro); estimated center fix at 08Z at 35.9N, 75.8W (J & T); 988 mb (min p) at 0900Z at Coinjock, NC (climo, J & T); 55 kt NE (max wind/1-min) at Norfolk, VA (climo); 995 mb (min p) at Norfolk (climo). Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix (loran) at 2030Z at 38.0N, 74.1W with 993 mb lowest pressure encountered (40 nmi S of center) and 100 kt estimated winds (micro, ATS). The center passed over the North Carolina Capes section during the night of August 13 attended by winds of 90 to 100 mph and lowest pressure about 29.15 inches. (MWR). As the center of Barbara moved inland between Cherry Point and Hatteras shortly before 14/0030Z, an eccentricity in the pressure envelope developed. This consisted of an elongation of the pressure pattern to the southeast and caused a marked distortion of the wind field in that sector. The storm was over land until approximately 14/1000Z, departing the coast approximately 15 nmi south of Cape Henry. Following this time, it intensified again attaining maximum winds of 100 kt at approximately 14/1900Z. As the storm pursued its short trajectory over land the distortion persisted. When the center moved out over water it became more pronounced, as shown by the 14/2030Z reconnaissance fix, which found a circular opening and a pressure of 993 mb 40 nmi south of the center. This synoptic situation, which presented serious forecasting problems was alleviated by the system rapidly becoming extratropical (ATS). Hurricane Barbara struck the coast of North Carolina between Morehead City and Ocracoke on August 13. After spinning northward along the Outer Banks, the storm turned to the northeast and moved out to sea near the Virginia line. Barbara was a category-one hurricane and damages were not severe. The storms highest winds were reported as gusts to 90 mph at Cape Hatteras and Nags Head. Several locations along the coast reported rainfall exceeding six inches, but winds and rains on the mainland were very light (Barnes). Barbara crossed the North Carolina coastline between Morehead City and Ocracoke about 2200 EST [0300Z], August 13 [14], and after sweeping the entire Capes section of North Carolina passed out to sea again about 0600 EST [1100Z] August 14. The lowest pressure recorded on land was 29.19 inches (988 mb) at Coinjock, NC near where the storm re-entered the Atlantic; both Morehead City and Belhaven reported 29.20 inches (989 mb). The strongest winds reported from land stations were gusts of 90 mph at Hatteras and Nags Head, NC. Gusts to 78 mph were reported from Cherry Point before a power failure rendered some instruments useless. Radar fixed the center of the storm 23 miles east of Cherry Point at 2130 EST [0230Z] August 13 [14]; an amateur radio operator at Ocracoke reported being in the eye one hour later; and at about 0300 EST [0800Z], August 14 the eye passed about 10 miles west of Nags Head. Elizabeth City, Nags Head, New Bern, Kitty Hawk, and Cherry Point suffered some damage to buildings. A report from Nags Head mentioned that numerous trees were uprooted, some being large ones that survived the great September 14, 1944 hurricane unharmed (James and Thomas). Then it began to curve slowly to the north-northeast, re-entering the Atlantic the morning of the 14th (James and Thomas). Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States- Carolinas and Georgia Aug. 13-14 N.C. Capes Minimal Damage $1,000,000 (Minimal has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - (Dunn and Miller). Barbara NC, 1 987 mb (Jarrell et al. 1992). August 15: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 41.7N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 41.5N, 68.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.4N, 66.7W with a 984 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 41.6N, 66.2W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 41.6N, 66.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 41.5N, 66.0W with a NW-SE frontal feature plotted a few hundred nmi west of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 75 kt E and 1001 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 73.9W (micro); 60 kt W and 1006 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 74.0W (COA); 55kt W and 1001 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 72.6W (COA); 55 kt WSW and 998 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt S and 996 mb at 05Z at 39.5N, 69.2W (micro); 55 kt SW and 994 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 70.0W (COA); 35 kt E and either 986 or 996 mb at 06Z at 40.2N, 70.5W (micro); 40 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 18Z at 39.9N, 63.2W (COA). Land/station highlights: 41 kt NW (max 1 min wind) at Nantucket, MA (climo); 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Nantucket, MA (HWM); 15 kt ESE and 996 mb at 18Z at 44.6N, 63.6W (micro). The Navy night radar reconnaissance plane, which departed Norfolk at 15/0157Z, was unable to detect an eye although it passed almost directly over the center. The speed accelerated rapidly, averaging about 25 kt for 12 hours after 14/2200Z and 31 kt for the following 12 hours. It was unquestionably extratropical by 15/1230Z with winds less than hurricane intensity. [Advisories] were discontinued after 15/1600Z (ATS). After re-entering the Atlantic, Barbara continued on a northeasterly course, deepening slightly and passing a short distance southeast of Nantucket. The strongest winds in New England were only about 60 mph (James and Thomas). After leaving the North Carolina Capes, the center moved northeastward to the Canadian Maritime provinces on the 15th (MWR). August 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 49.0N, 53.8W and a 2nd closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 53N, 58.2W. A cold front extends from 150 nmi south of the first low southwestward from 46N, 55W to 42N, 58W to 41N, 61W. A warm front extends from the 2nd low eastward from 54N, 58W to 54N, 50W to 53N, 45W to 52N, 40W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 53.5N, 59.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z at 44.3N, 60.8W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 49.4N, 56.0W. Microfilm last shows a closed low at 06Z before it goes off the north edge of the map of at most 993 mb centered near 48.3N, 58.4W. Ship highlights: 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 43.1N, 58.2W (COA); 40 kt W and 1010 mb at 06Z at 42.7N, 59.0W (COA); 40 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA). August 17: HWM analyzes a large extratropical low of at most 980 mb centered near 55.8N, 59.6W [it appears that Barbara had already merged with another extratropical low before this date]. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. ATS lasts shows this at 1230Z with a map time position near the HWM position. The original HURDAT begins Barbara as a tropical storm right away at 06Z on 11 August. Observations from the southeastern and central Bahamas as well as ships show a weak, closed circulation on the 11th. The timing of genesis is not changed, but the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 06Z (down from 35 kt originally). The cyclone moved northward from the Bahamas on the 11th to North Carolina on the 14th. All track changes from genesis through landfall in North Carolina are half a degree or less. The first observed gale in association with this cyclone occurred at 06Z on the 12th- a 50 kt wind from a ship, and another 50 kt ship observation occurred at 18Z on the 12th. The cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 11th (12 hours later than in HURDAT originally). Aircraft reconnaissance on the 12th measured central pressures of 1005 and 1002 mb at 1420 and 2250Z respectively, and these central pressures are added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th and 00Z on the 13th respectively. A central pressure of 1005 mb equals 34 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, but the RMW was smaller the climatological RMW value from Vickery et al and the environmental pressure was higher than normal. A 1002 mb central pressure equals 40 kt according to the same pressure-wind relationship, and the RMW at that point had returned to a size near average. An intensity of 55 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 12th (down from 55 kt originally). A 65 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 12th (down from 70 kt originally). On the 13th at both 06Z and 12Z, the highest available wind observations from ships are 50 kts concurrent with 1004 mb pressures. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 13th measured central pressures of 995 and 987 mb at 1327 and 1945Z respectively, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on the 13th. Central pressures of 995 mb and 987 mb equal 54 kt (north of 25N) and 66 kt (north of 25N and intensifying) respectively, but the RMW was smaller than average for both fixes. Intensities of 65 and 70 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 13th (down from 90 and 95 kt respectively- both major changes). Barbara is analyzed to have strengthened to a hurricane at 18Z on the 12th (6 hours later than originally). Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 30 kt are implemented at all times from 06Z on 13 August through 18Z on the 13th. Hurricane Barbara made landfall between Morehead City and Ocracoke, NC at about 02Z on 14 August. The cyclone was already moving north-northeastward at that time, and it is analyzed to have exited North Carolina back into the Atlantic between 09Z and 10Z the same day near 36.2N, 75.7W (north of Kill Devil Hills, NC). Center fixes early on the 14th occurred at 0230Z (radar), 0330Z (Ocracoke in center), and possibly at 08Z (possibly radar). The center fixes are consistent with time series of observations from the land stations and show that the previous HURDAT position at 06Z on the 14th was a few tenths of a degree too far to the east-northeast. In fact, the HURDAT track is shifted a couple tenths of a degree to the left of the previous track from 06Z on the 13th through 12Z on the 14th including the landfall point. The highest observed wind was 67 kt (maximum 1-minute wind) at Cape Hatteras, but it is likely that Cape Hatteras was well outside the RMW to the right of Barbaras path. The lowest observed pressures from land stations were 989 mb from both Morehead City and Belhaven, NC, and 988 mb from Coinjock, NC (a short distance away from where Barbara moved back over the Atlantic). All three of those observations are analyzed to be peripheral pressures. None of the pressures reported from any stations are believed to have been observed inside the RMW at anytime during Barbaras path over coastal North Carolina. The size of the RMW is also uncertain (at 1945Z on the 13th, the RMW was about 20 nmi, and at 2030Z on the 14th, the RMW was about 30 nmi). The Schloemer equation was run using the 989 mb peripheral pressure observation from Morehead City, since it occurred at the time of landfall (Morehead City is located 20 nmi from the center at closest approach). If Morehead City is assumed to be at the RMW at the time of its minimum pressure of 989 mb, a central pressure of 974 mb is yielded. Since it is just a guess where Morehead City was in relation to the RMW, this value of 974 mb cannot be treated as an accurately known central pressure. It should be noted that several hours later, well after the cyclone moves back over water, at 2030Z on the 14th, aircraft reconnaissance information indicates a 973 mb central pressure with an 80 kt intensity. A central pressure of 975 mb and an intensity of 80 kt are estimated at 00Z on the 14th (down from 90 kt originally) and for the North Carolina landfall, maintaining Barbara as a Category 1 for North Carolina. The 987 mb central pressure previously listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 14th is removed. Although Barbara was originally listed as a Category 1 for North Carolina, the winds in the original HURDAT at the point before landfall were 90 kt, which was a mismatch. Although an 80 kt Category 1 is analyzed, given that there was no data from the RMW at landfall, it is possible that Barbara could have been a Category 2. Since there is an absence of data from the RMW at landfall, no change is made to the original HURDAT designation of a Category 1, especially since there is no concrete data to indicate that the winds were any higher than 80 kt. It is not appropriate to run the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model for this case because Barbara was located over the intercoastal waters most of the time between the initial landfall and when it moved back over water. As Barbara exited North Carolina, Norfolk, VA recorded a maximum 1-minute wind of 55 kt. It is possible that the extreme southeastern coast of Virginia experienced Category 1 conditions, but after running the Schwerdt et al. model, it was determined that winds of about 60 kt likely occurred on the Virginia coastline, so a hurricane impact is not analyzed for Virginia. Barbara passed closed enough to the Delmarva Peninsula and Atlantic City, New Jersey to cause tropical storm force winds there, but hurricane conditions were not experienced on those coastlines. Shortly after Barbara left North Carolina, at 12Z on the 14th, a ship recorded winds of 65 kt (with a 999 mb pressure), and at 18Z, a ship recorded 70 kt (with a pressure of 992 mb) about 28 nmi from the analyzed position at that time. At 2030Z on the 14th, aircraft reconnaissance did not penetrate the center but encountered a minimum pressure of 993 mb 40 nmi south of the center. An RMW was reported, and in this case, the Schloemer equation was run with all required parameters well known. A central pressure of 973 mb is yielded, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th. A central pressure of 973 mb yields 80 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, and 80 kt is the analyzed intensity for 18Z on the 14th (up from 70 kt originally). Analyzed intensities at all times on the 14th are 80, 75, 75, and 80 kt (originally 90, 70, 65, and 70 kt). Previously, the peak intensity listed for Barbara was 95 kt at 18Z on the 13th. The revised peak intensity is 80 kt at 00Z on the 14th and 80 kt again at 18Z on the 14th. Barbara continued northeastward and is analyzed to have passed about a degree southeast of Nantucket around 08Z on the 15th. The maximum 1-minute wind recorded at Nantucket was 41 kt. The largest track changes during the tropical portion of the lifetime of Barbara are made at 18Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th when the positions are shifted about one degree southwest of the previous positions. Barbara is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 16th (six hours after that shown originally). The extratropical cyclone turned northward early on the 16th. On the 16th, another extratropical cyclone began to form and strengthen to the southeast of extratropical Barbara (covered in James and Thomas, 1953), and these two cyclones eventually merged late on the 16th, but dissipation of Barbara is delayed by six hours because available observations indicate that Barbara was not absorbed/dissipated until after 18Z on the 16th. The revised final position for Barbara is at 18Z on the 16th at 53.5N, 59.0W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. Additional quotes: In comparison to earlier tropical storm tracks Barbaras track was almost identical to that of the storm of September 10-16, 1933; both had their eastward movement blocked near Newfoundland and were deflected northward (James and Thomas). Hurricane Barbara originated just north of Cuba and headed towards North Carolina, disabling a 398-foot tanker in route. It crossed North Carolina, moved into the Atlantic once more near Norfolk, Virginia, and caused an estimated 50,000 people to leave the 500-mile long coastal strip from Morehead City, North Carolina to Long Island. It deposited 7.29 inches of rain at Atlantic City, 4.86 at Block Island, and moved out to sea, leaving the United States a death toll of seven and property damage of over a million dollars (ATS). References: James, R. P., and C. F. Thomas, 1953: Hurricane Barbara, 1953. Monthly Weather Review, 81, 255-265. ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 4 (Carol) 35780 08/28/1953 M=13 4 SNBR= 789 CAROL XING=1 SSS=1 35780 08/28/1953 M=13 4 SNBR= 789 CAROL XING=0 * ***** 35785 08/28* 0 0 0 0*160 205 25 0*153 216 30 0*146 228 30 0* 35785 08/28* 0 0 0 0*140 205 25 0*139 216 25 0*138 228 25 0* *** *** ** *** ** 35790 08/29*139 240 30 0*132 253 30 0*126 267 30 0*120 281 30 0* 35790 08/29*137 240 25 0*136 253 30 0*135 267 30 0*136 282 30 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** 35795 08/30*114 295 30 0*109 307 30 0*107 321 30 0*106 339 30 0* 35795 08/30*138 299 30 0*139 316 30 0*140 333 30 0*140 350 30 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35800 08/31*106 358 30 0*106 377 35 0*106 396 35 0*108 414 40 0* 35800 08/31*140 367 30 0*140 384 35 0*140 401 40 0*140 418 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35805 09/01*113 430 40 0*119 443 45 0*125 456 50 0*131 469 55 0* 35805 09/01*140 434 60 0*140 450 70 0*140 466 80 0*141 482 90 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35810 09/02*136 481 60 0*142 495 70 0*150 510 75 0*161 537 85 0* 35810 09/02*144 497 100 0*150 512 110 0*157 527 120 944*165 543 125 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35815 09/03*173 563 115 0*181 575 125 0*189 587 130 0*199 600 130 929* 35815 09/03*173 559 130 0*182 573 135 0*191 587 140 0*200 601 140 929* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35820 09/04*210 613 130 0*223 625 130 0*237 635 130 0*250 643 125 0* 35820 09/04*212 613 135 0*224 624 125 0*236 632 120 0*249 640 115 942* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35825 09/05*263 651 120 0*278 661 115 0*292 671 105 0*299 676 100 0* 35825 09/05*262 648 115 0*275 657 115 0*288 665 110 945*299 672 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35830 09/06*305 680 95 0*316 688 90 0*330 696 85 0*350 706 80 0* 35830 09/06*310 679 100 0*322 686 95 0*334 694 90 0*350 700 85 962* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 35835 09/07*372 708 80 0*386 703 75 0*403 693 70 0*433 673 65 0* 35835 09/07*370 705 80 0*388 700 75 0*406 684 75 0*434 668 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35840 09/08E464 652 60 0E491 630 55 0E518 608 50 0E545 584 50 0* 35840 09/08*464 652 60 0E491 630 50 0E518 608 45 0E545 584 45 0* * ** ** ** 35845 09/09E570 562 45 0E595 541 45 0E618 520 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 35850 HR ME1 35850 HR *** U.S. Impact: -9/7/1953 12Z 41.2N, 70.2W 50 kt (50 kt winds at Nantucket, MA as 75 kt hurricane passed offshore) -9/7/1953 18Z 44.9N, 67.0W 45 kt (45 kt winds at Eastport, ME as 75 kt hurricane passed offshore) Landfalls: -9/7/1953 20Z 44.2N 66.4W - 75 kt - Canada -9/7/1953 22Z 45.3N 65.8W 70 kt - Canada Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed from Hurricane Carol, which made landfall in Canada as a Category 1 hurricane. Major changes are made to the timing of when Carol attainted hurricane and major hurricanes status. This is the first hurricane during the aircraft reconnaissance era for which a hurricane was revised upward in intensity to a Category 5 based on aircraft observations. Finally, another major change was made to remove the hurricane impact listed for Maine. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), Monthly U.S. and state Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, Surface Weather Observations, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Jarrell et al. (1992), and Tucker (1995). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.5N, 18.2W along the ITCZ. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 20.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.3N, 21.6W. No gales or low pressures. The wave from which Carol formed was traced from the coast of Africa, where it was first noted on August 28 (MWR). August 29: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered between 10-16N, 20-26W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 12.6N, 26.7W. No gales or low pressures. On the 29th it passed the Cape Verde Islands moving westward (MWR). August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.2N, 30.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression 10.7N, 32.1W. No gales or low pressures. An easterly wave was tracked by the ship reports from near 34-35W at 30/1230Z to 44-45W by 01/0630Z (ATS). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 40.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.6N, 39.6W. No gales or low pressures. Signs of development began to appear on August 31 (MWR). September 1: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.6N, 46.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 12.5N, 45.6W. Ship highlights: 60-65 kt NNE and 992 mb at 1745Z at 14.3N, 48.5W (ATS); 45 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 1935Z at 14.2N, 48.4W (ATS). On the 1st of September a modified Gull Lima flight penetrated to 16.7N, 54.2W and, at that position, at 01/1745Z, reported a NE surface winds Beaufort force 7 (30 kt), partly cloudy, and a moderate southeasterly swell. Coupled with the fact that the 850 mb height had fallen 110 feet during the last hour [as the aircraft flew closer to what was obviously Carol], as the above position was approached on a course of 150 degrees, the report indicated a disturbance further on out in the Atlantic, probably southeast of this position, but at an unknown distance. The situation was not long in doubt. Three reports received from the S.S. Umatilla are quoted: 1745Z position 14.3N, 48.5W, wind NNE [force 11 to 12] (60 to 70 kt), swell sea NNE very high, barometer 29.29 in. falling rapidly. 1935Z position 14.2N, 48.4W with SSW [force 9] (40 kt), confused high swell, barometer 29.66 in. rising slowly, temp 76, hurricane center NW of position. 2345Z [position] 14.2N, 48.0W, wind SE [force 6] (25 kt) in squalls up to [force] 8 (35 kt), confused swell, barometer 29.92 in rising, temp 78. In coordination with the Weather Bureau, [advisory] No. 1 on Hurricane Carol was issued at 01/2230Z with an estimated position (based on the above ship report) of 14.4N, 48.8W, at 01/2200Z, and stated that the next [advisory] would follow Wednesday morning (September 2) after the reconnaissance fix (ATS). On September 1, confirmation that a hurricane had formed was received from the S. S. Umatilla which reported force 11 to 12 NNE winds, very high seas, and rapidly falling pressure at 14.3N, 48.5W (MWR). September 2: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 15.6N, 52.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 15.0N, 51.0W. ATS shows a 1230 map time position near 15.8N, 52.9W. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1311Z at 15.9N, 53.2W with 944 mb central pressure, 80 kt estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height 7,900 ft (micro, ATS). An Air Force reconnaissance plane fixed the center at 15.9N, 53.2W at 02/1311Z. Surface winds about the center at that time were 80 kt, sea level pressure 944 mb, and 700-mb height 7,900 ft (ATS). September 3: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 18.7N, 58.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 58.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 19.3N, 58.3W. Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 984 mb centered near 19.2N, 58.4W. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1300Z at 19.3N, 58.3W with 120 kt maximum winds (micro, ATS); Navy center fix at 1808Z at 19.8N, 60.4W with 929 mb central pressure and 130 kt maximum winds (micro, ATS). This storm became the most severe hurricane of the season during the next few days as it moved on a west-northwest course, with aircraft reporting 130+ knot winds and minimum pressure 930 mb (27.45 inches) on September 3 and 4 (MWR). Another Air Force reconnaissance plane found the center to be at 19.3N, 58.3W at 13/1200Z, with maximum winds of 120 kt. The eye was diffuse, three nmi in diameter at the surface, but well-defined, eight nmi in diameter at 10,000 ft. Another fix was obtained on the 3rd by a Navy low-level penetration flight operating from San Juan. At 1808Z, the center was found to be at 19.8N, 60.4W attended by maximum winds of 130 kt in the southeast quadrant. The eye was three nmi in diameter and well-defined, minimum surface pressure 929 mb. The northern semicircle was not explored due to [fear of] extremely severe turbulence. Navigational error [on this fix] was probably not more than five to eight nmi, since an excellent [navigational] landfall had been made after departing the storm. Following 03/1830Z, Carol assumed a course of north-northwest. Aerial reconnaissance was continued and was invaluable in maintaining a track of the storm in an area of sparse ship reports. The Air Force made the flights during the day, while the Navy provided night radar coverage (ATS). September 4: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 23.2N, 62.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 63.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, with the former showing a 992 mb pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 23.4N, 63.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 24.0N, 66.0W (COA); 35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 22.9N, 59.2W (COA). Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0157, 0251, 0352, 0450, 0551, 0651, 0751, and 0851Z between 21.5-23.1N, 61.5-62.7W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1328Z at 23.5N, 63.3W with 100 kt estimated surface winds, 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered, 950 mb dropsonde surface pressure, and lowest 700 mb height 8,795 feet (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1900Z at 25.2N, 63.8W with 942 mb central pressure, 120 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered, and lowest 700 mb height 8,490 ft (micro, ATS). On September 4th, a Hurricane Hunter B-29 from Kindley AFB flew into the hurricanes eye and found it to be about 20 miles in diameter with winds blowing around that centre at 120 kt (Tucker). On 4 September the Air Force fixed the position at 1900Z at 25.2N, 63.8W (ATS). September 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.6N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 67.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, with the former showing a 993 mb pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HWM position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 978 mb centered near 28.9N, 66.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 68.7W (HWM, micro); 30 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 1730Z at 27.0N, 69.1W (micro). Five other gales of 35-50 kt and three other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0130, 0230, 0330, and 0430Z between 26.2-27.5N, 64.1-65.9W (micro, ATS); center fix (loran) at 1235Z at 28.9N, 66.6W with 945 mb central pressure, 90 kt estimated maximum winds and 700 mb height in the eye of 8,530 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 1817Z at 29.9N, 67.2W with 80 kt maximum winds encountered in the SW quadrant and 700 mb height of 8,640 ft. No. 4 Warning (that the centre was now expected to pass a short distance to the west, was hoisted at 4 P.M. on Saturday, September 5th and Dr. Macky predicted that the fringe winds felt here might be at hurricane force (Tucker). That night a Navy radar flight reported the center to be at 26.2N, 64.1W at 05/0130Z and at 26.6N, 64.3W at 05/0230Z. The Navy radar plane subsequently advised that the positions were in error by approximately 70 nmi to the east. When corrected, these agreed quite well with later surface and aerial reconnaissance reports which showed Carol continuing on a north-northwesterly course. Between 2207Z and 2230Z three position on the storm center were reported by an Air Force reconnaissance plane, which showed it to be approximately 90 nmi SW of Bermuda. These were believed to be in error (ATS). September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33.3N, 70.2W with a NNE-SSW frontal system approaching from the west located about 400 nmi west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 69.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.9N, 69.5W with a 975 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 33.6N, 69.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 33.4N, 69.6W with a NE-SW front approaching from the west located several hundred nmi west of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 991 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 68.7W (COA); ~60 kt NW and 986 mb at 12Z at 33.1N, 71.0W (HWM); 55-60 kt S and 982 mb at 15Z at 33.5N, 68.5W (micro). 18 other gales between 35-50 kt and 11 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0618Z at 32.7N, 68.3W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1147Z at 33.4N, 69.4W with 75 kt max winds and 700 mb height of 9,000 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 2000Z at 35.8N, 69.9W with 962 mb central pressure and 100 kt estimated maximum winds (micro). By September 6, when the hurricane passed about midway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda, there were signs of weakening (MWR). In the event, Hurricane Carol by-passed the Colony some 200 miles west on Saturday night at 8 pm (~0100Z on the 6th). The island escaped with gale-force winds and only slight damage: steady winds of 50-60 mph swept the islands. Surprisingly little rain fell: one tenth of an inch in 24 hours. Some trees were uprooted, salt spray drenched the land, and one hundred telephones went out of action (Tucker). Ironically enough, the Queen of Bermuda which altered course to avoid the big blow, unfortunately ran slap into it. Wind and sea increased in fury and beset the Queen for 8 ½ hours forcing Capt. Leslie Banyard to hove his ship to and ride out the storm. Her forward deck was continuously awash and waves rose as high as the bridge, while occasionally she rolled 28 degrees. When at last she arrived back in port, half a dozen or so passengers were obliged to go to the hospital for X-rays and one seaman had died of a broken skull (Tucker). Reconnaissance was continued on the 6th with the Air Force making two flights, and the Navy providing radar coverage that night. This latter flight experienced considerable difficulty in finding the center by radar return, indicating that the storm was assuming extratropical characteristics. Meanwhile, the storm accelerated from 14 kt at 06/1000Z to 19 kt at 07/0300Z (ATS). September 7: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 40.9N, 68.1W with a N-S dissipating stationary front located just west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 40.3N, 69.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 40.9N, 68.7W with a 981 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 40.6N, 69.4W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 41.5N, 68.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 984 mb centered near 40.7N, 68.4W with a NNE-SSW frontal system approaching from the west located about 200 nmi west of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 991 mb at 12Z at 40.1N, 66.6W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 986 mb at 12Z at 39.8N, 68.6W (micro); 65 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12Z at 40.7N, 66.2W (micro); 15 kt NNW and 985 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 69.9W (micro); 60 kt SW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 41.1N, 66.7W (COA); 70 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 42.4N, 66.4W (COA). 20 other gales between 35-55 kt and eight other low pressures between 991-1003 mb. Land/station highlights: 45 kt NNW and 994 mb at 12Z at Nantucket, MA (micro); 47 kt N (max w/1-min) at Nantucket (climo); 30 kt NE and 991 mb at 18Z at Eastport, ME (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 18Z at Halifax, Nova Scotia (micro); 42 kt NE (max w/1-min) at 1658Z, 989 mb (min p) at 2010Z) at Eastport (climo). Three other low pressures of 1003 mb. From the September, 1953 National Monthly Climatological Data Summary Storm reports Location: Cape Cod area, Mass., and Maine Coast; Date: 7th; Time: all day; Property damage (exclusive of crops): $1,070,000; Character of storm: wind; Remarks: Hurricane Carol traveled northward east of New England, producing heavy seas and gales along southeastern MA and ME shores (climo). Thereafter it slowly lost force, but was still about hurricane strength when it passed over Nova Scotia and New Brunswick on the 7th (MWR). It then began to accelerate more rapidly, attaining a speed of 25 kt by 07/1600Z, and moved with an easterly component. The center passed about 60 nmi east of Nantucket Island at approximately 07/1100Z with highest winds reported of about 55 kt while a ship as far as 150 nmi to the east of the center reported Beaufort force 12. By this time it was moving north-northeasterly with continued acceleration, and showed further evidence of becoming extratropical. Shortly after 07/1830Z the storm center entered the Bay of Fundy and rapidly became extratropical. Winds of storm velocity continued in the eastern semicircle causing considerable crop damage in Nova Scotia as it moved up the Bay (ATS). Carol ME, 1 (Jarrell et al. 1992). Tropical storm passed east of station [Eastport] during the afternoon (Eastport SWO). Meanwhile, the third hurricane of the 1953-54 season had been moving northward in the Atlantic. On the early morning of the 7th, having lost most of its tropical violence, it was centered 150 miles south of Nantucket and 250 miles east of New Jersey. That evening it was over the southern tip of Nova Scotia; its line of travel relative to New England had fortunately kept the worst of the storm well out to sea. Even so, winds up to 54 m.p.h. (recorded at Nantucket) swept the Cape Cod area, the Maine coast was also gale-lashed, and heavy seas pounded the coastline Heavy rains swept Cape cod and coastal Maine as the storm swept by (New England Climatological Data). September 8: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 990 mb centered near 51.9N, 59.3W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm front located 180 nmi NNE of the cyclone and the NNE end of a NNE-SSW cold front located 70 nmi SSW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 51.8N, 60.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.0N, 60.3W with a 989 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 46.6N, 65.2W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 51.2N, 60.0W. Microfilm last shows a closed low at 00Z before the cyclone goes off the north edge of the map of at most 987 mb centered near 46.7N, 64.9W with a front near the cyclone. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1003 mb at 12Z at 51.9N, 55.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z at 52.3N, 53.8W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 51.8N, 53.3W (COA). Land/station highlights: 25 kt SW and 990 mb at 00Z at Moncton (46.1N, 64.8W) (micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 06Z at Sydney (46.1N, 60.2W) (micro). Eight other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. The Hurricane Warning Service discontinued warnings on Carol after 08/0400Z (ATS). September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 61.6N, 52.0W with an occluded front extending near or just east of the low to a triple point near 59N, 46W. A warm front extends from the triple point east-northeastward and a cold front extends from the triple point south-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 61.8N, 52.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.2N, 54.1W with a 987 mb pressure. Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 03Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA). Three other low pressures. September 10: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 06Z near 66.9N, 35.7W. Carol formed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on 27 August. HURDAT begins this system as a 25 kt tropical depression on 28 August at 06Z at 16.0N, 20.5W. Observations on the 28th indicate the definite presence of at least a strong tropical wave. Although there is not concrete evidence that it was a tropical depression by the 28th, there is also not evidence that it was not closed, so no change is made to the timing of genesis. The previous HURDAT track shows a southwestward motion from 16.0N, 20.5W on the 28h at 06Z to 10.6N, 33.9W on the 30th at 18Z. A ship on the 30th, which experienced greater than or equal to a 4 mb pressure drop in a 24-hour period, indicates that the circulation is definitely closed by the 30th and that the position at 18Z on the 30th is near 14.0N, 35.0W instead of 10.6N, 33.9W (a major track change). In addition to the pressure falls, this ship experienced a wind shift of greater than 180 degrees in 12 hours. The highest 6-hourly wind reported from this ship was 20 kt and the lowest 6-hourly pressure was 1011 mb (although one pressure was missing- likely the value when it was closest to the center). The data indicates that the cyclone was still weak on the 30th, so the 30 kt intensity shown in HURDAT on the 30th is maintained. On August 31st, there is absolutely no data, but on 1 September at 1745Z, a ship ran into the cyclone and reported winds of 60-65 kt with a 992 mb pressure and barometer rapidly falling near 14.3N, 48.5W. The revised position at 18Z on 1 September is about 1.5 degrees WNW of the previous HURDAT position. Major north-northwestward track adjustments ranging from 2 to more than 3.5 degrees are analyzed at all times from August 30th at 00Z through September 1st at 06Z. Carol, which had been moving due west, turned toward the west-northwest on 2 September, and the first aircraft reconnaissance flight occurred on the 2nd. At 1311Z on 2 September, the Air Force plane measured a central pressure of 944 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd. A central pressure of 944 mb equals 119 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems and 120 kt is chosen for 12Z on 2 September (up from 75 kt originally). The ship data on September 1st indicates that the intensity of Carol at 18Z on the 1st was at least 70 kt, but it is not known how much higher than 70 kt the intensity was at that time. Therefore, the intensity is decreased by 10 kt per 6 hours backward from the 120 kt chosen for 12Z on the 2nd. Revised intensities at 12Z each day from 31 August to 2 September are 40, 80, and 120 kt (up from 35, 50, and 75 kt respectively- major upward revisions on the 1st and 2nd). Although there is no change to the time Carol became a tropical storm, Carol is analyzed to have become a hurricane by 06Z on 1 September (24 hours earlier than originally). Carol is analyzed to have become a major hurricane by 00Z on 2 September (also 24 hours earlier than originally) (both of these are major changes). On the 3rd of September, Carol was passing a few hundred nmi northeast of the northern Leeward Islands. All track changes from the 3rd through the 6th are seven-tenths of a degree or less. During those four days, the hurricane moved northwestward, passing well west of Bermuda and reaching a point near 35N, 70W by 18Z on the 6th. After the 944 mb central pressure was obtained by aircraft reconnaissance on the 2nd, a 929 mb central pressure was measured by a Navy aircraft on 3 September at 1808Z. Maximum winds of 130 kt were reported with an eye diameter of 3 nmi. The pressure value obtained by the aircraft was double checked, calibrated, and found to be correct. The central pressure of 929 mb listed in HURDAT at 18Z on 3 September is retained. A central pressure of 929 mb equals 133 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The estimated RMW of 3 nmi is much smaller than the climatological RMW value of 12 nmi from Vickery et al. for that central pressure and latitude. The forward speed of Carol was about 16 kt. Given this data, a 140 kt intensity is chosen on the 3rd for 12 and 18Z (up from 130 kt originally) making Carol a Category 5 hurricane. Carol may have been similar in structure and intensity to Andrew (1992) or Felix (2007) at this time. 140 kt is the new peak intensity for Carol (previously 130 kt). The 929 mb central pressure was also the lowest central pressure ever recorded by aircraft in the Atlantic Basin up until that time, breaking the previous record of 937 mb set in Hurricane Easy (1951). The record before that was 938 mb set in the 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane. Major upward revisions to the intensity of 20 to 45 kt are analyzed at all times on the 1st and 2nd of September. Central pressures of 942 and 945 mb were measured at 19Z on the 4th and 1235Z on the 5th by reconnaissance aircraft, and these values are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th and 12Z on the 5th respectively. The latter yields a wind speed of 110 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 110 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 5th (up from 105 kt originally). On the 6th at 2000Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a 962 mb central pressure, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th. A 962 mb central pressure yields 89 kt according to the weakening subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 88 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship from Landsea et al. (2004). An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 6th (up from 80 kt originally). A value below the pressure-wind relationship was chosen because the RMW at that time was very large. Carol reached its farthest west point and recurved around 00Z of the 7th near 37N, 70.5W. On the 7th, the cyclone passed well east of Nantucket, and the maximum wind recorded at Nantucket was 47 kt (1-minute). Ships at 12Z on the 7th recorded winds as high as hurricane force and pressures as low as 985 mb. At 18Z on the 7th, when Carol was still over water located between Maine and Nova Scotia moving northward, a ship recorded 70 kt with 993 mb about 60 nmi south of the center. Observations indicate that Carol was still tropical at that time. Carol is analyzed to have made two direct Canadian hurricane landfalls (the first of which is a result of a slight eastward track adjustment on the 7th). The first landfall occurred at 20Z on 7 September as a 75 kt (up from 65 kt originally at 18Z) Category 1 hurricane at 44.2N, 66.4W (western tip of Nova Scotia), and the second landfall occurred at 22Z on 7 September as a 70 kt hurricane at 45.3N, 65.8W (New Brunswick). Carol was previously listed as a Category 1 hurricane for Maine, but the hurricane impact for Maine is removed. The highest wind that occurred at Eastport, ME was 42 kt (1-min) and this was by far the closest station and also the nearest point on the Maine coast to which the center passed. This is also consistent with the impacts described in the New England Climatological Data. It is quite possible that hurricane force winds only existed on the right side of Carol, but another important point is that the track has been adjusted a few tenths of a degree farther away from Maine compared with the previous track at closest approach. Portland, ME did not even record any tropical storm force winds. Maine and Massachusetts received tropical storm impacts from Carol, and Bermuda also received a tropical storm impact. After Canadian landfall, HURDAT previously listed Carol as having become extratropical by 00Z on the 8th with a 60 kt intensity, but it is analyzed that Carol did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 8th. No change is made to the timing of dissipation or to the position or intensity at the final point, which is listed at 12Z on 9 September at 61.8N, 52.0W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone. Additional quotes: Hurricane Carol was full-fledged when it made its appearance out of an area of no reports some 700-800 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. This severe hurricane spent most of its fury at sea. Only light damage was inflicted on Bermuda. Shipping at sea was able to stay out of the storms path, except for a Panamanian freighter that went aground near Cape Cod. Some damage was done to New England, but the storm had its worst effect on apple orchards and grain fields of Nova Scotia. One fishing vessel was sunk in the Bay of Fundy and another near Gloucester. Two deaths were reported as being due to this storm (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 5 (originally Storm 3) 35735 08/28/1953 M= 7 3 SNBR= 788 NOT NAMED XING=1 35735 08/29/1953 M= 4 5 SNBR= 788 NOT NAMED XING=0 * * * (The 28th is removed from HURDAT.) 35740 08/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*217 826 35 0* 35745 08/29*238 842 40 0*249 841 40 0*260 826 45 985*260 812 35 0* 35745 08/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*263 809 25 1007* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** 35750 08/30*261 798 35 0*268 784 35 0*274 775 35 0*280 775 40 0* 35750 08/30*269 793 30 0*272 784 30 0*275 777 30 0*278 775 35 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35755 08/31*287 778 40 0*292 781 45 0*297 784 50 0*304 789 50 0* 35755 08/31*281 778 35 0*286 781 35 0*292 786 35 0*300 793 35 1008* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 35760 09/01*312 797 40 0*319 808 30 0*324 820 25 0*325 830 25 0* 35760 09/01*307 800 35 0*314 808 30 0*322 817 30 0*325 828 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** (The 2nd and 3rd are removed from HURDAT.) 35765 09/02*325 838 25 0*327 843 25 0*332 848 25 0*344 854 25 0* 35770 09/03*365 860 25 0*385 852 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 35775 TS Minor track and minor intensity alterations are implemented for this tropical storm. Major changes are made to the time of genesis (delayed by 24 hours), the time that tropical storm intensity was first attained (delayed by two days), and to the dissipation of this cyclone (earlier by 36 hours). Changes are also made to tropical storm impacts for the United States with Florida being removed as being a tropical storm landfall. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Florida Climatological Data, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, Tannehill (1956), Cry et al. (1959), and Perez et al. (2000). August 28: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.7N, 82.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a weak trough in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. No gales or low pressures. August 29: HWM suggests a trough in the northwestern Caribbean and analyzes a dissipating stationary front located along the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 82.6W with a 985 mb pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1009 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.2N, 79.9W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2030Z at 26.8N, 79.1W with 1007 mb central pressure (micro). This system is not listed as a Cuban tropical storm (Perez). August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 78.0W with the west end of a dissipating stationary front extending eastward from the low. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.4N, 77.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near the HWM position also containing a frontal boundary extending from the low east-northeastward. Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 30.1N, 79.7W (COA). No tropical storms reached the State [during August 1953] (Florida Climatological Data). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 79.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 78.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 78.2W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 29.1N, 78.4W with a frontal boundary extending east-northeastward from the low. Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1017 mb at 06Z at 30.1N, 79.3W (micro); 30 kt SW and 1010 mb at 18Z at 28.7N, 79.0W (micro). Land/station highlights: 15 kt NE and 1013 mb at 18Z at Brunswick, GA (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 30.0N, 79.0W with 1008 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (micro). Navy reconnaissance on the 31st found the remnants of this circulation near 29N, 79W, and confirmed the opinion that it was no longer a danger as a possible hurricane (ATS). September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 31.5N, 81.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.4N, 82.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.8N, 81.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 32.3N, 81.6W. Station highlights: 25 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 00Z at Savannah, GA (micro); 5 kt N and 1010 mb at 06Z at Brunswick, GA (micro); 30 kt S and 1012 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 80.0W (micro). A moderate storm of tropical nature moved inland on the lower Georgia coast on the 1st and continued westward across the state, causing light rains in most districts (climo). September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 34.3N, 85.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 33.2N, 84.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.5N, 84.6W. Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 32.7N, 84.7W but at 12Z does not show a closed low. No gales or low pressures. September 3: HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 20 kt tropical depression at 38.5N, 85.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.4N, 85.1W. No gales or low pressures. HURDAT originally started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on the 28th in the northwestern Caribbean followed shortly by a landfall over Cuba as a 35 kt tropical storm. Subsequently, HURDAT depicted the system making landfall in southwest Florida as a 45 kt/985 mb tropical storm. However, numerous observations indicate that the system did not produce any tropical storm force winds during the 28th or 29th, nor did not obtained a closed circulation until 18Z on the 29th while over south Florida. Genesis is thus delayed by 24 hours and is started as a 25 kt tropical depression. This revision is also consistent with the Cuban assessment in Perez et al., as they did not consider this system as a tropical storm for Cuba. (There is no basis for the 985 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th, and it is removed since there are substantial amounts of data that indicate that the cyclone was only a tropical disturbance with lowest pressures of around 1010 mb at that time.) The tropical storm impact for Florida is also thus removed, which is also consistent with the Florida Climatological Data assessment. After the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic Ocean, an aircraft performed a center fix at 2030Z on the 29th just west of Grand Bahama Island and measured a central pressure of 1007 mb, and this central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 29th. A central pressure of 1007 mb equals 28 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and a 25 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 28th (down from 35 kt originally) and 30 kt at 00Z on the 29th (down from 40 kt originally). The cyclone reached its farthest east point at 12Z on the 30th near 27.5N, 77.5W before making a turn toward the northwest. Ship observations of 30 kt at 18Z on the 30th and one 35 kt observation on the 31st indicate that the depression likely strengthened to a tropical storm. It is analyzed that the depression became a tropical storm at 18Z on 30 August (two days later than originally- a major change). On 31 August, the cyclone moved northwestward toward the Georgia coastline. At 1530Z on the 31st, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1008 mb with maximum winds of 35 kt reported. A 1008 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 31st. The tropical cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on the Georgia coast between Brunswick and Savannah at 08Z on 1 September at 31.6N, 81.1W as a 30 kt tropical depression (unchanged from HURDAT originally at the point before landfall). Previously, HURDAT showed a peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt from 12Z-18Z on the 31st. The revised peak lifetime intensity is 35 kt from 18Z on 30 August through 00Z on 1 September. The depression then moved west-northwestward farther inland into Georgia. HURDAT previously held onto this system as a depression through 06Z on 3 September with a previous final position near the Kentucky/Indiana border, but available observations indicate the dissipation occurred after 18Z on 1 September, so dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally (a major change). The revised final point is at 18Z on 1 September at 32.5N, 82.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression. This system was first added as a tropical storm in the Cry et al. (1959) Technical Memo, as no operational advisories were written on it nor was it included in the Monthly Weather Review summary. Another contemporary climatological account was Tannehill (1956) with his seasonal summaries. Tannehill, however, did not include this system. Why Cry decided to include this as a new tropical storm was not discussed in his tech memo and will likely remain a mystery. Given the observations available, it is uncertain whether it would have been added into the database, if it were not already in HURDAT ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 6 (Dolly) (originally Storm 5) 35855 09/08/1953 M=10 5 SNBR= 790 DOLLY XING=0 35855 09/08/1953 M= 9 6 SNBR= 790 DOLLY XING=0 ** * 35860 09/08* 0 0 0 0*203 659 40 0*200 667 50 0*194 675 50 0* 35860 09/08* 0 0 0 0*183 651 30 0*187 664 35 0*191 675 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35865 09/09*195 682 55 0*201 689 60 0*207 694 65 0*213 698 85 0* 35865 09/09*196 685 45 0*202 690 45 0*207 694 50 1005*213 697 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** **** *** ** 35870 09/10*220 701 95 0*228 703 100 0*237 705 100 995*249 706 100 0* 35870 09/10*221 699 60 0*230 701 60 999*239 705 65 990*249 708 65 989* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35875 09/11*261 705 95 0*276 700 90 0*290 690 85 0*304 676 75 0* 35875 09/11*259 705 65 0*270 699 65 0*285 690 65 0*299 678 65 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35880 09/12*318 659 60 0*333 640 60 0*349 618 55 0E368 589 55 0* 35880 09/12*313 663 60 0*327 644 55 996*347 618 55 994*368 591 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **** *** 35885 09/13E388 556 50 0E404 516 50 0E417 480 50 0E425 457 50 0* 35885 09/13E385 564 50 0E400 533 50 0E415 495 50 0E424 463 55 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 35890 09/14E429 437 45 0E430 418 45 0E430 400 45 0E430 386 45 0* 35890 09/14E428 441 55 0E432 421 50 0E432 407 45 0E430 393 45 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 35895 09/15E430 373 45 0E430 362 45 0E429 350 45 0E426 319 40 0* 35895 09/15E430 378 45 0E430 362 45 0E433 344 45 0E432 319 40 0* *** *** *** *** 35900 09/16E423 283 40 0E421 261 40 0E420 238 35 0E419 212 30 0* 35900 09/16E426 283 40 0E423 261 35 0E420 238 30 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** ** **** *** ** (The 17th is removed from HURDAT.) 35905 09/17E418 186 30 0E418 159 30 0E418 132 25 0E420 105 25 0* 35910 HR Landfall: 9/12/1953 05z 32.3N 64.8W 55 kt 996 mb Bermuda Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Dolly. A major change is made to the timing of when hurricane intensity was first attained, and a major change is introduced for the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Tucker (1995). September 5: From Trucheluts warm anomaly study Hurricane Dolly: Sig anoms and closed circulation analyzed as early as 9/5/12Z near 13N 52W (Truchelut, personal communication, 2010). September 6: Pressure 1009 no evidence of CC on 9/6, west wind on 9/6/18z (Truchelut) September 7: The ship L. Lykes at 18.2N, 60.1W [at 07/1830Z] drew attention to that part of the wave which was north of the island chain. This ship reported winds WSW force 5 (20 kt) and rain, suggesting the existence of a low center near 19N, 61W (ATS). 1005slp in Carib on 9/7/6z. TYPE 2 (Truchelut). September 8: HWM analyzes a spot low near 19.9N, 67.1W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 66.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z near 20.2N, 68.9W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 19.1N, 64.0W. Microfilm analyzes a trough. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 00Z at 21.5N, 64.1W (COA). An easterly wave moved into the Caribbean Sea on September 8 and caused heavy rainfall in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico (MWR). A Navy reconnaissance aircraft departed San Juan on 8 September to investigate in the area of 19N, 67W and 17.3N, 65.5W. No evidence of a tropical storm was found in either area. This search, in conjunction with surface reports, showed that neither of the suspected low centers were of immediate danger (ATS). September 9: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 68.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 69.4W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.3N, 69.0W with a 1003 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 69.1W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 21.0N, 67.5W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 22.5N, 69.1W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at 21Z at 22.3N, 69.0W (micro). Four other gales between 35-45 kt. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1345Z at 20.6-20.8N, 69.5W with 1005 mb central pressure and 85 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro, ATS). It was the 9th before aircraft located a developing center in the wave near 21N, 69W (MWR). During the night [of the 8th-9th], the area near 23N, 69W was watched closely for indications of intensification. However, ships in the area reported easterly winds of no more than 30 kt. Another reconnaissance plane departed from San Juan at first light on the 9th. Enroute to the above area, winds of no higher than 38 kt were reported. These were expected in view of previous ship reports near the area. This planes subsequent reports of 60 and 85 kt were the first of hurricane force. At 09/1345Z this flight centered an eye at 20.6N, 69.5W with central surface pressure 1005 mb, maximum winds 85 kt in the NE quadrant and heavy precipitation in the eastern semicircle. The eye was about 15 nmi in diameter. Warning number one was issued on Dolly at 09/1445Z. At the time of the first aircraft fix winds of 45 kt extended only to 35 nmi from the center in the NE quadrant and the observer in the aircraft believed that the eye was then in the process of formation. On the 9th, a second Navy aircraft from San Juan attempted to observe the storm by radar but was unable to locate an eye. However, it did give indications that both strongest winds and heaviest weather were concentrated in the eastern semicircle of the storm and that Dolly had taken a more northerly course (ATS). September 10: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.0N, 70.2W with a SW-NE stationary front located a few hundred nmi west and northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 70.5W with a 995 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.3N, 71.0W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.8N, 70.9W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.1N, 70.6W with the east end of a front located near 30N, 73W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 22.4N, 68.9W (COA); center fix at 0400Z at 22.9N, 69.9W with 999 mb central pressure and calm winds (micro); 55-60 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, and either 68.3 or 69.3W (micro). Four other gales of 35-50 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fixes at 1316 and 1330Z at 24.0N, 70.7W and 24.1N, 70.7W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1400Z at 24.3N, 70.8W with 990 mb central pressure, and 80 kt maximum estimated [flight-level?] winds (micro); 65 kt estimated surface winds at 1430Z from the SW in the SE quadrant and at 1500Z from the W in the S quadrant (micro); center fixes at 1430 and 1500Z at 24.4N, 70.9W and 24.5N, 70.9W (micro); 90 kt flight-level winds at 1530Z 50 nmi east of the center (micro); center fix (loran) at 1645Z at 24.9N, 71.0W with 989 mb central pressure and 90 kt estimated maximum winds (micro); center fix at 1900Z at 25.2N, 71.0W (micro). The center developed slowly and curved toward a northerly course during the 9th and 10th, reaching maximum development on the 10th, when aircraft estimated top wind speed at near 100 knots (MWR). Dolly was reported to have clouds radiating 100 miles from the centre in all directions and winds of 100-120 mph at the centre. At this stage it was considered unlikely to affect Bermuda except with clouds and showers (Tucker). During the night of 9 and 10 September, a Navy night radar reconnaissance flight was made. Even though a definite eye was not detected, numerous bands of weather were reported, the interpretation of which proved helpful in determining the storms track. Reconnaissance was continued on the 10th with an Air Force flight from Bermuda. A good series of fixes was obtained by this flight, which showed the path of Dolly recurving again to the northward after 10/1230Z, and no appreciable change in intensity (ATS). September 11: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.0N, 68.9W. A stationary front extends from 34N, 55W to 34N, 68W to 33N, 71W, becoming a dissipating stationary front near 33N, 72W, extending to 30N, 74W to 27N, 75W to 23N, 76W to 20N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 69.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.3N, 68.9W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 69.1W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 28.7N, 69.2W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 28.3N, 68.4W with the eastern end of a front located near 30N, 72W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 24.8N, 69.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt SE and 993 mb at 06Z at 26.6N, 69.0W (micro); center fix around ~10Z near ~27.7N, 68.5W with maximum winds encountered of 60 kt (micro); 50 kt NE and 998 mb at 1030Z at 27.9N, 68.5W (micro); 50 kt SW and 996 mb at 12Z at 28.5N, 68.5W (COA); 60 kt ESE and 999 mb at 16Z at 29.2N, 67.6W (micro); 50 kt SSW and 997 mb at 18Z at 29.1N, 67.7W (COA). 12 other gales of 35-50 kt and five other low pressures of 1001-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at either 1450 or 1540Z at 29.3N, 68.6W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro). Thereafter the storm moved northeastward with waning force, passed over Bermuda the night of the 11th, where only gale winds were experienced. Little or no damage was caused at Bermuda (MWR). Dolly continued to recurve, and by 11/0630Z, was moving northeast. At the same time it began to accelerate under the influence of the westerlies aloft at about 2 kt per 6 hr. At about 11/1200Z it attained its highest intensity with winds of approximately 100 kt, which were reported by a Navy reconnaissance flight (ATS). September 12: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 34.6N, 61.8W. A stationary front undergoing frontogenesis is plotted from 40N, 75W to 38N, 69W to just north of Dolly, becoming a warm front near 37N, 59W, extending to 33N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 34.9N, 61.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 34.7N, 62.1W. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 34.7N, 61.4W. Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 34.9N, 62.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 30.5N, 64.5W (micro); 45 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 59.5W (COA, micro). One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1001 mb. Land/station highlights: close or approximate center fix at Bermuda at 0550Z (ATS, micro); 15 kt WNW and 998 mb at 0630Z at Bermuda (micro); 41 kt (max w) G 56 at Bermuda (ATS, micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1435Z at 35.5N, 60.5W with 994 mb central pressure, 50 kt max winds with gusts to hurricane force and min 700 mb height of 9,980 ft (micro, ATS). [The cyclone] moved rapidly northeastward over the Atlantic during the 12th and 13th beyond the range of reconnaissance aircraft (MWR). However, Dolly made a considerable eastward turn, and at 9 P.M. on September 11th, Hurricane Warning No. 5 was hoisted to indicate that the hurricane was expected to pass a short distance to the east of Bermuda, and the local Meteorological Station advised that the risk of hurricane force winds in the early hours of the 12th was now considerable. As things turned out, the centre of the hurricane passed over the colony about 2 A.M. on Saturday September 12th but by that time Dolly had been losing wind-velocity for the previous six hours and was no longer blowing at hurricane, but strictly at gale force. 400 telephones were put out of action by wind and rain but other damage was slight (Tucker). All evidence indicated that Dolly would continue on a NE course, which was almost directly toward Bermuda. An Air Force reconnaissance flight verified this forecast as well as the sharp decrease in intensity to 70 kt by 12/0000Z and continued acceleration. Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda, reported the eye over that station at 12/0550Z with minimum pressure of 997.6 mb, and maximum sustained surface winds of 41 kt with gusts to 56 kt. The speed was then about 20 kt. The eye was further described as open to the south and west. All this supported the belief that Dolly, under the influence of westerlies below the 500 mb level, already possessed extratropical characteristics. The last aerial reconnaissance of Dolly was accomplished on the 12th by the Air Force. At 12/1435Z it had moved on to the NE and accelerated to 30 kt. Except for near hurricane force winds in squalls, the highest sustained velocity was 50 kt. [Advisories] on Dolly were discontinued after 12/2200Z (ATS). September 13: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.5N, 48.5W with a warm front extending from the low southward to 35N, 46W, and a cold front extending from the low west-southwestward to 37N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.7N, 48.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.1N, 48.5W with a 1004 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the same position. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 40.2N, 52.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.7N, 48.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 00Z at 40.4N, 57.8W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 42.0N, 46.0W (COA). Ten other gales between 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. September 14: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 42.6N, 40.0W with a warm front extending south-southeastward from the low to 40N, 37W to 36N, 36W and a cold front extending from the low to 42N, 39W to 39N, 39W to 37N, 46W to 37N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 43.0N, 40.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.8N, 41.5W with a 1004 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 42.0N, 44.0W (COA); 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 42.9N, 43.3W (COA); 40 kt NW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 47.5W (COA). Four other gales of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 1004-1005 mb. September 15: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 44.5N, 34.5W with a dissipating occluded front extending from the low to 45N, 31W to a triple point near 41N, 29W. A warm front extends southeastward from the triple point and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.9N, 35.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.4N, 37.6W with a 1009 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 12Z at 45.0N, 32.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 46.0N, 32.0W (COA). One other gale of 35 kt. September 16: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.3N, 23.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 41N, 19W. A warm front extends south-southeastward from the triple point to 39N, 18W, and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.0N, 23.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.1N, 24.9W with a 1004 mb pressure. Ship highlights (through 12Z only): 20 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 31.4W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 23.0W (COA). One other low pressure of 1004 mb. September 17: HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered near 42.0N, 14.1W with an occluded front extending from 43N, 13W to 40N, 10W to 35N, 13W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.8N, 13.2W. September 18: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 58.0N, 11.5W with an occluded front extending from 59N, 9W to 58N, 1W to 55N, 7E. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Dolly likely formed from a tropical wave that was first noted on 5 September as it approached the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT begins this system as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 65.9W at 06Z on 8 September. There is no clear evidence of a closed circulation prior to the genesis time in HURDAT, so no change is made to the timing of genesis. Available observations do, however, indicate that Dolly was farther south and weaker than was previously listed in the original HURDAT. A major track change is introduced into HURDAT for the first point- the position at 06Z on the 8th is adjusted slightly over 2 degrees south-southeast of the previous position. After 12Z on the 8th, all track changes for the rest of the tropical portion of the lifetime of Dolly are 1 degree or less. Dolly recurved around 18Z on the 10th near 25N, 71W before passing nearly directly over Bermuda as a tropical storm on the 12th. The intensity at the genesis point is analyzed to be a 30 kt tropical depression (down from 40 kt originally at that time). At 00Z on the 9th, a ship reported 45 kt winds, but at 1345Z on the 9th, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 1005 mb. This value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 9th, and equals 37 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. Later on the 9th, at 21Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds concurrent with a 1005 mb pressure. Intensities of 50 and 55 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 9th (down from 65 and 85 kt respectively). It is analyzed that Dolly first attained tropical storm strength at 12Z on 8 September (six hours later than shown in HURDAT originally). On the 10th at 04Z, a ship in the storm center reported a central pressure of 999 mb, which equals 49 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship (the 999 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 10th). At 1400 and 1645Z on the 10th respectively, aircraft reconnaissance recorded central pressures of 990 and 989 mb respectively. The 995 mb central pressure value listed in HURDAT 12Z on the 10th is replaced by a 990 mb central pressure value. A central pressure of 990 mb equals 64 and 62 kt respectively according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships. The 989 mb central pressure measured at 1645Z is added to HURDAT at 18Z, and this value yields 65 and 61 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships respectively. Intensities of 65 kt are chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 10th respectively (down from 100 kt at both times originally). Dolly is analyzed to have first attained hurricane intensity at 12Z on 10 September (24 hours later than in HURDAT originally- a major change). At 06Z on the 11th, with Dolly moving north-northeastward near 27N, 70W, a ship recorded a 60 kt wind concurrent with a 993 mb pressure, and at 10Z on the 11th, a ship may have passed through the center (without reporting a central pressure) and reported maximum winds encountered of 60 kt estimated. Although an aircraft reconnaissance fix reported a central pressure of 995 mb at about 15Z on the 11th, a central pressure of 995 mb is not added to HURDAT. This is because ship observations indicate that the central pressure at 12Z was less than or equal to 991 mb and at 18Z was less than or equal to 992 mb. No central pressures are added to HURDAT on the 11th, but the 65 kt intensity is maintained through 18Z on the 11th. By the time that Dolly made its closest approach to Bermuda around 05Z on the 12th, it had weakened to a tropical storm. The peak intensity analyzed for Dolly is 65 kt from 18Z on the 10th through 18Z on the 11th (previously 100 kt from 06Z on the 10th to 18Z on the 10th). When Bermuda was inside the RMW, the 06Z observation on the 12th was 15 kt concurrently with a 998 mb pressure. A 996 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 12th based on this observation. A central pressure of 996 mb yields a wind speed of 50 kt according to the north of 25N pressure wind relationship. The maximum wind experienced at Bermuda was 41 kt with a gust to 56 kt. At 1435Z on the 12th, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 994 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th. A central pressure of 994 mb yields 53 and 58 kt according to the pressure-wind relationships for north of 25N and north of 35N respectively. The RMW was smaller than average and the forward speed of the storm was a very fast 30 kt. Intensities of 55 kt are chosen at both 06 and 12Z on the 12th (down from 60 kt originally at 06Z. Dolly is analyzed to have weakened from a hurricane to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 12th (no change from HURDAT previously). Late on the 12th, Dolly was moving rapidly east-northeastward over the central Atlantic. Dolly is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 13th (six hours later than originally) with a 00Z position on the 13th of 38.5N, 56.4W and a 50 kt intensity. After extratropical transition, Dolly turned toward a due east directional movement by 00Z on the 14th along 43N, and it passed north of the Azores early on the 16th of September. Although Dolly slightly strengthened briefly as an extratropical system from 50 kt early on the 13th to 55 kt from 18Z on the 13th to 00Z on the 14th, it subsequently weakened very gradually. At 12Z on the 16th, the HURDAT position of 42.0N, 23.8W is unchanged, and the intensity is lowered from 35 to 30 kt. Observations indicate that the extratropical remnant of Dolly dissipated after 12Z on the 16th (30 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally- a major change). Additional quote: This was one of the seasons storms that lost force rapidly without apparent cause, after attaining considerable intensity (MWR). Hurricane Dollys initial direction of movement caused considerable alarm to the Bahamas, and also in Florida where large parts of the peninsula were already soggy with rain. The threat of hurricane winds is always cause for alarm, but this storm was really wet it dropped up to 10.5 inches of rain on the Virgin Islands as it passed. This threat to the mainland was eased as the storm recurved towards Bermuda. Fortunately for that island, it weakened as it drew nearer and winds of only about 50 knots were experienced as it passed (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 7 (Edna) (originally Storm 6) 35915 09/14/1953 M= 7 6 SNBR= 791 EDNA XING=0 35915 09/15/1953 M= 7 7 SNBR= 791 EDNA XING=0 ** * (The 14th is removed from HURDAT.) 35920 09/14* 0 0 0 0*160 617 25 0*170 624 35 0*179 631 40 0* 35925 09/15*189 642 45 0*199 656 55 0*209 670 65 0*219 683 75 0* 35925 09/15*189 640 45 0*199 653 55 0*209 668 65 995*219 680 75 987* *** *** *** *** *** *** 35930 09/16*229 695 90 0*239 705 105 0*248 711 110 0*263 712 110 0* 35930 09/16*229 691 75 0*237 700 80 0*246 708 80 977*258 711 90 969* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35935 09/17*280 708 110 0*288 704 110 0*295 697 105 0*308 683 105 0* 35935 09/17*271 708 95 0*282 704 95 0*293 691 95 966*307 676 100 962* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 35940 09/18*326 662 100 0*348 636 95 0*370 602 85 0*392 561 70 0* 35940 09/18*323 658 100 0*343 634 95 0*365 600 85 0*389 561 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 35945 09/19E414 511 55 0E430 460 40 0E443 410 35 0E462 360 35 0* 35945 09/19E410 518 70 0E426 480 65 0E443 428 60 0E462 369 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 35950 09/20E481 309 30 0E497 260 30 0E513 213 30 0E524 167 30 0* 35950 09/20E481 309 60 0E497 250 70 0E513 213 80 0E526 167 80 0* ** *** ** ** *** ** (The 21st is new to HURDAT.) 35952 09/21E538 130 75 0E541 92 70 0E543 66 65 0E546 40 60 0* 35955 HR Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane. Major changes are also introduced for the dissipation. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Tucker (1995). September 11: HWM analyzes the ITCZ extending along 10N to 48W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. From Trucheluts warm anomaly study Hurricane Edna: Sig anoms centered near 10N 42W on 9/11/12Z (Truchelut). September 12: HWM analyzes a weak trough along 54W between 10N and 18N. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. NW wind on 9/12/06z, 1012slp, 25kt winds but sparse obs (Truchelut). September 13: HWM analyzes a trough along 63W between 10N and 20N. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough near 17.3N, 61.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.0N, 62.4W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 16.8N, 62.1W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E at 1530Z (ATS); 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 1910Z at 19.4N, 62.4W (ATS, micro); 50 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 1945Z at 19.9N, 61.5W (ATS). Aircraft highlights: 45 kt estimated surface winds between 19-23N, 60-62W at 2030Z (ATS). Following closely behind Dolly, Edna began forming in a squally wave over and to the north of the Leeward Islands on September 14 (MWR). From the 14/2230Z San Juan Weather Bureau Public Advisory (Edna Advisory #1) The disturbance east and northeast of the Virgin Islands does not yet appear to have a definite closed circulation and is still only an area of showers, thunderstorms, and squalls. Showers and thunderstorms with strong gusty winds are occurring over a broad semicircular area north of the island from St. Croix to Antigua (WB advisories). September 15: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.6N, 66.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.9N, 67.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.6N, 67.5W with a 998 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 67.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 67.1W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 06Z at 19.1N, 62.7W (micro); 75 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 23.2N, 67.3W (micro). Nine other gales between 35-55 kt and one low pressure of 1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0600Z at 20.0N, 65.2W; Navy center fix at 1300Z at 21.0-21.1N, 67.0W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt maximum flight-level winds at the NE RMW (micro, ATS); Navy center fix at 1830Z with 987 mb central pressure, 100 kt estimated surface winds, 700 mb height 8,890 ft [I think may have been a typo] and 700 mb temperature 9.5C (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 2100Z at 22.6N, 68.5W with 700 mb height 9,600 ft (micro); Navy center fix at 2130Z at 22.8N, 68.5W (micro). On the morning of the 15th the center was first definitely located at about 20N, 66W (MWR). September 16: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 24.3N, 70.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 71.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 70.9W with a 989 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.5N, 71.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 997 mb at 03Z (micro); 65 kt E and 1004 mb at 06Z at (micro); 65 kt S and 1010 mb at 13Z at (HWM, micro). 11 other gales of 35-60 kt and five other low pressures of 997-1004 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0138, 0300, and 0500Z between 23.1-23.5N, 69.3-70.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1112Z at 24.5N, 70.8W with 977 mb central pressure (micro); center fixes (all with loran) at 1300, 1400, and 1500Z between 24.9-25.0N, 70.7-71.0W with 700 mb height 9,580 ft and 500 mb height 18,840 ft (micro); Air Force center fix at 1906Z (loran) at 26.1N, 71.3W with 700 mb height 9,830 ft (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2022Z at 26.2N, 70.8W with 976 mb central pressure and 700 mb height 9,630 ft (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2045Z at 26.4N, 71.0W with 500 mb height 18,650 ft (micro); Air Force center fix at 2105Z at 26.3N, 70.9W with 969 mb dropsonde surface pressure (micro). Thereafter the storm strengthened rapidly to a hurricane with strongest winds about 125 mph and followed a broad curve to the north and northeast that very closely paralleled the course taken by Dolly a few days earlier (MWR). Edna was centered at 16/2020Z by loran fix. Max wind of 70 kt from the SE was estimated in the north quadrant. The shape of the eye is elliptical and 20 miles across as determined by radar observation. Minimum pressure 976 mb. Winds over 65 kt extend 60 miles from the eye in [all quadrants]. The strongest quadrant of the storm is northeast. The eye was not very well-defined but was roughly elliptical in shape. Major axis oriented NW/SE. Very difficult to find actual center of low pressure, and center of storm seemed to be moving very erratic. Position fixed again 26.3N, 70.9W at 2105Z. Lowest pressure by dropsonde 969 mb (micro). September 17: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.3N, 69.1W with a NE-SW cold front approaching from the northwest located about 200 nmi northwest of the cyclone. Another NE-SW cold front is plotted further west parallel to the other cold front. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.5N, 69.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 68.9W with a 985 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.2N, 69.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 29.3N, 68.9W with the closest front located about 400 nmi NNW of the cyclone. Ship highlights: center fix at 13Z at 29.2N, 68.9W with 966 mb central pressure (micro); 70 kt NW from same ship at a different time (micro). Two other gales of 35-40 kt and two other low pressures of 1002-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0326, 0400, 0500, and 0600Z between 27.5-28.2N, 70.1-70.5W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1227Z at 29.2N, 69.0W with 700 mb height 9,200 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 1330Z at 29.5N, 68.7W with 966 mb central pressure and 70 kt maximum winds encountered (micro); center fixes at 1429 and 1459Z (loran and radar) between 29.8-29.9N, 68.4-68.5W (micro); Air Force center fixes (all with loran) at 1900, 2000, and 2100Z between 30.9-31.5N, 66.8-67.1W with 962 mb central pressure at 2000Z, 700 mb height in the eye of 9,070 ft at 1900Z and estimated maximum winds encountered of 80 kt (micro). September 18: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 36.7N, 59.3W. A cold front intersects with a warm front near 40N, 60W. The warm front extends east-northeastward from that position to 41N, 56W, and the cold front extends southwestward from that position to 38N, 62W to 36N, 64W to 33N, 69W to 31N, 79W. A dissipating cold front is plotted from 32N, 62W to 29N, 68W to 28N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 60.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.6N, 58.6W with a 996 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a somewhat asymmetric, closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.6N, 58.6W. Ship highlights: 80 kt and 995 mb at 03Z (micro); 75 kt N and 995 mb at 03Z at 33.3N, 65.8W (micro); 65 kt W and 1003 mb at 13Z at 35.4N, 58.7W (HWM, micro); 60 kt ENE and 990 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA, micro). Three other gales of 40-60 kt and three other low pressures of 991-1003 mb. Land highlights: gust to 92 kt SSE (peak gust) at Bermuda (ATS, micro); 994 mb (min p) at Bermuda around ~0120Z (ATS); 56 (kt or mph?) (elevated?) SSW (max wind) G 89 kt at 0230Z at Bermuda (micro, ATS). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1641Z at 38.0N, 57.8W with 700 mb height 9,340 ft, 1001 mb minimum peripheral pressure encountered and 75 kt maximum wind encountered (micro, ATS). The center passed a short distance to the north of Bermuda during the evening of the 17th and gave winds in gusts up to 120 mph which caused considerable damage on the island (MWR). This was a major hurricane, with maximum winds locally of over 120 mph, and one gust of 126. The centre of the storm was estimated by Dr. Macky, the Government Meteorologist, to have come within 50 miles of the colony to the west at about 9:30 P.M. [on the 17th, or 0130Z or 0230Z on the 18th]. After the centre passed, the wind, which had been blowing at a steady 85 mph from the SE with gusts of 120 mph shifted to the SW and then west. Nearly 3 inches of rain fell between 7 P.M. and midnight. Damage to H.M. Dockyard was first estimated at 50,000 British Pounds and later at double that amount. The winds ripped across the colony, tearing off roofs and felling trees through the whole length of the islands. At Prospect the heavy stone pillars at the Officers Mess snapped like match sticks. Many homes were flooded in the torrential rains. The speed with which the hurricane moved was a blessing to Bermuda by 6 A.M. on the 18th, she was 200 miles to the northeast moving away at 30 mph. This third hurricane to affect Bermuda in September 1953 although not centered over the islands as was that of a week earlier yet lashed them with hurricane winds for five hours. Before darkness had set in, aircraft had been forced to give up locating the storm, and for some hours Bermuda was the sole source of information on the hurricanes course. As usual in these fortunate isles, the human casualties were slight. Tremendous havoc was caused to the boats in Hamilton Harbour. Everywhere on land, hundreds of dead cedars were uprooted. At the Elbow Beach Surf Club, the lobby ceiling collapsed; no-one was injured, although many rooms were flooded (Tucker). September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 44.3N, 42.6W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.3N, 41.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 995 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.5N, 45.4W. Microfilm last shows an elongated, closed low at 06Z before the cyclone travels off the north edge of the map of at most 999 mb centered near 42.4N, 45.7W. Ship highlights: 55 kt SE at 00Z at 40.8N, 55.7W (micro); 50 kt SW and 992 mb at 18Z at 45.5N, 37.5W (COA). Six other gales of 35-50 kt and five other low pressures of 999-1005 mb. September 20: HWM analyzes a low of at most 960 mb centered near 51.5N, 21.2W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 51N, 15W. A warm front extends from this triple point to 46N, 12W to 42N, 7W and a cold front extends from the triple point to 46N, 16W to 42N, 21W to 39N, 29W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 51.3N, 21.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 06Z at 51.5N, 26.6W. Ship highlights: 80 kt SW and 962 mb at 12Z at 50.3N, 21.1W (HWM, COA); 70 kt SW and 989 mb at 15Z at 48.0N, 20.0W (COA); 60 kt NNW and 983 mb at 18Z at 52.0N, 22.0W (COA). At least 17 other gales between 50-65 kt, at least 30 other gales between 35-45 kt, at least 5 other low pressures between 965-970 mb, and at least 50 other low pressures of less than 1005 mb. September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 965 mb centered near 53.9N, 6.6W. A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 58N, 4W to 56N, 3E to a triple point near 50N, 5E. A warm front extends south-southeastward from the triple point and a cold front extends south-southwestward from the triple point. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and 972 mb at 00Z at 51.2N, 13.9W (COA); 65 kt W and 985 mb at 06Z at 50.0N, 11.6W (COA). At least 34 other gales between 50-60 kt, at least 75 other gales between 35-45 kt, at least 12 other low pressures between 971-979 mb, and well over 100 other low pressures between 980-1005 mb. Edna took a very similar track to Dolly, which occurred just a week prior to this storm. HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 14 September as a 25 kt tropical depression at 16.0N, 61.7W. Available observations indicate that although gales were occurring along the wave axis north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 14th, a low-level closed low had not yet formed. The aircraft reconnaissance flight during the afternoon of the 14th mentioned that the forming disturbance was not yet closed. Available observations indicate that the low was closed by 00Z on the 15th, so genesis is delayed by 18 hours in the revised HURDAT. Genesis is analyzed to have occurred at 00Z on 15 September as a 45 kt tropical storm at19.0N, 64.0W. Edna is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 12 hours later than shown originally in HURDAT. Edna moved northwestward and recurved around 18Z on the 16th near 25.8N, 71.1W. Then is passed very near Bermuda just after 00Z on the 18th on a northeastward course. All track changes from genesis to the time it passed Bermuda are one degree or less. For intensity, aircraft central pressures of 995 and 987 mb were obtained on the 15th at 1300 and 1830Z respectively, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 15th, respectively. These central pressures yield 56 and 68 kt, respectively, according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The 65 and 75 kt intensities shown in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively are not changed. Edna is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 15th (no change to HURDAT). A 977 mb aircraft central pressure was obtained on the 16th at 1112Z, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th. A 977 mb central pressure yields 82 and 80 kt according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships respectively. 