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Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT 
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By Chris Landsea, Craig Anderson, William Bredemeyer, Cristina Carrasco,
Noel Charles, Michael Chenoweth, Gil Clark, Sandy Delgado, Jason Dunion, 
Ryan Ellis, Jose Fernandez-Partagas, Steve Feuer, John Gamache,  
David Glenn, Andrew Hagen, Lyle Hufstetler, Cary Mock, Charlie Neumann,
Ramon Perez Suarez, Ricardo Prieto, Jorge Sanchez-Sesma, Adrian Santiago,
Jamese Sims, Donna Thomas, Lenworth Woolcock, and Mark Zimmer.


Special thanks to:  Sim Aberson, James Belanger, Auguste Boissonnade,
Emery Boose, Hugh Cobb, Jose Colon, Neal Dorst, Daniel Gladstein,
Mark Guishard, Paul Hebert, Paul Hungerford, Mark Jelinek, Brian Jones,
Lorne Ketch, David Roth, Al Sandrik, and David Vallee.



Introduction

1) Original re-analysis efforts completed in 2000 provided an addition
to HURDAT for the years 1851 to 1885, based upon the encyclopedic work of
Partagas and Diaz as well as other sources.  Unless otherwise stated,
observations mentioned here are from the Partagas and Diaz reports.  

2) In August 2002, a re-analysis of 1992's Hurricane Andrew's intensity was
approved and incorporated into HURDAT.  A brief synopsis of the results
of this re-analysis are provided here.  A full description of presentations
made and minutes of deliberations are provided on-line at:
   http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/andrew.html

3) Re-analysis work completed in 2003 focussed upon the period of 1886 to
1910, with some additional changes to the earlier 1851 to 1885 era.  Again
the main sources utilized for this effort were the Partagas and Diaz 
reports and all observations described come from these reports unless
otherwise explicitly referenced.

4) In 2005, changes and additions are made for the period of 1911 to 1914. 
This is the first era completed in the reanalysis that did not have 
the benefit of Jose Fernandez Partagas' efforts. Co-authors on these changes 
are William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock, with special 
thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock. We revised all 15 existing 
tropical storms and hurricanes during this four year period, added 5 new 
tropical storms, and discussed (but did not add in) an additional 19 suspect 
systems. While there were no major US hurricanes during this relatively quiet 
period, Jamaica experienced one of their worst hurricanes ever in a late 
season system in November 1912. A surprising finding was the lack of any new 
tropical storms or hurricanes for 1914, which was and remains the quietest 
hurricane season ever for the Atlantic basin with just one tropical storm.

5) In 2006, many corrections were made for U.S. landfalling tropical
cyclones based upon research conducted by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger.
Additionally, explicit notation was given for U.S. hurricanes during the
entire 1851 to 2005 period that caused hurricane conditions (estimated
maximum sustained surface winds of 64 kt or greater) in an inland
state.

6) In 2007, minor alterations were introduced for a few cyclones during 
the period of 1989 to 2005 to fix a couple typographic errors, to correctly
indicate U.S. states impacted and to make slight adjustments to the HURDAT
positions/intensities for two days in Ophelia and one time period in Wilma.

7) In 2008, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1915 to 1920.
All storms of the era were revised in track and intensity.  Eight new tropical 
storms were added during this period and one of the original tropical storms in
HURDAT was removed.

8) In 2009, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of
1921 to 1925.  All 27 tropical storms and hurricanes of the era 
were revised in track and intensity (with one in 1923 removed
from HURDAT).  10 new tropical cyclones were added for these five
years.  Most significant hurricanes of this era were the 1921 
Tampa Bay hurricane that struck as a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Scale Category 3, the 1922 Bermuda hurricane that struck the
Bermuda islands as a Category 3, and the 1924 Cuba hurricane
that struck as a Category 5 (and is now the first recorded Category
5 hurricane in the database).

9) In 2010, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years 
of 1926 to 1930.  All 29 tropical storms and hurricanes were
revised in their tracks and intensities.  Four new tropical storm
were discovered and added into HURDAT.  Most significant
hurricanes of this era were the 1926 Category 4 hurricane in
the Bahamas, the 1926 Category 4 Great Miami hurricane, 
the 1926 Category 4 Hurricane in Cuba (these three major hurricanes
in 1926 were separate systems), the 1928 Category 5 San Felipe 
(Puerto Rico)/Category 4 Lake Okeechobee hurricane, the 1929
Category 4 hurricane in the Bahamas, and the 1930 Category 4 
hurricane in the Dominican Republic.

10) In August 2011 - Multiple changes are introduced to HURDAT:
 
    1) Four new tropical cyclones were added:  1899 (tropical storm),
    1901 (hurricane), 1904 (hurricane), and 1909 (tropical storm);
	
    2) Alterations to the track and/or intensity of some tropical
    cyclones in 1857, 1859, 1866, 1882, 1885, 1887, 1900, 1901,
    1909, 1910, 1912, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1927, and 1930;
	
    3) Significant changes for U.S. hurricanes:  1857 North Carolina hurricane -
    upgraded from Category 1 to Category 2, a new 1859 Florida Category 1
    hurricane, 1882 Louisiana hurricane - downgraded from a Category 2 to
    a tropical storm, 1885 South Carolina hurricane - downgraded from
    Category 3 to Category 2, 1887 Texas hurricane - downgraded from Category 2
    to Category 1, and 1925 Florida hurricane - downgraded from a Category 1
    to a tropical storm; 
	
    4) Minor intensity changes for Georges (1980), Floyd (1981), Helene (1988),
    and Keith (1988).  These all contained original best track wind speeds to
    the overly precise nearest 1 kt.  Values are adjusted to the nearest 5 kt
    currently used.

11) In 2012, a complete reanalysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) was 
conducted for the 1931 to 1935 seasons. All 58 tropical storms and hurricanes 
were revised in their tracks and intensities. 15 new tropical storms were 
discovered and added into HURDAT, while four existing systems were removed 
from the database. This era also recorded one of the busiest hurricane seasons 
on record with 20 tropical storms observed in 1933, 11 of which became 
hurricanes. (Originally, HURDAT listed 21 tropical storms, 10 of which were 
hurricanes. In that season, there were two new tropical storms discovered, 
two existing cyclones were removed from the database as they did not reach 
tropical storm intensity, and two existing storms were actually one 
continuous system.)

The years of 1931 to 1935 recorded four of the 25 most deadly hurricanes in 
the historical record for the Atlantic basin. A Category 4 hurricane on the 
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale struck Belize (then British Honduras) in 
1931 and killed around 2,500 people. In November 1932, the "Huracán de Santa 
Cruz del Sur" struck Cuba as a Category 4 hurricane and killed about 
3,500 people primarily in a storm surge that reached about 20 feet. In 
June 1934, a tropical storm (which later became a hurricane) caused torrential 
rainfall, flashfloods and mudslides, killing about 3,000 people in Honduras 
and El Salvador. In October 1935, a Category 1 hurricane killed around 
2,150 people in Haiti and Honduras due to extreme rains and flashfloods.

The 1931 to 1935 hurricane seasons were an active period for the continental 
United States as well, as it was struck by twelve hurricanes (eleven previously 
listed in HURDAT). Of these twelve, four were major hurricanes (five previously 
listed in HURDAT): a Category 4 hurricane in Texas in 1932, a Category 3 
hurricane in Texas in 1933, a Category 3 hurricane in Florida also in 1933, 
and a Category 5 hurricane in Florida in 1935. This last hurricane, known as 
the "Labor Day Hurricane" because of its landfall on that date in September, 
was the strongest hurricane to ever make landfall in the United States, based 
upon its central pressure of 892 mb. The maximum sustained winds at landfall 
in the Florida Keys are estimated to have been around 185 mph. This is second 
only to the 190 mph currently listed for 1969's Camille at landfall. 408 people 
were killed by the "Labor Day Hurricane", which was the 8th most deadly in the 
continental United States history. 

12) December 2012 - A reanalysis of the 1936 to 1940 hurricane seasons has 
been conducted.  All of the existing 46 tropical storms and hurricanes were 
revised (one of which - original storm #7 in 1938 - was removed from the 
database as it was extratratropical throughout its lifetime).  Additionally, 
seven new tropical storms (three of which reached hurricane intensity) were 
discovered and added into the database.  The biggest impact hurricane of 
these five seasons was, by far, the Great New England hurricane of 1938.  
This cyclone was retained as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Wind Scale at its landfall in New York and New England, though the 
peak sustained winds at landfall in New York were increased from 85 kt 
(100 mph) in the original database to 105 kt (120 mph) in the revision.

13) The Atlantic basin hurricane seasons of 1941 to 1945 have been officially 
reanalyzed. Four new tropical storms were discovered and added into the database for
this five year period.  Notable hurricanes in these years include the 1944 Great
Atlantic Hurricane, which affected North Carolina, the mid-Atlantic states, and New
England, killing 390 people.  This hurricane was downgraded from a Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale Category 3 at landfall in New York to a Category 2.  Also in
1944 a late season Caribbean hurricane that struck Cuba causing 315 fatalities has 
been upgraded from a Category 3 to a Category 4 major hurricane at landfall.  
Additionally, in September 1945 a major hurricane struck Homestead, Florida - bearing
many similarities in size, track, and impact to 1992's Hurricane Andrew - and was
upgraded from a Category 3 to a Category 4 at landfall.  

14) March 2014 -  A complete re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT)
was conducted for the 1946 to 1950 seasons. Revisions to the hurricane database were
accomplished by obtaining the original observations collected - mainly by ships, weather
stations, and the early Hurricane Hunter Navy and Army Air Force aircraft reconnaissance
planes - and assessing the storms based upon our understanding of hurricanes today.  The
reanalysis also allowed "discovering" of tropical storms and hurricanes that occurred, but
were not yet officially recognized as such in the official records. 1946 to 1950 was an
active period for hurricanes with 13 striking the continental United States, whereas an 
average five year span would have about nine U.S. hurricane impacts.  Five of the 13 were
major hurricane status - Category 3, 4, or 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
- at U.S. landfall and all five struck Florida. These are a Category 4 hurricane in Fort 
Lauderdale in 1947, a Category 4 hurricane in Everglades City in 1948, a Category 4 hurricane
in Lake Worth in 1949, Category 3 Hurricane Easy in Cedar Key in 1950, and Category 4 Hurricane
King in Miami in 1950.  Of these, King and the 1948 and 1949 hurricanes were upgraded from a 
Category 3 to a Category 4 based upon the reanalysis.  Having five major hurricanes making 
landfall in Florida is a record for a five year period, equaled only by the early 2000s.  
In addition, nine new tropical storms were discovered and added into the database for this five
year period.  Andrew Hagen, Donna Sakoskie, Daniel Gladstein, Sandy Delgado, Astryd Rodriguez, 
Chris Landsea and the NHC Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward
the reanalysis of these hurricane seasons.

15) April 2014 - A re-analysis of the database for Hurricane Camille, an extremely intense 
hurricane that devastated the U.S Gulf Coast on the night of August 17, 1969, has been completed. 
Based upon this reassessment, Hurricane Camille is indicated at landfall on the Mississippi coast
to have been a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale with peak sustained winds of 
175 mph and a central pressure of 900 mb. This is the same category as analyzed originally, but the 
peak sustained winds were reduced from 190 mph and the central pressure lowered from 909 mb. Camille 
is also reanalyzed to have undergone genesis as a tropical cyclone 18 hours earlier than first 
indicated on August 14, 1969. When comparing Camille with the two other known Category 5 hurricanes 
that have struck the continental United States since 1900, Camille (900 mb and 175 mph) ranks between 
the 1935 Labor Day hurricane (892 mb and 185 mph) and 1992's Andrew (922 mb and 165 mph) as the strongest 
hurricanes on record at landfall. Revisions to the Camille's database were accomplished by obtaining the 
original observations collected - mainly by ships, weather stations, coastal radars, Navy/Air Force/Environmental 
Science Services Administration (ESSA) Hurricane Hunter aircraft reconnaissance planes, ESSA/NASA satellite 
imagery - and analyzing Camille based upon our understanding of hurricanes today. (The agency ESSA is now 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - NOAA.) Margie Kieper, Jack Beven, Hugh Willoughby, 
Chris Landsea, and the NHC Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward the reanalysis 
of this devastating hurricane. This research is supported in part by the NOAA Climate Program Office"


16)  May 2015 - A complete re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) was conducted for 
the 1951 to 1955 seasons. Revisions to the hurricane database were accomplished by obtaining the original 
observations collected – mainly by ships, weather stations, and the early Hurricane Hunter Navy and Army Air 
Force aircraft reconnaissance planes – and assessing the storms based upon our understanding of hurricanes today. 
The reanalysis also allowed “discovering” of tropical storms and hurricanes that occurred, but were not yet 
officially recognized as such in the official records. Nine hurricanes were identified to have struck the 
continental United States during 1951 to 1955, with one new U.S. hurricane (Hazel in 1953) identified and 
two hurricanes no longer considered to be hurricane impacts in the United States (Carol in 1954 and Diane 
in 1955). Originally, five of these hurricanes were considered to be a major hurricane – Category 3, 4, or 5 
on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale – at U.S. landfall.  After the reanalysis, only two were retained 
as major U.S. hurricanes:  1954's Carol that struck New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island as a Category 3 
and 1954's Hazel that struck South Carolina and North Carolina as a Category 4.  Three other systems were 
downgraded to a Category 2 at U.S. landfall:  1954's Edna in Massachusetts, 1955's Connie in North Carolina, 
and 1955's Ione in North Carolina.  The worst hurricanes during these five hurricane seasons were 1954's 
Hurricane Hazel which killed as many as 1200 people in Grenada, Haiti, United States, and Canada and 1955's 
Hurricane Janet which killed 681 people in Barbados, Belize, and Mexico.  Janet also holds the distinction of 
being the strongest hurricane observed during these seasons, reaching Category 5 with peak sustained winds of 
175 mph at its landfall in Mexico.  In addition, twelve new tropical storms were discovered and added into the 
database for this five year period. Andrew Hagen, Sandy Delgado, Donna Sakoskie, Astryd Rodriguez, Brenden Moses, 
Chris Landsea, and the Best Track Change Committee all made substantial contributions toward the reanalysis of 
these hurricane seasons. 

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1851/01 - 2003 ADDITION:

00001 06/25/1851 M= 1  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00002 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  70    0*  0   0   0    0
00003 HRBTX1

Ellis' (1988) Hurricane History of the Texas Coast (and mirrored in Roth's
(1997b) Texas Hurricane History website) includes the following description:

"June 25th, 1851:  A short but severe storm which passed over Matagorda Bay and
 was described as the most disastrous experienced there to date. Caused
 widespread damage at Saluria on Matagorda Island where saltwater contaminated
 the fresh water cisterns.  Wind damage at Port Lavaca was widespread and
 every wharf destroyed.  Indianola suffered damage to waterfront buildings,
 but the storm tide did not cover the spit of land at Power Horn."

Based upon this account, a single-point hurricane is analyzed and added to the
best track database.  It is quite possible that this hurricane was Category 2
(or stronger) given the sparseness of the population in the region.


1851/01 - 2004 REVISION:

00001 06/25/1851 M= 1  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00001 06/25/1851 M= 4  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *

00002 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  70    0*  0   0   0    0
00002 06/25*280 948  80    0*280 954  80    0*280 960  80    0*281 965  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 26th through the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
00002 06/26*282 970  70    0*283 976  60    0*284 983  60    0*286 989  50    0
00002 06/27*290 994  50    0*295 998  40    0*3001000  40    0*3051001  40    0
00002 06/28*3101002  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00003 HRBTX1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
1-6/25/1851    1200Z 28.5N  96.5W   70kt  1     (985mb)    BTX1
1-6/25/1851    2000Z 28.1N  96.7W   80kt  1     (977mb)    BTX1
               ****  ****   ****    **           ***

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina obtained some observations
that pertain to this hurricane from Corpus Christi and Fort Brown.  
Additionally, Prof. Mock and Mr. David Roth of the Hydrometeorological
Prediction Center obtained newspaper accounts of the impact of its landfall 
in Texas.  (The observations were primarily from Army Forts that observed the 
weather four times a day:  near sunrise, 9 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m.  Winds 
could range from a range of 0 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 
40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.)  A 
search of the NCDC archives revealed, in addition to those provided
by Prof. Mock, observations from the following Texas forts:  Fort
Graham, Fort Mcintosh, Fort Croghan, Fort Lincoln, Fort Martin Scott,
Fort Ringgold, San Antonio, Fort Merrill, Fort Duncan and New Wild.
Relevant observations are shown below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - ENE1 NE1  NE4  NW1  80/85/89/83
Jun. 26, 1851 - S5   SSW2 SSW3 ESE4 74/76/78/74  rain 1am to 6 1/2 pm 3.00"
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1   S3   SE6  SSE6 79/83/88/83

Fort Mcintosh (Laredo), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2   SE2  SE2  NE2  73/93/98/88
Jun. 26, 1851 - N2   NW2  NW2  SE3  75/92/98/83  rain began ?
Jun. 27, 1851 - NW2  E2   SW2  SE2  70/78/92/79  rain ended ? 2.48"

Fort Croghan (30.5N, 98.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - S3   SE4  SE4  SE3  75/85/95/80
Jun. 26, 1851 - NE2  E3   E3   E3   70/80/86/82  0.19" 
Jun. 27, 1851 - S3   SE4  S4   SE4  82/81/82/79
Notes from Jun. 26th:  At 10 A.M. a slight shower.  Showers from 11 P.M.
through the night.

Fort Lincoln (29.4N, 99.5W), Texas (no temperatures):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1  SE2  SE3  SE2  
Jun. 26, 1851 - NW3  N4   N4   SE8  11 a.m. rain began, 9 p.m. rain ended 0.8"
Jun. 27, 1851 - SE1  E4   ENE5 SE2  9 a.m. rain began, 3 p.m. rain ended 0.35"
Notes from Jun 26th:  Rain fell in showers at intervals, accompanied by 
heavy winds.

Fort Martin Scott (30.2N, 98.8W), Texas (no precipitation totals):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1  SE1  NE2  SE1  70/80/93/74
Jun. 26, 1851 - E1   NE3  NE3  SE1  69/76/82/71  rain at intervals during day
Jun. 27, 1851 - E1   SE2  SW3  SE4  68/76/83/72  rain at intervals during day

San Antonio, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E1   E2   N2   NE3  75/81/87/82
Jun. 26, 1851 - N1   NE4  NE4  E2   72/78/74/72
Jun. 27, 1851 - E2   SE1  SE1  NE3  70/74/78/74  rain began 11 a.m.
Addendum: Rain ended on the 28th at 11 a.m. 1.00" 

Fort Merrill (28.2N, 98.1W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - 0    NE2  NE4  NE5  77/85/91/81
Jun. 26, 1851 - W5   SW5  S2   S2   75/85/77/82  rain began 6 a.m.
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1   S4   S3   S4   78/83/82/80  rain ended 3 a.m. 1.25"

Fort Duncan (Eagle Pass), Texas: 
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2   E2   S2   S3   80/84/95/89
Jun. 26, 1851 - E2   N2   N3   N2   81/83/94/87
Jun. 27, 1851 - N2   E2   E2   S3   80/82/90/84
Notes:  No rain on these dates.  Wind apparently reported to nearest 90
degree interval.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 9, 1851, p.2
This vessel [The Maria Burt] left Galveston on the 24th ult.  That night
a heavy gale commenced blowing, and the next day, about 10 A.M., the
steamer put back for Sabine Pass.

The Matagorda Tribune, June 30, 1851
Violent Gale on Matagorda Bay - The Shipping driven Ashore - Several Houses
Blown down at Indianola, Saluria, and Port Cavallo. 
One of the heaviest gales that has perhaps ever been experienced in this 
section of country, occurred within the past week.  Early on Wednesday 
morning [June 25th], it commenced raining furiously, and continued to pour 
down in torrents for nearly the whole of that day and the following night, 
with few intermissions, accompanied by violent gales of wind, frequently 
veering from the east, northeast and southeast. Although we believe no 
material damage has been done hereabouts, beyond perhaps the leveling of some 
of the more exposed garden patches, the result, we understand, has been 
calamitous to the shipping and to our neighbors, situated on the lower bay.  
From Port Lavaca, we have not, as yet, had any tidings, but Indianola, 
Saluria, and Port Cavallo, appear to have suffered considerable loss
from the fury of the gale.  At the former place, we learn, every wharf has been
carried away, and a number of houses had either been leveled to the earth, or
blown from their foundations.  At Saluria, considerable damage has also been
Done.  Port Cavallo, however, has escaped with less injury, as will be seen by
The following extract from a letter from thence, addressed to a gentleman in 
this city, under date of 27th June.
           The loss and injury sustained among the shipping on the bay, has
        doubtless been far greater than we have yet had any particulars of.
        We learn at the present writing by a vessel just up from below, that
        the Steamship Mexico was driven ashore opposite, or near Powder
        Horn Bayou, and was still lying on the flats in that vicinity when our
        informant left - that the depot or freight steamer Portland shared the
        same fate, together with several other smaller crafts.  The steamer
        Wm. Penn was driven ashore from her anchorage near Saluria, and
        will probably be a total loss.

Port Cavallo, June 27, 1851
Our place has been visited by the most terrible storm which has occurred
on this coast within the memory of the oldest inhabitant.  It commenced 
Wednesday the 25th inst.  The sun rose clear, with the exception of a few 
heavy clouds hanging to the northward, but the tide commenced rising with 
unprecedented rapidity - the storm in the meantime increasing to that degree, 
that by 4 P.M., it was blowing a perfect hurricane.  Thus it continued all 
night, coming with frightful violence.  What with the torrents of rain, the 
howling of the winds and the roaring of the sea, it was a scene baffling 
all description.  The damage here had been quite trifling, considering the
great strength of the gale.  Mr. Doerow had one of the chimneys to his new
house blown over, and his fields much injured - the fences being generally
prostrated.  The warehouse and wharf stood it bravely.  The wharf is uninjured -
the warehouse had a few blocks washed from under it, which is the only damage
it sustained.  Mr. Maverick's house was blown from its blocks - that is to say,
the small house in his yard.  This is the total amount of damage done here, 
except a few more fences blown down.

The schr. Velasco, with a heavy cargo of cotton and molasses, returned
back over the bar, having sprung a leak - She made fast to the wharf there and
commenced discharging, but the gale and leak still increasing, she was winded
around on the flat below the wharf where she now lies.

The schr. Buena Vista, lying at anchor on the Saluria side, dragged and
went ashore.  The morning she got off, and came to on this side.  
Mr. Harrison's pilot boat went ashore on the Saluria side, and is a complete 
wreck.  Mr. Givins' house was blown from the blocks and broke in two.  Judge 
Rose's warehouse at Saluria was also blown from the blocks.  Gen. 
Summerville's house is blown and destroyed.  Dr. McCreary's house in much 
injured - gallery gone.

In addition to the above, a letter was last night received by Messrs.
Doswell, Hill & Co., from Capt. Talbot, dated on Tuesday, the 26th ult., which
states that the freight of the Mexico had been discharged before the heavy blow
came on.  The Mexico was then dropped astern of the Portland, and both anchors
thrown out.  At 10 P.M. on Wednesday, the gale increased to great violence, and
grew more violent until 11 1/2, when the Portland broke adrift and went ashore.
The Mexico had then gotten steam up, and was working full stroke with 20 inches
of steam, and two anchors out with 60 fathoms of chain, but all could not 
resist the violence of the storm.  About one o'clock, the Mexico broke from 
her anchorage, and was driven on a hard bottom with six feet of water.

Capt. Boehner says he never before saw so high a tide in that bay.  All
Capt. Talbot's hands were at work getting out coal, and every exertion was 
being made to get her off, but the captain has very little hope of success 
until he can have the assistance of the Louisiana.  Captain Talbot adds:

      Captain Boehner's lighter is ashore, the Wm. Penn is a total wreck, all
      the wharves at Indianola are gone, and some few houses prostrated.  The
      J. Smith, although sunk decks under water, was driven three quarters of a
      mile, and is pretty much all to pieces.

The Advocate, Victoria TX, July 3, 1851, p. 2
A storm of wind and rain, unprecedented in violence in this region, passed 
over this place, in common with every other point from which we have heard, 
from the Bay and Gulf immediately below us as high up as the Western portion 
of De Witt county, and extending as far West as the "Mission of Refugio," 
on Wednesday night of last week, (the 25th and 26th ult.)  The damage done 
to buildings, fences, fruit and shade trees in this place is by no means 
inconsiderable.  No serious injury occurred to any building that was 
inhabited, or occupied, except by workmen engaged in the completion of the 
same.

At Saluria, we learn, several buildings were injured by the violence of the 
gale and the wash of the tide.  Another evil resulting from the storm there, 
we understand, is the mixture of the water and spray from the Gulf with the 
water of the cisterns of the place, to such an extent as to render it unfit 
for use.

At Indianola, and its vicinity, the effects of the storm are given somewhat 
in detail by our correspondent.  It is spoken of us being the severest storm 
ever experienced in that place.

At Lavaca, in slip from the office of the "Commercial," informs us the 
ravages of the storm were quite disastrous to property, though most happily, 
not to life.  Our friend of the "Commercial" says:
        Every one of the wharves belonging to the merchant of this place was 
        destroyed.  Of some, scarce vestige was left.  The warehouse of 
        Mr. Ross was swept away by the violence of the tide, whilst other 
        sustained slighter injuries.

The schooner William & Morris, trading between this place and 
Galveston, and which was anchored at the wharf of R. M. Forbes & Co., 
was thrown by the fury of the waves on the beach, where she remains 
high and dry.  Ornamental and fruit trees have been blown down, 
fences and pilings prostrated.  We have not learned the amount of damage 
sustained by this destructive tornado, but it will be several thousand dollars.

Some damage has been done to dwellings and farm houses in the country, not 
only in the valley of the Guadelupe, but in the Colette settlement.  The 
injury done to corn in all this region will be considerable.  Some fields 
have been laid entirely level with the earth, and place beyond the 
possibility of yielding more than one third of a crop.

Quite an amount of timber along the Guadelupe and San Antonio rivers, 
between this and the Espiritu Santa Bay, have been blown down and destroyed.

At Carlos' Ranch, we heard quite a number of buildings are prostrated.  The 
damages done to the property there is considerable, and will be severely 
felt, as it falls upon those who are poorly able to sustain such losses.

At the Mission, in Refugio county, the progress and force of the storm were 
manifested in the injury done to buildings, fences and trees.  In one 
instance, it is reported, one of the residents of the place - a female at 
that - while attempting to return to her house on foot, across an open place, 
was blown out quite a distance on to the prairie, and by the time she could 
retrace her steps against the wind and reach the village, she was almost 
entirely divested of her clothing.

At Goliad, the severity of the storm was felt, we understand, in the 
demolition of several buildings, and other injuries done to property.  It is 
somewhat remarkable, that in all the accounts we have thus far received, no 
other injury appears to have accrued to human life than that occasioned by 
exposure to the rain, at an unseasonable hour of the night.  It is possible, 
however, when we come to receive the history of the storm more in detail, 
this happy exemption will be dashed by incidents of a painful and heart-
rendering character.

Since the above was in type, we learn, from a gentleman just arrived from 
Espiritu Santa Bay, that the houses of Messrs. Kuykendall, Burns, Hays, 
Tucker, and Judge Duke, in that vicinity, were all demolished, or seriously 
injured by the gale.  One or two persons are said to have been more or less 
injured, either by falling timbers, or by exposure to the storm.  Mrs. Burns 
is said to have dies the next morning after the occurrence of the storm, 
having been sick for sometime previous.

We regret to learn that the new mail Steamship Mexico is so hard aground in 
the Bay, that it will be necessary to take out her engines, &c., before she 
can be removed from her present dangerous position.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 11, 1851, p.2
More of the Texas Gale - Indianola, Texas, June 27, 1851
[To the] Editors Picayune - I have to advise you of the effects of one of
the worst gales every known on this bay.  The storm commenced on the 25th,
and continued till daylight of the 26th.  The wind prevailed from northeast
to southeast.  The wharves at this place were carried away; the steamboat
Wm Penn was blown aground, filled with water, and was badly damaged; all
the small boats in the bay were stranded and greatly injured.  Several
small houses on the water's edge were more or less injured, and
considerable damage was done in various ways.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The hurricane's landfall near Matagorda Bay was not closely observed from 
any of the fort locations, though Fort Merrill likely was just to the
south of the inland center just before 12 UTC on the 26th and Fort Lincoln
was just to the north of the inland center around 00 UTC on the 27th.  
From the impacts described in the newspaper accounts - especially the
peak winds shifting from northeast to southeast in Indianola and only
easterly component in Matagorda - indicate a landfall southwest of those
locations.  The observations then indicated a track at landfall toward the 
northwest with a turn to the north over the next two days as it decayed.  It 
is estimated that the storm dissipated early on the 28th over central 
Texas.  Thus a track for this hurricane has now been attempted and data
from the ship "Maria Burt" allow for a portion of track to be determined
on the 25th before landfall.  The winds are increased slightly at landfall to 
better match the original damage descriptions as well as to account for a 
long-lasting system after landfall (estimated 65 kt gusts at 00 UTC
on the 27th at Fort Lincoln).  It is noted that high winds seen at some
forts on the 27th were due to straight-line southeasterly flow not 
directly related to the hurricane itself.

1851/01 - 2011 REVISION:

00005 06/25/1851 M= 4  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
00010 06/25*280 948  80    0*280 954  80    0*280 960  80    0*281 965  80    0*
00015 06/26*282 970  70    0*283 976  60    0*284 983  60    0*286 989  50    0*
00020 06/27*290 994  50    0*295 998  40    0*3001000  40    0*3051001  40    0*
00025 06/28*3101002  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00030 HRBTX1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/25/1851    2100Z 28.2N  96.8W   80kt  1    ---   (977mb)   BTX1
1-6/25/1851    2100Z 28.2N  96.8W   80kt  1    ---   (974mb)   BTX1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - 
for an 80 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.


*******************************************************************************



1851/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #1 in Partagas and Diaz), except to assume a date of July 5th for 
storm "before July 7th".  No track available, only one point.  Storm 
determined to be a hurricane based upon destruction that occurred in Tampico.

********************************************************************************

1851/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #2 in Partagas and Diaz), though storm documentation is somewhat weak.  
No track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1851/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #3 in Partagas and Diaz). Inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and SE US 
reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model, 
but windspeed values over Hispanola and Cuba had an accelerated rate of 
decay due to the enhanced topography.   Storm tide value of 12' obtained from 
Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for St. Marks, Florida.  Storm determined to 
have reached major hurricane status based upon storm tide and extreme damage 
at landfall.  Ludlum also called this storm the "Great Middle Florida 
Hurricane of August 1851".  The best track provided appears to describe the 
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical 
storm strength).


1851/04 - 2006 REVISION:
         
00065 08/16/1851 M=12  4 SNBR=   4 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00070 08/16*134 480  40    0*137 495  40    0*140 510  50    0*144 528  50    0*
00075 08/17*149 546  60    0*154 565  60    0*159 585  70    0*161 604  70    0*
00080 08/18*166 625  80    0*169 641  80    0*172 660  90    0*176 676  90    0*
00085 08/19*180 693  90    0*184 711  70    0*189 726  60    0*194 743  60    0*
00090 08/20*199 759  70    0*205 776  70    0*212 790  70    0*219 804  70    0*
00095 08/21*226 814  60    0*232 825  60    0*239 836  70    0*244 843  70    0*
00100 08/22*250 849  80    0*256 855  80    0*262 860  90    0*268 863  90    0*
00105 08/23*274 865 100    0*280 866 100    0*285 866 100    0*296 861 100    0*
00110 08/24*307 851  90    0*316 841  70    0*325 830  60    0*334 814  50    0*
00115 08/25*340 800  40    0*348 786  40    0*358 770  40    0*368 751  40    0*
00120 08/26*378 736  40    0*389 718  40    0*400 700  40    0*413 668  40    0*
00125 08/27*428 633  40    0*445 602  40    0*464 572  40    0*485 542  40    0*
00130 HRAFL3 GA1
00130 HRAFL3IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

1851/04 - 2011 REVISION:

00065 08/16/1851 M=12  4 SNBR=   4 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00070 08/16*134 480  40    0*137 495  40    0*140 510  50    0*144 528  50    0*
00075 08/17*149 546  60    0*154 565  60    0*159 585  70    0*161 604  70    0*
00080 08/18*166 625  80    0*169 641  80    0*172 660  90    0*176 676  90    0*
00085 08/19*180 693  90    0*184 711  70    0*189 726  60    0*194 743  60    0*
00090 08/20*199 759  70    0*205 776  70    0*212 790  70    0*219 804  70    0*
00095 08/21*226 814  60    0*232 825  60    0*239 836  70    0*244 843  70    0*
00100 08/22*250 849  80    0*256 855  80    0*262 860  90    0*268 863  90    0*
00105 08/23*274 865 100    0*280 866 100    0*285 866 100    0*296 861 100    0*
00110 08/24*307 851  90    0*316 841  70    0*325 830  60    0*334 814  50    0*
00115 08/25*340 800  40    0*348 786  40    0*358 770  40    0*368 751  40    0*
00120 08/26*378 736  40    0*389 718  40    0*400 700  40    0*413 668  40    0*
00125 08/27*428 633  40    0*445 602  40    0*464 572  40    0*485 542  40    0*
00130 HRAFL3IGA1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-8/23/1851    2100Z 30.1N  85.7W  100kt  3    ---   (960mb)   AFL3,IGA1
4-8/23/1851    2100Z 30.1N  85.7W  100kt  3    ---   (955mb)   AFL3,IGA1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 100 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - 
for a 100 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


1851/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #4 in Partagas and Diaz).  Storm assumed to be stationary for 4 days.

********************************************************************************

1851/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of 
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical storm strength).

********************************************************************************

1851 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1851 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of the evidence suggesting that the 
storm did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1852/01:  Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  FL Keys experienced hurricane conditions, but not landfall of center.  
Storm tide value of 12' obtained from Ho (1989) and Barnes (1998) for Mobile, 
Alabama.  Using Ho's suggested central pressure of 961 mb at landfall in AL/MS 
gives 99 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, thus utilizing 
100 kt in best track - a major hurricane.  Storm is also known as the "Great 
Mobile Hurricane of 1852" from Ludlum (1963).

1852/01 - 2003 REVISION:

00165 08/19/1852 M= 9  1 SNBR=   5 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00165 08/19/1852 M=12  1 SNBR=   6 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **            *

00170 08/19*205 671  60    0*207 680  60    0*209 688  60    0*211 696  60    0
00175 08/20*212 706  70    0*215 719  70    0*217 730  70    0*219 740  70    0
00180 08/21*221 749  80    0*222 761  80    0*226 771  80    0*229 781  80    0
00185 08/22*232 793  90    0*235 801  90    0*238 811  90    0*242 821  90    0
00190 08/23*247 831  90    0*252 839  90    0*257 846  90    0*262 853  90    0
00195 08/24*267 860 100    0*272 866 100    0*277 871 100    0*282 875 100    0
00200 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 881 100    0*294 884 100    0
00200 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 882 100    0*294 884 100    0
                                                  ***

00205 08/26*298 886 100    0*302 886 100  961*306 885  90    0*312 881  70    0
00210 08/27*319 876  50    0*325 869  40    0*330 861  40    0*334 850  40    0
00210 08/27*318 874  50    0*323 863  40    0*328 848  40    0*332 828  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT)
00211 08/28*335 805  40    0*338 782  40    0*340 760  40    0*344 742  40    0
00212 08/29*352 728  50    0*364 718  50    0*380 708  50    0*396 696  50    0
00213 08/30*410 680  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3AFL1
00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
                     ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3      961mb    AL3,MS3,AFL1
1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3      961mb    AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
                                                                  ***

Roth (1997a) provided the following description of this hurricane's
impacts in Louisiana's Chandeleur Island: 

"Four new channels were cut through Chandeleur Island. The storm claimed
the 55 foot tall Chandeleur Island lighthouse and replaced it with a broad 10 
foot deep lagoon. The keepers were rescued three days later, on the verge of 
starvation."

On this basis, the hurricane is also listed as causing Category 2 hurricane
conditions in Louisiana.

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina uncovered evidence
that this system crossed over Georgia and South Carolina as a tropical
storm and modestly redeveloped in the Atlantic.  Thus three additional
days (28th to the 30th) are included for this storm into HURDAT.  Details 
from his research are provided below:

Georgia Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
-------------------------------------------------
Savannah GA.  Elevation 77 ft.  Observer:  John F Posey.  August 1852
Date	Time	Temp.	Pres.	Wind	Cloud.	Rain	
8/25	6am	77.2	30.189	SE	0	
8/25	2pm	87.1	30.141	SE2	6	
8/25	10pm	81.0	30.100	SSE	0	
8/26	6am	77.6	30.058	ESE	3
8/26	2pm	87.0	30.011	S	5		
8/26	10pm	81.5	30.005	SSE	5	
8/27	6am	79.0	29.934	SE	10
8/27	2pm	83.0	29.857	SSE4	10
8/27	10pm	80.4	29.778	SW4	10	0.164
8/28	6am	75.0	29.885	S	0
8/28	2pm	84.5	29.960	WSW	5
8/28	10pm	81.2	30.086	WNW	4	

Additional Observations
Date	Time	Temp.	Pres.	Wind	Cloud.	Remarks
8/27	8am	M	29.901	SSE2	10	Began to blow
8/27	11am	80.0	29.893	SSE4	10
8/27	12mid	84.6	29.893	SSE4	10
8/27	1pm	82.8	29.873	SSE4	10
8/27	2pm	83.0	29.857	SSE4	10	raining slowly at short times
8/27	3:40	83.0	29.793	SSE3	9
8/27	5:25	82.5	29.780	SSE4	10	
8/27	7:38	80.7	29.779	S4	10
8/27	10pm	80.4	29.778	SW4	10	rained after ten o'clock  0.165

Mercer University, Buford GA,  Prof. J.E. Willet, August 1852, 400 ft?
(Note that Prof. Mock determined that the pressure readings were
unreliable because of an uncalibrated barometer.)
Date	Time	   Att. Ther.	Pres.Wind (1-6) Cloud.
8/27	10:10am 	75	29.15			
8/27	11:45am 	76	29.09	
8/27	2:00pm 				SSE3	10
8/27	2:40pm  	76	28.96	
8/27	3:40pm  	76	28.94	
8/27	4:50pm  	76	28.91	
8/27	6:00pm  	76	28.90	
8/27	8:00pm  	75	28.90
8/28	5:30am		70	29.12
8/28	6:30am		70.5	29.15
8/28	7:00am				W2	5
8/28	8:20am		71	29.20	
8/28	9:30am		72	29.23
8/28	2:00pm				NNW2	 9
8/28	4:00pm          82	29.32

Remarks:
8/27 7am-3:40pm: Rain continues  almost constant  sometimes violent
8/27 4:50pm:  Rain continues  more moderate
8/27 6:00pm:  Rain continues  more moderate  Min Baro observed
8/27 8:00pm:  Rain ending.  Wind veered SSE, SE, SSE, SE, NW
8/28 5:30am-8:20am:  Clearing away
8/28 9:30am:	Clearing away.  Perfectly clear at 10 a.m.
8/28 2:00pm:  Total of Rain during Storm (say 27 hours) 3.925 Inches
8/30 12noon:  Maximum Barometer after Storm (29.63)

Whitemarsh Island (Savannah) GA.  Elevation 18 ft.  
Observer:  Richard Gibson.  August 1852
Date	Time	Wind		Cloud.	Rain	Remarks
8/25	Sunr.	0		8	
8/25	9am	SE3		5
8/25	3pm	SE3		7
8/25	9pm	S1		9		A sprinkle of Rain only fell
8/26	Sunr.	0		8
8/26	9am	SW2		7
8/26	3pm	S3		5
8/26	9pm	S1		6	0.06	Weather looked stormy again 
8/27	Sunr.	SSW2		6
8/27	9am	S4		5
8/27	3pm	S5		7
8/27	9pm	S5		7		Very little Rain.  The wind 
    has increased gradually since Sunrise and tonight is blowing a Gale
8/28	Sunr.	SW2		9
8/28	9am	W4		8
8/28	3pm	W3		6
8/28	9pm	0		7	0.02	The wind moderated after 
    9 o'clock last night

South Carolina Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
--------------------------------------------------------
At Charleston, high wind on afternoon of 27th, and until midnight; wind S,
very little rain.  (Too much material to reproduce here in entirety - see 
Charleston Courier article by Lewis R. Gibbes on this storm in 
September 10th issue).

J.L. Dawsons Meteorological Observations from the Charleston Courier.
Date	Temp (7/2/9).	Pres (7/2/9).			Wind (sr/4pm)	Wx.
8/25	80/84/82	30.246/30.178/30.156		SE1/SE2		Fair
8/26	81/86/83	30.114/30.020/30.018		SW2/SW2		Fair
8/27	82/84/83	30.002/29.928/29.876		SW3/SE4		Rain
    0.07" rainfall
8/28	80/84/81	29.008/29.982/30.196		SW3/SW3		Fair

Black Oak Agricultural Society, Pinopolis, SC. (elevation 300 ft)
Date	Pres (sr/2/9).	Wind	Wx.				Rain
8/25	29.48/.40/.35	SE	changeable
8/26	29.33/.35/.27	SE	clear/cloudy
8/27	29.23/.20/.10	SE/S	Clear/rain/high Wind		0.05
8/28	29.10/.23/.32	WSW	clear/drizzle/cloudy
8/29	29.40/.45/.45	W	clear

Rev. Clark B. Stewart (Laurens):  25th - Rain, heavy in Evening   26th - 
The Rain fell from an early hour of the day - in perfect torrents until 
after night some time - My fence on the Creek all gone - only 1/2 an acre 
of Corn in that field - Sand left in abundance - God to praised for his 
goodness.  Uncle John Stewarts saw mill all gone and half the dam left - 
Broke and all gone - Bridges;  Mill Factorys &c. nearly all gone - Great 
loss sustained in this country

Jacob Schirmer (Charleston):  30th  Freshes dreadful Account from the up 
country, Bridges washed away, Crops destroyed cars could not reach Hamburg, 
great fears of the Columbia Bridge  31st  Weather the past Month a good deal 
of rain and hot Sun, the whole Country is inundated with water

Jesse James Hammond (Silver Bluff):  27th - there is a fresh   28th -The 
rain yesterday not heavy but enough for the season - windy River rising

Thomas Chaplin (St Helena): Storm  I neglected to state that the wind 
commenced blowing violently on Friday [Aug. 28] about midday, from south.  
Continued till Saturday morning, with driving rain Friday night.  I hope 
this is the [last] storm of the season for it has done little damage & a 
trifle in comparison with the storms about the same time last year.

Alexander Glennie:  27th near Georgetown SC- [late in the day] - SW.  Gale 
[pressure is about 29.76]  28th  SW, Clear, High Wind.

James Davis Trezevant (Orangeburg Dist.):  27th - Commenced raining about 
12 N and rained heavily nearly all the afternoon  28th - Commenced blowing 
and raining heavily during the night and continued to blow and rain until 
after sunrise when it cleared off.  The river very full today, and rising 
fast.  30th - The river came to a stand today about 1 P.M.  The water was 
4 ft 10 in higher than the May fresh of 1846 and more than 2 ft higher than 
the great Yazoo fresh of 1792[6?].

Charleston Courier, Friday, Sept. 10:
Georgetown, S.C., September 8. - The Weather and the Crops. - The rainy 
weather which we announced as commencing in June last has continued up to 
the present time with some short intervals;  and early much annoyed the 
labour in hoeing and killing grass, and during the last month was greatly 
detrimental to the curing of blades
	The great fall of rain on the 27th and 28th of August, and which 
spread vast injury from Mobile to New York, on the various rivers, is to-day 
with us on the Santee and Pee Dee rivers, and is likely to do much damage to 
the rice crop, and especially to those who plant the most fruitful tide 
lands highest up.  All the lands in the neighborhood of Lynch's causeway on 
Santee was under water yesterday.  From Pee Dee we heard yesterday and the 
water was not then over the banks;  but it is feared that to-day, the 
freshet is upon all the rice.  The wind is now high at N.E., and has been so 
for several days preventing the freshet from going to sea. - Winyah Observer

New York Herald, September 3, 1852
Aug. 30, lat 39, lon 71.  Spoke brig Extra (Br), from Savannah for Halifax;  
29th and 30th, experienced a heavy gale from NW.


1852/01 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00195 08/19/1852 M=12  1 SNBR=   7 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00200 08/19*205 671  60    0*207 680  60    0*209 688  60    0*211 696  60    0*
00205 08/20*212 706  70    0*215 719  70    0*217 730  70    0*219 740  70    0*
00210 08/21*221 749  80    0*222 761  80    0*226 771  80    0*229 781  80    0*
00215 08/22*232 793  90    0*235 801  90    0*238 811  90    0*242 821  90    0*
00220 08/23*247 831  90    0*252 839  90    0*257 846  90    0*262 853  90    0*
00225 08/24*267 860 100    0*272 866 100    0*277 871 100    0*282 875 100    0*
00230 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 882 100    0*294 884 100    0*
00235 08/26*298 886 100    0*302 886 100  961*306 885  90    0*312 881  70    0*
00240 08/27*318 874  50    0*323 863  40    0*328 848  40    0*332 828  40    0*
00245 08/28*335 805  40    0*338 782  40    0*340 760  40    0*344 742  40    0*
00250 08/29*352 728  50    0*364 718  50    0*380 708  50    0*396 696  50    0*
00255 08/30*410 680  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00260 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
        ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone in the Florida Keys 
(southwest Florida - "BFL") is revised to be a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 
Category 2.  This upgrade from a Category 1 is due to the likelihood that some 
portion of the Keys experienced the most intense portion of the hurricane, 
which was 90 kt Category 2 at that time.  It was suggested previously that 
the radius of maximum wind on the cyclone's right semi-circle may have gone 
between the Dry Tortugas and Key West.  

1852/01 - 2011 REVISION:

00195 08/19/1852 M=12  1 SNBR=   7 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00200 08/19*205 671  60    0*207 680  60    0*209 688  60    0*211 696  60    0*
00205 08/20*212 706  70    0*215 719  70    0*217 730  70    0*219 740  70    0*
00210 08/21*221 749  80    0*222 761  80    0*226 771  80    0*229 781  80    0*
00215 08/22*232 793  90    0*235 801  90    0*238 811  90    0*242 821  90    0*
00220 08/23*247 831  90    0*252 839  90    0*257 846  90    0*262 853  90    0*
00225 08/24*267 860 100    0*272 866 100    0*277 871 100    0*282 875 100    0*
00230 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 882 100    0*294 884 100    0*
00235 08/26*298 886 100    0*302 886 100  961*306 885  90    0*312 881  70    0*
00240 08/27*318 874  50    0*323 863  40    0*328 848  40    0*332 828  40    0*
00245 08/28*335 805  40    0*338 782  40    0*340 760  40    0*344 742  40    0*
00250 08/29*352 728  50    0*364 718  50    0*380 708  50    0*396 696  50    0*
00255 08/30*410 680  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-8/22/1852    1200Z 23.8N  81.3W   90kt  2    ---   (977mb)   BFL2
1-8/22/1852    1200Z 23.8N  81.3W   90kt  2    ---   (970mb)   BFL2
                                                      ***

1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3   30nmi   961mb    AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3   10nmi   961mb    AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
                                              **

The estimated central pressure at landfall in the Florida Keys at 12Z on the 22nd 
was incorrectly listed as 977 mb because of a typographical error.  Using the 
southern pressure-wind relationship for a 90 kt hurricane, this suggests that the 
central pressure was around 970 mb instead.

The original Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship gave 99 kt for the 961 mb 
central pressure at landfall near the Alabama/Mississippi border.  The new 
relationship developed for north of 25N by Brown et al. (2006) suggests 94 kt.  
Originally, a large RMW value (30 nmi) was indicated by Ho (1987).  However, 
given the slow (4 kt) translational speed at landfall coupled with a lull 
experienced at Mobile of two hours or less suggest a much smaller RMW, perhaps as 
small as 10 nm.  This value is substantially smaller than climatology (20 nmi - 
Vickery et al. 2000) for this latitude and central pressure.  Thus keeping the 
landfall intensity at 100 kt and thus the Saffir-Simpson Category at 3 are reasonable.  
No changes are thus made to HURDAT, but the estimated RMW is changed from 30 to 10 nm.


********************************************************************************

1852/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is also known as "San Lorenzo" in Puerto Rico from impact there.

********************************************************************************



1852/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Inland 
winds over Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status both in the 
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic Ocean based upon ship reports from 
the "Union" and the "Emily Banning".

1852/03 - 2003 REVISION:

00255 09/09/1852 M= 5  3 SNBR=   8 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00255 09/09/1852 M= 5  3 SNBR=   9 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                                 *

00260 09/09*264 904  70    0*265 896  70    0*266 888  70    0*266 881  70    0
00265 09/10*268 874  70    0*269 866  70    0*271 861  70    0*273 854  70    0
00265 09/10*268 874  70    0*269 866  70    0*271 861  70    0*273 856  70    0
                                                                   ***

00270 09/11*274 846  70    0*276 838  70    0*278 828  70    0*284 816  60    0
00270 09/11*275 851  70    0*277 846  70    0*278 840  70    0*279 834  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

00275 09/12*289 805  50    0*295 793  60    0*302 778  70    0*310 765  70    0
00275 09/12*280 828  70    0*281 822  60    0*282 815  50    0*285 805  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00280 09/13*318 750  60    0*325 735  60    0*333 721  50    0*342 706  50    0
00280 09/13*292 790  60    0*304 770  70    0*320 745  70    0*340 715  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00285 HRBFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-9/11/1852$   1200Z 27.8N  82.8W   70kt  1     (985mb)   BFL1
3-9/12/1852$   0000Z 28.0N  82.8W   70kt  1     (985mb)   BFL1
    **         ****  ****                    

Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered the following
observations from the historic Army Surgeon weather archives from the
Florida fort data: 

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
Date      Sunrise   13Z    19Z    01Z
9/11/1852  NE-1    NE-1   NE-1   NE-1  .55" showers and violent storm
                                       during the night
9/12/1852   W-8     W-6   NE-1   NE-1

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These observations indicate that while the track of the hurricane
and its intensity are reasonable, the track of the hurricane's passage
across Florida was about 12 hours too early.  Such a discrepancy
is not implausible, given the relative scarce and ambiguous data 
obtained in the original Partagas and Diaz (1995a) study.  Track
and intensity values adjusted accordingly from the 10th to the
14th.

1852/03 - 2011 REVISION:

00285 09/09/1852 M= 5  3 SNBR=   9 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
00290 09/09*264 904  70    0*265 896  70    0*266 888  70    0*266 881  70    0*
00295 09/10*268 874  70    0*269 866  70    0*271 861  70    0*273 856  70    0*
00300 09/11*275 851  70    0*277 846  70    0*278 840  70    0*279 834  70    0*
00305 09/12*280 828  70    0*281 822  60    0*282 815  50    0*285 805  50    0*
00310 09/13*292 790  60    0*304 770  70    0*320 745  70    0*340 715  70    0*
00315 HRBFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/12/1852    0000Z 28.0N  82.8W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   BFL1
3-9/12/1852    0000Z 28.0N  82.8W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   BFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for an 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1852/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1852/05:  Added an additional day - Oct. 11th - to track based upon ship
"Peerless" in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup.  Inland winds over SE US 
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value
of 7' obtained from Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for Newport, Florida.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction
in Jamaica, conditions from the ship "Hebe" and damage that occurred in
Newport.  Storm also known in Ludlum as the "Middle Florida Storm of
October 1852".


1852/05 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00375 10/06/1852 M= 6  5 SNBR=  11 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                    L
00380 10/06*170 738  90    0*171 750  90    0*172 763  90    0*172 778  90    0*
00385 10/07*177 796  90    0*182 815  90    0*187 831  90    0*195 844  90    0*
00390 10/08*204 855  90    0*212 864  90    0*224 869  90    0*240 868  90    0*
00395 10/09*256 864  90    0*269 859  90    0*280 855  90    0*292 849  90    0*
00400 10/10*305 839  80    0*318 828  60    0*330 811  50    0*340 795  50    0*
00405 10/11*350 770  50    0*360 740  50    0*380 700  60    0*400 660  60    0*
00410 HRAFL2 GA1                                                                
00410 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

1852/06 - 2011 REVISION:

00375 10/06/1852 M= 6  5 SNBR=  11 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                    L
00380 10/06*170 738  90    0*171 750  90    0*172 763  90    0*172 778  90    0*
00385 10/07*177 796  90    0*182 815  90    0*187 831  90    0*195 844  90    0*
00390 10/08*204 855  90    0*212 864  90    0*224 869  90    0*240 868  90    0*
00395 10/09*256 864  90    0*269 859  90    0*280 855  90    0*292 849  90    0*
00400 10/10*305 839  80    0*318 828  60    0*330 811  50    0*340 795  50    0*
00405 10/11*350 770  50    0*360 740  50    0*380 700  60    0*400 660  60    0*
00410 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-10/9/1852    2100Z 29.9N  84.4W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   AFL2,IGA1
5-10/9/1852    2100Z 29.9N  84.4W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   AFL2,IGA1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for an 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1853/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1853/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1853/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Central pressure measurement of 924 mb with the southern wind-pressure 
relationship gives 132 kt - 130 kt utilized, a major hurricane.  Ludlum
(1963) named this system the "Cape Verde and Cape Hatteras Hurricane
(offshore)".

********************************************************************************

1853/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status from observations
taken from the ships "Gilbert Gallatin", "Harvester Queen" and "Chesapeake".

********************************************************************************

1853/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************


1853/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Samuel and Edward" and "Werada".

********************************************************************************

1853/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1853/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
assumed to be stationary for 2 days.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

1853/08 - REVISION:

00565 10/19/1853 M= 2  8 SNBR=  18 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00565 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *           **                  *     *

00570 10/19*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0
00570 10/19*275 785  70    0*280 789  70    0*285 793  80    0*289 796  80    0
                             *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00575 10/20*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0
00575 10/20*293 799  80    0*297 802  80    0*300 805  90    0*303 807  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 21st and 22nd are new to HURDAT.)
00577 10/21*306 809  90    0*309 809  90    0*313 806  80    0*317 801  80    0
00579 10/22*321 794  80    0*325 785  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00580 HR  
00580 HR GA1
         ***

Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) shows that the hurricane moved northward
to just offshore Georgia and caused hurricane conditions along the Georgia
coast.  This was based upon ship reports and wind reports from Jacksonville,
Brunswick and Charleston.  (The hurricane was previously listed as being
stationary for two days.)



1853/08 - 2006 REVISION:

00610 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                    L
00610 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                    L
                                                    *

00615 10/19*275 785  70    0*280 789  70    0*285 793  80    0*289 796  80    0*
00620 10/20*293 799  80    0*297 802  80    0*300 805  90    0*303 807  90    0*
00625 10/21*306 809  90    0*309 809  90    0*313 806  80    0*317 801  80    0*
00630 10/22*321 794  80    0*325 785  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00635 HR GA1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".


********************************************************************************

1853 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1853 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference 
to it in Garcia-Bonnelly (1958), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1854/01 - 2004 ADDITION:

00621 06/25/1854 M= 3  1 SNBR=  20 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00622 06/25*260 925  60    0*260 930  60    0*260 935  70    0*260 940  70    0
00623 06/26*260 947  70    0*261 957  70    0*262 970  70    0*264 985  50    0
00624 06/27*2681000  40    0*2741015  40    0*2801030  40    0*  0   0   0    0
00624 HRATX1 

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina and Mr. David Roth of
the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center found evidence of a newly uncovered 
hurricane that made landfall in southern Texas from Army Fort data and 
historical newspaper accounts.  (The Army Forts observed the weather four 
times a day between sunrise and sunset.  Winds could range from a range of 
1 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt 
gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.)

Fort Brown (Brownsville, Texas):
Jun. 25, 1854 - E2   NE3  NW2  NW3  78/79/84/77  3 1/2 am rain 0.79" Showers
Jun. 26, 1854 - W4   W5   W3   SW2  76/76/76/80  11 pm to 6pm rain 5.65" Storm
Jun. 27, 1854 - SW1  SW2  W1   SW1  78/84/86/81  Light showers
Barometer (altitude 50 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 30.08  30.08  30.05  30.02
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.75  29.82  29.96  30.04
Jun. 27, 1854 - 30.08  30.10  30.18  30.26

Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2   N3   N4   N7   79/80/83/80  0.70" rain
Jun. 26, 1854 - E7   E7   E8   E8   80/80/81/80  0.50" rain
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE4  SE4  SE3  SE3  80/84/84/83

Fort Ringgold (26.4N, 99.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2   N2   N4   N4   75/86/84/84  Rain 8a.m.-5p.m. 0.73"
Jun. 26, 1854 - NW2  NW4  W4   S3   75/77/76/74  Rain 3a.m.-2a.m. (27th) 5.05"
Jun. 27, 1854 - S1   S3   S3   S3   72/76/84/78  Rain 9a.m.-6p.m. 0.85"
Barometer (altitude ~200 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 29.87  29.89  29.80  29.81
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.67  29.60  29.40  29.80
Jun. 27, 1854 - 29.91  29.95  29.95  29.96
Note on 27th:  Showers.  Distant thunder S. and S.W. during day.

Fort McIntosh (27.5N, 99.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NE1  NE2  NE3  NE2  76/82/88/79
Jun. 26, 1854 - SW2  N3   NE4  SE5  74/78/76/74  0.20" 
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2  SE2  E1   E1   72/79/75/76  0.70"
Note on 25th:  Rain at intervals during the day
Note on 26th:  Rain at intervals from 11 o'clock a.m. until 8 p.m.

Fort Duncan (28.7N, 100.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - SE2  SE2  SE3  SE2  75/83/93/81
Jun. 26, 1854 - SE1  SE3  SE3  SE2  75/82/89/77  0.20"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2  SE2  SE2  SE2  75/78/82/77  Rain 6 1/2a.m.-3p.m. 0.14"
Note on 25th:  Rain at intervals
Note on 26th:  Rain at intervals and moderate during the day
Note on 27th:  Rain at intervals and moderate during the day

Fort Ewell (28.2N, 99.0W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NW1  NW2  N3   N1   74/83/94/77  Rain 5a.m.-7p.m. 0.73" 
Jun. 26, 1854 - N4   N4   N2   SE0  75/76/78/72  Rain 1 1/2a.m-2a.m.  0.40"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE3  SE4  SE3  SE2  73/80/90/77  

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
The Galveston News, of the 27th ult., has these items:...
   The wind commenced blowing very strong from the eastward on Saturday
   last [24th], and has continued since, sometimes almost a gale.  It
   caused a slight overflow of the strand yesterday and day before.  It
   has been accompanied with occasional showers, and with some very
   severe thunder and lightning.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
FROM BRAZOS SANTIAGO [26.1N, 97.2W] - Severe Storm - 
By the arrival of the steamship Perseverance, Capt. John Y. Lawless, 
yesterday, we are placed in possession of intelligence from that place
to the 27th ult.
On Sunday last, the 25th of June, we learn that the city was visited by
a very severe storm, which caused a great deal of damage and caused yet
more disastrous consequence.  The wind was higher than it had ever been
experienced since the establishment of the city, blowing, in fact, a
perfect hurricane from the S.S.E., and at the same time very heavy rain
fell.  Many buildings were unroofed and otherwise damaged, while some 
were completely turned round.  The large cistern belong to the U.S.
Quartermaster's Department, and which contained 2,000 gallons of water,
was destroyed.  Several boats employed between Point Isabel and Brazos
were driven ashore, and some sank; and at one time the greatest fears
were entertained that the partial deluge of the island actually 
experienced, would extend to a complete and disastrous overflow.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 5, 1854, p.1
By the steamship Louisiana, which arrived here from Galveston, this 
morning, we have advices from that city and Houston to the 2d inst. ...
The Lavaca Commercial, of the 28th, says:
   We were visited by another terrible gale last evening, from the south-
   east.  The wind commenced blowing last evening, and continued all
   night, accompanied by heavy falls of rain.  The tide is very high - 
   several bath houses have been washed away, and some little damage has
   been done to the whaves.  

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 12, 1854, p.1
The Nueces Valley, of the 1st inst., has the following:
   Our sea board was visited on Saturday last with one of the most
   tremendous gales that has ever been known of this coast.  It commenced
   blowing severely on Saturday evening, the 24th ult., and continued,
   accompanied with rain until Tuesday morning, when the storm abated.  
   Some little damage was done to the shipping in this harbor, but not in
   proportion of the violence of the storm.
   We are informed that the current was driven into Aransas Bay through 
   the Pass, at the rate of ten or twelve knots per hours.  It was with
   difficulty that the vessels at anchorage in Aransas harbor could hold 
   on...It is said that Aransas Bar is much improved by the storm, being
   increased both in depth and width.    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

These observations indicate a tropical cyclone of about Category 1 hurricane
conditions (70 kt) made landfall around 12 UTC on the 26th north of
Brownsville, just north of Brazos Santiago, Texas.  The system then passed 
north of Fort Ringgold around 20 UTC on the 26th.  The sea level pressure
at that fort was a minimum of about 1002 mb at that time.  1002 mb suggests
winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship, though this would be for an over open water exposure.  Winds
are estimated to be about 50 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th.  The system then 
passed west of Fort McIntosh around 00 UTC on the 27th and then is estimated 
to have dissipated by about 12 UTC on the 27th.  Intensity at landfall is 
based primarily upon impacts of the system at Brazos Santiago.  A search of 
the COADS ship database did not reveal any observations in the Gulf of 
Mexico near this storm.

1854/01 - 2011 REVISION:

00640 06/25/1854 M= 3  1 SNBR=  20 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
00645 06/25*260 925  60    0*260 930  60    0*260 935  70    0*260 940  70    0*
00650 06/26*260 947  70    0*261 957  70    0*262 970  70    0*264 985  50    0*
00655 06/27*2681000  40    0*2741015  40    0*2801030  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
00660 HRATX1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/26/1854    1200Z 26.2N  97.2W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   ATX1
1-6/26/1854    1200Z 26.2N  97.2W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   ATX1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1854/02: (Was originally storm 1854/01 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1854/03: (Was originally storm 1854/02 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model, though not as fast as suggested with this model due to extreme
duration of damaging winds along Georgia and South Carolina.  Ship with 
central pressures observation of 938 mb gives with subtropical latitude
wind-pressure relationship a 112 kt reading - utilizing 110 kt.  Peripheral
pressure reading of 973 mb (at 20 UTC on the 8th of September in Savannah,
Georgia) suggest winds of at least 83 kt utilizing the same subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship.  Ho used this value with other information to
estimate a 950 mb central pressure at landfall which gives 103 kt again from
the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - here we are choosing 100 kt for
the best track.  Both reports (of 938 mb and 950 mb) suggest that the storm 
reached major hurricane status over the Atlantic.  The storm is determined to 
have reintensified to hurricane status after moving back over the Atlantic 
Ocean after landfall.  Have also adjusted track to the north by about 60 nmi 
as the hurricane returned to the Atlantic to better match observed strong 
gales over Northeastern U.S. The storm is named in Ludlum's (1963) book as 
the "Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854" for its impacts in the Carolinas and 
the "Coastal Hurricane of September 1854" for its impacts in the Middle 
Atlantic and New England coasts. 


1854/03 - 2003 REVISION:

00600 09/07/1854 M= 6  2 SNBR=  20 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00600 09/07/1854 M= 6  2 SNBR=  21 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                                **

00605 09/07*264 766 110    0*272 776 110    0*280 786 110  938*288 796 110    0
00610 09/08*296 803 110    0*304 806 110    0*311 809 100    0*316 811 100  950
00615 09/09*320 813  80    0*325 815  70    0*332 815  60    0*343 805  50    0
00620 09/10*355 781  40    0*368 759  40    0*378 740  50    0*384 719  60    0
00625 09/11*388 695  70    0*390 673  80    0*394 650  90    0*395 618  90    0
00630 09/12*398 583  90    0*400 551  90    0*400 520  80    0*402 480  80    0
00635 HR GA3 SC2 
00635 HR GA3 SC2DFL1
                ****  

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-9/8/1854     2000Z 31.7N  81.1W  100kt  3      950mb     GA3,SC2
2-9/8/1854     2000Z 31.7N  81.1W  100kt  3      950mb     GA3,SC2,DFL1
                                                                   ****

Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) suggests that the hurricane had also
impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1 hurricane conditions as well in
its landfall in Georgia.

********************************************************************************

1854/04: (Was originally storm 1854/03 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track. 
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The storm is determined to reach hurricane status based upon
damage that occurred in Matagorda.  Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Matagorda Hurricane of 1854".  

1854/04 - 2011 REVISION:

00720 09/18/1854 M= 3  4 SNBR=  23 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
00725 09/18*282 936  90    0*284 941  90    0*286 946  90    0*288 951  90    0*
00730 09/19*290 956  80    0*292 961  70    0*294 965  60    0*297 966  60    0*
00735 09/20*300 964  50    0*303 960  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00740 HRBTX2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-9/18/1854    2100Z 28.9N  95.3W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   BTX2
4-9/18/1854    2100Z 28.9N  95.3W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   BTX2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1854 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1854 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but it is likely that this reference 
was really referring to storm 1854/03 which hit the coast at the same exact 
location.

********************************************************************************

1854/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************


1855/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have been a hurricane
based upon destruction in Tampico.

********************************************************************************


1855/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1855/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane 
status from the ship "Walverine".

********************************************************************************

1855/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Utilized the southern wind-pressure relationship for ship with central
pressure observation of 997 mb to get 53 kt, using 50 kt in best track.
Review of this storm in conjunction with the 1855/05 hurricane reveals
that they may be the same system.  However, without more supporting
evidence for the intervening days (of August 28-30) between the 
systems, we are opting to keep these as separate storms.

********************************************************************************

1855/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for 
track.  Ludlum (1963) describes that "the tide at places between Lake
Ponchartrain and Bay St. Louis was said to have risen ten to fifteen
feet above normal high tide."  Storm determined to have reached major
hurricane status at landfall based upon storm tide and destruction along
Louisiana and Mississippi.  Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and 
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Hurricane known as the "Middle Gulf
Shore Hurricane of 1855" (Ludlum 1963).  (Note that this storm was originally
labeled 1855/06 in the 2000 version of HURDAT.  It was renumbered in 
2003 because of the removal of storm 1855/05.)


1855/05 - 2004 REVISION:

00810 09/15/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  28 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00810 09/15/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  29 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                                **

00815 09/15*267 891  70    0*271 891  80    0*275 893  90    0*281 894 100    0
00820 09/16*288 895 110    0*296 895 100    0*302 894  90    0*310 891  60    0
00820 09/16*288 895 110    0*296 895 110    0*302 894 100    0*310 891  70    0
                                     ***              ***               **

00825 09/17*320 888  50    0*330 883  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
00830 HR LA3 MS3

After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have 
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the 
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds:  1855/05 and 1878/05.  In this case, 
the Category 3 impact assigned for Mississippi was not consistent with the 
original 12 UTC winds for this hurricane of 90 kt, while just offshore of the 
Mississippi coast.  The original intensity for this system was based 
primarily upon the storm tide amount both in Louisiana and Mississippi (see 
above) and it was intended to analyze this hurricane as a Category 3 in 
both states.  Thus the winds have been boosted up to 100 kt at the 12 UTC time 
to retain the Category 3 assignment for Mississippi.  Again utilizing the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model after landfall in Mississippi 
suggests increasing the 18 UTC winds up to 70 kt.

1855/05 - 2011 REVISION:

00850 09/15/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  29 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                    L
00855 09/15*267 891  70    0*271 891  80    0*275 893  90    0*281 894 100    0*
00860 09/16*288 895 110    0*296 895 110    0*302 894 100    0*310 891  70    0*
00865 09/17*320 888  50    0*330 883  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00870 HR LA3 MS3                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-9/16/1855    0300Z 29.2N  89.5W  110kt  3    ---   (950mb)   LA3,MS3
5-9/16/1855    0300Z 29.2N  89.5W  110kt  3    ---   (945mb)   LA3,MS3
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 110 kt hurricane.  This suggested a 
central pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - 
for a 110 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

******************************************************************************

1855 - Additional Notes:

1855/05 - 2003 REVISION:  STORM REMOVED FROM HURDAT.

1855/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ships 
"Catherine" and "Rebecca".  Review of this hurricane in conjunction with 
the 1855/04 tropical storm reveals that they may be the same system.  
However, without more supporting evidence for the intervening days (of 
August 28-30) between the systems, we are opting to keep these as separate 
storms.

00770 08/31/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  27 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00775 08/31*414 675  70    0*424 650  70    0*434 620  70    0*445 588  70    0
00780 09/01*455 551  70    0*465 514  70    0*475 472  70    0*484 445  70    0
00785 09/02*495 414  60    0*505 384  60    0E513 355  50    0E522 330  50    0
00790 HR  
(System removed from revised HURDAT.)

This hurricane is, with additional information, shown instead to be
a strong extratropical storm with well-defined baroclinic structure.
New data sources were provided by Michael Chenoweth for Sable Island and 
Halifax, Canada and by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina 
for Bridgeport, Massachusetts.  This tropical cyclone is thus removed from 
the HURDAT database.  Details about these new data sources are provided in 
full below.
 
The two Canadian sources are (1) a weather diary kept by Alexander Muirson 
at Halifax, 1828-1860 and (2) a daily record of occurrences at the "Principal 
Station" on Sable Island, Nova Scotia from 1853-1855. The first is a 'pure'
meteorological register, with instrumental temperature and barometer data; the 
second is what appears to be some type of government or corporate record of 
activity at a fishing station.  Weather is recorded daily, but is only 
non-instrumental. Both records were obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
Provincial Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

Sable Island Observations:
30 August 1855
   First part moderate SE winds and clear....Latter part strong
   north winds and cloudy weather.
31 August 1855
   A heavy northwardly blow throughout.
1 September 1855
   Moderate WSW winds and clear weather.
The terminology of the time units suggests that the record is
kept by a mariner. However, the dates appear to be civil calendar
dates (midnight-midnight) and not the seaman's day of noon to noon. This
assessment is based on a scan of other day's records in the diary.

Halifax Observations:
Temperature and barometer are labeled M, N, E (morning, noon,
evening). Winds are "prevailing". Remarks give prevailing weather
conditions and register (without specifying the time usually)
a change to another prevailing weather type. Temperature and
barometer readings are most likely read at 0800, 1300-1400, and
2200 based on analysis of hourly means. Muirson never states
the morning and evening times but states once in his journal
that his mid-day reading was between 1 and 2 P.M. His thermometer also has
an eastern exposure and there is evidence for sunlight reaching the
thermometer as his morning readings in the summer are higher than his
evening reading. Muirson's barometer during the summer and early autumn
rarely exceeds 29.9 inches. Without knowing the details of his location,
cannot assume an elevation but the barometer appears not to have been
calibrated. He did routinely record the names of ships arriving in port.

Date          Temp (F)   Pressure (")     Winds       Description
29 Aug. 1855  56 70 60  29.8 29.7 29.5   changeable  Clear very fine, this 
                                                     morning a white frost
30 Aug. 1855  72 64 42  29.4 29.5 29.6   SW to NW    Cloudy & windy -- 
                                                     clear & cool
31 Aug. 1855  50 64 44  29.7 29.8 29.9   N           Clear & fine, 
                                                     frost last night
 1 Sep. 1855  53 57 56  30.0 29.9 29.7   SW          Cloudy, frost last night --
                                                     heavy rain

Massachusetts Observations:
Prof. Cary Mock provided the following additional information regarding 
this system:  Leonard Hill's Meteorological Register.  Hill kept a weather 
diary at Bridgewater, MA (42.0N, 71.0W). For the dates of interest, he
recorded the following:
        Aug. 29. Clear, cool.
        Aug. 30. Clear, cool N
        Aug. 31. Frost - killed beans, &c
        Sept. 1. Rain. S.W. & S.
This early freeze helps to confirm the analysis of a strong
extratropical storm system as was also observed in the Sable Island
and Halifax observations.  Prof. Mock also checked his records from
the Carolinas, which showed no storm system (tropical or otherwise)
moving up from the south near or over the mid-Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************



1856/01:  Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  Ship with pressure measurement of 955 mb not in the hurricane's
eye suggests at least 105 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship, utilize 130 kt in best track.  Ho's estimate of 934 mb at 
landfall gives 125 kt, utilize 130 kt in best track - a major hurricane.  
A small RMW of 12 nmi supports slight increase of winds over suggested 
wind-pressure relationship.  Storm tide value of 11-12' provided by Ludlum 
(1963) for Last Island, Louisiana.  The storm is also known as the "Last 
Island Disaster" after the destruction caused at that location.

********************************************************************************

1856/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction felt in
Grenada and Barbados.

********************************************************************************

1856/03:  This storm was not identified by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  Enough evidence was retrieved from Ludlum's (1963) analysis 
(see pages 99 and 100) to provide track and intensity estimates.  Note
that the track provided here keeps the tropical storm's center offshore
of New England, which disagrees with Ludlum's assessment.  This is due to 
all wind reports from New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and - especially 
- Massachusetts which remained at an easterly component for the duration of 
this storm.  If, as Ludlum suggested, the storm crossed the neck of Cape Cod, 
there would have been a wind shift to a westerly component at Cape Cod and/or 
Nantucket.  Both remained easterly, thus suggesting a just-offshore track. 
Ludlum referred to this storm as the "Charter Oak Storm of August 1856" for 
the destruction of the famous Charter Oak that was a witness to the founding
of the Connecticut Colony in 1636.

********************************************************************************

1856/04:  This storm was listed as #3 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a).  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1856/05:  This storm was listed as #4 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a).  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis for track. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 6' obtained from Barnes (1998) 
for Apalachicola, Florida.  Havana's central pressure observation of 969 mb 
gives 90 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which is used 
directly.  Pressure reading of 968 mb not in hurricane's center (on 18 UTC 
of the 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is chosen for best track.  This
last reading supports that this storm reached major hurricane status, but
likely weakened slightly before making landfall in the United States.  Ludlum
(1963) referred to this storm as the "Southeastern States Hurricane of
1856".

1856/05 - 2003 REVISION:

00910 08/25/1856 M=10  5 SNBR=  33 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
00915 08/25*210 698  70    0*210 708  70    0*211 719  70    0*212 728  70    0
00920 08/26*216 739  70    0*217 748  70    0*220 759  80    0*222 766  80    0
00925 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  90    0
00925 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  80    0
                                                                        **

00930 08/28*229 816  90  969*230 829  90    0*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0
00930 08/28*229 816  80    0*230 829  90  969*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0
                     **  ***              ***

00935 08/29*239 851  90    0*242 856  90    0*247 864  90    0*249 868  90    0
00940 08/30*252 871 100    0*256 873 100    0*262 874 100    0*275 873 100    0
00945 08/31*289 866  90    0*302 859  90    0*311 848  70    0*322 833  60    0
00950 09/01*330 816  50    0*340 796  50    0*347 779  50    0*355 753  50    0
00955 09/02*363 728  50    0*368 700  50    0*372 673  50    0*377 646  50    0
00960 09/03*382 618  50    0*388 586  50    0*390 560  50    0*395 523  50    0
00965 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1

Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) confirms 
landfall as Category 2 hurricane (90 kt).  However, winds reduced after
landfall in Cuba until center re-emerges off of the coast.  Central
pressure of 969 mb in Havana corrected from 00Z to a 06Z value.


1856/05 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00965 08/25/1856 M=10  5 SNBR=  34 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
00970 08/25*210 698  70    0*210 708  70    0*211 719  70    0*212 728  70    0*
00975 08/26*216 739  70    0*217 748  70    0*220 759  80    0*222 766  80    0*
00980 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  80    0*
00985 08/28*229 816  80    0*230 829  90  969*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0*
00990 08/29*239 851  90    0*242 856  90    0*247 864  90    0*249 868  90    0*
00995 08/30*252 871 100    0*256 873 100    0*262 874 100    0*275 873 100    0*
01000 08/31*289 866  90    0*302 859  90    0*311 848  70    0*322 833  60    0*
01005 09/01*330 816  50    0*340 796  50    0*347 779  50    0*355 753  50    0*
01010 09/02*363 728  50    0*368 700  50    0*372 673  50    0*377 646  50    0*
01015 09/03*382 618  50    0*388 586  50    0*390 560  50    0*395 523  50    0*
01020 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1                                                            
01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1                                                            
            ********

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
and Alabama hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, rather than 
along either states' coastal region.

1856/05 - 2011 REVISION:

00965 08/25/1856 M=10  5 SNBR=  34 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
00970 08/25*210 698  70    0*210 708  70    0*211 719  70    0*212 728  70    0*
00975 08/26*216 739  70    0*217 748  70    0*220 759  80    0*222 766  80    0*
00980 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  80    0*
00985 08/28*229 816  80    0*230 829  90  969*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0*
00990 08/29*239 851  90    0*242 856  90    0*247 864  90    0*249 868  90    0*
00995 08/30*252 871 100    0*256 873 100    0*262 874 100    0*275 873 100    0*
01000 08/31*289 866  90    0*302 859  90    0*311 848  70    0*322 833  60    0*
01005 09/01*330 816  50    0*340 796  50    0*347 779  50    0*355 753  50    0*
01010 09/02*363 728  50    0*368 700  50    0*372 673  50    0*377 646  50    0*
01015 09/03*382 618  50    0*388 586  50    0*390 560  50    0*395 523  50    0*
01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-8/31/1856    0600Z 30.2N  85.9W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   AFL2,IAL1,IGA1
5-8/31/1856    0600Z 30.2N  85.9W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   AFL2,IAL1,IGA1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1856/06:  No major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the 
ship "Utah".

1856/06 - 2003 REVISION:

00970 09/18/1856 M= 5  6 SNBR=  34 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00975 09/18*320 488  50    0*325 489  50    0*329 490  50    0*335 493  50    0
00980 09/19*345 498  60    0*352 505  60    0*357 512  70    0*358 514  70    0
00980 09/19*345 498  60    0*352 505  60    0*356 510  70    0*358 514  70    0
                                              *** ***

00985 09/20*360 517  70    0*360 520  70    0*362 523  70    0*363 524  70    0
00985 09/20*360 517  70    0*361 520  70    0*362 523  70    0*363 524  70    0
                             ***

00990 09/21*364 525  60    0*365 526  60    0*365 527  60    0*365 528  60    0
00995 09/22*365 529  60    0*365 530  60    0*365 530  60    0*365 530  60    0
01000 HR

Track altered slightly for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1856 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1856 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference 
to it in Dunn and Miller (1960), but it is likely that this reference was 
really referring to storm 1856/04 which hit the coast at the same exact 
location.

********************************************************************************

1857/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************


1857/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 961 mb gives 94 kt with the 
subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 90 kt in best
track - supporting hurricane status.  Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Central America Disaster in 1857" due to the loss of
the ship the "S.S. Central America".

1857/02 - 2011 REVISION:

01080 09/09/1857 M= 8  2 SNBR=  37 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1 
01080 09/06/1857 M=13  2 SNBR=  37 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
                   **                                     *
(The 6th through the 8th are new to HURDAT.)
01082 09/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*265 730  40    0*
01083 09/07*267 728  40    0*269 726  40    0*272 724  50    0*275 723  50    0*
01084 09/08*277 725  50    0*279 727  50    0*281 729  60    0*283 730  60    0* 

01085 09/09*252 676  50    0*256 686  50    0*260 696  50    0*266 706  50    0*
01085 09/09*287 736  60    0*291 742  70    0*295 747  70    0*302 758  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **        

01090 09/10*272 716  60    0*277 726  60    0*283 736  70    0*289 746  70    0*
01090 09/10*302 758  70    0*305 762  70    0*307 767  80    0*310 771  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01095 09/11*296 753  70    0*303 761  70    0*310 768  80    0*314 774  80    0*
01095 09/11*312 774  90    0*315 777  90    0*317 780  90    0*321 782  90    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01100 09/12*318 776  80    0*322 779  80    0*325 779  90    0*330 776  90  961*
01100 09/12*323 782  90    0*325 783  90    0*328 783  90    0*333 783  90  961*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

01105 09/13*338 771  90    0*345 763  90    0*354 755  90    0*360 748  90    0*
01105 09/13*339 780  90    0*345 775  80    0*349 771  70    0*355 765  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01110 09/14*365 740  90    0*369 731  90    0*373 720  80    0*377 705  80    0*
01110 09/14*360 762  50    0*363 758  50    0*365 749  50    0*368 735  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01115 09/15*380 691  80    0*383 676  80    0*388 661  80    0*395 636  80    0*
01115 09/15*376 718  60    0*385 698  70    0*394 676  80    0*403 652  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

01120 09/16*403 612  70    0*410 590  70    0*417 567  70    0*425 542  70    0*
01120 09/16*412 617  80    0*421 589  80    0*430 560  80    0*440 530  80  972*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

(The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.)

01122 09/17*450 500  80    0*460 460  70    0*470 420  60    0E480 380  50    0*
01124 09/18E490 340  40    0E500 300  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

01125 HR NC1  
01125 HR NC2
         ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-9/13/1857    1100Z 35.2N  75.7W   80kt  1    ---    961mb    NC1
2-9/13/1857    0000Z 33.9N  78.0W   90kt  2    ---    961mb    NC2
               ****  ****   ****    **    *                    ***

Highlights:
This storm has a new start point based on daily weather maps and correction of 
a Spanish ship longitude. The storm is now shown to have made a landfall across 
inland eastern North Carolina and not along the Outer Banks. Saffir-Simpson 
Category 2 is considered to be the landfall strength although the storm 
off-shore was very near Category 3 while near the Frying Pan Shoals.
(Re-analysis of this hurricane was provided by Mike Chenoweth.)

Synoptic Features:
The first days of September featured high pressure over the SE USA and western 
Atlantic inducing a large area of northeasterly winds. This pattern prevailed 
through 4 September with the slow development of a surface trough of low 
pressure between 70 and 75W which, by 5 September, featured a cold front moving 
off the Virginia coast and an incipient area of low pressure east of 
the Bahamas. Surface pressures along the SE US coast peaked on the 5th and then 
slowly fell in the following days. The cold front to the north passed eastward 
over the next three days, but its influence on the storm trajectory seems to 
have been limited. After 7 September, the cold front cleared Bermuda and 
pressure rose throughout the western Atlantic north of 35N and east of about 
70W.  Throughout 5-8 September, persistent northeast winds prevailed from 
Florida to North Carolina. 

Considerable disturbed weather was reported at Ft. Dallas and Ft. Myers and a 
surface low began to form on 5 September near 25.5N 73.5W. At upper levels troughs 
associated with the cold front off the Atlantic coast and the south Florida area 
upper low worked with ridging over the SE US and south and west of Bermuda to 
provide a weak northeast, then northerly steering current on 5-7 September. As 
the ridge to the north and east became established at both the surface and aloft 
from 8 September onward, the steering currents turned the storm towards the US coast. 

The tropical storm moved at a relatively slow rate, generally between 6 and 
8 miles per hour throughout most of its life cycle from east of the Bahamas to 
landfall in North Carolina. This slow movement led to a period of up to 
48 hours of gale force winds in parts of eastern North Carolina. Newspaper 
accounts from North Carolina and ship reports indicate that the hurricane 
reached high category 2, verging on minimal category 3 intensity (Saffir-
Simpson scale) as it slowly approached South Carolina and then turned slowly 
to the north. Intensification over the warm Gulf Stream current is suggested by 
the increased severity of the ship reports from about 30N 78W to 33N 78W.

The hurricane's slow turn to the north was due, in part, to high pressure 
building over New England briefly on 10-12 September before breaking down on 
13 September as a cold front advanced off-shore. Ahead of this cold front, 
the hurricane gradually accelerated and moved east-northeastward into the North 
Atlantic. The storm, after losing hurricane status after landfall in North 
Carolina, re-intensified to a hurricane and by 16 September had a pressure of 
at least 972 mb. This suggests 80 kt maximum sustained wind from the high
latitude pressure wind relationship, assuming that the observation was a central
pressure value.  The storm became extratropical sometime on 17 or 
18 September northwest of the Azores.

Major Changes from Previous HURDAT:
The start position of this storm is changed due to the recognition that 
the coordinates of the Spanish brig Emilia, cited in Fernandez-Partagas and 
Diaz (1995) is almost certainly based on a Spanish prime meridian and is, 
therefore, located too far to the east. Weather map continuity also did not 
support the ship position of 2833N 6911W. New data from ships to the east of 
the Bahamas, and weather maps, instead indicate formation of an initial 
closed low by mid-day of 5 September and development into a tropical storm
by late on the 6th.

The landfall of the hurricane is now determined to be just east of the city of 
Wilmington during the early evening hours of 12 September. The western eyewall 
may have brushed Cape Fear; at the very least first landfall was east of 
Wilmington and southwest of Holly Ridge, on Onslow Bay. The center of 
the hurricane then passed over the mainland of eastern North Carolina, 
weakening to a tropical storm and crossing back into the Atlantic near or just 
north of modern Corolla, North Carolina. This is a major change from previous 
HURDAT, which had the hurricane center pass close to Cape Hatteras. The Cape 
Henry and greater Norfolk areas of Virginia experienced tropical storm force 
winds but there is no convincing evidence, despite one report from Hampton 
Roads, of hurricane force winds in Virginia. Hurricane intensity at landfall 
in North Carolina was most likely Saffir-Simpson Scale 2. The absence of 
reports of building damage in Wilmington, and only minor building damage in 
Washington and Beaufort suggests that the strongest winds passed over rural 
areas and were probably confined to a small area. The possibility of Saffir 
Simpson Scale 3 winds at landfall cannot be ruled out but no direct evidence 
exists. Strong category 2 intensity is recommended.  (While the original
HURDAT had the hurricane striking the Hatteras area of North Carolina as
a 90 kt 961 mb cyclone, it was analyzed that the peak winds remained offshore
and that the highest impact on land was 80 kt - Category 1.  With the
revised landfall position along mainland North Carolina, the peak winds
likely did impact land, thus the upgrade to Category 2 impact for North
Carolina despite no change to intensity of the cyclone indicated.)

This hurricane re-intensified over the North Atlantic and wind speeds may have 
approached or equaled the strongest winds when previously located near 
the Frying Pan Shoals. The relative absence of ship reports east of 53W 
indicates that the storm probably weakened and became extra-tropical soon after 
passing the 50W meridian.

Compiled and edited by Michael Chenoweth, 29 October 2006
Wilmington Journal, Friday Sept. 19, 1857

"In our last we referred to the gale that had been blowing here for some time. 
On Saturday, at Noon, when we closed our paper, the storm showed no signs of
abatement, but on the contrary, seemed to grow worse as the day wore on. 
The rain descended in heavy sheets, fiercely dashed about by the wind and no
manner of covering appeared adequate to afford protection from the violence; 
even houses that never leaked before leaked on the afternoon and night of 
Saturday.
Some assert that the rain was driven through brick walls---certain it is that 
dampness appeared on the inside of the walls of brick buildings, while every 
crevice and cranny was searched out and found through which the beating rain might 
find an entrance. Under doors, over doors, by the heads of windows, at all manner
of places, possible and impossible, did the wet come in. Between eight or nine 
o'clock and midnight on Saturday, the gale seemed to have reached its height.
Before midnight, it had changed round from Northeast to West, from which last
point it blew with considerable violence and then gradually sunk away.

"The appearance of things on Sunday morning was striking. It looked as though 
everything that could be blown down, was down. Fences were prostrated in all
directions, and the streets filled with the limbs and bodies of trees up-rooted 
or twisted off. At one point we noticed eight good-sized trees thrown together in a
heap. Hundreds of China trees are no more, and very few Mulberries or Willows are 
left standing. We have heard of only two Oaks blown over, although there 
may be more. The amount of damage one way or another must be very considerable. 
In the aggregate, it must come up to thousands.
What damage has been done out of town we have not yet heard. We learn that the 
embankment of Mr. Green's Mill-pond has been broken through, and that
the Mill is an island.
It is said by those who know, that our town has not been visited by so severe 
a blow since 1837, and it is doubtful if that equaled it in violence and duration. 
The storm does not appear to have extended far inland---no further West of this place 
than Fair Bluff.
"Steamer Spray started down to Smithville on Saturday, got down to Orton, the tiller 
chain snapped like a thread with the force of the waves, and she fell
into the trough without any control, got out all anchors and brought her up straight,
[people remained on the steamer] and when she did ground about 8 o'clock,
the blow had somewhat abated, and she stood up nobly, not starting a plank, or 
leaking a drop after several hours thumping.
We learn that the storm of Friday and Saturday was quite violent throughout this 
section, but the lower part of this county seems to have been in the way of the
butt-end thereof. It was felt however, with more or less force throughout all this 
part of the state. We regret to hear that the damage on the Sound was greater
than we had supposed. The plank road had a small bridge swept away between town 
and the toll house.
We hear that the storm extended as far inland as the upper end of Sampson, but not 
to any destructive effect. The Fayetteville Observer of Monday makes no
mention.
The late gale here lasted fully 48 hours."

Extract of the "Union" newspaper of 16 September published in the Wilmington Journal 
of 19 September 1857
The Late Storm at Newbern
"On Saturday we were enjoying a perfect gale, accompanied by a heavy, drenching rain. 
This continued during the balance of the day, and, in the meantime,
the tide had arisen over the wharves and for a considerable distance in the streets, 
placing the merchants in the vicinity of the water under the necessity of
moving their goods and chattels to their upper store rooms. Turpentine barrels, 
canoes, timber and a heterogeneous mass of &c.'s were drifted into the streets,
where the tide left them.
So far as we can learn there was not much serious damage done here. The shade trees 
and fences were the principal sufferers. A large number of the former
were uprooted and the most of the streets were almost literally covered with limbs 
and leaves. The top part of the bridge at Union Point was carried away. We
noticed that a number of families in the vicinity of Union Point had to be removed in 
canoes to places of safety, as their houses, which were small ones, were
considered to be in serious danger of drifting from their foundations. We understand 
that some of the still-yards faired pretty badly, but nothing was damaged
to any very great extent.
After night on Saturday, the wind hauled around to the South and by morning the tide 
had gone down to its usual depth. The wind, however, continued to blow
very heavy at the South and South-West, and the rain to fall with considerable force 
until late in the day on Sunday. Monday morning presented us with a clear
sky and calm weather."

Additional extracts of newspapers from the Wilmington Journal of 19 September 1857
The Washington N.C. Dispatch of the 18th inst. Says that the damage by the storm at 
Ocracoke Bar was but slight. The packet steamer Wake, Captain
O'Brien from this port for New York, went ashore outside of Ocracoke. The crew is 
reported all saved.

The Dispatch says:
"The tide (at that place) was four feet higher than usual high water. The whole of 
Water Street and a portion of the back of the town was inundated. The damage
done to goods in the stores was but small, as our merchants saw the coming storm 
and prepared for it. The principal loss was in naval stores, and lumber at
the ship yards and steam mills. A large shed and work-shop, belonging to Messrs. 
Myers & Co. and Mr. Ritch, was blown down. The Schr. C.W. Skinner,
lying at the Castle wharf, got on the wharf, but by the exertions of Capt. Cottrell 
and the crews of the Light Boat was got off without damage.
The owners of the distilleries over the river suffered considerable in the loss of 
naval stores and destruction of buildings and fixtures.
The steamer Post Bay made a harbor at South Creek, and returned to Washington in 
safety on Saturday afternoon.
All the vessels in port were anchored in the stream, and rode the storm in safety. 
The schooners and steamboats displayed their lights, and the light-boats lit
their lamps, which threw a lurid glare over the raging river, which, with the howling 
of the wind, the roaring of the water, and the pelting of the rain, presented a
most terrific and awful scene.
On Sunday, all our places of worship were closed, and the church bells were silent, 
but we doubt not that out citizens in the solitude of their dwellings,
worshipped Him who spake in the tempest and ruled the storm."

The Beaufort Journal of the 16th inst. Contains the following particulars relative 
to the disasters at that port and vicinity.
"The wind blew with so much violence as to cause the tide to rise up to the steps of 
the business houses on Front Street, and demolishing every temporary
wharf and building thereon. The Emily and Three Sisters, two small corn vessels 
anchored in the channel near the town were blown---one on Piver's Island and
the other some miles up Core Creek----neither one of which were injured materially. 
In the Banks Channel, where several vessels were anchored, the Schr.
Stanard's ground-tackling having become foul, (her anchors were small and having 
made no preparations for the storm) she drifted against the schooner
Charles McCleese, and causing so much damage that it became necessary for both 
vessels to slip anchors. They drifted on Brant Island, where they both
lodged close together. They are both damaged and full of water, but it is thought 
will be got afloat as soon as unloaded. The Standard is from Wilmington,
bound to Washington City, and loaded with lumber: her cargo will be saved. The 
Chas. MCClees is from the same port, bound to New York, and loaded with
wheat, the greater portion of which is in a damaged condition.
It is feared that there has been quite a number of vessels wrecked on the coast. 
Up to the hour of our going to press, we hear of only two: one of which is a
vessel of about 200 tons burthen, from the West Indies, loaded with logwood and 
coffee, and bound to New York. She is on the farthest extremity of Cape
Lookout, and will probably be a total loss. The other is a brig of 400 tons 
burden, John Parker, Capt. Roberts, of Providence R.I., bound for New Orleans to
Rottingdam and loaded with tobacco and staves. She is wrecked on the beach 
opposite Hunting Quarters is in a damaged condition and will probably prove a
total  loss. The crew of both vessels were saved."

From the Bermuda Royal Gazette, 22 September 1857
"The Barque Pearl, Captain W.S. Hutchings, from Baltimore bound to Demerera called 
off these Islands on Sunday last, and after communicating with the shore,
proceeded on her voyage.
Captain Hutchings, in a letter to us, states---- that he left the Capes on the 
15th instant. That on the 13th and 14th, while lying in Hampton Roads, he
experienced a heavy hurricane from the N.E. backing to N.W.; that there were 
at least 130 vessels in the Roadsted, windbound, that he saw on Cape Henry
Beach four vessels ashore. On the night he left, passed through a great quantity 
of wreck stuff such as cabin doors, chairs, beds, pillows, buckets, &c. On
the following morning, she spoke Brig Mary, McRae, of Belfast, the State of 
Maine, with nothing standing but fore-mast, and foreyard, having been dismasted
in the gale of the 13th and 14th. Supplied her with a Spar, which, Captain 
McR. Said was all he wanted. Cape Henry then bore W.N.W. 128 miles."


********************************************************************************

1857/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm is suggested to be stationary throughout its four day existence.  
This storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
reports from the ship "Ocean Express".

********************************************************************************

1857/04:  Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 
into one continuous track.  Utilized Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model for storm's winds over Texas and Mexico.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Cadet".

********************************************************************************

1857 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1857 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1857/04 were likely the same system.  Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1857/04, while Partagas and 
and Diaz's storm #5 in 1857 is removed.

********************************************************************************

1858/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "L. H. Sampson".

********************************************************************************

1858/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "Shelter".

********************************************************************************

1858/03:  Only major change to Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis was to 
extend the track 12 hr into Canada to account for observations in Maine.  
Utilized the northern wind-pressure relationship of hurricanes for winds at 
landfall.  A peripheral pressure reading of 978 mb (around 17 UTC on the
16th) suggests winds of at least 75 kt - 80 kt chosen for the best
track.  Central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 74 kt, for the second
landfall in Connecticut/Rhode Island - 70 kt is utilized for the second 
landfall.  Both of these pressure measurements support hurricane status for 
this storm.  Also used the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model 
for winds over New England.  Ludlum (1963) referred to this storm as the 
"New England Tropical Storm of 1858".

1858/03 - 2003 REVISION:

01185 09/14/1858 M= 4  3 SNBR=  41 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01190 09/14*252 846  60    0*260 839  60    0*269 831  60    0*279 820  50    0
01195 09/15*289 808  50    0*300 796  60    0*312 785  80    0*324 773  90    0
01200 09/16*340 758  90    0*360 746  90    0*385 733  80    0*414 720  70  979
01205 09/17*455 700  60    0*500 670  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01205 09/17*455 700  50    0*500 670  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

01210 HR NY1 CT1 RI1 MA1  

As the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this
hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 00 and 06Z on the 17th, 
which is reflected in the revised HURDAT.  
Additional information on this hurricane was also obtained by Boose et al. 
(2001).  They analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 at U.S. landfall based 
upon a Fujita-style analysis of hurricane wind-caused destruction, but had a 
slight high bias in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-
based empirical wind modeling work.  Thus landfall as a high end Category 1 
hurricane (80 kt) in New York is reasonable to retain.  Boose et al. (2001) 
also estimated a RMW of 45 nmi at landfall.  

********************************************************************************

1858/04:  Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 
into one continuous track.  No other changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon observations from the ships "Phantom", "Hudson" and "City of
Washington".

********************************************************************************

1858/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ship
"Priscilla".

1858/05 - 2003 REVISION:

01265 09/22/1858 M= 4  5 SNBR=  43 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01270 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*219 740  50    0*232 740  50    0
01275 09/23*246 740  60    0*261 740  60    0*279 740  70    0*293 741  70    0
01280 09/24*307 741  70    0*322 740  70    0*333 738  80    0*339 736  80    0
01280 09/24*307 741  70    0*322 740  70    0*333 738  80    0*339 737  80    0
                                                                   ***

01285 09/25*345 736  80    0*352 734  80    0*359 731  80    0*365 726  80    0
01290 HR

Track adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************


1858/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction in Bermuda
and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1858 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1858/04 were likely the same system.  Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1858/04, while Partagas and Diaz's
storm #5 in 1858 is removed.

********************************************************************************


1859/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon damage in Tuxpan and Tecoluta, Mexico.

********************************************************************************

1859/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Pressure
readings of 989 and 982 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC of August
17th and 18th, respectively) suggest winds of at least 64 and 71 kt from
the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track because 
of these values and from description of winds from ship reports, supporting
hurricane status for this storm.

********************************************************************************

1859/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from reports provided from
St. Kitts.

1859/03 - 2003 REVISION:

01375 09/02/1859 M= 2  3 SNBR=  47 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01380 09/02*172 597  70    0*174 607  70    0*176 618  70    0*177 630  70    0
01380 09/02*173 597  70    0*174 607  70    0*175 618  70    0*175 630  70    0
            ***                               ***              ***  

01385 09/03*177 641  70    0*179 654  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01385 09/03*174 641  70    0*173 654  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***              ***

01390 HR 

Re-examination of Salivia's (1972) Puerto Rican hurricane history, Boose
et al. (2003) and J. Colon (personal communication) reveals that this
hurricane did not impact Puerto Rico.  The track is adjusted slightly
southward to avoid a direct impact on the island, yet still cause 
the observed hurricane conditions in St. Kitts and St. Croix described
in Partagas and Diaz (1995a).
 
********************************************************************************

1859/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status from report from ship "Liberty".

1859/04 - 2003 REVISION:

01395 09/12/1859 M= 1  4 SNBR=  48 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01395 09/12/1859 M= 2  4 SNBR=  48 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *

01400 09/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*395 505  90    0*  0   0   0    0
01400 09/12*  0   0   0    0*355 575  90    0*370 545  90    0*390 520  90    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **
                            
(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01402 09/13*410 500  80    0*430 485  80    0*455 465  70    0*490 435  70    0

01405 HR

Mr. Doug Mayes at the University of South Carolina uncovered additional
ship observations, which allow for a track to be determined for this
hurricane from 06Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 13th.

New York Tribune Oct 1. 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Ship Coronet, Flowers, Liverpool. . . .12 inst lat 42 lon 50 experienced
a heavy gale which split fore and topsails, main spencer and done other 
damage.

New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8) 
Bark Etiwan (of Charleston) . . . . Sept 12th lat 36 lon 56 30 had a 
very heavy gale from SE which lasted for six hours veering suddenly to 
NW with equal force; split sails &c. 

New York Tribune Sept 30 1859 p. 8 
Ship Cordelia, Bishop, . . . Sept 13th lat 49 48 lon 4? 08 experienced a 
hurricane from E to SW which blew away entire suite of sails, sprung 
foreyard, main topmast crosstrees, and strained the ship badly, causing 
her to leak.

New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8)
Brig Bell Flower (of Pittston). . . . . Experienced heavy gales, split 
sails &c.  Sept 13 lat 45 30 Lon 47 23, during the violent gale from NE, 
was boarded by a sea which stove the deck cabin, filling the cabin with 
water, and washed the Captain and a seaman named Samuel Thomas overboard 
who were lost.

New York Times Oct 5 1859 p. 8 
Ship Anna Decatur, Parsons, Sunderland. . . . Sept 13 in lat 46 
experienced very heavy gales.


********************************************************************************

1859/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon destruction which occurred in Mobile.

1859/05 - 2003 REVISION:

01410 09/16/1859 M= 1  5 SNBR=  49 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01410 09/15/1859 M= 4  5 SNBR=  49 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *

(15th not in HURDAT originally.)
01413 09/15*280 890  70    0*285 890  70    0*290 889  70    0*296 886  70    0

01415 09/16*305 880  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01415 09/16*303 881  70    0*311 875  50    0*320 868  40    0*331 848  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.)
01416 09/17*343 825  40    0*356 800  40    0*370 775  50    0*385 745  60    0
01417 09/18*400 710  70    0*412 665  70    0*420 610  70    0*425 550  70    0

01420 HR AL1 
01420 HR AL1AFL1 
            ****


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.5N  88.0W   80kt  1     (977mb)    AL1
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.3N  88.1W   70kt  1     (985mb)    AL1,AFL1
                     ****   ****    **           ***           ****

Ship and land station observations uncovered by Mr. Doug Mayes and Prof.
Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina and Mr. Michael Chenoweth
are able to well document a track for this hurricane during its
passage over the southeast United States and back out over the Atlantic.
All of these newly analyzed data are documented in full below.  The data
reconfirms a minimal hurricane making landfall near Mobile, Alabama which
also caused Category 1 hurricane conditions in Pensacola, Florida.  The
landfall intensity though was reduced slightly due to the lack of strong 
pressure drop at Warrington, FL just east of the landfall point and relatively 
weak winds observed just north of Mobile (at Mt. Vernon, AL) soon after 
landfall.  This system then trekked to the northeast and reemerged back 
over the Atlantic near Virginia/Maryland.  Ship reports indicate that the 
storm re-acquired hurricane intensity over the open Atlantic.  A 
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (at 19Z on the 17th in Annapolis) suggests 
winds of at least 55 kt from the northern wind pressure relationship -
60 kt chosen for best track.

Newspaper Reports:
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
The Late Storm in Mobile. - Our Mobile exchanges, of Friday morning, come 
to us with full accounts of the storm in that city the day and night
previous.  It appears that the rain began to fall as early as 3 o'clock in
the morning, and continued without the slightest cessation during the 
whole day, at times accompanied by a heavy gale of wind, which shifted
at the edge of evening from northeast to southeast.  
At this time the alarm became very great.  The wind blew a hurricane and
the water flooded the wharf at the foot of Conti, and was still rising
when the authorities ordered the water alarm bells to be rung, and "the
bell on the tower pealed forth its ten strokes with fearful import.  Great
excitement prevailed, and the merchants on Commerce and Front streets
set about removing the merchandise into the second stories."
About half-past 9, however, the wind shifted to the south, the rain 
ceased, and the water began to recede and fears to subside.  As to the
damage, it is not, from the lateness of the hour, fully reported.  It is
stated, however, that the telegraph wires were broken down in every 
direction; the wharves and bath houses along the city side of the bay were
carried away; boxes, barrels and bales set afloat; and at a late hour
intelligence, from along the line of railroad track, was received, which
caused serious apprehensions that the trains would be interrupted for two
or three days, to the great inconvenience of a large amount of freight
at the depot.
Accidents from Thursday's Blow.- The schooner W. W. Harkness, Capt. 
Peterson, hence for Tampico, when about two miles above the head of the
Southwest Pass, during a heavy gale on Thursday last, lost her anchors
and chains and went ashore in four feet water.  
The steamboat Crescent, Capt. Carlton, left the levee on Wednesday
afternoon last . . . While proceeding on her voyage she encountered a
gale when off the Chandeleurs, which carried away her chimneys, pilot
house, texas and nearly all the bulwarks of the cabin.  
The main boat California, Capt. Myers, met the gale when opposite
Point Clear.  

The Daily Picayune Monday, Sept 19, 1859, p.4
The Storm on the Coast.  Damage to Shipping and other Property - 
The furious and destructive gale, which swept over the coast Thursday
last appears to have been much more violent at Pensacola and vicinity 
than even at Mobile.  The [Pensacola] Tribune of Friday says:
"On Wednesday night the first of the equinoctial storms commenced with
a vengeance, and yesterday the Storm King reigned supreme, the wind
blowing a hurricane and the rain falling a deluge.  Trees were 
uprooted and fences prostrated.  During the forepart of the day the 
wind blew, at different intervals, from every point of the compass,
with terrible force, sweeping everything before it.  At noon it 
settled in the southeast, from which point it blew with increased
violence.
The shipping in the bay was in a very critical condition, and greatly
confused.  The wind sporting with the smaller craft as with ebaff[?] 
- throwing them out on the beach and dashing them to pieces against the
wharves.
The schooner Hornet, with her cargo, was thrown ashore, and is now high
and dry.
At about 5 o'clock, the Palafox street wharf which had during the day,
up to the hour mentioned, nobly withstood the storm, succumbed to the
combined force of wind and wave, and was entirely demolished.
The new wharf also received damages to a considerable extent.
The bath-houses, the property of various individuals, situated along
the shore, were all completely destroyed.
It is almost miraculous how the entire shipping in the bay escaped
demolition.  Considering the violence of the storm, the damage done,
though great, might have been, and we fear is, far greater than here 
reported.
Vessels on the coast must have been greatly distressed, and we shall be
agreeably surprised, when sufficient time has elapsed, if we do not
hear of a greater loss of life and property than has ever been known
on the coast of Florida. . .
During Thursday night the wind shifted round to northeast, still 
blowing hard but somewhat inclined to lull.
At daylight this morning the beach presented an indescribable mass of
timbers from the different wrecks, drifted ashore during the night.
In the city, nothing more serious than fences blown down and shade
trees topped, have, as yet, been heard of.  On the beach, there are
numerous different estimates as to the value of property destroyed.
In lieu of authentic information, we give the lowest estimate rumored,
$10,000. . .
At the time we go to press it has abated its fury, though the winds
still blow in stiff breeze."
Safety of the Galveston - 
By a letter of the same date, but written some hours later, in the
Mobile Tribune, we are gratified to learn of the safety of the 
Galveston, Capt. Hutchings, which left this port with the Florida
mails the morning of the 14th.  She arrived at Pensacola about 10 
o'clock Friday morning.  The writer says:
"After getting to sea the wind commenced to blow fresh from the 
southeast, and increased to a gale, and blowed from almost every
point of the compass.  At 5 A. M. Thursday she was within twenty 
miles of Pensacola bar, but the gale increasing, it was dangerous
to keep on her course, and consequently she headed off the land and
rode the gale out.  At midnight the gale moderated, and the ship 
was again on her course for this place.  The wheel houses are stove
in, and the forward part of the ship above the deck is stove in also.  
It was necessary to throw off part of her deck load, and most of that 
on deck is damaged, as the water washed through the ship from fore to 
aft.  She has not sustained damage though to detain her." . . .
The Damage at Mobile -
Our neighbors of Mobile appear to have been more frightened than
hurt.  Only some sugar, flour, &c., on the ground floors of a few
of the warehouses were injured.  
At Point Clear nearly all of the little bath houses and wharves were
swept away, and the sojourners were much alarmed.
Higher up, on the eastern shore, every wharf and bath house, except
Hudson's and Stark's is gone.
In the neighborhood of Short's wharf, two oyster boats capsized, one
of them the Sea Bird, and two persons, names unknown, were drowned.

The Daily Picayune Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
Heavy Storm at New York. Extensive Damage to Property.  
New York, Sept. 17. - A very violent storm of wind a rain passed over
this city today doing considerable damage to shipping.  
Among the disasters, the bark Mary Ellen, from Bremen, dragged her
anchors and went ashore on Governor's Island.
There was also considerable damage to other property.
A five-story warehouse in progress of erection, in Duane street, was
blown down and completely demolished.  The house adjoining was also
thrown down and the tenants buried beneath the ruins.

Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) Tuesday Sept. 20 1859  p. 2  
The ravages of the storm of Friday and Saturday have been general and 
severe.  The amount of water was over eight inches.  The damage to the 
ungathered crops and to mill dams and fences has been very great.

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 
The Fresh, subsequent to the date of our report of yesterday, raised 
sufficiently on Sunday night to do some damage.  Scantling and other 
lumber was carried off from some of the lumber yards in Georgetown, and 
more or less of it lost.  In addition to the loss of salt by a 
Georgetown merchant, about fifty barrels of flour belonging to 
Mr. Cruikshank were damages.  This is all we hear of worth mentioning in
addition.  

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2  
Of the Chesepeake and Ohio canal it is yet in our power to say but 
little.  Unauthenticated reports were current yesterday of a breach on 
the nine mile level, and also east of the Great Falls, but they received 
little credence.  A telegraph dispatch from Harper's Ferry yesterday 
announced Dam No. 4 as swept away, but this was deemed altogether 
extravagant.  The coffer-dam lately inserted and the yet unfinished 
guard bank were most likely injured, but that the solid masonry of the 
dam has suffered is scarcely credible.

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 
Extraordinary Fall of Rain. ---  The amount of rain at Grafton Cottage 
near Washington, in the storm of the 16th and 17th instant, was six 
inches and four-tenths September 19,  CHAS. G. PAGE.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 
The freshet in the Potomac caused by the heavy rains of Friday and 
Saturday was a source of considerable excitement yesterday all along the 
river banks.  . . . . At five o'clock the river was rising at the 
Georgetown wharves, but we were assured that at the little falls bridge 
it was falling.  Some apprehension was felt for what might take place at 
the next flood tide.

Daily National Intelligencer  Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
A good many persons were hard at work at the western wharves scouring 
private and public property there.  The new depot of New York Steamship 
company was considered in much peril if the river should rise higher;  as
it was the water was up more than 100 feet beyond shore.  The contents of
the depot were removed in good time.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The current in the Potomac was very rapid, and large quantities of 
driftwood passed down.  In some cases lodging against vessels at the 
wharves somewhat to there risk.  The Long Bridge, in its present fragile 
state,  appeared to be in danger, but may withstand the pressure against 
it.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, so far as heard from has suffered no 
damage from the fresh.  The water was let out of the Georgetown level to 
prevent breaches there, and it is hoped that similar precaution was 
observed all along the line.  Some solicitude is felt for dams No. 4 and 
5, but nothing is known, as the telegraph was not at work yesterday.

New York Tribune  Monday Sept 19, 1859 p. 8
Brig Tangent, Plummer, from Boston, for Elizabethport, in Ballast for 
coal, arrived at the Hook on Friday night, and during the gale of 
Saturday dragged both anchors into two fathoms of water.  Her foremast 
was cut away, which with the yards and main topmast, went over the side, 
when she held.  She was towed up to the city on Sunday.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8  
Steamship Potomac, Watson, Savannah, . . . . On the 17th inst . . .  
9 P.M. 10 miles off Cape Hatteras, passed steamship Parkersburg hence for 
Savannah.  The P. experienced a heavy gale from the N.E.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Ship Marathon, Tyler Liverpool, . . . 17th inst, Lat 40 30, Lon ?9 in a 
gale from SE to NNE carried away main topmast trestletrees.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Ship Manhattan, Dixon, Liverpool Aug. 6. . . . has been twenty days west
of the banks with light westerly winds; had to haul off shore Saturday 
night during the heavy easterly gales.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Bark Milton, Bradford, Liverpool Aug 10. . . . Saturday 17th had a heavy 
gale from ESE to NNE with a bad sea, vessel laboring very heavy, Montauk 
bearing North 50 miles.

New York Tribune Sept 21, 1859 p. 12 
Ship Havre, Askins, . . . Sept 17 and 18, Lat 40 20 Lon 70 experienced a 
heavy gale from SE to NNE.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Ship Martha (of Boston)  Arr. Off the Hook 17th and hauled off shore in 
a heavy gale from E. Had heavy weather off Algoa Bay; slit split sails, 
washed away bulwarks, &c. 

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Ship Wm H Prescott (of Boston) . . . .17th inst, had a gale from SE to W; 
18th had hurricane from the N during which shifted cargo.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Bark Kepler . . . 17th inst, highlands bearing WNW bearing 40 miles 
passed schr Oregon lying to; experienced heavy westerly gales up to 
Lon 50.  since then light westerly winds and calms and on the 17th inst 
had a head easterly gale.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Schr Alma . . . 17th inst5 miles E of Sandy Hook, took  a gale from ESE 
and was compelled to haul off shore, during which split foresail, stove 
bulwarks, &c.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 
Ship Messenger, Hooper . . . . Sept 17 off the Capes of Delaware, 
experienced a hurricane fm NE which blew away foretopsail and jib.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 
Brig Salus Arkle, Palmero 70 days, and Gibraltar 36 days fruit to order. 
Sept 18 in a heavy gale from N., split sails &c.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8
Schr Sir Colin Campbell, Virgens, Sagua 11 days, sugar, &c. to Whitman 
Bros.  Sept 17 experienced a heavy gale from ENE lost deck load of 
Molasses.

New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 
Ship Constitution . . . . 17th Lat. 41 Lon. 67 had another very heavy 
blow from S and NW with a high cross sea running.

New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 
Bark R G W Dodge. . . 16th and  17th inst had heavy gale from SE

New York Tribune Sept 24 1859 p. 8
Bark Harvest Hammond Savannah 7days, in ballast to Sturgis Clearman and 
Company. Sept 17 SE of Hatteras experienced a very heavy gale from 
Southeast.

New York Tribune Oct 1 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Schr. Louisa A. Johnson (of Brookhaven). . . . 18th inst, lat 41 52 
lon 56 49 in a hurricane from NW lost mainboom and received other 
damage.

New York Times Oct 3 1859 p. 8 
Ship Lady Franklin, Jordan, Liverpool. . . . Sept 18 lat 44 lon 58 
experienced a hurricane from SE did no damage.

New York Times Sept 23 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 1859 p. 4)
Steamer Chesapeake . . . .during the NE gales of the 18th while off 
Cape Cod sprang a leak and threw overboard 400lbs of sugar and syrup.  
She still leaks and is kept free by her donkey pumps.  She will, after 
discharging her cargo, go to the docks for repairs.

New York Times Sept 20 1859 p. 8
Steamer George's Creek On the 16th experienced a heavy gale from the NE 
and was compelled to put into Hampton Roads for harbor.

New York Times Sept 19 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 p. 4)
Steamship Nashville. . . . The Nashville experienced very heavy gales 
from Hatteras to the Lower Bay where she anchored last evening the 17th.

Instrumental Records
--------------------
Date Time Station    Temp in  Cloudiness  Wind Wind  Comments
          Pressure    Open      Amount    Dir. Speed
Annapolis, Maryland	
16SEP 7am   30.12      63        10       NE    2
      2pm   30.06      65        10       ESE   3
      9pm   29.94      64        10       ENE   3   Rain began 9pm
17SEP 7am   29.51      67        10       NE    3
      2pm   29.37      60        10       N     4
      9pm   29.72      63        10       NW    2   Rain ended 9pm, 4.8"
18SEP 7am   29.86      57.5       0       NW    1
      2pm   29.84      72.5       3       N     1
      9pm   29.86      65         3       N     1

Fort Monroe, Virginia
16SEP 7am   30.30      73        Cloudy   E     4   Rain began 6am
      2pm   30.20      72        Cloudy   E     5
      9pm    NA        71        Cloudy   E     5
17SEP 7am   29.71      75        Cloudy   SW    4   Rain ended 5am, 0.86
      2pm   29.80      75        Cloudy   NE    2
      9pm   30.00      68        Fair     NW    2
18SEP 7am   30.15      70        Fair     NW    2
      2pm   30.18      73        Fair     NE    2
      9pm    NA        70        Fair     SW    2

US Naval Ob., Wash. D.C. (selected)
16SEP noon  30.22      68        10       SE    1   Rain began 2.5am
      2.5pm 30.18      66        10       E     2
      8.5pm 30.07      63        10       E     3
17SEP 0.5am 29.95      64        10       NE    3   Rain cont., 0.93"
      2.5am 29.90      63        10       NE    3
      6.5am 29.60      64        10       E     4
      8.5am 29.59      68.5      10       E     5
      9.5am 29.44      69        10       E     4
     10.5am 29.42      68        10       NNE   5
      noon  29.54      61        10       NW    6
      2.5pm 29.66      60        10       NW    6
      3.5pm 29.73      60        10       NW    6
      4.5pm 29.78      60        10       NW    6
      6.5pm 29.82      60        10       WNW   6
      8.5pm 29.89      60        10       WNW   4
      9.5pm 29.90      60        10       NW    3   Rain ended 9pm, 3.34"
18SEP 2.5am 29.95      60         4       NW    3   
      8.5am 30.04      64         1       NW    2
      noon  30.03      74        10       NW    3

Washington D. C.
16SEP 7am   30.28      60        10       NE    2   Rain began 1am   
      2pm   30.20      67        10       SE    3 
      9pm   30.08      63        10       NE    4 
17SEP 7am   29.51      69        10       NE    4
      2pm   29.61      61        10       NW    4   cont., 4.00"
      9pm   29.89      62        10       NW    4   Rain ended 9.5pm, 0.34"
18SEP 7am   30.03      61         0       NW    NA
      2pm   30.06      71         3       NW    1 
      9pm   30.08      64         0       0     0


Other records and diary entries
-------------------------------
(These observations are typically taken on a 7am/2pm/9pm timeframe.)

Mt Vernon Barracks AL
13th   N2/N3/NE0 
14th   NE1/NE0/N0
15th   NE0/NE6/NE5
16th   W3/W1/N0
17th   N0/NE0/NE0
On the 15th, 3.05 inches of rain, "Rained all day without ceasing"

Columbus MS
15th   SE2/SE3/E3 0.108 inches of rain
16th   N3/N3/N1
17th   N1/S2/E1

Pauling MS
15th   NE3/NE4/NE4
16th   NE2/NW3/NE1
17th   N1/M/E2
On the 15th, "wind at 6 pm NE5", rain 1.650 from 12 M to 1 AM

New Orleans LA
15th   NE4/N5/NW5
16th   W2/NW3/SW1
17th   E1/NE2/E2
On the 15th, High wind in the evening. 0.39 inches of rain. Barometer
on the 15th down to 29.85 in the middle of the day.

Baton Rouge LA
15th   NE2/NE4/NE2
16th   W1/NE2/NE1
17th   E1/E2/SE1

Thomaston GA
14th   72/76/72   29.05/29.05/29.05   SW/SE2/SE0   3.35" rain
15th   73/74/71   28.8/28.8/29.0      E1/SE2/SE4		
16th   70/84/77   29.0/29.0/29.0      S5/S4/SW_
17th   70/84/77   29.0/29.0/29.0      NE/SW/SW

Whitemarsh Island, GA
14th   71/84/75   W1/SSE3/M
15th   73/80/77   N1/NE3/SE3   1.35" rain
16th   77/82/79   S4/S5/WSW5   0.08" rain
17th   72/83/75   WNW3/WNW3/M

Sparta, GA
14th   61/85/70	  SW1/NW1/N1
15th   65/72/69	  E1/NE2/E4     rain afternoon night
16th   70/74/69	  SE1/SW3/SW4   rain During day
17th   63/83/71   W1/NW3/NE1

Augusta GA
14th   65/91/75     30.25/30.30/30.34   W0/W1/W0
15th   72.5/75/72   30.30/30.24/30.18   W0/W0/W0
16th   74/79/73     30.10/30.05/30.00   SE3/SE2/SW2   1.88" rain
17th   69/88/72     30.02/30.07/30.15   W0/W1/W0      0.42" rain

St Augustine, FL
14th   84/88/87   29.92/29.92/29.97   SW1/SE3/SW1
15th   84/86/84   30.10/30.10/30.10   SE3/SE4/SE4
16th   83/78/77   30.04/30.00/29.97   S3/SW3/SW2   0.40" rain
17th   80/90/87   30.00/30.00/30.00   NW2/SW3/SW1
Note most winds were 3+ in strength all month

Cedar Keys, FL
14th   80/86/80   S1/SW1/0
15th   80/85/81   E3/SE2/SE4
16th   76/81/80   SE3/SW3/SW4
17th   77/82/77   NW2/W2/NW2

Barrancas Barracks, FL
14th   72/88/84   N2/SE3/SE3
15th   76/81/79   NE3/SE7/SE8   3.30" rain
16th   75/87/77   NW5/NW2/N2
17th   75/87/81   N1/SW1/NW2

Warrington FL (US Naval Hospital)
14th   78/80/86/79   29.90/29.90/29.90/29.90   SW2/SW3/SW3/SW5   rain
15th   78/76/79/75   29.90/29.88/29.83/29.73   NE7/NE7/E7/SE7    rain
16th   74/80/87/80   29.79/29.80/29.84/29.87   NW7/SW5/SW4/SW3
17th   74/80/88/80   29.92/29.92/29.92/29.93   SW2/SW2/SW2/SW3

Lake City, FL
14th   77/92/78   S1/S2/0      0.50" rain
15th   79/87/75   SE1/S2/S2	
16th   74/82/78   S3/SW5/SW2   1.60" rain
17th   76/88/76   SW1/0/0



A. Glennie, Pawley's Island SC
14th   74/80/62   30.05   E/S/S
15th   67/79/77   30.05   N/SE/E
16th   79/83/80   29.80   S/S/SW   0.22
17th   72/82/72   30.02   W/W/W

Black Oak, Pinopolis SC
14th   61/82/72   30.05/30.13/30.14   NW/NE/SE	
15th   67/81/76	  30.15/30.23/30.21   NE/NE/SE   Cloudy/Rain/Cloudy
                                                 Rain 0.01"
16th   76/83/80	  30.14/30.03/29.92   SE/SE/E    Squally with high wind. 
                                                 Rain 0.09"
17th   70/82/71   29.95/30.02/30.03   NW/NW/W    Clear

Charleston Board of Health, SC
14th   69/81/78   30.11/30.15/30.21   SW2/E2    Fair
15th   76/80/78   30.24/30.26/30.25   NE2/SE2   Fair - rain 0.12"
16th   80/84/82   30.11/30.09/30.00   SE3/S5    Cloudy
17th   73/83/75   30.08/30.05/30.12   SW3/W1    Fair

Fort Moultrie, SC
14th   74/81/78   30.19/30.24/30.27   SW1/E2/E2     f/f/f - rain 0.23"
15th   76/80/77   30.22/30.24/30.26   NE1/E2/E1     cloudy/cloudy/f  
                                                    rain at intervals
16th   80/82/81   30.27/30.17/30.10   SE1/SE3/S5    f/cloudy/cloudy
                                                    stormy at 4 PM and 10 PM
17th   72/84/76   30.13/30.13/30.22   SW3/NW2/NW1   f/f/f

Arsenal Academy, Richland County (Columbia), SC
14th   68/86/71   NE0/SE2
15th   70/83/72   E3/SE3   [rain] 4.5 PM continued during night   
16th   73/78/68   W6/SE5   1.8" rain
17th   66/85/72   NE0/SW3

Aiken, SC
14th   63/87/72   E2/E2/E2
15th   M/72/66    M/E1/NE3   0.85" rain
16th   73/80/66   NE4/SE4/W4 0.94" rain
17th   67/81/69   W3/S2/SW1		

David Golightly Harris.  Spartanburg, SC
16th   Night before last and yesterday and last night it rained very hard
 
Charleston Courier, Saturday, September 17:  The winds and waves 
prevented the boat race which was eagerly expected on Friday afternoon.  
We shall no doubt have a trial on the first fair afternoon;  and after 
the gales and "blows" of this period, we may expect frequent occasions of 
such a delightful and exciting pastime.

Dr. Louis M. Desaussure.  Beaufort Dist., SC
16th - rain, threatening Sepr gale from N.E. - warm ...  Late in eveng, 
hard blow or gale of wind & rain from S.E. threw cotton down funneled it


& injured it.

John McPherson DeSaussure (Kershaw Dist.):  Rain fell 0.05 In.  wind 
S.E., S. or S.W.

Samuel Porcher Gaillard.  Sumter Dist., SC:
14th   Cool this morning, 68°.  Cloudy this evening
15th   Cloudy this morning & heavy fog.  About 9 am sun came out, 
overcast all morning from 11 am until 2 pm at which time the clouds were 
threatening at south & S.W.  At 3 pm had a few drops of rain & from that 
time to this, 8 pm, occasionally a few drops, likely to rain before 
morning.
16th   Had a little rain last night.  Cloudy & unsettled all morning.  
Had a slight shower just after daylight & ceased at 7 am.  At a ¼ of 12 
(& previous) heard thunder & by 20 after 12 a heavy cloud came over from 
S.S.W.  A very heavy fall of water.  It did not cease raining until near 
2 pm.  At 4 pm had a heavy shower all evening.  About sunset every 
appearance of clearing up as it has been clear at west but soon  became 
cloudy & has been raining off & on up to this time 9 pm the wind 
indicates stormy weather.
17th   Had a very heavy rain last night & wind very high, by 12 o'clock 
ceased & was clear before morning.  I heard this morning (which was ???? 
by a letter from my sister, Mrs. Rembert) that yesterday a tornado passed 
over Col. James Rembert's plantation.  Every building except smokehouse 
unroofed even his dwelling, which is a very large building.  All his 
fencing down.  I have no doubt it was [serious] to the crops.  He said it 
all was done in 5 minutes.

Charles Heyward, Charleston SC
15th   Good weather until today, Cloudy & rain
16th   Overcast.  Threatening weather but passed off during the night with 
a little high wind

Chapel Hill, NC
14th   68/80/65   29.61/29.66/29.69   NW1/W1/W1
15th   62/76/68   29.78/29.63/29.43   NE2/NE2/N2
16th   66/70/68   29.73/29.63/29.43   NW3/NW3/NW1
17th   66/80/69   29.33/29.46/29.56   NW3/NW3/SW1  0.15" rain

Murfreesboro, NC
14th                                 W1/SE1/NE1
15th   63/76/68   29.4/29.55/29.35   E2/NE2/E2
16th   69/70/69   29.3/29.25/29.2    SE4/SW3/NW1   0.60" rain
17th   72/82/71   28.9/29.0/29.1     NW1/NW1/NW1   0.50" rain

Basil Armstrong Thomason.  Yadkin County, NC
15th   Cloudy and cool.  Wind from the north east.  
16th   A real "north easter."  Came as near raining all day as common.  
       Guess this is the equinoctial storm.
17th   Clear and quite warm.  It rained a small flood last night, so the 
       creeks are past fording to-day.

Halifax, Nova Scotia
16th   42/60/37   29.9/29.9/29.9   NW & SW clear and fine 
                                   Thermometer at sunrise 32
17th   45/64/44   29.9/29.8/29.7   SE Cloudy rain at night
18th   50/56/53   29.5/29.4/29.4   ENE Heavy rain nearly all day
19th   57/65/47   29.4/29.4/29.6   WNW Cloudy - clear and fine

1859/05 - 2011 REVISION:

                  
01475 09/15*280 890  70    0*285 890  70    0*290 889  70    0*296 886  70    0*
01480 09/16*303 881  70    0*311 875  50    0*320 868  40    0*331 848  40    0*
01485 09/17*343 825  40    0*356 800  40    0*370 775  50    0*385 745  60    0*
01490 09/18*400 710  70    0*412 665  70    0*420 610  70    0*425 550  70    0*
01495 HR AL1AFL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.3N  88.1W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AL1,AFL1
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.3N  88.1W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AL1,AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Alabama and Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************



1859/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Utilized
the northern wind-pressure relationship for hurricanes from ship on 6th.
Ship with central pressure observation of 938 mb gives 105 kt, used 110 kt in 
best track - supporting major hurricane status of this storm.

********************************************************************************

1859/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over Florida reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  

********************************************************************************

1859/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Pressure
reading of 989 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, 28th of October)
suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, supporting hurricane status
for this storm.

1859/08 - 2011 REVISION:

01560 10/28/1859 M= 6  8 SNBR=  53 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
01560 10/24/1859 M= 6  8 SNBR=  53 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                    L  
         **                                         * *****

(The 24th through the 27th is new to HURDAT.)
01561 10/24*202 933  40    0*203 933  40    0*204 933  40    0*206 932  40    0*
01562 10/25*207 932  40    0*208 932  50    0*210 931  50    0*212 930  50    0*
01563 10/26*214 929  60    0*216 928  60    0*218 926  70    0*220 925  80    0*
01564 10/27*223 921  80    0*225 917  80    0*231 910  80    0*239 900  80    0*

01565 10/28*294 796  70    0*296 791  70    0*298 786  80    0*300 781  80    0*
01565 10/28*248 887  80    0*257 871  80    0*267 850  80    0*277 828  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

01570 10/29*302 776  90    0*303 771  90    0*305 766  90    0*307 761  90    0*
01570 10/29*292 792  70  989E303 752  60    0E317 699  50    0E327 635  40    0*
            *** ***  **  ****    ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  ** 

(The 30th through the 2nd are removed from HURDAT.)
01575 10/30*308 758  80    0*309 755  80    0*310 750  80    0*310 745  80    0*
01580 10/31*310 741  80    0*310 736  80    0*309 730  70    0*308 726  70    0*
01585 11/01*308 721  70    0*308 716  70    0*308 711  70    0*308 706  70    0*
01590 11/02*308 700  70    0*309 695  70    0*310 690  70    0*312 685  70    0*
01595 HR
01595 HR BFL1CFL1
         ********

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8-10/28/1859   1800Z 27.7N  82.8W   80kt  1    ---   (974mb)   BFL2,CFL1

Highlights: This report documents a new land-falling Florida hurricane (Saffir-
Simpson Category 1) previously undocumented. The new start point extends 
previous details of Storm 8 back to the Bay of Campeche and connects with data 
from the Atlantic previously reported in HURDAT. The later stages of the 
hurricane are now modified based on map analysis. The storm is now shown to 
have made a landfall over southern Tampa Bay and then accelerated to the 
east-northeast and becoming extratropical and passing near Bermuda by late on 
29 October as it merged with a frontal wave separating a steadily encroaching 
area of cold high pressure across the entire SE USA. This high pressure 
dominated the weather over this area into early November. 
(Re-analysis of this hurricane was provided by Mike Chenoweth.)

Key Observations:

Daily Picayune, 12 November	
"The late gale, or succession of gales in the Gulf, appears to have been one 
of the most extensive and prolonged we have for years had occasion to record. 
On the Mexican coast it lasted ten days, and none of the great sailing tracks 
appear to have been without a visit from it. Capt. Peterson, of the schooner 
W.W. Harkness, arrived yesterday from Tampico the 21st ult., furnishes the 
following interesting report of his experience, which will give best in the
words of the log itself:	

	"On the 23d October, two days out from Tampico, was compelled to heave to 
	and reef sails in a heavy norther in lat 25, long. 96, which lasted until 
	the 27th, when in lat. 22, long. 9246, was overtaken by a hurricane. Began 
	to blow at 8 P.M. from the northeast, and lasted till 11 A.M. the next 
	morning, when wind veered round to the northwest, barometer 27.50. During 
	all this time the Harkness was hove to with all sails furled, except a 
	little of the main peak set to keep her head to the sea, which run very 
	high. Lost two jibs, carried away head stays and worked loose bowsprit. 
	Vessel made water freely after the gale. Finally, obliged to drift without 
	any sails till temporary rigging could be made. Wind blowing strong from 
N.E. all the time.  November 2. - At 4P.M. exchanged signals with the schooner Star, 
bound south, lat. 2524 long. 9311.  November 4. - Vessel very crank. Fruits rotten. 
Was obliged to run in for the land, westward, in smooth water and brought to. All 
the fruit overboard.  Broke cargo aft and stowed forward, so as to bring vessel into 
sailing trim.  November 9. - Off Timablier [sic] Island. Exchange signals with 
steamships Mexico and Texas.  November 10. - Arrived at Southwest Pass, 21 days 
from Tampico, during which time not one single hour of fair wind. Nothing but a 
northeaster from one end of the Gulf to the other."

[NOTE: The barometer reading of 27.50 is not to be relied on. Also, the date of 
27 October is believed to be actually 26 October, in order to maintain 
continuity with	the land-based and other ship data.]	

Synoptic Features:

An area of low pressure probably formed over the southern Bay of Campeche 
around 23-24 October near the tail end of a cold front that was dissipating 
in the area. An area of high pressure over the southern U.S. brought an 
easterly flow along the entire northern Gulf Coast and strong northerly winds 
to the Florida Peninsula on 24 October but southeast and south winds were 
returning around the high in central and northern Texas, while northeast winds 
still blew in southern Texas. On 25 October, the high weakened with a ridge 
extending from Arkansas and Louisiana towards northeast Mexico. A trough of 
low pressure penetrated into the Florida panhandle from the north as a low 
pressure center moved across the Great Lakes region on the 25th and 26th of 
October. By 1800Z 26 October (about 2 p.m. Eastern Time) weak high pressure 
was central over central Texas and the lower Ohio River valley while a cold 
front extended along the eastern US into the north Gulf coast area. Easterly 
winds blew at Key West on 25 and 26 October.

At 1800Z 27 October a large high pressure area was central over the Great Plains 
and a low pressure center over the Gulf of St. Lawrence region of Canada. A cold 
front extended from the Atlantic across north-central South Carolina, central 
Georgia and just clearing the southeast tip of Louisiana and entering south 
Texas at about 27.5N. 

At 1800Z 28 October, the hurricane made landfall along the southeastern shores 
of Tampa Bay. The storm was accelerating in forward motion as it moved just 
south of a frontal boundary extending from near Bermuda to the St. Augustine 
and Cedar Keys area, then dipping more to the southwest into the western Gulf 
of Mexico and entering Mexico near about 23N latitude. High pressure was nearly 
stationary over the central Great Plains. Strong northerly winds prevailed from 
Savannah, Georgia westward into southern Texas.

During the next 12 hours, the hurricane, accelerating its forward motion passed 
over the present day Orlando area and emerged from the Florida coast between 
Cape Canaveral and Oak Hill. By 0600Z, the cyclone was near the intersection 
of the cold and warm fronts and had become extratropical. During the next 12 
hours, the low pressure continued to move to the east-northeast passing near 
and a little north of Bermuda. High pressure moved across Florida and dominated 
the area into the opening days of November. 

Pressure gradient winds account for the strong winds reported by a few ships on 
31 October and 1 November previously noted in Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995) 
and are not associated with Storm 8. This leads to the major adjustments in 
the portion of the former HURDAT track east of Florida, which until now was 
the only documented portion of the storm.

Major Changes from Previous HURDAT

New ship reports from the Gulf of Mexico and daily weather maps of land-based 
data allow for this storm to be tracked back to its approximate area of origin 
in the Bay of Campeche.  In addition, the storm end date is moved forward to 
better fit with the large-scale circulation flow in which the hurricane moved 
through.

Weather reports from the U.S. Coast Survey at Egmont Key (near the mouth of 
Tampa Bay) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida were key to identifying the landfall 
position of the storm. Egmont Key was brushed by the northern portion of the 
eyewall so maximum sustained winds were not felt there (although considerable 
damage was done to equipment and instruments that led to the cessation of 
weather reports until early November). No barometer data are available for 
the storm center except by the Kensington schooner on 28 October, with a 989 mb 
reading. Based on weather map data, the time of observation of this reading is 
probably about 0100-0200Z 29 October. This pressure yields 61 kt wind speed 
using the Brown et al. north of 25N wind-pressure relationship.  The fast 
forward motion of the storm likely caused an additive effect to the maximum 
wind speed, so the intensity is analyzed at minimal hurricane force (70 kt), 
consistent with observed
hurricane force winds at the ship.

Land-based damage reports are limited to Egmont Key and the strongest winds 
probably avoided the island. Based on the wind descriptions at Egmont Key, 
a force 10 wind (~50 knots) on the weaker side of the east-northeastward moving 
hurricane, an approximate forward motion at landfall of about 22 kt (and 
increasing) and the subsequent pressure reading east of Florida of 
989 mb, a wind speed of 80 kt is assessed for landfall intensity in 
west Florida. The force 9 winds reported from Charlotte Harbor and the 
description of wind speed nearly at hurricane force could suggest stronger 
winds on the southeast and east side of the eye wall at landfall.  This makes 
the system a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Florida.  A similar 
track of such a storm today would take it directly over or very near Walt Disney 
World and the city of Orlando.

One question addressed was whether the cyclone was undergoing extratropical 
transition either before landfall or after it was moving over Florida.  The 
temperature at Egmont Key at all three observations on 27 October was 74F with 
unsettled rainy weather prevailing all day. On 28 October there is a single 
temperature reading at 7am of 68.5F which would indeed indicate cooler air 
close to the hurricane. The temperatures at Charlotte Harbor on 27 October 
at the 3 ob times were 78-78-79 and on 28 October were 77-78-74.  Keeping in 
mind that the thermometers, being 1859, were in non-standard exposures and 
were probably wetted and acted like a wet bulb under the weather conditions 
prevailing at the time, may have indicated erroneously cooler air temperatures 
than what actually occurred during the storm.  Additionally, the central 
pressure from the Kensington suggests the storm was still a hurricane at this 
point but soon after becoming extratropical (so even having travelled over 
land it maintained hurricane intensity in an increasingly unfavorable 
environment).  It is estimated that extratropical transition occurred around 
06Z on the 28th - whereas no extratropical stage for this system was 
indicated previously.


********************************************************************************

1860/01:  Extended track three days into the Atlantic as was suggested by 
Partagas and Diaz (1995a).  However, it is noted by Prof. Cary Mock of the 
University of South Carolina and Sandrik (2001) that all of the available 
historical accounts from this time showed no evidence for tropical storm 
strength during its transit over Georgia.  It may very well be the case that 
this system dropped to tropical depression stage before redeveloping into a 
moderate-intensity tropical storm over the Atlantic.  Due to format chosen, 
however, that tropical depression stage is not utilized in HURDAT until 
1871, this system will be retained here formally as a minimal tropical storm 
over the southeast United States.  Inland winds over SE US derived from 
utilizing Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide 
values from Ludlum (1963) for Fort St. Philip, Louisiana (12 ft) and 
Mobile, Alabama (10 ft).  Storm determined to have reached major hurricane 
status based upon destruction and storm tide values along U.S. Gulf coast.

1860/01 - 2011 REVISION:

01600 08/08/1860 M= 9  1 SNBR=  54 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
01605 08/08*279 841  40    0*278 845  40    0*278 848  50    0*277 853  50    0*
01610 08/09*276 859  60    0*275 863  60    0*275 868  70    0*274 875  70    0*
01615 08/10*274 880  80    0*274 885  80    0*275 890  90    0*275 895  90    0*
01620 08/11*276 899 100    0*279 901 100    0*284 903 110    0*290 901 110    0*
01625 08/12*297 898 100    0*305 889 100    0*310 880  70    0*313 868  50    0*
01630 08/13*314 856  40    0*315 846  40    0*317 836  40    0*318 826  40    0*
01635 08/14*319 816  40    0*320 806  40    0*320 796  50    0*320 786  50    0*
01640 08/15*320 776  50    0*323 766  50    0*325 756  50    0*327 746  50    0*
01645 08/16*330 735  50    0*333 720  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
01650 HR LA3 MS3 AL2                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-8/11/1860    2000Z 29.2N  90.0W  110kt  3    ---   (950mb)   LA3,MS3,AL2
1-8/11/1860    2000Z 29.2N  90.0W  110kt  3    ---   (945mb)   LA3,MS3,AL2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 110 kt hurricane.  This suggested 
a central pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - 
for a 110 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.


********************************************************************************

1860/02:  Extended the track to the 26th to take into account ship 
observations reported by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a).  Otherwise, no major 
changes.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
reports from the ships "Sabine", "Mary Rusell" and "Zurich".

********************************************************************************

1860/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon report from ship "Ocean Spray".

********************************************************************************

1860/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 10' from Ho (1989) for Mobile, 
Alabama.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction 
and tide experienced along the U.S. Gulf coast.

1860/04 - 2003 REVISION:

01620 09/11/1860 M= 6  4 SNBR=  56 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
01625 09/11*251 838  90    0*252 841  90    0*252 845  90    0*252 848  90    0
01630 09/12*252 851  90    0*252 856  90    0*254 860  90    0*255 866  90    0
01630 09/12*252 852  90    0*253 856  90    0*254 860  90    0*255 866  90    0
                ***          ***

01635 09/13*256 871  90    0*257 876  90    0*259 881  90    0*262 886  90    0
01640 09/14*267 893  90    0*272 896  90    0*277 899  90    0*283 898  90    0
01640 09/14*267 893  90    0*272 896  90    0*277 898  90    0*283 898  90    0
                                                  ***

01645 09/15*289 896  90    0*295 896  90    0*301 894  90    0*308 891  70    0
01645 09/15*289 897  90    0*295 896  90    0*301 894  90    0*308 891  70    0
                ***

01650 09/16*318 886  50    0*330 880  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01655 HR LA2 MS2 AL1

Track altered slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

1860/04 - 2011 REVISION:

01695 09/11/1860 M= 6  4 SNBR=  57 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
01700 09/11*251 838  90    0*252 841  90    0*252 845  90    0*252 848  90    0*
01705 09/12*252 852  90    0*253 856  90    0*254 860  90    0*255 866  90    0*
01710 09/13*256 871  90    0*257 876  90    0*259 881  90    0*262 886  90    0*
01715 09/14*267 893  90    0*272 896  90    0*277 898  90    0*283 898  90    0*
01720 09/15*289 897  90    0*295 896  90    0*301 894  90    0*308 891  70    0*
01725 09/16*318 886  50    0*330 880  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
01730 HR LA2 MS2 AL1                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-9/15/1860    0400Z 29.3N  89.6W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   LA2,MS2,AL1
4-9/15/1860    0400Z 29.3N  89.6W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   LA2,MS2,AL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested 
a central pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.


********************************************************************************

1860/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************


1860/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon destruction in Louisiana.

1860/06 - 2011 REVISION:

01765 09/30/1860 M= 4  6 SNBR=  59 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
01770 09/30*224 910  50    0*226 911  50    0*230 913  60    0*234 915  60    0*
01775 10/01*237 916  70    0*244 919  70    0*251 920  80    0*260 921  80    0*
01780 10/02*268 920  80    0*276 919  90    0*285 916  90    0*297 914  90    0*
01785 10/03*312 909  60    0*323 905  50    0*335 900  40    0*347 891  40    0*
01790 HR LA2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-10/2/1860    1700Z 29.5N  91.4W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   LA2
6-10/2/1860    1700Z 29.5N  91.4W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   LA2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1860/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon several ship reports. 

********************************************************************************

1861/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1861/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon ship 
reports from the "Santiago de Cuba" and the "Kate Stevens".  Storm
is known as the "Key West Hurricane" from its impacts in Key West,
Florida (Ludlum 1963).

1861/02 - 2003 REVISION:

01800 08/14/1861 M= 4  2 SNBR=  61 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01800 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  61 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *           

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01805 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 700  40    0*210 715  40    0

01805 08/14*230 756  70    0*231 765  70    0*232 775  70    0*232 783  70    0
01805 08/14*215 730  50    0*220 745  60    0*225 760  70    0*229 774  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

01810 08/15*235 793  80    0*237 801  80    0*237 810  90    0*239 816  90    0
01810 08/15*232 787  80    0*235 799  80    0*237 808  80    0*239 815  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

01815 08/16*240 823  90    0*240 828  90    0*240 835  80    0*240 839  80    0
01815 08/16*242 820  80    0*246 825  80    0*250 830  70    0*254 835  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01820 08/17*240 843  80    0*240 846  80    0*240 851  80    0*239 856  80    0
01820 08/17*258 840  60    0*262 845  60    0*266 850  50    0*270 856  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

01825 HRBFL1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-8/15/1861$*  2100Z 24.0N  82.0W   70kt  1     (970mb)   BFL1
2-8/16/1861$*  0000Z 24.2N  82.0W   70kt  1     (970mb)   BFL1
                     ****           

Additional observations for this hurricane were obtained from a
weather record kept by the U.S. Consul at Turk's Island (Salt Cay) for
the Smithsonian Institute that is located in the US National Archives. 
(Thanks to Michael Chenoweth for providing this additional data.)
These are provided in full below:

Date             0900L   1400L   2100L   0900L  1400L  2100L

August 12, 1861  29.95"  29.94"  29.94"
August 13, 1861  29.90"  29.70"  29.60"  NE 6   SE 5   NE  6
August 14, 1861  29.95"  29.96"  29.96"

Comment for 13 August: This was a very stormy day. Generally
persons prepared for a hurricane.

Smithsonian Wind Force Scale 
(values are estimates of the highest gusts) 
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

Best track is extended back one-half day to the 13th and the track is 
adjusted on the 14th and 15th accordingly.  The 1002 mb peripheral pressure 
measurement suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly 
on the 14th.  

Further additional observations were provided by Brian Jones of the
University of Miami in his analysis of military fort observations
in Florida:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
8/13/1861  E-3    E-2    E-1   "night 0.39"
8/14/1861  NE-2   NE-1   NW-3  "rain at night .24"
8/15/1861  N-4    N-4    N-6   "light showers at intervals .06"
8/16/1861  NW-6   SW-5   W-4   (No comments provided)
8/17/1861  SW-4   SW-4   SE-3  (No comments provided)

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These data strongly suggest that the hurricane passed to the east,
north and then northwest of the fort, rather than moving south of
the fort.  The change of track provided for the 16th and the 17th 
now matches these newly available observations, while still being 
consistent with the impact in Key West and the sparse ship reports. 
The Fort Jefferson observations also indicate a weaker system than
the 90 kt hurricane originally estimated, even after accounting for
the hurricane's weaker side impacting the fort.  Since the only data 
for hurricane conditions in this system were observed on the 15th and
16th and that this system is not recorded as making landfall anywhere
on the Gulf coast, a weakening to below hurricane force is deduced 
for the 17th.


1861/02 - 2006 REVISION:

01875 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  62 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
01875 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  62 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

01880 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 700  40    0*210 715  40    0*
01885 08/14*215 730  50    0*220 745  60    0*225 760  70    0*229 774  70    0*
01890 08/15*232 787  80    0*235 799  80    0*237 808  80    0*239 815  80    0*
01895 08/16*242 820  80    0*246 825  80    0*250 830  70    0*254 835  70    0*
01900 08/17*258 840  60    0*262 845  60    0*266 850  50    0*270 856  50    0*
01905 HRBFL1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

1861/02 - 2011 REVISION:

01875 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  62 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
01880 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 700  40    0*210 715  40    0*
01885 08/14*215 730  50    0*220 745  60    0*225 760  70    0*229 774  70    0*
01890 08/15*232 787  80    0*235 799  80    0*237 808  80    0*239 815  80    0*
01895 08/16*242 820  80    0*246 825  80    0*250 830  70    0*254 835  70    0*
01900 08/17*258 840  60    0*262 845  60    0*266 850  50    0*270 856  50    0*
01905 HRBFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-8/16/1861    0000Z 24.2N  82.0W   70kt  1    ---   (970mb)   BFL1
2-8/16/1861    0000Z 24.2N  82.0W   70kt  1    ---   (978mb)   BFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind of 80 kt
for this hurricane as it bypassed the Florida Keys with maximum sustained winds 
to impact the Keys of about 70 kt.  970 mb was listed in the U.S. Hurricane 
record as the central pressure at the time of closest approach.  This value
is a typographic error as the southern pressure-wind relationship
suggests 978 mb landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane.  This estimate of 
central pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane 
landfall listing.  This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this 
central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed 
value.

********************************************************************************

1861/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Pressure reading of 958 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC,
30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm judged
to have reached hurricane force based upon this pressure reading and
wind observations from the ships "Harvest Queen" and "Marianne".

********************************************************************************

1861/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon observations from the ship "David G. Wilson".

********************************************************************************

1861/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane force
based upon observations from the ship "Virgina Ann".  Hurricane is also 
known as the "Equinoctial Storm" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) 
and Ludlum (1963). 

********************************************************************************

1861/06:  Have extended the storm out four additional days as was suggested 
in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup to the 9th based upon the ship
"Wellington".

********************************************************************************


1861/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************


1861/08:  Have started track over Gulf of Mexico instead of over Florida
as was drawn in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Inland winds
over Florida and NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model.  Values of 1000mb and 999mb give winds of
49 and 50 kt, respectively, utilizing the northern wind-pressure
relationship;  50 kt is used in the best track.  Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon observations from Hatteras Inlet
and the ship "Honduras".  Hurricane is also known as the "Expedition 
Hurricane" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1862/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1862/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1862/05:  The only major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
was to add an additional half day on the 17th to accommodate the end 
of the track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity
based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/06 - 2003 ADDITION:

02126 11/22/1862 M= 4  6 SNBR=  73 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
02127 11/22*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0
02128 11/23*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0
02129 11/24*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 796  50    0*105 797  50    0
02130 11/25*105 798  40    0*105 800  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
02131 TS

A new storm (possibly hurricane intensity) was uncovered from the 
meteorological register kept at Aspinwall, Panama (9 22 53.7N
79 52 58.2 W) by A.F. Holmes, Acting Master Navigating Officer
of the U.S. Steamer "James Adger", part of the voluntary Smithsonian
Institute network.  (Thanks to Mike Chenoweth for providing the 
information for this new storm.)  Below are the temperature,
wind direction/force, cloud cover (in tenths), and rainfall from
November 20-25, 1862 (unfortunately, the barometric record appears
to be defective): 

Date  Temp. Temp. Temp.  Wind  Wind  Wind  Cloud Cloud Cloud  Rainfall
      0700L 1400L 2100L  0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L 

20    74.7F 80.6F 76.3F  S   1 W   2 SE  1   9     6     3     0.12"
21    74.6F 79.4F 77.0F  SE  1 NW  2 WNW 2   8     8    10     0.12"
22    75.2F 78.6F 76.9F  NW  7 NNW 7 NW  6  10    10    10     3.45"
23    76.3F 78.0F 78.8F  NNE 6 NNW 5 NW  5  10    10    10     6.18"
24    78.8F 78.3F 77.5F  NNW 6 WNW 4 WxN 5  10    10    10     0.64"
25    75.4F 76.9F 77.0F  WxN 3 WxN 3 WxN 4  10    10    10     0.61"

Comments:
22 November - At 2a.m. gale commenced blowing from NW. Heavy
   sea came in suddenly.
23 November - Gale continued, more sea than yesterday.
24 November - Gale continues.
25 November - Gale over.

Smithsonian Wind Force Scale
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph
5 - High breeze       35 mph
6 - Gale              45 mph
7 - Strong gale       60 mph
8 - Violent gale      75 mph
9 - Hurricane         90 mph
10 - Most violent    100 mph

Based upon this, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northeast
of this location from the 22nd to the 25th with weakening late on the
24th and on the 25th.  No apparent motion of the storm could be detected
until late on the 24th and on the 25th when a slow westward drift is
indicated by the change in wind direction to more westerly.

********************************************************************************

1863/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "Francis B. Cutting" and "Rapid". 

********************************************************************************



1863/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "American Congress" and "Herzogin".

********************************************************************************

1863/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 975 mb gives 83 kt with the 
northern wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt in best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports
from several ships.

********************************************************************************

1863/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from
the ship "Dolphin".

********************************************************************************

1863/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1863/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland 
decay model.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until
its dissipation below tropical storm strength).

********************************************************************************

1863/07:  A 36 hr track was achieved for this storm - Partagas and
Diaz (1995a) had kept the storm stationary.  Inland winds over Mexico 
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an
accelerated decay rate used to account for enhanced topography.

********************************************************************************

1863/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1863/09 - 2003 ADDITION:

02341 09/29/1863 M= 3  9 SNBR=  82 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
02342 09/29*285 957  60    0*289 953  60    0*293 948  60    0*296 943  50    0
02343 09/30*298 937  50    0*300 931  50    0E301 925  40    0E302 919  40    0
02344 10/01E303 913  40    0E304 907  40    0E305 901  40    0E306 895  40    0
02345 TS

Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Roth have uncovered substantial evidence
for a previously undocumented tropical storm that made landfall in
Texas/Louisiana in the United States.  The storm did exhibit some
baroclinic characteristics at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, but was
retained as a tropical cyclone until 12Z on the 30th.  A peripheral 
pressure of 999 mb (around 12Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at least 
47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen 
for the best track.  Below are excerpts from the Houston weather 
observer's record along with newspaper accounts of the storm's impacts.

Houston weather observer record, September/October 1863
(Temperatures taken at sunrise, 1-3pm, and sunset.  Pressure, winds and
clouds were monitored 4-5 times a day between sunrise and sunset.  
Pressure given in inches - 30" for values between .01 to .09 and 29"
for values between .49 and .96.  Winds are given between 0 [calm] and
6 [violent storm].  Clouds are given in tenths.)

Date Temperatures   Pressure             Winds            Clouds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
9/26 62/90/80       .07/.09/.04/.05      NE2/S3/S2/S3     3/6/7/8
9/27 69/83/78       .03/.04/.01/.96      E2/SE2/S4/S2     10/10/10/10
9/28 70/69/66       .84/.86/.76/.71/.63  E3/E4/SE5/E5/E6  10/10/10/10/10
9/29 68/72/71       .50/.50/.50/.49/.53  NE3/E3/NE4/M/N3  8/8/10/10/9
9/30 68/71/71       .73/.81/.85/.89      N4/N5/N5/N5      9/10/10/9

"The Storm of the 28th and 29th much more severe at Galveston & East of 
Galveston than here.  At Sabine Pass wind took off limbs of trees.  At 
Washington but little wind but heavy rain.  At Velasco wind very high as 
on the coast generally.  Heaviest fall of water I remember in these times".  

From the _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ published in in Houston, TX:

Friday October 2, 1863  

"SABINE PASS, Sept. 29 - This morning our forces captured a fine Yankee 
 schooner, the Manhassett, with her crew, consisting of seven men.  She was
 loaded with coal and was used as a tender to the blockading fleet.  The 
 heavy gale last night drove her in near the coast, seven miles below the Pass,
 and coming within range of one of our batteries, which at once prepared to 
 fire on her, she hoisted the white flag and surrendered.  Her stores are all
 safe in our hands."

"The late equinoctial storm has undoubtedly lashed the waves of the Gulf into 
 unusual commotion.  The federal fleet now cruising about will be truly 
 fortunate if they have escaped disaster from the fury of the elements.  
 Rarely in past years has such a storm occurred without more or
 less wrecks on the Louisiana and Texas coast."

October 14, 1863   
"The Fordache Fight
 Morgan's Ferry, Sept. 30, 1863 - ...On the night of the 28th September, our 
 forces crossed the Atchafalaya, at the same time that a 60 hours rain set in.
 Our troops bivouacked on the east bank of the Atchafalaya on that night, 
 under a drenching rain."

From the New Orleans _Picayune_:

Tuesday, September 29, 1863 
"The drouth (sic) still continues, but there are signs that it will not be 
 of much longer duration.  A change is much wished for in the city, as most of 
 the cisterns are empty, and the dust, when agitated, is very annoying, 
 especially to notable house-wives."

Wednesday, September 30, 1863
"Long wished for, come at last - the refreshing and welcome rain.  Now it has 
 commenced, the prospect is we shall have it in abundance."

Friday, October 2, 1863
"A gloomy and disagreeable day was yesterday - neither good for man nor beast.
 It was a day to incite one to commit suicide - uncomfortably wet and warm, 
 and very debilitating.  Well, a few days ago we were praying for rain.  Now 
 we sigh for fair weather.  How unsatisfied and inconsistent men are! and 
 women too, for that matter.  For instance, a few days ago, house-wives
 were complaining that there was no water for the family washing.  Now they 
 complain that though there is an abundance of water, they cannot get the 
 clothes dry when they are washed.  According to present appearances,
 this will be a difficulty to be overcome only by ingenuity and good 
 management for some time to come.  'The rain it raineth every day' is
 likely to be the cry for lo, many days.  Well, 'Man never is, but always to 
 be, blest.'"

"The blustering norther that came upon us yesterday, although not the 
 pleasantest of visitors, was decidly (sic) welcome as the successor
 of the disagreeable weather that immediately preceded it.  We have fairly 
 entered on the few weeks of changeable weather - now hot, now cold, and 
 alternately dry and wet - usual at this season.  It is trying to the 
 constitution and productive of sickness, and those who have any care for 
 their health will be careful to avoid all unnecessary exposure."

It was hot and uncomfortable again in New Orleans on the 2nd. 

********************************************************************************



1864/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Hattie Eaton".

********************************************************************************

1864/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1864/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Central America reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated decay rate used to account for
enhanced topography.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from Martinique and Belize.

********************************************************************************

1864/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm analyzed to be stationary for four days duration.  An alternative
solution to being stationary for four days is that the storm completed
a tight (but slow) loop during this time.  However, the data available
does not provide enough detail to fully document that a loop actually
occurred.

********************************************************************************

1864/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1865/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1865/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1865/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 

********************************************************************************


1865/04:  This hurricane was originally listed as #5 in 1865 in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Added additional day at end of the track over 
Louisiana and Arkansas to provide a reasonable decay of the hurricane.  Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from Guadeloupe and Louisiana.  This system is known as the "Sabine River-
Lake Calcasieu Storm" in Ludlum (1963).

1865/04 - 2011 REVISION:

02685 09/06/1865 M= 9  4 SNBR=  92 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
02690 09/06*160 555  90    0*160 567  90    0*160 580  90    0*160 593  90    0*
02695 09/07*161 608  90    0*162 624  90    0*165 638  90    0*167 655  90    0*
02700 09/08*167 675  90    0*170 695  90    0*171 710  90    0*174 724  90    0*
02705 09/09*177 736  90    0*180 750  90    0*185 763  90    0*189 774  90    0*
02710 09/10*192 788  90    0*199 801  90    0*202 815  90    0*207 826  90    0*
02715 09/11*210 839  90    0*212 851  90    0*219 865  90    0*226 876  90    0*
02720 09/12*231 884  90    0*237 894  90    0*246 904  90    0*254 911  90    0*
02725 09/13*263 918  90    0*271 924  90    0*281 929  90    0*292 933  90    0*
02730 09/14*304 935  70    0*316 935  50    0*328 933  40    0*340 930  40    0*
02735 HR LA2CTX1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-9/13/1865    2100Z 29.8N  93.4W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   LA2,CTX1
4-9/13/1865    2100Z 29.8N  93.4W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   LA2,CTX1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1865/05:  This storm was originally listed as #7 in 1865 in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No major changes from their analysis.  No track is 
available, only one point.  

********************************************************************************

1865/06:  This hurricane was originally listed as #6 in 1865 in Partagas and 
and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No major changes from their analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "Teresa".

********************************************************************************

1865/07:  This hurricane was originally listed as #8 in 1865 in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Havana central pressure observation of 975 mb 
gives 83 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt
in best track.  Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and 
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon numerous ship reports and observations taken in
Cuba.

1865/07 - 2003 REVISION:

02695 10/18/1865 M= 8  7 SNBR=  92 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
02695 10/18/1865 M= 8  7 SNBR=  94 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                                **

02700 10/18* 95 804  40    0* 97 804  40    0*100 805  40    0*102 806  40    0
02705 10/19*105 806  40    0*107 808  40    0*110 810  50    0*113 811  50    0
02710 10/20*118 813  50    0*123 814  50    0*129 816  60    0*137 818  60    0
02715 10/21*143 820  60    0*152 823  60    0*159 824  70    0*169 826  70    0
02720 10/22*179 828  80    0*189 830  80    0*200 830  90    0*212 829  90    0
02725 10/23*227 825  80  975*242 819  90    0*257 810  90    0*271 798  80    0
02725 10/23*226 826  80  975*238 821  90    0*250 814  90    0*265 802  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

02730 10/24*286 783  80    0*301 769  80    0*314 753  80    0*325 731  80    0
02730 10/24*282 788  80    0*299 772  80    0*314 753  80    0*325 731  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***

02735 10/25*335 706  70    0*347 683  70    0*360 660  70    0*373 635  70    0
02740 HRBFL2CFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
7-10/23/1865$  0700Z 24.6N  81.7W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2
7-10/23/1865$  1000Z 24.6N  81.7W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2
               ****

7-10/23/1865$  1100Z 25.5N  81.2W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2,CFL1
7-10/23/1865$  1400Z 25.4N  81.1W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2,CFL1
               ****  ****   ****


Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
10/20/1865 NE-2   NE-2   NE-2   "9AM-?, 1.60"
10/21/1865 NE-4   NE-4   NE-10
10/22/1865 NE-10  N-4    N-4    "Rain 11AM-?, 2.50"

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These observations indicate that the hurricane's landfall over the
Florida Keys was somewhat later than the 07Z on the 23rd as 
originally estimated.  Based upon these data, the timing of the
track is adjusted back in time on the 23rd and 24th slightly.  This
allows for landfall to occur in the Keys around 10Z.


********************************************************************************

1865 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1866/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon reports from Matagorda, Texas.

1866/01 - 2003 REVISION:

02685 07/15/1866 M= 1  1 SNBR=  93 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
02685 07/11/1866 M= 6  1 SNBR=  95 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **         *           **

(The 11th to the 14th are new to HURDAT.)
02686 07/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 873  90    0*280 878  90    0
02687 07/12*280 883  90    0*280 888  90    0*281 893  90    0*281 899  90    0
02688 07/13*281 905  90    0*281 911  90    0*282 917  90    0*282 923  90    0
02689 07/14*282 929  90    0*282 935  90    0*283 941  90    0*283 947  90    0

02690 07/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  90    0*  0   0   0    0
02690 07/15*284 953  90    0*285 959  90    0*285 965  90    0*286 971  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                       *** ***  **

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
02691 07/16*286 977  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

02695 HRBTX2

Analysis by Roth (1997a) provides additional information for this hurricane
which was previously listed as a "single-point" storm in HURDAT.  Roth writes:

"July 12-13th, 1866: A storm moved well off the coast of Louisiana. On the 
 11th at 28.5N 87.3W, a three-masted schooner was dismasted in heavy seas. 
 Winds "blew hard" at New Orleans for a few hours on the evening of the 12th. 
 Tides increased until daybreak the 13th.  Damage was seen at the Timbalier 
 Bay lighthouse. "Ugly, threatening weather" hit on the 12th. Three feet of 
 water surrounded the tower. Wave action knocked away two brick piers, as 24 
 hours of pounding surf broke against the lighthouse. The keeper became 
 spooked by the combination of weather condition and loneliness, and "promptly 
 resigned"."

Based upon this description, the track was extended back to the 11th for
this hurricane.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Texas.

1866/01 - 2011 REVISION:

02820 07/11/1866 M= 6  1 SNBR=  96 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
02825 07/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 873  90    0*280 878  90    0*
02830 07/12*280 883  90    0*280 888  90    0*281 893  90    0*281 899  90    0*
02835 07/13*281 905  90    0*281 911  90    0*282 917  90    0*282 923  90    0*
02840 07/14*282 929  90    0*282 935  90    0*283 941  90    0*283 947  90    0*
02845 07/15*284 953  90    0*285 959  90    0*285 965  90    0*286 971  60    0*
02850 07/16*286 977  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
02855 HRBTX2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/15/1866    1200Z 28.5N  96.5W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   BTX2
1-7/15/1866    1200Z 28.5N  96.5W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   BTX2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1866/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
enhanced topography.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "A. E. Patterson" and
the Fortress Monroe.

********************************************************************************

1866/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Messina" and "Robert Wing".

********************************************************************************

1866/04:  Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
not assume that the hurricane was stationary for three days at 15N 
and 29.5W.  Only one six-hourly position/intensity is provided on 12 UTC
of the 18th.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon ship reports from the "Iddo Kimball".

********************************************************************************


1866/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 

********************************************************************************


1866/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Central pressure observation from Nassau with 938 mb gives 120 kt with the
southern wind-pressure relationship, which is used in the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon
this central pressure measurement as well as several ship reports.  This
system is known as the "Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866" (Ludlum 1963).

********************************************************************************

1866/07:  Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their
analysis.  Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas.

1866/07 - 2011 REVISION:

03040 10/28/1866 M= 3  7 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0 L
03040 10/29/1866 M= 2  7 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0 L
         **         *                               *

(The 28th is removed from HURDAT.)
03045 10/28*210 740  80    0*220 745  80    0*235 750  80    0*255 753  80 0*

03050 10/29*275 756  70    0*295 758  70    0*315 758  70    0*337 754  70 0*
03050 10/29*  0   0   0    0*295 758  50    0*315 758  50    0*337 754  60 0*
            *** ***  **               **               **               **

03055 10/30*360 748  60    0*385 744  60    0*413 740  50    0*445 730  40 0*
03055 10/30*360 748  60    0E385 744  60    0E413 740  50    0E445 730  40 0*
                            *                *                *
03060 HR
03060 TS
      **

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date          Time   Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                    Wind Affected

7-10/30/1866    0800Z  39.5   74.3    60     NJ
(Removed as U.S. Tropical Storm, as it made landfall while extratropical.)

This system is revised based upon new information provided by Mike Chenoweth.  
While Mr. Chenoweth recommended complete removal of this system from HURDAT, it 
was decided to revert this track back to that originally proposed by 
Fernandez-Partagas, with no extension into the Bahamas.  The data is rather 
ambiguous for complete removal.  On one side, the data provided by Mr. Chenoweth 
for the southeastern U. S. are hard to reconcile with the gales and apparent 
circulation documented by Fernandez-Partagas.  On the other hand, the data from 
Norfolk is not consistent with a low passing offshore, which means either the 
low off the southeastern U. S. coast tracked much farther west than suggested 
by Fernandez-Partagas or the reports were influenced by a separate low.  The 
observations at Georgetown, South Carolina suggest that whatever low was off 
the southeastern U. S. coast was east of the oncoming cold front and thus may 
well have had some tropical characteristics.  The temperature data for New 
Bedford, Massachusetts indicates that the cyclone became extratropical prior 
reaching New England.  The complete recommendation provided by Mr. Chenoweth 
is included below.

From the reanalysis' metadata page:
> 1866/07:  Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
> extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their
> analysis.  Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's
> (1995) inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
> status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas.

The last sentence above is a reference to Fernandez-Partagas and Diaz (1995), 
storms of 1865-1870, page 30. A ship passed by Fortune Island on 30 October and 
reported that the island had been destroyed by a hurricane on the previous day. 
The account was published in the New York Times on 18 November based on a 
(probable telegraphic) report from Baltimore on 17 November from the ship that 
had arrived in port with the news.

NEW INFORMATION

The Nassau Guardian newspaper is complete for 1866 and makes no mention of severe 
weather anywhere in the Bahamas in late October. There was extensive coverage of 
the hurricane of 30 September to 02 October throughout the Bahamas, including an 
account of the hurricane at the south side of Fortune Island on the night of 30 
September and 01 October in the 20 October issue of the newspaper.

The report of an October hurricane is clearly a garbled account and Fortune Island 
was destroyed by a hurricane at the end of September.

Weather reports from Oglethorpe Barracks (Savannah), GA, Hilton Head and 
Wilkinsville, SC, Wilson and Statesville, NC, Fortress Monroe and Norfolk Navy 
Hospital, VA and Annapolis and Baltimore, MD (among other locations) indicate that 
the late October storm was most likely extratropical and underwent a strong 
development off the mid-Atlantic coast. Wind data from the two Norfolk stations are 
often at variance but otherwise the wind data from land stations appears to be of 
good quality.

St. Stephens, New Brunswick [HMS Cordelia Logbook]
Oct 30 noon 49 SE6 30.10 Midnight 47 SE8 29.83
Oct 31 noon 53 S1 29.88 2pm SW2 4pm 53 NW1 29.95
Halifax, Nova Scotia [HMS Duncan Logbook]
Oct 30 noon 47 SE4-5 30.50
New Bedford, MA 7a, 2p, 9p ob times
29 October 45-51-54 ese2-se2-se3 30.37-30.29-30.21
30 October 58-62-52 se5-s4-nw1 29.81-29.53-29.64
31 October 42-54-40 w1-wxn2-nw1 29.81-29.87-30.06
Annapolis, MD 7a, 2p, 9p ob times
29 October 58-65-62 s2-s2-s3 30.19-0.01-29.83
30 October 57-57-48 n2-w2-nw1 29.57-29.4-29.94
31 October 39-51-43 w2-nw3-nw2 30.05-30.12-30.27
Norfolk Navy Yard Sunrise, 9am, 3pm, 9pm
29 October 68-69-66-66 se3-se3-sw4-sw5 29.96-29.94-29.85-29.78
30 October 66-65-60-59 w1-w4-wnw5-nnw4 29.62-29.62-29.60-29.60
31 October 50-51-51-50 nnw5-nnw5-nw3-nw3
Fortress Monroe, VA 7a, 2p, 9p
29 October 60-65-61 e3-e3-ne6 30.45-30.25-9.75
30 October 65-66-55 ne2-n1-n5 29.75-29.75-30.00
31 October 48-52-45 n3-n1-nw2 30.20-30.20-30.35
Wilson, NC 3541N 7747W 7a, 2p, 9p
29 October 58-70-69 e1-s2-e2
30 October 64-72-54 sw1-nw1-w1
31 October 42-54-44 nw1-n1-n1
Georgetown, SC
Oct 28 No temp NE1-E2-E1 clear-fine-cloudy
Oct 29 No temp SE5-SE5-S2 rain-rain-rain 2.5" of rain
Oct 30 MM-69-56 SW1-W3-W1 fine-clear-clear
Hilton Head, SC
29 October 68-76-66 se4-se2-sw1
30 October 62-68-56 w1-nw2-nw3
31 October 49-57-40 nw3-nw2-n2
Savannah, GA
29 October 70-76-68 s-s-ne
30 October 65-78-70 ne-ne-ne
31 October 60-72-65 ne-ne-ne
Bermuda (noon ob)
Oct 29 74 NE3 30.040 fine wx
Oct 30 73 SE4 29.945 cloudy

PROPOSED CHANGES TO STORM SEVEN OF 1866

The data indicate that a coastal low, possibly forming off of South Carolina and 
Georgia moved up the coast as a cold high retreated away from New England. A cold 
front passed through the Carolinas on the night of 29-30 October and relatively 
mild air wrapped around the coastal low in the Norfolk area as it deepened rapidly 
in this region of the coast. Reports of gales at sea are consistent with an 
extratropical scenario. Although a tropical component is always a possibility, the 
available ship reports are not convincing enough given the weight of evidence from 
land stations and from searching for additional newspaper shipping account reports 
made by this author which have failed to find evidence to support a tropical component 
to this storm.

Regarding the possibility that the system began as a tropical cyclone then evolved 
into an extratropical low is the following discussion:  The wind shift at Georgetown, 
SC is not consistent with a tropical cyclone passing by to its east; likewise, the 
wind field from the Virginia and NC observations would suggest a frontal boundary by 
the morning of 30 October lying between Norfolk and Wilson. A large high pressure area 
retreated as the low came up the coast but it seems like the initial disturbance came 
across the SE US and deepened/formed off the SC coast and then moved NNE 
into southern New England where it was clearly an extratropical system as 
F-P & Diaz suggested. Ludlum's sparse documentation also suggests he had 
doubts about the storm's existence. I do not believe we have sufficient 
evidence for a tropical cyclone especially given the absence of any storm in 
lower latitudes.  Also, ship reports from the brigs G.W. Barter and Eveline 
do not mention rainfall or storms or any bad weather other than gales and if 
they had so, this would have made me more inclined to consider the 
possibility of a subtropical depression or storm forming north of the 
Bahamas and east of SC. The ships also do not mention having "laid to" so 
they continued moving (at whatever speed) so their coordinates may be the 
location where they initially encountered gales but the weather does not 
necessarily correspond to a fixed point and covers an indeterminate period 
of time on the stated day.]

Given the absence of the tropical connection from the discounting of the Fortune Island 
report as a garble of the September hurricane, it is recommended that storm seven be 
removed from HURDAT.


********************************************************************************

1866 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.  It is likely 
that this case was confused with storm 1867/09, which hit at the exact same 
place at exactly the same time of year.
2.  The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938) and Dunn and Miller (1960), but no other 
information.  It is likely that this case was actually storm 1866/01.

********************************************************************************

1867/01 - 2003 ADDITION:

02901 06/21/1867 M= 3  1 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
02902 06/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*295 800  50    0*303 801  60    0
02903 06/22*311 800  60    0*318 799  70    0*325 798  70    0*332 796  60    0
02904 06/23*339 794  50    0*345 792  40    0*350 790  40    0*355 788  40    0
02905 HR SC1

This is a new hurricane that has been uncovered by the work of Prof. Cary 
Mock at the University of South Carolina.  The information that he provided 
(included in total below) shows that a Category 1 hurricane made landfall
in South Carolina.  As the storm made landfall just to the east of 
Charleston and the city received approximately 60 kt of winds (based 
upon wind-caused damage) while on the weak side of storm, peak intensity
is judged to be about 70 kt at landfall occurring between Charleston
and Georgetown.

Here are excerpts from local papers that Prof. Mock was able to obtain:

Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24: 
	THE WEATHER. - The heavy and continuous rains from Wednesday last, 
reported in Saturday's Courier, culminated Friday night and Saturday 
morning in the heaviest rains and one of the severest gales witnessed here 
for several years.  On Friday night the shipping at the wharves had to be 
doubly secured, and between nine and ten o'clock, Saturday morning, the 
wind seemed to reach its highest, blowing almost a perfect hurricane from 
the Northeast, for nearly two hours.  Its effects at sea, we fear, have 
been disastrous.  The harbor presented a very black and terrible appearance.  
In the city a number of wharves sustained considerable damage, houses 
were unroofed, chimneys blown down, trees torn up by their roots, and 
large branches blown from others, blocking up streets and sidewalks.  The 
tin roof of the New Custom House on East Bay, near Market-street, was 
blown off and carried by the wind to the corner of Cumberland and East 
Bay, a distance of between three and four hundred feet.  The tin was 
afterwards removed by the Custom House laborers into the Custom House 
yard.  Two large derricks on the South side of the building were also 
blown down, crushing in their fall a number of the beautifully cut and 
costly cap and cave stones, besides killing a cow belonging to Mrs. 
Jenkins.  The steamer Huron, lying at the Custom House Wharf, was 
overflowed and sunk.  The gale moderated Saturday afternoon, and on Sunday 
the skies had again become clear.
	We learn from Dr. George S. Pelzer, City Registrar, that the fall 
of rain from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive, was seven and a half inches, 
three inches of which fell on Saturday.  This is said to have been the 
heaviest fall of rain since 1824.

Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24:
Marine News:
	A GALE IN JUNE. - After some days of unsettled weather, accompanied
 with rain, the wind commenced blowing a heavy gale from the Northeast at 
an early hour on Saturday, and about seven to eight o'clock it had 
increased to the force of an equinoctial blow, but moderated about midday. 
 The shipping and wharves being generally in fair order, got off with 
little damage, the injuries being quite unimportant.  The steamers Pilot 
Bay, from Savannah, and Dictator, from Florida, arrived safely on Sunday, 
without injury.  The Dictator experienced the blow on her passage from 
Fernandina to Savannah, and had a part of it after she anchored in 
Savannah River.  She reports the wind from North to Northwest, with a very 
heavy sea.  A brig, name unknown, had dragged ashore near Tybee.

Charleston Daily Courier, Tuesday, June 25:  
	THE WEATHER. - After four days of rain and wind, the sun shone out 
beautifully yesterday, imparting new life and hope to Nature and her 
children.  What damage has been done to the crops we are not yet 
sufficiently informed to speak with certainty.  There is reason to apprehend 
that the cotton and corn in the low country, at least, have been seriously 
injured, and there is little doubt that the whole rice crop on Cooper River 
has been largely, if not entirely destroyed.  So far as we have been able to 
learn, the wind-storm prevailed only immediately on the coast, though the 
rain fell continuously three days in most of the Districts in the State.  We 
hope to receive more detailed intelligence to-day.

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
Marine News.
SAVANNAH, June 23. - The brig W.H. Parks was blown ashore on Tybee, during 
the gale of yesterday.  It is supposed that she will get off.

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
DANGEROUS RUINS. - During the gale on Saturday the walls of Tobias' old 
building, at the corner of Vendue Range and East Bay, were rocked to and 
fro to such a degree that their fall was momentarily expected...

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
THE GREAT STORM. - DAMAGE DONE THE TREES, WHARVES, THE BUILDINGS, AND THE 
CITY CROPS. - The storm of rain which has been passing over the city for 
more than four days reached its height on Saturday, and was then accompanied
by a storm of wind which might fully be termed a hurricane.  Such a 
storm at this season has not been known in the memory of citizens who have 
resided here for nearly a century, and the last storm which equaled it in 
power and fury took place in the Fall of 1854.  In the city the amount and 
value of injury done cannot be well estimated, but a few particulars will 
enable our readers to judge for themselves.
	Trees were blown down in every direction.  On Orange-street a tree 
one yard in diameter was uprooted, and all the fruit and ornamental trees 
throughout the city have been damaged.  The grape vines suffered particularly,
and all of the corn in the various garden lots has been blown down 
almost without exception.
	The tin roof of the new Custom House was rolled up by the wind and 
carried by it to the corner of Cumberland-street, and the derricks in 
front of the Custom House were blown down, killing a cow in their fall.  A 
portion of the roof of the South Carolina Railroad freight depot was 
rolled up, but secured and fastened down before any damage had been done 
to the building or its contents.
	The roof of the shed on Brown's wharf was damaged, the roof of 
that on Kerr's wharf was also damaged, and some little damage was done to 
the roof of Atlantic wharf.
	The bathing house was injured;  three breaches were made in the 
East Battery, and an iron stand near the corner of Church and Broad 
streets were forced to the ground.
	Yet, whatever the damage done in the city, it will be nothing in 
comparison with that done in the country districts.  In another column 
will be found some account of the injury done by the rains alone, and we 
await with many misgivings, the accounts of the ravages of the great storm 
of June 22, 1867.

Samuel Porcher Gaillard (Sumter Dist.), June 22:  Thermometer at 5 A.M. 70, 
12 N 65, 9 PM 60.  Rain all night and ceased about daylight at half past 
6 A.M. began again & [never ceased] at times very hard up to this time 9 P.M. 
has not ceased.  Wind & clouds from N. East from 12 N Wind ????

David Golightly Harris (Spartanburg), June 22:  Rain... The land was 
entirely too wet.  This evening it is raining again   June 23 - Rain.  All 
last night there was a constant gentile rain.  It has been raining 
incessantly to day (11 o'clock) and no prospect of its ceasing.  Much fear 
is entertained that wheat will be injured in the shock.  None has been 
threshed yet & no prospect of suitable weather for the business.  This is a 
gloomy Sunday   June 24 - Rain.  Rain.  Rain.

Jacob Schirmer (Charleston):  June 22nd - Weather the past week has been 
almost one Continuous Rain and that in torrents and this morning, 
something of a Severe Gale, and quite cool.  Great fears are entertained 
that our staple crops have suffered very materially.

William J. Ball (Limerick Plantation):  June 19-22 - Heavy & Continuous 
Rain, Heaviest Freshet since 1837

Elias Horry (Georgetown):  June 22 - Gale

Hilton Head weather record:    June 22nd - 7am:SE4, 2pm:NE4, 9pm:NE4, 
2.04" precipitation.  (The numbers indicate force with a scale from 0 to 6.  
0 indicates calm and 6 indicates a violent storm.)

Glennie weather record, Georgetown, SC:  June 22nd - Sunrise:NE6-very
heavy rain, 2pm:E6-rain/gale, 9pm:E2-showery. 

Statesville NC weather record:  June 22 (7/2/9) - E4 E4 E4... rain started 
at 8 pm    June 23 - rain ended at 11 am... total 2 inches for storm...
E4 E4 E4

The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 3:
The Gale of Saturday Morning
	One of the most terrific gales that has ever passed over the city 
since 1854, occurred on Saturday morning last.  It commenced at half-past 
six o'clock.  At seven it was at its height, destroying beautiful shade 
trees, carrying away awnings, portions of tin roofs gutters under the eaves 
of houses, conductors on the sides of buildings, window shutters, etc.
	The steamer Gen. Berry, lying moored to the wharf at Capt. Rufus P. 
Hawkes' ship yard, opposite Abercorn street, parted her fastenings and was 
driven to the Savannah shore of the river.  No damage was done to her.
	The steamer Annie, lying at the Hutchinson Island shore of the 
Savannah river, at the pilings opposite West Broad street, had her sails, 
which were chewed up, blown into ribbons, and her sides, which are torn, 
chafed by coming in contact with the pilings to which she is moored.
	On the Thunderbold Road a frame two-story building, in the course 
of erection for Mr. Frederick A. Schultz by Bostock & Hobson, was blown down.
	A tree, during the gale, fell at the southwest corner of Indian and 
West Broad streets, carrying away the brick fence of the Guerard buildings.  
Further up Indian street, a large tree fell on a building owned by 
Mrs. Farry, crushing in the roof.  On Bryan street, a tree fell against the 
residence of Mrs. Sarah Puder, crushing in the windows of the second story.
	Messrs. Wylly and Meinhard's building, on the south side of Broughton 
street, had a portion of its tin roof blown away.
	At Mr. Maupu's farm on the White Bluff Road, had several trees 
prostrated, breaking down his fences, which were newly erected.
	Up to the hour of writing we have not heard of any accidents.
	The crops in every portion of this county have greatly suffered, 
although we are hopeful that the destruction is not so great as is 
apprehended.

The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 2:
	THE WEATHER - We have never experienced more unpleasant and 
depressing weather than that which has been prevailing hereabouts for the 
last five days, and we regret to learn that the continued heavy rains have 
thrown a deep gloom upon the countenances of planters in this section.

New York Times, Marine Intelligence, July 1:  
Brig, Alex Milliken - June 21 and 22, had a very heavy N.E. gale;  split and 
lost sails, and lost deck-load of molasses.

New York Times, Marine Intelligence, June 30:
Brig Agnes (Br) - June 21, lat. 30 12, lon. 79 18, had a heavy gale from 
S.E. to N.E., and back to S.E., with increased violence, with high sea 
running, sprung a leak, lost one boat, stove bulwarks, started headrails, &c.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 5:
BRIG W H PARKS, which was blown ashore at Tybee during the recent heavy 
gale, and from her position was considered as being virtually lost and only 
worthy of abandonment, was got off 30th ult, sustaining but little damage, 
and as she was fully repaired.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 4:
SCHR MARTHA ANN, McCormick, which sailed from Charleston some days since 
for New York, with a cargo of lumber, returned to Charleston on Saturday 
last, having experienced heavy gales on the 21st and 22d June, off Cape 
Lookout, during which lost deck load, sprung a leak, split sails, and has 
sustained other damage.  She has put back to C for repairs.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 3:
BRIG HENRY LAURENS,... for New York, before reported put into Charleston 
28th ult. leaky, reports June 19 off Sand Key Light, coast of Florida, 
experienced heavy blows, varying from NE to SE, with short cross seas, 
causing the vessel to labor and sprung a leak;  on the 22d, had heavy 
gales from the south, with short head sea, the vessel making water badly...

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
BARK J CUMMING (Br), Hookway, at Charleston from Newport... June 22, when 
near Charleston, experienced a severe gale from the northeast to northwest 
in which lost two lower topsails, split other sails, and caused the bark to 
leak...

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
SCHR FOAMING SEA, North, at Charleston, from Baltimore on the 22nd ult, off 
Cape Romain, experienced a severe eastern gale, and had part of the bulwarks 
carried away... flying jib, and sustained other damage.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 1:
BRIG WM SPARK, of Philadelphia, parted her chains in a NE gale June 22, and 
went ashore Tybee Island.

From the _Wadesboro Argus_, North Carolina:  
On Sunday [June 23] last this immediate section was visited by another heavy 
and destructive rain storm, heavier, it is said to have been, than those 
mentioned by us a week or two ago.  For three hours, from 8 to 11 A.M., the 
rain fell in torrents, beating down small grain not yet cut, also corn and 
cotton, and washing lands.  We hear of great destruction on all sides of us in 
consequence of the creeks and branches being unusually swelled, and of large 
quantities of wheat in the shock, left in the low grounds, floated off, and 
fences swept away.

From the _Wilmington Dispatch_, North Carolina: 
The Wilmington Dispatch [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel],  July 2, speaking 
of the freshet in the Cape Fear:
	We learn that, in consequence of recent rains, the Cape Fear has 
risen thirty feet at Fayetteville, at which it stood when our informant left.  
But it was the general opinion that the volume of water poured out from the 
clouds within the last ten days had not yet affected the river, the present 
freshet being the result of the previous rains.

The Lincolnton Courier says of the rains of that region [from the Raleigh 
Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
	The terrible rains that have fallen during the past week will ruin 
the Planting interest on low lands throughout this section of country.  
Reports received are truly distressing.

The Asheville News says of the late rains [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, 
July 2]:
	On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out 
another deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we 
received a few weeks ago.  Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the 
new fences and bridges were washed off.  We have heard that in some places 
the wheat was injured.

From the _Asheville News_, North Carolina:  
On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out another 
deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we received a 
few weeks ago.  Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the new fences and 
and bridges were washed off.  We have heard that in some places the wheat was
injured.

The Wilmington Journal speaking of the damage done the crops in the Eastern 
Counties by the late rains says [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
	The effect of the recent rains upon the crops in all the Eastern 
portion of the State has been most disastrous.  The damage sustained by 
planters in Brunswick, Bladen, New Hanover, Onslow, Dunlin, Sampson, 
Edgecombe, and all the Eastern counties, so far as heard from, has been 
very serious and almost irreparable.  The corn and cotton crop have 
received a most severe blow, while the rice crop in this section has been 
almost entirely ruined.  Along the line of the Cape Fear, and in fact in 
all the lowlands of the countries named, the damage is very apparent, and 
the pernicious results of the recent terrible rains will be long remembered.  
At no time could a more severe blow in this section befall us than at 
present, when our future prosperity so greatly depends upon an abundant 
yield.

Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh),Wen. July 3, 1867, p. 3:  
Sunday was the hottest day we have had so far this year, the thermometer 
reaching 99 deg. in the shade.  It was also the first day since Sunday the 
16th in which there has not some rain, at least a few drops, fallen here in 
Raleigh.
	The amount of rain for the month has been enormous, measuring nine 
inches and a half in depth between the 16th and 27th, and over fourteen 
inches in all.

James Harvey Greenlee (McDowell Ct., NC):  June 22 - Cloud warm   June 23 - 
It rained all day  June 24 - Rained last night  creek quite flush... A wet 
day.

Weather observer data from Fort Monroe, VA, located near Norfolk: 
On June 23, it started to rain beginning at 4 pm and by 4:40 pm the next day 
it rained 1.95 inches.  Written comments indicate "Rain began in the night.  
Foggy & high winds during the day, Thunder & Lightning at night & Showers."  
Observations of winds at 7 am, 2 pm and 9 pm on the 23rd were E 1, E 2, and 
E 2 respectively, changing to SE 1, SE 2, and NE 1 the next day.  

********************************************************************************



1867/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
(was storm #1 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Ship with a 
central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with the northern
wind-pressure relationship, 80 kt is used in the best track. Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement as well as several ship reports.  Storm is known
as the "Early August Offshore Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1867/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #2 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Suwanee".

********************************************************************************

1867/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #3 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations 
from the ship "Helen R. Cooper".

********************************************************************************

1867/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
(was storm #4 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1867/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #5 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
observations.

********************************************************************************

1867/07:  Added a track for October 6-9th to database from Partagas
and Diaz's (1995a) writeup suggestion (was storm #6 originally in 
the Partagas and Diaz report).  Also moved track closer to 
Brownsville, Texas, as it appears that the town was in the western
eyewall.  Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 7' from Ludlum (1963) for
Galveston, Texas.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon damage and storm tide observations from Texas and Louisiana.
System is known as the "Galveston Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).

1867/07 - 2011 REVISION:

03220 10/02/1867 M= 8  7 SNBR= 109 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
03225 10/02*235 965  90    0*242 968  90    0*250 970  90    0*259 971  90    0*
03230 10/03*267 968  90    0*273 963  90    0*279 956  90    0*286 946  90    0*
03235 10/04*290 936  90    0*291 925  90    0*291 915  90    0*292 906  90    0*
03240 10/05*292 896  90    0*292 888  90    0*293 878  80    0*293 868  80    0*
03245 10/06*294 858  80    0*294 848  80    0*295 840  70    0*296 831  60    0*
03250 10/07*298 825  50    0*301 818  40    0*305 810  40    0*310 800  40    0*
03255 10/08*316 789  50    0*323 776  50    0*330 765  50    0*335 755  50    0*
03260 10/09*339 746  50    0*342 740  50    0*345 735  50    0*347 731  50    0*
03265 HRATX1CTX1 LA2AFL1                                                        

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
7-10/2/1867    1500Z 25.4N  97.1W   70kt  1    ---   (969mb)   ATX1
7-10/4/1867    1500Z 29.2N  91.0W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   LA2,CTX1
7-10/4/1867    1500Z 29.2N  91.0W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   LA2,CTX1
                                                      ***

7-10/6/1867    1500Z 29.6N  83.4W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
7-10/6/1867    1500Z 29.6N  83.4W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  The original assessment in HURDAT also analyzed 
a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  
This suggested a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind 
relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure 
is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane.  These new estimates of central 
pressure at U.S. landfall are now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall 
listing.  These are not explicitly added into HURDAT because these central 
pressure values are estimates, not observations or directly analyzed values.

********************************************************************************

1867/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #7 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1867/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #8 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Ship with 
central pressure observation of 952 mb gives 108 kt with the southern 
wind-pressure relationship, but since the RMW may have been on the 
order of 5 nmi, a higher wind of 120 kt is assigned in best track.  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure and destruction that occurred in the Virgin Islands 
and Puerto Rico.  Hurricane is also known as "San Narciso" for effects in 
Puerto Rico on October 29th.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation 
below tropical storm strength).

1867/09 - 2003 REVISION:

03205 10/27/1867 M= 5  9 SNBR= 108 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
03205 10/27/1867 M= 5  9 SNBR= 110 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

03210 10/27*190 505  40    0*190 515  40    0*190 526  50    0*190 537  50    0
03215 10/28*190 550  60    0*190 563  60    0*190 577  70    0*191 592  80    0
03215 10/28*190 550  60    0*190 563  60    0*190 577  70    0*190 592  80    0
                                                               ***

03220 10/29*190 607  90    0*189 620 100    0*185 633 110    0*182 648 120  952
03220 10/29*190 607  90    0*189 620 100    0*186 633 110    0*184 648 100  952
                                              ***              ***     ***

03225 10/30*182 665 110    0*182 681 100    0*182 696 100    0*184 715  70    0
03225 10/30*183 665  80    0*182 681  70    0*182 696  80    0*184 715  60    0
            ***     ***              ***              ***               **

03230 10/31*186 735  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
03230 10/31*186 735  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **

03235 HR 

Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused only Fujita-scale F1 damages in 
the eastern and central portions of the island, not the F3 destruction 
expected from a 120 kt Category 4 hurricane making landfall.  Additionally, 
E. Boose (2003, personal communication) suggested that the track may, 
instead of going over Puerto Rico, have skirted just to the north of the 
island.  However, after a re-review of the limited meteorological data 
available as well as the descriptive accounts from local reports at the 
time of the hurricane (J. Colon, 2003, personal communication) suggest that 
the hurricane did indeed cross the island from east to west, but as a 
substantially weaker system (Category 2 - 90 kt).  While good evidence
exists for major hurricane status farther east in the Virgin Islands with
the 952 mb central pressure, it is surmised that the hurricane began weakening
fairly rapidly thereafter - which would not be unusual for a late October
hurricane.  Winds are thus adjusted downward from the 29th to the 31st and
the track is slightly adjusted to better match a track crossing over
Fujardo, Caguas and Mayaguez in Puerto Rico.  This adjustment to Category 2
landfall in Puerto Rico is now consistent with descriptions of more intense
events (Category 4 - 1899, Category 3 - 1876, 1893, 1894) during the
second half of the 19th Century.

********************************************************************************


1868/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1868/02:  No major alterations from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.

********************************************************************************

1868/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Mary E. Mangan" and "Haidee".

********************************************************************************

1868/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from multiple ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1869/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ships "Olaf Nicklesen" and "Prinze Frederik".

********************************************************************************

1869/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from the ship "Julia A. Rider" and from
central Texas.  The storm is also known as the "Lower Texas Coast 
Hurricane of 1869" in Ludlum (1963).

1869/02 - 2011 REVISION:

03465 08/16/1869 M= 2  2 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
03470 08/16*270 916  90    0*272 926  90    0*274 936  90    0*277 946  90    0*
03475 08/17*279 956  90    0*281 966  90    0*282 976  60    0*283 988  40    0*
03480 HRBTX2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-8/17/1869    0700Z 28.1N  96.8W   90kt  2    ---   (969mb)   BTX2
2-8/17/1869    0700Z 28.1N  96.8W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   BTX2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as a 90 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 969 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 965 mb - 
for a 90 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1869/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Siene".

********************************************************************************

1869/04:  Major change for this storm:  A 48 hr track was achieved, while
Partagas and Diaz (1995a) had originally kept the storm stationary.  Track
was achieved by considering the observations from the "Harriet" and
"Mary Celeste".

********************************************************************************


1869/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over the Louisiana reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon reports from Grand Isle and New Orleans.

1869/05 - 2011 REVISION:

03520 09/04/1869 M= 3  5 SNBR= 120 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
03525 09/04*262 884  70    0*267 886  70    0*272 888  70    0*278 891  70    0*
03530 09/05*283 895  70    0*287 896  70    0*292 900  70    0*297 903  50    0*
03535 09/06*302 906  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
03540 HR LA1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-9/5/1869     1200Z 29.2N  90.0W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   LA1
5-9/5/1869     1200Z 29.2N  90.0W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   LA1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.


********************************************************************************


1869/06:  Have altered significantly the track from Partagas and Diaz's 
(1995a) analysis based upon Ho's (1989) work, which was apparently not
utilized by Partagas and Diaz.  Storm tide value of 8' provided by Ho (1989) 
for Providence, Rhode Island.  Ship with central pressure observation of 950 mb 
gives 97 kt with new northern wind-pressure relationship and Ho's estimated 
landfall central pressure of 963 mb gives 88 kt.  Have assigned 100 kt for 
six hourly intensity based upon the ship observation and 90 kt at landfall 
time.  Central pressure measurement of 973 mb measured at Milton, MA gives 
80 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in 
best-track.  Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based 
central pressure reading of 950 mb as well as several ship reports.  Storm 
also known as the "September Gale of 1869 in Eastern New England" in Ludlum 
(1963).  Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.

1869/06 - 2003 REVISION:

03375 09/07/1869 M= 3  6 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
03375 09/07/1869 M= 3  6 SNBR= 119 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

03380 09/07*270 745  90    0*280 745  90    0*290 744  90    0*301 741  90    0
03385 09/08*313 740 100    0*325 736 100    0*350 733 100    0*388 726 100  950
03390 09/09*428 711  80  973*470 690  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
03390 09/09*428 711  80  973*470 690  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                                      **

03395 HR NY1 RI2 MA2 CT1
03395 HR NY1 RI3 MA3 CT1
             *** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-9/8/1869&    2100Z 41.0N  71.9W   70kt  1      963mb     NY1
6-9/8/1869&    2100Z 41.0N  71.9W   80kt  1      963mb     NY1
                                    **

6-9/8/1869     2200Z 41.4N  71.7W   90kt  2      965mb     RI2,MA2,CT1
6-9/8/1869     2200Z 41.4N  71.7W  100kt  3      965mb     RI3,MA3,CT1
                                   ***    *                *** ***

Boose et al. (2001) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 at U.S. landfall,
based upon widespread reports of wind-caused Fujita-scale 2 damage in 
New England.  Additionally, their reconstructed damage work analyzes a RMW of 
30 nmi at landfall, which is substantially smaller than the earlier estimate of
40 nmi from Ho (1989).  Ho's 963 mb central pressure estimate suggests
88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  With a RMW slightly 
smaller than that expected climatologically (around 34 nmi) for that central
pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds somewhat higher than 
what the wind-pressure relationship suggests should be used.  Additionally,
the extremely rapid forward motion of the hurricane (around 40 kt) would
also argue for higher winds than is usual on the right semi-circle of the 
hurricane.  Based upon all of these points, the estimated maximum sustained 
winds at landfall are increased from 90 kt (Category 2) to 100 kt (Category 3),
making this a major hurricane landfall in New England.  (No changes were
needed for the 6 hourly intervals within HURDAT.)
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized 
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06Z on the 9th, which is 
reflected in the revised HURDAT.  

********************************************************************************

1869/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 79 kt with  
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure reading and several ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1869/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1869/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1869/10: Major alteration is to shift track farther to the west over New 
England to account for observations at Nantucket Island and Gardiner as 
described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and to take into account new analysis
by Abraham et al. (1998).  Abraham et al. showed that this hurricane was
undergoing extratropical transition as it interacted with (and was likely 
absorbed by) a secondary, baroclinic low on the 5th of October.   Pressure 
reading of 972 mb not in hurricane's center (at 18 UTC, 4th of October) 
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon above peripheral pressure reading, several ship reports and 
the destruction caused in Massachusetts and Maine.  Inland winds over New 
England and Canada reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  
Storm surge of 6-7' is estimated to have occurred in the Upper Bay of Fundy, 
Canada (Parkes et al. 1998).  Hurricane is also known as the "Saxby's Gale" 
from description given in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) and Ludlum's (1963) 
report.

1869/10 - 2003 REVISION:

03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 121 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 124 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03485 10/04*315 755  90    0*345 730  90    0*377 715  90    0*407 706  90    0
03490 10/05*440 700  80    0*465 685  70    0*480 655  60    0*  0   0   0    0
03490 10/05*440 700  80    0*465 685  60    0*480 655  50    0*  0   0   0    0
                                      **               **

03495 HR MA1 ME1 

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
10-10/4/1869&  1900Z 41.3N  70.5W   70kt  1     (960mb)    MA1
10-10/4/1869&  1900Z 41.3N  70.5W   80kt  1     (965mb)    MA1
                                    **           ***

10-10/4/1869&  2000Z 41.7N  70.4W   70kt  1     (960mb)    MA1
10-10/4/1869&  2000Z 41.7N  70.4W   80kt  1     (965mb)    MA1
                                    **           ***

10-10/4/1869   2300Z 43.7N  70.1W   80kt  1     (972mb)    ME1
10-10/4/1869   2300Z 43.7N  70.1W   90kt  2     (968mb)    ME2
                                    **    *      ***       ***

Boose et al. (2001 and personal communication) analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 impact in Massachusetts and Category 3 impact in Maine during 
its U.S. landfall.  The original HURDAT had this hurricane listed as being 
a high end Category 2 as it made U.S. landfall (90 kt), but with the RMW 
staying offshore near Massachusetts.  Given the low number of reports 
utilized in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-based 
empirical wind modeling work for this case, a boost to the winds at landfall 
to this extent is does not have enough substantiation.  However, estimates 
of winds at landfall are increased moderately, though this does not 
necessitate any changes to the 6-hourly HURDAT itself.  Boose et al. (2001) 
also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall, which does suggest a slightly 
higher central pressure to match the 90 kt given a slightly smaller than 
usual RMW for this windspeed and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000).  
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized 
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06 and 12Z on the 5th, which 
is reflected in the revised HURDAT.  

********************************************************************************



1870/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon damage reports from Mobile, Alabama.  
Storm is also known as the "Mobile Storm of July 1870" in Ludlum (1963).

1870/01 - 2011 REVISION:

03670 07/30/1870 M= 1  1 SNBR= 126 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
03675 07/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*305 880  70    0*
03680 HR AL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/30/1870    1800Z 30.5N  88.0W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AL1
1-7/30/1870    1800Z 30.5N  88.0W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Alabama as an 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1870/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1870/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 1004 mb gives 39 kt with  
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 40 kt is assigned to the best track.

********************************************************************************

1870/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 948 mb gives 98 kt with  
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 100 kt is assigned to the best 
track.  Storm is suggested to have reached major hurricane status based upon 
the above central pressure reading.

********************************************************************************

1870/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with  
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best 
track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon above 
central pressure reading as well as several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1870/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Central pressure observation over Cuba of 969 mb gives 91 kt with southern 
wind-pressure relationship, thus 90 kt is assigned to the best track.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement, several ship reports and destruction that occurred
in Cuba.  This system is known as the first of the "Twin Key West 
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).


1870/06 - 2003 REVISION:

03635 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 127 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03635 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03640 10/05*175 740  40    0*181 750  40    0*187 760  50    0*191 770  50    0
03645 10/06*195 780  60    0*200 791  60    0*205 800  70    0*210 804  70    0
03650 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  80    0*221 816  90  969*224 819  90    0
03650 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  90    0*221 816 100  959*224 819 100    0
                                      **              ***  ***         ***

03655 10/08*227 821  80    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0
03655 10/08*227 821  90    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0
                     **

03660 10/09*239 818  90    0*241 816  90    0*242 814  90    0*244 811  90    0
03665 10/10*245 810  90    0*246 808  90    0*247 806  90    0*249 803  90    0
03670 10/11*251 800  90    0*252 798  90    0*255 795  90    0*258 790  90    0
03675 10/12*262 786  90    0*265 781  90    0*268 776  80    0*273 770  80    0
03680 10/13*278 763  70    0*283 756  70    0*289 749  60    0*295 740  60    0
03680 10/13*278 763  80    0*283 756  80    0*289 749  70    0*295 740  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

03685 10/14*301 729  60    0*307 718  60    0*314 705  60    0*322 691  60    0
03685 10/14*301 729  70    0*307 718  70    0*314 705  70    0*322 691  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

03690 HRBFL1 
03690 HRBFL1CFL1  
            ****

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N  80.8W   70kt  1     (970mb)    BFL1
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N  80.8W   70kt  1     (970mb)    BFL1,CFL1
                                                                ****

Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) have uncovered
that the central pressure for this hurricane was 959 mb (at Nueva Paz on the
8th), which suggests winds of 101 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt used for the best track.  This is consistent with the
assessment of landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez
2000).  The original listing of 969 mb for a central pressure (12Z on the
7th) was determined to be, instead, a peripheral pressure from Matanzas.  The 
hurricane is known as El Huracan de San Marcos for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 
2000).  The U.S. landfall designation also includes the CFL1 (Southeast 
Florida) because of the new geographical designation implemented
by NHC in 2000.


1870/06 - 2006 REVISION:

03820 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
03820 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

03825 10/05*175 740  40    0*181 750  40    0*187 760  50    0*191 770  50    0*
03830 10/06*195 780  60    0*200 791  60    0*205 800  70    0*210 804  70    0*
03835 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  90    0*221 816 100  959*224 819 100    0*
03840 10/08*227 821  90    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0*
03845 10/09*239 818  90    0*241 816  90    0*242 814  90    0*244 811  90    0*
03850 10/10*245 810  90    0*246 808  90    0*247 806  90    0*249 803  90    0*
03855 10/11*251 800  90    0*252 798  90    0*255 795  90    0*258 790  90    0*
03860 10/12*262 786  90    0*265 781  90    0*268 776  80    0*273 770  80    0*
03865 10/13*278 763  80    0*283 756  80    0*289 749  70    0*295 740  70    0*
03870 10/14*301 729  70    0*307 718  70    0*314 705  70    0*322 691  70    0*
03875 HRBFL1CFL1                                                                

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************

1870/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Horatio
Harris".

********************************************************************************

1870/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.

********************************************************************************


1870/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
status at landfall in Cuba based upon severe damage in Vuelta Abajo and
Batabano.  This system is known as the second of the "Twin Key West
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).


1870/09 - 2003 REVISION:

03730 10/19/1870 M= 4  9 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03730 10/19/1870 M= 4  9 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03735 10/19*195 841 100    0*199 840 100    0*204 840 100    0*211 839 100    0
03735 10/19*195 841  90    0*199 840  90    0*204 840  90    0*211 839  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

03740 10/20*219 836 100    0*229 834  90    0*239 829  80    0*252 820  80    0
03740 10/20*220 837  90    0*231 835  80    0*243 831  80    0*255 823  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

03745 10/21*266 808  70    0*280 793  60    0*291 781  70    0*303 766  70    0
03745 10/21*267 811  70    0*279 797  60    0*291 781  70    0*303 766  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***

03750 10/22*314 754  70    0*325 740  70    0*335 726  70    0*345 711  70    0
03755 HRBFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
9-10/20/1870$  1400Z 24.7N  82.8W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
(Landfall over Fort Jefferson is additional strike in U.S.)

9-10/20/1870$  2100Z 25.9N  81.5W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
9-10/20/1870$  2000Z 26.0N  81.6W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
               ****  ****   ****


Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 3 assigned in HURDAT
(mainly on the hurricane-caused damage).  Winds are adjusted accordingly
on the 19th and 20th.

Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
10/19/1870 E-4    E-4    E-3   
10/20/1870 E-10   NW-9   SE-5

Remarks:
"For several days past the wind has been blowing first from the E and SE.
At 9 P.M. Oct. 19th, it began increasing and at 3 A.M. Oct. 20th amounted
to a Hurricane.  Heavy rainfall, but not lightning or thunder accompanied
it.  Trees and fences protested, buildings surroofed & debris flying in
every direction, making it dangerous to be out.  At 8:15 A.M., the wind
died completely out in 3 minutes, so close as to be uncomfortable.  
Suddenly at 9:40 A.M. it set in from the opposite direction, and in 
twenty minutes increased to a Hurricane.  At 2 P.M. began diminishing and
at 9 P.M. amounted to a moderate breeze."

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These additional observations indicate that the hurricane made a direct 
landfall over the fort at 14Z on the 20th, rather than passing to the
east.  The track has been adjusted on the 20th and 21st appropriately.

********************************************************************************

1870/10:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "R. Murray, Jr."
and a Spanish bark.

********************************************************************************

1870/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.  
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
the enhanced topography.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon reports from ships "Silver Star" and "Nymph".

1870/11 - 2003 REVISION:

03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 132 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 135 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

03780 10/30*170 855  60    0*171 856  60    0*172 860  60    0*172 861  60    0
03785 10/31*174 864  70    0*175 866  60    0*177 869  70    0*177 871  70    0
03785 10/31*174 864  70    0*175 866  70    0*177 869  70    0*177 871  70    0
                                      **

03790 11/01*180 876  70    0*182 878  70    0*185 880  70    0*187 880  60    0
03795 11/02*192 879  50    0*197 876  40    0*204 874  40    0*214 869  50    0
03800 11/03*222 863  60    0*230 856  60    0*237 850  70    0*242 840  70    0
03805 HR

Typographical error - the storm was designated as being of hurricane
force from 00Z on the 31st until 12Z on the 1st.

********************************************************************************

1871/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.
Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  999 mb 
central pressure provides guidance of 47 kt using the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen in best track.
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

1871/01 - 2003 REVISION:

03915 06/01/1871 M= 5  1 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5  1 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

03920 06/01*241 810  40    0*241 821  40    0*242 836  40    0*247 846  40    0
03925 06/02*252 854  50    0*258 861  50    0*261 873  50    0*265 886  50    0
03930 06/03*268 898  50    0*270 911  50    0*273 924  50    0*277 933  50    0
03935 06/04*282 941  50    0*289 950  50  999*297 956  50    0*303 960  40    0
03935 06/04*282 941  50    0*289 950  50  999*297 956  40    0*303 960  40    0
                                                       **

03940 06/05*311 961  40    0*320 961  40    0*332 958  30    0*350 950  30    0
03945 TS  

Winds not reduced after landfall occurred until well-inland.  Winds
decreased at 12Z on the 4th for more realistic decay.

********************************************************************************

1871/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1871/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) was to 
extend track of storm one full day into the SE United States to 
accommodate a typical decay of the hurricane to  tropical depression
strength, as suggested by the inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995).  Partagas and Diaz (1995b) did make large changes to
the track found in Neumann et al. (1993), though these are found to be
reasonable.  952 mb central pressure provides guidance of 101 kt using 
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in 
the best track.  955 mb central pressure provides guidance of 99 kt 
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt 
used in the best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements.

1871/03 - 2003 REVISION:

03870 08/14/1871 M=10  3 SNBR= 134 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
03870 08/14/1871 M=10  3 SNBR= 137 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

03875 08/14*265 724  80    0*266 730  80    0*267 736  80    0*268 743  80    0
03875 08/14*265 724  80    0*266 730  80    0*267 736  80    0*267 743  80    0
                                                               ***

03880 08/15*269 750  90    0*269 756  90    0*270 765 100    0*270 773 100  952
03880 08/15*268 750  90    0*268 758  90    0*268 767 100    0*268 777 100    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

03885 08/16*271 780 100    0*272 785 100  955*273 791 100    0*274 795 100    0
03885 08/16*268 785 100  952*268 791 100  955*268 795 100    0*269 798 100    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

03890 08/17*275 796 100    0*276 799 100    0*277 800 100    0*279 801 100    0
03890 08/17*270 801 100    0*272 805  90    0*276 811  80    0*283 817  70    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

03895 08/18*282 803  90    0*287 804  90    0*290 805  90    0*294 806  90    0
03895 08/18*290 821  70    0*297 825  60    0*304 823  60    0*308 819  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

03900 08/19*300 806  80    0*307 806  80    0*315 805  80    0*322 798  80    0
03900 08/19*313 814  50    0*318 808  60    0*321 802  60    0*323 796  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

03905 08/20*325 788  80    0*327 776  80    0*327 766  80    0*324 764  80    0
03905 08/20*325 788  60    0*327 776  60    0*326 768  60    0*324 764  60    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

03910 08/21*320 761  80    0*317 763  80    0*315 765  80    0*311 771  80    0
03910 08/21*320 761  60    0*317 763  60    0*314 765  60    0*312 771  60    0
                     **               **      ***      **      ***      **

03915 08/22*310 780  80    0*310 786  90    0*310 795  90    0*311 804  90    0
03915 08/22*311 780  60    0*310 786  60    0*310 795  60    0*311 804  60    0
            ***      **               **               **               **

03920 08/23*312 814  90    0*313 824  60    0*314 835  40    0*314 845  30    0
03920 08/23*312 814  60    0*313 824  50    0*314 835  40    0*314 845  30    0
                     **               **               

03925 HR GA2DFL1  
03925 HRCFL3DFL1AFL1
        ****    ****


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/18/1871$*  0000Z 28.2N  80.3W   80kt  1    (965mb)    DFL1
3-8/17/1871$*  0200Z 27.1N  80.2W  100kt  3     955mb     CFL3,DFL1,AFL1
    **         ***** *****  *****  *****  *    *******    ****      ****

3-8/23/1871    0000Z 31.2N  81.3W   90kt  2    (965mb)    GA2,DFL1
3-8/23/1871    0000Z 31.2N  81.3W   60kt  TS    -----     ---
                                    ****  **   *******    ********  

Hurricane is revised from the previously accepted analysis of Partagas
and Diaz due to inclusion of work by Ho (1989).  In particular, additional 
observations were provided from New Smyrna, Fairview, Ocala, Picolata, 
Tampa, Jacksonville (FL), and Savannah (GA). These land-based measurements
from Ho's study were key in providing the track alteration to one that
made landfall in central east Florida, passed over Ocala, moved west of 
Jacksonville, then back over water off of southern Georgia.  However, Ho's 
intensity analysis of a 945 mb central pressure is likely too low an 
estimation as a 955 mb central pressure recorded by the ship "Victor" 
(as recorded in Partagas and Diaz 1995b) occurred very near the coast, 
along Jupiter.  Hurricane is re-analyzed to come ashore early on the 23rd 
as a tropical storm in Georgia since there is no evidence that it 
reintensified to a hurricane after weakening to a tropical storm while 
over Florida.

********************************************************************************

1871/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who 
made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  965 mb central 
pressure provides guidance for 95 kt utilizing the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  962 mb central 
pressure suggests 98 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 100 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon 
above central pressure measurements.  This hurricane is known as
"Santa Juana" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

1871/04 - 2003 REVISION:

04035 08/17/1871 M=14  4 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
04035 08/17/1871 M=14  4 SNBR= 139 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

04040 08/17*112 307  40    0*115 322  40    0*118 339  40    0*123 355  40    0
04045 08/18*129 374  50    0*135 392  50    0*140 410  50    0*142 425  50    0
04050 08/19*143 445  60    0*145 464  60    0*147 480  70    0*149 499  70    0
04055 08/20*151 522  80    0*153 545  80    0*154 564  90    0*158 582  90    0
04060 08/21*164 600 100    0*171 616 100    0*177 629 100  965*182 640 100    0
04065 08/22*189 653 100  962*195 665 100    0*200 675  90    0*207 686  90    0
04070 08/23*212 696  90    0*220 710  90    0*225 723  90    0*232 735  90    0
04075 08/24*241 750  90    0*250 764  90    0*257 776  90    0*263 786  90    0
04080 08/25*270 795  90    0*277 805  90    0*283 813  70    0*289 819  50    0
04080 08/25*270 795  90    0*277 805  90    0*283 813  70    0*289 822  50    0
                                                                   ***

04085 08/26*294 825  40    0*299 831  40    0*305 843  40    0*309 845  40    0
04085 08/26*294 831  40    0*299 838  40    0*305 843  40    0*309 845  40    0
                ***              ***

04090 08/27*313 845  30    0*317 844  30    0*320 840  30    0*320 835  30    0
04090 08/27*313 845  30    0*317 844  30    0*320 840  30    0*321 835  30    0
                                                               ***

04095 08/28*322 831  30    0*322 825  30    0*323 820  30    0*324 810  30    0
04095 08/28*322 830  30    0*322 825  30    0*323 821  30    0*324 810  30    0
                ***                               ***

04100 08/29*325 799  40    0*327 786  40    0*330 775  50    0*340 761  50    0
04105 08/30*355 743  50    0*373 724  50    0*395 705  60    0*420 685  60    0
04110 HRCFL2DFL1

Track adjusted to provide for more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************


1871/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1871/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 5.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Robert Myhan" and 
"Lizzie M. Merrill".


1871/06 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
04225 09/05/1871 M= 4  6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
04230 09/05*260 901  70    0*265 890  70    0*270 876  70    0*275 861  70    0*
04235 09/06*281 849  70    0*286 841  70    0*290 833  70    0*296 825  50    0*
04240 09/07*302 818  50    0*307 811  50    0*313 803  60    0*317 793  60    0*
04245 09/08*319 783  60    0*322 770  60    0*324 759  60    0*327 750  60    0*
04250 HRAFL1   
04250 HRAFL1BFL1
            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone as a Category 1
hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL") is added.  This is based upon
ship observations of hurricane force winds south of the dividing line
between northwest ("AFL") and southwest Florida.

1871/06 - 2011 REVISION:

04225 09/05/1871 M= 4  6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
04230 09/05*260 901  70    0*265 890  70    0*270 876  70    0*275 861  70    0*
04235 09/06*281 849  70    0*286 841  70    0*290 833  70    0*296 825  50    0*
04240 09/07*302 818  50    0*307 811  50    0*313 803  60    0*317 793  60    0*
04245 09/08*319 783  60    0*322 770  60    0*324 759  60    0*327 750  60    0*
04250 HRAFL1BFL1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-9/6/1871     1400Z 29.2N  83.0W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1,BFL1
6-9/6/1871     1400Z 29.2N  83.0W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1,BFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1871/07:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to 
extend out the track of the storm an additional one day to the 7th 
of October based upon suggestion in the Partagas and Diaz writeup 
due to the ship "Robert Cadwell".  Track otherwise unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United 
States.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm 
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm 
strength).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon loss of steamships "Hall" and "Twelfth Era".

********************************************************************************

1871/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon reports from ships "Nellie Antrim" and
"Armida" as well as destruction in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

********************************************************************************

1872/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States.  The 
best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

1872/01 - 2003 REVISION:

04255 07/09/1872 M= 5  1 SNBR= 141 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5  1 SNBR= 144 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04260 07/09*235 920  40    0*241 918  40    0*246 916  40    0*251 911  40    0
04260 07/09*235 920  40    0*241 918  40    0*246 916  40    0*251 912  40    0
                                                                   ***

04265 07/10*258 908  50    0*263 904  50    0*270 900  50    0*277 896  50    0
04265 07/10*257 908  50    0*263 904  50    0*270 900  50    0*277 896  50    0
            ***

04270 07/11*284 893  50    0*292 891  50    0*300 890  50    0*305 890  50    0
04275 07/12*309 891  40    0*313 891  40    0*316 893  40    0*320 895  40    0
04275 07/12*309 890  40    0*313 891  40    0*316 893  40    0*320 895  40    0
                ***

04280 07/13*325 895  30    0*330 894  30    0*335 890  30    0*342 885  30    0
04285 TS

Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1872/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  The storm reached hurricane status 
based upon observations from several ships.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from 
its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its 
dissipation as an extratropical cyclone).  

********************************************************************************

1872/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations 
from several ships.

********************************************************************************

1872/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force based upon report from the ship "Tare".

********************************************************************************


1872/05:  Track considerably altered from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
The track chosen is a compromise between that shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993) and that advocated by Partagas and Diaz.  The reasoning is that
observations in the 1872 _Monthly Weather Review_ show that 7 1/2 inches 
of rain occurred in Norfolk , which is unlikely to be produced by a separate 
extratropical storm alone as is what is suggested by Partagas and Diaz 
to have caused the gales and low pressures throughout the middle 
Atlantic states.  Additionally, the U.S. Army Signal Corp did provide 
overland tracks of extratropical storms, none of which matched up to 
the one that Partagas and Diaz suggested to have occurred.  This new 
track takes it across Florida a bit farther south than both previous tracks 
to allow for a turn northward near the ship "Cardenas", then the new track 
brings the system ashore as a tropical storm in North Carolina just a bit 
farther east of Neumann et al.'s landfall.  The new track then stays east of 
Neumann et al.'s track while over the middle Atlantic states to correspond 
with the the northeast to north winds over Washington and the low pressures 
measured in New York City.  After leaving New England, the new track rejoins 
the original Neumann et al. track.

1872/05 - 2003 REVISION:

04395 10/22/1872 M= 7  5 SNBR= 143 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7  5 SNBR= 146 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04400 10/22*234 893  40    0*240 883  40    0*247 873  40    0*257 862  40    0
04405 10/23*267 848  50    0*276 833  50    0*284 818  50    0*290 803  50    0
04405 10/23*267 848  50    0*276 833  50    0*284 818  40    0*290 803  40    0
                                                       **               **

04410 10/24*300 790  60    0*313 785  70    0*326 782  70    0*336 779  60    0
04410 10/24*300 790  50    0*313 785  60    0*326 782  70    0*336 779  60    0
                     **               **

04415 10/25*343 777  50    0*350 775  50    0*357 772  40    0*365 769  40    0
04420 10/26*375 765  40    0*386 758  40    0*397 748  40    0*406 738  40    0
04425 10/27*413 726  40    0*418 713  40    0E424 692  40    0E429 672  40    0
04430 10/28E436 650  40    0E445 625  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04435 HR

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 23rd and 24th.

********************************************************************************


1873/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Georgia.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1873/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  962 mb central pressure 
suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used 
in best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane 
status for the two days before the above central pressure measurement 
was made at latitude 44N.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as 
an extratropical cyclone).  

1873/02 - 2003 REVISION:

04550 08/13/1873 M=16  2 SNBR= 147 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
04550 08/13/1873 M=16  2 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

04555 08/13*139 250  40    0*140 260  40    0*140 270  40    0*141 281  40    0
04560 08/14*141 293  50    0*142 306  50    0*143 320  50    0*144 330  50    0
04565 08/15*145 344  50    0*145 359  50    0*145 373  50    0*146 384  50    0
04570 08/16*147 397  60    0*148 412  60    0*150 427  60    0*153 440  60    0
04575 08/17*156 455  70    0*160 470  70    0*165 490  70    0*169 505  70    0
04580 08/18*175 520  70    0*182 536  70    0*187 550  70    0*195 564  70    0
04585 08/19*202 579  80    0*212 595  80    0*220 610  80    0*229 621  80    0
04590 08/20*239 635  80    0*249 646  80    0*260 656  80    0*268 666  80    0
04595 08/21*278 673  90    0*290 678  90    0*303 683  90    0*310 684  90    0
04595 08/21*278 673  90    0*290 678  90    0*303 682  90    0*310 684  90    0
                                                  ***

04600 08/22*317 685  90    0*325 686  90    0*333 685  90    0*343 683  90    0
04605 08/23*352 680 100    0*360 676 100    0*370 670 100    0*383 664 100    0
04610 08/24*395 658 100    0*409 646 100    0*420 635  90    0*430 614  90    0
04615 08/25*437 589  90  962*444 566  90    0*450 550  80    0*457 543  80    0
04620 08/26*460 541  80    0*465 541  80    0*470 540  70    0*474 540  70    0
04625 08/27*478 539  70    0*482 537  70    0E485 535  60    0E494 526  60    0
04630 08/28E504 513  60    0E510 498  60    0E520 480  50    0E530 460  50    0
04635 HR

Minor track alteration on the 21st for more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1873/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Pressure reading of 992 mb not in hurricane's center (at 12 UTC, 19th of 
September) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
SE United States.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force
in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction that occurred in Tallahassee,
Florida; storm regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic based upon above
peripheral surface pressure report along with several ship observations.

1873/03 - 2011 REVISION:

04720 09/18/1873 M= 3  3 SNBR= 152 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
04725 09/18*227 899  70    0*235 899  70    0*245 896  70    0*257 889  70    0*
04730 09/19*268 878  70    0*279 866  70    0*291 851  70    0*307 834  60    0*
04735 09/20*325 806  50    0*335 778  60    0*342 745  70    0*345 703  70    0*
04740 HRAFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/19/1873    1500Z 29.9N  84.4W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
3-9/19/1873    1500Z 29.9N  84.4W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1873/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.

********************************************************************************

1873/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track reasonably shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993).  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the SE United States.  Used an accelerated decay 
rate over Cuba to account for enhanced topography.  Pressure reading 
of 969 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, September 28th) suggests 
winds of at least 91 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track.  Pressure reading of 971 mb not
in hurricane's center (on 00 UTC, September 29th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Estimate of 959 mb for
central pressure at landfall in SW Florida from Ho (1989) appears
reasonable and matches SLOSH modeling work by Jarvinen (1990).
959 mb central pressure suggests 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for the best track.  Storm tide
value of 14' at Punta Rassa, Florida from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status on the 28th of
September based upon peripheral surface pressure reading of 969 mb and
destruction that occurred in Jacmal, Haiti.  Storm regained major
hurricane status on the 7th of October based upon the estimate of central 
pressure of 959 mb and surge/destruction in Punta Rassa.

1873/05 - 2003 REVISION:

04690 09/26/1873 M=15  5 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
04690 09/26/1873 M=15  5 SNBR= 153 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

04695 09/26*147 623  40    0*148 631  40    0*150 640  50    0*153 651  50    0
04700 09/27*157 665  60    0*160 676  60    0*162 690  70    0*166 701  70    0
04705 09/28*169 711  80    0*174 723  90    0*180 730 100    0*190 739  90    0
04710 09/29*197 745  90    0*202 755  80    0*202 765  60    0*202 771  50    0
04715 09/30*201 778  40    0*200 784  40    0*200 790  40    0*201 796  40    0
04720 10/01*201 801  40    0*201 806  40    0*200 810  40    0*200 814  40    0
04725 10/02*200 818  50    0*200 821  50    0*200 825  50    0*200 828  50    0
04730 10/03*200 831  60    0*200 836  60    0*200 840  70    0*200 846  70    0
04735 10/04*200 851  70    0*201 856  70    0*202 860  80    0*206 861  80    0
04735 10/04*200 851  70    0*201 856  70    0*202 860  80    0*204 861  80    0
                                                               ***

04740 10/05*210 864  80    0*212 865  80    0*215 865  90    0*219 864  90    0
04740 10/05*208 864  80    0*212 865  80    0*215 865  90    0*219 864  90    0
            ***

04745 10/06*224 861  90    0*230 859  90    0*237 855 100    0*247 841 100    0
04750 10/07*262 825 100  959*281 803  80    0*297 786  80    0*311 771  80    0
04755 10/08*324 756  90    0*337 741  90    0*350 726  80    0*363 709  80    0
04760 10/09*375 685  70    0*388 661  70    0E395 645  60    0E400 630  60    0
04765 10/10E405 615  60    0E410 600  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04770 HRBFL3CFL2DFL1    

Track slightly altered to provide a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1874/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1874/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon a report from "a sailing vessel".

********************************************************************************

1874/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure reading of 980 mb 
not in storm's center (on 18 UTC, 7th of September) suggests winds of 
at least 73 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track as it is determined that the storm had already 
undergone extratropical transition by this point.  Storm determined to 
have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations.

********************************************************************************



1874/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

1874/04 - 2003 REVISION:

04905 09/02/1874 M= 6  4 SNBR= 154 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6  4 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04910 09/02*204 946  40    0*207 950  40    0*212 953  40    0*215 956  40    0
04915 09/03*220 959  40    0*224 962  40    0*229 965  40    0*234 968  40    0
04920 09/04*239 970  50    0*244 971  50    0*250 976  50    0*255 978  50    0
04920 09/04*239 971  50    0*244 974  50    0*250 976  50    0*255 978  50    0
                ***              ***

04925 09/05*261 980  40    0*267 981  40    0*273 982  30    0*278 983  30    0
04930 09/06*283 984  30    0*288 985  30    0*292 985  30    0*297 985  30    0
04935 09/07*303 985  30    0*310 984  30    0*317 984  30    0*325 983  30    0
04940 TS  

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1874/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  

********************************************************************************

1874/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Mexico, Florida and the eastern United States.  A pressure reading 
of 996 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 984 mb 
suggests 71 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track.  A central pressure of 987 mb suggests 67 kt 
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track.  A central pressure of 980 mb suggests 73 kt using the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen as it is determined that 
the storm transitioned to extratropical.  The storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force from the 984 mb central pressure and reports from
the ship "Emma D. Finney".  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an 
extratropical storm).

1874/06 - 2003 REVISION:

04870 09/25/1874 M= 7  6 SNBR= 156 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7  6 SNBR= 159 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

04875 09/25*175 864  40    0*181 871  40    0*185 875  50    0*190 880  50    0
04875 09/25*175 864  40    0*181 871  40    0*185 875  50    0*190 880  40    0
                                                                        **

04880 09/26*196 884  40    0*204 886  40    0*212 888  40    0*222 885  40    0
04880 09/26*196 884  40    0*204 886  30    0*212 888  30    0*222 885  40    0
                                      **               **

04885 09/27*232 880  50    0*241 875  50    0*252 865  60    0*268 851  60    0
04885 09/27*232 880  50    0*242 875  50    0*252 865  60    0*268 851  60    0
                             ***

04890 09/28*282 836  70    0*295 825  60    0*310 810  70    0*324 801  70  984
04890 09/28*282 836  70    0*298 823  60    0*314 810  70    0*328 800  80  981
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***  **  ***

04895 09/29*339 795  70  987*354 789  60    0*368 780  50    0*389 760  50    0
04895 09/29*340 790  70    0*352 780  60    0*368 770  50    0*389 755  50    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***              ***              ***

04900 09/30*409 736  60    0*427 716  60    0E443 700  60    0E460 680  60  980
04905 10/01E480 655  50    0E500 630  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04910 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1  

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-10/28/1874   0400Z 29.1N  82.8W   70kt  1    (985mb)  AFL1
6-10/28/1874   0300Z 29.1N  82.9W   70kt  1    (985mb)  AFL1
               ****         ****

6-10/28/1874   1900Z 32.6N  80.0W   70kt  1     984mb   SC1,NC1
6-10/28/1874   1800Z 32.8N  80.0W   80kt  1     981mb   SC1,NC1
               ****  ****           **          ***

Unrealistically small weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing 
over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Mexico.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 25th
and 26th.

Recent research by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina
that there was a measurement of 981 mb from Georgetown which does appear 
to be a central pressure value.  (The hurricane appears to have maintained
intensity or slightly intensified between Charleston (984 mb) and
Georgetown (981 mb).)  981 mb suggest winds of 74 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track in part based upon 
destruction that occurred in Charleston.  The track is adjusted slightly to 
the east at and after landfall to accommodate this new data (included in 
full below):

Sept. 28, 1874, from the weather diary of Alexander Glennie at Georgetown, SC.
Wind strength was recorded in a numerical scale from 1-6, with 1 indicating a 
very light breeze and 6 indicating a violent storm.  Total precipitation at 
Georgetown was 1.5 inches, which suggests it didn't receive the brunt of the 
rainfall.
* Morning and Forenoon (probably sunrise, as the temperature observation is 
  at sunrise):  72 F, SE wind at 5, Rain, Gale
* Noon and Afternoon (temperature reading is at 2 pm):  73 F, E wind at 6, 
  heavy Gale Rain;  wind changed 3 pm to W.. Bar [barometer] at 3 pm 28.96
* Evening and Night (temperature reading is at 9 pm):  65 F, SW 3.

The News and Courier, Tuesday, Sept. 29, 1874, p. 1.

THE GREAT GALE OF 1874

A MEMORABLE DAY-FULL DETAILS OF THE AWFUL STORM.

	The long immunity which Charleston has enjoyed from disastrous 
gales was interrupted yesterday by a disaster which has probably destroyed 
over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property.  In the early part 
of the present month everybody was on the lookout for the equinoctial 
storm, because there exists a kind of tradition that severe and disastrous 
equinoxes occur once in every twenty years, and it is just twenty years 
since the destructive gale of 1854.  But when the 21st of the month had 
passed without bringing the disagreeable visitor people began to think 
that Charleston would after all escape the dreadful infliction.  For over 
a fortnight the wind had been blowing steadily from the east, and at times 
the weather had assumed a threatening aspect, but not sufficiently so to 
warrant the apprehension of a gale.  On Sunday evening at a late hour it 
began to blow stiffly in puffs and to rain, and by daylight the wind had 
increased considerably, blowing from the east and southeast.  The steamer 
Dictator, which arrived in the morning, reported heavy weather at sea, but 
the captain failed to observe any indications of the coming blow.  About 
half-past six or seven o'clock in the morning the wind grew stronger, with 
heavy squalls and severe puffs, which created general apprehensions.  At 
eight o'clock it was evident that

	THE GALE WAS UPON US.

	The sea was heaving and tossing in the harbor, and the rapidly 
encroaching tide began to flood the wharves and streets.  The squalls kept 
constantly increasing in strength, and the masters of vessels in port 
began to look anxiously to their moorings.  At nine o'clock the tide had 
risen so high that it covered all the wharves on the eastern front of the 
city and flooded the streets to the depth of several feet.  Many of the 
wharves were washed up, and several vessels parted from their moorings and 
were driven on shore.

	THE SCENE FROM THE WHARVES

at this time was terrific.  In every direction drift wood, bales of 
cotton, wrecked boats and debris were being tossed about.  The wind, 
whistling through the rigging of the shipping, made melancholy music, and 
the blinding rain falling in torrents rendered efforts to save anything 
almost useless.  The tide rose to a great height, in many instances 
lifting the flooring from the piers and rendering it extremely hazardous 
for anybody to stand in the vicinity.  The sea in the harbor rolled 
mountain high, and the waves dashed over the piers in huge rollers.  At 
Accommodation wharf a bark was driven from her moorings high up on the 
landing into the wharf office of Campbell Wylly & Co., but was blown off a 
gain when the wind shifted.  So great was the force of the wind that the 
bowsprit of the vessel entered the second story of the building, which was 
of brick, and cut it completely in two, making a clean split.  At the 
wharf of the Sullivan's Island steamers the waves washed clear over the 
wood work, and the anxious crowd who had gathered there to hear tidings 
from friends on the Island were fairly driven back by the blinding rain 
and rapidly rising waters.  East Bay and Calhoun street were flooded with 
water to such a depth as to

	FLOAT THE CARS

of the Enterprise Railway from the track.  All the wharves above Market 
street were more or less damaged, but those below that point suffered the 
most.  At Vanderhorst wharf, a large flat loaded with phosphate rock 
intended for the ship Border Chieftain parted the fastenings, and was 
blown into three sloops in the dock, sinking them almost immediately.  The 
flat was then lifted by the waves and thrown transversely across the dock, 
making a complete bridge between the two piers.  The British bark 
Beltiate, which had lately arrived from Liverpool and was anchored in the 
stream, was blown from her moorings despite two heavy anchors held by 
seventy-five and forty-five feet of iron chain and dragged into the dock 
between Boyce and Atlantic wharf.  The wharf on the extreme southern limit 
of the eastern water front was completely washed away, and the piers 
immediately adjoining on the north, at which were moored the steamers City 
Point and Dictator, were also badly damaged.  The work of destruction 
continued without interruption until about half-past twelve, when

	THE WIND MODULATED

for a short time, and then shifted around to the south and west, when it 
again blew with full force for about an hour, tearing the slate and tin 
from the roofs of many buildings and blowing down trees and fences in 
every direction.  The change in the direction of the wind, however, had 
the effect of turning the tide, and in an incredible short time the waters 
began to fall, and people began to breathe easier.  As soon as the wind 
shifted the rain ceased to fall, and the streets, which had up to this 
time been dangerous to pedestrians on account of the falling shingles, 
signs, and fences, were now crowded with people who had come out to view 
the effects of the storm.

1874/06 - 2011 REVISION:

05055 09/25/1874 M= 7  6 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
05060 09/25*175 864  40    0*181 871  40    0*185 875  50    0*190 880  40    0*
05065 09/26*196 884  40    0*204 886  30    0*212 888  30    0*222 885  40    0*
05070 09/27*232 880  50    0*242 875  50    0*252 865  60    0*268 851  60    0*
05075 09/28*282 836  70    0*298 823  60    0*314 810  70    0*328 800  80  981*
05080 09/29*340 790  70    0*352 780  60    0*368 770  50    0*389 755  50    0*
05085 09/30*409 736  60    0*427 716  60    0E443 700  60    0E460 680  60  980*
05090 10/01E480 655  50    0E500 630  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
05095 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-9/28/1874    0300Z 29.1N  82.9W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
6-9/28/1874    0300Z 29.1N  82.9W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

6-9/28/1874    1800Z 32.8N  80.0W   80kt  1    ---    981mb    SC1,NC1

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1874/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes appear to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Jamaica and Cuba.  
Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to take into account the 
enhanced topography.  The storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane force based upon description of severe damage in Jamaica.

1874/07 - 2003 REVISION:

05020 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

05025 10/31*135 784  40    0*141 783  40    0*147 781  50    0*151 781  50    0
05030 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 775  80    0
05030 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 774  80    0
                                                                   ***

05035 11/02*177 771  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  50    0
05035 11/02*177 772  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  60    0
                ***                                                     **

05040 11/03*205 758  50    0*210 754  50    0*215 750  60    0*222 744  60    0
05045 11/04*231 739  70    0*237 734  70    0*245 730  70    0*255 725  70    0
05050 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  Winds 
brought up to 60 kt at 18Z on the 2nd, since the storm had not yet made 
landfall in Cuba.


1874/07 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                                                    *

05105 10/31*135 784  40    0*141 783  40    0*147 781  50    0*151 781  50    0*
05110 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 774  80    0*
05115 11/02*177 772  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  60    0*
05120 11/03*205 758  50    0*210 754  50    0*215 750  60    0*222 744  60    0*
05125 11/04*231 739  70    0*237 734  70    0*245 730  70    0*255 725  70    0*
05130 HR                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should not have been indicated
to be a continental U.S. landfalling system.  The landfall indicator
is thus switched (from "XING=1" to "XING=0").

********************************************************************************

1875/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/02:  The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September
to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported 
in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1.  However, the other 
track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that 
shown in Neumann et al.  (1993) were large, but reasonable.  982 mb 
central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement 
and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 2.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central 
pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 
80 kt chosen for best track.  992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.  A 
pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC, 
September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track.  Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based
upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique,
Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure.
A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b).  Storm regained 
hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico 
based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in 
Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall. 

1875/11 - 2011 REVISION:

05225 09/08/1875 M=11  3 SNBR= 164 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
05230 09/08*139 553  70    0*139 564  70    0*140 575  70    0*140 587  70    0*
05235 09/09*141 597  80    0*142 607  80    0*143 618  80    0*144 627  80    0*
05240 09/10*145 635  80    0*146 643  80    0*148 651  80    0*151 663  80    0*
05245 09/11*155 674  90    0*158 684  90    0*161 693  90    0*164 701  90    0*
05250 09/12*167 713  90    0*171 721  90    0*175 730  90    0*182 745  90    0*
05255 09/13*194 760  90    0*202 775  90    0*210 785  80  978*220 799  80    0*
05260 09/14*227 809  70    0*234 824  60  992*240 839  70    0*247 854  80    0*
05265 09/15*258 871  80    0*263 891  80    0*266 905  90    0*268 920  90    0*
05270 09/16*270 934  90    0*271 949  90    0*271 961 100    0*274 969 100    0*
05275 09/17*280 973  90    0*288 973  70    0*295 970  60    0*300 962  50    0*
05280 09/18*303 950  40    0*306 935  40    0*310 918  30    0*315 900  30    0*
05285 HRBTX3ATX2                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/16/1875    2100Z 27.7N  97.2W  100kt  3    ---   (960mb)   BTX3,ATX2
3-9/16/1875    2100Z 27.7N  97.2W  100kt  3    ---   (955mb)   BTX3,ATX2
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as a 100 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - 
for a 100 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.  

********************************************************************************


1875/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  The best track provided appears to describe the 
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).

********************************************************************************


1875/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the 
ship "E.E. Ruckett".