80 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (down from 110 kt originally- a major change). At 2022Z on the 16th, although aircraft reconnaissance reported a central pressure of 976 mb (presumably by low-level penetration), a dropsonde splash pressure of 969 mb was obtained less than one hour later. Furthermore, the aerologist commented that there was much difficulty in finding the location of the lowest pressure since the center was distorted and not well-defined. The 976 mb observation is not treated as a central pressure, and the 969 mb dropsonde observation is treated as a likely central pressure and is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 16th. At 2105Z on 16 September, a central pressure of 969 mb equals a wind speed of 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 90 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 16th (down from 110 kt originally a major change). At 1300 and 1330Z, respectively, on the 17th, a ship and an aircraft both measured a central pressure of 966 mb and fixed the center within a couple tenths of a degree of each other, and this 966 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 966 mb yields 89 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 95 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th (down from 105 kt originally). A 962 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft at 2000Z on the 17th, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th. A 962 mb central pressure yields 93 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 97 kt for its intensifying subset, and forward speed was fast at the time. A 100 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 17th (down from 105 kt originally), and the 100 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 00Z on the 18th is maintained. The analyzed peak intensity for Edna is 100 kt from 18Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 18th (previously 110 kt from 12Z on the 16th through 06Z on the 17th), so the new peak occurs about a day later than shown previously. Edna passed very near Bermuda around 00Z to 03Z on the 18th. At 0230Z, Bermuda reported 56 kt SSW G 89 kt, although all commentary and information seems very convincing that Bermuda experienced hurricane force winds and damage indicative of about a Category 1 hurricane. Tucker claims that the maximum gust on Bermuda was 126 mph. The U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories said that the strongest wind from Bermuda was about 100 mph. The averaging times for the 56 kt wind and the 89 kt gust are unknown. The 56 kt wind may have been a 5-minute or 10-minute wind, and the 89 kt wind was likely a gust with an averaging time of less than 1-minute (probably 10 seconds). Bermuda is analyzed to have experienced hurricane conditions. There is a slight chance that Bermuda experienced Category 2 conditions, but it is more likely that only Category 1 conditions were experienced. The lowest pressure reported on Bermuda was 994 mb around 0120Z on the 18th. The revised track has the center passing about 40 nmi NW of Bermuda around the time of the lowest pressure (the previous HURDAT track showed a closest approach of about 70 nmi). In Tucker, it says that the meteorologist in Bermuda estimated that the center passed 50 miles west of Bermuda. At the same time Edna was passing northwest of Bermuda, there were ships in the storm area reporting hurricane force winds. Although there was one more aircraft flight later on the 18th, only a 700-mb height was reported, which suggests a central pressure in the range of 955-973 mb at 1641Z on the 18th. This pressure range yields a wind speed range of 80-93 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The intensities listed in HURDAT on the 18th from 00Z to 12Z (100, 95, and 85 kt) are unchanged, but the 70 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th is increased to 80 kt. During this day, the hurricane accelerated northeastward over the open Atlantic, and track changes were less than one degree. Edna became extratropical at 00Z on 19 September (no change to timing of ET) near 41N, 52W with a 70 kt intensity (up from 55 kt originally). On 19 and 20 September, Edna continued moving rapidly east-northeastward. The largest single track alteration for the entire lifetime of Edna was at 06Z on the 19th, when the position is moved about 110 nmi WSW of the previous HURDAT position. HURDAT previously listed a final position for Edna at 18Z on 20 September as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 52.4N, 16.7W, but available observations indicate that Edna strengthened into a powerful extratropical cyclone with 80 kt winds on the 20th and there were no other areas of low pressure anywhere in the region to absorb Edna. The revised intensities at 12Z on the 19th and 20th are 60 and 80 kt (up from 35 kt and 30 kt respectively- major changes). Edna is extended for at least an additional 48 hours as an extratropical cyclone. The analyzed position on the 21st at 12Z is 54.3N, 6.6W as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone, and by 18Z on the 22nd, the cyclone was near 57.0N, 0.5E with a 50 kt intensity. Additional quotes: Hurricane Edna came close on the heels of Dolly and followed almost the same path. Bermuda this time, however, received winds of about 90 kt and suffered considerable damage, though none apparently of a major hurricane (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) 35960 09/14/1953 M= 8 7 SNBR= 792 NOT NAMED XING=1 35960 09/15/1953 M= 7 8 SNBR= 792 NOT NAMED XING=1 ** * * (The 14th is removed from HURDAT.) 35965 09/14* 0 0 0 0*231 950 30 0*231 942 40 0*229 935 50 0* 35970 09/15*228 928 55 0*228 921 60 0*230 913 60 0*234 904 60 0* 35970 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*232 904 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 35975 09/16*240 895 60 0*249 886 60 0*259 878 60 0*265 871 60 0* 35975 09/16*240 892 35 0*250 881 40 0*259 869 45 0*263 859 45 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35980 09/17*266 864 60 0*263 857 60 0*259 855 60 0*255 861 60 0* 35980 09/17*264 850 45 1004*262 847 40 0*259 853 40 0*259 856 40 0* *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 35985 09/18*253 869 60 0*253 877 60 0*258 885 60 0*265 887 60 0* 35985 09/18*259 859 40 0*260 863 35 0*264 870 35 0*269 868 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35990 09/19*273 886 60 0*279 884 60 0*285 880 60 0*289 871 60 0* 35990 09/19*273 867 30 0*277 865 30 0*281 863 30 0*285 858 30 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 35995 09/20*292 862 60 0*294 855 55 0*296 847 50 0*300 830 40 0* 35995 09/20*288 851 30 0*290 844 35 0*290 835 35 0*290 827 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36000 09/21*320 802 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36000 09/21*290 819 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** 36005 TS U.S. Landfall: 9/20/1953 17Z 29.0N, 82.8W 35 kt - FL Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this unnamed tropical storm. Major changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone, the time tropical storm intensity was attained, and the peak intensity value. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), climatological data summaries from NCDC, Tannehill (1956), and Cry et al. (1959). September 13: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.1N, 94.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 23.1N, 94.2W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 22.6N, 94.5W. No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.5N, 91.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 91.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 22.4N, 92.6W. No gales or low pressures. From the recon flight crew Post flight summary : Departed Jacksonville 150950Z to investigate area 24N 90W calculate as moderate easterly wave oriented NE-SW along following coordinates: vicinity [28N, 86W to 24N, 91W] maximum winds in squalls 20 kt weak cyclonic circulation southeast [of] easterly wave diffuse eye 5 miles diameter open to east in heavy squall line centered 24.5N, 90.8W at 1725Z, pressure 1009 mbs, max wind 20 kts, no significant weather visually south of center position September 16: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb located between 18-29N, 84-95W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE cold front located near 28N, 94W, extending east-northeastward to 30N, 90W to 32N, 85W to 34N, 79W to 36N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.9N, 87.8W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.9N, 86.8W with a WSW-ENE front extending from 30N, 93W to 33N, 86W. Ship highlights: 40 kt N at 12Z at 26.4N, 87.4W (micro); 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 15Z at 26.4N, 87.2W (micro). Aircraft highlights: center fix (loran) at 2207Z at 26.4N, 85.2W with 1004 mb central pressure and 35 kt maximum winds (micro). September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.0N, 86.1W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE dissipating cold front located near 28N, 86W extending east-northeastward from there and becoming a cold front near 30N, 79W and continuing east-northeastward. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.9N, 85.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.2N, 85.5W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a broad low centered near 26.2N, 84.8W with a frontal feature plotted extending from 32N, 91W to 31N, 88W to 32N, 85W to 34N, 81W. Ship highlights: 10 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 06Z at 25.2N, 86.7W (COA). Two other low pressures of 1004-1005 mb. September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.5N, 86.5W with a warm front extending from 38N, 87W to 34N, 88W, becoming a cold front near 32N, 87W, extending eastward to 31N, 85W to 31N, 77W to 32N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 88.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 88.9W with a 1008 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 25.5N, 87.1W with the closest front due north of the low near 32N. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 26.6N, 85.7W (micro). September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.7N, 87.8W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 28N, 73W and a dissipating cold front extending from the low west-southwestward to 28N, 90W, becoming a dissipating warm front near 30N, 91W, extending to 35N, 87W to 40N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.5N, 88.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.4N, 86.4W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 29.7N, 88.5W with a SSW-NNE front extending from near or just west of the low north-northeastward to 37N, 86W. No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a dissipating cold front extending from 40N, 81W to 35N, 82W to 31N, 86W to 28N, 91W. HWM also analyzes a SW-NE stationary front intersecting a W-E warm front near 32N, 79W with the southwest end of that stationary front near 27N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 29.6N, 84.7W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.4N, 83.9W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a broad low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.6N, 83.5W with the nearest front plotted from 35N, 90W to 37N, 83W to 38N, 82W. Ship highlights: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 86.2W (COA). Land/station highlights: 10 kt E and 1002 mb at 12Z at Cross City, FL (micro); 5 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Ocala, FL (micro). Two other low pressures of 1005 mb. The combined action of an eastward moving Gulf low pressure center of tropical nature and a cold front from the northwest passing across [Georgia] caused generally heavy rains, beginning on the 19th and ending in the coastal area on the 21st; maximum 24 hour rainfalls of 2 to 5 inches were recorded in the coastal area (climo). September 21: HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front extending from 26N, 85W to 31N, 80W, becoming a cold front near 33N, 76W, extending north-northeastward to 40N, 73W, where it intersects with a warm front that extends south-southeastward from that point. Another cold front is plotted from 41N, 76W to 35N, 85W to 32N, 92W. HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.0N, 80.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.0N, 73.7W with a 1005 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 38.7N, 73.6W with fronts extending from the low. Land/station highlights: 5 kt E and 1005 mb at 00Z at Ocala (micro). September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 54.2N, 56.3W with multiple fronts extending through and plotted near the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 53.4N, 57.3W with a 1000 mb pressure. September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 61.1N, 38.0W with a warm front extending southeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward from the low. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.7N, 45.7W with a 1004 mb pressure. Storm 7 formed from some unsettled weather in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT originally listed genesis as having occurred at 06Z on 14 September at 23.1N, 95.0W as a 30 kt tropical depression. Although there appears to at least have been a trough of low pressure in the area on the 14th, there is no conclusive evidence for or against the existence of a tropical cyclone at that time due to limited observations. However, late on the 14th, a new disturbance appeared a few hundred miles east of the original disturbance. The original disturbance was weakening and the new one farther to the east was becoming better defined. This second disturbance continued to intensify and went on to become Tropical Storm 7. Since there is no evidence that first disturbance on the 14th ever attained a closed circulation, and since the latter disturbance was definitely not closed prior to the 15th, the 14th is eliminated from HURDAT. On the 15th around 12Z, an aircraft reconnaissance flight did not find a closed circulation but reported a moderate easterly wave oriented NE-SW. Other surface observations show that the circulation at 12Z was starting to become better defined, and by 18Z on the 15th, it was likely a tropical cyclone. Thus genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 18Z on the 15th as a 30 kt tropical depression located at 23.2N, 90.4W (just south of the previous HURDAT position). The cyclone traveled in a small loop in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 16th and 17th, and on the 18th, it moved slowly northward, the 19th slowly northeastward, and then made landfall in Florida not far from Cedar Keys as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17Z on 20 September. After the loop was completed, available observations indicate that the positions listed in the original HURDAT from 12Z on the 18th to 18Z on the 19th are too far west, and these positions are adjusted eastward accordingly. From 18Z on the 18th to 06Z on the 19th, the position is adjusted about 2 degrees to the east of the previous HURDAT positions, and although these are minor track changes, they are close to major changes. On the 16th at 2207Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 1004 mb yields 36 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 17th (down from 60 kt originally) because the RMW was smaller than climatology for that latitude and central pressure. This cyclone is analyzed to have first attained tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 16th (36 hours later than originally). There were two ship observations of 40 kt on the 16th. A peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th (previously 60 kt from 06Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 20th). The highest wind observation from a ship for the entire lifetime of the cyclone was 40 kt (on three separate occasions), and the 1004 mb aircraft ob was the only central pressure reported during this storm. Available data indicates that the tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression around 18Z on the 18th, and it is analyzed that the cyclone re-attained tropical storm strength by 06Z on the 20th as it was approaching the Gulf Coast of Florida. Major downward intensity revisions ranging from 20 to 30 kt are implemented at all times from genesis at 12Z on the 15th until just before landfall at 06Z on the 20th. It is analyzed that the 35 kt tropical storm made landfall at 29.0N, 82.8W at 17Z on 20 September. No strong winds were reported in Florida, but the lowest observed pressure from a land station was 1002 mb at Cross City. A handful of other 1004 and 1005 mb observations were recorded in Florida. A central pressure of less than or equal to 1002 mb at landfall suggests a landfall intensity of at least 40 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to the fact that only light winds were observed in Florida and that the environmental pressures were low, a 35 kt intensity is chosen for the landfall (HURDAT previously listed 50 and 40 kt for the 12 and 18Z intensities, respectively, on the 20th). The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 25 kt tropical depression by 00Z on the 21st, and then it dissipated after 00Z. Although there is no change to the timing of dissipation or to the intensity at dissipation, a major track change is made to HURDAT at the final point of this cyclones lifetime (00Z on the 21st). The position is adjusted more than three degrees to the SSW of the previous HURDAT position. This system was first added as a tropical storm in the Cry et al. (1959) Technical Memo. Another contemporary climatological account was Tannehill (1956) with seasonal summaries. Tannehill, however, did not include this system. Why Cry decided to include this as a new tropical storm was not discussed in his tech memo and will likely remain a mystery. Additional quotes: During the life of Edna, the Gulf also was under surveillance by reconnaissance aircraft. A storm tried to form in the southwestern Gulf but developed winds of only 20-25 kt (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 9 (Florence) (originally Storm 8) 36010 09/23/1953 M= 6 8 SNBR= 793 FLORENCE XING=1 SSS=1 36010 09/23/1953 M= 5 9 SNBR= 793 FLORENCE XING=1 SSS=1 * * 36015 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*169 758 35 0*168 781 40 0* 36015 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 780 40 0*163 795 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 36020 09/24*172 802 45 0*182 822 50 0*194 839 60 0*209 850 70 0* 36020 09/24*176 810 45 0*189 825 50 0*202 840 50 0*213 854 55 1001* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 36025 09/25*224 864 90 0*234 870 110 0*244 873 110 968*259 875 110 0* 36025 09/25*224 864 65 0*234 870 80 0*246 876 90 968*259 875 100 0* ** *** *** *** *** *** 36030 09/26*275 874 105 0*287 870 90 0*297 868 80 0*304 861 70 985* 36030 09/26*274 872 95 0*289 868 90 0*299 864 80 0*307 861 70 0* *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 36035 09/27E309 850 60 0E312 838 50 0E316 823 40 0E325 802 35 0* 36035 09/27*310 856 50 0E312 847 40 0E316 831 40 0E321 813 40 0* **** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** (The 28th is removed from HURDAT.) 36040 09/28E338 771 35 0E354 734 35 0E370 697 35 0E393 657 35 0* 36045 HRAFL1 U.S. Landfall: 9/26/1953 15Z 30.3N, 86.2W 80 kt (975 mb) 1008 mb OCI 225 nmi ROCI Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Florence, which made landfall in the Florida panhandle as a hurricane. A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Surface Weather Observations, Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (2001). September 22: HWM does not analyze any features of interest. HURDAT does not yet list this system. The 12 microfilm analysis indicates a spot low at 13N 79W and at 19N 84W. No gales or low pressures. The easterly wave from which Florence formed was traced from the Lesser Antilles westward through the Caribbean Sea on the 21st and 22nd (MWR). September 23: HWM does not yet analyze any features of interest other than the ITCZ running through the southwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT first lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 12Z at 16.9N, 75.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 16.9N, 76.0W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.8N, 76.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.5N, 75.6W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 15.9N, 74.9W (COA, ATS); 35-45 kt and 1004 mb at 12Z at 16.6N, 75.6W (micro). but the first signs of the beginning of intensification were noted on September 23 about 100 miles southeast of Jamaica (MWR). Florence first developed in the Caribbean, south of Jamaica, on September 23 (Barnes). September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 83.3W with the ITCZ analyzed to be running through the low. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 19.4N, 83.9W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.0N, 84.4W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.7N, 83.9W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 83.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 21.7N, 86.3W (micro); 30 kt NNW and 997 mb at 2040Z at 21.9N, 85.6W (micro). Three other gales of 35-40 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 30 kt S and 1004 mb at 21Z at 21.7N, 84.8W (micro). One other low pressure of 1004 mb at the same station at 18Z. Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1700Z at 21.1N, 85.5W with 1002 mb central pressure and 65 kt max winds (micro, ATS); center fix (loran) at 2239Z at 22.2N, 86.1W with 999 mb peripheral pressure and 80 kt max winds (micro). Squalliness was observed to be increasing, but no definite center could be located until the forenoon of the 24th when the storm was approaching the Yucatan Channel. It increased to hurricane strength while passing through the Channel into the Gulf of Mexico during the afternoon (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 24.0N, 87.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 24.4N, 87.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.0N, 87.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 999 mb at 03Z at 22.4N 86.7W (National Climo); 60 kt SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 22.7N, 86.2W (micro); 60 kt SE at 18Z at 26.3N, 86.7W (micro). 26 other gales between 35-55 kt and 19 other low pressures between 999-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0700, 0800, 0900, 1045, 1145, and 1200Z between 23.6-24.8N, 87.0-87.5W (micro); center fix at 1346Z at 25.4N, 88.3W with 968 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro); Navy center fix at 2030Z at 26.5N, 87.2W (micro). [Florence] reached its greatest force on the 25th as it curved northward. Aircraft estimated top winds of 110 to 120 kt, and lowest pressure was given at 968 mb on the 25th, but it is thought that these estimates of wind may have been somewhat too high since nearby ship reports did not appear to confirm them (MWR). On September 25, it reached its greatest force while in the central Gulf, where reconnaissance aircraft reported winds of up to 138 mph (Barnes). Lost at sea was the fishing trawler Miss Tampa, which was last heard from on the 25th (Barnes). September 26: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 29.5N, 86.2W with a west end of a W-E warm front located about 150 to 200 nmi NE of the cyclone and another front located several hundred nmi NW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 86.8W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.1N, 86.4W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 87.1W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.0N, 86.4W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located about 75 to 100 nmi NE of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 24.9N, 85.7W (COA); 60 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 03Z at 27.3N, 86.1W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 27.5N, 83.7W (COA). 13 other gales between 35-45 kt and ten other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Land highlights: Panama City land-based radar center fixes at 0840Z at 29.5N, 86.5W and at 1115Z at 29.7N, 86.2W (micro); 70 kt NNE and 993 mb at 1245Z at Shalimar, FL (30.4N, 86.6W) (micro); 45 kt SSE (peak 5 min wind) and 993 mb (min pressure) at 1520Z at Tyndall Air Force Base (Panama City) (SWO); 40 kt NNW and 989 mb (min p) and 43 kt (max 5 min wind) at 1529Z at Eglin Air Force Base (Valpariso, FL) (30.5N, 86.5W) (SWO, micro); 76 kt (max 1 min wind) at unknown time and 994 mb (min pressure) at 13Z at Panama City Airport (SWO, National Climo); 45 kt NNW wind with 993 mb (min pressure) at 1714Z, 55 kt N (max 5 min wind) with 995 mb at 1528Z at Crestview (SWO). At least 30 other gales in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama between 34-50 kt and at least 57 other low pressures between 991-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0755, 0855, 0955, and 1100Z between 29.5-29.9N, 86.2-86.8W (micro). Over the next few hours, its course edged toward the north and then northeast, bringing it closer to the northwest Florida shore. The next morning, just before making landfall, Hurricane Florence shifted abruptly toward the east-northeast and missed Pensacola, turning instead toward a more sparsely populated stretch of coast near Seagrove Beach. Sustained winds of 87 mph were recorded at Panama City, where the barometer measured 29.35 inches. The lowest observed pressure was 29.26 inches at De Funiak Springs. Tides were five feet above normal at Apalachicola and Carrabelle and six or seven feet at Panacea. Pensacola only received winds gusts of 75 mph and a tide of three feet (Barnes). In any case, when the center reached the northwest Florida coast near midday of the 26th, the strongest wind reported was about 80 to 90 mph. However, the center passed inland over a sparsely settled area between Fort Walton and Panama City and winds might have been a little higher in this area where no measuring equipment is located. This may also account for the relatively light damage which was estimated at around $200,000 by the New Orleans Forecast Center. The Red Cross reported 421 homes damaged, but only 3 destroyed. There was also some crop damage from wind and heavy rain in a few counties of northwestern Florida and extreme southeastern Alabama, but the storm lost force rapidly after passing inland (MWR). From the September, 1953 Florida Monthly Climatological Data Summary This hurricane formed in the Caribbean and moved through the Yucatan Channel on the 24th and inland on the extreme northwest Florida coast during the morning of the 26th. The center moved inland over a sparsely settled area between Fort Walton and Panama City (climo). From the September, 1953 Alabama Monthly Climatological Data Summary Tropical hurricane Florence moved inland between Fort Walton and Panama City, FL during the morning of September 26th and was centered just east of Fort Walton at 10 am CST (1600Z). The center of this storm passed near Dothan, AL, during the 26th and was centered northeast of Albany, GA, on the morning of the 27th. A peculiar feature of this hurricane is that the heaviest rainfall occurred on the north and west sides of the storm center. Lockhart, AL reported a storm total of 14.71 inches. Wind velocities seemed to have averaged 30 to 40 mph, with gusts up to 50 to 60 mph [in Alabama] on the 26th (climo). From the September, 1953 National Monthly Climatological Data Summary storm reports Location: Florida, northwest portion; Date: 26th; Time: morning; Width of path: 50 mi; Length of path: 100 mi; Property damage (exclusive of crops): $125,000; Crop damage: $40,000; Character of storm: hurricane; Remarks: Center of hurricane reached coast between Fort Walton and Panama City about 8 am [13 or 14Z] accompanied by hurricane-force winds. Winds diminished considerably as storm moved north-northeastward across the northwestern portion of Florida. Tropical Cyclones in Florida NW FL Sept. 26 Minimal Damage $150,000 (Minimal has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - (Dunn and Miller). Florence FL, 1 (NW) 985 mb (Jarrell et al. 1992). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.2N, 82.0W with a warm front extending from the low to 35N, 80W, becoming a dissipating warm front near 36N, 74W, extending to 37N, 69W, and HWM analyzes a cold front extending from the low to 30N, 85W to 30N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 31.6N, 82.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.0N, 83.1W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 31.2N, 85.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.8N, 82.9W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold front undergoing frontogenesis extending from the low south-southwestward. Ship highlights (through 18Z only): 35 kt WNW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 85.8W (COA); 40 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 18Z at 29.2N, 78.3W (micro). Two low pressures of 1004 and 1002 mb at 00 and 06Z with winds below gale force. Land/station highlights: 10 kt E and 996 mb at 03Z at Dothan, GA (mirco); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Lagrange, GA (33.0N, 85.0W) (micro); 10 kt SE and 994 mb at 00Z at 31.2N, 85.4W (micro); 30 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 06Z at Panama City, FL (micro). At least 22 other low pressures between 996-1004 mb between 00Z-06Z. From the September, 1953 Georgia Monthly climatological data summary A hurricane of considerable energy moved into the Gulf of Mexico on the 24th, continuing north and recurving to moved east-northeastward across the southern portion of Georgia on the 26-27th. This storm evidently lost much of its energy prior to its reaching the Georgia border, and no wind damages resulted, but very heavy rains occurred, especially in the coastal area, where crops were damaged from washing effects and oversoaking of the soil, and moderate losses, partly from heavy rains but mostly from heavy seas, occurred to property in the Brunswick area (climo). Also from the Georgia Monthly Climatological Data Summary A Gulf hurricane, originating to the east of the West Indies, moved into the Gulf Coast near Mobile on the 26th and passed through the southern portion of Georgia on the 27th. Very heavy rains were produced in its path across Georgia, especially in the coastal area, but the storms intensity was reduced enough so that no damages from high winds occurred. Damages from other causes were limited to the Brunswick area, total losses amounting to approximately $16,000. In the city of Brunswick, strong northeast winds and heavy rains intensified rising tides during the four days, 23-26th, and caused flooding of many city blocks, mostly at times of high tides. Losses were $1,000, occurring mainly to yards and business house fronts; transportation and outside work were suspended. The lower coast of St. Simons Island was subjected to the battering effect of heavy seas and unusually high tides during the four days, 23-26th. Causeways were inundated and broken in numerous places and a number of beach homes were undermined to settle dangerously from previously weakened foundations, with heavy damages sustained by an expensive home. Several people were injured in efforts to hold bulkheads against the rising sea. Total losses along the coast amounted to $15,000 (climo). September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.6N, 69.7W with a stationary front extending from the low north-northeastward and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 37.0N, 69.7W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but at 18Z, microfilm analyzes two lows- one is a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 42.2N, 63.5W, and the other is a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.0N, 78.3W with a front connecting the two lows and another front extending south-southwestward from the southernmost low. HURDAT originally listed the genesis of Florence at 12Z on 23 September at 16.9N, 75.8W as a 35 kt tropical storm, and there is no evidence to change the timing of genesis. Florence is started as a 40 kt tropical storm, but is shifted significantly to the southwest of the original location based upon ship observations. Except for the major track alteration at genesis, all remaining changes in position until Florida landfall on the 26th are minor revisions. Florence moved west-northwestward and then gradually made a northward turn. The cyclone passed south of Jamaica, south of the Cayman Islands, and moved northwestward through the Yucatan Channel, passing about midway between the Yucatan Peninsula and the western tip of Cuba late on the 24th. It turned northward in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and then turned north-northeastward before making landfall in the Florida panhandle during midday on the 26th. Regarding the intensity, at 17Z on 24 September, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1002 mb. However, at 18Z on the 24th, ship data indicates the central pressure was 1001 mb or possibly slightly lower (a ship recorded winds of 40 kt concurrent with a 1005 mb pressure about 55 nmi from the analyzed center position). The aircraft data at 17Z indicates an RMW near 10 nmi at the time. A central pressure of 1001 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th, and this value yields a wind speed of 45 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The RMW is smaller than the climatological value suggested by Vickery et al. (2000) for that latitude and central pressure, and the forward speed of the cyclone is a fast 17 kt, and 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 24th (down from 70 kt originally). Three hours later, at 2040Z on the 24th, ship data indicates that the central pressure had fallen to a value equal to or slightly less than 994 mb. Florence was rapidly deepening during this time, and and the central pressure fell from 1001 mb at 18Z on the 24th to 968 mb at 1346Z on the 25th (with the hurricane approaching 25N in the eastern Gulf of Mexico). The 968 mb central pressure (acquired by aircraft reconnaissance) listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th is maintained. This central pressure value yields 93 and 91 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The RMW and speed of the storm were about average, and 90 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12Z on the 25th (down from 110 kt originally). It is analyzed that Florence attained hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 25th (six hours later than originally). Although Hurricane Florence later weakened slightly before landfall, it was rapidly intensifying at the time of the 968 mb aircraft fix. Based on a lack of data within 60 nmi of the center within 12 hours after the fix, it is possible that it intensified additionally before weakening began. Since there is not sufficient evidence to dramatically decrease the original HURDAT intensity of 110 kt at 18Z on the 25th (but there is enough evidence to decrease the intensity some) a peak lifetime intensity of 100 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 25th . The previous HURDAT peak was 110 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 25th. Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 30 kt were made from 00Z-12Z on the 25th. The peak intensity observation for the lifetime of Florence is the 968 mb aircraft central pressure at 1346Z on the 25th. Florence made landfall the next day- 26 September at 15Z in the Florida panhandle between the cities of Valpariso and Panama City. There are no observations of the peak intensity of Florence available during the 26 hours between the 968 mb aircraft central pressure and the landfall, although there were a couple of ships in the periphery that recorded winds of 60 kt. The highest observed 1-min wind over land was 76 kt at Panama City Airport, FL (very likely sometime between 1530Z to 1730Z on the 26th). The lowest observed pressure was 989 mb at Valpariso, FL at 1630Z on the 26th concurrent with NNW 40 kt. The center is analyzed to have passed about 15 nmi to the right of Valpariso and 30 nmi to the left of Panama City at closest approach to the cities. No central pressure was recorded at landfall. Also, the RMW is unknown. However, it is believed that the RMW was large due to an aircraft report 5 hours before landfall of an oblong eye with the long axis 70 mi long. The means that the eye radius is some value less than 35 nmi, probably around 25 to 30 nmi, which means that the RMW may have been very large. This is consistent with the RMW just reaching the Panama City Airport. A 991 mb value was measured a De Funiak Spring at 16Z, but the source is ambiguous as to whether it was actually measured during the reported 30-40 minute lull. A run of the Ho et al. inland decay pressure model assuming the 991 mb was in the eye only gives only about a 989 mb central pressure at landfall, from a 1-2 hour transit from the coast to De Funiak Springs. This is not consistent with the 993 mb with 40 kt NNW winds (over land exposure) measured at 1630Z at Valpariso (Eglin AFB), a location closer to the coast yet later in time to the De Funiak Springs, as the Valpariso observations would suggest a substantially lower central pressure. Moreover, a 989 mb central pressure would suggest only 61 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and only 58 kt north of 25N weakening subset pressure-wind relationships. Given a low environmental pressure (1008 mb), likely large RMW (at least 30 nm from the 76 kt at Panama City Airport observation), and relatively slow (~9 kt) forward speed, one would arrive at a maximum wind of only 50-55 kt from these considerations, which is much lower than the 76 kt observed. Thus it appears that the De Funiak Springs 991 mb was likely observed at 16Z, but that lower pressure (but not recorded for some reason) and the 30-40 minute lull occurred later. We also do have a central pressure estimate of 994 mb at 03Z on the 27th (12 hours later landfall) based on land observations from Dothan, GA so use of the Ho et al. inland-pressure decay model was investigated. But after running the model, it yielded a 966 mb central pressure, which appears too intense based on other data. None of the other data provides evidence of a higher intensity than the wind speed listed in HURDAT at the point before landfall (80 kt). Since the highest observed wind is 76 kt, 80 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity, maintaining Florence as a Category 1 hurricane for northwest Florida, although it is possible that Florence could have been a low-end Category 2 at landfall. The Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships were utilized to back out a central pressure from the 80 kt wind speed analyzed for the landfall, and 975 mb is chosen for the central pressure at landfall. Although this value is chosen for the landfall central pressure, it is not added to HURDAT at 18Z due to the substantial uncertainty in the central pressure for this case. After landfall, Florence turned toward the ENE and traveled over southern Georgia. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield intensities of 66, 49, 39, and 30 kt for 18Z on the 26th, 00Z on the 27th, 06, and 12Z respectively. Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 76, 49, 39, and 30 kt on the 26th at 18Z, 27th at 00, 06, and 12Z respectively. Intensities of 70, 50, 40, and 40 kt are chosen for the 26th at 18Z through 12Z on the 27th (down from 60 and 50 kt at 00 and 06Z on the 27th originally at those times, respectively). HURDAT previously listed Florence as having become extratropical at 00Z on the 27th, but it is analyzed that Florence did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 27th. Since the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model is not valid after extratropical transition, it was not relied upon for the intensity determination at 06 and 12Z on the 27th, although other data indicated an intensity within 5 kt of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model at those times. Florence is analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th (1 day earlier than listed in HURDAT). The final position at 18Z on the 27th is analyzed to be 32.1N, 81.3W as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone. The HURDAT positions on the 28th are actually following a new, separate extratropical low that had developed north of the dissipating extratropical remnant of Florence. Additional quotes: At about the same time, Jamaica experienced 10 inches of rainfall in 12 hours with the passage of a squally easterly wave that moved westward across the Caribbean. A naval reconnaissance plane investigating this wave found Hurricane Florence in the western Caribbean. Florence moved into the Gulf through the Yucatan Channel, adding its influence to an already bad weather picture where small ships operating between Cuba and Florida were suffering damage by severe squalls. The Florida Peninsula was waterlogged, with large areas flooded, and the hurricane rains threatened a disaster of major proportions. Actual damage was somewhat minimized by the storms northerly course, which spared the Florida Peninsula the extreme rainfall. The winds diminished as it entered the north Florida coast. Due to the rapid dissipation of the storm circulation, significant damage was confined to the vicinity of the point where it entered the mainland (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 10 (Gail) (originally Storm 9) 36050 10/02/1953 M= 4 9 SNBR= 794 GAIL XING=0 36050 10/02/1953 M=11 10 SNBR= 794 GAIL XING=0 ** ** 36055 10/02* 0 0 0 0*131 355 30 0*135 370 45 0*138 385 50 0* 36055 10/02* 0 0 0 0*131 355 45 0*135 370 50 0*138 385 55 0* ** ** ** 36060 10/03*141 400 55 0*146 414 60 0*148 428 65 0*146 442 70 0* 36060 10/03*141 400 60 0*146 414 65 0*148 428 70 986*147 436 70 0* ** ** ** *** *** *** 36065 10/04*143 453 65 0*141 458 50 0*138 461 45 0*133 467 40 0* 36065 10/04*146 440 70 0*146 443 70 0*146 445 65 0*149 445 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36070 10/05*128 472 35 0*124 476 35 0*121 480 30 0*117 483 25 0* 36070 10/05*155 442 60 0*168 434 60 0*180 425 60 0*192 417 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (Original Storm #11 has been determined to be part of Original Storm #9/Gail. The 5th has been removed.) 36130 10/05/1953 M= 5 11 SNBR= 796 NOT NAMED XING=0 36135 10/05* 0 0 0 0*187 402 50 0*192 407 55 0*196 412 60 0* 36140 10/06*200 419 55 0*205 429 50 0*209 440 50 0*212 448 45 0* 36140 10/06*200 417 60 0*205 420 60 0*209 427 60 0*212 437 60 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 36145 10/07*214 457 45 0*217 470 45 0*220 482 40 0*222 495 40 0* 36145 10/07*214 448 60 0*216 460 60 0*218 473 60 0*220 487 60 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36150 10/08*223 507 35 0*226 521 35 0*228 538 35 0*230 556 30 0* 36150 10/08*223 501 60 0*226 515 60 0*230 530 60 0*232 545 60 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36155 10/09*230 574 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36155 10/09*233 560 60 0*237 570 60 0*242 576 60 0*248 582 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 10th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.) 36157 10/10*252 590 60 0*257 600 55 0*262 610 55 0*270 615 55 0* 36157 10/11*280 617 50 0*291 612 50 0*304 605 50 0*316 598 50 997* 36157 10/12*330 590 55 0E345 580 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36160 HR Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Major changes are made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Trucheluts warm anomaly study, Tannehill (1956), and Cry et al. (1959). September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.2N, 20.5W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.8N, 22.0W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 11.6N, 23.1W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. From Trucheluts warm anomaly study Sig anoms near 10N 27W with closed circ 25kt wind, possible closed circ near 10n 27w on 9/30 (Truchelut). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 35.4W with the ITCZ analyzed running through the low. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.3N, 39.1W with the ITCZ analyzed running through the low. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.5N, 37.0W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Trucheluts warm anomaly study (hereafter referred to as RT) lists a 12Z position at 13.1N, 36.0W with a 1009 mb central pressure. No gales or low pressures. The intensification of an easterly wave was noted on the morning of October 2 near 14N, 37W (MWR). From Trucheluts warm anomaly study Anoms 3sd+ on 10/2/00z, 1010 closed contour and strong +vort near 13N 32W (Truchelut). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 15.3N, 42.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 14.8N, 42.8W. The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 14.5N, 43.2W. RT lists a 12Z position at 13.8N, 41.9W with a 998 mb central pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 14.9N, 42.9W. Ship highlights: 65-70 kt (max wind estimated encountered) at 15.5N, 43.0W (MWR); 986 mb (min pressure encountered) (ATS, micro); 45 kt W and 991 mb 10Z at 14.6N, 42.9W (micro). On the morning of the 3rd, the S.S. Thorbjorg passed near the center. At 1200Z this vessel reported westerly winds at 44 kt and lowest pressure 29.12 inches with rough seas. Maximum winds were estimated at 75 to 80 mph at the time the ship passed near the center. This observation was made near 15.5N, 43W. No definite fixes were obtained thereafter (MWR). [Ship: Thorbjorg at] 14.6N, 42.9W [45 kt W concurrent with 991 mb]. Passed low center 986 mb [at] 1000Z. Wind veered NE to W during last hour (micro, ATS). October 4: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.0N, 47.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 46.1W. The MWR post-season track map s hows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. RT lists a 12Z position at 13.9N, 44.1W with a 998 mb central pressure. ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 993 mb centered near 16.9N, 46.8W at 1230Z. A NE-SW cold front extends from 31N, 43W to 26N, 49W to 21N, 56W. No gales or low pressures. At 04/1600Z, [Advisory] Number Two [placed] the center at 16.5N, 48.5W moving WNW to NW at 13 kt. Due to [sparse reports], it was stated that the next [advisory] would be issued at 05/1600Z. At about this time, an extending trough began to have a strong influence on Gail. This trough was associated with an intense north Atlantic storm, contained a frontal system, and was moving eastward at a nearly constant speed of 23 kt. The discontinuities in this frontal system were not pronounced south of 25N, but were of sufficient strength to very nearly disrupt the tropical cyclone as it attempted to move up the trough. During the period from 04/1230Z to 05/1230Z, the frontal discontinuities almost succeeded in eradicating the tropical characteristics of the cyclone (ATS). October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 41.9W. An ENE-WSW cold front is plotted from 28N, 34W extending west-southwestward becoming a dissipating cold front near 27N, 39W and continuing to 26N, 44W to 26N, 50W. HURDAT lists Gail as a 30 kt tropical depression at 12.1N, 48.0W and HURDAT lists Storm 11 as a 55 kt tropical storm at 19.2N, 40.7W. The MWR post-season track map shows a position for Gail near the HURDAT position for Gail. RT lists a 12Z position at 17.7N, 45.9W with a 1000 mb pressure. ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 19.0N, 42.6W. A weak extratropical low of a most 1011 mb is plotted centered in the general vicinity of 20N, 48W with a warm front extending from that low east-northeastward to 22N, 44W, where it becomes a cold front and continues northeastward to 33N, 31W. A cold front extends from the weak extratropical low south-southwestward to 18N, 48W to 15N, 50W to 13N, 53W. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1001 mb at 23Z at 20.7N, 41.6W (ATS). Synoptic reports [around 05/1230Z] showed that the wind intensities could no longer be hurricane force, and [Advisory] Number Three, issued at 05/1600Z, was the last warning issued on this storm. The trough continued eastward leaving the greatly weakened storm stagnant near 20N, 40W. The tropical circulation absorbed the discontinuities of the front and reformed, thereby attesting to its original strength. The storm regenerated for a brief period late on the 5th and early on the 6th as shown by the 05/2300Z report of the ship Robinhood. At that time at 20.7N, 41.6W, this ship reported with NE 55 kt, pressure 1000.7 mb, tendency [negative] falling steady. With the effect of the trough removed, Gail again came under the influence of easterlies aloft and a westward movement resulted (ATS). October 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.2N, 41.3W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary from located about 300 nmi NNE of the low. HURDAT no longer lists Gail, but lists Storm 11 as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 44.0W. RT lists a 12Z position near 20.3N, 44.1W with a 998 mb central pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.0N, 39.0W. No gales or low pressures. The area was void of upper air information and the ensuing days (6th and 7th) brought few surface reports, none of which were believed to be near the center (ATS). October 7: HWM analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 13-23N, 37-46W. HURDAT lists this as Storm 11 as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 48.2W. RT lists a 12Z position at 20.1N, 46.0W with a 1002 mb central pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.0N, 43.1W. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 20-24N, 47-56W. HURDAT lists this as Storm 11 as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.8N, 53.8W. RT lists a 12Z position at 21.9N, 49.4W with a 1005 mb pressure. ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 23.2N, 51.3W. No gales or low pressures. [Observations] did however show the existence of a low moving westward at about 23.1N, 51.3W at 08/1230Z (ATS). October 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 57.0W. A warm front is plotted well to the north of the low extending from 34N, 54W to 30N, 58W to 29N, 61W to 29N, 68W. HURDAT last lists Storm 11 at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.0N, 57.4W. RT lists a 12Z position at 24.4N, 56.6W with a 1009 mb pressure. ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 24.7N, 56.6W. A cold front extends from 39N, 48W to 35N, 50W to 30N, 54W to 29N, 57W, becoming a stationary front near 29N, 62W, continuing westward to 28N, 68W to 27N, 73W. Ship highlights: 55 kt at 19Z at 25.0N, 58.0W (micro, ATS). On 9 October, while Tropical Storm Hazel was crossing the Florida peninsula, the following report was received: Pireps Mats C97 CSAL/KBQN (Cape Verde to Bermuda) reports suspicious area 25N, 58W at 09/1900Z. Encountered heavy thunderstorms, moderate turbulence, and reported surface winds about 55 kt with wind direction changing from 120 degrees to 240 degrees in one hour. This coincided well with the 09/1230Z surface analysis though only meager data was available, and the Joint Hurricane Warning Center believed this to be the remnants of Gail and accordingly the area was kept under close surveillance (ATS). October 10: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day associated with the cyclone of interest, but does analyze Hazel as a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 31.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending eastward from Hazel to 32N, 64W to 35N, 55W to 35N, 48W. HURDAT no longer lists this system. RT lists a 12Z position at 26.5N, 62.2W with a 1001 mb pressure. ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.7N, 59.9W. No gales or low pressures. Late on the evening of the 10th, the following report was relayed from Kindley Air Force Base: Urgent hurep boac post flight reports hurricane estimate position 26N, 61W; reports high swells and hurricane cloud structure. Reported received 10/2030Z. These position indicated that the center was moving less than 10 kt which was a considerable deceleration from the apparent movement in the past few days. On the basis of this report, and the belief that the center, when found, would be in the Air Force area of primary responsibility, the Air Force was requested to perform reconnaissance on this storm on 11 October (ATS). October 11: HWM analyzes two lows- Hazel and one other low. Hazel is analyzed as a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.0N, 64.5W with a warm front extending east-northeastward from Hazel. The other is a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.8N, 68.3W. Neither of these two lows are the feature of interest. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 30.3N, 61.0W. RT lists a 00Z position at 29.1N, 63.2W with a 999 mb central pressure. ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 29.9N, 60.9W located within the warm sector of a larger scale extratropical cyclone (formerly Tropical Storm Hazel). ATS also analyzes an extratropical cyclone (formerly Tropical Storm Hazel) of at most 996 mb centered near 37N, 66W, with its warm front extending eastward to 39N, 61W to 40N, 56W to 41N, 46W and its cold front extending south-southwestward to 33N, 68W to 30N, 71W to 27N, 74W to 24N, 75W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1050Z at 30.4N, 59.9W with 55 kt maximum surface winds (micro); center fix (loran) at 1513Z at 30.7N, 60.8W with 997 mb central pressure, 55 kt max winds, and minimum 700 mb height of 9,950 ft (micro, ATS); center fix (loran) at 1615Z at 30.9N, 60.4W (micro). At 11/1305Z the plane sent the following: [Plane] position at 1250Z 27.4N, 60.5W; flight altitude 10,000 feet; in storm area. Returning to Kindley. A message was sent immediately by the Joint Hurricane Warning Center requesting a search be made of the area 30N, 60W prior to return to base. Duck Special six sent from 30.3N, 61.5W at 1428Z indicated they had received the message, and this was confirmed by the 1451Z report sent from 30.4N, 59.9W. A message was received from the plane at 11/1542Z reporting that the eye had been found. The post flight summary is quoted instead of the message because of the additional data: Post flight summary: Tropical storm was located by Air Force hurricane hunters at [30.7N, 60.8W] at 11/1513Z by loran fix. Max wind of 55 kt from the southwest was estimated in the south quadrant. The shape of the eye is horseshoe and 50 miles across as determined by radar observation. Minimum pressure [997 mb]. Winds over 45 kt extend 50 miles from the eye in the south quadrant. The strongest quadrant of the storm is south. The north and east quadrants are open [in terms in radar reflectivity]. The south quadrant is solid for the first 40 miles then broken the last ten miles. Vivid lightning throughout the south. Storm approximately 50 miles in diameter. Lowest 700 mb height 9,950 feet. North quad- winds SE 35 kt squall lines 40 miles long, 5 miles wide [oriented N/S?] 20 miles west of storm. [Squall line] apparently dissipated between 1515Z and 1615Z. Coordination with the Weather Bureau firmed the opinion that the storm was weakening rapidly due to its proximity to the circulation of the now extratropical storm Hazel, and at 11/1625Z, the Fleet Weather Central, Washington, D.C., was advised that in view of the above, the Hurricane Warning Center would not issue [advisories] on this low (ATS, micro). October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low (the extratropical remnant of Tropical Storm Hazel) of at most 990 mb centered near 43.5N, 51.3W with a warm front extending eastward from Hazel and a cold front extending south-southwestward from Hazel to 40N, 52W to 37N, 55W to 33N, 60W to 28N, 64W to 23N, 70W. Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 32.8N, 58.9W located within the warm sector of the extratropical cyclone of post-Hazel, with the cold front now located about 200 nmi west of the low. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 00Z at 33.0N, 58.4W (micro). The disturbance that became Gail likely emerged off the coast of Africa as a tropical wave on 27 or 28 September. On 29 September at 18Z, ship observations indicate the tropical disturbance was likely located near 10N, 25W. There is not quite enough convincing evidence on the 29th and 30th of a closed circulation based on available ship data to indicate genesis of a tropical depression. On 1 October as the disturbance continued westward, the observations are more sparse than on the 29th and 30th of September. HURDAT originally starts this cyclone at 06Z on 2 October at 13.1N, 35.5W as a 30 kt tropical depression. Ship observations at 00 and 06Z on the 2nd indicate that the HURDAT position looks accurate, so no change is made to the HURDAT positions on the 2nd. Also, no change is made to the timing of genesis. As the cyclone continued westward, a ship passed through the center around 10Z on 3 October near 15N, 43W, recorded a 986 mb central pressure, and also estimated maximum winds encountered of 65 to 70 kt. (Although no sources say that they experienced the calm center, one source says that the ship reported a minimum pressure of 986 mb. Another source states the ship reported 44 kt with a simultaneous 991 mb, while at a different time, the ship estimated peak winds around 65-70 kt. This source implies that the 991 mb with the 44 kt was likely measured inside the RMW. This, taken together with the other source that states a min pressure of 986 mb, is enough to believe that the central pressure of Gail was about 986 mb.) A central pressure 986 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd, and this value equals 70 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 3rd (up from 65 kt originally). Since there was no data near the center prior to that observation, a 5 kt per 6 hr increase in intensity is implemented backwards in time from the 70 kt value at 12Z on the 3rd. Therefore, the intensity at the first point at 06Z on the 2nd is chosen to be 45 kt (up from 30 kt originally). This eliminates the unrealistic intensity increase shown in HURDAT originally during the first six hour period from 06Z to 12Z on the 2nd. Note that the initial 45 kt intensity for the first recorded position is not indicative of genesis, which likely actually occurred sometime on the 1st. On the 2nd and 3rd, only a couple of very minor adjustments were made to the track, and minor increases to the intensity are also implemented. The original HURDAT indicates that Gail decelerated, turned southwestward, weakened, and dissipated on the 4th and 5th of October with a final position of 11.7N, 48.3W as a 25 kt tropical depression at 18Z on 5 October. Available data and commentary suggests that there is no evidence that the cyclone dissipated near the location given in HURDAT. Instead, multiple sources indicate that Gail was picked up by a eastward moving trough or cold front on the 4th, and that it moved northeastward on the 5th. However, the tail end of that cold front (which was likely associated with an extratropical storm in the north Atlantic) was apparently not powerful enough to dissipate the cyclone or to continue carrying it northeastward. At 23Z, on 5 October, a ship measured 55 kt NE with 1001 mb at 20.7N, 41.6W, and the analyzed position of Gail at 00Z on 6 October is 20.0N, 41.7W. HURDAT originally lists Storm 11 at 20.0N, 41.9W at 00Z on the 6th. But several sources including ATS, Trucheluts warm anomaly study, HWM, and COADS indicate that the cyclone located near 20.0N, 41.7W at 00Z on the 6th was the same as the cyclone located near 15N, 43W on October 3 (Gail). From about 18Z on the 5th through 00Z on the 9th, the new HURDAT positions for Gail are near the previous HURDAT positions for Storm 11, with only minor track alterations. Gail is analyzed to have been at hurricane intensity from 06Z on 3 October through 18Z on 4 October. It is analyzed that Gail weakened to a 60 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 5th, and maintained a constant intensity of 60 kt as a tropical storm from that time until 00Z on the 10th. From 00Z on the 6th to 00Z on the 9th, Gail moved west-northwestward from 20.0N, 41.7W to 23.2N, 56.0W. HURDAT previously listed a final position for Storm 11 at 00Z on the 9th at 23.0N, 57.4W, but later observations show that Gail continued as a tropical storm into the 12th of October. On the 9th at 19Z, a ship recorded winds of 55 kt and reported a wind shift of 120 degrees in 1 hour near 25N, 58W. The analyzed position at 18Z on the 9th is 24.8N, 58.2W as a 60 kt tropical storm. On the 10th, there is again a lack of in situ data, but the 11th, Gail was located again, this time by aircraft reconnaissance, which measured a central pressure of 997 mb at 1513Z with a center fix of 30.7N, 60.8W (the analyzed position at 12Z on the 11th is 30.4N, 60.5W). A central pressure of 997 mb is added to HURDAT for Gail at 18Z on the 11th. A central pressure of 997 mb equals 49 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 50 kt is chosen for the intensity at all times on the 11th (which shows a very gradual decrease from the 60 kt intensity analyzed for the 9th of October). Late on the 11th and early on the 12th, the cold front associated with the extratropical cyclone of former Tropical Storm Hazel was approaching Gail from the west. However, observations and analyses from the NHC microfilm map at 00Z on 12 October indicate that Gail was probably not absorbed yet by 00Z on the 12th, and a 50 kt ship observation supports an analyzed intensity of 55 kt at 00Z on the 12th. Gail is analyzed to have become extratropical at 06Z on the 12th and to have been absorbed by the front after 06Z on the 12th. Notes: The analysis indicates that Storm 9 (Gail) occurred from 2 to 12 October. Storm 11 is removed from HURDAT since Storm 11 is analyzed to have been a continuation of Gail. Interestingly, Tannehill (1956) displayed in his book a track for this system, which had a merged track quite similar to that reanalyzed here including extension of the track through October 11th. Cry et al. (1959), however, first indicated two separate systems, which is what had been in HURDAT. Why Tannehills solution of a merged track was not accepted is unknown and will likely remain a mystery. Additional quotes: Hurricane Gail was another storm that appeared full-fledged out of the little traveled reaches of the Atlantic, far to the east of the Antilles. Unlike Carol, this storm was weakening when discovered. Due to lack of data, it was difficult to follow its movements. Toward the end of its course it threatened Bermuda briefly, but it did no damage as far as is known (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 11 (originally Storm 10) 36080 10/03/1953 M= 8 10 SNBR= 795 NOT NAMED XING=0 36080 10/03/1953 M= 6 11 SNBR= 795 NOT NAMED XING=0 * ** 36085 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*203 790 35 0* 36085 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*227 813 30 0* *** *** ** 36090 10/04*215 800 35 0*224 802 35 0*233 803 35 0*243 801 35 0* 36090 10/04*229 807 35 0*231 805 35 0*234 803 35 0*243 800 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 36095 10/05*253 797 35 0*265 790 35 0*278 781 40 0*290 769 40 0* 36095 10/05*253 797 35 0*265 790 35 0*278 783 35 0*291 776 35 0* *** ** *** *** ** 36100 10/06*302 754 40 0*320 733 40 0E340 712 45 0E355 696 50 0* 36100 10/06*307 766 40 0*334 753 40 0E363 725 45 0E388 690 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36105 10/07E377 680 55 0E388 665 60 0E405 650 60 0E420 637 60 0* 36105 10/07E415 641 55 0E450 580 55 0E478 539 55 0E488 499 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36110 10/08E435 625 60 0E452 616 60 0E470 602 60 0E491 570 60 0* 36110 10/08E498 465 55 0E512 436 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 9th and 10th are removed from HURDAT.) 36115 10/09E510 531 55 0E523 497 55 0E534 462 50 0E545 417 50 0* 36120 10/10E554 372 50 0E562 338 50 0E570 303 50 0E583 277 45 0* 36125 TS U.S. Close Approach: 10/4/1953 - 00Z 35 kt (SE FL immediate coastline from the upper Keys northward through Palm Beach County experienced 35 kt winds- a tropical storm impact but the center remained offshore). At 10/4 00Z, the center of the cyclone was inland over Cuba when the strong winds were experienced on the SE FL coast. The center made its closest approach to the SE FL coast 24 hours later- around 00Z on the 5th, but tropical storm winds were no longer being experienced by that time. Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm. A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC. October 3: HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 32N, 73W to 23N, 80W. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 79.0W. Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but the isobaric analysis clearly indicates a trough oriented approximately from 28N, 78W to 17N, 84W. Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.8N, 81.5W. Ship and station highlights: 40 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z at 26.5N, 77.0W (330 nmi NE of the analyzed center) (micro). October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.0N, 79.5W with a trough axis extending from the low north-northeastward to 33N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.3N, 80.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z at 24.8N, 80.8W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship and station highlights: 40 kt NE (elevated) and 1009 mb at 00Z Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) (140 nmi north of center) and 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 06Z at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (micro); 15 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.2N, 80.0W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 12Z at 30.3N, 80.2W 410 nmi north of center (COA); 10 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, 80.0W (COA); 15 kt SE and 1004 mb at 25.9N, 78.3W (COA). October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.8N, 77.8W with a trough axis extending from the low north-northeastward to 32N, 77W to 38N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 27.8N, 78.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 78.5W with a 1001 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position. Ship and station highlights: 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.4N, 79.6W (micro); 20 kt NW (elevated) and 1003 mb at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (micro); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 06Z 25.4N, 75.8W (COA); 20 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 28.3N, 77.4W (micro); 30 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 31.8N, 79.4W 190 nmi north of the analyzed center (micro). October 6: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.8N, 72.4W with a front running through the low and a trough extending from the low. The front consists of a stationary front that extends from 40N, 67W to the low where it becomes a cold front and extends to 34N, 75W to 36N, 77W to 39N, 76W to 39N, 79W to 37N, 82W to 35N, 85W. The trough extends from the low south-southwestward to 28N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 34.0N, 71.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.8N, 70.8W with a 993 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.7N, 71.2W embedded with a frontal system similar to the HWM analysis. Ship and station highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 32.3N, 78.6W 150 nmi NW of the analyzed center (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 06Z at 33.7N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z at 39.0N, 64.0W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 39.7N, 70.2W (COA). October 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 47.1N, 53.9W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 50N, 39W and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward to 45N, 53W becoming a warm front near 44N, 57W, continuing southwestward until the warm front intersects a second low, not closed, near 41N, 65W. A cold front extends south-southwestward from the second low to 35N, 65W to 30N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 40.5N, 65.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 47.6N, 53.6W with a 992 mb pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows the 12Z position of another low near 42.4N, 67.6W with a 998 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 46.5N, 55.0W with fronts analyzed similar to the HWM analysis. Ship and station highlights: 45 kt SW and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.0N, 61.0W (COA); 15 kt S and 990 mb at 00Z at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 997 mb at 12Z at 44.1N, 53.5W (COA, HWM); 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 44.5N, 50.1W (micro). October 8: HWM analyzes two closed lows- both of at most 995. The first is centered near 53.0N, 38.5W, and the other is centered near 47.0N, 59.3W. A warm front extends from the first low east-northeastward and an occluded front extends west-southwestward from this first low. A dissipating cold front extends southwestward from the first low to 50N, 40W to 48N, 45W and becomes a warm from near 48N, 50W. This warm front continues westward to a triple point associated with the second low, and this triple point is located near 48N, 55W. An occluded front extends from the second low to the triple point, and a cold front extends from the triple point south-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.0N, 60.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 12Z positions near 52.8N, 40.9W with a 990 mb pressure and 46.8N, 59.6W with a 993 mb pressure. Ship and station highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 03Z at 50.0N, 39.0W (COA); 45 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at 50.7N, 37.8W (COA). October 9: HWM analyzes [the second] closed low to be of at most 995 mb centered near 53.5N, 46.2W with an occluded front extending eastward from the low to a triple point from which a stationary front extends east-northeastward and a cold front extends southward. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 53.4N, 46.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones show 12Z position near 56.6N, 26.7W with a 995 mb pressure and 51.5N, 42.6W with a 993 mb pressure. October 10: HWM analyzes closed lows near 59.3N, 17.3W [possibly the remnant of Storm 10] and near 57.3N, 29.8W (the second low). An occluded front extending east-northeastward from the second closed low to the first closed low. A warm front extends eastward from this first low, and a cold front extends south-southwestward from this first low. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt eztratropical cyclone at 57.0N, 30.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.0N, 32.6W with a 985 mb pressure. October 11: HWM analyzes [the second] closed low to be of at most 985 mb centered near 61.7N, 19.4W. An occluded from extends east-northeastward from this low for several hundred miles. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. On 3 October, a broad area of low pressure or a trough extended from the Bahamas across Cuba to the northern Caribbean Sea. This low pressure area is analyzed to have formed into a tropical cyclone by 18Z on 3 October (no change to the timing of genesis in HURDAT). The analyzed position at the time of genesis is inland over Cuba near 22.7N, 81.3W (a major track change from the 20.3N, 79.0W listed in HURDAT) as a 30 kt tropical depression (down from 35 kt originally). The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on 4 October (six hours later than originally) while the center was still inland over Cuba. At 00Z on the 4th, strong winds were experienced on the southeastern coast of Florida, and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for southeast Florida for 35 kt winds along the immediate shoreline from the upper Keys northward up the southeast Florida coastline. By 06Z on the 4th, the slow-moving cyclone had emerged over water north of Cuba, and the position at 12Z on the 4th (23.4N, 80.3W) is virtually unchanged from the previous HURDAT position and no change is made to the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT at that time. The center made its closest approach to SE FL around 00Z on the 5th, but tropical storm winds were no longer occurring on the coast during that time. On the 5th and 6th, the cyclone traveled generally northeastward and passed about 90 nmi SSE of Cape Hatteras. Only minor track adjustments are implemented on the 5th. The system became extratropical at 12Z on the 6th near 36.3N, 71.9W with a 45 kt intensity. No change was made to the timing of extratropical transition or the intensity of 45 kt at 12Z on the 6th, but the position is adjusted about 2.5 degrees NNW of the previous HURDAT position (a major change). Major track changes are made at all points from 06Z on 6 October until dissipation on the 8th. Late on the 6th and early on the 7th the system accelerated and moved quickly northeastward. At the same time, genesis of a separate extratropical low was occurring closer to the northeast coast of the United States. The original HURDAT positions listed for this system from the 7th through the 10th follow the new low that developed instead of following this system, which was racing northeastward. The analyzed position of this system at 12Z on 7 October is 47.8N, 53.9W (originally listed in HURDAT as 40.5N, 65.0W). Analyses and observations from HWM and microfilm, observations from COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows chart all indicate two separate lows by the 7th, and they all also indicate that the low near 47.8N, 53.9W is this system, and the low near the HURDAT position is a new low that had developed. This system continued racing east-northeastward, but the circulation became extremely elongated on the west side early on the 8th as a front extended from the system to the other low farther west. After the 7th, no more northwest winds were observed west or southwest of the center, and it is analyzed that the cyclone was no longer closed after 06Z on the 8th. The new final position for the system is at 06Z on 8 October at 51.2N, 43.6W as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone. The original HURDAT position at that time is listed as 45.2N, 61.6W at the location of the other low. ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 12 (Hazel) 36165 10/07/1953 M= 6 12 SNBR= 797 HAZEL XING=1 36165 10/07/1953 M=10 12 SNBR= 797 HAZEL XING=1 SSS=1 ** ***** 36170 10/07* 0 0 0 0*205 864 35 0*210 863 35 0*213 862 35 0* 36170 10/07* 0 0 0 0*205 864 25 0*209 863 30 0*213 862 35 0* ** *** ** 36175 10/08*217 861 40 0*222 861 40 0*227 860 45 0*233 858 55 0* 36175 10/08*217 861 35 0*222 861 40 0*227 860 45 0*232 857 45 1002* ** *** *** ** **** 36180 10/09*240 853 55 0*250 844 60 0*262 830 60 0*274 812 55 994* 36180 10/09*241 852 55 0*252 844 65 0*262 833 75 0*271 814 65 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** 36185 10/10*288 790 55 0*307 762 60 0*324 736 60 0E335 715 60 0* 36185 10/10*285 791 60 0*300 762 60 0E314 736 60 0E326 714 60 989* *** *** ** *** **** *** *** *** 36190 10/11E345 694 55 0E354 673 50 0E364 651 45 0E378 622 45 0* 36190 10/11E338 698 55 0E350 681 50 0E362 655 50 0E378 626 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** 36195 10/12E394 590 40 0E410 561 40 0E427 532 35 0E447 510 35 0* 36195 10/12E393 597 50 0E409 565 50 0E430 530 50 0E460 490 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 13th to the 16th are new to HURDAT.) 36196 10/13E490 455 60 0E515 427 65 0E530 420 65 0E540 417 65 0* 36197 10/14E549 412 65 0E555 405 65 0E560 395 65 0E565 380 65 0* 36198 10/15E570 360 65 0E575 335 65 0E582 320 65 0E593 308 60 0* 36199 10/16E608 300 55 0E619 293 50 0E625 281 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 36200 TS 36200 HRBFL1 ****** U.S. Landfall: 10/9/1953 - 15Z - 26.7N, 82.2W - 75 kt (980 mb) 10 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI 10/9/1953 - 16Z - 26.7N, 82.1W - 75 kt (980 mb) 10 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hazel. The U.S. landfall intensity and the peak intensity are increased from a tropical storm to a hurricane. A major change is also made to the dissipation of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Dunn and Miller (1960). October 7: HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb with a dissipating cold front running through the low centered in the general vicinity of 20.0N, 86.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.0N, 86.3W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.2N, 88.3W with a 1007 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 86.7W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HURDAT position. No gales or low pressures. October 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.1N, 86.4W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 26N, 84W to 26N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.7N, 86.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.6N, 86.4W with a 1006 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position with a front extending from 25N, 89W to 28N, 85W to 29N, 80W to 29N, 77W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 21Z at 24.4N, 83.2W (micro); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 21Z at 24.0N, 87.2W (micro) (that 1002 mb ship is found to be biased about 4 mb too low). One other gale of 35 kt and four other low pressures of 1002-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 2310Z at Dry Tortugas, FL (micro). Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1934Z at 23.2N, 85.7W with 1002 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (micro, ATS); Navy center fix at 2120Z at 23.8N, 85.4W (micro); 40 kt ESE at flight-level and 1002 mb at 2130Z at 24.3N, 85.0W (micro). [Hazel] was born in the Yucatan Channel on October 8 (MWR). October 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.3N, 82.8W. The WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm front is located about 100 nmi NE of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 83.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position with the former showing a 993 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located about 100 nmi NNE of the cyclone. Ship highlights: 55 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12Z at 25.6N, 83.0W (COA, micro); 55 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12Z at 26.6N, 83.5W (micro); 40 kt and 996 mb at 23Z at 28.2N, 78.8W (micro). Eight other gales between 35-40 kt and 14 other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Land/station highlights: 43 kt S (max 1 min wind) and 990 mb (min pressure) at 1550Z at Captiva (climo); 39 kt SW (max 1 min wind) and 995 mb (min pressure) at 1618Z at Ft. Myers (climo); 50 kt NW (max wind) at 1915Z, 995 mb (min pressure) at 19Z at Lake Placid (climo); 52 kt SSW (max wind/1-minute) with a gust to 70 kt with 987 mb (min pressure) at 20Z at Okeechobee City, FL (climo); 41 kt (max 1 min wind) at 2110Z, 991 mb (min pressure) at 2115Z at Ft. Pierce (climo); 15 kt NNE with 993 mb (lowest hourly ob) at 2125Z. At least 15 other gales between 35-50 kt and well more than six other low pressures between 994-1005 mb over the Florida peninsula. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1339Z at 26.2N, 83.1W with a central pressure of 997 mb reported with 55 kt max winds (micro). Arcadia Lull 1:45-2:09 pm. Wind N before and W after lull. Heavy thunder and lightning before lull. Wind 16 mph after lull. Captiva Sharp lightning and heavy squall. Wind shifted from NE to E. Tide about 4 ½ ft at 1:30pm. Daytona Beach Tides 3 to 3 ½ ft above normal. Ft. Myers Lull about 11:00 am. Tide 3 ½ to 4 ft above normal. Beach inundated 1 to 2 ft. Tornado occurred in connection with storm. Ft. Pierce Lightning at 10:00 am. Sudden shift of wind at 4:15 pm SE to S to SW, then slow to W. Center probably 4 to 6 miles north. Melbourne Water 1 ½ ft above any high point ever recorded on west side levee of Melbourne-Tillman drainage district on St. Johns River. St. James, Pine Island Small tornado or waterspout damaged houses. (National Climatological Data). It moved northeastward and increased to almost hurricane force by the time it moved into Florida just north of Ft. Myers about 1100 EST [1600Z] of the 9th. Winds up to 60 to 70 mph attended the storms northeastward transit of Florida. It passed into the Atlantic near Vero Beach at about 1700 EST [2200Z] of the 9th. Damage was light to moderate, as would be expected from winds of only gale force. One, and possibly two small tornadoes occurred on the storms leading edge as it crossed Florida: one occurred at St. James City on Pine Island west of Ft. Myers and traced a path 3 or 4 miles in length destroying several houses; there were indications of another tornado near Okeechobee City where a hanger was badly damaged and an airplane wrecked. The lowest pressure, 987 mb, and also the strongest wind gusts, 80 mph, were reported from Okeechobee City (MWR). From the October, 1953 Florida State Climatological Summary A tropical storm with highest winds slightly less than hurricane force crossed the southern portion of the state on the 9th. Heavy rains fell on the Peninsula and in northeast Florida the 8th-9th associated with the tropical storm, the center of which reached the state in the Fort Myers-Punta Gorda area and emerged into the Atlantic in the vicinity of Vero Beach Hazel, the eighth tropical disturbance of the season, was born in the Yucatan Channel on October 8th, and grew to a husky youngster during the night while moving northeastward. It moved into Florida via Charlotte Harbor between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda about 11:30 am (1630Z) of the 9th with winds slightly below hurricane force, and continued rapidly northeastward across the state and entered the Atlantic near Vero Beach about 5:00 pm (2200Z). Some typical gust velocities (mph) were: Fort Myers, 62; Captiva, 70; Okeechobee City, 80; and Patrick AF Base, Cocoa, 64. The lowest pressure recorded was 29.15 inches (987 mb) at the U.S. Engineers Office at Okeechobee City, and this station also reported the strongest winds. We believe, however, that these resulted from a tornado-like squall rather than sustained conditions in the tropical storm. There were one or more small tornadoes associated with this storm, one of which occurred at St. James City on Pine Island west of Fort Myers, and there was some evidence of tornadic type squalls near Okeechobee City. On Pine Island, several houses were damaged or destroyed by the tornado, and at Okeechobee City, a hanger was damaged and an aeroplane wrecked. Otherwise damage was mostly of a minor nature. The wind damage is estimated at about $250,000, $96,000 of which occurred in the area of the west coast from the Fort Myers area northward to Sarasota. Fort Myers Beach was flooded to a depth of 1 to 2 feet by tides (climo). From the October, 1953 National Climatological Data Summary storm reports Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 9; Time: 11:30 am 5 pm; Width of path: 100 miles; Length of path: 150 miles; Property damage (exclusive of crops): $9,250,000; Character of storm: Tropical storm (climo). Tropical Cyclones in Florida Oct. 9 SW FL Minor Okeechobee City bar. 29.15 in. (Minor winds less than 74 mph, pressure greater than 996 mb- Dunn and Miller). October 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 31.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending from just north of the low center eastward from 33N, 73W to 34N, 70W to 33N, 67W to 32N, 64W to 34N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.4N, 73.6W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.6N, 73.9W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 32.0N, 73.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 996 mb at 00Z at 29.4N, 78.3W (micro); 55 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 33.2N, 77.0W (COA, micro); 50 kt SW and 997 mb at 12Z at 30.5N, 74.7W (COA, micro). At least nine other gales between 35-45 kt and at least 27 other low pressures between 999-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: 60 kt estimated surface winds from the SE, 60 kt flight-level winds from the SE, and 990 mb at 1352Z at 31.9N, 73.3W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1630Z at 32.2N, 70.9W (or 70.2?) with 989 mb central pressure and 70 kt estimated maximum winds (micro). After leaving Florida, the storm moved rapidly northeastward and lost force, becoming extra-tropical by the time it reached 35N (MWR). October 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.0N, 64.5W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 39N, 55W. HWM analyzes a second closed low of at most 1000 mb centered a few hundred nmi SW of the feature of interest with a cold front undergoing frontogenesis from 29N, 69W to 25N, 75W to 24N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 36.4N, 65.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.5N, 65.4W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.0N, 65.4W with a front extending east-northeastward from the low and another front extending south-southwestward from the low. Microfilm also analyzes another closed low- a tropical cyclone of at most 997 mb (Tropical Storm Gail) centered near 30.3N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1009 mb at 00Z at 35.3N, 75.2W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 993 mb at 06Z at 34.9N, 69.9W (COA); 45 kt NE and 997 mb at 18Z at 38.9N, 64.1W (COA). At least 11 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least 53 other low pressures between 997-1005 mb. October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 43.5N, 51.4W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.7N, 53.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.9N, 53.5W with a 989 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 44.0N, 52.0W with a front extending from the low south-southwestward. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 41.6N, 50.6W (COA); 45 kt SE and 986 mb at 19Z at 48.0N, 46.0W (COA); 20 kt S and 978 mb at 23Z at 48.0N, 46.0W (COA). At least 14 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least 47 other low pressures between 989-1005 mb. October 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 53.2N, 41.7W. An occluded front extends from 53N, 35W to a triple point near 45N, 31W from which a warm front and a cold front extend. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 53.2N, 42.0W with a 962 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW at 00Z at 48.2N, 45.3W (COA); 60 kt E and 965 mb at 06Z at 51.9N, 42.8W (COA); 60 kt SW and 982 mb at 12Z at 50.8N, 39.5W (COA). A few other 60 kt wind observations. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 56.3N, 38.6W. A dissipating occluded front extends from 63N, 27W to 55N, 20W to a triple point near 48N, 23W. A warm front and cold front extend from the triple point south-southeastward and south-southwestward respectively. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.0N, 40.2W with a 980 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW and 962 mb at 06Z at 55.5N, 44.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 971 mb at 12Z at 55.0N, 44.0W (COA). At least three other 50 kt observations this day. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 58.5N, 31.0W with a N-S occluded front plotted east of the cyclone extending from 59N, 20W to 55N, 16W to 50N, 17W to 46N, 18W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 58.0N, 28.4W with a 969 mb pressure. Ship highlights: 55 kt W and 987 mb at 00Z at 51.4N, 34.9W (COA); 60 kt W and 992 mb at 06Z at 51.5N, 36.0W (COA); 25 kt W and 968 mb at 06Z at 55.2N, 34.2W (COA); 50 kt SE and 983 mb at 18Z at 63.5N, 24.5W (COA). Numerous other gales and low pressures. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 62.5N, 28.5W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.2N, 26.9W. Ship highlights: 45 kt WSW and 997 mb at 00Z at 52.7N, 36.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 53.0N, 29.8W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. HURDAT begins this cyclone at 06Z on 7 October as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 86.4W. At 12Z on the 7th, available observations confirm a closed circulation, while there is no evidence on the 6th that the cyclone started prior to the time shown in HURDAT. Therefore, no change is made to the timing of genesis. No change is made to the position at the genesis point either, but this cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at genesis (down from 35 kt originally). The cyclone moved northward through the Yucatan Channel and into the eastern Gulf of Mexico before turning northeastward on the 8th and 9th. The track on the 7th and 8th is virtually unchanged from the previous HURDAT track. On the 8th at 12Z, a ship recorded winds of 25 kt with a 1005 mb pressure (likely outside the RMW but within 50 nmi of the center), and at 18Z, ship observations of 25 kt with 1002 mb and 30 kt with 1005 mb were recorded. At 1934Z, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 1002 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 8th. A central pressure of 1002 mb equals 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The first gale from a ship was recorded at 21Z on the 8th (45 kt with 1008 mb and another 35 kt with 1002 mb). A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 8th (down from 55 kt originally). It is analyzed that this cyclone became a tropical storm by 18Z on the 7th (12 hours later than originally in HURDAT). On the 9th, Hazel moved northeastward toward southwest Florida and strengthened. Track changes on the 9th are three-tenths of a degree or less. By 12Z on the 9th, the position is 26.0N, 83.3W, which is only about 60 nmi away from making landfall in southwest Florida. At that time, two separate ships recorded winds of 55 kt, one of them was observed simultaneously with a 999 mb pressure. At 1352Z, aircraft reconnaissance reported that they has measured a central pressure of 997 mb, but ship data and well as data over Florida a few hours later suggests that the 997 mb pressure was likely not a central pressure reading, so no central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z. No changes are made to the 55 and 60 kt intensities shown in HURDAT at 00 and 06Z on the 9th. Hazel made landfall around 15Z on 9 October on the barrier islands and passed between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda around 16Z. It traveled between northeastward and east-northeastward across the Florida peninsula and moved over water around 21Z on the 9th near 27.6N, 80.4W near Vero Beach. The highest recorded 1-minute wind in Florida was 52 kt at Okeechobee City and the lowest observed pressure was 987 mb, also at Okeechobee City simultaneously. The lowest available pressure from a station on the west coast of Florida is 990 mb from Captiva with 43 kt S wind. The 987 mb at Okeechobee suggests a central pressure over land of at most 982 mb, about 5 hours after landfall. Using this, the Ho et al. inland decay model suggests a central pressure at landfall of 978 mb. Assuming that the decay would be less given the wet terrain of southwest Florida, it is estimated that the system made landfall with around 980 mb central pressure (though this is not accurately enough known to include into HURDAT). 