********************************************************************************

1876/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  970 mb central pressure suggests
82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************

1876/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States.  Used accelerated decay rate to 
take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba.  990 mb 
central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure 
suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  
985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as
storm was inland at this position.  A central pressure of 980 mb at
landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean  based 
upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and 
991 mb central pressure measurements.  Storm is determined to have
regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land 
(Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated 
central pressure at landfall.

1876/02 - 2003 REVISION:

05230 09/12/1876 M= 8  2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8  2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

05235 09/12*177 585  70    0*177 597  70    0*179 610  70    0*180 621  70    0
05235 09/12*177 585  70    0*177 597  70    0*179 610  80    0*180 621  90    0
                                                       **               **

05240 09/13*180 634  70    0*181 643  70  990*182 653  70  990*184 666  70  991
05240 09/13*180 634 100    0*180 646 100    0*181 660  90    0*183 676  70  991 
                    ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** ***      

05245 09/14*187 684  70    0*190 701  60    0*192 720  50    0*197 734  50    0
05245 09/14*186 692  70    0*189 707  60    0*193 720  50    0*197 734  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                       

05250 09/15*201 748  50    0*204 761  50    0*207 776  50    0*210 786  50    0
05250 09/15*201 748  70    0*204 761  60    0*207 776  50    0*210 786  50    0
                     **               **

05255 09/16*217 796  50    0*229 800  50  999*245 800  60    0*266 794  60    0
05260 09/17*288 786  70    0*314 783  70    0*335 778  80  980*360 773  60  985
05260 09/17*288 786  70    0*314 783  70    0*335 778  80  980*360 773  70  985
                                                                        **

05265 09/18*382 773  50    0*408 781  40    0*425 775  40    0*430 761  40    0
05265 09/18*382 773  60  987*408 781  50    0*425 775  40    0*430 761  40    0
                     **  ***          **

05270 09/19*430 745  30    0*427 730  30    0*423 715  30    0*420 700  30    0
05275 HR NC1      
05275 HR NC1 VA1     
             ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-9/17/1876    1400Z 34.4N  77.6W   80kt  1     980mb     NC1
2-9/17/1876    1400Z 34.4N  77.6W   80kt  1     980mb     NC1,VA1
                                                              ***

Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage
and occasional F3 destruction.  Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally
thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be
peripheral pressure measurements.  Thus this hurricane is estimated
here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major
hurricane.  Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track
and intensity.  A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship.  Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and
rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest
increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship.
These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall.  A central
pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane
transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt.  Due to the
small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the
best track.  Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal 
communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained 
hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon 
moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 14th and 15th.  Observations of sustained hurricane force 
winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane 
History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early 
on the 18th.  A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest
winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for best track because of inland location.  The hurricane is known as 
"San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003).

********************************************************************************

1876/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2.  

********************************************************************************

1876/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an
accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.  The storm is
determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from
the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua.

********************************************************************************

1876/05:  Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  The first
is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest 
Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de
Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  The second major
change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near 
Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994).
Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in 
Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz.  
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  973 mb 
central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen.  976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using 
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best 
track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure 
observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind 
observations from Key West, Florida.

1876/05 - 2003 REVISION:

05350 10/12/1876 M=12  5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
05350 10/12/1876 M=12  5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

05355 10/12*120 790  40    0*122 790  40    0*124 790  50    0*126 790  50    0
05360 10/13*128 790  50    0*130 791  50    0*132 792  50    0*135 792  50    0
05365 10/14*138 794  50    0*141 795  50    0*144 796  50    0*147 797  50    0
05370 10/15*150 798  50    0*154 799  50    0*158 800  50    0*162 801  50    0
05375 10/16*166 802  50    0*170 803  50    0*174 804  60    0*178 805  60    0
05380 10/17*182 806  70    0*186 807  70    0*190 808  80    0*194 809  80    0
05385 10/18*197 811  90    0*202 813  90    0*207 816  90    0*212 818  90    0
05385 10/18*197 811  90    0*202 813  90    0*207 815  90    0*212 817  90    0
                                                  ***              ***

05390 10/19*217 819  90    0*221 819  90    0*227 820  90    0*236 820  90  971
05390 10/19*217 819 100    0*223 822 100    0*227 823 100  958*236 823  90    0 
                    ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  ***     ***      ***

05395 10/20*247 819  90  973*260 813  90    0*275 805  80    0*288 796  80  976
05400 10/21*300 788  80    0*310 779  80    0*319 767  80    0*325 749  80    0
05405 10/22*330 726  80    0*333 698  80    0*335 678  70    0*335 666  70    0
05410 10/23*338 656  70    0*339 646  70    0*340 635  60    0*342 620  60    0
05415 HRBFL2CFL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for 
this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of 
102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the 
best track.  This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a 
Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  The original listing 
of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be, 
instead, a peripheral pressure.  The track is shifted slightly to the west to 
take into account this new center fix location.  The hurricane is known as El 
Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).

********************************************************************************


1877/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************


1877/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over SE United States after final landfall in Florida.  Storm is determined 
to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the description of winds and 
effects along the Gulf coast.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1877/02 - 2011 REVISION:

05640 09/14/1877 M= 8  2 SNBR= 174 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
05645 09/14*215 920  40    0*219 924  40    0*222 930  40    0*229 936  40    0*
05650 09/15*235 941  50    0*241 946  50    0*247 950  50    0*252 951  50    0*
05655 09/16*259 953  60    0*264 953  60    0*270 953  60    0*274 951  60    0*
05660 09/17*278 951  70    0*282 948  70    0*285 945  70    0*287 938  70    0*
05665 09/18*288 933  70    0*289 925  70    0*290 916  70    0*293 906  70    0*
05670 09/19*295 898  70    0*297 890  70    0*300 880  70    0*303 869  70    0*
05675 09/20*306 859  60    0*308 846  50    0*310 836  40    0*311 824  40    0*
05680 09/21*312 811  40    0*313 800  40    0*313 786  40    0*315 768  40    0*
05685 HR LA1AFL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-9/18/1877    1600Z 29.2N  91.0W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   LA1
2-9/18/1877    1600Z 29.2N  91.0W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   LA1
                                                      ***

2-9/19/1877    2000Z 30.4N  86.6W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
2-9/19/1877    2000Z 30.4N  86.6W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana and later Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested 
a central pressure at landfall in both locations of 985 mb from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind 
relationship for cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure 
is needed - 982 mb - for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central 
pressure at U.S. landfall is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall 
listing for both landfalls.  This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because 
this central pressure value is an estimate, not an observation or directly 
analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1877/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "Harlcy John" 
and from wind reports at St. Paul Island, Canada.

********************************************************************************

1877/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the eastern United States.  Storm tide is reported as 12' for St.
Marks, Florida from Barnes (1998).  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane intensity based upon storm tide in St. Marks as well as reports from
the ship "Sarah Hall".

05655 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 172 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
05655 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

05660 09/21*117 555  50    0*117 565  50    0*117 577  60    0*118 591  60    0
05665 09/22*118 605  70    0*118 620  70    0*117 633  80    0*116 644  80    0
05670 09/23*116 658  90    0*116 670  90    0*117 680  90    0*118 691  90    0
05675 09/24*121 703  90    0*123 714  90    0*127 725  90    0*130 736  90    0
05680 09/25*133 746  80    0*137 759  80    0*140 770  80    0*143 780  80    0
05685 09/26*147 791  70    0*150 801  70    0*153 810  70    0*157 816  70    0
05690 09/27*161 821  70    0*167 826  70    0*171 831  70    0*177 836  70    0
05695 09/28*182 843  70    0*189 851  70    0*195 855  70    0*201 859  70    0
05700 09/29*206 861  70    0*212 864  70    0*219 868  70    0*224 870  70    0
05705 09/30*227 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*237 875  70    0*244 876  70    0
05705 09/30*229 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*239 875  70    0*244 877  70    0
            ***                               ***                  ***

05710 10/01*247 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 876  80    0*265 876  80    0
05710 10/01*249 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 877  80    0*265 876  80    0
            ***                                   ***

05715 10/02*271 875  90    0*275 873  90    0*280 870  90    0*288 864  90    0
05720 10/03*295 859 100    0*301 853  90    0*307 845  70    0*317 833  50    0
05725 10/04*328 821  40    0*339 808  40    0E350 793  50    0E369 774  50    0
05730 10/05E393 749  60    0E408 724  60    0E420 695  50    0E435 660  50    0
05735 HRAFL3 GA1

Track adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.


1877/04 - 2006 REVISION:

05735 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
05740 09/21*117 555  50    0*117 565  50    0*117 577  60    0*118 591  60    0*
05745 09/22*118 605  70    0*118 620  70    0*117 633  80    0*116 644  80    0*
05750 09/23*116 658  90    0*116 670  90    0*117 680  90    0*118 691  90    0*
05755 09/24*121 703  90    0*123 714  90    0*127 725  90    0*130 736  90    0*
05760 09/25*133 746  80    0*137 759  80    0*140 770  80    0*143 780  80    0*
05765 09/26*147 791  70    0*150 801  70    0*153 810  70    0*157 816  70    0*
05770 09/27*161 821  70    0*167 826  70    0*171 831  70    0*177 836  70    0*
05775 09/28*182 843  70    0*189 851  70    0*195 855  70    0*201 859  70    0*
05780 09/29*206 861  70    0*212 864  70    0*219 868  70    0*224 870  70    0*
05785 09/30*229 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*239 875  70    0*244 877  70    0*
05790 10/01*249 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 877  80    0*265 876  80    0*
05795 10/02*271 875  90    0*275 873  90    0*280 870  90    0*288 864  90    0*
05800 10/03*295 859 100    0*301 853  90    0*307 845  70    0*317 833  50    0*
05805 10/04*328 821  40    0*339 808  40    0E350 793  50    0E369 774  50    0*
05810 10/05E393 749  60    0E408 724  60    0E420 695  50    0E435 660  50    0*
05815 HRAFL3 GA1                                                                
05815 HRAFL3IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

1877/04 - 2011 REVISION:

05735 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
05740 09/21*117 555  50    0*117 565  50    0*117 577  60    0*118 591  60    0*
05745 09/22*118 605  70    0*118 620  70    0*117 633  80    0*116 644  80    0*
05750 09/23*116 658  90    0*116 670  90    0*117 680  90    0*118 691  90    0*
05755 09/24*121 703  90    0*123 714  90    0*127 725  90    0*130 736  90    0*
05760 09/25*133 746  80    0*137 759  80    0*140 770  80    0*143 780  80    0*
05765 09/26*147 791  70    0*150 801  70    0*153 810  70    0*157 816  70    0*
05770 09/27*161 821  70    0*167 826  70    0*171 831  70    0*177 836  70    0*
05775 09/28*182 843  70    0*189 851  70    0*195 855  70    0*201 859  70    0*
05780 09/29*206 861  70    0*212 864  70    0*219 868  70    0*224 870  70    0*
05785 09/30*229 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*239 875  70    0*244 877  70    0*
05790 10/01*249 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 877  80    0*265 876  80    0*
05795 10/02*271 875  90    0*275 873  90    0*280 870  90    0*288 864  90    0*
05800 10/03*295 859 100    0*301 853  90    0*307 845  70    0*317 833  50    0*
05805 10/04*328 821  40    0*339 808  40    0E350 793  50    0E369 774  50    0*
05810 10/05E393 749  60    0E408 724  60    0E420 695  50    0E435 660  50    0*
05815 HRAFL3IGA1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-10/3/1877    0500Z 30.0N  85.5W  100kt  3    ---   (960mb)   AFL3,IGA1
4-10/3/1877    0500Z 30.0N  85.5W  100kt  3    ---   (955mb)   AFL3,IGA1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 100 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 960 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 955 mb - 
for a 100 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1877/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).

********************************************************************************

1877/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  

********************************************************************************

1877/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

1877/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as 
a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

********************************************************************************


1878/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Florida.  

1878/01 - 2003 REVISION:

05790 07/01/1878 M= 3  1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3  1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

05795 07/01*254 873  40    0*254 866  40    0*255 860  40    0*256 850  40    0
05800 07/02*257 843  40    0*258 835  40    0*259 824  40    0*263 810  40    0
05800 07/02*257 843  40    0*258 835  40    0*259 824  40    0*263 810  30    0
                                                                        **

05805 07/03*273 796  40    0*280 783  40    0*287 770  40    0*294 756  40    0
05810 TS 

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida,
even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model.  In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was
used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd.

********************************************************************************

1878/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated 
decay rate to account for enhance topography.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang".
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a 
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
  
1878/02 - 2003 REVISION:

05905 08/08/1878 M=12  2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
05905 08/08/1878 M=12  2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

05910 08/08*150 605  40    0*149 610  40    0*147 615  40    0*146 619  40    0
05915 08/09*146 624  40    0*146 628  40    0*145 633  40    0*145 641  40    0
05920 08/10*144 649  40    0*144 656  40    0*143 665  40    0*142 676  40    0
05925 08/11*141 686  40    0*140 700  40    0*140 713  40    0*141 730  40    0
05930 08/12*143 746  50    0*145 761  50    0*150 775  50    0*159 786  50    0
05935 08/13*166 796  50    0*174 806  50    0*180 815  50    0*187 825  50    0
05940 08/14*195 833  60    0*202 841  60    0*210 850  60    0*215 856  60    0
05945 08/15*220 861  70    0*225 868  70    0*228 875  70    0*229 881  70    0
05950 08/16*230 890  70    0*230 896  70    0*230 903  70    0*230 911  70    0
05955 08/17*230 921  70    0*230 930  70    0*230 940  70    0*230 948  70    0
05960 08/18*229 956  70    0*227 965  70    0*227 975  70    0*226 985  40    0
05960 08/18*229 956  70    0*228 965  70    0*227 975  70    0*226 985  40    0
                             ***

05965 08/19*225 992  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
05970 HR

Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************


1878/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day
to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb 
central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely 
high latitude and cold waters.  Storm determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb
central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at 
Magdalene Islands, Canada.

********************************************************************************

1878/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  996 mb central pressures suggests
55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track.  972 mb central pressure suggests
84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track.  975 mb central pressure suggests
78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings
as well as several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1878/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:

Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown
in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 3.  These include indicating a loop in the track from 
the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track.  
Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in 
Partagas and Diaz.  A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's
center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least
72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen 
for best track.  A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's 
center (at 06 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.  
A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC
on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track.  A pressure reading
of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th) 
suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track.  A pressure reading
of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th) 
suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States.  Used an accelerated
decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean 
based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad, 
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports.  The storm 
regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several 
ship reports.  The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in
the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990
and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York",
as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina.


1878/05 - 2003 REVISION:

05935 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
05935 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

05940 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0
05945 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0
05950 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0
05955 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  80    0*190 730  70    0*196 739  70    0
05955 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0
                                      **      ***      **      *** 

05960 09/05*199 746  70    0*202 756  60    0*205 766  60    0*207 771  60    0
05960 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

05965 09/06*211 778  50    0*214 783  50    0*217 786  50    0*221 793  50    0
05965 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

05970 09/07*222 799  50    0*226 804  50    0*230 806  50    0*237 809  50    0
05970 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

05975 09/08*246 810  60    0*252 810  60    0*260 815  60    0*266 821  60    0
05975 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0
            ***              *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

05980 09/09*266 829  70    0*259 831  70    0*255 834  70    0*252 831  70    0
05980 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

05985 09/10*251 826  70    0*252 818  70    0*260 811  60    0*270 808  50    0
05985 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  

05990 09/11*279 806  50    0*288 806  60    0*297 806  70    0*305 806  70    0
05990 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

05995 09/12*312 806  80    0*317 806  80    0*325 805  80    0*345 801  60    0
05995 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0
            ***                  ***              ***          ***

06000 09/13*368 798  50    0E392 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
06000 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
            ***              ***

06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1    
06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1    
        ********

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date          Time   Lat    Lon     Max  Landfall
                                     Winds  State
5- 9/ 8/1878$   0100Z  24.7   81.0    60     FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$   2100Z  24.7   80.9    60     FL
      *         *****         ****

5- 9/ 8/1878$   0600Z  25.2   81.0    60     FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$   0200Z  25.2   81.0    60     FL
                *****       

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/10/1878$   1000Z 25.7N  81.3W   70kt  1    (985mb)    BFL1
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W   90kt  2    (970mb)    BFL2,DFL1
               ***** *****  *****   ****  *    *******    **** ****

5-9/12/1878    1000Z 32.2N  80.5W   80kt  1    (976mb)    NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W   80kt  1    (976mb)    NC1,SC1,GA1
               ****  ****   *****


Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work 
by Ho (1989).  In particular, additional observations were provided from
Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in
both track and intensity.  Observations from Key West showed that the
system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21 UTC on the 
7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly
thereafter.  All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north 
and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified.  Early on the 10th,
it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12 UTC
on the 10th, likely north of Tampa.  Observations from St. Augustine showed 
that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02 UTC on the 11th 
with a central pressure of 985 mb.  (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is 
in conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the
observer may have had a high bias at the former station.  However, strong
winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a 
combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient 
induced by a strong ridge to the north.  This ridge also blocked the storm 
and induced a slow motion for the same days.)  The hurricane's track was 
altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data.  The 985 mb 
central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the
Atlantic at 06 UTC on the 11th .  From this 985 mb central pressure and that 
the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure
was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure-
decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987).  A 970 mb central pressure suggests
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
is chosen for the winds at landfall.  Winds are reduced on the 4th to 
account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola.  Track also 
adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon 
re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000).  Assignment of 
Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000).


1878/05 - 2004 REVISION:

06080 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06080 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06085 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0
06090 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0
06095 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0
06100 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0
06105 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0
06110 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0
06115 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0
06120 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0
06125 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0
06130 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0
06135 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0
06140 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0
06145 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
06150 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06150 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
        ****         *** 

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W  90kt   2     (970mb)   BFL2,DFL1
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W  90kt   2     (970mb)   AFL2,BFL2,DFL1
                                                          ****
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W  80kt   1     (976mb)   NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W  80kt   1     (976mb)   SC1,GA1
                                                          ***

After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have 
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the 
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds:  1855/05 and 1878/05.  In this case, 
the assignment of Category 1 hurricane impact for North Carolina does not
appear consistent with landfall in southern South Carolina.  The original
assessment of Category 1 conditions for North Carolina were based upon
observed 65 kt winds at Cape Lookout (see above).  It has subsequently
been learned since 2000 that the 4 cup Robinson anemometer of the time had a 
severe high bias.  These 5 min observed winds of 65 kt convert to 50 kt 
after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 
53 kt after converting from a 5 min to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 
1996).  While peak 1 min winds were likely somewhat higher than this somewhere
in North Carolina, direct and indirect evidence suggests that only tropical
storm conditions impacted the state.  There were three other peak observations
available between Myrtle Beach, SC and Cape Lookout, NC:  Smithville, NC (now 
Southport) - SE 42 kt, Wilmington, NC - SE 26 kt, Sloop Point, NC (northeast
of Wilmington near Top Sail Beach) - 55 kt (estimated), and Cape Lookout.  
Thus these other measurements are also consistent with tropical storm
conditions in North Carolina and North Carolina is removed from
the listing as having sustained hurricane force conditions from this
hurricane. Northwest Florida added as Category 2 impact due to location
of the landfall.


1878/05 - 2006 REVISION:

06120 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
06125 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0*
06130 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0*
06135 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0*
06140 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0*
06145 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0*
06150 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0*
06155 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0*
06160 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0*
06165 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0*
06170 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0*
06175 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0*
06180 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0*
06185 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0*
06190 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1                                                        
06190 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1                                                
        ****
            
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should have been listed as a Category 2
hurricane for northwestern Florida ("AFL") as well as southwestern Florida,
based upon the intensity of the hurricane at landfall and its location.
Thus "AFL2" is added into the listing of U.S. continental hurricane
impacts.

********************************************************************************

1878/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship 
reports.  

********************************************************************************

1878/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.  
938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track.  This storm is determined 
to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon 
reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps".  The 
hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based 
upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship 
reports. 

06160 09/24/1878 M=15  7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
06160 09/24/1878 M=15  7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

06165 09/24*151 719  40    0*155 719  40    0*160 720  50    0*162 720  50    0
06170 09/25*164 720  60    0*167 721  60    0*170 721  70    0*176 723  70    0
06170 09/25*164 720  60    0*167 721  60    0*170 721  70    0*176 722  70    0
                                                                   ***

06175 09/26*180 724  70    0*184 724  60    0*187 725  50    0*192 726  50    0
06175 09/26*180 723  70    0*184 724  60    0*187 725  50    0*192 726  40    0
                ***                                                     **

06180 09/27*195 726  50    0*197 726  50    0*201 726  60    0*205 726  60    0
06180 09/27*195 726  40    0*197 726  40    0*201 726  50    0*205 727  60    0
                     **               **               **          ***

06185 09/28*209 728  70    0*212 728  70    0*216 730  70    0*221 731  70    0
06185 09/28*209 728  70    0*212 729  70    0*216 730  70    0*221 731  70    0
                                 ***

06190 09/29*224 733  80    0*227 734  80    0*232 735  80    0*236 735  80    0
06195 09/30*239 735  90    0*242 735  90    0*247 735  90    0*254 735  90    0
06200 10/01*258 735 100    0*263 734 100    0*268 733 100    0*274 731 100    0
06205 10/02*276 731 110    0*280 731 110    0*285 730 110    0*289 729 110    0
06210 10/03*293 726 120    0*298 725 120    0*302 721 120    0*308 719 120    0
06215 10/04*314 715 120    0*319 711 120    0*325 706 120    0*333 700 120    0
06220 10/05*339 693 110    0*344 686 110    0*350 677 110    0*360 666 110    0
06225 10/06*373 648 110    0*385 626 110    0*397 605 110    0*407 583 110    0
06230 10/07*417 555 110    0*427 519 110    0*435 485 110  938*448 443 100    0
06235 10/08*462 395 100    0*475 355 100    0*485 310  90    0*495 270  90    0
06240 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  Winds
slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola
and accounting for reasonable weakening.

********************************************************************************

1878/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 6.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The 
storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic 
Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central 
pressure reading.

1878/08 - 2003 REVISION:

06245 10/09/1878 M= 7  8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7  8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06250 10/09*235 913  40    0*246 911  40    0*256 906  40    0*263 901  40    0
06255 10/10*268 896  50    0*273 891  50    0*281 881  50    0*292 866  50    0
06260 10/11*306 838  50    0*315 808  50    0*327 781  60    0*335 766  60    0
06260 10/11*306 838  40    0*315 808  40    0*327 781  50    0*335 766  60    0
                     **               **               **

06265 10/12*345 750  70    0*358 736  70    0*370 725  70    0*388 705  70    0
06270 10/13*402 681  70    0*418 651  70    0*429 626  70  982*438 597  70    0
06275 10/14*445 568  70    0*452 533  70    0*455 500  70    0*455 475  70    0
06280 10/15E455 440  60    0E455 409  60    0E455 375  60    0E455 340  60    0
06285 HR

Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over
Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland 
decay model.  

********************************************************************************

1878/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7.  Note 
that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on 
the 16th of October.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon several ship observations.

********************************************************************************


1878/10:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8.  951 mb 
central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is 
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the 
951 mb central pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************


1878/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 9.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  975 mb 
central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this 
point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting 
higher winds than 78 kt).  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an 
extratropical storm).  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S. 
states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the 
central pressure reading.  

1878/11 - 2003 REVISION:

06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06285 10/18*172 796  40    0*177 801  40    0*180 805  50    0*182 806  50    0
06290 10/19*185 809  60    0*187 811  60    0*190 813  60    0*194 816  60    0
06295 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  70    0*212 824  70    0
06295 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  80    0*212 824  80    0
                                                       **               **

06300 10/21*219 824  70    0*225 823  70    0*232 820  70    0*244 810  70    0
06300 10/21*219 824  90    0*225 822  90    0*232 818  80    0*244 810  70    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **

06305 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*312 780  80    0
06305 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*307 780  80    0
                                                               ***

06310 10/23*340 776  90    0*365 775  80    0*389 770  80  975*405 760  70    0
06310 10/23*330 774  90  963*357 770  90    0*390 772  80  975*415 754  70    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

06315 10/24*422 740  60    0*427 716  60    0*425 689  60    0*415 666  60    0
06315 10/24E427 736  60    0E429 714  50    0E425 688  50    0E415 666  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **

06320 10/25E409 650  50    0E402 631  50    0E395 613  50    0E390 598  50    0
06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
11-10/23/1878  0100Z 34.4N  77.6W   90kt  2    (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
11-10/23/1878  0400Z 34.8N  77.1W   90kt  2    (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
               ***** *****  *****              *******

Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this
system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused
damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate. 
Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st,
accordingly.
 
Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until
the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000).  Changes
do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina.
They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond
to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  90 kt is kept
for landfall intensity.  Additional observations were obtained from the
new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003).  A 10 foot storm tide was observed 
in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and 
12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003).


1878/11 - 2006 REVISION:

06465 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
06470 10/18*172 796  40    0*177 801  40    0*180 805  50    0*182 806  50    0*
06475 10/19*185 809  60    0*187 811  60    0*190 813  60    0*194 816  60    0*
06480 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  80    0*212 824  80    0*
06485 10/21*219 824  90    0*225 822  90    0*232 818  80    0*244 810  70    0*
06490 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*307 780  80    0*
06495 10/23*330 774  90  963*357 770  90    0*390 772  80  975*415 754  70    0*
06500 10/24E427 736  60    0E429 714  50    0E425 688  50    0E415 666  50    0*
06505 10/25E409 650  50    0E402 631  50    0E395 613  50    0E390 598  50    0*
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1IPA1  
                            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing Category
1 hurricane impact in Pennsylvania based upon the track and intensity
shown in HURDAT.  This is consistent with observations of high winds
and storm surge that occurred in Philadelphia.

********************************************************************************

1878/12:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 10.  Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its 
impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm 
intensity).

********************************************************************************

1879/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1879/02:  Only substantial change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to alter 
the track near the U.S. eastern seaboard to accommodate observations 
described in Ho (1989).  Track has otherwise reasonable though large 
alterations by Partagas and Diaz (1995b) from that shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993), originally storm number 1.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  
Ho (1989) estimated 971 mb at landfall in North Carolina with a small radius 
of maximum wind (16 n mi).  971 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  However, due to the small RMW, 
winds are chosen for the best track to be 100 kt. This is the basis for 
determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity.  979 mb 
central pressure (while back over water) suggests winds of 74 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen to take into account the 
small RMW.  984 mb central pressure (twice) suggest winds of 69 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, again because of small 
RMW.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of 
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as
a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

1879/02 - 2003 REVISION:

06425 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06430 08/13*190 580  40    0*190 590  40    0*190 600  40    0*190 613  40    0
06435 08/14*191 629  40    0*192 645  40    0*192 656  40    0*195 668  40    0
06440 08/15*197 680  40    0*201 690  40    0*205 700  50    0*212 711  50    0
06445 08/16*217 721  60    0*225 729  60    0*232 736  70    0*242 746  70    0
06450 08/17*252 756  80    0*265 769  80    0*277 776  90    0*293 784  90    0
06455 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  90  979
06455 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  80  979
                                                                        **

06460 08/19*395 734  80  984*414 708  80  984*433 680  70    0*448 654  60    0
06460 08/19*395 734  70    0*414 708  70  984*433 680  60    0*448 654  60    0
                     **  ***          **               **

06465 08/20*465 617  60    0*482 583  60    0*493 550  50    0*502 515  50    0
06470 HR NC3 VA1 MA1
06470 HR NC3 VA2 
             *** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-8/18/1879    1200Z 34.7N  76.7W  100kt  3      971mb     NC3,VA1
2-8/18/1879    1200Z 34.7N  76.7W  100kt  3      971mb     NC3,VA2
                                                               ***

2-8/19/1879    0600Z 41.4N  70.8W   80kt  1      984mb     MA1
2-8/19/1879    0600Z 41.4N  70.8W   60kt  TS     984mb     (None)
                                    **    **               ******


Analysis of this hurricane's impacts in Virginia by Roth and Cobb (2001)
from wind and storm surge caused damage suggest that Category 2 conditions
are more representative of what occurred in and around Norfolk, Virginia.
(Note that Category 1 sustained windspeeds were observed in Cape Henry,
Virginia before the anemometer was destroyed by the wind.  Presumably
higher winds would have been measured if the anemometer continued to 
function.)  A storm surge of 7' (personal communication - B. Jarvinen,
total storm tide of 8' from Roth and Cobb) was observed at Norfolk.  (No 
changes were needed to the 6 hourly intervals in HURDAT.)  

Boose et al. (2001) did not include this hurricane in their publication 
on New England hurricanes.  Boose (personal communication) indicated
that their analysis found only F0 damage in Massachusetts, New York and
Rhode Island, not reaching their criterion for hurricane-intensity impacts.  
The original supposition that the hurricane retained a tight RMW at a second
landfall in Massachusetts (after landfall in North Carolina) does not
have much substantiation, though the 984 mb central pressure is valid.  
Given the observations of only 40 kt in New England and lack of hurricane-
wind caused damages it appears that either the RMW stayed offshore, the
hurricane had weakened or both was true.  The 979 mb central pressure 
at 1930Z on the 18th had been utilized to support a 90 kt wind at 18Z,
under the supposition that the small RMW would cause the maximum winds to
be substantially higher than the northern wind-pressure relationship
suggested winds (of 74 kt).  This has been reduced slightly down to 80 kt
at 18Z on the 18th.  The 984 mb central pressure is used directly to 
estimate the peak winds while the hurricane made landfall - 69 kt from the 
northern pressure-wind relationship.  Thus 70 kt chosen for the best track 
at 06Z on the 19th, reduced from 80 kt.  Highest estimated wind in New 
England is 60 kt, as the RMW with hurricane force winds likely remained 
offshore.


1879/02 - 2006 REVISION:

06595 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
06600 08/13*190 580  40    0*190 590  40    0*190 600  40    0*190 613  40    0*
06605 08/14*191 629  40    0*192 645  40    0*192 656  40    0*195 668  40    0*
06610 08/15*197 680  40    0*201 690  40    0*205 700  50    0*212 711  50    0*
06615 08/16*217 721  60    0*225 729  60    0*232 736  70    0*242 746  70    0*
06620 08/17*252 756  80    0*265 769  80    0*277 776  90    0*293 784  90    0*
06625 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  90  979*
06630 08/19*395 734  80  984*414 708  70  984*433 680  60    0*448 654  60    0*
06635 08/20*465 617  60    0*482 583  60    0*493 550  50    0*502 515  50    0*
06640 HR NC3 VA2                                                                
06640 HR NC3 VA2 MA1 
                 ***

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing a Category
1 hurricane impact in Massachusetts.  Previously, it was estimated that
the hurricane force winds stayed offshore as the hurricane clipped New England.
However, upon further inspection of the track and intensity, it is likely
that hurricane force winds were felt in southeastern Massachusetts.

********************************************************************************

1879/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2.  These track changes appear to be reasonable.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of 
Mexico and the SE United States.  982 mb estimated central pressure at 
landfall in Texas suggest 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports 
from the ship "Elvina".  The storm reintensified into a hurricane in the 
Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction reported in Orange, Texas and the 
estimated central pressure value.
 
1879/03 - 2003 REVISION:

06460 08/19/1879 M= 6  3 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6  3 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

06465 08/19*167 811  60    0*171 821  60    0*175 830  60    0*180 841  60    0
06470 08/20*185 854  70    0*191 865  70    0*197 876  70    0*202 890  60    0
06475 08/21*210 903  60    0*220 915  60    0*230 925  70    0*240 930  70    0
06480 08/22*250 935  70    0*261 938  70    0*273 940  80    0*281 941  80    0
06480 08/22*250 935  80    0*261 938  80    0*271 940  90    0*281 942  90    0
                     **               **      ***      **          ***  **

06485 08/23*290 943  80  982*300 944  70    0*310 943  50    0*322 938  40    0
06485 08/23*293 944  90  964*308 942  70    0*323 938  60  988*335 933  50    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

06490 08/24*335 928  40    0*350 916  40    0*360 905  40    0*372 886  40    0
06490 08/24*344 926  40    0*352 916  30    0*360 905  30    0*368 886  30    0
            *** ***          ***      **               **      ***      **     

06495 HRCTX1 LA1
06495 HRCTX2 LA2
        **** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/23/1879    0300Z 29.5N  94.4W   80kt  1      982mb     CTX1,LA1
3-8/23/1879    0200Z 29.6N  94.4W   90kt  2      964mb     CTX2,LA2
               ****  ****           **    *      ***       **** ***

Details of this hurricane near and after landfall were reconsidered given
the information from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) of a possible central 
pressure of 988 mb inland at Shreveport, Louisiana.  The central pressure
decay relationship from Ho et al. (1987) is utilized along with a
10 hour over land trek by the hurricane to estimate a 964 mb central
pressure at landfall.  The Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
suggests winds of 95 kt - 90 kt chosen for the best track at landfall.
The 988 mb central pressure at Shreveport suggests winds of 65 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT.  The track and 
intensity were adjusted accordingly on the 22nd and 23rd.  Decay stage of 
this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land 
inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track,
leading to slight revisions downward in intensity on the 24th.

********************************************************************************

1879/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  Morgan City's sea level pressure of 972 mb not in 
storm's center (at 12 UTC, the 1st of September) suggests winds of at 
least 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane status at landfall based upon destruction described in Morgan 
City, Louisiana as well as the peripheral pressure report.

1879/04 - 2003 REVISION:

06500 08/29/1879 M= 5  4 SNBR= 192 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5  4 SNBR= 195 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06505 08/29*235 885  50    0*237 888  50    0*240 891  50    0*242 893  50    0
06510 08/30*244 896  70    0*247 900  70    0*250 903  80    0*254 906  80    0
06515 08/31*258 910  90    0*262 913  90    0*268 916 100    0*273 916 100    0
06515 08/31*258 910  90    0*262 913  90    0*268 915 100    0*273 916 100    0
                                                  ***

06520 09/01*278 917 110    0*283 916 110    0*288 916 110    0*299 911  90    0
06520 09/01*278 917 110    0*283 916 110    0*288 915 110    0*299 911  90    0
                                                  ***

06525 09/02*312 905  60    0*324 899  50    0*335 885  40    0*348 871  40    0
06525 09/02*312 905  60    0*324 899  50    0*335 885  40    0*348 871  30    0
                                                                        **

06530 HR LA3

Track altered slightly on the 31st and 1st to provide a more realistic
smooth track.  Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before 
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the 
best track.

1879/04 - 2011 REVISION:

06685 08/29/1879 M= 5  4 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
06690 08/29*235 885  50    0*237 888  50    0*240 891  50    0*242 893  50    0*
06695 08/30*244 896  70    0*247 900  70    0*250 903  80    0*254 906  80    0*
06700 08/31*258 910  90    0*262 913  90    0*268 915 100    0*273 916 100    0*
06705 09/01*278 917 110    0*283 916 110    0*288 915 110    0*299 911  90    0*
06710 09/02*312 905  60    0*324 899  50    0*335 885  40    0*348 871  30    0*
06715 HR LA3                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-9/1/1879     1600Z 29.5N  91.4W  110kt  3    ---   (950mb)   LA3
4-9/1/1879     1600Z 29.5N  91.4W  110kt  3    ---   (945mb)   LA3
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana a a 110 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 950 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 945 mb - 
for a 110 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1879/05:  Storm was originally #6 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1879/05 - 2003 REVISION:

06535 10/03/1879 M= 5  5 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5  5 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06540 10/03*145 776  40    0*154 786  40    0*162 795  40    0*172 804  40    0
06545 10/04*182 814  40    0*191 821  40    0*200 830  40    0*207 839  40    0
06550 10/05*216 846  40    0*224 854  40    0*231 859  40    0*237 864  40    0
06555 10/06*244 869  50    0*250 874  50    0*258 879  50    0*267 884  50    0
06560 10/07*280 889  50    0*293 893  50    0*312 900  40    0*330 905  40    0
06560 10/07*280 889  50    0*293 893  50    0*312 900  40    0*330 905  30    0
                                                                        **

06565 TS  

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************


1879/06:  Storm was originally #7 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1879/06 - 2003 REVISION:

06570 10/09/1879 M= 8  6 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8  6 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06575 10/09*142 560  40    0*142 572  40    0*143 585  40    0*144 599  40    0
06580 10/10*146 614  40    0*148 632  40    0*150 650  40    0*152 664  40    0
06585 10/11*154 681  40    0*157 700  40    0*160 720  50    0*162 736  50    0
06590 10/12*167 751  50    0*175 768  50    0*181 783  50    0*187 793  50    0
06595 10/13*192 803  50    0*200 811  50    0*204 819  50    0*210 826  50    0
06600 10/14*217 831  50    0*225 835  50    0*232 839  50    0*241 841  50    0
06605 10/15*249 843  50    0*259 845  50    0*268 848  50    0*277 851  50    0
06610 10/16*287 856  50    0*299 864  50    0*313 871  40    0*330 880  40    0
06610 10/16*287 856  50    0*299 864  50    0*313 871  40    0*330 880  30    0
                                                                        **

06615 TS  

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************


1879/07:  Storm was originally #8 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized 
for inland winds over Florida.  Storm is documented to have reached 
hurricane status based upon several ship reports. 

********************************************************************************

1879/08:  Storm was originally #9 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Central pressure of 968 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, in part because the 
hurricane had transitioned to an extratropical storm about six hours 
previously.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based 
upon the central pressure measurement and several ship observations.

1879/08 - 2003 REVISION:

06765 11/18/1879 M= 4  8 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4  8 SNBR= 199 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

06770 11/18*217 735  60    0*225 735  60    0*235 735  60    0*242 735  60    0
06775 11/19*252 735  70    0*263 735  70    0*280 735  80    0*306 730  80    0
06780 11/20*335 720  90    0*363 700  90    0*390 680  80    0*425 648  80  968
06780 11/20*335 720  90    0*363 700  90    0E390 680  80    0E425 648  80  968
                                             *                *

06785 11/21*458 618  70    0*493 587  60    0*530 555  50    0*550 540  50    0
06785 11/21E458 618  70    0E493 587  60    0E530 555  50    0E550 540  50    0
           *                *                *                *

06790 HR

Despite the description in the original writeup of an extratropical stage
beginning on the 20th, no such stage was indicated in HURDAT.  This is now
corrected for the 20th and 21st.

********************************************************************************

1879 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) 
and storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the 
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually 
exist as a tropical cyclone.  Following the suggestion by Partagas and 
Diaz, this event was instead determined to be an unusually early, long-
lasting and intense "norther" (cold front).  Additional investigation for 
this system found that the September 1879 issue of _Monthly Weather 
Review_ showed no track drawn for this storm, nor any record of 
significant rainfall in any of the Florida stations.  A researcher at the 
time - Loomis (1881) - also did not identify this system as being a 
tropical storm.  The first report that did put together a track for this 
storm was Garriott (1900);  however, no supporting documentation was 
provided by Garriott for how the track was determined.  All subsequent 
track books and climatologies have reproduced Garriott's track as is.  
Thus, there appears to be no corroborating evidence in support of the 
track apparently first provided by Garriott (1900), this system is 
removed as a tropical storm from the database.

********************************************************************************

1880/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1880/01 - 2003 REVISION:

06690 06/21/1880 M= 5  1 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5  1 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06695 06/21*267 865  40    0*268 873  40    0*270 880  40    0*272 886  40    0
06700 06/22*275 894  40    0*278 901  40    0*280 910  40    0*280 916  40    0
06705 06/23*280 923  40    0*280 928  40    0*281 934  40    0*282 940  40    0
06710 06/24*283 945  40    0*284 950  40    0*286 955  40    0*288 959  40    0
06715 06/25*291 963  40    0*295 966  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
06715 06/25*291 963  30    0*295 966  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

06720 TS

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1880/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
Estimate from Ho (1989) of 931 mb at landfall in Mexico just south of the 
United States-Mexico border corresponds to 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt chosen for best track.  This, along
with the extreme destruction in Matamoros, Mexico and Port Isabell and
Brazos, Texas, is the basis for determining that this storm reached major 
hurricane intensity.  When the hurricane crossed into the United States at 
about 06 UTC on the 13th of August, it is estimated that the central 
pressure had filled to 943 mb which corresponds to 117 kt - 110 kt chosen 
for best track because hurricane was inland by this point.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Mexico and Texas.  The best track provided appears to describe the full 
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1880/02 - 2003 REVISION:

06725 08/04/1880 M=11  2 SNBR= 198 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06725 08/04/1880 M=11  2 SNBR= 201 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06730 08/04*160 598  40    0*159 618  40    0*160 640  40    0*161 655  40    0
06735 08/05*162 670  50    0*162 684  50    0*165 698  50    0*166 711  50    0
06740 08/06*167 725  60    0*167 738  60    0*170 751  70    0*171 763  70    0
06745 08/07*172 775  80    0*175 786  80    0*177 800  90    0*181 811  90    0
06750 08/08*185 821  90    0*189 831  90    0*192 840  90    0*196 846  90    0
06755 08/09*200 853  90    0*202 860  90    0*207 866  90    0*210 874  70    0
06755 08/09*200 853  90    0*204 860  90    0*207 867  90    0*210 874  70    0
                             ***                  ***

06760 08/10*212 881  60    0*216 889  50    0*220 896  60    0*222 904  60    0
06760 08/10*213 881  60    0*216 889  50    0*220 896  60    0*223 904  60    0
            ***                                                ***

06765 08/11*226 911  70    0*230 920  70    0*234 926  80    0*237 933  80    0
06765 08/11*226 911  70    0*230 919  70    0*234 926  80    0*237 933  80    0
                                 ***

06770 08/12*240 938  90    0*242 944 100    0*247 950 110    0*252 960 120    0
06770 08/12*240 938  90    0*243 944 100    0*247 950 110    0*252 960 120    0
                             ***

06775 08/13*257 969 130  931*261 976 110  943*265 985  70    0*271 995  60    0
06780 08/14*2781002  50    0*2861010  40    0*2971015  40    0*3101010  40    0
06780 08/14*2781002  50    0*2861010  40    0*2971015  30    0*3101010  30    0
                                                       **               **

06785 HRATX3

Track altered slightly on the 9th to the 12th to provide a more realistic
smooth track.  Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before 
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the 
best track.

********************************************************************************

1880/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
987 mb central pressure corresponds to 68 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  980 mb central 
pressure corresponds to 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track.  992 mb central pressure corresponds
to 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
chosen for best track.  The observations of winds and central pressures
of 987 mb and 980 mb from Jamaica and Cuba are the basis for determination
that this storm reached hurricane intensity.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its 
dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1880/04:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995) is to remove 
the track from September 2nd as the storm is determined to have decayed 
below tropical storm strength by then.  The track is otherwise unchanged 
from that of Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track of Neumann et al. (1993).  972 mb central
pressure corresponds to 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading 
of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 18 UTC on the 25th of August) 
suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  A pressure reading of
993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 31st of
August) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the S.E. United States.  Storm is determined to be a hurricane
based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements both in the
Atlantic and again in the Gulf of Mexico.

1880/04 - 2003 REVISION:

06830 08/24/1880 M= 9  4 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9  4 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06835 08/24*247 575  50    0*249 586  50    0*250 597  50    0*252 607  50    0
06840 08/25*255 618  60    0*257 628  60    0*260 638  60    0*262 650  60    0
06845 08/26*264 661  70    0*266 673  70    0*267 685  80    0*269 696  80    0
06850 08/27*271 709  90    0*272 721  90    0*273 734  90    0*274 744  90    0
06855 08/28*275 754  90    0*277 765  90    0*278 775  90    0*279 785  90    0
06860 08/29*280 794  90  972*281 801  90    0*282 806  90    0*283 811  70    0
06865 08/30*284 816  60    0*285 821  60    0*287 826  60    0*290 833  70    0
06870 08/31*294 841  70    0*298 850  70    0*302 860  60    0*307 870  60    0
06875 09/01*314 878  50    0*322 884  40    0*330 890  40    0*335 891  40    0
06875 09/01*314 878  50    0*322 884  40    0*330 890  30    0*335 891  30    0
                                                       **               **

06880 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1  

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

1880/04 - 2011 REVISION:

07015 08/24/1880 M= 9  4 SNBR= 204 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
07020 08/24*247 575  50    0*249 586  50    0*250 597  50    0*252 607  50    0*
07025 08/25*255 618  60    0*257 628  60    0*260 638  60    0*262 650  60    0*
07030 08/26*264 661  70    0*266 673  70    0*267 685  80    0*269 696  80    0*
07035 08/27*271 709  90    0*272 721  90    0*273 734  90    0*274 744  90    0*
07040 08/28*275 754  90    0*277 765  90    0*278 775  90    0*279 785  90    0*
07045 08/29*280 794  90  972*281 801  90    0*282 806  90    0*283 811  70    0*
07050 08/30*284 816  60    0*285 821  60    0*287 826  60    0*290 833  70    0*
07055 08/31*294 841  70    0*298 850  70    0*302 860  60    0*307 870  60    0*
07060 09/01*314 878  50    0*322 884  40    0*330 890  30    0*335 891  30    0*
07065 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-8/29/1880    1200Z 28.2N  80.6W   90kt  2    ---    972mb    CFL2,DFL1
4-8/31/1880    0400Z 29.7N  84.8W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
4-8/31/1880    0400Z 29.7N  84.8W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in the Florida panhandle as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested 
a central pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1880/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  A pressure reading of 987 mb 
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 30th of August) suggests 
winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 977 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 79 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports and pressure 
measurements.

********************************************************************************


1880/06:  No major changes from this newly documented storm from 
Partagas and Diaz (1995).  987 mb central pressure corresponds to 
67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.  Storm determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading,
destruction at Cape Henry, Virginia and reports from the ship 
"T.H.A. Pitts".

1880/06 - 2003 REVISION:

06960 09/06/1880 M= 6  6 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
06965 09/06*239 886  40    0*242 884  40    0*246 880  40    0*249 876  40    0
06970 09/07*252 873  40    0*256 870  40    0*260 866  40    0*266 863  40    0
06975 09/08*271 860  50    0*277 856  50    0*287 846  50    0*301 831  50    0
06975 09/08*271 860  50    0*277 856  50    0*287 846  50    0*301 831  40    0
                                                                        **

06980 09/09*317 804  60    0*335 781  70  987*353 765  70    0*370 743  70    0
06985 09/10*389 720  70    0*408 689  70    0*423 660  70    0*432 639  70    0
06990 09/11E440 617  60    0E447 591  60    0E453 567  60    0E460 542  60    0
06995 HR NC1      

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 8th.

********************************************************************************

1880/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 6.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure 
reading of 982 mb (at 12 UTC on the 8th of September) not in the 
hurricane's center suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical 
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon peripheral 
pressure reading and wind reports from several ships.

********************************************************************************


1880/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 7.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  928 mb central 
pressure (twice) corresponds to 118 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt chosen for best track. The storm is 
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon these two 
central pressure measurements.

********************************************************************************

1880/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 8.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.  
The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity both in the 
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic based upon several ship 
observations.

1880/09 - 2011 REVISION:

07245 10/05/1880 M= 6  9 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
07250 10/05*182 851  40    0*186 856  40    0*190 860  40    0*196 866  40    0*
07255 10/06*205 871  50    0*214 873  50    0*222 873  50    0*227 871  50    0*
07260 10/07*234 868  60    0*241 864  60    0*247 860  60    0*254 856  60    0*
07265 10/08*263 853  70    0*269 850  70    0*277 843  70    0*287 830  70    0*
07270 10/09*301 810  60    0*313 789  70    0*320 760  70    0*324 739  70    0*
07275 10/10*325 723  70    0*325 701  70    0*325 685  70    0*325 655  70    0*
07280 HRAFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-9/9/1880     1000Z 34.7N  77.1W   70kt  1    ---    987mb    NC1
9-10/8/1880    1900Z 28.9N  82.7W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
9-10/8/1880    1900Z 28.9N  82.7W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The original assessment in HURDAT analyzed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

1880/10:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1995).  970 mb central pressure corresponds to
85 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen due to cooler SSTs in October.  979 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 76 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen partially due to cooler SSTs in October.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these 
central pressure readings and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1880/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995), except to
add 12 and 18 UTC positions for the 20th of October to accommodate
beginning of track portrayed.  Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), originally storm number 9.  991 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 61 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
60 kt chosen.  The best track provided appears to describe the full 
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).


1880/11 - 2006 REVISION:

07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                                                    *

07335 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*271 753  40    0*282 746  40    0*
07340 10/21*293 745  40    0*302 741  40    0*310 740  40    0*317 738  40    0*
07345 10/22*324 736  50    0*332 733  50    0*340 730  50    0*353 726  50    0*
07350 10/23*375 718  60    0E402 705  60    0E435 690  60  991E460 680  50    0*
07355 10/24E478 673  50    0E490 663  50    0E500 650  50    0E508 635  50    0*
07360 TS                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be not be indicated as
a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as it already had become extratropical before
striking New England based upon the existing track and intensity in
HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1881/01:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to 
remove the 12 and 18 UTC from the best track on the 4th of August
as the storm was determined to have decayed below tropical storm
force by those times.  Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. 
(1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over the S.E. United States.  The best track provided appears 
to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm 
intensity).

07180 08/01/1881 M= 4  1 SNBR= 208 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07180 08/01/1881 M= 4  1 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

07185 08/01*230 855  40    0*235 858  40    0*240 860  40    0*246 863  40    0
07190 08/02*252 866  40    0*261 868  40    0*270 870  40    0*277 874  40    0
07195 08/03*285 878  50    0*293 881  50    0*301 883  50    0*309 884  40    0
07200 08/04*315 886  40    0*320 888  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07200 08/04*315 886  30    0*320 888  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

07205 TS

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1881/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who kept
the track as shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  

07315 08/11/1881 M= 4  2 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07315 08/11/1881 M= 4  2 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

07320 08/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*256 887  40    0*256 896  40    0
07325 08/12*256 905  40    0*257 915  40    0*258 924  40    0*261 934  40    0
07330 08/13*264 943  40    0*268 952  40    0*272 958  40    0*277 966  40    0
07335 08/14*283 972  40    0*289 977  30    0*296 983  30    0*308 990  30    0
07335 08/14*283 972  30    0*289 977  30    0*296 983  30    0*308 990  30    0
                     **

07340 TS

Winds reduced to account for weakening after landfall more realistically.

********************************************************************************


1881/03:  This hurricane was newly documented by Partagas and Diaz (1996)
and no major changes are made to their track.  The storm is determined
to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship
"Fonthill".

********************************************************************************

1881/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the 
ships "Cohasset" and "Anna".

********************************************************************************


1881/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 4.  A sea level pressure reading of 985 mb (at 
00 UTC on the 27th of August) not in the storm's center suggests 
sustained winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for the best track.  Sandrik (1999) utilized 
this peripheral pressure of 985 mb along with an estimate of a RMW of 
15 nmi to get a 970 mb estimate of central pressure at landfall.  970 mb 
suggests 85 kt winds from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
90 kt chosen for best track.  1002 mb central pressure corresponds to 
45 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt 
chosen for best track as storm was well inland at this point.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the S.E. United States.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon several ship reports, the 985 mb peripheral pressure 
reading and winds from Tybee Island and Augusta, Georgia.

1881/05 - 2003 REVISION:

07330 08/21/1881 M= 9  5 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07330 08/21/1881 M= 9  5 SNBR= 215 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

07335 08/21*176 570  60    0*177 580  60    0*177 590  60    0*177 599  60    0
07340 08/22*180 609  60    0*182 620  60    0*186 630  60    0*189 639  60    0
07345 08/23*192 649  60    0*196 659  60    0*201 670  60    0*207 680  60    0
07350 08/24*216 691  70    0*222 700  70    0*230 708  70    0*237 719  70    0
07355 08/25*244 728  70    0*249 736  70    0*255 746  80    0*260 754  80    0
07360 08/26*267 764  80    0*274 773  80    0*282 781  80    0*286 786  90    0
07365 08/27*293 790  90    0*299 793  90    0*307 796  90    0*313 801  90    0
07370 08/28*316 809  90  970*319 819  70    0*320 830  50    0*320 844  50    0
07375 08/29*325 863  40    0*332 876  40    0*340 890  40 1002*347 904  40    0
07375 08/29*325 863  40    0*332 876  40    0*340 890  40 1002*347 904  30    0
                                                                        **

07380 HR GA2 SC1

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1881/06:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz is to adjust the
track near U.S. landfall to account for analyses by Ho (1989). 
Track is otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally 
storm number 5.  Estimated central pressure at landfall of 975 mb 
corresponds to 81 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track due to small (15 n mi) 
radius of maximum winds.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
several ship reports and estimated central pressure reading of 975 mb.

********************************************************************************

1881/07:  No major changes from this newly documented storm from
Partagas and Diaz.  

********************************************************************************

1881 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1881 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) 
and storm number 6 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the 
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually 
exist as a tropical cyclone.  Partagas and Diaz suggested that the storm 
was likely an extratropical storm for the duration of its lifetime.

********************************************************************************

1882/01:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane
by Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Case" and "Ida".

********************************************************************************

1882/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  981 mb central 
pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  961 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 94 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  949 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 103 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
100 kt chosen for best track.  1000 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt 
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  
A pressure reading of 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track.  A pressure 
reading of 986 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 5th) 
suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United 
States.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity 
based upon central pressure reading of 949 mb from the ship "Cato" while 
over the Gulf of Mexico.

1882/02 - 2003 REVISION:

07485 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 216 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
07485 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

07490 09/02*195 675  50    0*197 685  50    0*202 693  50    0*207 701  50    0
07495 09/03*212 709  60    0*217 718  60    0*220 725  70    0*222 734  70    0
07500 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  80    0*224 770  80    0
07500 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  90    0*224 770  90    0
                                                       **               **

07505 09/05*224 778  80    0*222 786  80    0*222 795  80    0*222 809  70    0
07505 09/05*224 778  90    0*224 786  80    0*224 795  80    0*224 809  70    0
                     **      ***              ***              ***

07510 09/06*222 820  70    0*222 829  70    0*222 838  70    0*222 846  70    0
07510 09/06*224 820  70    0*224 829  70    0*224 838  70    0*224 846  70    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

07515 09/07*225 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0
07515 09/07*226 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0
            ***

07520 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 886  90    0
07520 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 887  90    0
                                                                   ***

07525 09/09*268 888  90    0*273 886  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961
07525 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961
                             *** ***

07530 09/10*300 871 100  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0
07535 09/11*337 833  40    0*345 821  40    0*353 808  40    0*367 783  40    0
07540 09/12*384 749  50    0*400 715  60    0*417 681  50 1000*437 645  50    0
07545 09/13E452 610  40    0E465 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07550 HRAFL3 AL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 1 assigned in HURDAT.
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 4th and 5th.  Perez' track was slightly 
farther north on the 5th and 6th, so the latitudes on those dates have also 
been changed accordingly.  Track altered slightly on the 8th and 9th to
provide a more realistic translational velocity.


1882/02 - 2006 REVISION:

07670 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
07675 09/02*195 675  50    0*197 685  50    0*202 693  50    0*207 701  50    0*
07680 09/03*212 709  60    0*217 718  60    0*220 725  70    0*222 734  70    0*
07685 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  90    0*224 770  90    0*
07690 09/05*224 778  90    0*224 786  80    0*224 795  80    0*224 809  70    0*
07695 09/06*224 820  70    0*224 829  70    0*224 838  70    0*224 846  70    0*
07700 09/07*226 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0*
07705 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 887  90    0*
07710 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961*
07715 09/10*300 871 100  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0*
07720 09/11*337 833  40    0*345 821  40    0*353 808  40    0*367 783  40    0*
07725 09/12*384 749  50    0*400 715  60    0*417 681  50 1000*437 645  50    0*
07730 09/13E452 610  40    0E465 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
07735 HRAFL3 AL1                                                                
07735 HRAFL3IAL1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Alabama
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Alabama's
Gulf coast.

1882/02 - 2011 REVISION:

07670 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
07675 09/02*195 675  50    0*197 685  50    0*202 693  50    0*207 701  50    0*
07680 09/03*212 709  60    0*217 718  60    0*220 725  70    0*222 734  70    0*
07685 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  90    0*224 770  90    0*
07690 09/05*224 778  90    0*224 786  80    0*224 795  80    0*224 809  70    0*
07695 09/06*224 820  70    0*224 829  70    0*224 838  70    0*224 846  70    0*
07700 09/07*226 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0*
07705 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 887  90    0*
07710 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961*
07710 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880 100  961*
                                                                       ***

07715 09/10*300 871 100  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0*
07715 09/10*300 871 110  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0*
                    ***

07720 09/11*337 833  40    0*345 821  40    0*353 808  40    0*367 783  40    0*
07725 09/12*384 749  50    0*400 715  60    0*417 681  50 1000*437 645  50    0*
07730 09/13E452 610  40    0E465 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
07735 HRAFL3IAL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-9/10/1882    0200Z 30.4N  86.8W  100kt  3    ---    949mb    AFL3,IAL1
2-9/10/1882    0200Z 30.4N  86.8W  110kt  3    ---    949mb    AFL3,IAL1
                                   ***

The originally analysis of this hurricane mistakenly utilized the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship instead of the Gulf of Mexico equations.  
The 961 mb central pressure at 20Z on the 9th suggests 94 kt from the Brown
et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 98 kt for
the same for the subset of intensifying hurricanes.  Six hours later
at 02Z on the 10th, the hurricane made landfall with a 949 mb central
pressure.  949 mb suggests winds of 106 kt from the Brown et al. (2006)
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 111 kt from the same but
for the subset of intensifying hurricanes.  No size estimate of the
hurricane at landfall was available and the translational velocity is
a near average 14 kt at landfall.  Winds are increased from
90 kt to 100 kt at 18Z on the 9th and 100 kt to 110 kt at 00Z on the 10th
as well as at landfall at 02Z.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model did not suggest that any changes in winds after
landfall were needed. 

********************************************************************************

1882/03 - 2003 ADDITION:

07566 09/14/1882 M= 3  3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07567 09/14*280 890  90    0*282 900  90    0*285 910  90    0*289 920  90    0
07568 09/15*294 930  90    0*299 938  80    0*304 945  60    0*309 950  40    0
07569 09/16*315 953  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07570 HR LA2CTX1

Roth (1997a,b) documents a newly described system that made landfall
along the U.S. coastline near the Texas-Louisiana border:

"A strong tropical storm hit the mouth of the Sabine River. A "terrific wind 
 and rain storm" caused damage to homes in Sabine Pass, Tx. The Lake Charles 
 Echo, La. reported it as a "hurricane" that destroyed a house and injured 
 its occupant.  Streets in town were covered by 3 feet of water. Fences were 
 blown over a mile from their previous location.  That night [the 14th], a 
 "Hard wind and rain" visited Lake Charles, described as a lively gale". Port 
 Eads, La. had winds of 70 m.p.h. and a pressure of 29.38". Abbeville, La. 
 reported no damage with the storm."

From this description a rough track of the storm was created that goes
from southeast to northwest, making landfall just east of Sabine Pass.
Storm surge modeling (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) suggests that
3' of standing water in the streets of Lake Charles requires a Category 2
at landfall.  Thus this system is estimated as 90 kt at landfall.  The 
inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Texas and Louisiana. 

1882/03 - 2011 REVISION:

07566 09/14/1882 M= 3  3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07566 09/14/1882 M= 3  3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                                                          *

07567 09/14*280 890  90    0*282 900  90    0*285 910  90    0*289 920  90    0
07567 09/14*265 915  30    0*270 917  35    0*277 920  40    0*285 923  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
      
07568 09/15*294 930  90    0*299 938  80    0*304 945  60    0*309 950  40    0
07568 09/15*294 930  50    0*299 938  50    0*304 945  40    0*309 950  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

07569 09/16*315 953  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07570 HR LA2CTX1
07570 TS 
      ** *******

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/15/1882    0500Z 29.8N  93.7W   90     2   ---    (969)    LA2,CTX1
3-9/15/1882    0500Z 29.8N  93.7W   50    TS   ---    -----    None
                                    **    **           ***     ********                                      

The track and intensity for this hurricane have major revisions.  This reanalysis - 
based upon newspaper articles and new station observations - was a combined effort 
by Mike Chenoweth, Cary Mock, David Roth, Roger Erickson, and Sandy Delgado.

Some of the information used in the original analysis reported in the Roth (1997a,b) 
Louisiana and Texas hurricane history was confused with impacts from the hurricane 
(storm #2) that struck Florida and made a close bypass to the mouth of the Mississippi 
River a week earlier.  In particular, associating the report of 29.38' pressure and 
70 mph winds from Port Eads for this system (storm #3) was erroneous.

Below are relevant newspaper articles from the Lake Charles Echo, a weekly publication:  

"A hard wind and rain visited this section [Lake Charles] Thursday night [14 September 1882]
-the rain coming down in torrents and the wind blowing a lively gale.  It was a forerunner, 
doubtless, of an equinoctial blow" - Saturday, 16 September 1882

"A Lively Little Blow.  On Thursday night of last week [14 September 1882], Sabine station 
and vicinity was visited by a terrific wind and rain storm.  Considerable damage was done 
to houses, fences, etc.  The greatest calamity resulting from the hurricane, from the meager 
details we have at hand, was the complete destruction of Mr. Lastie Vincent's residence, 
which is a total wreck.  Mrs. Vincent was quite severely bruised from the falling of some 
of the timbers.  The town of Sabine Pass had three feet of water in her streets.  Fencing 
at several places was blown a distance of a mile and more.  Altogether it was as severe a 
blow as the people of that section have witnessed in a long time, and we trust no further 
damage was done than that reported." - Saturday, 23 September 1882

Examination of the Galveston Daily News, Galveston Weekly News, and the New Orleans Picayune 
from September 13-24 had no write-ups on this system at all indicating minimal to no impacts 
for the upper Texas coast and eastern Texas. 

Below are the relevant observations available (Washington time):

Port Eads
       --Sea Level Pressure-- -----Winds (kt)------ ---Other---
Date   7a PPP  3p PPP 11p PPP 7aDDFF 3pDDFF 11pDDFF
7 Sep    1014   1013   1010     E11    E16     E13  .01" rain
8 Sep    1010   1009   1007     E16   SE19    NE25  .83" rain
9 Sep    1000    996   1006    NE46   NE56     N17  [peak NE78] 5.07" rain
10 Sep   1009   1011   1013    NW10    N10    NW10
........
14 Sep   1021   1019   1020     E14    E14     E12
15 Sep   1019   1019   1009     E07    E08    SE04  .15" rain

Galveston
14 Sep   1016   1019   1018     E16    E21     E21  Cloudy - Rain - Thrtg 
15 Sep   1014   1014   1016    NW17    S04     S09  Cloudy - Fair - Clear
Peak wind night of 14-15th is E30 sometime between 11pm and 7am and a peak wind of NW19 
between 7am and 3pm 15 September. 

Shreveport
14 Sep   1021   1020   1019    Calm    N05    Calm
15 Sep   1020   1015   1018    NE04    E13     S03  Light rain - cloudy -
 		   					     Cloudy 0.15"
16 Sep   1019   1018   1017     S01    S04    Calm  Cloudy - Thrtg - Clear

Mobile
14 Sep   1020   ----   ----     N05    E05    NE05
15 Sep   1021   ----   ----     N05   SE05    SW05

New Orleans
14 Sep   1019   ----   ----     N03   ----    ----
15 Sep   1017   ----   ----     E06   ----    ----
16 Sep   1018   ----   ----     N03   ----    ----

Unfortunately, there were no relevant ship observations in the Gulf of Mexico 
during this period available in the COAD database.  Also obtained were the U.S. 
Signal Corp synoptic weather maps for the 13th to the 16th of September and the 
"Precipitation Chart for September, 1882". 

Examination of the available data clearly shows the storm #2 that impacted Port 
Eads, Louisiana on the 9th and that there was only minimal evidence of a tropical 
cyclone near Sabine Pass on the 14th and 15th.  The Weather Bureau in the Monthly 
Weather Review has a detailed description of Storm #2 earlier in the month that 
affected the northern Gulf region and an area of low pressure at the beginning of 
the month that impacted eastern Texas, but it has no account of a hurricane making 
landfall near the Texas and Louisiana border, or anywhere around the area in the 
time in question. 

It is worth comparing this system with Storm #1 in 1886 as this also had a landfall 
with estimated intensity of 90 kt in the vicinity of Sabine Pass.  Press reports 
were obtained for this case as well.  If the 1882 storm had a 90 kt intensity and 
was felt at Sabine Pass then we should expect to see comparable levels of press 
accounts.

For the 1886 storm, the Picayune carries reports from Galveston, Lake Charles and 
Orange and the Galveston Daily News has reports from Galveston, Orange and Sabine 
Pass. There are at least 10 separate very extensive items from these areas for this 
hurricane. The Picayune always provided reports from Galveston on all subject matter.  
The impacts described are quite consistent with a Category 2 hurricane making landfall 
near Sabine Pass.

As described above, the only press reports on this 1882 system were the very short 
articles from the Lake Charles Echo on the impacts in Sabine Pass and in Lake Charles. 
Again, the Galveston and New Orleans newspapers carried no press reports about the 1882 
system.

The previous motivation for indicating that this system was a Category 2 hurricane 
was both the Port Eads observations and the flooding within Sabine Pass.  It is now 
understood that the Port Eads observations were instead wrongly dated and were 
instead reflective of conditions that actually occurred from storm #2.  The flooding 
was interpreted by the Best Track Change Committee in 2003 to be due to storm surge 
flooding.  However, given both the lack of other hurricane impacts along the coast as 
reported by the press, it is likely that this was due to fresh-water rainfall flooding.  

Thus the observations from Galveston and the other available stations along with the 
modest impacts described in the newspaper articles for Lake Charles and Sabine Pass 
do suggest that a small tropical storm came ashore near the Louisiana/Texas border.  
But they are quite inconsistent with a hurricane strike.  With these additional data, 
the track is adjusted over the Gulf of Mexico toward the southwest on the 14th 
beginning with as a tropical depression, intensifying to a 50 kt tropical storm by 
landfall, but making landfall at the same location and time as originally indicated.  
Weaker winds are also indicated during the dissipation phase.  

Alternatively, some of the researchers contributing information for this system
have concluded that this was not a tropical storm either over the Gulf of 
Mexico or in Louisiana/Texas and instead was a local wind/rain event (likely
a squall line) for Sabine Pass.

********************************************************************************

1882 Storm 3 - Revised 2012

07760 09/14/1882 M= 3  3 SNBR= 221 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
07765 09/14*265 915  30    0*270 917  35    0*277 920  40    0*285 923  45    0*
07765 09/14*265 915  30    0*270 917  40    0*277 920  40    0*285 923  50    0*
                                      **                                **

07770 09/15*294 930  50    0*299 938  50    0*304 945  40    0*309 950  35    0*
07770 09/15*294 930  50    0*299 938  50    0*304 945  40    0*309 950  40    0*
                                                                        **

07775 09/16*315 953  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
07780 TS

The revisions to this cyclone made in 2011 were with overly precise maximum wind 
values to the nearest 5 kt.  These were not used until 1886 and thus the maximum 
winds are rounded to the nearest 10 kt to be consistent with the database.

********************************************************************************


1882/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally 
storm #3 in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Track unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), their storm number 2.  1005 mb central pressure corresponds 
to 40 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is utilized 
as the best track intensity value.  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation 
as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

1882/04 - 2003 REVISION:

07570 09/21/1882 M= 4  3 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07570 09/21/1882 M= 4  4 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *

07575 09/21*285 768  40    0*292 771  40    0*300 775  40    0*308 776  40    0
07580 09/22*315 776  40    0*322 776  40    0*330 774  50    0*340 771  50    0
07580 09/22*315 776  40    0*322 776  40    0*330 775  50    0*340 773  50    0
                                                  ***              ***

07585 09/23*350 770  40    0*360 766  40 1005*370 761  40    0*382 755  40    0
07590 09/24*394 745  40    0*410 725  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07595 TS    

Track altered slightly on the 22nd to provide a more realistic smooth track.  

********************************************************************************

1882/05:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #4 in the Partagas
and Diaz report).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "R.A. Allen" and "Sedmi
Dubrovacki".

********************************************************************************

1882/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally 
storm #5 in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Track unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), their storm number 3.  975 mb central pressure corresponds 
to 84 kt in the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for 
best track.  981 mb central pressure corresponds to 76 kt of sustained 
winds from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in 
best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida and Georgia.  Storm is determined to have been 
of hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico based 
upon these central pressure readings, ship reports and a 9 foot storm 
tide experienced at the mouth of the Colona River, Cuba.  Storm regained 
hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon several ship 
reports.

07620 10/05/1882 M=11  5 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
07620 10/05/1882 M=11  6 SNBR= 223 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***

07625 10/05*142 816  40    0*146 819  40    0*150 820  40    0*154 821  40    0
07630 10/06*158 821  50    0*162 823  50    0*166 824  50    0*170 825  50    0
07635 10/07*172 826  60    0*177 828  60    0*180 829  70    0*184 830  70    0
07640 10/08*187 831  80    0*191 831  80    0*195 831  90    0*202 835  90    0
07640 10/08*187 831  80    0*191 832  90    0*195 833 100    0*202 835 110    0
                                 ***  **          *** ***              ***

07645 10/09*212 836  90  975*222 839  80  981*235 840  80    0*244 840  80    0
07645 10/09*212 837 120    0*222 839 100    0*235 840  90    0*244 841  80    0
                *** ***  ***         ***  ***          **          ***

07650 10/10*254 841  70    0*265 841  70    0*275 840  70    0*283 838  70    0
07655 10/11*291 836  70    0*298 831  60    0*305 826  50    0*312 815  50    0
07660 10/12*320 804  60    0*330 790  60    0*338 775  70    0*342 760  70    0
07665 10/13*347 748  70    0*350 733  70    0*355 720  70    0*358 711  70    0
07670 10/14*360 704  70    0*362 696  70    0*365 690  70    0*367 683  70    0
07675 10/15*370 676  60    0*372 670  60    0*375 661  60    0*378 651  60    0
07680 HRAFL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 4 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 2 assigned in HURDAT.
The pressure values of 975 mb and 981 mb on 00 and 06Z on the 9th are
found to be peripheral pressures, instead of central pressures based upon
additional information provided by Perez (2000).  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 4th and 5th.

********************************************************************************


1883/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure reading of 975 mb not in 
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 26th of August) suggests winds of at 
least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for 
best track.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to 
its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the 
peripheral pressure and several ship reports.

1883/01 - 2003 REVISION:

07815 08/18/1883 M=11  1 SNBR= 224 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
07820 08/18*192 485  40    0*194 495  40    0*195 510  40    0*197 526  40    0
07825 08/19*202 544  40    0*207 560  40    0*212 575  50    0*217 590  50    0
07830 08/20*222 605  50    0*231 623  50    0*240 640  50    0*247 651  50    0
07835 08/21*258 666  60    0*270 680  60    0*281 690  60    0*287 694  60    0
07835 08/21*258 666  60    0*270 680  60    0*281 690  60    0*290 694  60    0
                                                               ***

07840 08/22*295 696  70    0*306 700  70    0*315 701  70    0*320 703  70    0
07840 08/22*299 697  70    0*307 700  70    0*315 702  70    0*322 703  70    0
            *** ***          ***                  ***          *** 

07845 08/23*328 701  70    0*333 700  70    0*339 696  70    0*343 691  70    0
07845 08/23*328 702  70    0*334 700  70    0*339 696  70    0*343 691  70    0
                ***          ***             

07850 08/24*349 684  70    0*353 678  70    0*358 671  70    0*364 661  70    0
07855 08/25*369 653  80    0*375 641  80    0*384 625  80    0*395 603  80    0
07860 08/26*412 574  80    0*429 541  80    0*443 509  80    0*458 480  80    0
07865 08/27*477 438  70    0*493 400  70    0E510 360  60    0E521 328  60    0
07870 08/28E534 289  60    0E547 247  60    0E557 207  50    0E567 175  50    0
07875 HR

Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1883/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
983 mb central pressure suggests winds of 70 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track.  A pressure reading 
of 948 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 29th of
August) suggests winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 110 kt utilized in best track.  A 963 mb
central pressure measured during the storm's extratropical stage
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track as it had already undergone extratropical
transition.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
intensity based upon the 948 mb peripheral pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************

1883/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to remove 12 
and 18 UTC on the 13th of September as it is suggested that the hurricane 
had decreased below tropical storm force winds by that time.  Track from 
Partagas and Diaz (1996) otherwise has reasonable small alterations from 
that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
A pressure reading of 955 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on 
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure
reading of 978 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 8th)
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 
982 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 10th) suggests
winds of at least 73 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm determined
to have reached major hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic
based upon peripheral pressure reading of 955 mb and from extreme
damage in Martinique. 

1883/03 - 2003 REVISION:

07810 09/04/1883 M=10  3 SNBR= 222 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07810 09/04/1883 M=10  3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

07815 09/04*140 579 110    0*144 592 110    0*147 603 110    0*150 615 110    0
07820 09/05*154 628 110    0*159 641 110    0*162 655 110    0*167 668 110    0
07825 09/06*174 683 110    0*180 699 110    0*187 715  80    0*197 726  70    0
07830 09/07*209 739  70    0*214 748  70    0*220 755  70    0*225 760  70    0
07830 09/07*207 737  70    0*214 748  70    0*220 755  70    0*225 760  70    0
            *** ***

07835 09/08*231 763  80    0*235 765  80    0*240 766  90    0*247 771  90    0
07835 09/08*230 763  80    0*235 766  80    0*240 769  90    0*247 772  90    0
            ***                  ***              ***              ***

07840 09/09*255 774  90    0*264 778  90    0*273 780  90    0*280 781  90    0
07840 09/09*255 775  90    0*264 778  90    0*273 780  90    0*280 781  90    0
                ***

07845 09/10*287 781  90    0*295 783  90    0*302 784  90    0*312 786  90    0
07845 09/10*287 782  90    0*295 783  90    0*302 784  90    0*312 785  90    0
                ***                                                ***

07850 09/11*322 786  90    0*330 786  90    0*338 785  90    0*344 784  70    0
07855 09/12*350 783  50    0*354 783  50    0*360 781  40    0*370 779  40    0
07855 09/12*350 783  50    0*354 782  50    0*360 781  40    0*370 779  40    0
                                 ***

07860 09/13*380 776  40    0*393 773  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07860 09/13*380 776  30    0*393 773  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

07865 HR NC2 SC1

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
Track is adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translation
velocity.

********************************************************************************

1883/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
A pressure reading of 983 mb (at 18 UTC on the 27th of October) suggests 
winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
70 kt chosen in best track as the storm had already undergone extratropical 
transformation.  Storm did not reach hurricane intensity as a tropical 
cyclone, but did obtain hurricane-force sustained winds on the 27th of 
October as an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1884/01:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Oder" and "Engelbert".

********************************************************************************

1884/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track unaltered 
from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1.  Central pressure 
of 957 mb corresponds to winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of
983 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 15th of 
September) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based
upon the central pressure reading of 957 mb.

********************************************************************************


1884/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  982 mb central 
pressure corresponds with 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  982 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 982 mb not at the hurricane's 
center (at 18 UTC on the 16th of September) suggests winds of at least 73 kt 
from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for 
best track.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm 
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical
storm).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based 
upon pressure measurements and several ship reports.

1884/03 - 2003 REVISION:

08035 09/10/1884 M=11  3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08035 09/10/1884 M=11  3 SNBR= 230 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

08040 09/10*287 791  40    0*297 801  40    0*306 806  40    0*310 809  40    0
08045 09/11*315 811  40    0*319 815  40    0*325 816  40    0*330 813  40    0
08045 09/11*315 811  40    0*319 815  40    0*325 816  30    0*330 813  30    0
                                                       **               **

08050 09/12*332 810  40    0*332 804  40    0*330 799  40    0*322 796  40    0
08050 09/12*332 810  30    0*332 804  30    0*330 799  30    0*322 796  40    0
                     **               **               **             

08055 09/13*314 791  50    0*305 785  50    0*303 773  50    0*305 764  50    0
08060 09/14*307 755  60    0*305 744  60    0*300 740  60    0*296 739  60    0
08060 09/14*307 755  60    0*305 744  60    0*300 740  60    0*296 739  70    0
                                                                        **

08065 09/15*293 739  70  982*288 739  70    0*285 740  70    0*283 744  70    0
08065 09/15*293 739  70  982*288 740  70    0*284 744  70    0*281 749  70    0
                                 ***          *** ***          *** ***

08070 09/16*283 748  80    0*284 751  80    0*285 753  80    0*292 754  80    0
08070 09/16*279 754  70    0*278 760  70  988*278 758  70    0*279 755  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08075 09/17*302 751  80    0*310 746  80    0*320 735  80    0*333 719  80    0
08075 09/17*281 751  80    0*284 746  80    0*288 735  80    0*292 715  80    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

08080 09/18*350 694  70    0*365 669  70    0*380 640  70    0*393 611  70    0
08080 09/18*296 680  80    0*302 653  80  979*314 613  80    0*340 585  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08085 09/19*410 577  70    0*427 537  70  982*440 505  70    0*459 458  70    0
08085 09/19*390 560  70    0*427 535  70  982*445 505  70    0*460 458  70    0
            *** ***              ***          ***              ***

08090 09/20E477 404  60    0E495 345  60    0E510 290  50    0E530 230  50    0
08095 HR    

Additional ship observations for this hurricane were obtained from the 
_American Meteorological Journal_ of 1884 (pages 298-300).  In particular,
the ship "Alpine" reported hurricane-force winds late on the 14th - thus
winds in the best track for that day are increased.  A central pressure
value of 988 mb from the ship "R. M. Walls" (06Z on the 16th) suggests 
winds of 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds 
reduced down to 70 kt in best track along with a repositioning farther south 
and west on the 15th and 16th.  A central pressure value of 979 mb from the 
ship "Stephen Hart" (06Z on the 18th) suggests winds of 76 kt - winds are
increased to 80 kt and the hurricane is repositioned farther to the south
and to the east on the 17th to the 19th.  Decay stage of this storm to a 
tropical depression while over land on the 11th and 12th inadvertently left 
out from the first revision of the best track.  (A thank you to Sim Aberson 
for pointing out these additional ship observations.)

********************************************************************************

1884/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure 
readings of 982 and 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC and 
18 UTC on the 14th of October) suggest winds of at least 73 and 75 kt, 
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports from the ship 
"Cienfuegos" and from damage in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.  The storm then 
regained hurricane intensity over the Atlantic based upon the pressure 
measurements and several ship reports.

1884/04 - 2003 REVISION:

08230 10/07/1884 M=11  4 SNBR= 227 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08230 10/07/1884 M=11  4 SNBR= 231 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

08235 10/07*162 766  40    0*165 766  40    0*169 764  50    0*175 761  50    0
08240 10/08*180 760  60    0*185 758  60    0*191 756  70    0*196 755  70    0
08245 10/09*200 754  70    0*202 754  60    0*207 753  50    0*210 751  50    0
08245 10/09*200 754  70    0*204 753  60    0*207 753  50    0*210 752  50    0
                             *** ***                               ***

08250 10/10*214 751  50    0*217 751  50    0*220 750  50    0*222 750  50    0
08250 10/10*214 751  50    0*217 750  50    0*220 750  50    0*222 750  50    0
                                 ***

08255 10/11*222 750  60    0*225 750  60    0*227 750  70    0*230 750  70    0
08255 10/11*224 750  60    0*225 750  60    0*227 750  70    0*230 750  70    0
            ***

08260 10/12*232 750  70    0*235 750  70    0*237 750  70    0*240 750  70    0
08265 10/13*244 750  80    0*250 750  80    0*255 750  80    0*257 750  80    0
08270 10/14*257 750  90    0*257 750  90    0*257 746  90    0*258 741  90    0
08275 10/15*261 728  80    0*264 720  80    0*268 708  80    0*272 699  80    0
08280 10/16*276 688  70    0*279 678  70    0*282 668  70    0*284 654  70    0
08285 10/17*286 637  60    0*289 618  60    0*291 601  60    0*293 580  60    0
08290 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  It was
suggested by Perez (personal communication, 2003) that instead of a
hard right turn by this storm, that a cyclonic loop may have been
tracked from late on the 12th to the 14th.  Without more definitive
information, the original track in HURDAT is retained.

********************************************************************************


1885/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
990 mb central pressure corresponds to 63 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  981 mb central 
pressure corresponds to 72 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track.  983 mb central pressure corresponds
to 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 975 mb not in the
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 10th of August) suggests winds 
of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 80 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity from these pressure reports and several other ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1885/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track 
changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States.  
958 mb central pressure corresponds to 91 kt in the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 976 mb 
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 25th of August) suggests winds 
of at least 80 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 
100 kt chosen for best track (because of this information as well 
as extreme damage caused by winds in South Carolina).  This is the
basis for determining that the storm reached major hurricane intensity.

1885/02 - 2011 REVISION:

08430 08/21/1885 M= 8  2 SNBR= 234 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
08430 08/21/1885 M= 8  2 SNBR= 234 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
                                                          *

08435 08/21*212 670  40    0*212 684  40    0*214 698  40    0*215 714  40    0*
08440 08/22*217 725  50    0*220 738  50    0*222 751  50    0*226 763  50    0*
08445 08/23*230 771  60    0*235 780  60    0*242 786  60    0*251 791  60    0*
08450 08/24*261 795  70    0*270 799  70    0*283 803  80    0*294 806  80    0*
08450 08/24*261 795  70    0*270 799  70    0*283 803  80    0*294 806  90    0*
                                                                        **

08455 08/25*305 808  90    0*316 808 100    0*328 804  90    0*340 789  80    0*
08455 08/25*304 808  90    0*314 807  90    0*326 801  90  970*338 789  80    0*
            ***              *** *** ***      *** ***      *** *** 
                       
08460 08/26*350 769  70    0*359 748  70    0*370 720  80    0*384 679  80    0*
08460 08/26*350 769  70    0*360 748  70    0*370 720  80    0*384 679  80    0*
                             ***

08465 08/27*404 629  90  958*425 578  90    0*443 535  80    0*460 500  80    0*
08470 08/28E475 465  70    0E489 430  70    0E500 400  60    0E510 370  60    0*
08475 HR SC3 NC2 GA1DFL1
08475 HR SC2 NC1 GA1DFL1
         *** ***


#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon  Max   Saffir- Central  States 
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure Affected

2-8/25/1885    0900Z 32.2N  80.7W 100kt   3     (953mb)  SC3,NC2,GA1,DFL1
2-8/25/1885    1200Z 32.6N  80.1W  90kt   2      970mb   SC2,NC1,GA1,DFL1
               ****  ****   ****  ***     *      ***     *** ***

This hurricane along with four other 19th Century South Carolina hurricanes was the 
focus of a Master's Thesis by Doug Mayes at University of South Carolina (Mayes 2006).  
Meteorological, storm surge, and wind-caused structural damage evidence documented 
therein are all consistent with an analysis of a landfalling Category 2 hurricane in 
South Carolina, which would be a downgrade from a Category 3 hurricane originally.  
Additionally, Mayes documented a slight shift in landfall location.  These points are 
summarized from the thesis below:

1)  Careful analysis of a Charleston barometer (which was corrected for elevation, 
gravity, and attached thermometer) shows that the eye (not the eyewall) passed right 
over Charleston clearly with a lowest reading of 974 mb (pages 48-51 in Mayes 2006):  
"In Charleston the wind began blowing from the east on Monday, August 24th. It 
continued through the night shifting to the southeast. At daylight on Tuesday morning, 
August 25th, the wind was coming from the southeast at around 26 kts (13m/s)
with gusts reaching about 44 kts (22 ms-1). At 8:00 AM Tuesday the anemometer was 
broken by the wind. The Signal Service observer estimated wind velocities to be about 
56 kts (29 ms-1) between 7:30 and 7:45 AM, and 65-70 kts (33-36 ms-1) between 8:00 AM 
and 9:00 AM. At this time the eye of the hurricane passed over Charleston. The lull 
lasted approximately 40 minutes. The wind then returned from the west. The lowest 
barometer reading, 974 mb (28.72 inches), occurred at 9:15 AM."
(The measurement was originally listed in Monthly Weather Review as 972.9 mb.)  This 
observation, along with others along the coast, suggest a landfall around 12 UTC on 
the 25th at John's Island near 32.6N, 80.1W.  Given the one hour time it took the 
hurricane to go from the coast to downtown Charleston, it is estimated that the central 
pressure at the coast was slightly lower - around 970 mb.  A 970 mb pressure suggest 
winds of 85 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - which would be a 
minimal Category 2 hurricane.  Additionally, there is no data in the area outside of 
Charleston (including instrumental data from Savannah and in North Carolina) to suggest 
that the storm was any stronger.  

2)  Detailed mapping of the extent of the storm surge at the block-scale in downtown 
Charleston reveals it is consistent with a low-moderate Category 2 hurricane when 
comparing with what is normally expected with the storm surge extent according to the 
SLOSH model.  Comparisons of the historical storm surge extent with the CARA-COOPS 
model (which took account the specific direction and intensity of a storm in its 
approach to Charleston) also shows very close results at a Category 2 hurricane intensity.  
Note that a Category 3 hurricane would be expected to have a storm surge extend over the 
Charleston Neck (considering various directions on the track), and this is clearly not 
demonstrated from the vast historical data (hundreds of accounts).

3)  Reconstruction of the wind-caused structural damage give analyses in mostly in the 
moderate category consistent with at most a Category 2 hurricane landfall.  Architectural 
aspects of tin roofs (and poor construction during Civil War recovery) is well known to 
historians, and this likely also contributed some to the damage during the hurricane.

Given this evidence (and on the rather weak account that it was classified as a 
Category 3 hurricane originally), the hurricane is reclassified  as a Category 2 
hurricane at landfall. Given the 10 kt resolution of HURDAT during this time period, 
90 kt is estimated for the maximum sustained winds to have occurred at landfall.  The 
impact is reduced from Category 3 to 2 for South Carolina and Category 2 to 1 for 
North Carolina.  The track is adjusted slightly to the southeast  on the 25th to 
position the hurricane as making a direct landfall on Charleston.  Additionally, from 
the descriptions of moderate wind damage to northeast Florida as the system skirted the 
coast, winds are boosted slightly from 80 to 90 kt at 18 UTC on the 24th, though the 
impact is kept at a Category 1 for that portion of Florida.

********************************************************************************

1885/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle 
of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until 
its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1885/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  Two pressure readings of 973 mb and 975 mb not in the hurricane's
center (both at 06 UTC on the 23rd of September) suggests winds of at
least 80 kt and 79 kt respectively from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  This storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane status based upon these peripheral pressures.

********************************************************************************

1885/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  999 mb central pressure
corresponds to a wind of 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt utilized in best track.  Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship
"Sirius".

********************************************************************************

1885/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity while
over the Atlantic based upon reports from the ship "Lone Star".

1885/06 - 2003 REVISION:

08370 09/24/1885 M= 9  6 SNBR= 233 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08370 09/24/1885 M= 9  6 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

08375 09/24*264 878  40    0*267 879  40    0*270 880  40    0*274 881  40    0
08380 09/25*278 883  50    0*282 884  50    0*287 886  50    0*290 888  50    0
08385 09/26*293 889  60    0*297 890  60    0*300 891  60    0*302 890  60    0
08390 09/27*303 889  60    0*304 888  50    0*305 886  50    0*306 884  40    0
08395 09/28*306 881  40    0*306 878  40    0*306 874  40    0*306 870  40    0
08400 09/29*306 865  40    0*306 860  40    0*305 854  40    0*304 848  40    0
08400 09/29*306 865  30    0*306 860  30    0*305 854  30    0*304 848  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

08405 09/30*303 840  40    0*302 833  40    0*302 828  40    0*302 818  40    0
08405 09/30*303 840  30    0*302 833  30    0*302 828  30    0*302 818  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

08410 10/01*304 808  40    0*307 796  40    0*312 788  50    0*320 778  60    0
08415 10/02*329 770  60    0*338 763  60    0*345 756  70    0*355 741  70    0
08420 HR    

Decay stage of this storm to a tropical depression while over land
on the 29th and 30th inadvertently left out from the first revision of 
the best track.  

********************************************************************************


1885/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  A pressure reading of 982 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 29th of September)
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track.  Storm determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon this peripheral pressure
reading and wind reports from the ship "Mistletoe".

********************************************************************************

1885/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the eastern United States.  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation 
as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

1885/08:  2003 REVISION

08585 10/08/1885 M= 7  8 SNBR= 235 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08585 10/10/1885 M= 5  8 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

08590 10/08*172 805  40    0*176 806  40    0*180 809  40    0*187 811  40    0
08595 10/09*195 815  40    0*201 816  40    0*209 821  40    0*217 823  40    0
(The 8th and 9th are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

08600 10/10*225 826  40    0*232 828  40    0*239 830  40    0*247 833  40    0
08600 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*239 830  40    0*247 833  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08605 10/11*257 836  50    0*265 839  50    0*273 840  60    0*286 836  60    0
08610 10/12*300 830  50    0*314 824  50    0*330 815  40    0*340 808  40    0
08615 10/13*349 800  40    0*362 790  40    0E374 784  40    0E390 780  40    0
08620 10/14E405 775  40    0E420 770  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08625 TS

Re-analysis of Cuban tropical storms and hurricanes (Perez 2000) reveals
that this system was not yet of tropical storm strength from the 8th 
until early on the 10th based upon the Cuban observational network.
While it is quite possible that the system was of tropical depression
intensity on these dates, formative tropical depression stage is not
included in HURDAT until 1886.

********************************************************************************

08500 06/13/1886 M= 3  1 SNBR= 236 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08500 06/13/1886 M= 3  1 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
                               ***                        *

08505 06/13*  0   0   0    0*232 957  35    0*247 959  40    0*260 960  45    0
08510 06/14*269 958  45    0*279 954  50    0*289 946  50    0*298 938  50    0
08510 06/14*269 958  55    0*279 953  65    0*289 947  75    0*299 940  85    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

08515 06/15*304 928  50    0*309 918  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08515 06/15*306 930  60    0*310 918  45    0*312 904  35    0*312 890  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08520 TS
08520 HRCTX2 LA2   
      ****** ***

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to continue the 
storm until 18Z on the 15th to allow for decay to tropical depression stage.  
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the
track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Storm is upgraded to a Category 2
hurricane (85 kt) at landfall based upon damage and 7 foot storm tide at 
Sabine Pass, Texas (Partagas and Diaz 1996a).  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and 
Louisiana.  

1886/01 - 2011 REVISION:

08700 06/13/1886 M= 3  1 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08705 06/13*  0   0   0    0*232 957  35    0*247 959  40    0*260 960  45    0*
08710 06/14*269 958  55    0*279 953  65    0*289 947  75    0*299 940  85    0*
08715 06/15*306 930  60    0*310 918  45    0*312 904  35    0*312 890  30    0*
08720 HRCTX2 LA2                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/14/1886    1600Z 29.6N  94.2W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   CTX2,LA2
1-6/14/1886    1600Z 29.6N  94.2W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   CTX2,LA2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.
                                                                           
********************************************************************************


08525 06/18/1886 M= 6  2 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08525 06/17/1886 M= 8  2 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **         *          ***                        *

(17th not in HURDAT previously.)
08530 06/17*191 848  35    0*196 851  35    0*200 853  40    0*204 854  40    0

08530 06/18*  0   0   0    0*194 850  35    0*198 853  50    0*201 856  65    0
08532 06/18*207 856  45    0*211 856  50    0*217 857  55    0*221 857  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08535 06/19*204 858  70    0*208 861  75    0*214 864  80    0*218 865  80    0
08535 06/19*225 857  70    0*229 856  75    0*233 853  80    0*238 851  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

08540 06/20*224 868  85    0*232 869  85    0*242 870  85    0*254 868  85    0
08540 06/20*243 849  85    0*247 847  85    0*253 845  85    0*263 844  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08545 06/21*267 864  85    0*280 857  85    0*294 850  85    0*308 843  75    0
08545 06/21*277 842  85    0*289 841  85    0*303 840  80    0*313 838  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08550 06/22*323 832  50    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0
08550 06/22*323 832  45    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0
                     **

08555 06/23*373 780  35    0*384 769  35    0*393 753  35    0*399 732  35    0
08555 06/23*373 780  30    0*384 769  30    0*393 753  30    0*399 732  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

(24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08557 06/24*402 700  30    0*401 660  30    0*400 615  30    0*399 570  30    0

08560 HR
08560 HRAFL2 GA1
      ****** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United 
States.  

1886/02 - 2006 REVISION:

08725 06/17/1886 M= 8  2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08730 06/17*191 848  35    0*196 851  35    0*200 853  40    0*204 854  40    0*
08735 06/18*207 856  45    0*211 856  50    0*217 857  55    0*221 857  65    0*
08740 06/19*225 857  70    0*229 856  75    0*233 853  80    0*238 851  80    0*
08745 06/20*243 849  85    0*247 847  85    0*253 845  85    0*263 844  85    0*
08750 06/21*277 842  85    0*289 841  85    0*303 840  80    0*313 838  65    0*
08755 06/22*323 832  45    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0*
08760 06/23*373 780  30    0*384 769  30    0*393 753  30    0*399 732  30    0*
08765 06/24*402 700  30    0*401 660  30    0*400 615  30    0*399 570  30    0*
08770 HRAFL2 GA1                                                                
08770 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

1886/02 - 2011 REVISION:

08725 06/17/1886 M= 8  2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08730 06/17*191 848  35    0*196 851  35    0*200 853  40    0*204 854  40    0*
08735 06/18*207 856  45    0*211 856  50    0*217 857  55    0*221 857  65    0*
08740 06/19*225 857  70    0*229 856  75    0*233 853  80    0*238 851  80    0*
08745 06/20*243 849  85    0*247 847  85    0*253 845  85    0*263 844  85    0*
08750 06/21*277 842  85    0*289 841  85    0*303 840  80    0*313 838  65    0*
08755 06/22*323 832  45    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0*
08760 06/23*373 780  30    0*384 769  30    0*393 753  30    0*399 732  30    0*
08765 06/24*402 700  30    0*401 660  30    0*400 615  30    0*399 570  30    0*
08770 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-6/21/1886    1100Z 30.1N  84.0W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   AFL2,IGA1
2-6/21/1886    1100Z 30.1N  84.0W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   AFL2,IGA1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

08565 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 238 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08565 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

08570 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 801  35    0*176 823  45    0
08570 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 797  35    0*192 800  45    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***  

08575 06/28*183 842  65    0*191 859  80    0*200 871  85    0*211 881  80    0
08575 06/28*199 803  55    0*207 807  65    0*215 815  75    0*220 825  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08580 06/29*223 882  80    0*235 883  85    0*247 884  85    0*255 881  85    0
08580 06/29*224 835  70    0*229 842  70    0*237 853  75    0*246 860  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08585 06/30*260 878  85    0*266 875  85    0*273 869  85    0*282 859  85    0
08585 06/30*256 864  85    0*264 867  85    0*273 867  85    0*288 860  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

08590 07/01*289 848  85    0*309 828  80    0*324 818  60    0*338 803  45    0
08590 07/01*304 844  70    0*318 827  55    0*330 813  50    0*338 803  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

08595 07/02*349 791  40    0*361 780  35    0*372 770  35    0*382 753  35    0
08600 HR  
08600 HRAFL2 
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Analyses from Perez (2000) indicates 
that the hurricane was only Category 1 at its landfall in Cuba; winds are 
adjusted downward on the 28th and 29th.  Changes made to the track near 
Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the eastern United States. 

1886/03 - 2006 REVISION:

08775 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08780 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 797  35    0*192 800  45    0*
08785 06/28*199 803  55    0*207 807  65    0*215 815  75    0*220 825  80    0*
08790 06/29*224 835  70    0*229 842  70    0*237 853  75    0*246 860  80    0*
08795 06/30*256 864  85    0*264 867  85    0*273 867  85    0*288 860  85    0*
08800 07/01*304 844  70    0*318 827  55    0*330 813  50    0*338 803  45    0*
08805 07/02*349 791  40    0*361 780  35    0*372 770  35    0*382 753  35    0*
08810 HRAFL2                                                                    
08810 HRAFL2IGA1    
            **** 

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing
inland hurricane conditions in Georgia based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.

1886/03 - 2011 REVISION:

08775 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08780 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 797  35    0*192 800  45    0*
08785 06/28*199 803  55    0*207 807  65    0*215 815  75    0*220 825  80    0*
08790 06/29*224 835  70    0*229 842  70    0*237 853  75    0*246 860  80    0*
08795 06/30*256 864  85    0*264 867  85    0*273 867  85    0*288 860  85    0*
08800 07/01*304 844  70    0*318 827  55    0*330 813  50    0*338 803  45    0*
08805 07/02*349 791  40    0*361 780  35    0*372 770  35    0*382 753  35    0*
08810 HRAFL2IGA1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-6/30/1886    2100Z 29.7N  85.2W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   AFL2,IGA1
3-6/30/1886    2100Z 29.7N  85.2W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   AFL2,IGA1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

08605 07/14/1886 M= 7  4 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08605 07/14/1886 M=11  4 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                   **          ***                        *   

08610 07/14*  0   0   0    0*189 829  35    0*192 834  40    0*197 839  40    0
08610 07/14*  0   0   0    0*189 829  35    0*192 834  40    0*194 838  40    0
                                                               *** ***

08615 07/15*202 844  45    0*207 850  50    0*213 855  55    0*219 861  60    0
08615 07/15*196 842  45    0*198 846  45    0*200 850  50    0*202 853  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08620 07/16*226 868  65    0*234 875  70    0*241 881  75    0*251 883  75    0
08620 07/16*204 856  55    0*206 858  55    0*207 860  60    0*209 859  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08625 07/17*260 883  80    0*270 882  85    0*274 876  85    0*277 869  85    0
08625 07/17*211 857  60    0*213 855  60    0*215 853  65    0*224 848  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08630 07/18*278 860  85    0*279 851  85    0*281 843  85    0*286 832  85    0
08630 07/18*237 844  70    0*251 839  70    0*265 835  70    0*276 833  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08635 07/19*291 824  85    0*299 813  80    0*305 803  75    0*312 792  70    0
08635 07/19*287 828  70    0*295 821  55    0*303 810  50    0*314 786  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08640 07/20*319 781  70    0*328 770  70    0*338 758  70    0*347 738  70    0
08640 07/20*327 756  70    0*339 726  75    0*350 700  75    0*358 680  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(21st to 24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08641 07/21*368 653  70    0*377 626  70    0*387 600  70    0*398 569  70  990
08642 07/22*414 535  70    0*430 498  70    0*443 463  70    0*451 431  65    0
08643 07/23E461 395  60    0E470 356  60    0E480 320  60    0E495 290  60    0
08644 07/24E515 258  60    0E537 227  60    0E555 210  55    0E573 195  50    0

08645 HR 
08645 HRAFL1
        ****

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the 
storm on the 14th as depicted in Neumann et al instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 16th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable.  A possible central pressure of 990 mb
at 21Z on the 21st suggests 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship.  Peripheral pressures of 993 mb at 06Z on the 22nd suggest at 
least 59 kt.  70 kt chosen for best track for the 21st and early on the
22nd.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida.  Winds from the 17th to the 19th lowered slightly
as available observations indicate this system was likely of minimal 
hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Northwest
Florida.  Observations from Sandrik (2001) suggest that the system weakened
quickly over Florida, before re-intensifying over the Atlantic after
oceanfall.

1886/04 - 2011 REVISION:

08815 07/14/1886 M=11  4 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
08820 07/14*  0   0   0    0*189 829  35    0*192 834  40    0*194 838  40    0*
08825 07/15*196 842  45    0*198 846  45    0*200 850  50    0*202 853  50    0*
08830 07/16*204 856  55    0*206 858  55    0*207 860  60    0*209 859  60    0*
08835 07/17*211 857  60    0*213 855  60    0*215 853  65    0*224 848  65    0*
08840 07/18*237 844  70    0*251 839  70    0*265 835  70    0*276 833  70    0*
08845 07/19*287 828  70    0*295 821  55    0*303 810  50    0*314 786  60    0*
08850 07/20*327 756  70    0*339 726  75    0*350 700  75    0*358 680  75    0*
08855 07/21*368 653  70    0*377 626  70    0*387 600  70    0*398 569  70  990*
08860 07/22*414 535  70    0*430 498  70    0*443 463  70    0*451 431  65    0*
08865 07/23E461 395  60    0E470 356  60    0E480 320  60    0E495 290  60    0*
08870 07/24E515 258  60    0E537 227  60    0E555 210  55    0E573 195  50    0*
08875 HRAFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-7/19/1886    0100Z 28.8N  82.7W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
4-7/19/1886    0100Z 28.8N  82.7W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

08650 08/12/1886 M=10  5 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08650 08/12/1886 M=10  5 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                        *

08655 08/12*  0   0   0    0*105 580  35    0*111 589  50    0*117 606  60    0
08655 08/12*  0   0   0    0*105 580  35    0*111 589  40    0*118 598  45    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

08660 08/13*123 621  70    0*129 635  75    0*133 646  80    0*137 654  80    0
08660 08/13*125 607  50    0*132 617  55    0*140 627  60    0*146 639  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08665 08/14*140 661  85    0*143 667  85    0*147 676  85    0*151 687  85    0
08665 08/14*152 652  70    0*157 662  75    0*163 673  80    0*169 683  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08670 08/15*155 698  85    0*159 708  85    0*164 719  85    0*169 729  85    0
08670 08/15*174 693  85    0*179 702  85    0*183 713  80    0*186 726  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08675 08/16*174 740  85    0*180 750  85    0*187 760  85    0*199 769  80    0
08720 08/16*188 739  70    0*191 752  80    0*195 765  85    0*204 773  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

08680 08/17*211 775  75    0*221 782  70    0*229 796  55    0*238 811  60    0
08680 08/17*213 781  75    0*221 790  70    0*225 797  55    0*231 805  60    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

08685 08/18*247 833  65    0*255 856  70    0*261 873  75    0*263 886  75    0
08685 08/18*238 817  65    0*243 830  70    0*247 843  75    0*253 861  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08690 08/19*262 898  80    0*262 910  80    0*263 919  85    0*265 933  85    0
08690 08/19*256 879  80    0*259 897  90    0*263 919 100    0*265 933 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **              ***              ***

08695 08/20*268 945  85    0*274 956  85    0*280 966  85    0*288 976  70  984
08695 08/20*268 945 120    0*274 956 130    0*280 966 135  925*290 980  85  965
                    ***              ***               **  *** *** ***  **  ***

08700 08/21*297 984  60    0*308 993  50    0*3201000  35    0*3351013  25    0
08700 08/21*300 990  60    0*310 999  50    0*3201007  35    0*3351013  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***             ****

08705 HR 
08705 HRBTX4
      ******

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the 
storm on the 12th as depicted in Neumann et al. instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 13th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable.  A slower intensification of the storm 
was indicated here compared with the original HURDAT for the 12th to the 
14th due to evidence of tropical storm intensity until the 14th.  The
analysis by Perez (2000) confirms landfall in Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane.
Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications 
suggested by Perez (2000).  

Estimated central pressure from Ho (1989) of 915 mb at landfall in Texas 
is incorrect since it relied upon a pressure measurement from San Antonio, 
Texas, which has been found to be a surface pressure rather than a sea level 
pressure value.  Additionally, it is likely that this was not a central
pressure measurement either as strong winds were still observed at the time
of lowest pressure and that winds only shifted from northeast to southeast.
This sea level pressure measurement of 971 mb (corrected from the 948 mb 
surface pressure value) at 19Z on the 20th implies a central pressure of
around 965 mb, assuming that the RMW estimate of Ho (of 12 nmi) is slightly
too small (15 nmi utilized instead).  965 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from 
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship for a marine exposure - 85 kt 
utilized in best track for this inland location.  Using methodology in Ho 
et al. (1987) as modified by B. Jarvinen (personal communication), a 6.5 hr 
transit time from landfall to a position near San Antonio, and the 965 mb 
central pressure near San Antonio, a new value of 925 mb at landfall is 
estimated for this hurricane.  This suggests winds of 133 kt from the Gulf 
of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  The estimate of 15 nmi for RMW is 
slightly smaller than climatology (18 nmi) for this latitude and central 
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), supporting slightly stronger winds for this 
particular storm.   135 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained winds at 
landfall.  This is consistent with the very high storm tide and extreme 
destruction in Indianola, Texas.  Storm surge modeling efforts with the
SLOSH model (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) indicate that a 925 mb
central pressure and RMW of 15 nmi provides reasonable matches to observed
surge values.  Positions are altered slightly after landfall to better 
account for passage of the hurricane's center near San Antonio at 19Z on 
the 20th.A storm tide of 15' was reported for Indianola, Texas in Roth 
(1997b).

1886/05 - 2011 REVISION:

08880 08/12/1886 M=10  5 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
08885 08/12*  0   0   0    0*105 580  35    0*111 589  40    0*118 598  45    0*
08890 08/13*125 607  50    0*132 617  55    0*140 627  60    0*146 639  65    0*
08895 08/14*152 652  70    0*157 662  75    0*163 673  80    0*169 683  85    0*
08900 08/15*174 693  85    0*179 702  85    0*183 713  80    0*186 726  75    0*
08905 08/16*188 739  70    0*191 752  80    0*195 765  85    0*204 773  80    0*
08910 08/17*213 781  75    0*221 790  70    0*225 797  55    0*231 805  60    0*
08915 08/18*238 817  65    0*243 830  70    0*247 843  75    0*253 861  75    0*
08920 08/19*256 879  80    0*259 897  90    0*263 919 100    0*265 933 110    0*
08925 08/20*268 945 120    0*274 956 130    0*280 966 135  925*290 980  85  965*
08925 08/20*268 945 120    0*274 956 130    0*280 966 130  925*290 980  85  965*
                                                      ***

08930 08/21*300 990  60    0*310 996  50    0*3201007  35    0*3351013  25    0*
08935 HRBTX4                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-8/20/1886    1300Z 28.1N  96.8W  135kt  4   15nmi   925mb    BTX4
5-8/20/1886    1300Z 28.1N  96.8W  130kt  4   15nmi   925mb    BTX4
                                   ***

The 2003 reanalysis utilized a central pressure at landfall of 925 mb
at 13Z on the 20th in central Texas, which suggested 133 kt from the original
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The Brown et al. (2006) 
pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 128 kt from the north of
25N equation.  Given an RMW close in size to the climatological average for this 
central pressure and latitude (15 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000) and a near average 
translational velocity at landfall of 12 kt, winds are estimated at landfall to 
be 130 kt.  This is a slight reduction from the 135 kt from the 2003 reanalysis, 
but retains the Category 4 status at landfall in Texas.

********************************************************************************

08710 08/16/1886 M=12  6 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08710 08/15/1886 M=13  6 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(15th not in HURDAT previously.)
08712 08/15*146 545  55    0*144 555  60    0*143 565  65    0*141 577  70    0

08715 08/16*  0   0   0    0*120 600  45    0*120 612  50    0*121 624  60    0
08715 08/16*138 589  75    0*135 600  85    0*130 613  95    0*127 624  95    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

08720 08/17*122 636  70    0*123 649  75    0*125 662  80    0*127 676  85    0
08720 08/17*125 637  95    0*125 651  90    0*125 665  85    0*125 678  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  

08725 08/18*129 691  85    0*131 706  85    0*134 720  85    0*137 731  85    0
08725 08/18*126 692  85    0*128 706  85    0*130 717  85    0*132 725  85    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  

08730 08/19*140 741  85    0*144 749  85    0*148 755  85    0*153 760  85    0
08730 08/19*137 733  85    0*141 739  85    0*147 745  85    0*159 753  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

08735 08/20*159 768  85    0*165 775  85    0*170 779  85    0*175 782  85    0
08735 08/20*170 762  95    0*179 768  95    0*185 773  95    0*190 778  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08740 08/21*180 785  85    0*185 787  85    0*190 791  85    0*195 794  85    0
08740 08/21*197 784  95    0*204 788 100    0*210 790 105    0*213 790 105    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

08745 08/22*199 796  85    0*205 798  85    0*214 800  85    0*228 805  80    0
08745 08/22*215 790 105    0*217 790  90    0*220 790  80    0*231 790  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08750 08/23*241 802  80    0*260 791  85    0*280 779  85    0*298 768  85    0
08750 08/23*246 790  80    0*263 787  85    0*280 779  85    0*298 768  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

08755 08/24*318 755  85    0*336 743  85    0*350 732  85    0*360 723  85    0
08760 08/25*367 716  85    0*374 708  85    0*382 700  85    0*391 690  85    0
08765 08/26*399 678  85    0*408 665  80    0*416 650  75    0*420 632  70    0
08770 08/27*422 611  65    0*425 586  60    0*430 560  60    0*436 533  60    0
08775 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  979 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 18th 
suggests at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt 
retained in best track.  977 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 20th 
suggests at least 81 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 
95 kt used in best track.  989 mb peripheral pressure on 18Z on the 26th 
suggests at least least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 70 kt used in best track.  Winds increased from the 15th to the 17th and 
the 19th to the 23rd compared to original HURDAT based upon numerous ship 
reports, the peripheral pressure readings and moderate to severe damage in 
St. Vincent, Jamaica and Cuba.  Hurricane is analyzed by Perez (2000) to be
a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba; winds increased on the 21st and 
22nd accordingly.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with 
modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Lifecycle of this hurricane is not
complete as information on the genesis (and possibly decay) are not 
available.

********************************************************************************


08777 08/20/1886 M= 6  7 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08777 08/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*317 710  40    0*301 690  50    0
08777 08/21*292 655  60    0*300 627  75    0*323 617  95    0*338 624 100    0
08777 08/22*350 634 100    0*359 642 100    0*370 650 100    0*381 660  95    0
08777 08/23*397 669  90    0*411 665  85    0*423 650  80    0*441 622  75    0
08777 08/24*459 584  70    0*476 541  65    0E485 500  60    0E486 461  55    0
08777 08/25E485 413  50    0E483 373  50    0E483 333  50    0E483 295  50    0
08777 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  Peripheral pressure measurements of 962 mb at 15Z on the 
21st and 963 mb at 04Z on the 22nd suggest at least 93 and 94 kt, 
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
used in the best track, which makes the storm a major hurricane.  983 mb
peripheral pressure value at 00Z on the 23rd suggests at least 70 kt
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in
best track.

********************************************************************************

08780 09/15/1886 M=10  7 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08780 09/16/1886 M= 9  8 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

08785 09/15*  0   0   0    0*140 602  35    0*144 613  45    0*148 626  60    0
(Track on the 15th is removed, since storm is relocated and begun on 16th.)

08790 09/16*150 640  70    0*152 654  80    0*153 668  80    0*152 682  85    0
08790 09/16*210 655  35    0*210 666  35    0*210 677  35    0*210 689  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08795 09/17*152 697  85    0*152 712  85    0*152 727  85    0*159 748  85    0
08795 09/17*210 704  40    0*210 717  40    0*210 730  45    0*210 747  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08800 09/18*174 761  85    0*190 781  85    0*203 802  85    0*213 825  85    0
08800 09/18*210 763  40    0*210 775  35    0*210 790  35    0*212 805  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08805 09/19*221 852  85    0*226 879  85    0*229 902  85    0*226 920  85    0
08805 09/19*213 819  45    0*214 830  50    0*215 843  55    0*217 857  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08810 09/20*221 931  85    0*219 943  85    0*220 950  85    0*222 952  85    0
08810 09/20*220 870  65    0*222 883  70    0*223 897  75    0*223 909  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08815 09/21*224 955  85    0*227 957  85    0*230 959  85    0*233 961  85    0
08815 09/21*223 921  85    0*224 933  85    0*225 947  85    0*228 954  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08820 09/22*237 963  85    0*240 965  85    0*244 967  85    0*249 969  85    0
08820 09/22*234 960  85    0*240 965  85    0*244 967  85    0*249 969  85    0
            *** *** 

08825 09/23*254 971  85    0*259 972  85    0*265 974  85    0*271 975  80    0
08825 09/23*254 971  85    0*259 972  85    0*265 974  80    0*271 975  75    0
                                                       **               ** 

08830 09/24*278 975  75    0*285 974  65    0*292 973  45    0*309 970  30    0
08830 09/24*278 975  70    0*285 974  65    0*292 973  45    0*300 970  30    0
                     **                                        ***

08835 HR
08835 HRATX1BTX1
        ********

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is reduced in 
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 16th to the 20th since 
available observational evidence suggests that the storm reached hurricane 
strength after it reached the Gulf of Mexico.  A peripheral pressure reading 
of 987 mb on 03Z on the 23rd suggests at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track at landfall in 
Mexico.  Category 1 conditions (80 kt) in Texas are supported by moderate 
wind-caused damage in Brownsville.  Track slightly altered at the storm's end 
for a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

08840 09/26/1886 M= 5  8 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08840 09/22/1886 M= 9  9 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(22nd to the 25th not in HURDAT previously.)
08841 09/22*229 667  50    0*232 666  50    0*235 665  55    0*237 664  55    0
08842 09/23*240 663  60    0*244 661  65    0*247 660  70    0*248 660  75    0
08843 09/24*250 659  80    0*252 657  85    0*253 655  85    0*254 654  85    0
08844 09/25*255 652  85    0*257 650  85    0*258 650  85    0*260 650  85    0

08845 09/26*  0   0   0    0*215 655  35    0*223 662  40    0*235 666  45    0
08845 09/26*261 651  85    0*262 652  85    0*263 653  85    0*266 657  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08850 09/27*246 669  55    0*256 673  60    0*262 676  65    0*267 679  70    0
08850 09/27*267 660  85    0*268 663  85    0*270 670  85    0*272 674  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08855 09/28*271 683  75    0*275 686  75    0*279 690  80    0*283 695  85    0
08855 09/28*275 679  85    0*279 683  85    0*283 687  85    0*288 689  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08860 09/29*287 701  85    0*290 707  85    0*294 712  85    0*298 715  85    0
08860 09/29*292 691  85    0*297 692  85    0*300 693  85    0*305 695  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08865 09/30*301 715  80    0*305 714  75    0*311 710  50    0*317 705  35    0
08865 09/30*310 697  80    0*314 699  75    0*317 700  50    0*322 701  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08870 HR 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is increased in 
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 26th to the 28th based upon 
ship reports in Partagas and Diaz.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb on 12Z 
on the 23rd suggests at least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track.  Complete lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************


08875 10/08/1886 M= 6  9 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                      **       ***                        *

08880 10/08*199 825  35    0*203 830  35    0*208 833  40    0*212 837  45    0
08880 10/08*199 825  50    0*203 830  55    0*208 833  60    0*212 837  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

08885 10/09*217 841  50    0*222 844  55    0*227 848  55    0*233 851  60    0
08885 10/09*217 841  65    0*222 844  60    0*227 848  60    0*233 851  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

08890 10/10*239 854  65    0*246 857  70    0*252 860  75    0*257 864  80    0
08895 10/11*262 869  85    0*267 875  85    0*272 881  85    0*276 890  85    0
08895 10/11*262 869  85    0*267 875  90    0*272 881  95    0*276 890 100    0
                                      **               **              ***

08900 10/12*279 903  85    0*282 917  85    0*286 927  85    0*292 933  85    0
08900 10/12*279 903 105    0*282 917 105    0*286 927 105    0*292 933 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

08905 10/13*301 936  75    0*311 937  65    0*323 935  50    0*332 929  35    0
08905 10/13*301 936  80    0*311 937  65    0*323 935  50    0*332 929  35    0
                     **

08910 HR
08910 HR LA3CTX2
         *******

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 9.  Peripheral pressures of 991 mb (20Z on the 9th), 985 mb (12Z on 
the 10th), 987 mb (16Z on the 10th) and 983 mb (12Z on the 11th) suggest 
at least 61 kt, 70 kt, 67 kt and 72 kt, respectively, from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Winds are increased from the 8th and 
the 9th to accommodate ship reports and effects in Western Cuba consistent 
with landfall of a Category 1 hurricane, which matches the assessment by
Perez (2000).  Winds are increased for the 11th and 12th based upon ship 
reports and effects at landfall in Texas and Louisiana.  A storm tide of
12' was reported in Johnson Bayou, La. by Roth (1997a).  This suggests
landfall of a Category 3 (955 mb/105 kt) hurricane based upon SLOSH runs 
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication.)   Lifecycle of this hurricane is not 
complete as information on the genesis is not available.

1886/10 - 2011 REVISION:

09165 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
09170 10/08*199 825  50    0*203 830  55    0*208 833  60    0*212 837  65    0*
09175 10/09*217 841  65    0*222 844  60    0*227 848  60    0*233 851  65    0*
09180 10/10*239 854  65    0*246 857  70    0*252 860  75    0*257 864  80    0*
09185 10/11*262 869  85    0*267 875  90    0*272 881  95    0*276 890 100    0*
09190 10/12*279 903 105    0*282 917 105    0*286 927 105    0*292 933 105    0*
09195 10/13*301 936  75    0*311 937  65    0*323 935  50    0*332 929  35    0*
09200 HR LA3CTX2                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
10-10/12/1886  2200Z 29.8N  93.5W  105kt  3    ---   (955mb)   LA3,CTX2
10-10/12/1886  2200Z 29.8N  93.5W  105kt  3    ---   (950mb)   LA3,CTX2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 105 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 955 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 950 mb - 
for a 105 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.


********************************************************************************

08911 10/10/1886 M= 6 11 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08911 10/10*291 605  35    0*295 603  35    0*300 600  35    0*304 598  35    0
08911 10/11*307 597  40    0*311 595  40    0*313 593  40    0*316 590  40    0
08911 10/12*318 587  40    0*321 584  40    0*325 580  40    0*328 576  40    0
08911 10/13*331 571  45    0*334 566  45    0*337 560  45    0*340 553  45    0
08911 10/14*343 545  45    0*345 539  45    0*347 530  45    0*348 517  45    0
08911 10/15*350 502  40    0*350 484  40    0*350 470  35    0*350 459  35    0
08911 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
tropical storm.  

********************************************************************************

08915 10/22/1886 M= 4 10 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08915 10/21/1886 M= 6 12 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    * **       ***        

(21st not in HURDAT previously.)
08920 10/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*178 730  35    0

08920 10/22*  0   0   0    0*199 687  35    0*210 686  35    0*220 682  40    0
08920 10/22*187 727  35    0*196 724  35    0*205 720  35    0*212 715  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08925 10/23*229 676  45    0*239 669  50    0*248 660  50    0*258 650  50    0
08925 10/23*219 708  45    0*227 699  50    0*237 687  55    0*244 675  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08930 10/24*267 639  50    0*277 626  50    0*286 612  50    0*295 600  45    0
08930 10/24*249 666  60    0*253 657  60    0*257 645  60    0*260 634  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08935 10/25*305 585  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08935 10/25*264 626  55    0*267 617  50    0*270 607  45    0*272 597  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(26th not in HURDAT previously.)
08937 10/26*274 589  40    0*275 581  40    0*277 570  35    0*279 560  35    0

08940 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.  
These track changes are shown to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
992 mb at 09Z on the 24th suggests at least 61 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen in best track because of lack of 
hurricane winds reported and very large size of system (implying a weaker 
pressure gradient for a given central pressure).  Peripheral pressure of 
997 mb on the 24th suggests at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized.