980 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. Numerous stations - Captiva, Ft. Myers, Lake Placid, Okeechobee, and Fort Pierce passed 10 to 20 nm of the center of the cyclone yet none (with the possible exception of Ft. Myers) were inside the RMW, as they reported their peak winds and minimum pressures simultaneously. Thus the RMW is estimated at 10 nm, though it could have been as small as 5 nm. (Arcadia reported experiencing a lull between 1:45 and 2:08 PM local time, with the wind shifting from north to west. However, the lowest pressure in Arcadia was 998 mb, which is inconsistent with the other pressures near the center. A lull was also reported to have occurred in Fort Myers, Florida about 20 minutes prior to the lowest pressure and the maximum winds. However, data from the other stations mentioned above suggests this was not due to an eye passage.) Based upon the combined effect of a small RMW, fast moving cyclone (~20 kt), but with a low environmental pressure (OCI of 1011 mb), the intensity at landfall is analyzed at 75 kt. This makes Hazel a Category 1 hurricane at landfall rather than a 60 kt tropical storm as shown previously in HURDAT. This is consistent with damage descriptions from both Sanibel Island and from the Okeechobee City area. It is possible that the reported tornadoes in St. James City on Pine Island and near Okeechobee City were instead direct effects of the hurricanes wind along with a very small RMW. A 75 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z and landfall (up from 60 kt originally). Since the peak observations from Okeechobee City occurred near 18Z, the analyzed intensity at 18Z is 65 kt (up from 55 kt originally). Hazel continued east-northeastward, and based on ship data late on the 9th and early on the 10th, all of the intensities listed in HURDAT on the 10th are maintained. HURDAT previously listed Hazel as having become extratropical at 18Z on the 10th, but Hazel is analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 10th (six hours earlier than originally). On the 10th at 1630Z, a 989 mb central pressure was measured via an Air Force center fix near 32-33N, 71-72W, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th. Hazel accelerated as an extratropical system and reached 46.0N, 49.0W by 18Z on 12 October (originally 44.7N, 51.0W) (the final point shown in HURDAT originally). It is analyzed that Hazel was not absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on 16 October, and four days are added to the dissipation as an extratropical system. Positions/intensities at 12Z each day from the 13th through 16th are: 53N, 42W, 65 kt; 56N, 40W, 55 kt; 58N, 31W, 65 kt; and 62.5N, 28.1W, 45 kt. Additional quotes: Tropical Storm Hazel was a compact little storm which originated near the tip of the Yucatan peninsula. The winds associated with this storm caused no serious damage as it crossed Florida, but it brought the usual torrential rainfall. Hardest hit were the Kissimmee and St. Johns valleys, north of Lake Okeechobee, which were at record flood stage prior to the storms arrival. This newly added rainfall caused such severe flooding in the wake of the storm that certain portions of the state were declared disaster areas on 14 October (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 13 36205 11/23/1953 M= 4 13 SNBR= 798 NOT NAMED XING=0 36210 11/23* 0 0 0 0*220 565 35 0*228 563 35 0*238 557 35 0* 36210 11/23* 0 0 0 0*221 553 35 0*230 550 35 0*240 547 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 36215 11/24*249 548 40 0*262 532 40 0*275 520 45 0*283 524 45 0* 36215 11/24*252 544 40 0*265 542 40 0*278 545 45 0*289 551 45 999* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36220 11/25*287 535 45 0*288 548 45 0*290 560 45 0*294 567 40 0* 36220 11/25*291 557 45 0*292 561 45 0*294 565 40 0*298 569 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36225 11/26*302 571 40 0*312 571 35 0*322 571 30 0*334 571 25 0* 36225 11/26*304 571 35 0*312 571 30 0*322 571 30 0*334 571 25 0* *** ** ** 36230 TS Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. November 19: HWM analyzes a dissipating NE-SW stationary front oriented from 27N, 45W to 21N, 55W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. November 20: HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 24N, 51W to 22N, 56W to 17N, 59W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. November 21: HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 25N, 52W to 22N, 57W to 17N, 59W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. November 22: HWM analyzes a sharp NNE-SSW trough with the trough axis extending from 27N, 53W to 22N, 58W to 17N, 59W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. November 23: HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.2N, 54.2W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 27N, 46W to 27N, 49W to the low to 18N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.8N, 56.3W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22.8N, 55.4W. No gales or low pressures. November 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.3N, 52.7W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 28N, 49W to the low to 24N, 57W to 20N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 52.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 54.6W with a 1004 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.6N, 53.1W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 55.3W (COA, micro). Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1939Z at 29.7N, 55.6W with 999 mb central pressure and 40 kt max winds (micro). November 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.5N, 55.6W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 31N, 49W to 23N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 29.0N, 56.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.4N, 56.7W with a 1007 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.8N, 55.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1016 mb at 06Z at 33.8N, 55.8W (COA). Aircraft highlights: possibly a center fix at 1828Z at 30.2N, 57.3W (micro). November 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N, 58.7W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 32N, 52W to the low to 25N, 65W. HWM also analyzes a N-S cold front several hundred miles west of the low extending from 37N, 67W to 30N, 68W to 25N, 70W to 22N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 32.2N, 57.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.5N, 57.9W with a 1010 mb pressure. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 31.8N, 57.0W with an approaching NNE-SSW cold front located several hundred miles west of the low. No gales or low pressures. November 27: HWM and microfilm no longer analyze the feature of interest on this day, and HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.7N, 63.3W with a 1000 mb pressure. HWM and microfilm indicate that the low near the MWR position is a separate extratropical low with a warm front analyzed extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending south-southwestward from the low. November 28: The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.1N, 51.3W with a 998 mb pressure. On 19 November, the tail end of front dissipated into a trough, which remained weak until it became a sharp trough on the 22nd and a closed low on the 23rd. HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 23 November as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 56.5W. No changes are made to the timing of genesis or the 35 kt intensity, but the position at 06Z on the 23rd is shifted a degree east of the previous position. The cyclone moved northward reaching a position near 27.8N, 53.8W by 12Z on the 24th, which is about 1.8 degrees west of the previous HURDAT position. The cyclone was stronger on the 24th as well. At 18Z on the 24th, a ship observed a 40 kt wind concurrent with a pressure of 1005 mb, and at 1939Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 999 mb, and this value is added in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th. A central pressure of 999 mb equals 45 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 47 kt for its intensifying subset. The 45 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is not changed. Ship data and also the aircraft fix indicate that the position in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is more than 2.5 degrees too far east, so major westward track adjustments are implemented from 18Z on the 24th through 00Z on the 25th. No intensity changes were made to HURDAT from genesis at 06Z on the 23rd through 06Z on the 25th. Late on the 25th, the cyclone began to weaken. The last available gale recorded occurred at 06Z on the 25th a 40 kt observation a few hundred nmi north of the center. After that, the system, rapidly dissipated and could not be identified by 12Z on the 26th. However, due to the sparse observations, the timing of dissipation shown in HURDAT after 18Z on the 26th is unchanged. This tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally. A few very minor downward intensity adjustments were made from the 25th at 12Z on the 26th at 06Z. The final point 18Z on the 26th is 33.4N, 57.1W as a 25 kt tropical depression (no change to position or intensity at the final point). ******************************************************************************* 1953 Storm 14 (Irene) 36235 12/07/1953 M= 3 14 SNBR= 799 NOT NAMED XING=0 L 36240 12/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*208 515 30 0* 36240 12/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 525 35 0* *** *** ** 36245 12/08*208 531 35 0*209 538 35 0*209 546 35 0*210 560 35 0* 36245 12/08*191 533 40 0*201 542 50 0*208 555 55 0*209 570 55 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36250 12/09*210 576 35 0*211 586 35 0*212 596 30 0*214 607 25 0* 36250 12/09*210 585 50 0*210 597 40 0*210 607 35 0*210 617 30 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36255 TS Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this December tropical storm. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Navy (flight log book). December 6: HWM analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 50.9W and a NE-SW stationary front extending from 29N, 34W to 28N, 43W to 24N, 49W to 21N, 54W. HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures. December 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.3N, 51.5W with the SW end of a SW-NE dissipating warm front located about 200 nmi north of the low. HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.8N, 51.5W. No gales or low pressures. December 8: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.7N, 55.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 54.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 55.7W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE at 09Z at 20.5N, 55.2W (micro); 40-50 kt NW and 999 mb at 10Z from the same ship as the 09Z observation (micro); 40 kt S at 11Z from the same ship (micro); 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 56.3W (COA); 10 kt NE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.5N, 60.8W (COA). Esso Fawley: 0900 GMT located 20.5N, 55.2W- passed through center of small intense storm. Wind NE [40 kt]. Sea very high. 1000 GMT- barometer [999 mb], wind NW [40 to 50 kt], sea high and confused. 1100 GMT- barometer rising, wind S 40 kt, storm center estimated traveling NW (micro). December 9: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 59.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 21.2N, 59.6W. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.3N, 59.7W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 21.1N, 60.2W (micro). December 10: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW trough with the trough axis extending from 30N, 62W to 25N, 67W to 20N, 69W to 16N, 70W. HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. This tropical storm formed in a similar location and likely from a similar type of synoptic mechanism as the tropical storm in November (the tail end of a front). HURDAT begins this cyclone at 18Z on 7 December as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.8N, 51.5W. No changes are made to the timing of genesis. Observations at that time and subsequent observations early on the 8th indicate that the HURDAT positions from 18Z on the 7th to 06Z on the 8th are too far north. A major track change is implemented at the first point only the position at 18Z on the 7th is analyzed to be more than 3 degrees SSW of the previous HURDAT position. The cyclone which had been moving northwestward, turned toward the west by 12Z on the 8th near 20.8N, 55.5W. The analyzed position at 12Z on the 8th is 1 degree west of the previous HURDAT position. At 10Z on the 8th, a ship recorded 40-50 kt winds concurrent with a 999 mb pressure, and this was the highest observed wind and the lowest observed pressure for the lifetime of this cyclone. A central pressure of less than 999 mb yields winds of greater than 49 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship. A 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 8th (up from 35 kt originally a major change). The storm continued moving westward, but it began to weaken early on the 9th. At 00Z on the 9th, a ship observed a 1004 mb pressure concurrent with 25 kt winds. Thereafter, no more gales or low pressures were recorded. Observations on the 9th continue to indicate a position about one degree west of the previous HURDAT position throughout the day. A steady decrease of the intensity is shown on the 9th, although minor upward intensity adjustments are implemented from the original HURDAT. No changes were made to the timing of dissipation (18Z on the 9th), and the final position is analyzed at 21.0N, 62.0W as a 30 kt tropical depression. The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 9th. Additional quotes: Tropical Storm Irene developed late in the year in an area of very sparse reports. Winds remained light and the circulation dissipated in its early stages (ATS). ******************************************************************************* 1953 additional notes 1) HWM indicates that a frontal low on 24 March was located near 39N, 43W. It moved slowly southeastward, occluded, and became very large and powerful by the 26th. This large, baroclinic low persisted for several days with gales at least through the 28th. After the 28th, it began to weaken very gradually. However, the low stayed in the same general area of the Atlantic until the end of the month. During the first two days of April, the low continued to weaken, and it moved east-northeastward. By 3 April, it had dissipated. David Roth lists this system as a potential subtropical storm; however, HWM observations and analyses indicate that the low was not likely to have been subtropical. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar 24 39N 43W Extratropical Mar 25 38N 42W Extratropical Mar 26 33N 43W Extratropical Mar 27 34N 39W Extratropical Mar 28 37N 35W Extratropical Mar 29 38N 30W Extratropical Mar 30 36N 28W Extratropical Mar 31 32N 28W Extratropical Apr 1 33N 26W Extratropical Apr 2 36N 20W Extratropical Apr 3 Dissipated 2) A low formed along a frontal boundary on 10 May on the western Atlantic. The front dissipated as it moved away, but a weak, broad area of low pressure was left behind. This low pressure area appears to have contained a weak, closed circulation on a broad scale until 14 May when it may have denigrated into an open trough. This persisted until 18 May when the area of low pressure ceased to exist. The highest wind observed with this system was 30 kt and no low pressures were observed. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 10 33N 72W Extratropical May 11 33N 70W Broad low May 12 33N 70W Broad low May 13 32N 69W Broad low May 14 30N 67W Broad low/trough May 15 28N 66W Broad low/trough May 16 28N 66W Broad low/trough May 17 29N 64W Broad low/trough May 18 Dissipated 3) HWM, microfilm, COADS, and Ryan Trucheluts warm anomaly study indicates that a tropical depression formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 June. It moved slowly northwestward. Numerous ships indicated 30 kt winds from the 25th through the 29th. However, only on the 26th is there clear evidence that the system had a closed circulation. HWM and microfilm maps show that it possibly moved inland as a tropical depression late on the 28th. It is also noted that there was no pressure minimum recorded at any of the stations in eastern Texas/western Louisiana late on the 28th/early on the 29th, when the system may have made landfall. An extra complication is that the 28 June HWM shows a trough extending from the Gulf of Mexico northeastward into Louisiana, where another low or vorticity center may have been present. The 18Z microfilm map on the 28th shows the tropical depression inland at 31N, 94W followed by dissipation. The Atchafalaya River exceeded flood stage at Morgan City, La., for several hours on the 28th due to winds and dies and the relatively high water level in the Gulf of Mexico. No damage resulted from the overflows (National Climatological Data). These points suggest the possibility of a tropical storm. The highest observed wind from a ship while this system was over water was 30 kt, and the lowest observed pressures were around 1008-1009 mb. The Monthly climatological data from NCDC indicates maximum monthly wind speeds of 41 kt SE at Port Arthur (on the 29th) and 37 kt SE at Galveston (also on the 29th). After obtaining hourly observations from these locations, it is clear that these were transient events associated with thunderstorms moving through. Winds before and after were substantially weaker. Additionally, these gales occurred with a much higher pressure than the day before when the pressures were lower but winds were light. The bottom line is that there is considerable evidence that the system was a tropical depression, but no evidence either from winds or pressures that the cyclone was a tropical storm. This system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun 25 25N 89W Trough or low Jun 26 27N 91W Tropical depression Jun 27 28N 92W Tropical depression? Jun 28 29N 93W Tropical depression? Jun 29 Dissipated 4) HWM and Trucheluts warm anomaly study indicate that a tropical depression formed near the Cape Verde Islands on 24 August. There is clear evidence of a closed circulation of the 24th and 25th. The system moved west-northwestward, but was lost in the typical data-sparse region of the Atlantic by the 27th. No gales or low pressures were observed. Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug 24 14N 25W Tropical depression Aug 25 15N 29W Tropical depression Aug 26 16N 33W Tropical depression Aug 27 17N 37W Open wave Aug 28 Dissipated 5) HWM and COADS indicate that a short-lived cyclone existed in the north Atlantic in September from the 10th to the 11th. David Roth lists this storm in his list of suspects. On 8 September, a large, broad, and relatively weak extratropical system was located over the north Atlantic in the vicinity of 40N, 30 to 35W. On the 9th, a small vortex began to form on the southeast side of the broad circulation. This small vortex is analyzed attained a closed circulation at 06Z on 10 September at 42.5N, 32.5W. A ship recorded a 45 kt south wind at 00Z associated with the developing system. At 06Z, a different ship recorded a wind a 40 kt. The storm moved north-northwestward; its track was likely somewhat affected by the weak extratropical cyclone to its west. The system may have partially revolved in a counterclockwise direction around the broad extratropical low. At 18Z on the 10th, a ship east of the center recorded 40 kt S with a 997 mb pressure (this ship is found to be biased about 3 mb too low). On the 11th, evidence of a closed circulation decreases, and no more gales are observed. It is analyzed that the system dropped below gale force by 12Z on the 11th, and the final point before dissipation is listed at 18Z on the 11th at 54.5N, 40.5W. This system contained a small-scale closed circulation with gales and low pressures near the center and little to no temperature gradient across the low on the 10th. At genesis (06Z on the 10th) absolute temperatures were in the upper-60s and SSTs were in the lower 70s. Both the absolute temperatures and the SSTs decreased by about 5 to 7 degrees during the next 18 hours as the system moved northward. While the system is intriguing, the case for calling this a tropical cyclone does not appear to be strong enough given the synoptic pattern the cyclone was embedded in and the extraordinarily high latitude at which it forms. September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb (not the feature of interest) centered near 41.5N, 32.5W with a warm front extending from the low northward to 45N, 32.5W to 50N, 30W and a dissipating cold front extending from the low to 43N, 31W to 42N, 25W to 39N, 24W to 35N, 25W to 32N, 28W. HURDAT did not previously list this system. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb (the feature of interest) centered near 36.8N, 34.4W. David Roth (DR hereafter) lists a 12Z position of 38N, 34W with a 25 kt intensity. No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.8N, 34.0W (the feature of interest) and another closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 41.7W. DR lists a 12Z position near 45N, 33W with a 30 kt intensity. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 00Z at 39.2N, 30.7W (COA); 40 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 30.9W (COA); 40 kt S and 997 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 35.6W (COA). September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 54.2N, 40.3W with a trough axis extending from the low southeastward and then southward. The west end of a W-E warm front is located 150 nmi north of the cyclone. HWM analyzes another closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 51.9N, 51.4W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 09Z at 52.8N, 35.5W (COA); 10 kt SE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 55.6N, 38.1W (COA). A couple of other low pressures. September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 59.9N, 35.3W with a NE-SW trough axis running through the low from the west end of a W-E warm front near 61N, 34W to a spot low plotted near 56N, 46W. The north end of a cold front is located a couple hundred nmi south of the possible remnant of the feature of interest. 6) Ryan Trucheluts warm anomaly study suggests a possible disturbance. No gales or low pressures were observed with this suspect. Thus, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 21 9N 36W Open wave/weak low Sep 22 10N 40W Tropical depression Sep 23 11N 43W Tropical depression Sep 24 13N 45W Tropical depression Sep 25 17N 44W Open wave/trough Sep 26 22N 43W Weak low/trough Sep 27 Dissipated 7) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and microfilm indicate that a tropical depression formed by 15 October near 26N, 69W. The low shown in HWM on 15 October near 33N, 71W is a completely different feature and is not associated with the depression. Microfilm plots a tropical storm symbol on their October 15 18Z and October 16 00Z maps, although there are no observations of gales or low pressures from any source on the 15th or 16th. The depression came under the influence of a frontal system to its north late on the 16th, and it rapidly accelerated east-northeastward. It was probably still a closed tropical depression at 00Z on the 17th, and may have been so through 06Z that day, but by 12Z on the 17th, it had already been absorbed by the front and was no longer closed. There was one gale of 35 kt observed directly related to this system at 09Z on the 17th, around or just before the time it became absorbed by the front. Since there is no definitive evidence that low was still closed at 06Z, and since there is only one piece of evidence anyway, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 15 26N 69W Tropical depression Oct 16 30N 65W Tropical depression Oct 17 37N 49W Absorbed by front before 12Z. 8) A very broad area of low pressure developed in the western Atlantic on 21 and 22 October. On the October 22 12Z microfilm map, the closed 1008 mb contour stretches from 26-39N, 61-70W, and that is the innermost counter plotted, although observations and the HWM analysis indicate pressures below 1000 mb in a smaller area from 35-37N, 64-67W. Despite the area of more intense activity, observations do indicate an area of winds less than 10 kt with pressures around 1005 mb about 500 to 700 nmi across. Numerous gales are observed with this system prior to the time is takes on frontal characteristics (later on the 23rd). However, all of these gales are located in a very tight synoptic pressure gradient (about 20 mb / 300 nmi) north and west of the center. A 1032 mb high was located over Maine and SE Canada. The low became extratropical on 23 October. The aforementioned observations and analyses indicate that this system was never a tropical or subtropical cyclone. Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct 21 Open trough 39N 64W to 21N 72W Oct 22 36N 66W Broad low Oct 23 38N 70W Broad low Oct 24 38N 70W Extratropical Oct 25 Dissipated 9) HWM, microfilm, COADS, Jack Bevens list of suspects, and David Roth indicate that a broad low might have become a tropical depression on 13 December moving rapidly west-northwestward from about 15N, 48W on the 12th to 22N, 70W on the 15th. The highest observed wind from any source was 30 kt and there were no low pressures observed other than two observations of 995 mb from the same ship that are found to be bad observations. These pressure values are incorrect, and it is difficult to determine from the available data whether the ships pressure was simply biased way too low or whether the ships barometer was stuck on reporting a value of 995 mb. This system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Dec 12 15N 48W Broad low/trough Dec 13 18N 56W Tropical depression Dec 14 19N 64W Tropical depression Dec 15 22N 70W Open trough Dec 16 Dissipated ******************************************************************************* New Storm [May 27-31, 1954]: 37020 05/28/1954 M= 4 1 SNBR= 816 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37021 05/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*307 800 30 0*313 793 35 1005* 37021 05/29*322 782 40 0*332 772 40 0*345 760 40 0*350 740 40 0* 37021 05/30*358 724 45 0*381 713 45 0E395 695 40 0E408 662 40 0* 37021 05/31E437 609 35 0E453 569 35 0E470 515 35 0E480 470 35 0* 37022 TS This new tropical storm was not previously documented in HURDAT. Evidence for the existence of this system was extracted from the Cooperative Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COA), the Historical Weather Maps (HWM) series, the Climatological Data publication (NCDC), the Local Climatological Data forms (NCDC), the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (May 1954), and the United States Weather Bureau microfilm data. May 26: HWM indicates a stalled surface front near 24N, 78W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones does not list the system on this date. No gales or low pressures were observed. May 27: HWM indicates a frontal wave over east-central Florida near 27N, 80W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones does not list the system on this date. No gales or low pressures were observed. May 28: HWM indicates a closed surface low of at most 1010 mb near 30.5N, 80W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 1011 mb at 31.1N, 81.6W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the tropical depression, located east of HWMs position, was situated at 31.0N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1008 mb at 31.6N, 78.6W at 18 UTC (COA). No gales or low pressures were observed. May 29: HWM indicates a closed surface low of at most 1010 mb near 33.7N, 71.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 1009 mb at 35.3N, 75.5W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the tropical storm was situated at 34.5N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1010 mb at 31.3N, 76.6W at 00 UTC (COA); 30 kt SW and 1009 mb at 32.5N, 75.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 18 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 1005 mb at 34.7N, 73.3W at 18 UTC (COA). No other gales or low pressures were observed. North Carolina conditions: Finally, on the 27th, southerly winds began to add moisture as well as heat to the atmosphere, and showers became increasingly prevalent. Rain never became general, however, and the sun and winds brought temperatures up to several degrees above normal for the first time since the 3rd. On the final two afternoons the temperatures climbed to the upper 80s and low 90s in all sections of the State (Climatological Data). May 30: HWM indicates a baroclinic surface low, associated with a surface cold front, of at most 1010 mb near 40N, 68W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 1010 mb at 39.8N, 70.8W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the extratropical cyclone was situated at 39.5N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 997 mb (with SST of 22C) at 38.1N, 70.5W at 06 UTC (COA); 40 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 37.8N, 70.0W at 06 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 36.7N, 69.6W at 06 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1006 mb at 40.0N, 66.8W at 18 UTC (HWM). Several additional gales and low pressures were observed in association with the baroclinic system. May 31: The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 997 mb at 47.6N, 51.4W (a.m.). Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1003 mb at 43.8N, 60.1W at 00 UTC (USWB); 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 43N, 51.7W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 45N, 46.8W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 46.7N, 46.6W at 18Z (COA). Land highlights: 10 kt NNW and 999 mb at Cape Race, Newfoundland, at 12Z (USWB). Early on May 26, a broad surface trough developed over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. On this date, there were no indications of a developing circulation along the trough axis, based on available land and ship observations. Early on the 27th, signs of a developing circulation were evident, though late on the 27th and early on the 28th the system still appear to have an elongated trough structure at the surface. However, the system quickly organized as it moved offshore. It is analyzed that the system underwent genesis around 12 UTC on the 28th with an initial intensity of 30 kt. Several ships reported 25-30 kt winds between 12 and 18 UTC. One of the ships recorded a peripheral pressure of 1008 mb and winds of 30 kt at 18 UTC. This pressure would support a plausible central pressure near 1005 mb. A central pressure of 1005 mb would substantiate a maximum wind speed of 34 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N 35 kt is chosen for 18 UTC on the 28th. This estimate is also supported by the relatively small size of the system at the time. Based on available ship and land data, the system continued to intensify on May 29 as it bypassed the Carolinas. The first gale force ship wind (35 kt) was reported at 00 UTC on the 29th and was accompanied by a peripheral pressure of 1010 mb 40 kt is chosen for 00 UTC. Several 20-30 kt ship observations with one report of 35 kt were reported between 12 and 18 UTC on the 29th and 40 kt is maintained at 18 UTC on the 29th. Early on the 30th, the system accelerated and turned north-northeast ahead of an approaching mid level trough. This movement occurred after a brief east-northeast movement on the 29th. Two ships reported 40 kt winds with pressures of 1004 and 997 mb at 06 UTC on the 30th. The 997 mb report would support a maximum wind speed value of at least 53 kt from the Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 35N. However, the forward speed was slower than climatology for this latitude and the system was becoming extratropical. Thus, 45 kt is chosen for 00 and 06 UTC on this date. This wind speed is estimated to have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. Subsequently, available observations suggest that the system became an extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC. This conclusion is supported by the existence of a strong north to south surface temperature gradient and winds shifts in the northern semicircle of the the system. Ships reported temperatures in the 70s on the south edge of this gradient, while adjacent reports indicated surface temperatures in the low 60s on the north side. Based on the data, a warm front was likely extending northeastward from the extratropical low at this time. At this time, an approaching surface cold front was still located northwest of the system. Subsequently, observations indicate that the strong surface cold front reformed farther east in association with the extratropical cyclone. As the extratropical low moved northeast, it gradually filled and weakened. After 18 UTC on May 31, the extratropical system was absorbed by another non-tropical low, which was situated farther northwest. The reasons as to why this system was not originally included in HURDAT are unknown. Indeed, no known publications have explicitly mentioned this system or its nature. (However, the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did list the system during a portion of its life.) The circulation was concentric throughout the systems life as a tropical storm. The surrounding low level air mass was clearly barotropic, as evidenced by uniform temperatures in the 70s and low 80s. The system was not associated with an extensive or noticeable mid-level trough during its life, so it likely was a true tropical storm, rather than a subtropical cyclone. Additionally, the system remained over the Gulf Stream throughout its life prior to extratropical transition. As late as the 30th, ship reports indicated that surrounding SSTs were at least 22C. The confirmation of several gale force ship reports and corroborating low pressures justify the implementation of this new system in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* New Storm [June 17-25, 1954] 37265 06/18/1954 M= 8 2 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 06/18*258 808 25 0*257 808 25 0*257 808 30 0*258 808 30 0* 37265 06/19*258 808 30 0*259 808 30 0*261 807 30 0*266 806 30 0* 37265 06/20*271 804 30 0*276 801 30 0*280 795 35 0*284 788 45 0* 37265 06/21*288 779 50 0*292 770 50 0*297 763 50 0*304 759 50 0* 37265 06/22*312 757 50 0*321 756 50 0*329 754 55 0*338 749 60 0* 37265 06/23*348 740 60 0*359 726 55 0*370 709 50 0*384 692 50 0* 37265 06/24*410 675 45 0E430 659 40 0E455 645 35 0E475 635 30 0* 37265 06/25E495 627 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37285 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the microfilm maps at NHC (including Air Force reconnaissance observations), Climatological Data National Summary, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. June 17: HWM does not analyze an organized system. HURDAT does not list a tropical cyclone. Microfilm shows a trough or tropical wave near 25N and along 80W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of at most 1012 mb near 26.4N, 79.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. June 18: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 24.5N, 79.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.6N, 81.2W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1012 mb near 25.5N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb near 26.6N, 79.0W at 18Z. Report from Microfilm. June 19: HWM analyzes a cold front stretching from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, across central Florida, and into the western Atlantic at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.0N, 81.5W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 26.5N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. June 20: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 28.0N, 79.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 28.0N, 79.5W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 28.0N, 79.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1007 mb near 29.2N, 78.2W at 18Z. 50 kt NE and 1008 mb near 30.0N, 78.5W at 18Z. All reports from Microfilm. June 21: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 30.0N, 77.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 29.5N, 75.7W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1006 mb near 29.0N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1011 mb near 30.3N, 77.6W at 00Z. Report from Microfilm. June 22: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 33.2N, 75.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.6N, 75.7W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1009 mb near 33.2N, 75.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNW and 1010 mb near 33.3N, 76.6W at 12Z. 35 kt NNW and 1008 mb near 33.7N, 76.1W at 15Z. 40 kt NNE and 1014 mb near 34.3N, 76.4W at 18Z. 35 kt S and 1013 mb near 32.9N, 73.4W at 18Z. All reports from COADS. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1530Z at 33.2N, 75.3W; center fix at 1749Z at 33.7N, 75.9W, 998 mb and 70 kt winds; and center fix at 2000Z at 33.9N, 74.5W. All reports from Microfilm. The storm center was first located at 1530Z at three three two north seven five three west. At first entry the center was ill formed with a ring cloud to twenty five thousand feet in an arc from two seven zero degrees through one two zero degrees. By departure time 2100Z the ring cloud has risen above 35000 ft and covered the arc from three zero zero degrees through zero five zero degrees. The stratocumulus clouds gradually formed a perfect circle at 1830Z and by 1900Z took on the shape of the synoptic hurricane symbol of a six nine superimposed. The lowest sea level pressure was nine nine eight millibars and maximum surface wind was two three zero degrees at seven five knots in southeast quadrant. The weakest quadrant was north with no winds over three five knots the weather in the southeast quadrant was banded in twenty mile widths. With the exception of the cirro stratus and the wall of cumulonimbus no clouds were over ten thousand feet. Depressions at 500 and 700 millibars were superimposed over the surface center. The storm was boxed at 1500 feet and had a closed low cell wind pattern with a wind shear across the center of approximately eighty miles which later became about fifty miles (micro). June 23: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 36.7N, 77.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 37.3N, 76.3W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 37.2N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1002 mb near 34.0N, 72.8W at 0Z. 40 kt SW and 1005 mb near 36.7N, 69.6W at 15Z. 35 kt NNE and 1014 mb near 35.5N, 73.7W at 18Z. 35 kt SW and 1008 mb near 36.7N, 69.6W at 18Z. All reports from COADS. June 24: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 45.0N, 64.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 45.5N, 64.5W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 998 mb near 44.5N, 64.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1005 mb near 41.2N, 64.8W at 03Z. 35 kt SSE and 1013 mb near 40.4N, 61.1W at 06Z. All reports from COADS. This new tropical storm originated from a surface trough over southern Florida on the 17th of June. By 00Z on the 18th, a closed center had formed and - despite it remaining over the Florida peninsula near the Everglades - a tropical depression is analyzed to begin at that point. The cyclone moved very little on the 18th and the 19th, remaining over land. At 18Z on the 18th, a ship well northeast of the center reported 35 kt ENE. However, due to other nearby observations indicating substantially less than that, the intensity is kept at 30 kt, just below tropical storm strength. At 12Z on the 19th, two observations of 35 kt S winds were reported from Carysfort Reef and Alligator Reef lighthouses. As these anemometers are elevated (30 m and 45 m, respectively), these winds reduce down to 32 and 30 kt, respectively, at 10 m. Intensity is kept at 30 kt at that time, though it is possible that the system was a minimal tropical storm, even though the center was still over land in southern Florida. The cyclones center began moving slowly northeastward late on the 19th and early on the 20th away from southern Florida and moved over water around 06Z on the 20th. From that point, a rather pronounced intensification occurred. At 18Z on the 20th, two ships reported 40 kt ENE and 50 kt NE, respectively. It is analyzed that it became a tropical storm by 12Z on the 20th with 35 kt winds, 45 kt at 18Z, and 50 kt at 00Z on the 21st. It is noted that both the Historical Weather Map series and the NHC microfilm suggest a frontal boundary existed from the center of the system and extending eastward on the 19th and 20th for HWM and on the 20th and 21st for the microfilm. However, despite the cyclone showing a somewhat asymmetric structure both in the wind field and in the pressure field on these dates, it does not appear that a front actually existed. It could be, though, that on the 19th through the 21st that the system was a subtropical cyclone. Such an interpretation is consistent with the system having an upper level low associated with it for most of its duration as seen in the 500 mb Historical Weather Map analyses. (However, this designation is not utilized in HURDAT until 1968, with the advent of routine satellite imagery.) Little inner core observations were available on the 21st, so the intensity is held steady at 50 kt. Late on this date, the cyclone turned toward the north-northeast. There was one Air Force reconnaissance mission into the cyclone on the 22nd, as the system was becoming more symmetric and intensifying. This mission did not penetrate the center, but instead boxed the cyclone to provide three position fixes. However, it did obtain three observations helpful with the intensity. They were 70 kt SW surface winds (visually estimated) and 998 mb pressure (adjusted from flight level pressure) at 1745Z, 75 kt SW and 998 mb at 2050Z, and 20 kt SSW and 996 mb at unknown time (but later) all on the 22nd. The 996 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 50 kt (or at least 52 kt for intensifying tropical cyclones) from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. It is possible that the 996 mb and 20 kt observation suggests a 994 mb central pressure. However, it is not clear whether these two measurements were really simultaneous both in time and space. The intensity is analyzed to be 60 kt late on the 22nd and early on the 23rd, though it is possible that the system was a low end hurricane. This is also the peak intensity for the cyclone. Late on the 22nd, the cyclone turned toward the northeast and began accelerating. Early on the 23rd, Wilmington, North Carolina experienced its peak fastest mile winds of the month - 29 kt NW in association with this cyclone. (Cape Hatteras had its peak winds of the month of 28 kt on the 18th, not in association with this system.) It is possible that a portion of the North Carolina coast between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras may have experienced sustained 35 kt tropical storm force winds. The cyclone gradually weakened on the 23rd. Peak observed winds were 40 kt at 15Z and the intensity is brought down to 50 kt at 12 and 18Z. On the 24th, the cyclone underwent extratropical transition as a cold front approached from the west and reached the center of the system around 06Z. After 06Z on the 24th, the extratropical cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada. The system gradually weakened on this date and dropped below gale force by 18Z. The system continued diminishing and it is analyzed that it dissipated after 00Z on the 25th. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Alice [June 24-26, 1954] 37265 06/24/1954 M= 3 1 SNBR= 820 ALICE XING=0 SSS=0 37265 06/24/1954 M= 4 3 SNBR= 820 ALICE XING=0 SSS=0 * * 37270 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 940 50 0*231 949 50 0* 37270 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*222 937 50 0*228 945 55 0* *** *** *** *** ** 37275 06/25*240 957 65 0*244 965 70 0*249 972 70 0*260 983 50 0* 37275 06/25*235 954 65 0*242 963 80 0*248 972 95 0*256 981 70 0* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 37280 06/26*271 992 40 0*278 998 25 0*2851003 25 0*2921008 25 0* 37280 06/26*266 990 50 0*278 998 40 0*2881006 35 0*2941015 30 0* *** *** ** ** ******* ** ******* ** (The 27th is new to HURDAT.) 37282 06/27*2971027 25 0*3001040 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37285 HR International Landfall June 25th 14Z 25.0N 97.6W 95 kt Mexico (~60 kt peak winds for Texas) Minor alterations are introduced to the track, but major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the microfilm maps at NHC, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, Climatological Data, the COADS ship database, observations and synoptic maps from the Meteorological Service of Mexico, Surface Weather Observations, Monthly Weather Review, and Connor (1956). June 23: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 93.3W. HURDAT and microfilm did not previously list this system. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed. June 24: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.0N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 22.0N, 94.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.3N, 94.8W, at 18Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 999 mb at 18Z near 23.1N, 94.5W. 30 kt SE and 1011 mb at 23Z near 23.2N, 94.2W. All ship reports come from the microfilm. A tropical storm developed rapidly in the west Gulf of Mexico on the 24th of June (MWR). June 25: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.7N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 24.9N, 97.2W. MWR shows this system as a hurricane near 24.9N, 97.5W at 12Z. In the microfilm at 12Z, the storm is analyzed as a hurricane of 990 mb centered near 25.1N, 97.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 997 mb at 06Z near 24.0N, 97.0W; 75 kt N at 0817Z near 24.6N, 97.2W. All ship reports come from the microfilm. Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix at 0650Z at 23.8N, 96.0W; center fix at 0726Z at 23.9N, 96.1W; center fix at 0907Z at 24.4N, 96.8W; center fix at 0932Z at 24.6N, 96.8W, center fix at 1530Z at 25.0N, 98.0W and flight level winds of 60 kt. Land highlight: 37 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at Brownsville (climo); 45 kt E (maximum 1-minute wind) at Brownsville at 1530Z (climo, SWO). 43 kt SE at 13-15Z and 1009 mb at 22Z at Port Isabel (Connor); 43 kt at 19Z and 1008 mb at 18Z at Harlingen (Connor); 55 kt SW and 1003 mb at 19Z at Mercedes (Connor); 45 kt SE at 15Z at Raymondville (Connor); 35 kt E at 20-21Z and 1006 mb at 21Z at Sarita (Connor); 35 kt SE at 0850Z and 1011 mb at 2130Z at Corpus Christi (Connor). All cities are in Texas. By early on the 25th [Alice] was of hurricane force. It moved inland south of Brownsville, Tex., early on the morning of the 25th. A fishing camp along the Mexican coast, about 100 miles south of Brownsville, estimated a maximum wind of 70 to 80 mph. (MWR) An Aircraft report at 15Z indicated that the center was moving inland, closed elliptical shape circulation over beach. (Hurricane Reconnaissance). It moved inland 65 miles south of Brownsville early on the morning of the 25th. When it reached a position southwest of Brownsville, the early morning winds aloft report showed southeast winds of 150 m.p.h. at 3,000 feet...Highest winds in Texas was 61 m.p.h. in gusts at Brownsville on the 25th (climo). June 26: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 28.7N, 100.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 28.5N, 100.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure near 28.4N, 101.5W at 12Z. Land highlight: 37 kt NE with 999 mb at 0430Z at Laredo (Connor, SWO). 28 kt SE at Del Rio (NCDC/NHC Library). All cities are in Texas. The storm moved up the Rio Grande Valley and passed over Laredo, Texas, late on the 25th, and Del Rio about midday on the 26th (climo). June 27: HWM and HURDAT did not analyze previously this system. Microfilm lists a low pressure near 27.5N, 103.0W at 12Z. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1008 mb at 06Z at Presidio, TX (microfilm). The storm of June 25-28 produced the maximum flood of record on the middle Rio Grande and lower Pecos Rivers The river [Pecos] rose to approximately 70 feet above the stream bed on the night of June 26, at which time the trusses of the bridge were washed away. On the night of June 27, the river again rose to 85 feet, at which time the center pies of the bridge was completely washed away. Both of these floods were the direct result of the atmospheric circulation of the dying hurricane Alice remaining over the Lower Pecos Watershed for about 3 days (NCDC/NHC Library). Genesis originally begun unrealistically as 50 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 24th. Data are quite sparse in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 23rd and early on the 24th, making conclusive statement about genesis time and location problematic. Thus while the current HURDAT is unrealistic, there is no data in the Bay of Campeche to support making changes to the genesis timing/location. A 50 kt E/999 mb ship report at 18Z suggested that the system was already well-developed by that time. 999 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity selected to be 55 kt at 12Z on the 24th, up from 50 kt originally. Minor track changes were introduced for the duration of the tropical cyclone. A ship reported 75 kt N at 0817Z on the 25th. On the 25th, aircraft reconnaissance was monitoring the cyclone, but only provided radar-based center fixes and no central pressures and no measurements of the peak wind. The cyclone made landfall around 14Z on the 25th near 25.0N 97.6W, about 50 nm s of the Texas-Mexico border. No 1-min winds of hurricane force were recorded, with peak observed winds of 56 kt from Mercedes, Texas about 3 hours after landfall. Category 1 hurricane-force winds were estimated south of the center along the Mexican coast. About 15 hours after landfall, a 999 mb peripheral pressure (with simultaneous 37 kt NE winds the peak winds measured) was recorded at Laredo, Texas. Using the Ho et al. pressure-decay model, this suggests a central pressure of at most 975 mb at landfall and it may have been substantially deeper. (975 mb suggests maximum winds of 85 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for intensifying cyclones and 82 kt from the north of 25N relationship.) Intriguingly, Brownsville reported a rawindsonde wind of 130 kt at 3,000 ft from in their 12Z observation. It is possible that the rawindsonde was blown into the eyewall after launch and thus this observation can be adjusted to the surface to estimate the wind at that location. If the sonde was over the ocean, this would convert to about 100 kt, while over land it would be about 85 kt. Given these pieces of information, a substantially stronger hurricane is indicated than previously indicated in HURDAT (70 kt). A very uncertain intensity value of 95 kt is chosen at the time of landfall, but it may have been much more intense. This system produced a tropical storm impact for Texas and it is possible that it produced 1-min hurricane force winds inland in Texas. The reanalysis indicates 60 kt peak winds for Texas. After landfall, the highest winds within 2 hours of synoptic time were 56 kt near 18Z on the 25th, no tropical storm force winds near 00Z on the 26th, and 37 kt near 06Z on the 26th. Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind-decay model suggest intensity of 70 kt at 18Z on the 25th, 49 kt at 00Z on the 26th, and 34 kt at 06Z. Intensities are selected to be 60 kt at 18Z (up from 50 kt originally), 50 kt at 00Z (up from 40 kt originally), and 40 kt at 06Z (up from 25 kt originally). The cyclone originally was dissipated after 18Z on the 26th. However, observations from west Texas indicate that a closed low was still present until 06Z on the 27th. HURDAT modified to keep system until that time with weakening to a depression at 18Z on the 26th, 12 hours later than originally indicated. ******************************************************************************* New Storm [July 10-14, 1954] 37265 07/10/1954 M= 8 4 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 07/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*318 810 35 0*320 804 35 0* 37265 07/11*322 798 40 0*323 790 40 0*324 782 45 0*326 774 45 0* 37265 07/12*329 766 45 0*333 758 45 0*339 748 45 0*347 738 45 0* 37265 07/13*356 729 45 0*365 721 40 0*372 714 40 0*379 707 35 0* 37265 07/14*386 700 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37285 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the microfilm maps at NHC, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. July 9: HWM indicates a stationary front extending from North Carolina to Arkansas. No gales or low pressures. July 10: HWM indicates a low of at most 1015 mb centered over land near 31N 83W with a cold front just north of the low. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 12Z at Frying Pan Shoals light house (micro). July 11: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 32N 78W with a stationary front extending northeast of the center and a dissipating cold front extending southwest of the center. Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 1011 mb at 18Z at 30.6N 77.2W (COA). July 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34N 75W with a dissipating warm front located northeast of the system. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE with 1009 mb at 06Z and 45 kt N with 1010 mb at 12Z at Frying Pan Shoals light house (micro, HWM), 35 kt SW with 1009 mb at 33.3N 75.2W at 12Z (micro), 35 kt SW with 1010 mb at 33.5N 73.5W at 18Z (micro, COA). July 13: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 38N 72W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW with 1004 mb at 00Z at 35.3N 74.0W (COA). July 14: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary extending from 38N 75W east-northeastward to 45N 60W with no accompanying closed low. No gales or low pressures. A stationary frontal boundary extended across the southeastern United States from North Carolina to Arkansas on July 9th. A low developed around 12Z on the 10th of July either along or just to the south of this decaying boundary near the coast of Georgia. Even though the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th and 11th as well as the microfilm maps on the 10th through the 12th indicated a frontal boundary extended through the cyclones center on those dates, examination of the structure of the system indicates that the front had dissipated by late on the 10th as no significant temperature or dewpoint gradient existed nor were there wind shifts consistent with a frontal boundary. (It is noteworthy that both the Historical Weather Map [on the 12th and 13th] and the microfilm maps [late on the 12th and all of the 13th] did evolve to show no front reaching near the cyclones center. Indeed, the Historical Weather Maps even indicated a tropical storm symbol on the maps on the 12th and 13th.) Ship and light house observations indicate that the system began as a 35 kt tropical storm around 12Z on the 10th. Peak wind measurements of 45 kt (from a ship and a lighthouse) at 18Z on the 11th and 12Z on the 12th were recorded. (The lighthouse anemometer was 17 m above the ocean, which suggests only a modest adjustment of the winds to 10 m 43 kt.) Additionally, a 1004 mb peripheral pressure observation simultaneous with 35 kt winds at 00Z on the 13th suggest maximum winds of at least 36 kt and 43 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. and north of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships. Peak intensity of 45 kt is thus indicated from 12Z on the 11th through 00Z on the 13th. Early on the 14th, the system quickly became absorbed in a large, developing extratropical cyclone to its north and by 06Z on that date the system had dissipated. ******************************************************************************* Tropical Storm Barbara [July 27-30, 1954] 37290 07/27/1954 M= 4 2 SNBR= 821 BARBARA XING=1 SSS=0 37290 07/27/1954 M= 4 5 SNBR= 821 BARBARA XING=1 SSS=0 * 37295 07/27* 0 0 0 0*278 899 25 0*278 901 25 0*279 903 30 0* 37295 07/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*278 901 25 0*280 903 30 0* *** *** ** *** 37300 07/28*280 905 35 0*280 907 35 0*281 910 35 0*283 914 40 0* 37300 07/28*282 905 30 0*283 907 35 0*283 911 40 0*285 915 50 0* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37305 07/29*288 918 40 0*294 923 35 0*300 928 30 0*302 935 25 0* 37305 07/29*287 920 50 0*292 925 50 0*299 930 50 999*304 937 40 1002* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** 37310 07/30*305 944 25 0*310 956 25 0*315 967 25 0*322 979 20 0* 37310 07/30*307 946 30 0*310 956 25 0*315 967 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 37315 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall ------------------------------------- 07/29 10Z 29.7N 92.8W 50 kt 999 mb - LA Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, Connor (1956) and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book. July 26: HWM analyzes a low pressure located near 28.3N, 88.7W. HURDAT and MWR does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 29.3N, 88.2W at 12Z. No gales. July 27: HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 27.9N, 90.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 27.8N, 90.1W. MWR shows this system centered near 26.6N, 92.0W with a central pressure of 1007 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb at 27.8N, 89.0W at 12Z. No gales. July 28: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 28.0N, 92.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.1N, 91.0W. MWR shows this system centered near 28.5N, 91.8W with a central pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 28.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 12Z, near 28.6N, 89.2W. 40 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z near 28.2N, 91.5W. 50 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z near 28.4N, 90.7W. 45 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z near 29.4N, 89.9W. 45 kt S and 1004 mb at 21Z near 28.5N, 91.0W. 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at 21Z near 28.2N, 90.7W. All observations are from microfilm. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2038Z at 28.2N, 93.0W, the measured central pressure was 1006 mb and 30 kt winds. Elongated very poorly defined center radar coverage not feasible as center defined by wind shifts and pressures only (NAVY). July 29: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 30.0N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 30.0N, 92.8W. MWR shows this system centered near 31.0N, 93.0W with a central pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30.0N, 92.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 0Z, near 28.0N, 90.3W (micro). 40 kt S and 1013 mb at 06Z near 27.1N, 90.6W (COA). 35 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 28.0N, 92.7W (COA). 50 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 28.6N, 92.3W (COA). 47 kt at Ship Shoal Lighthouse (CONNOR). Land highlight: 1003 mb (min P 1st) with 21 kt NNE at 1028Z and 1003 mb (min P 2nd) with 4 kt S at 1728Z at Lake Charles (SWO). 41 kt SE and 1003 mb at 10Z at Grand Isle (CONNOR), 1004 mb at 04Z at Morgan City (CONNOR), 40 kt SE at Jeanerette at 1230Z (CONNOR), 35 kt NE at 08Z at Lake Arthur (CONNOR), 1005 mb (min pressure) with ENE 17 kt at 0728Z at Lafayette (SWO). All cities in Louisiana. July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb located near 31.1N, 96.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 96.7W. MWR shows this system centered near 32.0N, 96.0W with a central pressure of 1008 mb at 12Z. Microfilm doesnt analyze a closed low at 12Z. No gales. This storm formed in the north Gulf of Mexico off the Louisiana coast on July 28 and moved inland in the Vermilion Bay area early on the morning of the 29th. Highest wind reported was 60 mph by the Henry M. Dawes on the afternoon of the 28th. Some damage to crops, such as rice and corn, was reported from the heavy rains, but the general opinion was that the rains associated with the storm were far more beneficial than damaging (MWR). Tropical Storm Barbara formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 27th from the interaction of an easterly wave and a decaying frontal boundary. Genesis is delayed by six hours, as observations at 06Z on the 27th indicate that the system did not yet have a closed circulation. Minor track changes were introduced on all four days of this systems existence. Onset of tropical storm intensity was delayed by six hours to 06Z on the 28th through the evidence of numerous ship observations near the systems center. HURDAT originally had a peak of 40 kt intensity from 18Z 28th to 00Z 29th with landfall in Louisiana after 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm. However, a few ship observations as well as some station reports from Louisiana indicate that the system peaked at 50 kt from 18Z on the 28th until landfall around 10Z on the 29th, near 29.7N 92.8W. Highest observations from ships were 50 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z on the 28th and 50 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z on the 29th (just after landfall). Highest observations from land were 52 kt from Ship Shoal Lighthouse, which after adjusting from 38 m anemometer height to 10 m suggest winds of 47 kt. Surface Weather Observations for Lake Charles, LA indicated a double minimum in pressure were recorded: 1003 mb with NNE 21 kt at 1028Z, followed for the next several hours by continued but weaker N to NE winds with the pressure rising a millibar, followed by a near-180 degree wind shift and 1003 mb with 4 kt S wind at 1728Z. The first minimum of pressure suggests a central pressure of about 999 mb at 1028Z (also about the time of landfall), given the inland location and overland exposure of the winds. Thus 999 mb is included as a central pressure at landfall. 999 mb suggests maximum winds of 47 kt from the intensifying subset of the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is analyzed at landfall based in part on the 999 mb central pressure analysis, as well as three observations of about 50 kt near the time of landfall. (It is of note that the Grand Isle Coast Guard Station reported 41 kt at the same time as 1003 mb pressure, despite being well away from the center of Barbara. Comparison of these station pressure measurements against Burrwood and New Orleans for about 15 observations over three days indicates a distinct low bias of about 4 mb at Grand Isle. Thus the likely true lowest pressure observed at Grand Isle was about 1007 mb.) The second minimum in pressure at Lake Charles was when the center crossed this town. This indicates a central pressure of about 1002 mb at that time and this value is now added into HURDAT at 18Z. Weakening to a tropical depression is delayed by twelve hours to 00Z on the 30th. The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 30th, based upon numerous observations over the south Central United States. This dissipation is the same as that in HURDAT originally. ******************************************************************************* CAROL - 1954 36665 08/25/1954 M= 8 3 SNBR= 807 CAROL XING=1 SSS=3 36665 08/25/1954 M= 8 6 SNBR= 807 CAROL XING=1 SSS=3 * 36670 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 749 30 0*251 755 40 0* 36670 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0* 0*238 750 30 0*250 755 30 0* *** *** *** ** 36675 08/26*261 760 45 0*270 763 55 0*277 764 60 0*284 763 60 0* 36675 08/26*261 760 35 0*270 763 40 0*278 764 45 0*285 763 45 1002* ** ** *** ** *** ** **** 36680 08/27*289 762 70 0*293 763 75 0*296 765 80 0*298 766 85 0* 36680 08/27*290 762 45 0*293 763 50 1002*296 764 60 995*298 765 70 984* *** ** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** *** 36685 08/28*299 767 85 0*301 769 85 0*303 772 85 0*304 774 85 0* 36685 08/28*300 767 80 981*302 769 85 0*303 772 85 975*304 774 85 0* *** ** *** *** *** 36690 08/29*305 776 85 0*307 778 80 0*309 779 80 0*312 780 80 0* 36690 08/29*304 775 85 0*303 776 80 0*305 777 80 0*308 778 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36695 08/30*315 781 80 0*319 780 85 0*325 776 85 0*331 770 85 0* 36695 08/30*311 778 80 0*316 777 85 0*322 776 90 0*330 772 95 962* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** 36700 08/31*342 761 85 0*373 742 85 0*402 729 85 0E431 718 75 976* 36700 08/31*342 761 95 960*366 741 100 0*395 728 100 955E431 714 80 970* ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 36705 09/01E462 711 60 987E489 712 50 992* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36705 09/01E462 709 50 987E485 705 40 992* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** *** *** ** 36710 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 NC2 36710 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2 NC1 *** *** Landfall: 8/31 03Z 35.4N 75.1W Closest approach to NC - offshore Cape Hatteras 75 kt impact/960 mb, RMW 25 nm, 1007 mb OCI, 225 nm ROCI, NC1 impact 8/31/14Z 40.9N 72.2W landfall in NY 100 kt/955 mb, RMW 20 nm, 1010 mb OCI, 325 nm ROCI, NY3 impact 8/31/15Z 41.3N 72.0W landfall in CT 100 kt/957 mb, RMW 20 nm, 1010 mb OCI, 325 ROCI, CT3, RI3, MA2 impacts Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, aircraft observations available from the Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, McGuire (1954), Rhodes (1954), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), and Jarvinen (2006). August 25: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed the storm as a 30 kt tropical depression at 24.0N, 74.9W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 24.2N, 75.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day. August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 76.6W. HURDAT listed the storm as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.4W. The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 29.9N, 76.8 W with a central pressure of 1011 mb. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 27.8N, 76.4W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day. Aircraft reconnaissance highlights: 2050 UTC was 1002 mb at 28.8N, 76.2W. At 1:30 AM (630 UTC) on the 26th, it was centered near latitude 27N, longitude 76W, or 300 miles east-northeast of Miami (Climatological Data National Summary August 1954). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.9N, 76.4W. HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 29.6N, 76.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 29.9N, 76.8W with a central pressure of 995 mb. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 76.9W (COA ship # 9332). Aircraft reconnaissance highlights: center fix around 0615 UTC near 29.4N 75.5W with an 850 mb height of 4680 ft (~1002 mb) (ATSR), center fixes at 1400 UTC at 29.8N, 76.4W with 995 mb, at 2013 UTC at 29.9N, 76.6W with 984 mb, and at 2130 UTC at 29.9N, 76.5W with 981 mb. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.6N, 77.0W. HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 30.3N, 77.2W. The MWR Track of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 31.0N, 76.9W with a central pressure of 975 mb. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 30.3N, 77.2W. Ship observations: 35 kt NE at 18 UTC at 32.2N, 791.W (COA ship # 7622). Aircraft reconnaissance: 30.1N 77.2W with 975 mb central pressure and 25 nm diameter eye at 14Z (USWP). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 31.0N, 78.2W. HURDAT listed the storm as an 80 kt category 1 hurricane centered at 30.9N, 77.9W. The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 31.1N, 77.5W with a central pressure of 995 mb. Available observations suggest the 80 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 30.6N, 77.8W. Ship observations: 1005 mb and 40 kt NE at 12 UTC at 32.0N, 78.5W (HWM); 1005 mb and 45 NE at12 UTC at kt 31.8, 78.3W (COA 8152). At 1:30 AM (0630 UTC) of the 29th (the storm) had traveled less than 300 miles to a central location near latitude 30N, longitude 77W, some 200 miles off the extreme northeastern coast of Florida. On the 29th, still moving sluggishly, Carol changed direction to northwestward. This change, at first, posing a threat to the South Carolina shore, developed within twenty-four hours into a return to a northerly heading. August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 32.0N, 77.1W. HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 32.5N, 77.6W. The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 32.4N, 77.3W with a central pressure of 966 mb. Available observations suggest the 90 kt category 2 hurricane was centered at 32.1N, 77.4W. Ship observations: 65 kt NNW at 12 UTC at 32.2N, 72.0W; 986mb and 65 kt N at 18 UTC at 33.5N, 77.3W; 991 mb and 65 kt NNE at 0 UTC at 31.5N, 78.5W. Land observations: 991 mb and 61 kt E at 1130 UTC at 33.8N, 78.0W (SWO Frying Pan Lightship, NC); 983 mb and 70 kt W at 1730 UTC at 33.8N, 78.0W (SWO Frying Pan Lightship, NC); 990 mb at 2330 UTC at 35.2N, 75.0W (SWO Diamond Shoals Lightship, NC). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 33.4N 76.8W with 960 mb central pressure (no time, USWB). At 5 AM (10 UTC), the hurricane was centered near latitude 32N, longitude 78W, or about 150 miles east-southeast of Charleston, SC; it was moving at about 5 mph toward the north. By noon (17 UTC), heading slightly east of north at the same slow speed, the center had reached latitude 33N, longitude 73W, or about 100 miles south-southeast of Wilmington, NC. Carol now grew into a large storm, was entered upon the second or mature stage of its career. An official bulletin issued at 1 PM (18 UTC) on the 30th stated that it was still moving very slowly north-northwestward but increasing in intensity. Winds near the center were reported to be over 100 mph, while winds of hurricane force extended over 100 miles to the east of the center and 50-60 miles to the west. Gales ranged further outwards, 200 miles to the east and about half that distance to the west. Elizabeth City, NC: lowest pressure reading was 29.25 inches at 2325E (0425 UTC). Norfolk Airport, VA: The tide reached a height of 5.6 feet above mean low water at midnight and began falling. The time of normal high tide would have been at 10:34 PM but due to strong NE winds the tide kept building until midnight. The tower reported observing gusts to 60 mph at 8:55 PM but the highest observed on the W.B. dial was 54 mph about 9:15 PM. Aug. 30, 1954, 960 mb central pressure at 33.4N 96.8W from aircraft reconnaissance, 23 nm RMW from ship data, 10 kt forward speed, no landfall (Ho et al.). August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 40.0N, 72.5W. HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 40.2N, 72.9W. The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 places the center of the storm at 40.2N, 72.8W with a central pressure of 960 mb. Available observations suggest the 100 kt category 3 hurricane was centered at 39.3N, 73.0W. Ship observations: 975mb at 9 UTC at 37.5N, 74.0W; 976 mb and 65 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 38.4N, 74.2W (COA ship # 77811); 984 mb and 55 kt N at 12 UTC at 39.8N, 73.9W (COA ship # 1791). Land observations: 957 mb and calm at 15 UTC at 41.3N, 72.1W (Jarvinen - Groton, CT); 962 mb (min pressure) with 26 kt NE at 40.8N, 72.6W at 1350 UTC at 40.8N, 72.6W (SWO Suffolk County Air Force Base); 87 kt at 1505 UTC and 965 mb at 1555 UTC at 41.2N, 71.6W (SWO Block Island, RI). 78 kt ESE at 1530 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W (SWO Providence, RI); 972 mb at 0223 UTC and 63 kt NW at 0321 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 80 kt at 1712 UTC at W. Medway, MA (Climo). The intensity on this day, as recorded by aircraft reconnaissance at 1337 UTC was 964 mb at 40.2N, 72.6W. Radar highlights: 37.0N 74.1W at 0730Z from Norfolk Naval Station (USWB). The western side of Carol lashed the shore from Wilmington northward to Cape Hatteras (NC). Damage amounted to an estimated $227,500. Strong winds tore down power and telephone lines, and the Trent and Neuse Rivers, their levels raised by the high water accompanying the storm, flooded the waterfront section of New Bern (NC). A peak gust of 78 mph was observed at the Hatteras station of the Weather Bureau. Late on the 30th (31 in UTC time), the hurricanes center passed a few miles east of Cape Hatteras. At 11 PM (4 UTC on 31st) Carol was centered near latitude 36N, longitude 75W, or about 100 miles south-southeast of Norfolk, VA. Its size and the strength of its winds remained about the same, but a rapid and sharp increase occurred in the rate of forward motion as it passed north-northeastward along the Middle Atlantic coast during the early morning of the 31st. The forward speed accelerated to 40 mph, brought the center over extreme eastern Long Island by 9 AM (14 UTC). The effects of the hurricanes passage from the Virginia shore area to Long Island were comparatively slight. The track of the center was 75-100 miles east of the mainland, so that dangerous winds did not reach westward to the coast...The amount of damage in New Jersey was estimated at $250,000. No monetary estimates of damage in Virginia, Maryland and Delaware were received but it is known to have been minor. The impact of the storm on Long Island and New England was far more serious. The center crossed the south shore of Long Island slightly east of West Hampton about 8:30 AM (1330 UTC). An hour later it passed into Long Island Sound off Cutchogue. By 10:30 AM (1530 UTC) it was over the southeast shore of Connecticut near the mouth of the Thames River. Curving slightly on a northward course, the center passed 5-10 miles west of Worcester, MA, about noon (17 UTC) and penetrated into south-central New Hampshire about 1:30 PM (1830 UTC). In mid-afternoon, Carol passed into the third and final stage of its history. The strength of its winds and its speed of forward progress diminished as the center traveled northward over the rugged terrain of New Hampshire. Norfolk Airport, VA: Hurricane Carol passed 110 miles east of Norfolk at 2 AM (7 UTC) at a heading of 35o. Portland, ME: Hurricane Carol caused one death in Portland, one at Port Clyde and at Columbia Falls. Many hundreds of trees fell. Eye of storm passed west of Portland, moving from Concord, NH to near Bethel, Maine. These were highest winds ever recorded in August. East Boston, MA: Hurricane Carol moved north-northeastward from the Cape Hatteras area, entering southern New England on the morning of the 31st and thence sweeping northward into the St. Lawrence Valley early on Sept 1st. The course of the center of the storm extended across Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts, and northward along the Maine-New Hampshire border; areas traversed suffered damage comparable to the Sept. 1938 Hurricane, but loss of life was much less. South Weymouth, MA: Lowest pressure observed as Hurricane Carol passed station was 28.677 inches at 1050 AM (1550 UTC), and maximum gust of 81 knots at 1028 AM (1528 UTC). Concord, NH: Winds extremely gusty, resulted in considerable local damage. Some trees and wires, as well as TV antennas blown down. Damage around Concord while important was not near so bad as in some other southern and central NH communities. The local rainfall was one of the heaviest on record. Driving on the roads was very hazardous due to the combined strong winds and reduced visibility from the extremely heavy rainfall. (climo). Aug. 31, 1954, 961 mb central pressure at landfall, based on 962 mb at Suffolk Co. AFB, NY, RMW 22 nm, 33 kt forward speed, landfall point 40.9N 72.4W (Ho et al.). September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 51N 69W with a warm front extending southeast and a trough extending south of the center. Additionally, there is a cold front approaching from the northwest in association with a large extratropical cyclone over northeastern Canada. Genesis of Carol is begun six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally from observations of a closed low at 06 UTC on the 25th. Only small alterations were introduced into the track of Carol on all days except for the 28th and 1st when no changes were made. Aircraft reconnaissance center fix observations were available for Carol for much of its lifetime. However, as is typical for hurricanes of the 1950s, most of these were from radar fixes rather than an aircraft penetration of the cyclone. Thus while there are several dozen radar fixes, there only are six central pressure measurements. For the few actual penetrations, winds provided were visually estimated and not reliable (e.g., 125 kt winds for a central pressure of 984 mb). At 2050 UTC on the 26th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 1002 mb and a circular eye of 20 nm diameter. 1002 mb pressure suggests maximum winds of 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size of the reported eye, maximum winds are boosted to 45 kt in HURDAT, which is a reduction from the 60 kt originally at 18 UTC. Four reconnaissance central pressures were reported on the 27th: 1002 mb (from an 850 mb height of 4680 ft) around 0615 UTC, 995 mb with an 8 nm eye at 1400 UTC, 984 mb with a 13 nm eye at 2013 UTC, and 981 mb at 2130 UTC. The last observation suggests winds of 71 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size, 80 kt at 0000 UTC on the 28th (down from 85 kt originally) was analyzed as the intensity. Carol likely became a hurricane around 18 UTC on the 27th, which is about 18 hours later than originally analyzed. Another aircraft reconnaissance mission measured 975 mb central pressure with a 25 nm eye diameter at 14Z on the 28th. This suggests 79 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure wind relationship and 82 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. Given the smaller RMW than climatology (~15-20 nm versus 23 nm), the intensity is assessed as 85 kt at 12Z no change from that previously shown in HURDAT. No further observations were available to determine the inner core intensity of Carol for the remainder of the 28th and all of the 29th and no changes were made to the HURDAT winds. Hurricane force winds and peripheral pressures as low as 983 mb were reported by ships, the Frying Pan Lightship, and Diamond Shoals Lightship on the 30th as Carol approached the Carolinas. An aircraft reconnaissance did measure a 960 mb central pressure late on the 30th southeast of North Carolina. This pressure suggests maximum winds of 95 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and 90 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. Ho et al. estimated a 23 nm RMW, which is slightly smaller (27 nm) than climatology for this latitude and central pressure. Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 30th and 00 UTC on the 31st. This is an increase from the 85 kt originally indicated in HURDAT. Carol made its closest approach to North Carolina between 02 and 03 UTC on the 31st, as a pressure of 972 mb was observed in Cape Hatteras with 38 kt NNE winds at 0230 UTC followed by a 978 mb and 58 kt WNW wind at 0326 UTC. (A lower pressure value may have occurred at Cape Hatteras between these observations.) Thus it appears that the center of the eye stayed just offshore of North Carolina, but it is estimated that Category 1 conditions impacted a portion of the extreme eastern North Carolina coast (which is a downgrade from the Category 2 impact originally recorded). Carol accelerated north-northeastward after making a close by-pass of North Carolina and made landfall in New England about 12 hours later. A final aircraft reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 964 mb at 1337 UTC on the 31st just south of Long Island, New York. Carol made a first landfall in Long Island around 14 UTC on the 31st and a second landfall in Connecticut around 15 UTC on the 31st. Ho et al. estimated a central pressure at landfall in New York of 961 mb. It is noted, however, that Suffolk County AFBs 962 mb minimum pressure (upon which Ho et al. based their 961 mb central pressure) was accompanied by 26 kt NE wind, suggesting a substantially lower central pressure at landfall. Jarrell et al. indicated a minimum central pressure at landfall in the United States as 960 mb, though it is ambiguous as to whether this was for North Carolina or New York. Jarvinen analyzed Carol as making an initial landfall with 955 mb central pressure in New York and 957 mb central pressure in Connecticut, based upon an eye reading of 957 mb at Groton, Connecticut on the coast. This value is somewhat lower than the aircraft reconnaissance measurement, but given the uncertainties of the aircraft observational technologies at the time, their 964 mb value could have been biased high. Both Ho et al. and Jarvinen agree that Carol had about a 22 nm RMW at landfall in New England. The available observations make knowing the precise value of the RMW at landfall difficult. However, as peak winds were observed at nearly the same time as minimum pressure at Block Island, Quonset, and Providence, none of these three locations were inside the RMW. Based upon the track of Carol relative to these three stations, it indicates an RMW between 15-22 nm, with best estimate of about 20 nm. 955 mb and 957 mb give 93 kt and 92 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, respectively. Carol's RMW of ~20 nm is slightly smaller than climatology for this pressure and latitude (26 nm - Vickery et al. 2000) and the hurricane was moving at about 40 kt at landfall. Both of these factors indicated a stronger wind at landfall than suggested by the pressure-wind relationship. Both at landfall in New York and in Connecticut the maximum sustained surface winds are estimated to be 100 kt. Peak observed fastest winds were 87 kt (converts to 84 kt 1 minute) at Block Island, R.I., but the RMW intersected the coast at an area lacking in wind observations. (It is of note that Jarvinens analysis of the track and RMW has the RMW passing over Block Island. However, if the RMW was just a few nautical miles smaller than the 22 nm estimated by Jarvinen, then it would be consistent with observing 84 kt 1-min winds at Block Island.) The 100 kt at landfall is in agreement with Schwerdt et al., but is lower than the 113 kt and 110 kt values from the SLOSH runs at the New York and Connecticut coasts, respectively, provided by Jarvinen. (However, it is to be noted that the SLOSH runs assume a standard tropical/subtropical sea surface temperature and unstable boundary layer. The cold water and stable conditions that occur around New England would reduce the sustained winds being observed at the surface. Thus the SLOSH winds for this case are likely to be an overestimate.) Based upon the landfall location and the RMW, the 100 kt maximum winds likely only occurred along easternmost New York, easternmost Connecticut, and the Rhode Island coast, retaining all three as Category 3 impacts. Massachusetts likely received a peak of Category 2 sustained winds, which is an upgrade (from no hurricane impact) for Massachusetts. After landfall, the highest observed winds within two hours of the synoptic times were: at 18 UTC 80 kt (79 kt 1 minute - W. Medway, MA at 1712Z) and at 00 UTC on the 1st - 44 kt (Pollock Rip Lightship at 2345 UTC). Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (2001) New England inland wind decay model suggests winds of 65 kt at 18 UTC and 43 kt at 00 UTC. Winds in HURDAT are boosted from 75 up to 80 kt at 18 UTC and lowered from 60 down to 50 kt at 00 UTC. Carol's transition to an extratropical storm at 18 UTC on the 31st is unaltered. 970 mb central pressure is indicated at 18Z August 31st, based upon a blend of 968 mb at Milford at 1740Z, 975 mb at Manchester at 1750Z, and 977 mb at Concord at 1815Z. Observations are ambiguous at 12 UTC on the 1st of September when HURDAT indicated dissipation. As a large extratropical cyclone was north of Carol at the time, it is likely that Carols circulation was absorbed within the extratropical cyclone at that point or shortly thereafter. Thus no changes are made to the timing of Carols dissipation. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Dolly [August 30 September 4, 1954] 37368 08/29/1954 M= 5 4 SNBR= 823 DOLLY XING=0 SSS=0 37368 08/29/1954 M= 5 7 SNBR= 823 DOLLY XING=0 SSS=0 * 37375 08/31* 0 0 0 0*193 677 30 0*209 684 45 0*228 690 55 0* 37375 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 686 35 0*223 694 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37380 09/01*248 695 65 0*268 699 75 0*290 702 85 0*317 701 85 0* 37380 09/01*246 697 50 0*266 698 60 0*288 698 70 0*317 698 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 37385 09/02*346 693 75 0*372 669 70 0*397 642 70 0E421 605 70 0* 37385 09/02*346 693 70 994*370 673 65 0*397 638 65 0E421 605 65 0* ** *** *** *** ** *** ** ** 37390 09/03E443 564 65 0E458 519 55 0E468 474 50 0E476 429 45 0* 37390 09/03E443 564 60 0E458 519 55 0E468 474 50 0E476 429 45 0* ** 37395 09/04E483 383 40 0E490 335 40 0E497 288 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 37395 09/04E483 383 45 0E485 335 45 0E485 285 45 0E485 235 40 0* ** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 37400 HR Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Monthly Weather Review. August 28: HWM analyzes a possible tropical wave or disturbance located near longitude 53W. HURDAT does not list this system and it is located outside the area of coverage of Microfilm and MWR. August 29: HWM analyzes a tropical wave located near longitude 60W, over the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT does not list this system. It is located outside the area of coverage of MWR. August 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb located near 16.8N, 64.2W. HURDAT and MWR does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb at 19.4N, 64.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 SE and 1008 mb at 18Z near 17.0N and 64.8W. 20 kt SW and 1009 mb at 18Z near 14.2N, 66.1W. All observations from COADS. Aircraft highlights: Large diffuse low pressure center on axis centered near Saint Croix with lowest observed pressure 1008 mb, no definite weather patterns on radar. Entire area of flight enclosed by 1010 mb isobar with weak cyclonic circulation, strongest winds observed 30 knots northeast of Virgin Islands. (NAVY) August 31: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb located near 20.8N, 68.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 68.4W at 12Z. MWR shows this system centered near 21.5N, 67.0W with a central pressure of 1008 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 21.0N, 68.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z, near 22.4N, 67.8W (COADS). 30 kt ESE and 1019 mb at 12Z near 22.5N, 61.4W (COADS). 35 kt W and 1015 mb at 12Z near 18.9N, 67.5W (micro). 30 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 21.1N, 67.2W (COADS). 30 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z near 22.1N, 67.2W (COADS). 30 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 20.6N, 66.9W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2108Z at 22.9N, 70.0W, the measured central pressure was 1011 mb and peak flight level winds of 30 kt winds. (NAVY) September 1: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb located near 29.0N, 69.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 85 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 70.2W at 12Z. MWR doesnt show this system. MWR shows this system centered near 28.9N, 69.2W with a central pressure of 998 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 28.5N, 70.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 03Z, near 25.4N, 60.5W (micro). 50 kt SE and 1001 mb at 03Z, near 25.8N, 68.8W (micro). 40 kt E and 1015 mb at 08Z near 30.0N, 69.0W (micro). 40 kt SSE at 08Z near 25.0N, 66.3W (micro). 50 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 08Z near 24.8N, 66.5W (micro). 35 kt S and 1021 mb at 09Z near 24.8N, 68.7W (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1016 mb at 12Z near 27.8N, 68.0W (micro). 50 kt SSE and 1019 mb at 12Z near 29.2N, 68.7W (micro). 40 kt ENE and 1009 mb at 12Z near 29.2N, 70.0W (micro). 45 kt N and 1000 mb mb at 13Z near 29.5N, 70.0W (micro). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 14Z near 30.4N, 67.3W (micro). 35 kt SE and 1017 mb at 14Z near 30.0N, 67.0W (COADS). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 15Z near 30.5N, 67.9W (micro). 50 kt ESE and 996 mb at 15Z near 30.7N, 69.6W (micro). 60 kt S and 1022 mb at 15Z near 29.4N, 68.8W (micro). 35 kt SSE and 1018 mb at 18Z near 30.0N, 66.0W (COADS). 50 kt S and 1022 mb at 18Z near 29.4N, 68.8W (micro). 50 kt SE and 1016 mb at 18Z near 30.5N, 68.0W (micro). 45 kt SE and 1017 mb at 18Z near 30.6N, 67.0W (micro). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 18Z near 33.0N, 68.2W (micro). 40 kt S and 1018 mb at 21Z near 30.3N, 67.8W (micro). 35 kt S and 1023 mb at 21Z near 29.2N, 69.8W (micro). Strongest winds estimated by aircraft were around 100-115 mph on the afternoon of the 1st. This hurricane remained at sea and no damage was reported (MWR). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2103Z at 33.0N, 69.5W, the measured central pressure was 994 mb and estimated surface winds of 100 kt winds. The storm is poorly defined for visual recognition but radar returns show a well-defined eye. The area is completely covered with stratus layers with breaks in the low layer in the eye, however, radar shows strongest quadrants to be the northwest, northeast, and east with weaker returns to southeast and southwest. There is no calm area in the center with minimum winds in the eye estimated to 35 to 40 knots. Visual reconnaissance around the parameter of the wall indicates winds to 100 knots in the southwest and southeast and 80 knots in the northwest quadrant. (AF) September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb located near 40.0N, 64.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 39.7N, 64.2W at 12Z. MWR shows this system centered near 39.2N, 64.4W with a central pressure of 996 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 39.7N, 63.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1020 mb at 00Z near 30.0N, 67.7W (micro). 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 06Z near 36.6N, 72.0W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1015 mb at 06Z near 34.3N, 66.7W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1003 mb at 18Z near 42.2N, 61.2W (COADS). 30 kt SSE and 1017 mb at 18Z near 40.1N, 59.7W (COADS). 50 kt S and 1016 mb at 18Z near 38.6N, 61.2W (COADS). 40 kt SW and 1015 mb at 18Z near 38.6N, 61.2W (COADS). 35 kt S and 1016 mb at 18Z near 39.5N, 59.4W (COADS). Aircraft highlight: center fix at 0530Z at 36.9N, 67.5W, 50 kt winds surface winds. (NAVY) September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb located near 47.0N, 48.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 46.8N, 47.4W at 12Z. MWR shows this system centered near 47.0N, 47.2W with a central pressure of 1000 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb at 46.5N, 51.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1017 mb at 20Z near 44.0N, 44.0W (COADS). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb located near 48.0N, 29.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 49.7N, 28.8W at 12Z. MWR shows this system centered near 50.2N, 29.5W with a central pressure of 995 mb at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1011 mb at 06Z near 44.8N, 34.2W. 25 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z near 48.8N, 31.6W. 45 kt NW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 46.5N, 32.6W. 15 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12Z near 48.7N, 27.3W. 35 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 18Z near 45.5N, 28.2W. 40 kt NW and 1002 mb at 18Z near 46.5N, 27.3W. All observations come from COADS. Genesis for Dolly is begun at 12Z on August 31st six hours later than shown in HURDAT originally, due to ship and coastal station observations indicating that a consistent circulation center had not developed as of 06Z on the 31st. The revised track has only minor modifications for the lifetime of this system, except for no changes on the 3rd. The upgrade to tropical storm remains at 12Z on the 31st, due to 35 kt ship observations at that time. An aircraft reconnaissance mission at 2108Z on the 31st obtained a lowest pressure of 1011 mb. However, this value was not a central pressure, given the peripheral pressures of the same value reported by a ship and also by the aircraft itself earlier in the flight. Ship observations and a peak surface wind estimate from aircraft of 30 kt are the reason for a 40 kt intensity at 18Z on the 31st, which is a large reduction from the 55 kt in HURDAT originally. From that point, the cyclone began rapidly intensifying. A ship measured 1001 mb peripheral pressure along with simultaneous 50 kt SE winds at 03Z on the 1st. Also at 08Z on this day a separate ship had 50 kt SSE. The intensity is analyzed to be 50 kt at 00Z and 60 kt at 06Z, a large reduction from 65 kt and 75 kt, respectively. Later on the 1st, a ship measured 50 kt ESE with 996 mb and a separate ship observed 60 kt S both at 15Z. The former ship observations would suggest a central pressure of around 990 mb, at most, though this is difficult to reconcile with an aircraft reconnaissance which measured a central pressure of 994 mb at 2103Z on the 1st. This aircraft mission also observed an eye diameter of 25 nm, but also visually estimated surface winds of 100 kt. These extremely high winds are very unlikely to be accurate and are discounted. 994 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53 kt, though given its small RMW (~15-20 nm versus climatology of 26 nm for its latitude and central pressure), its fast forward speed, and high environmental pressures on the eastern semi-circle, intensities of 70 kt and 75 kt are selected at 12 and 18Z, respectively. These are large reductions from 85 kt in HURDAT originally for these two times. After late on the 1st, it appears that Dolly started weakening as it began extratropical transition. Aircraft reconnaissance into Dolly on the 2nd did not report a central pressure, but did provide an 850 mb minimum height value of 4700 at 0530Z which corresponds to a reasonable range of central pressures between 995 and 1005 mb. These possible pressures suggest maximum winds between 40 and 56 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Again, some boost over these values is reasonable given the quite rapid forward speed, thus 60 kt is selected at 06Z on the 2nd (down from 70 kt originally). Thus the duration that Dolly spent as a hurricane was only about 18 hours, compared with 42 hours originally. Transition to extratropical is kept at 18Z on the 2nd as it was passing south of Canada. Gradually weakening of the system continued for the next couple of days until absorption of the system by a large extratropical low. Dissipation is delayed by six hours after that shown in HURDAT due to existence of a closed circulation through 18Z on the 4th. ******************************************************************************* 1954 - EDNA 36400 09/02/1954 M=14 5 SNBR= 804 EDNA XING=1 SSS=3 36400 09/05/1954 M=10 8 SNBR= 804 EDNA XING=1 SSS=2 ** ** * * (The 2nd through the 4th are removed from HURDAT.) 36405 09/02* 0 0 0 0*112 564 25 0*121 571 25 0*131 575 25 0* 36410 09/03*142 580 25 0*153 586 25 0*164 592 25 0*171 598 25 0* 36415 09/04*178 606 25 0*186 616 30 0*193 628 35 0*199 641 35 0* 36420 09/05*204 653 35 0*207 662 35 0*209 669 35 0*210 676 35 0* 36420 09/05*198 653 25 0*201 662 30 0*205 671 35 0*209 680 40 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 36425 09/06*212 682 40 0*214 688 45 0*215 694 50 0*218 701 55 0* 36425 09/06*212 689 45 0*214 697 45 0*215 704 50 0*217 710 50 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 36430 09/07*222 708 65 0*225 715 70 0*230 722 70 0*237 734 70 0* 36430 09/07*220 715 55 0*224 721 60 0*229 728 65 995*236 735 70 992* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 36435 09/08*245 744 75 0*252 748 95 0*259 752 100 0*266 756 105 0* 36435 09/08*242 743 75 990*248 748 80 0*255 752 85 979*263 754 95 968* *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36440 09/09*273 759 105 0*280 761 105 0*287 761 105 0*293 761 105 0* 36440 09/09*269 756 95 0*276 760 100 0*282 764 105 0*288 765 110 945* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36445 09/10*298 761 105 0*306 761 105 0*317 761 105 0*330 758 105 0* 36445 09/10*296 763 110 0*305 761 110 0*315 759 110 0*327 755 110 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36450 09/11*345 753 105 0*360 744 100 0*380 730 90 0*412 708 80 0* 36450 09/11*340 748 110 943*360 738 105 0*381 725 100 0*411 707 95 950* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36455 09/12E449 679 65 0E489 638 60 0E524 605 55 0E543 591 50 0* 36455 09/12E438 681 70 0E487 640 60 0E524 605 60 0E545 580 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 36460 09/13E555 577 45 0E569 561 40 0E580 545 40 0E584 524 35 0* 36460 09/13E563 565 60 0E579 555 60 0E590 545 60 0E595 530 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 36465 09/14E582 504 35 0E578 489 30 0E574 474 30 0E571 459 25 0* 36465 09/14E594 510 60 0E590 489 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 36470 09/15E567 440 25 0E568 421 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 36475 HR MA3 ME1 36475 HR NC1 MA2 NY1 RI1 *** *** *** *** *** Landfalls: 11th/03Z 34.9N 74.4W (closest point of approach) - 943 mb/110 kt - 15 nm RMW - 65 kt at NC coast 11th/1830Z - 41.4N 70.5W - 950 mb/95 kt - 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) 1007 mb OCI 375 nm ROCI 11th/19Z - 41.7N 70.3W - 952 mb/95 kt - 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) 1007 mb OCI 375 nm ROCI 11th/1930Z 41.9N 70.1 954 mb/90 kt 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) 1007 mb OCI 375 nm ROCI Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). The system previously identified as Edna has been reanalyzed to instead be two separate tropical cyclones: a previously unrecognized tropical depression from September 1st to the 3rd and the main cyclone which instead formed on the 5th and became the hurricane that struck the United States. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, aircraft observations available from the Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, Rhodes (1954), Simpson and Starrett (1955), Cry (1958), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001). September 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low in association with the system at 12 UTC on this day. HURDAT does not list a tropical depression in this area. Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day. September 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. However, it does show a tropical wave along 51W from 15 to 25N. HURDAT listed a tropical depression with 25 kt winds with a center at 12.1N, 57.1W. Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low associated with the new tropical depression with a pressure of at most 1010 mb and a center at 10.0N, 62.5W. HWM also shows a tropical wave along 57W from 17N to 27N. HURDAT listed a 25 kt tropical depression with a center at 16.4N, 59.2W. Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day. September 4: HWM analyzes a weak low near 13.5N, 68W. HWM also shows a tropical wave along 65W from 17N to 26W. HURDAT listed a 35 kt tropical storm (Edna) with a center at 19.3N, 62.8W. Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 72W and a tropical wave along 68W from 15N to 26W including a show a tropical storm symbol with a center at 19.2N, 68.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm with a center at 20.9N, 66.9W. Ship observations: 45 kt and 1012 mb at 2100 UTC at 22.5N, 67.7W (MWR, USWB). Aircraft highlights: an invest aircraft reconnaissance mission around 12 UTC did not report a vortex, but did show observations consistent with either a trough between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola or a weak tropical cyclone. "The first indication of an apparently closed circulation that subsequently became Edna was noted the night of September 5, in the extreme southwestern Atlantic between Puerto Rico and the Bahama Islands. Some forewarning of the possible formation of a tropical storm was given by a 2100 GMT, September 5 ship report from a position near 22.5N, 67.7W. This report from the Bulk Oil stated that she was encountering very heavy squalls, winds to 50 mph, with gusts to 70 mph, and rapidly falling barometer (MWR)" September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low and a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb with a center at 21.8N, 69.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm centered at 21.5N, 69.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 21.3N, 68.3W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 21.3N, 69.1W with a central pressure of 1006 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review also places the center of the circulation at 22.0N, 69.3W at 12 UTC on this day. Ship observations: 35 kt E with 1012 mb at 00 UTC at 23.6N 69.3W (COA); 40 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 06 UTC at 23.3N 68.6W (COA); 40 kt SE with 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 22.7N 69.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt S with 1011 mb at 18 UTC at 22.0N, 69.3W (COA ship # 77942); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day; no low pressures reported on this day. Aircraft Reconnaissance: Center at 21.4N 71.0W around 16 UTC, 40 kt ESE at 22.4N 70.3W at 1430Z (USWB). "Hurricane Edna formed in an easterly wave on the afternoon of September 6 near 22N, 70W, and increased to hurricane intensity during the night (MWR). September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.3N, 72.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt category 1 hurricane at 23.0N, 72.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones places the center at 22.0N, 70.7W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 22.5N, 72.6W with a central pressure of 1002 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 23.5N, 72.8W at 12 UTC on this day. Aircraft Reconnaissance: 23.2N, 73.3W at 1443 UTC with 1001 mb central pressure [appears to be the lowest peripheral pressure, not a central pressure] and 85 kt estimated winds; 23.8N, 73.8W at 2000 UTC with 992 mb central pressure and 100 kt estimate winds; 65 kt ESE with 1002 mb at 23.2N 73.1W (USWB); 23.8N, 73.8W at 2030 UTC with 990 mb central pressure and 100 kt estimated winds (NHC). Ship observations: 50 kt ESE with 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 23.0N 68.8W (USWB); 35 kt SE with 1013 mb at 06 UTC at 21.1N 68.5W (COA); 998 mb with 35 kt E at 23.0N 73.0W at 12 UTC (Canadian Hilander - USWB); 1002 mb and 65 kt NE at 18 UTC at 24.2N, 74.2W (COA ship # 00473); 65 kt N with 993 mb at 24.4N 74.4W at 21 UTC (Hawaiian Fisherman - USWB); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day. "During the 7th and 8th it swept the outer Bahama Islands as it moved on a broad curving path northward. The center passed very close to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, late on the 7th where winds were up to hurricane force in gusts, but no appreciable wind damage resulted. High seas and gale winds were experienced on the outer fringe islands northward to Great Abaco (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 100 kt category 3 hurricanes at 25.9N, 75.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 24.0N, 74.0W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 25.3N, 75.1W with a central pressure of 991 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 25.7N, 75.3W at 12 UTC on this day. Aircraft Reconnaissance: Several radar fixes early on the 8th. 25.9N, 75.4W at 1413 UTC with 979 mb central pressure and 70 kt estimated wind; 26.4N,75.4W at 1934 UTC with 968 mb central pressure and 75 kt estimated wind (USWB). Ship observations: 992 mb with 15 kt E at 00 UTC at 24.4N 74.0W (Hawaiian Fisherman - USWB); 40 kt ENE with 1009 mb at 06 UTC at 26.1N 75.9W (USWB); 997 mb and 70 kt NE at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 76.0W (COA); 992 mb and 65 kt at 18 UTC at 25.9N, 75.7W (COADS); 975 mb and 120 kt at 16 UTC at 26.5N 75.5W (the S.S. Fairland, Rhodes, Climo); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day. September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 28.7N, 76.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt category 3 hurricane at 28.7N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 26.9N, 75.7W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 28.2N, 76.5W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 28.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC on this day. Aircraft reconnaissance: -1600 ft d-value from 780 mb research flight ~18Z with the center at 28.8N 76.2W (Simpson and Starrett 1955). Ship observations: 40 kt SW with 999 mb at 00 UTC at 25.8N 75.6W (COA); 35 kt SW with 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 25.6N 74.5W (COA); 50 kt N at 18 UTC at 28.3N, 79.8W (COA ship # 57111); a few gales of 35 kt reported throughout the day. Land observations: 999 mb at 2330 UTC at 36.1N, 76.6W (SWO Edenton, NC). "During the 9th and 10th the storm moved northward very near the 76th meridian and gradually turned to the north-northeast closely paralleling Carols path 11 days earlier (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 31.1N, 75.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt category 3 hurricane at 31.7N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 29.5N, 76.1W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 31.2N, 75.9W with a central pressure of 980 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 31.3N, 76.0W at 12 UTC on this day. Ship observations: 45 kt S at 00 UTC at 27.8N 74.1W (USWB); 60 kt SSE at 06 UTC at 28.2N, 72.7W (COA ship # 63001); 65 kt NW with 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N 78.1W (COA); 992 mb and 65 kt SE at 18 UTC at 33.0N, 73.5W (COA ship # 62061); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day. Land observations: 991 mb at 2224 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 987 mb at 2230 UTC at 34.3N, 77.9W (SWO - Wilmington, NC). Sept. 10, 1954, 943 mb central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance at 34.0N 75.6W, forward speed 20 kt (Ho et al.). Strongest winds estimated by aircraft were from 115 to 120 m.p.h. until the storm passed east of Hatteras on the 10th (Climo). September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 38.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt category 2 hurricane at 38.0N, 73.0W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 34.0N, 75.0W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 38.1N, 72.1W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 38.5N, 72.3W at 12 UTC on this day. Aircraft reconnaissance: 943 mb at 34.0N, 75.6W around 00 UTC; 947 mb at 39.7N, 71.3W around 15 UTC (Ho). Ship observations: 80 kt NW with 992 mb at 00 UTC at 30.4N, 76.5W (COA ship # 08342); 982 mb and 70 kt S at 00 UTC at 32.3N, 74.5W (COA ship # 62061); 90 kt NNW with 985 mb at 06 UTC at 36.5N, 75.3W (COA ship # 1775); 100 kt NW with 968 mb at 09 UTC at 37.1N 74.0W (USWB); 70 kt SE with 979 mb at 12 UTC (USWB); 65 kt S witn 986 mb at 18 UTC at 39.5N 68.7W (USWB). Land observations: 65 kt at Manteo, NC (Rhodes); 65 kt at Cape Lookout, NC (Rhodes); 983 mb at 0324 UTC and 49 kt NW at 0335 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 83 kt at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, NY (MWR); 76 kt at 1930 UTC and 969 mb at 18 UTC at Block Island, RI (SWO); 954 mb and 52 kt SSE at 1826 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (SWO Nantucket min P, also at 1845 UTC); 952 mb (min P) at Marthas Vineyard at 19 UTC (Rhodes); 953 mb (min P) at Hyannis at 1914 UTC (Rhodes); 940 mb (min P) at Woods Hole at 1853 UTC (Rhodes) . It passed just east of Cape Hatteras early in the night of the 10th and winds of about 75 mph were felt on the North Carolina Capes from Cape Lookout to Manteo. It moved rapidly northeastward and passed about over Cape Cod on the 11th, and then moved into eastern Maine, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick that night were it caused great damage and some loss of life. There was no loss of life in North Carolina where damage was minor. Damage in New England was estimated at over $40 million and there were 20 casualties. Strongest winds were estimated by aircraft at about 115 to 120 m.p.h. The highest wind speed over land (95 m.p.h.) was measured at Brookhaven National Labratory [sic], Long Island" (MWR). September 1954 Climatological Data National Summary (New England southeaster and coastal sections): "Hurricane struck New England a glancing blow. Its center crossed Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod shortly after 1 p.m. From then until it passed south and east of Eastport, Me., its course was northeastward, offshore and fairly parallel to New England east coast. Thus nearly all of New England (except Cape Cod and Islands to south). Being on west or north side of center was spared worst of storm with respect to wind force; highest speeds there came with Edna's backlash, in gusts up to 93 m.p.h. In southern Rhode Island and up to 92 m.p.h. over central Maine coast. Gust speeds above 100 m.p.h. recorded at Martha's Vineyard and over outer Cape Cod. Attendant rainfall was of near-record intensity, measuring 4 to 8 Inches over coastal areas and southeast. Widespread floods and washouts produced by these excessive rains caused more damage then that produced by winds. Radar reports in afternoon of 11th indicated that hurricane had 2 'eyes' about 60 miles apart." September 1954 Climatological Data National Summary (Long Island, New York): "Hurricane winds which attained velocity of 95 m.p.h at Brookhaven National Laboratory swept Long Island where trees were blown down, numerous buildings. Many small craft sunk, particularly on North Shore Highways and railroads washed out in places by high seas while benches seriously eroded. In Suffolk County, heavy rain washed potato tubers from soil so they were damaged by exposure to sun while other vegetable crops sustained substantial injuries." The hurricane was centered about 100 miles south-southwest of Nantucket Island at 11:00 a.m. of the 11th. Highest winds were estimated by aircraft up to 135 m.p.h. over a small area near the center. The storm crossed Cape Cod and moved over Massachusetts Bay at 1:45 p.m. Winds near the center were estimated at 110 to 135 m.p.h Highest winds at land stations were 88 m.p.h. in gusts at Nantucket, 101 m.p.h. at Blue Hill, 87 m.p.h. at Logan Airport, Boston, and 110 m.p.h. at Block Island, R. I. (Climo). Sept. 11, 1954, 947 mb from aircraft reconnaissance at 39.7N 71.3W, 20 nm RMW, 40 kt forward speed, 41.7N 70.1W landfall point (Ho et al.). MA Category 3, ME Category 1, 954 mb central pressure at landfall in MA (Jarrell et al.). Estimated max 1 min winds 108 kt, 1010 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.). F2 maximum wind damage, suggest Category 2 impact (Boose et al.). September 12: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 980 mb centered near 52.0N, 59.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt extratropical storm at 52.4N, 60.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 44.5N, 68.9W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 52.5N, 60.1W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 52.5N, 60.8W at 12 UTC on this day. Land observations: 975 mb and 50 kt NNW at 0028 UTC at 44.8N, 68.8W (SWO Dow AFB, ME); 969 mb (min pressure) at 01 UTC at Bar Harbor, ME (Climo); 964 mb (min pressure) at Eastport, ME (climo). Ship observations: 992 mb at 21 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA ship # 07024); 997 mb and 45 kt at 0 UTC at 40.8N, 68.8W (COA ship # 309 7740). At 11 p.m. of the 11th the storm was centered about 60 miles north of St. Johns, New Brunswick. It was slowly losing its tropical characteristics and winds were diminishing near the center. Highest winds were then 100 m.p.h. (Climo). September 13: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 985 mb centered near 59.5N, 53.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 58.0N, 54.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 56.2N, 57.0W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 58.1N, 52.8W with a central pressure of 980 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of circulation at 59.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC on this day. Ship observations: 988 mb at 0 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W; 990 mb at 12 UTC at 62.0N, 49.0W (COA ship # 07024); 995 mb and 60 kt at 21 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA ship # 07024). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 995 mb centered near 57.3N, 47.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical storm at 57.4N, 47.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 59.2N, 50.1W at 0 UTC on this day. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 56.8N, 46.5W with a central pressure of 989 mb at 12 UTC on this day. Ship observations: 993 mb and 60 kt WSW at 3 UTC at 57.5N, 51.5W (COA ship # 07024); 995 mb and 50 kt WSW at 0 UTC at 57.5N, 51.5W (COA ship # 07024). September 15: The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 56.7N, 43.2W at 12 UTC on this day. Ship observations: 988 mb at 0 UTC at 62.0N, 33.1W (COA ship # 014); 983 mb at 0 UTC at 55.0N, 30.0W (COA ship # 307 7858); 985 mb at 6 UTC at 59.5N, 33.9W (COA ship # 309 7858). Observations clearly indicate that the system currently in HURDAT for Edna was instead two separate tropical cyclones. The first system formed around 18 UTC on the 1st, moved westward, passed close to the coasts of Trinidad and Venezuela on the 3rd, and dissipated around 06-12 UTC on the 4th. The system that became Edna is first seen as a tropical wave along 51W on the 2nd. It continued moving westward with little change until the 5th. The system became a tropical cyclone around 00 UTC on the 5th, three days after that shown in HURDAT2. This major change from HURDAT is supported by rather abundant surface observations, the Historical Weather Map analysis, and the Monthly Weather Review's summary. (It is curious that the 1954 hurricane season summary in Monthly Weather Review started Edna on the 6th, but Cry in his 1958 atlas showed the system beginning on the 2nd, which has been carried forward in HURDAT2. It is not known why he made these revisions, but in this case the observations do not support beginning Edna that early.) The remaining track changes for this hurricane are minor. The intensity is slightly increased late on the 5th and early on the 6th to account for observations from the Bulk Oil ship. An aircraft reconnaissance investigated the cyclone found 1001 mb central pressure, 28 nm eye, and 85 kt surface winds at 1433 UTC on the 7th. However, the aircraft also reported 65 kt ESE surface winds along with the 1002 mb peripheral pressure strongly indicate that the 1001 mb was not a central pressure. Based upon the ship Canadian Hilander reporting 35 kt E with 998 mb apparently inside the radius of maximum wind, a central pressure of 995 mb is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 7th. At 20 UTC on the 7th the central pressure dropped to 992 mb and further down to 990 mb at 2030 UTC with estimated surface winds of 100 kt. Additionally, a ship reported 992 mb with 15 kt E wind at 00 UTC on the 8th, consistent with the 990 mb central pressure from the aircraft just a couple hours earlier. The 990 mb central pressure suggests an intensity of 64 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Additionally, a ship reported 65 kt winds at 18 UTC on the 7th. Thus intensities in HURDAT reduced down from 70 kt to 65 kt at 12 UTC, kept at 70 kt at 18 UTC, and kept at 75 kt at 00 UTC on the 8th, weighting the visually estimated surface winds lightly. The next aircraft reconnaissance to provide a central pressure was 979 mb at 1413 UTC on the 8th with a 15 nm eye. This suggests maximum winds of 79 kt from the south of 25N and 74 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships (and 80 and 78 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones, respectively). 85 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (down from 100 kt originally) because of the small eye size. At 1934 UTC on the 8th aircraft reconnaissance measured 968 mb central pressure with a circular 12 nm eye. 968 mb suggests maximum winds of 87 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (91 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones). 95 kt (down from 105 kt originally) chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC because of the small eye size. These two aircraft-measured central pressures were corroborated by a ship that measured 975 mb at 16 UTC, in between the 979 and 968 mb values. A research flight was conducted into Edna on the 9th (likely around 18Z), which measured a -1600 ft d-value at 780 mb. This indicates a central pressure of 945 mb, which suggests 110 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Thus the intensity is boosted slightly from the 105 kt originally. Aircraft reconnaissance did measure 943 mb central pressure and a 15 nm eye around 00 UTC on the 11th. This pressure suggests maximum wind of 112 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and 101 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. 110 kt chosen at 18 UTC on the 10th and 00 UTC on the 11th (up slightly from 105 kt) because of the small eye size. 110 kt intensity thus interpolated between the aircraft missions late on the 9th and early on the 11th. Two locations in North Carolina - Mateo and Cape Lookout - observed minimal 1-min hurricane force winds. Thus Edna is revised to be considered Category 1 impact in North Carolina, as it bypassed the coast by about 60-70 nm. Locating the center of Edna late on the 10th and early on the 11th was complex, as there were discrepancies in the aircraft reconnaissance data and few ships near the center. In particular, the 943 mb penetration fix around 00 UTC on the 11th is nearly exactly a degree west of the remaining airborne radar based fixes on the remainder of the 11th. After consideration of all the data, it appears that the location of this fix given in Ho et al. of 34.0N 75.6W was a typographical error and was likely 34.0N 74.6W in reality. After passing North Carolina, the hurricane accelerated while moving north-northeast. A final reconnaissance penetration occurred around 15 UTC on the 11th and gave a 947 mb central pressure. The hurricane made landfall first on Martha's Vineyard, MA around 1830 UTC on the 11th, a second landfall around 1900 UTC near Hyannis, MA, and a third near Wellfleet, MA around 1930 UTC. Lowest observed sea level pressure on the coast was 940 mb at Woods Hole. However, this is not consistent with the nearby values of 952 mb at Marthas Vineyard, 954 mb at Nantucket, and 953 mb at Hyannis, nor is it consistent with the aircraft reconnaissance fixes which took the center over Marthas Vineyard and Hyannis to the east of Woods Hole. It is suspected that the Woods Hole value is erroneous. Thus it is estimated that landfall occurred with a central pressure of 950 mb (just a couple of mb higher than measured by reconn three hours earlier). This pressure suggests an intensity of 97 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Peak observed fastest mile winds were 76 kt from Block Island, RI at 1930 UTC. On Ednas east side, Nantuckets detailed observations clearly show that it was at or outside the RMW, giving an RMW of at most 25 nm. However, on the west side of Edna, very strong northwest winds were recorded at Block Island, Marthas Vineyard, and Hyannis well after the minimum pressure were observed, suggesting an RMW on that side of at least 35 nm. A blend of these gives an average RMW of 30 nm, for purposes of comparing against climatology. Vickery et al. indicate that the climatological RMW for this landfall latitude and central pressure is 32 nm. Given a near average RMW, a quick translational velocity of about 35 kt at landfall, and a low 1007 mb OCI, maximum 1 min surface winds are estimated at 95 kt at landfall. Massachusetts is reduced to a Category 2 impact and New York and Rhode Island are added as Category 1 impact based upon observed hurricane force sustained winds in both states. After landfall in Massachusetts, Edna moved back over the Atlantic Ocean for about 6 hours before making a final landfall in Maine around 0130 UTC on the 11th. Based upon available observations, Edna had transformed into a strong extratropical cyclone by 00 UTC on the 12th. Thus Maine is removed as having a Category 1 hurricane impact, though maximum 1 min winds at Maine landfall were about 75 kt. Winds during the 12th to the 14th were increased in its extratropical phase from observed ship observations. Edna's final position is now given as 06 UTC on the 14th, as observations and HWM analyses suggest that it had become absorbed into a large extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC on the 14th. Thus positions from 12 UTC on the 14th through 06 UTC on the 15th are removed. ******************************************************************************* New Storm [September 6-8, 1954] 37265 09/06/1954 M= 3 9 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 09/06* 0 0 0 0*340 442 30 0*355 435 35 0*368 425 35 0* 37265 09/07*380 410 40 1004*395 395 40 0*415 370 40 0*440 340 35 0* 37265 09/08E470 305 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37285 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Jack Bevens suspect list. September 2: HWM indicates a trough along 50W from 17N to 27N. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures. September 3: HWM indicates a trough along 57W from 17N to 26N. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures. September 4: HWM indicates a trough along 40W from 21N to 30N. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures. September 5: HWM does not analyze an organized system but shows a trough along longitude 45W extending from latitude 12N to 33N. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 6: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 35.5N, 43.4W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 12Z near 36.2N, 43.6W (COADS); 30 kt S and 1003 mb (COADS), 1013 mb (HWM) at 12Z near 34.8N, 43.2W. September 7: HWM does not show this system but shows a cold front north of the area. Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 0Z near 38.0N, 40.9W; 35 kt W and 1015 mb at 06Z near 36.9N, 42.3W; 35 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z near 38.3N, 41.5W; 35 kt SW and 1017 mb at 12Z near 38.7N, 37.4W. All reports from COADS. September 8: HWM does not show an organized system but a cold front moving across the area. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. This cyclone formed from a surface trough that was apparent over the central North Atlantic on the 5th and 6th of September. Ship observations clearly show a closed, low pressure system by 12Z on the 6th, while ship reports were more sparse earlier in the day. Genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 06Z on the 6th as a 30 kt tropical depression. The cyclone was embedded on the 6th in quite warm air, well south of a warm frontal boundary, fee of any baroclinic influences. The cyclone initially moved north-northeast at a moderate rate of forward speed before accelerating toward the northeast on the 7th and 8th. Two 30 kt ships with 1013 mb (embedded within an outer closed isobar of 1018 mb) indicate that the intensity likely was about 35 kt at 12Z on the 6th. (COADS had indicated instead a 1003 mb pressure for one of the ships. However, comparison versus other nearby ships and a time series of the ship strongly suggests that the 1003 mb was in error and that 1013 mb shown in HWM was instead correct.) At 00Z on the 7th, a ship very close to the center reported 10 kt S with 1005 mb. (The same ship had a six hour pressure drop of 12 mb up until this 1005 mb measurement and a subsequent 8 mb pressure rise six hours later.) This indicates a central pressure of 1004 mb. The Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship suggests maximum winds of 42 kt from the 1004 mb pressure. The intensity is analyzed to be 40 kt at this time, which is also the peak intensity for the cyclones lifetime. At 06Z and 12Z on the 7th, there were three 35 kt ship reports, confirming tropical storm intensity for this system. By late on the 7th and early on the 8th, the cyclone was moving about 40 kt as it was being steered by a large baroclinic system to its northwest. Around 00Z on the 8th, the cyclone became extratropical and shortly thereafter became absorbed by this larger baroclinic system. Tropical Storm Josephine in 2002 is a reasonable analog to this cyclone. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Florence [September 11-12, 1954] 37660 09/11/1954 M= 2 6 SNBR= 829 FLORENCE XING=0 SSS=0 37660 09/11/1954 M= 3 10 SNBR= 829 FLORENCE XING=0 SSS=0 * ** (The 10th is new to HURDAT.) 37662 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*225 945 30 0*225 948 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** 37665 09/11* 0 0 0 0*209 947 45 0*210 951 50 0*210 955 55 0* 37665 09/11*224 950 45 0*223 952 45 0*220 953 45 0*215 955 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 37670 09/12*208 959 65 0*205 963 65 0*203 968 35 0*198 974 20 0* 37670 09/12*210 959 50 1001*206 964 55 0*204 970 55 0*202 978 30 0* *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37675 HR 37675 TS ** Landfall: 12/11Z - 20.4N 96.8W 55 kt - Mexico Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, observations and synoptic maps from the Meteorological Service of Mexico and Monthly Weather Review. September 10: HWM and HURDAT do not analyze a tropical system. Microfilm shows a possible low pressure near 22.5N, 94.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1012 mb at 6Z near 24.0N, 90.0W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: No wind circulation found, max wind in squall 60º 25 kt, heavy rain band located 23N, between 91.3W and 94.4W, 60 miles wide. Scattered cumulus along track, much high cirrus, overcast sky most of track west of 85W. (NAVY) September 11: HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 22.5N, 95.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 21.0N, 95.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows this system centered near 22.0N, 94.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 0Z near 23.0N, 95.3W (COADS). 45 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 01Z near 22.8N, 89.7W (micro), possible error and the longitude was likely 94.7W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2155Z at 21.2N, 95.8W, the measured central pressure was 1001 mb and 60 kt winds in the southwest quadrant, eye diameter was 50 miles. Poorly defined turbulence moderate to heavy, seas high to very high close to eye. (NAVY) September 12: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 20.5N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 96.8W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 20.4N, 96.8W at 12Z. No gale winds. This storm formed in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and moved into Mexico between Tuxpan and Nautla on the morning of September 12. The highest wind reported by reconnaissance aircraft was about 65 mph. The press reported 5 dead and more than $1,500,000 damage around the oil center of Poza Rica, mostly to the banana crop. The storm was possibly of hurricane force as it hit the coast. Genesis for Florence is begun as a tropical depression at 12Z on the 10th, 18 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally. The reason for the earlier genesis is due to indications that a closed low existed by 12Z on the 10th, as well as the system being very well developed with two gale force ship winds around 00z on the 11th. One aircraft reconnaissance mission was flown on the 10th but remained northwest of the tropical cyclone and did not sample near the center. The revised track has only minor modifications for the lifetime of this system. The upgrade to tropical storm occurred at 18Z on the 10th, six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT due to a 35 kt NE ship at 00Z and a 45 kt ESE ship at 01Z on the 11th. An aircraft reconnaissance mission was flown on the 11th measuring 1001 mb central pressure at 2155Z. This central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 12th. This pressure suggests maximum winds of 45 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also measured a RMW of 35-40 nmi, which is larger than climatology of 18 nm for this latitude and central pressure. Given this information, the intensity is assessed at 45 kt at 18Z.on the 11th, a major downward change from the original HURAT. It is possible that the system intensified some before landfall, which is consistent with the impacts mentioned in Mexico as well as the original HURDAT bringing the system to a Category 1 hurricane. A peak intensity and landfall intensity of a 55 kt tropical storm is analyzed, a downgrade from the 65 kt Category 1 hurricane shown in HURDAT originally. Aircraft reconnaissance on the 12th arrived in the vicinity of the cyclone around 14Z and indicated that Florence had either moved inland and/or degenerated into an area of squally weather. After making landfall in the state of Veracruz, Mexico on the 12th at 11Z near 20.4N 96.8W, the system quickly dissipated over the mountainous terrain. Dissipation after 18Z on the 12th is unchanged. ******************************************************************************* New Storm [September 15-18, 1954] 37265 09/15/1954 M= 5 11 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 890 30 0*257 900 30 0* 37265 09/16*258 909 35 0*259 918 35 0*258 924 40 1004*256 930 40 1004* 37265 09/17*254 935 40 1004*253 940 35 0*252 945 30 0*251 950 30 0* 37265 09/18*250 955 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37285 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Surface Weather Observations, Monthly Weather Review, the NHC microfilm maps, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Jack Bevens suspect list. September 14: HWM indicates that a low pressure was present just north of the Yucatan peninsula near 23N, 89W. MWR Tracks of Lows did not yet indicate a system being present. Microfilm showed no systems of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM indicates a closed low pressure system of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 89.0W. MWR puts the system near 25N, 89W. Microfilm indicated at low of at most 1008 mb near 25N 90W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 15Z at 25.5N 87.0W (micro), 35 kt SE with 1010 mb at 18Z at 24.9N 86.5W (COA), 40 kt SE and 1009 mb at 21Z at 24.5N 86.0W (micro). September 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 93W. MWR places the center much farther south at the same time, located near 23N, 90W. Microfilm shows a low of at most 1006 mb near 28N 92W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 27.5N 92.9W (micro), 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 26.5N 87.8W (micro), 20 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 27.8N 91.4W (COA), 35 kt SSE (COADS has 15 kt) and 1008 mb at 18Z at 28N 91W (micro), 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 27.7N 88.3W (COA). Aircraft highlight: 38 kt SE at 21Z at 29N 88W (micro, Navy). September 17: HWM indicates an open low near 26N, 95W. MWR shows the system near 25N, 95W. Microfilm shows an open low near 25N 95W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.7N 92.9W (COA). September 18: HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Gulf. MWR and microfilm indicate that the system had dissipated. Observations from the Historical Weather Map, Microfilm and Monthly Weather Review depict a tropical storm that moved across the Gulf of Mexico during the second week of September. A non-baroclinic closed low can be identified by 12Z on the 15th from ship observations and genesis is indicated at that point. However, formation could have occurred up to a day earlier, due the sparseness of observations. A Navy aircraft flew into the disturbance late on the 15th and did not find a closed circulation, though their flight pattern kept them well southeast of the center of the system. A ship reported gales three times on the 15th, though comparison with other ships suggests that it likely had a high bias of 5-10 kt. At 00Z on the 16th, two other ships both indicated 35 kt and the system is upgraded to a tropical storm at that time. Given the rather large radii of 150-180 nm of these reports, the system may have been better characterized a subtropical cyclone if satellite imagery were available. At 12Z on the 16th a ship with SE 20 kt and 1006 mb allow for a determination of a central pressure of around 1004 mb. This suggests maximum winds of 39 and 36 kt from the south and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships. Another ship at 18Z on the 16th reported NE 20 kt and 1006 mb, providing another central pressure of 1004 mb at that time. An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 16th visually estimated a peak surface wind of 38 kt at 21Z, though they did not fly far enough southwest to reach the center of the system. Two ships also measured 35 kt at 18Z. One additional ship measured SE 15 kt and 1005 mb at 00Z on the 17th, also indicating a central pressure of 1004 mb. 40 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th. Peak observed winds along the United States coast were 25 kt on the 16th and 17th in Louisiana. The system apparently slowly weakened on the 17th. Dissipation is indicated before 06Z on the 17th, without the system making landfall in either the United States or Mexico. This is consistent with the MWR Tracks of Lows for this system as well. ******************************************************************************* Tropical Storm Gilda [September 24-27, 1954] 37680 09/24/1954 M= 4 7 SNBR= 830 GILDA XING=0 SSS=0 37680 09/24/1954 M= 7 12 SNBR= 830 GILDA XING=0 SSS=0 ** 37685 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*141 768 35 0* 37685 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*141 758 35 0* *** 37690 09/25*143 777 40 0*144 788 45 0*146 800 50 0*149 811 50 0* 37690 09/25*143 769 35 0*144 782 40 0*146 796 40 0*149 814 45 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 37695 09/26*153 821 55 0*159 835 60 0*164 847 60 0*165 855 60 0* 37695 09/26*155 830 50 0*160 842 55 0*163 852 60 0*165 860 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 37700 09/27*165 863 60 0*166 872 60 0*168 880 60 0*169 888 35 0* 37700 09/27*166 868 55 998*166 872 55 0*166 878 55 0*167 886 55 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** (The 28th,29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.) 37701 09/28*169 892 45 0*174 896 35 0*180 902 30 0*186 908 30 0* 37702 09/29*192 915 30 0*197 925 30 0*200 939 30 0*203 954 30 0* 37703 09/30*208 968 30 0*217 980 25 0*000 000 00 0*000 000 00 0* 37705 TS International Landfalls September 27th 17Z 16.7N 88.4W Belize 55 kt Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Three additional days are added to the end of this cyclone. Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, observations and synoptic maps from the Meteorological Service of Mexico, and Monthly Weather Review. September 23: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb located near 15.8N, 83.5W.HURDAT and microfilm does not analyze a tropical system. No gales or low pressures. September 24: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb located near 15.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.1N, 76.8W at 18Z. Microfilm shows this system centered near 13.0N, 79.6W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 18Z near 15.3N, 73.6W. All observations from COADS. September 25: HWM analyzes a low pressure located near 14.7N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 14.6N, 80.0W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure at 13.6N, 81.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 0Z near 14.6N, 72.5W. 30 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z near 19.1N, 78.4W. All observations from COADS. Small tropical storm Gilda formed in the Caribbean Sea east of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua on September 25 (MWR). September 26: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 16.0N, 85.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.7W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 16.2N, 84.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1008 mb at 12Z near 17.3N, 84.0W (MICRO). 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z near 19.6N, 86.2W (COADS). 30 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z near 18.4N, 83.0W (COADS). 40 kt SE and 1009 mb at 21Z near 20.0N, 85.8W (MICRO). 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 23Z near 19.5N, 86.1W (MICRO). Land highlights: 5 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 00Z in Cabo Gracias a Dios, Honduras. 50 kt E at 15Z in Guanaja, Honduras. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2240Z at 16.7N, 86.6W, the measured central pressure was 998 mb, 45 kt winds and an eye diameter of 20 miles. (NAVY) September 27: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 16.8N, 87.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm of at most 1002 mb at 16.8N, 88.0W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm at 16.4N, 87.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 18Z near 17.6N, 86.1W (COADS). Land highlight: 5 kt SW and 1004 mb at 00Z in Tela, Honduras. 10 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 0Z in Belize City, Belize. 10 kt N and 1006 mb at 06Z in Belize City, Belize. 30 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z in Tela, Honduras. 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z in Dandriga, Belize. 10 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12Z in Belize City, Belize. 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18Z in Dandriga, Belize. All observations from the Microfilm. moved westward along the north coast of Honduras and into British Honduras near Stann Creek, about 60 miles south of Belize, around 1530 EST of the 27th. The storm was less than hurricane force throughout its life, with highest winds of 60 to 70 mph in squalls. Damage was slight to buildings and no casualties resulted from the storm. Rainfall was very heavy in northern Honduras, resulting in disastrous floods, especially around San Pedro Sula, La Lima, and the adjacent valley areas. Press reports indicated 29 dead and thousands homeless and marooned in the flooded areas, and extensive damage to property and crops. (MWR) September 28: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb located near 16.5N, 90.0W. HURDAT does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb located near 16.8N, 89.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 18.2N, 86.3W (COADS). Land highlight: 25 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z in Dandriga, Belize. 30 kt S and 1008 mb at 18Z in Dandriga, Belize. All observations from the Microfilm. September 29: HWM and microfilm does not analyze a low pressure. HURDAT does not list this system. Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 00Z near 19.5N, 91.5W. Land highlight: 10 kt E and 1003 mb at 00Z in Campeche, Mexico. 10 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z in Isla del Carmen, Mexico. All observations from the Microfilm. September 30: HWM does not analyze a low pressure. Microfilm analyses a low pressure near 22.2N, 95.9W at 00Z. HURDAT does not list this system. Land highlight: 10 kt N and 1003 mb at 00Z in Tuxpan, Mexico. 10 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z in Veracruz, Mexico. 5 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z in Tampico, Mexico. All observations from the Microfilm. No changes are made to the genesis time for this tropical cyclone, which is retained as starting as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on the 24th of September, as a 30 kt ESE ship was observed at that time. Minor track alterations were made for all four of the existing days of this cyclone. Intensity is reduced by 5-10 kt on the 25th, due to numerous ship and coastal stations indicating a somewhat weaker system on those dates. The cyclone continued westward just north of the Honduras coastline while intensifying and 50 kt E winds were reported from Isla Guanaja around 16Z on the 26th. 60 kt is retained at 12 and18Z, which is also the peak intensity. A single aircraft reconnaissance mission into this storm measured 998 mb central pressure and an RMW of about 15 nm at 2240Z on the 26th, which suggests maximum winds of 51 kt. Given the small size of the cyclone, intensity is analyzed to be 55 kt at 00Z on the 27th. No further inner core observations were available until after landfall later that day in Belize. Landfall is analyzed to have occurred around 17Z on the 27th near 16.7N 88.4W, south of Belize City with an intensity of 55 kt (previously indicated in HURDAT to be 60 kt in the last synoptic time before landfall). Previously in HURDAT, the cyclone was analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th. However, numerous ship and land-based observations indicate that the system continued for three more days, albeit as a weak tropical cyclone. While inner core observations are sparse on the 28th after landfall, a reasonable weakening down to 45 k at 00Z on the 28th, 35 kt at 06Z, 30 kt at 12Z, and 30 kt at 18Z is assumed, which is in agreement with the 30 kt S wind observed at Belize City at 18Z. The cyclone moved toward the northwest on the 28th, across southeastern Mexico. By 00Z on the 29th, the system reached the Gulf of Mexico. Two observations one ship and one land station of 1003 mb both with 10 kt suggest maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the slow motion, low environmental pressures, and that the cyclones circulation was still primarily overland, an intensity at that time of 30 kt analyzed. Unfortunately, little to no ship data were available for the remainder of the 29th and early on the 30th. However, observations from Veracruz, Tuxpan, and Tampico, Mexico indicate that the system made a second landfall just south of Tampico, around 04Z near 21.3N 97.6W. No tropical storm force winds were observed in the Gulf of Mexico or from the Mexican stations. However, Tuxpan measured 1003 mb with N 10 kt wind at 00Z, which suggests maximum wind from that pressure of at least 41 kt. Again because of the low environmental pressure, the intensity at 00Z and at landfall a few hours later is estimated to be 30 kt. However, it is quite possible that the system regained tropical storm intensity before the second landfall. After landfall, it is analyzed that the cyclone continued northwestward over Mexico and dissipated after 06Z on the 30th. The addition of three more days for the existence of this system is a major change. ******************************************************************************* Unnamed Hurricane 8 [September 25-October 6, 1954] 37710 09/25/1954 M=13 8 SNBR= 831 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37710 09/25/1954 M=13 13 SNBR= 831 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 37715 09/25* 0 0 0 0*278 561 25 0*278 556 25 0*278 552 25 0* 37715 09/25* 0 0 0 0*292 565 25 0*290 560 25 0*288 555 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 37720 09/26*279 548 25 0*280 543 25 0*281 537 25 0*283 531 25 0* 37720 09/26*286 549 30 0*284 543 30 0*285 537 30 0*287 530 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 37725 09/27*285 524 25 0*289 518 25 0*293 513 25 0*295 510 25 0* 37725 09/27*291 523 30 0*296 516 30 0*298 510 30 0*299 507 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37730 09/28*297 507 25 0*299 503 25 0*301 500 25 0*303 497 25 0* 37730 09/28*299 504 30 0*299 502 30 0*299 500 30 0*299 497 30 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 37735 09/29*306 494 25 0*309 491 30 0*312 487 30 0*316 484 35 0* 37735 09/29*299 494 30 0*299 491 30 0*300 487 30 0*302 486 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 37740 09/30*320 483 40 0*323 483 45 0*325 486 45 0*327 493 45 0* 37740 09/30*306 486 40 0*310 488 45 0*312 490 45 0*313 495 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 37745 10/01*328 499 50 0*328 505 55 0*326 512 60 0*319 520 60 0* 37745 10/01*314 503 50 0*315 512 55 0*315 520 60 0*314 528 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 37750 10/02*310 530 65 0*304 539 70 0*299 547 70 0*298 557 70 0* 37750 10/02*311 535 65 0*307 541 70 0*304 547 70 0*305 545 75 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 37755 10/03*297 566 70 0*305 570 70 0*313 565 70 0*322 556 70 0* 37755 10/03*307 556 75 0*311 559 75 0*315 560 75 0*318 557 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37760 10/04*330 547 75 0*334 539 80 0*337 530 80 0*342 517 80 0* 37760 10/04*321 551 75 0*325 542 80 0*330 530 80 0*336 517 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 37765 10/05*347 501 80 0*352 491 85 0*358 478 85 0*371 444 85 0* 37765 10/05*343 503 80 0*351 489 85 0*360 475 85 0*370 453 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 37770 10/06*389 404 80 0*408 374 75 0*432 345 70 0E474 317 65 0* 37770 10/06*382 420 80 0*405 380 75 0*440 345 70 0E490 317 65 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 37775 10/07E542 290 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37780 HR Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. September 24: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure extending from latitude 20N to 35N near longitude 54W. HURDAT does not list this system. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 32.0N, 64.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 28.8N, 56.2W with a trough extending as well as a dissipating cold front to the systems northwest. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 27.8N, 55.6W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 28.5N, 53.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 28.1N, 53.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 23.3N, 56.8. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1017 mb at 0Z near 27.9N, 51.3W. 15 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 06Z near 27.4N, 52.8W. 25 kt SW and 1017 mb at 06Z near 28.1N, 50.0W. All observations from COADS. September 27: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.0N, 50.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 29.3N, 51.3W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1014 mb at 12Z near 30.8N, 49.3W. 15 kt NW and 1014 mb at 12Z near 29.1N, 52.4W. All observations from COADS. September 28: HWM analyzes a low pressure centered near 29.8N, 51.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 30.1N, 50.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1014 mb at 0Z near 31.0N, 49.7W. 20 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z near 29.5N, 49.5W. 20 kt NW and 1013 mb at 12Z near 28.8N, 50.9W. All observations from COADS. September 29: HWM analyzes a low pressure centered near 30.5N, 50.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.2N, 48.7W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 29.0N, 47.0W. 30 kt NW and 1010 mb at 12Z near 29.0N, 48.0W. 20 kt W and 1013 mb at 18Z near 28.0N, 48.0W. All observations from COADS. September 30: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.4N, 49.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 48.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1017 mb near 32.5N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1016 mb at 12Z near 33.6N, 49.7W. 5 kt W and 1011 mb at 18Z near 29.9N, 49.5. All observations from COADS. October 1: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.5N, 52.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.6N, 51.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 996 mb near 32.3N, 51.6W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 32.8N, 52.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 06Z near 32.3N, 50.1W (COADS). 40 kt NW and 999 mb at 12Z near 31.5N, 53.0W (MICRO). 30 SE kt and 1002 mb at 12Z near 31.7N, 51.1W (COADS). 35 kt WSW and 1013 mb at 12Z near 29.7N, 51.4W (COADS). 40 kt ESE and 996 mb at 17Z near 31.0N, 51.5W (MICRO). 60 kt NW at 18Z near 31.6N, 53.6W (COADS). 35 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 18Z near 30.4N, 52.9W (COADS). 50 kt SE and 992 mb at 18Z near 31.1N, 52.2W (COADS). October 2: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 54.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 29.9N, 54.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 999 mb near 29.6N, 54.3W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 28.8N, 54.2W. Ship highlights: 55 kt ESE and 990 mb at 0Z near 31.7N, 53.2W. 45 kt SE and 998 mb at 0Z near 30.5N, 52.7W. 55 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 06Z near 30.2N, 53.7W. 50 kt SE and 994 mb at 06Z near 30.0N, 53.1W. 30 kt W and 1001 mb at 06Z near 29.5N, 55.0W. 55 kt SW and 1001 mb at 12Z near 30.0N, 54.2W. 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 29.4N, 54.0W. 50 kt SE and 989 mb at 12Z near 29.4N, 53.8W. 40 kt SW and 1006 mb at 18Z near 29.0N, 54.9W. 55 kt S and 986 mb at 18Z near 29.2N, 54.3W. 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 18Z near 29.8N, 52.9W. All observations from COADS. October 3: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.8N, 55.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 31.3N, 56.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1011 mb near 33.8N, 56.0W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 30.5N, 56.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1007 mb at 0Z near 29.6N, 56.3W. 55 kt S and 996 mb at 0Z near 28.8N, 54.1W. 30 kt SE and 1014 mb at 0Z near 31.8N, 53.9W. 40 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z near 28.5N, 54.2W. 30 kt WNW and 1010 mb at 12Z near 29.8N, 57.2W. 30 kt SW and 1009 mb at 12Z near 28.1N, 54.7W. 45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 12Z near 32.9N, 56.9W. 30 kt SW and 1011 mb at 18Z near 28.8N, 55.5W. All observations from COADS. October 4: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.5N, 53.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 33.7N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 996 mb near 33.4N, 53.7W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 32.8N, 53.7W. Ship highlights: 75 kt S and 998 mb at 0Z near 32.0N, 54.0W (MICRO). 30 kt S and 1017 mb at 06Z near 29.1N, 50.2W (COADS). 30 kt S and 1018 mb at 06Z near 29.0N, 49.0W (COADS). 35 kt E and 1001 mb at 06Z near 33.7N, 54.9W (MICRO). 30 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12Z near 28.5N, 54.4W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1018 mb at 12Z near 27.9N, 51.2W (COADS). 50 kt S and 999 mb at 12Z near 32.8N, 53.1W (MICRO). 55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z near 34.2N, 52.2W (MICRO). 45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 12Z near 34.6N, 50.4W (MICRO). 30 kt N and 1008 mb at 12Z near 33.4N, 55.9W (MICRO). 50 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 15Z near 32.4N, 53.2W (MICRO). 75 kt SSE and 979 mb at 1515Z near 33.6N, 51.5W (MICRO). 30 kt S and 1014 mb at 18Z near 31.3N, 49.5W. 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z near 34.1N, 48.7W (MICRO). 50 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z near 33.4N, 50.0W (MICRO). October 5: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 38.1N, 47.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 85 kt hurricane at 35.8N, 47.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 987 mb near 35.4N, 47.6W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 36.2N, 46.6W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1005 mb at 0Z near 34.9N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt S and 1010 mb at 0Z near 34.8N, 47.3W (COADS). 60 kt S and 990 mb at 0Z near 34.3N, 50.0W (MICRO). 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 0Z near 34.4N, 48.5W (MICRO). 65 kt S and 997 mb at 03Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 75 kt S and 984 mb at 06Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 06Z near 35.1N, 46.4W (COADS). 40 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z near 33.0N, 46.3W (COADS). 30 kt S and 1015 mb at 06Z near 29.6N, 48.2W (COADS). 80 kt WSW and 984 mb at 09Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z near 32.5N, 48.8W (COADS). 60 kt W and 999 mb at 12Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt SW and 1011 mb at 12Z near 32.4N, 45.7W (COADS). 70 kt SSW and 990 mb at 12Z near 35.3N, 45.5W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z near 32.5N, 48.8W (COADS). 45 kt W and 1006 at 15Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 70 kt SSW and 985 mb at 15Z near 36.0N, 44.6W (COADS). 35 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z near 36.8N, 41.3W (COADS). 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12Z near 36.1N, 40.0W (COADS). 75 kt S and 997 mb at 18Z near 37.0N, 44.0W (MICRO). 30 kt W and 1010 mb at 21Z near 34.5N, 48.0W (COADS). 60 kt W and 977 mb at 21Z near 37.0N, 44.0W (COADS). October 6: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered near 44.6N, 35.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 43.2N, 34.5W at 12Z. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 42.7N, 34.8W. Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 992 mb at 0Z near 37.2N, 44.2W. 35 kt S and 983 mb at 0Z near 36.6N, 41.4W. 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z near 35.3N, 39.7W. 35 kt S and 1013 mb at 0Z near 39.0N, 34.5W. 35 kt SE and 1016 mb at 0Z near 39.3N, 31.6W. 35 kt SSE and 998 mb at 06Z near 40.4N, 35.1W. 35 kt SSE and 984 mb at 12Z near 45.7N, 33.4W. 40 kt SW and 1013 mb at 12Z near 36.8N, 35.3W. 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 12Z near 36.8N, 31.2W. 40 kt S and 1016 mb at 12Z near 37.7N, 29.5W. 60 kt SSE and 998 mb at 18Z near 49.0N, 29.1W. 50 kt SE and 964 mb at 18Z near 50.7N, 30.7W. All observations from COADS. October 7: HWM does not analyze a system. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 54.2N, 29.0W at 0Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 0Z near 51.2N, 27.0W. 50 kt SW and 994 mb at 0Z near 51.5N, 27.4W. All observations from COADS. The genesis for this system is unchanged from that previously in HURDAT at 06Z on the 26th of September, though the first definitive evidence for a closed circulation was at 12Z on the 25th. Minor track changes were introduced for all of the days of its existence. It should be noted that on the 1st and 2nd of October, in particular, there were several ship observations that provided contradictory information (more than usual), likely because of difficulty in the ships knowing their true location over the open Atlantic Ocean. While the intensity is increased slightly from 25 to 30 kt on the 27th through 00Z on the 29th, there is no evidence to introduce a change to the time of intensification to a tropical storm from the 18Z 29th originally shown in HURDAT. (This does keep in HURDAT the somewhat unlikely classification of a tropical depression for the first four and a half days of its existence. However, it is certainly possible that tropical storm intensity was reached earlier than shown here.) Several observations on the 1st of October indicated a well-developed tropical storm. At 18Z on the 1st, a ship reported 60 kt NW winds and a separate ship observed 50 kt SE winds with 992 mb pressure. This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 56 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 59 kt from the intensifying subset. Given the high environmental pressure and the single observation of 60 kt, the maximum winds at that time are analyzed to be 65 kt (5 kt higher than HURDAT originally). Intensification to hurricane stage at that time is six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. On the 2nd, a ship at 18Z reported 55 kt S and 986 mb pressure. This peripheral pressure reading suggests winds of at least 65 kt and at least 68 kt from the same pressure-wind relationships. The intensity at that time is analyzed to be 75 kt (70 kt originally), again in part because of the high environmental pressures. On the 4th, a ship at 1515Z reported 75 kt SSE and 979 mb. This pressure suggests at least 74 kt and at least 77 kt from the same pressure-wind relationships. 80 kt is analyzed for the intensity at both 12 and 18Z, no change from HURDAT, as the environmental pressures had returned to near normal. At 21Z on the 5th, a ship reported 60 kt W winds and 977 mb pressure. This pressure suggests maximum winds of 76 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Because of the fast movement of the hurricane toward the northeast, the intensity is estimated to be 85 kt at 18Z on the 5th and 80 kt at 00Z on the 6th (no change to HURDAT). Late on the 6th and early on the 7th, the hurricane was overtaken and absorbed by a very large and powerful extratropical cyclone. The system became frontal around 18Z on the 6th (no change to extratropical transition timing) and became absorbed after 00Z on the 7th (also no change). It is worth noting that the extratropical low that absorbed the hurricane continued with extremely low pressures (into the 940s) and very strong winds for a few more days as it moved across the high latitudes of the North Atlantic. ******************************************************************************* HAZEL - 1954 36605 10/05/1954 M=14 9 SNBR= 808 HAZEL XING=1 SSS=4 36605 10/05/1954 M=14 14 SNBR= 808 HAZEL XING=1 SSS=4 ** 36610 10/05* 0 0 0 0*124 592 60 0*127 602 60 0*128 611 70 0* 36610 10/05* 0 0 0 0*120 585 40 0*120 595 50 0*121 605 55 1002* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** 36615 10/06*129 621 75 0*131 631 80 0*132 641 85 0*133 651 85 0* 36615 10/06*122 616 65 0*123 629 70 0*125 643 70 998*126 656 70 998* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 36620 10/07*133 661 90 0*133 672 100 0*133 682 105 0*133 691 105 0* 36620 10/07*127 667 70 0*129 677 70 0*132 687 70 997*135 697 70 994* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36625 10/08*134 699 105 0*135 709 110 0*136 719 110 0*136 725 110 0* 36625 10/08*136 706 75 0*136 713 75 0*136 718 75 986*137 720 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36630 10/09*136 731 115 0*136 737 115 0*137 742 115 0*139 748 115 0* 36630 10/09*138 724 85 0*139 732 90 0*140 740 95 0*142 747 100 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36635 10/10*142 753 115 0*146 756 110 0*150 756 105 0*154 756 105 0* 36635 10/10*144 752 105 0*147 755 105 0*150 756 105 0*153 756 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36640 10/11*157 755 105 0*161 753 105 0*165 751 105 0*171 748 105 0* 36640 10/11*156 755 105 0*159 753 105 0*164 751 105 0*169 749 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** 36645 10/12*177 744 105 0*182 741 85 0*187 738 85 0*193 735 85 0* 36645 10/12*174 747 105 0*180 743 105 0*186 740 85 0*191 737 85 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36650 10/13*199 733 85 0*205 732 85 0*210 732 85 994*216 733 85 0* 36650 10/13*196 734 85 0*201 731 85 0*208 731 85 0*217 733 85 972* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36655 10/14*226 735 90 0*240 739 100 0*255 746 105 0*270 757 110 0* 36655 10/14*227 735 85 974*238 738 90 0*252 746 100 0*270 757 110 0* *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36660 10/15*286 768 115 0*302 778 120 0*328 787 110 937E368 782 80 970* 36660 10/15*288 768 115 0*307 780 115 0*327 787 115 938E360 783 80 970* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36665 10/16E410 774 70 0E452 786 60 0E488 800 50 0E507 800 45 0* 36665 10/16E402 772 70 0E460 793 60 0E488 800 50 982E515 795 45 988* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36670 10/17E517 799 45 0E528 792 35 0E540 782 35 0E556 762 35 0* 36670 10/17E532 795 45 0E545 795 35 0E555 795 35 0E563 788 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 36675 10/18E570 730 30 0E581 694 25 0E588 651 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 36675 10/18E570 770 30 0E581 750 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** **** *** ** 36680 HR SC4 NC4 MD2 36680 HR SC4 NC4 *** Landfalls: 10/6 00Z 12.2N 61.6W 65 kt Grenada 10/12 09Z 18.3N 74.2W 105 kt Haiti 10/13 00Z 19.6N 73.4W 85 kt Haiti 10/13 14Z 21.0N 73.1W 85 kt Inagua 10/15 1530Z 33.9N 78.6W, 20 nm RMW, 938 mb central pressure, 25 kt speed, 115 kt maximum sustained surface winds, 1008 mb OCI, 475 nm ROCI South Carolina, U.S. Minor changes to the track, but major adjustments to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, aircraft observations available from the Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, Seamon (1954), Rhodes (1954), Knox (1955), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). October 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 13N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 12.7N, 60.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 85kt with pressure of 1002mb at 12.1N, 61.0W at 2037 UTC (Navy). "This hurricane developed in an easterly wave at latitude 12N, longitude 61.2W, on October 5 at which time highest winds were estimated about 100 mph. The hurricane passed near or slightly north of the island of Grenada in the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea during the evening of the 5th" (MWR). "The center of the storm passed between the islands of Grenada and Carriacou during the evening of the 5th. All of the Grenadine Islands except Carriacou escaped with only minor damage and no loss of life. Total losses on this island were estimated at $35,000 to property, $5,000 to crops and $2,500 to livestock" (Rhodes). October 6: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of most 1010mb near 13.5N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 13.2N, 64.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NW with pressure of 1002mb at 12.9N, 62.8W at 0625 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 90kt surface winds with a central pressure of 998mb at 12.5N, 64.3W at 1200 UTC (NAVY); 60 kt surface winds with a central pressure of 998 mb at 13.0N 66.0W at 1920 UTC (NAVY); central pressure of 997 mb at 13.1N 66.4W at 2042 UTC (NAVY) . October 7: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 13N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 13.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt ENE with pressure of 1010mb at 15.4N, 68.1W at 1800 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 110kt surface winds with central pressure of 997mb at 12.9N, 68.7W at 1153 UTC (NAVY); 75 kt surface winds with a 994 mb central pressure at 13.6N 69.9W at 1930 UTC (NAVY). "Highest winds were 115mph on the 7th ... as estimated by reconnaissance aircraft" (MWR). October 8: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 13.8N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 13.6N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 986mb at 13.5N, 71.9W at 1200 UTC (NAVY). Highest winds estimated by reconnaissance aircraft were "125mph on the 8th" (MWR). Also on the 8th, "the Navy reconnaissance plane encountered severe turbulence and one member of the crew was severely injured, requiring hospitalization, and another sustained minor injuries" (MWR). October 9: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 14N, 73.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 115kt winds at 13.6N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 10kt E with pressure of 999mb at 12.8N, 70.2W at 1200 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 14N, 74W with 990mb (12 UTC). "[Hazel] continued on a west to west-northwest course until the night of the 9th-10th when it slowed down in forward speed and curved northward" (MWR). October 10: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 15.3N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 15.0N, 75.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlights: 55kt E with pressure of 1000mb at 15.4N, 75.5W at 1800 UTC (COA); 35kt SW with pressure of 992mb at 14.6N, 75.3W at 1800 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 100kt at 15.2N, 75.6W at 1441 UTC (NAVY). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 14N, 15W (0 UTC) and at 14.8N, 75.5W with 990mb (12 UTC). "The hurricane moved on a north-northeast course from the night of the 10th-11th until it passed through the Windward Channel and into the southeast Bahamas on the morning of the 13th" (MWR). October 11: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 16.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 16.5N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 44kt NNW with pressure of 1001mb at Morant Point (17.9N, 76.2W) at 1800 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 52kt NNE with pressure of 1001mb at 16.3N, 75.9W at 0700 UTC (USWB); 30kt ESE with pressure of 995mb at 15.8N, 74.6W at 0000 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 35kt ENE at 18.2N, 75.6W at 1330 UTC (USWB). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 15.5N, 75.5W (0 UTC) and at 16.3N, 75.2W with 988mb (12 UTC). October 12: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 19N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.7N, 73.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 30kt NE with pressure of 998 at Baracoa at 2130 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 50kt S with pressure of 1005mb at 16.4N, 72.4W at 0000 UTC (COA); 12kt ESE with pressure of 999mb at 19.3N, 73.8W at 0230 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 61kt E at 20.0N, 74.0W at 1815 UTC (USWB). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 17.4N, 74.9W (0 UTC) and at 18.9N, 74.2W with 988mb (12 UTC). "Considerable damage and loss of life resulted in Haiti, especially on the SW peninsula. This area is very mountainous, with peaks of 8,000 ft in the western portion. High winds and seas and torrential rains resulting in floods and landslides accounted for the loss of life, estimated between 400 and 1,000 including 200 or more buried in landslides" (MWR). "The center passed over the western tip of the south peninsula of Haiti during the early morning of October 12, and crossed the northwest peninsula that evening. The western portions of both Haitian peninsula were devastated by the hurricane. Several towns were almost totally demolished, including Dame Marie, Anse d' Hainault, Mole St. Nicolas, and Jean Rabel. The larger cities of Jeremie, Les Cayes, and Port de Paix suffered severe damage from hurricane winds. High tides on the southern coast from Les Cayes westward added to the destruction. ... Extreme winds of 125 mph at several places in the western part of the southern peninsula were reported by the Coprs d'Aviation, Bowen Field, Port-au-Prince, Haiti" (Rhodes). October 13: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 20.6N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.0N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 22kt ENE with pressure of 994mb at Great Inagua (20.9N, 73.6W) at 1200 UTC (HWM); 52kt SSW at Mayaguana (22.3N, 72.9W) at 21.30 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 35kt W with pressure of 1005mb at 17.5N, 73.8W at 0000 UTC (COA); 30kt NNW with pressure of 999mb at 20.2N, 74.3W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 974mb at 22.2N, 73.5W at 2136 UTC (NAVY); 80kt with pressure of 972mb at 21.6N, 73.4W at 1615 UTC (NAVY). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 20N, 73.5W (0 UTC) and at 21N, 73W with 987mb (12 UTC). "[Hazel] changed course to north then to north-northwest on the 13th, continuing on that course until it passed inland on the North Carolina coast about 0915 EST of the 15th" (MWR). "After passing through the Windward Channel the hurricane moved northward and passed directly over the Island of Great Inagua and between Mayaguana and Acklin Islands, and passed a short distance east of the remainder of the Bahamas. A minimum pressure of 29.34 inches and a maximum wind of only 40 mph were reported at Great Inagua Island. The low wind speed was thought to be due to distortion of the hurricane in its passage through the mountainous terrain bordering the Windward Channel. Damage was minor in the Bahamas. Six lives were lost out of a total of 15 aboard a sailboat that capsized when it was trying to take shelter at Inagua" (Rhodes). "Hazel - October 12-13 - Category 1 impact in Cuba" (Perez). October 14: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 25.5N, 74.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 25.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 52kt SSW at Mayuguana at 0030 UTC (USWB); 30kt ENE with pressure of 992mb at San Salvador at 0930 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 52kt NE with pressure of 988mb at 28.2N, 77.5W at 2130 UTC (USWB); 26kt N with pressure of 982mb at 33.2N, 77.8W at 2330 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 52kt SE at 27.8N, 72.5W at 1354 UTC (USWB); 100kt with pressure of 974mb at 22.5N, 73.4W at 0045 UTC (NAVY). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 23.1N, 73W (0 UTC) and at 25.5N, 74W with 987mb (12 UTC). "Storm warnings were hoisted at 1100 EST on the 14th from Charleston, S.C., northward on the Virginia Capes, and the remainder of the coast northward to New England was placed on the alert by Washington and Boston Weather Bureau offices" (MWR). October 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 33N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 32.8N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 70kt SW at Kinston at 1845 UTC (SWO); 966mb at Spartanburg (34.9N, 81.9W) at 1750 UTC (SWO). Ship highlight: 938 mb and calm at 1530 UTC near Tilghman Point, SC at 33.8N 78.5W from the Nina Fay (MWR, Seamon); 35kt N with pressure of 972mb at 31.3N, 78.8W at 0800 UTC (USWB); 70kt ENE with pressure of 1006mb at 32.4N, 77.8W at 0000 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 28.9N, 76.8W (0 UTC) and at 33.8N, 78.5W with 976mb (12 UTC). The center of the storm struck the coast just north of the border of the two Carolinas sometime after 9 a.m. on the 15th. Captain Julian Fulford of the shrimp boat Nina Fay which was in the vicinity of Holden Beach reported the eye passed about 11 a.m., with time of passage about 10 or 15 minutes. At Ocean Isle most people estimated time of passage for the eye at 10 minutes. Captain Leroy Kinlaw of the fishing boat Judy Ninda at Tilgham Point stated that his boat was in the eye at 10:30 a.m., and estimated the time of passage at 30 minutes. There was general agreement among people in the eye that the rain ended, clouds thinned but not enough to permit sunshine, and that there was little or no wind. As the hurricane continued northward through North Carolina the eye passed over Shalotte and Bolton and slightly east of Whiteville and Clinton, west of Goldsboro, Wilson and Nashville, and across the northern border in or near Warren County into Virginia. Through most of the State the eye appeared to be 20 to 30 miles in width (Seamon). The center passed between 90 and 100 miles east of Charleston, S. C., about 8 a.m. on the 15th and first touched the United States coast at North Island, S. C. Then, closely following the coast line, the center gradually worked inland with some portion of the eye being over the entire length of the coastal area as far as Little River Inlent. The center passed inland a few miles northeast of Myrtle Beach between 9:30 and 10:00 a.m...The storm began affecting the Myrtle Beach area between 6 and 7 a.m. with strong winds from the northeast and north-northeast. The eye passed across the city at 9:23 a.m. It was estimated at approximately 12 miles in diameter and was observed from 9:20 to 9:45 a.m., during which time the tide was reversed and turned to the sea (Rhodes). "During the 14th and 15th, and until the hurricane passed inland, the highest winds were estimated in all warning messages in excess of 100mph. Wilmington, N.C., reported a top gust of 98mph and the fastest mile was 82mph. Minimum pressure there was 28.68in. Myrtle Beach, S.C., reported top gusts of 106 mph and lowest pressure reported of 28.47in. (This was the lowest pressure reported on land although 27.70in was reported by a fishing boat at Tilgham Point while in the eye of the storm at 10:30 a.m. EST.) Wind estimates from several points between Myrtle Beach and Cape Fear varied from 130 to 150mph. The devastation along the North and South Carolina beaches was staggering. Every pier in a distance of 170 miles of coastline was demolished and whole lines of beach homes literally disappeared. In some places the tide was over 17ft higher than the mean low water" (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - 1954 - Oct. 15 (Hazel) - Carolinas - Extreme [Category 4 or 5] - 20 killed, damage $163,000,000. Tropical Cyclones in the Middle Atlantic States - 1954 - Oct. 15 (Hazel) - All Sections - Major [Category 2 or 3] - 74 killed, damage $88,595,000" (Dunn and Miller). "1011 mb environmental pressure, 114 kt maximum sustained winds at the coast" (Schwerdt et al.). "Hazel - Oct. 15 - 938 mb central pressure at landfall - 25 nmi RMW - 26 kt forward speed - 33.9N, 78.5W landfall point" (Ho et al.) "1954 Oct SC, NC 4; MD, 2 - 938 mb central pressure - Hazel" (Jarrell et al.) October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 51N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 50kt winds at 48.8N, 80.0W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 60kt SE at Binghampton (42.1N, 75.9W) at 0246 UTC (SWO); 975mb at Sampson AFB (42.8N, 76.9W) at 0226 UTC (SWO); 984 mb and 12 kt N at Kirkland Lake, Canada (47.7N, 79.8W) at 1130 UTC (USWB). 990 mb and 12 kt NW at Moosonee, Canada (51.3N, 80.7W) at 1730 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 45kt SE with pressure of 998mb at 0000 UTC at 40.1N, 73.4W (COA); 45kt SE with pressure of 998mb at 40.1N, 73.4W at 0000 UTC. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 42N, 78W (0 UTC) and at 48.8N, 79.5W with 981mb (12 UTC). "Twenty-one deaths were attributed to Hazel in New York and damage ran in the millions. Heavy rains in the extreme west flooded basements and washed out several bridges" (Seamon). At this stage [12Z October 15th] cool air was being drawn into the southwest sector of Hazel and marked deepening was occurring north of the hurricane vortex, this being reflected by an elongation of the outer isobars along the front. By 0030Z of October 16th, the remnant of the hurricane center was near Williamsport, Pa., and was no longer identifiable as a hurricane vortex. Meanwhile the cyclonic development on the front was now becoming definable as a marked wave crest over western New York State. Here it is likely significant that hurricane Hazel lost its singular identity southeast of the Alleghenies and that the new low center formed northwest of the mountains. Hazel I, the hurricane, had now disappeared and Hazel II, the extra-tropical cyclone, now dominated the picture. Here it should be stressed that the transition from Hazel I to Hazel II was by no means discontinuous, but rather a transformation of energy had taken place to produce by 160330Z a storm type of vastly different thermal structure from the one which existed twelve hours earlier (Knox). October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 56N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 54.0N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 43kt SE 993mb at 55.0N, 780.W at 1200 UTC. No ship or Aircraft data. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 52N, 79W (0 UTC) and at 53.4N, 77.5W with 990mb (12 UTC). October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 61N, 56W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 25kt winds at 58.8N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 57N, 72.5W (0 UTC). Station highlight: 993mb at 63.0N, 49.0W at 1200 UTC. No ship or aircraft data. No change is made to the genesis of Hazel, though the first report in HURDAT is now begun with a 40 kt intensity rather than 60 kt originally. Track changes are introduced for the entire lifecycle of Hazel, but all are minor adjustments. A central pressure of 1002 mb with a tiny eye diameter of 4 nm was measured by aircraft reconnaissance at 2037 UTC on the 5th along with estimated winds of 85 kt. 1002 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 43 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the extremely tiny size and slightly weighting the estimated winds, the intensities are chosen to be 55 kt at 18 UTC and 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 6th, down from 70 and 75 kt, respectively. A central pressure of 998 mb was observed twice, once with an eye diameter of 10 nm and and once with 5 nm by aircraft at 12 UTC and 1920 UTC. 998 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 51 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. At 12 and 18 UTC, the intensities are analyzed to be 70 kt due to the tiny size of Hazel - down from 85 kt originally. (The 90 kt surface wind estimate from the 12 UTC fix is only lightly weighted in the intensity analysis.) On the 7th, aircraft measured central pressure of 997 mb with a 7 nm eye at 1153 UTC and 994 mb with a 10 nm eye at 1930 UTC. These pressures suggest maximum winds of 53 and 58 kt, respectively, from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensities are set at 70 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 7th (down from 105 kt originally) due to the small size of Hazel. (The 110 kt surface wind estimate from the 1153 UTC fix is only lightly weighted in the intensity analysis.) At 12 UTC on the 8th, aircraft reconnaissance measured 986 mb central pressure with an eye diameter of 25 nm. This suggests maximum winds of 70 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Maximum winds chosen to be 75 kt (down from 110 kt originally) from a blend of the deepening the occurred between the 7th and the 8th but also accounting for the inner core size of the hurricane becoming larger. This was the last aircraft penetration for five days until the 13th. From the 9th until the 12th, Hazel moved over the central Caribbean Sea with no ships, aircraft, or land stations within the inner core of strongest winds and lowest pressure. Thus maximum winds are gradually ramped up from 75 kt at the 12 UTC on the 8th to the 105 kt originally shown in HURDAT by 12 UTC on the 10th. The resulting reduction in maximum winds on the 9th (from 115 kt down to 95 kt at 12 UTC) is somewhat supported by the ragged and open eye reported from the radar aircraft reports on that date. By the 10th and 11th, the radar observations suggest a smaller and closed eye, suggesting the Category 3 conditions originally shown in HURDAT are reasonable. Hazel's landfall in Haiti was disastrous for that country, and while no measured extreme observations were available, retaining Hazel as a 105 kt hurricane at landfall appears to be prudent. After passing Haiti (with some weakening likely due to interaction with the mountainous island), Hazel moved slowly off to the north over the Atlantic. The 994 mb central pressure in HURDAT originally at 12 UTC on the 13th is erroneous. This value was from Great Inagua, but they were not in the eye at the time, so the value is a peripheral measurement. Aircraft penetrations at 1615 UTC (13th), 2136 UTC (13th), and 0045 UTC (14th) measured 972 mb, 974 mb with an eye diameter of 17 nm, and 974 mb with an eye diameter of 15 nm, respectively. These central pressures suggest maximum winds of 88, 85, and 85 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt at 18 UTC on the 13th and at 00 UTC on the 14th are chosen for HURDAT, the same as original at 18 UTC and down from 90 kt originally at 00 UTC. No further aircraft penetrations were available for the next 36 hours until landfall in the Carolinas. It is of note that there are two conflicting versions of what happened. The first is given by Seamon in the October 1954 Climatological Data National Summary. This version states that a 20-30 mile wide eye made landfall between Wilmington and Little River Inlet. This track is supported by the well-known pressure report of 938 mb at Tilgham Point/Little River Inlet and a second pressure of 945 mb at Holden Beach Bridge, North Carolina. The second version, given by Rhodes in the 1954 Climatological Data Annual Summary, has a 12 mile wide eye making landfall just northeast of Myrtle Beach with the eastern edge right at the Little River Inlet. This version is supported by the radar fixes from the last aircraft mission, which placed the center near or over Myrtle Beach. A landfall point of 33.9N 78.6W is based upon all of the available observations including Navy radar fixes, pressure measurements, and eyewitness accounts of the eye. This is in South Carolina, just west of the South Carolina-North Carolina border. However, Rhodes suggestion that the center made landfall at North Island (79.3W) is not supported by any available information. Perhaps he was attempting to indicate where the eye first reached the coast (which is likely to be true). Landfall also did not occur at Myrtle Beach as the wind and pressure reports from that station, while incomplete, indicate that the station was inside the RMW but not near the center. Additionally, Rhodes estimate of a 12 mile wide eye is too small. The Navy reconnaissance reported 18 nm diameter eye at 07Z, which was about eight hours before landfall. The locations that reported a lull or calm inside the RMW suggested as large as a 40 nm diameter to the eye or maximum winds. Finally, the wind reports from Myrtle Beach suggest an RMW of about 20 nm, which is the value analyzed for Hazels RMW at landfall. A ship at the Carolina's coast reported a central pressure in the eye of Hazel of 938 mb at 1530 UTC on the 15th. Assuming that the 938 mb is the central pressure at landfall (which agrees with Ho et al. and Jarrell et al.), this value suggests maximum winds of 116 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The RMW size being about the same as climatology for this pressure and latitude (23 nm) and fast moving (~25 kt at landfall) would argue for a slightly stronger wind for this pressure, while the roughly 1008 mb outer closed isobar would suggest slightly less winds. Winds are thus estimated to be 115 kt at landfall, keeping it a Category 4 hurricane. As Hazel made landfall just west of the North Carolina/South Carolina border, it is analyzed that both South Carolina and North Carolina were impacted along the coast by the peak (Category 4) winds. The winds in HURDAT are revised downward adjusted at 06 UTC from 120 kt to 115 kt, but up slightly at 12 UTC on the 15th from 110 kt to 115 kt. After landfall, peak observed winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times were 70 kt at Kinston, NC around 18 UTC on the 15th and 60 kt at Philadelphia, PA around 00 UTC on the 16th. A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 68 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th, though the system was judged to be extratropical at that point (unchanged from originally in HURDAT), so the Kaplan/DeMaria model may not be very applicable by this time. 80 kt are retained in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th. Given the extratropical transition occurring around 18 UTC on the 15th while the system was over North Carolina, impacts farther north would not be considered as a tropical cyclone. It should be noted that observed 1 min hurricane force winds were also observed in Virginia and Washington D.C., and likely also occurred in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York as well. Thus the "MD2" (Maryland - Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category 2) originally in HURDAT is removed. A couple of analyzed central pressures of 982 mb and 988 mb were added for 12 and 18 UTC on the 16th based upon land-based observations. The extratropical transition accounts in the historical records differ considerably. In the Seamon, Rhodes and MWR descriptions, Hazel transformed into a powerful extratropical cyclone while moving quickly northward over the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In contrast, Knox analyzed that the Hazel vortex dissipated around 00 UTC on the 15th in south central Pennsylvania, while a new extratropical cyclone formed in western New York. Hourly observations were obtained from the region and analyzed, providing more data temporally and spatially than Knox had access to. The 2230Z October 15th map reveals the Hazel vortex was located near Washington, D.C. with cold frontal boundaries extending eastward and southward from the center as well as a stationary frontal boundary and considerable troughing extending north of Hazel. An hour later, the Hazel vortex could be seen at the Maryland-Pennsylvania border with considerably lower pressures along the stationary frontal boundary to the north. At 0030Z October 16th, the 984 mb pressure contour describes a large crescent shaped low extending from Lake Ontario down to the Pennsylvania-Maryland border. Despite the large amount of station data, it is unclear if there were two well-defined, separate lows one in central Pennsylvania and one in western New York or whether only one elongated, but very deep, low existed. Another hour later by 0130Z, the system consolidated into a single, well-defined low centered over western New York. Because the secondary low was apparently not well-defined, because it was transient (only an hour or two), and because the synoptic-scale cyclone that Hazel evolved into remained coherent late on the 15th and early on the 16th, the extratropical portion of Hazels track on these dates is retained similar to that indicated originally. Post-tropical Hazel was finally later absorbed by a larger extratropical low by 12 UTC on the 18th, thus the last position in HURDAT is indicated to be 06 UTC on the 18th, six hours earlier than originally shown. ******************************************************************************* Unnamed Tropical Storm 10 [November 16-21, 1954] 37865 11/16/1954 M= 6 10 SNBR= 833 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37865 11/16/1954 M= 6 15 SNBR= 833 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 37870 11/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*237 438 30 0* 37870 11/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*237 435 30 0* *** 37875 11/17*238 445 35 0*239 450 40 0*239 455 45 0*239 462 45 0* 37875 11/17*238 445 30 0*239 455 30 0*239 463 35 0*237 470 35 0* ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 37880 11/18*239 470 45 0*240 475 45 0*240 480 45 0*240 486 45 0* 37880 11/18*235 475 35 0*237 479 35 0*240 484 35 0*242 490 35 1005* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** 37885 11/19*240 492 45 0*240 499 45 0*240 507 45 0*240 516 45 0* 37885 11/19*243 495 30 0*245 501 30 0*246 507 30 0*244 515 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 37890 11/20*240 525 45 0*243 533 45 0*248 541 45 0*252 548 45 0* 37890 11/20*241 523 30 0*241 530 30 0*243 536 30 0*245 541 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37895 11/21*255 556 45 0*256 563 40 0*258 571 30 0*256 578 25 0* 37895 11/21*246 551 30 0*248 558 30 0*250 565 30 0*252 572 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 37900 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, and the COADS ship database. November 16: HWM analyzes a warm front between 23N and 35N and near 43W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 23.9N, 43.8W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z near 23.9N, 41.2W (COADS). November 17: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.5N, 46.