********************************************************************************

1886 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) July 6-7, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 7, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 1-14, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

******************************************************************************* 

08941 05/15/1887 M= 6  1 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08941 05/15*293 638  35    0*298 642  35    0*303 647  40    0*308 652  40    0
08941 05/16*313 655  45    0*318 657  50    0*323 660  55    0*327 663  60    0
08941 05/17*332 665  60    0*337 667  60    0*343 667  60    0*349 667  55    0
08941 05/18*354 667  50    0*359 667  45    0E365 667  40    0E377 667  40    0
08941 05/19E395 664  40    0E411 658  35    0E423 650  35    0E440 635  35    0
08941 05/20E470 605  35    0E510 555  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08941 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb at 16Z on the 16th
supports at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

08945 05/17/1887 M= 5  1 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08945 05/17/1887 M= 5  2 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

08950 05/17*184 786  35    0*187 787  35    0*192 788  40    0*196 789  40    0
08950 05/17*156 769  35    0*160 772  35    0*165 775  40    0*171 779  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08955 05/18*201 789  45    0*205 790  45    0*210 790  50    0*215 791  50    0
08955 05/18*177 783  45    0*183 786  45    0*189 787  50    0*195 787  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08960 05/19*221 791  50    0*227 791  40    0*233 790  35    0*238 782  35    0
08960 05/19*203 784  50    0*213 780  40    0*220 775  35    0*226 770  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

08965 05/20*237 771  40    0*238 759  45    0*240 748  45    0*245 738  50    0
08965 05/20*232 765  40    0*236 758  45    0*240 748  45    0*245 738  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***

08970 05/21*252 728  50    0*261 718  50    0*271 708  45    0*282 703  35    0
08975 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
1002 mb at 20Z on the 18th suggests at least 43 kt - 50 kt used in best 
track.

********************************************************************************

08976 06/11/1887 M= 4  3 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08976 06/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 840  30    0*212 847  30    0
08976 06/12*219 853  30    0*227 859  35    0*235 865  35    0*243 869  35    0
08976 06/13*251 873  35    0*260 877  35    0*270 880  35    0*280 883  35    0
08976 06/14*290 885  35    0*300 887  35    0*310 888  30    0*320 888  30    0
08976 TS 

Moderate changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  Storm is also carried for an additional day to account for 
reasonable decay to tropical depression over land.

********************************************************************************


08980 07/20/1887 M= 9  2 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08980 07/20/1887 M= 9  4 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

08985 07/20*  0   0   0    0*120 582  35    0*121 594  45    0*125 621  55    0
08985 07/20*120 576  60    0*121 592  60    0*123 610  60    0*125 624  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

08990 07/21*127 636  60    0*129 649  70    0*132 663  75    0*134 676  75    0
08995 07/22*137 689  80    0*140 702  80    0*142 714  85    0*144 726  85    0
09000 07/23*146 738  85    0*147 750  85    0*150 765  85    0*151 774  85    0
09005 07/24*153 788  85    0*156 803  85    0*161 817  85    0*169 840  85    0
09010 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*203 869  85    0*215 872  85    0
09010 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*202 869  85    0*215 872  75    0
                                              ***                       **

09015 07/26*227 873  85    0*239 875  85    0*251 876  85    0*263 877  85    0
09015 07/26*227 873  75    0*239 875  75    0*251 876  75    0*263 877  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09020 07/27*275 876  85    0*287 872  85    0*299 868  85    0*309 863  80    0
09020 07/27*275 876  75    0*287 872  75    0*299 868  75    0*309 863  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

09025 07/28*317 858  70    0*323 854  60    0*328 850  50    0*336 844  35    0
09025 07/28*317 858  50    0*323 854  40    0*328 850  35    0*336 844  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

09030 HR
09030 HRAFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  Storm intensity increased on the 20th based upon destruction
in Barbados.  The hurricane is listed in Perez (2000) as a Category 1 
hurricane for its impacts in Cuba, which is consistent with a Category 2
hurricane passing offshore of the island.  Storm intensity decreased after 
striking the Yucatan of Mexico.  No evidence for the storm to be considered 
stronger than a Category 1 hurricane in Northwest Florida, but it could be 
that it struck an unpopulated stretch and that it was more intense than 
listed here. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida, Alabama and Georgia.  


1887/04 - 2006 REVISION:

09390 07/20/1887 M= 9  4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09395 07/20*120 576  60    0*121 592  60    0*123 610  60    0*125 624  60    0*
09400 07/21*127 636  60    0*129 649  70    0*132 663  75    0*134 676  75    0*
09405 07/22*137 689  80    0*140 702  80    0*142 714  85    0*144 726  85    0*
09410 07/23*146 738  85    0*147 750  85    0*150 765  85    0*151 774  85    0*
09415 07/24*153 788  85    0*156 803  85    0*161 817  85    0*169 840  85    0*
09420 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*202 869  85    0*215 872  75    0*
09425 07/26*227 873  75    0*239 875  75    0*251 876  75    0*263 877  75    0*
09430 07/27*275 876  75    0*287 872  75    0*299 868  75    0*309 863  65    0*
09435 07/28*317 858  50    0*323 854  40    0*328 850  35    0*336 844  30    0*
09440 HRAFL1                                                                    
09440 HRAFL1IAL1
            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as to causing
inland hurricane conditions in Alabama based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.

1887/04 - 2011 REVISION:

09390 07/20/1887 M= 9  4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09395 07/20*120 576  60    0*121 592  60    0*123 610  60    0*125 624  60    0*
09400 07/21*127 636  60    0*129 649  70    0*132 663  75    0*134 676  75    0*
09405 07/22*137 689  80    0*140 702  80    0*142 714  85    0*144 726  85    0*
09410 07/23*146 738  85    0*147 750  85    0*150 765  85    0*151 774  85    0*
09415 07/24*153 788  85    0*156 803  85    0*161 817  85    0*169 840  85    0*
09420 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*202 869  85    0*215 872  75    0*
09425 07/26*227 873  75    0*239 875  75    0*251 876  75    0*263 877  75    0*
09430 07/27*275 876  75    0*287 872  75    0*299 868  75    0*309 863  65    0*
09435 07/28*317 858  50    0*323 854  40    0*328 850  35    0*336 844  30    0*
09440 HRAFL1IAL1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-7/27/1887    1500Z 30.4N  86.6W   75kt  1    ---   (981mb)   AFL1,IAL1
4-7/27/1887    1500Z 30.4N  86.6W   75kt  1    ---   (978mb)   AFL1,IAL1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 75 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - 
for a 75 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

09250 07/30/1887 M=10  3 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09250 07/30/1887 M=10  5 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09255 07/30*  0   0   0    0* 99 501  35    0*100 511  35    0*103 522  35    0
09260 07/31*105 532  35    0*108 542  40    0*110 550  40    0*112 557  40    0
09265 08/01*113 562  40    0*115 567  40    0*117 574  40    0*121 584  45    0
09270 08/02*125 595  45    0*129 606  45    0*133 615  45    0*136 623  50    0
09275 08/03*140 632  50    0*143 640  50    0*146 648  50    0*149 656  50    0
09280 08/04*152 664  50    0*155 672  50    0*158 680  50    0*161 688  50    0
09285 08/05*164 695  50    0*167 702  45    0*170 710  45    0*174 720  45    0
09290 08/06*178 732  45    0*184 745  40    0*190 760  40    0*195 771  40    0
09295 08/07*200 785  35    0*206 799  35    0*210 810  35    0*213 827  35    0
09300 08/08*214 840  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09305 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  

********************************************************************************


09095 08/15/1887 M= 8  4 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09095 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***                  *     *

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
09098 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 590  35    0*180 600  35    0

09100 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*227 623  35    0*230 635  40    0
09100 08/15*190 610  35    0*200 622  35    0*210 634  35    0*218 646  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

09105 08/16*233 647  40    0*236 658  45    0*238 670  50    0*240 681  50    0
09105 08/16*224 658  40    0*229 669  45    0*234 680  50    0*238 691  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09110 08/17*242 693  55    0*244 704  60    0*246 714  65    0*249 724  70    0
09110 08/17*242 702  55    0*246 713  60    0*250 725  65    0*255 738  70    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09115 08/18*252 733  75    0*255 741  80    0*258 750  85    0*261 759  90    0
09115 08/18*260 749  75    0*265 758  80    0*270 767  85    0*276 775  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09120 08/19*264 767  90    0*268 775  95    0*272 783 100    0*274 787 100    0
09120 08/19*281 782  90    0*286 788  95    0*295 790 100    0*309 788 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09125 08/20*276 790 100    0*278 792 105    0*280 794 105    0*292 796 105    0
09125 08/20*324 780 100    0*336 767 105    0*350 750 105    0*367 731 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09130 08/21*305 791 100    0*322 780  95    0*339 761  90    0*361 738  80    0
09130 08/21*382 709 100    0*398 684  95    0*410 660  90    0*420 620  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09135 08/22*387 701  60    0*404 669  50    0*418 635  40    0*429 590  35    0
09135 08/22*428 577  75    0*434 536  70    0E440 495  70    0E449 456  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(23rd not in HURDAT previously.)
09137 08/23E460 420  70    0E476 386  70    0E490 350  70  972E506 300  70    0

09140 HR    
09140 HR NC1   
         ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressures of 
967 mb (07Z 20th) suggest winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 105 kt retained as HURDAT winds.  Central pressure 
of 972 mb (18Z 23rd) suggest winds from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship of 80 kt, respectively - 70 kt chosen for best track since 
hurricane had transitioned to extratropical storm stage.

Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 
17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and moderate adjustments
to existing positions.  All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, 
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, August 16, 1887
Meteorological Register
10 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 83 Cloudy Clear    E mod E light
11 Aug 29.77 29.78 83 83 Cloudy Cloudy   E mod E mod
12 Aug 29.78 29.78 84 83 Clear Clear     E mod E mod
13 Aug 29.79 29.79 85 82 Clear Clear     E mod E light
14 Aug 29.78 29.70 84 84 Cloudy Cloudy   ENE mod N fresh
15 Aug 29.70 29.72 81 82 Overcast Cloudy SW fresh SW fresh
16 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 82 Hazy Clear      E light E light
General Remarks
10th -  Fine bright day and clear moonlight night.
11th - 10 a.m. passing rain squalls, balance of day cloudy to fair, and 
   fine night. Last Quarter.
12th - Weather very fine and warm, and bright starry night.
13th - 120 p.m. A shower. Fine bright day and night.
14th - The weather today is very suspicious. During the night it blew in 
   gusts with light drizzly rain, and the wind went round to the NE. At 
   2 p.m. it began to get squally and gusty accompanied with short showers 
   of rain. The barometer became depressed,and went down one tenth. The 
   wind then began to blow from the N. At 6 o'clock it became quite clear 
   that a cyclone was passing to the North of this island. The wind later 
   veered very rapidly from N to NNW, then NW, with lightning in that 
   region and some distant thunder. Later in the night the wind hauled to 
   the Westward and finally settled at SW blowing fresh all the next day. 
   It is evident from the rapid changes of the wind that the stormfield 
   was not very extensive.
15th - Blowing fresh from the SW and cloudy. Towards afternoon and evening 
   it became clearer.  Night clear and starry.
16th - Clear and pleasant day, night clear and starry.

Based upon these observations, it is analyzed that the system had a closed
circulation (i.e. westerly wind component) and was nearly due north of 
the island around 09Z on the 15th.  The track is extended back to 12Z on
the 14th, with a track substantially closer to St. Kitts than analyzed
before (but still outside any gale force wind region).  However, little
can be deduced for intensity.  Thus, continuing the system with minimal 
(35 kt) tropical storm strength appears prudent.


1887/06 - 2006 REVISION:

09505 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09505 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

09510 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 590  35    0*180 600  35    0*
09515 08/15*190 610  35    0*200 622  35    0*210 634  35    0*218 646  40    0*
09520 08/16*224 658  40    0*229 669  45    0*234 680  50    0*238 691  50    0*
09525 08/17*242 702  55    0*246 713  60    0*250 725  65    0*255 738  70    0*
09530 08/18*260 749  75    0*265 758  80    0*270 767  85    0*276 775  90    0*
09535 08/19*281 782  90    0*286 788  95    0*295 790 100    0*309 788 100    0*
09540 08/20*324 780 100    0*336 767 105    0*350 750 105    0*367 731 105    0*
09545 08/21*382 709 100    0*398 684  95    0*410 660  90    0*420 620  80    0*
09550 08/22*428 577  75    0*434 536  70    0E440 495  70    0E449 456  75    0*
09555 08/23E460 420  70    0E476 386  70    0E490 350  70  972E506 300  70    0*
09560 HR NC1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************

09145 08/18/1887 M=10  5 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09145 08/18/1887 M=10  7 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09150 08/18*  0   0   0    0*169 574  35    0*172 584  50    0*177 593  65    0
09150 08/18*  0   0   0    0*180 600  35    0*188 610  35    0*196 620  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09155 08/19*182 602  85    0*189 611  90    0*195 620  95    0*203 630 100    0
09155 08/19*204 632  40    0*212 645  45    0*220 660  50    0*228 675  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

09160 08/20*212 639 105    0*220 648 105    0*227 657 105    0*239 680 105    0
09160 08/20*236 690  55    0*243 705  55    0*250 720  60    0*255 733  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09165 08/21*250 710 105    0*260 737 105    0*267 753 105    0*271 761 105    0
09165 08/21*259 744  65    0*261 753  75    0*263 760  85    0*264 766  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09170 08/22*273 765 105    0*275 769 105    0*279 772 105    0*284 776 105    0
09170 08/22*265 772 105    0*266 778 110    0*270 783 110    0*278 786 110    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09175 08/23*289 780 105    0*294 782 105    0*300 783 105    0*306 782 105    0
09175 08/23*286 787 110    0*293 786 110    0*300 785 110    0*307 784 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09180 08/24*311 778 105    0*318 771 105    0*326 760 105    0*336 747 105    0
09180 08/24*314 782 110    0*318 780 110    0*323 777 110    0*333 767 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09185 08/25*347 731 105    0*359 714 105    0*370 695 105    0*380 675 105    0
09185 08/25*342 756 110    0*350 744 110    0*357 733 110    0*367 713 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09190 08/26*389 654 100    0*399 632  95    0*410 610  85    0*426 582  75    0
09190 08/26*379 691 105    0*390 663 105    0*400 640 100    0*420 603 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09195 08/27*447 558  70    0*467 535  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09195 08/27*443 560  95    0*463 514  85    0E485 460  75    0E507 397  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09200 HR

Only one major change (detailed below) from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), 
who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Intensities reduced from
the 18th to the 21st, since available observations indicate that the 
system remained a tropical storm until the 21st and moderate (Category 1 
and 2) hurricane status until the 22nd.  Winds boosted on the 26th and 27th 
based upon ship reports.  Peripheral pressure of 994 mb (09Z on the 21st) 
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 75 kt chosen in best track (lowered from 105 kt).  
Peripheral pressure of 955 mb (14Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least
99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for 
best track.  Peripheral pressures of 952 mb (12Z on the 26th) and 955 mb 
(17Z on the 26th) suggest winds of at least 96 kt and 93 kt, respectively, 
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best 
track.  Peripheral pressure of 963 mb (00Z on the 27th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track.

Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper 
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for repositioning of the storm on the 
18th to the 20th.  All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, 
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, 23 August 1887
Meteorological Register
17 Aug 29.80 29.80 84 83 Clear Clear   ENE light NE mod
18 Aug 29.75 29.72 86 85 Clear Clear   NE light  SW mod
19 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 85 Clear Clear   S light   S mod
20 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 82 Clear Cloudy  E light   ENE mod
General Remarks
17th - Bright and sunny day, and clear starry night.
18th - Today has been exceedingly hot and sultry, night bright starlight.
19th - The weather today has been very fine, and warm, sea moderately 
   smooth. Night overcast.  At 8 p.m. a sudden flash of lightning 
   followed by a low roll of distant thunder. New moon.
20th - Weather bright with sunshine throughout the day. Afternoon sky 
   lightly overcast. Night clear and starry.

These observations suggest a closest approach to St. Kitts around 18Z
on the 18th (lowest pressure and wind shift to SW) as a relatively weak
system.  Southerly winds on the 19th clearly indicate that the system
has moved to the west of the island.  Large adjustment to track 
proposed by Partagas is not too surprising given the lack of data
that Partagas could locate for the 18th through the 20th.

********************************************************************************

09205 09/01/1887 M= 6  6 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09205 09/01/1887 M= 6  8 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09210 09/01*279 533  35    0*288 539  40    0*297 545  45    0*306 554  50    0
09210 09/01*281 537  35    0*286 544  40    0*290 550  45    0*296 559  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

09215 09/02*314 560  55    0*325 567  65    0*334 571  75    0*357 572  80    0
09215 09/02*304 570  55    0*311 578  65    0*320 585  75    0*342 587  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

09220 09/03*380 567  85    0*403 553  85    0*428 518  85    0*447 475  85    0
09220 09/03*367 578  85    0*388 564  90    0*410 540  90    0*437 497  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09225 09/04*465 430  85    0*482 392  75    0*500 350  65    0*519 320  60    0
09225 09/04*464 445  90  963*492 397  90    0E520 350  80    0E530 324  70    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

09230 09/05*533 296  55    0*549 269  50    0*557 230  50    0*553 181  50    0
09230 09/05E540 297  60    0E549 269  60    0E557 230  60    0E553 181  60    0
           **** ***  **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09235 09/06*552 146  50    0*554 110  50    0*559  72  50    0*  0   0   0    0
09235 09/06E552 146  55    0E554 110  50    0E559  72  50    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

09240 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 6.  Intensities increased from the 3rd to the 6th based upon
ship reports.  A possible central pressure of 963 mb (22Z on the 3rd)
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
90 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure measurement of 985 mb
(17Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

09245 09/11/1887 M=12  7 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09245 09/11/1887 M=12  9 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

09250 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 570  35    0*134 582  50    0
09250 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 570  35    0*134 582  40    0
                                                                        **

09255 09/12*134 593  70    0*135 604  75    0*136 614  80    0*137 623  80    0
09255 09/12*134 593  45    0*135 604  50    0*136 614  55    0*137 623  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09260 09/13*138 631  80    0*139 639  85    0*140 648  85    0*141 662  85    0
09260 09/13*138 631  65    0*139 639  70    0*140 648  75    0*141 662  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09265 09/14*142 678  85    0*144 695  85    0*145 710  85    0*147 723  85    0
09270 09/15*150 735  85    0*153 747  85    0*157 760  85    0*162 778  85    0
09275 09/16*167 796  85    0*173 815  85    0*180 830  85    0*187 841  85    0
09280 09/17*195 851  85    0*203 859  85    0*210 866  85    0*214 872  85    0
09280 09/17*195 851  85    0*203 859  85    0*210 866  85    0*214 872  75    0
                                                                        **

09285 09/18*219 877  85    0*223 883  85    0*230 890  85    0*231 893  85    0
09285 09/18*219 877  80    0*223 883  85    0*227 888  85    0*231 893  85    0
                     **                       *** ***

09290 09/19*235 898  85    0*239 903  85    0*245 910  85    0*250 917  85    0
09295 09/20*254 923  85    0*258 931  85    0*260 940  85    0*260 945  85    0
09295 09/20*254 923  85    0*258 931  85    0*260 940  85    0*261 948  85    0
                                                               *** ***

09300 09/21*260 949  85    0*260 954  85    0*260 959  85    0*260 964  85    0
09300 09/21*261 956  85    0*261 962  85    0*261 968  85    0*261 973  80  973
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

09305 09/22*259 972  80    0*257 980  75    0*255 989  65    0*252 997  35    0
09305 09/22*260 979  60    0*258 984  45    0*255 989  35    0*250 996  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

09310 HR
09310 HRATX2
      ******

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 7.  Intensities reduced from the 11th to the 13th since hurricane
conditions were not noted in the Windward Islands.  A central pressure
(16Z on the 21st) of 973 mb suggests winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track at
landfall.  (Winds at 18Z on the 21st are slightly weaker.)  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Texas and Mexico.

1887/09 - 2011 REVISION:

09665 09/11/1887 M=12  9 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
09665 09/11/1887 M=12  9 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
                                                          *

09670 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 570  35    0*134 582  40    0*
09675 09/12*134 593  45    0*135 604  50    0*136 614  55    0*137 623  60    0*
09680 09/13*138 631  65    0*139 639  70    0*140 648  75    0*141 662  80    0*
09685 09/14*142 678  85    0*144 695  85    0*145 710  85    0*147 723  85    0*
09690 09/15*150 735  85    0*153 747  85    0*157 760  85    0*162 778  85    0*
09695 09/16*167 796  85    0*173 815  85    0*180 830  85    0*187 841  85    0*
09700 09/17*195 851  85    0*203 859  85    0*210 866  85    0*214 872  75    0*
09705 09/18*219 877  80    0*223 883  85    0*227 888  85    0*231 893  85    0*
09710 09/19*235 898  85    0*239 903  85    0*245 910  85    0*250 917  85    0*
09715 09/20*254 923  85    0*258 931  85    0*260 940  85    0*261 948  85    0*
09720 09/21*261 956  85    0*261 962  85    0*261 968  85    0*261 973  80  973*
09720 09/21*261 956  85    0*261 962  80    0*261 968  75    0*261 973  75  973*
                                      **               **               **

09725 09/22*260 979  60    0*258 984  45    0*255 989  35    0*250 996  30    0*
09730 HRATX2                                                                    
09730 HRATX1                                                                    
           *

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
9-9/21/1887    1700Z 26.1N  97.2W   85kt  2    ---    973mb    ATX2
9-9/21/1887    1700Z 26.1N  97.2W   75kt  1    ---    973mb    ATX1
                                    **    *                    ****

The 2003 reanalysis utilized a 973 mb central pressure at landfall at 17Z on 
the 21st in south Texas, which suggested 85 kt from the original Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship 
suggests 86 kt from the south of 25N equation and 81 kt from the north of 25N 
equation (the hurricane made landfall at 26N).  Examination of the Brownsville 
and Port Isabel observations suggest an RMW of about 40 nm.  Given that 
climatology of RMW for this central pressure and latitude is 19 nm (Vickery et 
al. 2000) and that it was moving at a slow 5 kt at landfall, winds at and just 
before landfall are estimated to be 75 kt.  This changes to hurricane to a 
Category 1 impact for South Texas, downgraded from Category 2 originally.  


********************************************************************************

09315 09/14/1887 M= 5  8 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 10 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09320 09/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 537  35    0
09325 09/15*243 541  40    0*262 547  40    0*281 550  45    0*299 552  50    0
09325 09/15*243 541  40    0*262 547  40    0*281 550  45    0*295 553  50    0
                                                               *** ***

09330 09/16*318 553  60    0*336 552  65    0*355 549  70    0*374 545  75    0
09330 09/16*308 555  55    0*325 556  60    0*340 553  65    0*354 551  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09335 09/17*393 539  80    0*413 530  85    0*432 520  85    0*450 507  85    0
09335 09/17*374 547  70    0*393 541  70    0*410 535  70    0*428 527  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09340 09/18*467 489  80    0*483 470  75    0*500 450  65    0*516 429  55    0
09340 09/18*457 514  70  983*480 498  65    0E505 480  60    0E531 445  55    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***

09345 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 8.  Intensities reduced from the 16th to the 18th since ship
observations only support category one conditions.  A possible central
pressure of 983 mb (02Z on the 18th) suggests 70 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

09350 10/06/1887 M= 3  9 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09350 10/06/1887 M= 4 11 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

09355 10/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*197 847  35    0*197 860  45    0
09360 10/07*197 873  50    0*197 886  45    0*198 899  40    0*198 912  40    0
09365 10/08*198 925  45    0*199 937  50    0*200 950  50    0*201 978  35    0
09365 10/08*198 925  45    0*199 937  50    0*200 950  50    0*201 963  50    0
                                                                   ***  **

(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
09367 10/09*202 976  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

09370 TS  

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Translational
speed too high at end of track.  Adjustments made to correct this required the 
addition of an extra six hourly position.

********************************************************************************


09375 10/09/1887 M= 3 10 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09375 10/08/1887 M= 2 12 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
          *         * **       ***

(8th not in HURDAT previously.)
09377 10/08*  0   0   0    0*210 741  55    0*217 743  60    0*227 745  60    0

09380 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 805  35    0*202 812  45    0
09380 10/09*237 748  55    0*246 749  50    0*255 750  45    0*269 751  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09385 10/10*213 822  50    0*221 834  50    0*228 850  45    0*233 861  50    0
09390 10/11*236 871  50    0*238 882  50    0*238 892  45    0*237 904  35    0
(10th and 11th removed from HURDAT.)

09395 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.  
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 994 mb (10Z on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 
58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best 
track.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the 
genesis (and possibly the decay) were not documented.

********************************************************************************

09400 10/09/1887 M=11 11 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09400 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                   ** **       ***                        *

09405 10/09*  0   0   0    0*191 597  35    0*192 610  45    0*193 624  55    0
09405 10/09*  0   0   0    0*191 597  35    0*192 610  40    0*193 624  45    0
                                                       **               **

09410 10/10*193 638  65    0*194 652  75    0*194 666  80    0*194 680  85    0
09410 10/10*193 638  50    0*194 652  55    0*194 666  60    0*194 680  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09415 10/11*194 693  85    0*194 707  75    0*195 720  65    0*196 735  60    0
09415 10/11*194 697  60    0*194 711  50    0*195 727  45    0*195 743  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

09420 10/12*198 750  60    0*201 765  60    0*204 777  65    0*206 785  70    0
09420 10/12*196 760  65    0*197 774  70    0*200 787  75    0*203 798  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09425 10/13*208 792  75    0*210 798  80    0*212 804  80    0*214 811  85    0
09425 10/13*207 809  75    0*211 819  75    0*215 827  75    0*217 834  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09430 10/14*216 819  85    0*218 826  85    0*220 833  85    0*222 840  85    0
09430 10/14*220 841  70    0*222 847  65    0*225 853  65    0*226 859  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09435 10/15*224 847  85    0*226 854  75    0*228 861  70    0*231 868  70    0
09435 10/15*229 865  75    0*231 870  75    0*233 875  75    0*235 878  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09440 10/16*234 875  70    0*238 882  75    0*241 888  80    0*243 893  80    0
09440 10/16*237 882  75    0*239 885  75    0*241 888  75    0*243 893  75    0
            ***      **      *** ***                   **               **

09445 10/17*245 896  85    0*248 899  85    0*251 902  85    0*256 905  85    0
09445 10/17*245 896  75    0*248 899  75    0*251 902  75    0*256 905  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09450 10/18*263 909  85    0*271 912  85    0*277 913  85    0*283 911  85    0
09450 10/18*263 909  75    0*271 912  75    0*277 913  75    0*283 911  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09455 10/19*288 907  85    0*294 900  85    0*299 896  65    0*309 880  35    0
09455 10/19*289 907  75    0*295 900  65    0*302 891  55    0*309 880  45    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **               **

(20th and 21st not in HURDAT previously.)
09457 10/20*315 861  35    0*322 841  30    0*330 825  30    0*344 799  30    0
09458 10/21E357 771  35    0E376 740  40    0E395 720  45    0E420 690  45    0
09459 10/22E466 652  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

09460 HR
09460 HR LA1
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 11. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure 
reading of 989 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track.  A 
peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (on the 19th) suggests winds of at 
least 64 kt from the Gulf wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best 
track.  Hurricane status east of and at landfall into Hispanola is reduced 
to tropical storm status since there is no evidence for this intensity.  
The hurricane is reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) in the original
HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico 
as available observation data suggests minimal hurricane status.  This is 
consistent with analysis by Perez (2000) indicating landfall as Category 1 
hurricane over Cuba.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.

1887/13 - 2011 REVISION:

09820 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09825 10/09*  0   0   0    0*191 597  35    0*192 610  40    0*193 624  45    0*
09830 10/10*193 638  50    0*194 652  55    0*194 666  60    0*194 680  60    0*
09835 10/11*194 697  60    0*194 711  50    0*195 727  45    0*195 743  55    0*
09840 10/12*196 760  65    0*197 774  70    0*200 787  75    0*203 798  75    0*
09845 10/13*207 809  75    0*211 819  75    0*215 827  75    0*217 834  75    0*
09850 10/14*220 841  70    0*222 847  65    0*225 853  65    0*226 859  70    0*
09855 10/15*229 865  75    0*231 870  75    0*233 875  75    0*235 878  75    0*
09860 10/16*237 882  75    0*239 885  75    0*241 888  75    0*243 893  75    0*
09865 10/17*245 896  75    0*248 899  75    0*251 902  75    0*256 905  75    0*
09870 10/18*263 909  75    0*271 912  75    0*277 913  75    0*283 911  75    0*
09875 10/19*289 907  75    0*295 900  65    0*302 891  55    0*309 880  45    0*
09880 10/20*315 861  35    0*322 841  30    0*330 825  30    0*344 799  30    0*
09885 10/21E357 771  35    0E376 740  40    0E395 720  45    0E420 690  45    0*
09890 10/22E466 652  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
09895 HR LA1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
13-10/19/1887  0200Z 29.1N  90.4W   75kt  1    ---   (981mb)   LA1
13-10/19/1887  0200Z 29.1N  90.4W   75kt  1    ---   (978mb)   LA1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 75 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - 
for a 75 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 12 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 14 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09470 10/10*  0   0   0    0*282 390  35    0*290 400  45    0*299 405  55    0
09470 10/10*  0   0   0    0*282 390  35    0*290 400  45    0*301 402  55    0
                                                               *** ***

09475 10/11*309 410  65    0*321 414  75    0*334 417  80    0*348 416  85    0
09475 10/11*313 402  65    0*325 401  75    0*337 400  75    0*352 399  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

09480 10/12*364 412  85    0*381 407  85    0*400 395  75    0*412 381  35    0
09480 10/12*368 398  75    0*384 397  75    0E400 395  60    0E412 381  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *         **     *

09485 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 12.  A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (22Z on the 11th)
suggests at least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
75 kt used in best track.  Peak winds reduced from the standard Category 2 
(85 kt) in the original HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) on the 11th and 
12th, since evidence suggests only a minimal hurricane occurred.

********************************************************************************


09490 10/16/1887 M= 4 13 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09490 10/15/1887 M= 5 15 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         * **       ***

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
09492 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 480  70    0*146 490  75    0

09495 10/16*  0   0   0    0*161 512  35    0*170 520  35    0*184 530  40    0
09495 10/16*153 500  80    0*161 510  85    0*170 520  90    0*184 530  90    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **               **

09500 10/17*197 538  45    0*209 544  45    0*220 550  50    0*229 554  50    0
09500 10/17*197 538  90    0*209 544  90    0*220 550  85    0*229 554  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09505 10/18*237 556  50    0*244 557  50    0*253 557  50    0*264 553  50    0
09505 10/18*237 556  70    0*244 557  60    0*253 557  55    0*264 553  50    0
                     **               **               ** 

09510 10/19*276 547  45    0*290 537  40    0*304 525  35    0*317 513  25    0
09515 TS 
09515 HR
      **

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm 
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 13.  
Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper 
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and an 
increase in intensity:
"Tuesday, 25 October 1887 - Royal Mail Steam Moselle arrived at 
Barbados on October 18th and a couple of days before making port 
encountered a hurricane:  Wind began at noon of 15th from ENE. At 6pm 
strong breeze. 8pm moderate gale, barometer steady. 10 pm fresh gale, 
barometer falling. Midnight, strong gale. barometer falling, wind NE.
3 a.m. wind had increased to a hurricane, barometer 29[.00], wind NNE. 
Between 3 am and 530am lost seven Boats, all Sheep Pens, and Fowl 
Coops, with all Live Stock overboard and damaged one boat, leaving 
only two small ones serviceable. Blew away Foretopsail and Foresail,
and Awning, and considerable damage was sustained around decks. At 
5:30 a.m. wind NNE, barometer 28.80 blowing a fierce hurricane, with 
furious squalls, wind North, backing West. 6 a.m. wind WSW with 
mountainous seas. 7 a.m. Ship hove to on port tack, wind and sea 
decreasing."
These observations clearly indicate hurricane intensity was achieved
by this storm.  The 975 mb peripheral pressure (around 1030 UTC on
the 6th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.  Winds adjusted for
the 15th to the 18th, accordingly.  Complete life cycle for this 
hurricane is not known due to lack of knowledge of its genesis.

********************************************************************************

09520 10/29/1887 M= 4 14 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09520 10/29/1887 M= 9 16 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    * **       ***

09525 10/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*251 849  35    0*268 823  40    0
09525 10/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*265 860  35    0*272 845  40    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

09530 10/30*284 798  35    0*298 783  35    0*310 772  40    0*321 765  40    0
09530 10/30*280 830  40    0*289 815  35    0*300 800  40    0*313 787  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

09535 10/31*330 759  40    0*339 752  40    0*346 745  40    0*353 738  40    0
09535 10/31*327 774  50    0*339 761  55    0*348 748  60    0*354 734  60  993
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

09540 11/01*359 731  40    0*364 723  40    0*368 716  35    0*373 708  35    0
09540 11/01E360 720  65    0E365 703  70    0E370 690  70    0E378 678  70    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(2nd to 6th not in HURDAT previously.)
09541 11/02E385 666  65    0E392 654  65    0E400 640  60    0E406 617  60    0
09542 11/03E411 580  60    0E415 548  60    0E420 520  60    0E440 478  60    0
09543 11/04E474 442  60    0E511 402  60    0E530 360  60    0E536 320  60    0
09544 11/05E536 277  60    0E534 231  60  990E530 190  60    0E524 154  60    0
09545 11/06E518 114  55    0E508  73  50    0E500  40  45    0E483   4  40    0

09545 TS

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date          Time   Lat    Lon    Max   States
                                    Winds  Affected
16-10/29/1887$  1800Z  26.8   82.3    40     FL
16-10/30/1887$  0100Z  28.1   82.8    40     FL
      **        ****   ****   ****

Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who otherwise made 
large reasonable track alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 14.  A possible central pressure reading of 993 mb 
(17Z on the 3lst) suggests winds of 59 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  A central pressure of 990 mb (08Z on 
the 5th) suggests winds of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
60 kt used in best track since storm had transformed to extratropical.  
Windspeeds increased from the 30th to the 1st to account for ship and coastal 
observations (from Hudgins 2000, Roth and Cobb 2001).

The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of 
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base 
Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
10/28/1887 E      E      0    29.90  29.88  29.90    0.83"
10/29/1887 S      S      SW   29.82  29.78  29.78    0.16"
10/30/1887 NW     NW     NW   29.70  29.65  29.65
10/31/1887 NW     NW     NW   29.75  29.74  29.74

These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the SW and NW wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 30th.  The track is shifted to go just north of the Fort based upon
these west winds.  The minimum surface pressure value corresponds to a
sea level pressure of 1007 mb, which is supportive of just minimal tropical
storm conditions while crossing Florida already in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 15 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 17 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09555 11/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*221 670  35    0*231 686  40    0
09560 11/28*238 700  40    0*242 712  45    0*245 724  50    0*247 735  55    0
09560 11/28*238 700  40    0*242 712  45    0*245 724  50    0*245 728  55    0
                                                               *** ***  

09565 11/29*246 748  60    0*236 752  70    0*230 747  75    0*232 730  80    0
09565 11/29*244 732  60    0*241 734  65    0*237 735  70    0*233 732  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09570 11/30*239 712  80    0*248 699  85    0*256 685  85    0*260 676  85    0
09570 11/30*234 726  70    0*237 718  70    0*240 713  70    0*245 704  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09575 12/01*264 667  85    0*268 659  85    0*272 653  85    0*275 648  80    0
09575 12/01*251 694  60    0*256 686  60    0*263 673  60    0*268 664  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09580 12/02*278 644  80    0*280 640  75    0*283 635  70    0*287 629  70    0
09580 12/02*274 653  55    0*279 645  55    0*285 635  55    0*291 627  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

09585 12/03*291 623  65    0*296 617  60    0*303 610  55    0*311 601  50    0
09585 12/03*298 619  50    0*305 610  50    0*310 603  50    0*315 595  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09590 12/04*320 588  50    0*329 575  45    0*339 565  40    0*349 555  35    0
09590 12/04*320 588  50    0*329 575  50    0*339 565  45    0*349 555  40    0
                                                       **               **

09595 HR 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 15. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced from the 
28th until the 3rd since available observational data indicate that the
system peaked as a minimal hurricane (65 kt is chosen as peak winds), 
rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity in the original 
HURDAT. Winds slightly increased on 4th due to a ship observation.

********************************************************************************

09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 16 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 18 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09605 12/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*192 541  35    0*207 574  40    0
09605 12/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*192 541  35    0*207 574  35    0
                                                                        **

09610 12/05*221 600  40    0*235 619  50    0*248 628  50    0*261 632  55    0
09610 12/05*221 600  40    0*235 619  40    0*248 628  45    0*261 632  45    0
                                      **               **               **

09615 12/06*276 630  65    0*286 620  65    0*298 609  65    0*312 589  70    0
09615 12/06*276 630  50    0*286 620  50    0*298 609  55    0*312 589  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09620 12/07*326 571  75    0*340 556  75    0*353 543  80    0*361 518  80    0
09620 12/07*326 571  65    0*340 556  70    0*353 543  70    0*361 518  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

09625 12/08*364 491  85    0*367 464  85    0*371 439  85    0*377 417  85    0
09625 12/08*364 491  70    0*367 464  70    0*371 439  70    0*377 417  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

09630 12/09*384 396  85    0*392 377  85    0*400 360  80    0*409 346  75    0
09630 12/09E384 396  60    0E392 377  60    0E400 360  60    0E409 346  55    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09635 12/10*419 334  70    0*430 325  60    0*442 318  50    0*454 313  35    0
09635 12/10E419 334  50    0E430 325  45    0E442 318  40    0E454 313  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         

09640 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 16.  All gale
force or greater observations obtained for this system were the following:  
50 kt from the southeast veering to the northwest around 02 UTC on the 7th 
(Bark "Leocadia"), 70 kt around 17 UTC on the 7th (Steamship "Kate Fawcett"), 
40 kt from the south-southwest veering to the west-northwest on the 8th 
(Steamship "Orsino"), and 60 kt from the south veering to the northwest around 
17 UTC on the 9th (Steamship "Westergate").  Winds are thus reduced for the 
whole lifecycle of the storm since best available observations indicate that 
the system likely peaked on the 7th and 8th as a minimal hurricane (70 kt 
chosen as peak winds), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity 
originally suggested in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 17 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 19 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09905 12/07*  0   0   0    0*125 585  35    0*127 596  35    0*129 606  40    0
09910 12/08*131 616  40    0*132 626  40    0*133 636  45    0*133 646  45    0
09915 12/09*133 657  45    0*132 668  50    0*130 680  50    0*128 695  50    0
09920 12/10*126 713  50    0*123 732  50    0*121 750  50    0*118 766  50    0
09925 12/11*115 782  50    0*113 796  50    0*110 810  50    0*109 815  45    0
09930 12/12*108 820  45    0*107 825  40    0*106 831  35    0*105 836  25    0
09935 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 17.

********************************************************************************

1887 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 10-15, 1887:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.

2) September 1-5, 1887:  At least one (possible two) gale force wind reports, 
   but unclear if system was closed circulation.

3) October 22-23, 1887:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

4) Observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher 
Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) 
suggest the occurrence of (at least) a tropical depression that passed
south and then west of St. Kitts.  However, without additional 
information documenting tropical storm strength for this system, it will 
not be added into HURDAT. 
All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches 
mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind (The altitude of the 
observations were at approximately 30 m.  Thus the surface pressures provided
below must be corrected by 0.1" to convert to sea level pressure values.)
Tuesday, September 27,  1887
Meteorological Register
20 Sep 29.80 29.78 78 81 Cloudy Overcast  NE light E mod
21 Sep 29.80 29.75 83 84 Cloudy Cloudy    E light S light
22 Sep 29.78 29.70 82 82 Cloudy Overcast  S mod SW mod
23 Sep 29.80 29.80 85 84 Cloudy Hazy      SSW light SW light
24 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 85 Clear Clear      SW light SW light
25 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 86 Clear Clear      SW light SW light
26 Sep 29.80 29.77 85 84 Clear Clear      S light SE light
General Remarks
20th - Weather densely overcast with heavy showers of rain all day. 
   Night cloudy with passing showers. 
21st - Commences with a cloudy sky and calm sultry atmosphere. 
   Mid-day intermittent sunshine.  5 p.m. raining. Night showery with 
   sheet lightning.
22nd - Commences with squalls of wind and rain. At 1 a.m. the wind 
   became boisterous, and the squalls reached the force of a moderate 
   gale, with frequent heavy showers. Barometer at 29.68. Noon very 
   squally in South, thick and raining. Night cloudy and squally.
23rd - (No account.) 
24th - After the squally weather of the day before yesterday, the sky 
   cleared, the wind still from the southwest but light. Fine sunny 
   day. Night clear and dull. Plenty of sheet lightning.
25th - Bright and sunny day, clear and starry night.
26th - Warm and sunny day. 5 p.m. overcast and raining - clear 
   starlight night.

5) Another possible new system has been identified by Mr. Michael Chenoweth
to have struck southern Belize in October 1887.  Below are some excerpts
from the _Colonial Guardian_ newspaper of Belize:  
   "The storm which swept last week [October 15-16, 1887] over the town, 
has caused great havock in the country, blowing down trees, strewing the 
truck-paths with them and rendering travelling impossible.  We have been 
credibly informed that many of the banana plantations of the Southern 
District have been levelled with the ground; so that for three months 
these plantations will produce little or nothing."
   In the same day's issue, they identify the "City of Dallas" as sailing 
from New Orleans and being a day late in arriving in Belize (with the new 
Colonial Secretary) "due to a severe storm shortly after leaving", but the 
exact date is not given. It arrived in Belize Wednesday afternoon, 
October 19.
The difficulty in ascribing this destruction to a new tropical cyclone
is that storm 13 was occurring just 300-400 nmi to the north while 
passing between Cuba and the Yucatan of Mexico.  While it is not impossible
for two tropical systems to be that physically close to one another, it
is an unlikely event.  It is also a possibility that the destruction 
described here is due to storm 13, which may need a large alteration in
its track.  At this point, it is recommended that this system be retained
as a possible new system (or storm 13 in need of revision of track) until
more information can be obtained to clarify the situation.

********************************************************************************


09685 06/16/1888 M= 3  1 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09685 06/16/1888 M= 3  1 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

09690 06/16*275 932  35    0*277 937  55    0*280 943  70    0*282 948  85    0
09690 06/16*275 932  35    0*277 937  45    0*280 943  55    0*282 948  65    0
                                      **               **               **

09695 06/17*284 953  85    0*287 957  80    0*290 960  70    0*294 963  65    0
09695 06/17*284 953  70    0*287 957  70    0*290 960  50    0*294 963  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

09700 06/18*299 965  55    0*304 967  50    0*310 968  45    0*313 966  35    0
09700 06/18*299 965  35    0*304 967  30    0*310 968  30    0*313 966  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

09705 HR
09705 HRBTX1
        ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced moderately for the whole 
lifecycle of the storm as available observation evidence suggests that this
system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane status, rather than the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) utilized in the original HURDAT.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) used for inland winds over Texas.

1888/01 - 2011 REVISION:

10150 06/16/1888 M= 3  1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
10155 06/16*275 932  35    0*277 937  45    0*280 943  55    0*282 948  65    0*
10160 06/17*284 953  70    0*287 957  70    0*290 960  50    0*294 963  40    0*
10165 06/18*299 965  35    0*304 967  30    0*310 968  30    0*313 966  25    0*
10170 HRBTX1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/17/1888    0600Z 28.7N  95.7W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   BTX1  
1-6/17/1888    0600Z 28.7N  95.7W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   BTX1  
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

09710 07/04/1888 M= 3  2 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09710 07/04/1888 M= 3  2 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09715 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 944  35    0*264 948  40    0
09720 07/05*270 951  50    0*276 953  50    0*283 955  50    0*291 956  45    0
09725 07/06*300 956  40    0*309 955  35    0*320 954  35    0*  0   0   0    0
09725 07/06*300 956  40    0*309 955  35    0*320 954  30    0*  0   0   0    0
                                                       **

09730 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.

********************************************************************************

09735 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09735 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 273 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

09740 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*213 713  35    0*218 724  40    0
09740 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 710  35    0*233 721  40    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

09745 08/15*223 734  50    0*228 745  60    0*233 755  70    0*238 765  80    0
09745 08/15*238 734  50    0*241 745  60    0*243 755  70    0*246 765  80    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

09750 08/16*243 774  90    0*248 783  95    0*253 793  95    0*257 806  90    0
09750 08/16*248 774  90    0*251 782 100    0*253 790 110    0*257 799 110    0
            ***              *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

09755 08/17*262 822  85    0*266 838  90    0*269 853  90    0*271 867  95    0
09755 08/17*262 809  85    0*266 820  70    0*269 833  80    0*271 847  90    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

09760 08/18*271 880  95    0*272 891  95    0*273 899  95    0*276 904  95    0
09760 08/18*271 862  95    0*272 876  95    0*273 886  95    0*276 894  95    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

09765 08/19*279 907  95    0*283 910  95    0*288 913  95    0*293 916  90    0
09765 08/19*279 900  95    0*283 904  95    0*288 906  95    0*293 908  85    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

09770 08/20*299 918  80    0*307 920  70    0*318 921  65    0*332 916  60    0
09770 08/20*299 909  75    0*307 910  70    0*318 910  65    0*332 908  60    0
                ***  **          ***              ***              ***

09775 08/21*348 901  55    0*365 878  50    0*380 850  45    0*393 813  45    0
09780 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0*432 681  35    0*447 653  35    0
09780 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0E432 681  50    0E447 653  50    0
                                             *         **     *         **

09785 08/23*462 628  35    0*477 605  35    0*492 590  35    0*506 571  35    0
09785 08/23E462 628  50    0E477 605  50    0E492 590  45    0E506 571  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09790 08/24*518 558  35    0*530 550  35    0*540 540  35    0*552 530  35    0
09790 08/24E518 558  40    0E530 550  40    0E540 540  35    0E552 530  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

09795 HR    
09795 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2    
      ********** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/16/1888$   1700Z 25.6N  80.4W  100kt  3     (953mb)   CFL3,BFL1
3-8/16/1888$   1900Z 25.8N  80.1W  110kt  3     (945mb)   CFL3,BFL1
               ****  ****   ****   ***           ***

3-8/19/1888    2100Z 29.6N  91.7W   95kt  2     (964mb)   LA2


Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made otherwise made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 994 mb (around 21Z on the 20th) suggests winds of at 
least 56 kt from the wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt at 18Z and 55 kt at 
00Z are chosen for best track since reading was for inland station.  A 
peripheral pressure reading of 992 mb (around 12Z on the 22nd) suggests at 
least 60 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for
best track since the storm had likely transitioned to extratropical
status.  Winds increased while extratropical from the 22nd to the 24th
to account for wind and peripheral pressure data.  A value of 14 foot
storm tide for Miami, Florida is reported in Barnes (1998a) - supporting
(at least) a high end Category 3 intensity at landfall.

The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of 
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base 
Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
8/16/1888  NE     NE     NE   29.85  29.80  29.52    0.68"
8/17/1888  SE     SE     SE   29.50  29.88  29.65    0.50"
8/18/1888  E      E      0    29.88  29.90  29.90    0.13"

These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the NE and SE wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 17th.  This is an impact in Florida about 6 hours later than
estimated in the Partagas and Diaz analysis.  The track is adjusted
accordingly on the 16th through the 18th.  The minimum surface pressure value 
corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1002 mb, though the hurricane center
likely passed a substantial distance to the south of the fort.

*******************************************************************************

1888/03 - 2009 REVISION:

10200 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
10205 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 710  35    0*233 721  40    0*
10210 08/15*238 734  50    0*241 745  60    0*243 755  70    0*246 765  80    0*
10215 08/16*248 774  90    0*251 782 100    0*253 790 110    0*257 799 110    0*
10220 08/17*262 809  85    0*266 820  70    0*269 833  80    0*271 847  90    0*
10225 08/18*271 862  95    0*272 876  95    0*273 886  95    0*276 894  95    0*
10230 08/19*279 900  95    0*283 904  95    0*288 906  95    0*293 908  85    0*
10235 08/20*299 909  75    0*307 910  70    0*318 910  65    0*332 908  60    0*
10240 08/21*348 901  55    0*365 878  50    0*380 850  45    0*393 813  45    0*
10245 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0E432 681  50    0E447 653  50    0*
10250 08/23E462 628  50    0E477 605  50    0E492 590  45    0E506 571  45    0*
10255 08/24E518 558  40    0E530 550  40    0E540 540  35    0E552 530  35    0*
10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2   
10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2IMS1   
                    ****

The 12Z position on 8/20 (well inland over Mississippi) had a wind of 65 kt.  Given 
this it would make sense to code for an inland effect over Mississippi (i.e. IMS1), 
which was unintentionally not counted as such previously. 

1888/03 - 2011 REVISION:

10200 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
10205 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 710  35    0*233 721  40    0*
10210 08/15*238 734  50    0*241 745  60    0*243 755  70    0*246 765  80    0*
10215 08/16*248 774  90    0*251 782 100    0*253 790 110    0*257 799 110    0*
10220 08/17*262 809  85    0*266 820  70    0*269 833  80    0*271 847  90    0*
10225 08/18*271 862  95    0*272 876  95    0*273 886  95    0*276 894  95    0*
10230 08/19*279 900  95    0*283 904  95    0*288 906  95    0*293 908  85    0*
10235 08/20*299 909  75    0*307 910  70    0*318 910  65    0*332 908  60    0*
10240 08/21*348 901  55    0*365 878  50    0*380 850  45    0*393 813  45    0*
10245 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0E432 681  50    0E447 653  50    0*
10250 08/23E462 628  50    0E477 605  50    0E492 590  45    0E506 571  45    0*
10255 08/24E518 558  40    0E530 550  40    0E540 540  35    0E552 530  35    0*
10260 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2                                                            

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-8/16/1888    1900Z 25.8N  80.1W  110kt  3    ---   (945mb)   CFL3,BFL1
3-8/19/1888    1600Z 29.1N  90.7W   95kt  2    ---   (964mb)   LA2
3-8/19/1888    1600Z 29.1N  90.7W   95kt  2    ---   (960mb)   LA2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 95 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 964 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 960 mb - 
for a 95 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


09800 08/31/1888 M= 9  4 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09800 08/31/1888 M= 9  4 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

09805 08/31*193 603  35    0*195 613  40    0*197 623  40    0*201 637  45    0
09805 08/31*193 603  60    0*195 613  65    0*197 623  70    0*201 637  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

09810 09/01*205 649  50    0*208 661  55    0*210 671  60    0*211 679  60    0
09810 09/01*205 649  75    0*208 661  75    0*210 671  80    0*211 679  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09815 09/02*212 685  65    0*213 692  70    0*214 701  75    0*216 713  75    0
09815 09/02*212 685  85    0*213 692  85    0*214 701  90    0*216 713  90    0
                     **               **               **               **

09820 09/03*218 724  80    0*219 736  85    0*221 748  85    0*223 759  85    0
09820 09/03*218 724  95    0*219 736 100    0*221 748 105    0*223 759 110    0
                     **              ***              ***              ***

09825 09/04*224 770  85    0*226 781  85    0*227 792  85    0*227 805  75    0
09825 09/04*225 770 110    0*227 782 110    0*229 797 110    0*230 808  90    0
            ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

09830 09/05*226 820  70    0*223 834  70    0*221 847  70    0*219 856  70    0
09830 09/05*230 819  80    0*228 828  75    0*225 837  70    0*222 849  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

09835 09/06*216 864  70    0*214 871  70    0*211 880  70    0*208 890  70    0
09835 09/06*218 861  70    0*214 871  70    0*211 880  60    0*208 890  55    0
            *** ***                                    **               **

09840 09/07*205 900  70    0*202 911  80    0*199 923  85    0*195 933  85    0
09840 09/07*205 900  50    0*202 911  60    0*199 923  70    0*195 933  85    0
                     **               **               **          

09845 09/08*188 942  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09845 09/08*190 943  75    0*180 952  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09850 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds increased on
31st and 1st based upon ship report of hurricane force winds.  Peripheral
pressure of 980 mb (17Z on the 2nd) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.
Peripheral pressure of 972 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least
87 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in
best track.  Peripheral pressure of 979 mb (14Z on the 4th) suggests
at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  The pressure
readings on the 3rd and 4th along with extreme destruction in Sagua, Cuba 
leads to a best track wind estimate of 110 kt at landfall, which is
consistent with the analysis of Perez (2000) of a Category 3 hurricane
landfall in Cuba.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with 
modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Track 
extended six hours on the 8th for reasonable (though quick) final decay of 
hurricane over Mexico.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not 
available as the genesis was not documented.  The hurricane is known as 
"El Huracan de Faquineto" for its impact in Cuba and "San Gil" for its
impact in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

09855 09/06/1888 M= 8  5 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09855 09/06/1888 M= 8  5 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09860 09/06*  0   0   0    0*233 720  35    0*239 730  35    0*244 743  40    0
09860 09/06*  0   0   0    0*235 717  35    0*239 730  35    0*244 743  40    0
                             *** ***

09865 09/07*248 755  40    0*253 768  45    0*258 780  45    0*262 792  45    0
09870 09/08*266 803  45    0*270 814  35    0*274 824  35    0*279 829  40    0
09870 09/08*267 801  45    0*272 811  35    0*277 818  35 1002*283 824  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     **** *** ***  

09875 09/09*285 831  45    0*292 831  50  999*301 829  35    0*312 823  35    0
09875 09/09*286 826  45    0*292 829  50  999*301 829  45    0*312 823  40    0
            *** ***              ***                   **               **

09880 09/10*325 815  35    0*339 806  35    0*350 797  35    0*359 788  35    0
09885 09/11*367 779  35    0*376 769  35    0*385 759  35    0*395 747  35    0
09885 09/11*367 779  35    0*376 769  35    0E385 759  35    0E395 747  35    0
                                             *                *

09890 09/12*406 733  35    0*418 716  35    0*430 699  35    0*442 675  35    0
09890 09/12E406 733  35    0E418 716  35    0E430 699  35    0E442 675  35    0
           *                *                *                *

09895 09/13*458 648  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09895 09/13E458 648  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *

09900 TS            

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  While the storm's
center does not get completely over water, this storm apparently began 
to re-intensify while over land - as observed by the strong winds and
low pressure at Cedar Key.  However, it is quite uncertain how intense
the storm was at landfall in Southeast Florida.  Winds decreased to below 
storm strength on the 11th to the 13th since observations in Partagas and 
Diaz show no storm force winds north of Virginia.

Confirmation of the inland Florida portion of the track and intensity
was deduced by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered 
observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
9/7/1888   NE     NE     NE   29.75  29.72  29.62    0.55"
9/8/1888   S      SE     SE   29.50  29.60  29.62    1.93"

These observations match Partagas and Diaz analysis that the storm 
tracked over or very close to Fort Meade around 12Z on the 8th.  The
surface pressure minimum above corresponds to a sea level pressure of 
1002 mb, which is may very well be a central pressure reading.  
1002 mb suggests marine winds of 45 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 35 kt retained due to over-land position.

********************************************************************************

09905 09/23/1888 M= 5  6 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09905 09/23/1888 M= 5  6 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09910 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 810  35    0*255 802  35    0
09915 09/24*266 797  40    0*277 791  40    0*287 786  45    0*295 782  45    0
09920 09/25*301 778  45    0*307 775  50    0*317 769  50    0*335 757  50    0
09920 09/25*301 778  45    0*307 775  50    0*317 769  55    0*335 757  60    0
                                                       **               **

09925 09/26*361 739  50    0*389 719  50    0*412 702  50    0*430 689  50    0
09925 09/26*361 739  65    0*389 719  70    0*412 702  70  985*430 689  60    0
                     **               **               **  ***          **

09930 09/27*448 675  50    0*464 663  40    0*478 652  35    0*  0   0   0    0
09930 09/27E448 675  50    0E464 663  40    0E478 652  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

09935 TS    
09935 HR
      **                

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A central pressure of 985 mb (12Z on the
26th) suggests winds of 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
70 kt chosen for best track making this a minimal hurricane.  However, given
the rapid translational speed, only winds of estimated 55 kt were sustained
along the U.S. coast.

********************************************************************************

09940 10/08/1888 M= 5  7 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
09940 10/08/1888 M= 5  7 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

09945 10/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*217 934  35    0*223 926  45    0
09950 10/09*229 918  50    0*236 909  60    0*242 900  65    0*249 891  75    0
09955 10/10*256 882  80    0*263 872  85    0*271 860  85    0*281 846  85    0
09955 10/10*256 882  80    0*263 872  85    0*270 860  90    0*277 846  95    0
                                              ***              ***  

09960 10/11*295 829  80    0*310 811  75    0*327 793  70    0*345 775  60    0
09960 10/11*290 833  95  970*305 813  70    0*323 795  60    0*345 775  55    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

09965 10/12*364 756  50    0*384 737  45    0*406 718  40    0*419 672  35    0
09970 HR 
09970 HRAFL2DFL1
        ********

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Landfall time from Cedar Key 
measurements in Partagas and Diaz is suggested to be slightly later than 
that originally in best track - thus positions altered slightly on the 10th 
and 11th.  A nine foot storm tide (likely also to be storm surge value
based upon tidal data - B. Jarvinen, personal communication) occurred at
Cedar Key, Florida (Partagas and Diaz 1996a).  B. Jarvinen (personal 
communication) utilized the SLOSH model with the observed storm surge and
an estimated track at landfall to the north-northeast to analyze the 
central pressure at 970 mb and RMW of 11 nmi at landfall.  A 970 mb central 
pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship.  Given an RMW substantially smaller than climatology for this 
central pressure and latitudinal position (22 nmi from Vickery et al. 
2000), winds at landfall are estimated at 95 kt - near the border of
Category 2 and 3.  This assessment is substantially stronger than the 
directly observed winds of 65 kt at Cedar Key.  However, it is strongly 
suspected that this was either an estimated wind and/or that the anemometer 
failed after recording this minimal hurricane conditions before the peak winds
occurred.  Observations at Jacksonville and destruction in Fort George 
Island, Florida indicate that the center crossed just to the east of the 
city and may have still retained minimal hurricane force as it was making 
oceanfall (Sandrik 2001).  The best track is adjusted accordingly on the
11th.

********************************************************************************

10230 11/01/1888 M= 8  8 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10230 11/01/1888 M= 8  8 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10235 11/01*  0   0   0    0*123 599  35    0*133 610  35    0*144 611  35    0
10240 11/02*155 612  35    0*166 613  35    0*175 613  40    0*184 613  40    0
10245 11/03*192 613  40    0*200 612  40    0*208 611  45    0*217 610  45    0
10250 11/04*226 607  45    0*235 602  45    0*245 597  50    0*255 588  50    0
10255 11/05*266 579  50    0*277 570  50    0*287 560  50    0*295 550  50    0
10260 11/06*306 539  50    0*315 530  50    0*323 520  50    0*331 513  50    0
10265 11/07*337 508  50    0*344 504  50    0*351 498  45    0*360 490  45    0
10270 11/08*369 482  45    0*379 472  40    0*390 462  35    0*400 452  35    0
10275 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************


10025 11/17/1888 M=16  9 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10025 11/17/1888 M=16  9 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10030 11/17*  0   0   0    0*246 560  35    0*247 567  40    0*248 575  40    0
10030 11/17*232 560  50    0*235 565  55    0*238 571  60    0*242 578  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10035 11/18*249 583  40    0*250 590  45    0*251 598  45    0*252 605  45    0
10035 11/18*246 585  60    0*249 592  60    0*251 598  60    0*252 605  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

10040 11/19*253 612  50    0*254 619  50    0*255 626  55    0*257 634  55    0
10040 11/19*253 612  60    0*254 619  60    0*255 626  60    0*257 634  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10045 11/20*258 642  60    0*261 651  60    0*263 660  60    0*265 670  65    0
10045 11/20*260 642  60    0*263 650  60    0*267 657  60    0*269 664  65    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10050 11/21*267 680  65    0*270 690  70    0*272 700  70    0*274 710  70    0
10050 11/21*271 671  65    0*275 680  70    0*277 687  70    0*281 695  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10055 11/22*276 721  75    0*278 731  75    0*282 741  80    0*284 745  80    0
10055 11/22*284 705  75    0*288 714  75    0*293 723  80    0*296 729  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10060 11/23*287 747  80    0*290 749  85    0*292 750  85    0*295 751  85    0
10060 11/23*298 735  80    0*301 742  85    0*305 747  85    0*310 751  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

10065 11/24*299 752  85    0*305 752  85    0*310 752  85    0*314 752  85    0
10065 11/24*315 755  85    0*321 758  85    0*327 757  85    0*331 755  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10070 11/25*319 752  85    0*324 751  85    0*329 748  85    0*337 742  85    0
10070 11/25*336 752  85    0*340 750  85    0*345 747  85    0*353 742  85    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** 

10075 11/26*348 733  85    0*359 725  85    0*370 720  85    0*379 714  85    0
10075 11/26E361 736  80    0E370 730  80    0E380 723  80    0E385 719  80    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

10080 11/27*389 708  85    0*398 703  85    0*407 697  85    0*415 691  85    0
10080 11/27E393 712  80    0E400 704  80    0E407 697  80    0E415 691  80    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     *         **

10085 11/28*424 684  85    0*433 676  85    0*441 666  80    0*448 652  70    0
10085 11/28E424 684  80    0E433 676  80    0E441 666  80    0E448 652  70    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

10090 11/29*455 635  60    0*460 617  50    0*464 600  45    0*467 587  45    0
10090 11/29E455 635  60    0E460 617  50    0E464 600  45    0E467 587  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10095 11/30*469 575  45    0*471 561  45    0*472 543  45    0*472 520  45    0
10095 11/30E469 575  45    0E471 561  45    0E472 543  45    0E472 520  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10100 12/01*472 497  40    0*472 473  50    0*472 450  55    0*472 427  55    0
10100 12/01E472 497  40    0E472 473  50    0E472 450  55    0E472 427  55    0
           *                *                *                *

10105 12/02*473 404  60    0*474 381  60    0*475 358  60    0*480 333  60    0
10105 12/02E473 404  60    0E474 381  60    0E475 358  60    0E480 333  60    0
           *                *                *                *
10110 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ship observation
on the 17th suggests stronger winds than originally in HURDAT - winds
increased from the 17th to the 19th.  Peripheral pressure of 982 mb (on the
25th) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 85 kt retained in best track.  Peripheral pressure of
973 mb (14Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 80 kt - 80 kt chosen
in best track as storm likely transitioned to an extratropical storm
around 00Z on the 26th.  It is to be noted that this system had hurricane
force winds (and produced these along the U.S. coast) during its extratropical
stage on the 26th to the 28th.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is 
not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************

1888 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 13, 1888:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm or waterspout.
2) September 12-13, 1888:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was new tropical storm, was continuation of storm 5, or was an
   extratropical storm.

*********************************************************************************

10115 05/16/1889 M= 7  1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10115 05/16/1889 M= 7  1 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10120 05/16*  0   0   0    0*215 641  35    0*217 648  40    0*219 652  40    0
10125 05/17*221 657  45    0*224 663  50    0*228 670  55    0*233 678  60    0
10125 05/17*221 657  45    0*224 663  50    0*228 670  50    0*233 678  50    0
                                                       **               **

10130 05/18*239 686  65    0*245 695  70    0*253 704  75    0*262 714  80    0
10130 05/18*239 686  50    0*245 695  50    0*253 704  50    0*262 714  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10135 05/19*273 726  85    0*283 738  85    0*292 748  85    0*299 754  85    0
10135 05/19*273 726  50    0*283 738  50    0*292 748  55    0*299 754  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

10140 05/20*305 755  85    0*312 753  85    0*319 749  80    0*328 741  75    0
10140 05/20*305 755  55    0*312 753  60    0*319 749  65    0*328 741  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

10145 05/21*337 731  70    0*346 720  60    0*358 708  55    0*371 702  45    0
10145 05/21*337 731  70    0*346 720  60    0E358 708  55    0E371 702  45    0
                                             *                *

10150 05/22*384 698  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10150 05/22E384 698  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *

10155 HR  

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Gale force and greater observations
available for this system were the following:  50 kt NNW at 38.3 N, 74.8 W
(no date - Schooner "Joseph W. Fish"), unspecific hurricane force winds
and pressure of 1002 mb on the 21st.  The writeup in the Monthly Weather 
Review indicated that the system "possessed moderate energy" from the 16th 
to 19th and that the winds for this systems "were not severe in their 
character, save on the 21st, when gales of hurricane force were reported."  
This suggests that peak intensity was reached on the 21st and that it was 
below hurricane force for the days preceding, which is consistent with 
available observations.  Thus winds are retained as is on the 21st and 
reduced to tropical storm intensity on the 18th through late on the 20th.  

********************************************************************************

10415 06/15/1889 M= 6  2 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10415 06/15/1889 M= 6  2 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

10420 06/15*198 847  35    0*206 850  35    0*213 853  40    0*220 857  40    0
10420 06/15*198 837  35    0*206 840  45    0*213 843  55    0*220 846  65    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

10425 06/16*228 859  40    0*237 859  45    0*246 858  45    0*256 855  45    0
10425 06/16*228 850  65    0*237 854  60    0*246 855  55    0*256 854  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

10430 06/17*266 851  45    0*276 845  45    0*286 835  45    0*296 822  40    0
10435 06/18*307 809  35    0*317 795  40    0*327 782  40    0*337 770  45    0
10440 06/19*345 759  45    0*354 747  45    0*363 734  45    0*373 716  45    0
10445 06/20*384 694  45    0*397 668  45    0*410 640  40    0*425 612  35    0
10450 TS
10450 HR
      **

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).  However, Perez (2000) analyzed this system as reaching
minimal hurricane intensity while tracking over western Cuba.  It is listed
by Perez (2000) as a Category 1 hurricane impact in Cuba based primarily
upon wind-caused damages in Pinar del Rio.  The track and intensity are
adjusted on the 15th and 16th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

10200 08/19/1889 M= 9  3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10200 08/19/1889 M=10  3 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **          ***

10205 08/19*  0   0   0    0*168 692  35    0*173 696  40    0*178 699  50    0
10210 08/20*183 703  50    0*187 706  50    0*192 709  45    0*196 712  45    0
10210 08/20*183 703  50    0*187 706  35    0*192 709  30    0*196 712  30    0
                                      **               **               **

10215 08/21*200 715  45    0*204 718  50    0*208 721  55    0*213 725  60    0
10215 08/21*200 715  35    0*204 718  50    0*208 721  55    0*213 725  60    0
                     **

10220 08/22*218 728  60    0*223 732  65    0*230 736  70    0*237 740  75    0
10220 08/22*218 728  60    0*223 732  60    0*230 736  60    0*237 740  60    0
                                      **               **               **

10225 08/23*245 744  75    0*253 748  80    0*262 752  80    0*271 755  85    0
10225 08/23*245 744  60    0*253 748  60    0*262 752  60    0*271 755  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10230 08/24*280 757  85    0*289 757  85    0*298 755  85    0*307 751  85    0
10230 08/24*280 757  60    0*289 757  60    0*298 755  60    0*307 751  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10235 08/25*315 745  85    0*322 739  85    0*329 734  85    0*335 730  80    0
10235 08/25*315 745  60    0*322 739  60    0*329 734  60    0*335 730  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10240 08/26*341 726  80    0*345 723  75    0*350 720  75    0*354 718  70    0
10240 08/26*341 726  60    0*345 723  60    0*350 720  65    0*354 718  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10245 08/27*359 717  65    0*362 717  60    0*366 718  50    0*371 721  35    0
10245 08/27*359 717  70    0*362 716  70    0*366 715  70    0*371 715  70    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

(28th new to HURDAT.)
10247 08/28*375 715  65    0*380 715  60    0*385 715  50    0*390 715  40    0

10250 HR   

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced on 20th and 21st due
to passage of storm over Hispanola.  Available observational data indicates
that the system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane intensity between the
26th and 28th, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) hurricane peak
intensity originally in HURDAT.  Winds reduced throughout much of this 
system's lifetime.  Additional day added to the track on the 28th from 
ship observations (the "Red Wing") described in the Partagas and Diaz 
report. 

********************************************************************************


10255 09/01/1889 M=12  4 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10255 09/01/1889 M=12  4 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10260 09/01*119 550  35    0*124 557  40    0*130 563  40    0*135 571  45    0
10260 09/01*119 550  35    0*124 557  40    0*130 563  45    0*137 572  50    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

10265 09/02*140 579  45    0*146 587  50    0*152 594  55    0*159 605  55    0
10265 09/02*144 582  55    0*151 593  60    0*157 603  65    0*161 613  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10270 09/03*167 615  60    0*175 626  60  999*182 635  65    0*188 644  70    0
10270 09/03*169 623  75    0*174 632  80    0*180 640  90    0*187 650  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10275 09/04*194 651  70    0*199 658  75    0*206 665  80    0*214 671  80    0
10275 09/04*194 660  90    0*199 668  90    0*205 675  90    0*211 681  90    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10280 09/05*223 677  85    0*233 681  85    0*243 684  85    0*254 685  85    0
10280 09/05*217 685  90    0*224 687  90    0*233 687  90    0*247 685  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

10285 09/06*265 686  85    0*277 687  85    0*287 687  85    0*296 687  85    0
10285 09/06*258 679  90    0*270 669  90    0*283 663  90    0*292 663  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10290 09/07*304 687  85    0*310 687  85    0*316 687  85    0*321 687  85    0
10290 09/07*299 664  90    0*309 665  90    0*320 670  90    0*326 674  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10295 09/08*326 688  85    0*331 689  85    0*336 690  85    0*341 692  85    0
10295 09/08*331 677  90    0*335 680  90    0*340 683  90    0*343 685  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10300 09/09*346 694  85    0*350 695  85    0*355 697  85    0*359 699  85    0
10300 09/09*347 688  90    0*351 692  90    0*355 695  90    0*360 698  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10305 09/10*363 701  85    0*366 702  80    0*370 704  80    0*374 707  75    0
10305 09/10*363 700  85    0*366 702  80    0*370 704  80    0*374 707  75    0
                ***

10310 09/11*377 711  70    0*380 716  70    0*383 721  65    0*384 725  60    0
10315 09/12*384 729  55    0*381 734  45    0*378 738  40    0*366 745  35    0
10315 09/12*384 729  55    0*381 734  45    0*377 739  40    0*370 745  35    0
                                              *** ***          ***

10320 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  981 mb peripheral 
pressure (around 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.  (999 mb at 
06Z on the 3rd formerly in HURDAT is not correct.  A 995 mb peripheral 
pressure was observed at 07Z.)  Slight adjustment in last positions of 
the system to allow for more realistic translational velocity.  The hurricane 
is known as "San Martin de Hinojosa" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

10325 09/02/1889 M=10  5 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10325 09/02/1889 M=10  5 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10330 09/02*159 429  35    0*162 438  35    0*166 446  40    0*169 454  45    0
10330 09/02*159 429  35    0*162 438  35    0*166 446  40    0*169 454  40    0
                                                                        **

10335 09/03*173 462  45    0*178 471  50    0*185 482  55    0*194 495  60    0
10335 09/03*173 465  45    0*177 479  45    0*180 490  50    0*183 504  50    0
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10340 09/04*205 512  65    0*216 528  70    0*225 540  70    0*232 549  75    0
10340 09/04*187 519  50    0*193 531  50    0*200 543  50    0*205 550  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10345 09/05*239 555  80    0*246 561  80    0*252 565  85    0*257 570  85    0
10345 09/05*212 556  50    0*218 561  50    0*225 565  50    0*237 572  50    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

10350 09/06*262 572  85    0*267 573  85    0*273 572  85    0*283 568  85    0
10350 09/06*246 576  50    0*254 578  50    0*263 580  50    0*275 579  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10355 09/07*297 561  85    0*311 551  85    0*320 540  85    0*328 525  85    0
10355 09/07*291 573  55    0*303 563  60    0*313 553  65    0*321 541  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10360 09/08*333 510  85    0*338 494  85    0*340 480  85    0*342 468  85    0
10360 09/08*329 524  70    0*336 507  70    0*340 490  70    0*341 477  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10365 09/09*343 458  85    0*344 448  85    0*345 436  85    0*346 421  85    0
10365 09/09*342 463  70    0*343 448  70    0*345 430  70    0*345 411  70    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10370 09/10*348 403  85    0*349 382  80    0*350 360  75    0*355 336  70    0
10370 09/10*346 390  70    0*348 371  70    0*353 350  70    0*358 329  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10375 09/11*366 309  65    0*382 281  60    0*390 270  50    0*407 245  40    0
10375 09/11*366 309  65    0*377 290  60    0*390 270  50    0*407 245  40    0
                             *** ***

10380 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this
storm does not support Category 2 intensity (and only marginally supports
Category 1 intensity from the 8th to the 10th); winds are reduced for much 
of the duration of this storm.
 
********************************************************************************

10385 09/11/1889 M=16  6 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10385 09/12/1889 M=15  6 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

10390 09/11*155 585  35    0*155 594  35    0*155 604  40    0*155 612  40    0
(11th deleted from HURDAT.)

10395 09/12*155 621  45    0*156 631  50    0*156 641  55    0*156 652  55    0
10395 09/12*157 595  35    0*157 607  35    0*157 620  40    0*156 633  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

10400 09/13*157 664  60    0*157 676  65    0*158 688  70    0*159 701  75    0
10400 09/13*156 645  45    0*156 659  45    0*157 675  50    0*157 688  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10405 09/14*160 714  80    0*161 728  80    0*162 740  85    0*163 751  85    0
10405 09/14*157 705  50    0*159 721  50    0*160 733  50    0*162 742  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10410 09/15*165 763  85    0*167 774  85    0*169 787  85    0*170 798  85    0
10410 09/15*163 757  50    0*164 766  50    0*167 777  50    0*171 790  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10415 09/16*171 809  85    0*173 821  85    0*174 830  85    0*175 842  85    0
10415 09/16*174 797  50    0*177 807  50    0*180 815  55    0*185 827  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10420 09/17*177 851  85    0*178 860  85    0*179 870  85    0*179 878  85    0
10420 09/17*188 836  65    0*191 846  75    0*193 855  85    0*194 865  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

10425 09/18*180 886  80    0*180 894  70    0*181 902  60    0*184 913  60    0
10425 09/18*195 877  90    0*195 886  75    0*195 895  65    0*195 903  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10430 09/19*189 921  60    0*195 926  65    0*202 929  70    0*209 931  75    0
10430 09/19*196 913  70    0*198 923  85    0*202 929  85    0*209 931  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***                   **               **

10435 09/20*213 931  80    0*217 931  85    0*222 931  85    0*226 930  85    0
10435 09/20*213 931  85    0*217 931  85    0*222 931  85    0*226 930  85    0
                     **

10440 09/21*230 930  85    0*235 930  85    0*241 929  85    0*247 928  85    0
10445 09/22*252 927  85    0*261 924  85    0*270 920  85    0*279 914  85    0
10445 09/22*252 927  85    0*261 924  85    0*270 920  80    0*279 914  75    0
                                                       **               **

10450 09/23*286 906  85    0*293 894  85    0*301 880  85    0*313 862  80    0
10450 09/23*286 906  70    0*293 894  65    0*301 880  60    0*313 862  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10455 09/24*328 839  70    0*343 816  60    0*357 795  50    0*365 779  45    0
10455 09/24*328 839  45    0*343 816  45    0E357 795  40    0E365 779  40    0
                     **               **     *         **     *         **

10460 09/25*371 767  40    0*377 754  40    0*386 738  35    0*403 717  35    0
10465 09/26*428 691  35    0*459 662  35    0*495 629  35    0*  0   0   0    0
10465 09/26E428 691  35    0E459 662  35    0E495 629  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

10470 HR      
10470 HR LA1     
         ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Available observational evidence
indicates that the system did not reach hurricane intensity until the 
17th - intensities reduced accordingly.  Intensities increased on the 
17th and 18th to account for great damage that occurred in the Yucatan
of Mexico.  Observations indicate that the hurricane weakened to a tropical 
storm by landfall in Florida, but may have still been a minimal hurricane 
while passing briefly over coastal Louisiana.  It is to be noted that the 
Cuban meteorologists (Father Benito Vines) believed that this system was 
actually two separate tropical cyclones.

1889/06 - 2011 REVISION:

10855 09/12/1889 M=15  6 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
10860 09/12*157 595  35    0*157 607  35    0*157 620  40    0*156 633  40    0*
10865 09/13*156 645  45    0*156 659  45    0*157 675  50    0*157 688  50    0*
10870 09/14*157 705  50    0*159 721  50    0*160 733  50    0*162 742  50    0*
10875 09/15*163 757  50    0*164 766  50    0*167 777  50    0*171 790  50    0*
10880 09/16*174 797  50    0*177 807  50    0*180 815  55    0*185 827  60    0*
10885 09/17*188 836  65    0*191 846  75    0*193 855  85    0*194 865  95    0*
10890 09/18*195 877  90    0*195 886  75    0*195 895  65    0*195 903  60    0*
10895 09/19*196 913  70    0*198 923  85    0*202 929  85    0*209 931  85    0*
10900 09/20*213 931  85    0*217 931  85    0*222 931  85    0*226 930  85    0*
10905 09/21*230 930  85    0*235 930  85    0*241 929  85    0*247 928  85    0*
10910 09/22*252 927  85    0*261 924  85    0*270 920  80    0*279 914  75    0*
10915 09/23*286 906  70    0*293 894  65    0*301 880  60    0*313 862  50    0*
10920 09/24*328 839  45    0*343 816  45    0*357 795  40    0*365 779  40    0*
10925 09/25*371 767  40    0*377 754  40    0*386 738  35    0*403 717  35    0*
10930 09/26E428 691  35    0E459 662  35    0E495 629  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
10935 HR LA1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-9/23/1889    0400Z 29.1N  89.8W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   LA1
6-9/23/1889    0400Z 29.1N  89.8W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   LA1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

10725 09/12/1889 M= 8  7 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10725 09/12/1889 M= 8  7 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10730 09/12*  0   0   0    0*152 257  35    0*157 267  35    0*162 279  35    0
10735 09/13*168 290  35    0*175 301  35    0*184 312  40    0*194 323  40    0
10740 09/14*205 333  40    0*218 342  40    0*232 350  45    0*249 355  45    0
10745 09/15*270 359  45    0*291 362  45    0*306 366  45    0*317 371  50    0
10750 09/16*326 377  50    0*333 383  50    0*340 390  50    0*345 399  50    0
10755 09/17*350 410  50    0*355 423  50    0*361 435  50    0*370 457  50    0
10760 09/18*375 475  50    0*383 488  45    0*397 494  45    0*404 494  45    0
10765 09/19*414 493  45    0*423 491  40    0*431 489  35    0*440 485  35    0
10770 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

10525 09/29/1889 M= 8  8 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10525 09/29/1889 M= 8  8 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10530 09/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*113 520  35    0*118 536  35    0
10535 09/30*123 551  35    0*127 564  40    0*132 575  40    0*137 585  40    0
10540 10/01*142 594  40    0*146 603  45    0*151 610  45    0*156 617  45    0
10545 10/02*162 623  45    0*169 629  50    0*179 637  50    0*188 643  50    0
10550 10/03*200 650  50    0*214 657  50    0*229 665  50    0*243 669  50    0
10555 10/04*258 672  50    0*273 674  45    0*288 674  45    0*303 670  40    0
10555 10/04*258 672  50    0*273 674  50    0*288 674  55    0*303 670  55    0
                                      **               **               **

10560 10/05*318 660  40    0*332 650  40    0*347 644  35    0*364 630  35    0
10560 10/05*318 660  60    0*332 650  60    0*347 644  55    0*364 630  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10565 10/06*378 612  35    0*391 594  35    0*404 575  35    0*  0   0   0    0
10565 10/06*378 612  45    0*391 594  40    0*404 575  35    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

10570 TS         

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds increased on the 4th to the 6th
based upon ship observations, though the peak intensity was kept at just
below hurricane force.

********************************************************************************


10575 10/04/1889 M= 7  9 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10575 10/05/1889 M= 7  9 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **                    ***

10580 10/04*  0   0   0    0*208 821  35    0*216 820  45    0*228 816  50    0
(4th removed in revised HURDAT.)

10585 10/05*237 813  45    0*248 810  50    0*258 806  50    0*270 801  45    0
10585 10/05*  0   0   0    0*200 825  30    0*215 820  30    0*234 815  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10590 10/06*288 795  45    0*303 789  45    0*317 780  50    0*340 757  50    0
10590 10/06*250 810  40    0*271 802  40    0*300 788  45    0*330 765  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10595 10/07*361 730  50    0*383 703  50    0*403 680  50    0*425 659  50    0
10600 10/08*445 640  50    0*464 623  45    0*480 610  40    0*496 607  40    0
10600 10/08E445 640  50    0E464 623  45    0E480 610  40    0E496 607  40    0
           *                *                *                *

10605 10/09*510 602  40    0*522 596  40    0*533 590  40    0*544 588  40    0
10605 10/09E510 602  40    0E522 596  40    0E533 590  40    0E544 588  40    0
           *                *                *                *

10610 10/10*555 584  40    0*565 580  40    0*574 575  40    0*585 570  40    0
10610 10/10E555 584  40    0E565 580  40    0E574 575  40    0E585 570  40    0
           *                *                *                *

(00 and 06Z on the 11th added into HURDAT.)
10612 10/11E605 560  35    0E630 553  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **

10615 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large reasonable 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas and
Diaz recommended beginning the storm on the 5th south of Cuba (rather than
the 4th) based upon available observation data indicating formation of
closed circulation on the 5th.  R. Perez (2001, personal communication) 
analyzed this system as of tropical depression intensity crossing Cuba based 
upon observations from the Cuban weather observing network.  

********************************************************************************

1889 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 24-25, 1889:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 14-16, 1889:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

10616 05/27/1890 M= 3  1 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10617 05/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 830  30    0*211 833  30    0
10618 05/28*217 836  30    0*223 838  30    0*230 840  35    0*235 842  40    0
10619 05/29*240 843  45    0*244 844  50    0*248 846  50    0*252 848  50    0
10619 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) are introduced for this 
newly documented storm.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not 
available as the decay was not documented.

********************************************************************************


10616 08/18/1890 M=11  2 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10617 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 620  35    0*142 628  35    0
10618 08/19*144 636  40    0*145 644  40    0*147 655  40    0*148 663  40    0
10619 08/20*150 672  40    0*151 681  40    0*153 690  40    0*154 700  40    0
10620 08/21*155 709  40    0*156 717  40    0*157 725  40    0*159 736  40    0
10621 08/22*160 745  40    0*162 755  40    0*165 765  40    0*167 773  40    0
10622 08/23*169 782  45    0*172 790  45    0*175 800  45    0*178 809  45    0
10623 08/24*182 817  50    0*186 825  50    0*190 833  50    0*196 841  50    0
10624 08/25*202 849  50    0*209 858  50    0*215 867  50    0*221 876  50    0
10625 08/26*227 884  50    0*232 892  50    0*240 900  50    0*248 905  50    0
10626 08/27*258 908  50    0*268 909  50    0*280 910  50    0*295 908  40    0
10627 08/28*315 905  35    0*340 900  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10628 TS

One major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
storm.  The track of the tropical storm was placed closer to Pt. Eads,
Louisiana, at landfall in order to be more consistent with tropical storm 
force winds that occurred there.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Mississippi.  Track 
extended twelve hours on the 28th for reasonable decay of the storm.

********************************************************************************

10620 08/26/1890 M= 9  1 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10620 08/26/1890 M= 9  3 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

10625 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*166 543  85    0*173 557  85    0
10625 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*166 543  85    0*173 557  90    0
                                                                        **

10630 08/27*180 570  85    0*186 583  85    0*193 596  85    0*200 609  85    0
10630 08/27*180 570  95    0*186 583 100    0*193 596 105    0*200 609 105    0
                     **              ***              ***              ***

10635 08/28*207 621  85    0*213 633  85    0*220 645  85    0*228 657  85    0
10635 08/28*207 621 105    0*213 633 105    0*220 645 105    0*228 657 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

10640 08/29*239 669  85    0*250 680  85    0*261 691  85    0*272 697  85    0
10640 08/29*239 669 100    0*250 680  95    0*261 691  90    0*272 697  85    0
                    ***               **               **

10645 08/30*283 698  85    0*294 696  85    0*305 692  85    0*317 684  85    0
10650 08/31*329 671  85    0*345 654  85    0*364 634  85    0*388 610  85    0
10655 09/01*416 584  85    0*445 554  85    0*472 522  85    0*497 485  85    0
10655 09/01*416 584  85    0*445 554  80    0*472 522  70    0*497 485  60    0
                                      **               **               **

10660 09/02*522 446  85    0*546 406  85    0*570 370  85    0*587 338  85    0
10660 09/02E522 446  50    0E546 406  50    0E570 370  50    0E587 338  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **
    
10665 09/03*603 308  85    0*615 281  85    0*625 256  85    0*  0   0   0    0
10665 09/03E603 308  50    0E615 281  45    0E625 256  45    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **

10670 HR 

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.  A peripheral 
pressure of 965 mb (at 07Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in best track.  Winds 
from the 26th to the 29th adjusted upward accordingly.  Winds from the 1st to 
the 3rd lowered based upon ship observations of a hurricane transitioning to
a (weaker) extratropical storm.  Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is 
not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************

10671 10/31/1890 M= 2  4 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10672 10/31*143 803  80    0*144 813  80    0*145 823  80    0*147 833  80    0
10673 11/01*149 844  55    0*151 855  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10674 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  Track extended twelve hours on the 1st for reasonable decay of 
this hurricane over Central America.  No dissipating tropical depression
intensity is indicated for a six hour location estimate because of rapid
dissipation over mountainous terrain.

********************************************************************************

1890 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) October 2, 1890:  One report of gale force winds, insufficient to determine
   if system was a tropical storm.
2) October 21-26, 1890:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.
3) October 26-28, 1890:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

10675 07/03/1891 M= 6  1 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10675 07/03/1891 M= 6  1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

10680 07/03*  0   0   0    0*217 930  35    0*220 932  45    0*224 935  55    0
10685 07/04*229 939  65    0*234 942  75    0*240 945  80    0*247 948  85    0
10685 07/04*229 939  65    0*234 942  75    0*240 945  80    0*247 948  80    0
                                                                        **

10690 07/05*254 951  85    0*262 954  85    0*271 956  85    0*281 956  85    0
10690 07/05*254 951  80    0*262 954  80    0*271 956  80    0*281 956  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

10695 07/06*292 954  80    0*303 951  70    0*312 947  60    0*319 943  50    0
10695 07/06*292 954  70    0*303 951  60    0*312 947  55    0*319 943  50    0
                     **               **               **

10700 07/07*325 938  45    0*331 931  40    0*337 923  40    0*342 911  35    0
10700 07/07*325 938  45    0*331 931  40    0*337 923  35    0*342 911  30    0
                                                       **               **

10705 07/08*350 881  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10705 07/08*346 897  25    0*350 881  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10710 HR
10710 HRBTX1CTX1
        ********

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at
0230Z on the 6th) suggests winds of at least 62 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, which reduces
the peak intensity originally in HURDAT slightly.  Decay to tropical 
depression stage over land included before dissipation.  Additional
six-hourly position added at end of track to allow for reasonable
translational speed of system.

1891/01 - 2011 REVISION:

11250 07/03/1891 M= 6  1 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
11255 07/03*  0   0   0    0*217 930  35    0*220 932  45    0*224 935  55    0*
11260 07/04*229 939  65    0*234 942  75    0*240 945  80    0*247 948  80    0*
11265 07/05*254 951  80    0*262 954  80    0*271 956  80    0*281 956  80    0*
11270 07/06*292 954  70    0*303 951  60    0*312 947  55    0*319 943  50    0*
11275 07/07*325 938  45    0*331 931  40    0*337 923  35    0*342 911  30    0*
11280 07/08*346 897  25    0*350 881  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
11285 HRBTX1CTX1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/5/1891     2200Z 28.8N  95.5W   80kt  1    ---   (977mb)   BTX1,CTX1
1-7/5/1891     2200Z 28.8N  95.5W   80kt  1    ---   (974mb)   BTX1,CTX1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 80 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - 
for an 80 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

10715 08/17/1891 M=13  2 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10715 08/17/1891 M=13  2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10720 08/17*  0   0   0    0*133 244  35    0*136 255  35    0*138 266  35    0
10725 08/18*140 277  35    0*142 288  40    0*144 299  50    0*146 310  60    0
10730 08/19*149 320  70    0*152 330  75    0*154 340  80    0*156 349  85    0
10730 08/19*149 320  65    0*152 330  65    0*154 340  65    0*156 349  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10735 08/20*158 358  85    0*161 367  85    0*163 375  85    0*165 383  85    0
10735 08/20*158 358  65    0*161 367  65    0*163 375  65    0*165 383  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10740 08/21*167 390  85    0*170 398  85    0*173 406  85    0*177 415  85    0
10740 08/21*167 390  65    0*170 398  65    0*173 406  65    0*177 415  65    0
                     **               **               **               **
 
10745 08/22*182 426  85    0*187 436  85    0*192 446  85    0*196 455  85    0
10745 08/22*182 426  65    0*187 436  65    0*192 446  65    0*196 455  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10750 08/23*200 463  85    0*205 471  85    0*209 480  85    0*214 489  85    0
10750 08/23*200 463  65    0*205 471  65    0*209 480  65    0*214 489  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10755 08/24*218 498  85    0*224 508  85    0*230 518  85    0*237 529  85    0
10755 08/24*218 498  65    0*224 508  65    0*230 518  65    0*237 529  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10760 08/25*245 540  85    0*253 552  85    0*260 563  85    0*267 573  85    0
10760 08/25*245 540  65    0*253 552  65    0*260 563  65    0*267 573  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10765 08/26*274 583  85    0*281 592  85    0*288 600  85    0*295 608  85    0
10765 08/26*274 583  65    0*281 592  65    0*288 600  65    0*295 608  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10770 08/27*302 615  85    0*309 621  85    0*316 627  85    0*324 633  85    0
10770 08/27*302 615  65    0*309 621  65    0*316 627  65    0*324 633  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10775 08/28*335 637  85    0*347 641  85    0*360 644  80    0*373 646  70    0
10775 08/28*335 637  65    0*347 641  65    0*360 644  65    0*373 646  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10780 08/29*388 645  65    0*403 644  55    0*419 641  35    0*433 640  25    0
10780 08/29*388 645  65    0E403 644  55    0E419 641  35    0E433 640  25    0
                            *                *                *         

10785 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Gale force and 
greater observations available for this system were the following:  997 mb
sea level pressure (suggestive of at least 53 kt from the subtropical 
pressure-wind relationship) at Bermuda on the 27th, a ship (the steamer
"Dunsmurry") capsized in the "hurricane" on the 29th (but no specific 
observations were provided), and 50 kt S wind on the 30th and 31st from the
steamer "La Touraine".  Thus available observational evidence suggests 
that the system may have achieved minimal hurricane intensity, but not
reaching Category 2 status as shown originally.  Winds reduced for much of 
the system's lifecycle.

********************************************************************************

10790 08/18/1891 M= 8  3 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10790 08/18/1891 M= 8  3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

10795 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*139 578  35    0*147 597  40    0
10795 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 580  90    0*139 594 100    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** *** ***

10800 08/19*155 614  65    0*162 629  75    0*168 640  80    0*174 649  85    0
10800 08/19*147 611 110  961*153 625 110    0*160 640 105    0*165 650 100    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

10805 08/20*179 657  85    0*184 665  80    0*190 672  80    0*196 679  80    0
10805 08/20*170 661  95    0*175 671  90    0*180 680  85    0*187 684  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10810 08/21*202 686  85    0*207 693  85    0*213 700  85    0*218 709  85    0
10810 08/21*196 686  85    0*203 689  85    0*210 695  85    0*215 702  85    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10815 08/22*222 718  85    0*226 727  85    0*230 736  85    0*234 744  85    0
10815 08/22*218 710  85    0*221 717  85    0*225 726  85    0*229 735  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10820 08/23*237 752  85    0*240 759  85    0*243 767  85    0*246 775  85    0
10820 08/23*233 745  85    0*238 755  85    0*243 767  85    0*246 775  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

10825 08/24*248 782  85    0*251 789  80    0*253 797  75    0*255 806  65    0
10825 08/24*248 782  80    0*251 789  75    0*253 797  70    0*255 806  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

10830 08/25*258 815  60    0*260 826  50    0*262 837  45    0*262 848  35    0
10830 08/25*258 815  50    0*260 826  45    0*262 837  40    0*262 848  35    0
                     **               **               **

10835 HR
10835 HRCFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  A central pressure reading of 961 mb (01Z on the 
19th) suggests winds of 99 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 110 kt used in best track because of indications of a small radius of 
maximum wind (from Father Benito Vines' analysis quoted in the Partagas
and Diaz report) as well as extensive destruction in Martinique.  Hurricane 
is considered Category 1 (70 kt) at landfall in South Florida, but such 
designation is quite uncertain given the lack of observations near the 
landfall location.  Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available 
as neither the genesis nor the decay of the system was not documented.  The 
hurricane is also known as "San Magin", due to the rainfall-induced 
flooding that occurred in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************


10840 09/02/1891 M= 9  4 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10840 09/02/1891 M= 9  4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10845 09/02*  0   0   0    0*193 582  35    0*197 592  40    0*199 600  40    0
10850 09/03*201 607  45    0*204 615  50    0*208 623  55    0*213 631  60    0
10855 09/04*218 639  70    0*223 647  75    0*228 655  80    0*234 662  85    0
10860 09/05*239 669  85    0*246 676  85    0*252 683  85    0*260 690  85    0
10865 09/06*271 697  85    0*283 703  85    0*296 710  85    0*310 714  85    0
10870 09/07*327 715  85    0*347 713  85    0*368 703  85    0*395 680  85    0
10875 09/08*426 646  80    0*458 609  75    0*486 579  70    0*509 555  65    0
10880 09/09*529 533  60    0*547 511  55    0*562 492  50    0*575 475  45    0
10880 09/09E529 533  60    0E547 511  55    0E562 492  50    0E575 475  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10885 09/10*585 459  40    0*592 445  35    0*597 433  30    0*  0   0   0    0
10885 09/10E585 459  40    0E592 445  35    0E597 433  30    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

10890 HR           

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Only intensity alteration is to
indicate extratropical stage for the hurricane north of 52N.
 
********************************************************************************

10895 09/16/1891 M=11  5 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10895 09/16/1891 M=11  5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10900 09/16*193 465  35    0*198 471  35    0*202 478  35    0*207 488  35    0
10905 09/17*213 498  35    0*218 507  35    0*223 516  40    0*228 524  40    0
10910 09/18*232 532  45    0*237 539  50    0*242 547  55    0*248 556  60    0
10915 09/19*254 566  65    0*260 575  70    0*266 583  70    0*272 590  75    0
10920 09/20*277 596  80    0*282 601  80    0*288 607  85    0*294 613  85    0
10920 09/20*281 600  80    0*288 607  80    0*295 615  85    0*300 621  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10925 09/21*300 618  85    0*306 623  85    0*312 628  85    0*318 631  85    0
10925 09/21*305 627  85    0*310 633  85    0*315 637  85    0*320 640  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10930 09/22*324 632  85    0*330 631  85    0*336 630  85    0*342 628  85    0
10930 09/22*325 641  85    0*329 641  85    0*333 640  85    0*340 635  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10935 09/23*349 624  85    0*356 617  85    0*363 607  85    0*370 591  85    0
10935 09/23*348 627  85    0*356 618  85    0*363 607  85    0*370 591  85    0
            *** ***              ***          

10940 09/24*375 573  85    0*379 555  85    0*382 538  85    0*382 523  85    0
10945 09/25*382 508  80    0*382 493  80    0*382 478  75    0*384 463  65    0
10950 09/26*388 448  55    0*394 433  40    0*402 418  35    0*413 397  30    0
10950 09/26*388 448  55    0*394 433  40    0E402 418  40    0E413 397  40    0
                                             *         **     *         **

10955 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 980 mb (05Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least 
75 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in 
the best track.

********************************************************************************

10960 09/29/1891 M=10  6 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10960 09/29/1891 M=10  6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10965 09/29*  0   0   0    0*207 546  35    0*212 547  35    0*217 550  40    0
10970 09/30*222 554  45    0*228 558  45    0*233 562  50    0*238 566  50    0
10975 10/01*244 571  55    0*249 576  60    0*255 582  60    0*261 590  65    0
10980 10/02*267 600  70    0*274 611  75    0*280 620  80    0*283 626  80    0
10980 10/02*266 597  70    0*271 604  75    0*277 613  80    0*283 620  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

10985 10/03*287 633  85    0*291 639  85    0*295 645  85    0*301 653  85    0
10985 10/03*289 627  85    0*294 634  85    0*300 640  85    0*308 646  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10990 10/04*310 662  85    0*318 671  85    0*328 680  85    0*338 684  85    0
10990 10/04*318 654  85    0*327 660  85    0*335 667  85    0*346 675  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10995 10/05*350 686  85    0*364 688  85    0*380 688  85    0*399 678  85    0
10995 10/05*353 681  85    0*365 687  85    0*380 688  75    0*399 678  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

11000 10/06*425 650  85    0*453 616  85    0*472 580  80    0*484 549  75    0
11000 10/06E425 650  55    0E453 616  50    0E472 580  50    0E484 549  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11005 10/07*496 517  70    0*506 484  65    0*516 450  65    0*525 414  60    0
11005 10/07E496 517  50    0E506 484  50    0E516 450  50    0E525 414  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11010 10/08*534 373  60    0*542 331  55    0*550 295  50    0*568 255  45    0
11010 10/08E534 373  50    0E542 331  50    0E552 295  50    0E568 255  45    0
           *         **     *         **     ****             *         

11015 HR     

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 981 mb (01Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt wind retained 
in the best track.  Winds reduced from the 5th to the 8th due to 
observations supporting tropical storm intensity south of and over Canada.  
Position altered slightly on last day of system to allow a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************


1891/07 - 2003 REVISION:

11020 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11025 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 598  35    0*176 608  40    0
11030 10/02*177 619  40    0*177 629  45    0*178 639  45    0*178 649  45    0
11035 10/03*179 659  45    0*179 670  45    0*179 680  45    0*180 690  45    0
11040 10/04*180 701  45    0*182 712  40    0*183 723  40    0*185 734  40    0
11045 10/05*189 745  40    0*193 756  45    0*198 767  45    0*204 778  45    0
11050 10/06*210 788  45    0*218 798  40    0*228 807  40    0*239 812  45    0
11055 10/07*250 812  45    0*262 810  40    0*273 804  40    0*284 797  40    0
11060 10/08*295 789  40    0*306 781  40    0*317 772  45    0*326 763  45    0
11065 10/09*334 753  45    0*342 743  45    0*350 732  45    0*360 718  45    0
11070 10/10*371 702  40    0*384 682  40    0*398 661  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11075 TS                    

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the 
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  (This storm along
with storms 8 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)


1891/07 - 2004 REVISION:

11555 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/04/1891 M= 7  7 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***  

(The 1st through the 3rd are removed from HURDAT.)
11560 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 598  35    0*176 608  40    0
11565 10/02*177 619  40    0*177 629  45    0*178 639  45    0*178 649  45    0
11570 10/03*179 659  45    0*179 670  45    0*179 680  45    0*180 690  45    0

11575 10/04*180 701  45    0*182 712  40    0*183 723  40    0*185 734  40    0
11025 10/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 790  35    0*160 795  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

11580 10/05*189 745  40    0*193 756  45    0*198 767  45    0*204 778  45    0
11030 10/05*170 800  45    0*175 805  45    0*180 810  45    0*187 815  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11585 10/06*210 788  45    0*218 798  40    0*228 807  40    0*239 812  45    0
11035 10/06*195 820  45    0*205 823  45    0*215 825  45    0*226 823  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11590 10/07*250 812  45    0*262 810  40    0*273 804  40    0*284 797  40    0
11040 10/07*237 820  40    0*248 815  45    0*260 810  40    0*271 803  40 1004
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***     ****
 
11595 10/08*295 789  40    0*306 781  40    0*317 772  45    0*326 763  45    0
11045 10/08*282 793  40    0*293 782  40    0*305 770  40    0*318 755  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11600 10/09*334 753  45    0*342 743  45    0*350 732  45    0*360 718  45    0
11050 10/09E332 740  40    0E346 725  40    0E360 710  45    0E370 695  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***  **

11605 10/10*371 702  40    0*384 682  40    0*398 661  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11055 10/10E375 675  35    0E378 650  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **

11610 TS                    

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
7-10/7/1891$   0000Z 25.0N  81.2W   45kt     FL
7-10/7/1891$   0800Z 25.2N  81.3W   45kt     FL
               ****  ****   ****

Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell 
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. 
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9).  In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary 
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th.  MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th.  Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most 
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality".  However, they 
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the 
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks 
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."  

Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above:  two storm systems existed - 
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the 
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the 
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong 
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).  
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact 
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus the two original 
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with 
two tropical storms. 

Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. 
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth.  These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 
15 October, 1891.  (Figures showing the 
station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.)

The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 7.  The discussion for
the storm 8 (originally storm 8 and storm 9) is contained in that storm's
metadata file. 

The early portion of original storm 7's track (1st through the 5th) has
been discounted partly by ship data (especially on the 4th and 5th) but
primarily by the climatological studies of Puerto Rico (Salivia 1972),  
Hispanola (Garcia-Bonnelly 1958), and Cuba (Sarasola 1928).  The first two
comprehensive tropical cyclone listings indicated that no tropical storm
or hurricane impacted those locations in October 1891.  Perez (2003 - 
personal communication) reconfirmed the earlier Cuban historical study
that the tropical system in October 1891 formed in the Caribbean and
made landfall in south central Cuba late on the 6th of October, not moving 
in along eastern Cuba as suggested in HURDAT and Neumann et al. 

Ship data first indicate a closed circulation late on the 4th in the
western Caribbean.  Peripheral pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb on the 5th and 
6th from ships and Havana suggest winds of at least 39 and 36 kt, 
respectively.  These along with ship observations suggest a maximum 1 min
wind of about 45 kt for this time period.  (Some small weakening over
Cuba is accounted for on the 7th with a return to 45 kt intensity for
landfall in south Florida.)  Station observations clearly locate the
center of the storm during its trek across Florida on the 7th.  A sea
level pressure of 1004 mb in Jupiter, Florida at 1940 UTC may have been
a central pressure.  This suggests winds of about 40 kt, which is 
utilized for the HURDAT revision.  Over water observations are somewhat
sparse on the 8th and 9th, but enhanced winds in North Carolina (peak of
39 kt at Kitty Hawk and 35 kt at Cape Hatteras) suggest a relatively
close pass east of the state early on the 9th.  This likely occurred
soon after the system's extratropical transformation.  The storm then likely 
dissipated north of Bermuda on the 10th.  It is noted that the track 
provided here is quite similar from that found in HURDAT and Neumann et al. 
(1999) for storm 7 from the 7th to the 10th.


********************************************************************************

1891/08 - 2003 REVISION:

11080 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11080 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11085 10/06*  0   0   0    0*159 830  35    0*164 832  40    0*171 837  40    0
11090 10/07*178 841  45    0*186 844  45    0*193 847  45    0*200 849  45    0
11095 10/08*208 850  45    0*215 850  45    0*223 848  45    0*233 844  45    0
11100 10/09*246 837  45    0*259 831  45    0*270 825  45    0*278 819  40    0
11105 10/10*284 813  35    0*291 807  35    0*298 801  40    0*307 793  45    0
11110 10/11*316 784  45    0*326 774  40    0*337 762  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11115 TS                    

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the 
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  (This storm along
with storms 7 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)



1891/08 - 2004 REVISION:

11615 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11615 10/07/1891 M=10  8 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***                  *

(The 6th removed from HURDAT.)
11620 10/06*  0   0   0    0*159 830  35    0*164 832  40    0*171 837  40    0

11625 10/07*178 841  45    0*186 844  45    0*193 847  45    0*200 849  45    0
11625 10/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 850  30    0*185 850  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11630 10/08*208 850  45    0*215 850  45    0*223 848  45    0*233 844  45    0
11630 10/08*190 850  35    0*195 850  35    0*200 848  35    0*207 844  35    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

11635 10/09*246 837  45    0*259 831  45    0*270 825  45    0*278 819  40    0
11635 10/09*215 840  35    0*225 837  40    0*240 835  40    0E255 828  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

11640 10/10*284 813  35    0*291 807  35    0*298 801  40    0*307 793  45    0
11640 10/10E270 815  30    0E284 807  30    0E298 800  30    0E310 788  30    0
           **** ***  **     ****      **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

11645 10/11*316 784  45    0*326 774  40    0*337 762  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11645 10/11E320 770  30    0E326 758  35    0E332 750  40    0E338 745  45    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 8th to the 11th from storm 9 removed.  The track from storm 9 on the
12th to the 16th incorporated into storm 8's track.)
11655 10/08/1891 M= 9  9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11660 10/08*  0   0   0    0*238 572  35    0*245 582  40    0*251 591  40    0
11665 10/09*256 601  45    0*262 612  50    0*268 625  55    0*274 639  60    0
11670 10/10*280 653  70    0*287 666  75    0*293 680  80    0*299 694  85    0
11675 10/11*305 708  85    0*312 721  85    0*321 735  85    0*330 740  85    0

11680 10/12*340 742  85    0*350 741  85    0*359 740  85    0*366 737  85    0
11680 10/12E344 740  50    0E348 737  55    0E350 735  55    0E354 733  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

11685 10/13*373 733  85    0*380 728  85    0*388 721  85    0*395 715  85    0
11685 10/13E360 731  55    0E370 729  55    0E380 725  55    0E390 715  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     ****      **

11690 10/14*403 706  85    0*412 694  85    0*422 681  85    0*433 665  85    0
11690 10/14E400 705  55    0E410 695  55    0E420 685  50    0E433 665  45    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **

11695 10/15*446 647  80    0*460 626  75    0*475 602  70    0*500 571  65    0
11695 10/15E446 640  40    0E460 620  40    0E475 602  35    0E500 571  30    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **     *         **

11700 10/16*530 522  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11700 10/16E530 522  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **  

11650 TS                    


U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
8-10/9/1891$   1400Z 25.8N  81.7W   45kt     FL
(Removed from listing)

9-10/12/1891*  0600Z 35.0N  74.1W   60kt     NC
(Removed from listing)

Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell 
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. 
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9).  In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary 
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th.  MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th.  Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most 
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality".  However, they 
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the 
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks 
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."  

Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above:  two storm systems existed - 
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the 
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the 
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong 
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).  
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact 
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus the two original 
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with 
two tropical storms. 

Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. 
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth.  These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 
15 October, 1891.  (Figures showing the 
station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.)

The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 8.  The discussion for
the storm 7 is contained in that storm's metadata file. 

Original storm 8 and 9 were each depicting a portion of the same storm 
system that occurred.  The genesis of the revised system is delayed a day
until the 7th in the northwestern Caribbean.  By the time it reached
the Florida Keys on the 9th, it had merged with a pre-existing baroclinic 
zone and became an extratropical storm.  During the two day period
when the system maintained tropical cyclone status, peak observed winds
were 35 kt N from a ship at 14 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W and lowest 
observed pressures were from same ship:  1004 mb at 22 UTC on the 7th at
20.0N 84.0W and 1005 mb at 10 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W (though a time
series of pressure from this ship suggests that the values may be 
consistant 2-4 mb too low.  1004 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of 
at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Peak estimated 
winds as a tropical storm are 40 kt on the 9th.  However, by the
time the system reached the Florida Keys as an extratropical system, either 
it had weakened slightly or had not actually attained tropical storm 
intensity.  Peak conditions observed were only 21 kt and 1012 mb in Key West
as the system passed just to the west of the city.  The extratrpical storm 
then moved slowly northeastward across Florida into the Atlantic and then 
drifted to the north beginning on the 11th for about 36 hours southeast of 
Cape Hatteras.  During this time a high built in from the north and west and 
in conjunction with the extratropical storm caused strong northeasterly winds 
along the U.S. mid-Atlantic and New England coasts.  Peak (uncorrected) 5 min 
sustained winds reached 57 kt at Kitty Hawk, 63 kt at Cape Hatteras, 41 kt at 
Atlantic City, 63 kt at Block Island, and 50 kt at Nantucket.  The estimated
maximum 1 min winds for this system during its extratropical stage were
about 55 kt.  On the 13th to the 15th, the baroclinic low moved northeastward 
and weakened.  The baroclinic nature of this system is quite clear - it had 
at times a 25F east-west temperature gradient while along the Atlantic coast.
The early portion of the original storm 9 also appears to be incorrect 
based upon ship and Bermuda data on the 8th to the 11th.  There is no
indication that a low (tropical or baroclinic) came toward the U.S.
Atlantic seaboard from the southeast.  However, the portion of original
storm 9's track from the 12th to the 15th does closely match the analysis 
here of the extratropical storm stage for this revised storm 8.  However,
it is to be noted that the evidence for retaining this system in HURDAT
at all as a tropical storm is marginal given one gale force report and
a couple suspect low pressure readings.

********************************************************************************

1891/09 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1891/10, but became 1891/09 after the removal
of the original 1891/09 - May 2004.


1891/09 - 2003 REVISION:

11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11180 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 613  35    0*136 620  45    0
11180 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 613  35    0*136 620  35    0
                                                                        **

11185 10/13*147 627  60    0*156 632  70    0*162 636  80    0*167 639  80    0
11185 10/13*147 627  40    0*156 632  40    0*162 636  45    0*167 639  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

11190 10/14*172 641  85    0*177 644  85    0*182 646  85    0*187 648  85    0
11190 10/14*172 641  50    0*177 644  50    0*182 646  55    0*187 648  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

11195 10/15*192 650  85    0*197 652  85    0*202 654  85    0*213 656  85    0
11195 10/15*192 650  60    0*197 652  60    0*202 654  65    0*213 656  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

11200 10/16*224 658  85    0*234 660  85    0*245 662  85    0*256 663  85    0
11200 10/16*224 658  75    0*234 660  75    0*245 662  75    0*256 663  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11205 10/17*267 662  85    0*277 661  85    0*288 660  85    0*297 659  85    0
11205 10/17*267 662  75    0*277 661  75    0*288 660  75    0*297 659  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11210 10/18*303 659  85    0*310 658  85    0*320 657  85    0*334 655  85    0
11210 10/18*303 659  75    0*310 658  75    0*320 657  75    0*334 655  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11215 10/19*353 653  85    0*372 649  85    0*390 639  85    0*409 623  85    0
11215 10/19*353 653  75    0*372 649  75    0*390 639  70    0*409 623  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11220 10/20*430 602  80    0*448 582  65    0*465 570  60    0*485 575  35    0
11220 10/20*430 602  60    0*448 582  50    0*465 570  40    0*485 575  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

11225 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any track changes from 
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.  Gale force and 
greater observations available for this system were the following:
"gales of hurricane force" on the 17th east-northeast of the Bahamas, 
60 kt SE-SW wind and 992 mb on the 18th at Bermuda (this peripheral
sea level pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized), 70 kt wind on the 19th 
("Ocean Prince") at 36 N, 62 W.  Available observational evidence 
suggests that the peak intensity for this hurricane was a minimal 
hurricane (Category 1), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) 
originally in HURDAT.  Winds are reduced accordingly from the 13th to 
the 20th.  Hurricane intensity attained after passing through the Lesser 
Antilles.

********************************************************************************


1891/10 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1891/11, but became 1891/10 after the removal
of the original 1891/10 - May 2004.


1891/10 - 2003 REVISION:

11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11235 11/03*241 738  35    0*250 725  35    0*257 716  40    0*268 703  45    0
11240 11/04*279 687  45    0*291 668  50    0*302 647  50    0*313 621  50    0
11245 11/05*325 592  50    0*338 562  50    0*352 538  45    0*380 512  40    0
11250 11/06*416 490  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11255 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The only change is to renumber the 
storm number for the year.

********************************************************************************

1891 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:


1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-July 1891:

   "1891  additional system #1 (July)  MWR mentions 'gale' winds.  
    This system may warrant further research.  Is there any COADS?"

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system was of
tropical depression intensity at its peak.  The COADS data were sparse
in the vicinity of the system until the 12th, when it was east of the
U.S. mid-Atlantic states.  Peak ship observations were 25 kt and 1014 mb,
though a weak closed circulation was analyzed.  Station data were also
obtained for Jacksonville, Jupiter, Titusville, Savannah, Charleston,
Wilmington, Cape Hatteras, Kitty Hawk, Baltimore, Atlantic City, New 
York City, New London, New Haven, Block Island and Nantucket.  Peak 
observed winds were 36 mph at Kitty Hawk (10th and 11th) and at 
Cape Hatteras (11th).  These observations also support tropical depression
status for this system.  While "fresh to strong gales" were mentioned
in the Monthly Weather Review, no evidence for these were to be found
from any source.  Thus this system is not added into HURDAT.


2) September 11-12, 1891:  Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated 
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team 
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


3) September 14-15, 1891:  Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated 
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team 
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-September 1891:

   "1891  additional system #4 (Sept)  MWR gives TS force winds at 
    coastal stations.  This system is also given a high probability 
    by P+D, and bears further investigation."

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, a closed circulation for
this system could not be found.  The COADS ship data did not provide any
observations near the system, though the station data was quite thorough
with observations obtained for Key West, Jupiter, Titusville, Tampa, 
Jacksonville, Pensacola, Mobile, Port Eads, New Orleans and Galveston.
These data indicate that a disturbance did cross the Gulf of Mexico
being located roughly along longitude 78W on the 17th, 80W on
the 18th, 82W on the 19th, 85W on the 20th, 88W on the 21st, and 90W
on the 22nd.  Peak winds recorded in association with this system were
40 mph E at Titusville on the 19th, 48 mph NE at New Orleans on the 20th,
and 40 mph NE at Galveston on the 20th.  However, only easterly winds were 
reported from these locations and lowest pressure recorded was only 
1014 mb at Key West on the 19th.  It is possible that this was a
tropical storm, but confirming observations for having a closed 
circulation were not found.  (It is also possible that the system was
a vigorous easterly wave with no closed circulation and a NNE-SSW oriented
wave axis.)  Thus because of the uncertainty and lack of having an observed 
closed circulation, this system is not included into HURDAT.


5) Storm 9 in Partagas and Diaz (1996a) and Neumann et al. (1999) apparently 
did not exist as a separate tropical cyclone, but was in fact part of the 
extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus this system is removed from
HURDAT.  Details on the observations for this removal can be found within
the discussion of storm 8.  (Figures showing 
the station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.).  
Below is the original HURDAT entry for this system:

11120 10/08/1891 M= 9  9 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11125 10/08*  0   0   0    0*238 572  35    0*245 582  40    0*251 591  40    0
11130 10/09*256 601  45    0*262 612  50    0*268 625  55    0*274 639  60    0
11135 10/10*280 653  70    0*287 666  75    0*293 680  80    0*299 694  85    0
11140 10/11*305 708  85    0*312 721  85    0*321 735  85    0*330 740  85    0
11145 10/12*340 742  85    0*350 741  85    0*359 740  85    0*366 737  85    0
11150 10/13*373 733  85    0*380 728  85    0*388 721  85    0*395 715  85    0
11155 10/14*403 706  85    0*412 694  85    0*422 681  85    0*433 665  85    0
11160 10/15*446 647  80    0*460 626  75    0*475 602  70    0*500 571  65    0
11165 10/16*530 522  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11170 HR

********************************************************************************

11260 06/10/1892 M= 7  1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11260 06/09/1892 M= 8  1 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
11262 06/09*208 831  35    0*213 834  35    0*217 837  35    0*221 838  35    0

11265 06/10*237 853  35    0*245 844  35    0*250 836  40    0*258 824  40    0
11265 06/10*229 839  35    0*238 838  35    0*247 833  40    0*252 822  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11270 06/11*265 812  45    0*272 801  45    0*278 792  35    0*283 781  35    0
11270 06/11*258 810  35    0*264 799  35    0*270 787  35    0*276 776  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

11275 06/12*287 771  40    0*290 761  45    0*293 751  45    0*296 740  45    0
11275 06/12*282 767  40    0*289 758  45    0*293 751  45    0*296 740  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***     

11280 06/13*299 728  45    0*302 719  45    0*304 716  45    0*310 716  45    0
11285 06/14*314 720  45    0*313 727  45    0*312 736  45    0*312 741  45    0
11290 06/15*313 747  45    0*315 753  45    0*318 758  45    0*320 760  45    0
11295 06/16*323 760  45    0*326 760  40    0*330 760  40    0*335 760  35    0
11300 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************


11305 08/16/1892 M= 9  2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11305 08/15/1892 M=10  2 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(15th not previously in HURDAT.)
11307 08/15*180 545  35    0*180 555  35    0*180 565  35    0*181 575  35    0

11310 08/16*  0   0   0    0*181 563  35    0*181 573  40    0*184 585  45    0
11310 08/16*182 585  35    0*185 595  35    0*189 605  40    0*193 614  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

11315 08/17*187 597  55    0*192 609  60    0*197 620  65    0*203 631  70    0
11315 08/17*197 622  45    0*201 630  45    0*206 637  50    0*211 643  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11320 08/18*210 642  75    0*218 652  80    0*228 662  80    0*241 673  85    0
11320 08/18*215 650  55    0*220 657  55    0*228 663  60    0*240 670  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

11325 08/19*258 677  85    0*274 678  85    0*288 679  85    0*299 678  85    0
11325 08/19*249 673  65    0*259 677  65    0*270 680  65    0*284 684  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11330 08/20*310 676  85    0*320 673  85    0*331 669  85    0*342 665  85    0
11330 08/20*300 686  65    0*318 686  65    0*335 680  65    0*351 672  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11335 08/21*354 660  85    0*368 652  85    0*400 630  85    0*417 616  85    0
11335 08/21*364 662  65    0*382 647  65    0*400 630  65    0*417 616  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

11340 08/22*435 598  80    0*452 578  70    0*470 552  70    0*492 515  70    0
11340 08/22E435 598  60    0E452 578  55    0E470 552  50    0E492 515  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11345 08/23*519 470  70    0*547 435  70    0*570 410  70    0*584 393  70    0
11345 08/23E519 470  50    0E547 435  50    0E570 410  50    0E584 393  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11350 08/24*595 370  70    0*601 336  65    0*606 310  60    0*609 283  55    0
11350 08/24E595 370  45    0E601 336  45    0E606 310  40    0E609 283  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11355 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Available gale force or greater observations are as follows:  40 kt SE wind
on Aug. 17 at 21.6 N, 60.1 W (steamship "Francia"), 60 kt S-SE wind at 00 UTC 
on Aug. 19 at 24.3 N, 65.4 W (steamer "Duart Castle"), 35 kt SW wind and
1006 mb at 10 UTC on Aug. 20 at Bermuda, and NW-N "gales of hurricane force
along the trans-Atlantic shipping routes between 50 and 65 W on Aug. 22.  
These observations indicate that the system peaked at minimal hurricane
status, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) originally found in 
HURDAT.  The hurricane is estimated to have transitioned to extratropical on 
the 22nd based upon ship reports of strong northerly gales between 50 and 65W.

********************************************************************************

11360 09/03/1892 M=15  3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11360 09/03/1892 M=15  3 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11365 09/03*  0   0   0    0*115 330  35    0*116 346  35    0*119 363  40    0
11370 09/04*122 378  40    0*124 391  40    0*127 402  45    0*129 410  50    0
11375 09/05*132 417  50    0*134 423  55    0*137 431  60    0*142 442  65    0
11380 09/06*148 454  65    0*154 466  70    0*161 475  75    0*168 482  75    0
11385 09/07*174 488  80    0*181 494  85    0*187 499  85    0*193 504  85    0
11390 09/08*199 509  85    0*205 513  85    0*212 518  85    0*220 523  85    0
11395 09/09*229 527  85    0*238 531  85    0*247 534  85    0*256 536  85    0
11400 09/10*264 538  85    0*273 540  85    0*281 541  85    0*290 543  85    0
11405 09/11*298 544  85    0*307 545  85    0*317 546  85    0*329 545  85    0
11410 09/12*345 540  85    0*361 532  85    0*376 522  85    0*389 509  85    0
11415 09/13*403 493  85    0*415 473  85    0*428 450  85    0*440 423  80    0
11420 09/14*451 393  75    0*461 363  70    0*470 338  65    0*477 316  60    0
11425 09/15*482 294  60    0*485 272  55    0*487 250  55    0*482 228  50    0
11430 09/16*475 206  50    0*468 184  50    0*462 162  50    0*456 144  50    0
11435 09/17*451 131  45    0*447 122  40    0*443 115  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11440 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  No observations of gale force or 
greater winds were found for this system.  Without data for substantiating
changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made
for this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************

11445 09/09/1892 M= 9  4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11445 09/08/1892 M=10  4 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
11447 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 928  35    0

11450 09/09*220 928  35    0*228 934  35    0*241 942  40    0*249 944  45    0
11450 09/09*227 932  35    0*234 937  35    0*241 942  40    0*249 944  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***

11455 09/10*256 942  50    0*261 939  50    0*266 936  50    0*269 933  50    0
11460 09/11*271 929  50    0*274 924  50    0*276 920  50    0*279 916  50    0
11465 09/12*283 912  50    0*289 907  50    0*297 901  45    0*309 889  40    0
11470 09/13*327 877  35    0*347 865  35    0*368 854  35    0*392 843  35    0
11470 09/13*327 877  35    0*347 865  35    0E368 854  40    0E392 843  45    0
                                             *         **     *         **

11475 09/14*419 831  35    0*443 820  35    0*462 808  35    0*476 792  35    0
11475 09/14E419 831  50    0E443 820  50    0E462 808  45    0E476 792  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11480 09/15*489 771  35    0*502 746  35    0*514 720  35    0*526 689  35    0
11480 09/15E489 771  40    0E502 746  40    0E514 720  35    0E526 689  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

11485 09/16*539 652  35    0*551 615  35    0*563 584  35    0*574 560  35    0
11485 09/16E539 652  35    0E551 615  35    0E563 584  35    0E574 560  35    0
           *                *                *                *

11490 09/17*584 542  35    0*594 528  35    0*603 519  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11490 09/17E584 542  35    0E594 528  35    0E603 519  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *      

11495 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track extended back in time slightly
and adjusted to provide for a more reasonable translational velocity at
the beginning of the storm.  Winds are intensified overland while
undergoing extratropical transition due to wind and pressure observations. 

********************************************************************************

11500 09/13/1892 M=11  5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11500 09/12/1892 M=12  5 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(12th not originally in HURDAT.)
11502 09/12*153 195  35    0*154 205  40    0*155 215  45    0*156 223  50    0

11505 09/13*  0   0   0    0*153 194  35    0*154 207  35    0*156 219  35    0
11505 09/13*157 230  55    0*159 236  60    0*160 241  65    0*162 248  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11510 09/14*158 231  35    0*160 242  40    0*163 254  50    0*166 266  60    0
11510 09/14*164 255  75    0*166 262  80    0*169 270  85    0*171 277  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11515 09/15*169 277  70    0*172 289  75    0*176 300  80    0*180 311  80    0
11515 09/15*173 284  85    0*174 292  85    0*176 300  85    0*180 311  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

11520 09/16*184 323  85    0*189 334  85    0*194 345  85    0*199 356  85    0
11525 09/17*205 367  85    0*210 378  85    0*215 389  85    0*220 398  85    0
11530 09/18*224 406  85    0*229 414  85    0*234 422  85    0*239 431  85    0
11535 09/19*245 440  85    0*250 449  85    0*256 458  85    0*261 466  85    0
11540 09/20*267 474  85    0*272 482  85    0*277 489  85    0*283 495  80    0
11545 09/21*290 500  80    0*298 504  80    0*306 507  75    0*316 509  70    0
11550 09/22*326 507  70    0*337 503  70    0*347 497  65    0*355 487  60    0
11555 09/23*363 473  50    0*369 454  45    0*375 432  35    0*382 419  25    0
11560 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Winds increased from the 12th to the 15th to account for hurricane 
conditions experienced in and near the Cape Verde Islands.

********************************************************************************

11845 09/25/1892 M= 3  6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11845 09/25/1892 M= 3  6 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11850 09/25*  0   0   0    0*195 922  35    0*196 929  40    0*199 936  40    0
11855 09/26*203 943  45    0*208 949  50    0*213 955  50    0*219 961  50    0
11860 09/27*225 966  50    0*231 971  50    0*238 976  45    0*243 979  35    0
11865 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************


11590 10/05/1892 M=11  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11590 10/05/1892 M=12  7 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **          ***

11595 10/05*115 562  35    0*113 570  40    0*112 576  45    0*112 578  50    0
11595 10/05*115 562  35    0*113 570  40    0*112 576  45    0*112 582  50    0
                                                                   ***

11600 10/06*112 583  55    0*111 589  55    0*111 598  60    0*111 609  65    0
11600 10/06*112 587  55    0*111 592  55    0*111 600  60    0*111 609  65    0
                ***              ***              ***

11605 10/07*111 620  70    0*112 632  75    0*113 644  80    0*115 657  80    0
11610 10/08*116 670  85    0*118 683  85    0*120 696  85    0*122 708  85    0
11615 10/09*124 720  85    0*125 731  85    0*127 743  85    0*129 756  85    0
11620 10/10*131 769  85    0*134 783  85    0*137 795  85    0*140 805  85    0
11625 10/11*143 813  85    0*146 821  85    0*150 830  85    0*155 841  85    0
11625 10/11*143 813  85    0*146 821  85    0*150 830  85    0*155 841  80    0
                                                                        **

11630 10/12*159 851  85    0*164 862  85    0*169 872  80    0*174 883  75    0
11630 10/12*159 851  75    0*164 862  80    0*169 872  85    0*174 883  85    0
                     **               **               **               **

11635 10/13*179 893  70    0*183 904  70    0*187 914  70    0*190 923  70    0
11635 10/13*179 893  60    0*183 904  55    0*187 914  55    0*190 923  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11640 10/14*193 930  70    0*195 935  75    0*198 941  80    0*200 947  85    0
11645 10/15*203 954  85    0*206 960  85    0*209 966  80    0*213 973  35    0
11645 10/15*203 954  85    0*206 960  85    0*209 966  80    0*213 973  70    0
                                                                        **

(16th not previously in HURDAT.)
11647 10/16*217 980  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

11650 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Positions on the 5th and 6th are
adjusted slightly to provide realistic translational velocities.  Winds are 
adjusted to better accommodate passage over land.  Additional six hour 
position/intensity added on the 16th to allow for reasonable (but quick) 
decay over the mountainous terrain of Mexico.

********************************************************************************

11655 10/13/1892 M= 8  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11655 10/13/1892 M= 8  8 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11660 10/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 695  35    0
11660 10/13*260 712  40    0*265 707  50    0*270 700  60    0*275 691  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11665 10/14*269 682  35    0*275 671  35    0*280 661  40    0*285 650  40    0
11665 10/14*280 683  70    0*285 677  75    0*290 670  80    0*296 662  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11670 10/15*290 640  45    0*295 632  45    0*300 626  50    0*302 623  50    0
11670 10/15*301 656  80    0*306 649  80    0*310 643  80    0*315 634  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11675 10/16*304 620  50    0*307 616  50    0*311 609  50    0*316 599  50    0
11675 10/16*320 626  75    0*325 617  70    0*330 609  60    0*337 597  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  

11680 10/17*322 588  50    0*330 575  50    0*339 561  50    0*350 547  50    0
11680 10/17*344 582  50    0*350 572  50    0*355 560  50    0*362 546  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

11685 10/18*363 532  50    0*376 517  50    0*388 502  50    0*397 487  50    0
11685 10/18E370 531  50    0E378 518  50    0E388 502  50    0E397 487  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***         *                *

11690 10/19*404 473  50    0*411 463  50    0*419 455  45    0*432 446  45    0
11690 10/19E404 473  50    0E411 463  50    0E419 455  45    0E432 446  45    0
           *                *                *                *

11695 10/20*448 441  45    0*462 449  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11695 10/20E448 441  45    0E462 449  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *

11700 TS
11700 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Intensity is
increased to Category 1 (80 kt) hurricane based upon reports of hurricane 
force ship observations on the 13th as well as 60 kt observed wind in
Bermuda in the weak semi-circle of the storm on the 15th.

********************************************************************************

11705 10/21/1892 M= 9  9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11705 10/21/1892 M= 9  9 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11710 10/21*230 926  35    0*232 922  35    0*235 917  40    0*237 914  40    0
11715 10/22*239 910  40    0*242 906  45    0*246 900  45    0*251 894  45    0
11720 10/23*255 887  45    0*260 879  45    0*262 872  45    0*266 863  45    0
11720 10/23*255 887  45    0*259 879  45    0*262 872  45    0*266 863  45    0
                             ***

11725 10/24*269 855  45    0*271 848  45    0*273 840  45    0*276 830  45    0
11725 10/24*269 855  45    0*271 848  45    0*273 840  45    0*276 827  45    0
                                                                   ***

11730 10/25*278 820  40    0*280 810  40    0*282 799  35    0*284 780  35    0
11730 10/25*280 810  40    0*283 792  35    0*285 777  35    0*286 765  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

11735 10/26*287 763  35    0*290 748  40    0*293 735  40    0*297 721  45    0
11735 10/26*288 756  35    0*290 746  40    0*293 735  40    0*297 721  45    0
            *** ***              ***

11740 10/27*305 710  45    0*312 702  45    0*320 695  45    0*327 689  45    0
11745 10/28*333 683  45    0*340 678  45    0*347 672  45    0*358 666  45    0
11750 10/29*366 662  45    0*375 660  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11755 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  

********************************************************************************

1892 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 11-14, 1892:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
2) September 12, 1892:  Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
3) October 1-2, 1892:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

11760 06/12/1893 M= 9  1 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
11760 06/12/1893 M= 9  1 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***                        *

11765 06/12*  0   0   0    0*205 952  35    0*212 947  40    0*217 943  45    0
11770 06/13*222 939  55    0*227 934  65    0*233 927  75    0*240 919  80    0
11770 06/13*222 939  50    0*227 934  55    0*233 927  60    0*240 919  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

11775 06/14*245 912  85    0*252 904  85    0*258 897  85    0*262 889  85    0
11775 06/14*245 912  60    0*252 904  60    0*258 897  60    0*262 889  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

11780 06/15*266 882  85    0*270 874  85    0*275 867  85    0*286 853  80    0
11780 06/15*266 882  60    0*270 874  60    0*277 865  60    0*286 853  60    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

11785 06/16*301 834  70    0*317 815  55    0*331 798  50    0*343 784  50    0
11785 06/16*301 834  50    0*317 815  45    0*331 798  50    0*343 784  50    0
                     **               **             

11790 06/17*355 771  50    0*366 757  55    0*375 743  60    0*383 729  65    0
11795 06/18*390 716  70    0*398 702  75    0*405 688  80    0*412 668  80    0
11795 06/18*390 716  65    0*398 702  65    0*405 688  65    0*412 668  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11800 06/19*420 641  85    0*427 613  85    0*434 593  85    0*440 580  85    0
11800 06/19*420 641  65    0*427 613  65    0*434 593  65    0*440 580  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11805 06/20*445 568  80    0*450 558  75    0*454 550  70    0*459 540  65    0
11805 06/20E445 568  60    0E450 558  60    0E454 550  60    0E459 540  60    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11810 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Available observational data for
Florida indicates that the system was likely of strong tropical storm
intensity at landfall.  Hurricane is downgraded from the original standard
Category 2 (85 kt) to a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane at peak intensity,
since observational evidence suggests that it was (at most) a minimal
hurricane.  

********************************************************************************


11815 07/04/1893 M= 4  2 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11815 07/04/1893 M= 4  2 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11820 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*111 792  35    0*118 798  40    0
11825 07/05*126 804  50    0*133 812  60    0*140 820  70    0*147 829  80    0
11825 07/05*126 804  50    0*133 812  60    0*140 820  70    0*147 829  85    0
                                                                        **

11830 07/06*154 839  85    0*160 849  85    0*167 860  85    0*172 870  80    0
11830 07/06*154 839  75    0*160 849  70    0*167 860  80    0*172 870  80    0
                     **               **               **

11835 07/07*179 882  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11835 07/07*179 882  80    0*184 895  60    0*187 910  40    0*190 925  30    0
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11840 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced slightly on the 6th
due to the center of the hurricane passing over Honduras, though original
landfall intensity at Nicaragua/Honduras retained (85 kt).  Three position and 
intensity values were added on the 7th because original final position was 
not over land.  These allow for a reasonable decay of the hurricane over 
land by using the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model.

********************************************************************************

11845 08/13/1893 M=13  3 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11845 08/13/1893 M=13  3 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11850 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 96 505  35    0*103 515  40    0
11855 08/14*109 526  40    0*116 537  45    0*122 548  50    0*129 560  55    0
11860 08/15*135 573  60    0*142 585  65    0*148 597  65    0*154 608  70    0
11865 08/16*160 618  75    0*166 629  80    0*172 639  80    0*178 649  85    0
11865 08/16*160 618  75    0*166 629  80    0*172 639  90    0*176 649 100    0
                                                       **      ***     ***

11870 08/17*183 660  90    0*188 670  90    0*194 680  95    0*200 689 100    0
11870 08/17*180 659 100    0*185 670  90    0*190 680  95    0*196 689 100    0
            *** *** ***      ***              ***              ***     

11875 08/18*206 697 100    0*212 704 105    0*218 712 105    0*225 721 105    0
11875 08/18*202 697 100    0*209 704 105    0*218 712 105    0*225 721 105    0
            ***              ***    

11880 08/19*232 729 105    0*240 738 105    0*248 747 105    0*257 754 105    0
11885 08/20*267 757 105    0*279 758 105    0*301 753 105    0*308 750 105    0
11885 08/20*267 757 105    0*279 758 105    0*291 755 100    0*308 750  95    0
                                              *** *** ***              *** 

11890 08/21*327 738 105    0*348 723 105    0*370 706 105    0*395 686 100    0
11890 08/21*327 738  90    0*348 723  90    0*370 706  90    0*395 686  80    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

11895 08/22*422 663 100    0*448 638  95    0*474 597  90    0*499 553  85    0
11895 08/22*422 663  70    0E448 638  60    0E474 597  50    0E494 553  50    0
                    ***     *         **     *         **     ****      **

11900 08/23*507 525  80    0*513 500  75    0*519 480  70    0*511 451  65    0
11900 08/23E507 525  50    0E513 500  50    0E516 480  50    0E511 451  50    0
           *         **     *         **     ****      **     *         **

11905 08/24*504 431  65    0*496 418  60    0*491 400  60    0*492 387  60    0
11905 08/24E504 431  50    0E496 418  50    0E491 400  50    0E492 387  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11910 08/25*494 371  60    0*497 360  60    0*500 350  60    0*506 339  60    0
11910 08/25E494 371  50    0E497 360  45    0E500 350  40    0E506 339  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11915 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Analysis from
Boose et al. (2003) documents widespread Fujita-scale F2 wind-caused
damage over Puerto Rico.  Thus winds increased to 100 kt (Category 3) at
landfall over that island.  Winds are increased accordingly on the
16th and 17th.  Observational evidence found in Partagas and Diaz suggests 
a weakening of the system after recurvature - winds are reduced from the 
20th to the 22nd accordingly.  Additionally, no evidence is available that 
indicates that the storm struck as a hurricane in Canada.  Winds reduced 
from the 23rd to the 25th accordingly.  The hurricane is known as "San 
Roque III" in Puerto Rico from the impacts in that island.

********************************************************************************

11920 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
11920 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

11925 08/15*  0   0   0    0*140 365  35    0*142 377  40    0*144 386  45    0
11930 08/16*147 396  45    0*149 405  50    0*151 415  55    0*153 426  60    0
11935 08/17*156 437  65    0*159 448  65    0*161 459  70    0*163 469  75    0
11940 08/18*165 479  80    0*168 489  85    0*172 499  85    0*176 513  85    0
11945 08/19*180 529  85    0*185 545  85    0*191 558  85    0*197 570  85    0
11950 08/20*203 581  85    0*210 592  85    0*216 603  85    0*222 614  85    0
11955 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 649  85    0*244 658  85    0
11955 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 646  85    0*244 658  85    0
                                                  ***

11960 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  85    0*271 698  85    0*284 707  85    0
11960 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  90    0*271 698  95    0*284 707 100    0
                                      **               **              ***

11965 08/23*298 716  85    0*314 725  85    0*331 732  85    0*353 737  85    0
11965 08/23*298 716 100  952*314 725 100    0*331 732 100    0*350 737  95    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***      ***      **

11970 08/24*373 740  85    0*394 739  80    0*414 735  80    0*434 724  75    0
11970 08/24*368 740  85    0*386 739  80    0*407 739  75  986*430 730  60    0
            ***              ***              *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

11975 08/25*454 707  70    0*474 685  65    0*493 660  60    0*506 631  60    0
11975 08/25E454 710  55    0E474 685  50    0E493 660  45    0E506 631  45    0
           *    ***  **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11980 08/26*511 597  60    0*511 565  60    0*507 538  60    0*500 514  60    0
11980 08/26E511 597  40    0E511 565  40    0E507 538  40    0E500 514  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **     
    
11985 HR
11985 HR NY1
         ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track near landfall slightly altered 
to better fit passage of the eye over New York City.  A central pressure 
of 952 mb (03Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of 101 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - supporting upgrading this hurricane to a 100 kt 
Category 3 for best track.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (11Z on the 24th) 
suggests winds of at least 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 75 kt chosen for best track.  Estimate of RMW of 45 nmi provided by 
Coch and Jarvinen (2000), while an estimate of 30 nmi for RMW was provided
by Boose et al. (2001) based upon observations and modeling of observed 
wind-caused damages.  The latter estimate is chosen here, as this may provide
a more direct RMW result for this region.  Given the track of the hurricane 
and the estimated RMW, SLOSH model runs suggest a central pressure of 986 mb 
(Jarvinen, personal communication) - which corresponds to 67 kt maximum 
sustained winds from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  75 kt winds 
chosen for best track at landfall, which is reasonable given the slightly 
smaller than usual RMW at this latitude and central pressure.   Thus the U.S. 
landfall intensity determined here is a 75 kt Category 1 hurricane in New 
York, which is at the low end of the range of the Fujita-scale F2 (upper 
Category 1 to all of Category 2) damage analyzed in Boose et al. (2001).  
Additionally, the changes introduced here in intensity on the 24th and 25th 
after landfall match closely the analysis of wind-caused damage by Boose 
et al. (2001). Hurricane also known as the "Midnight Storm" (Coch and 
Jarvinen 2000).


1893/04 - 2006 REVISION:

12470 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
12475 08/15*  0   0   0    0*140 365  35    0*142 377  40    0*144 386  45    0*
12480 08/16*147 396  45    0*149 405  50    0*151 415  55    0*153 426  60    0*
12485 08/17*156 437  65    0*159 448  65    0*161 459  70    0*163 469  75    0*
12490 08/18*165 479  80    0*168 489  85    0*172 499  85    0*176 513  85    0*
12495 08/19*180 529  85    0*185 545  85    0*191 558  85    0*197 570  85    0*
12500 08/20*203 581  85    0*210 592  85    0*216 603  85    0*222 614  85    0*
12505 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 646  85    0*244 658  85    0*
12510 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  90    0*271 698  95    0*284 707 100    0*
12515 08/23*298 716 100  952*314 725 100    0*331 732 100    0*350 737  95    0*
12520 08/24*368 740  85    0*386 739  80    0*407 739  75  986*430 730  60    0*
12525 08/25E454 710  55    0E474 685  50    0E493 660  40    0E506 631  45    0*
12530 08/26E511 597  40    0E511 565  40    0E507 538  40    0E500 514  40    0*
12535 HR NY1 VA1                                                                
12535 HR NY1 CT1
             ***

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone passed too far to the east of 
Virginia for that state to be counted as a hurricane impact.  Moreover,
inspection of the track and intensity in HURDAT suggests that Connecticut
likely experienced Category 1 hurricane impact along a portion of
their coastline.  Despite passing quite close to New Jersey, this cyclone
likely did not cause hurricane force winds along that state's coast due
the hurricane's translational speed and induced wind asymmetries.

********************************************************************************

11990 08/15/1893 M= 5  5 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11990 08/15/1893 M= 5  5 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11995 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*322 604  35    0*331 621  40    0
12000 08/16*342 640  45    0*355 661  55    0*370 670  60    0*384 661  70    0
12005 08/17*402 647  80    0*419 627  85    0*434 608  85    0*448 588  85    0
12010 08/18*461 568  85    0*473 547  80    0*484 525  70    0*499 497  65    0
12010 08/18*461 568  85    0*473 547  80    0*484 525  70    0*495 497  65    0
                                                               ***      

12015 08/19*505 479  65    0*517 445  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
12015 08/19*505 474  65    0*517 445  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***                   

12020 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Small track changes are introduced on
the 18th and 19th for more realistic translational velocities.  No 
observations of gale force or greater wind reports could be located for
this system (except for an indirect report from Bermuda of a "hurricane ...
moving northward between that station and Halifax" on the 15th).  Without 
data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no
alterations are made to the intensity for this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************

12025 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12025 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

12030 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*181 202  40    0*176 209  40    0
12035 08/16*172 216  40    0*168 224  40    0*165 232  40    0*162 241  40    0
12040 08/17*160 250  40    0*158 260  40    0*156 269  40    0*155 278  45    0
12045 08/18*154 286  45    0*154 294  50    0*155 303  50    0*156 313  55    0
12050 08/19*158 324  55    0*161 338  60    0*165 354  65    0*170 374  70    0
12055 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  90    0
12055 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  85    0
                                                                        **

12060 08/21*198 476  90    0*205 494  95    0*210 510 100    0*214 525 100    0
12060 08/21*198 476  85    0*205 494  85    0*210 510  85    0*214 525  85    0
                     **               **               **               **

12065 08/22*217 540 100    0*219 555 105  972*220 570 105    0*221 585 105    0
12065 08/22*217 540  85    0*219 555  85  972*220 570  90    0*221 585  95    0
                     **               **              ***              ***

12070 08/23*223 600 105    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0
12070 08/23*223 600 100    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0
                    ***

12075 08/24*228 649 105    0*229 659 105    0*230 670 105    0*232 681 105    0
12080 08/25*235 693 105    0*238 704 105    0*241 716 105    0*244 729 105    0
12085 08/26*247 742 105    0*251 756 105    0*255 769 105    0*261 780 105    0
12090 08/27*270 789 105    0*281 797 105    0*292 804 105    0*303 809 100    0
12090 08/27*270 789 105    0*280 798 105    0*290 803 105    0*297 806 100    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

12095 08/28*315 812  95    0*327 812  90    0*340 810  85    0*354 805  80    0
12095 08/28*306 807 100  954*321 812  90  958*339 811  75    0*354 805  65    0
            *** *** ***  *** ***          *** *** ***  **               **

12100 08/29*368 796  75    0*384 782  70    0*402 760  70    0*420 737  65    0
12100 08/29*368 796  60    0*384 782  55    0*402 760  55    0*420 737  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

12105 08/30*443 707  60    0*466 677  60    0*490 647  55    0*501 630  55    0
12105 08/30*443 707  50    0*466 677  50    0*486 650  50    0*501 630  50    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

12110 08/31*513 609  55    0*522 589  50    0*530 570  50    0*536 552  50    0
12110 08/31E513 609  50    0E522 589  50    0E530 570  50    0E536 552  50    0
           *         **     *                *                *

12115 09/01*541 535  50    0*545 518  50    0*547 500  50    0*545 481  50    0
12115 09/01E541 535  50    0E545 518  50    0E547 500  50    0E545 481  50    0
           *                *                *                *

12120 09/02*544 461  50    0*542 441  50    0*540 420  50    0*539 391  50    0
12120 09/02E544 461  50    0E542 441  50    0E540 420  50    0E539 391  50    0
           *                *                *                *

12125 HR       
12125 HR GA3 SC3 NC1 DFL1
         *** *** *** ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track altered slightly based upon
analysis from Ho (1989).  A central pressure on the 22nd of 972 mb (was
already in best-track) suggests winds of 87 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure
of 965 mb (on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 90 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt retained in best track.

For the intensity near landfall, the analysis from Ho is not accepted 
because of concerns of two aspects.  First the 18.2 foot storm tide 
reported for Savannah Beach likely also includes a large wave component as 
well.  B. Jarvinen (personal communication) estimates that the storm tide 
itself was closer to 11-13 foot, 2-3 foot of which was due to the astronomical
high tide.  (Thus a storm surge of 9-10 foot appears to be the most
credible estimate.)  A central pressure shortly after landfall of 958 mb 
(05Z on the 28th in Savannah) suggests winds of 96 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt retained in best track since the center 
of the hurricane has already made landfall.  Ho discounted this central
pressure measurement from the Weather Bureau office in Savannah in favor of 
a measurement of 938 mb taken by a private citizen.  This 938 mb value
is dubious since it was not a calibrated instrument and that the eye of
the hurricane clearly went over the Savannah Weather Bureau office.  
Using the 958 mb central pressure, a central pressure of 954 mb 
at landfall is estimated via methodology from Ho et al. (1987) which
uses inland central pressure and time from landfall to the inland
central pressure measurement.  (In this case, the time was approximately
one hour for the hurricane to transit from the coast to Savannah - a
distance of 17 nmi.)  A landfall value of 954 mb for the central pressure
corresponds to 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt is chosen as the wind speed at landfall, since the RMW estimate
of 23 nmi (Ho 1989) is very close to the average value for that latitude
and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus the hurricane is
determined here to be a 100 kt Category 3 at landfall with a central
pressure around 954 mb, not the 931 mb of a Category 4 hurricane 
suggested by Ho (1989).  Winds after landfall were reduced to reflect
no observation of hurricane force north of North Carolina as described
in Partagas and Diaz (1996b).  Small track changes are introduced on
the 30th for more realistic translational velocities.  Storm is known as 
the "Sea Islands Hurricane" for its impact in Georgia and South Carolina.

1893/06 - 2006 REVISION:

12575 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
12580 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*181 202  40    0*176 209  40    0*
12585 08/16*172 216  40    0*168 224  40    0*165 232  40    0*162 241  40    0*
12590 08/17*160 250  40    0*158 260  40    0*156 269  40    0*155 278  45    0*
12595 08/18*154 286  45    0*154 294  50    0*155 303  50    0*156 313  55    0*
12600 08/19*158 324  55    0*161 338  60    0*165 354  65    0*170 374  70    0*
12605 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  85    0*
12610 08/21*198 476  85    0*205 494  85    0*210 510  85    0*214 525  85    0*
12615 08/22*217 540  85    0*219 555  85  972*220 570  90    0*221 585  95    0*
12620 08/23*223 600 100    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0*
12625 08/24*228 649 105    0*229 659 105    0*230 670 105    0*232 681 105    0*
12630 08/25*235 693 105    0*238 704 105    0*241 716 105    0*244 729 105    0*
12635 08/26*247 742 105    0*251 756 105    0*255 769 105    0*261 780 105    0*
12640 08/27*270 789 105    0*280 798 105    0*290 803 105    0*297 806 100    0*
12645 08/28*306 807 100  954*321 812  90  958*339 811  75    0*354 805  65    0*
12650 08/29*368 796  60    0*384 782  55    0*402 760  55    0*420 737  55    0*
12655 08/30*443 707  50    0*466 677  50    0*486 650  50    0*501 630  50    0*
12660 08/31E513 609  50    0E522 589  50    0E530 570  50    0E536 552  50    0*
12665 09/01E541 535  50    0E545 518  50    0E547 500  50    0E545 481  50    0*
12670 09/02E544 461  50    0E542 441  50    0E540 420  50    0E539 391  50    0*
12675 HR GA3 SC3 NC1DFL1                                                    
12675 HR GA3 SC3INC1DFL1                                                    
                ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North 
Carolina hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along 
North Carolina's Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************


12415 08/20/1893 M=10  7 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12415 08/20/1893 M=10  7 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

12420 08/20*  0   0   0    0*118 272  35    0*120 280  40    0*123 287  45    0
12425 08/21*126 294  45    0*129 301  50    0*132 308  55    0*136 315  60    0
12430 08/22*140 321  65    0*144 328  70    0*148 334  75    0*151 340  75    0
12435 08/23*154 346  80    0*158 353  80    0*161 359  85    0*165 365  85    0
12440 08/24*170 371  85    0*175 378  85    0*181 384  85    0*187 390  85    0
12445 08/25*193 396  85    0*201 401  85    0*210 407  85    0*221 411  85    0
12450 08/26*233 414  85    0*246 413  85    0*260 410  85    0*274 403  85    0
12455 08/27*289 391  85    0*305 376  85    0*321 359  85    0*338 340  85    0
12460 08/28*353 323  85    0*373 305  80    0*400 280  75    0*409 265  70    0
12460 08/28*353 323  85    0*373 305  80    0*393 285  75    0*409 265  70    0
                                              *** ***

12465 08/29*414 251  65    0*418 240  60    0*420 230  55    0*421 216  50    0
12470 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).  Small track changes are introduced on the 28th for more 
realistic translational velocities.  

********************************************************************************

12190 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12190 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

12195 09/04*  0   0   0    0*184 853  35    0*190 861  40    0*195 870  45    0
12200 09/05*201 879  55    0*209 887  60    0*221 899  65    0*229 908  70    0
12200 09/05*201 879  40    0*209 887  35    0*221 899  45    0*229 908  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

12205 09/06*240 918  80    0*252 925  85    0*269 930  85    0*274 928  85    0
12205 09/06*240 918  65    0*252 925  75    0*264 930  85    0*274 928  85    0
                     **               **      ***

12210 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  80    0
12210 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  70    0
                                                                        **

12215 09/08*307 900  75    0*317 894  70    0*328 890  65    0*330 889  60    0
12215 09/08*307 900  55    0*317 894  45    0*325 890  40    0*330 889  35    0
                     **               **      ***      **               **

12220 09/09*333 888  55    0*340 887  45    0*348 885  40    0*351 885  35    0
12220 09/09*333 888  35    0*340 887  30    0*348 885  30    0*351 885  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

12225 HR        
12225 HR LA2
         ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds from the 5th to the 6th reduced
to take into account moving over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Observations
show no evidence for hurricane intensity for nearly a full day over
the southeast U.S.  Winds reduced inland via the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model modified to allow slightly less weakening while
transit over the swamps of southeast Louisiana.  Small track changes are 
introduced on the 6th and the 8th for more realistic translational velocities. 

1893/08 - 2011 REVISION:

12740 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
12745 09/04*  0   0   0    0*184 853  35    0*190 861  40    0*195 870  45    0*
12750 09/05*201 879  40    0*209 887  35    0*221 899  45    0*229 908  55    0*
12755 09/06*240 918  65    0*252 925  75    0*264 930  85    0*274 928  85    0*
12760 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  70    0*
12765 09/08*307 900  55    0*317 894  45    0*325 890  40    0*330 889  35    0*
12770 09/09*333 888  35    0*340 887  30    0*348 885  30    0*351 885  30    0*
12775 HR LA2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8-9/7/1893     1400Z 29.2N  91.1W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   LA2
8-9/7/1893     1400Z 29.2N  91.1W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   LA2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value. 

********************************************************************************

12230 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12230 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

12235 09/25*  0   0   0    0*116 250  35    0*116 258  40    0*117 267  45    0
12240 09/26*117 275  50    0*117 283  55    0*117 291  60    0*117 298  65    0
12240 09/26*117 275  45    0*117 283  45    0*117 291  50    0*117 298  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

12245 09/27*117 305  70    0*117 311  75    0*117 319  80    0*117 328  85    0
12245 09/27*117 305  55    0*117 311  55    0*117 319  60    0*117 328  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

12250 09/28*117 336  90    0*118 345  95    0*118 354  95    0*118 363 100    0
12250 09/28*117 336  65    0*118 345  65    0*118 354  65    0*118 363  65    0
                     **               **               **              ***

12255 09/29*118 372 100    0*118 381 105    0*118 390 105    0*118 398 105    0
12255 09/29*118 372  65    0*118 381  65    0*118 390  65    0*118 398  65    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12260 09/30*119 405 105    0*119 412 105    0*120 420 105    0*121 430 105    0
12260 09/30*119 405  65    0*119 412  65    0*120 420  65    0*121 430  70    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12265 10/01*123 439 105    0*125 449 105    0*128 459 105    0*130 469 105    0
12265 10/01*123 439  75    0*125 449  80    0*128 459  85    0*130 469  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12270 10/02*133 480 105    0*136 490 105    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0
12270 10/02*133 480  95    0*136 490 100    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0
                    ***              *** 

12275 10/03*148 516 105    0*152 522 105    0*157 527 105    0*163 532 105    0
12280 10/04*169 537 105    0*176 542 105    0*182 547 105    0*188 552 105    0
12285 10/05*193 557 105    0*198 562 105    0*203 567 105    0*208 572 105    0
12290 10/06*212 577 105    0*215 582 105    0*218 587 105    0*220 592 105    0
12295 10/07*222 598 105    0*224 604 105    0*226 610 105    0*228 617 105    0
12300 10/08*229 625 105    0*231 633 105    0*233 642 105    0*235 651 105    0
12305 10/09*237 660 105    0*239 669 105    0*241 678 105    0*243 687 105    0
12310 10/10*245 695 105    0*248 703 105    0*250 712 105    0*252 722 105    0
12315 10/11*255 732 105    0*258 742 105    0*261 752 105    0*264 762 105    0
12320 10/12*268 771 100    0*272 781 100    0*276 790 100    0*282 797  95    0
12320 10/12*268 771 105    0*272 781 105    0*276 790 105    0*282 797 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12325 10/13*293 801  95    0*309 801  90    0*329 797  85    0*357 793  80    0
12325 10/13*293 806 105    0*308 808 105    0*326 797 105  955*350 786  80    0
                *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** ***  **

12330 10/14*391 786  70    0*427 776  60    0*457 764  55    0*483 748  50    0
12330 10/14*387 781  65    0*427 776  60    0E457 764  60    0E483 748  60    0
            *** ***  **                      *         **     *         **

12335 10/15*507 729  45    0*529 707  40    0*549 682  35    0*570 660  35    0
12335 10/15E507 729  60    0E529 707  60    0E549 682  50    0E570 660  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **
12340 HR                    
12340 HR SC3 NC2 VA1                   
         *** *** ***

The only minor change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to use the track 
analyzed by Ho (1989) near the landfall in the United States.  Partagas 
and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small track changes from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1999).  It is to be noted, however, that such a long
slow translational speed of this hurricane before recurvature is very
unusual and does open the possibility that there were actually two 
separate tropical cyclones instead of just the one indicated here.  Until
more definitive information is uncovered, this will be retained relatively
unchanged from Neumann et al. (1999).  A reduction in winds from the 28th 
until the 2nd was included to make it consistent with available observations, 
which indicate at most a minimal (Category 1) hurricane on these dates.  A 
peripheral pressure of 972 mb (21Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 
84 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Peripheral pressures 
(possibly central pressures) of 962 mb (on the 13th) and 959 mb (16Z on
the 13th) suggests winds of at least 93 and 95 kt, respectively, from
the wind-pressure relationship.  Ho (1989) utilized these reports and
an estimate of the RMW of 15 nmi to obtain an estimated central pressure
of 955 mb.  This supports winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship.  Given the small RMW for this latitude and central pressure,
winds in the best track are boosted slightly to 105 kt at landfall.
Storm tide values of 14 foot are reported in Ho (1989) for Pawley's Island.
Intensity increased after landfall on the 14th and 15th due to indications
that it became a strong extratropical storm in Canada.

1893/09 - 2006 REVISION:

12780 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
12785 09/25*  0   0   0    0*116 250  35    0*116 258  40    0*117 267  45    0*
12790 09/26*117 275  45    0*117 283  45    0*117 291  50    0*117 298  50    0*
12795 09/27*117 305  55    0*117 311  55    0*117 319  60    0*117 328  60    0*
12800 09/28*117 336  65    0*118 345  65    0*118 354  65    0*118 363  65    0*
12805 09/29*118 372  65    0*118 381  65    0*118 390  65    0*118 398  65    0*
12810 09/30*119 405  65    0*119 412  65    0*120 420  65    0*121 430  70    0*
12815 10/01*123 439  75    0*125 449  80    0*128 459  85    0*130 469  90    0*
12820 10/02*133 480  95    0*136 490 100    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0*
12825 10/03*148 516 105    0*152 522 105    0*157 527 105    0*163 532 105    0*
12830 10/04*169 537 105    0*176 542 105    0*182 547 105    0*188 552 105    0*
12835 10/05*193 557 105    0*198 562 105    0*203 567 105    0*208 572 105    0*
12840 10/06*212 577 105    0*215 582 105    0*218 587 105    0*220 592 105    0*
12845 10/07*222 598 105    0*224 604 105    0*226 610 105    0*228 617 105    0*
12850 10/08*229 625 105    0*231 633 105    0*233 642 105    0*235 651 105    0*
12855 10/09*237 660 105    0*239 669 105    0*241 678 105    0*243 687 105    0*
12860 10/10*245 695 105    0*248 703 105    0*250 712 105    0*252 722 105    0*
12865 10/11*255 732 105    0*258 742 105    0*261 752 105    0*264 762 105    0*
12870 10/12*268 771 105    0*272 781 105    0*276 790 105    0*282 797 105    0*
12875 10/13*293 806 105    0*308 808 105    0*326 797 105  955*350 786  80    0*
12880 10/14*387 781  65    0*427 776  60    0E457 764  60    0E483 748  60    0*
12885 10/15E507 729  60    0E529 707  60    0E549 682  50    0E570 660  40    0*
12890 HR SC3 NC2 VA1                                                            
12890 HR SC3 NC2IVA1                                                            
                ****
             
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Virginia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Virginia's
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************


12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***

12350 09/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*164 817  35    0*170 826  40    0
12355 09/28*177 834  55    0*183 842  65    0*190 850  75    0*197 858  85    0
12360 09/29*203 865  85    0*210 873  80    0*217 880  80    0*224 887  80    0
12365 09/30*231 892  85    0*238 897  85    0*245 902  85    0*251 906  85    0
12370 10/01*257 908  85    0*262 910  85    0*269 910  85    0*276 909  85    0
12370 10/01*257 908  85    0*262 910  85    0*269 910  95    0*276 909 105    0
                                                       **              ***

12375 10/02*284 905  85    0*291 900  85    0*299 893  80  956*305 887  75    0
12375 10/02*284 905 115    0*291 900 115  948*299 893  95    0*305 887  85    0
                    ***              ***  ***          **  ***          **

12380 10/03*313 878  65    0*320 867  55    0*327 855  50    0*334 839  45    0
12385 10/04*340 818  40    0*346 797  40    0*351 780  35    0*354 760  35    0
12390 10/05*353 740  35    0*352 722  35    0*350 704  35    0*  0   0   0    0
12395 HR
12395 HR LA4 MS2 AL2
         *** *** ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ho (1989) provided central pressure
estimates for the two U.S. landfalls that this hurricane made.  For landfall
in Mississippi, a central pressure of 956 mb was derived from a peripheral
pressure measurement of 970 mb (at 16Z on the 2nd) and an estimated 
17 nmi RMW.  Ho also indicated that there was a 20 foot storm tide reported 
in Caminadaville, Louisiana and 10-12 foot storm tide in Pass Christian, 
Mississippi.  However, examination of the pressure measurements reveals 
that the 970 mb was likely a true central pressure value, not a peripheral
observation.  (However, this pressure measurement is not included above
since the timing was at 1530 UTC, not within the +/-2 hours of synoptic
time needed for inclusion in HURDAT.  This value is though included in the
U.S. landfalling table.)  This central pressure corresponds to 89 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Since Ho's reported RMW is smaller 
than what would be expected on average for this central pressure and 
latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), a windspeed of 95 kt is chosen for the best 
track.  This places the storm as a landfalling Category 2 in Mississippi
and Alabama, though near the lower boundary of Category 3.
For landfall in Louisiana, there also appear to be concerns with Ho's (1989)
estimate of intensity.  Ho used an inland decay pressure model (Ho et al. 
1987) to obtain an estimate of 940 mb central pressure.  (The south 
Florida inland decay pressure model was utilized for this particular 
hurricane, since this is more appropriate given its track over marsh-covered 
south Louisiana.)  Using instead the landfall value at Mississippi of
970 mb central pressure, an estimate of 948 mb at landfall in Louisiana is
obtained.  This central pressure corresponds to 112 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Since the Ho estimated RMW at the 
Louisiana landfall (12 nmi) is smaller than what is average for this central 
pressure and latitude, a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana is 
estimated at 115 kt.  SLOSH runs with these central pressure and RMW values 
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication), however, can simulate a maximum storm 
tide of only about 8 feet at Caminadaville - much smaller than supposedly 
observed.  As this island has a maximum height of 5 feet above mean sea 
level and is completely overtopped by storm surges from strong hurricanes, 
the 20 foot value is suspect.  115 kt at landfall in Louisiana makes this a 
Category 4 hurricane, though it is near the upper boundary of Category 3.  
The hurricane is known as the "Chenier Caminanda Hurricane" for its impacts 
in Louisiana.

1893/08 - 2011 REVISION:

12740 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
12745 09/04*  0   0   0    0*184 853  35    0*190 861  40    0*195 870  45    0*
12750 09/05*201 879  40    0*209 887  35    0*221 899  45    0*229 908  55    0*
12755 09/06*240 918  65    0*252 925  75    0*264 930  85    0*274 928  85    0*
12760 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  70    0*
12765 09/08*307 900  55    0*317 894  45    0*325 890  40    0*330 889  35    0*
12770 09/09*333 888  35    0*340 887  30    0*348 885  30    0*351 885  30    0*
12775 HR LA2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8-9/7/1893     1400Z 29.2N  91.1W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   LA2
8-9/7/1893     1400Z 29.2N  91.1W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   LA2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12405 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 820  35    0*195 806  45    0
12405 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 820  30    0*195 806  30    0
                                                       **               **

12410 10/21*210 794  50    0*225 785  50    0*240 780  45    0*256 777  45    0
12410 10/21*210 794  30    0*225 785  30    0*240 780  35    0*256 777  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

12415 10/22*272 778  50    0*288 778  50    0*305 776  50    0*323 771  50    0
12415 10/22*272 778  45    0*288 778  50    0*305 776  50    0*323 771  50    0
                     **

12420 10/23*342 760  50    0*363 751  45    0*384 759  40    0*400 780  35    0
12425 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Perez (2000 and personal communication) 
indicate that this system was not of tropical storm intensity until
north of Cuba.  Thus intensities reduced on the 20th through the 22nd.

********************************************************************************

12430 11/05/1893 M= 6 12 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12430 11/05/1893 M= 8 12 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***                  *

12435 11/05*  0   0   0    0*178 797  35    0*186 798  40    0*197 797  50    0
12435 11/05*267 708  35    0*268 717  35    0*270 725  40    0*272 731  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12440 11/06*208 795  50    0*220 792  45    0*233 789  45    0*247 785  45    0
12440 11/06*274 736  50    0*277 741  45    0*280 745  45    0*284 749  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12445 11/07*260 782  50    0*273 778  50    0*287 774  50    0*301 770  50    0
12445 11/07*291 753  50    0*298 755  50    0*305 757  55    0*315 759  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12450 11/08*314 767  50    0*328 764  50    0*341 760  50    0*352 753  50    0
12450 11/08*325 759  60    0*336 757  60    0*345 753  60    0*356 746  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12455 11/09*359 747  45    0*364 739  45    0*368 731  40    0*373 719  35    0
12455 11/09*366 736  55    0*372 727  55    0*377 713  50    0*384 691  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12460 11/10*379 705  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
12460 11/10E391 663  45    0E396 632  45    0E400 605  40    0E404 576  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(11th and 12th are new additions to HURDAT.)
12462 11/11E406 548  40    0E408 521  40    0E410 490  40    0E410 469  40    0
12464 11/12E410 449  40    0E410 426  40    0E410 405  40    0E410 379  40    0

12465 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found 
to be reasonable.  Winds increased from the 7th to the 9th based upon wind 
measurements along U.S. coast.  Storm did not actually hit land as per best 
track positions and track book, so "XING=0" is utilized.

********************************************************************************

1893 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) May 12-13, 1893:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 6, 1893: Damage reports in Cuba leave it uncertain if system was a
   tornado or tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

12466 06/06/1894 M= 4  1 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12467 06/06*190 774  35    0*190 778  35    0*190 783  35    0*190 789  35    0
12468 06/07*191 794  35    0*192 801  35    0*193 807  35    0*194 812  35    0
12469 06/08*195 821  35    0*196 827  35    0*197 833  35    0*199 838  35    0
12469 06/09*201 844  35    0*204 850  35    0*207 855  35    0*210 860  35    0
12469 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
tropical storm. 

********************************************************************************

12470 08/05/1894 M= 4  1 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12470 08/05/1894 M= 5  2 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       *** 

12475 08/05*  0   0   0    0*264 893  35    0*270 890  40    0*275 886  40    0
12480 08/06*279 882  45    0*283 879  50    0*287 876  50    0*290 874  50    0
12480 08/06*279 882  45    0*283 879  50    0*287 876  50    0*290 875  50    0
                                                                   ***

12485 08/07*294 872  50    0*297 871  50    0*300 871  50    0*304 872  50    0
12485 08/07*294 874  50    0*297 874  50    0*300 875  50    0*303 876  50    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

12490 08/08*308 874  45    0*312 876  40    0*316 880  35    0*318 885  30    0
12490 08/08*306 877  45    0*309 882  40    0*310 887  35    0*311 891  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(9th of August newly added to HURDAT.)
12492 08/09*312 895  30    0*313 899  25    0*315 905  25    0*317 915  25    0

12495 TS       

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 1.

********************************************************************************


12500 08/30/1894 M=11  2 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12500 08/30/1894 M=11  3 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12505 08/30*132 348  35    0*134 360  35    0*136 375  40    0*138 387  40    0
12510 08/31*140 399  45    0*142 411  45    0*144 423  45    0*147 435  50    0
12515 09/01*149 447  50    0*152 458  55    0*158 470  55    0*165 482  60    0
12520 09/02*172 495  65    0*179 508  65    0*186 521  70    0*193 533  75    0
12525 09/03*200 545  75    0*207 555  80    0*214 564  80    0*221 571  85    0
12530 09/04*227 576  85    0*234 580  85    0*240 584  85    0*247 588  85    0
12535 09/05*254 592  85    0*261 595  85    0*268 597  85    0*276 597  85    0
12540 09/06*284 595  85    0*293 592  85    0*301 588  85    0*309 583  85    0
12540 09/06*284 595  90    0*293 592  95    0*301 588 100    0*309 583 100    0
                     **               **              ***              ***

12545 09/07*318 577  85    0*327 569  85    0*336 560  85    0*347 549  85    0
12545 09/07*318 577 100    0*327 569 100    0*336 560 100    0*347 549 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              *** 

12550 09/08*362 534  85    0*380 516  85    0*400 496  85    0*423 473  80    0
12550 09/08*362 534 100  948*380 516 100    0*400 496 100    0*423 473  90    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***               **

12555 09/09*450 445  80    0*480 414  75    0*513 380  70    0*540 357  70    0
12555 09/09*450 445  80    0*480 414  75    0*513 380  70    0E540 357  70    0
                                                              *

12560 HR  

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Pressure 
measurement (may have been a central pressure) of 948 mb (on the 8th) suggests 
winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt 
chosen for best track.  Winds increased from the 6th to the 8th accordingly,
as hurricanes tend to reach maximum intensity at or just after recurvature.

********************************************************************************

12565 09/18/1894 M=13  3 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12565 09/18/1894 M=14  4 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **  *       ***                        *

12570 09/18*120 503  35    0*122 511  40    0*124 522  45    0*126 531  50    0
12570 09/18*134 505  35    0*134 510  40    0*135 517  45    0*136 526  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12575 09/19*128 540  55    0*131 549  65    0*133 558  70    0*135 567  80    0
12575 09/19*137 535  55    0*139 545  65    0*140 555  70    0*141 563  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12580 09/20*138 577  85    0*141 588  90    0*145 599  95    0*149 612 100    0
12580 09/20*143 575  85    0*145 586  90    0*147 597  95    0*149 611 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

12585 09/21*153 627 105    0*158 642 105    0*162 655 105    0*166 667 105    0
12590 09/22*169 678 100    0*173 690  95    0*178 702  90    0*183 715  85    0
12590 09/22*170 679 100    0*176 693  95    0*183 710  90    0*188 727  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

12595 09/23*188 728  85    0*194 740  85    0*199 753  85    0*204 766  85    0
12595 09/23*194 743  80    0*199 758  85    0*205 770  70    0*209 782  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12600 09/24*210 779  85    0*215 791  80    0*220 804  75    0*227 812  70    0
12600 09/24*214 794  70    0*218 806  70    0*225 815  65    0*229 817  60  994
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

12605 09/25*236 817  75    0*247 819  90    0*257 820 105    0*267 819 105    0
12605 09/25*234 819  65    0*240 820  70    0*250 820  80  985*263 820  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

12610 09/26*276 817  95    0*286 815  80    0*295 812  70    0*305 809  70    0
12610 09/26*276 817  75    0*286 815  60    0*295 812  65    0*304 810  70    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***

12615 09/27*314 806  75    0*324 803  75    0*332 798  80    0*338 792  80    0
12615 09/27*312 809  75    0*320 807  80    0*330 803  70    0*337 794  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12620 09/28*342 786  80    0*346 781  70    0*351 774  60    0*355 767  60    0
12620 09/28*340 785  60    0*344 776  60    0*347 767  60    0*352 763  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

12625 09/29*360 761  65    0*365 756  65    0*370 750  70    0*375 745  70    0
12625 09/29*358 758  60    0*365 754  70    0*370 750  75    0*375 745  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               

12630 09/30*381 739  65    0*386 734  50    0*392 729  35    0*398 723  30    0
12630 09/30*384 739  65    0*392 732  50    0*397 725  40    0*402 715  35    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(October 1st new to HURDAT.)
12632 10/01*407 700  35    0*412 676  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

12635 HR
12635 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 VA1
        ******** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3. Peak winds of 105 kt in the eastern Caribbean are retained, since 
the wind-caused damage in Puerto Rico is consistent with a strong hurricane
passing south of the island (Boose et al. 2003).  85 kt retained at landfall 
in Cuba - agreeing with assessment by Perez (2000).  Changes made to the track
near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  A 
central pressure of 994 mb (21Z on the 24th) suggests winds of 58 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized.  Central pressure of 
985 mb (11Z on the 25th) suggests winds of 71 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 80 kt used due to observed winds in Key West.  A 
peripheral pressure of 986 mb (07Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least 
68 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best 
track at 06Z and at landfall in South Carolina. A storm tide of 10' was 
observed in Charleston (Partagas and Diaz 1996b).  Landfall in southwest 
Florida is suggested to be at a windspeed of 90 kt (with an estimated central 
pressure of 975 mb) given the intensification from a 60 kt tropical storm (with
994 mb central pressure) over Havana to a 80 kt Category 1 hurricane (with 
985 mb central pressure) over Key West.  Analysis of historical tropical storms
and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) 
suggests that the hurricane had also impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1
hurricane conditions as it reintensified quickly as it left the Northeast 
Florida coast.  System regained hurricane intensity again right as it made 
oceanfall from North Carolina, as shown in the sustained hurricane force winds
in Cape Henry, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001).  Hurricane is known as 
"San Mateo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.  Hurricane is known as "Huracan 
de Sagua la Grande" for its impacts in Cuba.

********************************************************************************

12640 10/01/1894 M=12  4 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12640 10/01/1894 M=12  5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                       *       ***                        *

12645 10/01*125 791  35    0*130 795  35    0*135 798  40    0*140 802  40    0
12650 10/02*145 806  45    0*149 809  45    0*154 813  50    0*159 816  55    0
12655 10/03*163 820  60    0*167 823  60    0*172 826  65    0*177 830  70    0
12660 10/04*183 834  75    0*189 838  75    0*195 842  80    0*200 845  85    0
12665 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*223 859  95    0
12665 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*220 859  95    0
                                                               ***

12670 10/06*228 862 100    0*234 865 100    0*240 867 105    0*247 869 105    0
12670 10/06*225 862 100    0*230 865 100    0*237 870 105    0*243 875 105    0
            ***              ***              *** ***          *** ***

12675 10/07*255 870 105    0*264 870 105    0*271 870 105    0*276 869 105    0
12675 10/07*247 877 105    0*252 881 105    0*257 883 105    0*261 884 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12680 10/08*279 867 105    0*282 864 105    0*286 861 100    0*292 856  95    0
12680 10/08*266 884 105    0*271 884 105    0*277 883 105    0*287 877 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

12685 10/09*300 848  90    0*310 836  80    0*322 822  75    0*339 797  70    0
12685 10/09*297 863 105    0*307 847  85    0*317 830  70    0*330 803  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12690 10/10*355 775  65    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  60    0*420 719  55    0
12690 10/10*352 775  60    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  75    0*420 719  55    0
            ***      **                                **                            
12695 10/11*448 702  55    0*476 689  50    0*500 673  45    0*520 662  40    0
12695 10/11E448 702  45    0E476 689  45    0E500 673  45    0E520 662  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

12700 10/12*537 652  35    0*551 643  35    0*563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0
12700 10/12E537 652  35    0E551 643  35    0E563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

12705 HR    
12705 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1
        **** *** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  Peripheral pressure of 961 mb (14 UTC on the 8th) suggests winds of
at least 99 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt in 
best track used here and at landfall in Florida.  Peripheral pressure of 984 mb 
(on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 69 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track and landfall in 
New York/Rhode Island, which is also supported by wind observations at Block 
Island, R.I.

1894/05 - 2006 REVISION:

13240 10/01/1894 M=12  5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
13245 10/01*125 791  35    0*130 795  35    0*135 798  40    0*140 802  40    0*
13250 10/02*145 806  45    0*149 809  45    0*154 813  50    0*159 816  55    0*
13255 10/03*163 820  60    0*167 823  60    0*172 826  65    0*177 830  70    0*
13260 10/04*183 834  75    0*189 838  75    0*195 842  80    0*200 845  85    0*
13265 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*220 859  95    0*
13270 10/06*225 862 100    0*230 865 100    0*237 870 105    0*243 875 105    0*
13275 10/07*247 877 105    0*252 881 105    0*257 883 105    0*261 884 105    0*
13280 10/08*266 884 105    0*271 884 105    0*277 883 105    0*287 877 105    0*
13285 10/09*297 863 105    0*307 847  85    0*317 830  70    0*330 803  60    0*
13290 10/10*352 775  60    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  75    0*420 719  55    0*
13295 10/11E448 702  45    0E476 689  45    0E500 673  45    0E520 662  40    0*
13300 10/12E537 652  35    0E551 643  35    0E563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
13305 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1                                                        
13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1
            ****         ***

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.  Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and 
James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone also
caused a Category 1 hurricane impact in Connecticut based upon the
existing track and intensity in HURDAT.

1894/05 - 2011 REVISION:

13240 10/01/1894 M=12  5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
13245 10/01*125 791  35    0*130 795  35    0*135 798  40    0*140 802  40    0*
13250 10/02*145 806  45    0*149 809  45    0*154 813  50    0*159 816  55    0*
13255 10/03*163 820  60    0*167 823  60    0*172 826  65    0*177 830  70    0*
13260 10/04*183 834  75    0*189 838  75    0*195 842  80    0*200 845  85    0*
13265 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*220 859  95    0*
13270 10/06*225 862 100    0*230 865 100    0*237 870 105    0*243 875 105    0*
13275 10/07*247 877 105    0*252 881 105    0*257 883 105    0*261 884 105    0*
13280 10/08*266 884 105    0*271 884 105    0*277 883 105    0*287 877 105    0*
13285 10/09*297 863 105    0*307 847  85    0*317 830  70    0*330 803  60    0*
13290 10/10*352 775  60    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  75    0*420 719  55    0*
13295 10/11E448 702  45    0E476 689  45    0E500 673  45    0E520 662  40    0*
13300 10/12E537 652  35    0E551 643  35    0E563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
5-10/9/1894    0300Z 30.2N  85.5W  105kt  3    ---   (955mb)   AFL3,IGA1
5-10/9/1894    0300Z 30.2N  85.5W  105kt  3    ---   (950mb)   AFL3,IGA1
                                                      ***

5-10/10/1894   1500Z 40.7N  72.9W   75kt  1    ---   (978mb)   NY1,CT1,RI1

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 105 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 955 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 950 mb - 
for a 105 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


12710 10/11/1894 M=10  5 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12710 10/11/1894 M=10  6 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12715 10/11*108 577  35    0*113 583  40    0*120 590  40    0*126 597  45    0
12715 10/11*108 577  35    0*113 583  45    0*120 590  55    0*126 597  65    0
                                      **               **               **

12720 10/12*132 603  50    0*138 609  55    0*145 615  60    0*152 621  65    0
12720 10/12*132 603  75    0*138 609  85    0*145 615  85    0*149 621  85    0
                     **               **               **      ***      **

12725 10/13*159 626  70    0*166 631  75    0*173 636  80    0*180 640  85    0
12725 10/13*154 628  85    0*159 634  85    0*167 640  85    0*175 645  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

12730 10/14*187 644  85    0*194 648  85    0*201 652  85    0*208 656  85    0
12730 10/14*181 649  85    0*187 652  85    0*193 655  85    0*202 658  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***        

12735 10/15*216 659  85    0*224 662  85    0*231 665  85    0*238 667  85    0
12735 10/15*209 660  85    0*217 662  85    0*225 665  85    0*231 665  85    0
            *** ***          ***              ***              *** *** 

12740 10/16*244 668  85    0*251 669  85    0*258 669  85    0*266 668  85    0
12740 10/16*237 666  95    0*243 666 105    0*250 667 115    0*261 667 115  931
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

12745 10/17*274 666  85    0*282 663  85    0*290 657  85    0*298 650  85    0
12745 10/17*274 666 115    0*282 663 115    0*290 657 110    0*300 647 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

12750 10/18*305 641  85    0*312 631  85    0*320 620  85    0*329 608  85    0
12750 10/18*311 632 100    0*323 617  95    0*333 603  90    0*341 593  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

12755 10/19*340 595  85    0*351 582  85    0*360 570  85    0*367 563  80    0
12755 10/19*348 584  85    0*354 577  85    0*360 570  85    0*367 563  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***            

12760 10/20*373 558  80    0*377 555  75    0*380 552  70    0*384 548  70    0
12765 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  Winds increased from the 11th to the 13th based upon destruction 
in St. Lucia.  Central pressure of 931 mb (21Z on the 16th) suggests winds of 
116 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 115 kt chosen for 
best track.  Winds increased from the 16th to the 18th accordingly.  Full 
lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about 
its decay after the 20th.

********************************************************************************

12770 10/21/1894 M=11  6 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12770 10/21/1894 M=11  7 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12775 10/21*  0   0   0    0*210 603  35    0*215 610  40    0*218 617  40    0
12780 10/22*221 624  45    0*224 632  45    0*227 640  50    0*228 649  50    0
12785 10/23*229 659  55    0*232 670  60    0*235 681  65    0*241 695  65    0
12790 10/24*247 711  70    0*254 728  75    0*261 740  75    0*268 745  80    0
12790 10/24*245 706  70    0*249 718  75    0*255 730  75    0*258 735  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12795 10/25*274 746  85    0*281 744  85    0*288 741  85    0*296 737  85    0
12795 10/25*262 742  85    0*266 743  85    0*270 740  85    0*280 726  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12800 10/26*305 732  85    0*317 724  85    0*331 710  85    0*351 689  85    0
12800 10/26*290 710  85    0*300 695  85    0*310 680  85    0*329 654  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12805 10/27*378 662  85    0*403 632  85    0*421 600  85    0*433 563  85    0
12805 10/27*349 624  85    0*371 594  85    0*390 570  85    0*411 544  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12810 10/28*443 522  85    0*451 484  85    0*458 458  85    0*464 441  85    0
12810 10/28*432 515  90    0*447 487  90    0*458 458  95    0*464 441  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

12815 10/29*470 426  85    0*476 413  85    0*481 400  85    0*486 388  85    0
12815 10/29*470 426  95  955*476 413  90    0E481 400  85    0E486 388  85    0
                     **  ***          **     *                *

12820 10/30*490 376  85    0*494 363  80    0*499 350  80    0*505 334  75    0
12820 10/30E490 376  85    0E494 363  80    0E499 350  80    0E505 334  75    0
           *                *                *                *

12825 10/31*513 315  70    0*521 293  65    0*530 270  65    0*  0   0   0    0
12825 10/31E513 315  70    0E521 293  65    0E530 270  65    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

12830 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6.
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure (possible
central pressure) of 975 mb on the 28th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from 
the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds kept at 85 kt in best track.  
A possible central pressure of 955 mb on the 29th suggests winds of at least 
93 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are increased accordingly on the 
28th and 29th.

*******************************************************************************

1894 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 27-31, 1894:  Gale observations found, but likely was an 
   extratropical storm.
2) September 16-21, 1894:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 16-18, 1894:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

*******************************************************************************

12835 08/14/1895 M= 4  1 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12835 08/14/1895 M= 4  1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12840 08/14*  0   0   0    0*272 913  35    0*276 910  40    0*279 908  45    0
12845 08/15*283 905  45    0*286 903  50    0*289 900  50    0*292 897  50    0
12850 08/16*296 894  50    0*299 891  45    0*302 888  45    0*307 886  40    0
12855 08/17*313 884  40    0*321 882  40    0*330 881  35    0*338 879  30    0
12855 08/17*313 884  35    0*321 882  30    0*330 881  25    0*338 879  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

12860 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced after landfall with the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model.

********************************************************************************

12865 08/22/1895 M= 8  2 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12865 08/22/1895 M= 9  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *          ***                        *

12870 08/22*134 583  35    0*137 596  40    0*140 607  45    0*143 619  50    0
12875 08/23*145 631  55    0*148 644  55    0*150 658  60    0*153 672  65    0
12880 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*162 731  80    0
12880 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*164 733  80    0
                                                               *** ***  

12885 08/25*164 745  80    0*167 758  80    0*170 772  85    0*175 789  85    0
12885 08/25*169 751  80    0*174 770  80    0*180 790  85    0*184 802  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12890 08/26*184 809  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0
12890 08/26*188 813  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0
            *** ***  

12895 08/27*215 870  85    0*221 880  85    0*226 890  85    0*230 899  85    0
12900 08/28*234 907  85    0*239 916  85    0*243 925  80    0*248 935  80    0
12900 08/28*233 905  85    0*236 914  85    0*240 923  85    0*243 931  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12905 08/29*252 946  75    0*257 958  70    0*262 970  65    0*266 978  35    0
12905 08/29*245 939  95    0*246 947  95    0*247 955  95    0*248 963  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(30th is new to HURDAT.)
12907 08/30*249 971  95    0*250 979  65    0*251 987  40    0*252 995  30    0

12910 HR     
12910 HRATX1     
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane as causing 
Category 1 conditions in western Cuba, which is consistent with the existing 
track and intensity of Category 2 hurricane passing just offshore of the 
island.  Winds increased to 95 kt (Category 2) until landfall in Mexico, due 
to destruction in Mexico described in Ellis (1988).  Hurricane analyzed as 
causing Category 1 conditions in extreme southern Texas based upon 
description in Ellis.

********************************************************************************

1895/02 - 2009 REVISION:

13465 08/22/1895 M= 9  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
13465 08/22/1895 M= 9  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

13470 08/22*134 583  35    0*137 596  40    0*140 607  45    0*143 619  50    0*
13475 08/23*145 631  55    0*148 644  55    0*150 658  60    0*153 672  65    0*
13480 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*164 733  80    0*
13485 08/25*169 751  80    0*174 770  80    0*180 790  85    0*184 802  85    0*
13490 08/26*188 813  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0*
13495 08/27*215 870  85    0*221 880  85    0*226 890  85    0*230 899  85    0*
13500 08/28*233 905  85    0*236 914  85    0*240 923  85    0*243 931  90    0*
13505 08/29*245 939  95    0*246 947  95    0*247 955  95    0*248 963  95    0*
13510 08/30*249 971  95    0*250 979  65    0*251 987  40    0*252 995  30    0*
13515 HRATX1

The reanalysis had shifted the track at landfall over northern Mexico.  However, 
we neglected to change XING=1 to XING=0, indicating that the system did not make a 
coastal landfall in the U.S.

1895/02 - 2011 REVISION:

13465 08/22/1895 M= 9  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
13470 08/22*134 583  35    0*137 596  40    0*140 607  45    0*143 619  50    0*
13475 08/23*145 631  55    0*148 644  55    0*150 658  60    0*153 672  65    0*
13480 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*164 733  80    0*
13485 08/25*169 751  80    0*174 770  80    0*180 790  85    0*184 802  85    0*
13490 08/26*188 813  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0*
13495 08/27*215 870  85    0*221 880  85    0*226 890  85    0*230 899  85    0*
13500 08/28*233 905  85    0*236 914  85    0*240 923  85    0*243 931  90    0*
13505 08/29*245 939  95    0*246 947  95    0*247 955  95    0*248 963  95    0*
13510 08/30*249 971  95    0*250 979  65    0*251 987  40    0*252 995  30    0*
13515 HRATX1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-8/30/1895    0400Z 25.0N  97.6W   65kt  2    ---   (973mb)   ATX1
2-8/30/1895    0400Z 25.0N  97.6W   65kt  1    ---   (963mb)   ATX1
                                          *           ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Mexico as a 95 kt hurricane.  The impact in Texas was analyzed
to be a minimal (65 kt) hurricane, which was mistakenly listed as
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 in the table.  The new Brown et al. (2006) 
pressure-wind relationship for cyclones south of 25N suggests a central
pressure of 966 mb, while north of 25N suggests a central pressure of 960 mb.  
Thus a central pressure at landfall in Mexico is estimated to be 963 mb.
This is not explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value 
is an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


12915 09/28/1895 M=10  3 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12915 09/28/1895 M=10  3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

12920 09/28*193 860  35    0*196 866  35    0*199 872  35    0*203 882  35    0
12920 09/28*193 860  35    0*196 866  35    0*199 872  35    0*203 882  30    0
                                                                        **

12925 09/29*207 890  35    0*212 895  35    0*216 897  40    0*221 897  40    0
12925 09/29*207 890  30    0*212 895  30    0*216 897  40    0*221 897  40    0
                     **               **

12930 09/30*227 895  45    0*232 892  45    0*237 885  50    0*238 871  50    0
12935 10/01*238 858  50    0*238 845  50    0*239 834  50    0*240 825  50    0
12940 10/02*242 815  50    0*245 807  50    0*249 799  50    0*252 792  50    0
12945 10/03*256 786  50    0*262 780  50    0*270 772  50    0*280 762  50    0
12950 10/04*290 751  50    0*301 740  50    0*311 729  50    0*321 719  50    0
12955 10/05*330 710  50    0*340 700  50    0*350 690  50    0*362 678  50    0
12960 10/06*376 664  50    0*392 648  50    0*409 630  50    0*426 611  45    0
12965 10/07*444 590  40    0*463 568  40    0*482 544  40    0*  0   0   0    0
12970 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced on the 28th and 29th 
due to passage over the Yucatan.

********************************************************************************


12975 10/02/1895 M= 6  4 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12975 10/02/1895 M= 6  4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12980 10/02*174 829  35    0*177 837  40    0*180 846  45    0*183 855  50    0
12980 10/02*174 829  35    0*177 837  35    0*180 846  35    0*183 855  35    0
                                      **               **               **

12985 10/03*186 863  50    0*190 872  45    0*193 880  35    0*196 888  35    0
12985 10/03*186 863  35    0*190 872  35    0*193 880  30    0*196 888  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

12990 10/04*200 895  35    0*203 902  40    0*207 910  45    0*211 919  50    0
12990 10/04*200 895  30    0*203 902  30    0*207 910  35    0*211 919  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

12995 10/05*214 928  50    0*218 938  50    0*222 947  50    0*226 955  50    0
12995 10/05*214 928  35    0*218 938  35    0*222 947  35    0*226 955  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

13000 10/06*232 960  50    0*239 963  50    0*247 965  50    0*259 964  50    0
13000 10/06*232 960  35    0*239 963  35    0*247 965  35    0*259 964  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

13005 10/07*277 956  45    0*299 944  35    0*324 926  30    0*  0   0   0    0
13005 10/07*277 956  35    0*299 944  30    0*324 926  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **               **               

13010 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in sea level pressure) were found for this system.  Peak winds observed were
only 25-30 kt in Texas and Louisiana.  Partagas and Diaz commented that
since the system was not mentioned in _Monthly Weather Review_, it must have
been a "very weak" storm.  Thus winds are reduced for lifetime of storm since
available observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal 
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

13015 10/12/1895 M=15  5 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13015 10/12/1895 M=15  5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13020 10/12*120 448  35    0*120 455  40    0*120 465  45    0*120 475  50    0
13020 10/12*120 448  35    0*120 455  35    0*120 465  40    0*120 475  40    0
                                      **               **               **

13025 10/13*120 485  55    0*120 494  60    0*120 504  65    0*121 514  70    0
13025 10/13*120 485  45    0*120 494  45    0*120 504  50    0*121 514  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13030 10/14*122 524  75    0*123 535  80    0*124 546  85    0*125 558  90    0
13030 10/14*122 524  50    0*123 535  50    0*124 546  50    0*125 558  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13035 10/15*125 570  90    0*126 583  95    0*127 596  95    0*129 610 100    0
13035 10/15*125 570  50    0*126 583  50    0*127 596  50    0*129 610  50    0
                     **               **               **              ***

13040 10/16*131 624 100    0*133 639 105    0*135 653 105    0*136 666 105    0
13040 10/16*131 624  55    0*133 639  60    0*135 653  65    0*136 666  70    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13045 10/17*138 679 105    0*139 692 105    0*140 704 105    0*141 715 105    0
13045 10/17*138 679  75    0*139 692  80    0*140 704  85    0*141 715  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13050 10/18*142 726 105    0*144 737 105    0*149 747 105    0*156 757 105    0
13050 10/18*143 730  90    0*146 745  90    0*150 760  90    0*153 775  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13055 10/19*163 766 105    0*170 775 105    0*178 783 105    0*185 789 105    0
13055 10/19*157 795  90    0*161 810  90    0*165 815  90    0*171 818  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13060 10/20*193 794 105    0*200 797 105    0*208 799 105    0*215 800 100    0
13060 10/20*177 820  90    0*183 820  90    0*189 820  90    0*195 820  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13065 10/21*223 799  95    0*230 799  90    0*238 797  85    0*245 795  85    0
13065 10/21*201 820  90    0*207 817  90    0*213 813  90    0*222 807  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

13070 10/22*251 791  85    0*258 787  90    0*264 782  95    0*271 775  95    0
13070 10/22*234 800  85    0*248 792  90    0*262 784  90    0*271 775  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **               **

13075 10/23*278 765 100    0*285 752 100    0*292 735 100    0*300 715 105    0
13075 10/23*278 765  90    0*285 752  90    0*292 735  90    0*299 717  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

13080 10/24*309 692 105    0*318 666 105    0*327 638 105    0*339 609 105    0
13080 10/24*304 702  90    0*309 689  90    0*315 670  90    0*327 638  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13085 10/25*350 579 105    0*352 549 105    0*350 515 100    0*347 486  95    0
13085 10/25*342 595  90    0*349 549  90    0*350 515  85    0*347 486  75    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***              ***               **

13090 10/26*344 454  90    0*342 421  65    0*340 388  35    0*  0   0   0    0
13090 10/26*344 454  65    0E342 421  55    0E340 388  45    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **     *         **     *         **

13095 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced from the 12th to the 15th, since the 
observations indicate that the system was, at most, a moderate tropical storm 
going through the Lesser Antilles.  Perez (2000) documents that this hurricane
made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in Cuba - winds reduced from the 16th 
to the 21st accordingly.  A peripheral pressure of 973 mb (at 17Z on the 21st) 
suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 90 kt chosen for best track in agreement with assessment of Category 2 by 
Perez.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications 
suggested by Perez (2000).  Winds reduced from the 22nd to the 26th since 
observations indicate that the storm was only a moderate (Category 1 or 2) 
hurricane in the Atlantic.

********************************************************************************

13440 10/13/1895 M= 5  6 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13440 10/13/1895 M= 5  6 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

13445 10/13*  0   0   0    0*194 937  35    0*200 930  35    0*206 924  35    0
13450 10/14*212 918  35    0*217 911  35    0*222 904  35    0*226 897  35    0
13455 10/15*231 888  35    0*235 880  35    0*239 870  35    0*243 859  35    0
13460 10/16*248 846  35    0*252 832  35    0*256 816  35    0*264 802  30    0
13465 10/17*276 786  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13470 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

*******************************************************************************

1895 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 21, 1895:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) November 1-3, 1895:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

13135 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13135 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

13140 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  45    0
13140 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  40    0
                                                                        **

13145 07/05*226 828  50    0*234 836  60    0*242 842  75    0*249 847  80    0
13145 07/05*226 828  45    0*234 836  45    0*242 842  55    0*249 847  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13150 07/06*256 852  85    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0
13150 07/06*256 852  75    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0
                     **

13155 07/07*284 862  85    0*290 862  85    0*297 861  80    0*305 861  75    0
13155 07/07*284 865  85    0*290 866  85    0*297 867  85    0*305 864  85    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          ***  **

13160 07/08*314 860  65    0*326 854  60    0*340 850  55    0*356 847  45    0
13160 07/08*316 853  60    0*324 843  45    0*333 835  35    0*345 829  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13165 07/09*373 844  40    0*390 842  40    0*406 840  35    0*421 838  35    0
13165 07/09*364 832  30    0*385 840  30    0*406 840  25    0*421 838  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

13170 07/10*436 835  30    0*451 833  30    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0
13170 07/10*436 835  25    0*451 833  25    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0
                     **               **

13175 07/11*500 808  25    0*517 788  25    0*535 765  25    0*553 741  25    0
13180 07/12*571 713  25    0*589 683  25    0*608 649  25    0*  0   0   0    0
13185 HR            
13185 HRAFL2
        ****            

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced from
the 4th to the 6th since there were no observations in Cuba of a strong
tropical storm or hurricane.  Based upon the 72 mph sustained wind out of 
the north at Pensacola reported in _Monthly Weather Review_, the Category 2 
(85 kt) at landfall originally in HURDAT appears reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
Southeast U.S. 

********************************************************************************

1896/01 - 2009 REVISION:

13740 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
13745 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  40    0*
13750 07/05*226 828  45    0*234 836  45    0*242 842  55    0*249 847  65    0*
13755 07/06*256 852  75    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0*
13760 07/07*284 865  85    0*290 866  85    0*297 867  85    0*305 864  85    0*
13765 07/08*316 853  60    0*324 843  45    0*333 835  35    0*345 829  30    0*
13770 07/09*364 832  30    0*385 840  30    0*406 840  25    0*421 838  25    0*
13770 07/09E364 832  30    0E385 840  30    0E406 840  25    0E421 838  25    0*
           *                *                *                *

13775 07/10*436 835  25    0*451 833  25    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0*
13775 07/10E436 835  25    0E451 833  25    0E467 830  25    0E483 822  25    0*
           *                *                *                *

13780 07/11*500 808  25    0*517 788  25    0*535 765  25    0*553 741  25    0*
13780 07/11E500 808  25    0E517 788  25    0E535 765  25    0E553 741  25    0*
           *                *                *                *

13785 07/12*571 713  25    0*589 683  25    0*608 649  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
13785 07/12E571 713  25    0E589 683  25    0E608 649  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
           *                *                *

13790 HRAFL2            

Existing HURDAT carries this system as tropical well up into Baffin Bay.  A review 
of the track maps indicates that a better solution would be to transition to 
extratropical beginning on 0Z on 7/9.   

1896/01 - 2011 REVISION:

13740 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
13745 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  40    0*
13750 07/05*226 828  45    0*234 836  45    0*242 842  55    0*249 847  65    0*
13755 07/06*256 852  75    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0*
13760 07/07*284 865  85    0*290 866  85    0*297 867  85    0*305 864  85    0*
13765 07/08*316 853  60    0*324 843  45    0*333 835  35    0*345 829  30    0*
13770 07/09*364 832  30    0*385 840  30    0*406 840  25    0*421 838  25    0*
13775 07/10*436 835  25    0*451 833  25    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0*
13780 07/11*500 808  25    0*517 788  25    0*535 765  25    0*553 741  25    0*
13785 07/12*571 713  25    0*589 683  25    0*608 649  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
13790 HRAFL2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/7/1896     1700Z 30.4N  86.5W   85kt  2    ---   (973mb)   AFL2
1-7/7/1896     1700Z 30.4N  86.5W   85kt  2    ---   (970mb)   AFL2
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.   

*******************************************************************************



13190 08/30/1896 M=13  2 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13190 08/30/1896 M=13  2 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13195 08/30*  0   0   0    0*140 596  35    0*145 605  50    0*149 614  65    0
13200 08/31*153 624  80    0*158 633  95    0*163 642 100    0*169 651 105    0
13200 08/31*153 624  80    0*158 633  85    0*163 642  85    0*169 651  85    0
                                      **              ***              ***

13205 09/01*175 660 105    0*181 669 100    0*186 678  90    0*190 686  85    0
13205 09/01*175 660  85    0*181 669  85    0*186 678  75    0*190 686  80    0
                    ***              ***               **               **

13210 09/02*193 692  85    0*197 699  85    0*200 706  85    0*203 714  85    0
13215 09/03*206 722  85    0*209 731  90    0*212 739  95    0*215 747  95    0
13215 09/03*206 722  85    0*209 731  85    0*212 739  85    0*215 747  85    0
                                      **               **               **

13220 09/04*218 754 100    0*222 762 100    0*227 768 105    0*233 772 105    0
13220 09/04*218 754  85    0*222 762  85    0*227 768  85    0*233 772  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13225 09/05*239 773 105    0*245 773 105    0*252 772 105    0*259 770 105    0
13225 09/05*239 773  95    0*245 773 100    0*252 772 100    0*259 770 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13230 09/06*265 768 105    0*272 764 105    0*278 758 105    0*285 750 105    0
13230 09/06*265 768 100    0*272 764 100    0*278 758 100    0*285 750 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13235 09/07*291 741 105    0*298 732 105    0*304 723 105    0*313 715 105    0
13235 09/07*291 741 100  956*298 732 100    0*304 723 100    0*313 715 100    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***              ***

13240 09/08*324 707 105    0*336 700 105    0*346 695 105    0*354 692 105    0
13240 09/08*324 707 100    0*336 700 100    0*346 695 100    0*354 692 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13245 09/09*362 691 105    0*370 691 105    0*378 691 105    0*386 691 105    0
13245 09/09*362 691 100    0*370 691  95    0*378 691  90    0*386 693  85    0
                    ***              ***              ***          *** ***

13250 09/10*393 692 100    0*400 692 100    0*408 693  95    0*417 694  90    0
13250 09/10*393 697  80    0*400 702  75    0*410 706  70    0*420 707  55    0
                *** ***          *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13255 09/11*426 694  85    0*437 695  80    0*448 696  80    0*460 700  75    0
13255 09/11E430 705  50    0E439 701  45    0E448 696  40    0E457 690  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     **** ***  **

13260 HR    
13260 HR RI1 MA1    
         *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found to be 
reasonable.  Boose et al. (2003) analyze the wind-caused damage for this 
hurricane at landfall in Puerto Rico as only isolated Fujita-scale F1 damage, 
which does not support intensity as a major hurricane landfall.  Winds are 
reduced accordingly on the 31st and 1st to Category 2 (85 kt) intensity.  Perez
(2000 and personal communication) indicate that this hurricane produced only 
tropical storm conditions over Cuba during its close trek just offshore the 
coast.  Thus winds are reduced somewhat on the 3rd through the 5th.  A central 
pressure of 956 mb at 00Z on the 7th suggests winds of 98 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is utilized in the best track.
Winds adjusted from the 5th to the 9th accordingly.  Hurricane is determined
from wind observations to be a Category 1 hurricane in New England; winds
adjusted accordingly from the 9th to the 11th.  Winds at landfall (Category 1)
and inland agree with assessment by Boose et al. (2001), based upon modeling
of wind-caused damages.  Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi.
Hurricane is known as "San Ramon Nonato III" or "San Gil" for its impacts in 
Puerto Rico.  

********************************************************************************

13605 09/18/1896 M=11  3 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13605 09/18/1896 M=11  3 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13610 09/18*171 551  35    0*175 565  40    0*178 580  40    0*182 593  45    0
13615 09/19*187 606  50    0*191 618  55    0*196 628  60    0*201 637  65    0
13620 09/20*206 645  70    0*211 653  75    0*216 662  80    0*221 672  85    0
13625 09/21*227 683  85    0*234 694  85    0*241 705  85    0*249 715  85    0
13630 09/22*258 724  85    0*269 733  85    0*280 740  85    0*292 741  85    0
13635 09/23*304 738  85    0*317 727  85    0*330 710  85    0*344 690  85    0
13640 09/24*360 669  85    0*375 647  85    0*389 627  85    0*402 608  85    0
13645 09/25*413 589  85    0*425 570  85    0*438 550  85    0*452 529  85    0
13650 09/26*467 505  85    0*482 479  85    0*497 450  85    0*512 419  85    0
13655 09/27*528 388  85    0*543 357  80    0*558 325  80    0*571 293  75    0
13660 09/28*582 261  70    0*592 229  70    0*600 197  65    0*  0   0   0    0
13665 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

13330 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13330 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

13335 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  40    0*167 638  45    0
13335 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  35    0*167 638  35    0
                                                       **               **

13340 09/23*167 647  50    0*168 656  60    0*168 665  65    0*168 673  70    0
13340 09/23*167 647  40    0*168 656  40    0*168 665  45    0*168 673  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

13345 09/24*169 680  80    0*169 687  85    0*170 698  90    0*171 711  95    0
13345 09/24*169 680  50    0*169 687  50    0*170 698  55    0*171 711  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

13350 09/25*171 724 100    0*172 736 100    0*173 749 105    0*174 762 105    0
13350 09/25*171 724  60    0*172 736  60    0*173 749  65    0*174 762  65    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13355 09/26*177 774 105    0*180 787 105    0*185 800 105    0*191 812 105    0
13355 09/26*177 774  70    0*180 787  75    0*185 800  80    0*188 809  85    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

13360 09/27*199 822 105    0*207 831 105    0*216 840 105    0*225 848 105    0
13360 09/27*191 819  90    0*194 828  95    0*197 837 100    0*201 842 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

13365 09/28*234 854 105    0*244 856 105    0*254 855 100    0*265 850 100    0
13365 09/28*206 849 110    0*214 853 110    0*223 855 110    0*238 853 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

13370 09/29*279 841  95    0*295 832  90    0*312 824  80    0*338 808  75    0
13370 09/29*253 851 110    0*270 842 110  960*296 829 100  963*322 812  85  973 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **  ***

13375 09/30*369 790  65  992*410 775  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13375 09/30*357 792  70  988E395 785  60  987E420 790  50    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **  ******* ***  **  ******* ***  **

13380 HR 
13380 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
        ******** *** *** *** ***

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
is to use the track analyzed by Sandrik et al. (2001) near the landfall in 
the United States.  Winds reduced from the 22nd until the 27th since 
observations from Partagas and Diaz only support intensification to 
hurricane status as it approached Cuba.  Perez (2001) analyzes the impacts 
of this hurricane as Category 1 in Cuba, consistent with the track chosen 
as just offshore the west tip of Cuba as a major hurricane.  Sandrik et al. 
(2001) analyzed the landfall as a 960 mb hurricane in Florida with a 15 nmi 
radius of maximum winds.  This central pressure suggests 100 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  With a smaller than usual RMW 
for this central pressure and latitude (22 nmi on average - Vickery et al. 
2000) and a rapid forward motion (30 kt at landfall), winds are estimated at 
110 kt at landfall.  A 963 mb central pressure estimated via Ho's methodology 
for 12Z on the 29th suggests 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 100 kt chosen due to small RMW and fast speed of motion 
although the hurricane is overland.  A 973 mb central pressure estimated via 
Ho's methodology for 18Z on the 29th suggests winds of 83 kt for maximum
sustained winds, 85 kt is chosen for the best track for the same reasons
above.  A 988 mb central pressure estimated for 00Z on the 30th suggests
winds of 65 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is
boosted to 70 kt for the same reasons above.  (Note that this was 
originally recorded in HURDAT as 992 mb, which was a peripheral pressure 
measurement not a central pressure.)  Finally, an observed central pressure 
(at 04Z on the 30th) of 987 mb occurred as the storm was going extratropical.

1896/04 - 2006 REVISION:

13935 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
13940 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  35    0*167 638  35    0*
13945 09/23*167 647  40    0*168 656  40    0*168 665  45    0*168 673  45    0*
13950 09/24*169 680  50    0*169 687  50    0*170 698  55    0*171 711  55    0*
13955 09/25*171 724  60    0*172 736  60    0*173 749  65    0*174 762  65    0*
13960 09/26*177 774  70    0*180 787  75    0*185 800  80    0*188 809  85    0*
13965 09/27*191 819  90    0*194 828  95    0*197 837 100    0*201 842 105    0*
13970 09/28*206 849 110    0*214 853 110    0*223 855 110    0*238 853 110    0*
13975 09/29*253 851 110    0*270 842 110  960*296 829 100  963*322 812  85  973*
13980 09/30*357 792  70  988E395 785  60  987E420 790  50    0*  0   0   0    0*
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1INC1IVA1
                        ********

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North
Carolina and Virginia hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, 
rather than along these states' Atlantic coast.  

********************************************************************************

13385 10/07/1896 M=10  5 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13385 10/07/1896 M=10  5 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***                        *

13390 10/07*225 912  35    0*230 902  40    0*234 890  50    0*236 882  60    0
13390 10/07*225 912  35    0*230 902  40    0*234 892  45    0*236 882  50    0
                                                  ***  **               **

13395 10/08*239 873  70    0*242 863  80    0*248 852  85    0*255 839  85    0
13395 10/08*239 873  50    0*242 863  50    0*248 852  50    0*255 839  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13400 10/09*262 825  85    0*270 811  80    0*278 800  70    0*286 791  70    0
13400 10/09*262 825  50    0*270 811  40    0*278 800  35    0*286 791  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

13405 10/10*294 782  75    0*302 774  80    0*310 767  80    0*318 760  85    0
13405 10/10*294 782  50    0*302 774  55    0*310 767  60    0*318 760  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13410 10/11*327 753  85    0*335 747  85    0*343 739  85    0*351 731  85    0
13410 10/11*327 753  75    0*335 747  85    0*343 739  85    0*351 731  85    0
                     **   

13415 10/12*358 723  85    0*366 714  85    0*373 706  85    0*380 698  85    0
13420 10/13*386 689  85    0*393 680  85    0*400 672  85    0*408 664  85    0
13420 10/13*386 689  80    0*393 680  75    0*400 672  70    0*408 664  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13425 10/14*416 657  85    0*424 649  85    0*432 642  85    0*440 635  85    0
13425 10/14E416 657  60    0E424 649  55    0E432 642  50    0E440 635  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

13430 10/15*449 629  80    0*458 622  75    0*467 615  70    0*481 600  65    0
13430 10/15E449 629  40    0E458 622  35    0E467 615  35    0E481 600  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

13435 10/16*502 570  55    0*528 528  45    0*557 482  40    0*  0   0   0    0
13435 10/16E502 570  35    0E528 528  35    0E557 482  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     

13440 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced while in Gulf of Mexico
since observations do not support hurricane status there or at landfall 
in Florida.  Winds reduced from the 13th until the 16th since observations
do not indicate hurricane intensity north of 41N or at landfall in Canada.
Small alteration to the track on the 7th provides a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

13445 10/26/1896 M=15  6 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13445 10/26/1896 M=15  6 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13450 10/26*  0   0   0    0* 87 442  35    0* 87 450  35    0* 88 455  40    0
13455 10/27* 89 460  40    0* 90 466  45    0* 92 474  45    0* 95 483  50    0
13460 10/28* 98 492  55    0*101 501  60    0*105 510  65    0*109 519  65    0
13465 10/29*114 528  70    0*120 537  75    0*126 546  80    0*134 553  85    0
13470 10/30*142 557  85    0*151 559  85    0*161 560  85    0*172 560  85    0
13475 10/31*183 558  85    0*194 555  85    0*204 550  85    0*214 543  85    0
13480 11/01*223 536  85    0*231 529  85    0*239 523  85    0*247 517  85    0
13485 11/02*254 512  85    0*261 506  85    0*267 500  85    0*273 494  85    0
13490 11/03*279 488  85    0*285 481  85    0*291 475  85    0*297 468  85    0
13495 11/04*303 461  85    0*309 454  85    0*315 446  85    0*323 436  85    0
13500 11/05*333 424  85    0*345 411  85    0*356 403  85    0*370 393  85    0
13505 11/06*384 390  85    0*398 397  85    0*404 410  80    0*404 415  80    0
13510 11/07*401 421  80    0*396 426  75    0*390 430  75    0*385 430  75    0
13515 11/08*379 425  70    0*374 417  70    0*370 407  65    0*366 396  60    0
13520 11/09*364 383  55    0*362 367  50    0*360 350  45    0*360 339  35    0
13525 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The only observation possibly 
available for this system is from Bark "Gerald C. Tobay" on Oct. 28th at
21.2N 62.5W where "it came in a whirlwind with rain, thunder and lightning
... lasted only 20 minutes" and caused substantial damage to the ship.  As
Partagas and Diaz discussed, this ship was about 800 miles to the northwest
of the hurricane's position on the 28th.  So either the observation is 
unrelated to the hurricane or the storm was a large system with an outer 
rainband (and possible embedded tornado) that impacted the ship.  Without 
additional data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity 
estimates, no alterations are made to this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************


13527 11/27/1896 M= 3  7 SNBR= 344 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13527 11/27*109 611  35    0*112 613  35    0*115 615  40    0*120 617  40    0
13527 11/28*127 618  45    0*134 619  45    0*140 620  50    0*149 622  50    0
13527 11/29*160 623  50    0*170 624  50    0*180 625  40    0*196 623  35    0
13527 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

1896 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 28-29, 1896:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

13530 08/31/1897 M=11  1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13530 08/31/1897 M=11  1 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13535 08/31*  0   0   0    0*140 240  35    0*140 250  35    0*141 261  35    0
13540 09/01*142 273  35    0*143 284  40    0*145 295  55    0*147 306  65    0
13545 09/02*150 317  70    0*153 328  75    0*156 339  75    0*160 350  80    0
13550 09/03*164 361  80    0*169 372  85    0*175 383  85    0*181 395  85    0
13555 09/04*188 408  85    0*195 422  85    0*203 435  85    0*211 448  85    0
13560 09/05*220 462  85    0*229 475  85    0*239 488  85    0*250 498  85    0
13565 09/06*262 502  85    0*275 502  85    0*286 499  85    0*296 494  85    0
13570 09/07*304 487  85    0*313 480  85    0*322 472  85    0*332 464  85    0
13575 09/08*344 455  85    0*356 443  85    0*370 425  85    0*387 402  85    0
13580 09/09*408 373  85    0*430 345  80    0*448 319  80    0*463 294  75    0
13585 09/10*477 269  65    0*489 244  55    0*499 219  50    0*511 194  50    0
13585 09/10E477 269  65    0E489 244  55    0E499 219  50    0E511 194  50    0
           *                *                *                *

13590 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 972 mb 
apparently close to the eye (11 UTC on the 7th) supports at least 84 kt 
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in the 
best track.  Extratropical stage is suggested to begin on the 10th, while 
north of 45N. 

********************************************************************************

13595 09/10/1897 M= 4  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13595 09/10/1897 M= 4  2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13600 09/10*  0   0   0    0*237 800  65    0*240 810  65    0*244 819  65    0
13600 09/10*  0   0   0    0*237 800  50    0*240 810  55    0*244 819  60    0
                                      **               **               **

13605 09/11*248 829  65    0*254 836  75    0*260 846  80    0*266 856  85    0
13605 09/11*248 829  65    0*254 836  75    0*260 846  75    0*266 856  75    0
                                                       **               **

13610 09/12*272 868  85    0*278 879  85    0*284 892  80    0*289 906  75    0
13610 09/12*272 868  75    0*278 879  75    0*283 892  75    0*288 905  75    0
                     **               **      ***      **      *** *** 

13615 09/13*295 920  70    0*299 936  65    0*304 952  50    0*327 965  40    0
13615 09/13*293 922  75    0*298 941  75    0*303 957  50    0*312 975  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

13620 HR
13620 HRCTX1 LA1
        **** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The hurricane is
lowered to a tropical storm on the 10th, since observations in Key West 
do not indicate hurricane force had yet been reached.  The hurricane is
downgraded from Category 2 (85 kt) to Category 1 (75 kt) over the Gulf of 
Mexico and at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, due to evidence from observed winds,
6 ft of storm tide in Sabine Pass (Partagas and Diaz 1996b) and damage in 
Texas/Louisiana.  Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of
information about its genesis.

1897/02 - 2011 REVISION:

14225 09/10/1897 M= 4  2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
14230 09/10*  0   0   0    0*237 800  50    0*240 810  55    0*244 819  60    0*
14235 09/11*248 829  65    0*254 836  75    0*260 846  75    0*266 856  75    0*
14240 09/12*272 868  75    0*278 879  75    0*283 892  75    0*288 905  75    0*
14245 09/13*293 922  75    0*298 941  75    0*303 957  50    0*312 975  40    0*
14250 HRCTX1 LA1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-9/13/1897    0500Z 29.7N  93.8W   75kt  1    ---   (981mb)   LA1,TX1
2-9/13/1897    0500Z 29.7N  93.8W   75kt  1    ---   (978mb)   LA1,TX1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Louisiana and Texas as a 75 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 981 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 978 mb - 
for a 75 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


13625 09/20/1897 M= 6  3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13625 09/20/1897 M= 6  3 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

13630 09/20*221 844  40    0*232 842  40    0*243 838  40    0*253 831  40    0
13630 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 838  40    0*253 831  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                                **

13635 09/21*263 825  40    0*273 819  40    0*283 814  35    0*293 808  35    0
13635 09/21*263 825  60    0*273 819  50    0*283 814  45    0*293 807  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

13640 09/22*303 802  35    0*314 795  40    0*324 789  40    0*333 783  40    0
13640 09/22*303 799  45    0*314 790  50    0*324 783  55    0*333 776  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

13645 09/23*342 777  40    0*349 772  40    0*358 766  40    0*368 759  40    0
13645 09/23*341 769  60    0*348 762  60    0*355 753  60    0*366 746  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13650 09/24*381 751  40    0*396 740  40    0*412 728  35    0*433 706  30    0
13650 09/24*383 741  60    0*397 736  55    0*410 725  45    0*433 706  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

13655 09/25*459 667  30    0*490 612  30    0*525 550  25    0*  0   0   0    0
13660 TS    
      
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Storm is boosted to a strong tropical storm at landfall 
in Florida based upon description of impacts.  Storm is boosted to a strong 
tropical storm while passing along the Atlantic seaboard, but not enough 
evidence was found to support Partagas and Diaz' suggestion to upgrade this 
to a hurricane.

********************************************************************************

13661 09/25/1897 M= 5  4 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13662 09/25*196 829  35    0*198 832  35    0*200 835  35    0*203 838  35    0
13663 09/26*205 840  35    0*207 842  35    0*210 845  35    0*214 848  35    0
13664 09/27*219 851  35    0*224 853  35    0*230 855  40    0*238 856  40    0
13665 09/28*247 857  40    0*254 856  40    0*259 855  40    0*263 854  40    0
13666 09/29*266 852  40    0*268 849  40    0*270 845  40    0*272 838  35    0
13667 TS

This newly documented tropical storm is incorporated from Partagas and Diaz 
(1996a) without alteration.

********************************************************************************

13665 10/09/1897 M=14  4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13665 10/09/1897 M=14  5 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***                  

13670 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*124 617  40    0
13675 10/10*125 626  40    0*127 638  40    0*130 649  40    0*132 661  40    0
13680 10/11*134 672  40    0*136 684  40    0*138 696  40    0*140 708  40    0
13685 10/12*141 720  40    0*142 733  40    0*144 745  40    0*146 758  40    0
13690 10/13*148 771  40    0*151 784  40    0*155 796  40    0*160 807  40    0
13695 10/14*166 815  40    0*172 823  40    0*178 829  40    0*184 835  40    0
13695 10/14*163 811  40    0*167 816  40    0*170 820  40    0*173 823  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
      
13700 10/15*189 841  40    0*195 846  40    0*200 850  40    0*205 854  40    0
13700 10/15*176 826  40    0*178 828  40    0*180 830  40    0*183 831  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

13705 10/16*210 857  40    0*214 859  40    0*219 860  40    0*225 861  40    0
13705 10/16*184 831  40    0*185 831  40    0*187 830  40    0*190 828  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

13710 10/17*231 860  40    0*236 859  40    0*241 857  40    0*245 854  40    0
13710 10/17*192 825  40    0*194 823  45    0*197 820  50    0*199 816  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13715 10/18*248 851  40    0*251 847  40    0*254 844  40    0*257 841  40    0
13715 10/18*201 811  60    0*203 808  65    0*206 803  70    0*212 796  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13720 10/19*260 837  40    0*263 834  40    0*266 830  35    0*277 822  35    0
13720 10/19*218 789  70    0*225 782  60    0*233 777  55    0*253 772  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13725 10/20*299 807  40    0*323 787  40    0*343 765  40    0*358 742  40    0
13725 10/20*275 767  55    0*298 765  55    0*322 763  55    0*346 758  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13730 10/21*372 718  40    0*383 693  40    0*390 670  40    0*393 651  40    0
13730 10/21*372 744  50    0*388 719  45    0E397 690  40    0E401 663  40    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

13735 10/22*396 636  40    0*398 619  40    0*400 595  40    0*401 574  40    0
13735 10/22E399 640  40    0E398 619  40    0E400 595  40    0E401 574  40    0
           **** ***         *                *                *

13740 TS    
13740 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
993 mb (on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track which is consistent 
with analysis of a Category 1 landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  Changes made 
to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by 
Perez (2000).  Storm is thus upgraded to a hurricane and winds are 
increased accordingly from the 17th until the 21st.  The hurricane is known 
as "Ciclon de Tunas de Zaza" due to its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).

********************************************************************************

13745 10/23/1897 M= 9  5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13745 10/23/1897 M= 9  6 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***                        *

13750 10/23*  0   0   0    0*245 773  50    0*258 769  50    0*275 761  50    0
13755 10/24*291 755  50    0*306 750  50    0*321 745  50    0*335 740  50    0
13760 10/25*347 737  50    0*359 732  55    0*370 741  55    0*367 753  55    0
13760 10/25*347 735  50    0*359 732  55    0*370 741  55    0*367 753  55    0
                ***

13765 10/26*359 758  50    0*350 754  45    0*348 750  40    0*345 748  40    0
13765 10/26*359 758  50    0*350 754  45    0*347 751  40    0*345 748  40    0
                                              *** ***

13770 10/27*343 744  45    0*340 738  50    0*338 730  50    0*337 721  50    0
13775 10/28*337 712  50    0*336 702  50    0*336 692  50    0*340 681  50    0
13775 10/28*336 712  50    0*336 702  50    0*336 692  50    0*340 681  50    0
            ***

13780 10/29*348 668  50    0*355 657  50    0*365 647  50    0*372 639  50    0
13780 10/29*348 668  50    0*355 657  50    0E365 647  50    0E372 639  50    0
                                             *                *

13785 10/30*378 633  50    0*385 627  50    0*392 620  50    0*400 613  50    0
13785 10/30E378 633  50    0E385 627  50    0E392 620  50    0E400 613  50    0
           *                *                *                *

13790 10/31*409 606  50    0*418 598  50    0*426 590  50    0*436 574  50    0
13790 10/31E409 606  50    0E418 598  50    0E426 590  50    0E436 578  50    0
           *                *                *                *    ***

13795 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Slight
adjustments to track made on the 25th, 26th, 28th and 31st to allow for more 
realistic translational velocities.  Extratropical stage indicated for portion 
of track as it moved toward the northeast north of 36N in late October.  Full 
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis.

*******************************************************************************

1897 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 15, 1897:  Damage reports in Nicaragua leave it uncertain if 
   system was a tornado or tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

13800 08/02/1898 M= 2  1 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13800 08/02/1898 M= 2  1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13805 08/02*268 792  35    0*274 810  70    0*280 826  65    0*289 838  65    0
13805 08/02*268 792  35    0*274 810  30    0*280 826  35    0*289 838  55    0
                                      **               **               **

13810 08/03*298 849  65    0*306 861  60    0*315 872  35    0*320 882  25    0
13810 08/03*298 849  70    0*306 861  50    0*315 872  35    0*320 882  25    0
                     **               ** 

13815 HR
13815 HRAFL1
        ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.  Category 1
landfall status maintained in Northwest Florida, but available observational
data (i.e., the _Monthly Weather Review_ described it as a "feeble disturbance
near Jupiter" with maximum sustained winds of 32 kt from the east on Aug.
1st) suggests that the system was only a weak tropical storm at its 
first landfall in peninsular Florida.  

1898/01 - 2011 REVISION:

14465 08/02/1898 M= 2  1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
14470 08/02*268 792  35    0*274 810  30    0*280 826  35    0*289 838  55    0*
14475 08/03*298 849  70    0*306 861  50    0*315 872  35    0*320 882  25    0*
14480 HRAFL1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-8/2/1898     2300Z 29.7N  84.8W   70kt  1    ---   (985mb)   AFL1
1-8/2/1898     2300Z 29.7N  84.8W   70kt  1    ---   (982mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************


13820 08/30/1898 M= 3  2 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13820 08/30/1898 M= 3  2 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13825 08/30*  0   0   0    0*293 791  35    0*301 794  65    0*309 798  80    0
13825 08/30*  0   0   0    0*293 791  35    0*301 794  65    0*309 798  75    0
                                                                        **

13830 08/31*315 802  85    0*320 807  85    0*324 814  65  990*326 822  60    0
13830 08/31*315 802  75    0*320 807  75    0*324 814  60     *326 822  50    0
                     **               **               **  ***          **

13835 09/01*326 831  45    0*327 841  40    0*328 853  35    0*331 866  30    0
13840 HR
13840 HR GA1 SC1
         *** ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.  A
peripheral pressure (incorrectly listed as a central pressure in original
version of HURDAT) of 990 mb (at 09Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at 
least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen 
for best track.

********************************************************************************

13841 09/03/1898 M= 4  3 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13842 09/03*  0   0   0    0*408 421  70    0*420 410  70    0*429 398  70    0
13843 09/04*439 383  70    0*449 369  70    0*460 355  70    0*468 343  70    0
13844 09/05*477 328  70    0*486 314  70    0E495 300  60    0E507 280  50    0
13845 09/06E520 253  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13846 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  

********************************************************************************

13845 09/05/1898 M=16  3 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13845 09/05/1898 M=16  4 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

13850 09/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*112 269  35    0*114 290  35    0
13855 09/06*115 310  40    0*116 328  45    0*117 344  55    0*117 358  65    0
13860 09/07*117 372  70    0*118 385  75    0*119 399  80    0*119 414  80    0
13865 09/08*120 430  85    0*120 446  85    0*120 462  85    0*120 481  85    0
13865 09/08*120 430  85    0*120 446  85    0*120 462  85    0*120 477  85    0
                                                                   ***

13870 09/09*120 501  85    0*120 521  85    0*121 537  85    0*121 549  85    0
13870 09/09*120 491  85    0*120 503  85    0*120 515  85    0*120 526  85    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

13875 09/10*122 559  85    0*123 569  85    0*125 579  85    0*130 595  85    0
13875 09/10*121 541  85    0*122 556  85    0*123 570  85    0*123 580  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

13880 09/11*136 609  85    0*145 620  85    0*153 628  85    0*162 630  85    0
13880 09/11*125 589  95    0*127 598  95    0*130 607  95    0*136 615  95  965 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

13885 09/12*169 632  85    0*177 633  85    0*185 634  85    0*191 635  85    0
13885 09/12*145 622  95    0*157 628  95    0*170 633  95    0*183 635  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

13890 09/13*197 636  85    0*204 637  85    0*210 639  85    0*217 640  85    0
13890 09/13*197 636  95    0*204 637  95    0*210 639  95    0*217 640  95    0
                     **               **               **               **

13895 09/14*223 642  85    0*229 644  85    0*236 648  85    0*239 649  85    0
13895 09/14*223 642  90    0*229 644  85    0*236 648  85    0*239 649  85    0
                     **

13900 09/15*243 652  85    0*247 655  85    0*250 658  85    0*254 662  85    0
13905 09/16*258 666  85    0*262 671  85    0*266 675  85    0*272 679  85    0
13910 09/17*281 685  85    0*290 690  85    0*300 693  85    0*309 691  85    0
13915 09/18*319 687  85    0*330 680  85    0*340 672  85    0*352 659  85    0
13920 09/19*366 647  85    0*382 634  80    0*400 620  75    0*422 603  65    0
13925 09/20*451 583  55    0*485 563  45    0*520 541  40    0*  0   0   0    0
13925 09/20E451 583  55    0E485 563  45    0E520 541  40    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *

13930 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  A central pressure of 965mb (on 16Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Given the estimated 
motion of the hurricane and wind reports from St. Vincent, a RMW of 15 nmi is 
analyzed which is close to the climatological RMW for that central pressure 
and latitude (14 nmi, from Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus 95 kt is chosen for 
landfall in the Lesser Antilles.  Winds are altered from the 8th to the 14th
accordingly.

********************************************************************************


13935 09/12/1898 M=11  4 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13935 09/12/1898 M=11  5 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

13940 09/12*  0   0   0    0*129 791  50    0*132 795  50    0*135 797  50    0
13945 09/13*138 799  50    0*141 802  50    0*144 804  50    0*147 807  50    0
13950 09/14*149 809  50    0*152 812  50    0*154 815  50    0*156 818  50    0
13955 09/15*159 821  50    0*161 825  50    0*163 831  50    0*166 840  50    0
13960 09/16*169 851  50    0*172 863  50    0*176 875  50    0*180 887  50    0
13960 09/16*169 851  50    0*172 863  50    0*176 875  50    0*180 887  40    0
                                                                        **

13965 09/17*185 900  45    0*191 913  40    0*199 924  40    0*208 932  45    0
13965 09/17*185 900  35    0*191 913  40    0*199 924  40    0*208 932  45    0
                     **

13970 09/18*217 936  45    0*225 938  50    0*234 939  50    0*243 939  50    0
13975 09/19*252 939  50    0*260 938  50    0*269 937  50    0*277 935  50    0
13980 09/20*284 933  50    0*291 930  50    0*298 928  50    0*305 925  45    0
13980 09/20*284 933  50    0*291 930  50    0*298 928  45    0*305 925  40    0
                                                       **               **

13985 09/21*313 923  40    0*320 920  35    0*327 917  35    0*339 913  35    0
13985 09/21*313 923  35    0*320 920  35    0*327 917  30    0*339 913  30    0
                     **                                **               **

13990 09/22*358 910  35    0*380 905  35    0*399 900  35    0*  0   0   0    0
13990 09/22*358 910  30    0*380 905  25    0*399 900  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **               **

13995 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central 
America and the Southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************

14055 09/20/1898 M= 9  6 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14055 09/20/1898 M= 9  6 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

14060 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*110 798  50    0*121 806  50    0
14065 09/21*131 813  50    0*140 820  50    0*148 826  50    0*154 831  50    0
14070 09/22*161 835  50    0*167 840  50    0*173 845  50    0*180 851  50    0
14075 09/23*187 857  50    0*194 863  50    0*200 869  50    0*205 875  50    0
14075 09/23*187 857  50    0*194 863  50    0*200 869  50    0*205 875  40    0
                                                                        **

14080 09/24*210 881  45    0*214 886  40    0*218 892  40    0*222 897  40    0
14080 09/24*210 881  35    0*214 886  35    0*218 892  40    0*222 897  40    0
                     **               **

14085 09/25*225 902  45    0*229 907  50    0*233 912  50    0*237 918  50    0
14090 09/26*241 924  50    0*245 931  50    0*250 937  50    0*255 942  50    0
14095 09/27*261 945  50    0*267 947  50    0*273 948  50    0*279 949  50    0
14100 09/28*286 948  45    0*293 947  40    0*300 945  35    0*309 944  30    0
14100 09/28*286 948  50    0*293 947  50    0*300 945  40    0*309 944  30    0
                     **               **               **

14105 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America and the 
Texas.  50 kt sustained winds maintained until landfall in Texas, rather
than weakening indicated in original HURDAT before reaching the coast.

********************************************************************************

14110 09/25/1898 M=12  7 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
14110 09/25/1898 M=12  7 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                        *

14115 09/25*162 583  35    0*166 587  40    0*171 592  40    0*175 598  45    0
14115 09/25*162 583  35    0*166 587  40    0*171 592  40    0*177 598  45    0
                                                               ***

14120 09/26*179 605  50    0*183 611  60    0*187 617  65    0*191 623  70    0
14120 09/26*184 608  50    0*191 617  60    0*197 625  65    0*205 634  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14125 09/27*194 630  80    0*197 636  85    0*201 642  90    0*205 648  95    0
14125 09/27*213 643  65    0*219 651  70    0*225 660  75    0*232 670  80  977 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14130 09/28*210 654  95    0*216 661  95    0*222 667  95    0*228 673  95    0
14130 09/28*237 678  85    0*244 689  90    0*250 700  95    0*254 706  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14135 09/29*234 679  95    0*241 684  95    0*247 690  95    0*254 696  95    0
14135 09/29*258 712  95    0*262 719  95    0*265 725  95    0*268 730  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14140 09/30*260 703  95    0*267 710  95    0*273 717  95    0*278 724  95    0
14140 09/30*271 735  95    0*272 739  95    0*275 745  95    0*279 752  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14145 10/01*283 732  95    0*287 741  95    0*292 751  95    0*297 763  95    0
14145 10/01*283 759  95    0*287 766 100    0*290 773 105    0*293 780 110    0
                ***              *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14150 10/02*302 779  90    0*307 794  90    0*312 808  85    0*317 820  75    0
14150 10/02*296 787 115    0*299 796 115    0*304 806 115  938*311 818  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **

14155 10/03*323 831  65    0*329 842  60    0*335 852  55    0*343 861  50    0
14155 10/03*319 831  65    0*327 842  45    0*335 852  35    0*343 861  30    0
            ***              ***      **               **               **

14160 10/04*352 869  45    0*364 875  40    0*376 879  40    0*391 876  35    0
14160 10/04*352 869  30    0*364 875  30    0*376 879  30    0*391 876  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

14165 10/05*410 862  35    0*429 838  30    0*445 808  30    0*456 770  30    0
14165 10/05*410 862  25    0*429 838  25    0*445 808  25    0*456 770  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

14170 10/06*464 720  25    0*468 658  25    0*470 588  25    0*480 528  25    0
14175 HR    
14175 HR GA4DFL2
         *******

The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), was to incorporate the 
findings of Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
A central pressure of 977 mb (on 18Z on the 27th) suggests winds of 81 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in the best track.  
Winds adjusted on the 26th to the 28th accordingly.  Sandrik and Jarvinen 
(1999) analyzed a 938 mb central pressure at landfall based upon SLOSH runs 
with observed storm surge values (16' maximum at Brunswick, Georgia) and an 
estimated RMW of 18 n.mi.  938 mb central pressure suggests winds of 112 kt 
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  A slightly higher value - 
115 kt - is chosen at landfall because of the slightly smaller RMW than 
would be expected climatologically (Vickery et al. 2000).  Inland winds 
adjusted downward based upon inland decay model and analysis of observations 
from Sandrik (1998).

********************************************************************************

14000 09/20/1898 M= 9  5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

14005 09/20*  0   0   0    0*155 593  50    0*157 600  50    0*160 607  50    0
14010 09/21*164 614  50    0*167 620  50    0*170 627  50    0*173 633  50    0
14015 09/22*175 639  50    0*178 645  45    0*181 651  40    0*185 659  40    0
14020 09/23*189 669  40    0*193 678  45    0*197 686  50    0*200 692  50    0
14025 09/24*203 698  50    0*207 704  50    0*210 710  50    0*214 716  50    0
(20th through the 24th are omitted.  Storm started on the 25th.)

14030 09/25*217 722  50    0*221 728  50    0*225 734  50    0*229 740  50    0
14030 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14035 09/26*234 747  50    0*239 754  50    0*244 760  50    0*250 765  50    0
14035 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14040 09/27*256 768  50    0*262 770  50    0*268 770  50    0*273 768  45    0
14040 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14045 09/28*277 764  45    0*281 758  40    0*285 750  35    0*289 740  30    0
14045 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  **

14050 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track altered 
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1898/08 - 2003 REVISION: 

14000 09/20/1898 M= 9  5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

14005 09/20*  0   0   0    0*155 593  50    0*157 600  50    0*160 607  50    0
14010 09/21*164 614  50    0*167 620  50    0*170 627  50    0*173 633  50    0
14015 09/22*175 639  50    0*178 645  45    0*181 651  40    0*185 659  40    0
14020 09/23*189 669  40    0*193 678  45    0*197 686  50    0*200 692  50    0
14025 09/24*203 698  50    0*207 704  50    0*210 710  50    0*214 716  50    0
(20th through the 24th are omitted.  Storm started on the 25th.)

14030 09/25*217 722  50    0*221 728  50    0*225 734  50    0*229 740  50    0
14030 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14035 09/26*234 747  50    0*239 754  50    0*244 760  50    0*250 765  50    0
14035 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14040 09/27*256 768  50    0*262 770  50    0*268 770  50    0*273 768  45    0
14040 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14045 09/28*277 764  45    0*281 758  40    0*285 750  35    0*289 740  30    0
14045 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  **

14050 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track altered 
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.


1898/08 - 2004 REVISION:

14830 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14830 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                                                    *

14835 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
14835 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 845  30    0
                                                               *** ***  **

14840 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
14840 09/26*210 840  30    0*217 833  30    0*225 825  30 1008*235 813  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

14845 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
14845 09/27*245 800  35    0*255 790  40    0*265 780  45    0*270 772  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

14850 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
14850 09/28*275 764  45    0*280 757  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***            

14855 TS


U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
8-9/26/1898    0600Z  25.1   80.8    40     FL
(Removed from listing)


The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested that additional
research be done into this tropical storm and storm 1898/8:

   "1898, Storms #7 and #8: While the series of events that Chris
    has gone with matches what was originally stated in the Monthly
    Weather Review, the meteorology of this situation troubles me.
    Storm #8 is moving northeastward on the northwest side of storm
    #7 - a developing major hurricane - and by 28 September the
    two systems are only 400-500 n mi apart. Would a northeastward
    motion for storm #8 be reasonable under those conditions? Chris
    needs to give this situation a closer look."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the 
COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system's track and 
intensity record has been substantially altered. However, that there was 
a tropical cyclone that moved generally to the northeast in advance of 
an intensifying hurricane was confirmed.  The 
relevant ship and station data are included in the attached spreadsheet.

Ship data on the 25th and early on the 26th indicated a disturbance becoming
organized in the south central Gulf of Mexico/northwestern Caribbean
Sea.  A weak vortex moved across western Cuba on the 26th accompanied by
winds of less than gale force.  (The 1008 mb pressure minimum recorded
in Havana may have been a central pressure measurement, which suggests
winds of 28 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  30 kt 
utilized at 12 UTC on the 26th.)  Tampa's pressure readings reached a 
minimum of 1011 mb at 1930 UTC on the 26th, indicating a closest point of 
approach near that time.  While no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were recorded at any time for this system, the combination of coastal and
ship observations do confirm that a closed circulation existed and that
it moved off to the northeast (just off of the southeast coast of Florida)
on the 27th and 28th with a gradual decrease in forward speed.  The track 
was adjusted for the lifetime of the system.  The intensity was reduced to a 
tropical depression during its trek across Cuba and ramped back up to the 
original tropical storm intensity thereafter.  It is possible, however, that 
this system never achieved tropical storm status, as no COADS or station
data provide any direct evidence of tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

14251 10/21/1898 M= 3 10 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14252 10/21*185 858  35    0*190 856  35    0*195 853  35    0*200 850  35    0
14253 10/22*206 847  40    0*211 843  40    0*218 837  40    0*226 828  40    0
14254 10/23*235 816  35    0*242 804  40    0E250 790  35    0E263 769  35    0
14255 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************


14255 10/27/1898 M= 9  9 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 11 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       *** 

14260 10/27*  0   0   0    0*179 612  50    0*177 626  50    0*176 637  50    0
14265 10/28*175 648  50    0*174 659  50    0*174 670  50    0*174 681  50    0
14270 10/29*174 692  50    0*174 703  50    0*174 713  50    0*174 723  50    0
14275 10/30*174 732  50    0*174 741  50    0*174 749  50    0*174 757  50    0
14280 10/31*174 766  50    0*174 774  50    0*174 782  50    0*174 791  50    0
14285 11/01*175 800  50    0*176 808  50    0*177 817  50    0*177 824  50    0
14290 11/02*177 830  50    0*178 836  50    0*178 843  50    0*179 851  50    0
14295 11/03*180 859  50    0*180 868  50    0*181 878  50    0*181 889  45    0
14295 11/03*180 859  50    0*180 868  50    0*181 878  40    0*181 889  35    0 
                                                       **               **

14300 11/04*182 901  40    0*182 913  30    0*182 927  25    0*183 938  20    0
14300 11/04*182 901  30    0*182 913  30    0*182 927  25    0*183 938  20    0
                     **              

14305 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Partagas
and Diaz did indicate substantial doubt that the storm did in fact exist
(since their only documentation of this system comes from Mitchell 
[1924], which offers no details on the storm).  However, observations
from Rivas, Nicaragua (11.4N, 85.8W) from the December 1898 _Monthly Weather
Review_ do indicate a closed circulation to the north at the time that
this tropical storm would have been by passing that location.  Thus this 
tropical storm will be kept in the HURDAT database.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America.  Full
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about
its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

1898 - Additional Notes - 2004 ADDITION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee identified a possible new tropical
storm to add into HURDAT for 1898:

   "1898 - note possible additional system.  Significant rainfall 
    in Jamaica found in MWR. No wind data, but a pressure is given 
    of 28.66. (May 23-27)."