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.9N, 45.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights:15 kt N and 1011 mb at 0Z near 24.2N, 46.2W (COADS). 15 kt SE and 1013 mb at 0Z near 22.0N, 42.9W (COADS). 25 kt SE and 1012 mb at 0Z near 23.2N, 39.9W (COADS). 15 kt N and 1010 mb at 06Z near 23.5N, 47.0W (COADS). 25 kt N and 1011 mb at 12Z near 23.9N, 48.8W (HWM). 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12Z near 27.0N, 47.0W (COADS). 15 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 18Z near 22.0N, 48.7W (COADS). November 18: HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.1N, 47.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 48.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 0Z near 28.3N, 49.4W. 10 kt NW and 1010 mb at 0Z near 21.4N, 49.3W. 15 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 06Z near 27.2N, 46.2W. 15 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 22.9N 47.8W. 10 kt E and 1008 mb at 12Z at 26.3N 47.6W. 10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 18Z near 25.4N, 49.1W. 15 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 18Z near 23.9N, 49.2W. All observations from COADS. November 19: HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.5N, 49.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 50.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1008 mb at 0Z near 24.5N, 50.6W. 10 kt NW and 1008 mb at 06Z near 23.6N, 51.9W. 25 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z near 26.5N, 53.4W. 10 kt NNW and 1011 mb at 12Z near 22.6N, 53.3W. 20 kt NE and 1009 mb at 18Z near 25.3N, 52.9W. All observations from COADS. November 20: HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.1N, 54.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.8N, 54.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt NE and 1012 mb at 0Z near 24.5N, 53.4W. 30 kt ENE and 1015 mb at 06Z near 29.1N, 55.3W. 15 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z near 24.6N, 57.9W. 15 kt NE and 1011 mb at 18Z near 25.2N, 56.6W. All observations from COADS. November 21: HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.7N, 55.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 25.8N, 57.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 12Z near 22.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1012 mb at 0Z near 25.6N, 51.7W. 15 kt NE and 1011 mb at 0Z near 26.0N, 55.5W. 30 kt S and 1013 mb at 12Z near 24.5N, 53.8W. 30 kt SE and 1019 mb at 18Z near 25.6N, 51.7W. All observations from COADS. No changes are made to the genesis time of this late season tropical storm. Minor track changes are introduced for the six day duration of this system. Numerous observations from ships on the 17th to the 21st indicate that the cyclone was weaker than the 45 kt shown in HURDAT for those dates. Based upon a 30 kt NE ship observation at 12Z on the 17th, an intensity of 35 kt is estimated at that time. This time is now the new onset of tropical storm intensity, twelve hours later than originally shown. A few other 30 kt ship reports were observed between that date and the 21st, but no gales were reported during the lifetime of this system. A central pressure of 1005 mb is analyzed at 18Z on the 18th, from a ship with 1006 mb and 10 kt ENE and another ship close by with 1007 mb and 15 kt WSW. 1005 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 34 kt from the north of 25N relationship. Given the structure with strongest winds 100-250 nm from the center (resembling a subtropical cyclone), intensity at this time is analyzed to be 35 kt, which could be somewhat generous. Numerous observations of higher pressure and lower winds on the 19th and the 20th strongly suggest that the cyclone weakened and the intensity is analyzed to be 30 kt for all of the times of those two dates, down from 45 kt originally in HURDAT. Thus the new peak intensity of this system is 35 kt from 12Z on the 17th until 18Z on the 18th, down from 45 kt originally. It is to be noted that there were no explicit tropical storm force winds observed in the reanalysis effort and it is possible that this system never truly achieved tropical storm intensity. However, the ship observations are not complete and therefore it is not conclusive in removing the system from HURDAT. Further weakening occurred on the 21st, as the cyclone opened up to a trough after 18Z. No change to the dissipation stage is indicated. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Alice [December 30 January 6, 1954-1955] 37905 12/30/1954 M= 8 11 SNBR= 834 ALICE XING=0 SSS=0 L 37905 12/30/1954 M= 8 16 SNBR= 834 ALICE XING=0 SSS=0 L ** 37910 12/30* 0 0 0 0*221 509 30 0*220 516 35 1007*216 524 40 0* 37915 12/31*213 533 50 0*210 543 55 0*206 552 65 0*203 560 65 0* 37920 01/01*201 568 65 0*199 574 65 0*197 581 65 0*193 592 65 0* 37920 01/01*201 568 70 0*199 574 70 0*197 581 75 0*193 592 80 0* ** ** ** ** 37925 01/02*188 605 65 0*184 616 65 0*180 624 65 0*178 628 65 0* 37925 01/02*188 605 80 0*185 616 75 0*183 624 70 0*181 628 65 991* ** *** ** *** ** *** *** 37930 01/03*176 632 70 0*173 636 70 0*170 640 70 0*165 647 70 0* 37930 01/03*178 632 60 0*174 636 60 0*168 641 55 999*163 647 55 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 37935 01/04*160 653 65 0*155 652 65 0*151 649 55 0*147 644 50 0* 37935 01/04*159 650 50 1000*155 652 45 0*151 650 40 0*147 648 35 0* *** *** ** **** ** *** ** *** ** 37940 01/05*144 640 40 0*140 636 35 0*136 633 30 0*133 631 25 0* 37940 01/05*144 648 35 0*140 648 30 0*136 650 25 0*133 650 25 0* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 37945 01/06*130 630 25 0*128 630 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 37945 01/06*130 650 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** ** 37950 HR International Landfalls 1/2/1955 21Z 18.0N 63.0W 65 kt 991 mb - St. Martin Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book (ATSR), and three Monthly Weather Review articles (the 1955 hurricane season summary, Colon (1956), and ONeill and Jordan (1962)). December 29: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 49.5W. HURDAT does not analyze this system. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z near 23.9N, 45.1W. 30 kt ENE and 1015 mb at 12Z near 21.3N, 53.8W. 35 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 22.1N, 52.7W. All observations from COADS. December 30: HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.0N, 52.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 51.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1008 mb at 06Z near 22.7N, 51.7W. 30 kt SE and 1010 mb at 12Z near 23.6N, 50.5W. 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z near 23.7N, 50.9W. 40 kt E and 1011 mb at 18Z near 23.9N, 50.0W. 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z near 21.5N, 53.6W. All observations from COADS. A low pressure of extra-tropical or nature was noted some 600 miles northeast of the Leeward Islands on December 30 (MWR) The first tropical disturbance of the 1955 season was first detected as an easterly wave, labeled locally December 1, on 30 December 1954 (Figure A-5). (ATSR) December 31: HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 54.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 55.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure system located near 20.0N, 55.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z near 22.0N, 53.0W. 30 kt E and 1014 mb at 00Z near 24.8N, 49.9W. 20 kt SW and 1006 mb at 06Z near 20.1N, 54.7W. 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z near 21.2N, 55.7W. 30 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 18Z near 22.0N, 57.0W. All observations from COADS. January 1: HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 58.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.7N, 58.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure system near 19.2N, 57.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 00Z near 22.7N, 58.1W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 21.3N, 60.0W (COADS). 25 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 18Z near 19.6N, 61.6W (COADS). 30 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z near 21.8N, 59.1W (COADS). 70 kt W (note that microfilm interpreted wind 12 as being 75 kt) and 987 mb at 1919Z near 19.2N, 59.2W; west wind 12, barometer 987, temperature 66, visibility nil (MWR). 47 kt and 998 mb at 2330Z (MWR). on January 1 it reached hurricane intensity with definite tropical characteristics. (MWR) This very rare wintertime disturbance moved westward at about 12 knots until 1830Z on 1 January (Figure A-11), when it became apparent that a vortex, possibly of tropical storm intensity, had formed in the Atlantic Caribbean area for the 1st time of record. (ATSR) January 2: HWM analyses a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.5N, 62.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 18.0N, 62.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure system near 18.5N, 62.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 00Z near 20.5N, 60.2W (COADS). 45 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 00Z near 18.6N, 60.5W (COADS). 25 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 06Z near 19.7N, 61.8W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1007 mb at 06Z near 19.6N, 61.7W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1009 mb at 12Z near 18.7N, 63.1W (COADS). 45 kt E and 1010 mb at 15Z near 20.0N, 61.4W (MICRO). 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 15Z near 19.1N, 63.2W (MICRO). 35 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 15Z near 18.4N, 63.5W (MICRO). 40 kt NE and 1003 mb at 18Z near 18.4N, 63.5W (COADS). 30 kt N and 1005 mb at 18Z near 17.7N, 64.2W (COADS). 1002 mb at 18Z near 17.2N, 64.1W (COADS). Land highlights: 991 mb at Sint Maarten (MWR). 991 mb at St. Barthelemy, maximum winds 35 kt S (MWR). 60-70 kt and 997 mb at 12Z at St. Barthelemy (MICRO). 10 kt W and 1008 mb at 12Z at St. Kitts (MICRO). 10 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z at Antigua (MICRO). 15 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at St. Kitts (MICRO). 25 kt W and 1004 mb at 18Z at St. Eustatius (MICRO). St. Kitts reported 25-35 kt, SW winds and 1002.4 mb (MWR). St. Eustatius reported 1001.4 mb (MWR). It moved on a west-southwestward course passing through the Leeward Islands on January 2. An estimated wind of 75 mph was reported at St. Kitts and the last observation from St. Barthélemy indicated wind speeds ranging from 69 to 81 mph. Winds of hurricane intensity were observed at other points. (MWR) Confirmation of Tropical Storm Alice came on 2 January via a delayed report from a US Naval Ship which reported maximum observed surface winds of 47 knots and an eye with a spiral weather band clearly defined on radar. Coordination was effected with the San Juan Weather Bureau Office and Warning Number One on Tropical Storm Alice was released as of 021900Z, locating the center near St. Barthelemy, Leeward Islands. (ATSR) The maximum wind velocity reported from a land station was 38 knots at St. Barthelemy late on 2 January 1955. (ATSR) January 3: HWM analyses a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.3N, 64.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a hurricane of at most 1002 mb at 12Z near 16.7N, 64.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 00Z near 17.1N, 64.0W. 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 19.8N, 69.5W. 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 06Z near 21.2N, 67.3W. 25 kt W and 1006 mb at 06Z near 16.0N, 64.4W. 20 kt NE and 1001 mb at 09Z near 19.9N, 64.4W. 30 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 16.5N, 65.0W. 25 kt SE and 1007 mb at 18Z near 17.2N, 64.5W. All observations from COADS. Land Highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00Z at St. Kitts. 20 kt NE and 1008 mb at 06Z at St. Thomas. All observations from microfilm. Aircraft Highlights: Air Force center fix at 1355Z at 16.6N, 64.2W with 999 mb central pressure and 55 kt max winds (MICRO, ATSR). NAVY center fix at 2100Z at 16.1N, 65.2W with 1000 mb central pressure and 50 kt max winds (MICRO, ATSR). NAVY center fix at 2215Z at 16.1N, 65.5W (ATSR). On January 3, aircraft reconnaissance reported maximum winds of 86 mph and a dropsonde in the eye confirmed the warm-core system. After January 3, the hurricane diminished rapidly in intensity. (MWR) On 3 January, weather reconnaissance aircraft found a poorly defined eye, visually and on radar, with maximum winds of about 55 knots. (ATSR) January 4: HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.6N, 64.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 15.1N, 64.9W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure system of at most 1011 mb at 12Z near 15.4N, 64.9W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 16.6N, 68.7W. 30 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z near 15.2N, 63.9W. 30 kt N and 1008 mb at 18Z near 15.2N, 66.1W. 20 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z near 14.1N, 65.1W. All observations from COADS. Aircraft Highlights: NAVY center fix at 1346Z at 15.1N, 64.8W with 30-35 kt (ATSR). On 4 January, U.S. Navy reconnaissance aircraft reported only scattered showers with a weak wind circulation center near 15N and 65W. Maximum winds were now only 30 to 35 knots in squalls some distance from the circulation center. The final warning on Tropical Storm Alice was issued on 041600Z. (ATSR) January 5: HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.6N, 63.3W at 12Z. HWM and microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1009 mb at 00Z near 16.5N, 65.0W. 15 kt N and 1009 mb at 00Z near 14.5N, 65.0W. 10 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z near 13.8N, 65.9W. 15 kt NE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 16.0N, 65.0W. 15 kt W and 1009 mb at 18Z near 13.0N, 64.9W. All observations from COADS. January 6: HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.8N, 63.0W at 06Z. HWM and microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1014 mb at 00Z near 14.7N, 66.6W. 15 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 00Z near 12.9N, 65.6W. 15 kt N and 1011 mb at 06Z near 12.7N, 67.1W. All observations from COADS. The records do indicate, however, that a winter hurricane of somewhat similar origin passed through the Leeward Islands on March 8, 1908, with Basseterre, St. Kitts, reporting a minimum pressure of 29.28 inches. Columbus described several of the winter storms encountered by him on his journeys to the New World as hurricanes. Brooks [4], however, has found they were probably normal winter storms. Occasional winter hurricanes do occur in the Pacific Ocean and tropical Lows are more rarely observed in the Atlantic, but it is most unusual for one of the latter to reach full hurricane intensity during the winter season. Possibly this may be another consequence of the general warming observed during the past several decades. There was no loss of life from Alice and damage is estimated at around $100,000. The rainfall was beneficial in Puerto Rico where it alleviated a dry period which had persisted since the middle of the previous October. (MWR) Alice was believed to be of hurricane intensity but from post analysis it never appeared to have attained winds greater than 55 knots. From inception, Alice moved on a southwesterly course at speeds ranging from 5 to 10 knots. The flow at the 500 mb level indicated a more west-southwest movement of Alice with possible movement more westerly as the storm moved across the Caribbean. The exact flow at the 200 mb level over the Caribbean was doubtful, reports were sparse and at times, non-existent, therefore it can only be conjecture as to what really caused Alice to swing to the southwest and finally weaken and dissipate while moving slowly south to southeast. Alice was never a very large circulation. Further weakening was due to the southerly component of motion plus the lack of sufficient divergence aloft to maintain the circulation. As far as is known, no damage to shipping or shore installations resulted from Alice. (ATSR) No change to the genesis of this rare out-of-season hurricane, which likely formed from an old frontal boundary that had pushed quite far equatorward. No track changes were introduced for the first three days of its lifecycle. Minor alterations were made on the 2nd to the 5th of January and a large change was introduced for the very last position kept in HURDAT due to additional ship observations not available to earlier analyses. Only one central pressure was in HURDAT originally for this system 1007 mb at 12Z on the 30th of December. While no such observation could be located to confirm it, this value appears to be in the right ballpark so it is retained. A believable 40 kt ship with 1011 mb pressure at 18Z on the 30th was obtained. No change to the intensity of 40 kt listed in HURDAT at that time and no change to the timing of upgrade to a tropical storm (12Z on the 30th) were made. Little inner core data was available on the 31st and the transition to hurricane intensity at 12Z on that date is retained. At 1919Z on the 1st of January, the ship Arawak reported 70 kt W wind with 987 mb pressure. This peripheral pressure suggests peak winds of at least 68 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Additionally, radar imagery from a separate ship the USS Midway depicted a complete eyewall of 25 nm diameter just a few hours later. This suggests an RMW of about 15-20 nm, which is nearly the same as climatology (16 nm Vickery et al. 2000) for its latitude and a central pressure ~980mb. The intensity is estimated to be 80 kt at 18Z on the 1st and 00Z on the 2nd, which is the new peak for the cyclones lifetime (previously the lifetime peak was 70 kt on the 3rd). On the 2nd, the hurricane had begun weakening and passed over St. Martin and St. Barthelemy with 991 mb pressure and near calm winds reported. While the time of these observations was not given, it is likely that these were just after 18Z on the 2nd and 991 mb is added to HURDAT as a central pressure. This central pressure suggests winds of 62 kt. Observations from the Leeward Islands were confused as various articles from the Monthly Weather Review are contradictory. For example, estimated wind of 75 m.p.h. was reported at St. Kitts in the seasonal summary published in December 1955, though Colons table in the January 1956 article showed force 6-8 (25-35 kt). Likewise, the seasonal summary had 69 to 81 m.p.h. (likely converted from 60-70 kt) at St. Barthelemy, while Colon showed a maximum wind of only 35 kt for the same location. Colon did report strongest wind of 75 m.p.h. estimated at Saba. An intensity of 65 kt at 18Z is selected, which is the same as HURDAT previously. A landfall is indicated for St. Martin around 21Z on the 2nd near 18.0N 63.0W and Category 1 sustained hurricane force winds likely occurred in St. Martin, Anguilla, Saba, and St. Barthelemy. As the cyclone moved into the northeastern Caribbean Sea, it continued weakening. Two aircraft reconnaissance flights were undertaken on the 3rd and one on the 4th. At 1355Z on the 3rd, the Air Force reconnaissance reported 999 mb central pressure, a poorly defined eye of 15 nm diameter (suggesting an RMW of ~10-15 nm), and estimated maximum flight level winds of 55 kt as seen in the microfilm. (It is noted that the MWR summary article stated that winds of 86 m.p.h. were reported from reconnaissance. However, this is contradicted by all of the remaining reports.) 999 mb central pressure suggests winds of 49 kt. 55 kt is reanalyzed for the intensity at 12Z and 18Z on the 3rd (in part due to the small size) down originally from 70 kt. A 2110Z Navy center fix from the same day measured 1000 mb central pressure and estimated maximum flight level winds of 50 kt. This central pressure suggests maximum winds of 47 kt. 50 kt is analyzed for 00Z (again slightly boosted because of the small size), down from 65 kt originally. The revised intensities are lowered to below hurricane force at 00Z on the 3rd, 36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. The last reconnaissance at 1346Z on the 4th by the Navy gave no central pressure, but did indicate that the highest estimated flight-level winds were down 30 to 35 kt. The intensity is reduced to 40 kt at 12Z on the 4th, down from 55 kt originally. While the intensity was dropped by at least 15 kt between 12Z on the 3rd to 18Z on the 4th, only one synoptic time 06Z on the 4th - had a 20 kt reduction, a major change. Observations on the 5th and 6th over the eastern Caribbean continued to indicate gradual weakening and the cyclone is analyzed to have degraded to a depression around 06Z on the 5th (six hours earlier than originally) and dissipated after 00Z on the 6th (also six hours earlier than originally). The genesis and track of this rare December-January hurricane is analogous to Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 and Tropical Storm Olga in 2007. It is also of note that in January 1951 yet another out-of-season cyclone developed, which has been reanalyzed to be a tropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1954 - Additional Notes: 1) Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm depict a low pressure system northeast of the Leeward Islands with gale-force winds that moved generally northeast before becoming absorbed by a cold front. On the 25th of January, the tail-end of a frontal boundary was located north of Puerto Rico and by the 26th, a 1015 mb low pressure had developed north of the Leeward Islands on the tail of the frontal boundary. HWM also depicts on the 26th a trough or wave extending from 20N to 10N along 57W. These systems interacted and on the 27th, HWM shows a 1010 mb low pressure along the northern part of the trough near 23N 57W. By this time, HWM indicates that the frontal boundary had dissipated. On the 28th, the system continued slowly moving north or northwest. The first gales associated with this disturbance appear at 18Z on the 28th. COADS shows a 35 kt ship near 27.1N 52.5W and another 35 kt ship near 23.2N 50.2W. Other available data at this time indicate that a low pressure may have been present but is not sufficient to close it. On the 29th, a strong cold front moved across the area and absorbed the system. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roths list of suspects. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan. 27 23N 57W Subtropical Depression Jan. 28 25N 59W Subtropical Storm? Jan. 29 33N 55W Extratropical 2) Historical Weather Maps depicts an extratropical low pressure system meandering over the north Atlantic for almost two weeks during the 2nd and 3rd week of April. The system is first shown on the 13th near 40N 55W associated with an eastward-moving cold front. Over the next few days, the strong extratropical cyclone drifts to the northeast and on the 16th, HWM shows a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 44N 51W. Over the next 2 days it moves to the southeast and on the 18th its located near 35N 45W. At this time, HWM shows that the cold front associated with the disturbance has begun to dissipate as it evolves into a large occluded cyclone of at most 1005 mb. Over the next 3 days, the low pressure drift to the southeast and continues to show a large circulation associated with a non-tropical cyclone. On the 22nd its located near 32N 43W as a cold front is approaching from the northwest. HWM shows an elongated low pressure system, likely as a response to the approaching cold front. The circulation remains broad and gale-force winds are depicted over 200 miles away from the center, indicating that the system is likely non-tropical. By the 23th, the system is gone from HWM, likely absorbed by the cold front. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roths list of suspects. DAY LAT LON STATUS Apr. 21 32N 42W Extratropical Apr. 22 32N 43W Subtropical Storm? Apr. 23 41N 29W Extratropical 3) Historical Weather Maps depicts an extratropical cyclone embedded within a cold front near 47N 30W. The non-tropical system moved south over the next 3 days and on the 19th of May its located near 41N 31W. By this time, HWM shows that the frontal system has dissipated and the storm has developed into an occluded cyclone of at most 1010 mb. Over the next few days, the cyclone moves southwest and weakens until dissipation by the 26th over the central Atlantic. Gale-force winds are reported by a ship on the 20th but this ship is about 4 degrees of longitude to the west of the center of the cyclone, an indication that the strongest winds are away from the low pressure, which is normal in non-tropical cyclones. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roths list of suspects. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 19 41N 31W Subtropical Depression May 20 39N 30W Subtropical Storm? May 21 38N 30W Subtropical Storm? May 22 35N 33W Subtropical Depression May 23 33N 36W Subtropical Depression May 24 30N 37W Subtropical Depression May 25 27N 43W Subtropical Depression 4) Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary cold front over the central Atlantic on the 21st of June. The system slowly moves to the east and on the 23rd a low pressure of at most 1020 mb is shown near 32N 54W. On the 24th, HWM shows a trough of low pressure extending from 35N to 25N and along 54W. At 18Z on the 24th, there is some indication that a small low pressure could have been located near 33N 53W. HWM shows a 30 kt ship near 33.7N 51.2W but microfilm shows 40 kt in relation to the same ship. Unfortunately, there is not enough data to close the low pressure. At 0Z on the 25th the low pressure looks better defined based on the plotted COADS data and could have been located near 34.5N 53W. But at this time there are no gales or low pressures to indicate that it was a tropical storm. Later on the day, a cold front approaching from the west absorbs the small system. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS June 23 32N 54W Tropical Depression June 24 33N 53W Tropical Storm? June 25 35N 32W Absorbed 5) Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm depict a cold front between Bermuda and the SE United States on the last week of July. By the 28th, a low pressure had formed along the cold front or trough and it was moving to the southwest. By the 29th, the system turns to the west while ships in the area indicate that the surface pressures were rising. By July 31, the weakened system was approaching the coast and appears to have dissipated by August 1st. No gales appear on COADS, HWM or Microfilm. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. This system is on David Roths list of suspects. DAY LAT LON STATUS July 28 35N 71W Extratropical July 29 31N 73W Subtropical Depression July 30 31N 76W Subtropical Depression July 31 30N 80W Subtropical Depression 6) Historical Weather Maps, the microfilm maps, COADS, and Monthly Weather Review observations indicate that a system that was originally in HURDAT indicated to be the early portion of Hurricane Edna on the 2nd through the 4th of September was instead a separate tropical depression. The cyclone formed east of the Lesser Antilles on the 1st of September and moved due westward over the next three days before dissipating over northern South America late on the 4th. It is noted that an invest mission was flown into this system on 3 September. No gales or low pressures were observed from this system, but it is possible that it reached tropical storm intensity at some point during its lifetime. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep 1 11N 54W Tropical Depression Sep 2 11N 56W Tropical Depression Sep 3 11N 62W Tropical Depression Sep 4 11N 65W Tropical Depression 7) Historical Weather Map and Microfilm depict a trough or low pressure system over the Gulf of Mexico that moved generally to the west during the first week of October. Three flights made by the NAVY aircrafts indicate that the disturbance had a closed low-level circulation but no winds of gale force were measured. Reconnaissance aircraft did report 1006 mb on 2 October. No gales were observed in COADS and only one 35-kt ship appears on microfilm on October 3rd at 18Z. Due to the lack of evidence of tropical storm force winds, this system is not added to HURDAT but it may have been a weak tropical storm. This system is on Jack Bevens and David Roths list of suspects. DAY LAT LON STATUS October 2 23N 85W Tropical Depression October 3 24N 93W Tropical Depression October 4 27N 97W Tropical Depression October 5 28N 101W Dissipated 8) Historical Weather Map depicts a cold front on the 26th in the Central Atlantic. A low pressure develops near 29N, 57W along the frontal boundary on the 27th. On the 28th, the system is located near 31N, 52W and although the HWM shows it associated with a frontal feature; ships in the area indicate that the front may have already dissipated. On the 29th at 0Z, a stationary ship at 35N, 48W reported 35 kt but it reports the lowest central pressure of 1011 mb nine hours later and 25 kt. On the 29th at 12Z, the well-defined low pressure was located near 36N, 46W and a strong cold front was approaching from the northwest. By the 30th, the low pressure had become embedded with the cold front. Its possible that this system was a tropical storm but at the moment theres insufficient data and wont be added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS October 27 24N 57W Low Pressure October 28 31N 52W Tropical Depression October 29 36N 46W Tropical Storm? October 30 37N 45W Extratropical 9) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and Microfilm depict a low pressure system in the Gulf of Mexico during the second week of November that moved generally north and became an extratropical cyclone before moving over the southeast. A cold front dropped into the Gulf of Mexico on the first week of November and a low pressure is depicted in the HWM on the 12th near 22N, 93W. MWR shows the system located near 24N, 92W. Ship and land reports show a cold airmass over the western Gulf of Mexico. The cold air subsided over the next few days as the system moved north, but it remained too cold to allow for subtropical or tropical transition before frontogenesis took place on the 15th. Therefore, this system is not added to HURDAT. This system is on Jack Bevens list of suspects. 10) Historical Weather Maps depict an extratropical low pressure on the third week of December over the north Atlantic. The system moves southeast and becomes occluded by the 20th near 31N, 45W. Gale-force winds where present but temperature reports from nearby ships indicate that the low pressure remained embedded within a cold airmass and the system never transitioned to a subtropical or tropical storm. Therefore, this system is not added to HURDAT. This system is on David Roths list of suspects. ******************************************************************************* Tropical Storm Brenda [July 31 August 3, 1955] 38600 07/31/1955 M= 4 1 SNBR= 846 BRENDA XING=1 SSS=0 38605 07/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 884 50 0* 38605 07/31* 0 0 0 0*275 875 30 0*276 879 40 0*278 882 50 0* ** *** *** ** *** *** 38610 08/01*282 886 55 0*288 888 60 0*293 890 60 0*299 895 55 0* 38610 08/01*282 884 60 0*286 886 60 0*293 890 60 0*299 895 55 0* *** ** *** *** 38615 08/02*306 904 45 0*311 916 35 0*315 928 30 0*318 938 25 0* 38615 08/02*306 904 40 0*311 916 30 0*315 928 25 0*318 938 25 0* ** ** ** 38620 08/03*321 950 25 0*325 962 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 38620 08/03*322 947 25 0*327 950 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* *** *** *** *** ** 38625 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall ------------------------------------- 08/01 17Z 29.7N 89.4W 55 kt LA Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Local Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, Connor (1956) and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book. July 30: HWM and HURDAT does not analyze an organized system. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure centered near 27.5N, 84.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1010 mb located near 30.5N, 87.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. July 31: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 88.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 27.5N, 88.4W at 18Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 27.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 27.3N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1014 mb at 12Z near 26.6N, 87.8W (COADS). 45 kt SW and 1014 mb at 15Z near 26.9N, 87.9W (micro). 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z near 26.9N, 88.9W (COADS). 40 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 18Z near 27.6N, 88.3W (COADS). 35 kt and 1009 mb at 18Z near 27.3N, 88.0W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix at 2105Z at 27.6N, 88.3W (micro). August 1: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 29.3N, 89.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.2N, 89.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1003 mb located near 29.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 85 kt SW and 1011 mb at 00Z at 26.9N 88.2W (micro winds appear to be incorrect); 80 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 28.5N 88.0W (micro); 40 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z near 28.0N, 87.6W (micro); 35 kt WSW and 1010 mb at 00Z near 26.5N, 88.8W (COADS); 45 kt SW and 1010 mb at 00Z near 26.6N, 88.0W (COADS); and 35 kt W and 1010 mb at 06Z near 26.5N, 89.7W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix at 0025Z at 28.1N, 88.4W, max winds of 50 kt and 1005 mb (micro). NAVY center fix near 1630Z at 29.7N, 89.1W, max winds of 60 kt and 998 mb (peripheral) (micro). Land highlights: 25 kt SW and 1000 mb at Pilottown, LA at 13Z (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1008 mb at Fort Morgan, AL at 15Z (micro/CONNOR). 35 kt SSE at Bay St. Louis, MS (CONNOR). 1004 mb with 20 kt N at 2025Z at New Orleans Airport (SWO). 1000 mb with WNW 20 kt at 2003Z at Naval Air Station New Orleans (SWO). August 2: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 92.8W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 32.5N, 93.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 31.7N, 93.0W at 12Z. Land highlights: 39 kt at Gulfport, MS, at 0340Z (CONNOR). 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at Baton Rouge, LA at ~02Z (SWO, CLIMA). 30 kt at Lake Charles, LA (MWR 1955). August 3: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.2N, 95.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.5N, 96.2W at 06Z (last position). Microfilm does not analyze a tropical low pressure at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 33.7N, 95.9W at 12Z. ATSR: Tropical Storm Brenda, the second storm of the 1955 season, formed and behaved quite the same as tropical storm Barbara of the 1954 season (see annual Tropical Storm Report 1954). Both storms generated from a weak low pressure circulation associated with a quasi-stationary front extending westward from the Atlantic Seaboard into Georgia and Alabama. The first indication of the extratropical low was detected on 30 July at 0030Z and by 0300Z a closed low was also evident at the 700 mb level. The surface low was watched carefully for tropical storm development since the surface low was moving slowly southward toward the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and was being subjected to divergent flow aloft at the 500 and 200 mb levels. By 310300Z, the surface and 700 mb low had deepened and slightly intensified as it had moved southwesterly to the south of Burrwood, Louisiana. Aircraft weather reconnaissance was immediately ordered for the afternoon of 31 July. Shortly after arriving in the area, the weather reconnaissance aircraft reported maximum winds of 50 knots on the southern edge of a large calm area centered near 27.6N 88.3W at 312105Z. This elongated, calm area was without tropical eye characteristics but was located by wind shift and minimum pressure. The first coordinated warning on Tropical Storm Brenda was issued at 312300Z on the basis at the aircraft reports and the 311830Z surface reports. At this time, Brenda was expected to intensify and move toward the west or west-northwest with the flow in which it was embedded. Instead, Brendas center became larger and orientated north-south while drifting slowly some 120 miles to the north before changing course to the west. By 011830Z, Brenda appeared to have become more tropical in character. The pressure gradient had increased and it is probable that an eye had replaced the weak circulation center. It was fortunate that Brenda passed inland before being able to intensify into a destructive hurricane. Brenda moved inland between Gulfport, Mississippi, and New Orleans, Louisiana, about 012030Z without significant damage to the coast. The final warning was issued at 012200Z, August, placing the storm just north of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, moving westward and weakening rapidly. Tropical Storm Brenda and Barbara of the 1954 season were almost identical twins. Both formed from a low center associated with a frontal trough which moved south of the southern United States into the Gulf of Mexico. They were both unique in that they were hybrid storms, half tropical and half extra-tropical, Neither, as far as is known, attained an eye but Brenda most probably would have assumed complete tropical characteristics had it remained over the waters of the Gulf of Mexico for a slightly longer period of time. MWR: July 31-August 2. A weak low-pressure area over the northern Gulf of Mexico on July 29 and 30 was designated Tropical Storm Brenda on July 31 when it was about 100 miles south-southeast of Burrwood, LA. Winds were estimated at 50 to 60 mph near the center. The storm moved slowly for several hours, crossed the Louisiana coast during the afternoon at August 1 and was centered about 30 miles northeast of New Orleans. After moving inland the storm weakened rapidly and at 10 pm had reached a position 20 miles northwest of Baton Rouge, LA, with the strongest winds near the center 20 to 25 mph. Two deaths occurred in automobile accidents directly attributable to the storm. Damage along the Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama coasts was limited to small piers, fishing and pleasure craft, and flooding of highways. Genesis for Brenda is begun 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT, as observations at 06Z on July 31st indicate that the system did have a closed circulation. The system is started as a tropical depression and upgraded to a tropical storm at 12Z through the evidence of ship observations near the systems center. Minor track changes were introduced on all four days of this systems existence except for the 2nd of August. The largest change (> one deg) is on the last position of the cyclone (06Z on the 3rd). The Navy Aircraft Reconnaissance flew three missions to the cyclone making three fixes. On August 1st at 0025Z, it measured a pressure of 1005 mb and estimated maximum winds of 50 kt. However, two ships at that time indicated substantially more significant observations. The first ship Gulf Caribbean - showing SW 85 kt and 1011 mb does not appear to have valid winds. A ship from COADS, either the same ship or one very nearby, indicates SW 45 kt and 1010 mb at the same time. Two other separate ships in the vicinity also have substantially weaker (30 and 35 kt) winds. However, the Geo McDonalds observations of 999 mb with S 80 kt are not so easily discounted. The pressure value suggests maximum winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Using a compromise between the aircraft and ship observations, an intensity of 60 kt is now analyzed at 00 and 06Z, indicating a quick intensification. This is the same peak value as that shown in HURDAT. However, it is possible that Brenda reached hurricane intensity. On August 1st at 1906Z, the NAVY airplane measured a peripheral pressure of 998 mb right after landfall, which suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt north of 25N. Based on the 1000 mb measured in Pilottown, LA at 13Z and 998 mb measured by reconnaissance near 1630Z, an intensity of 55 kt is analyzed at 18Z. The tropical storm made landfall in SE Louisiana around 17Z on the 1st near 29.7N, 89.4W with maximum winds around 55 kt. This is the same as that shown in HURDAT at 18Z originally. Highest observations from land were 25 kt SW and 1000 mb at Pilottown, LA, at 13Z on August 1st, 40 kt SSE at Fort Morgan, AL, at 15Z on the 1st and 39 kt at Gulfport, MS, at 0340Z on the 2nd. After landfall, the cyclone moved west-northwest across Louisiana entering eastern Texas late on the 2nd. New Orleans, LA measured 1003 mb on August 1st and 1004 mb were recorded at Baton Rouge, LA on the 2nd. Gradual weakening took place after landfall and weakening to a tropical depression occurred at 06Z on August 2nd, six hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. The cyclone dissipated after 06Z on the 3rd, based upon numerous observations over the south Central United States. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Connie [August 3-15, 1955] 38630 08/03/1955 M=13 2 SNBR= 847 CONNIE XING=1 SSS=3 38630 08/03/1955 M=13 2 SNBR= 847 CONNIE XING=1 SSS=2 * 38635 08/03* 0 0 0 0*153 356 30 0*157 392 35 0*161 427 40 0* 38635 08/03* 0 0 0 0*153 400 30 0*157 421 35 0*161 442 40 1004* *** *** *** **** 38640 08/04*164 453 40 0*167 470 40 0*170 487 45 1002*174 509 50 0* 38640 08/04*164 460 50 0*167 477 60 0*170 493 70 0*174 509 70 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** * ** 38645 08/05*177 530 60 0*180 549 95 0*183 566 110 985*187 577 115 0* 38645 08/05*177 523 70 0*180 542 70 0*183 561 75 0*185 579 75 985* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** *** ** *** 38650 08/06*190 588 120 0*193 603 120 0*196 619 125 982*197 636 125 0* 38650 08/06*187 595 80 0*190 609 85 0*193 624 90 0*196 639 100 968* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** *** *** *** 38655 08/07*202 652 125 0*209 667 125 0*220 680 125 952*229 691 125 944* 38655 08/07*204 652 105 0*212 664 110 0*220 676 115 952*228 688 120 944* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38660 08/08*239 700 125 0*250 708 125 0*262 715 125 944*273 720 125 936* 38660 08/08*239 700 120 0*250 711 115 0*261 718 110 944*270 723 105 944* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38665 08/09*283 726 125 0*292 732 125 0*297 737 125 958*300 742 125 954* 38665 08/09*279 729 105 0*287 734 100 0*294 738 100 959*300 742 95 961* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** 38670 08/10*304 746 125 0*306 749 125 977*308 753 125 970*309 760 120 0* 38670 08/10*304 748 90 0*307 753 85 0*309 758 85 972*311 764 85 970* *** ** *** *** ** * *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 38675 08/11*311 768 115 0*315 769 105 0*321 770 95 975*328 770 90 0* 38675 08/11*313 769 80 973*316 770 80 0*321 770 75 978*327 771 75 977* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** *** ** *** 38680 08/12*336 770 85 0*342 766 80 0*348 762 70 965*356 760 65 962* 38680 08/12*332 770 80 0*337 769 80 0*343 768 85 965*350 766 85 962* *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 38685 08/13*366 759 60 969*379 759 50 974*392 764 45 982*407 774 35 995* 38685 08/13*363 761 75 969*377 762 60 974*391 766 50 982*405 774 45 995* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 38690 08/14*420 787 30 998*429 802 25 1002*437 816 25 1006*445 826 25 1010* 38690 08/14*419 793 45 998*429 813 40 1002*437 825 40 1006*445 833 35 1010* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 38695 08/15*454 830 25 0*463 830 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 38695 08/15*454 830 35 1011* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* ** **** 38700 HR NC3 VA1 38700 HR NC2 VA1 *** U.S. Hurricane: Aug 12th 15Z 34.7N 76.7W 85 kt Category 2 962 mb 30 nm RMW - 1011 mb OCI 425 nm ROCI Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde hurricane that made landfall in North Carolina. A major change is made to the time this cyclone first became a hurricane and a major hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Climatological Data, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987) and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 2: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.0N, 41.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. The irregular Cape Verde reports provide no evidence of any unstable wave passing through the area in which Connie might later have developed (MWR). August 3: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 44.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.7N, 39.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 16.5N, 44.0W at 18Z (first available). Ship highlights: 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 18Z near 15.8N, 44.5W (COADS/MICRO). The first indications of hurricane Connie were noted on the morning of August 3 when the SS Mormacreed reported unusually strong westerly winds and showery, squally weather between Latitudes 5º and 10º N, and Longitudes 50º and 55ºW. At the same time another ship, the African Sun, passed through a strong easterly wave in the vicinity of Latitude 16ºN and Longitude 45ºW (MWR). On the 2nd and 3rd of August, the tropical analysis to the east of the Lesser Antilles, from the scant number of reports, indicated a weak vortex, in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC), moving along the 12th parallel. In addition, an easterly wave, previously believed to be of weak to moderate intensity, indicated possible vortex development in the vicinity of 13N and 46W at 031230Z. Later the combined ship reports from the BONAIRE and KFDE at 031230Z and 031830Z indicated the vortex had developed slightly further north in the vicinity of 15N 46.5W (ATSR). [It appears that African Sun is ship KFDH on the microfilm map and is ship 2801 in COADS. KFDE in the ATSR report may be a typographical error for KFDH. The specific observations from the Mormacreed are not available.] August 4: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 48.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 17.0N, 48.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb centered near 18.1N, 48.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NW and 996 mb at 03Z near 17.0N, 47.2W. 30-40 kt NW and 997 mb at 17.8N, 49.5W at 1130Z. 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 17.0N, 50.5W at 15Z. All observations from MICRO. The SS Bonaire reported a pressure of 996.2 mb (29.42 inches) and a wind of east-northeast force 8 at 2200 EST of the 3rd, providing the first indication that a strong vortex had formed in the northern end of the easterly wave. Earlier in the day, there were some indications of a vortex in the southern end but the principal cyclogenesis took place in the top end of the wave, as is usually the case, and hurricane Connie was born. Reconnaissance aircraft on the 4th reported the eye at Latitude 15.8ºN and Longitude 52.8ºW, with a false radar eye about 75 miles northeast of this position. Highest wind observed was 55 knots in the northeast quadrant. As it turned out, the false eye proved to be the real vortex which developed rapidly into hurricane Connie (MWR). A later report from the ship BONAIRE at 040300Z was the first definite indication that the disturbance was deepening rapidly. Their surface pressure had fallen from 1005 mbs to 996.2 mbs in three hours and the wind had veered from north to east-northeast 40 knots. This revealed the center to be very near the position of the BONAIRE at 040300Z and that the disturbance was of storm intensity. A good fix was obtained at 041130Z on the center of Storm Connie when the ship LINDA ELRA, heading on a south-west course at a speed of advance of 15 knots, passed within an estimated 12 miles of the storm center. Hourly reports received from this ship showed the winds backing from northeast to northwest and increasing to 40 knots, and the pressure falling from 1002.4 mbs to 996.6 mbs in an hour and a half, as the ship neared the estimated position of the storm center. From this information, a speed check indicated the storm center to be moving west-northwest at 15 knots. Aircraft reconnaissance was first made into Connie by an Air Force flight from Bermuda on the 4th of August. Flying at the 500 mb level, the center fix reported by the reconnaissance flight was approximately 150 miles to the southwest of the expected storm track, therefore, it was believed unreliable in weight of other data, and was not used (ATSR). August 5: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 18.3N, 57.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 18.3N, 56.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb centered at 18.2N, 57.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 65 kt N and 1008 mb at 18.1N, 58.5W at 21Z (MICRO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 18.2N, 56.7W at 1110Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix, 75-90 kt max surface winds, 985 mb central pressure centered at 18.4N, 57.9W at 1805Z (MICRO). The storm moved west to west-northwest at 14 to 16 mph, gradually increasing in size and intensity and by the morning of the 5th, maximum winds were estimated at 125 mph with a central pressure of 985 mb (29.09 inches) (MWR). The second reconnaissance flight was made by a Navy reconnaissance aircraft with a low level center penetration. This center fix obtained at 051110Z revealed that Connie had continued on a west to west-northwest course, as anticipated, at a speed of about 18 knots and had not dipped to the southwest as the first reconnaissance flight had indicated. Maximum winds reported had increased to 110 knots and the minimum central surface pressure had decreased to 985 mbs showing a considerable intensification during the past 24 hours (ATSR). August 6: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 20.3N, 62.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 61.9W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb located near 20.0N, 62.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered at 20.0N, 62.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 21.1N, 60.5W at 12Z. 40 kt E and 1006 mb at 22.5N, 62.0W at 12Z. 65 kt N and 979 mb at 19.8N, 64.5W at 18Z. 50 kt E and 1008 mb at 21.0N, 60.7W at 18Z. 35 kt S and 977 mb at 19.8N, 64.6W at 21Z. All observations from MICRO. Land highlights: 20 kt W and 1002 mb at St. Kitts and Navis at 9Z. 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at Anguilla at 15Z. 35 kt S and 1004 mb at Anguilla at 21Z. All observations from MICRO. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 19.1N, 60.9W at 0609Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 19.9N, 62.8W at 1009Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 978 at 19.5N, 63.8W at 1712Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 968 mb and max surface winds of 125 kt centered at 19.6N, 63.9W at 18Z (micro); Penetration center fix at 20.3N, 64.6W at 2005Z (ATSR). The hurricane center passed some 40 to 50 miles north of the northern Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico, attended by gale winds with peak gusts of 80 to 100 mph and moderately heavy rains in the islands (MWR). August 7: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 22.5N, 67.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 68.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 980 mb located near 22.5N, 67.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered at 22.3N, 68.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 20.3N, 64.7W at 0Z (COADS/MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 20.8N, 64.9W at 6Z (COADS). 55 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 23.9N, 68.0W at 15Z (MICRO). 65 kt E and 999 mb at 23.7N, 60.6W at 18Z (COADS). 100 kt WNW and 995 mb at 23.4N, 69.3W at 21Z (COADS). 100 kt SE and 998 mb at 23.7N, 67.5 W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: No gale force winds. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 20.8N, 65.9W at 0304Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 21.7N 66.8W at 0634Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 22.0N, 67.7W at 1251Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.4N, 68.3W at 1355Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.4N, 68.3W at 1430Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.3N, 68.4W at 1530Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.4N, 68.4W at 16Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.9N, 68.6W at 1730Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 125 kt, central pressure of 944 mb and a 38 mile diameter eye at 22.8N, 68.8W at 1800Z (micro). On August 7 the eye was described by the observer as being shaped like an inverted cone, with the calm area less than 8 miles in diameter at the surface and 38 miles across at 18,000 feet. Maximum surface wind at this time was estimated at 145 mph and lowest pressure was 952 mb (28.11 inches) measured by dropsonde (MWR). Lowest pressure in the hurricane eye estimated 27.88 inches (WBO). August 8: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.7N, 71.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 26.2N, 71.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb located near 26.8N, 71.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 984 mb centered at 26.0N, 72.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 55 kt SE and 1002 mb at 24.3N, 67.6W at 00Z (COADS). 80 kt SE and 1004 mb at 23.9N, 67.5W at 00Z (COADS). 55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 25.5N, 68.0W at 06Z (COADS). 55 kt SE and 1004 mb at 27.0N, 72.0W at 18Z (MICRO). Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb at Grand Turk at 00Z. 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at San Salvador, Bahamas at 09Z. 25 kt W and 1005 mb at San Salvador, Bahamas at 21Z. All observations from MICRO. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured a 28 mi diameter eye at 24.3N, 70.7W at 02Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured a 35 mi diameter eye at 25.0N, 71.6W at 06Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 26.5N, 71.9W at 1350Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 120 kt, a central pressure of 944 mb and a 40 mile diameter eye at 27.0N, 72.5W at 1600Z (MICRO); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 110 kt, a central pressure of 944 mb and a 40 mile diameter eye at 26.8N, 72.2W at 1704Z (MICRO). On the next day, the central pressure had diminished to 944 mb (27.88 inches) the lowest during the life of the hurricane, as it moved northwestward some 200 to 250 miles east of the Bahama Islands (MWR). The Navy Reconnaissance plane this morning found the eye 40 miles in diameter and the central pressure 27.88 inches (WBO). Air Force and Navy Reconnaissance planes late this forenoon found that the central pressure was remaining steady at 27.88 inches (WBO). August 9: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 30.2N, 73.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 73.7W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb located near 29.8N, 74.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered at 30.0N, 74.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.3N, 71.2W at 10Z (MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.2N, 70.0W at 15Z (MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.5N, 71.5W at 18Z (COADS). 50 kt N and 1005 mb at 31.5N, 77.2W at 18Z (MICRO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 28.5N, 73.0W at 0245Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 28.5N, 73.0W at 0330Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 28.7N, 74.1W at 0630Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.1N, 73.3W at 0706Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.2N, 73.5W at 08Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 959 mb and a 35 mile diameter eye at 29.9N, 74.1W at 1440Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 961 mb and a 34 mile diameter eye at 30.1N, 74.5W at 20Z (MICRO); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 135 kt and a 700 mb height of 9180 ft at 30.2N, 74.8W at 2248Z (micro). The hurricane slowed to 6 to 8 mph in forward speed 400 to 500 miles off the northeastern coast of Florida and central pressure had filled to 954 mb (28.17 inches) by the afternoon of the 9th (MWR). From the time of the second aircraft reconnaissance flight until the time in which Connie encroached upon the mainland of the United States, almost constant aircraft surveillance was maintained. The center fixes by aircraft reconnaissance were so numerous from the 9th of August until the 12th of August that at times the reports were difficult to plot when the storm movement was slow and erratic. The aircraft center fixes during this period revealed erratic storm movement which is discussed in Section II (2) of the report on Connie (ATSR). August 10: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 31.2N, 75.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 30.8N, 75.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb located near 29.8N, 74.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb centered at 31.0N, 76.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 998 mb at 28.9N, 77.0W at 6Z (COADS). 50 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 31.5N, 79.2W at 12Z (COADS). 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 33.5N, 77.5W at 15Z (MICRO). 55 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 31.3N, 79.3W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a 35 mile diameter eye at 30.6N, 75.5W at 0410Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 972 mb at 31.0N, 75.7W at 1232Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 977 mb and a 30 mile diameter eye at 31.0N, 75.3W at 1432Z; Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 120 kt, a central pressure of 970 mb and a 35 mile diameter eye at 31.1N, 76.7W at 18Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 31.3N, 76.6W at 1916Z; Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 76.5W at 2004Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb and a 50 mile diameter eye at 31.1N, 76.9W at 2229Z. All observations from MICRO. 977 mb (28.85 inches) by the morning of the 10th. Penetration during the 10th indicated the eye was becoming filled with clouds and poorly defined. Connie drifted slowly towards the west-northwest and west on the 9th and 10th and north-northeast on the 11th (MWR). The central pressure in the hurricane has filled about nine tenths of an inch during the past 36 to 48 hours and is now 28.70 inches (WBO). August 11: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 32.8N, 76.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 32.1N, 77.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb located near 32.5N, 77.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered at 32.2N, 77.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 999 mb at 33.5N, 77.5W at 0Z (MICRO). 60 kt N and 1003 mb at 31.1N, 79.5W at 0Z (COADS). 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 31.5N, 76.4W at 15Z (MICRO). 60 kt WSW and 992 mb at 31.1N, 76.4W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 30 kt NE and 997 mb at Wilmington, NC at 19Z (MICRO). Aircraft highlights: 978 mb (extrapolated from 850 mb heights of 4000 ft) at 32.3N 77.3W at 1050Z. 978 mb at 32.3N, 77.5W at 13Z. 977 mb at 32.0N, 77.2W at 1540Z. 977 mb at 32.4N, 77.0W with 20 nm diameter eye at 1715Z. 976 mb at 32.8N, 77.3W with 25 nm diameter eye at 19Z. 976 mb with 20 nm diameter eye at 32.8N, 77.3W at 2050Z. 976 mb at 32.7N, 77.2W at 2130Z. All observations from MICRO. August 12: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 34.7N, 75.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 34.8N, 76.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb located near 34.5N, 76.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 981 mb centered at 34.8N, 76.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 992 mb at 31.2N, 76.5W at 0Z (COADS). 65 kt SW and 992 mb at 32.3N, 77.1W at 03Z (MICRO). 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 32.3N, 75.8W at 06Z (COADS). 67 kt N and 981 mb at Frying Pan Lighthouse at 8Z (MICRO). 65 kt SE and 996 mb at Diamond Shoals Lighthouse at 8Z (MICRO). 60 kt SE and 989 mb at 34.4N, 75.0W at 15Z (MICRO). Land highlights: 63 kt (gusts to 72 kt) at Wilmington, NC, no time given (MWR). 60 kt NE and 992 mb at Newport, NC at 03Z (MICRO). 67 kt SE and 997 mb at Frying Pan Lighthouse at 6Z (MICRO). 50 kt NNE and 969 mb at Newport, NC at 15Z (MICRO). 30 kt W and 976 mb at Newport, NC at 18Z (MICRO). 962 mb at Fort Macon, NC, no time given (MWR). 979 mb (minimum pressure) with 40 kt SSE at 2049Z and 49 kt SE (fastest mile) at 1301Z at Hatteras (SWO). Aircraft highlights: Center fix at 33.3N, 77.1W with 60 nm eye at 01Z (ATSR); Center fix at 33.4N, 77.0W at 06Z (ATSR); Center fix at 34.0N 76.5W with 40 nm diameter eye at 0900Z (micro); Center fix at 34.1N, 76.5W at 0956Z (ATSR) and center fix at 35.0N, 76.8W at 1715Z (ATSR). Radar fix: 0647Z excellent fix 40 miles dia from Hatteras (micro). It then turned northward again on the 12th as it passed inland on the North Carolina coast near Morehead City. At Wilmington, NC, the fastest measured mile was 72 mph, and the peak gust was 83 mph during the evening of the 11th as the hurricane passed about 100 miles to the southeast and east of the station. Winds of 75 mph with peak gusts of 100 mph and lowest pressure of 962 mb (28.40 inches) were reported at Fort Macon, NC, near the point where the hurricane crossed the coastline. However, it has not been established whether this was a measured or an estimated speed (MWR). After making numerous erratic changes in course and speed from the 9th through the 12th of August, the center moved inland over Morehead City, North Carolina. The partial blocking action of the high ridge to the north of the storm was being gradually eliminated as the trough over the Great Lakes region on the 10th of August deepened as it moved eastward (ATSR). 34.7N, 76.1W 962 mb at 34.7N, 76.1W 1011 mb Penv RMW 45 nmi speed 7 kt 71 kt est max sustained 10m, 10-min wind (Schwardt et al. (1979)). 28.40 (961.7 mb) central pressure measured by land barometer at Fort Macon, NC RMW 38 nmi 7 kt forward speed landfall pt 34.9N, 76.2W (Ho et al. (1987). Aug NC3, VA1 Cat 3 962 mb (Jarrell et al. (1992). August 13: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 39.2N, 76.4W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 983 mb located near 39.5N, 76.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered at 39.4N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 993 mb at 35.2N, 74.6W at 0Z (COADS). 50 kt SSE and 997 mb at 38.3N, 72.9W at 6Z (COADS). 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 38.6N, 73.0W at 12Z (COADS). Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 978 mb at Elizabeth City at 0Z (micro). 53 kt E at Philadelphia, PA, no time given (CLIMA). 39 kt E at Reading, PA, no time given (CLIMA). 49 kt NE at Rochester, NY, no time given (CLIMA). 41 kt NE (fastest mile) at 1928Z at Buffalo, NY, (SWO). 30 kt NE and 988 mb at Washington, DC at 09Z (micro). At the 200 mb level the trough was shallow on the 11th as it approached the Great Lakes, but deepened during the next 24 hours, and on the 13th of August a low center had formed over Illinois. Thus, a natural path of least resistance was created to the north of the center which caused Hurricane Connie to move in that direction as a more rapid rate during the final day of her existence. Hurricane Connie had shown a rapid decrease in intensity on 11 August while she remained nearly stationary off the North Carolina coast and at the time in which the center moved inland, the maximum winds reported were 80 knots in a very small area near the center. Further decrease in intensity continued as the center moved over land becoming less than hurricane intensity at 131000Z (ATSR). August 14: HWM shows a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 44.0N, 81.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 43.7N, 81.6W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1006 mb located near 43N, 82W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 43.5N, 82W at 12Z. Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 1002 mb at Buffalo, NY at 00Z (MICRO) and 5 kt SE and 1003 mb at London, Canada at 06Z (MICRO). The July 1957 Mariners Weather Log has an article on tropical storms affecting the Great Lakes. This mentions that on 14 August Connie caused winds of up to 50 mph on Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and winds of up to 40 mph on Lake Huron. Unfortunately, it does not mention specific observations. August 15: HWM shows a spot low pressure centered near 46.0N, 81.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 46.3N, 83.0W at 06Z (last position). Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered at 49N, 91W with fronts to the east and southwest at 12Z. A trough exists in microfilm along 83W between 43N and 47N. No reports of property damages or personal injury were noted through the West Indies, since the path of the strong and damaging winds of Connie were too far from the land areas. As Connie moved ashore, the Carolina coastal regions were buffeted with damaging winds, but greater damage in this region was caused by the pounding of heavy seas which were built up while the storm center was lying, nearly stationary, off the Carolina coast.(ATSR) Genesis for this system remains at 06Z on the 3rd of August, unchanged from the original HURDAT. Unfortunately, there is little data available over the eastern and central Atlantic and a closed circulation cannot be corroborated to have been present at the time of genesis. A major change in the track is made on the 3rd as the positions shown in HURDAT indicate a very fast motion of about 36 kt in the first 12 hours of existence of the tropical cyclone that does not appear to be real. The intensity remains unchanged at 06Z and 12Z on August 3rd, 30 kt and 35 kt respectively. No change is made to the time the cyclone became a tropical storm (six hours after genesis). The first definitive indication that a well-defined closed circulation is present is at 18Z on the 3rd when the ship KFDE measured 10 kt NW and 1005 mb. A central pressure of 1004 mb at has been added at 18Z on the 3rd. A central pressure of 1004 mb yields 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. The original intensity analyzed by HURDAT of 40 kt at 18Z is kept. Later at 03Z on the 4th of August, the ship BONAIRE measured 40 kt NE and 996 mb. A peripheral pressure of 996 mb yields maximum winds greater than 54 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. A pressure of 1002 mb was originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th but this pressure has been removed because the ship Linda Elra reported a pressure of 997 mb and winds of 40 kt at this time. The first reconnaissance aircraft to reach the cyclone occurred at 1820Z on the 4th making a center fix at 15.8N and 52.8W. Clearly it missed the storm and reported a false eye 75 miles to the NE of the fix, which may have been the true center of Connie. The position on the 4th at 18Z is unchanged from HURDAT and is a blend between the positions inferred by the ship Linda Elra and the aircrafts false eye, given that both the aircraft and the ship had large uncertainties in their positions. The intensity of Connie on the 4th is reanalyzed to be 50 kt at 0Z, 60 kt at 06Z, and 70 kt at 12Z and 18Z. The original intensity on this date in HURDAT was 40 kt, 40 kt, 45 kt, and 50 kt, respectively. This suggests that Connie became a hurricane about 18 hours before originally shown. Two aircraft penetrations occurred on August 5th, one at 1110Z making a center fix at 18.2N, 56.7W and another one at 1805Z at 18.4N, 57.9W. The second fix measured a pressure of 985 mb, which corresponds to 71 kt in the pressure-wind relationship south of 25N. The aircraft also reported an eye of a 20 mile diameter, indicating an RMW of 15 nm, which is the same as suggested by climatology. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for the 5th at 18Z, a major change from 115 kt originally in HURDAT. Moreover, the 985 mb central pressure was originally at 12Z in HURDAT, and it has been moved to 18Z. Major changes to the intensity were also made at 06Z and 12Z on the 5th and the intensity selected for those times is 70 kt, down from 95 kt and 110 kt, respectively. At 21Z, a ship at 18.1N, 58.5W reported 65 kt N. On the 6th of August, Connie made its closest approach to the northern Leeward Islands passing about 90 nm while on a west-northwest to northwest heading. The strongest winds in the islands shown in microfilm were 45 kt SW at 15Z at Anguilla. Later on the 6th, a ship named Pelican State passed very close, if not through the center of Connie. At 18Z, it reported 65 kt N and 979 mb and at 21Z, 35 kt S and 977 mb. A central pressure of 982 mb is originally shown in HURDAT at 12Z on the 6th but it has been removed since observations do not support it. At 18Z, an aircraft penetration made a center fix measuring a central pressure of 968 mb and a surface wind of 125 kt is reported. A central pressure of 968 mb yields 92 kt in the pressure-wind relationship south of 25N and 93 kt south of 25N intensifying. Placing some slight weight on the 125 kt surface wind estimate, an intensity of 100 kt is selected for 18Z on the 6th making Connie a major hurricane, but down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT. Major changes in intensity are also shown on the 6th as HURDAT originally had 120 kt at 0Z and 06Z, and 125 kt at 12Z and 18Z. Eight center fixes were made by the aircrafts on the 6th helping to identify the position of the hurricane and only minor track changes are added. Connie continued to steadily intensity on the 7th of August as it moved towards the northwest, east of the Bahamas. At 18Z, an aircraft center fix reported a central pressure of 944 mb, a diameter of 38 nm at 500 mb but only 8 nm at the surface with the eye shaped like an inverted cone. Unfortunately, this information makes determination of the RMW too uncertain to be of use in intensity estimation. A central pressure of 944 mb yields 117 kt south of 25N and 119 kt south of 25N intensifying. An intensity of 120 kt is selected for 18Z on the 7th, down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT. 120 kt is also the peak intensity for the lifetime of hurricane Connie. A major change in the intensity is indicated at 00Z on the 7th as the intensity selected is 105 kt, down from 125 kt. At 21Z, a ship at 23.7N, 67.5 W measured 100 kt SE and 998 mb. Minor changes are introduced for the track on the 7th. At 18Z on the 8th, an aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 944 mb and an eye diameter of 40 miles. A central pressure of 944 mb yields 111 kt north of 25N. The eye diameter information indicates an RMW of 30 nm and climatology suggest 17 nm. Therefore, an intensity of 105 kt is selected for 18Z on the 8th, down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT. Thus on the 8th, Connie started to weaken. A central pressure of 936 mb is originally shown in HURDAT at 18Z. However, all available sources (MWR, ATSR, microfilm, and advisories) instead indicate a lowest central pressure for Connie of 944 mb. Starting on the 9th of August, Connie began to move at a slower rate of speed. The intensity continued to decrease and the last position in which the cyclone was a major hurricane was at 12Z on the 9th. At 1440Z and 20Z, aircraft center fixes reported central pressures of 959 and 961 mb, respectively. Moreover, while the 2248Z fix had no central pressure, they mention that the 700 mb height is 9180 ft (2798 m), which using todays extrapolations formulas yields a range of pressures from 960-979 mb. It is noted in the MWR article on Connie a central pressure late on the 9th was 954 mb. However, given the consistency of the 1440Z, 20Z, and 2248Z information, a central pressure of 959 mb is indicated at 12Z and 961 mb at 18Z. A central pressure of 961 mb yields 94 kt north of 25N and 90 kt weakening north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. At 1440Z, an eye diameter of 35 miles is reported. This indicates an RMW of about 25 nm, which is near the average of 22 nm from climatology. The cyclone is also moving at a relatively slow 8 kt. Complicating the analysis was the 135 kt surface wind estimate at the 2248Z fix. Weighting the surface wind estimate only slightly, an intensity of 95 kt is selected for 18Z on the 9th, down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. The hurricane continued to fill on the 10th while the track changed to a more west-northwest heading, just to the southeast of the Carolinas. At 18Z on the 10th, a central pressure of 970 mb was measured by the reconnaissance aircraft. A central pressure of 970 yields 84 kt north of 25N and 81 kt north of 25N weakening according to the pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported an eye of a 35 mile diameter, which allows us to calculate a RMW of about 25 nm. This is close to the suggested climatological RMW of 23 nm. The aircraft as well reported a visual estimate of the wind of 120 kt, which is not given much weighting here. Hence, an intensity of 85 kt is selected for 18Z on the 10th. The Air Force reconnaissance plane measured central pressures of 977 mb at 1432Z and 980 mb at 1916Z, which are higher than the reports from the Navy, and discounted in the reanalysis. Ships in the area avoided getting close to Connie and the strongest winds reported on this day were 50 kt. At 2229Z, an aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 973 mb and this is added to 0Z on the 11th. This pressure yields 81 kt on the N25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 80 kt is selected for this time. On August 11th, Connie turned to the north and continued to slowly move towards the East Coast of the United States. Other central pressures were reported at 13Z and 1715Z, 978 mb and 977 mb, respectively. The last report indicated that the diameter of the eye had decreased to 20 miles, which gives a RMW of about 15 nm. Climatology suggests a RMW of 25 nm. These central pressures yield about 75 kt on the N25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 12Z and 18Z on the 11th. Hurricane Connie began to move faster on the 12th of August making landfall near Fort Macon, NC at 15Z. Fort Macon, NC measured a pressure of 962 mb, which yields 93 kt north of 25N and 88 kt north of 35N according to the pressure-wind relationship. The last aircraft reconnaissance into Connie at 09Z on the 12th indicated an eye diameter of 40 nm as did the Hatteras radar at 0647Z. These support an RMW of 30 nm, which is used here and is a bit smaller than the Ho et al. estimate. This size is close to climatology for this latitude and pressure (27 nm). It is clear that Connies central pressure decreased about 15 mb in the 24 hours before landfall. However, it appears that the inner core size (measured by the eye diameter) actually increased. These somewhat contradictory pieces of information complicate the intensity estimate. When Connie made landfall, it was moving at around 8 kt, rather slow for this latitude. An intensity of 85 kt is selected for 12Z and at landfall at 15Z on the 12th based upon a near average size and slower than usual translational speed. This intensity is an increase from 70 kt as originally shown in HURDAT and makes Connie a low end Category 2, which is a decrease from the Category 3 originally. The last center fix was at 1715Z over eastern North Carolina. The radar in Cape Hatteras allowed for center fixes to be made from 1050Z to 1725Z. Before making landfall, ships in the area measured winds up to 65 kt. Over land, Wilmington measured sustained winds of 63 kt and Newport reported 60 kt. After landfall, Connie moved generally north-northeast over extreme eastern North Carolina possibly moving back briefly over the Atlantic Ocean around 0Z on the 13th of August near the North Carolina/Virginia border. The Kaplan and DeMaria model was not run because the cyclone straddled the coast for a day. Interaction with land caused the hurricane to weaken, especially later on the 13th when it moved toward the north-northwest and into the Mid-Atlantic States. Connie weakened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 13th. Washington DC reported 30 kt NE and 988 mb at 09Z on August 13th, Philadelphia reported 53 kt E (no time given) and Buffalo, NY reported 38 kt NE (no time given). Early on the day, ships reported top winds of 50 kt. The central pressures originally shown in HURDAT from 00Z to 12Z on the 13th are not from specific observations, but are instead analyses. As these look reasonable given available measurements, these are retained. A gradual weakening is shown, 75 kt at 0Z, 60 kt at 06Z, 45 kt at 12Z and 35 kt at 18Z (up from 60 kt at 0Z, 50 kt at 6Z, same for 12Z and 18Z, as originally shown in HURDAT). Late on the 13th, Connie turned to the northwest and moved over the Great Lakes early on the 14th. The central pressures indicated on the synoptic times of the 14th appear to be correct. Based upon a 1957 report from MWL and the Buffalo observations, the winds are boosted up late on the 13th until dissipation early on the 15th. (Unfortunately, no ship observations were available from COADS over the Great Lakes.) Dissipation occurred after 00Z on the 15th as an approaching cold front absorbed the weakened cyclone. A central pressure of 1011 mb is added at this time. Dissipation is six hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Diane [August 7-23, 1955] 38705 08/07/1955 M=15 3 SNBR= 848 DIANE XING=1 SSS=1 38705 08/07/1955 M=17 3 SNBR= 848 DIANE XING=1 SSS=0 ** * 38710 08/07* 0 0 0 0*170 430 25 0*171 440 25 0*172 451 25 0* 38710 08/07* 0 0 0 0*157 412 25 0*160 425 25 0*161 438 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 38715 08/08*173 461 25 0*175 469 25 0*177 478 25 0*179 490 25 0* 38715 08/08*162 452 25 0*163 466 25 0*165 480 25 0*166 497 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38720 08/09*180 502 25 0*182 514 30 0*185 526 30 0*189 543 35 0* 38720 08/09*167 507 25 0*168 519 30 0*170 531 30 0*173 545 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38725 08/10*193 559 35 0*198 570 35 0*203 580 35 0*211 589 40 0* 38725 08/10*177 560 35 0*182 574 35 0*190 586 35 0*200 595 40 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38730 08/11*220 598 45 0*227 604 50 0*233 608 55 0*236 611 60 0* 38730 08/11*212 600 45 0*223 606 45 0*233 613 45 0*238 618 45 1004* *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** **** 38735 08/12*240 611 65 0*247 610 90 0*253 608 105 975*259 607 105 0* 38735 08/12*242 616 50 0*246 614 60 0*250 612 70 0*255 610 75 975* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** * *** *** ** *** 38740 08/13*264 605 105 0*269 605 105 969*274 610 105 0*274 622 105 0* 38740 08/13*260 608 70 980*267 614 70 0*273 614 80 0*274 626 90 969* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** * *** *** ** *** ** *** 38745 08/14*272 634 105 0*273 644 105 0*274 654 105 0*276 667 105 0* 38745 08/14*272 638 90 0*273 647 80 976*275 657 75 980*278 668 70 0* *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 38750 08/15*280 681 100 0*285 694 95 0*291 706 95 0*296 720 90 0* 38750 08/15*282 681 75 0*287 695 80 973*292 709 80 0*297 723 80 973* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 38755 08/16*302 734 85 0*307 743 85 0*312 750 85 0*320 760 80 0* 38755 08/16*300 734 75 0*304 744 75 0*309 753 75 982*317 762 75 983* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 38760 08/17*328 769 75 0*335 775 75 0*343 780 60 986*354 785 60 990* 38760 08/17*325 769 70 984*332 774 65 0*340 779 60 985*351 784 55 990* *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** 38765 08/18*366 790 60 993*377 790 55 999*388 781 50 1001*396 768 45 1004* 38765 08/18*365 787 50 993*378 788 45 999*388 781 40 1001*396 769 35 1004* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 38770 08/19*402 753 40 1003*407 737 40 1002*410 721 35 1000*413 704 35 0* 38770 08/19*402 757 35 1003*405 745 40 1001*407 730 40 998*409 715 40 0* *** ** *** *** **** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 38775 08/20*415 686 35 0*418 666 35 0*421 640 35 0E426 607 35 0* 38775 08/20*410 699 40 0*412 675 45 0*415 645 45 0*423 618 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 38780 08/21E433 570 35 0E442 532 35 0E450 493 35 0E462 459 30 0* 38780 08/21E430 584 50 0E438 535 50 0E450 480 50 0E470 420 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (August 22nd and 23rd are new to HURDAT) 38781 08/22E490 360 55 0E525 340 55 0E560 330 55 0E585 325 55 0* 38783 08/23E605 320 50 0E620 320 45 0E635 310 40 0E650 290 35 0* 38785 HR NC1 38785 HR *** U.S. Landfall: Aug 17th 12Z 34.0N 77.9W 60 kt 985 mb 1011 mb OCI 400 nm ROCI Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde tropical cyclone that made landfall in North Carolina and later affected the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. A major change is to indicate a tropical storm landfall instead of a hurricane in North Carolina. A major alteration is to add two additional days at the end of the cyclones lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, and Jarrell et al. (1992). August 6: HWM shows a spot low centered near 15.0N, 38.5W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 7: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.0N, 43.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 17.1N, 44.0W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 8: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.0N, 50.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 17.7N, 47.8W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 9: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 53.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 knot tropical depression at 18.5N, 52.6W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 10: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 59.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 20.3N, 58.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. There were some indications of a weak easterly wave earlier but the first conclusive evidence of the disturbance that was to become Diane was observed on August 10. Analysis that morning indicated a cyclonic circulation northeast of the Leeward Islands (MWR). On the 10th of August, as Hurricane Connie progressed slowly and erratically northwestward toward the North Carolina coast, attention was called to the area about 300 miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles. An easterly wave, labeled locally as August #2 after being verified on the time cross-section as being of moderate intensity, had shown development of a weak vortex to the north of the Lesser Antilles at 101230Z. The lack of reports in the area, at this time, prohibited determination of the intensity of the vortex and a reasonably accurate position of the center. Belief was expressed but forecasters from both the Fleet Weather Center, Miami, and the Weather Bureau Office, Miami, that there was drought of any rapid and intense development following so close in the wake of Hurricane Connie but the area needed watching. Action taken to obtain more data for the area consisted of a request by the Weather Bureau Office at San Juan for special ship reports and the Air Force Hurricane Liaison Officer scheduled an early flight for the 11th of August from Bermuda to the area (ATSR). August 11: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.5N, 60.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 55 knot tropical storm at 23.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 23N, 62W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1004 mb located near 23N, 62W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22.9N, 59.3W at 0Z (COADS); 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 6Z (COADS); 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 19.2N, 61.9W at 15Z (micro), and 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 24.0N, 62.0W at 21Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1004 mb at 23.9N, 62.2W at 1655Z (ATSR/micro). at 1930 EST [10th] ships some 400 to 500 miles from the northernmost islands reported heavy showers and east to southeast winds of 35 to 45 mph. On August 11 the first aircraft reconnaissance of Diane found the lowest pressure of 1004 mb (29.65 inches) with maximum winds of 46 mph, representing little or no wind increase from that shown by the ship observations 24 hours earlier. Clouds and rain extended in all directions from the pressure center with no variation of weather in the various quadrants. This early stage of growth was typical in the poorly defined eye and lack of organization (MWR). Ship reports received in the area for 110030Z indicated the intensity near the center of the vortex to be about 40 knots and the center to be near 20N 60W. Data compiled on the Detection Sheet revealed favorable conditions for tropical storm development and intensification. Thus, it appeared only a matter of time before it would be necessary to announce the birth of Tropical Storm Diane in the form of a numbered warning. Although the area was picked up and carried by the Fleet Weather Central, Washington, as a Gale Warning and it would have been desirable to await the reconnaissance flight information scheduled for early the next morning, it became advisable to coordinate a Warning Number One for Tropical Storm Diane which was issued at 111200Z. From the time of the first aircraft reconnaissance fix at 111655Z until Diane entered the coast, close surveillance was maintained by weather reconnaissance aircraft. During this time, no special eccentricities of the storm structure were noted, but there appeared to be a pattern of gradual increase in intensity, with slight variations in cloud formations, to the maximum intensity of an average hurricane, then a gradual decrease in intensity before entering the coast (ATSR). August 12: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N, 61.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 25.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 25N, 61W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 981 mb located near 25.8N, 61.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1000 mb at 24.5N, 61.0W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt NNE and 996 mb at 25.0N, 61.0W at 9Z (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 24.2N, 60.0W at 13Z (micro), and 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 25.6N, 60.1W at 1210Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.1N, 61.2W at 1250Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 25.7N, 61.0W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). During the night the storm curved abruptly from a northwest course and began moving toward the northeast, at the same time undergoing rapid intensification. The MS Coourg, just west of center on a parallel course to the northeast during part of the night, turned southward and eastward in evasive maneuvers early on the morning of the 12th. The intensification was so rapid that even though the ship was southeast of the center and the distance between it and the hurricane was increasing, the barometer continued to drop and the wind to increase, leading the crew to believe that the storm was looping back in their direction. The reconnaissance plane on the 12th reported that winds had increased to 125 mph and the central pressure was found to be 975 mb (28.79 inches). The eye by this time was well-defined and 30 miles in diameter. It was described by the observer as resembling an inverted teacup. The weather distribution had become more typical with the northeast quadrant showing more activity than the others. An interesting feature of the reconnaissance was a secondary pressure minimum, at first thought to be the principal center, located 62 miles northeast of the primary eye. In view of the rapid growth, sudden change in direction and multiple eye structure, it is interesting to speculate as to what extent factors other than strictly steering currents were involved in the storms course at this stage. Possibly a process in which more rapid deepening was favored to the northeast of the storm than in other quadrants was partially responsible for the movement. It is likely that the original easterly wave began deepening as it moved under a cold Low (with super-imposed warm air at still higher levels) and that this condition provided added instability for growth and imposed the cyclonic flow of the large scale cold Low on the movement of the smaller warm vortex (MWR). Tropical Storm Diane became of hurricane intensity at 120000Z and remained hurricane intensity until 171800Z. The average maximum winds during hurricane intensity were 105 knots between 121200Z and 141200Z with a gradual decrease in intensity to 70 knots upon entering the coast (ATSR). August 13: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 27.2N, 60.