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review and from
the COADS ship database, this system - while producing huge amounts of
rainfall in Jamaica and some reports of gusty winds - did not have a 
closed circulation and thus was not a tropical cyclone.  (The "28.66"
report was actually the rainfall, not pressure, that occurred in one
day at Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica on the 25th.)


Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) September 9-11, 1898:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 5-7, 1898:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
******************************************************************************* 

14306 06/26/1899 M= 2  1 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14307 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 930  35    0*278 936  35    0
14308 06/27*282 942  35    0*288 948  35    0*295 955  30    0*303 962  25    0
14309 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  It is noted, however, that the evidence that this was
a tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity was not completely
conclusive, as no reports of gale force winds (or pressure/damage
equivalent) were obtained.

********************************************************************************

14310 07/31/1899 M= 3  1 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14310 07/28/1899 M= 6  2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        *

(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT.)
14311 07/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 695  70    0*183 708  70    0
14312 07/29*196 723  50    0*205 739  40    0*213 755  40    0*220 768  40    0
14313 07/30*229 781  40    0*241 796  40    0*251 808  35    0*258 817  35    0

14315 07/31*  0   0   0    0*262 846  60    0*270 850  65    0*277 853  70    0
14315 07/31*263 823  45    0*269 830  55    0*275 835  65    0*279 838  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

14320 08/01*285 852  70    0*290 850  70    0*297 846  65    0*301 844  55    0
14320 08/01*283 841  85    0*288 843  85    0*293 845  85    0*298 848  85  979 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14325 08/02*305 843  45    0*308 841  40    0*311 839  35    0*313 837  30    0
14325 08/02*304 852  60    0*310 856  45    0*315 860  35    0*323 865  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14330 HR
14330 HRAFL2
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Hurricane status is 
indicated at landfall in the Dominican Republic based upon description of 
damages in Partagas and Diaz (1996b).  A central pressure of 979 mb (on the 
1st from Barnes 1998a) suggests winds of 78 kt - 85 kt chosen for best track 
because of analysis described in Partagas and Diaz (1996b) that the hurricane 
had a smaller than usual size.  (For a given central pressure, a hurricane
with a smaller radius of maximum winds will have stronger winds than a
larger RMW hurricane.)  Assessment as Category 2 at landfall in 
Florida is an upgrade from tropical storm at landfall status indicated in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, 
due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

1899/02 - 2011 REVISION:

15025 07/28/1899 M= 6  2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
15030 07/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 695  70    0*183 708  70    0*
15035 07/29*196 723  50    0*205 739  40    0*213 755  40    0*220 768  40    0*
15040 07/30*229 781  40    0*241 796  40    0*251 808  35    0*258 817  35    0*
15045 07/31*263 823  45    0*269 830  55    0*275 835  65    0*279 838  75    0*
15050 08/01*283 841  85    0*288 843  85    0*293 845  85    0*298 848  85  979*
15055 08/02*304 852  60    0*310 856  45    0*315 860  35    0*323 865  30    0*
15060 HRAFL2  

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-8/1/1899     1700Z 29.7N  84.7W   85kt  2    ---    979mb    AFL2
2-8/1/1899     1700Z 29.7N  84.7W   85kt  2    10nm   979mb    AFL2
                                               **

A central pressure of 979 mb was recorded at landfall in northwest Florida
around 17Z on the 1st, which suggests winds of 78 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  This pressure suggests winds of 74 kt
from the new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt
if the cyclone was deepening.  (Given the lack of inner core observations 
before the 979 mb central pressure measurement, it is uncertain which relationship 
is most appropriate.)  The system had a very small size (140 nmi radius of outer 
close isobar and ~10 nm RMW), the latter of which is substantially smaller than 
climatology (23 nm - Vickery et al. 2000) for this central pressure and latitude.  
A reasonable analog to this system was Hurricane Paula of 2010.  Given the 
combination of a very small size with the assumption of an intensifying cyclone 
tempered somewhat by a slow translational velocity (5 kt), an intensity at 
landfall of 85 kt is analyzed.  This is unchanged and thus retains the Category 2 
from the 2003 reanalysis.

********************************************************************************

14335 08/03/1899 M=22  2 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
14335 08/03/1899 M=33  3 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **  *       ***             
                       
14340 08/03*118 330  35    0*120 347  35    0*121 360  35    0*123 373  35    0
14340 08/03*117 310  35    0*118 324  45    0*120 340  50    0*122 357  55  995 
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14345 08/04*125 385  35    0*128 399  40    0*130 412  45    0*132 426  50    0 
14345 08/04*124 374  60    0*126 388  60    0*127 403  60    0*130 420  60    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14350 08/05*135 440  50    0*137 455  55    0*140 470  60    0*143 487  65    0
14350 08/05*135 440  60    0*137 455  60    0*140 470  60    0*143 487  65    0
                     **               **    

14355 08/06*146 506  70    0*148 524  75    0*151 542  80    0*154 558  80    0
14355 08/06*146 506  70    0*148 524  75    0*151 542  80    0*154 558  90    0
                                                                        **

14360 08/07*157 574  85    0*159 590  85    0*162 605  90    0*165 620  90    0
14360 08/07*157 574 100    0*159 590 110    0*162 605 120    0*165 620 130  930
                    ***              ***              ***              ***  ***

14365 08/08*169 634  90    0*174 647  95    0*178 658 100  940*183 668 100    0
14365 08/08*169 634 130    0*174 648 125    0*180 662 120  940*186 673 105    0
                    ***          *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14370 08/09*187 678 100    0*192 687 100    0*196 697 100    0*199 707 105    0
14370 08/09*189 681 105    0*193 689 105    0*197 698 105    0*201 706 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  

14375 08/10*202 716 105    0*205 726 105    0*208 735 105    0*211 744 105    0
14375 08/10*204 714 105    0*207 722 105    0*210 730 105    0*214 737 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14380 08/11*214 751 105    0*218 758 105    0*222 764 105    0*229 772 105    0
14380 08/11*220 745 105    0*225 753 105    0*230 760 105    0*234 765 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14385 08/12*235 779 105    0*243 784 105    0*250 789 105    0*255 791 105    0
14385 08/12*238 770 105    0*242 774 105    0*245 777 105    0*251 780 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14390 08/13*260 793 105    0*265 795 105    0*270 796 105    0*276 798 105    0
14390 08/13*256 782 105    0*262 784 105    0*270 786 105    0*276 788 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

14395 08/14*283 800 105    0*290 800 105    0*297 800 105    0*303 798 105    0
14395 08/14*283 790 105    0*290 791 105    0*297 790 105    0*303 789 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

14400 08/15*308 796 105    0*314 793 105    0*319 789 105    0*322 784 105    0
14400 08/15*309 787 105    0*313 784 105    0*317 780 105    0*322 775 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14405 08/16*325 778 105    0*328 774 105    0*330 770 105    0*338 762 105    0
14405 08/16*326 769 105    0*328 762 105    0*330 755 105    0*333 750 105    0
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** *** 

14410 08/17*341 758 105    0*345 755 100    0*349 755  95    0*352 758  90  968
14410 08/17*337 746 105    0*341 744 105    0*345 745 105    0*348 750 105    0 
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

14415 08/18*355 761  85  969*359 761  80    0*363 757  80    0*366 751  75    0
14415 08/18*351 757 105    0*357 760  90    0*363 757  80    0*364 755  75    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **                       *** ***

14420 08/19*370 744  75    0*374 737  70    0*378 730  70    0*381 723  65    0
14420 08/19*364 753  75    0*364 750  70    0*365 747  70    0*370 740  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14425 08/20*385 715  65    0*388 703  65    0*390 688  60    0E391 671  60    0
14425 08/20*377 729  70    0*383 719  70    0*388 707  70    0*393 690  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

14430 08/21E392 653  55    0E391 636  55    0E390 621  55    0E389 606  50    0
14430 08/21*394 673  70    0*395 654  70    0*397 635  70    0*395 613  65    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

14435 08/22E387 591  50    0E384 575  50    0E380 557  50    0E376 538  50    0
14435 08/22E393 589  60    0E391 565  55    0E387 543  50    0E383 529  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

14440 08/23E372 518  50    0E369 500  45    0E365 483  45    0E362 468  45    0
14440 08/23E379 520  50    0E373 509  45    0E367 500  45    0E360 490  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14445 08/24E359 455  45    0E357 440  40    0E357 425  40    0*  0   0   0    0
14445 08/24E354 482  45    0E347 472  40    0E343 460  40    0E342 450  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(25th through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
14446 08/25E343 441  40    0E346 433  40    0E353 430  40    0E356 430  40    0
14447 08/26*360 432  40    0*363 433  40    0*365 435  40    0*368 437  40    0
14448 08/27*372 440  40    0*375 442  40    0*377 445  40    0*382 447  40    0
14449 08/28*387 449  40    0*394 450  40    0*400 450  40    0*403 447  40    0
14450 08/29*406 441  40    0*406 435  40    0*405 430  40    0*405 427  40    0
14451 08/30*405 423  40    0*405 419  40    0*403 415  40    0*402 412  40    0
14452 08/31*401 409  40    0*400 405  40    0*400 400  40    0*399 393  40    0
14453 09/01*399 387  40    0*399 379  40    0*400 370  40    0*399 357  40    0
14454 09/02*397 347  45    0*395 333  50    0*390 320  55    0*383 311  60    0
14455 09/03*379 305  65    0*375 296  70    0*373 287  70    0*378 275  65    0
14456 09/04E390 255  60    0E415 225  55    0E450 185  50    0E490 155  45    0

14450 HR NC3

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) are to extend the track 
through the 4th as an extratropical storm based upon available ship 
observations and to reposition the hurricane slightly more offshore Florida 
to account for relatively weak winds along the coast despite having a strong 
hurricane offshore.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable though
large alterations to the track that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 2.  Central pressure of 995 mb (18Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of
56 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 55 kt utilized in best 
track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 3rd to the 5th.  A central 
pressure of 930 mb (on the 7th) suggests winds of 128 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt utilized in best track.  Winds are 
adjusted accordingly on the 6th to the 8th.  A central pressure of 940 mb 
(around 12Z on the 8th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt used in best track.  This agrees with the 
assessment of Boose et al. (2003) in their wind-caused damage estimates of 
extensive Fujita-scale F3 damage from this hurricane.  The 968 and 969 mb 
central pressures originally listed in HURDAT are determined to be peripheral 
pressures (though they do suggest winds of at least 83 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship) - 105 kt retained in best track up to landfall in 
North Carolina.  Landfall as a Category 3 (~105 kt) supported by peripheral 
pressure and wind reports along with extensive wind and surge damage reported 
in Barnes (1998b).  Assessment as Category 3 retains that indicated in the
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999).  
Peripheral pressure of 983 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 
70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized in best 
track.  The hurricane is known as "San Ciriaco" for its impact in Puerto 
Rico.

********************************************************************************

14455 08/29/1899 M=11  3 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14455 08/29/1899 M=11  4 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14460 08/29*  0   0   0    0*150 582  60    0*150 585  60    0*150 598  60    0
14460 08/29*  0   0   0    0*168 573  60    0*168 585  60    0*168 597  60    0
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***   

14465 08/30*150 611  65    0*151 624  70    0*153 637  70    0*156 654  70    0
14465 08/30*168 608  65    0*168 619  70    0*167 630  70    0*166 641  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

14470 08/31*159 671  70    0*164 688  70    0*169 704  70    0*172 712  70    0
14470 08/31*166 654  70    0*166 667  70    0*165 680  70    0*166 690  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***   

14475 09/01*177 720  70    0*182 726  70    0*189 731  70    0*195 733  70    0
14475 09/01*167 700  70    0*170 710  70    0*175 720  70    0*185 722  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14480 09/02*202 735  70    0*209 735  75    0*216 734  80    0*225 731  85    0
14480 09/02*192 721  40    0*200 719  50    0*207 717  55    0*217 712  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14485 09/03*233 728  90    0*242 724  90    0*250 720  95    0*264 712 100    0
14485 09/03*226 708  65    0*236 703  75    0*245 700  85    0*257 693  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

14490 09/04*278 703 105    0*291 693 105    0*304 683 105    0*315 671 105    0
14490 09/04*270 687  90    0*282 681  90    0*295 675  85    0*316 660  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14495 09/05*327 657 105    0*339 640 100    0E350 623  95    0E359 604  90    0
14495 09/05*333 639  75    0*345 617  65    0E355 595  60    0E361 583  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

14500 09/06E366 583  90    0E372 562  85    0E380 544  85    0E389 530  85    0
14500 09/06E366 571  60    0E372 558  60    0E380 544  60    0E389 530  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **               **

14505 09/07E398 517  75    0E408 507  70    0E418 498  60    0E429 490  55    0
14505 09/07E398 517  60    0E408 507  60    0E418 498  60    0E429 490  55    0
                     **               **

14510 09/08E441 482  50    0E454 476  45    0E467 471  40    0E481 470  40    0
14515 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and moderate changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Available observations
of gale force or greater winds (or equivalent in sea level pressure) are as
follows:  60 kt S at 12 UTC on Aug. 31 from a ship at 15.5N, 67W;  45 kt SW
on Aug. 31 at San Juan;  50 kt SE at 12 UTC on Sep. 3 from a ship at 25N,
67.5W;  70 kt on Sep. 3 from the ship "Kilpatrick" at 25N, 68.6W;  40 kt NE 
at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 from a ship at 30N, 69W;  50 kt SSE at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 
from a ship at 30N, 63.7W;  "winds of hurricane force blew over Bermuda in a 
12 hours storm" on Sep. 4.  Winds unchanged along track through Caribbean as 
available observations from ships and coastal stations are consistent with a 
strong tropical storm/weak hurricane.  Winds reduced while storm transited
over Hispanola from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, modified
to account for mountainous terrain.  Peak winds reduced from Category 3 
(105 kt) to Category 2 (90 kt), since data from ship reports and observations
in Bermuda supports a weaker hurricane.  Winds reduced accordingly from the 
3rd to the 7th.

********************************************************************************

14520 09/03/1899 M=13  4 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14520 09/03/1899 M=13  5 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14525 09/03*132 384  35    0*132 402  35    0*134 420  35    0*138 440  35    0
14530 09/04*142 458  35    0*145 473  35    0*147 483  40    0*149 490  45    0
14535 09/05*150 497  50    0*151 504  55    0*153 511  60    0*155 519  65    0
14540 09/06*158 527  70    0*160 534  70    0*162 542  70    0*164 549  70    0
14545 09/07*165 554  70    0*166 560  75    0*168 568  80    0*170 577  85    0
14550 09/08*173 587  85    0*177 596  90    0*180 606  95    0*183 615 100    0
14550 09/08*172 586  85    0*173 595  90    0*175 605  95    0*180 617 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14555 09/09*187 625 100    0*192 634 105    0*198 643 105    0*206 654 105    0
14555 09/09*184 626 100    0*189 636 105    0*195 645 105    0*200 657 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14560 09/10*216 667 105    0*225 680 105    0*234 691 105    0*243 698 105    0
14560 09/10*205 668 105    0*211 677 105    0*217 687 105    0*225 694 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14565 09/11*251 701 105    0*260 701 105    0*268 699 100    0*277 694 100    0
14565 09/11*232 696 105    0*242 698 105    0*250 700 105    0*259 698 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14570 09/12*285 688  95    0*294 680  90    0*302 672  90    0*309 663  85    0
14570 09/12*269 696 105    0*278 690 105    0*287 683 105    0*298 673 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14575 09/13*315 654  85    0*323 643  85    0*333 632  85    0*348 619  85    0
14575 09/13*310 660 105    0*322 646 105  939*335 632 105    0*349 619 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** ***     ***      ***     ***

14580 09/14*364 604  80    0*381 589  80    0*398 575  70    0*414 563  65    0
14580 09/14*365 605  95    0*385 588  90    0*405 570  85    0*431 551  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
            
14585 09/15*431 552  55    0E447 541  50    0E464 532  45    0E484 522  40    0
14585 09/15*458 535  75    0E489 525  60    0E520 525  50    0E550 530  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

14590 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  A central pressure of 939 mb (07Z on the 13th) suggests winds of 
111 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Wind reports from 
Bermuda allow an estimation of 30 nmi for the RMW, which is larger than usual 
(~21 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.  2000).  Thus
105 kt chosen for best track during track near Bermuda and winds are adjusted 
accordingly from the 11th to the 13th.  Winds increased on the 14th and 15th 
based upon ship observations and damage reports in Canada.  Extratropical 
transition delayed, as per Partagas and Diaz' suggestion, until after landfall
in Canada.

********************************************************************************


14595 10/02/1899 M= 7  5 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14595 10/02/1899 M= 7  6 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14600 10/02*  0   0   0    0*200 841  35    0*205 847  35    0*211 852  35    0
14600 10/02*  0   0   0    0*200 841  35    0*205 847  35    0*211 851  40    0
                                                                   ***  **

14605 10/03*217 856  35    0*223 860  35    0*230 862  35    0*238 863  35    0
14605 10/03*218 855  40    0*227 860  40    0*237 865  45    0*245 868  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14610 10/04*246 863  35    0*254 862  40    0*262 860  40    0*268 857  35    0
14610 10/04*255 871  50    0*265 872  50    0*273 870  50    0*278 860  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14615 10/05*273 852  35    0*280 843  40    0*290 830  40    0*305 812  40    0
14615 10/05*278 848  50    0*278 835  50    0*280 825  40    0*293 811  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

14620 10/06*322 792  40    0*339 769  40    0E357 745  35    0E374 720  35    0
14620 10/06*309 796  40    0E324 783  40    0E344 763  35    0E371 727  35    0
            *** ***         **** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

14625 10/07E391 695  35    0E408 669  35    0E426 642  35    0E445 614  35    0
14625 10/07E403 688  35    0E436 648  35    0E463 613  35    0E493 575  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14630 10/08E468 585  35    0E492 556  35    0E518 525  35    0E543 502  35    0
14630 10/08E522 537  35    0E550 499  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **

14635 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  Winds increased slightly based upon ship reports and land stations 
for the 2nd to the 5th.

********************************************************************************

14636 10/10/1899 M= 5  7 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14637 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*100 350  40    0*107 357  40    0
14638 10/11*113 363  40    0*119 369  40    0*125 375  40    0*132 382  40    0
14639 10/12*138 388  40    0*144 394  40    0*150 400  40    0*157 405  40    0
14640 10/13*163 410  40    0*169 414  40    0*175 418  40    0*183 423  40    0
14641 10/14*193 427  40    0*204 431  40    0*215 435  40    0*  0   0   0    0
14642 TS

Evidence provided in the "Special statement" section of Partagas and Diaz
(1996b) suggests strongly that a tropical storm existed in the eastern
Atlantic from at least the 10th through the 14th of October.  Thus a best
track was created for this newly documented tropical storm.  Based upon
two ships showing gale force winds on the 10th and 14th, respectively,
12Z positions of 12.5N 37.5W (10th) and 21.5N 43.5W (14th) were
estimated.  A smooth track was created based upon these two positions.
Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of 
information about its genesis and decay stages.

********************************************************************************

1899/08 - 2011 ADDITION:

22826 10/15/1899 M= 4  8 SNBR= 511 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22828 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 775  30    0*260 763  30    0
22828 10/16*266 752  35    0*273 742  35    0*280 735  40    0*288 735  40    0
22828 10/17*297 743  40    0*306 753  40    0*315 760  35    0*325 762  35    0
22828 10/18*335 757  30    0*345 750  30    0*355 740  25    0*365 725  25    0
22828 TS  

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS 
ship database.  

October 6: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 48W.  Available observations suggest a 
separate low pressure system was near 17N 58W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 59W.  
Available observations agree on that location for the center.  
Ship highlights: 20kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at 21N, 62W at 12Z (HWM). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 63W.  
Available observations suggest that the center of the system is at 20.5N 62.5W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 70W with a 
cold front approaching from the northwest. Available observations suggest that 
the center of the low was near 24N 66W.  Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures.  
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 67W with a 
cold front extending east and south of the center of the low.  
Available observations suggest that the front does not exist and that the 
center of the low is near 25.5N 68W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 11: HWM indicates two closed lows of at most 1012mb near 21N, 70W and of 
at most 1010 mb near 26N 62W.  Available observations indicate that the former 
low is near 23N 70W and that the latter low may not actually exist. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 73W.  
Available observations suggest that the low center may be near 20N 72W, but it is 
not certain that a closed low exists on this date.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5mb near 14N, 74.5W.  
Available observations do not support providing a closed low on this date, 
though a well pronounced trough does exist around 72W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 77W.  
Available observations do no support providing a closed low on this date, though 
a well pronounced trough exists around 76W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 15: HWM indicates a trough near 15-25N, 80W.  Available observations suggest 
a closed low exists near 25.5N 77.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 27N, 72W.  
Available observations indicate that the center of the low is at 28N 73W.  
Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1013mb at 30N, 74.5W at 12Z (HWM); 
35 kt ENE with a pressure of 1016mb at 31N 76W (HWM). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 76W.  
Available observations suggest that the center of the low is at 31.5N 75W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 18: HWM indicates a low near 33N, 73W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity.  
Available observations suggest that the center of the low is at 35.5N 72.5W.  
Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Analysis of the ship and station observations indicate that a weak, 
non-baroclinic area of low pressure moved slowly toward the east-northeast 
north of the Lesser Antilles from the 6th to the 10th.  On the 11th, this 
system apparently turned toward the southwest and may have dissipated over or 
near Hispanola on the 12th.  There are no reports of gale force winds in 
association with this system on any of those dates.  On the 13th and 14th, a 
closed circulation does not appear to be in existence, though a well-defined 
trough was still present over the central Caribbean Sea and the Greater 
Antilles.  On the 15th, a center formed in the northern Bahamas along the north 
side of the trough axis and genesis is indicated at 12Z on the 15th.  On the 16th, 
the system moved toward the northeast and intensified, as two separate ships observed 
gale force winds at 12Z.  These are roughly 100 and 175 nm from the center at that time.  
Peak intensity is indicated to be about 40 kt late on the 16th and early on the 17th.  
The temperature gradient across the center on the 16th and 17th appears to be minimal 
~2 F.  The structure of the system appears to have had a large radius of maximum winds 
and might have today been classified as a subtropical storm, instead of a tropical storm.  
Late on the 17th and early on the 18th, the cyclone appears to have weakened as it 
continued off toward the north just east of the Carolinas.  Dissipation of the cyclone 
is analyzed to have occurred late on the 18th, but without transformation into an 
extratropical cyclone.  (The area of low pressure from the 6th to the 12th is not 
considered to be directly part of the lifecycle of the tropical storm.  Instead, the 
system from the 6th to the 12th is considered a separate tropical cyclone [of tropical 
depression intensity] and is included in the 1899 Additional Notes section.)

********************************************************************************

14640 10/23/1899 M=13  6 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
14640 10/26/1899 M=10  9 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **        **  *       ***                        *

14645 10/23*  0   0   0    0*117 803  50    0*120 804  50    0*123 805  50    0
14650 10/24*125 806  55    0*128 807  60    0*130 808  65    0*133 809  70    0
14655 10/25*135 810  70    0*138 810  65    0*140 811  65    0*142 811  70    0
(The 23rd through the 25th are deleted from the revised HURDAT.)

14660 10/26*145 812  70    0*148 813  70    0*152 813  70    0*157 814  70    0
14660 10/26*162 788  35    0*166 789  35    0*170 790  35    0*174 791  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14665 10/27*163 816  70    0*169 817  70    0*175 818  70    0*181 818  70    0
14665 10/27*178 792  40    0*182 793  40    0*185 794  45    0*188 795  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14670 10/28*187 817  70    0*193 814  70    0*199 811  70    0*205 807  70    0
14670 10/28*191 796  55    0*194 797  60    0*200 798  65    0*206 797  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

14675 10/29*213 803  70    0*221 798  70    0*229 794  70    0*243 789  70    0
14675 10/29*213 796  70    0*221 795  70    0*229 794  60    0*239 790  65    0
                ***              ***                   **      *** ***  

14680 10/30*255 786  75    0*267 783  80    0*280 780  85    0*293 780  85    0
14680 10/30*255 786  75    0*267 783  85    0*280 780  95    0*293 783  95    0
                                      **               **          ***  **

14685 10/31*305 783  85    0*319 788  85    0*332 789  80    0*350 784  70    0
14685 10/31*310 786  95    0*327 789  95    0*345 790  75    0*362 783  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14690 11/01E375 773  55    0E401 758  50    0E422 739  45    0E438 717  45    0
14690 11/01E381 771  50    0E401 758  50    0E422 739  45    0E438 717  45    0
            *** ***  **

14695 11/02E453 689  40    0E466 654  40    0E476 612  40    0E484 559  40    0
14700 11/03E489 497  45    0E495 435  50    0E503 380  50    0E513 332  50    0
14705 11/04E524 285  45    0E536 242  40    0E550 202  40    0E578 175  40    0
14710 HR SC1 NC1 
14710 HR SC2 NC2 
         *** ***

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 6.  After reconsideration of the available 
observations, it was analyzed that the system did begin on the 26th, but
likely south of Jamaica instead of east.  Track is adjusted accordingly on
the 26th through the 28th.  With deletion of the 23rd through the 25th and 
a new genesis point on the 26th south of Hispanola, winds are reduced from 
the 26th to the 28th to reflect a reasonable intensification rate.  A 
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (on 05Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at 
least 55 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for 
best track which is consistent with available ship observations and 
re-analysis work of Perez (2000) that suggests landfall in Cuba as a 
Category 1 hurricane.  Winds reduced slightly on the 29th after Cuban 
landfall.  Ho (1989) estimated a central pressure of 955 mb at landfall in the
Carolinas, based upon a peripheral pressure measurement of 979 mb (10Z on the 
31st), an estimated RMW of 35 nmi, and an environmental pressure of 1012 mb.  
This central pressure suggests winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship.  Given the larger than climatology (~25 nmi from 
Vickery et al. 2000) RMW, 95 kt chosen in the best track for landfall in the 
Carolinas.  Winds increased accordingly on the 30th and 31st.  Landfall as a 
Category 2 in the Carolinas (95 kt) is lowered from the Category 3 shown in 
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999), but increased from the Category 1 in the 
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the middle Atlantic states.  
A storm tide of 8' was observed in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina 
(Ho 1989) and 9' was observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001).

********************************************************************************


14711 11/07/1899 M= 4  9 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14711 11/07/1899 M= 4 10 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

14712 11/07*117 783  35    0*122 779  35    0*127 775  40    0*136 772  40    0
14713 11/08*146 768  45    0*159 765  50    0*170 765  55    0*180 765  55    0
14714 11/09*189 766  45    0*198 767  45    0*207 767  35    0*225 761  35    0
14715 11/10*244 748  30    0*260 733  30    0*275 713  30    0*284 695  30    0
14716 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm - storm number 8 in Partagas and Diaz.

********************************************************************************

1899 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the third system as a new tropical storm 
into HURDAT.  (See storm 7, 1899.)  The re-analysis team agreed to leave 
the first two out of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 24-26, 1899:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 7-9, 1899:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.



May 1-6:	Historical Weather Maps indicate that a closed low with a pressure
of at least 1010mb formed on May 1st off the southern coast of Haiti. Through out 
the next two days, it remained fairly stationary along the eastern coast of Cuba 
and around Haiti. On the 4th, the system turned north and on the 5th it started 
heading northeastward. The system then merged with a stationary front on the 6th. 
No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review. The 
maximum winds found in COADS were 20kt. 

DAY		LAT	LONG		STATUS
May 1		17N	73W		Tropical Depression
May 2		21N	76W		Tropical Depression
May 3		19N	73W		Tropical Depression
May 4		24N	71W		Tropical Depression
May 5		28N	67W		Tropical Depression
May 6		30N	65W		Merged with front



July 19-24:	Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near 8N, 30W on the 
20th, but there is not enough information to show that it is a closed low. It 
remains that way as it moved towards the west-southwest. The low does not appear 
on the 22nd, but Historical Weather Maps indicated a trough from 10-13N and 40-45W 
on the 23rd. It then became a closed low on the 24th with a pressure of at most 
1010mb but no observations could be found of the system after that date. 

DAY		LAT	LONG		STATUS
July 19		8N	27W			?
July 20		8N	30W			?
July 21		5N	35W			?
July 22		8N	40W			?	
July 23		10N	43W			?
July 24		11N	47W		Tropical Depression?




August 26-29:	     Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near Bermuda, 
around 34N, 66W on August 26. The system headed south and became a closed low 
with a pressure of at most 1015mb on the 27th. Then on the 28th it headed towards 
the southwest until the central east coast of Florida. It remained off the coast 
of Florida on the 29th with a pressure of 1005mb and by the 30th it dissipated. 
The maximum winds found in COADS were 30kt and there were no gales in the Historical 
Weather Maps or the Monthly Weather Review. 

DAY 		LAT	LONG		STATUS
Aug 26		34N	66W		Extratropical Low
Aug 27		31N	66W		Tropical Depression
Aug 28		29N	77W		Tropical Depression
Aug 29		30N	79W		Tropical Depression



******************************************************************************* 

14715 08/27/1900 M=20  1 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
14715 08/27/1900 M=20  1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                

14720 08/27*160 435  35    0*160 448  35    0*162 458  35    0*162 470  35    0
14720 08/27*150 421  35    0*152 434  35    0*153 447  35    0*154 456  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14725 08/28*163 482  35    0*163 494  35    0*164 505  35    0*165 516  35    0
14725 08/28*156 466  35    0*158 479  35    0*160 491  35    0*161 503  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14730 08/29*165 527  35    0*166 537  35    0*167 548  40    0*168 559  40    0
14730 08/29*163 514  35    0*164 524  35    0*165 537  40    0*166 551  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14735 08/30*168 570  40    0*169 581  40    0*170 592  45    0*171 605  45    0
14735 08/30*168 566  40    0*169 580  40    0*170 593  45    0*170 606  45    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

14740 08/31*172 620  45    0*174 635  45    0*175 647  45    0*176 657  45    0
14740 08/31*171 619  45    0*172 633  45    0*173 647  45    0*174 656  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

14745 09/01*178 668  45    0*179 678  45    0*181 688  45    0*183 699  40    0
14745 09/01*175 664  45    0*176 674  45    0*177 683  45    0*180 692  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14750 09/02*186 709  40    0*189 720  35    0*192 730  35    0*194 740  35    0
14750 09/02*183 703  40    0*187 713  35    0*190 723  35    0*193 732  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14755 09/03*195 748  35    0*196 757  35    0*198 765  35    0*202 773  35    0
14755 09/03*195 741  35    0*197 750  35    0*200 760  35    0*203 766  35    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14760 09/04*206 782  35    0*210 790  35    0*215 797  35    0*220 803  40    0
14760 09/04*206 772  35    0*210 777  35    0*213 783  35    0*216 789  35    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14765 09/05*225 808  50    0*230 813  55    0*235 817  60    0*240 823  80  974
14765 09/05*220 795  35    0*224 801  35    0*230 807  45    0*235 815  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14770 09/06*246 829  85    0*251 835  90    0*255 841  95    0*258 853 100    0
14770 09/06*241 823  60    0*248 832  65    0*255 841  75    0*261 852  85  974
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** *** ***  ***

14775 09/07*260 865 105    0*262 874 105    0*264 887 110    0*266 897 110    0
14775 09/07*265 862  95    0*268 874 105    0*270 887 115    0*272 897 125    0
            *** *** ***      ***              ***     ***      ***     ***

14780 09/08*269 906 115    0*273 915 115    0*278 924 115    0*284 935 115    0
14780 09/08*274 906 125    0*276 915 125    0*278 924 125    0*282 935 125    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***              ***      ***     ***

14785 09/09*291 946 115  964*300 958  65    0*310 969  50    0*322 976  45    0
14785 09/09*289 947 125  936*298 959  90    0*310 969  65    0*322 976  50    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **               **               **

14790 09/10*334 978  40    0*347 978  40    0*360 976  35    0*374 973  35    0
14790 09/10*334 978  45    0*347 978  40    0*360 976  35    0*374 973  30    0
                     **                                                 **

14795 09/11*388 965  35    0*402 951  35    0E415 924  35    0E426 886  35    0
14795 09/11*388 965  30    0*402 951  30    0E415 924  40    0E426 886  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

14800 09/12E434 842  40    0E443 794  40    0E452 745  40    0E463 693  40    0
14800 09/12E434 842  55    0E443 794  60    0E452 745  65    0E463 693  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

14805 09/13E475 640  45    0E486 587  45    0E497 539  45    0E506 498  45    0
14805 09/13E475 640  65    0E486 587  65    0E497 539  65    0E506 498  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

14810 09/14E514 462  45    0E521 430  45    0E530 400  45    0E541 372  45    0
14810 09/14E514 462  55    0E521 430  50    0E530 400  45    0E541 372  45    0
                     **               **     

14815 09/15E553 346  45    0E567 322  40    0E582 300  40    0E600 280  35    0
14820 HRCTX4

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure
of 996 mb (at 23Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
The 974 mb central pressure originally listed as occurring at 18Z on the
5th actually occurred at 19Z on the 6th.  This central pressure suggests 
winds of 84 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt
chosen for best track.  Winds adjusted on the 5th to the 7th based on
these pressure reports.  Winds maintained at 35 kt during the 4th and 5th 
while traversing over Cuba based upon reports of no more than minimum
gale force winds over land.  The 964 mb pressure listed as a central
pressure (at 00Z on the 9th) is actually a peripheral pressure.  Ho et al. 
(1987) utilized this information to analyze this hurricane as a 936 mb 
hurricane at landfall in Texas with a 14 nmi RMW.  This value is close to
the 931 mb central pressure estimated in Jarrell et al. (1992) at landfall,
which is from an estimate by Connor (1956).  A 936 mb central pressure 
suggests winds of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  
Given the slightly smaller than climatological RMW (Vickery et al. 2000, 
~18 nmi), maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated at 125 kt.  This 
is consistent with the assessment of Category 4 at landfall from Neumann 
et al. (1999) in their Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 7th through the 9th.  A storm tide of 
20' in Galveston is reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
central U.S.  Intensities increased from the 11th to the 14th based upon 
observations of strong winds during extratropical phase in the northern 
United States and Canada (Partagas and Diaz 1996b).

1900/01 - 2011 REVISION:

15550 08/27/1900 M=20  1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
15555 08/27*150 421  35    0*152 434  35    0*153 447  35    0*154 456  35    0*
15560 08/28*156 466  35    0*158 479  35    0*160 491  35    0*161 503  35    0*
15565 08/29*163 514  35    0*164 524  35    0*165 537  40    0*166 551  40    0*
15570 08/30*168 566  40    0*169 580  40    0*170 593  45    0*170 606  45    0*
15575 08/31*171 619  45    0*172 633  45    0*173 647  45    0*174 656  45    0*
15580 09/01*175 664  45    0*176 674  45    0*177 683  45    0*180 692  40    0*
15585 09/02*183 703  40    0*187 713  35    0*190 723  35    0*193 732  35    0*
15590 09/03*195 741  35    0*197 750  35    0*200 760  35    0*203 766  35    0*
15595 09/04*206 772  35    0*210 777  35    0*213 783  35    0*216 789  35    0*
15600 09/05*220 795  35    0*224 801  35    0*230 807  45    0*235 815  55    0*
15605 09/06*241 823  60    0*248 832  65    0*255 841  75    0*261 852  85  974*
15610 09/07*265 862  95    0*268 874 105    0*270 887 115    0*272 897 125    0*
15615 09/08*274 906 125    0*276 915 125    0*278 924 125    0*282 935 125    0*
15615 09/08*274 906 125    0*276 915 125    0*278 924 120    0*282 935 120    0*
                                                      ***              ***

15620 09/09*289 947 125  936*298 959  90    0*310 969  65    0*322 976  50    0*
15620 09/09*289 947 120  936*298 959  90    0*310 969  65    0*322 976  50    0*
                    ***

15625 09/10*334 978  45    0*347 978  40    0*360 976  35    0*374 973  30    0*
15630 09/11*388 965  30    0*402 951  30    0E415 924  40    0E426 886  50    0*
15635 09/12E434 842  55    0E443 794  60    0E452 745  65    0E463 693  65    0*
15640 09/13E475 640  65    0E486 587  65    0E497 539  65    0E506 498  60    0*
15645 09/14E514 462  55    0E521 430  50    0E530 400  45    0E541 372  45    0*
15650 09/15E553 346  45    0E567 322  40    0E582 300  40    0E600 280  35    0*
15655 HRCTX4                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-9/9/1900     0200Z 29.1N  95.1W  125kt  4   15nmi   936mb    CTX4
1-9/9/1900     0200Z 29.1N  95.1W  120kt  4   15nmi   936mb    CTX4
                                   ***

A 936 mb central pressure was estimated for the 1900 Galveston Hurricane
at landfall around 02Z on the 9th of September in the 2003 reanalysis.
This pressure suggested a wind of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship
suggests 118 kt from the north of 25N equation.  Given the slightly
smaller RMW (~15 nmi) than climatological (18 nmi for this pressure
and landfall location - Vickery et al. 2000) and a near average
translational velocity (12 kt), the winds at landfall are estimated
to be 120 kt.  This is slightly less than that assessed in the
2003 reanalysis (125 kt), but still retains the Category 4 impact
at landfall in Texas.

********************************************************************************

14950 09/13/1900 M= 6  4 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14950 09/07/1900 M=13  2 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***

(7th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.)
14951 09/07*145 280  35    0*147 295  40    0*150 310  45    0*152 323  50    0
14952 09/08*153 336  55    0*154 348  60    0*155 360  60    0*157 373  60    0
14953 09/09*158 386  60    0*159 398  60    0*160 410  60    0*162 423  60    0
14954 09/10*163 436  60    0*164 448  60    0*165 460  60    0*167 472  60    0
14955 09/11*168 483  60    0*169 494  60    0*170 505  60    0*172 517  60    0
14956 09/12*173 528  60    0*174 539  60    0*175 550  60    0*177 561  60    0

14955 09/13*185 549  60    0*187 559  60    0*190 570  65    0*193 579  70    0
14955 09/13*180 572  60    0*185 583  60    0*190 593  65    0*195 600  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

14960 09/14*197 587  75    0*202 596  80    0*206 606  80    0*210 615  85    0
14960 09/14*200 606  75    0*205 613  80    0*210 620  80    0*214 625  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14965 09/15*215 624  85    0*221 632  85    0*227 640  85    0*234 647  85    0
14965 09/15*218 631  85    0*222 635  85    0*227 640  85    0*234 647  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***         

14970 09/16*242 652  90    0*251 655  95    0*260 658 100    0*270 659 105    0
14970 09/16*238 650  90    0*243 653  95    0*250 655 100    0*260 657 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14975 09/17*280 657 105    0*290 652 100    0*300 645  95    0*310 635  85    0
14975 09/17*271 656 105    0*282 654 105    0*293 650 100    0*311 641  95    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

14980 09/18*321 620  75    0*331 601  65    0*342 580  50    0*350 560  35    0
14980 09/18*332 626  85    0*351 604  75    0*365 580  65    0*380 560  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(19th new to HURDAT.)
14982 09/19*397 533  35    0*415 498  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

14985 HR   

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) is to extend the track 
back to the 7th based upon ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise 
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 4. Winds are increased on the 17th and 18th to 
account for observations in Bermuda on weak (west) side of hurricane.

********************************************************************************

14825 09/09/1900 M=15  2 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14825 09/08/1900 M=16  3 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***

(8th not previously in HURDAT.)
14828 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*100 185  40    0*103 194  45    0

14830 09/09*  0   0   0    0*123 223  60    0*128 232  60    0*131 240  65    0
14830 09/09*106 203  50    0*109 212  55    0*112 221  60    0*116 230  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14835 09/10*133 248  70    0*134 255  70    0*136 263  70    0*137 270  70    0
14835 09/10*120 239  70    0*125 248  70    0*130 257  70    0*135 263  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14840 09/11*138 277  70    0*140 283  70    0*141 290  75    0*142 298  80    0
14840 09/11*140 270  70    0*145 277  70    0*150 283  75    0*155 291  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14845 09/12*144 308  85    0*147 318  85    0*150 327  85    0*158 334  85    0
14845 09/12*159 299  85    0*164 306  85    0*171 313  85    0*186 320  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14850 09/13*173 342  85    0*189 344  85    0*202 345  85    0*212 345  85    0
14850 09/13*197 326  85    0*208 330  85    0*220 335  85    0*230 339  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14855 09/14*221 344  85    0*230 343  85    0*237 341  85    0*243 340  85    0
14855 09/14*240 343  85    0*250 347  85    0*260 350  85    0*269 346  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14860 09/15*248 338  80    0*253 336  75    0*258 333  75    0*264 329  75    0
14860 09/15*281 339  80    0*290 331  75    0*297 323  75    0*300 318  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14865 09/16*268 327  75    0*270 323  75    0*274 319  75    0*276 316  75    0
14865 09/16*302 313  75    0*304 307  75    0*304 300  75    0*303 295  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14870 09/17*278 312  75    0*279 308  75    0*280 303  75    0*278 295  75    0
14870 09/17*301 290  75    0*295 288  75    0*290 290  75    0*288 295  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

14875 09/18*273 294  75    0*270 300  75    0*268 312  70    0*265 323  70    0
14875 09/18*286 301  75    0*284 307  75    0*282 315  70    0*278 325  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14880 09/19*263 336  65    0*262 351  65    0*261 366  65    0*264 382  65    0
14880 09/19*272 337  65    0*267 349  65    0*265 365  65    0*266 381  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14885 09/20*270 399  65    0*275 416  60    0*280 430  50    0*284 442  45    0
14890 09/21*289 451  40    0*293 459  40    0*296 466  35    0*298 472  35    0
14895 09/22*299 477  35    0*300 483  35    0*301 489  35    0*302 495  30    0
14900 09/23*303 502  30    0*303 508  25    0*304 515  25    0*306 522  20    0
14905 HR         

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to extend the track 
back to the 8th based upon ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise 
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 2.  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the 
8th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.  

********************************************************************************

14910 09/10/1900 M= 6  3 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14910 09/11/1900 M= 5  4 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***   

14915 09/10*  0   0   0    0*211 831  35    0*218 837  35    0*227 851  35    0
(10th deleted from HURDAT.)

14920 09/11*235 863  35    0*243 874  40    0*251 880  40    0*259 893  45    0
14920 09/11*200 852  35    0*209 860  40    0*218 870  40    0*228 876  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14925 09/12*266 901  45    0*273 905  45    0*280 905  45    0*287 901  45    0
14925 09/12*238 882  45    0*248 887  45    0*260 893  45    0*270 897  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14930 09/13*294 896  45    0*300 891  35    0*306 887  35    0*310 884  35    0
14930 09/13*281 898  45    0*291 895  40    0*300 890  35    0*305 886  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14935 09/14*313 881  35    0*316 878  35    0*320 874  35    0*324 869  35    0
14935 09/14*310 883  30    0*315 878  30    0*320 874  30    0*324 869  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **               **               **

14940 09/15*328 863  35    0*333 855  35    0*337 847  30    0*340 833  25    0
14940 09/15*328 863  25    0*333 855  25    0*337 847  25    0*340 833  25    0
                     **               **               **

14945 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  This tropical storm was 
originally storm 3 in Neumann et al.  The track changes are found
to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (around 12Z on the 13th) 
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship - 35 kt retained in best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************


14990 10/04/1900 M=11  5 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14990 10/04/1900 M=11  5 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

14995 10/04*  0   0   0    0*212 613  35    0*223 623  35    0*232 628  35    0
14995 10/04*  0   0   0    0*212 613  30    0*222 623  30    0*232 628  30    0
                                      **      ***      **               **

15000 10/05*245 631  35    0*253 637  35    0*259 644  40    0*263 653  40    0
15000 10/05*242 631  30    0*251 637  30    0*259 644  30    0*263 653  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

15005 10/06*267 662  40    0*270 671  40    0*272 680  40    0*273 688  40    0
15005 10/06*267 662  30    0*270 671  30    0*272 680  30    0*273 688  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

15010 10/07*273 695  40    0*273 702  45    0*274 709  45    0*275 716  45    0
15010 10/07*273 695  35    0*273 702  35    0*274 709  40    0*275 716  45    0
                     **               **               **     

15015 10/08*277 722  50    0*280 727  50    0*283 728  55    0*287 726  55    0
15015 10/08*275 724  50    0*271 729  50    0*265 730  55    0*264 721  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15020 10/09*293 721  60    0*299 715  60    0*306 708  60    0*313 701  60    0
15020 10/09*269 715  60    0*276 711  60    0*290 705  60    0*307 695  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15025 10/10*321 695  60    0*329 688  55    0E340 680  50    0E355 672  45    0
15025 10/10*334 688  60    0E364 685  55    0E385 685  50    0E398 685  45    0
            *** ***         **** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15030 10/11E376 664  40    0E397 655  40    0E415 647  40    0E428 639  40    0
15030 10/11E412 685  40    0E428 681  40    0E440 670  40    0E452 639  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

15035 10/12E438 631  40    0E448 623  40    0E462 615  40    0E480 597  40    0
15035 10/12E460 606  40    0E471 584  40    0E485 565  40    0E497 549  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15040 10/13E499 564  35    0E519 527  35    0E537 500  35    0E553 482  35    0
15040 10/13E511 531  35    0E523 516  35    0E537 500  35    0E553 482  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

15045 10/14E568 468  35    0E582 457  35    0E595 451  35    0*  0   0   0    0
15050 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  However, the track
change on the 11th to bring it inland as an extratropical storm over
Nova Scotia has only moderate evidence and thus is altered with some
uncertainty.  Small track alterations on the 4th and 5th to allow for a 
more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

15055 10/08/1900 M= 8  6 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15055 10/10/1900 M= 6  6 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15060 10/08*  0   0   0    0*178 855  35    0*181 866  40    0*189 879  40    0
15065 10/09*196 889  35    0*203 898  35    0*210 905  35    0*216 910  35    0
(8th to 9th deleted in new HURDAT.)

15070 10/10*220 913  35    0*225 913  35    0*232 910  35    0*241 904  35    0
15070 10/10*  0   0   0    0*210 914  35    0*220 910  35    0*235 907  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15075 10/11*250 896  35    0*260 885  40    0*270 872  40    0*280 857  40    0
15075 10/11*248 902  35    0*261 894  40    0*273 885  40    0*285 866  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15080 10/12*290 840  40    0*300 824  35    0E311 808  35    0E322 793  35    0
15080 10/12*292 842  40    0*300 824  35    0E311 808  35    0E322 793  35    0
            *** ***    

15085 10/13E334 780  35    0E346 766  35    0E358 754  35    0E369 749  35    0
15090 10/14E380 745  35    0E392 741  35    0E403 737  35    0E419 724  30    0
15095 10/15E441 707  30    0E468 686  25    0E497 661  25    0E528 638  25    0
15100 TS       

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found to
be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

15105 10/23/1900 M= 7  7 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15105 10/24/1900 M= 6  7 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15110 10/23*  0   0   0    0*133 602  35    0*138 612  35    0*142 621  35    0
(23rd removed from HURDAT.)

15115 10/24*146 630  35    0*151 638  35    0*157 646  35    0*163 653  35    0
15115 10/24*150 645  30    0*155 652  30    0*160 660  30    0*165 668  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15120 10/25*170 660  35    0*176 667  35    0*183 674  35    0*190 682  35    0
15120 10/25*170 676  30    0*175 685  30    0*180 695  30    0*185 705  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15125 10/26*196 690  35    0*203 699  35    0*210 708  35    0*216 719  40    0
15125 10/26*190 715  30    0*195 725  30    0*200 733  35    0*206 739  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

15130 10/27*222 729  40    0*231 739  40    0*240 749  40    0*251 749  45    0
15130 10/27*212 744  40    0*218 748  40    0*225 750  40    0*236 748  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15135 10/28*279 742  45    0*293 729  45    0*307 712  45    0*321 697  45    0
15135 10/28*256 744  45    0*272 738  45    0*290 728  45    0*315 714  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15140 10/29*335 683  45    0*348 668  45    0*360 653  45    0E388 630  45    0
15140 10/29E348 693  45    0E380 673  45    0E415 650  45    0E450 630  45    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***          *** 

15145 TS 

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Track is extended back to the 24th based upon available observational
data that indicates the system existed as a tropical depression in
the Caribbean.

********************************************************************************

1900 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 9-13, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) June 12-17, 1900:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm intensity.
3) July 25-27, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 4-5, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.




January 14-19:	Historical Weather Maps indicate a trough located on 37W 
(between 15-30N) on January 14. There were two gales; one at 20N, 40W and 
the other at 20N, 47W. Yet, all the observations had winds coming from 
the E or ENE which shows that there wasn't enough evidence to show that it 
was a closed low. The trough was located at about 42W on the 15th and at 
48W on the 16th. The system finally became a closed low on the 17th, at 
about 22N, 50W. The closed low continued a northeast movement on the 18th 
and 19th and became extratropical on the 19th as it merged with a front. 

DAT		LAT	LONG		STATUS
Jan 14			37W		Trough
Jan 15			42W		Trough
Jan 16			48W		Trough
Jan 17		22N	50W		Tropical Depression
Jan 18		23N	44W		Tropical Depression
Jan 19		30N	35W		Extratropical




June 9-17:      This system appeared on Historical Weather Maps as a closed 
low with a pressure of at most 1012mb on June 9. The system was located at 
about 21N, 66W on the 10th and it may have attained tropical storm intensity 
because a ship located near 23N, 65W reported 35kt SE winds and a pressure 
of 1009mb. On the 11th, the system was in the vicinity of Turks Is. and 
it then made a loop and headed back towards the northeast. On the 14th, 
Historical Weather Maps indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb located 
near 27N, 64W and from this day on it begins to move west-northwestward. 
There were two other gales reported by ships on the 15th and the 16th with 
winds of 40kt and 35kt, respectively. However, the pressures were 1030mb 
and 1031mb which were too high to be considered as correct observations, 
hence the gales were disregarded. The last evidence of a closed low was on 
the 17th at 29N, 74W. The system then continued heading towards the northeast 
as an extratropical storm from the 18th to the 21st of June. There were no 
gales found in COADS or Monthly Weather Review.

DAY		LAT	LONG 	STATUS
June 9		21N	65W	Tropical Depression		
June 10		21N	66W	Tropical Storm?
June 11		21N	70W	Tropical Depression
June 12		22N	67W	Tropical Depression
June 13		26N	65W	Tropical Depression
June 14		27N	64W	Tropical Depression
June 15		27N	69W	Tropical Depression
June 16		28N	70W	Tropical Depression
June 17		29N	74W	Tropical Depression
June 18		36N	71W	Extratropical Low
June 19		36N	69W	Extratropical Low
June 20		39N	61W	Extratropical Low
June 21		41N	60W	Extratropical Low



June 9-14:	The system appears in the Historical Weather Map on 
June 9 as a closed low of at most 1010mb that formed off the northern west 
coast of Florida. The system remained stationary on the 10th and then 
moved slightly southwest. It then moved northward and made landfall on 
the 12th on the eastern coast of Louisiana. It dissipated after the 14th. 
There was no information found in the Monthly Weather Review and no gales 
were found in COADS or in the Historical Weather Maps. 

DAY		LAT	LONG		STATUS
June 9		27N	86W		Tropical Depression
June 10		28N	85W		Tropical Depression
June 11		27N	87W		Tropical Depression
June 12		29N	90W		Tropical Depression
June 13 	30N	90W		Tropical Depression
June 14		33N	89W		Tropical Depression 



******************************************************************************* 


15150 06/10/1901 M= 5  1 SNBR= 359 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15150 06/11/1901 M= 5  1 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **                    ***

15155 06/10*171 822  35    0*179 827  35    0*187 830  35    0*195 832  35    0
(10th is removed from the revised HURDAT.)

15160 06/11*204 835  35    0*212 837  35    0*219 840  35    0*226 843  35    0
15160 06/11*193 823  25    0*200 830  25    0*207 835  30    0*214 839  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15165 06/12*233 846  35    0*240 849  35    0*247 852  35    0*254 856  35    0
15165 06/12*221 843  35    0*229 847  35    0*240 850  35    0*251 852  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15170 06/13*262 860  35    0*269 864  35    0*276 868  35    0*283 871  35    0
15170 06/13*261 852  35    0*274 850  35    0*285 847  35    0*295 846  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15175 06/14*290 874  35    0*297 877  35    0*304 880  35    0*313 883  35    0
15175 06/14*305 847  30    0*315 848  30    0*325 850  25    0*338 854  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(15th is new to HURDAT.)
15177 06/15*349 862  25    0*359 870  25    0*370 880  25    0*385 897  25    0

15180 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced to 
tropical depression status on 11th, since observations indicate that tropical 
storm status was not reached until the 12th.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************

15185 07/02/1901 M= 9  2 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15185 07/01/1901 M=10  2 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(1st is new to HURDAT.)
15187 07/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 90 540  35    0* 95 550  35    0

15190 07/02*  0   0   0    0*132 575  35    0*131 590  35    0*130 607  35    0
15190 07/02*102 562  35    0*108 574  35    0*115 587  35    0*123 601  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15195 07/03*130 624  35    0*130 640  40    0*131 657  40    0*132 674  40    0
15195 07/03*132 619  35    0*142 636  40    0*153 657  40    0*159 674  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** 

15200 07/04*133 690  45    0*135 706  50    0*137 720  55    0*140 732  55    0
15200 07/04*163 692  45    0*166 708  50    0*170 725  55    0*174 736  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15205 07/05*142 742  60    0*145 752  60    0*149 762  60    0*154 774  60    0
15205 07/05*178 746  60    0*183 755  60    0*187 765  60    0*189 774  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

15210 07/06*159 787  55    0*164 799  55    0*170 810  55    0*176 820  50    0
15210 07/06*192 783  60    0*194 793  60    0*197 803  60    0*201 810  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15215 07/07*181 829  50    0*187 838  50    0*193 846  50    0*199 854  45    0
15215 07/07*206 819  60    0*210 826  60    0*215 835  60    0*219 843  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15220 07/08*206 862  45    0*213 870  45    0*220 878  45    0*227 884  45    0
15220 07/08*222 850  60    0*226 859  60    0*230 870  60    0*235 879  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15225 07/09*235 894  45    0*243 903  45    0*251 912  40    0*260 924  40    0
15225 07/09*241 887  60    0*248 896  60    0*253 905  60    0*260 919  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

15230 07/10*269 938  40    0*279 952  40    0*289 965  35    0*300 978  30    0
15230 07/10*269 935  55    0*279 950  50    0*289 965  35    0*300 978  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **      

15235 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds boosted from the 6th to 
the 10th based upon 60 kt ship observation on the 9th.  A 4' storm tide was 
reported in Galveston, Texas (Connor 1956).

********************************************************************************

15240 07/05/1901 M= 9  3 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
15240 07/04/1901 M=10  3 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***

(4th is new to HURDAT.)
15242 07/04* 95 555  30    0*102 558  30    0*110 563  30    0*118 570  30    0

15245 07/05*  0   0   0    0*136 600  35    0*141 608  35    0*146 617  35    0
15245 07/05*125 578  35    0*132 587  35    0*137 597  35    0*144 608  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15250 07/06*150 625  35    0*155 633  40    0*159 641  45    0*163 648  50    0
15250 07/06*150 619  35    0*155 630  40    0*159 641  45    0*166 651  50    0
                ***              ***                           *** ***  

15255 07/07*168 655  60    0*172 661  65    0*177 668  70    0*189 680  75    0
15255 07/07*174 663  55    0*182 676  60    0*190 690  60    0*200 702  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15260 07/08*205 697  80    0*222 715  80    0*238 730  85    0*254 742  85    0
15260 07/08*213 713  60    0*228 722  60    0*245 733  60    0*264 745  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15265 07/09*269 752  85    0*285 757  85    0*300 756  85    0*314 748  85    0
15265 07/09*277 758  60    0*290 766  60    0*305 767  60    0*318 759  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15270 07/10*326 740  85    0*336 738  85    0*345 737  85    0*352 739  85    0
15270 07/10*330 751  65    0*337 742  70    0*346 738  70    0*357 738  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15275 07/11*356 741  80    0*360 750  75    0*356 762  65    0*353 764  50    0
15275 07/11*361 746  70    0*361 756  70    0*356 762  60    0*353 764  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               ** 

15280 07/12*347 766  40    0*342 768  40    0*340 771  35    0*339 776  35    0
15285 07/13*338 781  35    0*338 788  35    0*338 795  35    0*339 802  30    0
15285 07/13*340 781  35    0*342 788  35    0*345 795  35    0*348 802  30    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

15290 HR NC1    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds 
are reduced from the 7th to the 11th, since observations indicate that the 
system did not obtain hurricane force until about the 10th.  Additionally, 
there is no evidence for the system attaining more than a Category 1 hurricane
status, thus peak winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 70 kt.  Landfall
as a Category 1 hurricane in the U.S. as reported in Table 6 of Neumann
et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT is retained.  The 
storm is known as "San Cirilo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

Storm #3, 1901 - 2012 Revision:

16150 07/04/1901 M=10  3 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
16155 07/04* 95 555  30    0*102 558  35    0*110 563  30    0*118 570  30    0*
16155 07/04* 95 555  30    0*102 558  30    0*110 563  30    0*118 570  30    0*
                                      **

16160 07/05*125 578  35    0*132 587  35    0*137 597  35    0*144 608  35    0*
16165 07/06*150 619  35    0*155 630  40    0*159 641  45    0*166 651  50    0*
16170 07/07*174 663  55    0*182 676  60    0*190 690  60    0*200 702  60    0*
16175 07/08*213 713  60    0*228 722  60    0*245 733  60    0*264 745  60    0*
16180 07/09*277 758  60    0*290 766  60    0*305 767  60    0*318 759  60    0*
16185 07/10*330 751  65    0*337 742  70    0*346 738  70    0*357 738  70    0*
16190 07/11*361 746  70    0*361 756  70    0*356 762  60    0*353 764  50    0*
16195 07/12*347 766  40    0*342 768  40    0*340 771  35    0*339 776  35    0*
16200 07/13*340 781  35    0*342 788  35    0*345 795  35    0*348 802  30    0*
16205 HR NC1       

Typographic error:  35 kt at 06Z on the 4th of July should be 30 kt.


********************************************************************************

15295 08/04/1901 M=15  4 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
15295 08/02/1901 M=17  4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

(2nd and 3rd are new to HURDAT.)
15296 08/02*326 384  25    0*323 391  25    0*320 400  25    0*316 411  25    0
15298 08/03*311 423  25    0*305 437  25    0*300 450  25    0*293 463  25    0

15300 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*264 495  35    0*263 516  35    0
15300 08/04*286 473  30    0*277 488  30    0*270 500  30    0*263 516  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

15305 08/05*261 535  35    0*258 553  35    0*257 569  35    0*256 583  35    0
15305 08/05*256 532  30    0*249 548  30    0*245 565  30    0*242 579  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15310 08/06*256 596  35    0*255 609  35    0*254 623  35    0*253 639  35    0
15310 08/06*239 593  30    0*237 608  30    0*237 623  30    0*239 639  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

15315 08/07*252 656  35    0*250 673  35    0*249 688  35    0*249 702  40    0
15315 08/07*242 657  30    0*246 675  30    0*250 690  30    0*253 702  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

15320 08/08*248 714  40    0*248 725  40    0*248 734  40    0*249 743  40    0
15320 08/08*255 716  30    0*255 727  30    0*255 740  30    0*254 745  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15325 08/09*250 750  40    0*250 756  40    0*252 764  40    0*253 771  40    0
15325 08/09*250 750  35    0*250 756  35    0*252 764  40    0*253 771  40    0
                     **               **

15330 08/10*254 778  40    0*256 784  40    0*258 790  40    0*261 796  40    0
15335 08/11*264 803  40    0*267 809  35    0*269 815  35    0*270 821  40    0
15335 08/11*264 804  35    0*267 813  35    0*269 821  40    0*270 827  45    0
                ***  **          ***              ***  **          ***  **

15340 08/12*272 828  45    0*273 835  55    0*274 842  65    0*274 850  70    0
15340 08/12*272 832  50    0*273 837  55    0*274 842  65    0*274 848  70    0
                ***  **          ***                               ***  

15345 08/13*275 859  75    0*275 868  80    0*275 876  80    0*276 884  85    0
15345 08/13*275 854  75    0*275 860  80    0*275 867  80    0*276 876  80    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

15350 08/14*278 890  85    0*279 895  85    0*281 897  85    0*284 898  85    0
15350 08/14*279 887  80    0*283 893  80    0*287 897  80    0*291 898  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

15355 08/15*288 898  80    0*293 897  75    0*299 895  65  973*305 892  50    0
15355 08/15*294 895  80    0*297 892  80    0*300 890  80    0*305 887  70  973 
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

15360 08/16*311 890  40    0*318 889  35    0E326 892  35    0E335 895  30    0
15360 08/16*310 883  60    0*315 881  45    0*320 880  40    0*330 887  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **
2
15365 08/17E344 898  30    0E354 900  30    0E363 899  25    0E371 893  25    0
15365 08/17E340 895  30    0E350 900  30    0E363 899  25    0E371 893  25    0
            *** ***          ***

15370 08/18E378 887  25    0E384 878  25    0E390 868  25    0E398 854  25    0
15375 HR LA2 MS2 
15375 HR LA1 MS1 AL1
         *** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations 
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track 
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Analysis of 973 mb 
central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) is based upon a peripheral 
pressure of 993 mb from Mobile along with an estimated 33 nmi radius of 
maximum wind.  (This analysis of central pressure was very similar to the
estimation in Jarrell et al. (1992) taken from Connor (1956) of 972 mb.)
A 973 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship.  Given that this radius of maximum wind is
larger than climatological value (of 23 nmi for this latitude and
central pressure - Vickery et al. 2000), a maximum sustained windspeed
of 80 kt is chosen at landfall making this system a Category 1 hurricane.
This is a downgrade from the Category 2 at U.S. landfall reported in
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in 
HURDAT.  Winds from the 13th to the 15th adjusted accordingly.  Winds 
increased on the 16th based upon observed wind reports for the day.  Storm 
tides of 8' were observed in Port Eads, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama 
(Connor 1956, Cline 1926).

1901/04 - 2011 REVISION:

16160 08/02/1901 M=17  4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
16165 08/02*326 384  25    0*323 391  25    0*320 400  25    0*316 411  25    0*
16170 08/03*311 423  25    0*305 437  25    0*300 450  25    0*293 463  25    0*
16175 08/04*286 473  30    0*277 488  30    0*270 500  30    0*263 516  30    0*
16180 08/05*256 532  30    0*249 548  30    0*245 565  30    0*242 579  30    0*
16185 08/06*239 593  30    0*237 608  30    0*237 623  30    0*239 639  30    0*
16190 08/07*242 657  30    0*246 675  30    0*250 690  30    0*253 702  30    0*
16195 08/08*255 716  30    0*255 727  30    0*255 740  30    0*254 745  30    0*
16200 08/09*250 750  35    0*250 756  35    0*252 764  40    0*253 771  40    0*
16205 08/10*254 778  40    0*256 784  40    0*258 790  40    0*261 796  40    0*
16210 08/11*264 804  35    0*267 813  35    0*269 821  40    0*270 827  45    0*
16215 08/12*272 832  50    0*273 837  55    0*274 842  65    0*274 848  70    0*
16220 08/13*275 854  75    0*275 860  80    0*275 867  80    0*276 876  80    0*
16225 08/14*279 887  80    0*283 893  80    0*287 897  80    0*291 898  80    0*
16225 08/14*279 887  80    0*283 893  80    0*287 897  75    0*291 898  75    0*
                                                       **               **

16230 08/15*294 895  80    0*297 892  80    0*300 890  80    0*305 887  70  973*
16230 08/15*294 895  75    0*297 892  75    0*300 890  75    0*305 887  70  973*
                     **               **               **     

16235 08/16*310 883  60    0*315 881  45    0*320 880  40    0*330 887  35    0*
16240 08/17E340 895  30    0E350 900  30    0E363 899  25    0E371 893  25    0*
16245 08/18E378 887  25    0E384 878  25    0E390 868  25    0E398 854  25    0*
16250 HR LA1 MS1 AL1                                                            


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-8/14/1901    2110Z 29.3N  89.6W   80kt  1    ---   (973mb)   LA1
4-8/14/1901    2110Z 29.3N  89.6W   75kt  1    ---   (973mb)   LA1
                                    **      

4-8/15/1901    1700Z 30.4N  88.8W   80kt  1   35nmi   973mb    MS1,AL1
4-8/15/1901    1700Z 30.4N  88.8W   75kt  1   35nmi   973mb    MS1,AL1
                                    **

An analyzed 973 mb central pressure at landfall in Mississippi in
the 2003 reanalysis suggested winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) relationship
for north of 25N suggests winds of 81 kt.  Given both the large
size (RMW of ~35 nmi compared with climatology of 23 nmi for this pressure
and latitude - Vickery et al. 2000) and the slow motion at landfall
(5 kt), this suggests about a 75 kt hurricane at landfall.  This is
a slight reduction from the 80 kt in the 2003 reanalysis, but retains
the Category 1 status.  

********************************************************************************


15376 08/18/1901 M= 5  5 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15377 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*115 530  30    0*116 540  30    0
15378 08/19*117 548  30    0*119 557  30    0*120 567  35    0*121 577  35    0
15379 08/20*122 586  40    0*122 595  40    0*123 603  45    0*123 612  45    0
15380 08/21*124 622  40    0*124 633  35    0*125 645  30    0*126 658  30    0
15381 08/22*126 671  25    0*126 683  25    0*127 695  25    0*128 710  25    0
15382 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1901/06 - 2008 ADDITION:

16291 08/25/1901 M= 6  6 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16291 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 220  35    0*162 233  35    0
16291 08/26*164 246  40    0*167 258  45    0*170 270  50    0*173 280  55    0
16291 08/27*176 290  60    0*178 300  65    0*180 310  70    0*182 319  70    0
16291 08/28*185 327  70    0*188 334  65    0*190 340  60    0*192 346  60    0
16291 08/29*194 353  55    0*197 361  55    0*200 370  50    0*204 380  50    0
16291 08/30*209 390  45    0*214 400  45    0*220 410  40    0*228 420  35    0
16291 HR

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from newspaper accounts, the Historical 
Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

August 24:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of 
interest with 1010 mb and NE winds 15 kt in Senegal.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.

August 25:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a trough extending westward out 
of West Africa along 16N with the Senegal observation with WSW winds 15 kt and 1010 mb.  
Available observations suggest a closed center may have existed near 16N 22W.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 26:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of interest.  
Available observations suggest a closed center may have existed near 17N 27W.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 27:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no significant features of interest.  
Available observations suggest a closed center was near 18N 31W.  
Ship highlights:  70 kt at 19N 31W (no time, Barbados Agricultural Reporter).
"The Norwegian barque "Professor Johnson", 1,058 tons, Captain Olsen, called at this 
port yesterday leaking badly after a voyage of 84 days from Ship Island [Alabama] with a 
cargo of 775,000 feet of pitch pine, bound for Buenos Ayres. The Captain reports he 
encountered a severe hurricane on the 27th of August when in about 19N 31W through which 
the ship rode with difficulty. Four days later the vessel was brought face-to-face with a 
second hurricane. She was then in about 19N 32W. [The latitude may be a typographical error 
and the correct latitude may be 16N.] The hurricane carried away the ship's foretopmast, 
main topgallant mast and gear attached..." (Barbados Agricultural Reporter, 18 September 1901).  

August 28:  The Historical Weather Map series shows no features of interest.  Available 
observations and continuity from the previous day suggest a center may have existed near 
19N 34W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Had Unsettled 
Weather...The British steamship Trevelynn, 1,986 tons net, Captain James Sincock, from St. 
Vincent, Cape de Verde, in ballast...has arrived at the point and will load for Rotterdam. 
She reports having sailed Aug. 27; had unsettled weather, with fresh northwest and southwest
winds in latitude 17 north, and between longitude 34 and 41 west, thence moderating trades 
and good weather to port, arriving on the evening of Sept. 16" (New Orleans Picayune, 
Wednesday, September 18, 1901).  

August 29:  The Historical Weather Map series shows no feature of interest where this system 
may have existed, though it does show a closed low near 15N 23W in connection with storm #7 
(previously #6).  Available observations and continuity from the previous day suggest a center 
may have existed near 20N 37W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30:  The Historical Weather Map series shows no features of interest where this system 
may have existed, though it does show a closed low near 15N 30W in connection with storm #7 
(previously #6).  Available observations and continuity suggest a center may have existed near 
22N 41W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis of this tropical cyclone likely occurred on the 25th from an African easterly wave.  
The description from the barque Professor Johnson is the basis for analyzing this cyclone as 
a hurricane on the 27th.  With no barometric readings, the intensity is assigned to peak on 
this date as a Category 1 hurricane (70 kt).  The steamship Trevelynn, while not providing 
specific observations of gale force, likely encountered the southern portion of the cyclone 
on the 28th-39th between 34-41W.  Observations after the 28th become quite sparse for this 
cyclone - as is typical for systems in the eastern subtropical Atlantic - and it is analyzed 
that it decayed on the 29th and 30th and dissipated late on the 30th.  This portion of the 
lifecycle of the cyclone is quite uncertain.  (It is of note that the barque Professor Johnson 
also encountered a second hurricane off of the Cape Verde Islands on the 31st of August, which 
is the previous storm #6 in 1901, already documented in HURDAT.)

It is of note that this system is quite unique in its inclusion into HURDAT during the 
post-1871 era based upon a single observation.  However, main reason for requiring two 
independent observations of either gale force and/or 1005 mb or less was to insure that a 
single observation of minimal tropical storm intensity was not simply an instrumentation 
problem or due to a typographical error.  In this case, it is highly unlikely that this 
system is not a tropical cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity because of either of 
these two issues.]


********************************************************************************

15380 08/30/1901 M=13  5 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15380 08/29/1901 M=14  7 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0    
         **        **  *       ***  

(29th new to HURDAT.)
15383 08/29*  0   0   0    0*136 224  30    0*137 240  35    0*139 259  35    0

15385 08/30*141 360  50    0*142 372  50    0*145 380  55    0*147 387  60    0
15385 08/30*141 274  40    0*142 288  40    0*143 302  45    0*144 315  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15390 08/31*149 395  65    0*152 404  70    0*156 414  70    0*160 426  75    0
15390 08/31*145 330  50    0*147 345  50    0*150 363  55    0*151 377  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15395 09/01*165 440  80    0*171 453  80    0*176 462  85    0*181 470  85    0
15395 09/01*154 390  60    0*157 404  60    0*163 420  65    0*168 432  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15400 09/02*185 474  85    0*190 480  85    0*195 486  85    0*200 492  85    0
15400 09/02*174 446  70    0*180 460  70    0*185 475  75    0*189 488  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15405 09/03*206 498  90    0*212 504  90    0*219 510  95    0*227 517  95    0
15405 09/03*192 501  80    0*196 514  80    0*200 527  85    0*207 542  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15410 09/04*237 526 100    0*246 535 100    0*255 543 105    0*262 550 105    0
15410 09/04*215 556  90    0*226 570  90    0*240 580  90    0*250 584  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15415 09/05*268 557 105    0*275 564 105    0*282 570 105    0*290 576 100    0
15415 09/05*261 587  90    0*271 589  90    0*280 590  90    0*288 591  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15420 09/06*298 581  95    0*307 585  90    0*315 587  85    0*323 583  85    0
15420 09/06*295 592  90    0*301 591  90    0*307 590  85    0*316 586  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15425 09/07*330 578  85    0*336 570  85    0*342 561  85    0*347 553  85    0
15425 09/07*326 578  85    0*336 570  85    0*342 561  85    0*347 553  85    0
            ***

15430 09/08*352 540  85    0*356 519  80    0*358 500  80    0*360 475  80    0
15430 09/08*352 540  85    0*356 520  80    0*358 500  80    0*360 475  80    0
                                 ***

15435 09/09*360 444  80    0*362 413  80    0*370 390  80    0*381 381  75    0
15435 09/09*360 444  80    0*362 413  80    0*370 390  80    0*381 374  75    0
                                                                   ***

15440 09/10*397 377  70    0*415 379  70    0E431 378  65    0E445 368  65    0
15440 09/10*395 357  70    0*410 338  70    0*430 320  65    0*444 309  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  

15445 09/11E469 325  55    0E480 290  45    0E486 250  40    0E492 200  35    0
15445 09/11E458 293  55    0E473 277  45    0E486 250  40    0E492 200  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***

15450 HR         

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 5.  These track and intensity changes are found to be
reasonable.  A 991 mb peripheral pressure on 12Z of the 8th supports 
winds of at least 62 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds 
maintained at 80 kt.  Peak winds are reduced from 105 kt down to 90 kt, since 
observations available support only a Category 1 hurricane, or Category 2 
hurricane at most.  Winds reduced from the 1st to the 6th accordingly.

********************************************************************************


15455 09/09/1901 M=11  6 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15455 09/09/1901 M=11  8 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15460 09/09*  0   0   0    0*188 493  35    0*186 504  35    0*184 518  35    0
15460 09/09*  0   0   0    0*176 507  35    0*175 520  35    0*175 532  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15465 09/10*184 532  35    0*183 546  35    0*183 560  35    0*182 574  35    0
15465 09/10*174 546  35    0*174 560  35    0*173 573  35    0*174 588  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15470 09/11*182 587  35    0*181 600  40    0*182 614  40    0*183 630  40    0
15470 09/11*175 601  35    0*176 613  40    0*178 627  45    0*181 643  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15475 09/12*185 647  40    0*186 665  40    0*186 682  40    0*188 698  35    0
15475 09/12*184 656  50    0*185 669  50    0*186 682  50    0*187 696  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

15480 09/13*190 714  35    0*192 730  35    0*194 742  35    0*197 757  40    0
15480 09/13*188 710  35    0*189 726  35    0*190 743  45    0*191 757  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **

15485 09/14*199 770  40    0*201 783  45    0*204 796  45    0*208 809  50    0
15485 09/14*192 770  55    0*194 783  60    0*197 795  65    0*201 806  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15490 09/15*214 822  50    0*221 834  50    0*228 847  50    0*234 857  50    0
15490 09/15*205 819  70    0*210 833  70    0*215 845  70    0*220 856  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15495 09/16*240 864  50    0*245 869  50    0*251 875  50    0*257 880  50    0
15495 09/16*226 865  60    0*233 873  55    0*243 880  50    0*253 885  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15500 09/17*263 883  50    0*270 885  50    0*278 887  45    0*289 882  45    0
15500 09/17*265 885  50    0*277 881  50    0*290 875  50    0*303 867  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15505 09/18*302 873  40    0*316 850  35    0E330 812  35    0E342 770  35    0
15505 09/18*316 853  40    0*325 834  35    0*330 812  35    0*342 770  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *                *

15510 09/19E358 742  35    0E371 725  35    0E387 700  35    0E405 672  35    0
15510 09/19E358 742  40    0E371 725  45    0E387 700  50    0E405 672  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

15515 TS
15515 HR
      **

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm 
to a hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999), originally storm number 6.  This upgrade to a hurricane is 
based upon the re-analysis work of Perez (2000), which analyzed the storm as 
a Category 1 hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba.  Winds are increased 
accordingly on the 13th to the 16th.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (06Z 
on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track.  Winds adjusted accordingly on the 
11th and 12th.  The storm is known as "San Leoncio" or "San Vicente IV" for 
its impacts in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

15520 09/12/1901 M= 6  7 SNBR= 365 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15520 09/12/1901 M= 6  9 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15525 09/12*111 281  35    0*115 285  35    0*121 289  35    0*127 291  35    0
15530 09/13*133 294  35    0*138 295  35    0*143 296  35    0*148 296  35    0
15530 09/13*133 294  40    0*138 295  40    0*143 296  45    0*148 296  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

15535 09/14*153 296  35    0*158 294  40    0*162 292  40    0*166 291  40    0
15535 09/14*153 296  50    0*158 294  50    0*162 292  50    0*166 291  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

15540 09/15*170 290  40    0*174 290  35    0*178 292  35    0*181 294  35    0
15540 09/15*170 290  45    0*174 290  40    0*178 292  35    0*181 294  35    0
                     **               ** 

15545 09/16*184 298  35    0*186 302  35    0*189 307  35    0*191 309  35    0
15550 09/17*194 311  35    0*198 314  35    0*202 316  35    0*208 320  30    0
15555 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes to the track shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7.  However, ship reports
indicate that the storm was somewhat stronger than originally indicated
in HURDAT.  Winds increased on the 13th to the 15th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

15560 09/21/1901 M=12  8 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15560 09/21/1901 M=12 10 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15565 09/21*110 802  35    0*115 804  35    0*120 806  35    0*125 808  35    0
15565 09/21*137 730  35    0*138 740  35    0*140 750  35    0*142 759  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15570 09/22*130 810  35    0*135 813  35    0*140 815  35    0*146 817  35    0
15570 09/22*144 769  35    0*147 780  35    0*150 790  35    0*152 798  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15575 09/23*151 820  35    0*157 822  35    0*163 825  35    0*168 828  35    0
15575 09/23*155 806  35    0*159 813  35    0*165 820  35    0*169 823  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15580 09/24*173 831  35    0*178 834  35    0*183 837  35    0*189 840  35    0
15580 09/24*174 825  35    0*180 828  35    0*185 830  35    0*188 832  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15585 09/25*194 843  35    0*201 846  35    0*207 849  40    0*213 852  40    0
15585 09/25*192 833  35    0*196 834  35    0*200 835  40    0*203 837  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15590 09/26*220 853  40    0*228 854  45    0*238 855  45    0*250 855  45    0
15590 09/26*207 838  40    0*211 839  45    0*215 840  45    0*221 842  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15595 09/27*263 853  40    0*275 851  40    0*288 848  40    0*300 843  40    0
15595 09/27*232 845  40    0*243 848  40    0*255 850  40    0*270 849  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15600 09/28*312 839  40    0*325 835  40    0E337 830  35    0E354 823  35    0
15600 09/28*288 847  40    0*306 845  35    0E325 840  35    0E351 827  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

15605 09/29E378 814  30    0E403 801  25    0E425 786  25    0E442 765  25    0
15610 09/30E457 745  25    0E470 725  25    0E480 674  25    0E482 639  30    0
15610 09/30E457 745  25    0E470 725  25    0E480 685  25    0E482 639  30    0
                                                  ***

15615 10/01E482 601  30    0E483 559  35    0E485 515  35    0E490 461  40    0
15620 10/02E508 394  40    0E531 326  45    0E553 270  45    0*  0   0   0    0
15625 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8.  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track adjusted slightly on the 
30th to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************


15630 10/07/1901 M= 8  9 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15630 10/05/1901 M=10 11 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        ** **       ***

(The 5th and 6th are new to HURDAT.)
15632 10/05*120 515  35    0*122 517  35    0*125 520  35    0*127 523  35    0
15634 10/06*130 526  40    0*132 529  40    0*135 533  40    0*138 537  45    0

15635 10/07*147 508  35    0*148 520  35    0*150 531  35    0*151 542  35    0
15635 10/07*142 541  50    0*146 545  55    0*150 550  60    0*155 556  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15640 10/08*153 554  35    0*155 567  35    0*158 581  35    0*161 597  35    0
15640 10/08*162 567  60    0*169 576  60    0*175 585  55    0*184 596  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15645 10/09*165 615  35    0*172 634  35    0*178 650  35    0*185 662  35    0
15645 10/09*194 606  45    0*202 614  40    0*210 623  35    0*218 637  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15650 10/10*193 675  35    0*204 689  35    0*220 700  35    0*240 702  35    0
15650 10/10*227 655  35    0*240 670  35    0*256 685  35    0*277 690  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15655 10/11*261 689  40    0*281 670  40    0*302 651  45    0*323 638  45    0
15655 10/11E303 685  40    0E330 672  40    0E350 650  45    0E358 638  45    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** 

15660 10/12*346 625  45    0*366 613  40    0E381 600  35    0E392 587  35    0
15660 10/12E365 625  45    0E373 613  40    0E381 600  35    0E392 587  35    0
           ****             ****

15665 10/13E402 570  35    0E411 556  35    0E420 541  35    0E430 516  35    0
15670 10/14E439 484  35    0E449 444  35    0E458 400  35    0*  0   0   0    0
15675 TS

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to provide a more 
realistic position on the 5th.  The Partagas and Diaz position on the 5th 
required a motion toward the northeast, which is not supported by climatology 
or available ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large
though reasonable alterations to the track and intensity from that shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Winds increased from the 
7th to the 9th based upon ship reports in Partagas and Diaz.

********************************************************************************

15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 11 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 12 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

15677 10/15*210 800  30    0*215 793  30    0*220 785  30    0*225 777  35    0
15678 10/16*229 767  40    0*233 758  45    0*237 750  50    0*243 737  50    0
15679 10/17*252 724  50    0*258 711  50    0*265 695  45    0*269 684  40    0
15679 10/18*273 672  40    0E276 661  40    0E280 650  40    0E284 637  40    0
15679 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

15680 10/31/1901 M= 7 10 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15680 10/30/1901 M= 8 13 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         * **       ***

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
15682 10/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 673  30    0*205 672  30    0

15685 10/31*  0   0   0    0*217 688  35    0*225 680  35    0*235 672  35    0
15685 10/31*217 671  35    0*229 669  35    0*240 667  35    0*247 664  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15690 11/01*243 665  35    0*251 659  35    0*258 653  40    0*263 648  40    0
15690 11/01*254 661  40    0*261 657  45    0*267 653  50    0*274 649  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15695 11/02*268 644  45    0*273 639  45    0*278 634  45    0*284 628  50    0
15695 11/02*280 646  55    0*286 642  60    0*293 635  60    0*296 628  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

15700 11/03*290 622  50    0*297 616  50    0*305 610  50    0*313 604  50    0
15700 11/03*300 620  70    0*305 611  70    0*312 603  70    0*324 591  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15705 11/04*322 599  50    0*331 594  50    0*340 590  50    0*351 585  50    0
15705 11/04*340 581  65    0*356 571  60    0*368 563  55    0*374 557  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

15710 11/05*364 578  50    0*374 565  50    0*378 550  45    0*380 538  45    0
15710 11/05*379 555  50    0*383 550  50    0*385 545  45    0*383 534  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15715 11/06*381 525  40    0*381 512  40    0*381 500  35    0*383 485  30    0
15715 11/06E378 525  40    0E373 515  40    0E370 505  35    0E370 492  30    0
           ****             **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  

15720 TS
15720 HR
      **

The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm to a 
hurricane.  A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds 
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for the best track.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable 
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 10.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on
the 1st) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for the best track.  Winds changed 
accordingly from the 1st to the 4th based upon these measurements.

*******************************************************************************

1901 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) October 5, 1901:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm intensity.




October 4-11:       Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low at 10N, 
19W with a pressure of at most 1010mb on October 4. On the 5th, the system 
moved west-northwestward and Historical Weather Maps indicated a gale near 
the storm of 35kt SSE. However, this was the only gale found that was 
related to this system. From the 6th to the 11th, Historical Weather Maps 
does not show this system as a closed low anymore. COADS and Monthly Weather 
Review did not report any gales for this system. 

DAY 		LAT 	 LONG		STATUS
Oct 4		10N	 19W		 Tropical Depression
Oct 5		15N	 29W		 Tropical Storm?
Oct 6		23N	 25-40W		?



*******************************************************************************

15725 06/10/1902 M= 7  1 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15725 06/12/1902 M= 6  1 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15730 06/10*  0   0   0    0*134 817  35    0*138 819  35    0*141 821  35    0
15735 06/11*144 823  35    0*150 826  35    0*158 828  35    0*168 831  35    0
(The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.)

15740 06/12*178 834  35    0*189 837  35    0*201 840  35    0*213 843  35    0
15740 06/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*177 840  30    0*191 836  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15745 06/13*226 845  35    0*238 847  40    0*250 848  40    0*262 848  45    0
15745 06/13*207 833  35    0*222 831  40    0*238 830  45    0*249 832  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15750 06/14*275 847  45    0*287 845  45    0*299 841  40    0*306 838  30    0
15750 06/14*259 835  50    0*269 838  50    0*280 840  50    0*290 839  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15755 06/15*312 835  25    0*320 832  25    0*331 825  25    0*336 821  25    0
15755 06/15*300 836  45    0*310 832  40    0*320 825  35    0*330 817  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15760 06/16E344 814  25    0E352 807  25    0E360 798  25    0E370 780  25    0
15760 06/16*340 807  35    0*352 795  35    0E367 780  40    0E386 749  40    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
15762 06/17E419 715  35    0E450 682  35    0E475 660  30    0E494 640  30    0

15765 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds increased slightly from 
the 13th to the 16th based upon ship and coastal observations.

********************************************************************************


15770 06/19/1902 M=10  2 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15770 06/21/1902 M= 9  2 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***                        

15775 06/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 850  35    0*173 858  35    0
15780 06/20*175 866  40    0*177 873  40    0*181 880  40    0*183 885  35    0
(The 19th and 20th are removed from HURDAT.)

15785 06/21*185 890  35    0*187 895  35    0*189 899  35    0*192 907  35    0
15785 06/21*172 921  25    0*176 924  25    0*180 927  25    0*182 929  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15790 06/22*195 915  35    0*197 922  35    0*199 928  40    0*202 932  40    0
15790 06/22*184 930  30    0*187 932  30    0*190 935  30    0*192 937  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15795 06/23*205 935  45    0*208 938  45    0*211 942  50    0*215 946  50    0
15795 06/23*195 939  30    0*197 941  30    0*200 943  30    0*203 945  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15800 06/24*219 950  55    0*223 954  60    0*228 958  65    0*233 961  70    0
15800 06/24*205 946  30    0*207 948  30    0*210 950  35    0*215 953  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15805 06/25*238 964  70    0*243 966  70    0*248 968  70    0*253 969  70    0
15805 06/25*221 956  45    0*227 960  50    0*233 963  55    0*239 966  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15810 06/26*258 970  70    0*264 970  70    0*270 970  75    0*278 970  80    0
15810 06/26*247 968  65    0*255 969  70    0*264 970  65    0*272 971  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **

15815 06/27*288 969  65    0*299 967  50    0*310 965  40    0*321 962  30    0
15815 06/27*281 972  50    0*290 973  45    0*300 974  40    0*315 972  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

15820 06/28*332 959  30    0*343 954  25    0E354 949  25    0*  0   0   0    0
15820 06/28*328 966  35    0*342 959  35    0E358 945  35    0E376 923  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 29th was not in HURDAT previously.)
15822 06/29E395 886  35    0E406 854  35    0E415 820  35    0E418 786  35    0

15825 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Despite HURDAT having 80 kt at 
landfall originally and Neumann et al. (1999) showing hurricane intensity in 
the track plot up to landfall in Texas, this storm was not listed in Neumann 
et al.'s Table 6 or HURDAT's U.S. hurricane characterization as a U.S. 
landfalling hurricane.  More significantly, Connor (1956) specifically 
listed this system as being "not hurricane intensity" at landfall in Texas.  
For the re-analysis here, it was decided to reduce the hurricane to just 
below hurricane force before landfall in Texas based upon Connor's 
assessment, but still maintaining a peak intensity of 70 kt while over the 
open Gulf of Mexico.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb (on the 26th) suggests 
winds of at least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship at 
landfall - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is a reduction from 80 kt 
previously in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

15830 09/16/1902 M=10  3 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15830 09/16/1902 M=10  3 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

15835 09/16*  0   0   0    0* 82 330  35    0* 85 336  35    0* 90 342  35    0
15835 09/16*  0   0   0    0* 77 308  35    0* 80 320  35    0* 85 332  35    0
                              ** ***           ** ***           ** *** 

15840 09/17* 95 350  35    0* 99 360  35    0*104 375  35    0*110 394  35    0
15840 09/17* 92 345  35    0* 98 360  35    0*104 375  35    0*109 389  35    0
             ** ***           **                               *** ***

15845 09/18*116 411  40    0*123 430  40    0*129 448  40    0*134 464  45    0
15845 09/18*114 403  40    0*119 417  40    0*123 430  40    0*126 444  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15850 09/19*139 480  50    0*146 498  50    0*153 514  55    0*167 523  60    0
15850 09/19*131 461  50    0*136 477  50    0*143 493  55    0*153 509  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15855 09/20*180 528  65    0*194 530  70    0*210 530  75    0*229 526  80    0
15855 09/20*168 523  65    0*189 530  70    0*210 530  75    0*229 526  80    0
            *** ***          ***  

15860 09/21*250 515  85    0*271 502  85    0*290 490  85    0*305 480  85    0
15860 09/21*247 517  85    0*265 505  85    0*283 495  85    0*302 484  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15865 09/22*322 469  80    0*336 460  75    0E348 448  75    0E359 422  70    0
15865 09/22*321 473  80    0*336 460  75    0E348 448  75    0E358 429  70    0
            *** ***                                            *** ***

15870 09/23E369 401  65    0E379 381  65    0E389 361  60    0E399 349  55    0
15870 09/23E368 414  65    0E378 399  65    0E387 385  60    0E395 371  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15875 09/24E407 341  55    0E416 332  50    0E426 323  50    0E439 314  45    0
15875 09/24E404 358  55    0E413 345  50    0E423 331  50    0E440 317  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15880 09/25E456 303  45    0E476 296  45    0E498 288  40    0E516 292  40    0
15880 09/25E457 304  45    0E476 296  45    0E498 288  40    0E516 292  40    0
            *** ***   

15885 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 981 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in 
best track.

********************************************************************************

15890 10/03/1902 M=11  4 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15890 10/03/1902 M=11  4 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               *** 

15895 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 930  50    0*150 930  50    0
15895 10/03*140 938  30    0*145 940  30    0*150 942  30    0*155 943  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

15900 10/04*159 930  50    0*167 929  45    0*172 929  40    0*176 928  40    0
15900 10/04*160 944  30    0*165 945  30    0*170 946  30    0*175 947  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

15905 10/05*179 927  40    0*182 927  45    0*184 926  50    0*186 926  55    0
15905 10/05*180 948  30    0*185 949  30    0*187 949  35    0*188 947  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15910 10/06*188 926  60    0*189 925  60    0*191 925  65    0*193 925  70    0
15910 10/06*189 944  55    0*191 940  60    0*193 937  65    0*195 933  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

15915 10/07*195 924  70    0*198 923  75    0*201 924  75    0*205 923  80    0
15915 10/07*197 929  85    0*200 925  90  970*203 920  90    0*207 915  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15920 10/08*211 922  80    0*219 921  85    0*228 920  85    0*235 918  85    0
15920 10/08*211 911  90    0*215 908  90    0*220 905  90    0*227 902  90    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15925 10/09*243 916  85    0*251 913  85    0*260 909  80    0*269 906  70    0
15925 10/09*234 900  90    0*239 899  85    0*245 897  80    0*253 895  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15930 10/10*277 903  65    0*285 898  60    0*294 892  60    0*303 883  50    0
15930 10/10*262 891  65    0*271 888  60    0*280 885  55    0*294 878  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

15935 10/11E314 874  40    0E325 863  35    0E337 848  35    0E349 828  35    0
15935 10/11*310 869  40    0E325 859  35    0E337 848  35    0E349 828  35    0
           **** ***              ***

15940 10/12E366 799  35    0E376 780  35    0E388 728  35    0E399 691  35    0
15940 10/12E364 805  35    0E376 780  35    0E388 728  35    0E399 691  35    0
            *** *** 

15945 10/13E409 655  35    0E419 610  40    0E428 551  40    0*  0   0   0    0
15950 HR    

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  The formation of the system in the Gulf of Tehuantepec as
found in Neumann et al. has been retained, though slightly altered in
track based upon observations collected by Partagas and Diaz.  Trek across
the Mexico likely to be at tropical depression intensity.  A central 
pressure of 970 mb (at 09Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 89 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track.  
Winds are adjusted according on the 6th through the 9th.  Slight alteration 
in track on the 12th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

15955 11/01/1902 M= 6  5 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15955 11/01/1902 M= 6  5 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

15960 11/01*  0   0   0    0*221 621  35    0*231 630  35    0*242 638  35    0
15960 11/01*200 673  30    0*210 683  30    0*225 673  35    0*246 663  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

15965 11/02*253 640  35    0*266 642  35    0*279 642  40    0*295 637  40    0
15965 11/02*266 653  35    0*287 639  40    0*305 626  45    0*318 613  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15970 11/03*311 625  40    0*327 611  40    0*342 590  45    0*352 575  45    0
15970 11/03*327 603  55    0*335 592  60    0*343 580  60    0*348 572  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15975 11/04*362 560  45    0*372 543  45    0*377 530  50    0*381 520  50    0
15975 11/04*352 565  60    0*357 557  55    0*360 550  50    0*363 538  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15980 11/05*385 510  50    0*388 500  50    0*390 490  50    0*392 480  40    0
15980 11/05*366 528  50    0*368 519  50    0*370 510  50    0*371 498  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15985 11/06*394 470  35    0*396 460  30    0*397 450  25    0*398 439  20    0
15985 11/06*371 486  35    0*370 474  30    0*370 465  25    0*371 454  20    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15990 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 
59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best 
track.  (A slightly higher wind speed could have been chosen, but given the 
time of year - early November - with cooler SSTs prevailing a more 
conservative value is chosen.)  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 2nd 
through the 4th.

*******************************************************************************

1902 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 25-28, 1902:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************


15995 07/19/1903 M= 8  1 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15995 07/21/1903 M= 6  1 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

16000 07/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*165 618  35    0*172 639  35    0
16005 07/20*179 656  35    0*185 668  35    0*193 683  35    0*200 697  40    0
(The 19th and 20th are omitted from the new HURDAT.)

16010 07/21*209 710  45    0*216 720  55    0*225 732  60    0*236 742  60    0
16010 07/21*200 678  35    0*207 689  35    0*215 700  35    0*225 712  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16015 07/22*248 748  60    0*261 750  70    0*273 750  80    0*284 747  85    0
16015 07/22*237 726  35    0*249 738  35    0*265 750  40    0*276 755  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16020 07/23*295 742  90    0*305 737  90    0*316 730  90    0*324 723  90    0
16020 07/23*288 756  45    0*299 754  50    0*310 750  55    0*322 736  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16025 07/24*332 716  90    0*340 705  90    0*347 696  85    0*353 685  85    0
16025 07/24*334 716  65    0*343 701  70    0*353 685  70    0*364 669  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16030 07/25*358 672  80    0*364 656  75    0*370 638  70    0*378 605  70    0
16030 07/25*373 652  70    0*379 636  65    0*385 615  60    0*393 580  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16035 07/26*388 570  60    0*398 535  50    0E410 503  45    0E425 466  40    0
16035 07/26*399 547  50    0E405 514  50    0E410 485  45    0E414 457  40    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***              ***          *** *** 

16040 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Partagas and Diaz'
analysis documented that this hurricane reached, at best, a Category 1
hurricane status.  Thus peak winds are reduced from 90 kt to 70 kt
and winds are adjusted downward accordingly for the lifetime of this
system.

********************************************************************************

16045 08/06/1903 M=11  2 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16045 08/06/1903 M=11  2 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16050 08/06*  0   0   0    0*125 432  50    0*125 450  50    0*127 470  50    0
16050 08/06*  0   0   0    0*118 423  50    0*120 435  50    0*123 447  50    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16055 08/07*130 488  55    0*132 505  65    0*134 520  70    0*136 533  70    0
16055 08/07*126 460  55    0*131 475  65    0*135 490  70    0*137 509  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16060 08/08*138 544  70    0*139 556  70    0*141 569  70    0*143 583  75    0
16060 08/08*138 526  70    0*138 541  70    0*140 560  70    0*143 578  75    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16065 08/09*144 598  75    0*145 614  80    0*147 630  80    0*149 647  80    0
16065 08/09*144 598  80    0*145 614  90  970*147 630 100    0*149 647 105    0
                     **               **  ***         ***              ***

16070 08/10*152 664  85    0*156 682  85    0*160 700  90    0*165 720  90    0
16070 08/10*152 664 105    0*156 682 105    0*160 700 105    0*166 720 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

16075 08/11*170 741  90    0*176 762  95    0*182 780 100    0*189 796 105    0
16075 08/11*172 738 105    0*177 756 105    0*183 773 105    0*186 787 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

16080 08/12*193 810 105    0*197 823 105    0*200 836 105    0*203 849 100    0
16080 08/12*190 800 105    0*194 811 105  958*197 825 105    0*201 840 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***          *** *** ***

16085 08/13*206 861  95    0*208 873  90    0*210 884  90    0*211 892  85    0
16085 08/13*204 856 105    0*208 873  85    0*210 884  70    0*212 894  65    0
            *** *** ***               **               **      *** ***  **

16090 08/14*212 900  85    0*213 909  85    0*215 914  85    0*217 923  85    0
16090 08/14*214 904  70    0*217 914  70    0*220 925  70    0*221 934  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16095 08/15*220 930  85    0*224 940  85    0*228 950  85    0*230 960  80    0
16095 08/15*223 943  70    0*226 951  70  986*230 960  70    0*231 968  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16100 08/16*232 968  75    0*234 975  50    0*234 986  40    0*232 996  35    0
16100 08/16*230 976  70    0*228 983  50    0*225 990  40    0*220 996  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** 

16105 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
A central pressure of 970 mb (0430Z on the 9th) suggests winds of 89 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track, up
from 80 kt previously.  A peripheral pressure of 975 mb (0930Z on the
11th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 105 kt was observed - 105 kt used in
the best track, up from 100 kt previously.  A central pressure of 958 mb 
(05Z on the 12th) suggests winds of 102 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 100 kt was observed - 105 kt retained 
in best track.  A central pressure of 986 mb (03Z on the 15th) suggests
winds of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
used in best track, down from 85 kt.  Winds adjusted accordingly from the
9th to the 16th.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized 
for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Full lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16110 09/09/1903 M= 8  3 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
16110 09/09/1903 M= 8  3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *   

16115 09/09*  0   0   0    0*214 724  50    0*218 734  50    0*222 740  50    0
16120 09/10*226 747  55    0*232 753  60    0*238 760  65    0*240 765  70    0
16120 09/10*226 747  55    0*232 753  60    0*238 760  65    0*245 767  70    0
                                                               *** ***

16125 09/11*244 769  80    0*249 775  85    0*254 784  85    0*258 791  85    0
16125 09/11*251 775  75    0*255 782  75    0*257 789  75    0*259 796  75  976 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

16130 09/12*264 803  75    0*269 812  65    0*273 821  60  988*278 829  50    0
16130 09/12*262 803  70    0*267 812  60    0*273 821  55  988*277 829  50    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      ***

16135 09/13*281 836  55    0*285 842  60    0*289 848  65    0*295 853  70    0
16135 09/13*281 836  60    0*285 842  70    0*289 848  80    0*295 853  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

16140 09/14*303 857  65    0*310 859  55    0*316 860  35    0*320 860  35    0
16140 09/14*303 857  80    0*310 859  60    0*316 860  45    0*320 860  35    0
                     **               **               **

16145 09/15*324 859  35    0*327 856  35    0*330 853  35    0*333 849  35    0
16150 09/16*336 843  35    0*338 837  35    0*340 830  35    0*339 823  30    0
16150 09/16*336 843  30    0*338 837  30    0*340 830  30    0*339 823  30    0
                     **               **               ** 

16155 HRCFL2AFL1
16155 HRCFL1AFL1
        ****

Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) where made to the track of
this hurricane.  The first alteration is to bring the center of the system 
to just west of Nassau near 00 UTC on the 10th, based upon wind and pressure 
observations.  The second major alteration is to utilize the Ho 
et al. (1987) landfall position for Southeast Florida, which does better 
match the possible central position from Cat Cay.  Partagas and Diaz 
otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A central pressure of 976 mb (11th) suggests 
winds of 80 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  However, Ho 
et al. estimate a large (43 nmi) RMW, so that winds are chosen to be 75 kt 
which matches the observed winds in Jupiter, Florida - this is a moderate 
reduction from the original HURDAT.  Ho et al.'s estimate of 977 mb at 
landfall in Southeast Florida was based upon a peripheral pressure of 996 mb 
from Tampa.  This is consistent with the measured 976 mb central pressure 
from Cat Cay, Bahamas.  The 75 kt at landfall in Southeast Florida makes this 
hurricane a Category 1, which is downgraded from the estimate of Category 2 
in Neumann et al.'s (1999) Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in 
HURDAT.  A storm tide of 8' was recorded at Jupiter, Florida (Barnes 1998a).

A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 22Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at 
least 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  A storm tide 
value of 10' was recorded at Apalachicola, Florida (Barnes 1998a).  Winds
at landfall are estimated at 80 kt based upon these observations, which is 
increased slightly from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT.  The 80 kt at landfall 
in the panhandle of Florida retains the Category 1 in Neumann et al.'s 
assessment.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 13th and 14th.

Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis stage.

1903/03 - 2011 REVISION:

17050 09/09/1903 M= 8  3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
17055 09/09*  0   0   0    0*214 724  50    0*218 734  50    0*222 740  50    0*
17060 09/10*226 747  55    0*232 753  60    0*238 760  65    0*245 767  70    0*
17065 09/11*251 775  75    0*255 782  75    0*257 789  75    0*259 796  75  976*
17070 09/12*262 803  70    0*267 812  60    0*273 821  55  988*277 829  50    0*
17075 09/13*281 836  60    0*285 842  70    0*289 848  80    0*295 853  80    0*
17080 09/14*303 857  80    0*310 859  60    0*316 860  45    0*320 860  35    0*
17085 09/15*324 859  35    0*327 856  35    0*330 853  35    0*333 849  35    0*
17090 09/16*336 843  30    0*338 837  30    0*340 830  30    0*339 823  30    0*
17095 HRCFL1AFL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/11/1903    2300Z 26.1N  80.1W   75kt  1   43nmi   976mb    CFL1
3-9/14/1903    0000Z 30.1N  85.6W   80kt  1    ---   (977mb)   AFL1
3-9/14/1903    0000Z 30.1N  85.6W   80kt  1    ---   (974mb)   AFL1
                                                      ***

The 2003 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in northwest Florida as an 80 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 977 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 974 mb - 
for an 80 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

********************************************************************************

16160 09/12/1903 M= 6  4 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16160 09/12/1903 M= 6  4 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

16165 09/12*225 556  60    0*233 564  60    0*242 573  70    0*251 583  70    0
16165 09/12*225 556  60    0*233 564  60    0*242 573  60    0*254 587  60    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

16170 09/13*260 594  70    0*268 607  70    0*275 620  70    0*281 636  70    0
16170 09/13*265 604  60    0*274 622  60    0*280 640  60    0*284 652  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16175 09/14*286 654  70    0*292 672  70    0*297 686  70    0*303 696  70    0
16175 09/14*288 665  60    0*291 678  60    0*295 690  60    0*301 703  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16180 09/15*309 704  70    0*315 712  75    0*321 718  80    0*331 723  85    0
16180 09/15*308 715  70    0*316 726  75    0*325 733  80    0*341 740  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

16185 09/16*346 728  85    0*364 733  80    0*384 739  70    0*400 747  65    0
16185 09/16*362 745  80    0*380 746  75    0*393 747  70  990*403 750  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***      *** *** ***  **

16190 09/17*410 756  55    0*419 764  45    0E430 772  40    0E448 770  30    0
16190 09/17*411 755  55    0*419 763  45    0E430 770  40    0E448 770  30    0
            *** ***              ***              ***

16195 HR NJ1 NY1 CT1
16195 HR NJ1 DE1 
             *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 997 mb (15Z on the 16th) suggests winds of at least 
53 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best 
track which is the same as the original HURDAT.  990 mb was analyzed as the 
central pressure at landfall in Jarrell et al. (1992), which suggests winds 
of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  Intensity at landfall 
is retained as a Category 1 at New Jersey (70 kt) - which agrees with Table 6 
in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  A ship 
report of hurricane force winds at the Delaware Capes (from Roth and Cobb 
2001) suggests that the Delaware coast also experienced Category 1 
conditions.  However, observations collected by Partagas and Diaz indicate 
that New York and Connecticut were not likely affected by sustained 
hurricane winds so that they are removed from being listed as a Category 1 
at landfall.  Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of 
information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************


16200 09/20/1903 M= 7  5 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16200 09/19/1903 M= 8  5 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
16202 09/19*208 716  30    0*213 717  30    0*217 717  30    0*220 717  30    0

16205 09/20*219 716  35    0*225 714  35    0*230 712  35    0*234 713  35    0
16205 09/20*223 717  30    0*226 717  30    0*230 717  30    0*235 718  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16210 09/21*239 714  35    0*243 716  35    0*247 718  40    0*251 720  40    0
16210 09/21*241 720  30    0*246 722  30    0*250 725  30    0*255 727  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16215 09/22*254 722  45    0*258 724  45    0*262 726  45    0*267 728  45    0
16215 09/22*260 729  30    0*265 731  30    0*270 733  35    0*275 735  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16220 09/23*272 729  45    0*278 729  45    0*284 729  45    0*290 729  45    0
16220 09/23*279 736  40    0*285 736  40    0*290 737  45    0*300 739  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

16225 09/24*297 727  50    0*303 724  50    0*310 720  50    0*318 713  50    0
16225 09/24*314 740  50    0*328 738  50    0*340 730  50    0*347 716  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16230 09/25*328 703  50    0*339 691  45    0*347 675  45    0*351 659  40    0
16230 09/25*351 704  50    0*354 690  45    0*355 675  45    0*360 653  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** *** 

16235 09/26*358 637  35    0*360 611  30    0*366 582  25    0*  0   0   0    0
16235 09/26*367 627  35    0*373 601  30    0*378 575  25    0*382 556  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

16240 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (12Z on the 24th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt retained in HURDAT.
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 25th) suggests winds of
at least 42 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt
retained in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16245 09/26/1903 M= 5  6 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16245 09/26/1903 M= 5  6 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16250 09/26*  0   0   0    0*229 588  40    0*233 600  40    0*236 616  40    0
16255 09/27*239 628  45    0*243 638  50    0*248 646  50    0*261 653  55    0
16255 09/27*239 628  45    0*243 638  50    0*248 646  55    0*260 653  60    0
                                                       **      ***      **

16260 09/28*274 654  60    0*288 652  65    0*302 647  70    0*316 637  75    0
16260 09/28*273 657  70    0*287 657  80    0*300 655  90    0*321 642  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16265 09/29*331 624  80    0*346 606  85    0*362 576  85    0*379 530  85    0
16265 09/29*341 623  95    0*360 591  95    0*375 563  90    0*394 528  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

16270 09/30*388 500  80    0E406 462  75    0E435 410  70    0*  0   0   0    0
16270 09/30*412 486  80    0E427 448  75    0E445 405  70    0E465 355  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

16275 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (16Z on the 28th) suggests winds of 
at least 66 kt - 95 kt is chosen for the best track which is appropriate
given hurricane force winds were observed in Bermuda on the weak side of 
the storm.  

********************************************************************************

16280 10/01/1903 M=10  7 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16280 10/01/1903 M=10  7 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16285 10/01*202 575  60    0*204 588  60    0*208 600  65    0*214 612  70    0
16285 10/01*170 560  60    0*177 573  60    0*185 585  60    0*194 597  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16290 10/02*221 620  70    0*229 628  70    0*237 634  70    0*247 636  70    0
16290 10/02*203 610  65    0*215 622  70    0*230 635  70    0*243 638  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16295 10/03*259 633  70    0*271 629  70    0*281 622  75    0*290 612  75    0
16295 10/03*254 637  70    0*263 634  70    0*273 630  75    0*280 627  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16300 10/04*297 603  80    0*301 593  80    0*301 580  85    0*299 566  85    0
16300 10/04*289 622  80    0*295 616  80    0*300 607  85    0*305 591  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16305 10/05*296 552  85    0*293 538  85    0*289 525  85    0*286 510  80    0
16305 10/05*306 572  85    0*304 552  85    0*300 534  85    0*295 519  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16310 10/06*284 497  75    0*282 484  70    0*279 471  70    0*273 470  70    0
16310 10/06*289 502  75    0*281 488  70    0*270 480  70    0*268 482  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16315 10/07*268 478  70    0*269 488  70    0*272 493  70    0*279 489  70    0
16315 10/07*267 484  70    0*268 487  70    0*270 490  70    0*276 488  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16320 10/08*281 482  70    0*282 472  70    0*283 465  70    0*284 450  65    0
16320 10/08*280 482  70    0*282 472  70    0*283 462  70    0*285 450  65    0
            ***                                   ***          ***

16325 10/09*285 434  65    0*286 419  60    0*288 404  50    0*293 390  45    0
16325 10/09*290 431  65    0*295 415  60    0*300 400  50    0*305 387  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16330 10/10E301 375  40    0E312 362  35    0E324 350  35    0*  0   0   0    0
16330 10/10E309 375  40    0E316 362  35    0E324 350  35    0E336 332  35    0
            ***              ***                              **** ***  **
16335 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16340 10/05/1903 M= 6  8 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16340 10/05/1903 M= 6  8 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16345 10/05*240 688  40    0*244 691  45    0*250 695  50    0*257 695  55    0
16345 10/05*255 725  35    0*257 723  35    0*260 720  40    0*263 717  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16350 10/06*263 694  55    0*268 692  60    0*272 690  65    0*275 688  70    0
16350 10/06*266 713  40    0*269 709  40    0*272 705  40    0*275 701  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

16355 10/07*278 685  70    0*280 683  70    0*283 680  70    0*286 676  70    0
16355 10/07*278 697  40    0*281 693  40    0*285 688  40    0*290 682  45    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

16360 10/08*289 671  70    0*292 666  70    0*297 661  75    0*300 660  75    0
16360 10/08*295 674  50    0*300 669  55    0*305 665  60    0*311 662  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16365 10/09*304 660  80    0*309 662  85    0*313 668  85    0*316 677  85    0
16365 10/09*317 659  60    0*323 657  60    0*330 655  60    0*337 653  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16370 10/10*319 691  85    0*322 709  75    0*330 730  70    0E344 737  70    0
16370 10/10*345 652  55    0*353 651  50    0E361 650  50    0E372 648  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

16375 HR     
16375 TS
      **

Major changes were made to this system from that proposed by Partagas and 
Diaz (1997).  Portions of track that they proposed are not reasonable.
After re-examination of available observations for this system from
the Historical Weather Map series, new track positions are proposed for 
the 5th through the 8th, which are different from both Neumann et al. 
(1999) as well as Partagas and Diaz.  These position are only moderately
altered from those seen in Neumann et al.  (Partagas and Diaz' apparent
error was in focusing upon a possible position based on one ship [at 23N,
75W] on the 6th.  However, space-time continuity with data on the 7th and 
8th was not consistent with what they believed occurred on the 6th.)  
Positions for the 9th and 10th proposed by Partagas and Diaz are large 
alterations to what appears in Neumann et al., but do look quite 
reasonable and are retained as suggested.  (On the 9th, a strong front 
entered the Atlantic from the U.S. east coast accompanied by an 
extratropical low centered near 35N, 73W.  On the 10th, the 
extratropical low had drifted north (37N, 73.5W) and intensified, while 
the tropical storm was becoming absorbed into the extratropical system 
near the warm frontal boundary on the east side of the extratropical low.)  
Partagas and Diaz analyzed this tropical system as peaking as a tropical 
storm, rather than as a hurricane as found in Neumann et al. and HURDAT.  
Partagas and Diaz' characterization of the intensity is retained here.
Two peripheral pressures of 997 mb (both at 12Z on the 9th) suggest winds 
of at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt 
chosen for the best track.  Peak winds reduced from the standard 
Category 2 (85 kt) down to a strong tropical storm (60 kt), since 
available observations support a substantially weaker system.  A storm 
tide of 9' attributed to this system observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth 
and Cobb 2001) was instead caused by the separate, strong extratropical 
storm system.

********************************************************************************

16376 10/21/1903 M= 7  9 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16376 10/21*  0   0   0    0*212 720  30    0*215 725  30    0*219 729  30    0
16376 10/22*225 733  30    0*232 736  30    0*240 740  30    0*248 742  30    0
16376 10/23*256 743  30    0*263 743  30    0*270 743  35    0*279 745  40    0
16376 10/24*290 748  45    0*301 751  50    0*312 750  50    0E324 745  50    0
16376 10/25E336 731  50    0E345 715  50    0E358 695  50    0E380 669  50    0
16376 10/26E405 637  50    0E428 604  50    0E450 575  45    0E473 554  40    0
16376 10/27E491 537  40    0E511 524  40    0E530 510  35    0E552 495  35    0
16376 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************


16380 11/17/1903 M= 9  9 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 10 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

16385 11/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*197 396  35    0*201 410  35    0
16385 11/17*  0   0   0    0*190 370  35    0*195 385  35    0*199 397  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

16390 11/18*205 420  35    0*211 432  35    0*219 444  35    0*228 456  35    0
16390 11/18*204 413  35    0*211 429  35    0*219 444  35    0*228 456  35    0
            *** ***              ***

16395 11/19*237 468  35    0*245 480  40    0*255 493  45    0*264 500  50    0
16395 11/19*237 468  35    0*245 480  40    0*255 493  45    0*264 498  50    0
                                                                   ***

16400 11/20*273 502  60    0*282 500  65    0*290 492  70    0*292 483  70    0
16400 11/20*273 496  60    0*282 493  65    0*290 485  70    0*292 477  70    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          *** 

16405 11/21*293 473  70    0*293 462  75    0*293 454  75    0*295 447  80    0
16405 11/21*293 471  70    0*293 462  70    0*293 454  70    0*295 447  70    0
            *** ***                   **               **               **

16410 11/22*297 441  80    0*300 436  85    0*304 432  85    0*313 429  85    0
16410 11/22*297 441  70    0*300 436  70    0*304 432  70    0*313 429  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

16415 11/23*328 427  85    0*343 425  80    0*354 423  75    0*363 421  70    0
16415 11/23*328 427  70    0*343 425  70    0*354 423  70    0*363 421  70    0
                     **               **               **   

16420 11/24*370 419  70    0*377 417  70    0*385 414  70    0*394 409  70    0
16425 11/25*403 405  65    0*413 400  65    0*422 396  65    0E435 389  50    0
16430 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 9.  Peak winds are reduced from the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) based upon available 
observations that suggest that the system was, at most, a minimal 
hurricane.

********************************************************************************

1903 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997)
in mid-June 1903:

   "1903  Additional system #1  Block Island and Nantucket observations 
    suggest tropical storm force winds, although the structure of the 
    system is not clear.  Needs further research." 

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, 
this system did cause winds of gale force both over the Atlantic and at the 
coast, but it had an extratropical storm structure at that time.  The system 
formed near the northern Bahamas on the 9th; apparently achieved tropical 
depression status on the 10th near 28N, 78W; moved to the north-northeast on 
the 11th with maximum winds of 30kt; merged with a frontal boundary and
intensified on the 12th; made landfall late on the 12th in New York;
moved northward and occluded over land on the 13th; and weakened on
the 14th near Lake Erie.  Peak winds from this storm were 63 kt E at 
Block Island (this corrects to 52 kt after accounting for the high bias 
of the anemometer and converting to a peak 1 min wind), 42 kt SE at 
Nantucket, 36 kt E at Boston, 35 kt E at Portland, and a COADS ship of 
35 kt SE at 37N, 70W.  Lowest sea level pressure observed was 997 mb at 
New York City.  (All peak observations were on the 12th of June).  
However, the system at the time of tropical storm force conditions had
already acquired a baroclinic structure.  As an example, New York City
experienced 67 F temperature and 65 F dewpoint with a 27 kt E wind
under light rain conditions at 12 UTC on the 12th.  This became 57 F 
temperature, 54 F dewpoint with a 5 kt W wind under cloudy conditions
a day later.  Such changes are typical of that experienced in the region.
This structure is consistent with a moderate cold frontal feature.
Thus the system was likely not a tropical storm and is not included 
into HURDAT. 


Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) August 20-23, 1903:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 23-26, 1903:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
a possible storm system identified by the Committee from information
within Monthly Weather Review:

   "1903  Additional system for 10-11 Sept.  A possible depression 
    in the Gulf of Mexico.  Isaac Cline states that warnings were 
    issued.  System not noted in P+D.   Needs further research."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, 
this system did cause heavy rains and winds up to 25 kt in the northern
Gulf of Mexico and in Louisiana and Texas.  However, there was no closed
circulation with this system and it did not produce gale force winds.
Therefore, this system will not be included into HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16435 06/11/1904 M= 4  1 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16435 06/10/1904 M= 5  1 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
16437 06/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 805  30    0*136 807  30    0

16440 06/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*155 793  35    0*159 792  35    0
16440 06/11*142 807  30    0*146 805  30    0*150 803  30    0*157 802  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16445 06/12*164 792  35    0*168 791  35    0*172 790  35    0*176 788  35    0
16445 06/12*162 801  35    0*168 799  40    0*173 797  45    0*177 795  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16455 06/13*180 786  40    0*184 783  45    0*188 780  50    0*192 778  55    0
16450 06/13*181 792  55    0*184 789  60    0*187 785  65    0*194 777  70    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16455 06/14*195 774  60    0*197 770  55    0*199 765  35    0*201 760  25    0
16455 06/14*203 768  55    0*211 760  40    0*220 753  35    0*229 746  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

16460 TS
16460 HR
      **

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm 
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 70 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based 
upon the analysis from Perez (2000).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  Winds are also boosted from the 12th and the 13th based upon 
observations in Jamaica listed by Partagas and Diaz.  Winds reduced on the 
14th, due to earlier landfall in revised HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16465 09/08/1904 M= 8  2 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16465 09/08/1904 M= 8  2 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

16470 09/08*193 539  60    0*196 550  60    0*200 561  65    0*205 575  70    0
16470 09/08*162 540  50    0*167 548  50    0*173 557  50    0*181 571  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16475 09/09*210 586  70    0*214 596  70    0*218 606  70    0*223 615  70    0
16475 09/09*190 586  50    0*199 603  50    0*210 620  50    0*217 630  50    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16480 09/10*226 621  70    0*230 630  70    0*236 640  70    0*241 650  70    0
16480 09/10*225 642  50    0*234 655  50    0*240 665  50    0*247 673  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16485 09/11*245 659  70    0*249 667  70    0*254 676  75    0*259 685  75    0
16485 09/11*251 680  50    0*255 690  50    0*259 700  50    0*262 708  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16490 09/12*263 693  75    0*267 702  80    0*271 711  85    0*275 721  85    0
16490 09/12*266 716  55    0*268 723  60    0*270 730  65    0*272 738  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16495 09/13*280 732  85    0*284 742  85    0*290 753  85    0*296 760  85    0
16495 09/13*276 747  70    0*281 757  70    0*290 767  70    0*297 774  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

16500 09/14*305 770  85    0*315 780  80    0*327 790  75    0*346 792  65    0
16500 09/14*304 780  70    0*315 785  70    0*327 790  70    0*346 795  60    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **          ***  **

16505 09/15E365 776  65    0E391 750  65    0E420 703  65    0E459 640  55    0
16505 09/15*365 776  55    0E391 750  65    0E420 703  75    0E459 640  55    0
           *         **                                **

16510 HR SC1 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Peak 
winds reduced from Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) as a hurricane
since observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal hurricane.
Winds reduced accordingly from the 8th to the 14th.  Winds are increased on 
the 15th due to observations over New England in Partagas and Diaz while 
during its extratropical stage.  Landfall at South Carolina as a 70 kt 
Category 1 agrees with assessment in the U.S. landfall categorization
in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999).  It is to be noted that 
this system had hurricane force winds (and produced these along the U.S. 
coast) during its extratropical stage on the 15th.  Full lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

1904/03 - 2011 ADDITION:

00005 09/28/1904 M= 7  3 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED   XING=0
00010 09/28*120 800  25    0*122 803  25    0*125 805  30    0*128 808  30    0*
00015 09/29*130 810  35    0*132 812  35    0*135 815  40    0*139 818  40    0*
00020 09/30*144 820  45    0*150 822  50    0*155 825  55    0*159 828  60    0*
00025 10/01*163 831  65    0*167 835  70    0*170 840  70    0*173 846  70    0*
00030 10/02*176 852  65    0*178 858  60    0*180 865  55    0*181 872  50    0*
00035 10/03*182 878  50    0*181 884  40    0*180 890  35    0*179 897  35    0*
00040 10/04*177 904  30    0*174 912  30    0*170 920  25    0*165 928  25    0*
00045 HR

This new hurricane was uncovered by Michael Chenoweth in his examination of the 
"Nautical Notes" section of the New Orleans Picayune newspaper archives.  The track 
and intensity was based upon ship observations from this newspaper as well as COADS 
data and Historical Weather Map observations.

September 28:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a broad closed low of at 
most 1010 mb pressure centered near 11N 75W.  Available observations are sparse, 
but these along with continuity suggests that a tropical depression was present 
near 12.5N 80.5W.  No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 29:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest 
in the Western Caribbean.  Available observations are sparse, but these along with 
continuity suggests that a tropical storm was present near 13.5N 81.5W.  No gales or 
equivalent in pressure were observed.  "The Norwegian steamship Utstein, Captain T. 
Aaravold, from Bluefields, Nicaragua...crossed the bar at 11:45 p.m. on October 3, and 
released from Quarantine at 2:30 a.m. on Oct. 4, and arrived about 10 a.m. at Post 15, 
First District. Reports sailing from Bluefields at 4 p.m. Sept. 28; had stormy weather, 
with strong northerly winds to Cape Gracias, thence to Yucatan strong north to 
north-northeast winds, with a heavy swell, thence northerly winds to bar" [New Orleans 
Picayune, 5 October 1904, p. 13] COMMENT: This ship left for New Orleans earlier than 
other ships from the area and stayed ahead of the storm center to its south and southeast.

September 30:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in 
the Western Caribbean.  Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical 
storm was near 15.5N 82.5W.  Ship highlights:  SE 40 kt near 14N 82W (NOP).  "The 
Norwegian steamship Nicaragua, Captain L.H. Larssen, from Bluefields, Nicaragua...crossed 
the bar at 8 p.m. on Oct. 5, and arrived at 8 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, First District. 
She reports sailing from Bluefields on Sept. 30; when between Bluefields and Cape Gracias, 
ran into a hard wind from southeast, blowing with gale force, with a high sea, lasting to 
Yucatan; wind then moderated and shifted to north, light, with good weather to bar" 
[New Orleans Picayune, 7 October 1904, p. 13].  "The Norwegian steamship Harald, Captain 
K.S. Irgens, from Port Limon, Costa Rica...crossed the bar at 9 p.m. Oct. 3 and arrived at 
7:30 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, First District. Reports sailing from Port Limon at 2 p.m. 
Sept. 28, and encountered heavy weather off Swan Island for about twenty hours, with 
heavy seas, thence moderate weather to bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October, p. 13] 
COMMENT: The steamship was probably in the area of Swan Island on 30 September and had 
bad weather to the north of the storm center.

October 1:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the 
Western Caribbean.  Available observations indicate that the center of a hurricane was 
near 17N 84W.  Ship highlights:  SE 70 kt at 05Z near 16N 83W (NOP); 50 kt near 18N 87W 
(NOP); NNE 40 near 19N 87W (NOP); SSE 40 kt near 16N 83W (NOP).  "The Norwegian steamship 
Ellis, Captain E. Hansen, from Port Limon....reports having sailed Sept. 29, at 5:30 p.m., 
had strong north winds and cloudy weather; passed Cape Gracias at 7:10 p.m., Sept. 30, 
but failed to distinguish the light; on rounding the Cape encountered a southeast wind, 
blowing with hurricane-like force, with torrents of rain; during the night the wind and 
sea kept increasing and at midnight the wind blew with terrific force, accompanied by 
fearful high seas; at 6 a.m., Oct. 1, the wind and sea began to moderate and was followed 
by fine weather during the remainder of the passage, crossing the bar [in Louisiana] at 
10 p.m., Oct. 3 and arrived at her wharf at 6 a.m. yesterday" [New Orleans Picayune, 
5 October 1904, page 13].  "The Norwegian steamship Beacon, Captain J. Pettersen, from 
ocas del Toro...crossed the bar at noon Oct. 4 and arrived at 5 a.m. yesterday at Post 15, 
First District. Reports sailing from Bocas del Toro Sept. 29; had good weather to Cape 
Gracias, thence a strong south-southeast wind, with fierce lightning and heavy thunder, 
and in order to clear the storm changed her course to the outside banks at Cape Gracias, 
when quite a number of birds, large and small, came on board, and were so tired that they 
could be picked up. During the latter part of the passage had good weather. [New Orleans 
Picayune, 6 October 1904, page 13] COMMENT: The ship was east of Cape Gracias a Dios 
probably by the evening of 30 September and in a rain band to the east of the storm 
center. The mass landing of birds is suggestive of a severe storm in the area, quite 
likely of hurricane intensity.  "The British steamship Wanderer, 2,666 tons net, Captain 
R. Hunter, from Liverpool, via Colon and Mexican ports...released from Quarantine Thursday 
[20 Oct.] arrived at Stuyvesant Dock to fill out for Liverpool. She reports sailing from 
Liverpool on Sept.8; had fair weather across the Atlantic and off the Bay of Honduras 
encountered the tail end of a hurricane, heavy rains and fierce squalls being encountered 
with thick, dirty weather and a heavy cross sea, lasting twenty-four hours, and followed 
by unsettled weather to and around the coast, and in the Gulf of Mexico experienced 
strong northeast to east-northeast wind, with a heavy head swell to bar" [New Orleans 
Picayune, 22 October 1904, page 11] COMMENT: The steamship probably encountered the 
storm on about 1 October.  "The Norwegian steamship Hispania, Captain T. Seeberg...
crossed the bar at 4 a.m. on Oct. 4 and arrived at 2:10 p.m. on the same date at Post 15, 
First District. Reports sailing from [La] Ceiba [Honduras] Sept. 30; had strong 
north-northeast winds, blowing with gale force and a heavy sea to north end of Cozumel 
Island, thence moderate weather to the bar" [New Orleans Picayune, 5 October, p. 13] 
COMMENT: The steamship probably encountered the storm on about 1 October.  "The 
Norwegian steamship Gyller, Captain S. Alshager, from Port Cortez [Puerto Cortez, Honduras]....
arrived yesterday morning at Post 30, Third District. Reports sailing from Port Cortez 
Sept. 30; had stormy weather and heavy squalls and winds from northwest to northeast up 
to night of Oct. 2, the weather then moderating, being fine from Yucatan to the bar" 
[New Orleans Picayune, 6 October 1904, p. 13].  "The Norwegian steamship Hiram, Captain 
J. Pedersen, from Puerto Cortez...crossed the bar at 10 a.m. on Oct. 5, and arrived at 
8:30 p.m., the same date, at Post 30, Third District. She reports sailing from Puerto 
Cortez at 4 a.m. Oct. 1; experienced strong northwest to northeast winds and high seas 
for two days, till off Yucatan; thence fine weather" [New Orleans Picayune, 7 October 
1904, p. 13].

October 2:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the 
Western Caribbean.  Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical storm 
was near 18N 86.5W.  No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed.

October 3:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest in the 
Western Caribbean or the Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations indicate that the center 
of a tropical storm was located inland near 18N 89W near the Mexico-Belize border.  
No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed.

October 4:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a trough over Central America.  
Available observations indicate that the center of a tropical depression was located 
inland near 17N 92W near the Mexico-Guatemala border.  No gales or equivalent in pressure 
were observed.  "The British steamship Floridian...from Liverpool via various ports, 
released from Quarantine at 1 p.m. Oct. 11... left UK Sept. 1 and had fine weather to 
Tampico, where detained three days by a light norther and very heavy rains making the 
bar impassable; sailed from Tampico Oct. 6, and had strong northeast winds to the Passes" 
[New Orleans Picayune, 13 October 1904, p. 13] COMMENT: U.S. daily weather maps and 
the Historical Weather Maps indicate that a strong cold front moved well into the Gulf of 
Mexico only on 6 October, which would be associated with the "strong northeast winds 
to the Passes".

October 5:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows no features of interest over 
Western Caribbean or the Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations suggest that the tropical 
cyclone had dissipated.  No gales or equivalent were observed.

Genesis of this cyclone is estimated to have occurred around 00 UTC on the 28th of 
September in the southwestern Caribbean.  Numerous ship encounters with this cyclone 
were uncovered from the 29th of September through the 2nd of October.  Moving slowly 
toward the northwest, development into a tropical storm likely occurred around 00 UTC 
on the 29th.  The center of the cyclone passed just offshore of Cape Gracias, near the 
Nicaragua-Honduras border on the 30th.  Observations from the Steamship Ellis indicate 
that that cyclone reached hurricane intensity while in the northwestern Caribbean Sea 
on the 1st on October.  While data are somewhat inconclusive, it is analyzed that the 
cyclone weakened to tropical storm intensity on the 2nd before making landfall in Belize.  
No observations were available from Nicaragua, Honduras, or Belize.  Mexican and ship 
data suggest that the cyclone moved westward over land while weakening on the 3rd.  
Dissipation likely occurred late on the 4th over southeastern Mexico, as there are no 
indications that the cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico.

********************************************************************************


16515 10/12/1904 M=10  3 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16515 10/12/1904 M=10  4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

16520 10/12*  0   0   0    0*153 757  35    0*153 764  35    0*154 771  35    0
16525 10/13*156 777  35    0*159 782  35    0*164 787  35    0*171 791  35    0
16525 10/13*159 777  35    0*164 782  35    0*170 787  40    0*175 791  40    0
            ***              ***              ***      **      ***      **

16530 10/14*179 793  35    0*186 795  35    0*193 797  40    0*199 798  40    0
16530 10/14*180 793  40    0*186 795  40    0*193 797  45    0*198 798  50    0
            ***      **               **               **      ***      **

16535 10/15*204 799  45    0*209 799  45    0*215 800  40    0*221 799  40    0
16535 10/15*201 799  55    0*206 799  60    0*210 800  65    0*214 800  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

16540 10/16*228 797  40    0*235 795  45    0*242 793  55    0*248 791  65    0
16540 10/16*217 800  65    0*220 800  55    0*225 800  50    0*233 799  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16545 10/17*253 792  65    0*256 794  65    0*260 798  65    0*260 805  60    0
16545 10/17*242 799  65    0*251 801  70    0*257 807  60    0*259 809  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16550 10/18*260 809  55    0*257 814  45    0*252 816  40    0*253 809  35    0
16550 10/18*262 811  45    0*265 814  40    0*267 817  40    0*268 823  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

16555 10/19*259 808  30    0*263 809  25    0*267 810  25    0*269 809  20    0
16555 10/19*267 825  35    0*266 826  35    0*263 827  35    0*259 826  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16560 10/20*271 807  20    0*273 806  20    0*275 805  20    0*277 802  20    0
16560 10/20*256 822  35    0*254 816  35    0*255 810  35    0*258 800  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16565 10/21*280 799  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
16565 10/21*261 790  25    0*265 782  20    0*270 770  20    0*274 759  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16570 HR
16570 HRCFL1
        ****

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm 
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 65 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based 
upon the analysis from Perez (2000).  Winds increased accordingly on the 14th 
through the 16th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small 
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 
39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best
track.  A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (05Z on the 17th) suggests winds
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track.  Winds at landfall in southeast Florida are
estimated at 70 kt, making this a Category 1 landfall which is consistent
with the original HURDAT 6 hourly intensity estimate just before landfall 
(which had 65 kt).  However, Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT did not list this as a U.S. landfalling 
hurricane.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on the 20th) suggests 
winds of at least 43 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 
35 kt chosen for best track since the center had already made a second 
landfall by this time.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.

********************************************************************************

16575 10/19/1904 M= 5  4 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16575 10/19/1904 M= 7  5 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16580 10/19*  0   0   0    0*260 462  35    0*258 470  35    0*255 479  35    0
16580 10/19*  0   0   0    0*258 454  35    0*250 463  35    0*238 475  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

16585 10/20*250 488  35    0*247 497  35    0*245 506  35    0*244 514  35    0
16585 10/20*227 488  35    0*221 503  35    0*225 516  35    0*230 522  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16590 10/21*244 522  40    0*244 529  40    0*245 537  45    0*246 544  45    0
16590 10/21*236 523  40    0*243 522  40    0*250 520  45    0*260 522  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16595 10/22*250 550  45    0*254 555  45    0*260 560  40    0*265 564  35    0
16595 10/22*267 528  45    0*275 536  45    0*285 545  40    0*296 553  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16600 10/23*275 570  35    0*286 573  35    0*300 578  30    0*  0   0   0    0
16600 10/23*311 561  35    0*328 568  35    0*350 575  35    0*367 575  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(24th and 25th are new to HURDAT.)
16601 10/24E392 567  35    0E417 556  35    0E445 540  35    0E473 512  35    0
16602 10/25E504 484  35    0E534 454  35    0E560 425  35    0E578 395  35    0

16605 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1005 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 38 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt retained in best track.

********************************************************************************

16610 10/29/1904 M= 8  5 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16610 10/31/1904 M= 7  6 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

16615 10/29*  0   0   0    0*199 860  35    0*203 868  40    0*206 875  35    0
16620 10/30*208 881  35    0*212 889  35    0*217 896  35    0*222 901  35    0
(The 29th and 30th are deleted from HURDAT.)

16625 10/31*226 906  35    0*231 911  35    0*237 916  35    0*242 919  35    0
16625 10/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 913  35    0*204 918  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***
           
16630 11/01*246 920  35    0*251 920  40    0*257 919  40    0*262 918  45    0
16630 11/01*210 920  35    0*216 922  40    0*223 920  40    0*231 917  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16635 11/02*268 915  45    0*274 911  45    0*282 906  40    0*290 899  35    0
16635 11/02*238 914  45    0*244 911  45    0*253 907  40    0*265 898  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

16640 11/03*300 891  35    0*309 879  35    0*316 864  35    0*316 843  35    0
16640 11/03*278 889  35    0*291 881  35    0*303 867  35    0*313 848  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

16645 11/04*319 828  35    0*328 806  35    0*336 786  35    0*340 765  35    0
16645 11/04*321 827  30    0*329 804  30    0E335 780  35    0E338 760  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***

16650 11/05*344 745  35    0*349 724  35    0*353 703  30    0*360 685  25    0
16650 11/05E345 734  35    0E351 711  35    0E360 687  35    0E377 660  35    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***

(The 6th is new to HURDAT.)
16652 11/06E400 624  35    0E424 593  35    0E450 575  35    0E466 557  35    0

16655 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1005 mb (12Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at least 34 kt - 35 kt retained 
in best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over the Southeast U.S.

********************************************************************************

1904 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned five additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 3-5, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 24-30, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 10-16, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 28-November 2, 1904:  Gale force intensity, but likely 
   extratropical.
5) November 9-14, 1904:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

16660 09/06/1905 M= 2  1 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16660 09/06/1905 M= 3  1 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16665 09/06*  0   0   0    0*140 580  50    0*140 590  50    0*140 600  50    0
16665 09/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*116 585  50    0*120 598  50    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

16670 09/07*141 609  50    0*141 618  50    0*141 627  40    0*141 640  30    0
16670 09/07*125 611  50    0*130 628  50    0*135 643  40    0*139 658  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
16672 09/08*144 673  30    0*149 689  30    0*153 703  30    0*159 721  25    0

16675 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Full lifecycle
of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its 
genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

17350 09/11/1905 M= 6  2 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17350 09/11/1905 M= 6  2 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

17355 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 510  35    0*197 521  35    0
17360 09/12*200 533  35    0*202 541  35    0*205 550  40    0*210 560  40    0
17365 09/13*214 568  40    0*218 574  45    0*221 579  50    0*223 583  50    0
17370 09/14*226 586  50    0*229 588  50    0*232 591  45    0*238 594  40    0
17375 09/15*244 597  35    0*250 600  35    0*255 603  35    0*259 606  35    0
17380 09/16*263 611  35    0*267 615  35    0*270 620  30    0*272 625  30    0
17385 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************


16720 09/24/1905 M= 7  3 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16720 09/24/1905 M= 7  3 SNBR= 412 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               *** 

16725 09/24*  0   0   0    0*177 840  35    0*182 847  35    0*186 854  35    0
16730 09/25*190 860  35    0*194 867  40    0*199 874  40    0*204 881  35    0
16735 09/26*209 888  35    0*215 897  35    0*222 905  35    0*229 909  40    0
16735 09/26*209 888  35    0*215 897  35    0*222 905  45    0*229 909  45    0
                                                       **               **

16740 09/27*237 914  40    0*245 918  40    0*253 920  40    0*259 922  45    0
16740 09/27*237 914  45    0*245 918  45    0*253 920  45    0*259 922  45    0
                     **               **               **

16745 09/28*265 924  45    0*272 926  45    0*277 927  45    0*283 928  45    0
16750 09/29*287 927  45    0*292 926  45    0*298 925  40    0*306 918  35    0
16755 09/30*317 909  35    0*330 912  35    0*341 920  35    0*348 934  30    0
16760 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressures of 1002 mb 
(12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are
adjusted accordingly on the 26th and 27th.  Another peripheral pressure of 
1002 mb (on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt - 40 kt retained for 
best track at 12Z since the storm was inland by this time.

********************************************************************************

16765 10/01/1905 M=13  4 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16765 10/01/1905 M=13  4 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16770 10/01*  0   0   0    0*107 797  60    0*110 797  60    0*111 797  60    0
16770 10/01*  0   0   0    0*110 792  30    0*110 790  30    0*111 788  30    0
                             *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  ** 

16775 10/02*113 796  60    0*115 796  60    0*117 795  60    0*119 794  60    0
16775 10/02*113 787  30    0*115 786  30    0*117 785  30    0*119 783  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

16780 10/03*121 793  70    0*124 792  70    0*128 790  70    0*133 788  70    0
16780 10/03*121 782  35    0*124 781  35    0*127 780  35    0*132 779  35    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16785 10/04*138 786  70    0*145 782  70    0*150 779  70    0*158 773  70    0
16785 10/04*137 778  40    0*141 777  40    0*145 775  45    0*152 770  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16790 10/05*164 769  70    0*171 764  70    0*178 758  70    0*184 754  70    0
16790 10/05*158 765  50    0*163 760  50    0*170 755  55    0*181 748  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16795 10/06*190 749  70    0*196 742  70    0*202 737  70    0*211 729  70    0
16795 10/06*192 742  60    0*202 736  60    0*210 730  60    0*221 723  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16800 10/07*222 717  70    0*233 707  70    0*242 697  70    0*249 690  70    0
16800 10/07*232 717  60    0*243 711  60    0*253 705  60    0*264 696  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16805 10/08*255 684  70    0*262 677  70    0E270 670  75    0E280 660  75    0
16805 10/08*273 686  65    0*281 676  70    0*290 665  75    0*301 650  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **

16810 10/09E290 650  80    0E300 640  80    0E310 630  85    0E320 613  85    0
16810 10/09*308 637  95    0*317 621 105    0*323 605 105    0*329 575 105    0
           **** ***  **     **** *** ***     **** *** ***     **** *** ***

16815 10/10E330 593  85    0E340 571  85    0E350 550  85    0E363 528  85    0
16815 10/10*333 548 105    0*340 522 100    0*350 500  95    0*363 486  90    0
           **** *** ***     *    *** ***     *    *** ***     *    ***  **

16820 10/11E379 502  85    0E396 479  85    0E410 460  75    0E421 450  65    0
16820 10/11*379 479  85    0E396 471  80    0E410 460  80    0E429 448  80  945 
           *    ***              ***  **               **      *** ***  **  ***

16825 10/12E431 448  55    0E442 449  50    0E455 452  45    0E467 458  40    0
16825 10/12E452 450  75    0E470 460  70    0E490 475  65    0E501 484  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16830 10/13E480 464  40    0E493 478  35    0E508 498  35    0E523 512  35    0
16830 10/13E510 492  45    0E521 501  35    0E530 510  35    0E540 521  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16835 HR

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 1st 
and 2nd as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best 
track and to delay the extratropical stage until the 11th.  Partagas and
Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on 
the 4th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt - 45 kt chosen for best track.  
A possible central pressure of 945 mb (20Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
100 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best 
track since the hurricane had already transitioned to an extratropical storm.  
However, because of the very low pressures encountered, it is likely that it 
retained tropical characteristics close to the observation date.  It is 
concluded that this hurricane reached Category 3 hurricane status (105 kt) 
before becoming extratropical.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 8th 
through the 13th.

********************************************************************************

16840 10/05/1905 M= 6  5 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16840 10/05/1905 M= 7  5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16845 10/05*  0   0   0    0*230 889  35    0*230 895  35    0*230 899  35    0
16845 10/05*  0   0   0    0*230 889  35    0*230 895  40    0*230 899  40    0
                                                       **               **

16850 10/06*231 904  35    0*233 908  35    0*236 911  35    0*240 916  35    0
16850 10/06*231 904  40    0*233 908  40    0*236 911  40    0*240 916  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

16855 10/07*244 920  35    0*249 924  35    0*252 926  35    0*256 928  40    0
16855 10/07*244 920  40    0*249 924  40    0*252 926  40    0*256 927  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***

16860 10/08*258 929  45    0*260 930  45    0*263 930  45    0*267 931  45    0
16860 10/08*258 927  45    0*260 926  45    0*263 925  45    0*267 924  45    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

16865 10/09*273 930  45    0*280 927  45    0*287 920  40    0*296 913  35    0
16865 10/09*273 923  45    0*280 922  45    0*287 920  45    0*296 913  40    0
                ***              ***                   **               **

16870 10/10*307 905  35    0*320 898  30    0*335 887  25    0*  0   0   0    0
16870 10/10*307 905  35    0E320 898  30    0E335 887  25    0E347 865  25    0
                            *                *                **** ***  **

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
16872 10/11E356 843  25    0E364 824  25    0E373 800  25    0E385 777  25    0

16875 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (12Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

1905 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 18-20, 1905:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) August 27-30, 1905:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
3) September 27, 1905:  Gale to hurricane force observations found, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.
4) November 28-December 3, 1905:  Gale force intensity, but likely 
   extratropical.

********************************************************************************


16880 06/08/1906 M= 6  1 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16880 06/08/1906 M= 7  1 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16885 06/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 836  35    0*204 839  35    0
16885 06/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 836  35    0*204 837  35    0
                                                                   ***

16890 06/09*214 842  35    0*222 844  35    0*229 845  35    0*234 846  35    0
16890 06/09*214 838  35    0*222 839  35    0*230 840  40    0*235 841  45    0
                ***              ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16895 06/10*239 847  40    0*244 847  40    0*250 848  45    0*258 849  45    0
16895 06/10*239 842  45    0*244 842  45    0*250 843  45    0*254 844  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***

16900 06/11*264 850  45    0*268 851  45    0*274 852  45    0*278 853  45    0
16900 06/11*258 846  45    0*261 848  45    0*265 850  45    0*270 852  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16905 06/12*282 854  45    0*286 855  45    0*291 856  45    0*300 856  40    0
16905 06/12*275 854  45    0*280 855  45    0*287 855  45    0*296 856  45    0
            ***              ***              *** ***          ***      **

16910 06/13*307 856  40    0*318 857  35    0*330 857  35    0*341 860  30    0
16910 06/13*307 856  40    0*318 857  35    0*330 857  35    0*346 865  30    0
                                                               *** ***

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
16912 06/14E362 877  30    0E380 891  30    0E400 895  30    0E418 898  30    0

16915 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These large
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral
pressure of 1002 mb (21Z on the 9th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - winds chosen to be 45 kt
in best track and winds on the 9th and 10th are adjusted accordingly.

********************************************************************************

16920 06/14/1906 M=10  2 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16920 06/14/1906 M=10  2 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***
  
16925 06/14*  0   0   0    0*226 752  35    0*226 757  35    0*226 762  35    0
16925 06/14*  0   0   0    0*229 764  35    0*230 775  35    0*231 782  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16930 06/15*226 767  35    0*227 773  40    0*227 778  40    0*228 784  45    0
16930 06/15*231 790  35    0*232 798  40    0*233 805  40    0*233 808  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16935 06/16*229 791  45    0*230 797  50    0*231 803  55    0*238 808  60    0
16935 06/16*233 811  50    0*233 813  55    0*235 815  60    0*240 815  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16940 06/17*246 810  65    0*255 809  70    0*267 804  70    0*279 795  75    0
16940 06/17*245 813  70    0*250 809  75  979*257 803  75    0*267 790  75    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***

16945 06/18*291 785  80    0*300 772  80    0*310 761  85    0*324 744  85    0
16945 06/18*281 775  80    0*295 761  80    0*310 747  85    0*324 734  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

16950 06/19*336 728  90    0*344 714  90    0*351 701  90    0*353 695  85    0
16950 06/19*338 723  90    0*351 712  90    0*363 695  90    0*367 682  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16955 06/20*355 689  80    0*357 682  75    0*357 674  65    0*356 664  65    0
16955 06/20*366 672  80    0*363 660  75    0*360 650  65    0*357 646  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16960 06/21*354 652  55    0*353 641  50    0*353 630  45    0*355 623  45    0
16960 06/21*354 641  55    0*351 636  50    0*350 630  45    0*352 623  45    0
                ***          *** ***          ***              ***

16965 06/22*358 616  45    0*360 608  40    0*363 600  40    0*367 590  40    0
16965 06/22*356 616  45    0*358 608  40    0*360 600  40    0*363 590  40    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

16970 06/23*372 578  35    0*377 565  35    0*382 551  35    0E390 530  30    0
16970 06/23*365 578  35    0*368 565  35    0*370 551  35    0E373 530  30    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

16975 HRCFL1
16975 HRBFL1CFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ho et. al. (1987)
analyzed a central pressure at landfall of 979 mb and a RMW of 26 nmi in 
peninsula Florida.  This central pressure suggests winds of 79 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship.  Given an RMW slightly larger than what 
is typical at this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), the 
maximum sustained windspeed at landfall is estimated at 75 kt.  Thus the 
hurricane is retained as a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in the Florida 
Keys and southern Florida, agreeing with Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/
U.S. hurricane categorization in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16976 08/22/1906 M= 4  3 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16977 08/22*  0   0   0    0*287 531  30    0*290 540  30    0*294 548  30    0
16978 08/23*299 556  35    0*305 565  35    0*313 567  40    0*321 564  45    0
16979 08/24*326 558  50    0*330 551  55    0*338 541  60    0*349 528  60    0
16979 08/25*364 512  55    0E375 497  50    0E390 480  45    0E402 463  40    0
16979 TS

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

16980 08/25/1906 M=19  3 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16980 08/25/1906 M=19  4 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

16985 08/25*127 265  65    0*129 276  65    0*131 287  70    0*133 298  70    0
16985 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 210  35    0*140 225  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

16990 08/26*135 309  70    0*137 321  70    0*139 332  70    0*139 343  70    0
16990 08/26*140 240  40    0*140 255  40    0*140 270  45    0*140 285  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16995 08/27*140 355  70    0*140 366  70    0*140 380  70    0*141 386  70    0
16995 08/27*140 300  50    0*140 315  50    0*140 330  55    0*140 346  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17000 08/28*141 394  70    0*142 401  70    0*142 410  70    0*143 421  70    0
17000 08/28*139 362  60    0*139 378  60    0*138 395  65    0*138 412  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17005 08/29*144 432  70    0*144 442  70    0*145 453  70    0*145 465  70    0
17005 08/29*137 428  70    0*137 444  70    0*136 460  70    0*136 477  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17010 08/30*145 477  75    0*145 491  75    0*146 506  75    0*148 524  80    0
17010 08/30*136 493  75    0*135 509  75    0*135 525  75    0*137 540  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17015 08/31*151 539  80    0*154 554  80    0*158 569  85    0*160 577  85    0
17015 08/31*141 553  80    0*145 565  80    0*150 575  85    0*155 583  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17020 09/01*164 585  85    0*168 593  85    0*172 601  90    0*175 608  90    0
17020 09/01*160 590  85    0*165 600  85    0*170 607  90    0*175 614  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              *** 

17025 09/02*178 613  90    0*181 619  90    0*184 625  90    0*188 633  95    0
17025 09/02*180 622  90    0*185 631  90    0*190 640  90    0*193 647  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17030 09/03*192 643  95    0*194 650 100    0*197 659 100    0*199 668 105    0
17030 09/03*196 654  95    0*198 660 100    0*200 667 100    0*203 676 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17035 09/04*202 675 105    0*206 683 110    0*211 692 110    0*215 700 110    0
17035 09/04*206 683 105    0*209 690 110    0*213 696 110    0*216 702 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17040 09/05*220 706 115    0*225 712 115    0*231 720 115    0*235 727 115    0
17040 09/05*221 708 115    0*225 714 115    0*231 720 115    0*235 727 115    0
            *** ***              ***                 

17045 09/06*239 734 115    0*244 740 115    0*250 747 115    0*259 750 110    0
17045 09/06*239 734 115    0*244 740 115    0*250 747 115    0*258 756 110    0
                                                               *** ***

17050 09/07*269 750 110    0*276 747 110    0*283 740 105    0*290 731 100    0
17050 09/07*268 764 110    0*279 766 110    0*290 760 110    0*295 748 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

17055 09/08*296 722 100    0*301 714  95    0*307 704  95    0*311 693  95    0
17055 09/08*298 735 110    0*300 721 110    0*303 705 110    0*307 693 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

17060 09/09*315 682  90    0*319 673  90    0*324 664  90    0*334 650  85    0
17060 09/09*313 681 105    0*319 669 105    0*325 657 105    0*336 643 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

17065 09/10*344 638  85    0*357 621  85    0*378 600  80    0*398 581  80    0
17065 09/10*347 629 100    0*358 614 100    0*370 600 100    0*384 569 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

17070 09/11*421 561  80    0*447 533  75    0E470 490  70    0E490 427  65    0
17070 09/11*400 528  95  950*422 488  85    0E450 450  75    0E475 404  65    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

17075 09/12E508 367  60    0E536 314  55    0E564 259  50    0*  0   0   0    0
17075 09/12E495 354  60    0E513 303  55    0E530 250  50    0E540 203  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

17080 HR      

Major changes are made to the track proposed by Partagas and Diaz (1997) for
the 25th through the 30th.  The track is begun on the 25th farther to
the east based upon re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series.
Track determined through the 30th based upon analysis of available 
observational data along with a reasonable extrapolation of the storm in 
time.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the 
track and large changes (early in the hurricane's lifecycle) to the intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  A peripheral 
pressure of 982 mb (07Z on the 7th) suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt retained in the best track.  
A possible central pressure of 950 mb (01Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
97 kt - 95 kt chosen for the best track.  Winds are adjusted upward from the 
7th to the 11th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

17085 09/03/1906 M=16  4 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
17085 09/03/1906 M=16  5 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

17090 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*102 330  35    0*103 337  35    0
17095 09/04*103 342  35    0*104 349  35    0*105 357  35    0*106 366  35    0
17100 09/05*109 376  35    0*112 385  35    0*116 395  35    0*120 405  35    0
17105 09/06*124 414  40    0*128 423  40    0*132 432  45    0*137 442  45    0
17105 09/06*124 414  35    0*128 423  35    0*132 432  35    0*137 442  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

17110 09/07*141 449  45    0*146 456  45    0*151 462  50    0*153 466  50    0
17110 09/07*141 449  40    0*146 456  40    0*151 462  40    0*153 466  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

17115 09/08*155 471  55    0*157 475  55    0*160 480  60    0*164 487  60    0
17115 09/08*155 471  40    0*157 475  40    0*160 480  40    0*164 484  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

17120 09/09*169 495  60    0*174 503  65    0*179 510  65    0*183 515  70    0
17120 09/09*169 488  45    0*175 491  45    0*180 493  45    0*184 496  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17125 09/10*187 520  70    0*190 524  70    0*195 529  70    0*201 536  75    0
17125 09/10*188 499  50    0*193 503  50    0*197 507  50    0*202 513  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17130 09/11*207 544  75    0*216 556  75    0*224 569  80    0*230 581  80    0
17130 09/11*206 521  55    0*208 530  55    0*210 540  55    0*214 553  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17135 09/12*233 593  80    0*237 606  80    0*240 619  80    0*242 626  85    0
17135 09/12*218 565  60    0*222 577  60    0*227 590  65    0*230 602  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17140 09/13*245 632  85    0*249 639  85    0*254 645  85    0*260 650  85    0
17140 09/13*232 612  70    0*236 623  70    0*243 633  75    0*253 641  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17145 09/14*265 654  85    0*271 657  90    0*280 660  90    0*289 664  90    0
17145 09/14*266 647  80    0*279 655  80    0*290 663  80    0*295 667  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17150 09/15*296 668  95    0*303 670  95    0*310 675 100    0*314 683 105    0
17150 09/15*299 671  80    0*302 675  80    0*305 680  80    0*309 685  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17155 09/16*317 692 110    0*319 701 115    0*321 711 125    0*323 722 125    0
17155 09/16*312 690  80    0*315 697  80    0*317 707  80    0*320 720  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17160 09/17*325 735 120    0*328 748 110    0*332 763 100    0*335 781  85    0
17160 09/17*320 734  80    0*321 751  80    0*323 767  80    0*329 782  80  977
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

17165 09/18*338 795  60    0*341 808  40    0*347 821  30    0*353 834  30    0
17165 09/18*335 798  60    0*343 815  40    0*350 830  30    0*355 845  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17170 HR SC3 NC3
17170 HR SC1 NC1
         *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large but 
reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  This hurricane - originally storm number 4 - was listed as a 
Category 3 at landfall in North and South Carolina with a central pressure 
of 947 mb (Neumann et al. 1999; Jarrell et al. 1992).  This was based upon 
a supposed surface pressure reading of 945 mb at Cape Fear, North Carolina.  
Both Ho et al. (1987) and Partagas and Diaz (1997) reject this measurement 
as being erroneous since it does not correspond to nearby pressure 
measurements nor do wind observations suggest that the center went over 
Cape Fear.  (Instead, landfall is analyzed at being near Georgetown, South 
Carolina - over 60 nmi to the southwest of Cape Fear.)  It is worth noting 
that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time did not mention this supposed
947 mb central pressure reading, nor did Tannehill (1938).  Barnes (1998b) 
corroborates the damages and impacts of having a much weaker hurricane than 
a 947 mb hurricane in the shipping, coastal and inland effects in the 
Carolinas.  The apparent source for 947 mb was Dunn and Miller (1960), which 
gave the surface pressure value without any attribution.  Instead, Ho et al. 
(1987) analyze this hurricane as a 977 mb hurricane with a RMW of 30 nmi at 
landfall in the Carolinas, which much better matches the observed wind 
observations, pressure observations and damage incurred along the coast.  
Such a central pressure with a near-climatological RMW (for that central 
pressure and latitude) supports a wind speed of 79 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track.  Such an 
intensity corresponds well with the moderate wind damage incurred in South 
Carolina, from newspaper archives in Charleston and Georgetown analyzed by 
Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina.  Without evidence for 
a major hurricane at landfall in the United States, there is no support for 
this hurricane ever being more than a minimal (Category 1) hurricane at its 
peak.  Winds are adjusted from the 13th to the 19th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

17175 09/19/1906 M=11  5 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
17175 09/19/1906 M=12  6 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **  *       ***                        *

17180 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*149 725  35    0*149 730  35    0
17180 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 770  30    0*121 775  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17185 09/20*149 736  35    0*150 742  35    0*150 751  35    0*150 760  35    0
17185 09/20*122 779  35    0*123 783  35    0*125 787  35    0*128 792  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17190 09/21*151 771  35    0*152 781  35    0*154 791  35    0*157 799  35    0
17190 09/21*132 797  35    0*136 801  35    0*140 805  35    0*146 809  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17195 09/22*161 806  40    0*165 812  40    0*170 819  45    0*175 826  45    0
17195 09/22*152 813  40    0*158 818  40    0*163 823  45    0*169 828  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17200 09/23*180 830  50    0*185 835  50    0*193 840  55    0*200 844  60    0
17200 09/23*175 832  50    0*181 837  50    0*187 840  55    0*193 843  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

17205 09/24*206 847  65    0*212 850  70    0*220 854  75    0*227 856  80    0
17205 09/24*200 846  65    0*206 848  70    0*214 851  75    0*219 852  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17210 09/25*234 859  85    0*240 861  90    0*248 863  95    0*255 865 100    0
17210 09/25*223 855  85    0*228 857  90    0*233 860  95    0*240 863 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17215 09/26*261 867 105    0*268 870 110    0*275 872 120    0*284 877 125    0
17215 09/26*247 866 105    0*255 868 105    0*263 870 105  953*273 874 100    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

17220 09/27*292 880 125    0*298 882 120    0*306 886 115    0*312 888  60    0
17220 09/27*284 879 100    0*294 884  95    0*304 887  95  958*314 890  65    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **

17225 09/28*324 892  50    0*336 896  40    0*347 899  40    0*357 901  35    0
17225 09/28*324 893  50    0*336 896  40    0*347 899  40    0*356 902  35    0
                ***                                            *** ***

17230 09/29*367 901  35    0*376 899  30    0E385 897  30    0*  0   0   0    0
17230 09/29*366 904  35    0*373 905  30    0E380 903  30    0E382 894  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17232 09/30E380 884  30    0E373 875  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17235 HR MS3 AL3
17235 HR MS2 AL2AFL2 LA1
         ***************

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 19th 
as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best track and 
to extend the extratropical stage until 06Z on the 30th.  Partagas and Diaz
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
This hurricane was formerly storm number 5 in Neumann et al. (1999).
Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane causing Category 1 hurricane 
conditions in western Cuba, but did keep the center of the storm just
offshore the coast.  This is in agreement with the small changes that Partagas
and Diaz introduced for the hurricane near Cuba.  A central pressure of
953 mb (at 12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of 107 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt are utilized in the best track.  
A pressure value of 965 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) measured by a ship in the
eye of the hurricane anchored off Scranton, MS suggests winds of 94 kt 
from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Ho et al. (1987) 
utilized this 965 mb observation as the hurricane's landfall central pressure 
at the U.S. coastline and estimated a RMW of 43 nmi.  However, Jarrell et al. 
(1992) (from Connor 1956) suggested a central pressure value at U.S. landfall 
of 958 mb.  This value is likely closer to the actual central pressure
given that the ship's 965 mb was a "pegged" value for at least 45 minutes,
leading to the probability that the value was an underestimate of how 
deep the hurricane was.  958 mb central pressure in the Gulf of Mexico
suggests maximum sustained winds of 102 kt.  The RMW value of 43 nmi from 
Ho et al. is much larger than what climatology for a central pressure value 
of 958 mb and 30 deg N latitude calls for (22 nmi), suggesting the winds 
should be moderately lower than what the standard wind-pressure relationship
calls for.  95 kt at landfall are chosen for the best track, making this a 
Category 2.  This is a change from that shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. 
(1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 26th and 27th.  Storm tide measurements of 14' in
Galt, Florida (Barnes 1998a) and 11' in Pensacola, Florida were observed 
(Cline 1926).

********************************************************************************


17240 09/22/1906 M=11  6 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17240 09/22/1906 M=11  7 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17245 09/22*  0   0   0    0*244 339  35    0*250 344  35    0*256 352  35    0
17245 09/22*303 319  50    0*296 329  50    0*290 338  50    0*283 347  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17250 09/23*261 358  35    0*265 365  35    0*269 371  40    0*270 377  40    0
17250 09/23*277 356  55    0*273 364  55    0*269 371  60    0*266 378  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17255 09/24*271 381  40    0*272 386  40    0*272 392  40    0*276 405  45    0
17255 09/24*263 385  60    0*261 392  60    0*260 400  60    0*258 407  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17260 09/25*285 430  45    0*288 439  45    0*290 449  45    0*290 461  45    0
17260 09/25*257 415  60    0*257 422  60    0*257 430  60    0*257 437  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17265 09/26*285 468  50    0*276 469  50    0*270 464  50    0*270 457  50    0
17265 09/26*260 443  60    0*264 446  60    0*270 447  60    0*275 447  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17270 09/27*271 447  50    0*274 438  50    0*278 430  50    0*284 424  50    0
17270 09/27*279 444  60    0*282 440  60    0*286 433  60    0*292 423  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17275 09/28*290 420  50    0*297 415  50    0*304 406  50    0*312 386  55    0
17275 09/28*299 410  60    0*305 397  60    0*310 385  60    0*317 370  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17280 09/29*320 365  55    0*329 343  60    0*339 322  60    0*351 302  60    0
17280 09/29*324 354  60    0*331 337  60    0*339 322  60    0*347 308  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***                           *** *** 

17285 09/30*365 284  60    0*381 265  55    0E398 245  50    0E409 229  45    0
17285 09/30*358 296  60    0*367 287  55    0*377 277  50    0*392 263  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***         **** ***

17290 10/01E418 217  40    0E427 203  35    0E437 187  35    0E448 167  35    0
17290 10/01*408 244  40    0E421 225  35    0E433 205  35    0E448 180  35    0
           **** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17295 10/02E461 144  30    0E474 119  30    0E488  92  30    0*  0   0   0    0
17295 10/02E465 150  30    0E485 112  30    0E500  80  30    0E515  47  30    0
           **** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

17300 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 6.  A loop which was originally described by the track of
the storm is now removed.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 
22nd) suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track.  A peripheral pressure of 994 mb
(at 12Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  Winds are increased
accordingly from the 22nd through the 29th (which had 60 kt in the
original HURDAT).  Lifecycle of this tropical storm is not complete as 
information on the genesis is not available.

********************************************************************************

17305 10/08/1906 M= 3  7 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17305 10/08/1906 M=16  8 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **  *       ***                  *     *

17310 10/08*  0   0   0    0*110 790  35    0*111 797  35    0*113 804  50    0
17310 10/08*  0   0   0    0*113 764  35    0*113 773  35    0*113 783  50    0
                             *** ***          *** ***              ***

17315 10/09*114 809  65    0*115 815  85    0*117 820  85    0*120 827  85    0
17315 10/09*113 793  65    0*113 804  75    0*115 815  85    0*117 824  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

17320 10/10*123 835  85    0*125 843  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
17320 10/10*121 831 105    0*126 839  80    0*130 846  70    0*132 851  65    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17325 HR
17330 10/11/1906 M=12  8 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
(These two lines are removed from the new HURDAT.)

17335 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*144 611  50    0*145 625  50    0
17335 10/11*134 855  60    0*137 859  55    0*140 863  50    0*144 867  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

17340 10/12*145 639  55    0*146 653  60    0*147 667  65    0*149 681  70    0
17340 10/12*147 869  40    0*151 871  40    0*155 873  50    0*158 874  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17345 10/13*150 696  70    0*152 711  70    0*154 725  70    0*156 739  70    0
17345 10/13*161 876  65    0*164 878  70    0*167 880  75    0*169 881  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17350 10/14*158 752  75    0*160 764  75    0*162 776  75    0*164 787  80    0
17350 10/14*171 882  70    0*174 883  65    0*177 883  60    0*179 883  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17355 10/15*167 798  80    0*170 808  80    0*174 818  85    0*181 828  85    0
17355 10/15*181 882  50    0*183 881  50    0*185 880  50    0*188 878  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17360 10/16*189 838  85    0*197 845  90    0*205 847  95    0*213 846 100    0
17360 10/16*191 876  50    0*193 873  60    0*195 870  70    0*198 863  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** *** 

17365 10/17*221 842 105    0*229 836 110    0*237 826 115    0*244 818 115    0
17365 10/17*200 857  90    0*203 851 100    0*207 840 105    0*215 827 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** *** 

17370 10/18*249 811 110    0*255 806 105    0*261 800 100    0*268 792  95    0
17370 10/18*226 821 105    0*239 816 105    0*253 807 105  953*266 795  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***    

17375 10/19*276 786  90    0*283 782  85    0*291 779  80    0*300 780  80    0
17375 10/19*279 786  90    0*290 781  85    0*300 780  80    0*305 780  80    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** 

17380 10/20*306 781  75    0*311 783  70    0*318 790  65    0*312 797  50    0
17380 10/20*309 780  75    0*314 781  75    0*317 783  70    0*321 793  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17385 10/21*307 800  45    0*300 804  40    0*293 807  40    0*287 810  35    0
17385 10/21*317 804  60    0*307 812  50    0*295 815  40    0*290 815  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

17390 10/22*282 812  30    0*276 815  30    0*271 817  25    0*266 819  25    0
17390 10/22*283 816  30    0*273 817  30    0*260 820  25    0*249 828  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

(The 23rd is new to HURDAT.)
17392 10/23*240 838  25    0*231 848  25    0*223 857  25    0*215 866  25    0

17395 HRCFL2
17395 HRBFL3CFL3
        ********

No major changes were made to the track suggested by Partagas and Diaz 
(1997).  They made large alterations from Neumann et al. (1999) by 
combining storm numbers 7 and 8 into a single hurricane with a revised track 
and intensity.  These dramatic changes are found to be reasonable.  The 
hurricane is increased to Category 3 intensity at landfall in Nicaragua 
(105 kt) based upon the reported 15' storm tide and the vast destruction in 
the country.  Winds are thus increased on the 9th and 10th.  Perez (2000) 
analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba.  
Winds for the hurricane at Cuba landfall are thus lowered from 115 kt down 
to 105 kt on the 17th and 18th.  Perez also altered the track for this 
hurricane eastward even more than provided by Partagas and Diaz such that 
the hurricane went on the east side of the Isle of Pines.  The track here 
reflects this re-analysis.  Ho et al. (1987) had analyzed a central pressure
of 967 mb and an RMW of 16 nmi for landfall in southern Florida.  
However, land-based readings of pressure were as low as 953 mb in Miami.
This is taken to be the central pressure for this hurricane, which suggests
winds of 100 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Descriptions
from Barnes (1998a) suggest a small inner core of this system with an RMW
on the order of 10-12 nmi.  Such an RMW is somewhat smaller than that 
expected from this central pressure and latitude (~17 nmi - Vickery et al.
2000).  Thus highest winds near the time of landfall in southern Florida are 
suggested to be 105 kt, making this system a major (Category 3) hurricane
for the region.  A Category 3 categorization is an upgrade from the 
Category 2 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane 
characterization in HURDAT.  This upgrade does, however, agree with the
assessment by Partagas and Diaz.  A peripheral pressure of 987 mb (at 22Z on 
the 20th) suggest winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - winds chosen to be 70 kt for best track.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 20th and 21st.

********************************************************************************

17400 10/13/1906 M= 5  9 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17400 10/14/1906 M= 4  9 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***                  *

17405 10/13*  0   0   0    0*331 609  35    0*333 616  35    0*335 623  35    0
(The 13th is omitted from HURDAT.)

17410 10/14*337 630  35    0*338 637  35    0*338 644  35    0*337 658  35    0
17410 10/14*  0   0   0    0*337 620  35    0*337 635  35    0*337 651  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***              ***

17415 10/15*336 671  35    0*334 684  35    0*332 697  35    0*329 710  35    0
17415 10/15*336 669  40    0*334 682  40    0*332 697  45    0*327 714  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **      *** ***  **

17420 10/16*326 723  35    0*322 737  35    0*318 750  35    0*313 764  35    0
17420 10/16*321 731  45    0*312 749  45    0*305 765  45    0*301 773  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17425 10/17*308 779  35    0*303 794  35    0*297 810  35    0*  0   0   0    0
17425 10/17*299 780  40    0*296 787  35    0*293 795  30    0*288 806  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17430 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Peripheral pressures of 1003 mb (at 12Z on the 15th and 16th) suggests winds 
of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt 
chosen for best track.  Winds increased accordingly on the 15th to the 17th.
XING set equal to "0" since landfall occurred after decay to tropical
depression status.

********************************************************************************


17435 10/16/1906 M= 5 10 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17435 10/15/1906 M= 6 10 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
17438 10/15*  0   0   0    0*210 694  35    0*217 700  35    0*227 707  35    0

17440 10/16*  0   0   0    0*263 706  35    0*266 700  35    0*269 694  35    0
17440 10/16*239 713  35    0*252 716  35    0*262 713  35    0*271 710  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17445 10/17*271 689  35    0*273 685  35    0*275 680  35    0*278 675  35    0
17445 10/17*278 704  35    0*282 698  35    0*285 693  35    0*288 685  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17450 10/18*281 670  40    0*284 666  40    0*286 660  45    0*284 645  45    0
17450 10/18*290 677  40    0*292 669  40    0*293 660  45    0*293 650  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

17455 10/19*279 635  40    0*275 621  35    0*274 605  30    0*275 597  30    0
17455 10/19*293 640  40    0*293 630  40    0*293 620  35    0*293 610  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17460 10/20*276 590  30    0*277 583  25    0*278 576  25    0*280 569  25    0
17460 10/20*292 600  30    0*291 590  30    0*290 580  25    0*289 571  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  
       
17465 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. 

********************************************************************************

17470 11/06/1906 M= 4 11 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17470 11/05/1906 M= 6 11 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
17472 11/05*185 825  30    0*190 825  30    0*195 825  35    0*199 824  40    0

17475 11/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 767  35    0*163 780  35    0
17475 11/06*203 821  45    0*207 818  50    0*210 815  55    0*213 810  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17480 11/07*175 788  35    0*188 793  35    0*200 796  35    0*212 795  35    0
17480 11/07*215 805  65    0*217 800  70    0*220 793  60    0*224 784  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17485 11/08*224 789  35    0*236 776  35    0*247 760  35    0*252 749  35    0
17485 11/08*227 776  45    0*230 766  40    0*233 757  35    0*236 748  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17490 11/09*255 740  35    0*257 731  35    0*260 720  30    0*266 706  30    0
17490 11/09*239 739  35    0*242 730  35    0*245 723  35    0*248 715  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
17492 11/10E251 705  30    0E255 695  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17495 TS
17495 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Perez (2000) analyzed this as 
a Category 1 landfall in Cuba, agreeing with Partagas and Diaz' assessment.  
Thus this tropical storm is upgraded to a hurricane in the vicinity of 
central Cuba.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb (at 02Z on the 7th) suggests 
winds of at least 53 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt 
utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

1906 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 16, 1906:  Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
2) October 13, 1906:  At least one gale force wind report, but unclear if 
   system was closed circulation.
3) October 14-15, 1906:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.




September 26-Oct 1:	     Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of 
at most 1010mb at 15N, 65W on September 26. The system remained as a closed 
low and moves towards the west and turns to the west-northwest starting on the 
30th. It dissipated on October 1st. The max winds in COADS were of 30kt and 
there were no gales found in Monthly Weather Review or the Historical Weather Maps. 

DAY		LAT	LONG		STATUS
Sept 26		15N	65W		Tropical Depression
Sept 27		16N	68W		Tropical Depression
Sept 28		16N	74W		Tropical Depression
Sept 29		16N	76W		Tropical Depression
Sept 30		19N	83W		Tropical Depression
Oct 1		22N	85W		Dissipated



********************************************************************************

17500 06/24/1907 M= 6  1 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17500 06/24/1907 M= 7  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

17505 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 780  35    0*161 788  35    0
17510 06/25*164 797  35    0*167 806  35    0*170 815  35    0*177 824  35    0
17515 06/26*186 834  35    0*196 843  35    0*206 853  40    0*218 862  40    0
17520 06/27*229 871  45    0*240 880  45    0*252 889  45    0*262 892  45    0
17520 06/27*229 871  45    0*240 880  45    0*252 889  45    0*262 894  45    0
                                                                   ***

17525 06/28*272 891  45    0*281 880  45    0*288 869  50    0*296 850  50    0
17525 06/28*270 896  45    0*276 894  45    0*283 890  50    0*293 878  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17530 06/29*304 825  45    0*310 810  40    0*322 791  35    0E349 770  30    0
17530 06/29*303 858  50    0*308 835  45    0*318 808  55    0E340 780  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17532 06/30E365 760  45    0E392 733  40    0E420 705  35    0E450 675  30    0

17535 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
These changes include shifting the landfall location in Florida westward
of its original position.  Winds are increased on the 29th based upon wind 
observations from Jacksonville.

********************************************************************************

17540 09/17/1907 M= 7  2 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17540 09/18/1907 M= 6  2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

17545 09/17*225 756  35    0*227 767  35    0*228 778  40    0*229 789  40    0
(The 17th is deleted from HURDAT.)

17550 09/18*230 800  40    0*232 810  40    0*234 819  40    0*236 827  45    0
17550 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 790  30    0*255 803  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17555 09/19*239 835  45    0*242 842  50    0*246 850  50    0*251 859  50    0
17555 09/19*259 816  30    0*263 828  35    0*267 840  35    0*271 850  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17560 09/20*256 865  50    0*261 873  45    0*267 881  45    0*272 887  40    0
17560 09/20*275 858  40    0*279 864  40    0*283 870  40    0*287 876  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

17565 09/21*278 891  40    0*284 895  40    0*290 897  40    0*297 898  35    0
17565 09/21*291 882  40    0*295 887  40    0*300 890  40    0*305 889  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17570 09/22*305 897  35    0*314 889  35    0*322 881  35    0E330 860  35    0
17570 09/22*310 888  35    0*315 884  35    0*321 876  35    0E329 863  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17575 09/23E336 848  35    0E341 835  35    0E356 802  35    0E377 773  30    0
17575 09/23E338 847  35    0E347 830  35    0E357 813  35    0E368 796  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17580 TS

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to begin the storm on 
the 18th (as a tropical depression) rather than on the 19th (as a tropical 
storm) that Partagas and Diaz suggested.  This is based upon the (limited) 
data on the 18th that suggests that the storm had developed as a tropical 
depression just east of Florida.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large 
track and intensity alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Peak winds
for this storm reached, at most, minimal tropical storm status from
available observations.  Thus winds are lowered on the 19th and 20th.

********************************************************************************

17585 09/27/1907 M= 3  3 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17585 09/27/1907 M= 4  3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***               

17590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*223 941  35    0*233 933  35    0*243 925  35    0
17590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*223 941  35    0*233 933  35    0*245 925  35    0
                                                               ***

17595 09/28*251 919  35    0*262 907  35    0*274 893  40    0*287 879  45    0
17595 09/28*257 913  35    0*270 900  35    0*283 885  40    0*296 866  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17600 09/29*301 858  40    0*315 835  35    0*332 786  35    0E352 745  30    0
17600 09/29*309 843  40    0*318 819  35    0*327 790  35    0E340 755  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17602 09/30E355 715  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17605 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************


17610 10/17/1907 M= 5  4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17610 10/17/1907 M= 4  4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

17615 10/17*273 598  35    0*280 606  35    0*288 616  35    0*295 623  35    0
17615 10/17*  0   0   0    0*263 674  45    0*264 660  45    0*268 646  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17620 10/18*301 627  35    0*310 630  35    0*318 631  40    0*331 629  40    0
17620 10/18*275 632  45    0*283 618  45    0*290 605  45    0*304 594  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17625 10/19*354 622  45    0*378 602  45    0*402 571  45    0*428 535  40    0
17625 10/19*317 582  45    0*328 573  45    0*340 560  45    0E356 540  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***

17630 10/20E454 498  40    0E477 467  35    0E500 439  35    0E524 421  35    0
17630 10/20E376 491  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

17635 10/21E545 414  35    0E565 409  35    0E587 400  35    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 21st is omitted from the new HURDAT.)

17640 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (at 12Z on the 17th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds are chosen at 45 kt for the 
best track.  Winds are increased accordingly on the 17th and 18th.  The full 
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on 
its genesis.

********************************************************************************

17641 11/06/1907 M= 7  5 SNBR= 430 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17642 11/06*315 397  35    0*308 399  35    0*300 400  35    0*295 401  35    0
17643 11/07*289 402  35    0*282 403  35    0*275 405  35    0*272 409  35    0
17643 11/08*269 414  40    0*267 419  40    0*267 425  40    0*272 435  40    0
17643 11/09*281 440  40    0*291 442  40    0*300 445  40    0*308 447  40    0
17643 11/10*318 450  40    0*326 454  40    0*335 460  40    0*341 464  40    0
17643 11/11*347 469  40    0*354 476  40    0*365 480  40    0*377 480  40    0
17643 11/12*387 473  35    0*396 467  35    0*405 460  35    0E417 450  35    0
17643 TS

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1907 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late March
to early April 1907:

   "1907 additional system #1  This system bears re-evaluation in 
    light of Ana (2003).  There is no doubt of 35 kt winds, but the 
    structure is not known."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database and the Historical Weather Map series, this system did produce
tropical storm and hurricane force winds as an extratropical storm system,
but the winds weakened considerably by the time the baroclinic structure
had dissipated.  Numerous gale force to hurricane force winds were observed 
on the 25th and 26th of March, but the storm system had a well-defined
surface baroclinic frontal feature associated with it.  By late on the 27th, 
the temperature contrast had dissipated (though with temperatures in the
upper 60s), but no high wind observations were present.  From the 28th until 
the 31st, the system drifted south but contained no gale force winds near
the center.  On the 1st of April, it began moving back to the northeast 
without intensification and was likely absorbed by a vigorous extratropical
storm system on the 2nd.  Thus during its non-baroclinic phase (from the
27th of March until the 1st of April), it does not appear that tropical
storm intensity was maintained.  Thus this system is not added into
HURDAT. 


Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) September 11-15, 1907:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
3) October 3-17, 1907:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 30, 1907:  Damage reports in Texas leave it uncertain if system 
   was a tornado or tropical storm.


********************************************************************************

17645 03/06/1908 M= 4  1 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17645 03/06/1908 M= 4  1 SNBR= 431 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

17650 03/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 602  50    0*227 607  55    0
17655 03/07*216 611  65    0*206 615  70    0*197 619  80    0*188 622  85    0
17660 03/08*180 625  85    0*173 628  70    0*166 631  65    0*160 634  65    0
17665 03/09*154 637  65    0*149 640  50    0*144 642  40    0*138 646  35    0
17670 HR    

Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes to the track or
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The full lifecycle of this 
tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.

********************************************************************************


17671 05/24/1908 M= 8  2 SNBR= 432 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17672 05/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 717  30    0*217 720  30    0
17672 05/25*224 723  30    0*233 728  30    0*240 735  30    0*247 743  30    0
17672 05/26*254 750  35    0*260 756  35    0*267 763  35    0*272 773  35    0
17672 05/27*277 781  40    0*285 791  45    0*295 795  50    0*301 795  55    0
17672 05/28*306 792  60    0*312 788  65    0*317 783  65    0*323 779  65    0
17672 05/29*328 774  65    0*334 770  65    0*340 765  65    0*348 759  65  989
17672 05/30*356 753  65    0*363 747  60    0*373 740  50    0*394 730  40    0
17672 05/31*418 717  35    0E438 703  35    0E455 690  35    0E464 683  35    0
17673 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
hurricane.  A possible central pressure of 989 mb suggests winds of 64 kt
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt chosen in best
track.  Despite this hurricane making landfall, no observations of
hurricane force wind were recorded on the U.S. coast and it is likely
the such winds stayed offshore.  

********************************************************************************

17675 07/25/1908 M=10  2 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
17675 07/24/1908 M=11  3 SNBR= 433 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***

(24th is new to HURDAT.)
17677 07/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 750  30    0*278 752  30    0

17680 07/25*  0   0   0    0*285 790  35    0*287 785  35    0*289 780  35    0
17680 07/25*281 755  30    0*284 759  30    0*287 763  35    0*289 766  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***              ***

17685 07/26*289 776  35    0*290 773  35    0*290 770  35    0*287 765  35    0
17685 07/26*290 769  35    0*290 772  35    0*290 775  35    0*289 778  35    0
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

17690 07/27*279 763  35    0*273 764  35    0*270 768  35    0*270 772  35    0
17690 07/27*287 780  35    0*283 783  35    0*277 785  35    0*273 783  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17695 07/28*272 775  40    0*275 778  55    0*278 780  60    0*281 781  60    0
17695 07/28*271 777  40    0*271 772  55    0*273 770  60    0*277 770  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17700 07/29*285 782  60    0*289 783  60    0*294 783  65    0*302 784  70    0
17700 07/29*280 775  60    0*282 779  60    0*285 782  60    0*294 783  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17705 07/30*312 785  75    0*322 785  80    0*330 783  85    0*335 781  85    0
17705 07/30*304 783  65    0*314 782  70    0*325 780  70    0*331 779  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17710 07/31*339 778  85    0*343 774  85    0*348 767  75    0*354 760  70    0
17710 07/31*337 776  70    0*342 774  70    0*347 770  70    0*352 758  60    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17715 08/01*362 749  70    0*371 737  75    0*380 725  80    0*391 710  85    0
17715 08/01*356 741  60    0*361 728  60    0*365 717  60    0*372 700  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17720 08/02*403 693  85    0*416 675  85    0*430 652  85    0E445 630  75    0
17720 08/02*378 685  60    0*387 669  60    0*400 655  60    0E417 630  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17725 08/03E464 603  60    0E481 585  55    0E496 569  50    0E528 552  50    0
17725 08/03E440 606  60    0E463 585  55    0E485 565  50    0E506 543  50    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

17730 HR NC1

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (at 21Z on the 30th) suggests winds of at 
least 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track at landfall in North Carolina.  This agrees with the 
assessment of Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization 
in HURDAT.  Winds are adjusted downward moderately accordingly from the 30th 
and the 31st.  There is no indication that the system regained hurricane 
strength after passing back into the open Atlantic.  Winds reduced 
accordingly on the 1st and 2nd to a 60 kt tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*325 722  35    0*327 728  35    0*329 732  35    0
17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          ***    

17745 08/31*331 737  35    0*333 741  40    0*336 748  40    0*339 750  40    0
17745 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17750 09/01*342 752  45    0*345 753  45    0*349 753  45    0*353 749  45    0
17750 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17755 09/02*357 743  40    0*362 733  40    0*367 721  35    0*374 709  25    0
17755 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***         **** ***

17760 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 3.  

********************************************************************************

1908/04 - 2004 ADDITION:

18900 07/29/1908 M= 6  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18901 07/29*296 940  30    0*293 935  30    0*290 930  35    0*287 925  40    0
18902 07/30*284 920  45    0*281 917  50    0*280 915  50    0*281 914  50    0
18903 07/31*283 913  50    0*286 914  50    0*290 915  50    0*293 917  50    0
18904 08/01*297 921  40    0*301 927  35    0*305 930  35    0*309 931  35    0
18905 08/02*312 929  30    0*316 925  30    0*320 920  30    0*324 915  30    0
18906 08/03*328 911  25    0*331 908  25    0*335 905  25    0*340 902  25    0
18907 TS

The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late
July 1908: 

   "1908 additional system #2   It is noted that Isaac Cline felt that 
    warnings in the Gulf were justified for this system."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and station data, this
system was a tropical storm and is thus added into HURDAT.  

July 28:  Surface trough forming over eastern Texas and Louisiana.  Closed
low not yet formed.  
July 29:  System moves off of the U.S. Gulf coast and develops into a
tropical cyclone.  Closed circulation is found from combination of coastal
stations and ship observations.  Ship highlight:  25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 
27.5N, 91.5W at 22 UTC (COA).
July 30:  HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 90W.  Center from
additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to 29.0N, 
91.5W.  Ship highlights:  25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.5N, 91.5W at 02 UTC 
(COA), 50 kt SW and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 90.5W at 10 UTC (COA), 45 kt SW and
990 mb at 26.0N, 89.0W at 18 UTC (COA).  Coastal station highlights:
lowest observed pressure:  1009 mb at 00 UTC at Galveston, 1009 mb at
12 UTC at New Orleans;  peak winds 30 kt SE winds in New Orleans at 13 
and 14 UTC.
July 31st:  HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 92.5W.  Center
from additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to the 
coast at 29N, 91.5W.  No reports of gale force winds.
August 1st:  HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 31.5N, 93.5W.  Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 30.5N, 93.0W.  No 
reports of gale force winds.  
August 2nd:  HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 32.5N, 91.5W.  Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 32N, 92W.  No reports 
of gale force winds.
August 3rd:  Station data suggests a closed low near 33.5N, 90.5W.  No
reports of gale force winds.
August 4th:  The system dissipated.

Status of system as tropical storm was confirmed by several ship wind
and pressure observations.  Peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 22 UTC
on the 29th and 02 UTC on the 30th) from a ship suggests winds of at least
37 kt.  50 kt chosen for the nearest synoptic times to these pressure
readings up until landfall late on the 31st based primarily upon ship wind 
observations.  No reports of gale force winds (or equivalent from sea
level pressure readings) were observed over land.  However, landfall likely
west of New Orleans, Louisiana in an area of quite sparse meteorological
stations.  Thus it is analyzed that the system came ashore as a 50 kt
tropical storm around 2130 UTC on the 31st near 29.5N, 91.9W.

********************************************************************************

1908/05 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/04, but became 1908/05 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/05 - 2003 REVISION:

17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*325 722  35    0*327 728  35    0*329 732  35    0
17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          ***    

17745 08/31*331 737  35    0*333 741  40    0*336 748  40    0*339 750  40    0
17745 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17750 09/01*342 752  45    0*345 753  45    0*349 753  45    0*353 749  45    0
17750 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17755 09/02*357 743  40    0*362 733  40    0*367 721  35    0*374 709  25    0
17755 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***         **** ***

17760 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 3.  

1908/05 - 2006 REVISION:

18930 08/30/1908 M= 4  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
18930 08/30/1908 M= 4  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                                                    * *****

18935 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0*
18940 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0*
18945 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0*
18950 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0*
18955 TS                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone's track taking it over the Outer Banks
of North Carolina should make it a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as a tropical
storm ("SSS=0").

********************************************************************************

1908/06 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/05, but became 1908/06 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/06 - 2003 REVISION:

17765 09/07/1908 M=13  4 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17765 09/07/1908 M=13  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17770 09/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*154 517  40    0*159 528  40    0
17775 09/08*163 538  40    0*167 548  40    0*170 558  45    0*172 566  45    0
17780 09/09*174 573  45    0*176 580  50    0*180 595  55    0*183 605  55    0
17780 09/09*174 573  45    0*176 580  50    0*180 591  55    0*183 605  55    0
                                                  ***

17785 09/10*187 630  60    0*190 650  65    0*194 668  70    0*197 679  75    0
17785 09/10*187 630  60    0*190 650  60    0*194 668  60    0*197 680  60    0
                                      **               **          ***  **

17790 09/11*200 689  80    0*203 700  85    0* 06 711  85    0*211 720  90    0
17790 09/11*198 692  60    0*201 707  65    0*205 720  75    0*210 729  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
       
17795 09/12*216 728  95    0*221 735  95    0*226 742 100    0*231 749 100    0
17795 09/12*215 737  95    0*219 743  95    0*225 750 100    0*229 755 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17800 09/13*235 754 105    0*240 759 105    0*245 761 105    0*251 759 105    0
17800 09/13*232 758 105    0*238 761 105    0*245 761 105    0*251 759 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***       

17805 09/14*257 755 105    0*264 748 105    0*270 742 105    0*281 729 100    0
17805 09/14*257 755 105    0*262 751 105    0*267 745 105    0*275 736 100    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17810 09/15*291 715 100    0*301 704  95    0*310 695  90    0*317 691  85    0
17810 09/15*284 726 100    0*291 718  95    0*300 710  90    0*308 702  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17815 09/16*323 687  85    0*329 684  80    0*338 679  80    0*351 670  75    0
17815 09/16*316 694  85    0*325 686  80    0*338 677  80    0*351 672  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17820 09/17*363 663  75    0*378 654  70    0*396 641  70    0*407 631  70    0
17820 09/17*363 668  75    0*378 660  70    0*393 650  70    0*404 639  70    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

17825 09/18*420 620  70    0*429 610  70    0*438 597  70    0E456 564  60    0
17825 09/18*411 629  70    0*419 618  70    0*430 600  70    0*454 570  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17830 09/19E470 535  55    0E484 514  55    0E500 483  50    0E518 450  50    0
17830 09/19E486 530  55    0E515 496  55    0E540 465  50    0E562 438  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17835 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 4.  A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 
15th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt retained in the best track.  A peripheral pressure of 
993 mb (at 12Z on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt retained in the best track.  
Slight adjustment in the track on the 9th provides a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1908/07 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/06, but became 1908/07 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/07 - 2003 REVISION:

18655 09/16/1908 M= 3  5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18655 09/16/1908 M= 3  6 SNBR= 436 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

18660 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*247 905  40    0*251 911  40    0
18665 09/17*256 917  45    0*260 921  45    0*265 926  50    0*270 931  55    0
18670 09/18*274 934  60    0*279 938  55    0*283 938  35    0*287 934  25    0
18675 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.

********************************************************************************


1908/08 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/07, but became 1908/08 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/08 - 2003 REVISION:

17865 09/21/1908 M=17  6 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17865 09/21/1908 M=17  7 SNBR= 437 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17870 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 500  35    0*122 507  35    0
17870 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 460  35    0*127 472  35    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

17875 09/22*124 513  35    0*126 520  35    0*128 527  35    0*130 534  35    0
17875 09/22*129 483  35    0*132 495  35    0*135 507  35    0*138 518  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17880 09/23*132 541  35    0*135 548  35    0*138 556  40    0*142 563  40    0
17880 09/23*139 530  35    0*140 542  35    0*143 553  40    0*145 563  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

17885 09/24*146 570  40    0*149 578  40    0*153 584  45    0*157 592  45    0
17885 09/24*148 572  40    0*150 579  40    0*153 587  45    0*155 594  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

17890 09/25*160 600  45    0*164 609  50    0*168 618  50    0*171 627  50    0
17890 09/25*157 603  55    0*158 610  60    0*160 617  65    0*162 627  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17895 09/26*172 637  50    0*173 650  50    0*173 665  50    0*175 673  50    0
17895 09/26*164 641  70    0*165 651  70    0*165 663  70    0*165 674  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17900 09/27*176 680  50    0*178 687  50    0*181 695  45    0*184 705  40    0
17900 09/27*167 685  70    0*168 695  70    0*170 705  70    0*173 711  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17905 09/28*187 713  35    0*190 720  35    0*192 727  35    0*194 733  35    0
17905 09/28*176 716  70    0*181 722  70    0*185 727  65    0*187 731  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17910 09/29*196 738  35    0*199 744  35    0*202 750  35    0*206 753  35    0
17910 09/29*191 737  65    0*197 742  70    0*200 745  75    0*204 750  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17915 09/30*210 758  35    0*216 764  40    0*222 769  55    0*229 774  65    0
17915 09/30*210 754  70    0*214 759  75    0*220 763  80    0*225 767  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17920 10/01*235 778  70    0*248 784  70    0*258 785  70    0*268 781  75    0
17920 10/01*232 772  90    0*239 777  95    0*247 780  95    0*259 778  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17925 10/02*276 773  75    0*284 764  80    0*290 752  85    0*292 739  85    0
17925 10/02*268 765  95    0*275 746  95    0*280 730  95    0*284 721  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17930 10/03*294 726  85    0*296 712  85    0*302 698  85    0*304 713  80    0
17930 10/03*287 716  95    0*293 711  90    0*300 715  85    0*297 720  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

17935 10/04*295 727  75    0*287 716  70    0*285 702  70    0*287 693  70    0
17935 10/04*292 721  75    0*288 716  70    0*285 710  70    0*290 700  70    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

17940 10/05*290 685  70    0*294 679  70    0*298 673  70    0*303 665  70    0
17940 10/05*297 692  70    0*301 684  70    0*305 675  70    0*308 662  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17945 10/06*308 655  70    0*314 645  70    0*320 634  65    0*325 626  55    0
17945 10/06*311 650  70    0*313 638  70    0*315 627  65    0*318 613  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17950 10/07*331 618  45    0E337 609  40    0E343 600  40    0E354 593  40    0
17950 10/07*320 600  45    0E323 587  40    0E325 575  40    0E328 561  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17955 HR    

The was one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm 
number 5.  Partagas and Diaz did not provide evidence that the hurricane 
status was retained until transitioning to an extratropical on the 7th,
though this was depicted in their track map.  Thus the switch to tropical 
storm status on the 6th found in Neumann et al. is kept in the best track.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track 
reasonably from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas and Diaz
analysis of hurricane force through the Caribbean from the 25th to the
28th necessitated large increases to the existing HURDAT intensity 
estimates.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at 10Z on the 28th) suggests 
winds of at least 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for the best track.  Perez (2000) had analyzed this as a Category 2 
hurricane at landfall in Cuba based upon wind and surge caused damage, which 
does not seem completely reasonable because of the interaction of the system 
with Hispanola.  Thus Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Cuba is retained.  A 
peripheral pressure of 971 mb (at 15Z on the 1st) suggests winds of at least 
85 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt chosen for the 
best track.  Winds increased accordingly from the 25th until the 3rd.


********************************************************************************

1908/09 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/08, but became 1908/09 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/09 - 2003 REVISION:

17960 10/15/1908 M= 4  7 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17960 10/14/1908 M= 6  8 SNBR= 438 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       *** 

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
17962 10/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*117 785  30    0*117 788  30    0

17965 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*116 778  45    0*117 785  45    0
17965 10/15*117 792  35    0*117 796  40    0*117 800  45    0*117 803  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

17970 10/16*118 791  50    0*120 797  60    0*122 802  65    0*124 807  70    0
17970 10/16*118 807  50    0*119 811  60    0*120 815  65    0*121 818  70    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17975 10/17*126 811  70    0*127 815  70    0*129 820  70    0*130 825  70    0
17975 10/17*122 821  75    0*123 824  80    0*125 827  85    0*126 830  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17980 10/18*132 831  70    0*134 837  70    0*136 843  60    0*138 849  35    0
17980 10/18*127 834  90    0*128 837  65    0*130 840  50    0*133 843  35    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
17982 10/19*138 848  30    0*145 855  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17985 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 7.  Intensity is increased at landfall to a 
Category 2 hurricane (90 kt) to match descriptions of widespread destruction
("destroying the towns of Rio Grande and Prinzapolca") in Nicaragua.

********************************************************************************


1908/10 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/09, but became 1908/10 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/10 - 2003 REVISION:

17990 10/21/1908 M= 3  8 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17990 10/19/1908 M= 5  9 SNBR= 439 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

(The 19th and 20th are new to HURDAT.)
17992 10/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E350 720  35    0E343 715  35    0
17994 10/20E337 710  35    0E331 705  35    0*325 697  35    0*317 686  35    0

17995 10/21*  0   0   0    0*274 667  35    0*277 682  35    0*280 694  35    0
17995 10/21*307 673  35    0*296 663  35    0*285 660  35    0*275 676  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18000 10/22*284 707  35    0*290 721  35    0*297 735  35    0*305 750  35    0
18000 10/22*274 699  35    0*282 721  35    0*290 740  35    0*303 754  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

18005 10/23*314 765  35    0*324 781  35    0*334 797  35    0*342 810  30    0
18005 10/23*314 766  35    0E324 782  35    0E334 797  35    0E342 810  30    0
                ***         *    ***         *                *

18010 TS

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm
number 8.  The storm - obviously of extratropical origins from Partagas and 
Diaz' analysis - is given extratropical status on the 19th and early on the 
20th, until transforming to more tropical in nature late on the 20th.  
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable.  Since the storm was determined to have transitioned back 
to extratropical before landfall in South Carolina, XING was changed from 
"1" to "0".

********************************************************************************

1908 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 2-5, 1908:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 29-30, 1908:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) August 5, 1908:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 25-31, 1908:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.




August 3-7:	  Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at most 
1015mb formed on August 3 at 29N, 60W. This system moved towards the northeast 
then moved towards the southeast on the 5th with a pressure of at most 1000mb. 
Historical Weather Maps does not show any sign of it on the 6th or 7th and there 
are not many observations nearby to show where the system is actually located. 
COADS had a wind max of 25kt and there were not gales found in the Monthly Weather 
Review. 

DAY		LAT	  LONG		STATUS
Aug 3		29N	  60W		Tropical Depression
Aug 4		30N 	  56W		Tropical Depression
Aug 5		28.5N	  52W		Tropical Depression





September 12-15:	Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at 
most 1005mb near 18.5N, 17.5W on September 12. However, there is not enough 
evidence to show that it was a closed circulation. On the 13th, there was enough 
information to show that it was a closed low located near 15N, 25W. There were 
two gales, but one of them was too far to be part of the system (it was located 
at 18.5N, 17.5W). The other gale was very near the system; it was located at 
15N, 23.5W. The system then moved slightly towards the southwest on the 14th and 15th. 
After the 15th, there were no observations to show that the system was still 
present. COADS had a max of 35kt winds and there were no gales found in the Monthly 
Weather Review. 

DAY 		LAT 	LONG		STATUS
Sept 12		18.5N	17.5W		Tropical Depression
Sept 13		15N	25W		Tropical Storm?
Sept 14		13.5N	27W		Tropical Depression
Sept 15		13N	30W		Tropical Depression




********************************************************************************

18011 06/15/1909 M= 5  1 SNBR= 440 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18012 06/15*106 825  30    0*108 825  30    0*110 825  35    0*112 825  35    0
18013 06/16*115 825  40    0*117 825  40    0*120 825  40    0*122 825  40    0
18014 06/17*124 825  40    0*126 825  40    0*128 825  40    0*130 825  40    0
18014 06/18*132 826  40    0*134 827  40    0*135 828  40    0*137 830  40    0
18014 06/19*138 833  40    0*139 836  35    0*140 840  30    0*140 845  25    0
18014 TS

This newly documented tropical storm comes from the "Case of Jun. 15-18,
1909" in Partagas and Diaz (1999).  They had described a low pressure center
in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with two ship reports (on the 15th and
18th) of gale force winds, but had decided not to add this system as
a new storm.  After reviewing the data in the June 1909 Historical Weather
Maps, it was determined that there did exist a closed circulation with
convection for five consecutive days and that the two ship reports of
gale force winds were enough evidence that it did reach tropical storm
status.  Following the methodology in Partagas and Diaz (1999), positions
for 12Z on the 15th through the 19th were estimated from the Historical
Weather Maps and the remaining synoptic time positions were interpolated.
Ship observations indicate that the system likely reached only weak
tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

18015 06/25/1909 M= 6  1 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18015 06/25/1909 M= 6  2 SNBR= 441 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

18020 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 840  35    0*252 847  35    0
18020 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 840  35    0*255 847  35    0
                                                               ***  

18025 06/26*254 853  35    0*256 859  35    0*257 865  40    0*258 871  40    0
18025 06/26*259 855  35    0*263 862  35    0*267 870  40    0*267 877  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18030 06/27*259 876  45    0*259 881  45    0*260 887  50    0*260 895  50    0
18030 06/27*266 885  45    0*266 893  45    0*265 901  50    0*265 909  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18035 06/28*260 904  50    0*260 913  50    0*261 921  50    0*262 930  50    0
18035 06/28*264 917  50    0*264 925  50    0*263 933  50    0*263 941  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18040 06/29*263 938  50    0*264 945  50    0*266 952  50    0*267 959  45    0
18040 06/29*262 949  65    0*262 957  75    0*261 965  85    0*261 973  70  972 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

18045 06/30*268 965  40    0*269 971  40    0*270 977  30    0*  0   0   0    0
18045 06/30*260 980  50    0*260 986  35    0*260 990  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

18050 TS     
18050 HRATX2
      ******

Major changes near landfall in Texas are made from Partagas and Diaz (1999),
storm number 1.  Based upon analysis of Ellis (1988), this storm is increased
in intensity up to a Category 2 hurricane over the western Gulf of Mexico and 
at landfall in Texas and the track is altered to make landfall near
Brownsville.  Ellis provides description of damaging impacts in Brownsville 
and Harlington, along with a storm tide of 7' and a possible central pressure 
of 972 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen at landfall in Texas making
it a Category 2 hurricane.  Thus this is a new U.S. landfalling hurricane, 
previously unlisted in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable 
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).

Below is an analysis provided by David Roth from the _Houston Post_ and 
_San Antonio Daily Express_ newspapers from the storm's aftermath (July 1-10)
(though a portion of the rainfall and flooding that occurred likely was
not the direct effect of the hurricane itself):

It rained a great deal from the cyclone...10" fell in 24 hours at
Mercedes TX.  Rains swelled the Rio Grande...so much so that is was
expected to cause lowland flooding by July 3.  By the 4th, flooding was
occurring along the Rio Grande and San Juan valleys.  It was considered
the biggest rise in 5 years for the Rio Grande.

This cyclone set the stage for quite a flood.  By the 9th, the Rio
Grande was still rising at Brownsville, and levees gave way west of the
city.  Flood conditions were reaching serious proportions in Hidalgo
and Starr counties, as canals began flooding.  By that time, Mercedes
was surrounded on 3 sides by water, when Llano Grande Lake overflowed.
The Arroyo Colorado and El Fuest rivers were raging torrents. Many were
forced to abandon their homes throughout the region.

The river was just beginning to fall on the 10th at Fordyce and Rio
Grande City.  A number of passengers on a train stranded at Donna were
rescued by boat, and sailed two miles to the railroad tracks near
Mercedes.  A large section of the Mexican settlement near Brownsville
(it does not specify) was flooded.  A levee break at Ramireno caused
lowlands between there and Brownsville to be flooded.

In Mexico, by the 10th floods in the state of Vera Cruz caused the
Orizaba river to rise out of its banks, surrounding the country with 5-
6 feet of water.  Thousands in damage was reported.

Railroad tracks were underwater between Laredo and Monterey on the
2nd.  Trains leaving Laredo could get no farther than Lampasas.
Railroad service was "completely demoralized" in northern Mexico due to
washouts between the 1st and the 3rd.  Bridges at Salinas, Morelos, and
Villaldama were washed out.  Monterey lost 25 railroad bridges and over
200 km of track were washed away in its vicinity.  Railroad damage in
this region of Mexico was estimated at $750,000.  Rumors circulated that
Sabinas Hidalgo was "gone" after the cyclone...I could not find
anything to substantiate it though. Several km of track was reported
missing north of Zacatecas on the 8th.  An additional $500,000 of
damage was incurred there.

As for winds, Brownsville reported a "hurricane from the northwest" on
the 30th, which tore down fences and trees, but did little damage to
buildings.  Sounds like a gale for sure...would need to get their
observations from that time period to be certain.  Winds reached "high
velocity at times" in Mercedes.  At Falfurrias, the winds at times
was "alarming."  Winds at Point Isabel reached 65 mph.

Several dwellings and buildings were blown down in Harlingen, Point
Isabel, Donna, San Benito, Norias, and Brazos Pass.  Windmills were
leveled at Chapin, along with the Santa Anita and Mesenas ranches.

Damages listed:
McAllen              $1,000
Brownsville          $2,000
Vera Cruz        "thousands"
San Benito          $10,000
Harlingen          $100,000
Mexico railroads $1,250,000

The Point Isabel storm surge was at least 5 feet when the telegraph
went out...I never saw a later report to see what its final level was.
The Washington Post reported tides over 10 feet above normal in
northeast Mexico, between the Mouth of the Rio Grande and Tampico.

********************************************************************************

18055 06/26/1909 M= 6  2 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18055 06/26/1909 M= 9  3 SNBR= 442 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

18060 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*235 746  35    0*237 751  35    0
18060 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 720  30    0*212 731  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18065 06/27*240 756  35    0*243 762  35    0*247 768  35    0*252 775  35    0
18065 06/27*214 741  30    0*217 751  30    0*220 760  35    0*227 769  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

18070 06/28*258 783  35    0*263 791  40    0*268 798  45    0*273 805  40    0
18070 06/28*234 776  35    0*242 785  40    0*250 793  45    0*258 799  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18075 06/29*278 812  35    0*282 818  35    0*287 825  35    0*292 832  35    0
18075 06/29*265 805  40    0*273 811  35    0*280 817  35    0*284 822  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18080 06/30*296 839  35    0*301 847  35    0*306 855  35    0*311 864  30    0
18080 06/30*290 829  35    0*295 834  35    0*300 840  35    0*302 843  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18085 07/01*315 876  30    0*319 890  30    0*322 904  25    0*  0   0   0    0
18085 07/01*304 845  30    0*306 846  30    0*310 847  30    0*313 846  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
18086 07/02*316 843  25    0*319 838  25    0*320 835  25    0*322 828  25    0
18087 07/03*324 817  25    0*324 807  30    0*323 797  30    0*320 783  30    0
18088 07/04*315 770  30    0*310 757  30    0*303 745  30    0*296 732  30    0

18090 TS    

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  The storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 26th rather than 
dropping this date from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas and Diaz, since there
is no strong evidence that a closed circulation did not exist at that point.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

18095 07/13/1909 M=10  3 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18095 07/13/1909 M=10  4 SNBR= 443 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                       *       ***                  

18100 07/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 605  35    0*123 620  35    0
18100 07/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 605  30    0*123 620  30    0
                                                       **               **

18105 07/14*124 635  35    0*126 649  35    0*130 662  35    0*135 674  35    0
18105 07/14*124 635  30    0*126 649  30    0*130 662  30    0*135 674  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

18110 07/15*140 686  35    0*145 698  35    0*149 710  40    0*152 724  40    0
18110 07/15*140 686  30    0*145 698  30    0*149 710  30    0*152 722  30    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

18115 07/16*158 740  40    0*163 755  40    0*168 768  45    0*174 778  45    0
18115 07/16*155 733  30    0*158 744  30    0*160 755  30    0*162 767  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18120 07/17*180 788  45    0*186 797  50    0*192 807  50    0*200 818  55    0
18120 07/17*164 778  35    0*167 789  40    0*172 800  45    0*180 810  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18125 07/18*208 829  55    0*215 840  60    0*222 850  60    0*229 859  65    0
18125 07/18*190 820  55    0*200 830  60    0*210 840  60    0*220 850  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18130 07/19*235 868  70    0*241 875  75    0*244 882  85    0*250 888  95    0
18130 07/19*230 859  70    0*240 867  70    0*250 875  70    0*256 883  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18135 07/20*255 894 105    0*260 900 110    0*264 906 115    0*269 913 120    0
18135 07/20*261 889  70    0*266 897  70    0*270 906  70    0*274 915  70  985 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***  ***

18140 07/21*273 919 120    0*278 927 115    0*282 935 105    0*287 945  95  982
18140 07/21*278 925  80    0*282 935  90    0*286 945 100    0*290 955  90  959
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **  ***

18145 07/22*293 958  65    0*296 972  30    0*302 988  25    0*  0   0   0    0
18145 07/22*293 965  65    0*296 976  30    0*302 988  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***              ***

18150 HRCTX3

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  First, the storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 13th to 
the 16th rather than dropping these dates from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas
and Diaz, since there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist 
then.  Secondly, the storm's landfall location in Texas is adjusted to better 
fit the analysis by Ho et al. (1987).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  A central pressure of 985 mb (at 17Z on the 20th) suggests 
winds of 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which are
utilized in the best track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 19th
and 20th.  Ho et al. also analyzed a central pressure estimate of 959 mb and 
a RMW of 19 nmi at landfall in Texas.  (This was partially based upon a 
peripheral pressure value of 982 mb at 2030Z on the 21st, which was mistakenly
recorded as a central pressure previously.)  Jarrell et al. (1992) (based
upon Connor 1956) provided a very similar estimate of 958 mb at landfall
in Texas.  The central pressure of 959 mb suggests winds of 101 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.   Since the RMW is very close to 
the climatological RMW for this intensity and central pressure (Vickery et 
al. 2000), a value of 100 kt is chosen for the best track at landfall.  Winds 
are adjusted accordingly on the 21st.  The 959 mb/100 kt at landfall in Texas 
making this a Category 3 hurricane agrees with that recorded in Table 6 of 
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  A storm 
tide of 10' in Galveston and Velasco, Texas was reported by Connor (1956) and 
Ellis (1988).

********************************************************************************

18155 07/27/1909 M=16  4 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18155 07/27/1909 M= 5  5 SNBR= 444 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **  *       ***

18160 07/27*  0   0   0    0*107 516  35    0*108 522  35    0*109 528  35    0
18165 07/28*110 536  35    0*111 544  35    0*113 553  35    0*116 564  35    0
18170 07/29*119 576  35    0*121 587  35    0*124 598  35    0*126 607  35    0
18175 07/30*129 616  35    0*131 624  35    0*134 632  35    0*136 639  40    0
18180 07/31*139 647  40    0*141 653  40    0*143 658  45    0*144 662  45    0
18185 08/01*146 666  45    0*147 669  45    0*148 673  45    0*149 677  45    0
18190 08/02*151 682  45    0*152 686  45    0*153 690  45    0*154 693  45    0
18195 08/03*154 696  45    0*154 698  45    0*155 701  45    0*156 705  45    0
18200 08/04*158 709  45    0*159 713  45    0*160 718  50    0*161 723  50    0
18205 08/05*161 729  50    0*162 735  50    0*163 742  50    0*164 749  50    0
(The 27th to the 5th removed from HURDAT.)

18210 08/06*164 757  50    0*165 766  50    0*166 775  50    0*168 785  50    0
18210 08/06*166 795  30    0*173 800  30    0*180 805  30    0*188 812  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18215 08/07*171 795  50    0*175 802  50    0*179 809  50    0*183 828  50    0
18215 08/07*196 820  35    0*206 830  35    0*210 843  40 1004*209 854  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

18220 08/08*187 835  45    0*191 842  45    0*195 851  45    0*200 862  45    0
18220 08/08*208 865  40    0*206 876  35    0*205 885  30    0*204 893  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18225 08/09*205 875  35    0*211 888  35    0*216 903  35    0*219 915  35    0
18225 08/09*204 904  30    0*204 914  35    0*205 925  35    0*209 939  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18230 08/10*222 932  35    0*223 949  35    0*224 961  35    0*225 973  35    0
18230 08/10*215 954  35    0*223 970  35    0*230 985  30    0*237 998  25    0
            *** ***  **          ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18235 08/11*226 984  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 11th is removed from HURDAT.)

18240 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  Partagas and Diaz recommended removing July 27th through 
August 5th as no closed circulation existed during its supposed trek across 
the eastern and central Caribbean Sea.  These dramatic track and intensity 
changes are found to be reasonable.  A possible central pressure of 1004 mb 
(at 12Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************


18245 08/20/1909 M= 9  5 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
18245 08/20/1909 M= 9  6 SNBR= 445 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

18250 08/20*  0   0   0    0*154 545  60    0*156 555  60    0*157 564  70    0
18250 08/20*  0   0   0    0*154 553  60    0*155 563  60    0*157 573  70    0
                                 ***          *** ***              ***

18255 08/21*158 574  70    0*159 585  70    0*160 598  70    0*161 612  75    0
18255 08/21*159 582  70    0*161 594  70    0*163 605  70    0*165 619  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18260 08/22*162 626  75    0*164 641  75    0*165 655  80    0*167 670  80    0
18260 08/22*167 630  75    0*170 642  75    0*173 657  80    0*176 675  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18265 08/23*168 684  80    0*171 699  85    0*174 714  85    0*178 731  90    0
18265 08/23*179 691  80    0*183 707  70    0*188 723  65    0*199 740  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18270 08/24*184 751  90    0*192 772  90    0*199 791  95    0*204 808  95    0
18270 08/24*203 758  65    0*205 776  65    0*206 795  75    0*207 811  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18275 08/25*208 825 100    0*212 841 100    0*214 854 100    0*217 865 105    0
18275 08/25*208 826  95    0*209 841 100    0*210 855 100    0*211 869  90    0
                *** ***      ***              *** ***          *** *** ***

18280 08/26*220 875 105    0*223 885 105    0*228 896 105    0*232 908 105    0
18280 08/26*213 884  80    0*216 897  90    0*220 910 100    0*225 925 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

18285 08/27*237 920 100    0*241 932  95    0*244 944  90    0*248 956  85    0
18285 08/27*229 940 105    0*233 955 105    0*237 967 105    0*238 973 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18290 08/28*252 967  70    0*256 979  65    0*260 990  35    0*  0   0   0    0
18290 08/28*237 979  85    0*237 983  55    0*237 987  35    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

18295 HRATX2    
18295 HRATX1    
        ****

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  The analysis of Perez (2000) showed that the hurricane made 
landfall near Baracoa, Cuba, rather than near Santiago de Cuba as shown in 
Partagas and Diaz.  Perez' Cuba landfall location is utilized here.  Partagas
and Diaz made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are otherwise reasonable.
Perez also analyzed this hurricane to have made landfall as a Category 2
system, based upon wind-caused damage.  However, this does not appear to be
completely reasonable given the hurricanes' interaction with Hispanola and
Category 1 at landfall in Cuba is utilized.  The hurricane is maintained in 
the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane up until landfall in northeast 
Mexico, based upon damages incurred there.  The storm had been listed as 
causing Category 2 hurricane conditions in southern Texas (Table 6 in Neumann 
et al. 1999/U.S. hurricane landfall characterization in HURDAT), but this is 
reduced down to Category 1 hurricane impact due to observations of only 
minimal hurricane conditions in Texas and due the to distance from the 
hurricane center to the Texas coast. The full lifecycle of this tropical 
storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.

********************************************************************************

1909/07 - 2011 ADDITION:

24596 08/22/1909 M= 4  7 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24597 08/22*230 857  25    0*235 863  25    0*240 870  25    0*245 878  30    0
24598 08/23*250 886  35    0*255 895  40    0*260 905  45    0*262 915  45    0
24599 08/24*263 926  40    0*262 938  35    0*260 950  35    0*258 964  30    0
25000 08/25*255 975  30    0*250 985  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25001 TS

This is a new tropical storm, not previously recorded in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for the addition comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, the Original Monthly Records, and ship reports published in the New Orleans 
Picayne obtained by Mike Chenoweth.
 
SHIP REPORTS

Austrian steamship Eugenia...from Tampa....arriv[ed] at Third Street at 3 p.m. on Aug 20...
she reports sailing from Tampa Aug. 18, and experienced strong south, southwest winds, 
and squally weather, with moderate seas. (New Orleans Picayune, 22 Aug 1909, p. 11) 
The British steamship Turrialba...crossed the bar at 6 p.m. on Aug. 22..sailing from...Port 
Limon, Aug. 18; experienced fine weather to within 100 miles of the bar, thence to port 
had strong east-northeast winds and rough seas. (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11)

The British steamship Suningdale, from Progresso, Mexico...was released from Quarantine 
Sunday afternoon [Aug. 22]...She reports sailing from Progresso Aug. 17; had fresh northwest 
to westerly winds and good weather all the passage. (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11)

The Norwegian steamship Utstein...crossed the bar at 11 a.m. on Aug. 22...She reports sailing 
from Puerto Cortez at 9:30 p.m. on Aug. 18; experienced fine weather, with light southwest 
winds, shifting to northwest, all the passage... (New Orleans Picayune, 24 August 1909, p.11)

British steamship Rosina...crossed the bar at 1:50 p.m., Aug. 23... having sailed from Ceiba at 
11 p.m. Aug. 20; experienced fine weather with variable winds to within 60 miles of the bar, 
then fresh northwest winds with rough seas to the bar and heavy rain in the river. 
(New Orleans Picayune, 25 August 1909, p. 11)

The Norwegian steamship Belvernon, arrived at 6:45 p.m. on Aug. 24 at Post 15...She reports 
having sailed from Belize, Honduras on Aug. 21; experienced good weather to mid-Gulf, thence 
strong southwest to southeast winds, blowing with gale force, and a heavy sea to port... 
(New Orleans Picayune, 26 August 1909, p. 11)

The Norwegian steamship Karen...crossed the bar at 7 a.m., Aug. 24 and arrived at 6 p.m. at 
Post 15, First District. She reports sailing from Port Limon at 5 p.m., Aug. 19; had fine 
weather, with light easterly winds to the Gulf of Mexico, where she encountered a strong 
gale from the south, with a heavy swell from east-northeast, lasting to the bar. (New 
Orleans Picayune, 26 August 1909, p. 11)

The Morgan Line steamship Excelsior...crossed the Bar at 10:50 p.m., on Aug. 26, and 
arrived at 7:30 a.m. yesterday at Post 8, Second District. Reports sailing from New York 
at noon on Aug. 21...in the Gulf of Mexico fresh easterly winds with a large southerly sea 
to the Bar.... (New Orleans Picayune, 28 August 1909, p. 11)

August 21:  The Historical Weather Map shows an elongated trough of low pressure oriented 
NE-SW across the Gulf of Mexico.  No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 22:  The Historical Weather Map shows a sharp trough over the southeastern Gulf of 
Mexico.  Available observations suggest that a closed low was present near 24N 87W.  
No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 23:  The Historical Weather Map shows a low of at most 1005 mb pressure centered 
near 26.5N 90W.  Available observation indicate that the system was centered near 26N 90W.  
Ship highlights:  40 kt S near 25N 88W (New Orleans Picayune); 35 kt SE near 24N 87W 
(New Orleans Picayune).  Station highlights:  31 kt NE at New Orleans (OMR); 25 kt SE at 
Burrwood (OMR).

August 24:  The Historical Weather Map shows a low of at most 1010 mb pressured centered 
near 24N 95W just offshore northeastern Mexico.  Available observations indicate that the 
system was centered near 26N 90W.  No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 25:  The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest over Texas or Mexico.  
No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
Station highlights:  28 kt E and 1012 mb at 00Z at Corpus Christi (OMR); E wind (no speed) 
and 1011 mb at 00Z at Brownsville (OMR).

A broad area of low pressure and general westerly wind flow at the surface was present over 
the Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean region in mid-August 1909. Pressure was quite low 
over the southern U.S. in association with a cool front and trough of low pressure that 
extended into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Very slowly an area of low pressure formed in the 
central Gulf of Mexico by 19-20 August, but it remained a NE-SW elongated trough until the 
21st. Ship reports and once-daily weather maps from the NOAA Central Library U.S. Daily 
Weather Maps Project and the Historical Weather Maps indicate that a tropical depression 
probably formed early on 22 August in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. This depression moved 
on a west-northwest track and probably developed into a weak tropical storm by early on 
August 23.  Peak intensity of the cyclone is estimated to have reached 45 kt late on the 
23rd.  Winds of near gale force were impacting Louisiana with the peak 31 kt NE in New Orleans 
and 25 SE in Burrwood.  Pressure began to rise throughout the southern U.S. and the system 
then moved westward on the 24th and then west-southwestward to early on the 25th.  The storm 
probably weakened to a depression late on August 24 before making landfall in northeastern 
Mexico around 00Z on the 25th.  Observations from Brownsville and Corpus Christi on the 24th 
and 25th were crucial in determining that the weakening system continued west-southwestward 
into Mexico.  This storm may have been sheared apart by unfavorable upper level winds as a 
hurricane (storm #6) moved south of Cuba on 23-25 August.  

********************************************************************************

18300 08/27/1909 M= 6  6 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18300 08/28/1909 M= 4  8 SNBR= 446 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

18305 08/27*208 689  35    0*214 697  35    0*221 706  35    0*228 717  35    0
(The 27th is omitted from HURDAT.)

18310 08/28*234 730  35    0*239 741  35    0*244 750  40    0*248 757  40    0
18310 08/28*237 730  35    0*246 744  35    0*255 760  40    0*260 773  40    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18315 08/29*251 764  45    0*255 770  45    0*259 777  45    0*263 784  45    0
18315 08/29*263 785  45    0*264 796  45    0*265 805  40    0*266 809  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18320 08/30*268 790  45    0*272 797  45    0*277 803  35    0*282 807  35    0
18320 08/30*268 812  30    0*271 815  30    0*277 817  30    0*285 813  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

18325 08/31*287 809  35    0*292 810  35    0*297 810  35    0*302 809  30    0
18325 08/31*295 805  35    0*304 797  35    0*310 790  35    0*315 784  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
   
18330 09/01*307 804  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 1st is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18335 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 6.

********************************************************************************


18340 09/10/1909 M=12  7 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
18340 09/13/1909 M=10  9 SNBR= 447 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***                        *  

18345 09/10*  0   0   0    0*134 563  35    0*136 579  35    0*137 595  35    0
18350 09/11*138 611  35    0*139 625  35    0*139 636  35    0*139 646  35    0
18355 09/12*139 655  35    0*139 665  35    0*139 674  35    0*139 683  35    0
(The 10th to the 12th were omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18360 09/13*139 693  35    0*140 702  35    0*141 708  35    0*141 717  35    0
18360 09/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 710  30    0*178 725  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18365 09/14*142 723  35    0*143 729  35    0*144 738  35    0*145 742  35    0
18365 09/14*181 739  30    0*183 752  30    0*185 765  30    0*187 775  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18370 09/15*146 749  40    0*148 756  40    0*151 764  45    0*157 775  50    0
18370 09/15*189 784  35    0*191 793  40    0*193 800  45    0*195 806  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18375 09/16*167 791  55    0*178 806  60    0*187 812  65    0*194 821  70    0
18375 09/16*197 810  55    0*200 815  60    0*203 820  65    0*206 824  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18380 09/17*202 827  70    0*209 831  70    0*214 836  70    0*218 841  75    0
18380 09/17*209 829  70    0*213 833  75    0*217 837  80    0*220 842  85  976
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

18385 09/18*223 845  75    0*227 849  80    0*231 854  80    0*235 859  85    0
18385 09/18*223 845  75    0*226 849  80    0*229 854  80    0*232 859  85    0
                             ***              ***              ***

18390 09/19*240 864  95    0*244 868 110    0*255 873 115    0*262 878 120    0
18390 09/19*235 867  95    0*239 874 105    0*243 880 105    0*248 885 105    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18395 09/20*272 884 120    0*280 890 110    0*284 896  95    0*296 905  85    0
18395 09/20*254 890 105    0*261 895 105    0*269 901 105    0*277 907 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** *** 

18400 09/21*310 910  65  990*325 917  50    0*342 918  35    0*359 912  30    0
18400 09/21*295 913 105  952*314 917  75    0*332 915  55    0*350 913  40    0
            *** *** ***  *** ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
18402 09/22*368 911  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0 

18405 HR LA4
18405 HR LA3 MS2
         *** ***

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 7.  The 13th is retained in HURDAT based
upon a re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series, which indicated
a probable closed circulation existed on that date south of Hispanola.  The 
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A possible central 
pressure of 976 mb (21Z on the 17th) suggests winds of 83 kt - 85 kt chosen 
for best track.  This agrees with the classification of the hurricane as a 
Category 2 at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  Winds are adjusted accordingly 
on the 17th and 18th.  Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) classified 
this hurricane at landfall in the United States as 931 mb central pressure 
apparently based primarily upon the storm tide of 15' observed in Terrebonne 
Bay, Louisiana (Cline 1926).  Ho et al. (1987) on the other hand analyzed a 
965 mb central pressure from a 990 mb peripheral pressure measurement and an 
estimated RMW of 28 nmi.  (Note that this 990 mb was mistakenly listed in 
HURDAT previously as a central pressure.)  Jarvinen (2001, personal 
communication), however, showed with SLOSH runs that such an estimate of 
central pressure and RMW could not correctly simulate the observed large 
storm surge values.  David Roth was able to provide descriptions (see below) 
of the storm's impact in Louisiana, which corroborated altering the positions 
of the hurricane consistent with Cline's analysis of making landfall farther 
west than Ho's analysis and substantially faster forward motion.  Jarvinen 
utilized the new position estimates and iterated possible central pressure 
and RMW values with SLOSH to arrive at a best fit of 952 mb and 28 nmi.  This 
value of central pressure falls between the estimates of Jarrell et al. and 
Ho.  A 952 mb central pressure suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Given a RMW which is moderately larger 
than that expected climatologically for this central pressure and latitude 
(e.g. Vickery et al. 2000) tempered by being a quick moving (18 kt) hurricane 
at landfall, the maximum sustained winds at U.S. landfall are a slightly 
reduced estimate of 105 kt - making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall.  
A Category 3 designation at landfall in the U.S. is lower than the 
Category 4 shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S.  hurricane 
characterization in HURDAT.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Arkansas.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 20th through the 22nd.

From the _New Orleans Time-Democrat_ as obtained by David Roth:
The only hurricane to destroy capital domes at both Baton Rouge, LA and 
Jackson, MS.
Mobile AL....High southeast gale.
Pass Christian MS....The worst storm that ever struck this place reached its
height last night at 12 o'clock and ruin and wreckage are strewn from one end 
of town to the other.  The great storm in 1893 did not do so much damage and 
cannot surpass this in amount of loss at the Pass and other points.
Bayou Portage MS (just north of Pass Christian)...the water rose at least 
fifteen feet and spread over an area of several miles.
Donaldsonville LA...In the morning the wind blew with some velocity and a heavy
rain followed, but it was between 4 and 9 pm that the greatest damage
was done.
New Orleans LA...The wind increased in violence until 6:15 last night (the 
20th) when it reached a velocity of 66 mph.  An hour later the barometer began
rising, and at an early hour this morning, the disturbance had almost subsided.
Brusly Landing LA...One of the worst storms that has visited this section in
years swept over West Baton Rouge parish yesterday, doing heavy damage. The
wind started at 6 am and steadily increased until 9 pm, when it attained the 
force of a hurricane.  At 10 pm last night, after the winds abated...
Thibodaux LA...Worst between 4 and 6 pm the 20th. 
Norwood LA...Worst between 8 and 10:30 pm, when wind veered to southwest and
lessened in force.
Wilson LA...Severe wind and rain storms between 8 and 11:30 pm.
Washington LA...Stiff NW wind blew all day....worst at night.
Zachary LA....Terrific gale from noon until midnight the 20th.
St. Francisville LA...Most severe wind and rain storm this immediate section 
has known in many years came last night (20th) between 6 and 11 pm after a 
stormy day.
Lutcher LA..."Terrific gale" reached maximum intensity beginning at 7:30 pm,
continuing for some time.
Lulling LA...A gale of considerable violence from the SE began to blow early on
the morning of the 20th, increasing in violence until 10 pm.
Port Hudson LA...The rain and wind which raged all yesterday (the 20th) 
culminated in a hurricane, lasting from 7 to 10 pm.
Covington LA...At 11 pm last night the wind attained a velocity of 50 mph.
Plaquemines LA...Storm at its height at 8 pm.
Abbeville LA...A tropical hurricane raged from 9 am the morning of the 20th 
until a late hour that night. The barometer was 28.75 and fell steadily.  It 
has been thirty years since this section experienced such an equinoctial storm.

1909/09 - 2011 REVISION:

19540 09/13/1909 M=10  8 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
19540 09/13/1909 M=10  9 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
                       *

19545 09/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 710  30    0*178 725  30    0*
19550 09/14*181 739  30    0*183 752  30    0*185 765  30    0*187 775  30    0*
19555 09/15*189 784  35    0*191 793  40    0*193 800  45    0*195 806  50    0*
19560 09/16*196 810  55    0*199 815  60    0*203 820  65    0*206 824  70    0*
19565 09/17*209 829  70    0*213 833  75    0*217 837  80    0*220 842  85  976*
19570 09/18*223 845  75    0*226 849  80    0*229 854  80    0*232 859  85    0*
19575 09/19*235 867  95    0*239 874 105    0*243 880 105    0*248 885 105    0*
19580 09/20*254 890 105    0*261 895 105    0*269 901 105    0*277 907 105    0*
19580 09/20*254 890 105    0*261 895 105    0*269 901 105    0*277 907 100    0*
                                                                       ***

19585 09/21*295 913 105  952*314 917  75    0*332 915  55    0*350 913  40    0*
19585 09/21*295 913 100  952*314 917  75    0*332 915  55    0*350 913  40    0*
                    ***

19590 09/22*368 911  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
19595 HR LA3 MS2                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8-9/21/1909    0000Z 29.5N  91.3W  105kt  3   30nmi   952mb    LA3,MS2
9-9/21/1909    0000Z 29.5N  91.3W  100kt  3   30nmi   952mb    LA3,MS2
*                                  ***

The 2003 reanalysis utilized a central pressure of 952 mb at landfall
in Louisiana around 00Z on the 21st.  This suggested 108 kt from the Gulf
of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006)
relationship for north of 25N instead suggests 103 kt.  Given an RMW of ~30 nmi 
(larger than that expected climatologically of 20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2001)
but a fairly quickly moving hurricane (18 kt), the winds at landfall
are estimated to be 100 kt.  This is a slight reduction from that 
estimated in the 2003 reanalysis (105 kt), but still retains the
Category 3 designation at landfall.


********************************************************************************

18410 09/22/1909 M= 9  8 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18410 09/24/1909 M= 6  10 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

18415 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*121 795  35    0*125 797  35    0
18420 09/23*130 800  35    0*136 803  35    0*144 806  35    0*153 810  35    0
(The 22nd to the 23th are omitted in the revised HURDAT.)

18425 09/24*162 816  35    0*171 821  35    0*181 823  35    0*191 828  35    0
18425 09/24*220 830  30    0*225 830  30    0*230 830  30    0*235 830  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18430 09/25*200 829  35    0*210 830  35    0*220 830  40    0*230 830  45    0
18430 09/25*241 830  30    0*247 830  30    0*253 828  30    0*258 822  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18435 09/26*241 830  45    0*252 828  40    0*262 823  40    0*272 815  35    0
18435 09/26*263 813  30    0*269 804  30    0*275 795  35    0*280 789  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

18440 09/27*281 807  35    0*289 798  35    0*295 790  35    0*300 783  35    0
18440 09/27*284 784  40    0*290 778  45    0*295 770  50    0*301 750  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

18445 09/28*304 777  35    0*308 770  40    0*312 758  40    0*318 743  45    0
18445 09/28*306 728  50    0*311 706  45    0*315 687  40    0*318 669  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **

18450 09/29*322 729  45    0*327 714  35    0*331 700  35    0*334 685  35    0
18450 09/29*322 655  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18455 09/30*336 671  35    0*338 657  30    0*340 642  25    0*341 621  25    0
(The 30th is omitted in the revised HURDAT.)

18460 TS

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 8.  Perez (2000 and personal communication), in his analysis of Cuban 
tropical cyclones, agrees with not calling this system a tropical storm over 
Cuba, but indicated that a closed low did exist near Havana on the 24th.  
Thus a track beginning early on the 24th along Neumann et al.'s track just
south of Cuba, but about a day earlier is included.  However, Partagas and
Diaz were correct about the lack of a closed circulation on the 22nd and
23rd and thus these dates are removed from HURDAT.  Partagas and Diaz 
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found to be 
reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) suggests 
winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
50 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on 
the 28th) suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

18465 10/06/1909 M= 8  9 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 11 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                      **       ***                        

18470 10/06*  0   0   0    0*112 778  50    0*121 780  60    0*123 781  65    0
18470 10/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*107 760  30    0*112 763  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18475 10/07*127 782  70    0*132 783  70    0*139 783  70    0*146 784  75    0
18475 10/07*120 768  35    0*128 772  40    0*137 777  45    0*145 782  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18480 10/08*157 786  75    0*165 790  80    0*172 798  80    0*175 805  85    0
18480 10/08*154 786  55    0*164 792  60    0*172 798  65    0*177 805  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

18485 10/09*180 811  90    0*184 817  95    0*190 825  95    0*194 830 100    0
18485 10/09*182 811  80    0*186 817  90    0*190 825  95    0*193 832 100    0
            ***      **      ***      **                       *** ***  

18490 10/10*200 832 105    0*205 834 105    0*210 836 105    0*220 834 105    0
18490 10/10*196 838 105    0*200 842 105    0*205 844 105    0*211 845 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

18495 10/11*230 830 105    0*235 825 100    0*240 818  90  957*251 804  85    0
18495 10/11*218 845 105    0*226 841 105    0*237 830 105    0*247 810 100  957 
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

18500 10/12*260 791  80    0*270 776  75    0*278 765  70    0*289 744  70    0
18500 10/12*260 789  90    0*275 768  80    0*290 748  70    0*303 726  60    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

18505 10/13*299 725  65    0*309 706  55    0*315 690  45    0*340 648  30    0
18505 10/13*316 700  50    0*329 675  40    0*340 650  35    0*349 629  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

18510 HRCFL3
18510 HRBFL3CFL3
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 9.  Partagas and Diaz also suggested reasonable large changes to the
intensity on the 6th to the 8th and smaller changes elsewhere.  Peripheral 
pressure of 965 mb (at 15Z on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Winds are retained at 105 kt 
for the 10th and 11th.  This agrees with the assessment of a Category 3 
impact in Cuba by Perez (2000).  A central pressure reading at Knight's Key 
(from Ho et al. (1987) and Barnes (1998a) of 957 mb (on the 11th) suggests 
winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Ho et al. 
also analyzed a RMW of 22 nmi for this hurricane at landfall in the Florida 
Keys.  Since this RMW is slightly larger than that expected climatologically 
for the center pressure and latitude observed, winds at landfall in the Keys 
are estimated at 100 kt.  This makes this system a Category 3 hurricane at 
landfall in south Florida, which agrees with what is listed in Table 6 of 
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 10 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 12 SNBR= 450 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***    

18520 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*111 810  35    0*115 808  35    0
18520 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*105 810  35    0*107 808  35    0
                                              ***              ***

18525 11/09*119 806  35    0*122 804  35    0*126 802  35    0*129 800  35    0
18525 11/09*109 806  35    0*111 804  35    0*113 802  35    0*116 800  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

18530 11/10*133 797  35    0*136 794  40    0*139 791  40    0*141 788  45    0
18530 11/10*121 797  35    0*127 794  40    0*133 791  40    0*139 788  45    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

18535 11/11*143 785  45    0*146 780  50    0*149 774  50    0*155 765  50    0
18535 11/11*145 785  45    0*151 780  50    0*157 774  50    0*165 767  55    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  **

18540 11/12*161 752  50    0*167 737  50    0*173 722  50    0*179 707  50    0
18540 11/12*174 760  60    0*182 753  65    0*190 745  70    0*196 735  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18545 11/13*185 691  50    0*191 675  45    0*196 660  45    0*201 645  40    0
18545 11/13*201 721  80    0*206 704  85    0*210 685  90    0*213 663  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18550 11/14*204 630  40    0*207 615  40    0*209 600  35    0*215 565  30    0
18550 11/14*214 640  90    0*215 615  85    0*215 590  80    0*215 565  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

18555 TS
18555 HR
      **

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 10.   First, Partagas and Diaz recommended keeping this as a tropical 
storm.  However, two ship reports and hurricane impacts in Hispanola, Grand 
Turk and Cuba described in Partagas and Diaz all suggest that this system 
reached hurricane strength, likely up to Category 2 intensity at its peak 
late on the 13th and early on the 14th.  Perez (2000) analyzed this system 
as causing Category 1 hurricane conditions in eastern Cuba (on the weak side 
of the system).  Thus it is estimated that this system was a hurricane from 
the 12th to the 14th with a peak intensity of 90 kt.  Secondly, Perez 
described a major change to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) with a 
track that took the hurricane closer to Jamaica and between Cuba and 
Hispanola, with the center grazing the coast of Haiti.  A compromise track 
between Perez and Partagas/Diaz was utilized here with Partagas/Diaz track 
mainly chosen from the 8th to the 10th, Perez' track primarily used from the 
11th to the 13th and Partagas/Diaz track chosen for the 14th.  Complete 
lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as its decay was not documented.  
The hurricane is known as "San Savero" for its impacts in Hispanola.

********************************************************************************

1909 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the first system as a new tropical storm 
into HURDAT.  (See storm 1, 1909.)  The re-analysis team agreed to leave 
the first and third out of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 2-4, 1909:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 16-24, 1909:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

August 4-8:  The Historical Weather maps show a strong tropical wave 
moving west-northwestward from the central Caribbean on the 4th to the 
western Gulf of Mexico on the 8th.  "July closed with a barometric 
depression over the Caribbean Sea within which two disturbances of slight 
intensity appeared... the other passed over the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas 
coast with moderate to heavy rains in the middle and west Gulf coastal 
districts from the 4th to the 8th."  No gales or low pressures were 
observed throughout the lifetime of this disturbance and it does not 
appear that a closed low was ever in existence, despite the MWR showing 
a low from the 6th to the 8th moving from the central Gulf of Mexico to 
Texas in the Tracks of Centers of Low Areas.  Thus there is not evidence 
to include this system into HURDAT as a tropical storm.

DAY		LAT 	  LONG		STATUS
Aug 4		---	  77W		Tropical Wave
Aug 5		---	  83W			??
Aug 6		---  	  89W 	 		??
Aug 7  	---  	  92W			??
Aug 8		---	  95W			??

August 7-18:  The Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed 
near 9N, 27W on August 7. Historical Weather Maps also indicate that a 
ship near the system measured 40 kt winds from the SW with 1004 mb on 
that same day. The system moved west and from the 9th-13th the observations 
are quite sparse and it is not known whether a closed low still existed. 
On the 14th, the closed low appeared again, yet only for this day. Again, 
there are not enough observations on the 15th or 16th to show that the 
system remains as a closed low.  "On the 16th a disturbance appeared east 
of the Virgin Islands, W. I., moved rapidly thence on a northwest course, 
and apparently recurved during the 17th and 18th to the south and east of 
Bermuda" (MWR).  On the 18th, a ship in HWM showed 45 kt WSW winds with 
1008 mb east of Bermuda.  Available observations suggest that the system 
was not a closed low on this date and that perhaps this ship report was not 
reliable.  Additionally, for the duration of this suspect, there were no 
gales uncovered in either COADS or the Monthly Weather Review.  Without 
further evidence of a tropical storm, this system is not added into HURDAT.