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 61.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 27N, 61.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 977 mb located near 27.5N, 61.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt E and 1003 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 6Z (COADS); 60 kt E and 999 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 9Z (micro), 70 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 27.6N, 59.9W at 12Z (COADS), and 65 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 26.4N, 60.5W at 2Z (ATSR); Radar center fix measured an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 26.6N, 61.3W at 0808Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 27.4N, 61.9W at 1515Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 27.4N, 62.0W at 1545Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 27.4N, 63.0W at 19Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 80 kt and a central pressure of 969 mb at 27.1N, 63.2W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). Diane followed this cyclonic path until August 13 when it became re-established on a more normal west-northwest-ward course. By this time the developing system had caused warming through the deep layer, resulting in a weakening of the cold Low and its influence on the hurricanes movement. The possibility of some influence from the Fujiwhara effect, or tendency for cyclonic rotation of cyclone pairs about a point representing the center of mass, should also be considered here. Dianes erratic movement was at least in general agreement with this effect. A more normal path was resumed when Connie weakened and moved farther north. The lowest pressure measured in the storm was 969 mb (28.62 inches) by dropsonde on August 13 (MWR). August 14: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 27.5N, 65.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 65.4W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 66W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb located near 28N, 66W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10 kt NW and 989 mb at 26.9N, 64.1W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 28.1N, 62.2W at 12Z (COADS); 40 kt E and 1019 mb at 32.8N, 65.0W at 18Z (COADS), and 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 25.5N, 68.2W at 20Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 984 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 27.1N, 64.4W at 0240Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 27.3N, 64.7W at 0745Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 27.7N, 66.2W at 1440Z (ATSR/micro); and penetration center fix at 28.1N, 67.4W at 20Z (ATSR). After the 13th a tendency for slight filling began and, coincidental with this, there was a gradual cooling of the layer below about 750 mb (MWR). August 15: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 29.5N, 70.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 knot hurricane at 29.1N, 70.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 29N, 71W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 978 mb located near 29.2N, 71.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 55 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 30.8N, 69.0W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt N and 1006 mb at 29.6N, 72.0W at 6Z (COADS); 50 kt NW and 998 mb at 28.7N, 72.0W at 12Z (COADS), and 60 kt NE and 1009 mb at 32.5N, 73.0W at 15Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 28.7N, 68.8W at 0340Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb at 28.8N, 70.1W at 08Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb at 29.6N, 72.1W at 1715Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 29.9N, 72.6W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). On the 15th, the eye was reported as poorly defined and completely filled with clouds (MWR). August 16: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 31.3N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 31.2N, 75.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb at 31.3N, 75.6W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 980 mb located near 31.2N, 75.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 35.1N, 72.8W at 0Z (COADS); 55 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 29.6N, 68.6W at 6Z (COADS); 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 30.2N, 71.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 20 kt S and 1000 mb at 30.4N, 75.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at Frying Pan at 12Z; 30 kt NE and 1003 mb at Frying Pan at 18Z, and 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at Wilmington at 20Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 8 mile diameter at 30.1N, 74.1W at 0230Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 30.2N, 74.2W at 0459Z (ATSR); Radar center fix measured an eye of a 10 mile diameter 30.3N, 74.3W at 0630Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 986 mb at 30.4N, 74.7W at 0823Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 31.1N, 75.4W at 13Z (ATSR/ micro); Penetration center fix at 31.1N, 75.4W at 1345Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 75.8W at 1448Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 983 mb and an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 31.6N, 75.8W at 1720Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 31.9N, 76.5W at 20Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.7N, 76.4W at 2015Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.8N, 76.6W at 2115Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 65 kt and a central pressure of 984 mb at 31.9N, 76.5W at 2230Z (ATSR/ micro). Maximum winds were down to 86 mph on the 16th (MWR). On the 16th of August at all levels from the surface to the 200 mb level, a north-south trough extending from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico was in evidence. A small closed low, centered near St. Louis, Missouri, was also in evidence at all levels above the surface layer (ATSR). August 17: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.2N, 77.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 34.3N, 78.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb at 34.0N, 78.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 986 mb located near 34.2N, 77.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 33.0N, 73.9W at 0Z (micro); 35 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 32.2N, 73.2W at 6Z (COADS); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 36.1N, 73.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 37.5N, 76.1W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at Frying Pan at 0Z; 40 kt N and 989 mb at Frying Pan at 6Z, 20 kt E and 988 mb at Wilmington at 12Z, 40 kt S and 992 mb at Frying Pan at 12Z, and 20 kt E and 994 mb at Raleigh at 18Z. (All observations from micro.) 36 kt NE (peak fastest mile) at 0848Z and 986 mb (min pressure) with 15 kt SE at 1415Z at Wilmington (SWO); 48 kt SE (peak hourly fastest mile) at 1834Z and 1004 mb (min pressure) with 28 kt SE at 2034Z at Elizabeth City (SWO); 45 kt E (peak fastest mile) at 1357Z at Cape Hatteras (SWO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 33.3N, 77.0W at 0445Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 33.6N, 77.5W at 0730Z (ATSR), and radar center fix measured an eye of a 45 mile diameter at 08Z (ATSR/micro). When the center passed very close to Wilmington on the morning of the 17th, the highest sustained winds reported from any weather station was 50 mph at Hatteras, wind gusts of 74 mph at Wilmington. It is estimated that winds of just about hurricane intensity were experienced at a few exposed points on the coast between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear. While some damage resulted from the storm tide and wave action along the coast, it was not extensive (MWR). As Diane preceded on a northwest course from the 15th to the 17th of August, being steered by the Bermuda high, the trough over the Midwest states remained stationary and broadened slightly. The low aloft had moved southward down the trough to be centered over Mississippi late on the 17th of August and the Bermuda high at all levels was pushing westward onto the coast. This resulted in moist southerly flow accompanying and following the movement of Diane inland which caused record rains and floods throughout the Northeastern United States (ATSR). Aug NC1 Cat 1 987 mb (Jarrell et al. (1992). August 18: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.5N, 77.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 38.8N, 78.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 39.0N, 78.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1001 mb located near 38.5N, 78.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 35.6N, 73.2W at 0Z; 45 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 36.0N, 74.9W at 6Z; 40 kt S and 1012 mb at 35.2N, 75.2W at 12Z, and 40 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 34.3N, 74.2W at 12Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt SW and 997 mb at Raleigh at 0Z; 10 kt NW and 1000 mb at Lynchburg at 6Z, and 15 kt SSW and 1005 mb at Quantico at 18Z. All observations from micro. August 19: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 41.0N, 72.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 41.2N, 72.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1003 mb located near 41.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt SW and 1000 mb at 40.1N, 73.6W at 12Z; 5 kt E and 1001 mb at 41.3N, 71.3W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at Harrisburg at 0Z; 15 kt NW and 1002 mb at Philadelphia at 6Z; 30 kt NNW and 1003 mb at New York City at 12Z, and 20 kt ESE and 1004 mb at Nantucket at 18Z. All observations from micro. August 20: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 43.0N, 65.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 42.1N, 64.0W at 12Z (last position as a tropical system). Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 43.0N, 63.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1001 mb located near 42.0N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1001 mb at 41.1N, 69.2W at 0Z; 20 kt W and 996 mb at 40.5N, 68.4W at 6Z; 30 kt W and 995 mb at 40.9N, 65.3W at 12Z; 30 kt W and 995 mb at 41.3N, 62.2W at 18Z and 50 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 39.0N, 62.0W at 20Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt N and 1000 mb at Nantucket at 0Z; 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Yarmouth at 6Z; 10 kt NE and 1004 mb at Halifax at 12Z, and 10 kt NE and 1001 mb at Sable Island at 18Z. All observations from micro. August 21: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 45.0N, 47.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical cyclone at 45.0N, 49.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb at 47.5N, 47.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 993 mb located near 45.2N, 49.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 995 mb at 41.7N, 59.1W at 0Z; 40 kt SW and 998 mb at 41.6N, 54.0W at 6Z; 40 kt S and 994 mb at 44.8N, 45.5W at 12Z; and 45 kt S and 990 mb at 46.6N, 40.1W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 0Z, and 35 kt NNW and 1008 mb at Sable Island at 06Z. All observations from micro. August 22: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 57.0N, 33.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm analyses a low pressure at 56.2N, 29.8W at 6Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb located near 55.5N, 32.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 981 mb at 50.5N, 38.0W at 0Z; 40 kt SSE and 979 mb at 52.8N, 35.5W at 3Z; 40 kt W and 984 mb at 53.7N, 33.7W at 12Z; and 30 kt SW and 997 mb at 54.6N, 27.3W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. August 23: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 63.0N, 31.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm is not available on this date. MWR shows a low pressure of 978 mb located near 63.5N, 30.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 978 mb at 61.9N, 32.5W at 0Z; 5 kt NW and 974 mb at 62.0N, 32.5W at 6Z; 35 kt WNW and 984 mb at 62.0N, 32.9W at 12Z; and 30 kt NW and 996 mb at 61.9N, 32.7W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. August 24: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 995 mb centered near 73.0N, 11.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Land highlights: 10 kt SSE and 999 mb at Jan Mayer Island at 12Z (HWM). Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 06Z on the 7th of August as a 25 kt tropical depression, unchanged from the original HURDAT. The data available during the first few days of Dianes existence as a cyclone is very sparse. The significant changes in the positions on the 7th are due to the (one) available ship observation, that indicates the cyclone if it existed had to have been farther southeast than indicated in HURDAT. Due to this change, the track of Diane has been shifted about a degree and a half southeast than originally shown in HURDAT on August 7th and 8th. Ship data on the 9th continued to indicate that the center of this tropical cyclone was located farther south than originally shown in HURDAT. Intensification to a tropical storm remains at 18Z on the 9th, unchanged from the original HURDAT, though the sparse amount of observations makes the timing quite uncertain. No gales or low pressure were reported from August 7th to the 10th. The first gale-force winds (35 kt) were reported at 00Z on the 11th by a ship located in the northeast quadrant of the tropical storm. The highest winds for the day were 45 kt at 06Z by a ship located near 24N 60W. The first aircraft reconnaissance mission to reach the storm occurred at 1655Z on the 11th measuring a central pressure of 1004 mb. A central pressure of 1004 mb yields 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 45 kt has been analyzed for 18Z on August 11th, down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT. Also, a central pressure of 1004 mb has been added at 18Z on the 11th. Diane continued to intensify on the 12th while located north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT originally has the system reaching hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 12th and rapidly intensifying to a major hurricane 12 hours later. Fortunately, another reconnaissance aircraft reached Diane late on the 12Z measuring a central pressure of 975 mb at 20Z. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 kt north of 25N (82 kt for the intensifying subset) according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported an eye of a 50 mile diameter, which allows computing a 35-40 nm RMW, and climatology suggests a 19 nm RMW for this central pressure and latitude. Furthermore, the storm was moving very slowly, at about 5 kt at this time. Thus, because of the large RMW and slow movement, an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 12th, a major change from 105 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 975 mb has been added to 18Z on the 12th. Major intensity changes are also analyzed for 06Z and 12Z as the intensities chosen are 60 kt and 70 kt, respectively, compared to 90 kt and 105 kt, respectively, originally in HURDAT. A few gales were reported on the 12th, most significant being 45 kt and 996 mb at 09Z by a ship located near 25N 61W. An aircraft reconnaissance mission reached Diane at 02Z on the 13th measuring a central pressure of 980 mb, indicating that the deepening had ended and a slight filling of the hurricane occurred. A central pressure of 980 mb yields 73 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 70 kt has been analyzed for 00Z on the 13th, a major change from 105 kt originally in HURDAT. Also, a central pressure of 980 mb has been added at 00Z on the 13th. At 20Z on the 13th of August, another reconnaissance aircraft reached Diane measuring a central pressure of 969 mb, an indication that the system had re-intensified. A central pressure of 969 mb yields 86 kt north of 25N (89 kt for the intensifying subset), according to the pressure-wind relationship. As the translational speed had increased to about 12 kt (but the size was unknown), an intensity of 90 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 13th. 90 kt is also the new peak for the lifetime of Diane - a category 2 hurricane - and not as a major hurricane (105 kt) as shown originally in HURDAT. Major changes are also shown at 06Z and 12Z as HURDAT originally showed 105 kt and the intensity has been analyzed at 70 kt and 80 kt, respectively. The central pressure of 969 mb was originally in HURDAT incorrectly at 06Z and has been moved to 18Z on the 13th. Several reports of strong winds were observed on the 13th, including a report of 70 kt and 1000 mb by a ship located at 27.6N, 59.9W. A center fix by the reconnaissance aircraft on the 14th measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 0745Z. A central pressure of 976 mb yields 77 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 80 kt was selected for 06Z, down from 105 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 06Z on the 14th. Another center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 1440Z. A central pressure of 980 mb yields 73 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported an eye diameter of 30 miles, allowing the computation of about 20-25 nm RMW, and climatology suggests a 21 nm RMW. Therefore, with near climatological RMW and speed (11 kt), an intensity of 75 kt was selected for 12Z, down from 105 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 980 mb has been added to 12Z on the 14th. Major changes to the intensity also occurred at 00Z as the intensity is analyzed as 90 kt, respectively, down from 105 kt originally in HURDAT. A slight deepening occurred on the 15th as the central pressure dropped to 973 mb according to reconnaissance aircraft reports at 08Z and 20Z. A central pressure of 973 mb yields 81 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 80 kt was selected for 06Z, 12Z and 18Z, down from 95 kt, 95 kt, and 90 kt, respectively, as originally shown in HURDAT. Central pressures of 973 mb have been added to 06Z and 18Z on the 15th. Diane weakened again on August 16th as an aircraft reconnaissance mission measured a central pressure of 982 mb at 13Z. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 70 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The report also indicated a 10 mile eye diameter, yielding a small RMW of about 7-8 nm, and climatology suggests an RMW of about 24 nm. A central pressure of 982 mb has been added to 12Z on the 16th. Another reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 983 mb at 1720Z, suggesting maximum winds of 69 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Due to the quite small size but somewhat slow moving (8 kt) hurricane, an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed for both 12Z and 18Z on the 16th. A central pressure of 983 mb has been added to 18Z on the 16th. On the 17th, Diane approached the North Carolina coastline making landfall just south of Wilmington at 12Z. Just before landfall, the Frying Pan Shoals light reported 40 kt and 989 mb at 06Z. Wilmington reported minimum pressure of 986 mb with 15 kt SE winds at 1415Z. The Frying Pan Shoals and Wilmington observations support a central pressure of 985 mb at landfall and this value is also added to 12Z. The highest sustained winds observed were 45 kt at Frying Pan Shoals, 43 kt at Hatteras, and 48 kt in Elizabeth Cith (northwest of Hatteras). A central pressure of 985 mb yields 66 kt north of 25N and 68 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N the pressure-wind relationships. The radar in Cape Hatteras estimated an eye diameter of 50 miles, allowing computing a 35-40 nm RMW while climatology (of central pressure and latitude) suggests an RMW of about 30 nm. The hurricane was moving at about 9 kt. Because of the large size and slow speed, an intensity of 60 kt is selected for landfall at 12Z, same as shown originally in HURDAT. This makes Diane tropical storm landfall for North Carolina, which is reduced from a Category 1 hurricane indicated originally. Late on the 17th, Diane continued inland approaching Virginia early on the 18th. At 18Z on the 17th, the Diamond Shoals Lighthouse was reporting 50 kt and Elizabeth City reported 48 kt. Thus an intensity of 55 kt is analyzed at that time. At 00Z on the 18th, an intensity of 50 kt is selected as 45 kt winds are reported by a ship near the coast at 06Z. Winds of tropical storm force likely affected portions of eastern South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland on the 17th and early on the 18th. Minor changes were analyzed for the rest of the 18th as the system began to turn to the northeast and continued to weaken. (It is of note that HURDAT had central pressures included every six hours from 12Z on the 17th through 12Z on the 19th. Undoubtedly, someone had included central pressure analyses that were not all based upon actual central pressure measurements. [Such comprehensive analyses have also been included in HURDAT for other very destructive hurricanes.] Most of these appeared to be reasonable, even if they could not be confirmed by explicit observations. Minor adjustments to these central pressures were made at 12Z on the 17th and 06Z and 12Z on the 19th.) Early on the 19th, Diane returned to the Atlantic Ocean near New York City still as a tropical storm as various ships continued to report gale-force winds. The highest winds reported by ships on the 19th were 40 kt at 06Z, and this is the intensity selected from 06Z to 18Z, up from 35 kt at 12Z and 18Z as originally shown in HURDAT. Transition to an extratropical cyclone is originally shown at 18Z on the 20th but data at this time suggests that the frontal boundary was still to the north of the cyclone. Therefore, extratropical transition is delayed 6 hours until 00Z on the 21st. On the 21st, HURDAT originally showed that Diane weakened to 30 kt at 18Z and this was the final point, likely indicating that the system had been absorbed by the frontal system. However, data suggests that the extratropical system did not weaken and dissipate, but instead strengthened reaching an intensity of 50 kt on the 21st according to ship reports close to storm. The Monthly Weather Review Track of Centers of Cyclones for the month of August also indicates that Diane continued into the north Atlantic and was not absorbed by the frontal system. On the 22nd, the intensity further increased to 55 kt based on ship reports. Data suggests that the extratropical cyclone began to weaken on the 23rd, while located between Greenland and Iceland, and dissipated after 18Z. Adding two additional days to the dissipation phase of Diane is a major change. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Edith [August 21 September 5, 1955] 38790 08/21/1955 M=14 4 SNBR= 849 EDITH XING=0 SSS=0 38790 08/21/1955 M=16 4 SNBR= 849 EDITH XING=0 SSS=0 ** 38795 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*124 410 25 0*128 423 25 0* 38795 08/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*114 420 25 0*120 431 25 0* *** *** *** *** 38800 08/22*132 435 25 0*136 447 25 0*139 459 25 0*142 470 25 0* 38800 08/22*125 442 25 0*130 453 25 0*135 465 25 0*140 477 25 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 38805 08/23*145 480 25 0*150 495 30 0*153 510 45 0*157 523 45 0* 38805 08/23*145 488 25 0*149 499 30 0*153 510 45 0*158 521 45 0* *** *** *** *** *** 38810 08/24*163 533 60 0*172 540 60 0*183 546 60 0*199 552 60 0* 38810 08/24*166 532 45 0*177 541 45 0*190 550 45 0*202 559 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 38815 08/25*213 563 70 0*221 574 70 0*228 586 70 0*234 596 75 0* 38815 08/25*213 569 50 0*223 580 50 0*229 590 50 0*234 600 50 998* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 38820 08/26*240 606 75 0*246 615 75 0*252 623 75 0*257 628 75 0* 38820 08/26*238 609 55 0*242 617 60 0*247 624 65 0*253 631 65 987* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 38825 08/27*260 631 80 0*263 634 80 0*266 637 80 0*269 639 80 0* 38825 08/27*259 634 60 0*263 636 55 0*267 638 50 992*271 640 50 993* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** 38830 08/28*273 640 80 0*277 641 85 0*281 641 85 0*285 640 85 0* 38830 08/28*274 642 50 991*276 643 50 0*279 642 55 0*283 640 55 990* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 38835 08/29*290 639 85 0*296 636 85 0*305 631 85 0*316 622 85 0* 38835 08/29*288 638 60 0*294 636 65 0*302 631 70 0*313 624 75 0* *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 38840 08/30*329 611 85 0*349 594 85 0*369 578 80 0*380 565 75 0* 38840 08/30*324 615 80 0*336 605 85 0*350 594 85 967*365 581 85 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 38845 08/31*390 553 70 0*399 539 65 0E406 526 65 0E410 511 60 0* 38845 08/31*380 560 75 0*396 542 65 0E406 526 55 0E408 514 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 38850 09/01E405 497 55 0E401 490 50 0E395 491 45 0E386 497 35 0* 38850 09/01E405 500 45 0E396 503 40 0E385 508 40 0E377 516 40 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 38855 09/02E378 508 35 0E371 525 35 0E370 540 35 0E370 546 35 0* 38855 09/02E372 526 40 0E370 535 40 0E372 545 35 0E376 556 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 38860 09/03E370 551 35 0E370 555 35 0E370 560 35 0E372 563 35 0* 38860 09/03E380 567 35 0E383 568 35 0E381 574 35 0E378 580 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (September 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT) 38861 09/04E375 582 35 0E370 582 35 0E372 575 35 0E375 563 35 0* 38863 09/05E390 555 30 0E405 550 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 38865 HR Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that remained over the open Atlantic. A major alteration is to add two additional days at the end of the cyclones lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. August 20: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.0N, 29.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT and microfilm do not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 21: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.0N, 43.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 12.4N, 41.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 45.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 13.9N, 45.9W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Hurricane Edith was first detected as an easterly wave, labeled locally August #4, on 22 August. The wave was situated some 400 to 500 miles east of the Antilles in an area of sparse reports. From available surface indicates there appeared to be a wave of weak to moderate intensity (ATSR). August 23: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 47.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 15.3N, 51.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 24: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 54.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 18.3N, 54.6W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Late on 23 August August #4 passed into southern Antilles moving very slowly with an orientation NE to SW. By 240300Z the wave was evident at the 700 mb level. During the morning of the 24th the northern half of the wave progressed very slowly indicating a possible vortex development to the northeast (ATSR). August 25: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 58.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 22.8N, 58.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 59.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at 19.9N, 55.8W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt SE and 999 mb (pressure likely 4 mb too low) at 22.4N, 57.9W at 06Z (COADS); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 22.6N, 56.9W at 12Z (COADS), and 40 kt SE and 1017 mb at 23.0N, 57.1W at 15Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a max surface winds of 65 kt, a central pressure of 1002 mb and an eye of a 100 mile diameter at 23.2N, 59.4W at 15Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured central pressure of 998 mb near 23.7N, 60.5W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). The Air Force Gull Nectar flight was diverted to investigate this suspicious area and arrived in the area late on the 24th of August flying at the 500 mb level. Continuous cloud layers prevented a location of an eye but maximum winds of 70 kt were reported to the east of the circulation. Edith intensified very slowly during the next few days as it moved to the northwest along the southwest periphery of the 500 mb Bermuda high (ATSR). August 26: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 75 knot hurricane at 25.2N, 62.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.2N, 63.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1004 mb located near 25.8N, 63.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt N with 976 mb [likely a wrong reading] at 24.7N, 62.9W at 03Z (micro). 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 25.8N, 62.6W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 25.0N, 61.7W at 0524Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter at 25.4N, 62.1W at 08Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 25.1N, 63.3W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.2N, 63.2W at 1415Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.3N, 63.1W at 1830Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.4N, 63.4W at 19Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.4N, 63.3W at 1930Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 987 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 25.7N, 63.4W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). August 27: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.8N, 63.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 26.6N, 63.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 996 mb located near 27.0N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 25.2N, 62.9W at 06Z (COADS); 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 24.5N, 61.9W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 27.0N, 63.8W at 1330Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 50 kt and a central pressure of 992 mb at 27.0N, 64.0W at 1456Z (ATSR), and a penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 993 mb and an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 27.3N, 64.0W at 20Z (ATSR/micro); penetration center fix of 990 mb central pressure [corrected from 984 mb] at 28.6N 63.7W at 2012Z (micro). Late on the 26th Edith began to recurved and slowed in forward movement to 5 knots. This deceleration and recurvature were the resultant of the weak gradient surrounding the storm at 500 mb and the orientation of the 500 mb steering high to the northeast of the storm center. The weak gradient continued through the 27th and 28th of August (ATSR). August 28: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.4N, 64.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 28.1N, 64.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 27.8N, 64.2W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 990 mb located near 28.7N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured an eye of an 80 mile diameter with a 991 mb pressure from dropsonde at 27.3N, 64.4W at 0250Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of an 80 mile diameter at 27.6N, 64.8W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 28.0N, 64.1W at 1548Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 75 mile diameter at 28.3N, 63.7W at 1855Z (ATSR/micro); and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 990 mb and an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 28.6N, 63.7W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro). However, by 280300Z, the slowly moving 500 mb trough approaching the storm from the east coast of the United States pulled the hurricane to the north and through recurvature slowly (ATSR). August 29: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.6N, 63.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 30.5N, 63.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 30.7N, 63.3W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 992 mb located near 30.8N, 63.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 27.9N, 62.5W at 06Z (COADS); 35 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 29.9N, 57.6W at 12Z (COADS), and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 29.7N, 58.1W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 29.4N, 63.8W at 0415Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 31.1N, 62.8W at 1545Z (ATSR), and Penetration center fix at 31.2N, 62.3W at 1750Z (ATSR). By 290300Z, Edith had completed recurvature and accelerated from 2.5 knots at 280300Z to 6.5 knots (ATSR). August 30: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.2N, 57.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 36.9N, 57.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 36.0N, 59.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 990 mb located near 35.2N, 60.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 32.5N, 58.9W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 32.5N, 58.5W at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt E and 999 mb at 36.8N, 59.5W at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt E and 999 mb at 36.5N, 59.4W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured an eye with a 40 mile diameter, 105 kt flight-level winds, and d-value of 1300 ft at 1000 ft flight-level at 35.7N, 59.0W at 1450Z (ATSR/micro). Edith continued accelerating slowly and by 301600Z was moving toward the northeast at 20 knots. Between 290300Z and 300300Z, Edith 500 mb cyclonic circulation was completely destroyed by the deep trough in the Westerlies. Thus, Edith entered post maturity with attendant decrease in maximum wind velocity and, in this case, frontogenesis (ATSR). August 31: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south, centered near 40.5N, 52.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot extratropical cyclone at 40.6N, 52.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 41.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 996 mb located near 41.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 42.0N, 53.5W at 12Z (COADS), and 40 kt NE and 1014 mb at 42.5N, 51.3W at 18Z (COADS). September 1: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south, centered near 38.5N, 50.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 39.5N, 49.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 37.0N, 51.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1012 mb located near 39.5N, 48.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 40.9N, 53.0W at 0Z (COADS), and 40 kt NW and 1019 mb at 36.2N, 54.5W at 12Z (COADS). September 2: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.2N, 54.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical cyclone at 37.0N, 54.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 37.5N, 56.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb located near 37.0N, 54.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 38.0N, 55.4W at 06Z (COADS). September 3: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.2N, 56.2W with a stationary front to the north at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical cyclone at 37.0N, 56.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 38.0N, 57.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb located near 37.6N, 57.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1008 mb at 38.0N, 57.1W at 12Z (COADS). September 4: HWM shows a spot low centered near 37.5N, 47.5W with a stationary front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR are not available for this date. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1017 mb centered near 38.0N, 51.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1015 mb at 36.1N, 56.1W at 18Z (COADS). September 5: HWM shows a stationary front associated with a 1015 mb low pressure southeast of Nova Scotia at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR are not available for this date. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1017 mb centered near 41.0N, 56.0W at 06Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. MWR: Hurricane Edith formed on August 24 in an easterly and moved on a smooth parabolic curve passing well to the east of Bermuda on the 29th. Highest winds reported by reconnaissance were 90 mph. The lowest pressure in the center was 991 mb (29.26 inches) measured by dropsondes in the eye on the same dates. Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 12Z on the 21st of August as a 25 kt tropical depression, unchanged from the original HURDAT. Data is very sparse between the 21st and 24th, but three ship reports on the 21st indicate that the center of the cyclone was located about a degree farther west and a degree farther south than originally shown in HURDAT. A significant shift southwestward on the 30th was introduced based upon ship and aircraft observations. Another shift southwestward was introduced on the 1st and early on the 2nd based upon ship reports. Finally, a northwestward adjustment was made on the 3rd based upon also upon ship reports. Intensification to a tropical storm remains at 12Z on the 23rd, unchanged from the original HURDAT. The original intensity in HURDAT at 06Z and 12Z is 30 kt and 45 kt, respectively. While such an abrupt jump is unlikely, without observations to justify altering the original HURDAT, no alteration is made here for the intensities on the 23rd. The first reconnaissance aircraft mission occurred late on the 24th of August, but it was unsuccessful in obtaining a center fix, although aircraft and ship observations suggest that the center was near 20N, 55W at 21Z. A gradual intensification is shown on the 24th, including major changes at 00Z and 06Z as an intensity of 40 kt is selected for those times, down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT. The first winds of gale force were reported on the 25th, including 45 kt at 06Z, 09Z, and 12Z. An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 25th measured central pressures of 1002 mb at 15Z and 998 mb at 20Z. A central pressure of 998 mb yields 51 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt is selected for 18Z on the 25th, down from 75 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 998 mb was also added to 18Z on the 25th. Major changes in intensity are thus indicated from 00Z to 12Z on the 25th as an intensity of 50 kt has been selected, down from 70 kt originally in HURDAT. Edith continued to strengthen on the 26th while located southeast of Bermuda. Another aircraft mission reached the storm on the 26th at 20Z measuring a central pressure of 987 mb. A central pressure of 987 mb yields 68 kt south of 25N, 64 kt north of 25N, and 66 kt north of 25N intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. The aircraft also reported an eye diameter of 40 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm and climatology suggests 20 nm. Thus, an intensity of 65 kt is selected for 18Z, down from 75 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 987 mb has been added to 18Z on the 26th. A major change is shown at 00Z on the 26th as 55 kt is selected as the intensity, down from 75 kt originally in HURDAT. Some weakening occurred on the 27th, as a central pressure of 992 mb was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft at 1456Z. A central pressure of 992 mb yields 56 kt north of 25N and 54 kt north of 25N weakening subset of the pressure-wind relationships. Another aircraft mission at 20Z measured a central pressure of 993 mb and an eye diameter of 60 miles, which allows calculating an RMW of about 45 nm while climatology suggests an RMW of 23 nm. Thus, an intensity of 50 kt has been selected for 12Z and 18Z, down from 80 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. Central pressures of 992 mb and 993 mb have been added to 12Z and 18Z, respectively. Major changes are also indicated at 00Z and 06Z on the 27th, as 55 kt have been selected for those times, down from 80 kt originally in HURDAT. Additionally, a 991 mb central pressure was added to the 00Z 28th slot from the 0252Z reconnaissance mission dropsonde pressure. Slight deepening occurred on the 28th as a central pressure of 990 mb was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft at 2012Z. A central pressure of 990 mb yields 59 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported a large eye diameter of 60 nm. Thus, an intensity of 55 kt is selected for 18Z, down from 85 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 990 mb is added to 18Z on the 28th. Major changes in intensity are also shown from 0Z to 12Z on the 28th. HURDAT originally had 80 kt at 0Z, and 85 kt at 06Z and 12Z. 50 kt was selected for 00Z and 06Z, and 55 kt for 12Z. On the 29th, Edith passed to the east of Bermuda and only a few ships reported gale-force winds on this day. An intensity of 55 kt is analyzed from 00Z to 18Z persisting with the reanalyzed intensity from the day before, down from 85 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. On the 30th of August, an Air Force research flight went through Edith. These indicated a 105 kt measured wind a D-value of -1300 ft at 1000 ft altitude, which corresponds to 967 mb central pressure at 1450Z. This central pressure corresponds to a maximum wind of 88 kt from the north of 25N and 85 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships. An eye diameter of 40 nm, suggests an RMW of about 30 nm which is close to climatology for this latitude and central pressure (28 nm). While the instrumental winds are not trustworthy due to the poor technology of the time, an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed at 12Z on the 30th, up from 80 kt originally. Thus intensification is indicated on the 29th, ramping up to 85 kt (unchanged peak intensity) at 06Z on the 30th just before the flight through 18Z on the 30th. Weakening commenced early on the 31st, consistent with available ship observations. Transition to an extratropical cyclone remains at 12Z on the 31st, as originally shown in HURDAT. Edith became an occluded low late on the 1st as the frontal boundaries appeared to have dissipated. However, there is no evidence that the system reintensified from non-baroclinic sources from the 1st onward. Various ships reported gale-force winds on the 1st, including 40 kt at 00Z and 12Z. The last gale-force winds were reported at 06Z on the 2nd. Minor intensity and track changes are evaluated on the 2nd and 3rd of September. The last position in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 3rd, but data on the 4th suggests that a closed circulation was still present. An approaching cold front started to interact with Edith on the 4th and by 12Z on the 5th, the circulation had dissipated. The last position is analyzed at 06Z on the 5th as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone. Adding 36 hours to the lifetime of Edith is a major change to HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* Unnamed Tropical Storm 5 [August 2328, 1955] 38870 08/23/1955 M= 8 5 SNBR= 850 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 38870 08/25/1955 M= 6 5 SNBR= 850 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 ** * (The 23rd and 24th are deleted from HURDAT.) 38875 08/23* 0 0 0 0*177 800 35 0*189 811 35 0*195 816 35 0* 38880 08/24*200 820 35 0*205 824 35 0*210 827 35 0*216 833 35 0* 38885 08/25*223 838 35 0*229 841 35 0*235 844 35 0*243 848 35 0* 38885 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*246 851 30 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 38890 08/26*254 853 35 0*265 857 35 0*277 861 40 0*288 870 40 0* 38890 08/26*251 853 35 0*260 857 35 0*274 861 35 0*289 870 40 1004* *** *** *** *** ** *** **** 38895 08/27*296 883 40 0*301 897 40 0*303 911 40 0*305 923 40 0* 38895 08/27*297 883 45 0*301 897 45 0*303 913 40 0*305 929 35 0* *** ** ** *** *** ** 38900 08/28*306 933 40 0*308 939 35 0*313 945 35 0*322 950 35 0* 38900 08/28*305 937 30 0*306 942 25 0*310 948 25 0*315 953 25 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 38905 08/29*335 955 30 0*350 955 30 0*364 947 25 0*376 926 25 0* 38910 08/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* * * * * * * * * * * * * 38910 08/30*387 903 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 38910 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* * * * 38915 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall ------------------------------------- 08/27 04Z 30.0N 89.2W 45 kt LA Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). A major alteration is to delay genesis by two days. Also dissipation is now indicated to be 30 hours earlier. Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Local Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Mexican weather maps,the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Perez et al. (2000). August 21: HWM, HURDAT, Microfilm and MWR do not analyze an organized system on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 22: HWM, HURDAT, and MWR do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 19.0N, 81.0W at 18Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM shows a spot low centered near 17.3N, 82.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 18.9N, 81.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 81.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1008 mb located near 19.2N, 82.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. A weak circulation was observed near Grand Cayman on August 23 (MWR). August 24: HWM shows a spot low centered near 20.5N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 21.0N, 82.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.0N, 82.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 21.0N, 83.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Tropical Storm landfall in Cuba, August 24 (Perez et al.) August 25: HWM shows a spot low centered near 24.5N, 88.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 23.5N, 84.4W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1009 mb located near 22.5N, 86.0W and new center of 1009 mb located near 28.2N, 85.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot tropical storm at 27.7N, 86.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.5N, 86.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1009 mb located near 27.4N, 86.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and surface winds of 40 kt at 29.0N, 89.0W at 18Z (micro). August 27: HWM shows a spot low centered near 29.2N, 92.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot tropical storm at 30.3N, 91.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 91.5W at 12Z. MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 1000 mb at New Orleans NAS (likely around 07Z)(MWR, CLIMO); peak sustained winds for the month at New Orleans City Office 24 kt N on 1st (CLIMO); peak sustained winds for the month at New Orleans Airport Office 26 kt N on 1st (CLIMO); 34 kt S peak gust at 0720Z at New Orleans Airport Office (CLIMO); peak winds 1004 mb at Baton Rouge at 12Z (CLIMO). It moved on a northwestward course and gained intensity very slowly, passing between New Orleans Airport and the Naval Air Station about 0200 EST, August 27. The highest wind was 40 to 50 mph with lowest pressure 1000.3 mb (29.54 inches). Only very minor damage was reported (MWR). The highest wind reported was 40 to 45 m.p.h. with gusts to 50 m.p.h. at New Orleans Airport The lowest pressure, 29.54 inches [1000 mb] was observed at the New Orleans Naval Air Station (CLIMO). August 28: HWM shows a spot low centered near 31.0N, 94.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 31.3N, 94.5W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. Land highlights: 1005 mb at Lake Charles (likely early on the 28th) (CLIMO). August 29: HWM shows a cold front across the central states of the United States at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 36.4N, 94.7W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. August 30: HWM shows a cold front stretching from the Great Lakes to Texas at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 38.7N, 90.3W at 0Z (last position). Microfilm and MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. This unnamed tropical storm developed from a tropical wave over the western Caribbean Sea late on August. The genesis is changed from 06Z on the 23rd to 18Z on the 25th as the system did not have a well-defined low level circulation according to the land stations and ships in the vicinity until that time. The low level circulation became better organized by 18Z on the 25th and the cyclone developed with winds of 30 kt. The highest winds for the 25th were 30 kt reported by a ship at 12Z. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 26th, which is six hours later. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the tropical cyclone at 18Z on the 26th measuring a central pressure of 1004 mb and surface winds of 40 kt. A central pressure of 1004 mb suggests maximum winds of 36 kt north of 25N and 38 kt north of 25N intensifying from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships. Given the visual estimate of the intensity and the fast-forward motion of the storm, the intensity is kept at 40 kt at 18Z on the 26th. The cyclone turned to the northwest and west-northwest late on the 26th and early on the 27th making landfall at 04Z on the 27th in southeast Louisiana. Three hours later, New Orleans Naval Air Station, measured a pressure of 1000 mb, which indicates maximum winds of at least 44 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship. (It is unknown whether this was a central pressure.) Thus, a peak wind of 45 kt is selected for 00Z and 06Z on the 27th, up from 40 kt originally shown in HURDAT. 45 kt is also the intensity at landfall. The MWR and Climatological Reports suggested that New Orleans reported sustained winds of 35-40 kt, however, both the New Orleans City Office and Airport stations did not have sustained tropical storm force winds for the entire month. The small tropical storm continued moving over southern Louisiana on August 27th weakening to a tropical depression at 0Z on the 28th. Dissipation is shown over eastern Texas at 18Z on the 28th based on surface observations. HURDAT originally kept the cyclone as a tropical storm until 18Z on the 28th, downgrading it to a tropical depression at 0Z on the 29th and finally dissipating it at 0Z on August 30th. Thus, dissipation 30 hours earlier is a major change to HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Flora [September 210, 1955] 38920 09/02/1955 M= 8 6 SNBR= 851 FLORA XING=0 SSS=0 38925 09/02* 0 0 0 0*190 311 35 0*192 331 35 0*194 353 40 0* 38925 09/02* 0 0 0 0*190 311 35 0*192 331 35 0*194 351 40 0* *** 38930 09/03*198 371 45 0*204 387 55 0*210 402 65 0*216 417 65 0* 38930 09/03*198 370 45 0*204 387 55 0*210 402 65 0*216 417 65 0* *** 38935 09/04*222 432 65 0*229 448 65 0*237 464 65 0*246 481 65 0* 38935 09/04*222 432 65 0*229 448 65 0*237 466 65 0*247 485 65 989* *** *** *** *** 38940 09/05*255 498 65 0*265 513 65 0*274 524 65 0*282 533 65 0* 38940 09/05*256 500 70 0*265 513 75 0*274 524 80 975*282 533 80 971* *** *** ** ** ** *** ** *** 38945 09/06*290 540 65 0*299 546 70 0*307 551 80 0*316 553 85 967* 38945 09/06*293 539 75 977*298 544 75 0*305 548 80 0*313 552 90 967* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 38950 09/07*324 554 90 0*331 554 90 0*339 552 90 0*353 547 90 0* 38950 09/07*321 554 90 0*330 554 90 0*339 552 90 0*349 548 90 0* *** *** *** *** 38955 09/08*368 539 90 0*380 527 90 0*393 512 90 0*407 497 90 972* 38955 09/08*362 539 90 0*376 527 85 0*391 514 85 0*407 497 80 975* *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** 38960 09/09E424 472 85 0E445 437 80 0E466 401 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 38960 09/09*422 470 75 0E440 440 70 976E460 390 65 0E480 320 60 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** 38965 HR Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that remained over the open Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. August 30: HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 40W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 19.0N, 31.1W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 3: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 42.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 21.0N, 40.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 21.0N, 40.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1015 mb at 21.9N, 40.5W at 12Z, and 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 22.3N, 42.0W at 18Z. All observations from micro. On 31 August the surface reports from the Cape Verde Islands indicated the passage of an easterly wave with a possible vortex. The vortex was extrapolated westward at 12.5 knots on each succeeding surface chart but no reports were received in the vicinity of the disturbance until 3 September when the SS Belmare and the SS Almora reports indicated a small but intense tropical storm near 22N 42W late on 3 September (ATSR). September 4: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.2N, 45.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 23.7N, 46.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 24.0N, 46.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1008 mb at 22.3N, 42.0W at 0Z; 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 24.7N, 46.0W at 12Z, and 45 kt NNW and 1013 mb at 24.0N, 48.6W at 15Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 989 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 24.7N, 48.5W at 1810Z (ATSR/micro). Aircraft reconnaissance was ordered and Warning Number One on Hurricane Flora was issued at 040400Z. Between the 31st of August and detection late on the 3rd of September, Flora had moved on a course of about 295 degrees at 14 to 16 knots. This movement continued for the next 24 hours (ATSR). September 5: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 52.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 52.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb at 27.5N, 52.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1004 mb at 29.1N, 54.5W at 21Z, and 35 kt NNW and 1013 mb at 29.3N, 55.5W at 21Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 27.9N, 53.0W at 1430Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 28.2N, 54.2W at 2010Z (ATSR/micro). Beginning late on 4 September Flora began turning to the northwest and decelerating. By 050300Z, Flora was moving northwest at 13 knots with maximum winds barely of hurricane force (ATSR). September 6: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.7N, 55.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 80 knot hurricane at 30.7N, 55.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 30.8N, 55.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 980 mb at 30.5N, 55.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 994 mb at 29.5N, 54.0W at 0Z; 60 kt NNE and 991 mb at 30.0N, 54.5W at 0730Z, and 40 kt SE and 1019 mb at 30.0N, 51.5W at 12Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a minimum 700 mb height of 9480 ft and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 29.2N, 54.0W at 02Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix from 500 mb measured a central pressure of 977 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 28.2N, 54.3W at 0230Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 30.1N, 54.9W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 967 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 31.5N, 54.2W at 1947Z (ATSR/micro). Flora remained a very small storm as far as size and maximum wind velocity were concerned. Not until late on the 6th of September did Floras course pass through north and speed decrease to the minimum. At approximately the same time, the maximum wind velocity began to increase as the pressure gradient increased on the eastern side of the hurricane (ATSR). September 7: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 980 mb at 33.9N, 56.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1014 mb at 32.0N, 53.0W at 12Z, and 40 kt SW and 1014 mb at 32.0N, 53.8W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 33.9N, 55.2W at 1230Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 40 mile diameter with 9420 ft 700 mb height at 34.9N, 54.8W at 1830Z (ATSR/micro). September 8: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 38.8N, 52.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 39.3N, 51.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 39.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 984 mb at 38.9N, 52.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 993 mb at 36.5N, 51.0W at 06Z (micro), 50 kt SW and 1001 mb at 36.2N, 51.3W at 12Z (COADS), and 35 kt S and 1016 mb at 38.7N, 47.0W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 40.5N, 50.7W at 1650Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb and an eye of a 38 mile diameter at 41.0N, 49.4W at 1930Z (ATSR/micro). September 9: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb with a cold front going through the cyclone centered near 47.0N, 40.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot extratropical cyclone at 46.6N, 40.1W (last position) at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 46.5N, 40.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 992 mb at 46.5N, 41.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1022 mb at 40.0N, 42.4W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt S and 1012 mb at 43.6N, 41.7W at 06Z (micro); Queen Eleonor measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 43.7N, 42.5W at 0826Z (micro); 45-55 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 43.5N, 40.9W at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 48.2N, 31.4W at 18Z (COADS). As Flora moved to the northeast and later east-northeast it was overtaken by the cold front resulting in further degeneration and development of extratropical characteristics. Flora was completely absorbed by the cold front on the 9th of September and rapidly lost its identity as an extratropical low. The last warning was issued at 091600Z. The last identifiable position was near 48N, 33W at 092200Z. September 10: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.0N, 17.0W with a warm front to the northeast and a cold front to the south at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1012 mb at 48.0N, 30.0W at 0Z (COADS); 45 kt SW and 1007 mb at 49.0N, 22.8W at 06Z (COADS), and 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 49.8N, 16.4W at 12Z (COADS). September 11: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 67.0N, 6.0W with a warm front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm and HWM are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. MWR: An unstable easterly wave passed through the Cape Verde Islands during August 30-31. A message was received on the 30th from Panair du Brazil at Recife, Brazil: Tropical storm evident. Cyclonic circulation aloft to 4000 meters. Center approximately 11ºN, 21ºW. Displacement 18 mph WNW. Storm associated with easterly wave along ITC [intertropical convergence zone]. This weak circulation was the genesis of Flora which reached hurricane intensity on September 3 at approximately Latitude 21ºN and Longitude 40ºW. Hurricane Flora moved on a smooth parabolic path northward through the middle Atlantic, passing some 9º east of Bermuda on the 6th and early on the 7th. The highest wind reported was 104 mph at 1230 EST on the 8th at Latitude 41.0ºN and Longitude 49.4ºW, with central pressure of 972 mb (28.70 inches). The lowest reported pressure during the storms history was 967 mb (28.55 inches) at 31.5ºN and 55.3ºW on the 6th. Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 06Z on the 2nd of September as a 35 kt tropical storm, unchanged from the original HURDAT. Data over the eastern and central Atlantic are very sparse and the exact time of formation cannot be confirmed. The first ship to encounter Flora occurred at 12Z on the 3rd when Belmare reported 55 kt NE winds and 1015 mb. This is the time that Flora reaches hurricane intensity as originally shown in HURDAT and our reanalysis concurs with this assessment. The first airplane reconnaissance reached Flora at 1810Z on the 4th measuring a central pressure of 989 mb and an eye diameter of 20 miles. This allows computing an RMW of about 15 nm and climatology suggests an RMW of 20 nm. A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 61 kt in the northern. Thus, an intensity of 65 kt is analyzed at 18Z, which agrees with HURDAT original assessment and the surface winds estimated by the reconnaissance mission. A central pressure of 989 mb has been added at 18Z on the 4th. (It is of note that the intensity variations in HURDAT on the 3rd and 4th [rapid intensification to a hurricane, then steady state for 36 hours] are somewhat unlikely. There is essentially no data on the 2nd through 06Z on the 3rd, so no changes can be implemented then as well.) From 12Z on the 3rd through 18Z on the 4th, the data available are consistent with the existing HURDAT, so no changes are thus made. On the 5th, reconnaissance aircraft reported a central pressure of 975 mb at 1430Z and 971 mb at 2010Z. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 kt north of 25N and 82 kt north of 25N in the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 80 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 5th, up from 65 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 975 mb has been added to 12Z on the 5th. A central pressure of 971 mb yields 83 kt north of 25N and 87 kt north of 25N in the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. This mission also measured an eye diameter of 40 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm, somewhat larger than climatology at 22 nm. Therefore, an intensity of 80 kt has been selected for 18Z on the 4th and a central pressure of 971 mb has been added to this time. Another aircraft reconnaissance mission measured 977 mb central pressure from 500 mb on the 6th at 0230Z. This is consistent with a 700 mb height of 9480 ft at 02Z suggesting a range of 970-989 mb. 977 mb central pressure suggests a maximum wind of 76 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The 30 nm diameter eye suggests an RMW of 20-25 nm, compared with climatology of 23 nm. Thus an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed at 00Z on the 6th. At 1947Z on the 6th, a central pressure of 967 mb was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft. This report also indicated an eye diameter of 30 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 20-25 nm versus a climatology of 25 nm. A central pressure of 967 mb yields 88 kt north of 25N and 92 kt north of 25N and intensifying, according to the pressure-wind relationships. Hence, an intensity of 90 kt has been selected for 18Z on the 6th. 90 kt is also the peak intensity for the lifetime of Flora, which is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT. No change in intensity is analyzed to have occurred between 18Z on the 6th to 00Z on the 8th. The 9420 ft 700 mb height from the 1830Z aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 7th corresponds to a range of 968-987 mb central pressures. The next reconnaissance aircraft to measure a central pressure was at 1930Z on the 8th measuring 975 mb. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 78 kt north of 35N according to the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported an eye diameter of 38 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm while climatology gives 34 nm. Thus, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 18Z on the 8th, down from 90 kt as originally shown in HURDAT. 85 kt was selected for 06Z and 12Z on the 8th, down from 90 kt originally in HURDAT. A few ships reported gale-force winds on the 8th, including 60 kt measured at 12Z. On the 9th, Flora started to rapidly accelerate to the northeast while losing its tropical characteristics. Extratropical transition was originally shown in HURDAT to have occurred at 00Z on the 9th but the data suggests that the cold front was still to the northwest of the cyclone. By 06Z, Flora was already part of the frontal system and transition to an extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have occurred at this time, six hours later than shown in HURDAT. Early on the 9th, the ship Queen Eleanor passed through the center of Flora measuring a central pressure of 976 mb at 0826Z. A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 06Z on the 9th. The last position originally on HURDAT is at 12Z on the 9th possibly indicating that Flora had been absorbed by a larger extratropical system. Nevertheless, data suggests that Flora continued moving northeast and later, east-northeast, towards the northeast Atlantic. The extratropical cyclone gradually weakened and dissipated after 18Z on the 9th, adding six hour to the end of the system. The system may have continued through 18Z on the 10th as a separate extratropical cyclone, but the evidence is ambiguous and contradictory. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Gladys [September 26, 1955] 38970 09/04/1955 M= 3 7 SNBR= 852 GLADYS XING=0 SSS=0 38970 09/03/1955 M= 6 7 SNBR= 852 GLADYS XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 3rd is new to HURDAT.) 38973 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 933 25 0* 38975 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*206 941 30 0*215 946 35 0* 38975 09/04*196 940 25 0*200 947 25 0*208 953 30 0*216 957 35 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 38980 09/05*223 952 40 0*231 959 60 0*236 967 80 0*234 973 75 0* 38980 09/05*223 961 40 0*226 965 50 0*230 970 65 997*233 975 65 996* *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 38985 09/06*228 977 50 0*221 978 45 0*215 978 40 0*207 978 40 0* 38985 09/06*229 979 50 0*221 979 40 0*214 978 35 0*212 975 25 0* *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 38990 HR Landfall: 5th/22Z - 23.1N 97.8W - 65 kt 996 mb - Mexico Minor alterations are introduced to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book. September 2: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 96.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 21.0N, 94.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No low pressures or gales. As early as 27 August a weak vortex with an associated easterly trough was detected while located just west of Balboa, Canal Zone. The vortex was tracked as it progressed slowly westward along with the associated upper trough at 700 mb and 500 mb. By 1 September, the disturbance was still not unduly suspicious but was centered over the Gulf of Campeche whose warm waters are most productive of tropical storms. The upper trough was reflected on the surface and extended northeastward into a quasi-stationary frontal area. During the next three days it was not apparent that any appreciable intensification had taken place but it was evident that the vortex was slowly drifting northward (ATSR). September 3: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows an elongated closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 20.5N, 93.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No low pressures or gales. Land highlights: 5 kt N and 1005 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 0Z (micro), and 5 kt NE and 1005 mb at Coatzacoalcos at 0Z (micro). September 4: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.1N, 95.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 20.8N, 95.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb near 22.0N, 95.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1004 mb at 21.0N, 95.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 5 kt W and 1005 mb at 19.0N, 91.9W at 0Z (micro), and 25 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 23.1N, 97.5W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1004 mb at Veracruz at 0Z (micro). Beginning on the 4th of September, ships in the Western Gulf of Mexico began reporting squally weather with surface winds of 20 to 30 knots. These reports, as were the land station reports, were at some distance from the center of the tropical disturbance. It was decided to send an investigative flight into the Western Gulf to locate the center of the disturbance. In the meantime, an unnumbered tropical depression warning was issued at 042100Z with an estimated position of the center (ATSR). September 5: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.5N, 96.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists an 80 kt hurricane near 23.6N, 96.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb near 23.5N, 96.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1006 mb at 23.3N, 96.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1003 mb at 23.3N, 97.2W at 0Z (micro), and 35 kt N and 1011 mb at 25.2N, 96.5W at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 997 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 23.1N, 97.1W at 1403Z (ATSR/micro); penetration fix at 23.2N 97.5W with 19 mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum winds at 1510Z (obvious error in central pressure - micro/ATSR); penetration center fix at 23.3M, 97.3W at 1615Z (ATSR). Navy reconnaissance aircraft on the 5th found a poorly defined eye, visually and by radar. A center fix was made on the surface wind circulation. The maximum wind velocity was reported as 80 knots near the center and minimum central pressure of 996 mb. Gladys was thus typical of most of the storms forming in the Gulf which have poorly defined eyes, relatively high central pressures, yet at times have strong winds over a small area. The four aircraft fixes reported on the morning of the 5th showed the hurricane to be on a west-northwest to northwest course moving at about 8 knots. The last reconnaissance fix placed the center at 23.5N, 97.4W only 20 miles off the coast of Mexico (ATSR). September 6: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 97.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 40 kt tropical storm near 21.5N, 97.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a spot low near 24.5N, 96.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1006 mb at 24.7N, 97.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt NW at Tampico (no time given but likely early on the 6th) (MWR), and 20 kt ENE and 1001 mb at Tampico at 06Z (micro). The filling took place near Tampico, Mexico, and by 061830Z all that remained of Gladys was a large flat low centered east of Tampico. The final regular numbered warning of Hurricane Gladys was issued at 061000Z. The storm had filled rapidly and lost force almost as suddenly as it had developed. Degeneration had come as a result of the westerly trough and passage over land (ATSR). September 7: HWM, HURDAT and Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR shows a low pressure of 1010 mb at 27.4N, 96.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. MWR: This tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Campeche and moved first northwestward and later southward entering the coast of Mexico north of Tampico. Highest wind reported from Tampico was 48 mph from the northwest but higher winds may have occurred along the coast to the north of Tampico. The lowest pressure reported by reconnaissance was 997 mb (29.44 mb). Winds of 81 mph were reported by the reconnaissance plane on one occasion and also by a civilian plane on the same date, and therefore, Gladys has been classified as of hurricane intensity. There was a fairly report of 25 inches of rain in 3 days at Tampico beginning the sequence of hurricane-associated rains which culminated in the Tampico disaster. Meager reports indicate some deaths and damage along the Mexican coast. Genesis is originally begun at 12Z on September 4th as a 30 kt tropical depression. Observations from land stations and ships in the Bay of Campeche suggest that a low pressure center was present on the 2nd. The time of genesis is revised to 18Z on the 3rd as a 25 kt tropical depression as the system appeared to have developed a well-defined center at that time, though it may have occurred earlier. Following genesis, cyclone moved to the west. Although no gales were reported on the 4th by ships or land stations, the system was getting better organized structurally and a pressure of 1003 mb was reported by a ship at 21Z on the 4th. 1003 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Intensification to a tropical storm is thus retained at 18Z on the 4th as shown in HURDAT. Gladys turned to the northwest on the 4th and continued this general motion on the 5th. The first gale associated with the cyclone is reported at 6Z on the 5th as a ship reported 35 kt N and 1011 mb at 25.2N, 96.5W. Later on the 5th, a single aircraft reconnaissance mission into this storm measured an RMW of about 15 nm and a 997 mb central pressure at 1403Z. The next fix reported 80 kt winds (likely a surface estimate) and a 996 mb central pressure (the message in the microfilm indicated 19 mb, but the ATSR book mentioned 996 mb in the same context of the 80 kt, so the 996 mb is likely the correct value). 996 mb suggests maximum winds of 54 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al pressure-wind relationship. Given the small size of the cyclone and providing some weighting on the visual estimate of 80 kt, intensity is analyzed to be 65 kt at 12Z and 18Z on the 5th. This intensity is also the peak for the system. No further inner core observations were available until after landfall later that day in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Landfall is analyzed to have occurred around 22Z on the 5th near 23.1N 97.8W, north of Tampico with an intensity of 65 kt. HURDAT originally had Gladys making landfall around 05Z on the 6th as a weakening tropical storm. Late on the 5th, Gladys turned to the southwest causing the center to move inland. On the 6th, the system moved generally to the south passing close or over Tampico around 06Z. Microfilm at this time shows a barometric pressure of 1001 mb being reported by Tampico. MWR also reports that the city reported maximum winds of 42 kt at an unknown time on September 6th, but it is likely that these winds occurred early in the day. HURDAT originally kept the system moving south inland and the last point at 18Z on the 6th had an intensity of 40 kt. Weakening to a tropical depression is now shown at 18Z on the 6th with dissipation shortly afterwards. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Ione [September 1020, 1955] 39060 09/10/1955 M=15 9 SNBR= 854 IONE XING=1 SSS=3 39060 09/10/1955 M=18 8 SNBR= 854 IONE XING=1 SSS=2 ** * * 39065 09/10* 0 0 0 0*154 432 25 0*154 442 35 0*154 454 35 0* 39065 09/10* 0 0 0 0*136 414 25 0*140 430 35 0*144 446 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 39070 09/11*153 467 35 0*153 480 35 0*152 493 35 0*149 505 35 0* 39070 09/11*148 462 35 0*151 478 35 0*152 493 35 0*149 508 35 0* *** *** *** *** *** 39075 09/12*147 517 35 0*144 529 35 0*142 541 35 0*144 553 40 1008* 39075 09/12*146 521 35 0*143 534 35 0*140 546 35 0*140 558 35 1007* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** **** 39080 09/13*150 565 40 0*157 575 40 0*164 582 45 0*169 588 45 0* 39080 09/13*144 569 35 0*149 580 35 0*155 588 35 0*161 593 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 39085 09/14*174 593 50 0*177 597 55 0*180 602 60 0*185 612 60 0* 39085 09/14*167 597 45 0*173 601 45 0*179 606 50 1001*185 614 50 1000* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** 39090 09/15*193 623 65 0*207 628 65 0*221 633 70 990*229 652 70 0* 39090 09/15*193 623 55 0*206 633 65 0*219 644 70 990*228 656 70 0* ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 39095 09/16*234 671 75 0*238 681 75 0*242 691 80 990*247 704 85 0* 39095 09/16*233 670 75 0*237 683 75 0*241 693 75 985*246 702 80 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 39100 09/17*252 714 90 0*258 720 95 0*265 727 100 950*273 733 100 938* 39100 09/17*251 711 85 0*257 719 90 971*263 725 105 950*270 732 120 938* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 39105 09/18*281 740 100 0*289 747 105 0*298 753 100 940*312 758 100 0* 39105 09/18*279 740 120 0*288 747 115 0*298 753 110 943*312 758 105 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 39110 09/19*328 762 100 0*339 766 90 0*348 767 65 960*356 765 60 0* 39110 09/19*326 761 100 0*338 765 95 0*348 767 90 955*353 767 75 0* *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** *** ** 39115 09/20*364 754 60 0*367 745 65 0*370 734 90 0*378 711 85 982* 39115 09/20*360 764 65 0*366 757 65 976*371 742 70 0*380 720 75 982* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 39120 09/21*394 678 75 0E423 625 60 0E450 594 50 0E467 574 45 0* 39120 09/21*393 683 80 976E415 640 80 0E450 594 75 0E485 550 75 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** 39125 09/22E484 558 45 0E501 547 45 0E518 530 45 0E531 499 45 0* 39125 09/22E503 545 70 0E507 545 70 0E510 538 65 0E525 510 65 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 39130 09/23E534 468 45 0E533 437 45 0E531 406 45 0E546 350 45 0* 39130 09/23E534 468 60 0E533 437 55 0E531 406 50 0E546 350 45 0* ** ** ** 39135 09/24E572 293 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39135 09/24E572 293 45 0E600 220 45 0E625 155 45 0E650 140 40 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** September 25th, 26th, and 27th are new in HURDAT 39137 09/25E675 115 40 0E690 095 35 0E700 080 35 0E709 070 35 0* 39137 09/26E716 070 35 0E721 090 35 0E725 120 35 0E728 140 30 0* 39137 09/27E730 150 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39140 HR NC3 39140 HR NC2 *** U.S. Hurricane: Sep 19th 11Z 34.7N 76.7W 90 kt Category 2 955 mb 25 nm RMW - 1013 mb OCI 375 nm ROCI Minor track and major intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde hurricane that made landfall in North Carolina before moving away into the North Atlantic. A major alteration is to add three additional days at the end of the cyclones lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Climatological Data, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987) and Jarrell et al. (1992). September 9: HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 34.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 10: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 41.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.4N, 44.2W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 49.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.2N, 49.3W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: GULL aircraft reported an eye near 15.7N, 50.5W at 1545Z (micro). The birth of Hurricane Ione followed close in the wake of Hurricane Hilda. In the easterly flow in the tropical regions to the east of the Lesser Antilles, were embedded two easterly waves approximately 1000 miles apart. The first of these waves developed a vortex which later became Hurricane Hilda and moved in almost a due west direction into Mexico. The second easterly wave, later labeled locally September #2, appeared the stronger of the two waves, while east of the islands, and subsequently developed into Hurricane Ione. A weak vortex indicated on September #2 on the 11th of September was showing slight intensification as it moved northwestward; therefore, an investigative flight was ordered to reconnoiter the area in the vicinity of 17N and 55W early on the 12th of September (ATSR). September 12: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 54.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 14.2N, 54.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.0N, 57.0W at 18Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 35 kt NE wind with 1011 mb around 12Z at 17.3N 56.5W (micro); 10 kt E wind with 1008 mb around 18Z at 14.8N 56.3W (micro). The collection of reports received from the reconnaissance flight showed the maximum winds in squalls to be 35 knots. No definite cyclonic circulation was revealed by the reports, however, a weak circulation with a minimum surface pressure of about 1008 mb was estimated to be to the south of the reports in the vicinity of 14N 55W at 121600Z (ATSR). September 13: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.8N, 55.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 16.4N, 58.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 14.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1015 mb at 21.1N, 58.9W at 21Z (micro). September 14: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.2N, 60.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 18.0N, 60.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.0N, 61.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 999 mb at 16.5N 58.8W at 00Z (micro pressure value appears biased considerably too low 10 mb? compared with neighboring ships); 45 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 20.4N, 59.5W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 19.7N, 59.5W at 0Z (micro); 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 20.5N, 61.2W at 18Z (COADS), and 40 kt N and 1005 mb at 18.1N, 63.5W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at St. Kitts and Navis at 12Z (micro), and 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at Anguilla at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1001 mb and surface winds of 60 kt at 18.0N, 60.5W at 1145Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1000 mb at 18.4N 61.8W at 1845Z (micro). The next aircraft reconnaissance flight, on the 14th of September, revealed that the vortex had intensified gradually to tropical storm intensity as it moved northwestward. Winds of 60 knots in a small area near the center and a minimum pressure of 1001 mbs were reported by the aircraft. Coordination was thus compiled for Warning Number One on Tropical Storm Ione centered at 19.1N 61.2W at 141500Z (ATSR). September 15: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.9N, 63.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 22.1N, 63.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.7N, 63.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb at 21.1N, 64.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 19.8N, 61.5W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 22.0N, 60.4W at 06Z (micro), 70 kt E and 1007 mb at 21.8N, 63.0W at 12Z (micro), and 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 24.1N, 69.3W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 66 kt at 21.7N, 63.2W at 1052Z (ATSR); Penetration fix at 22.9N 65.1W at 1652Z with 992 mb minimum pressure at 23.0N 65.0W and with 993 mb (simultaneous) with 70 kt surface winds at 22.5N 64.7W (no time - micro); Penetration center fix at 23.1N, 65.4W at 1725Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.7N, 66.0W at 18Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix at 23.2N, 66.3W at 2024Z (ATSR). Ione continued to increase gradually in intensity reaching hurricane force at 150000Z (ATSR). September 16: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.7N, 69.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 24.2N, 69.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.2N, 69.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 24.5N, 69.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 24.2N, 69.2W at 0Z (micro); 30 kt W and 994 mb at 23.7N, 69.1W at 09Z (micro), and 50 kt W and 1002 mb at 28.2N, 69.7W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix estimated surface winds of 80 kt, a central pressure of 985 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 24.3N, 69.4W at 1317Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 24.2N, 69.6W at 14Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix at 24.7N, 70.4W at 22Z (ATSR). September 17: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.4N, 72.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 knot hurricane at 26.5N, 72.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 26.5N, 72.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 26.2N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1000 mb at 25.4N, 69.0W at 0Z (micro); 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 25.8N, 71.1W at 06Z (micro); 70 kt SE and 981 mb at 25.6N, 72.0W at 12Z (micro), and 60 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 26.4N, 71.9W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at Mayaguana, Bahamas at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measure an eye of a 5 mile diameter at 25.4N, 71.7W at 02Z (ATSR/ micro); Penetration center fix at 25.7N, 72.0W at 07Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 100 kt, central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 25.7N, 72.0W at 0745Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measure an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 26.4N, 72.8W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 26.7N, 73.1W at 1707Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 26.8N, 73.1W at 1709Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 27.2N, 73.5W at 1927Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured surface winds of 100 kt, central pressure of 938 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 27.3N, 73.6W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). and 100 knots near the center on the 17th of September (ATSR). September 18: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 knot hurricane at 29.8N, 75.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 978 mb centered near 30.2N, 75.4W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 29.5N, 75.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 997 mb at 29.0N, 75.0W at 03Z (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1014 mb at 31.7N, 72.2W at 12Z (COADS); 50 kt NE and 1008 mb at 32.1N, 78.1W at 15Z (micro); 50 kt NE and 1005 mb at 31.8N, 78.8W at 18Z (micro); and 55 kt NNW and 998 mb at 31.2N, 77.9W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 28.7N, 74.7W at 0525Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.1N, 75.0W at 08Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 95 kt and a central pressure of 943 mb at 30.1N, 75.5W at 1340Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 30.3N, 75.5W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 75.7W at 1825Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix at 31.7N, 75.9W at 1930Z (ATSR). then reached her maximum intensity of about 110 knots on the 18th of September (ATSR). September 19: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 35.0N, 76.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 34.8N, 76.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered near 35.0N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb at 35.0N, 77.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 34.8N, 74.2W at 03Z (micro); 45 kt SW and 1004 mb at 32.0N, 72.5W at 06Z (micro); 40 kt S and 1015 mb at 315N, 70.4W at 12Z (micro); 55 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 31.6N, 74.4W at 18Z (COADS), and 20 kt ESE and 991 mb at 36.5N, 74.8W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 958 mb (min pressure) at Beaufort (no time, Climate Data); 960 mb (min pressure) at Morehead City (no time given, but likely around 11Z) (MWR/Ho et al., Climate Data); 67 kt E at Diamond Shoals at 06Z (micro); 962 mb (min pressure) with 50 kt ENE winds at 1130Z at Cherry Point (SWO, MWR); 65 kt (max wind) at 1020Z-1040Z with max gust of 93 kt NNE at Cherry Point (SWO, Climate Data); 40 kt SW and 987 mb at Cape Hatteras at 18Z (micro); 25 kt SE and 986 mb at Elizabeth City at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 32.7N, 76.1W at 0137Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 32.8N, 76.3W at 02Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 32.5N, 76.5W at 0220Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix at 34.2N, 76.4W at 0723Z (ATSR). 960 mb at 34.7N, 76.7W 1016 mb PenV RMW 42 nmi speed 9 kt 78 kt est max sustained 10m, 10-min wind, (Schwerdt et al.), 960 mb central pressure measured by land barometer at Morehead City, NC RMW 22 nmi 9 kt forward speed landfall pt 34.7N, 76.7W, (Ho et al.), NC3-Cat 3-960 mb (Jarrell et al.). Fortunately, a rapid decrease in intensity occurred on 19 September as Ione moved ashore (ATSR). September 20: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W with a cold front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 37.0N, 73.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb at 37.5N, 74.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 996 mb at 37.6N, 76.1W at 0Z (COADS); 45 kt S and 991 mb at 36.8N, 74.5W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt SSE and 989 mb at 37.3N, 73.3W at 12Z (micro), and 50 kt WSW and 989 mb at 37.0N, 72.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 986 mb at Norfolk (no time given) (CLIMO); 17 kt ESE and 978 mb (min pressure) at Elizabeth City at 0330Z (SWO, micro); 25 kt NE and 987 mb at Norfolk at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 95 kt and a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 37.0N, 73.0W at 15Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 37.7N, 72.4W at 16Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 38.7N, 70.9W at 20Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 38.7N, 71.2W at 2015Z (ATSR), Penetration center fix at 38.7N 71.2W with 976 mb central pressure at 2115Z (micro); and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 39.2N, 69.6W at 2245Z (ATSR/micro). On the 20th of September, movement out to sea was followed by regeneration with attendant increase in intensity (ATSR). September 21: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 970 mb centered near 45.5N, 58.8W with a warm front to the east and a cold front to the south at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot extratropical cyclone at 45.0N, 59.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 972 mb centered near 45.0N, 59.0W with a cold front to the south at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb at 45.9N, 59.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 65 kt W and 987 mb at 38.0N, 70.0W at 00Z (micro); 40 kt S and 972 mb at 41.5N, 68.9W at 06Z (micro); 65 kt S and 982 mb at 41.0N, 62.0W at 06Z (micro); 50 kt SW and 973 mb at 44.0N, 58.0W at 12Z (micro), and 50 kt SW and 979 mb at 46.5N, 54.1W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 992 mb at Sable Island at 06Z (micro); 50 kt NW and 974 mb at Sable Island at 12Z (micro), and 15 kt SSW and 957 mb Garner, Canada at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 32 mile diameter at 39.3N, 68.1W at 0015Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 39.3N, 67.8W at 0045Z (ATSR/micro), and radar center fix at 40.2N, 66.1W at 0245Z (ATSR/micro). September 22: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 970 mb centered near 50.5N, 52.5W with a dissipating cold front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 51.8N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 972 mb centered near 50.5N, 53.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 958 mb at 45.9N, 59.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 966 mb at 52.3N, 53.0W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 56.5N, 51.0W at 06Z (COADS); 55 kt SW and 984 mb at 47.1N, 51.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 60 kt ENE and 989 mb at 55.8N, 50.7W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 972 mb at St. Johns at 0Z (micro); 30 kt S and 970 mb at Garner at 49.0N, 54.6W at 06Z (micro); 40 kt SW and 973 mb at Garner at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt SW and 990 mb at St. Johns at 18Z (micro). September 23: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 53.5N, 40.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 53.1N, 40.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 54.0N, 48.0W at 06Z (last position available). MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb at 53.0N, 41.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 987 mb at 54.8N, 50.0W at 0Z (micro); 50 kt W and 987 mb at 48.6N, 43.6W at 06Z (COADS/micro); 25 kt SW and 983 mb at 52.8N, 37.6W at 12Z (COADS), and 45 kt NE and 998 mb at 58.2N, 43.2W at 18Z (COADS). September 24: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 62.5N, 14.0W with a stationary front to the east and southeast at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 57.2N, 29.3W at 0Z (last position). Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 51.4N, 29.2W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 53.1N, 21.6W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt NE and 980 mb at 63.0N, 16.0W at 12Z (COADS), 35 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 55.2N, 17.0W at 18Z (COADS), and 20 kt W and 979 mb at 63.0N, 16.0W at 18Z (COADS). September 25: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 70.0N, 8.0W with a stationary front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT, microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 993 mb at 62.8N, 2.0W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt SSW and 993 mb at 63.7N, 1.0W at 06Z (COADS); 10 kt SW and 979 mb at 68.7N, 4.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 30 kt SW and 985 mb at 70.5N, 1.7W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 10 kt ESE and 980 mb at Dan Mayen Island at 12Z (micro). September 26: HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 72.5N, 7.0W with a secondary low of at most 1000 mb near 66N 38W at 12Z. HURDAT, microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. No gale force winds. September 27: HWM shows an open low of at most 1005 mb centered near 72N 12W. HURDAT, microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. No gale force winds. MWR: Ione developed in an easterly wave which passed through the Cape Verdes on September 6 and the circulation was still quite weak on the 11th, but Ione began to develop on this date and reached hurricane intensity during the night of September 14-15 in about Latitude 19.5N and Longitude 62.6W. Ione then pursued a general northwesterly course toward the North Carolina coast. It reached greatest intensity on the 17th when a central pressure of 938 mb (27.70 inches) was reported with maximum winds of 125 mph. By the time the hurricane reached the North Carolina coastline on the 19th, the central pressure had filled to about 28.35 inches and the maximum winds had decreased slightly. Ione was the third hurricane to pass through eastern North Carolina within six weeks and the fourth within eleven months. Not within the known meteorological history of this section have so many hurricanes affected the area within so short a period. Total storm damage, mostly to crops in eastern North Carolina, is estimated at $88,035,000. There were 7 fatalities directly or indirectly attributable to the hurricane. The lack of any deaths from Connie and Diane in North Carolina and only 7 in Ione and the comparatively small property damage, excluding crop damage, in this area, is a tribute to the effectiveness of the warnings and precautionary measures taken by governmental and private agencies such as the Red Cross. NC CLIMO: The center of Hurricane Ione entered the North Carolina coast near Salter Path, about 10 miles west of Morehead City, at about 0500E on September 19. Meandering slowly northward, the center passed west of Cherry Point, east of New Bern and Aurora, west of Belhaven, east of Plymouth and Elizabeth City, and thence off the coast of Currituck County. Ocean tides rose to seven to ten feet above normal at the beaches around Morehead City and three to five feet above normal elsewhere along the ocean front. The western portion of the inland sounds and their estuaries had tides from six to ten feet above normal. Water rose into forty city blocks of New Bern, while considerable areas of Washington, Belhaven, Aurora, Oriental and Arapahoe were flooded deep water to enter the first floor of buildings. Thousands of acres of low-lying farm land were also inundated. The genesis of Ione is retained at 06Z on September 10 as a 25 kt tropical depression as originally shown in HURDAT. Data on this day is sparse but if a closed low level circulation was present, it must have been located substantially farther southeast of the position originally in HURDAT. There are no other significant changes to the track while the system was a tropical cyclone. However, major track alterations were introduced on the 21st when the cyclone was extratropical. Intensification to a tropical storm is retained at 12Z on the 10th, but there is no data to support it. Ione moved west-northwestward on the 10th to early on the 11th. Late on the 11th, the center of the system was located by aircraft reconnaissance. Ship and Lesser Antilles stations data on the 12th and 13th suggests that the low level circulation of Ione was poorly-defined and it is possible that it may have not been closed. A reconnaissance mission arrived late on the 12th to investigate the cyclone, but it did not go south enough to sample the center and only sampled the northern portion of the circulation. The mission did estimate 35 kt NE surface winds around 12Z, which is consistent with the existing 35 kt in HURDAT at that time. The mission measured 10 kt and 1008 mb at 1629Z on the 12th. This allows computing a central pressure of about 1007 mb, which has been added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 12th. A central pressure of 1007 mb yields 32 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Thus, an intensity of 35 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 12th, down from 40 kt originally in HURDAT. From late on the 11th to late on the 12th, the system had turned and tracked west-southwestward. A ship named Franca passed close to the cyclone on the 12th and early on the 13th. The wind direction and intensity reported by the ship appear to be correct, but the pressure reported was a few millibars below the actual value based upon intercomparing Francas subsequent observations against other nearby ships. Another reconnaissance mission investigated the cyclone at around 1145Z on the 14th measuring a central pressure of 1001 mb and estimated surface winds of 60 kt. A central pressure of 1001 mb yields 45 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 14th, down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT, based on a blend of the pressure-wind relationship and the visual winds. A central pressure of 1001 mb has been added to 12Z on the 14th. The final reconnaissance mission of the day arrived at 1830Z measuring a central pressure of 1000 mb and an eye of 30 mile diameter. An intensity of 50 kt is also selected for 18Z and a central pressure of 1000 mb has been added. Late on the 14th, Ione made its closest approach to the Leeward Islands passing about 55 nm from Barbuda at 18Z. Tropical storm force winds are likely to have affected the northernmost of the Leeward Islands. The circulation of Ione continued to become better organized as it moved away from the Leeward Islands on the 15th reaching hurricane intensity at 06Z, six hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 990 mb was in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th and although there is no data to directly support it (though it may be from aircraft), it is a reasonable value and is retained. A ship named BA CANADA reported 70 kt E and 1007 mb at 12Z on the 15th. This wind value appears reasonable but the ship continued to report the same wind value at 15Z and 18Z as the storm moved away, which begs into question the validity of the report. A reconnaissance airplane at 1052Z reported estimated maximum surface winds of 66 kt. Thus, an intensity of 70 kt at 12Z is retained as originally shown in HURDAT. The reconnaissance also reported peak surface winds of 70 kt (simultaneously with 993 mb) around 18Z, along with a peripheral pressure of 992 mb. 992 mb suggests greater than 61 kt maximum sustained wind from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th. Ione continued to gain strength on the 16th, as a reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1317Z reporting estimated surface winds of 80 kt and at 14Z reporting a 50 mile eye diameter. The Navy reconnaissance book indicates that a central pressure of 985 mb was reported on this day, but does not specify the time. It is likely that this central pressure was measured on the aforementioned center fixes and a 985 mb central pressure has been added to 12Z on the 16th. A central pressure of 985 mb yields 71 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity reduced (by 5 kt) to 75 kt with a blend of the pressure-wind relationship and the estimated surface winds. Intensification continued on the 17th and a central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter were measured by a reconnaissance aircraft at 0745Z. This central pressure yields 89 kt from the south of 25N and 83 kt from the north of 25N (87 kt from north 25N and intensifying subset) pressure-wind relationships. The 15 mile eye diameter allows computing an RMW of about 12 nm and climatology suggests an RMW of 18 nm. Therefore, in part due to the small size an intensity of 90 kt is selected for 06Z on the 17th, down from 95 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 971 mb has been added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 17th. A 950 mb central pressure is present in the original HURDAT at 12Z and while there were no specific observations to corroborate it (though it may be from aircraft), this value is retained as it is reasonable based on the rapid intensification the hurricane was going through on this day. A central pressure of 950 mb yields 105 kt from the north of 25N and 110 kt from the north of 25N intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 105 kt has been selected for 12Z, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT. Another reconnaissance aircraft made a center fix at 20Z measuring estimated surface winds of 100 kt, a central pressure of 938 mb and an eye with a 15 mile diameter. A central pressure of 938 mb yields 116 kt north of 25N and 122 kt north of 25N intensifying subset from the pressure-wind relationships. An RMW of about 12 nm was computed from the available eye diameter information and climatology suggests 17 nm. Therefore, an intensity of 120 kt is selected for 18Z on the 17th and 00Z on the 18th, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT, a major change. 120 kt is also the revised peak intensity for this hurricane, up from 105 kt originally in HURDAT. Ione remained a major hurricane on the 18th, but its intensity began to decrease as it moved toward the East Coast. Another reconnaissance mission reached the cyclone at 1340Z on the 18th estimating surface winds of 95 kt and a central pressure of 943 mb. A central pressure of 943 mb yields 112 kt from the north of 25N and 107 kt from the north of 25N weakening subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 110 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 17th, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 943 mb has been added to 12Z on the 18th. Ione reached the North Carolina coast around 11Z on the 19th making landfall between Morehead City and Beaufort near 34.7N 76.7W. Unofficial minimum pressure readings were 960 mb at Morehead City and 958 mb at Beaufort. The US Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point registered their minimum sea level pressure of 962 mb simultaneously with 50 kt ENE sustained winds at 1130Z (~30 minutes after landfall about 15 nm from the center). The station was inside the RMW as their peak winds (65 kt sustained and 93 kt gust) were recorded at 1034Z, suggesting an RMW of about 25 nm. (This is very similar to the Ho et al. estimate of 22 nm RMW.) Runs of the Schloemer equation give 957 mb central pressure using the Beaufort pressure and 950 mb from the Cherry Point pressure. A blend of this gives a central pressure of about 955 mb at landfall in North Carolina. This pressure yields 96 kt north of 25N weakening and 93 kt north of 35N according to the Brown et al. and Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships. The estimated RMW of 25 nm is about the same as the 27 nm from climatology, the outer closed isobar is a near average 1013 mb, and the translational speed of Ione at landfall was a slow (for this latitude) 11 kt. Based upon near average size, average OCI, but slow speed, an intensity of 90 kt is selected at landfall and 12Z, up from 65 kt originally shown in HURDAT, a major change. This makes Ione a Category 2 impact in North Carolina, which is down from Category 3 originally assessed by Taylor and Hebert. It is of note that the only reports of sustained hurricane-force winds were on the Frying Pan and Diamond Shoals lighthouses as well as Cherry Point USMCAC. However, there were no stations on the right semicircle, except Hatteras which was about 75 nm away from the landfall point. The hurricane moved northward to northeast across eastern North Carolina reaching the Atlantic Ocean again around 06Z on the 20th. Ione remained a hurricane while moving across North Carolina weakening to 65 kt as it made oceanfall. Elizabeth City reported 17 kt ESE and 978 mb at 0330Z on the 20th, which allows computing a central pressure of about 976 mb. A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 06Z on the 20th. 976 mb central pressure would suggest 77 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, but as the system was overland the intensity is analyzed to be 65 kt. It is estimated that no hurricane-force winds affected Virginia, but tropical storm force winds impacted the southeast portion of the state. Over the open Atlantic, Ione began to regain strength while accelerating to the northeast. A reconnaissance plane reached the hurricane on the 20th at 15Z measuring estimated surface winds of 95 kt, a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of 30 mile diameter. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 71 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. The eye diameter information permits computing an RMW of about 20-25 nm and climatology suggests 30 nm. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 18Z on the 20th due to the small RMW, down from the 85 kt intensity originally shown in HURDAT. At 2115Z and at 2245Z on the 20th, a reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 976 mb. A central pressure of 976 mb suggests 77 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 80 kt is selected for 00Z on the 21st, up from 75 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 00Z on the 21th. Transition to a powerful extratropical cyclone is retained at 06Z on the 21st. Ione passed just west of Sable Island around 11Z on 21st and made landfall in Newfoundland around 17Z. Reports from ships and land stations in Newfoundland indicate that Ione remained a very strong extratropical cyclone late on the 21st and 22nd. The motion of the cyclone came to an almost standstill late on the 21st into the 22nd while located near the northern coast of Newfoundland. Late on the 22nd, Ione began to accelerate east-northeastward. Weakening below hurricane-force intensity occurred at 00Z on the 23rd. The system continued to weaken on the 24th passing over eastern Iceland around 18Z. The system drifted for the next two days east of Greenland. HURDAT originally dissipated the system after 00Z on the 24th, so an additional 72 hours is included now before dissipation after 00Z on the 27th. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Hilda [September 1120, 1955] 38995 09/10/1955 M=11 8 SNBR= 853 HILDA XING=0 SSS=0 38995 09/12/1955 M= 9 9 SNBR= 853 HILDA XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** * (The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.) 39000 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*168 613 30 0* 39005 09/11*174 617 30 0*180 623 30 0*186 629 35 0*189 641 40 0* 39010 09/12*192 656 45 0*195 668 50 0*198 680 65 1007*201 691 75 0* 39010 09/12*192 661 40 0*195 670 45 0*198 680 50 0*201 691 60 0* *** ** *** ** ** **** ** 39015 09/13*204 702 80 0*204 713 85 0*203 725 85 0*202 736 70 0* 39015 09/13*203 702 70 0*205 713 70 0*204 725 70 0*202 736 70 986* *** ** *** ** *** ** *** 39020 09/14*201 747 65 0*201 762 60 0*201 777 60 0*199 792 65 0* 39020 09/14*201 748 60 0*201 762 55 0*201 777 50 0*199 792 50 0* *** ** ** ** ** 39025 09/15*196 806 75 0*194 821 85 0*192 834 90 980*191 844 100 0* 39025 09/15*195 806 60 995*192 821 75 0*191 834 90 980*191 844 100 0* *** ** *** *** ** *** 39030 09/16*192 854 100 963*194 864 95 0*196 874 95 0*199 884 90 0* 39030 09/16*192 854 105 963*194 864 105 0*196 874 105 0*199 884 80 0* *** *** *** ** 39035 09/17*202 893 85 0*206 902 85 0*209 910 90 0*211 920 90 0* 39035 09/17*202 893 60 0*205 902 55 0*208 911 55 0*210 920 65 985* ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 39040 09/18*213 929 95 0*214 936 100 0*216 942 105 0*218 950 110 0* 39040 09/18*211 928 75 0*213 935 80 0*215 942 85 970*218 949 90 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 39045 09/19*220 959 105 0*222 970 85 0*223 981 60 952*222 988 45 0* 39045 09/19*220 959 100 0*221 970 105 0*223 981 105 952*222 988 50 0* *** *** *** *** ** 39050 09/20*220 991 40 0*218 995 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39050 09/20*220 991 30 0*218 995 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* ** ** 39055 HR Non-synoptic time best track point: 12th/15Z: 20.0N 68.5W 55 kt 996 mb Landfalls: 13th/21Z: 20.2N 74.2W 70 kt 986 mb Cuba 15th/03Z: 19.3N 81.2W 65 kt 995 mb Cayman Islands 16th/14Z: 19.7N 87.7W 105 kt Mexico 19th/11Z: 22.3N 97.9W 105 kt 952 mb Mexico Major changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major alteration is to indicate genesis 30 hours later than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps, Perez et al., and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book. September 9: HWM shows a spot low centered near 13.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT and Microfilm do not list an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. The synoptic analysis of the tropical regions to the east of the Lesser Antilles on the 9th and 10th of September indicated a moderately strong easterly flow in which were embedded two easterly waves approximately 1000 miles apart and believed to be of moderate intensity (ATSR). September 10: HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 16.8N, 61.3W (first position) at 18Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 11: HWM shows a spot low centered near 16.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 18.6N, 62.9W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a NE-SW extending tropical wave or trough across the Virgin Islands from 22N, 61W to 13N, 67W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: calm with 1005 mb at 15Z at 16.5N 64.5W (micro). Aircraft highlights: 10 kt SE with 1006 mb at 1840Z at 19.7N 64.5W (micro); 40 kt E with 1008 mb at 19Z at 20.0N 64.5W (micro). Station highlights: 5 kt S and 1008 mb at St. Thomas (micro). Easterly wave defined by shifting winds weather pattern and pressure pattern in vicinity of Saint Thomas oriented NNE-SSW, moderate rain with max wind 40 kt (micro). The first of these waves was verified on the time cross-section as being of moderate intensity upon passing Guadaloupe Island at 110000Z and was labeled locally as September #1. As this wave moved westward, the development of a very weak vortex became evident at 110900Z. This vortex moved northward up in the wave increased in intensity slightly by 111830Z was centered over Culebra Island (ATSR). September 12: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 67.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 65 kt hurricane near 19.8N, 68.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb near 20.0N, 69.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1000 mb near 20.7N, 67.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 19.7N, 66.4W at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt ENE at 20.3N, 68.7W at 1430Z (micro), and 996 mb near 20.3N, 68.7W at 1445Z (micro); 30 kt SW with 999 mb at 19Z at 20.5N 69.5W (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1007 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 19.8N, 68.7W at 1345Z (ATSR/micro). the Air Force reconnaissance flight on easterly wave September #1, at 121345Z reported a small storm with an eye poorly defined centered at 19-48N 68-42W with maximum winds of 70 knots near the center and 40 knot winds extending 65 miles north of the center. The minimum pressure was 1007 mb as determined by dropsonde (ATSR). September 13: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.3N, 72.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists an 85 kt hurricane near 20.3N, 72.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb near 20.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb near 20.7N, 72.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 21.0N, 68.2W at 0Z (micro). Land highlights: 40 kt E and 1014 mb at Mayaguana, Bahamas at 12Z. Aircraft highlights: Penetration fix with 986 mb central pressure and 20 nm diameter eye at 20.3N 73.1W at 1530Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 986 mb, maximum surface winds of 85 kt, and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 20.1N, 73.7W at 1737Z (ATSR/micro), and a penetration center fix at 20.0N, 73.9W at 1955Z (ATSR). Sep 13-14, Category 1, 65 kt, landfall 9/13, deaths 4, damage $2,000,000 (Perez et al.) During the next 24 hours, Hilda moved west to west-northwest at 8 to 12 knots. The track paralleled Hispaniola at about 55 miles north of the eastern end of the island then dipped southwest to within 20 miles of the western end. The Navy low level penetration center fix at 131530Z reported a well-defined horseshoe shaped eye 20 miles in diameter. The minimum surface pressure had decreased to 986 mb and the maximum winds were reported as 85 knots in a small area near the center. Severe turbulence and mountainous seas were reported near the center by the flight aerologist. Although the center of Hilda at this time was only approximately 25 miles from the western end of Hispaniola, little damage was reported because of the very small diameter of destructive winds of Hurricane Hilda (ATSR). September 14: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 77.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 20.1N, 77.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 19.7N, 78.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb near 20.4N, 78.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 20.1N, 77.2W at 1645Z (ATSR/micro). The circulation aloft showed moderately strong easterly flow across the Bahamas Islands just north of the small circulation of Hilda at both the 700 mb and 500 mb level. The course of Hilda was, therefore, expected to continue nearly westward for the near future. In making a slight dip to the southwest, Hilda made transit through the Windward Passage and then encroached upon the eastern tip of Cuba passing approximately 15 miles north of Guantanamo Bay. In crossing southeastern Cuba at a speed of 14 knots, Hilda decreased in intensity to barely hurricane force in squalls, and also lost some of her characteristic cloud patterns. The small cyclonic circulation of Hilda, being rather obscure in the strong easterly flow even caused considerable confusion to reconnaissance radar tracking crews as it moved west-southwest from Cape Cruz (ATSR). September 15: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 83.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 19.2N, 83.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb near 19.0N, 83.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates the system was located near 19.0N, 83.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12Z (micro), and 50 kt N and 1004 mb at 19.5N, 86.1W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: 48 kt NNW at Grand Cayman at 0230Z (micro), 5 kt SSE and 995 mb at Grand Cayman after 0230Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb and an eye of a 8-10 mile diameter at 19.0N, 83.5W at 1130Z (ATSR/micro), penetration center fix at 19.1N, 83.5W at 12Z (ATSR), and penetration center fiz measured a central pressure of 963 mb and an eye of a 9 mile diameter at 2230Z (ATSR/micro). A slight increase in intensity was noted as Hilda moved over the open water of the Caribbean. The center passed directly over Grand Cayman Island at 050300Z, and a considerable increase in intensity was noted by the Navy reconnaissance flight establishing a center fix at 151200Z. The maximum winds had now reached 100 knots with the minimum surface pressure at 980 mb (ATSR). September 16: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 20.0N, 87.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 95 kt hurricane near 19.6N, 87.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb near 19.5N, 87.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb near 19.4N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 993 mb at 19.3N, 84.9W at 00Z (micro); 10 kt W and 1005 mb at 16.6N, 86.9W at 0Z (COADS), and 20 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 17.3N, 86.2W at 06Z (COADS). Land highlights: 5 kt S and 1004 mb at Swan Island at 0Z (micro); 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Belize City at 12Z (micro), and 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at Chetumal at 18Z (micro). Hilda continued at the same intensity on westward at about 10 knots until entering the Yucatan Peninsula, then a slight decrease in intensity was observed while crossing the Yucatan Peninsula (ATSR). September 17: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.0N, 91.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 20.9N, 91.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb near 20.5N, 91.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb near 20.7N, 91.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at 23.5N, 91.5W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 1000 mb at Cozumel at 0Z (micro); 35 kt NE and 998 mb at Merida at 03Z (micro); 25 kt E and 999 mb at Merida at 06Z (micro); 40 kt SSE and 1001 mb at Campeche at 12Z (micro), and 10 kt S and 1004 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 987 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 21.0N, 91.8W at 1515Z (ATSR/micro), penetration center fix measured an eye of a 35 mile diameter at 21.0N, 92.0W at 1630Z (ATSR/micro), penetration center fix at 21.0N, 92.1W at 1845Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 21.0N, 89.6W at 2045Z (ATSR/micro). Upon moving out into the Gulf of Campeche on the 17th of September, Hilda began increasing gradually to a maximum intensity of 100 knots in a small area near the center (ATSR). September 18: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.5N, 94.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 21.6N, 94.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb near 21.5N, 94.7W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb near 21.5N, 94.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 20.8N, 92.5W at 0130Z (ATSR); radar center fix at 21.1N, 93.7W at 0625Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 970 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 21.6N, 94.5W at 1422Z (ATSR/micro). September 19: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 22.0N, 98.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 22.3N, 98.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb near 22.3N, 98.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb near 22.5N, 98.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 995 mb at Tampico at 06Z (micro); calm and 952 mb at Tampico (no time given but likely around 12Z) (MWR); 979 mb at Ciudad Victoria at 1630Z (micro), and 15 kt NE and 998 mb at Ciudad Victoria at 18Z (micro). Hilda moved inland just north of Tampico and degenerated into an area of squalls in the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains of Mexico (ATSR). September 20: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 23.0N, 102.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.8N, 99.8W (last position) at 06Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 21.0N, 99.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date at 12Z. MWR: Hilda formed in an easterly wave and reached hurricane intensity at Latitude 20.0N and Longitude 69.1W on the 12th. It remained very small with a very narrow ring of strong winds around the eye of several days. It passed over the southeastern tip of Cuba where 4 persons were killed and there was moderate damage. By 1730 EST on the 15th, in the northwestern Caribbean, the central pressure had dropped to 963 mb (28.44 inches). On the 16th, Hilda crossed the Yucatan peninsula midway between Chetumal and Cozumel, an area very sparsely populated. Hilda reached its greatest intensity in the Gulf of Campeche. The center moved inland early on the 19th at Tampico which experienced calm for 45 minutes. The lowest pressure at Tampico was 952 mb (28.11 inches). Highest wind recorded before anemometer blew away was 105 mph and the maximum winds were estimated at 150 mph. Newspaper reports indicate 300 deaths and $120,000,000 damage, largely from floods. Genesis for this tropical cyclone has been delayed 30 hours to September 12th at 00Z as a 40 kt tropical storm. HURDAT originally had genesis at 18Z on the 10th as a 30 kt tropical depression. Delaying genesis is based on data from ships and land stations in and around the northeast Caribbean on the 10th and 11th of September that indicate that a closed low level circulation was not present through 18Z on the 11th. This is consistent with the aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 11th as well. The basis to start the cyclone as a 40 kt tropical storm is on a 40 kt surface estimated report from the reconnaissance airplane at 19Z on the 11th. Hilda intensified quickly on the 12th as it moved westward north of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. A ship at 1430Z on the 12th passed through the center of the storm measuring a central pressure of 996 mb and 15 minutes later, measured sustained surface winds of force 9 or about 40 kt. A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Thus, an intensity of 50 kt is analyzed for 12Z on the 12th and 60 kt at 18Z, down from 65 kt and 75 kt originally in HURDAT. Because the system was rapidly intensifying and the central pressure measured was midway between synoptic times, the 996 mb is added into HURDAT as a special non-synoptic time. A reconnaissance airplane reached Hilda at 1345Z measuring a central pressure reportedly of 1007 mb. It is likely that the dropsonde did not land in the center based on a couple ships around this time reporting lower pressures. Therefore, the central pressure of 1007 mb originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th has been replaced by 996 mb measured by the aforementioned ship. Hilda is analyzed to have reached hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 12th, 6 hours later than originally in HURDAT. At 1530Z and 1747Z on the 13th, a reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 986 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter. A central pressure of 986 mb yields 70 kt south of 25N, according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 20 mile diameter eye allows calculating roughly a 15 nm RMW and climatology suggests around 16 nm. Thus, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 13th, same as originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 986 mb has been added to 18Z. Hilda was a small cyclone and gale reports were sparse, but 40 kt were measured in the SE Bahamas at 12Z on the 13th. Hilda made its first landfall in eastern Cuba at 21Z on the 13th near 20.2N, 74.2W with maximum sustained winds of 70 kt. This intensity is consistent with the Perez et al. assessment. The hurricane moved westward over the entire length of eastern Cuba, entering the waters of the Caribbean Sea around 11Z on the 14th. A reconnaissance aircraft on the 14th had trouble locating the center of Hilda due to the mountainous terrain. The center locations from the reconnaissance aircraft are inconsistent with the reports from the land stations. The aircraft reported a radar center fix overland at 1645Z on the 14th although the land station reports indicate that the storm was already over the Caribbean Sea. The reconnaissance mission also indicated 1004 mb minimum pressure, though this likely is not a central pressure. Hilda is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 14th, 6 hours before than originally in HURDAT. After moving over the Caribbean Sea, Hilda began to rapidly reorganize making landfall in the Cayman Islands (19.3N, 81.2W) at 03Z on the 15th as a 65 kt hurricane. A central pressure of 995 mb was measured in Grand Cayman. A central pressure of 995 mb yields 56 kt S25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. A central pressure of 995 mb has been added to 00Z on the 15th. A reconnaissance aircraft reached Hilda on the 15th of September at 12Z measuring a central pressure of 980 mb, estimated surface winds of 90 kt, and an eye of an 8-10 nm diameter. A central pressure of 980 mb yields 78 kt S25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. An 8-10 nm eye diameter allows calculating an RMW of about 7 nm and climatology suggests about 15 nm. Thus, an intensity of 90 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 15th, same as originally shown in HURDAT. An intensity of 60 kt is selected at 00Z, and 75 kt at 06Z. HURDAT originally showed 75 kt at 00Z, 85 kt at 06Z, and 90 kt at 12Z. Another reconnaissance airplane reached Hilda on the 15th at 2230Z measuring a central pressure of 963 mb and an eye diameter of 9 miles. A central pressure of 963 mb yields 98 kt S25N, according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 9 mile eye diameter allows calculating an RMW of about 7 nm and climatology suggests about 14 nm. Thus, an intensity of 105 kt has been selected for 0Z on the 16th, up from 100 kt originally in HURDAT. Hilda is analyzed to have reached major hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 15th, same as originally in HURDAT. Ships remained away from the hurricane and due to the small size of Hilda, no gales were reported on the 15th and 16th of September. Over the northwest Caribbean, this cyclone moved west-northwest reaching the Yucatan eastern coast (19.7N, 87.7W) around 14Z with an intensity of 105 kt. HURDAT originally showed a decrease in intensity below major hurricane intensity before Hilda made landfall in Yucatan. There is no data to justify this weakening, and it is very likely that Hilda continued to intensify after the reconnaissance airplane left late on the 15th. The hurricane made landfall in a very sparsely populated area and no inner core data is available during its crossing of the Yucatan Peninsula. The Kaplan and DeMaria model was run for 18Z on the 16th, and 00Z, and 06Z on the 17th yielding 74 kt, 51 kt and 48 kt, respectively. Because of the very flat terrain of Yucatan, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 18Z on the 16th, 60 kt at 00Z and 55 kt at 06Z on the 17th (down from 90 kt, 85 kt and 85 kt, respectively, originally in HURDAT), a major change at 00Z and 06Z on the 17th. Hilda entered the Gulf of Mexico around 08Z on the 17th as a tropical storm. Two reconnaissance airplanes investigated the cyclone on the 17th, measuring a central pressure of 987 mb at 1515Z and 982 mb at 2045Z. Since the missions occurred at around three hours before and after 18Z, a central pressure of 985 mb has been added to 18Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 985 mb yields 71 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. The aircrafts also reported an eye diameter of 40 nm at 1515Z and 30 nm at 2045Z, which is larger than climatology suggests. Therefore, an intensity of 65 kt is selected for 18Z on the 17th, bringing Hilda back to hurricane status for the 3rd time. HURDAT originally showed 90 kt at 18Z on the 17th. Major downward changes were then made for all the intensities on the 17th. Hilda continued to intensify on the 18th while moving on a west-northwest heading over the southern Gulf of Mexico. At 1422Z on September 18th, a reconnaissance aircraft reported a central pressure of 970 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter. A central pressure of 970 mb yields 90 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 40 nm diameter allows calculating an RMW of about 30 nm and climatology suggests near 15 nm. Thus, an intensify of 85 kt is selected for 12Z on the 18th, down from 105 kt originally shown in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 970 mb has been added to 12Z on the 18th. Major downward changes are also introduced at 00Z, and 06Z. HURDAT originally showed 95 kt and 100 kt, respectively, and our reanalysis shows 75 kt and 80 kt, respectively. Hilda made its 4th and final landfall at 11Z on the 19th near Tampico where a central pressure of 952 mb was measured and MWR indicates that a calm was experienced for 45 minutes. A central pressure of 952 mb yields 109 kt south of 25N and 111 kt south of 25N intensifying, according to the pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 105 kt is selected for 12Z on the 19th due to the size of the hurricane. Major upward changes in intensity are analyzed at 06Z and 12Z, as HURDAT originally showed 85 kt and 60 kt, respectively. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached major hurricane intensity for a 2nd time at 00Z on the 19th, 18 hours later than shown originally in HURDAT. There is no data to justify weakening Hilda before it makes landfall in Tamaulipas. After moving inland, Hilda weakened rapidly becoming a tropical depression at 00Z on the 20th and dissipating after 06Z. HURDAT originally kept Hilda as a 35 kt tropical storm at the last position on September 20th at 06Z. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Janet [September 2130, 1955] 39145 09/21/1955 M=10 10 SNBR= 855 JANET XING=0 SSS=0 39150 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*132 543 35 0* 39150 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*132 526 40 0*132 543 50 0* *** *** ** ** 39155 09/22*133 560 50 0*131 576 50 0*129 592 105 0*125 604 105 979* 39155 09/22*132 560 60 0*131 575 70 0*130 589 80 979*128 602 90 0* ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 39160 09/23*123 614 100 0*125 625 85 0*127 636 80 996*129 648 80 996* 39160 09/23*126 614 90 0*125 625 80 0*127 636 70 0*130 648 60 996* *** ** ** ** * *** ** 39165 09/24*130 660 85 0*135 669 95 0*140 679 100 996*139 693 110 995* 39165 09/24*132 659 60 0*135 670 55 0*137 682 55 996*138 694 60 995* *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 39170 09/25*137 707 115 0*138 718 115 0*139 729 115 993*143 743 115 988* 39170 09/25*138 707 65 0*138 718 65 0*139 729 65 993*142 742 70 988* *** ** ** ** *** *** ** 39175 09/26*147 755 120 0*148 763 120 0*150 771 125 970*154 780 125 0* 39175 09/26*145 754 70 0*147 764 80 0*150 772 90 970*153 780 100 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 39180 09/27*159 789 130 0*165 802 135 914*170 820 140 938*175 841 145 0* 39180 09/27*158 789 110 0*164 802 120 0*170 821 130 0*175 841 140 0* *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** *** 39185 09/28*180 861 150 0*185 882 130 0*190 902 95 950*193 919 90 0* 39185 09/28*180 861 150 0*185 882 150 914*189 902 105 950*192 917 90 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** 39190 09/29*195 931 90 0*197 942 95 0*199 953 95 950*200 963 85 0* 39190 09/29*195 931 90 0*197 942 95 0*198 953 95 0*198 964 95 0* *** * *** *** ** 39195 09/30*200 977 60 0*203 988 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39195 09/30*200 977 60 0*203 991 35 0*2051005 25 0* 0 0 0 0* *** ** ******* ** 39200 HR Landfalls: 9/23/00Z 12.6N 61.4W 90 kt St. Vincent and the Grenadines 9/27/17Z 17.4N 83.9W 140 kt Swan Island 9/28/05Z 18.4N 87.8W 150 kt 914 mb Mexico 9/29/18Z 19.8N 96.4W 95 kt - Mexico Asynoptic time best track: 9/27/15Z 17.3N 83.0W 135 kt 938 mb Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book. September 14: HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 13.2N, 22.3W at 12Z. Microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 16: HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 17: HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 18: HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. ATSR: Hurricane Janet, rightfully designated the killer hurricane of 1955, came into existence on September 22nd about 200 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. Several days earlier, on the 18th, an easterly wave of weak to moderate intensity that was eventually to bear Janet passed over the ship ROBIN HOOD near 38W. During the next few days the easterly wave was tracked westward at 12.5 knots although hardly any reports were received to verify its existence or reveal its intensity. September 19: HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 51.5W at 12Z. Microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 21: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.7N, 55.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 13.2N, 54.3W at 18Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 15.5N, 55.3W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 10 kt W and 1010 mb at 11.9N, 56.0W at 12Z. 10 kt and 1009 mb at 10.8N, 54.5W at 18Z. All reports from COADS. MWR: Early on the 21st, pilot reports from the airlines Air France and Iberia indicated the presence of a weak tropical disturbance at about latitude 13.5N and longitude 53.0W it is believed that Janet was just attaining hurricane intensity when encountered by the SS Mormacdale in latitude 13.6N and longitude 55.2W at 1900 EST on September 21 when it reported winds of 63 mph. ATSR: On the 21st, the ship SS DEL NORTE in the vicinity of 11N 55W reported a light west wind with surface pressures of 1010.2 mb abd 1009.1 mb at 1230Z and 1830Z respectively, thus verifying the easterly wave and revealing the development of a vortex, then estimated to be centered near 14N 55W. September 22: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.1N, 57.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 12.9N, 59.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.0N, 59.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt S and 1003 mb at 13.5N, 55.3W at 00Z. 35 kt W and 998 mb at 12.6N, 56.1W at 00Z. 40 kt W and 1007 mb at 11.5N, 62.0W at 21Z. All reports from microfilm. Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 979 mb at 12.8N, 59.4W at 1425Z (ATSR/MWR). Land highlights: 30 kt N (gusts to 50 kt) and 1003 mb at Barbados at 15Z (micro). 85+ kt ESE (maybe estimated) and 989 mb at Barbados around 1610Z (MWR). MWR: The eye of hurricane Janet passed just south of the island of Barbados shortly after 1100 EST on the 22nd. It was an immature hurricane at this time with a very small ring of hurricane winds around the 20-mile eye. The reconnaissance plane reported the wall cloud around the eye only 5 miles wide but turbulence was very severe. Maximum winds were estimated by an observer on the south side of the island at 110 to 120 mph, dropping off very rapidly 20 miles out from the edge of the eye the hurricane was moving at 11 mph at this time so it can be seen the ring of hurricane winds was very narrow. The lowest pressure reported by plane in the eye just to the south of the island was 979 mb. This was the first hurricane in Barbados in 57 years. ATSR: Due to the lack of any other information, the vortex was believed to be only of moderate intensity, however, subsequent data from the ship SS MORMAC DALE at 220030Z, reporting south wind 50 to 55 knots and surface pressure of 1003.1 mb, confirmed the development of Janet. Warning Number One was issued at 220200Z after coordination accomplished with the Weather Bureau Office at San Juan, Puerto Rico. Navy aircraft reconnoiter the storm area located a small but intense hurricane centered near Barbados islands. Surface winds were reported in excess of 100 knots and the minimum surface pressure was reported as 979 mb. Further evidence of the severity of Hurricane Janet was exemplified by the wake of destruction left on Barbados Islands followed about 12 hours later with similar conditions wrought at Grenada Island. September 23: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 12.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 12.7N, 63.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 12.8N, 64.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12.5N, 65.4W at 18Z (micro). 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at 13.5N, 68.2W at 20Z (micro). 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12.2N, 65.3W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter at 12.4N, 62.1W at 0454Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 45 mile diameter at 12.9N, 63.1W at 09Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 37 mile diameter near 12.5N, 63.9W at 1432Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb, maximum sustained winds of 80 kt and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 13.0N, 64.7W at 1815Z (ATSR/micro). Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1004 mb at 0Z at Grenada (micro). MWR: During the next several days in the eastern Caribbean, Janet pursued a course generally toward the west with some actual decrease in intensity. The center was located at 3 pm on September 23 at latitude 13.2N and longitude 64.8W with central pressure 996 mb and wind 92 mph, radar eye 40 miles in diameter and wind eye 20 miles N-S, 27 E-W. Turbulence was moderate, sea high, no weather bands in northern semicircle but some in the southern semicircle. ATSR: During Janets transit across the Caribbean almost constant aircraft surveillance was maintained; therefore an accurate account was maintained of the movement and changing intensity of the storm. On a westward course describing a sinusoidal track, Janet moved at an average rate of speed of about 12 knots from Barbados Island to the 76th Meridian. September 24: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 13.9N, 68.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 14.0N, 67.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 69.1W at 12Z. MWR shows an area of low pressure of at most 996 mb near 13.5N, 68.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1000 mb at 14.5N 66.3W at 15Z (micro, note that comparison of this ship - the Milbank - earlier on the 23rd indicates that the ship was indicating around 8 mb too low); 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at 11.5N, 67.5W at 06Z (micro). 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at 15.5N, 69.2W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: Aircraft highlights: 30 kt SW and 1004 at Aruba at 18Z (micro). 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at Curazao at 18Z (micro). 10 kt SW and 1004 at Aruba at 21Z (micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb and maximum sustained winds of 55 kt at 14.0N, 68.3W at 1345Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix at 14.3N, 68.6W at 1454Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 14.1N, 68.6W at 1520Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 995 mb and an eye of a 15-20 mile diameter at 14.3N, 68.6W at 1545Z (micro). Penetration center fix at 13.9N, 68.7W at 1645Z (ATSR). Radar center fix and estimated maximum surface winds in excess 100 kt at 13.9N, 69.2W at 1745Z (micro). Penetration center fix at 13.8N, 69.5W at 1815Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix with 995 mb central pressure at 13.8N, 69.9W at 2000Z (ATSR, micro). MWR: During the early hours on the 24th, according to the NAVY reconnaissance plane, Janet never presented good center definition and it is not certain the center was found. Weather targets consisted of large areas of diffuse targets with no spiral relationship. All center fixes were taken on strongest, most promising targets and the plane stated the fixes were of unknown accuracy. The radar bands were so disorganized, radar coverage was not considered feasible. Late in the afternoon, one very strong spiral weather band was found although the central pressure remained about the same. The reconnaissance plane reported: Eye centered Lat 13.8N and Long 69.9W at 3:02 pm EST circular eye with well defined cloud and wind eye approximately 20 miles in diameter. Minimum pressure 995 mb, maximum wind 127 mph in weather band 40 miles from eye in southwest quadrant, wind shifted in weather band from 240 to 330, band approximately 25 miles thick, section we went through showed up weakest on radar, maximum winds northwest through southwest 52 mph, turbulence light to none except in weather band where it was moderate to heavy, precipitation light to none, navigation good, radar coverage not considered feasible for eye positions, however, weather band to west presents good picture. September 25: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 13.9N, 72.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 13.9N, 72.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 13.8N, 73.0W at 12Z. MWR shows an area of low pressure of at most 992 mb near 13.9N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 1005 mb at 14.9N, 69.5W at 0Z (micro). 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 14.5N, 70.4W at 18Z (ATSR). 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 13.2N, 74.0W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 13.9N, 73.2W at 1345Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 988 mb, maximum sustained winds of 85 kt and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 14.3N, 74.2W at 19Z (ATSR/MWR/micro). MWR: On the 25th the eye was located at 1400 EST at latitude 14.3N and longitude 74.2W with a maximum wind at 98 mph, central pressure 987.7 mb. The eye was described as well defined but there was evidence it was very changeable hoop-shaped on one occasion, a figure 6 on another. One obtains the impression of a slowly but definitely intensifying storm. The reconnaissance flight on the night of September 25-26 summarizes its observations as follows: Eye completely closed circle after 9:15 pm, average diameter 22 miles, storm presented symmetrical pattern of intense weather bands which extended 120 miles south, 140 east, 130 north and 170 west, high overcast throughout area, low scattered to broken stratocumulus with tops near 6000, thunderstorms generally oriental in spiral bands throughout area, frequent lighting. Rapid intensification was evident. For the next 150 miles Janet moved at a slower speed of 9 knots,this was followed by gradual acceleration to 17 knots at the 80th meridian and 20 knots at the 86th meridian. September 26: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 14.7N, 76.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 15.0N, 77.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb centered near 14.6N, 77.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 13.1N, 78.1W at 6Z (micro). 35 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 17.6N, 77.7W at 18Z (micro). 40 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 17.4N, 77.5W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 14.3N, 76.3W at 0115Z (ATSR). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter at 14.6N, 76.6W at 0615Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 22 mile diameter at 14.7N, 76.3W AT 09Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix at 14.8N, 77.1W at 12Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 15.2N, 78.8W at 22Z (ATSR). MWR: At 0830 EST of the 26th, Lt. Comdr. Windham with crew of 8 and 2 newspapermen reported in latitude 15.4N and longitude 78.2W that they were about to begin penetration of the main core of the storm. No further report was ever received from this plane. Janet had become a very severe hurricane. September 27: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 16.5N, 81.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 140 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 82.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 16.8N, 82.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 17.5N, 77.3W at 0Z (micro). 50 kt NE and 1001 mb at 18.0N, 81.0W at 09Z (micro). 50 kt S at 16.6N, 81.8W at 12Z (micro). 50 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 18.0N, 80.8W at 18Z (ATSR). Land highlight: 10 kt SW and 1003 mb at Cabo Gracias a Dios at 12Z (micro). 30 kt N and 1000 mb at Swan Island at 15Z (micro). 15 kt SW and 1004 mb at Cabo Gracias a Dios at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Radar center fix at 15.6N, 78.8W at 01Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 16.5N, 80.2W at 0630Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 16.9N, 82.8W at 13Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 938 mb at 16.9N, 82.7W at 1540Z (ATSR/MWR). Penetration center fix at 17.0N, 82.7W at 1615Z (ATSR). MWR: The NAVY reconnaissance plane at 1040 EST on the 27th reported the center at latitude 16.9N and longitude 82.7W with lowest pressure 938 mb, and maximum winds in excess of 115 mph by a large and incalculable amount. Janet passed over Swan Island during midday with winds estimated at 200 mph. September 28: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 19.2N, 89.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.0N, 90.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb centered near 19.4N, 90.3W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 16.5N, 87.5W at 0Z (micro). Land highlights: 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at Belize City at 03Z (micro). 994 mb at Corozal at 04Z (MWR). 50 kt SW and 994 mb at Belize City at 6Z (micro). 152 kt (before collapsing) and 914 mb (southern edge of the eye) at Chetumal (no time given but likely around 06Z) (MWR). 918 mb at 0610Z at Corozal (MWR). 55 kt S and 998 mb at Belize City at 09Z (micro). 40 kt N (gusts to 70 kt) and 1009 mb at Campeche, Mexico at 12Z (micro). 10 kt WSW and 990 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 19.0N, 91.9W at 1945Z (ATSR/micro). MWR: The hurricane center reached Corozal, British Honduras, and Chetumal, Mexico, about 1 am, local time, September 28. It was still a very concentrated storm with winds reaching hurricane force only about 2 hours before the arrival of the eye. In Corozal the barometer read 29.34 inches [994 mb] at 2300 EST and 27.10 inches [918 mb] at 0110 EST, falling 2.24 inches in 2 hours and 10 minutes with most of the fall occurring after 2330 EST. The official minimum barometer reading in Corozal was 27.10 inches [918 mb] (aneroid) and another aneroid in the house of a clergyman read 27.05 inches [916 mb]. In Chetumal the radio operator of the Mexican Aviation Company read 920.1 mb (27.17 inches) on the mercurial barometer some minutes before the eye arrived. The original barograph trace (fig. 6) at Chetumal was furnisged vy Mr. S.B Lizama Frias, Flight Dispatch Superintendent, CIA, Mexicana de Aviation, S.A. The pen passed off the trace at 27.94 inches. A barometer reading of 27.00 inches [914 mb] in the eye at Chetumal was forwarded by Mr. D.N.A. Fairweather, the meteorological observer at Corozal. Corozal was in the southern edge of the eye and since the eye passed directly over Chetumal, it is believed the reading of 27.00 inches can be accepted. Therefore on the inset in figure 6 we have constructed a continuation of the trace below 28.00 inches based on this reading and the length of the period of calm at Chetumal. The anemometer at the airport terminal building at Chetumal registered 152 knots or 175 mph before it collapsed. The wind continued to increase and the maximum is estimated in excess of 200 mph. In British Honduras 16 persons were killed and total damage is estimated at about $5,000,000. In Chetumal, a town of about 2,500 people, only 4 badly battered buildings were left standing. Sea water reached a height of 6½ feet some 1,600 feet inland. The area is rather well protected from the Caribbean Sea by a sizable peninsula but there was one report of a hurricane wave south of Corozal. In Chetumal approximately 120 bodies were found in and about the ruins but the sea dragged away an unknown number. Altogether in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, the death toll is estimated at about 500 with $40,000,000 damage. Janet maintained this fast rate of movement even in crossing the Yucatan Peninsula. This speed was a result of the intensification of the subtropical ridge over the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern United States. September 29: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.2N, 95.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.9N, 95.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 20.0N, 94.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 ENE and 1007 mb at 0Z near 23.8N, 93.0W. Land highlights: 15 SSW and 999 mb at Coatzacoalcos, Mexico at 12Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix near 19.8N, 96.4W at 1745Z (ATSR). ATSR: After Janet moved in to the Gulf of Campeche the circulation became distorted and partially disrupted by the surrounding land masses. This being an area of sparse upper air reports it is difficult to say why Janet decelerated to 14 knots and finally to 8 knots before entering the coast of Mexico. September 30: HWM and Microfilm does not show an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 98.8W at 6Z (last position). MWR is not available on this date. Land highlights: 10 kt E and 1002 mb at Veracruz at 0Z (micro). 10 kt SW and 1004 mb at Mexico City at 06Z (micro). MWR: Hurricane Janet passed into the Gulf of Campeche and moved inland between Veracruz and Nautla. The circulation aloft continued its westward movement across Mexico and a squally disturbed area developed off the west coast of Mexico under this circulation late on the first of October. Floods were already occurring in the Tampico area from the rains of Gladys and Hilda when the torrential rains of this hurricane were added. Little information is available on fatalities and damage which should be attributed to Janet in this area, but according to the Weather Bureau Office at New Orleans, the floods in the Tampico area from the tropical storms of 1955 were probably one of the greatest natural disasters ever to occur in that country. Hurricane Janet developed from a tropical wave that left the African coast around mid-September. The tropical wave traveled westward organizing into a tropical cyclone east of the Lesser Antilles. The time of genesis is uncertain as data east of 55W is very sparse and by the time Janet was detected on September 21st, it was already a well-organized tropical storm. The data at 12Z on the 21st does suggest that a well-defined center was present and this is the first entry into HURDAT (not genesis) of our analysis, six hours earlier than originally in HURDAT. At 00Z on the 22nd, two separate ships reported gale-force winds and pressures below 1005 mb. The ship Mormac Dale located at 13.5N, 55.3W reported sustained winds of 55 kt S and 1003 mb, while another ship near 12.6N, 56.1W reported 35 kt W and 998 mb. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb suggests maximum sustained winds greater than 51 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 60 kt is selected for 00Z on September 22nd, a minor upward change from original HURDAT. Also, an intensity of 40 kt is selected for 12Z and 50 kt for 18Z on the 21st, the latter is a minor change as originally HURDAT had 35 kt. Janet approached Barbados late on the 22nd passing just south of the island. Winds over 100 mph (possibly an estimate) were reported by an observer on the island and Janet is considered a hurricane strike for Barbados. An aircraft reconnaissance mission reached Janet at 1425Z measuring a central pressure of 979 mb. A central pressure of 979 mb suggests maximum sustained winds of 79 kt the south of pressure-wind relationship. At this point Janet was a small hurricane, with a RMW of about 8 nmi and climatology suggests about 12 nmi. Therefore, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 12Z on the 22nd and 90 kt at 18Z, down from 105 kt at both times originally in HURDAT. Janet did not make landfall in Barbados but category 1 force winds, and possibly category 2 force winds, did impact the island causing significant damage to houses and other structures. The hurricane continued on a west-southwest path toward the Lesser Antilles maintaining 90 kt winds at 00Z on the 23rd. Around this time, the center of Janet moved over Union Island and causing significant damage to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Weakening began thereafter as Janet began to move west and west-northwest over the eastern Caribbean. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the cyclone at 1815Z on the 23rd measuring a central pressure of 996 mb, estimated maximum surface winds of 80 kt, and an eye diameter of 40 nm. A central pressure of 996 mb yields maximum sustained winds of 54 kt south of 25N according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The large eye diameter suggests an RMW of ~30 nm compared with climatology of ~13 nm, which would usually indicate winds weaker than that from the pressure-wind relationship. Putting some weight on the visual estimate of the winds, an intensity of 60 kt is selected for 18Z on the 23rd. This is a major change as originally HURDAT indicated 80 kt at this time. A central pressure of 996 mb was originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd but it has been removed as there is no evidence that it was an actual measurement and that the cyclone substantially filling during the day, not steady state. The shipping presence was scarce over the southeast Caribbean as Janet moved across the area. Around mid-day on the 24th, the tropical storm passed about 80 nmi north of the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. It is possible that tropical storm force winds on the southern portion of the circulation affected the islands. At 1345Z on the 24th, a reconnaissance aircraft reached the cyclone measuring a central pressure of 996 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 55 kt. As stated before, a central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 55 kt is selected for 12Z on the 24th, a major change from 100 kt originally in HURDAT. 60 kt is selected for 00Z and 55 kt for 06Z on the 24th, both major changes to HURDAT (85 kt and 95 kt, respectively). Another reconnaissance mission reached the storm at 1520Z measuring a central pressure of 996 mb, estimated maximum surface of 45 kt and an eye diameter of 20 nm. At 2000Z, the last aircraft mission for the day reported 995 mb central pressure as well as estimated surface winds in excess of 100 kt. A central pressure of 995 mb suggests an intensity of 56 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 60 kt at 18Z and 65 kt at 00Z on the 25th are indicated place a slight weight on the surface visual estimates. These are major changes as HURDAT originally indicated 110 and 115 kt. Thus Janet is brought back to hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 25th. On September 25th, Janet was moving westward entering the central Caribbean Sea and like many other cyclones before and since, the storm began to strengthen. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the cyclone at 19Z on the 25th measuring a central pressure of 988 mb, estimated maximum surface winds of 85 kt and an eye diameter of 20 miles. A central pressure of 988 mb suggests maximum sustained winds of 67 kt according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The diameter data indicates a RWM of about 15 nm and climatology suggests 13 nm. Slightly weighting the visual estimates, an intensity of 70 kt is selected for 18Z on the 25th, a major change in HURDAT as it indicates 115 kt for this time. A central pressure of 993 mb was present in the original HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th, and although there is no data to verify it, it looks reasonable and it is retained. An intensity of 50 kt is selected for 00Z on the 25th, 55 kt at 06Z, and 60 kt at 12Z. Major changes to HURDAT as at these times it indicates 115 kt. No inner core pressure or wind data was received on the 26th as this was the day of the fateful flight that never made it back. But Janet likely continued to intensify reaching major hurricane status at 18Z on the 26th. An intensity of 100 kt is selected for 18Z, a major change to HURDAT as it indicates 125 kt. A central pressure of 970 mb is in the original HURDAT at 12Z and although this appears to be an interpretation and not a measurement, it looks reasonable and it is retained. An intensity of 70 kt is selected for 00Z on the 26th, 80 kt at 06Z and 90 kt at 12Z. All of these are major downward changes to HURDAT as it shows 120 kt at 00Z and 06Z and 125 kt at 12Z on the 26th. On September 27th, Janet continued to intensify while moving on a west-northwest course entering the western Caribbean Sea. Gale-force winds also affected Grand Cayman as Janet passed about 165 nmi to the southwest. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1540Z measuring a central pressure of 938 mb. A central pressure of 938 mb suggests maximum sustained winds of 123 kt and 125 kt intensifying, according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 130 kt is selected for 12Z and 140 kt for 18Z, as the hurricane was traveling at about 20 kt. (The 938 mb central pressure is incorporated into HURDAT at an asynoptic 15Z special position.) It is analyzed that at 18Z on the 27th, Janet reached category 5. Originally HURDAT had a central pressure of 914 at 06Z on the 27th, but this was measured at 06Z on the 28th, and therefore, it is moved to its correct time slot. Around 18Z, the system devastated Swan Island making a direct landfall. No actual wind measurements were made at Swan Island, just estimates that placed the wind at over 200 mph. It should be noted that the MWR account from Swan Island suggests the maximum winds occurred about 20 minutes before the station was in the eye, with the station in the eye for about 25 minutes. With the caveat that the station was apparently near the northern edge of the eye, this suggests a fairly small RMW even with a 20 kt forward motion. Note that Swan Island did not measure a central pressure during Janets passage, according to the MWR and an account in Weatherwise. Only 12 hours after devastating Swan Island, Janet was moving over the Yucatan Peninsula with an even stronger intensity. Janet moved over Chetumal, Mexico, where a central pressure of 914 mb was measured around 06Z on the 28th. The nearby city of Corozal, Belize, measured a pressure of 916 mb at 0610Z. A central pressure of 914 mb suggests 144 kt and 146 kt intensifying, according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 150 kt is selected at 06Z on the 28th, a major change to HURDAT as it originally had 130 kt. 150 kt is also selected for 00Z on the 28th, matching original HURDAT. (It is of note the 152 kt wind reported at the Chetumal Airport before the instrument failed. It is unknown whether it was sustained or a gust or what the height of the anemometer was. If this was a sustained wind, it suggests the possibility that the proposed 150 kt landfall intensity is too low especially since the MWR states the winds continued to increase after the instrument failed. The assessment intensity, however, is consistent with the value being a gust.) A central pressure of 950 mb is in the original HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th while the hurricane was still over land, appears to be an estimate but it is kept as it is reasonable. Weakening occurred over the Yucatan Peninsula although the data is very sparse. The Kaplan-DeMaria model was run for 12Z on the 28th suggesting maximum sustained winds of 88 kt. Two other extreme hurricanes were examined for their decay over the Yucatan of Mexico: Gilbert made landfall with 140 kt at 15Z, three hours later (18Z) the intensity was 130 kt, at 00Z the intensity was 100 kt as the hurricane was entering the Gulf of Mexico. Dean made landfall at 0830Z with 150 kt, at 12Z was 110 kt, and at 18Z was 75 kt. Based upon these analogies, the proposed reduction is by Kaplan-DeMaria may be slightly high, perhaps because of the very flat terrain of the land mass. The revised intensity is 105 kt at 12Z for Janet, up from 95 kt in the original HURDAT. Around 15Z on the 28th, Janet reached the Bay of Campeche and a reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1945Z measuring an eye diameter of 10 miles but no information is provided on the central pressure or estimated maximum surface winds. Therefore, no changes are made to HURDAT's intensities late on the 28th and 29th. At 12Z on the 29th, HURDAT shows a central pressure of 950 mb. This appears to be a (rather dubious) estimate and it is removed because of the lack of inner-core data on this day and the rest of the lifetime of Janet. The hurricane made its final landfall around 18Z on the 29th on the Mexican state of Veracruz with maximum sustained winds of 95 kt. It is possible that Janet had regained major hurricane status by the time it made its final landfall but there is no data to show this. Weakening rapidly occurred over the mountainous terrain and it is analyzed that Janet was a depression by 12Z on the 30th and dissipated shortly after. ******************************************************************************* New Storm [September 23-28, 1955] 37265 09/23/1955 M= 6 11 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 455 30 0*206 470 30 0* 37265 09/24*211 485 30 0*216 503 30 0*220 510 30 0*228 516 30 0* 37265 09/25*241 522 30 0*256 526 30 0*270 530 30 0*283 532 30 0* 37265 09/26*296 534 30 0*308 535 30 0*320 535 35 0*331 530 40 0* 37265 09/27*342 515 40 0*354 495 40 0E370 470 40 0E405 455 45 0* 37265 09/28E440 410 45 0E470 375 45 0E500 340 40 0E535 300 35 0* 37285 TS A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Microfilm, Monthly Weather Reviews, COADS ship database, and Jack Bevens suspect list. September 18: HWM and microfilm do not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 19: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.0N, 21.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 24.0W at 18Z (COADS). September 20: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 11.0N, 25.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a spot low pressure near 13.5N, 28.5W at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 21: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 12.0N, 33.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 22: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.5N, 39.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 23: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 19.5N, 45.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 20.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 24: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 49.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 25: HWM shows a spot low pressure near 26.0N, 54.0W with trough extending from 21-31N, 52-54W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 29.0N, 54.0W at 18Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 26: HWM shows a spot low pressure at 31.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb at 32.0N, 54.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of 1008 mb at 31.8N, 54.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 32.1N, 52.0W at 12Z (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 33.0N, 51.3W at 18Z (micro). September 27: HWM shows a frontal boundary over the central north Atlantic extending from an extratropical cyclone near 60.0N, 43.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 38.0N, 48.0W and a frontal boundary extending through the system at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of 1010 mb at 37.5N, 46.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1016 mb at 34.0N, 49.6W at 0Z (micro). 45 kt NNW and 1009 mb at 40.3N, 46.7W at 18Z (micro). September 28: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 49.0N, 36.0W with a cold front extending through the system at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 44.0N, 37.0W at 06Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of 1006 mb at 50.7N, 33.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 46.5N, 36.5W at 0Z (micro). A tropical wave left the African coast on September 18. The ship 309 8235 reported 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 24.0W at 18Z on the 19th, which is also a 5 mb drop from 12Z. It is possible that the system became a tropical cyclone in the easternmost Atlantic. However, without confirmation of strong winds near the center of the system, it is considered a broad low from the 19th through the 22nd. More observations became available on September 23rd with a ship at 12Z reporting 30 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 21.2N, 45.0W. The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at that time. Data on the 24th is sparse but does not indicate that the cyclone became better organized. Also on this date, a cold front was approaching and the system began to track toward the north. On the 25th, ship data shows that the system became better organized although no gale-force winds were reported, and the analyzed intensity is kept at 30 kt. On the 26th, the tropical depression turns to the northeast and begins to gain in forward speed. At 12Z on the 26th, the ship Richelien reported 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 32.1N, 52.0W. At this time it is estimated that the tropical cyclone gained tropical storm intensity. The intensity is increased to 40 kt at 18Z based on the report of the ship GCTF (40 kt SSE and 1012 mb). 40 kt is also the estimated intensity at 00Z on the 27th and it is the peak intensity for the lifetime of this tropical cyclone. Extratropical transition occurred around 12Z on the 27th as the system continued to increase in forward speed over the north-central Atlantic. The system also strengthened as an extratropical cyclone reaching 45 kt from 18Z on the 27th to 06Z on the 28th. This is also the peak intensity as an extratropical storm. Weakening occurred thereafter and the storm dissipated or was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone to the north late on the 28th while located southeast of Iceland. ******************************************************************************* Unnamed Tropical Storm 11 [October 10-14, 1955] 37265 10/10/1955 M= 5 11 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED XING=0 SSS=0 37265 10/10/1955 M= 5 12 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** 39210 10/10* 0 0 0 0*284 414 30 0*284 420 45 0*284 427 45 0* 39210 10/10* 0 0 0 0*288 422 40 0*288 426 45 0*288 430 50 0* *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 39215 10/11*284 433 45 0*286 438 55 0*288 442 50 0*291 444 50 0* 39215 10/11*288 434 50 0*288 438 55 0*288 442 55 0*290 444 50 0* *** *** ** *** ** ** 39220 10/12*294 444 50 0*297 444 50 0*300 442 50 0*306 435 50 0* 39220 10/12*294 444 50 0*297 442 50 0*300 438 50 0*303 431 50 0* *** *** *** *** 39225 10/13*312 426 50 0*318 416 50 0*324 405 50 0*337 394 50 0* 39225 10/13*306 420 50 0*311 410 50 0*319 400 50 0*329 390 50 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 39230 10/14E358 380 50 0E378 366 45 0E400 351 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 39230 10/14*350 380 50 0*372 370 50 0*400 360 50 0* 0 0 0 0* **** **** *** ** * *** ** 39235 TS Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. Additionally, the reanalysis indicates that the cyclone did not undergo an extratropical transition. October 9: HWM shows a cold front over the northeast Atlantic extending to the southwest to 30N, 40W at 12Z. HURDAT and Microfilm do not analyze an organized system on this date. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 10: HWM shows a weakening cold front over the northeast Atlantic extending to a spot low located at 25.5N, 40.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 28.4N, 42.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered at 28.5N, 42.W at 18Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at 28.7N, 42.8W at 16Z (micro). 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at 28.6N, 42.8W at 18Z (micro). October 11: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1015 mb located at 27.5N, 44.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 28.8N, 44.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 29.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1007 mb at 27.7N, 44.5W at 18Z (micro). October 12: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb located at 30.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 30.0N, 44.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 30.0N, 44.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 29.3N, 41.5W at 18Z (micro). October 13: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb located at 30.3N, 40.8W and an approaching cold front to the north near 40N at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 32.4N, 40.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 32.0N, 40.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1006 mb at 31.3N, 38.7W at 06Z (COADS). 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 32.6N, 38.0W at 18Z (COADS). October 14: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb located at 41.5N, 37.0W with a cold front extending to the southwest and a warm front to the northeast 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot extratropical cyclone at 40.4N, 40.5W (last position) at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered at 43.0N, 39.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 1000 mb at 35.0N, 48.3W at 00Z (micro). 50 kt SW and 1008 mb at 34.0N, 34.3W at 06Z (micro); 45 kt NW and 995 mb at 39.5N 35.0W (micro COADS and HWM indicate 40 kt SSE, the COADS and HWM appear to be correct). MWR: A small vortex apparently developed in an easterly wave which passed through the Cape Verde islands on October 4. It was first reported by two passing ships on October 10 at approximately Latitude 28.5ºN and Longitude 42.8ºW. The storm recurved to the northeast on the 11th and merged with an extra-tropical storm on the 14th. The combined storm was quite severe with one ship reporting 979 mb (28.91 inches). The lowest reported pressure in the tropical storm was 1000 mb (29.53 inches) and highest winds were about 55 mph. This unnamed tropical storm developed from the remnants of a frontal boundary over the central Atlantic during the second week of October. The Monthly Weather Review concluded that an easterly wave was in part responsible, however, the evidence for their conclusion is somewhat ambiguous. The genesis remains unchanged from 06Z on the 10th of October, although it is very probable that the system developed earlier. Very minor alterations were made to the positions of the cyclone for all five days of its existence. The first ship to encounter the tropical system was ELBJ reporting sustained winds of 45 kt SW and a barometric pressure of 1002 mb at 16Z on the 10th. Just a couple hours later, the ship GLOMDAL also reported 45 kt SW winds with 1003 mb at nearly the same location. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests maximum winds greater than 42 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt is selected for 18Z on the 10th, up from 45 kt originally in HURDAT. The intensity is begun as 40 kt at 06Z in the first position, assuming as HURDAT did that the system was developing on the 10th. However, it is quite possible that the system was steady state on that date and that the two ships around 18Z represent the first information in the inner core of the cyclone. , as the system was already well-developed when it was first encountered. During the next 24 hours, the storm moved slowly westward while slightly intensifying to 55 kt. This intensification was present in the original HURDAT but there is no data to justify or change it. The intensity is decreased to 50 kt at 18Z on the 11th of October, as it is originally in HURDAT. On the 12th, the track changed to the northeast while accelerating as a cold front approached from the west. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the tropical storm late on the 12th reporting a squall area between 30-32N, 44-45W, and maximum sustained winds of only 20 kt. Based on the ship data at the time, it is analyzed that the reconnaissance aircraft visited the northwest portion of the circulation, never reaching the center of the cyclone. Late on the 13th, the tropical storm began to interact with the frontal boundary, and the large circulation began to become elongated N-S at 18Z. Another ship (S.S. Mateo) passed close to the center at 00Z on the 14th measuring a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb. A pressure of 1000 mb yields maximum sustained winds greater than 45 kt north of 25N and 49 kt north of 35N according to the Brown et al. and Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The intensity is kept at 50 kt at 00Z, unchanged from original HURDAT. By 18Z on the 14th, the tropical storm had been absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone to its northwest, making 12Z the last position. Originally in HURDAT, the tropical cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 14th. The reanalysis keeps the system as a tropical cyclone until dissipation, as it appears that the system remained in the warm quadrant of the larger extratropical cyclone until the absorption took place. ******************************************************************************* Hurricane Katie [October 14-20, 1955] 39240 10/14/1955 M= 7 12 SNBR= 857 KATIE XING=0 SSS=0 L 39240 10/14/1955 M= 6 13 SNBR= 857 KATIE XING=0 SSS=0 L * ** 39245 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*117 779 30 0* 39245 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 793 25 0* *** *** ** 39250 10/15*121 777 35 0*126 772 45 0*132 767 50 0*138 761 60 0* 39250 10/15*127 787 30 0*129 780 35 0*132 772 40 0*137 764 45 0* *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 39255 10/16*143 753 70 0*148 745 80 0*153 737 90 0*161 729 100 984* 39255 10/16*143 753 50 0*148 745 55 0*154 737 65 0*162 729 75 984* ** ** *** ** *** ** 39260 10/17*171 722 100 0*181 718 55 0*193 713 50 0*207 705 60 0* 39260 10/17*171 723 85 0*181 717 95 0*193 711 50 0*205 706 50 1000* *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** 39265 10/18*221 698 60 0*233 690 60 0*247 683 60 0*269 671 50 0* 39265 10/18*219 700 50 0*233 692 50 0*247 683 50 0*269 671 50 999* *** *** ** *** ** ** *** 39270 10/19*295 654 40 0*320 633 40 0*345 605 35 0E371 569 35 0* 39270 10/19*295 654 45 0*320 633 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* ** 39275 10/20E397 524 35 0E419 471 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39275 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 39280 HR Landfall 17th/05Z 18.0N 71.7W 95 kt - Dominican Republic Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major change is to show dissipation a day earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. Additionally, the reanalysis indicates that the cyclone did not undergo an extratropical transition. October 13: HWM, HURDAT and Microfilm do not analyze an organized system on this date. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 14: HWM shows a spot low located at 12.0N, 80.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 11.7N, 77.9W at 18Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system on this date. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located at 14.7N, 77.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 13.2N, 76.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 13.5N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 13.2N, 77.7W at 12Z (COADS). October 16: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb located at 15.5N, 73.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 15.3N, 73.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 15.0N, 74.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 50 kt NW and 1001 mb at 14.9N, 74.1W at 12Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix with 984 mb central pressure and maximum surface winds of 100 kt at 16.4N, 72.9W at 2010Z (ATSR). Radar center fix with an eye diameter of 20 miles at 16.9N, 72.3W at 23Z (ATSR/micro). October 17: HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb located at 19.1N, 70.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 19.3N, 71.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 18.5N, 70.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1005 mb at 20.0N, 70.7W at 12Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 17.7N, 72.0W at 04Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1000 mb and maximum surface winds of 65 kt at 21.3N 70.4W at 20Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix at 21.5N, 70.3W at 22Z (ATSR/micro). October 18: HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb located at 24.9N, 68.8W with an approaching cold front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 68.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 24.5N, 68.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 22.0N, 69.0W at 03Z (micro). 35 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 24.5N, 66.0W at 12Z (micro). 45 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 27.0N, 66.9W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 999 mb, an eye of a 40 mile diameter and maximum surface winds of 50 kt at 25.8N, 66.7W at 1630Z (micro). Penetration center fix at 27.3N, 67.3W at 2010Z (micro). October 19: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1000 mb located at 40.0N, 67.0W, which may indicate that the tropical cyclone has been absorbed, at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 34.5N, 60.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 34.5N, 60.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb located at 51.0N, 50.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.9N, 47.1W at 06Z. Microfilm analyses an extratropical cyclone of at most 993 mb at 50.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 1003 mb at 41.5N, 47.0W at 06Z (micro). ATSR: Hurricane Katie, the final storm of the 1955 season, had a life span of a short duration before becoming extratropical after crossing the island of Hispaniola. Katie came into existence in the Caribbean south of Hispaniola from a weak vortex on the Intertropical Convergence Zone and developed to full hurricane intensity rapidly after being detected as a tropical storm. The first indication of the vortex as on the 15th of October when a weak vortex could be drawn at 0030Z. There was no indication of intensification at 151230Z, and as late as 160630Z there were no reports in the area to indicate intensification. A weak to moderate cold front was moving southeast into the Caribbean. The vortex was not considered potentially suspicious since the charts for the previous few days and current charts revealed an orderly procession of vortices moving westward along the Intertropical Convergence Zone which is normal in this area during the summer and early fall months. However, at 161200Z a report from the ship SS POSEIDON was received, giving a west wind of 50 knots and a low surface pressure of 1001.3 mb, confirming the development of Katie near 15N 74W. A Navy aircraft was ordered immediately from San Juan to reconnoiter the suspicious area and verify the report from the SS POSEIDON. A small intense hurricane with winds of 100 knots and minimum surface pressure of 984 mb centered at 16-23N 72-52W at 162010Z was reported by the reconnaissance aircraft. Warning Number One for Hurricane Katie was coordinated with the Weather Bureau Office of San Juan and issued at 162200Z. As reported by the Navy Reconnaissance aircraft, rapid intensification of Katie was taking place. The eye, reported to be well defined both visually and by radar by the reconnaissance aircraft was 20 miles in diameter with spiral squall bands extending from the storm center. With the rapid intensification and the north-northeast movement the island of Hispaniola was in line for the full force of Katie in a matter of hours. In moving across the island of Hispaniola, Katie lost some of her intensity, but later regained hurricane intensity over the water north of the island for a few hours before becoming extratropical. On the 18th of October the final aircraft reconnaissance into Katie reported maximum winds of 55 knots, no definite eye, flat pressure pattern and that the storm consisted of a line of isolated cumulonimbus oriented east-west. In view of this information, verifying the belief that Katie had become extratropical, the final warning was issued at 182200Z. MWR: Hurricane Katie probably developed from a wave on the intratropical convergence zone in the vicinity of Panama. The first definite evidence was a ship report from the Dutch motor vessel Poseidon on the morning of the 16th. A Navy reconnaissance plane the same afternoon located the center with a pressure of 984 mb (29.06 inches) and winds up to 115 mph. The center crossed the coastline of Hispaniola near the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic about midnight that night. This area is thinly populated but the small border towns of Anse-a-Pitre and Pedernales were badly damaged with highest winds estimated at 115 mph. On the basis of incomplete reports, total damage is estimated at between $200,000 and $300,000 with 7 deaths. Katie became almost completely disorganized in crossing the high mountains of Hispaniola but briefly intensified to near hurricane intensity after passing out into the Atlantic. However, it shortly reached an area containing the remains of an old cold front and again lost intensity. The vortex was probably last encountered by SS Amsterdam at 0130 EST on the 20th in Latitude 37.3ºN and Longitude 56.4ºW. Hurricane Katie developed in the central Caribbean Sea at 18Z on the 14th of October, unchanged from HURDAT. It is analyzed at genesis as a 25 kt tropical depression, down from 30 kt in HURDAT. The time of genesis is somewhat uncertain as the data is sparse. Minor track changes were introduced on all days of this system except the 19th, with the most significant change made at genesis with a new position 100 nm WNW of the original one. Intensification to a tropical storm occurred at 06Z on the 15th, 6 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. Katie generally moved northeastward and the first report of tropical storm force winds occurred at 12Z on the 16th when the ship Poseidon reported 50 kt W and 1001 mb, about 40 nm from the center of the system. This, along with the subsequent reconnaissance mission later in the day, indicates the system was likely of hurricane intensity at that time. Intensification to a hurricane is now indicated to have occurred at 12Z on the 16th, 12 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. A reconnaissance aircraft reached Katie at 2010Z on the 16th measuring a central pressure of 984 mb, an eye diameter of 20 miles, and 100 kt estimated surface winds. A central pressure of 984 mb suggests maximum winds of 72 kt south of 25N from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The eye diameter information suggests an RMW of around 15 nm, which is close to climatology. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 18Z on the 16th and 85 kt for 00Z on the 17th (giving the surface visual estimate some light weighting), down from 100 kt at both times originally in HURDAT, a major change. Katie was a small hurricane that apparently continued to intensify until landfall occurred around 05Z on the 17th on the Dominican Republic (18.0N 71.7W), near the city of Pedernales. Landfall intensity is estimated at 95 kt, a high end category 2 hurricane. This is based upon the earlier rapid intensification that was experienced as well as the descriptions of damage in the Dominican Republic. It is possible that Katie was a major hurricane at landfall, as the aircraft left the hurricane seven hours before landfall as it was rapidly intensifying. Weakening occurred after landfall and Katie reached the north coast of Hispaniola around 15Z on the 17th. The intensity decreased to 45 kt at 18Z and slight intensification ensued after. Another aircraft investigated Katie at 22Z on the 17th measuring a central pressure of 1000 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 65 kt. A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 47 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt is selected at 00Z on the 18th (down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT) as the system was starting to accelerating toward the north-northeast. A central pressure of 1000 mb is added to 00Z on the 18th. A second reconnaissance mission reached Katie at 1630Z measuring a central pressure of 999 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds of 50 kt and an eye diameter of 40 miles. A central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. A central pressure of 999 mb has been added to 18Z on the 18th. An intensity of 50 kt is selected at 18Z on the 18th due in part to the fast motion of the storm. Early on the 19th, Katie began to interact with an approaching frontal boundary and large extratropical cyclone and the Katie became absorbed by 12Z. This is supported by the synoptic maps of 12Z on the 19th and 00Z on the 20th. The analyzed last position is 06Z on the 19th, 24 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. (The 12Z 19th HWM map is confusing as there is a ship observation indicating weak northerlies north of the existing HURDAT position, suggesting that Katie may still exist east of this ship. This ships wind direction, however, is in substantial disagreement with nearby ships, making its northerly winds unreliable.) Also, unlike HURDAT, the reanalysis does not show Katie becoming extratropical. The extratropical cyclone continued moving northeastward for several days, eventually passing east of Greenland on the 22nd of October. ******************************************************************************* 1955 - Additional Notes 1) February 18-27: A low pressure developed along the tail-end of a frontal boundary over the western Atlantic on the 19th. It moved eastward reaching the central Atlantic on the 21st according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system became an occluded low pressure on the 22nd and gale-force winds were present on the 23rd but far to the north (~300 nm) of the center. The low pressure remained over the area for a couple more days while producing gale-force winds. The system persisted as a large, occluded low until it was absorbed by a cold front on the 27th. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Beven's and Roth's List of Suspects. Day LAT LONG STATUS February 18 13-29N 75-79W Trough February 19 27N 71W Extratropical February 20 27N 68W Extratropical February 21 28N 60W Extratropical February 22 26N 52W Occluded February 23 30N 51W Occluded February 24 26N 52W Occluded February 25 28N 53W Occluded February 26 28N 50W Occluded February 27 Absorbed by front 2) April 21-26: A low pressure system formed over the central Atlantic on the 21st of April according to the Historical Weather Maps. It moved generally northward for about five days before weakening to a trough and becoming absorbed by a cold front on April 26th over the north Atlantic. No gale-force winds were found in COADS or HWM associated with this disturbance. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS April 21 23N 57W Tropical Depression? April 22 25N 47W Tropical Depression? April 23 28N 48W Tropical Depression? April 24 32N 49W Tropical Depression? April 25 42-34N 44W Trough April 26 Absorbed by front 3) May 1-7: A weakening cold front over the western Atlantic spawned a non-tropical low pressure between the United States East Coast and Bermuda on May 1st according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system was producing gale-force winds to the west and northeast of its center on May 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The disturbance moved generally southwestward becoming an occluded low on the 2nd and degenerating into a trough of low pressure on the 5th. On May 7th, the system had dissipated. Because it only had gale force winds while it was occluded, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Roth's List of Suspects. Day LAT LONG STATUS May 1 32N 69W Extratropical May 2 30N 72W Occluded May 3 28N 73W Occluded May 4 28N 70W Occluded May 5 20-30N 65-68W Trough May 6 19-34N 62-66W Trough May 7 Dissipated 4) September 5-8: A sharp trough of low pressure was present over the northwest Gulf of Mexico at the same time that Hurricane Gladys churned over the Bay of Campeche according to the Monthly Weather Review, Microfilm, Annual Tropical Storm Report, and Surface Weather Observations. The disturbance produced tropical storm force conditions across the northeasternmost Gulf of Mexico and along southern Texas near Corpus Christi but apparently did not develop a well-defined circulation (no southwesterly winds were observed). This is consistent with the aircraft invest missions on the afternoons of the 5th and 6th. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. The system did not make a landfall along the coast, but instead dissipated just offshore. Tropical storm force winds were report by a ship at 18Z on the 5th (35 kt) and 00Z on the 7th (40 kt). Additionally, tropical storm force sustained winds were reported at the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station with a peak of 38 kt at 1726Z on the 6th as well as the Port Aransas Coast Guard Station with a peak sustained with of 39 kt NE at 18Z on the 6th. MWR: "At the same time an area of heavy squalls developed off the middle Texas coast on September 5 and moved inland on the 6th. Highest winds reported were 45 mph in the Corpus Christi-Port OConnor area, and an oil rig 15 miles east of Port Aransas, Tex., reported gusts of 55 to 65 mph. The Naval Air Station at Corpus Christi received 12.23 inches of rain in 24 hours and a high tide of 4.5 feet was reported in the Bay. Damage was estimated at $500,000 in the Corpus Christi area. It is reported that radar observations during this period indicated briefly the presence of a cyclonic circulation, consequently this may have been a separate tropical storm." ATSR: "Between 050300Z and 06300Z, the westward movement of "Gladys" trough was arrested by the westerly trough and it began an oscillation westward and eastward all the while oriented north-south along the Texas and Mexican Gulf Coast. The two troughs met and merged in northeastern Texas resulting in heavy rain and extremely squally weather along the trough axis. ... However, the stagnant trough along the Texas Gulf coast continued to give heavy rains to the Galveston-Brownsville area. By request two additional reconnaissance aircraft flights were ordered into the Western Gulf to investigate the area along the Texas coast for possible tropical storm existence or development. None was expected and none was found." This disturbance was in Beven's List of Suspects. Day LAT LONG STATUS September 5 25-29N 96W Trough September 6 25-28N 97W Trough September 7 25-28N 97W Trough September 8 Dissipated 5) September 23-24: A tropical wave left the African coast on late on September 22nd. A ship located at 14.3N, 18.0W reported 40 kt SE and 1004 mb at 06Z on the 23rd. However, the pressure appears to have about a 5 mb low bias though the winds are unable to be calibrated explicitly. However, it is the case that the winds from other ships and the Cape Verde Islands are more representative of a broad low pressure area than a tropical cyclone. The pressure at Praia, Cape Verde Islands decreased from 1008.3 mb at 12Z on the 23rd to 1004.8 mb at 18Z as the system passed close to the station. Data on September 24th becomes very sparse as the system moves away from the African continent. Data from the Cape Verde Islands indicates that the track of the system turned to the northwest on the 24th and after 12Z, there is no data to locate it anymore. (The name Linda was given to the low pressure system by an unknown forecaster in 1955 which appeared on the microfilm data.) Because the winds from the ship are uncertain whether they are accurate or representative and that the pressures themselves do not confirm a tropical cyclone existence, this system is not added into HURDAT at this time. Day LAT LONG STATUS September 23 14N 20W Tropical Depression? September 24 15N 26W Tropical Depression? September 22: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 18.8W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 23: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.0N, 20.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1004 mb (likely ~1009 mb) at 14.3N, 18.0W at 06Z (COADS). 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 15.6N, 22.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1005 mb at 14.9N, 23.5W at Praia, Cape Verde Islands at 18Z (micro). September 24: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 24.7W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 25: HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 18.2N, 31.8W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 26: HWM shows a spot low at 18.2N, 35.3W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 27: HWM shows a spot low at 18.0N, 41.5W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. September 28: HWM and microfilm do not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. 6) October 25-28: A low pressure developed on October 25th over the central Atlantic along the tail-end of a weakening cold front according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The disturbance became better organized on the 26th and a ship near 28.5N, 57.5W reported gale-force winds. The disturbance generally moved northeast and an approaching cold front absorbed the low pressure late on the 27th. It is possible the system may have been a short-lived tropical storm but the data is not enough to justify such an assessment with only one gale-force report. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS October 25 23N 57W Tropical Depression? October 26 28N 56W Tropical Storm? October 27 28N 53W Tropical Storm? October 28 Absorbed by front 7) November 2-5: A non-tropical low pressure developed on November 2nd to the southeast of Nova Scotia according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system moved eastward becoming a large, occluded cyclone on the 3rd with gale-force winds to the west and northeast of the its center. An approaching cold front absorbed the cyclone on the 5th. Because gale force winds were recorded only while the system was an occluded low, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Roth's List of Suspects. Day LAT LONG STATUS November 2 40N 60W Extratropical November 3 38N 58W Occluded November 4 40N 53W Occluded November 5 Dissipated 8) November 5-8: A trough of low pressure formed over the central Atlantic during the first week of November according to the Historical Weather Maps. A low pressure developed on the 6th as it moved generally on an eastward course. Dissipation occurred around the 9th over the eastern Atlantic. No gale-force winds were found in COADS or HWM associated with this disturbance. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. Day LAT LONG STATUS November 5 20-30N 48-58W Trough November 6 28N 42W Tropical Depression? November 7 28N 31W Tropical Depression? November 8 28N 24W Tropical Depression? November 9 Dissipated ******************************************************************************* 1958/08 HELENE - 2006 REVISION: 38515 09/21/1958 M=14 8 SNBR= 846 HELENE XING=1 SSS=0 38515 09/21/1958 M=14 8 SNBR= 846 HELENE XING=0 SSS=3 * * 38520 09/21* 0 0 0 0*185 515 25 0*190 542 25 0*195 563 25 0* 38525 09/22*201 583 25 0*207 602 25 0*213 619 25 1015*219 635 30 1014* 38530 09/23*225 648 35 1013*230 658 40 1011*234 669 45 1009*240 682 45 1007* 38535 09/24*247 696 45 1005*257 709 50 1004*267 720 65 1002*272 729 65 998* 38540 09/25*277 734 65 993*283 736 70 987*288 739 75 984*292 743 80 983* 38545 09/26*296 748 85 980*299 754 85 977*303 761 90 967*310 771 105 955* 38550 09/27*317 781 110 943*324 785 110 934*331 782 115 938*339 775 115 943* 38555 09/28*348 758 110 946*358 732 110 950*369 705 105 954*380 683 90 957* 38560 09/29*390 659 85 959*417 619 70 963*457 590 65 966E490 566 65 968* 38565 09/30E520 524 60 972E539 488 60 0E550 450 60 0E562 411 55 0* 38570 10/01E570 373 55 0E573 345 55 0E575 320 50 0E577 289 50 0* 38575 10/02E575 255 50 0E561 212 45 0E543 173 45 0E531 154 45 0* 38580 10/03E522 142 40 0E518 134 35 0E514 125 35 0E510 104 35 0* 38585 10/04E505 73 35 0E516 49 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 38590 HR 38590 HR NC3 *** Based upon research by the NHC Best Track Change Committee, it was determined that the existing HURDAT was in error for this hurricane. A major hurricane impact was observed in North Carolina from this cyclone as depicted in Monthly Weather Review and Barnes (1998). Based upon existing HURDAT track and intensity, this impact is estimated to be Category 3 for North Carolina ("NC3"). However, the eye of the hurricane remained offshore, so the U.S. landfall indicator ("XING=1") is changed accordingly. ******************************************************************************** 1969 Camille - 2014 Revision AL091969, CAMILLE, 32, AL091969, CAMILLE, 37, ** (00Z to 12Z 14th are new to HURDAT.) 19690814, 0000, , TD, 18.3N, 79.7W, 30, -999, 19690814, 0600, , TS, 18.5N, 80.5W, 35, -999, 19690814, 1200, , TS, 18.8N, 81.3W, 45, -999, 19690814, 1800, , TS, 19.4N, 82.0W, 50, 991, 19690814, 1800, , TS, 19.1N, 82.0W, 50, -999, **** *** 19690815, 0000, , TS, 19.7N, 82.7W, 55, -999, 19690815, 0000, , TS, 19.5N, 82.7W, 55, 991, **** *** 19690815, 0600, , TS, 20.1N, 83.3W, 60, -999, 19690815, 0600, , HU, 20.0N, 83.3W, 65, -999, ** **** ** 19690815, 1200, , HU, 20.7N, 83.8W, 85, 970, 19690815, 1200, , HU, 20.6N, 83.8W, 90, 969, **** ** *** 19690815, 1800, , HU, 21.2N, 84.1W, 100, 964, 19690815, 1800, , HU, 21.3N, 84.1W, 95, 966, **** *** *** (22Z is a new entry to HURDAT.) 19690815, 2200, , HU, 21.9N, 84.3W, 95, -999, 19690816, 0000, , HU, 22.3N, 84.4W, 90, -999, 19690816, 0600, , HU, 23.1N, 85.2W, 105, -999, 19690816, 1200, , HU, 23.7N, 85.9W, 120, -999, 19690816, 1200, , HU, 23.8N, 86.0W, 130, -999, **** **** *** 19690816, 1800, , HU, 24.2N, 86.5W, 130, 908, 19690816, 1800, , HU, 24.3N, 86.6W, 150, 908, **** **** *** 19690817, 0000, , HU, 25.2N, 87.2W, 140, 905, 19690817, 0000, , HU, 25.2N, 87.2W, 150, 905, *** 19690817, 0600, , HU, 26.0N, 87.7W, 155, -999, 19690817, 0600, , HU, 26.0N, 87.7W, 145, -999, *** 19690817, 1200, , HU, 27.0N, 88.2W, 160, -999, 19690817, 1200, , HU, 27.0N, 88.3W, 140, -999, **** *** 19690817, 1800, , HU, 28.3N, 88.7W, 165, -999, 19690817, 1800, , HU, 28.2N, 88.7W, 135, 919, 19690818, 0000, , HU, 29.4N, 89.1W, 165, 909, 19690818, 0000, , HU, 29.4N, 89.0W, 140, -999, **** (04Z is a new entry to HURDAT.) 19690818, 0400, , HU, 30.3N, 89.4W, 150, 900, 19690818, 0600, , HU, 30.7N, 89.6W, 100, -999, 19690818, 0600, , HU, 30.7N, 89.6W, 115, -999, *** 19690818, 1200, , HU, 32.2N, 90.0W, 65, -999, 19690818, 1200, , HU, 32.0N, 89.9W, 75, -999, **** **** ** 19690818, 1800, , TS, 33.4N, 90.1W, 50, -999, 19690819, 0000, , TD, 34.7N, 90.0W, 30, -999, 19690819, 0000, , TS, 34.7N, 90.0W, 35, -999, ** ** 19690819, 0600, , TD, 36.0N, 89.3W, 30, -999, 19690819, 1200, , TD, 37.0N, 88.0W, 30, -999, 19690819, 1800, , TD, 37.7N, 86.0W, 25, -999, 19690819, 1800, , TD, 37.6N, 86.0W, 25, -999, **** 19690820, 0000, , TD, 38.0N, 84.8W, 25, -999, 19690820, 0000, , TD, 37.6N, 84.0W, 25, -999, **** **** 19690820, 0600, , TD, 37.4N, 80.2W, 25, -999, 19690820, 0600, , TD, 37.4N, 80.6W, 25, -999, **** 19690820, 1200, , TD, 37.3N, 77.0W, 25, -999, 19690820, 1200, , TD, 37.2N, 77.3W, 30, -999, **** **** ** 19690820, 1800, , TD, 37.0N, 75.1W, 30, -999, 19690820, 1800, , TS, 37.0N, 75.3W, 45, 1000, ** **** ** **** 19690821, 0000, , TS, 36.6N, 73.4W, 40, -999, 19690821, 0000, , TS, 36.7N, 73.6W, 50, -999, **** **** ** 19690821, 0600, , TS, 36.7N, 70.9W, 45, -999, 19690821, 0600, , TS, 36.7N, 70.9W, 55, -999, ** 19690821, 1200, , TS, 37.3N, 68.4W, 50, -999, 19690821, 1200, , TS, 37.1N, 68.1W, 60, -999, **** **** ** 19690821, 1800, , TS, 38.0N, 64.9W, 55, -999, 19690821, 1800, , TS, 37.8N, 64.7W, 60, -999, **** **** ** 19690822, 0000, , TS, 39.2N, 61.4W, 60, -999, 19690822, 0000, , TS, 39.2N, 61.8W, 55, -999, **** ** 19690822, 0600, , TS, 40.8N, 58.2W, 55, -999, 19690822, 0600, , TS, 40.8N, 58.2W, 45, -999, ** 19690822, 1200, , TS, 43.0N, 54.0W, 50, -999, 19690822, 1200, , ET, 43.0N, 54.0W, 35, -999, ** ** State hurricane impacts MS5 LA5 MS5 LA5 AL1 *** Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity are made for extremely intense Hurricane Camille from that depicted in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major change is to indicate an extratropical transition late in Camille's lifetime. Data for these changes were obtained from the NHC Storm Wallets, NHC microfilm, surface observations/analyses from the Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, COADS, Climatological Data for various states, Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, Mariner's Weather Log Rough Log and Selected Gales, the Navy Annual Hurricane Summary, Weather Bureau (1969), Environmental Science Services Administration (1969), Parmenter (1969), Roberts (1969, as well as the Nash Roberts archives at Tulane University), DeAngelis and Nelson (1969), Hamilton and Steere (1969), Simpson et al. (1970), Schwarz (1970), Touliatos and Roth (1971), Shenk and Rodgers (1977), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Riehl and Simpson (1981), Ho et al. (1984), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. (2000), Sheets and Williams (2001), Kieper (2007), and Frelich and Ostuno (2012). August 5: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest near West Africa. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 18W. No gales or low pressures. "[Camille formed] from a tropical wave which had been tracked from the African coast where it emerged on August 5. This wave, of the inverted 'V' type, described by Frank (1969) was clearly identified on satellite pictures through August 9" (MWR). August 6: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest near the Cape Verde Islands. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 26W. No gales or low pressures. August 7: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest west of the Cape Verde Islands. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 34W. No gales or low pressures. August 8: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest in the central Atlantic. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 42W. No gales or low pressures. August 9: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest east of the Lesser Antilles. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 51W. No gales or low pressures. "On [August 9], cloudiness associated with the wave began to aggregate into a discrete circular area about 500 mi east of the Leeward Islands" (MWR). August 10: Historical Weather Map depicted a trough of low pressure over the Lesser Antilles. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 16N 59W. No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance passed the Leeward Islands on August 10 without a closed circulation and proceeded to the western Caribbean without evidences of a pressure center" (MWR). August 11: Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest in the eastern Caribbean. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 16N 65W. No gales or low pressures. August 12: Historical Weather Map depicted a trough of low pressure in the central Caribbean. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 17N 71W. No gales or low pressures. Satellite image: 1849Z - ESSA-9 (MWL). August 13: Historical Weather Map depicted an open low near 16N 76W. The NHC microfilm at 12Z indicated a tropical wave extending from the central Bahamas, across Cuba, and into the western Caribbean. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 17N 76W. No gales or low pressures. Satellite image: 1948Z - ESSA-9 (MWL, Weather Bureau). "On August 13 the wave increased in amplitude and extended its influence into the eastern Bahamas" (MWR). "An Air Force reconnaissance plane investigated this wave on the morning of the 13th, but found no significant change in intensity. However, below-normal pressures and favorable conditions aloft indicated further intensification of this wave" (Navy Annual Summary). August 14: Historical Weather Map depicted an open low near 19N 83W. The NHC microfilm at 12Z indicated a tropical wave extending from between Florida and the Bahamas to Cuba with a "Td" indicated at 18.5N 81.5W with no closed isobars. The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 18N 81W. HURDAT's first entry was at 18Z at 19.4N 82.0 with 50 kt. Ship and land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy, 999 mb central pressure, 50 kt flight level winds, eye diameter 20 nm circular, center at 18.8N 81.8W at 1440Z (storm wallets). Satellite: 1852Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, Weather Bureau, MWL), 2142Z (ESSA-2 - storm wallet). "Camille formed near the island of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean on August 14...On the morning of August 14, reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched to investigate both the possibility of circulation near the southwestern Bahamas and near the vicinity of Grand Cayman Island. The report from the Bahamas was negative; however, from the Caribbean a Navy reconnaissance plane flying back and forth across the wave reported that a circulation was forming, and in late afternoon advised that the pressure center had been identified with a minimum of 991 mb and a maximum wind of 50 kt. It was apparent almost from the outset that Camille would be an explosively deepening storm" (MWR). August 15: Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 21N 84W with an outer closed isobar of 1008 mb. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a closed low near 21N 84W. HURDAT at 12Z indicated an 85 kt hurricane with 970 mb at 20.7N 83.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1005 mb at 19.8N 82.6W at 02Z (COADS); 35 kt W and 1009 mb at 20.0N 84.7W at 15Z (COADS). Land highlights: 80 kt SE at Guane, Cuba (no time, MWR); 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb at Nuevo Gerona, Cuba at 21Z (microfilm); 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at Montua, Cuba at 21Z (microfilm); 20 kt NNE and 1002 mb at Cape San Antonio, Cuba at 21Z (microfilm). Aircraft highlights: Navy, 991 mb central pressure, 48 kt surface winds, 50 kt flight level winds (900 ft), eye diameter 20 nm circular, center at 20.0N 82.2W at 0045Z (storm wallets); Navy, 65 kt surface winds, 55 kt flight level winds (1100 ft), center by radar at 20.0N 83.3W at 06Z (storm wallets); ESSA, 969 mb central pressure, 90 kt surface winds, 85 kt flight level winds (1600 ft), elliptical eye E-W 20-10 nm, center at 206.N 93.8W at 1230Z (storm wallets); Air Force, 966 mb central pressure, 70 kt surface winds, 80 kt flight level winds, circular eye 10 nm diameter at 20.9N 84.2W at 1820Z (storm wallets). Satellite images: 1950Z (ESSA-9 - Weather Bureau, MWL), 2130Z (ESSA-2 - storm wallet). "As it approached the western tip of Cuba on the afternoon of August 15, the central pressure had fallen to 964 mb with a maximum wind of 100 kt. During the transit over Cuba, Camille (as a young hurricane) was tracked by Havana radar...Southeast winds of 80 kt were reported at Guane as the eye passed over western Cuba" (MWR). "Camille - August 15-16 - Category 2 hurricane impact in Cuba" (Perez et al.). August 16: Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 23N 86W with an outer closed isobar of 1008 mb. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a hurricane near 24N 86W. HURDAT at 12Z indicated an 120 kt hurricane near 23.7N 85.9W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 22.5N 86.0W at '00Z (COADS); 45 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 23.5N 84.0W at 12Z (microfilm); 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 25.0N 84.9W at 18Z (COADS); 55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 24.8N 86.7W at 21Z (COADS). Station highlights: 35 kt NW and 999 mb at Cape San Antonio at 00Z (microfilm); 5 kt SE and 991 mb at Montua at 00Z (microfilm). Aircraft highlights: Navy, radar fix at 23.2N 85.3W at 0640Z (storm wallets); Navy, 80 kt flight level winds (800 ft), eye circular 8 nm diameter, radar center at 23.8N 86.0W at 1200Z (storm wallets); Air Force, 908 mb central pressure, circular eye 10 nm diameter, center at 24.4N 86.7W at 1835Z (storm wallets). Satellite images: 1311Z, 1507Z, 1703Z, 1930Z, 2140Z, 2340Z (ATS3-Parmenter), 1710Z (Nimbus-3 - Simpson et al., same picture listed as 1900Z - Shenk and Rodgers), 1858Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis and Nelson, Weather Bureau, MWL), 0500Z (Infrared - Nimbus-3 - Shenk and Rodgers, Allison et al.). "Camille was tracked by land-based and aircraft radar during the remainder of August 15 and 16, and indications of further intensification were noted as the eye shrank to less than 8 mi in diameter and strong feeder bands were reported in all quadrants. Because of the small eye of Camille, the Navy reconnaissance aircraft, which reached the storm area just after midnight on the 16th, was unable to penetrate the eye of Camille, and not until the afternoon of the 16th was it possible to obtain a reliable check on the extent of intensification. During the afternoon, an Air Force C-130 reconnaissance aircraft penetrated and reported a surface pressure of 908 mb (26.81 in.) - a record low pressure for reconnaissance aircraft in Atlantic hurricanes. On this occasion, the aircraft reported an 11C temperature rise in the eye at 700 mb. Maximum winds at this flight level could not be obtained during the transit of the heavy rain area in the eye wall " (MWR). August 17: Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 27N 88W with an outer closed isobar of 1004 mb. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed the center of the cyclone to be near 27N 88W. HURDAT listed Camille at 27.0N 88.2W as a Category 5 hurricane with 160 kt winds at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 1010 mb at 24.0N 89.0W at 2330Z 16th (microfilm); 40 kt W and 999 mb at 24.6N 88.4W at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 25.1N 89.8W at 12Z (COADS); 40 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 26.0N 89.6W at 18Z (COADS); 964 mb pressure with 78 kt ENE (30 min) at Oil platform #1 at 29.1N 88.9W at 21Z (Hamilton and Steere); 96 kt S (max wind) at Drilling Rig at 29.1N 88.7W at 2230Z (Roberts) . Land highlights: 941 mb (min pressure) at Garden Island, LA at 2255Z (MWR). Aircraft highlights: Air Force, 905 mb central pressure, 140 kt surface winds, 90 kt flight level winds, circular eye 10 nm, center at 25.2N 87.2W at 0016Z (storm wallets); Navy, eye diameter 10 nm circular, radar fix at 27.3N 87.5W at 06Z (storm wallets); Navy, radar fix at 27.1N 86.3W at 1239Z (storm wallets); Air Force, 919 mb central pressure (corrected from 901 mb), 180 kt surface winds, 95 kt flight level winds, circular eye 8 nm, center at 28.2N 88.8W at 1850Z (storm wallet). Satellite images: 1953Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, Weather Bureau, Environmental Science Services Administration, MWL). "Early on Saturday evening (August 16), the same Air Force plane and crew made a second flight into Camille and reported an even lower central pressure - 905 mb (26.73 in.). Flight-level winds at 700 mb measured by Doppler radar had increased to 140 kt at a point 20 n.mi. from the center. The maximum was not recorded due to attenuation of the radar beam by heavy precipitation. During this period, Camille had continued along a north-northwestward course at about 12 kt...During the night and morning of August 16 and 17, no further penetrations of the hurricane were obtained, although a Navy reconnaissance plane circumnavigated the storm at low levels and reported winds substantially in excess of 100 kt at a radius of 30 to 40 mi from the center. Early in the afternoon of Sunday, August 17, an Air Force WC-130 reconnaissance plane once again penetrated the storm. The hurricane at that time was less than 100 mi from the mouth of the Mississippi River. The crew estimated the highest surface winds to be 180 kt. During this penetration, the aircraft was forced to feather an engine and had to leave the storm area, so that no further reconnaissance data were obtained until the storm crossed the coastline...The minimum pressure in Camille was 905 mb, the lowest of record measured by a hurricane reconnaissance aircraft in the Atlantic and the lowest for an Atlantic hurricane except for the Florida Keys storm of Labor Day, 1935. (Preliminary reports and other publications indicated a lowest pressure of 901 mb. Recently, a check of the raw data indicates this should be corrected to the 905-mb value.)" (MWR). "On Sunday afternoon, August 17, an air force C-130 piloted by Marvin A. Little penetrated Camille's eye and measured a pressure of 26.62 inches of mercury. 'Just as we were near the [eye] wall cloud we suddenly broke into a clear area and could see the sea surface below,' the copilot, Robert Lee Clark, wrote in 1982. 'What a sight! Although everyone on the crew was experienced except me, no one had seen the wind whip the sea like that before...Instead of the green and white splotches normally found in a storm, the sea surfa ce was in deep furrows running along the wind direction...The velocity was beyond the descriptions used in our training and far beyond anything we had ever see.' Those descriptions used in training accounted for winds up to 150 mile per hour. After describing what they saw over the radio to the National Hurricane Center, the crew and the forecasters decided to estimate the winds inside Camille at 190 miles per hour. Soon after leaving the eye, a generator on one of the C-130's engines failed. Clark brought his plane back safely to Ellington Air Force Base near Houston on three engines; no other flights were made into Camille" (Sheets and Williams). "The highest actual measurement on a wind instrument was found on an Easterline Angus wind speed recorder which had been left running on a Transworld Drilling Co. rig located east of Boothville (Main Pass Block 29). The recorder had been switched to double scale before evacuation and recorded an extreme gust of 172 m.p.h. before the paper jammed and the trace was lost." (DeAngelis and Nelson). "The Breath home, prior to Katrina, was the third-oldest home in Bay St. Louis. It had been built in 1820, on what is known as North Beach, and had been owned by the Breath family for 110 years. Underneath the home was a brick cellar (very unusual in the coastal South) that the historical society believed was all that remained of what was originally a fort, on that location. In front of the home was a camellia tree over twenty feet tall, that had been planted around 1880. The home faces the bay on the bluff just south of the modern bridge that connects Hwy 90 to Pass Christian, along with several other homes owned by the Breath family, which were to the west of the bayfront home, along Breath Lane. Charles A. Breath Jr and III were born there, and five generations of Breaths had lived in that home. Hurricane Katrina totally destroyed the home along with five others along the Breath property, including the historic barometer (and also most likely the log). The 909 mbar reading had been taken by Charles A. Breath, Jr. I recently spoke to Charles A. Breath III, and he recalled to me, 'Daddy was in the boat business all his life. He was an old salt! He had a sailboat that he named Romac, which was a ketch built by Jacky Jack Covacevich. Weather meant a lot to him. Nash Roberts was his hero in predicting the weather.' Jacky Jack owned a well-known boatyard in Biloxi Back Bay and built many of the ships used in the seafood industry centered on Biloxi Point Cadet at that time in history. Nash Roberts was a well-known NOLA meteorologist who had a penchant for correctly predicting landfall locations of hurricanes. He had a brother, Ep Roberts, who owned a store that sold scientific instruments. Ep was also a meteorologist, and would sometimes fill in for Nash if he had to miss a broadcast. Charles Breath told me his recollection from what his father had said, was that the eye passed over Bay St. Louis, the bay, and Pass Christian. He had been in the service at that time, but his sister, Sue, rode out the storm with their parents. As Camille was approaching the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coasts, Sue Breath McGuire, who was in her mid-twenties and living in NOLA with a roommate, was told by her father to return home to BSL, and bring her roommate, because NOLA was like a saucer and was not safe in the event of a strong hurricane; BSL would be much safer. Sue recalled that Nash Roberts had said this storm was going to be a bad one. So she and the roommate packed up and got in the car and drove east - one of the few cars to do so, as most everyone was driving west to leave the MS coast. She said her dad always had his hurricane precautions, and boarded up the windows with removable shutters. The breakfast area of the home had a magnetic hurricane tracking map, where the magnets would be moved to the new location every time they would get the current coordinates of the storm. Her father had several barometers, but one very good one that he was always careful to keep calibrated, and no one was allowed to touch it. For days before the storm, the barometric pressure would start dropping, and he would keep a log starting at that time, always noting the time and pressure. When Camille came in 1969, Charles Breath Jr. was 65. Sue said of her father, 'Daddy, being the sailor that he was, on the coast all the time, was always so conscious of the weather.' He had been logging the weather for several days prior to Camille's landfall, and that evening he logged pressure readings every 15 minutes or so, tapping the glass to make sure the needle was giving the correct reading. Sue said she could tell her father was getting nervous as the pressure dropped, sometimes rubbing his head after noting a reading. Sue recalled that it was awful being in such a storm at night. She said that the cotton caulking around the doors would whistle when the wind picked up. At one point during the evening the attic stairway blew down, and when they went to see what had happened, they were hit in the face with salt water, because the wind had blown off the front gable of the roof. When the eye came, they left the house to move to one further back from the bluff. Water had never come more than halfway up the walkway from the bay, yet when they went out the back door, they walked into knee deep water. She recalled that her father carried the precious barometer, wrapped in a cloth, and her mother, their dachshund, as she, her roommate, and sister, walked with them to the adjacent house on their property. She said the low reading was taken just before the eye, before they left the main house. Afterwards, she didn't recall how, Nash Roberts came to know of the reading, and the barometer was carefully packaged up and sent to his brother Ep Roberts store, and found to be accurate. After this, Charles Breath recalled, a group from Nash Roberts came to Bay St. Louis and sat down and talked with his father about the readings" (Kieper 2007). August 18: Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane inland over Mississippi near 32N 90W with an outer closed isobar of 1004 mb. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed the hurricane to be near 32N 90W. HURDAT listed Camille as being at 32.2N 90.0W as a Category 1 hurricane with 65 kt at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 28.5N 92.8W at 00Z (microfilm); 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 26.1N 87.7W at 06Z (MWL). Station highlights: 950 mb (min pressure) at Pilottown, LA at 00Z (MWR); 113 kt (max wind, 150 kt gust, disabled) at Transworld Drilling Rig Block #92 at 29.6N 88.9W at 0115Z (DeAngelis and Nelson, Roberts); 909 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (west end of bridge) at 0330Z (MWR, Roberts); 904 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (N. Beach Blvd.) at 0400Z (Roberts); 897 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (one mile west of Bay Bridge) at 0330Z (Roberts, Tulane archives); 958 mb (min pressure) at 0808Z and 104 kt NE at 0808Z (max wind) at Columbia, MS (MWR, Roberts); 61 kt E (max wind) at Brandon, MS at 12Z (MWR); 980 mb (min P) at Jackson, MS at 1256Z (MWR). Aircraft highlights: No reconnaissance available. Satellite image: 1900Z (ESSA-9, Weather Bureau), no time (ATS-3, Riehl and Simpson). "The approach of Camille to the coast was monitored continuously by radars in New Orleans and Pensacola. The center of the hurricane passed over the Mississippi coast near the towns of Clermont Harbor, Waveland, and Bay St. Louis about 11:30 p.m. (CDT) on Sunday, August 17. Maximum winds near the coastline could not be measured, but from an appraisal of the character of splintering of structures within a few hundred yards of the coast, velocities probably approached 175 kt. The highest recorded storm tide observed, which apparently occurred near Pass Christian, was measured at 24.6 ft, higher than any previous storm tide of record... As Camille continued inward on a northerly course at a speed of about 16 kt" (MWR). "The lowest land pressure was observed by Mr. Charles A. Breath, Jr. of Bay St. Louis, in his home a few blocks from the west end of Bay St. Louis Bridge. He made the reading of 26.85 in. on his aneroid barometer as the eastern edge of Camille's eye passed overhead. His barometer was later checked and found to be accurate by the New Orleans Weather Bureau Office." (DeAngelis and Nelson). "Three barometer readings of private individuals in Bay St. Louis at approximately 11:00 p.m. show 26.70, 26.85 and 26.50 inches" (Roberts). "Mrs. Susie B. Western, 123 St. Chas. Ave., Bay St. Louis, not more than 150 yards off beach, 1 mile west of Bay Bridge, 26.50 at 10:30 PM" (Tulane archives). "Biloxi 11:30-11:50 pm 28.98, Waveland-Lakeshore-Bay St. Louis 26.61 11:30 pm = -2.33 inches in 25 miles, 1/10 inch per mile - extremely steep pressure gradient" (Tulane archives). "Severe forest damage - more than 2/3 of the trees damaged - extended northward from the coast to Covington County, Mississippi - about 75 nm" (Touliatos and Roth). "Aug. 18, 1969 (Camille), 908 mb central pressure at landfall based upon aircraft reconnaissance at 28.2N 88.8W, 8 nm radius of maximum wind based upon recon, 16 kt translational velocity, landfall point 30.3N 89.3W" (Ho et al.). "1008 mb outer closed isobar at landfall, 137 kt max 1 min surface wind equivalent' (Schwerdt et al.). "LA Category 5, MS Category 5, 909 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.). August 19: Historical Weather Map depicted a low inland over Kentucky near 37N 88W with an outer closed isobar of 1008 mb along with a stationary front a few hundred miles north of the low. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a low near 37N 88W with a stationary front a few hundred miles north of the low. HURDAT listed Camille as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.0N 88.0W at 12Z. Station highlights: 996 mb (min pressure) and 9 kt NE at 0300Z at Memphis (SWO); 999 mb (min pressure) and 20 kt S at 0600Z at Jackson, TN (SWO); 1001 mb (min pressure) and 11 kt N at 1000Z at Paducah, KY (SWO). 1946Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, Schwarz). "The remnants of Camille turned eastward across Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia [on the 19th and 20th]" (MWR). August 20: Historical Weather Map depicted a low inland over Virginia near 28N 77W with an outer closed isobar of 1008 mb along with a stationary front draped across the center of the low. The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a low near 38N 77W with a cold front just north of the center of the low. HURDAT listed Camille as a 25 kt tropical depression at 37.3N 77.0W at 12Z. Station highlights: 1004 mb (min pressure) and 10 kt SW at London, KY at 0000Z (SWO); 1005 mb (min pressure) and 15 kt SW at Elizabeth City, NC at 1000Z (SWO); 1002 mb (min pressure) and 10 kt WSW at 1700Z at Norfolk (SWO). Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.1N 74.5W at 18Z (COADS). Satellite image: 1850Z (ESSA-9 - MWL). August 21: Historical Weather Map depicted a tropical storm near 37N 67W with a 1004 mb outer closed isobar, with a cold front extending from its center to the southwest, and with a stationary front extending from its center to the east. Also to the southeast of Camille is another tropical cyclone (Debbie). The NHC microfilm map at 12Z showed a low near 37N 67W (with no frontal boundaries) and another tropical cyclone southeast of Camille. HURDAT listed Camille as a 50 kt tropical storm at 37.3N 68.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1001 mb at 36.0N 73.4W at 00Z (COADS); 40 kt N and 1002 mb at 35.9N 72.6W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt S and 996 mb at 36.9N 66.6W at 12Z (COADS); 60 kt NE and 996 mb at 37.6N 65.9W at 18Z (COADS). "Camille passed into the open Atlantic on August 21, where it quickly regained tropical storm intensity. However, shortly thereafter it encountered a cold front and was modified rapidly into an extratropical system" (MWR). August 22: Historical Weather Map depicted a low with a 1000 mb outer closed isobar and also with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of the center. A large extratropical cyclone is several hundred miles north-northwest of Camille and another tropical cyclone (Debbie) is several hundred miles southwest of Camille. HURDAT listed Camille as a 50 kt tropical storm at 43.0N 54.0W at 12Z (last entry). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 38.2N 64.0W at 00Z (COADS). August 23: Historical Weather Map depicted a frontal boundary extending from a large extratropical low near 63N 35W to a tropical storm (Debbie) near 39N 55W. Camille began as a tropical wave which left the coast of West Africa on August 5th. The system did not develop until reaching the western Caribbean Sea. Surface observations in the vicinity of the wave on the 13th and 14th were somewhat sparse and are ambiguous as to when the system had a closed circulation until 18Z on the 14th. Moreover, an Air Force aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 13th could not locate a closed circulation. HURDAT originally indicated an "instant" 50 kt tropical storm beginning at 18Z on the 14th. However, satellite imagery late on the 13th indicated that banding in the deep convection associated with the wave had developed. Given the improved structure seen in the satellite imagery late on the 13th, the ambiguous surface observations, and the subsequent observations of the system being a moderate tropical storm mid-day on the 14th (see below), genesis is now indicated to have occurred at 00Z on the 14th. While this is 18 hours earlier than originally indicated, the exact time of genesis is uncertain to plus/minus six hours. An aircraft reconnaissance (Navy) mission arrived at the system's center at 1440Z on the 14th and showed that the system was already a well-developed, but small, tropical storm with central pressure of 999 mb. This central pressure suggests a maximum wind of 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the radius of maximum wind (RMW) of about 15 nm (same as climatology by central pressure and latitude - Vickery et al.) but a somewhat slow movement (10 kt), an intensity of 45 kt is selected at 12Z on the 14th and 50 kt at 18Z. Given the quick development of the system, the 999 mb central pressure from 1440Z is not added into HURDAT at 12Z or at 18Z, as it is not representative of either synoptic time. Very small (0.3 degree or less) changes were introduced to the positions of Camille throughout its lifetime based upon a combination of ship, station, aircraft penetration, aircraft radar, land-based radar, and satellite observations. The next aircraft center fix also by the Navy measured 991 mb central pressure at 0045Z on the 15th, which suggests 62 kt from the pressure-wind relationship. The RMW remained about the same (~15 nm) and the cyclone slowed a bit (8 kt), so the 55 kt in HURDAT is retained at 00Z on the 15th. This 991 mb central pressure was in the wrong slot in HURDAT (18Z 14th) and has been moved to 00Z on the 15th. Camille continued deepening on the 15th and an ESSA research aircraft measured central pressures of 970 mb at 1100Z and 969 mb at 1230Z with a circular eye of 15 nm diameter (~12 nm RMW). This pressure suggests an intensity of 91 kt from the pressure-wind relationship. Climatology for this central pressure and latitude is for 15 nm. Given the slightly smaller than usual size, but continued slow (8 kt) speed, 90 kt is selected for 12Z on the 15th - 5 kt higher than HURDAT. 06Z on the 15th is now 65 kt, up from 60 kt originally, and has Camille reaching hurricane intensity six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT. The Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured 966 mb central pressure and a 10 nm circular eye (~8 nm RMW) at 1820Z on the 15th, which suggests maximum winds of 94 kt from the pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is selected at 18Z (down 5 kt), given the offsetting aspects of slow movement (6 kt), but small size (~15 nm climatology). About four hours later at 22Z on the 15th, Camille made landfall in western Cuba near 21.9N 84.3W. No stations were in or near the eye in Cuba, so no central pressures were available. It is analyzed that the hurricane came ashore as a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane, which is consistent with the Perez et al. assessment of Category 2 impact in Cuba as well as the limited observations (80 kt wind at Guane) available. The hurricane only spent about two hours over Cuba and the 90 kt in HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th is unchanged. Once back over water, Camille was investigated by a Navy reconnaissance aircraft, but this plane did not attempt a penetration fix due to the tiny eye depicted by their radar. Thus no central pressures were available early on the 16th. At 1835Z on the 16th, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured 908 mb central pressure from two separate dropwindsondes along with a circular eye of 10 nm diameter (~8 nm RMW). This pressure suggests maximum winds of 151 kt from intensifying subset of the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given a near average environmental pressure (1010 mb outer closed isobar), a slow movement (9 kt), and a tiny RMW (8 nm versus 12 nm climatology), the intensity is analyzed at 150 kt - a 20 kt major increase from HURDAT previously at 18Z on the 16th. The same aircraft observed 905 mb central pressure at 0016Z on the 17th with the same sized eye. 905 mb suggests an intensity of 154 kt from the south of 25N intensifying and 151 kt from the north of 25N intensifying Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships (as the cyclone is now straddling the 25N latitude line). An intensity of 150 kt at 00Z on the 17th is analyzed, up 10 kt from HURDAT. Later on the 17th, a new Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured 901 mb central pressure from a dropsonde along with a circular eye of 8 nm (~6 nm RMW) at 1815Z. This pressure, however, was rejected in the post-storm best track and Monthly Weather Review writeup. Analysis of the original dropsonde data indicates that the actual central pressure from the dropsonde was about 919 mb. (See supplemental writeup for detailed analysis and discussion of this dropsonde.) A filling of the hurricane's central pressure is consistent with the WSR-57 radar imagery from New Orleans and satellite imagery, which clearly showed a concentric eyewall structure (while this was not mentioned by the reconnaissance crew, they did note a distinct moat just outside of the inner eyewall). A 919 mb central pressure (newly added into the 18Z 17th slot) suggests an intensity of 133 kt from the north of 25N and 127 kt from the north of 25N weakening subset of the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships. With the concentric eyewall structure, a low environmental pressure (1008 mb outer closed isobar), a somewhat faster forward speed (12 kt), and a continued tiny inner RMW, an intensity at 18Z is analyzed to be 135 kt. No further aircraft reconnaissance fixes were available before landfall in the United States. The original HURDAT showed a brief landfall in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi River just before 00Z on the 18th of August. However, the numerous radar fixes available indicated that the center of the hurricane remained just offshore, which is consistent with the radar-based track shown in the Preliminary Report. Camille passed over the marshy regions of northeastern St. Bernard Parish around 0230-0330Z on the 18th, but no landfall point is indicated here because of the lack of specific land available. Camille made landfall near Waveland, Mississippi at 30.3N 89.4W at 0400Z on the 18th of August, based upon radar fixes and pressure measurements at the coast. The hurricane displayed a concentric eyewall structure with circular eyes with diameter of 10 nm and 30 nm with some additional prominent banding at larger radii. (The inner eye near the time of landfall could also be considered elliptical with a major axis of 12 nm oriented northwest-southeast and a minor axis of 8 nm.) The outer closed isobar at landfall was a very low 1004 mb, but the hurricane was also quite tiny with a radius of outer closed isobar of 150 nm. Camille's forward speed had increased to about 15 kt at the time of landfall. There were three pressure values of interest near the point of landfall. 909 mb was measured by Mr. Charles Breath at 0300Z at the west of the bridge in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi about 3-4 nm east of the landfall point. This aneroid barometer was subsequently tested and determined that it was calibrated accurately. 909 mb had been the accepted central pressure value at landfall originally as shown in HURDAT and discussed in Monthly Weather Review. However, Mr. Breath also measured a 904 mb pressure at 0400Z a few blocks west of the first measurement, as reported in Roberts (1969) and confirmed in the Kieper interviews (2007) of the Breath family. (See supplemental additional discussion about this 904 mb measurement.) It is possible that NHC did not include the lower value in the Monthly Weather Review and best track because Mr. Breath did not include it in the log, as the 909 mb was the last entry before he left his damaged home.) There was, in addition to the 909 and 904 mb documented values in Bay St. Louis, an even lower value of 897 mb pressure reading mentioned in the Roberts (1969) report with additional details on its location and time from the Tulane archives. However, there is no documentation on how accurate the barometer was nor could this barometer be located today. (Moreover, the value provided in inches of mercury - 26.50" - appears to be rounded to the nearest 0.5".) Thus this value cannot be assumed to be completely accurate. Given that the 904 mb pressure reading was taken near the eastern edge of the eye about 3-4 nm east of the landfall point (which is known quite accurately through the radar fixes), a 900 mb central pressure is analyzed at landfall. (It is of interest that this corresponds closely to the 901 mb that Roberts analyzed as the central pressure taking a mix of the Waveland-Lakeshore-Bay St. Louis observations.) This central pressure suggests maximum sustained winds at landfall of 148 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 155 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. Given the somewhat compensating factors of a tiny RMW (~6-8 nm) and a moderate forward speed (15 kt) but a very low pressure of the outer closed isobar (1004 mb), an intensity of 150 kt is reanalyzed for the time of landfall. (The intensity at 00Z on the 18th is set at 140 kt [a major change down from 165 kt originally], showing a recovery from the 135 kt minimum at 18Z on the 17th.) The 150 kt at landfall places Camille as a Category 5 hurricane at landfall in Mississippi. As is typical for landfalling major hurricanes, no anemometer measurement recorded values close to the maximum winds, in part because of anemometer failures, but primarily because of the lack of anemometers in the eastern eyewall at the coast during landfall. The highest observed sustained (roughly 10 min) winds in Camille were 113 kt (at which point the anemometer failed) at the Transworld Drilling Rig Block #92 about halfway between the mouth of the Mississippi River and the Mississippi coast. This measurement was almost certainly higher than 10 m above the ocean, but its exact altitude is unknown. The next highest sustained (fastest mile) wind was 104 kt in Columbia, MS well inland and four hours after landfall. This value adjusts to 99 kt in converting to a peak 1 min wind. With the movement of Camille across the marshlands of northeastern St. Bernard Parish, Category 5 winds are assessed to have occurred in Louisiana as well as Mississippi. Runs of the Schwerdt et al. parametric hurricane wind model suggest maximum sustained winds of 75-80 kt in southwesternmost Alabama. Category 1 winds for Alabama would be consistent with the impacts observed just west of there in Pascagoula, MS. Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest intensities of 116 kt at 06Z on the 18th (2 hours after landfall), 74 kt at 12Z (8 hours), 48 kt at 18Z (14 hours), and 34 kt at 00Z on the 19th (20 hours). Highest observed winds within two hours of these synoptic times were 104 kt, 60 kt, less than 34 kt, and less than 34 kt, though the anemometer data coverage during these times was very sparse. A helpful comparison can be made at 08Z (4 hours after landfall) of the inland wind decay model, which suggests 101 kt, versus the adjusted Columbia measurement of 99 kt, which may have been quite close to the radius of maximum wind. Additionally, the northernmost extent of severe forest damage documented in Touliatos and Roth (1971) occurred about 75 nm from the coast, which was reached by the center of Camille about 5.5 hours after landfall. The Kaplan and DeMaria model suggests maximum sustained winds of about 85 kt at that time. Work by Frelich and Ostuno (2012) indicate that about 90 kt 1 min winds (with a range of 76 to 111 kt) are needed to snap softwood (like the pine forests of Mississippi) trees at the base. Such an analysis, however, neglects the factors of wind duration and steadiness, which will also contribute to forecast damage. Nonetheless, the Columbia observation and the forest analyses add some measure of reliability to the use of the Kaplan and DeMaria decay model as well as providing some corroboration to the landfall intensity of 150 kt. At 00Z on the 19th, 997 mb with 20 kt NE was observed in Memphis, TN suggesting maximum winds of at least 49 kt (for a marine exposure) from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Accounting for decreased sustained winds over land, the intensity is analyzed at 35 kt. Values in HURDAT after landfall are analyzed at 115 kt at 06Z on the 18th (up from 100 kt), 75 kt at 12Z (up from 60 kt), 50 kt at 18Z (unchanged), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 19th (up from 30 kt). At 06Z on the 19th, Jackson, TN measured 20 kt S with 999 mb pressure. This suggests maximum winds (marine exposure) of at least 45 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The intensity at this time is analyzed at 30 kt, unchanged. Camille is thus reanalyzed to have retained tropical storm status for an additional six hours after landfall. On the 20th as Camille was moving generally eastward across the United States, it began interacting with a frontal boundary to its north. However, satellite imagery and observations indicate that the cyclone did not complete an extratropical transition on the 20th or 21st, as the main frontal boundary remained northeast of Camille. Late on the 20th, Camille began to reintensify as it approached the Atlantic Ocean coastline. At 12Z on the 20th when Camille was over eastern Virginia, a ship reported 30 kt off of the North Carolina-Virginia border. The intensity is boosted to 30 kt at that time, up from 25 kt originally. At 17Z, Norfolk, VA reported a minimum pressure of 1002 mb with 10 kt WSW winds, which were also at a minimum. With these winds being an overland exposure, a central pressure at that time is estimated to be 1000 mb and is added to the 18Z 20th slot. This central pressure suggests an intensity of 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. Peak winds reported at 18Z on the 20th were 40 kt from a ship and an intensity of 45 kt is analyzed at that time (up from 30 kt originally). Additional slight upward changes to the intensity were made from 00Z to 18Z on the 21st, based upon ship observations. (There were no aircraft reconnaissance missions when Camille was over the Atlantic Ocean.) At 18Z on the 21st, a ship reported 996 mb with 60 kt NE winds on the northern (weak semicircle) portion of the cyclone. The intensity is analyzed as 60 kt (up from 55 kt originally), but it is possible that Camille regained hurricane intensity late on 21st. Numerous observations on the 22nd indicate steady weakening occurred on this date and the intensities are at 55 kt at 00Z, 45 kt at 06Z, and 35 kt at 12Z (down from 60, 55, and 50 kt, originally). By 12Z on the 22nd, Camille became embedded within a frontal boundary and extratropical transition is indicated to have occurred at that time. Previously, HURDAT did not indicate an extratropical stage occurred in Camille. After 12Z on the 22nd, Camille's circulation became absorbed within the frontal boundary. Comparison with the two other known Category 5 hurricanes that have struck the continental United States since 1900, Camille (900 mb and 150 kt) ranks between the 1935 Labor Day hurricane (892 mb and 160 kt) and 1992's Andrew (922 mb and 145 kt) for strongest hurricanes at landfall. ******************************************************************************** 1975/05 ELOISE - 2006 REVISION: 47155 09/13/1975 M=12 5 SNBR=1008 ELOISE XING=1 SSS=3 47160 09/13* 0 0 0 0*175 541 25 0*176 552 25 1009*177 563 25 1009* 47165 09/14*178 573 25 1009*179 583 25 1009*180 594 25 1009*181 605 25 1009* 47170 09/15*183 617 25 1009*185 628 25 1009*188 638 30 1007*189 648 30 1007* 47175 09/16*190 656 35 1007*192 667 45 1007*194 675 55 1002*195 684 65 1002* 47180 09/17*196 692 65 997*197 702 60 1000*197 712 55 1000*198 722 50 1000* 47185 09/18*199 733 45 1000*199 745 45 1000*199 757 40 1000*200 770 40 1000* 47190 09/19*200 782 35 1000*199 791 35 1000*199 798 35 1000*198 810 35 1000* 47195 09/20*198 822 35 1000*198 834 35 1000*199 846 35 1006*200 855 35 1006* 47200 09/21*202 864 40 1001*208 871 45 1001*214 878 50 1001*224 885 55 995* 47205 09/22*236 889 60 995*248 894 65 993*258 895 75 986*265 894 85 980* 47210 09/23*273 885 95 968*284 873 105 958*302 863 110 955*330 857 55 982* 47215 09/24*355 843 30 999E365 835 20 1004E370 825 20 1004E375 815 20 1004* 47220 HRAFL3 47220 HRAFL3IAL1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** Storm #6 (Ella), 1978 - Revised in 2012 49525 08/30/1978 M= 7 6 SNBR=1058 ELLA XING=0 SSS=0 49530 08/30*262 597 20 1012*265 608 20 1011*270 620 30 1010*273 631 40 1005* 49535 08/31*276 642 50 1000*282 659 55 993*288 676 60 986*293 688 70 980* 49540 09/01*296 700 90 978*301 711 100 975*307 718 110 970*311 723 110 960* 49545 09/02*312 727 105 960*314 731 100 977*316 733 80 981*319 730 70 983* 49550 09/03*323 728 70 983*330 724 80 981*338 717 85 976*350 702 95 970* 49555 09/04*362 683 110 962*380 660 115 958*400 630 120 956*425 595 115 956* 49560 09/05*450 550 105 960*472 502 80 975*490 450 65 980* 0 0 0 0* 49560 09/05*450 550 105 960*472 502 80 975*490 450 65 980E510 390 50 985* **** *** ** *** 49565 HR Typographic error: The Preliminary Report for Ella indicated an 18Z 5th position as an extratropical cyclone, which was also reflected in the Monthly Weather Review track map. Versions of HURDAT going back to at least 1999 have incorrectly omitted this last position. Intensity and central pressure are added as simple extrapolation from last couple of entries, until a full reanalysis is conducted later. ******************************************************************************** Storm #9 (Hope), 1978 - Revised in 2012 49695 09/12/1978 M=10 9 SNBR=1061 HOPE XING=0 SSS=0 49700 09/12*298 800 25 1012*303 793 25 0*309 786 25 1010*312 777 25 0* 49700 09/12S298 800 25 1012S303 793 25 0S309 786 25 1010S312 777 25 0* * * * * 49705 09/13*311 765 25 1010*312 752 25 0*318 742 25 1009*323 731 25 0* 49705 09/13S311 765 25 1010S312 752 25 0S318 742 25 1009S323 731 25 0* * * * * 49710 09/14*328 721 25 1008*330 708 25 0*332 687 30 1009*333 662 30 0* 49710 09/14S328 721 25 1008S330 708 25 0S332 687 30 1009S333 662 30 0* * * * * 49715 09/15*329 648 35 1008*320 628 35 0*316 621 35 1005*311 613 35 0* 49715 09/15S329 648 35 1008S320 628 35 0S316 621 35 1005S311 613 35 0* * * * * 49720 09/16*310 603 35 1002*310 592 35 0*312 581 35 0*317 572 35 0* 49720 09/16S310 603 35 1002S310 592 35 0S312 581 35 0S317 572 35 0* * * * * 49725 09/17*324 560 35 0*330 548 40 1000*338 534 40 0*350 518 45 998* 49725 09/17S324 560 35 0*330 548 40 1000*338 534 40 0*350 518 45 998* * 49730 09/18*360 499 50 0*370 478 50 995*380 452 50 0*391 430 55 990* 49735 09/19*401 405 55 0*412 385 55 0*425 365 55 987*440 350 55 0* 49740 09/20*455 330 55 990*482 300 50 0*515 295 50 0*540 295 50 0* 49745 09/21*570 300 50 995*595 280 45 0E610 230 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 49750 TS Typographical errors: The Preliminary Report clearly indicates a subtropical stage for Hope from genesis through 00Z on the 17th. While the Monthly Weather Review track map for the 1978 season showed the subtropical stage, HURDAT and the subsequently published track books neglected to include this stage. This omission was pointed out by David Roth. ******************************************************************************** Storm #10 (Irma), 1978 49755 10/02/1978 M= 4 10 SNBR=1062 IRMA XING=0 SSS=0 49760 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*317 315 30 1010*320 315 30 1006* 49760 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0S317 315 30 1010S320 315 30 1006* * * 49765 10/03*323 315 30 0*326 315 30 0*329 315 30 0*334 315 30 0* 49765 10/03S323 315 30 0S326 315 30 0S329 315 30 0S334 315 30 0* * * * * 49770 10/04*339 315 30 0*345 315 30 0*351 315 40 1004*358 314 45 1002* 49770 10/04S339 315 30 0S345 315 30 0*351 315 40 1004*358 314 45 1002* * * 49775 10/05*367 312 45 1001*382 304 40 1002*400 288 40 0E430 262 40 0* 49780 TS Typographical errors: The Preliminary Report clearly indicates a subtropical stage for Irma from genesis through 06Z on the 4th. While the Monthly Weather Review track map for the 1978 season showed the subtropical stage, HURDAT and the subsequently published track books neglected to include this stage. This omission was pointed out by David Roth. ******************************************************************************** Storm #7 (Georges), 1980 - 2011 Revisions 50555 09/01/1980 M= 8 7 SNBR=1076 GEORGES XING=0 SSS=0 50560 09/01*156 380 30 1010*159 394 30 1010*163 408 30 1010*168 421 30 1010* 50565 09/02*173 437 30 1010*175 457 30 1010*177 481 30 1010*178 503 30 1010* 50570 09/03*179 524 30 1010*180 545 30 1010*186 569 30 1010*197 590 25 1011* 50575 09/04*210 610 20 1012D221 623 20 1012D234 636 20 1013D248 648 20 1013* 50580 09/05D261 658 20 1014D275 670 20 1014S285 686 25 1014S290 694 30 1013* 50585 09/06S297 700 30 1013S306 700 30 1010S317 696 30 1008S329 691 30 1007* 50590 09/07*344 679 40 1004*359 659 45 1002*373 637 50 1000*386 615 55 997* 50595 09/08*402 590 70 993*429 551 70 993*456 511 68 993*480 469 65 993* 50595 09/08*402 590 70 993*429 551 70 993*456 511 70 993*480 469 65 993* ** 50600 HR Georges's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained an overly precise windspeed to the nearest 1 kt. The value is adjusted to the nearest 5 kt. ******************************************************************************** Storm #6 (Floyd), 1981 - 2011 Revisions 51060 09/03/1981 M=10 6 SNBR=1086 FLOYD XING=0 SSS=0 51065 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*162 603 20 1010*167 611 20 1010* 51070 09/04*173 619 20 1009*180 626 20 1008*186 633 30 1006*190 640 35 1004* 51075 09/05*195 647 43 1002*201 655 52 1000*209 662 60 999*217 671 70 997* 51075 09/05*195 647 45 1002*201 655 50 1000*209 662 60 999*217 671 70 997* ** ** 51080 09/06*226 677 80 994*236 686 85 991*245 691 90 988*255 691 95 985* 51085 09/07*264 691 100 981*275 689 100 978*284 685 100 975*293 678 100 975* 51090 09/08*299 672 95 989*306 665 90 995*314 656 85 998*320 647 60 1003* 51095 09/09*329 630 50 1005*337 607 45 1007*342 585 45 1007*338 563 40 1007* 51100 09/10*335 540 40 1007*336 513 40 1007*340 487 40 1008*340 464 40 1008* 51105 09/11*338 441 40 1008*345 417 40 1008*355 397 40 1008*366 383 40 1008* 51110 09/12*376 369 40 1009*390 352 40 1009*406 334 35 1009* 0 0 0 0* 51115 HR Floyd's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained overly precise windspeeds to the nearest 1 kt. Values are all adjusted to the nearest 5 kt. ******************************************************************************** 1985/11 KATE - 2006 REVISION: 51925 11/15/1985 M= 9 11 SNBR=1106 KATE XING=1 SSS=2 L 51930 11/15* 0* 0* 0*2110638 35 999* 51935 11/16*2160639 45 998*2170642 50 996*2150648 55 993*2110653 70 987* 51940 11/17*2070660 75 981*2040664 75 984*2070673 75 982*2110688 80 977* 51945 11/18*2140700 80 976*2160718 80 975*2160733 80 975*2190751 85 972* 51950 11/19*2210768 95 967*2210784 95 968*2270802 90 971*2320819 80 976* 51955 11/20*2390835 85 972*2460845 95 968*2520853 105 956*2600860 105 955* 51960 11/21*2680865 105 954*2750866 100 961*2830865 95 965*2920861 85 967* 51965 11/22*3020851 80 975*3150835 65 983*3250815 50 990*3370792 45 996* 51970 11/23*3470762 40 1003*3440735 35 1005*3400720 35 1006E3350705 35 1006* 51975 HRAFL2 51975 HRAFL2IGA1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** Storm #9 (Helene), 1988 - 2011 Revisions 53785 09/19/1988 M=12 9 SNBR=1144 HELENE XING=0 53790 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*134 316 30 1009* 53795 09/20*133 327 32 1008*132 338 35 1008*130 348 40 1004*124 357 45 1002* 53795 09/20*133 327 30 1008*132 338 35 1008*130 348 40 1004*124 357 45 1002* ** 53800 09/21*122 367 50 998*120 377 60 993*121 388 68 998*124 399 75 983* 53800 09/21*122 367 50 998*120 377 60 993*121 388 70 988*124 399 75 983* ** *** 53805 09/22*127 406 82 978*130 415 90 972*132 423 95 965*135 431 102 959* 53805 09/22*127 406 80 978*130 415 90 972*132 423 95 965*135 431 100 959* ** *** 53810 09/23*139 440 110 953*141 449 117 945*147 455 120 939*153 461 125 938* 53810 09/23*139 440 110 953*141 449 115 945*147 455 120 939*153 461 125 938* *** 53815 09/24*159 469 120 940*166 475 118 944*174 480 115 948*181 485 110 954* 53815 09/24*159 469 120 940*166 475 120 944*174 480 115 948*181 485 110 954* *** 53820 09/25*187 489 102 959*194 490 98 963*200 491 94 966*209 493 90 968* 53820 09/25*187 489 100 959*194 490 100 963*200 491 95 966*209 493 90 968* *** *** ** 53825 09/26*222 495 87 971*234 497 85 973*245 499 80 975*258 503 78 976* 53825 09/26*222 495 85 971*234 497 85 973*245 499 80 975*258 503 80 976* ** ** 53830 09/27*271 511 77 977*282 519 77 979*298 520 77 979*309 519 77 979* 53830 09/27*271 511 75 977*282 519 75 979*298 520 75 979*309 519 75 979* ** ** ** ** 53835 09/28*319 515 77 979*328 510 78 977*335 503 80 975*347 495 85 972* 53835 09/28*319 515 75 979*328 510 80 977*335 503 80 975*347 495 85 972* ** ** 53840 09/29*361 485 90 970*380 465 90 970*402 444 85 973*429 420 75 979* 53845 09/30*462 388 65 985*502 345 65 990E550 300 60 992* 0 0 0 0* 53850 HR Helene's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained overly precise windspeeds to the nearest 1 kt. Values are all adjusted to the nearest 5 kt. ********************************************************************************* Storm #12 (Keith), 1988 - 2011 Revisions 53965 11/17/1988 M=10 12 SNBR=1147 KEITH XING=1 L 53970 11/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*149 743 30 1008* 53975 11/18*150 755 30 1008*150 765 30 1008*150 777 30 1008*150 790 30 1008* 53980 11/19*150 799 30 1007*151 804 30 1007*152 812 30 1007*155 818 30 1006* 53985 11/20*158 826 30 1005*163 834 34 1004*178 845 40 1002*191 854 45 997* 53985 11/20*158 826 30 1005*163 834 35 1004*178 845 40 1002*191 854 45 997* ** 53990 11/21*198 861 60 985*207 866 60 993*218 870 60 993*224 872 60 990* 53995 11/22*231 870 60 993*238 868 55 995*244 862 55 995*255 851 55 993* 54000 11/23*265 842 55 994*273 828 55 995*279 813 35 999*289 798 40 998* 54005 11/24*297 777 50 995*310 752 55 992*325 705 60 990E340 660 55 985* 54010 11/25E360 600 50 982E390 540 50 976E400 490 50 964E440 450 55 960* 54015 11/26E480 430 65 950E520 420 65 945E525 440 65 945E520 460 65 950* 54020 TS Typographical error corrected. ********************************************************************************* 1989/02 BARRY - 2007 REVISION: 53315 07/09/1989 M= 6 02 SNBR=1133 BARRY XING=0 53320 07/09 *1280378 25 1015* 53325 07/10*1300399 24 1015*1390421 25 1014*1500446 30 1013*1630469 30 1013* 53325 07/10*1300399 25 1015*1390421 25 1014*1500446 30 1013*1630469 30 1013* ** 53330 07/11*1770482 35 1012*1880492 40 1011*1980504 40 1010*2070518 40 1007* 53335 07/12*2140531 45 1005*2210539 45 1005*2280544 45 1005*2350549 40 1008* 53340 07/13*2380554 40 1012*2400560 35 1014*2390566 35 1016*2370574 30 1017* 53345 07/14*2330581 30 1018 53350 TS Typographic error corrected. ******************************************************************************** 1989/06 FELIX - 2007 REVISION: 53510 08/26/1989 M=16 06 SNBR=1137 FELIX XING=0 53515 08/26*1680210 25 1009*1690217 30 1008*1700222 30 1007*1720229 35 1005* 53520 08/27*1740235 35 1003*1780239 40 1001*1820240 45 1000*1870243 50 0998* 53525 08/28*1910246 50 0996*1970248 55 0995*2000249 50 0995*2050249 50 0995* 53530 08/29*2080253 45 1000*2110260 35 1001*2140269 35 1005*2190278 30 1006* 53535 08/30*2250287 30 1008*2340297 30 1009*2420310 30 1009*2510324 30 1010* 53540 08/31*2630340 30 1010*2760356 30 1010*2890371 30 1010*2970386 30 1010* 53545 09/01*3050397 30 1009*3110411 30 1009*3180408 30 1009*3220409 30 1009* 53550 09/02*3270409 30 1008*3300409 30 1008*3310410 30 1008*3320413 30 1008* 53555 09/03*3320418 35 1005*3340423 35 1005*3350429 35 1005*3380439 35 1005* 53560 09/04*3400452 40 1004*3430463 40 1003*3490475 45 1002*3530481 45 1000* 53565 09/05*3570488 55 0995*3600487 65 0988*3630486 70 0982*3670483 75 0979* 53570 09/06*3690482 75 0979*3720481 75 0979*3740480 70 0982*3760479 70 0984* 53575 09/07*3800478 65 0988*3850477 60 0990*3930476 55 0992*4040470 50 0994* 53580 09/08*4130467 50 0995*4240458 45 0998*4360448 45 1000*4500428 40 1002* 53585 09/09*4650405 35 1005*4650380 37 1002E4650355 40 1000E4550335 45 0997* 53585 09/09*4650405 35 1005E4650380 40 1002E4650355 40 1000E4550335 45 0997* * ** Wind brought up to next 5 kt increment as per current methodology. Extratropical status begun slightly earlier in line with extratropical reintensification of cyclone. ******************************************************************************** 1989/08 HUGO - 2006 REVISION: 53685 09/10/1989 M=16 08 SNBR=1139 HUGO XING=1 SSS=4 53690 09/10 *1320200 25 1010*1330218 25 1010* 53695 09/11*1320237 030 1009*1300255 030 1007*1280273 30 1005*1250292 35 1003* 53700 09/12*1250310 040 1002*1250329 045 1000*1250348 045 998*1260367 50 0996* 53705 09/13*1260382 055 994*1270400 055 992*1280418 060 990*1280435 65 0987* 53710 09/14*1290449 070 984*1300463 080 980*1320478 085 975*1360491 90 0970* 53715 09/15*1380505 100 962*1400519 110 957*1420533 125 940*1460546 140 0918* 53720 09/16*1480561 135 923*1510573 130 927*1540584 120 940*1580594 120 0941* 53725 09/17*1610604 120 941*1640615 120 943*1660625 125 949*1690635 125 0945* 53730 09/18*1720641 130 934*1770648 120 940*1820655 110 945*1910664 105 0958* 53735 09/19*1970668 100 959*2070673 090 962*2160680 090 964*2260686 90 0966* 53740 09/20*2350693 090 957*2440701 090 957*2520710 095 958*2630722 95 0953* 53745 09/21*2720734 100 950*2800749 100 950*2900761 110 948*3020775 120 0944* 53750 09/22*3170788 120 935*3350803 085 952*3590817 055 975*3850818 40 0987* 53755 09/23E4220802 035 988E4600745 040 990E4900690 040 992E5100650 40 0993* 53760 09/24E5200620 040 994E5250605 040 993E5300595 040 991E5350585 40 0989* 53765 09/25E5400570 040 983E5600520 040 979E5800460 040 974 53770 HR SC4 53770 HR SC4INC1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that North Carolina was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1992/02 - ANDREW - 2002 ADDITION: 54545 08/16/1992 M=13 2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW XING=1 SSS=4 54545 08/16/1992 M=13 2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW XING=1 SSS=5 * 54550 08/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*108 355 25 1010 54555 08/17*112 374 30 1009*117 396 30 1008*123 420 35 1006*131 442 35 1003 54560 08/18*136 462 40 1002*141 480 45 1001*146 499 45 1000*154 518 45 1000 54565 08/19*163 535 45 1001*172 553 45 1002*180 569 45 1005*188 583 45 1007 54570 08/20*198 593 40 1011*207 600 40 1013*217 607 40 1015*225 615 40 1014 54575 08/21*232 624 45 1014*239 633 45 1010*244 642 50 1007*248 649 50 1004 54580 08/22*253 659 55 1000*256 670 60 994*258 683 70 981*257 697 80 969 54580 08/22*253 659 55 1000*256 670 65 994*258 683 80 981*257 697 95 969 ** ** ** 54585 08/23*256 711 90 961*255 725 105 947*254 742 120 933*254 758 135 922 54585 08/23*256 711 110 961*255 725 130 947*254 742 145 933*254 758 150 922 *** *** *** *** 54590 08/24*254 775 125 930*254 793 120 937*256 812 110 951*258 831 115 947 54590 08/24*254 775 125 930*254 793 130 937*256 812 115 951*258 831 115 947 *** *** 54595 08/25*262 850 115 943*266 867 115 948*272 882 115 946*278 896 120 941 54595 08/25*262 850 115 943*266 867 115 948*272 882 120 946*278 896 125 941 *** *** 54600 08/26*285 905 120 937*292 913 115 955*301 917 80 973*309 916 50 991 54600 08/26*285 905 125 937*292 913 120 955*301 917 80 973*309 916 50 991 *** *** 54605 08/27*315 911 35 995*321 905 30 997*328 896 30 998*336 884 25 999 54610 08/28*344 867 20 1000*354 840 20 1000* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 54615 HRCFL4BFL3 LA3 54615 HRCFL5BFL4 LA3 ******** U.S. and Bahamian Hurricane Data -------------------------------- Date/Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central Landfall States Winds Simpson Pressure Location Affected 8/23/2100Z 25.4N 76.6W 130kt 4 923mb Eleuthera, Ba --- 8/23/2100Z 25.4N 76.6W 140kt 5 923mb Eleuthera, Ba --- *** * 8/24/0100Z 25.4N 77.8W 125kt 4 931mb Barry Is., Ba --- 8/24/0100Z 25.4N 77.8W 130kt 4 931mb Barry Is., Ba --- *** 8/24/0905Z 25.5N 80.3W 125kt 4 922mb Fender Point CFL4, BFL3 8/24/0905Z 25.5N 80.3W 145kt 5 922mb Fender Point CFL5, BFL4 *** * **** **** 8/26/0830Z 29.6N 91.5W 105kt 3 956mb Pt. Chevreuil LA3 8/26/0830Z 29.6N 91.5W 100kt 3 956mb Pt. Chevreuil LA3 *** After considering the presentations regarding various recommendations for the revisions of Andrew's best track intensities, the NHC Best Track Change Committee made alterations to the winds in HURDAT for Hurricane Andrew for the dates of 22 to 26 August. These changes are made to Hurricane Andrew's intensity data for the time while the storm was over the Atlantic Ocean just east of the Bahamas, over the Bahamian islands and south Florida, over the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Louisiana. Neither the best track positions nor the central pressure values of Andrew were adjusted. The alterations in wind intensity were based upon the Franklin et al. (2003) methodology, which is consistent with the work of Dunion et al. (2003) and Dunion and Powell (2002) as discussed earlier. The changes to HURDAT were applied for these dates as aircraft reconnaissance observations were available throughout this period and there were limited in-situ surface observations indicative of the maximum 1 min surface winds. The revisions make Andrew a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHS at landfall in both Eleuthera Island, Bahamas and in southeastern Florida. The maximum 1 min surface wind for Hurricane Andrew at landfall in mainland southeastern Florida near Fender Point (8 nmi [13 km] east of Homestead) at 0905 UTC 24 August is officially estimated to be 145 kt. The original best track landfall intensity estimate was 125 kt. The peak intensity of Andrew, originally assessed at 135 kt, is now judged to be 150 kt at 1800 UTC 23 August just east of the northern Bahamas. Details of presentations made and minutes of deliberations can be found at: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/index.html ******************************************************************************** 1993/05 EMILY - 2006 REVISION: 55545 08/22/1993 M=16 5 SNBR=1176 EMILY XING=1 SSS=3 55545 08/22/1993 M=16 5 SNBR=1176 EMILY XING=0 SSS=3 * 55550 08/22*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1990526 30 1020* 55555 08/23*2050536 30 1020*2130548 30 1020*2230560 30 1020*2320571 30 1020* 55560 08/24*2430578 30 1020*2540586 30 1020*2670595 30 1020*2760600 30 1019* 55565 08/25*2800603 30 1018*2790605 30 1017*2800604 35 1016*2820604 40 1015* 55570 08/26*2830607 45 1013*2790610 55 1010*2740612 60 1007*2690617 65 1004* 55575 08/27*2660624 60 1000*2640630 60 997*2630635 60 992*2640644 65 982* 55580 08/28*2660652 75 981*2700661 75 982*2740669 75 981*2800676 75 976* 55585 08/29*2860682 70 973*2930688 70 978*3000692 70 979*3060697 70 978* 55590 08/30*3120702 70 977*3150708 70 976*3180714 75 975*3200722 75 974* 55595 08/31*3240730 80 972*3290738 85 970*3360747 95 965*3450752 100 962* 55600 09/01*3560749 100 960*3660744 100 962*3750727 95 965*3820707 90 969* 55605 09/02*3900685 90 971*3920660 90 972*3920636 90 973*3900614 85 974* 55610 09/03*3860596 80 975*3810583 75 979*3750577 70 985*3690575 60 994* 55615 09/04*3640576 50 999*3600576 40 1002*3580575 35 1001*3610572 30 1006* 55620 09/05*3670569 30 1008*3740564 30 1009*3800557 25 1010*3870548 25 1011* 55625 09/06*3900530 25 1012*3930511 25 1013E3980494 25 1014*0000000 0 0* 55630 HR NC3 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 3 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". ******************************************************************************** 1995/15 OPAL - 2006 REVISION: 57000 09/27/1995 M=10 15 SNBR=1201 OPAL XING=1 SSS=3 57005 09/27 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*191 873 25 1004* 57010 09/28*194 875 25 1004*194 879 25 1004*193 882 25 1003*193 884 25 1003* 57015 09/29*194 884 25 1003*195 884 25 1003*196 883 25 1003*198 882 30 1003* 57020 09/30*201 882 30 1002*206 883 30 1002*211 885 35 1001*214 891 40 1000* 57025 10/01*213 899 45 994*211 907 45 987*209 912 45 986*208 916 50 985* 57030 10/02*207 919 55 984*208 921 60 980*210 923 65 973*212 923 65 972* 57035 10/03*217 922 70 970*222 920 75 969*228 916 80 968*235 910 85 965* 57040 10/04*245 901 100 953*259 894 110 935*273 885 130 919*290 877 110 938* 57045 10/05*310 868 80 950*332 862 50 974*354 857 30 982E385 835 40 986* 57050 10/06E405 823 40 989E420 805 40 991E433 784 35 997E445 765 30 1002* 57055 HRAFL3 57055 HRAFL3IAL1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 2004/01 ALEX - 2006 REVISION: 63090 07/31/2004 M= 7 1 SNBR=1311 ALEX XING=1 SSS=1 63090 07/31/2004 M= 7 1 SNBR=1311 ALEX XING=0 SSS=1 * 63095 07/31*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*3030783 25 1010* 63100 08/01*3100788 25 1009*3150790 25 1009*3160791 30 1009*3160792 35 1009* 63105 08/02*3150793 35 1007*3140794 40 1005*3130790 50 992*3180787 50 993* 63110 08/03*3240782 60 987*3300774 70 983*3420764 85 974*3530752 85 972* 63115 08/04*3600737 80 974*3680721 80 973*3730702 85 973*3780683 95 965* 63120 08/05*3850660 105 957*3950631 105 957*4080596 100 962*4270550 90 970* 63125 08/06*4450493 75 978*4610442 65 984*4700375 50 987E4740327 30 992* 63130 HR NC1 As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0". ******************************************************************************** 2005/4 DENNIS - 2007 REVISION: 64140 07/04/2005 M=15 4 SNBR=1329 DENNIS XING=1 SSS=3 64145 07/04*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1200608 25 1010* 64150 07/05*1220625 30 1009*1250642 30 1008*1300659 35 1007*1360673 40 1005* 64155 07/06*1430685 45 1000*1470697 50 995*1510709 55 991*1560719 60 989* 64160 07/07*1620730 70 982*1670741 80 972*1760749 90 967*1850761 100 957* 64165 07/08*1940771 120 951*2030784 110 953*2090795 130 938*2200806 120 941* 64170 07/09*2270816 100 960*2340825 75 973*2430834 80 967*2520842 90 962* 64175 07/10*2610850 110 942*2720858 125 935*2850863 120 930*2990869 110 942* 64180 07/11*3150877 45 970*3260885 30 991*3390888 25 997*3530891 20 1002* 64185 07/12*3640892 20 1003*3710890 15 1005*3770887 15 1007*3810883 15 1008* 64190 07/13*3850878 15 1009*3890872 15 1010L3920865 15 1010L3920858 15 1010* 64195 07/14L3920857 10 1009L3900856 10 1009L3870856 10 1010L3840856 10 1010* 64200 07/15L3810858 10 1009L3790862 10 1010L3810864 10 1012L3840866 10 1012* 64205 07/16L3860868 10 1011L3940865 10 1013L4020862 10 1013L4080852 10 1014* 64210 07/17L4130841 10 1013L4220832 10 1013L4310823 10 1013L4390814 10 1012* 64215 07/18L4460805 10 1010L4580798 10 1009*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0* 64220 HRAFL3 64220 HRAFL3IAL1 **** Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing track and intensity in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 2005/11 KATRINA - 2007 REVISION: 64560 08/23/2005 M= 9 11 SNBR=1336 KATRINA XING=1 SSS=3 64565 08/23*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*2310751 30 1008* 64570 08/24*2340757 30 1007*2380762 30 1007*2450765 35 1006*2540769 40 1003* 64575 08/25*2600777 45 1000*2610784 50 997*2620790 55 994*2620796 60 988* 64580 08/26*2590803 70 983*2540813 65 987*2510820 75 979*2490826 85 968* 64585 08/27*2460833 90 959*2440840 95 950*2440847 100 942*2450853 100 948* 64590 08/28*2480859 100 941*2520867 125 930*2570877 145 909*2630886 150 902* 64595 08/29*2720892 140 905*2820896 125 913*2950896 110 923*3110896 80 948* 64600 08/30*3260891 50 961*3410886 40 978*3560880 30 985*3700870 30 990* 64605 08/31E3860853 30 994E4010829 25 996*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0* 64610 HRCFL1LA3MS3AL1 64610 HRCFL1BFL1LA3MS3AL1 **** Revision indicated that Katrina also impacted Southwest Florida as a Category 1 hurricane (BFL1) without any alteration to existing HURDAT data. ******************************************************************************** 2005/15 OPHELIA - 2007 REVISION: 64790 09/06/2005 M=18 15 SNBR=1340 OPHELIA XING=1 64795 09/06*0000000 0 0*2580786 25 1009*2630783 25 1010*2680783 25 1010* 64800 09/07*2740785 30 1006*2790788 35 1003*2870792 40 1000*2880793 45 997* 64805 09/08*2880793 45 994*2870796 50 994*2860796 55 988*2860795 60 988* 64810 09/09*2860793 65 990*2890793 55 990*2930791 55 983*2980785 65 983* 64815 09/10*3020775 60 983*3090769 60 984*3150766 65 976*3170762 70 977* 64820 09/11*3180759 70 977*3170759 75 978*3160757 70 978*3140759 65 978* 64825 09/12*3120762 60 980*3120766 60 985*3150769 55 988*3170773 60 989* 64830 09/13*3180777 60 989*3190779 60 990*3210780 60 989*3230781 60 988* 64835 09/14*3260781 65 985*3290780 70 980*3340777 75 980*3390775 75 979* 64840 09/15*3420769 75 979*3450763 70 982*3470758 65 984*3470756 65 986* 64845 09/16*3460751 60 987*3470748 55 993*3540744 50 995*3640736 55 993* 64850 09/17*3730727 55 995*3870714 50 1000*4000697 50 997*4160673 50 995* 64855 09/18E4320649 45 996E4470621 45 999E4620589 45 999E4760556 45 999* 64855 09/18E4320649 45 996E4480626 45 1000E4620599 45 1000E4740552 45 999* *** *** **** *** **** *** *** 64860 09/19E4840518 45 1000E4900488 45 1001E4950457 45 1000E5000421 45 999* 64860 09/19E4840523 45 1000E4900488 45 1001E4950457 45 1000E5000421 45 999* *** 64865 09/20E5090385 45 998E5150347 40 1000E5220305 40 1003E5280265 40 1001* 64870 09/21E5380220 40 998E5530177 35 998E5760146 35 998E5980119 35 996* 64875 09/22E6170084 35 993E6360045 35 993E6560010 35 994E6750019 30 995* 64875 09/22E6170084 35 993E6360045 35 993E6560010 35 994E6753581 30 995* **** 64880 09/23E6883534 30 997*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0* 64880 09/23E6880066 30 997*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0* **** 64885 HR NC1 Alterations to track and central pressure on the 18th and 19th were introduced due to new data uncovered as the system was an extratropical cyclone near Nova Scotia. See the Tropical Cyclone Report for more details: http://www.nhc.noaa. gov/pdf/TCR-AL162005_Ophelia.pdf . Changes to the longitude introduced for the 22nd and 23rd to correctly indicate passing the Greenwich Longitude. ******************************************************************************** 2005/22 WILMA - 2007 REVISION: 65105 10/15/2005 M=12 22 SNBR=1347 WILMA XING=1 SSS=3 65110 10/15*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1760785 25 1004* 65115 10/16*1760788 25 1004*1750790 30 1003*1750792 30 1003*1750794 30 1002* 65120 10/17*1740796 30 1001*1690796 35 1000*1630797 40 999*1600798 45 997* 65125 10/18*1580799 55 988*1570799 60 982*1620803 65 979*1660811 75 975* 65130 10/19*1660818 130 946*1700822 150 892*1730828 160 882*1740834 140 892* 65135 10/20*1790840 135 892*1810847 130 901*1830852 130 910*1860855 130 917* 65140 10/21*1910858 130 924*1950861 130 930*2010864 125 929*2030867 120 926* 65145 10/22*2060868 120 930*2080870 110 935*2100871 100 947*2130871 85 958* 65150 10/23*2160870 85 960*2180868 85 962*2240861 85 961*2310854 90 963* 65155 10/24*2400843 95 958*2500831 110 953*2620810 100 950*2800788 105 955* 65155 10/24*2400843 95 958*2500831 110 953*2620810 95 950*2800788 105 955* *** 65160 10/25*3010760 110 955*3330720 100 963*3680679 90 970*4050635 75 976* 65165 10/26E4250600 60 978E4400575 55 982E4500550 50 986E4550520 40 990* 65170 HRBFL3CFL2 Winds reduced slightly while Wilma was centered over South Florida to better indicated weakening that occurred over land. See the Tropical Cyclone Report for more details: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf ******************************************************************************** 2022 Revisions - Jack Beven and Chris Landsea [September 2022] 31740 09/09/1944 M= 8 7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 31745 09/09* 0 0 0 0*208 585 45 0*212 597 50 0*216 610 55 0* 31750 09/10*220 623 60 0*225 636 65 0*230 650 70 0*236 663 75 0* 31755 09/11*243 674 80 0*250 681 85 0*255 687 90 0*257 692 95 0* 31760 09/12*258 699 105 0*259 706 110 0*262 715 115 943*266 728 120 0* 31760 09/12*258 699 105 0*259 706 110 0*262 715 115 943*265 727 125 0* *** *** *** 31765 09/13*270 740 120 0*276 747 120 0*285 751 125 0*297 755 125 0* 31765 09/13*269 738 135 0*274 743 140 0*282 747 140 918*294 751 140 0* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 31770 09/14*312 757 120 0*327 757 115 0*345 754 110 940*371 747 100 0* 31770 09/14*310 755 130 0*326 757 120 0*345 754 110 940*371 747 100 0* *** *** *** *** 31775 09/15*399 732 90 954*420 710 70 966E442 685 55 982E460 637 50 * 31780 09/16E478 582 45 0E499 526 40 0E520 470 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 31785 HR NC2 VA2 NY2 CT1 RI2 MA1 NJ1 Significant Revisions: * Repositioning the hurricane southeastward by about 30 nm on the 13th * Adding a 918 mb central pressure at 12Z on the 13th * Significant increases in intensity from 00Z through 18Z on the 13th September 13th 1. Ship Highlights: * 100 kt ENE with 923 mb at 13Z (max winds) at 28.6N 75.0W * 25 kt ENE with 920 mb at 14Z at 28.6N 75.0W * 15 kt WNW with 919 mb at 15Z (min pressure) at 28.6N 75.0W * 90 kt WNW at 16-19Z (secondary max winds) at 28.6N 75.0W 2. Discussion: * USS Alacrity Ship Log:
0400-0800 [local time]: Hurricane hit with fullforces. Hove to riding out storm.
0745 Revolving top of galley charley noble carried away.
0800-1200:
0915 Evidently in center of storm Wind dropped to force 4 and variable.
1145 Full hurricane recurred from southwest
1200-1600:
1256 Radio gear out of operation due to water.
1310 Fires under both boilers out, due to water down stack.
1315 Fire relit under #2 boiler.
1315 Engines stopped due to lack of steam.
1330 #1 boiler relit.
1345 Engines ahead making 80 R.P.M. #2 and #7 life rafts washed overboard.
2100 Storm subsided.* Reanalysis: The USS Alacrity steamed into the eye of this extreme
hurricane on the 13th of September. A 919 mb pressure with 15 kt winds
suggests a 918 mb central pressure at 15Z. (Pressures from this ship were
compared with neighboring ships and coastal stations and it had no apparent
bias.) At 15Z, the position of the hurricane, based primarily upon this
ship, was near 28.7N 74.9W. Positions were moderately shifted toward the
southeast on the 13th. A 918 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of
140 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.
A rough calculation of the RMW suggests about 20 nm, plus or minus 5-10 nm.
Climatological RMW for this latitude and central pressure is 15 nm. Given
a near average speed (13 kt), outer closed isobar (1010 mb), and size, the
intensity is assessed at 140 kt at 12Z and 18Z. This brings the Great
Atlantic hurricane to Category 5 status over the open Atlantic Ocean. ********************************************************************************