St. Croix Avis, Wednesday 18 Aug 1909
     "The cyclone whose edge passed over us on Monday [16th] had its centre 
too far away from us (probably over 200 miles at its nearest) to do all that 
we would have like to see [sic]. On reflection, however, we perceive that it 
must have been a considerable power which at the end of an arm two hundred 
miles or so in length could stop a brisk trade wind and turn it back, so 
that it was converted here into a light west wind.
    The west wind brought with it, as we had expected, some rain, partial it 
is true, but not at all to be despised, for while Bssin only got half a 
line, some estates in the central and south parts of the island, from 
Anguilla and Bethlehem eastwards, had a good fall. Angulla, 26 lines, 
Diamond and Ruby 12 lines, Castle Coakley 11, Sion Farm 10, Beeston Hill 6, 
are measurements that have come to our knowledge.
     The movement [of the storm] has left us without giving us the southwest 
wind, which blew on Monday in Antigua and St. Kitts, and this leads us to 
suppose that the centre was making a good deal of northing when it was 
passing these islands."

St. Croix Avis, Wednesday 25 Aug 1909
     "Fortunately it is not a common experience in the West Indies, even in 
the hurricane months, to have three cyclones passing in one week, but such 
was our experience in Santa Cruz during the past week. There was first the 
cyclone whose centre passed far to the north on Monday [16th]...."

Observations at St. John's Antigua published in the Leeward Islands 
Government Gazette, 19 Aug 1909, p. 445 and August 26, 1909 p. 451.
Pressure reduced to sea level and 32F; wind direction at 9am and 3pm; total 
miles of wind run in 24 hours; average wind speed miles per hour; NOTE: 
pressure readings routinely omitted on Sunday

August 14 - 30.008   Not read  E  E  75 3.1
August 15 - Not read Not read  NW W 225 9.3
August 16 - 29.981   29.949    W  SW 75 3.1
August 17 - 30.030   29.979    SW SE 75 3.1

DAY		LAT 	  LONG		STATUS
Aug 7		9N	  27W		Tropical Storm?
Aug 8		10N	  30W		Tropical Depression
Aug 9		12N  	  34W 			?
Aug 10		12N       38W 			?
Aug 11		12N       42W 			?
Aug 12		12N       46W 			?
Aug 13		12N       50W 			?
Aug 14		14N	  53W     	Tropical Depression
Aug 15		17N	  57W  	        	?
Aug 16		19N	  59W 			?
Aug 17  	22N	  61W 			?
Aug 18		32N	  60W 		Tropical Storm?




********************************************************************************

18560 08/20/1910 M=12  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18560 08/23/1910 M= 7  1 SNBR= 451 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

18565 08/20*  0   0   0    0*124 592  35    0*125 604  35    0*127 616  35    0
18570 08/21*130 629  35    0*133 640  35    0*136 649  35    0*138 657  35    0
18575 08/22*140 665  35    0*142 671  35    0*146 681  35    0*149 691  35    0
(The 20th to the 22nd are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18580 08/23*154 702  35    0*159 714  35    0*163 725  35    0*166 735  35    0
18580 08/23*  0   0   0    0*150 620  35    0*155 637  35    0*159 654  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18585 08/24*169 745  35    0*171 754  35    0*174 763  35    0*176 771  35    0
18585 08/24*165 673  35    0*172 695  35    0*180 715  35    0*187 728  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18590 08/25*178 778  35    0*180 785  35    0*183 792  35    0*187 801  40    0
18590 08/25*194 740  30    0*203 754  30    0*213 767  30    0*225 775  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18595 08/26*191 808  40    0*195 816  40    0*199 825  40    0*202 832  45    0
18595 08/26*239 781  30    0*256 787  30    0*275 790  30    0*284 790  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18600 08/27*205 839  45    0*208 846  45    0*211 852  50    0*215 858  50    0
18600 08/27E296 790  35    0E307 790  35    0E317 787  35    0E323 784  35    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18605 08/28*219 863  50    0*222 869  50    0*225 876  50    0*227 883  50    0
18605 08/28E329 780  40    0E335 776  40    0E340 770  40    0E349 761  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18610 08/29*229 891  50    0*231 899  50    0*233 907  50    0*235 915  50    0
18610 08/29E356 754  35    0E363 747  35    0E370 740  30    0E376 734  30    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18615 08/30*237 924  50    0*239 932  50    0*241 939  45    0*243 948  45    0
18620 08/31*246 961  40    0*248 970  40    0*251 979  35    0*254 988  30    0
(The 30th and 31st are omitted from this storm and included as part of
storm number 450.)

18625 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms.  These dramatic
changes are found to be reasonable.  This system is the first of the two 
separate storms.

********************************************************************************

18560 08/20/1910 M=12  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18526 08/26/1910 M= 6  2 SNBR= 452 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***     

18565 08/20*  0   0   0    0*124 592  35    0*125 604  35    0*127 616  35    0
18570 08/21*130 629  35    0*133 640  35    0*136 649  35    0*138 657  35    0
18575 08/22*140 665  35    0*142 671  35    0*146 681  35    0*149 691  35    0
18580 08/23*154 702  35    0*159 714  35    0*163 725  35    0*166 735  35    0
18585 08/24*169 745  35    0*171 754  35    0*174 763  35    0*176 771  35    0
18590 08/25*178 778  35    0*180 785  35    0*183 792  35    0*187 801  40    0
(The 20th to the 25th are omitted from this storm and parts of this track
are included in storm number 445.)

18626 08/26*191 808  40    0*195 816  40    0*199 825  40    0*202 832  45    0
18626 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*267 917  30    0*267 920  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/27*205 839  45    0*208 846  45    0*211 852  50    0*215 858  50    0
18626 08/27*267 923  30    0*267 927  30    0*267 930  30    0*267 934  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/28*219 863  50    0*222 869  50    0*225 876  50    0*227 883  50    0
18626 08/28*266 938  30    0*266 942  30    0*265 945  30    0*265 948  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/29*229 891  50    0*231 899  50    0*233 907  50    0*235 915  50    0
18626 08/29*264 950  30    0*264 952  30    0*263 955  30    0*262 958  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/30*237 924  50    0*239 932  50    0*241 939  45    0*243 948  45    0
18626 08/30*262 960  35    0*261 962  35    0*260 965  40    0*259 969  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/31*246 961  40    0*248 970  40    0*251 979  35    0*254 988  30    0
18626 08/31*257 972  40    0*255 976  35    0*253 980  30    0*251 985  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms.  These dramatic
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  This system is
the second of the two separate storms.

********************************************************************************


18630 09/05/1910 M=11  2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
18630 09/05/1910 M=11  3 SNBR= 453 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                       

18635 09/05*  0   0   0    0*170 570  60    0*171 595  65    0*171 606  70    0
18635 09/05*  0   0   0    0*170 583  60    0*171 595  65    0*171 606  70    0
                                 ***

18640 09/06*171 617  75    0*172 627  80    0*174 638  80    0*175 649  85    0
18645 09/07*175 660  85    0*176 671  85    0*176 682  80    0*177 694  75    0
18645 09/07*175 660  85    0*176 671  85    0*176 682  80    0*176 697  75    0
                                                                   ***

18650 09/08*177 706  70    0*178 719  70    0*179 731  70    0*181 742  70    0
18650 09/08*177 712  70    0*178 729  70    0*180 747  70    0*183 764  70    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

18655 09/09*183 754  70    0*185 765  70    0*188 776  70    0*190 788  70    0
18655 09/09*186 778  70    0*190 792  70    0*195 807  70    0*200 818  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18660 09/10*194 801  70    0*198 814  75    0*201 825  80    0*207 835  80    0
18660 09/10*205 829  70    0*209 838  75    0*213 847  80    0*217 851  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18665 09/11*213 845  85    0*220 855  85    0*225 863  85    0*232 872  85    0
18665 09/11*221 856  85    0*225 862  85    0*229 870  85    0*232 876  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

18670 09/12*237 878  90    0*240 883  90    0*244 890  95    0*249 898 100    0
18670 09/12*236 883  90    0*240 889  90    0*244 895  95    0*249 903  95    0
            *** ***              ***              ***              *** ***

18675 09/13*253 904 105    0*257 913 105    0*260 922 105    0*262 931 105    0
18675 09/13*253 912  95    0*257 918  95    0*260 925  95    0*262 934  95    0
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18680 09/14*263 941 100    0*265 952  85    0*266 961  65    0*268 973  65    0
18680 09/14*263 943  95    0*265 953  95    0*266 963  95    0*268 969  95    0
                *** ***          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

18685 09/15*269 982  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
18685 09/15*269 976  65    0*270 983  45    0*270 990  35    0*270 996  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18690 HRATX2

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  First, hurricane intensity was maintained from the 9th through 
the 12th, since Perez (2000) analyzed this system as causing hurricane 
conditions in western Cuba.  Perez also recommended keeping the hurricane 
just offshore of western Cuba (as seen in Neumann et al.) rather than 
making landfall in Cuba.  Secondly, the landfall position of Partagas and 
Diaz being in northeastern Mexico rather than southern Texas is discarded 
in favor of the position analyzed by Connor (1956) which was shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas altered the landfall position incorrectly 
based upon sparse, once-daily observations from the Historical Weather Map 
series.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the 
track and intensity to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Jarrell et al. 
(1992) (from Connor 1956) listed this hurricane as a having a central pressure 
at landfall of 965 mb, based primarily upon a description of the storm tide 
entirely inundating Padre Island, Texas.  (It is to be noted that Ho et al. 
(1987) did not system as being a U.S. impacting hurricane in their analysis
and that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time considered the system a
strong tropical storm.)  Assuming that the 965 mb central pressure is valid 
(though the evidence supporting it is somewhat sparse), this would suggest a 
94 kt sustained windspeed from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship 
- 95 kt utilized in best track.  95 kt at landfall in Texas makes this 
hurricane a Category 2 in the United States, which agrees with the assessment 
in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.
The 95 kt windspeed is taken as the peak intensity reached by this system and 
winds are adjusted accordingly on the 12th to the 14th.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Mexico.  
Track of storm is slightly altered on the 5th to provide for a more realistic 
translational velocity.  The hurricane is known as "San Zacarias II" for its 
impacts in Puerto Rico.

1910/03 - 2011 REVISION:

19820 09/05/1910 M=11  3 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
19825 09/05*  0   0   0    0*170 583  60    0*171 595  65    0*171 606  70    0*
19830 09/06*171 617  75    0*172 627  80    0*174 638  80    0*175 649  85    0*
19835 09/07*175 660  85    0*176 671  85    0*176 682  80    0*176 697  75    0*
19840 09/08*177 712  70    0*178 729  70    0*180 747  70    0*183 764  70    0*
19845 09/09*186 778  70    0*190 792  70    0*195 807  70    0*200 818  70    0*
19850 09/10*205 829  70    0*209 838  75    0*213 847  80    0*217 851  80    0*
19855 09/11*221 856  85    0*225 862  85    0*229 870  85    0*232 876  85    0*
19860 09/12*236 883  90    0*240 889  90    0*244 895  95    0*249 903  95    0*
19865 09/13*253 912  95    0*257 918  95    0*260 925  95    0*262 934  95    0*
19870 09/14*263 943  95    0*265 953  95    0*266 963  95    0*268 969  95    0*
19870 09/14*263 943  90    0*265 953  90    0*266 963  90    0*268 969  90    0*
                     **               **               **               **

19875 09/15*269 976  65    0*270 983  45    0*270 990  35    0*270 996  30    0*
19880 HRATX2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-9/14/1910    2200Z 26.9N  97.4W   95kt  2    ---   (965mb)   ATX2
3-9/14/1910    2200Z 26.9N  97.4W   90kt  2    ---   (965mb)   ATX2
                                    **

The analyzed central pressure of 965 mb at landfall in Texas around 22Z
on the 14th suggested 94 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2003) relationship suggests winds
of 90 kt from the north of 25N equation.  No RMW estimate of this
cyclone was available, though the radius of outer closed isobar was
a near average 245 nmi.  Given the somewhat slow landfall translational speed
of about 8 kt, the winds at landfall are estimated to be 90 kt.  This
is slightly lower than that arrived at in the 2003 reanalysis (95 kt),
but retains the Category 2 assessment at landfall.

*******************************************************************************

18695 09/23/1910 M= 6  3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18695 09/23/1910 M= 6  4 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

18700 09/23*255 594  60    0*262 600  65    0*268 606  70    0*272 611  70    0
(The 23rd is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18705 09/24*276 615  75    0*283 620  80    0*291 625  85    0*301 631  90    0
18705 09/24*  0   0   0    0*278 605  35    0*283 613  45    0*289 621  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18710 09/25*311 636  95    0*322 639 100    0*333 641 105    0*345 640 105    0
18710 09/25*298 628  65    0*308 634  75    0*320 637  85    0*336 634  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18715 09/26*357 635 100    0*369 629  95    0*380 620  90    0*389 611  85    0
18715 09/26*348 628  85    0*360 619  85    0*370 610  80    0*381 602  75    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18720 09/27*395 602  80    0*399 591  75    0E402 580  70    0E405 565  70    0
18720 09/27*391 594  70    0*401 586  65    0E410 575  60    0E413 563  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18725 09/28E406 550  70    0E407 533  70    0E408 517  70    0E406 501  65    0
18725 09/28E411 549  60    0E409 537  60    0E407 520  60    0E405 496  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
18727 09/29E408 461  50    0E410 428  45    0E415 400  40    0E421 374  35    0

18730 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  The 
peak intensity of this hurricane is reduced from 105 kt (Category 3) down to 
a 85 kt (Category 2) due to available observations that suggest that the 
system was substantially weaker.  Another solution considered but discarded 
was to reduce the peak winds for this hurricane to Category 1 intensity.   
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 24th to the 28th.

*******************************************************************************

18735 10/09/1910 M=15  4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18735 10/09/1910 M=15  5 SNBR= 455 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

18740 10/09*  0   0   0    0*112 795  50    0*113 797  50    0*113 797  50    0
18740 10/09*  0   0   0    0*112 795  30    0*113 797  30    0*113 797  30    0
                                      **               **               **

18745 10/10*114 798  50    0*116 799  50    0*118 800  55    0*121 801  55    0
18745 10/10*114 798  30    0*116 799  30    0*118 800  30    0*121 801  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

18750 10/11*124 803  55    0*128 805  60    0*132 807  65    0*137 810  70    0
18750 10/11*124 803  35    0*128 805  35    0*132 807  40    0*138 809  45    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

18755 10/12*142 813  75    0*148 815  80    0*155 818  80    0*165 821  85    0
18755 10/12*146 811  50    0*152 813  55    0*160 815  65    0*169 818  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18760 10/13*178 824  90    0*191 827  90    0*199 829  95    0*203 830  95    0
18760 10/13*177 821  85    0*186 823  90    0*195 825  95    0*204 827  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18765 10/14*207 832 100    0*210 833 105    0*215 834 105    0*219 835 105    0
18765 10/14*214 830 100    0*223 836 100  960*230 840  90    0*233 842  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18770 10/15*225 837 105    0*230 838  95    0*234 839  90    0*242 842  90    0
18770 10/15*236 844  90    0*237 847  90    0*237 850  90    0*236 852  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18775 10/16*245 848  90    0*238 854  90    0*231 852  95    0*226 845 100    0
18775 10/16*234 853 100    0*232 854 110    0*229 855 120    0*224 854 130    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18780 10/17*227 841 100    0*231 834 105    0*236 830 105    0*245 823 105    0
18780 10/17*221 849 130  924*225 843 125    0*234 835 120    0*244 828 115  941 
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

18785 10/18*254 819 100  941*265 817  65    0*275 818  60    0*283 819  60    0
18785 10/18*255 822 105    0*265 820  95  955*275 819  70    0*283 819  60    0
            *** *** ***  ***     *** ***  ***     ***  **     

18790 10/19*292 820  60    0*301 819  60    0*310 816  60    0*320 806  60    0
18790 10/19*292 819  50    0*301 819  50    0*310 816  50    0*320 806  60    0
                ***  **               **               **

18795 10/20*327 798  60    0*336 785  60    0*344 771  55    0*353 751  50    0
18795 10/20*327 798  60    0*336 785  60    0*344 771  55    0*353 750  50    0
                                                                   ***

18800 10/21*363 726  45    0E373 696  45    0E382 671  45    0E388 651  40    0
18800 10/21*360 723  45    0E366 690  45    0E370 660  45    0E370 644  40    0

18805 10/22E390 634  40    0E391 618  40    0E385 603  40    0E379 596  40    0
18805 10/22E368 632  40    0E364 618  40    0E360 610  40    0E358 601  40    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  

18810 10/23E376 592  35    0E369 586  35    0E361 580  35    0*  0   0   0    0
18810 10/23E357 589  35    0E357 582  35    0E357 573  35    0E357 564  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18815 HRBFL3
18815 HRBFL2
        ****

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  They recommended removing the 9th and the 10th from HURDAT, but 
it was decided to keep these dates in HURDAT since observations do support 
the system having a closed circulation on both days though with tropical 
depression intensity.  Partagas and Diaz (1999) otherwise made reasonable
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
A central pressure of 960 mb (at 07Z on the 14th) suggests winds of 100 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in best track at 
the first Cuban landfall of this hurricane.  Perez (2000) analyzed this 
hurricane at its second landfall on the 17th as having a central pressure of 
924 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure of 947 mb from the ship "Prince
Crown" (listed in the Partagas and Diaz report).  This central pressure 
suggests winds of 134 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship 
- 130 kt utilized in best track.  A central pressure of 941 mb (at 1625Z on 
the 17th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship.  120 kt chosen for 12Z and 115 kt chosen for 18Z on the
17th.  Ho et al. (1987) utilized this ship measured central pressure 
and an estimate of 28 nmi RMW to be conditions at landfall for this
hurricane in the Southwest Florida.  However, observed storm surge for
the region does not correspond with a Category 4 (or even Category 3)
hurricane making landfall (B. Jarvinen, personal communication).  Jarrell 
et al. (1992), instead, listed this hurricane as making landfall with a 
central pressure of 955 mb based upon a measurement in Ft. Myers, Florida.
(The pressure observation can also be found in Partagas and Diaz (1999).)
A 955 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship.  With an estimated RMW (from Ho et al.) 
substantially larger than expected climatologically for this central 
pressure and latitude (about 19 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000), maximum 
sustained winds at landfall in Southwest Florida are estimated at 95 kt.
This makes this hurricane a Category 2 hurricane (though near the Category
2-3 boundary) at landfall in the United States, which is weaker than the
Category 3 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT.  A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 21Z on the 
18th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 60 kt retained for best track at 18Z and 50 kt chosen for 
best track at 00Z on the 19th since the hurricane was inland at that time.  
A storm tide measurement of 15' in Key West, Florida was described in Barnes 
(1998a).  The storm is known as "El Huracan De Los Cinco Dias" for its 
impact in Cuba (Partagas and Diaz 1999, Perez 2000).

*******************************************************************************

1910 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) September 13-18, 1910:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.




July 7-11: 	Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed near 10N, 
38W on July 7. This system moved towards the northeast on the 8th and then from 
the 9th to the 11th, there is a low that moved south but that movement seemed 
odd and does not appear to be the same system. There was no support in observations 
for a closed Low from the 9th to11th. The max winds found in COADS were 25kt 
and there were no gales in Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. 

DAY		LAT	LONG		STATUS
July 7		10N 	 38W		Tropical Depression	
July 8		10N	 44W		Tropical Depression
		


********************************************************************************
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT - 
2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914
****************************************************************************

By Chris Landsea, William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock.  
(Special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock.)

*******************************************************************************


1911/01 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
19889 08/04/1911 M= 9  1 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19889 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*310 860  20    0*311 848  20    0*
19889 08/05*312 837  20    0*313 826  20    0*315 815  25    0*317 805  25    0*
19889 08/06*318 795  25    0*319 785  25    0*320 775  25    0*320 764  25    0*
19889 08/07*320 753  30    0*320 742  30    0*320 730  30    0*320 719  30    0*
19889 08/08*320 708  30    0*320 697  30    0*320 685  30    0*323 672  30    0*
19889 08/09*328 660  35    0*334 647  35    0*340 635  35    0*346 623  35    0*
19889 08/10*352 611  40    0*358 599  45    0*365 585  50    0*374 568  50    0*
19889 08/11*384 546  50    0*395 520  45    0*410 490  40    0*425 460  35    0*
19889 08/12*440 430  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
19889 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 4:  A closed circulation formed over the southeast U.S., centered
near 31N, 86W.  No frontal boundaries can be detected near the system and
heavy rain occurred mainly to the east and north of the center.  No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 5:  The system moved to the east, reaching the ocean along the Georgia 
border.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb surface pressure at 32N, 
80.5W, though the center appears to have been farther west and south near 
31.5N, 81.5W.  Heavy rainfall again fell near and to the northeast of the 
system.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 6:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 79W, though the 
center appears to have been father east near 32N, 77.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 7:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 75.5W, though the
center appears to have been farther east and north near 32N, 73W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 8:  The system moved to the east and the observations indicated 
some intensification.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 67W,
though the center appears to have been farther west and north near 32N, 
68.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  The system moved toward the northeast with evidence of near gale 
force winds close to the center of the system.  HWM indicated a low of at 
most 1015 mb at 35N, 61W, though it appears that the center was farther 
west and south near 34N, 63.5W.  Heavy rain was also reported at Bermuda as 
this system moved eastward just to the north of the island.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  Ship highlight:  30 kt SW 
at 33.7N, 61.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 10:  The system continued to move toward the northeast, along with
a few reports of gale force winds.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1010 mb
at 36.5N, 58W, though it appears that the center was farther west near 36.5N, 
58.5W.  A stationary front was located to the northeast of the system.  Ship 
highlight:  45 kt N at 36.1N, 60.4W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 11:  The system accelerated to the northeast and wind observations
available were weaker.  HWM indicated a baroclinic low of at most 1010 mb
at 41N, 49W with a cold front extending southwest from the center and a
warm front extending east of the center.  However, evidence is weak that 
the cold front exists and that the warm frontal feature may not have
extended into the center of the system.   No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
August 12:  The system apparently continued to weaken and no closed
circulation center could be found.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.

The system began on the 4th as a tropical depression (over land), reaching
the ocean early on the 5th, reached tropical storm intensity on the 9th,
achieved maximum intensity on the 10th, weakened on the 11th and dissipated
early on the 12th.  Given that the strongest observed wind was a northerly
ship measurement of 45 kt on the 10th as the system was moving to the 
northeast, an estimate of (at least) 50 kt in the strong semi-circle is
indicated.

*******************************************************************************

1911/02 - 2005 REVISION:
 
19890 08/09/1911 M= 6  1 SNBR= 456 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
19890 08/09/1911 M= 7  2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *  *       ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
19893 08/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 825  30    0*255 826  30    0*

19895 08/09*  0   0   0    0*248 820  60    0*254 825  65    0*260 830  70    0*
19895 08/09*255 827  30    0*255 828  35    0*257 830  35    0*260 833  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

19900 08/10*265 833  70    0*271 838  70    0*278 843  70    0*281 848  70    0*
19900 08/10*265 836  40    0*271 839  45    0*276 843  50    0*281 848  55    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      ***      **               **

19905 08/11*286 854  70    0*290 859  70    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
19905 08/11*286 854  60    0*290 859  65    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
                     **               **                     

19910 08/12*305 876  65    0*310 881  60    0*315 886  50    0*320 890  40    0*
19910 08/12*304 877  65    0*306 883  55    0*308 890  45    0*309 898  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

19915 08/13*324 893  35    0*329 897  30    0*334 900  30    0*339 904  30    0*
19915 08/13*310 907  35    0*310 916  30    0*310 925  30    0*314 930  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

19920 08/14*344 907  25    0*350 911  20    0*355 915  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
19920 08/14*322 933  25    0*334 934  20    0*350 935  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     

19925 HRAFL1 AL1

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tannehill 
(1938), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and
Jarrell et al. (1992).  

August 8:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.5N, 82.5W from HWM.  No HURDAT position/intensity on this date.  No 
gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.7N, 83W from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.4N, 82.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed, but peak observations were 27 kt and 1012 mb at 21 UTC in Key 
West.  "A moderate atmospheric depression was evident in the east Gulf" 
(MWR).  
August 10:  No closed circulation indicated in HWM from available 
observations.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
27.8N, 84.3W.  Peak winds observed were 50 kt E at Pensacola (PEN) at 22 UTC 
(likely in outer band, as gale force winds were not observed again at 
Pensacola until 18 UTC on the 11th).
August 11:  Closed low indicated near 27.5N, 86.5W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
29.5N, 86.5W.  Station highlight:  70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 2248 UTC at 
Pensacola (MWR).  "[The storm] appeared as a distinct disturbance between 
Burwood, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and Pensacola on the 
morning of the 11th.  The atmospheric pressure at Pensacola fell slowly from 
29.95 inches [1014 mb] at 11 a. m. to 29.73 inches [1007 mb] at 5 p. m., the 
lowest attained, and the 7 p. m. weather map revealed that the storm was 
then central between Pensacola and Mobile ... at 5.48 p. m. a maximum [5 min 
velocity] of 80 miles was registered ... total precipitation on 11th and 
12th, 4.48 inches ...  At Pensacola ... considerable damage was done to 
property in the city and harbor ... One-third of the roof of the Monarch 
pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was torn off, and also a few portions of old 
roofs in the city ... About 12 barges dragged anchors and grounded, some 
small launches and fishing smacks were wrecked, and some coal barges 
belonging to the navy yard went ashore.  In the city telegraph and telephone 
lines were blown down and the street car and electric light services were 
interrupted.  The damage at Pensacola is conservatively estimated as 
follows:  To electric lines, $500; local lumber interests $500; to launches, 
barges, etc., $3,000; fishing smacks, $2,500; loss of coal belonging to hay 
yard, $1,100; total, $12,600.  The highest wind at Mobile was 35 miles an 
hour and no damage resulted at that place" (MWR).  "Passed inland near 
Pensacola on August 11.  It was of small diameter but of considerable 
intensity; the wind reached 80 miles an hour from the southeast at 
Pensacola" (Tannehill).  "Aug 12 1911; center crossed coast near Pensacola; 
Pensacola 1 ft tide" (Connor).  "Aug. 11, NW FL, Minimal" (Dunn and Miller).  
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  1911 Aug NW-FL1 (AFL1) and AL1, U.S. landfalling
minimum sea level pressure missing (Jarrell et al. 1992).  
August 12:  Closed low indicated near 30N, 90W with 1010 mb pressure at most
in HWM, but wind observations suggest a position somewhat farther north and 
east.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 88.6W.  
Station highlight: 56 kt S at 03 and 05 UTC at Pensacola (PEN).  "The storm 
drifted slowly westward to Louisiana and Texas on the 12th, with heavy rains 
causing some washouts.  Rain and high southeast winds continued at Pensacola 
on the 12th" (MWR).
August 13:  Possible closed low centered near 31N, 92.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 90.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 14:  Possible closed low centered near 35N, 93.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 91.5W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

Track of this system is begun a day early (8th) than in HURDAT based upon HWM 
data.  Track is also adjusted slightly to the west on the 9th and 10th
based upon HWM/COADS data.  Larger changes to the track made on the 12th
to the 14th (biggest on the 13th) again based upon synoptic data.  Note
that the changes after landfall are now consistent with the description on 
the system's position given in MWR.  The system was substantially weaker
than originally estimated in HURDAT early in its lifetime as shown by Key
West observations on the 9th.  Observational evidence for intensity 
suggests that hurricane stage achieved earlier on the 11th.  Winds reduced
on the 9th and 10th, accordingly.  Peak observed winds of 70 kt from that 
era's anemometer converts to 54 kt after accounting for their high bias 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 57 kt after converting from a peak 
5 min wind to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  As it is unlikely 
that the observed wind in Pensacola sampled the highest winds existing in
the storm, a higher intensity estimate is appropriate.  The 70 kt at landfall
(Category 1) originally in HURDAT is consistent with winds somewhat higher
than seen at Pensacola and also with the resulting wind-forced damage in the
same town.  Thus no change to the landfall intensity is made to HURDAT.  
Landfall near the Alabama/Florida border occurred around 2300 UTC on the 
11th.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this 
suggests winds of 63, 51, 44, and 38 kt for the 12th at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC.  
Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the synoptic time
were 70, 56, 43 and 36 kt.  (These convert to 57, 46, 36 and 30 kt, 
respectively after for correction for bias and time averaging.)  Inland 
winds reduced slightly in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 12th based upon
these observations.  (The winds in HURDAT could be reduced even more after 
landfall based upon measurements, but as these were only available at 
Pensacola and Mobile, higher winds likely did occur but were not measured.)
Peak observed storm tide was 1 ft at Pensacola (Connor), though it is likely
that higher values would have occurred near the Florida-Alabama border.

 1911/02 - 2011 REVISION:

20065 08/08/1911 M= 7  2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
20070 08/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 825  30    0*255 826  30    0*
20075 08/09*255 827  30    0*255 828  35    0*257 830  35    0*260 833  35    0*
20080 08/10*265 836  40    0*271 839  45    0*276 843  50    0*281 848  55    0*
20085 08/11*286 854  60    0*290 859  65    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
20090 08/12*304 877  65    0*306 883  55    0*308 890  45    0*309 898  40    0*
20095 08/13*310 907  35    0*310 916  30    0*310 925  30    0*314 930  30    0*
20100 08/14*322 933  25    0*334 934  20    0*350 935  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20105 HRAFL1 AL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
2-8/11/1911    2200Z 30.3N  87.5W   70kt  1    ----  (985mb)   AFL1,AL1
2-8/11/1911    2200Z 30.3N  87.5W   70kt  1    ----  (982mb)   AFL1,AL1
                                                      ***

The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Florida as a 70 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 985 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 982 mb - 
for a 70 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

*******************************************************************************

1911/03 - 2005 REVISION:

19930 08/23/1911 M= 8  2 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
19930 08/23/1911 M= 9  3 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        

19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*237 668  50    0*241 674  50    0*245 680  55    0*
19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*252 655  35    0*255 665  40    0*258 674  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19940 08/24*250 687  65    0*254 693  70    0*258 700  70    0*262 707  75    0*
19940 08/24*261 683  45    0*263 692  50    0*265 700  55    0*267 707  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

19945 08/25*265 714  75    0*269 721  80    0*273 728  85    0*279 735  85    0*
19945 08/25*269 714  65    0*272 721  70    0*275 728  70    0*280 735  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

19950 08/26*287 743  85    0*296 751  85    0*301 758  85    0*305 764  85    0*
19950 08/26*287 743  80    0*296 751  80    0*301 758  80    0*305 764  80    0*
                     **               **               **               **

19955 08/27*308 771  85    0*311 778  85    0*315 787  85    0*317 792  80    0*
19955 08/27*308 771  80    0*311 778  80    0*315 787  85    0*318 792  85    0*
                     **               **                       ***      **

19960 08/28*318 796  65  983*320 803  65    0*322 810  65    0*323 815  45    0*
19960 08/28*320 796  85    0*321 803  85  972*322 810  65    0*323 815  50    0*
            ***      **  *** ***      **  ***                           **

19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*324 825  45    0*325 829  45    0*328 830  40    0*
19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*323 825  35    0*321 830  35    0*320 834  30    0*
                             ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19970 08/30*332 830  40    0*336 830  40    0*340 828  35    0*345 822  35    0*
19970 08/30*322 837  30    0*330 839  30    0E340 840  30    0E348 835  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 31st is new to HURDAT.)
19972 08/31E354 825  25    0E358 810  25    0E360 795  20    0*  0   0   0    0*

19975 HR GA2 SC2
19975 HR GA1 SC2
         *** 

Minor changes from the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ship database, Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, Cline (1926), Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 23:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to south and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 66.5W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
24.1N, 67.4W.  "First observations of this storm were at about 27N 
and 66W" (Tannehill).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 24:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to east, south, and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 70W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 25.8N, 70.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 25:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26N, 73W with 1010 mb pressure at
most, but center with additional COADS observations appears to be closer to the
original HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 27.3N, 72.8W.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt ESE at 01 UTC at 
29.5N, 70.5W (COA), 45 kt SE at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA), and 45 kt SSE
at 21 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA).
August 26:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26.5N, 75.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
at most, but little data is available west and south of the center.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 75.8W.  Peak ship 
observation: 35 kt NW at 21 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA).
August 27:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 31.N, 79.0W with 1010 mb pressure at
most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 31.4N, 77.3W (am) and 32.1N, 
78.7W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 
78.7W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 12 UTC at 32N, 77.2W with 1010 mb central 
pressure.  Peak ship observation:  60 kt WNW, 1000 mb at 01 UTC at 
30.0N, 77.0W (COA).  Peak station wind: 52 kt NE at 2250 UTC at 
Charleston, SC (MWR).  "[At Charleston] the wind in force from the north 
[during the afternoon] attaining a velocity of 46 miles an hour ... At 
6.50 p. m. the velocity was 60 miles an hour" (MWR).  
August 28:  Closed low indicated just inland on HWM at 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb
pressure at most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 32.9N, 80.3W (am) 
and 32.8N, 81.8W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 32.2N, 81.0W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 00 UTC at 32N 79W with 1000 mb 
central pressure and at 12 UTC at 32.2N 80.5W with 983 mb central pressure.  
Peak ship observation:  35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 28.2N, 78.7W (HWM).  Peak 
station observations:  82 kt E at 0320 UTC, 992 mb at 0350 UTC at Charleston 
(MWR);  76 kt NW at 0710 UTC, 982 mb at 0810 UTC at Savannah (MWR).
"Pursuing a west-northwest course, it passed inland between Savannah and 
Charleston on the 28th.  There was great damage from winds and high tides 
between those cities.  At Charleston, the barometer fell to 29.30 inches 
[992 mb] and the wind reached 106 miles an hour [estimated by observer after 
instrument failure] from the northeast at 11:50 p.m. of the 27th.  On the 28th,
at 3:10 a.m. the center was closest to Savannah, barometer 29.02 inches 
[983 mb], wind 88 miles northwest" (Tannehill).  Aug. 27-28 Ga., S.C.,  Major 
Hurricane, 17 killed near Charleston (Dunn and Miller).  Aug GA2, SC2.
No mention of MSLP (Jarrell et al.).  Aug. 28, 1911   Storm direction toward 
280 deg.  Est MSLP 979 mb (computed from pressure profile and adjusted to the 
coast).  Lowest obs. Pressure 983 mb, Savannah, GA,  27 nmi RMW observed from 
wind speed record at Savannah, GA, 8 kts translational speed, landfall point 
32.2N 80.6W (Ho et al.).  75 kt estimated max 1 min, surface wind at landfall,
1011 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.).  "The Charleston-Savannah 
hurricane of August 27-29, 1911, was characterized by its relatively small 
diameter but intense energy, its unusual path directly from east to west, and 
its rapid loss of power after entering the coast line ... At Charleston the 
lowest pressure, 29.30 inches [992 mb], occurred at 11:50 p.m., August 27, wind 
southeast; at Savannah it was 29.02 inches [983 mb] at 8 a. m., August 28, 
wind northwest.  The diameter of the isobar of 29.30 inches [992 mb] 
surrounding the storm was approximately 100 miles.  The center or eye of 
the storm passed a few miles north of Savannah, where for two hours, from 
8.10 a. m. to 10.10 a. m., the 28th, the pressure remained lowest 
and the wind decreased to only 20 miles an hour.  The eye of the storm was 
about 14 or 15 miles in diameter.  At Savannah the wind backed from 
northwest to south about 10 a. m., the 28th, and the wind again increased
suddenly in velocity, heavy rain began, and the pressure rose rapidly.
At Charleston the wind veered from northeast to east and southeast, and
the destruction of property was much greater than at Savannah because the
winds were onshore.  At Charleston the damage to property is estimated
to have exceeded $1,000,000 and 17 lives were lost.  The damage at
Savannah was of a minor nature though large in the aggregate ... [In
Charleston the wind velocity reached] at 8.40 p. m. [27th] 68 miles, at
9.15 p. m. 72, and at 9.45 p. m. 86.  The wind shifted to east ... and
at 11.20 was blowing with a velocity of 94 miles an hour when the anemometer
ceased to properly record.  After 11.20 the wind became southeast and
was estimated to have attained a velocity of 106 miles an hour.  It 
continued to blow steadily from the southeast all of next day (28th),
remaining above 50 miles an hour most of the forenoon ... the barometer
reached its lowest point, 29.30 inches [992 mb], at 11.50 p. m.  Great damage 
was done by the wind ... Tin roofs began to be blown off and hundreds of 
houses were unroofed and chimneys were blown down.  A great many windows and
display signs were broken.  The streets were a tangle of fallen trees and
wires.  Many houses were destroyed and 4 persons were killed by falling
walls and 13 were drowned ... The high tide that night reached a point 
10.6 fee above mean low water, or somewhat lower than the tide of 1893.
A great deal of damage was done by water in the wholesale districts and in
other low portions of the city.  The water front next day was a confused
mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs ... [In Savannah] the wind 
attained a maximum (5 minute) velocity of 88 miles an hour shortly after
3 a. m. on August 28, with an extreme (1 mile) velocity of 96 miles an
hour at 3.08 a. m. during one of the terrific gusts ... The wind reached
62 miles an hour at 11.40 p. m., still blowing from the northwest with
strong gusts, and at midnight the pressure registered 29.50 inches [999 mb].  
The wind attained a velocity of 66 miles an hour at 12.05 a. m. August 28,
74 miles at 1.40 a. m., 78 at 2.45 a. m., and between 3.05 and 3.10 a. m.
it reached its maximum force of 88 miles an hour from the northwest.  From
3 a. m. to 6.05 a. m. the wind maintained a velocity ranging between 80 
and 90 miles an hour from the northwest ... At 8 a. m. the lowest pressure,
29.02 inches [983 mb], was recorded, the wind diminished with astonishing 
quickness, and from 8.10 to 10.10 a. m., the vortex of the storm passed 
practically over Savannah, the wind dying down to 20 miles an hour and shifting
to south about 10 a. m.  Immediately ... the velocity rapidly increased and
the rainfall became heavier.  The highest velocity attained after the
passage of the center was 64 miles an hour at 11.30 a. m. and at 12.05 p. m.
... Considering the severity of the storm it is remarkable that the damage
in the city of Savannah and contiguous territory was not larger.  No lives
were lost, and while the aggregate property loss was large, the damage
done was mostly of minor nature ... Small craft in the river and at
nearby resorts suffered greatly.  That the storm was not more destructive
on the water front was due to the fact that the wind was westerly and
southerly and not at any time from the east.  The hotel and residences on
Tybee Island were greatly damaged" (MWR).   
August 29:  Low centered near 32.5N, 83.5W in HWM with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  A stationary front was analyzed to the north and west of the storm. 
Cline gave positions for this system of 32.1N, 82.4W (am) and 31.8N, 83.7W 
(pm).  HURDAT listed this as a storm at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 82.9W with 45 kt
of wind.  Low centered near 32.5N, 82.0W with 1004 mb central pressure at 
00 UTC in MWR.  Low centered near 32.8N, 83.5W with 1005 mb central pressure 
at 12 UTC in MWR.  Peak station observation:  52 kt S at 00 UTC at Savannah 
(MWR).  "The storm drifted slowly to southeastern Georgia on the 
29th, with the pressure below 29.70 inches [1006 mb], and was accompanied by 
exceptionally heavy rains near the coast of Georgia, where much damage was done
to crops and live stock and numerous washouts occurred on the railroads.  
County roads suffered and many bridges were washed away ... [In Charleston the 
wind did not fall] below 36 miles an hour until after 4. a. m. on the 29th ... 
[In Savannah] the wind fell below the verifying velocity of 36 miles at 
2.10 a. m." (MWR).  
August 30:  No closed low indicated in HWM, but a center may have been near
34.5N, 83.5W.  The system is shown to be along a stationary frontal boundary.  
Cline gave positions for this system at 33.5N, 94.1W (am) and 35.5N, 83.5W 
(pm).  HURDAT lists this as a storm at 12 UTC 34.0N, 82.8W with 35 kt of 
wind.  Center of system plotted near 32.0N 84.5W and with 1009 mb central 
pressure at 00 UTC in MWR.  Center of system is plotted near 34.0N, 84.5W 
with 1011 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
August 31:  No closed low indicated in HWM.  Cline gave a position in the
morning at 36.2N, 80.2W.

Moderate adjustments to the track are made on the 23rd and 24th to better
agree with available ship observations indicating a position farther north
than originally shown.  Another moderate change to the track on the 29th
and 30th was made to better match inland reports showing a position 
somewhat farther west than originally indicated as well as to better
match Cline's detailed analysis after landfall.  Track extended an
additional day based upon HWM and Cline analyses.  Winds reduced from the 
23rd to the 26th based upon available ship observations.  For the 
intensity at landfall (which may also in this case be the peak intensity 
of the system), evidence was available from winds, pressure, storm surge 
and damages.  Highest observed winds were 82 kt in Charleston, with an 
estimate that the maximum that they reached after the anemometer was 
disabled was 92 kt.  However, reducing for the high-bias of the 
instrument at the time alters these to 63 kt observed and 70 kt estimated 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924).  Altering these to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell 
et al. 1996) gives 67 kt observed and 74 kt estimated.  Ho et al.'s estimated 
central pressure of 979 mb suggests winds of 76 kt from the subtropical 
pressure-wind relationship.  However, Ho et al. did not take into account that
the hurricane's central pressure would have filled some between the time of
landfall (~0930 UTC on the 28th) and the time it made its closest approach
to Savannah (~1300 UTC).  A run of the inland pressure deficit decay model
(also in Ho et al.) suggest a central pressure at the coast of 970 mb from
the Atlantic coast model (South Carolina to New England) and 974 mb from 
the Florida peninsula model.  As the landfall location was at the Georgia-
South Carolina border, a compromise of these two analyses was utilized to 
come up with the final estimate of 972 mb at landfall at the coast.  (The 
983 mb observed in Savannah, originally was listed in HURDAT as a central 
pressure, is replaced with this revised 972 mb value.)  972 mb central
pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  
Ho et al.'s analysis of 27 nmi RMW has been reconfirmed and is close to that 
expected from climatology for this latitude of landfall and central pressure 
(25 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), so no large deviation from 84 kt would be 
expected.  A storm tide of 10.6 feet was reported in Charleston with 
moderate wind forced damage.  Given that it is unlikely that Charleston 
experienced the exact peak winds of the hurricane at landfall, a value 
higher than that observed (and even estimated with some caution being taken) 
would be reasonable.  Thus 85 kt maximum 1 min winds are analyzed for this 
hurricane at landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border near 0930 UTC on 
the 28th.  This is at the low end of a Category 2, which is what is analyzed
for conditions occurring in South Carolina.  However, Georgia's impact is 
reduced to Category 1 based in part on the modest winds reported in Savannah
and in part on the moderate sized RMW which would have kept the peak winds
on the front right quadrant in South Carolina and would have avoided
Georgia.  Category 2 in South Carolina retains what was estimated previously
in HURDAT, Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., though Category 1 in Georgia
is a reduction by one category from those references.  After landfall, a run
of the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model gave 60 kt at 
28th/12 UTC, 47 kt at 18 UTC, 36 kt at 29th/00 UTC, and 30 kt at 06 UTC.  
Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these times were 73, 56, 52, and 
37 kt.  These correct to 59, 46, 43, and 31 kt after adjusting for bias and 
to 1 min peak values, which are very close to that suggested by the inland 
decay model.  (It should be noted that data coverage at landfall for this 
system was quite good with observations available at Charleston, Savannah, 
Columbia, Macon, and Augusta.)  No gales were observed after 07 UTC on the 
29th.  Winds in HURDAT slightly increased at 18 UTC on the 28th and reduced 
on the 29th and 30th, accordingly.  The system is characterized on the 30th 
as extratropical in its decay over land, due to being absorbed by frontal 
system.  

*******************************************************************************

1911/04 - 2005 REVISION:

19980 09/03/1911 M=10  3 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19980 09/03/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*137 579  35    0*138 598  35    0*
19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 570  30    0*122 584  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19990 09/04*139 616  35    0*140 630  35    0*140 640  35    0*140 647  35    0*
19990 09/04*124 598  30    0*126 612  30    0*128 625  35    0*129 637  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

19995 09/05*140 653  35    0*140 658  35    0*140 667  35    0*141 672  40    0*
19995 09/05*130 648  35    0*130 659  35    0*130 670  35    0*130 680  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20000 09/06*141 680  40    0*142 688  45    0*143 696  45    0*144 705  50    0*
20000 09/06*130 690  40    0*130 700  45    0*130 710  45    0*129 718  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20005 09/07*146 714  50    0*147 723  55    0*147 732  55    0*146 741  60    0*
20005 09/07*128 724  50    0*127 730  55    0*125 735  55    0*123 741  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

20010 09/08*144 751  60    0*141 761  65    0*139 770  70    0*136 777  70    0*
20010 09/08*122 747  60    0*121 753  65    0*120 760  70    0*120 768  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20015 09/09*134 784  75    0*131 791  80    0*130 800  85    0*130 811  85    0*
20015 09/09*121 777  75    0*122 787  80    0*123 797  85    0*124 809  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20020 09/10*130 823  85    0*131 834  80    0*132 846  60    0*133 857  45    0*
20020 09/10*126 822  85    0*128 834  85    0*130 846  60    0*132 857  45    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***              *** 

20025 09/11*133 868  40    0*134 879  40    0*134 890  35    0*136 902  35    0*
20030 09/12*138 916  35    0*140 931  35    0*140 935  30    0*141 940  30    0*
20035 HR

Major changes from the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 3:  Likely closed circulation near 12N, 57W.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.7N, 57.9W.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 64W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 64.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
September 5:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north, west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 66W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 66.7W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 69.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 69.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west, south and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 73W with 1000 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.7N, 73.2W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 8:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a 
low was indicated in HWM near 11.5N, 76W with 995 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 77.0W.  No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 9:  Possible closed circulation near 12.5N, 80W with 990 mb pressure
at most in HWM, but there was a lack of data near the center of the storm at 
HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
13.0N, 80.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 10:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of
data on all quadrants of the storm at the HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a inland low over Nicaragua was indicated in HWM near 13N, 85W with 
990 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 13.2N, 84.6W.  "A cable report ... from Corinto, Nicaragua ... states that
a hurricane struck that city, causing the death of 10 and injury to 50 
persons.  Eight city blocks, comprising 250 houses, were razed to the ground 
with an estimated loss of $2,000,000" (MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.  
September 11:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on north and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, an
inland low over El Salvador was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 89W with 995 mb 
pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.4N, 89.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 12:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on all quadrants of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a low 
(back over water) was indicated in HWM near 14N, 95W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 93.5W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 13:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on the east side of storm. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM 
near 15N, 99.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.   However, available ship 
observations to the west of this position are inconsistent with a low located 
there.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

The track is adjusted to the south by 100-200 km from the 3rd through the 
9th.  While data for most dates is sparse near the center, indications for a 
more southerly track are most apparent on the 3rd and the 8th.  Additionally,
these more southerly positions are for most days quite consistent with
that shown in HWM.  No changes are made to the storm for the 11th and 12th.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 3rd and 4th in accordance with no gale
force winds recorded in its passage through the Lesser Antilles.  The only
other change to its intensity is at 06 UTC on the 10th to maintain Category 2 
intensity (85 kt) until landfall.   Making few changes is primarily because 
of the lack of inner core data throughout most of its history and that the 
existing intensity estimates are consistent with the system becoming a 
hurricane on the 8th and making landfall as a destructive hurricane in 
Nicaragua on the 10th around 07 UTC.  Utilizing the inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the following inland winds of 57, 41 and 41 kt 
were obtained for 10th/12, 18, and 11th/00 UTC.  These are close to existing
HURDAT values and no changes are made to the inland winds. 

*******************************************************************************

1911/05 - 2005 ADDITION:

20036 09/15/1911 M= 6  5 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20037 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*340 550  45    0*340 550  45    0*
20038 09/16*340 550  45    0*340 551  50    0*340 555  50    0*340 563  50    0*
20039 09/17*340 573  55    0*340 587  55    0*340 600  55    0*345 610  55    0*
20039 09/18*355 618  50    0*370 626  50    0*380 635  45    0*388 645  45    0*
20039 09/19*394 657  40    0*398 667  40    0E400 675  40    0E399 678  40    0*
20039 09/20E396 676  35    0E393 673  35    0E390 670  30    0E387 667  25    0*
20039 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tucker (1995).  

September 14:  No data in vicinity of where system may have been.
September 15:  Closed non-baroclinic system indicated.  Center indicated
in HWM near 32.5N, 57.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Gale force winds
indicated in two ship observations, though westernmost one appears
suspect as flow is away from system's center.  Center suspected to be
closer to 34N, 55W due to placement with eastern observations and continuity 
with better defined center on the 16th.  Peak ship observation:  40 kt S at 
33.9N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 16:  System either remained stationary or moved slowly to the
west.  Center near 34N, 55.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  No
gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed.
September 17:  System moved westward and intensified.  Center was near 34N, 
60W in HWM with 995 mb pressure at most.  At the same time a weak 
extratropical system approached from the west and was located near 36N, 69W.  
Winds well to the north of the system increasing due to enhanced pressure 
gradient.  Peak ship observations:  30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 35.2N, 59.4W at 
12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt SE at 38.8N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (HWM).  Tucker (1995):  
"September 17th., St. Georges again suffered a freak storm, -- a local tornado 
passed over the Sanatorium grounds uprooted trees, injured the bathehouse tops 
and balustrades, blew blinds off the old house and unroofed the stables  The 
wind passed over Market Wharf shortly before 5 p.m.  A general blow had been, 
on account of the falling glass, anticipated at St. Georges; and all the coal 
hulks and other floating property had been specially moored to withstand it."
September 18:  System moved toward the northwest and apparently merged with 
the decaying extratropical low, though a main stationary frontal boundary 
remained to the north of the system.  A trailing cold front in HWM extending
from the center of the storm appears suspect.  Center was near 38N, 63W in 
HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Numerous gale force wind reports were 
observed poleward of the frontal boundary, not directly related to the 
system.  Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 38.9N, 61.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).  
September 19:  System continued to move toward the northwest and the frontal
boundary apparently reached the circulation center as gale force winds
with temperatures around 60F were observed just west and north of the center.
Center of system near 40N, 67.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
September 20:  System weakened and moved slightly to the southeast.  Frontal
boundary associated with system also weakened.  Center of system near
39N, 67W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.
September 21:  System absorbed by stronger frontal system that moved in
from the northwest.

The system is started on the 15th as a tropical storm, reached peak intensity
on the 17th, became extratropical on the 19th and dissipated late on the 20th.
The conditions reported by Tucker likely was due to the periphery of the 
storm and a rainband-induced tornado.  The 999 mb peripheral pressure on the 
17th suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship.  55 kt chosen for the best track at this time, which may have 
been the peak intensity.  The storm did exhibit some hybrid characteristics
and might, in a later era, be classified as a subtropical storm.  Note that 
complete lifecycle of this system is not known, as its genesis before the 
15th is uncertain due to lack of data.

*******************************************************************************


1911/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20040 10/23/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20040 10/26/1911 M= 7  6 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
         **        **  *       ***

(The 23rd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20045 10/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 702  35    0*178 719  35    0*
20050 10/24*181 735  35    0*184 748  35    0*188 759  35    0*188 767  35    0*
20055 10/25*191 775  35    0*192 781  35    0*194 787  35    0*195 792  35    0*

20060 10/26*196 797  35    0*198 801  35    0*199 805  35    0*200 808  40    0*
20060 10/26*225 755  30    0*225 770  30    0*225 785  30    0*224 799  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20065 10/27*201 810  40    0*203 812  40    0*204 815  45    0*205 818  45    0*
20065 10/27*223 813  30    0*222 827  35    0*220 840  40    0*217 848  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20070 10/28*207 822  45    0*208 825  45    0*210 828  45    0*212 831  45    0*
20070 10/28*214 853  40    0*212 857  40    0*210 860  40    0*208 862  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20075 10/29*214 834  45    0*216 837  40    0*219 840  40    0*223 844  35    0*
20075 10/29*206 864  40    0*205 865  40    0*205 865  40    0*208 864  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20080 10/30*228 849  35    0*233 855  35    0*239 859  35    0*245 862  35    0*
20080 10/30*212 863  35    0*218 861  35    0*225 859  35    0*235 860  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

20085 10/31*251 863  35    0*258 864  35    0*265 863  35    0*273 859  30    0*
20085 10/31*245 861  45    0*255 861  45    0*265 860  45    0E275 850  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **     **** ***  **

20090 11/01*285 847  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20090 11/01E290 825  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **

20095 TS

Major changes from the track and minor changes from the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records
station data, Perez (2000), and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez.

October 23:  No closed circulation was apparent from HWM and COADS 
observations, but there was a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT
location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.5N, 70.2W.  
"A decided pressure fall over the West Indies indicated the presence of a 
disturbance in the Caribbean Sea not far from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo" 
(MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
October 24:  No closed circulation apparent from HWM and COADS observations.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 18.8N, 75.9W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 25:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on
south side of storm at HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 78.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 26:  No closed circulation was apparent in HWM, but observations
from HWM, COADS and the Cuban ship data indicate a center near 22.5N, 78.5W.  
A warm front was analyzed extending from near the system's center north 
through Cuba and Florida, but evidence for this feature is weak.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.9N, 80.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 27:  A weak circulation with 1010 mb pressure at most in the HWM 
was indicated in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with an embedded stationary 
front extending northeastward across Florida.  Evidence for the front is
weak from available observations.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 20.4N, 81.5W.  Observations suggest that the center was
near 22N, 84W.  "The disturbance was of small diameter and moved slowly 
west-northwestward, passing south of and near Habana, Cuba, early on the 
morning of Friday, October 27th, and moving into the Gulf of Mexico during 
the day" (MWR).  Peak station observation:  40 kt SE "early morning" at 
Havana (MWR).
October 28:  Circulation center ill-defined, but farther west than indicated
in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
21.0N, 82.8W with 45 kt winds.  A stationary front is analyzed to begin near 
the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the
evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely located near 21N, 86W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 29:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther west 
and south than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.9N, 84.0W.  A stationary front is analyzed 
to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast 
over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely
located near 20.5N, 86.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed near the storm.
October 30:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther south 
than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 23.9N, 85.9W.  Center likely located near 22.5N, 86W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 31:  Circulation center near 26.5N, 86.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure
at most, close to that indicated by HURDAT.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 86.3W.  Moderate cold front analyzed to be 
approaching the system from the north and west.  "On Tuesday, October 31, there
were strong indications that the storm had recurved and was approaching the 
northwest coast of Florida" (MWR).  Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 27.2N, 87.7W at
12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  10 kt S with 1009 mb (minimum for
month) at Tampa at 18 UTC (OMR).
November 1:  "By night [Oct. 31-Nov. 1] the storm center was over northern
Florida.  It still retained its moderate character and passed northeastward
over the Atlantic Ocean during the [next] night with decreasing intensity"
(MWR).  In partial support of this statement, 00 UTC observations showed
SW winds at Tampa and NE winds at both Pensacola and Jacksonville.  However,
by 12 UTC all three stations reported N winds a substantially cooler
temperature behind the front and no remnant circulation remained.  

Observations are sufficient to determine that a delay in the genesis of
this tropical storm is required.  The storm is now begun as a tropical 
depression on the 26th just northeast of Cuba, rather than having 
genesis on the 23rd just south of Hispanola.  Ship data of the "Regina"
provided by Dr. Ramon Perez were crucial in determining that the system had 
developed into a tropical depression east of Cuba rather than south of
Cuba.  Winds recorded by this ship were SW-SSW at 20-25 kt for 12 hours late
on the 26th and early on the 27th and minimum pressure was 1010 mb at 21Z
on the 26th (though pressure values appear to be about 4 mb too high for 
this ship - a minimum of 1006 mb looks more reasonable).  The system crossed
Cuba as a tropical depression moving just south of due west and it became
a tropical storm on the 27th while south of Havana.  The track is 
adjusted to the west on the 28th and to the south and west on the 29th to 
better match ship observations and to better correspond with pressure 
changes in Havana.  Track moved to the south on the 30th to match 
observations and continuity with the position on the 29th.  These track
changes around Cuba on the 26th to the 30th are in agreement with that 
suggested by Perez (2000).  Winds are analyzed to have peaked around 45 kt 
on the 31st.  Due to being absorbed by the cold front late on the 31st and 
early on the 1st, the status is changed to an extratropical cyclone at 
those times.

*******************************************************************************

1911 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a trough present near 50W on 17
February 1911. The trough progressed westward on the 18th near 53W and 
eventually became a tropical depression on the 19th near 22N, 52W (HWM). 
Available observations indicate a clear circulation of 30 kt winds (HWM,COA) 
with peak observations of 45 kt and 1008 mb early on the 20th. The system's 
brief stint as a tropical depression ended on the 21st as it quickly 
dissipated. One ship reported (somewhat suspect) gale force wind observations 
of 35 and 45 kt on the 19th and early on the 20th (COA).  However, without 
additional pressure and/or wind observations this system is considered a 
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Feb 17 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~50W
Feb 18 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~53W 
Feb 19 22N 52W Tropical Depression 
Feb 20 25N 49W Tropical Depression
Feb 21 --- --- Dissipated 


2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
near 36N, 55W on 22 May 1911 from an existing extratropical storm.  The system
then meandered around 35N, 53W over the next three days before being absorbed 
by a second extratropical cyclone on the 24th.  Highest winds observed
from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 23rd (HWM).  Lowest pressures 
observed were 1009 mb on the 23rd (HWM). Although one gale of 35 kt is 
present, not enough evidence is available that the system reached tropical
storm intensity.  Thus it is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps
a subtropical depression) and not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 19   35N  53W     Extratropical
May 20   36N  49W     Extratropical  
May 21   37N  52W     Extratropical 
May 22   36N  55W     Tropical Depression
May 23   32N  53W     Tropical Depression                
May 24   33N  53W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 25   35N  53W     Extratropical


3) A cyclone formed on the 29th of June northwest of Bermuda, moved toward 
the east-northeast, reached a peak intensity of around 50 kt on the 2nd of
July, and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 3rd.  Peak
observations were a ship with winds of 45 kt on the 30th and 997 mb peripheral
pressure on the 1st.  While the system may have gained some tropical (or
subtropical) characteristics on the 1st and 2nd, it was judged to still
retain baroclinic features and thus is not added into HURDAT.  Information 
for this system was obtained from the Historical Weather Map series and the 
COADS ship database.  
 
DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun 29   36N  69W     Extratropical
Jun 30   37N  64W     Extratropical
Jul 01   39N  61W     Extratropical
Jul 02   41N  56W     Extratropical
Jul 03   --   --      Absorbed by larger extratropical system


4) Mr. Michael Chenoweth uncovered this information from _The Voice of 
St. Lucia_ newspaper dated 7 Oct. 1911:
"Extract from The Jamaica Gleaner, undated.
 Port Limon, Costa Rica, Sept. 4 [Monday]. The tail of a hurricane 
 struck this locality on Tuesday [29 August], doing some heavy damage 
 to some farms. Westfalia, a comparatively small banana farm, is said 
 to have lost 10,000 bunches of bananas, while others escaped 
 entirely."
A review of the Historical Weather Map series for the 28-30 August time
frame does suggest a tropical disturbance moved through Central America
during these dates.  However, perhaps because of the lack of both
ship and station data, no closed circulation could be identified nor
were there any gale force observations.  Likewise, a search of the COADS 
ship database while also being somewhat sparse for observations in the 
region did not provide any evidence of a closed low or gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure).  Thus this system will be kept here in the
additional notes section as a possible new storm, but one needing
additional corroborative evidence to be added into HURDAT.


5) An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the Caribbean was
investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone.  Information
was obtained from summaries in the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical
Weather Map series and COADS database.  "On the morning of the 16th a 
decided fall in barometer set in over the West Indies ... the center of 
the disturbance and its intensity were not definitely known ... Some 
indications disturbance south of Haiti.  On the morning of the 17th ...
placing the center of the disturbance south-southwest of Jamaica.  On the
18th ... indications disturbance in Caribbean Sea is west of Jamaica and
approaching Yucatan Channel.  Intensity unknown.  At Habana a wind 
velocity of 32 miles an hour from the northeast was reported as having
occurred during the night of the 17th-18th.  No further evidence of 
this storm has been reported" (MWR).  This system appears to be a strong 
easterly wave that moved across the Caribbean without becoming a tropical 
cyclone.  It is possible though that it did become a tropical depression 
on the 17th and/or 18th, but definite evidence for a closed  circulation 
does not exist.  Additionally, no winds (or winds implied from pressure) 
support tropical storm intensity.  Thus this system is not included into 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 16  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 70W)
Sep. 17  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 75W)
Sep. 18  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 80W)
Sep. 19  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 85W)


6) The Historical Weather Map series and COADS database indicate the
presence of a storm system from 16-20 October, 1911 in the North Atlantic.
This system moved eastward for 5 days at about latitude 35N.  While
no frontal features could be determined during most of the storm's 
lifetime, gale force winds in the were storm were primarily to be found
well away from the storm's center.  This system is judged to be a large 
non-tropical gale center.  While the storm was non-baroclinic, it lacked 
the high wind mesoscale structure required of tropical cyclones.  The one 
possible exception during its lifetime occurred on the 20th, when a gale 
force report was found just to the south of the center.  However, lack of 
collaboration with additional data make this single report ambiguous for 
knowing the structure of the system at that time.  Thus this storm is not 
included as an additional system for HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 16  38N  66W     Non-tropical low
Oct. 17  34N  56W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 18  36N  53W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 19  35N  52W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 20  34N  49W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 21  ---  ---     Dissipated


7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate a that a
low pressure area formed near 21.5N, 71W on 11 December 1911 and appeared to be
a tropical cyclone in structure. The system was likely a tropical depression on
the 11th as indicated by MWR, "maximum winds of 36 mph [30 kt], southwest, in 
the afternoon and lowest pressure of 29.68 inches [1005 mb] in the morning" for
the Turks Islands. This pressure observation implies at least 36 kt from the 
southern pressure-wind relationship, unless the observation is considered a 
central pressure which would in turn indicate maximum winds of ~35 kt. The 
depression maintained its intensity and "moved westward, centered immediately
north of eastern Cuba" on the 12th (MWR). It is also noted to, "soon dissipate
as it moved into the Gulf as indicated by pressures and winds in Havana and 
south Florida" (MWR). On the 13th, the system was weakening and by the 14th was
completely dissipated. Although this system contained one observation of gale
force, such pressures (1008 mb and higher) do not support winds of tropical
storm force from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore, this storm
is considered a tropical depression and should not be added to HURDAT.

Dec 09 19N 69W Extratropical
Dec 10 20N 68W Extratropical 
Dec 11 21N 73W Tropical Depression 
Dec 12 22N 77W Tropical Depression
Dec 13 32N 53W Tropical Depression - Dissipating 
Dec 14 33N 53W Dissipated

*******************************************************************************

1912/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20190 06/07/1912 M=10  1 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20190 06/07/1912 M=11  1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                   **          ***

20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 853  35    0*235 855  35    0*
20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 880  35    0*277 877  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20200 06/08*239 858  35    0*242 860  35    0*245 863  35    0*246 866  35    0*
20200 06/08*274 874  40    0*272 871  45    0*270 870  50    0*268 873  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20205 06/09*247 869  35    0*248 873  35    0*248 876  35    0*248 879  40    0*
20205 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  50    0*265 890  50    0*264 895  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20210 06/10*248 883  40    0*247 886  45    0*247 890  45    0*247 894  45    0*
20210 06/10*262 900  50    0*261 905  50    0*260 910  50    0*261 912  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20215 06/11*247 899  50    0*247 903  50    0*248 908  50    0*250 914  50    0*
20215 06/11*262 913  55    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20220 06/12*255 919  50    0*261 925  45    0*269 929  45    0*277 931  45    0*
20220 06/12*272 920  60    0*276 923  60    0*280 925  60    0*285 924  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20225 06/13*286 929  45    0*295 921  45    0*305 908  40    0*316 888  35    0*
20225 06/13*291 920  60    0*298 915  55    0*305 908  50    0*315 895  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

20230 06/14*328 862  35    0*340 835  35    0*350 814  35    0*355 798  35    0*
20230 06/14*325 875  40    0E335 845  35    0E345 810  35    0E350 785  35    0*
            *** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***

20235 06/15*358 784  35    0*360 769  35    0*360 752  35    0*359 734  35    0*
20235 06/15E353 770  35 1005E354 756  40    0E355 745  40    0E355 730  40    0*
           **** ***     ******** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20240 06/16*358 715  35    0*355 696  35    0*351 675  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
20240 06/16*355 710  35    0*355 694  35    0*355 680  30    0*353 670  30    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(17th is new to HURDAT.)
20242 06/17*351 661  30    0*348 653  30    0*345 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20245 TS                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database,  and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

June 5:  Closed low shown in HWM at 23.5N, 92.5W with pressure 1010 mb at
most. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 23N, 92.5W (a.m.) and 
24N, 94W (p.m.).  However, available observations depict only an open trough. 
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 6:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 92W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 25.5N, 92.8W (a.m.) and 27N, 90.2W (p.m.).  
However, available observations depict only an open trough.   Station 
highlight:  38 kt SE wind at Pensacola (MWR).
June 7:  Closed low shown in HWM at 28.5N, 88W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 87.8W with 1008 mb pressure (a.m) and 28.2N, 
85W (p.m.).  HURDAT first lists this system at 12 UTC as a tropical storm at 
23.0N, 85.3W.  the MWR track appears to be most accurate from available
observations.  Ship and coastal station data do at this point indicate a 
closed circulation.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 8:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26N, 85W with pressure 1005 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27.2N, 83.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
25.7N, 84.2W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.3W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a 
position north and slightly west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1005 mb pressure 
at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 87.0W (COA), 50 kt NE wind at 14 and 18 UTC at 
28.0N, 87.0W (COA).  
June 9:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 89.5W with pressure 1005 mb at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 25.3N, 87.2W with 1000 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.3N, 89.2W with 1005 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.8N, 87.6W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position north and west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  50 kt NE wind
at 02 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA) and 50 kt NE wind and 1003 mb pressure at 
12 UTC at 27.2N, 89.8W (HWM).  "On the 9th a wireless vessel report from the 
middle Gulf of Mexico indicated the presence of a disturbance of moderate 
intensity in that region" (MWR).  
June 10:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25.5N, 91W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 23.5N, 88.5W with 1007 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.5N, 91.2W (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
24.7N, 89.0W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just
north of HWM.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 06 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W 
(COA); 35 kt ENE wind at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 88.3W (HWM).
June 11:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26.5N, 91W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27N, 93W (a.m.) and at 26N, 94.3W (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.8W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 12:  Closed low shown in HWM at 27.5N, 92.5W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 94.2W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
at 28.5N, 93W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 26.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  40 kt NNE wind 
and 995 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 28.4N, 92.5W (HWM).  "On the morning of the 
12th observations from west Gulf stations indicated that the disturbance was 
apparently approaching the eastern Texas or the Louisiana coast and advices 
were accordingly sent to Gulf stations and vessel interests" (MWR).  
June 13:  Closed low has moved inland over Louisiana as shown in HWM at 
31N, 91.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
30.7N, 90.7W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33.2N, 86.8W with 1000 mb 
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 90.8W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  37 kt wind at New Orleans (MWR); 1000 mb 
pressure at Birmingham (MWR).  "By the morning of the 13th the center had 
passed inland over Louisiana causing some damage by the spreading of flood 
waters; no damage however was reported to shipping" (MWR).  
June 14:  Closed low still inland over South Carolina is shown in HWM at 
35N, 80.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with a stationary front draped 
across it from WNW to ESE.  (However, observations do not appear to support 
such a frontal analysis.)  The MWR tracks locate it at 34.7N, 80.7W with 
1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 35N, 75.5W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 35.0N, 81.4W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position closest to the MWR center.
Station highlight:  42 kt wind at 0215 UTC in Atlanta (MWR); 1002 mb pressure 
at 00 UTC in Montgomery (OMR).  "The storm, which was of moderate intensity, 
passed east-northeastward to the North Carolina coast by the evening of the 
14th, causing storm winds over the south Atlantic coast warnings of which 
were issued on the 14th.  A severe local storm was reported near 
Fayetteville, N.C., during the 14th" (MWR).
June 15:  Closed low back over water in the Atlantic is shown in HWM at 
35N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
34.5N, 73.7W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 36.0N, 75.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just south and east of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  4 kt E and
1005 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR) - possible central pressure.
June 16:  Closed low is shown in HWM at 34N, 67.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 35.1N, 67.5W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just north and west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed.
June 17:  An open trough is shown in HWM, but available observations 
indicate a closed low near 34.5N, 64.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied by
pressure) were observed.

Major adjustments to the track on the 7th through the 10th to the north
and west are justified by ship and coastal observations.  Minor changes
to the track are made from the 11th through the 16th.  Additional day 
added to the track on the 17th based upon ship and Bermuda observations.
Intensity increased from the 8th to the 13th based upon ship observations.
995 mb pressure from HWM ship at 12 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at
least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
utilized.  60 kt tropical storm at landfall around 05 UTC on the 13th is 
consistent with high winds (42 kt in Atlanta) and low pressures (1004 mb in 
Charlotte) found inland along track.  This wind adjusts to 35 kt after 
accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to 
a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). 
Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests 
winds of 52, 43, 35, and 27 kt for the 13th at 06, 12, 18 UTC and 14th at 
00 UTC.  Peak observed winds after landfall were 35 kt (after adjustment)
at 02 UTC on the 14th.  This suggests a slower than usual decay.  Winds of 
55, 50, 45, and 40 kt, respectively, are chosen for the intensities.  
Intensity increased slightly on the 15th due to coastal observations as the 
system reached the ocean.

1912/01 - 2011 REVISION:

20310 06/07/1912 M=11  1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
20315 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 880  35    0*277 877  35    0*
20320 06/08*274 874  40    0*272 871  45    0*270 870  50    0*268 873  50    0*

20325 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  50    0*265 890  50    0*264 895  50    0*
20325 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  55    0*265 890  60    0*264 895  60    0*
                                      **               **               **

20330 06/10*262 900  50    0*261 905  50    0*260 910  50    0*261 912  50    0*
20330 06/10*262 900  60    0*261 905  60    0*260 910  60    0*261 912  60    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20335 06/11*262 913  55    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
20335 06/11*262 913  60    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
                     **

20340 06/12*272 920  60    0*276 923  60    0*280 925  60    0*285 924  60    0*
20345 06/13*291 920  60    0*298 915  55    0*305 908  50    0*315 895  45    0*
20350 06/14*325 875  40    0E335 845  35    0E345 810  35    0E350 785  35    0*
20355 06/15E353 770  35    0E354 756  40    0E355 745  40    0E355 730  40    0*
20360 06/16*355 710  35    0*355 694  35    0*355 680  30    0*353 670  30    0*
20365 06/17*351 661  30    0*348 653  30    0*345 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*

Adjustment made in the intensity on the 9th at 06Z, winds increased to 55 kt, 
and increased to 60 knots from 12Z on the 9th to 0Z on the 11th. This is
justified on a ship report of 60 knots on the 9th at 12Z. Initially this ship
report was misinterpreted as 50 knots but the HWM book indicates that each long 
feather is equal to 2 Beauforts and a short feather equal to 1 Beaufort. 
Therefore, 11 Beaufort is equal to 60 knots.

Storm #1, 1912 - 2012 Revision
20475 06/07/1912 M=11  1 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
20480 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 880  35    0*277 877  35    0*
20485 06/08*274 874  40    0*272 871  45    0*270 870  50    0*268 873  50    0*
20490 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  55    0*265 890  60    0*264 895  60    0*
20495 06/10*262 900  60    0*261 905  60    0*260 910  60    0*261 912  60    0*
20500 06/11*262 913  60    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
20505 06/12*272 920  60    0*276 923  60    0*280 925  60    0*285 924  60    0*
20510 06/13*291 920  60    0*298 915  55    0*305 908  50    0*315 895  45    0*
20515 06/14*325 875  40    0E335 845  35    0E345 810  35    0E350 785  35    0*
20515 06/14*325 875  40    0*335 845  35    0*345 810  35    0*350 785  35    0*
                            *                *                *

20520 06/15E353 770  35    0E354 756  40    0E355 745  40    0E355 730  40    0*
20520 06/15*353 770  35    0*354 756  40    0*355 745  40    0*355 730  40    0*
           *                *                *                *

20525 06/16*355 710  35    0*355 694  35    0*355 680  30    0*353 670  30    0*
20530 06/17*351 661  30    0*348 653  30    0*345 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
20535 TS 

Typographical error:  Extratropical phase introduced accidentally for the 14th 
and the 15th.  Reading of the daily summaries for this storm clearly indicated 
that the system was reanalyzed to be a tropical cyclone on those dates.  Moreover, 
the discussion paragraph never mentioned any introduction of an extratropical phase.  
Stages on the 14th and 15th changed back to a tropical cyclone.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


1912/02 - 2005 REVISION:

20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*264 711  35    0*270 718  35    0*
20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 740  35    0*258 745  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20260 07/13*275 724  35    0*280 731  35    0*284 738  35    0*287 745  35    0*
20260 07/13*266 750  35    0*273 755  35    0*280 760  35    0*285 764  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20265 07/14*291 752  35    0*294 759  35    0*297 767  35    0*300 776  40    0*
20265 07/14*289 767  35    0*293 771  35    0*297 775  35    0*300 781  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

20270 07/15*304 784  40    0*309 792  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  45    0*
20270 07/15*304 788  40    0*309 797  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  40    0*
                ***              ***                                    **

20275 07/16*313 831  35    0*313 843  30    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
20275 07/16*313 831  40    0*313 843  35    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
                     **               **

20280 07/17*315 875  25    0*316 884  20    0*317 893  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20285 TS                    

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, and Dunn and Miller (1960). 

July 12:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 25N, 74W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.4N, 
71.1W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 13:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 28N, 76W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 29.8N, 
79.7W with 30.08" pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm at 28.4N, 73.8W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
July 14:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 29.5N, 77.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it 
at 28.5N, 78.5W with 30.00" pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 80.2W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.7N,
76.7W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 15:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 31.5N, 80.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it at
31N, 81.3W with 1014 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 83W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
31.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE wind at Savannah 
at 16 UTC.  "The following report on the storm near the Georgia 
coast is taken from notes furnished by Mr. C. J. Doherty, local forecaster, 
in charge at Savannah, Ga.:  A decided fall in the barometer took place on 
the 14th, with increasing winds.  The regular p. m. reports showed an 
incipient disturbance near the Georgia coast, and high winds with unusually 
rough seas prevailed at Tybee Beach during the night.  The morning reports 
of the 15th indicated that the storm had increased slightly in intensity.  
The weather was thick and threatening, with light intermittent showers which 
continued during the day and night.  After midnight the wind became fresh and 
gusty.  A verifying velocity was attained at 7.35 a. m. of 36 miles an hour, 
and thereafter the wind continue high until 10 p. m., with a maximum velocity
of 49 miles from the southeast shortly after 11 a. m. on the 15th.  During 
the day the displayman at Tybee reported unusually wild seas, with high winds 
and swell from the southeast.  Northeast storm warnings were displayed from 
Jacksonville to Charleston.  No material damage was reported" (MWR).  "On the
evening of the 14th there was an unsettled condition off the Georgia coast, 
and by the morning of the 15th pressure had fallen slightly over that region, 
and a maximum wind velocity of 36 miles from the east was reported from 
Charleston.  Storm warnings were ordered from Charleston to Jacksonville, and 
special observations were called for, but no further development was noted.  
Heavy rains, however, occurred over Georgia and South Carolina" (MWR). 1912
July 14-15 ; Ga., S.C.; Minimal intensity; Center near Tybee Beach (Dunn and
Miller).
July 16:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a circulation center can
be identified inland near 31.5N, 85.5W from available ship and station 
reports.  The MWR tracks show the system at 31.1N, 85.7W with 1013 mb
pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 87.8W with 1012 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists
the system as a tropical depression at 31.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC.  Station
highlight:  40 kt SE wind at Charleston at "morning" (MWR).  "... and a maximum 
wind velocity of 46 miles from the southeast was reported on the morning of 
the 16th from Charleston.  This disturbance caused showers and thunderstorms 
over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States for several days following the 
16th" (MWR).
July 17:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a possible circulation 
center could be seen near 31.5N, 89.5W based upon station reports.  It is
possible though that the circulation has decayed to an open trough 
oriented west-east.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression
at 31.7N, 89.3W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.

A large west shift in the track was analyzed for the 12th to the 14th based 
upon available ship and coastal station reports.  Intensity not altered 
before landfall in Georgia.  Landfall around 16 UTC on the 15th with winds 
of 45 kt from HURDAT originally matches observed peak winds of 43 kt from 
Savannah.  (This wind adjusts to 36 kt after accounting for the high bias 
of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind 
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).  Observed 40 kt (33 kt
true) winds early on the 16th are the reason for slightly increasing the 
intensity on the 16th.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/03 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20286 09/02/1912 M= 5  3 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20287 09/02*382 725  30    0*381 725  30    0*380 725  35    0*378 725  40    0*
20288 09/03*376 725  45    0*373 725  45    0*370 725  45    0*365 728  45    0*
20289 09/04*360 732  40    0*355 735  40    0*350 740  40    0*345 747  40    0*
20289 09/05*340 754  35    0*335 762  35    0*330 770  35    0*326 780  30    0*
20289 09/06*322 792  30    0*318 807  30    0*315 825  25    0*313 845  20    0*
20289 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC.  

September 2:  A low forms off of the North Carolina/Virginia coast
centered at 36.5N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.
Additional COADS observations indicate the center was farther
north.  Low appears to be tropical as no frontal features are apparent
in the vicinity of the storm.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 
38.0N, 71.0W at 21 UTC (COA).
September 3:  The low was located at 37N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SE at 37.5N, 71.5W at 13 UTC
(COA) and 15 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.2N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 4:  The low was located at 35N, 73.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther east.  A dissipating cold front was analyzed in HWM
to be just north of the storm, which is reasonable.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day.
September 5:  The low was located at 32N, 77W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther north.  Peak station observation:  32 kt E and 1015 mb
at Charleston at 22 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed for this day. 
September 6:  The low was located inland over Georgia at 32N, 83W with
1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.  Additional data indicates the center
was somewhat farther south and east.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) was observed for this day.
September 7:  The low dissipated by the 12 UTC analysis in HWM.

The system began on the 2nd as a tropical storm, quickly reached its peak 
intensity of 45 kt on the 3rd, gradually weakened over the next two days
with a decay to tropical depression stage on the 5th, made landfall early
on the 6th and dissipated by late on the 6th.  Individual hourly 
observations from Savannah indicate that landfall occurred just
north of Savannah around 03 UTC on the 6th.  Peak observed winds at
the coast were 32 kt from Charleston at 22 UTC on the 5th.  These
adjust to 28 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer
of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Additionally, the lowest pressure recorded
in Savannah was 1014 mb (00 UTC on the 6th) and in Charleston was 1015 mb
(22 UTC on the 5th).  Thus the system is analyzed to have made landfall
near the Georgia/South Carolina border as a 30 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1912/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20290 09/11/1912 M= 4  3 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20290 09/10/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *  *       ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20292 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 840  30    0*290 843  35    0*

20295 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 841  60    0*288 843  60    0*
20295 09/11*290 845  40    0*290 848  45    0*290 850  50    0*289 852  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20300 09/12*286 845  65    0*285 848  70    0*283 854  70    0*282 857  70    0*
20300 09/12*287 854  60    0*286 857  65    0*285 860  70    0*285 863  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

20305 09/13*281 862  70    0*280 867  70    0*280 872  70    0*283 876  70    0*
20305 09/13*286 867  80    0*288 871  80    0*290 875  80    0*293 878  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20310 09/14*292 880  70    0*304 884  65    0*318 888  50    0*350 885  30    0*
20310 09/14*297 881  70    0*301 883  65    0*308 885  50    0*318 885  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
20312 09/15*330 885  35    0*350 885  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20315 HR AL1             
20315 HR AL1AFL1             
            ****

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

September 6-9:  Beginning on the 6th of September as storm 1912/03 was inland 
over Georgia, a trough of low pressure formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.  
This trough appears to be a separate entity to storm 1912/03 or its remnants.
The trough remained in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from the 6th through
the 9th, though it did not seem possible to close off a well-defined
center of circulation.   No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 10:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 84.5W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W for both a.m. 
and p.m.  Available observations indicate that the center indicated in MWR 
is most reasonable.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 11:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 28.5N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W (a.m.) and at 
27N, 87W (p.m.).  (The MWR tracks then keep this system stationary until the 
13th p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 84.1W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations indicate that the center was likely west
of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 12:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W at both a.m. 
and p.m.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W 
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was likely just
north and west of HURDAT's position.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The period of 6 days from the 7th to 12th was 
noteworthy for excessive rains on the west coast of Florida, Tampa, receiving 
13.71 inches, Pinellas Park 15.31, and Cedar Keys 23.15 inches" (MWR).  "From 
the 6th to the 13th conditions were unsettled off the east Gulf coast and 
reports from land stations as well as those from vessels by wireless 
indicated the existence of a disturbance of slight intensity in that region.  
On the afternoon of the 12th, special observations indicated that the storm 
was increasing in intensity" (MWR).
September 13:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1000 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W (a.m.) and at 
28N, 87.5W with 1002 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlight: 70 kt wind 
and 982 mb pressure from the barkentine Golden Rod near 29.4W, 87.2W at 
03 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  41 kt at Pensacola at 22 UTC (HWM).  
Available observations suggest a position north and just west of HURDAT.
"The barkentine Golden Rod ... encountered the storm off Cape San Blas 
on the night of the 12th.  The squalls grew more frequent and severe and at 
night he was driven along before them under bare poles, passing about 60 miles 
south of Pensacola at 11 p.m., when his barometer fell to 29 inches [982 mb].  
He [the captain] said the squalls were terrific and the ship remained over on 
her beam ends during the height of the storm" (MWR). 
September 14:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 30N, 89W with 1005 mb
pressure at most and with an ill-defined warm front to the north and west of 
the system.  (The frontal analysis appears suspect.)  The MWR tracks have the 
center at 31.5N, 88.5W with 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33N, 92.5W (p.m.)  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  
Station highlight:  64 kt SE wind at 0600 UTC and 1003 mb pressure at 0730 
UTC at Pensacola (MWR); 45 kt SE wind at 0850 UTC and 995 mb pressure at 
0830 UTC at Mobile (MWR).  Available observations suggest a center south and
just east from HURDAT.  "[At Pensacola on the 13th] fifty-three miles 
from the southeast was registered at 7.18 p. m., 50 southeast at 
8.14 p. m., 59 southeast at 9.21 p. m., with an extreme 62 miles; 
58 southeast at 10.57 p. m., and 58 southeast at 11.56 p. m.  ...  
at 7 p. m., the tide was 1 foot above normal.  On the 14th extremely 
severe southeast squalls continued to 7 a. m., reaching 68 miles southeast 
at 12.24 a. m., and 74 southeast at 2 a. m., with an extreme velocity of 
86 miles at 1.58 a. m.  The next squall, at 2.26 a. m., carried away the 
anemometer, which had worked loose on its stand.  The anemometer record was 
started again at 8.26 a. m.  It was the general opinion that the squall at 
2 a. m. was the hardest, but the severe squalls of about 60 miles continued 
to 6 a. m., south winds prevailing after 3 a. m. ... Pressure fell to 29.62 
inches [1003 mb] at 2.30 a. m., then began rising rapidly, reaching 30 inches
[1016 mb] at 9 p. m. ... The tide during the night of the 13th-14th rose 2 feet
above normal high water, the waves were about 4 feet high, and the wind 
carried the spray over the American National Bank Building ... Beginning at 
Pensacola entrance and making a circuit of Pensacola Bay, the following damage 
by the storm was observed:  Fishing smack Two Boys ashore.  The tracks of the 
Pensacola Electric Co. were undermined for a distance of about 1,200 feet 
immediately south of Bayou Grande:  also about 1,000 feet on Maine Street; 
their tracks were also inundated by high tide at the corner of Intendencia 
Street and Ninth Avenue.  Private wharves along the bay shore from Fort 
Barrancas to Baylen Street were generally carried away, together with numerous 
small houses for fishermens equipment.  The entire beach was strewn with 
timber and about 20 barges went ashore; only a few barges remained at anchor 
and retained their cargoes of lumber.  The British SS. Meltonian, moored along 
the east side of Perdido Wharf, broke away and went aground on Rat Island...  
One of them [coal barges] damaged the steamer Edna C, the quartermasters 
steam yacht Page, and rammed and sank the revenue cutter Penrose.  At 
Jefferson Street Wharf a house-lighter sank with a cargo of naval stores.  
Traffic over the L. & N. R. R. was suspended for about 18 hours on account 
of the damage to the bridge by being rammed with rafts of timber.  The west 
end of the roof of Monarch Pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was blown off and a 
portion of the southeast corner of the roof of the Gulf Beacon Inn was torn 
off by the gales.  The British S. S. Conniston went ashore about 75 miles 
east of Pensacola.  The fishing smack Isabelle went ashore about 12 miles 
west of Pensacola entrance...The damage by wind throughout the city was 
slight.  The Western Union lines went down during the night and were out of 
order until 1 p. m. of the 14th.  Electric light circuits were cut off 
about 1 a. m. of the 14th.  Telephone lines to the navy yard were blown 
down...The estimated damage by tide and waves in Pensacola is $23,500, and 
by winds $1,500" (MWR).  "The storm that passed inland from the Gulf on the 
night of September 13-14, with its center probably not over 20 miles west of 
Mobile, was much less destructive than several other storms recorded in the 
meteorological history of Mobile.  The short duration of the high winds, the 
comparatively low accompanying tides, and the absence of heavy rainfall for 
an extended period tended to lessen its disastrous effects...The tides in 
Mobile River had been abnormally low, but during the east and southeast winds 
rose rapidly, and reached the level of the top of the lowest wharves at about
4.30 a. m. ... A maximum rate of 32 miles and hour was attained at 2.50 a. m.,
and the highest velocity, 52 miles an hour, at 3.50 a. m.  No high winds 
occurred after 6 a. m.  On September 14 east winds prevailed from 1.30 a. m. 
to 3.15 a.m., and were followed by southeast winds changing to south at 
4.45 a. m.  At Pascagoula, Miss., about 35 miles southwest of Mobile, the 
wind backed from northeast to southwest, and the highest wind was from the 
northwest.  The wind did not reach dangerous velocities at Gulfport, Miss., 
or other storm warning stations farther west...A rapid fall began after 
midnight; the lowest atmospheric pressure, 29.37 inches [995 mb], occurred at 
3.30 a. m., the pressure remaining almost stationary for half an hour, and 
then rising steadily until 29.65 inches [1004 mb] was reached at 8 a. m. on the
14th.  The loss of property in the city of Mobile from the high winds is 
estimated at $8,000.  A church, a very weak structure, on the corner of 
Delaware and Cedar Streets, was blown down, as were also some business signs 
and many fences.  The wire systems also sustained considerable damage.  The 
loss to vessels in the bay and river is estimated at $4,000.  The larger 
vessels had been made fast with extra cables, and many of the smaller vessels 
had ascended the river to places of safety.  The principal loss to shipping 
interests was a barge, valued at $2,000, which was lost in Mobile Bay, and 
the steamboat National, which sank in shallow water about 3 miles up the 
river.  During the storm a watchman on a barge fell overboard and was drowned"
(MWR). "1912 Sep 13; Pensacola; Minimal intensity; Center moved W of Mobile...
1912 Sep 13-14; Mobile; Minor intensity; Tide 5.2 ft above MLW" (Dunn and 
Miller).  "Estimated lowest pressure 29.32" [993 mb]" (Connor).  AL 
Category 1 hurricane, no central pressure provided (Jarrell et al.). 
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion 
(Ho et al. 1987).  
September 15:  The system appears to have dissipated in HWM by 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks indicated the system was at 38.2N, 85.5W with 1010 mb pressure
(a.m.) and at 42N, 74.5W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  (MWR Tracks also
gave a 16th a.m. position of 40.5N, 69W with 1006 mb pressure.)

Genesis of this system is begun a day early, due to evidence from HWM and
COADS data of a closed circulation.  Track has minor alterations from the
11th to the 14th to better match available observations.  Additional
half day added on the 15th for more realistic translational velocity at
end of track and to better match observations of the decaying system.
Intensity slightly reduced on the 11th and 12th to accommodate weak surface
observations, which is also in accordance with MWR assessment.  Intensity
chosen to peak at 80 kt on the 13th over the Gulf of Mexico, rather than 
70 kt originally, due to 982 mb peripheral pressure report.  (This supports 
winds of at least 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.)  
However, landfall of this system as a weaker hurricane (winds 65 kt) as 
originally found in HURDAT is supported by available wind data as well as 
observations of modest wind-caused damages primarily in Pensacola.  The peak 
observed 5 min winds of 64 kt convert to about 53 kt after accounting for 
bias of that era's anemometer (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and going to a 
maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Landfall as a minimal hurricane 
is also consistent with the assessment by Connor of central pressure near 
993 mb.  (This pressure would suggest maximum 1 min winds of 58 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Thus no changes are made to the 
intensity around the time of U.S. landfall around 08 UTC on the 14th
of a 65 kt Category 1 hurricane.  Category 1 conditions are the same as that 
listed in HURDAT/Neumann et al., though Northwest Florida (AFL) is added
as experiencing hurricane conditions.  It appears that the peak 
winds for this system were likely found between Pensacola and Mobile, so that 
the radius of maximum winds for this system were somewhere between 40 and
60 nmi.  After landfall, a run of the inland decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 
1995) suggests winds of 50 kt, 37 kt and 29 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th 
and 00 UTC on the 15th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these 
synoptic times were:  42 kt, 41 kt, and 32 kt.  Winds in HURDAT are thus 
increased from 30 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, but kept at 50 kt at 12 UTC as higher 
winds may have been present though not observed.  Highest observed storm 
tide was 2' in Pensacola from MWR.

1912/04 - 2011 REVISION:

20450 09/10/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
20455 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 840  30    0*290 843  35    0*
20460 09/11*290 845  40    0*290 848  45    0*290 850  50    0*289 852  55    0*
20465 09/12*287 854  60    0*286 857  65    0*285 860  70    0*285 863  75    0*
20470 09/13*286 867  80    0*288 871  80    0*290 875  80    0*293 878  75    0*
20475 09/14*297 881  70    0*301 883  65    0*308 885  50    0*318 885  40    0*
20480 09/15*330 885  35    0*350 885  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20485 HR AL1AFL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
4-9/14/1912    0810Z 30.3N  88.4W   65kt  1   50nmi  (988mb)   AL1,AFL1
4-9/14/1912    0810Z 30.3N  88.4W   65kt  1   50nmi  (986mb)   AL1,AFL1
                                                      ***

The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Alabama and Florida as a 65 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 988 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 986 mb - 
for a 65 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20320 10/04/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20320 10/03/1912 M= 8  5 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
20322 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E285 885  30    0E286 872  30    0*

20325 10/04*  0   0   0    0*283 768  50    0*294 764  50    0*300 759  55    0*
20325 10/04E287 858  30    0E288 844  30    0E290 830  30    0E292 814  30    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20330 10/05*306 754  55    0*311 751  60    0*316 749  65    0*321 746  70    0*
20330 10/05E294 796  35    0E297 778  40    0E310 760  45    0E313 750  50    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20335 10/06*325 744  70    0*329 744  75    0*332 750  75    0*331 753  80    0*
20335 10/06*316 744  55    0*318 741  65    0*320 740  75    0*322 743  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

20340 10/07*327 757  80    0*323 760  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 751  80    0*
20340 10/07*324 749  80    0*323 755  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 755  80    0*
            *** ***              ***                               ***  

20345 10/08*319 743  75    0*321 734  75    0*324 724  75    0*326 716  70    0*
20345 10/08*319 749  75    0*321 742  75    0*324 735  75    0*326 726  70    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

20350 10/09*327 708  60    0*327 699  55    0*329 690  35    0*333 677  25    0*
20350 10/09*327 717  60    0*327 708  50    0*329 700  40    0*331 695  35    0*
                ***              ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20352 10/10*334 692  30    0*337 691  30    0*340 690  30    0*345 690  25    0*

20355 HR                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

September 30-October 2:  Moderate cold front pushed into the Gulf of 
Mexico.  While the HWM showed a closed low on the 1st and 2nd, evidence 
from observations for this is inconclusive. "On September 27 a moderate 
depression (Brownsville 29.92 inches [1013 mb]) appeared at the mouth of the 
Rio Grande.  It moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico in an east-northeast 
direction without any material increase in intensity" (MWR).
October 3:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 28.5N, 88.5W 
with 1012 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward 
and a warm front extending eastward from the center.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
October 4:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 29N, 83W with 
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a 
warm front extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 29.4N, 76.4W.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.  "[The storm] crossed the Florida Peninsula on 
October 4" (MWR).  
October 5:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 32N, 75W with
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and warm
fronts extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 74.9W.  Available observations suggest a
center south and west of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
October 6:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 76W with 1010 mb 
pressure at most and with weakening frontal features.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.2N, 75.0W.  Available observations
indicate a center south and west of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  40 kt N at
Cape Hatteras (MWR).  Ship highlight:  45 kt NNE wind at 12 UTC at 
32.7N, 79.6W (HWM) and four other ship reports of 45 kt).  "[The storm] then 
followed a sharp turn to the north-northeastward with rapidly increasing 
intensity attendant upon a change in direction to the northward" (MWR). 
October 7:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 76W with 1005 mb
pressure at most as a non-baroclinic closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 75.8W.  Ship highlight: 996 mb 
pressure and 50 kt E wind at 05 UTC at 32.5N, 74.5W (MWR/COA) and two other
ship reports of 50 kt.  "On the evening of October 6 the storm was 
central about 350 miles east of Charleston, S. C., a vessel observation in 
that locality showing a barometer reading of 29.42 inches [996 mb]" (MWR).  
October 8:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 72.5W with 1005 mb 
pressure at most as a closed low.  A new cold front approached the storm from 
the north and west and was located a couple hundred miles away.  HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 72.4W.  Available 
observations indicate a center west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1001 mb 
pressure and 50 kt W wind at 05 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA); 1000 mb pressure 
and 50 kt W wind at 09 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA).  "Heavy rains and winds of 
hurricane force attended the storm which continued north-northeastward with 
slowly decreasing intensity" (MWR).
October 9: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 69W as a closed low with
1015 mb pressure at most and a weakening stationary front extending from near 
the center off to the northeast.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
12 UTC at 32.9N, 69.0W.  Available observations indicate a center west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
"...it was lost somewhere between the North Carolina coast and the island of 
Bermuda" (MWR).
October 10:  System not indicated in HWM, but available observations place
a center near 34N, 69W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  

Genesis for this system is begun on the 3rd as a weak extratropical storm
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, rather than on the 4th as a tropical storm
in the Atlantic east of Florida.  Available observations indicated that the 
system moved eastward with little change in intensity through the 5th.  This
is consistent with the assessment in the Monthly Weather Review.  The storm 
appears to have both attained a tropical cyclone structure and intensified
early on the 6th.  Thus intensity reduced on the 4th and 5th and system
is indicated as an extratropical system in the revision for these dates.
Minor changes in the location of the system was included for most of 
its lifetime, except for the 4th where translation of the system from
the west is indicated rather than formation just north of the Bahamas.
No direct observations of hurricane force winds were obtained which 
would have substantiated HURDAT's listing of this system as peaking as
a Category 1 hurricane.  However, the MWR indicated "winds of hurricane
force" were found on the 8th, though these could not be confirmed in either 
HWM or COADS.  Several 50 kt reports were found on the 7th through the 8th 
and a low pressure of 996 mb on the 7th suggests winds of at least 55 kt 
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Thus maintaining this 
system as a minimal hurricane would appear prudent.  Enough evidence was
found on the 10th to extend the track for this system an additional day,
though it was only of tropical depression status at the time.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20360 10/11/1912 M= 7  5 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20360 10/11/1912 M= 8  6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        *

20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*196 807  60    0*197 817  65    0*
20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*185 807  35    0*189 815  35    0*
                                              ***      **      *** ***  **

20370 10/12*198 826  70    0*199 836  75    0*201 845  75    0*203 854  80    0*
20370 10/12*193 823  40    0*197 831  45    0*201 840  50    0*205 850  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20375 10/13*205 864  80    0*208 873  85    0*210 882  85    0*213 890  85    0*
20375 10/13*209 861  60    0*212 872  50    0*215 882  45    0*217 890  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

20380 10/14*215 897  85    0*218 903  85    0*221 910  85    0*224 918  85    0*
20380 10/14*218 897  55    0*219 903  60    0*221 910  65    0*224 918  70    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20385 10/15*228 926  85    0*232 933  85    0*238 941  85    0*243 949  85    0*
20385 10/15*228 926  75    0*232 933  80    0*238 941  85    0*244 949  85    0*
                     **               **                       *** 

20390 10/16*250 956  80    0*255 962  80    0*262 968  75    0*268 972  70    0*
20390 10/16*251 957  85    0*258 964  85    0*265 970  85    0*271 974  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20395 10/17*273 976  65    0*279 980  50    0*286 982  30    0*292 969  25    0*
20395 10/17*277 976  50    0*283 977  40    0*288 978  30    0*292 977  25    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
20397 10/18*295 975  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*


20400 HRATX1                
20400 HRATX2                
        ****

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station 
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

October 7 to 10:  A strong wave moved through the Lesser Antilles and into
the Caribbean Sea, as indicated by wind shifts, pressure drops and rainfall
amounts.  Highest daily rainfall amount indicated was 1.82" for 24 hours
up to 12 UTC on the 8th in San Juan (HWM).  From the _St. Kitts Daily 
Express_, 8 October 1912, courtesy of Michael Chenoweth:  "Yesterday was a 
day of rain.  Copious showers fell all day and business in nearly all 
departments was at a standstill."  However, a closed circulation was not
evident, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or pressure
equivalents).
October 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 80W with pressure
at most 1005 mb.  However, observations do not completely support a closed 
circulation, though data near the southerly side of the system are lacking.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.6N, 80.7W.  Available
observations suggest a center between the HWM and HURDAT estimates.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 20N, 84W with pressure 
at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
20.1N, 84.5W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate a center at 
19.5N, 86.5W with 999 mb pressure (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that HWM is the most reasonable center.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 
23.5N, 82.5W at 09 UTC (COA), 999 mb pressure near 21N, 86W (MWR).  "A week 
later [October 12] it was off the eastern coast of Yucatan, with reported 
barometer readings of 29.50 inches [999 mb]" (MWR).
October 13:  HWM depicts a closed low near 21N, 87.5W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  A stationary front is depicted to the north of the system in
HWM, which could have been extended westward to just south of Brownsville,
Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 
88.2W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 20.5N, 89W and pressure 998 mb
(a.m.) and 23N, 89.5W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest a position
just north of HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 23.6N, 88.3W 
at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  1004 mb pressure at Merida at 12 UTC 
(HWM).  
October 14:  HWM depicts a closed low near 22.5N, 90W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 22.1N, 
91.0W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 24N, 91.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 94W 
(p.m.).  A dissipating stationary front is depicted in the HWM north of the 
system, though it appears that the temperature contrast was still quite 
strong and the front should have been extended to south of Brownsville, 
Texas.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 15:  HWM depicts a closed low near 24.5N, 94W with pressure at most
1000 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 23.8N, 
94.1W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 25N, 94W (a.m.) and 25N, 95W 
(p.m.) with 1008 mb pressure.  While no frontal boundary was depicted in 
HWM, there does appear to be a significant front just north of the 
storm.  However, while data are sparse near the storm's center, the system is 
likely to still be a tropical cyclone.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 16:  HWM depicts a closed low on the coast near the border of Texas
and Mexico near 26N, 97W with pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 96.8W (just offshore).  The MWR 
Tracks locate a center at just offshore at 26N, 97W (a.m.) with 996 mb
pressure and inland at 27.5N, 97.5W (p.m.).  The previously mentioned frontal
feature - still not depicted in HWM - is likely dissipating at this time,
though temperatures themselves are still quite cool.  Station highlight:  
48 kt wind and 996 mb pressure at Brownsville at "morning" (MWR).
"... at the morning observation of October 16, [Corpus Christi] reporting a 
barometer reading (reduced to sea level) of 29.86 inches [1011 mb] and 
[Brownsville] 29.40 inches [996 mb].  In the meantime a steady rain set in 
along the entire Texas coast and the weather continue squally, with high 
tides and approaching the mouth of the Rio Grande ...  On Wednesday, 
October 16, the storm moved inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville ... 
the steamship Nicaragua ... foundered on October 16 about 100 miles southeast 
of Corpus Christi.  The following is an extract from the report of this 
storm, made by Mr. Joseph L. Cline, local forecaster, in charge of the 
Weather Bureau office at Corpus Christi:  ... Northerly winds prevailed for 
several days at this station, shifting to the east on October 16.  the 
maximum wind velocity was 30 miles from the north on the 14th and 37 miles 
from the north on the 15th.  On the 16th storm velocities prevailed from 
12.03 a. m. to 8.18 a. m., with a maximum velocity of 51 miles from the 
north at 4.10 a. m., and from 6.32 p. m. to 7.46 p. m. 110th a maximum 
velocity of 40 miles from the southeast at 7.05 p. m.  The wind lulled and 
shifted to the southwest during the night of October 16-17.  Rain fell from 
4.57 a. m. to 7.14 p. m. of October 15, and from 7.52 p. m. of the 15th to 
5.33 p. m. of October 16.  the total amount was 3.99 inches of which 
3.33 inches fell in 22 hours and 50 minutes from 4.31 p. m. of the 15th.  
The barometric pressure remained above 30 inches [1016 mb] until the 
afternoon of October 15, when it commenced falling and continued to fall 
until the afternoon of the 16th, reaching the lowest, 29.75 inches [1007 mb]
about 5 p. m.  Moderately high tides were reported on the morning of 
October 16, doing several hundred dollars damage to property on Harbor 
Island and nearly $1,000 damage to the municipal wharf now under 
construction at this place.  Considerable damage was reported from Point 
Isabel near Brownsville, Tex.  No other damage was reported, except the 
sinking of the steamer Nicaragua in the Gulf of Mexico east of Padre 
Island, or southeast of Corpus Christi, on the morning of October 16.  
This boat sailed from Tampico, Mex., October 11 for Port Arthur, Tex., 
loaded with cotton and miscellaneous freight valued at $20,000.  It had 
length of 286 feet and a net tonnage of 310 tons and was owned by the Cia 
Consolidita de Maderas, of Tampico, Mex.  The crew consisted of 27 men.  
Capt. E. Eschevarra and 12 members of his crew were picked up in the Gulf of 
Mexico by members of the United States life-saving station at Port Aransas, 
Tex., on the afternoon of October 22.  They were in two lifeboats.  The 
captain believes that six of the crew were lost at the time the vessel 
foundered and that the others may still be drifting in lifeboats somewhere 
along the south Texas shore line.  (Sinking of Nicaragua taken from newspaper 
reports.) [End of Cline's report.]  Considerable damage was caused along the 
Texas coast between Rockport and Brownsville by wind and tide.  Padre and 
Brazos Islands were reported submerged for several hours and a number of 
buildings were washed away.  At Point Isabel, a fishing station about 
22 miles from Brownsville, the damage to buildings and fishing boats is 
estimated at $7,000.  At Brownsville several windmills were wrecked, trees 
were blown down, and poorly constructed buildings more or less damaged.  No 
loss of life was reported.  The total damage, however, is insignificant when 
compared with the benefits resulting from the heavy rains accompanying this 
storm.  About two-thirds of the entire area of Texas received a copious 
supply of moisture, the amounts ranging from 1 to over 5 inches, which not 
only relieved the droughty conditions existing in many localities, but also 
prepared the ground for fall plowing and sowing.  By far the greater portion 
of the moisture soaked into the ground as evidenced by an extremely small 
run-off.  The heaviest rainfall occurred at Brownsville, where the total 
amount from this storm measured 8.26 inches, and in a large number of 
localities northward as far as Corsicana the amounts ranged from 4 to 5 
inches ... the highest wind velocities reported were 55 miles an hour at 
Brownsville, Tex." (MWR).  "Oct 15 1912; Ft. Point (GLS) 1.8 ft; (Connor).
"1912; Oct. 15-16; Lower coast of Texas; Minimal damage; Damage $28,000 (Dunn 
and Miller).  "1912 October 16 Hurricane with winds of 100 mph struck central 
Padre Island [estimated, not observed] ... In Brownsville, the Herald 
complained that the tropical storm was not tropical enough.  They wrote 'On the
contrary it was a blue norther cold wet rain of the damp chilly variety so 
familiar to the people in the semi-arctic regions around San Antonio and 
Austin.' At Point Isabel, a number of buildings were wrecked and several boats 
were capsized.  The tide rose about six feet in less than four hours and the 
rain fell non-stop day and night.  The oldest inhabitant said he had never 
seen such a storm" (Ellis).  This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  
The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was 
Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  TXA1 [South Texas Coast], no 
central pressure given (Jarrell et al.).  
October 17:  HWM depicts a closed low inland 29.5N, 97.5W with pressure at 
most 1010 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 
28.6N, 98.2W (inland).  The MWR Tracks locate a center inland at 28N, 98W 
(a.m.) with 1010 mb pressure and at 30N, 96.5W (p.m.) with pressure 1009 mb.  
Station highlight:  35 kt SE wind at Corpus Christi at 0005 UTC (MWR).
"[The storm was] decreasing rapidly in energy and breaking up on October 17 
as an independent storm with general and heavy rains over the eastern 
two-thirds of Texas" (MWR).  
October 18-20:  HWM and available observations suggest that the system 
dissipated late on the 17th.  HURDAT did the same.  The MWR Tracks, however, 
continued to track a remnant center:  33.8N, 94.5W with 1008 mb pressure on 
18th a.m.; 32N, 88W with 1009 mb pressure at 18th p.m.; 31.2N, 85.5W with 
1012 mb pressure at 19th a.m.; 30N, 84.2W with 1011 mb pressure at 19th p.m.; 
27.7N, 84.7W (back over the Gulf) with 1011 mb pressure at 20th a.m.

Minor changes to the track from the 11th to the 13th and the 16th and 17th 
are primarily based upon HWM and COA data.  Track extended until 00 UTC on
the 18th to match available data and for a more realistic (slower) 
translational velocity at the last point in HURDAT.  Intensity is reduced
from the 11th to the 13th based on data that indicates that the system
did not reach hurricane strength until the getting back over the Gulf of
Mexico.  Winds also reduced on the 13th and 14th after landfall in the Yucatan 
of Mexico, which was not accounted for in the original HURDAT.  No direct
measures of hurricane force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed
for this system.  The peak observations were 48 kt of wind and 996 mb
pressure measured in Brownsville, Texas.  (The 996 mb peripheral pressure
measurement suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.)  However, the 6' storm tide and inundation
at Padre and Brazos Islands suggests landfall of a low-end Category 2
hurricane (~85 kt) in southern coastal Texas around 1800 UTC on the 16th.  
This is an increase from the Category 1 assessment at landfall by Jarrell 
et al. and Neumann et al., but is the same as the 85 kt shown originally in 
HURDAT.  A issue arose as to whether this system was or evolved into an 
extratropical storm at any point.  Evidence is clear until the 14th that
it was definitely a tropical cyclone.  However, the data is ambiguous on
the 15th and 16th.  It was decided to retain the system as a tropical cyclone
on these dates in part because of the rise in temperature at Brownsville by 
8F (56F to 64F) from 12 UTC 15th to 12 UTC 16th, even though the winds 
remained out of the northwest.  This suggested that both the temperature 
contrast of the existed frontal feature was decaying in addition to the
arrival of a warm core system.  Thus the system is retained as a tropical 
cyclone throughout its lifetime.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
inland decay model, this suggests winds of 58, 44, and 35 kt for the 00, 06, 
and 12 UTC on the 17th.  Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of
these synoptic times were 35 kt, 32 kt, and 20 kt, respectively.  It
appears that this system filled faster than what the model would suggest, 
though the data coverage was (as usual) somewhat sparse near the system's 
center.  Winds are chosen to be 50, 40, and 30 kt, respectively.  Peak 
observed storm tide was 6' at Point Isabel (Ellis).

1912/06 - 2011 REVISION:

20540 10/11/1912 M= 8  6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
20545 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*185 807  35    0*189 815  35    0*
20550 10/12*193 823  40    0*197 831  45    0*201 840  50    0*205 850  55    0*
20555 10/13*209 861  60    0*212 872  50    0*215 882  45    0*217 890  50    0*
20560 10/14*218 897  55    0*219 903  60    0*221 910  65    0*224 918  70    0*
20565 10/15*228 926  75    0*232 933  80    0*238 941  85    0*244 949  85    0*
20570 10/16*251 957  85    0*258 964  85    0*265 970  85    0*271 974  85    0*
20575 10/17*277 976  50    0*283 977  40    0*288 978  30    0*292 977  25    0*
20580 10/18*295 975  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20585 HRATX2                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-10/16/1912   1750Z 27.1N  97.4W   85kt  2    ----  (973mb)   ATX2
6-10/16/1912   1750Z 27.1N  97.4W   85kt  2    ----  (970mb)   ATX2
                                                      ***

The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as an 85 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 973 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 970 mb - 
for an 85 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

*******************************************************************************


1912/07 - 2005 REVISION:

20405 11/11/1912 M=15  6 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20405 11/11/1912 M=11  7 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                   **  *       ***

20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 790  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 797  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
                                 ***  

20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  35    0*126 806  35    0*
20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  40    0*126 806  45    0*
                                                       **               **

20420 11/13*128 805  35    0*130 804  35    0*131 803  35    0*132 802  35    0*
20420 11/13*128 805  50    0*130 804  55    0*131 803  60    0*132 802  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20425 11/14*132 801  35    0*132 801  40    0*133 800  40    0*135 799  45    0*
20425 11/14*132 801  70    0*132 801  70    0*133 800  70    0*134 799  70    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      **

20430 11/15*138 798  50    0*141 797  60    0*144 796  65    0*148 796  70    0*
20430 11/15*135 798  70    0*137 797  70    0*140 796  70    0*145 796  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20435 11/16*152 798  80    0*157 799  85    0*160 800  95    0*168 800 100    0*
20435 11/16*150 798  80    0*155 799  85    0*160 800  90    0*163 800  95    0*
            ***              ***                       **              ***

20440 11/17*165 798 105    0*168 797 115    0*170 795 120    0*173 792 125    0*
20440 11/17*165 798 100    0*168 797 100    0*171 795 100    0*174 792 100    0*
                    ***              ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

20445 11/18*176 787 130    0*178 784 130    0*181 782 130    0*188 777 130    0*
20445 11/18*177 789 100    0*180 786 100    0*183 784 100  965*184 781  85    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

20450 11/19*191 780 125    0*187 787 125    0*184 793 120    0*183 797 115    0*
20450 11/19*185 775  80    0*187 765  75    0*190 757  70    0*189 760  65    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

20455 11/20*182 800 110    0*180 804 105    0*179 808 100    0*181 811  95    0*
20455 11/20*187 767  60    0*185 780  55    0*183 793  50    0*182 803  45    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

20460 11/21*185 812  85    0*192 810  85    0*200 805  75    0*209 796  75    0*
20460 11/21*181 810  40    0*180 815  35    0*180 820  30    0*180 825  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20465 11/22*219 785  70    0*233 773  70    0*252 762  70    0*275 751  65    0*
20470 11/23*299 744  65    0*323 738  65    0*346 729  65    0*369 714  65    0*
20475 11/24*391 690  65    0E413 658  60    0E435 620  60    0E455 575  55    0*
20480 11/25E473 518  55    0E489 451  50    0E504 375  45    0E520 300  45    0*

20485 HR                    

Major changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Hall (1913), Mitchell (1924), Tannehill (1956), Perez (2000), and
and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal 
Resena Meteorologica.

November 6-9:  HWM observations show lowered pressures (by up to 4 mb) 
occurred throughout the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th, but without 
a closed circulation.  Despite this, HWM analyzed a closed center near 
14N, 67W on the 7th; 15N, 70W on the 8th; and 14N, 68W on the 9th.  
A severe squall impacted Trinidad on the 9th (see details extracted from 
the _Trinidad Mirror_, provided by Mike Chenoweth).  It was investigated
to see whether either the HWM closed circulation and/or the squall in
Trinidad had any direct association with storm #7.  However, surface 
observations from HWM, COADS and newspaper accounts show no closed 
circulation existed from the 6th through the 9th, though the data is sparse
away from the Lesser Antilles.  While the wave that went through the
Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th may have been associated with the
tropical disturbance that later formed into a tropical storm on the 11th,
it appears unlikely that the squall that impacted Trinidad on the 9th had
any direct association with the subsequent tropical cyclone.
"There was a severe depression of the barometer here Wednesday night [6th] 
but happily nothing came of this warning.  We have been getting some heavy 
showers of rain since Sunday." (_Dominica Guardian_, Friday, Nov. 8, 1912 - 
provided by Mike Chenoweth).  The Grenada Chronicle and Gazette newspaper 
mentions nothing of the system (provided by Mike Chenoweth).  _Trinidad 
Mirror_, Monday, 11 November 1912 "HEAVY SQUALL IN THE GULF! MANY 
VESSELS DAMAGED, SEVERAL SUNK, No Human Casualties
      An old mariner told one of our representatives on Saturday that in 
 all his local experience in the Gulf, which extended over more than thirty 
 years, he had never known of such a sharp squall as that which occurred at 
 about 5 a.m. on Saturday morning. For the past week there were many 
 indications of bad weather; vivid sheet lightning, slight winds, and some 
 rains alternated, in the meantime the barometer sinking continuously. Among 
 local shipowners and others who had business with the sea this occasioned 
 at first some serious apprehension and efforts were made to put every thing 
 in ship shape, ready for any eventuality. Since last week, as already 
 stated, the barometer was exceedingly low and on Thursday last we were 
 informed that it was seen at its lowest (locally) for the past ten years. 
 Nothing untoward having occurred, however, apprehension was cast aside and 
 people were lulled into a sense of security and began to pursue their 
 wonted course. Friday night was rather gloomy and there were sharp flashes 
 of distant lightning from a very early hour on Saturday morning. Then at 
 about 5 o'clock, the lightning increased and the south-west wind began to 
 rise. The latter increased in violence as a slight rain began falling and 
 the sea began to rise. It rose in mountainous, huge, towering billows, 
 thundering against the wharves and jetties, sending up masses of water 
 topped with wavy plumes of angry spray and banging and bashing and 
 battering all the craft moored alongside, soon making driftwood of many of 
 them.The tug Edith of the Trinidad Shipping and Trading Company, which was 
 moored against the St. Vincent Street Jetty, seeing the great danger and 
 the damage that was occurring, kept up a shrill wailing with her siren in 
 order to arouse mariners and apprise them of the state of affairs. People 
 hearing the whistles all over the town, seeing the lightning and rain and 
 feeling the wind, began to get rather uncomfortable, and made up their 
 minds to experience a bad time of it, but nothing worse occurred. Several 
 boat and lighter owners, of course, hastened to the wharves to see what was 
 up, while several others did not make any stir owing to the fact that 
 November is not considered a hurricane month. It must be borne in mind that 
 though we in Trinidad have been visited with no marine misfortunes of any 
 appreciable magnitude within the last 50 years or so, still it is the 
 custom, as is the case also all over the West Indies, to look our for bad 
 weather from about 25 June to October 25, and we are told that in some of 
 the Northern Islands at the latter date, the people unite in public 
 thanksgiving for having passed that trying time of the year without any 
 mishaps. November 8, therefore was not thought to be a likely date for bad 
 weather and as a consequence lighters were heedlessly moored alongside the 
 wharves, barges were anchored near to lighters and boats and particularly 
 none but the most elementary precautions were observed as the lightermen 
 and others, left the boats on Friday night. As a result when the winds blew 
 and the seas rose, a scene which almost beggars description was witnessed 
 by those who were either on the wharves or in the snug security of the 
 coastal and other steamers and vessels near by or out at their moorings a 
 safe distance away. Boats, barges, and lighters dragged at their anchors 
 and strained at their moorings. They banged and cannoned against each 
 other, creating a fearful din and doing great damage. Spars were broken and 
 fell overboard, bowsprits snapped off, while others served as rams which 
 stove in their neighbors, making big holes into which the fierce seething 
 waves impetuously flowed, soon filling and finally engulfing the vessels....
 ....We know as a fact that a boat belonging to Messrs. J. T. Hamlyn & Sons, 
 which for many years has been used in going off to the lighters at their 
 moorings in rough weather, capsized with five men aboard, some of whom had 
 a very narrow escape from a watery grave. Another boat carrying four oars 
 with seven men aboard was then sent out to assist in rescuing the people, 
 but this one also got swamped. The squall began to subside about 9:30 a.m. 
 .... The weather moderated about 11 a.m. and at about mid-day the gulf had 
 practically assumed its normal condition."
 [large list of losses and other details of damages done are omitted]
The same day's paper on another page carried news from San Fernando, Trinidad.
"HEAVY WEATHER IN THE GULF FLATS DAMAGED AND SUNK, GALLANT RESCUE WORK BY 
 SERGEANT RILEY AND HIS MEN.  NO LIVES LOST.  DAMAGE TO FLATS AND GOODS 
 ESTIMATED AT $6,000.
      San Fernando woke on Saturday morning to find that much damage had 
 been done in the Gulf by heavy winds....
 THE SQUALL
     At about 5:30 a.m. on Saturday the sea was calm as usual though the 
 sky was a bit cloudy and the air worst [sic]. But about ten minutes or so 
 after a strong southwesterly wind began blowing and conditions were 
 immediately upset. A squall set in. Boats and lighters were tossed about 
 vigorously, the launch Guapo was constantly beating against the jetty...The 
 sea was rough and rowing difficult and dangerous, for as the boat attempted 
 to go forward it seemed that the angry waves would upset her. [were able to 
 save men on flat going down] On the way back they saw two fisherman in the 
 water clinging on their capsized boats. These men were also taken in and 
 brought to shore." [Other accounts of damages follow].
The Trinidad Mirror, Tuesday, November 12, 1912
"The squall which wrought such havoc to the gulf on Saturday morning was not 
 confined to Trinidad solely as the Dutch mail steamer Prins der 
 Nederlandern, which arrived here yesterday morning coming from Curacao via 
 Venezuelan posts reports that La Guayra was left on Friday evening about 
 half three o'clock and there was a heavy swell along the coast until about 
 midnight when it began to blow a gale which lasted about four hours. 
 Evidently the squall which struck this steamer is the same one which struck 
 the gulf about five o'clock, the duration being about the same length of 
 time, as matters began to quiet down in the gulf four hours after the start."
 [Further damage reports follow concerning the storm at Port of Spain on 
 Saturday, and clean-up efforts]
(The above extracts from Trinidad papers provided by Mike Chenoweth.)
November 10:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 71.5W with pressure
at most 1010 mb.  However, observations do not support a closed circulation, 
though data near the southerly, westerly and easterly sides of the system 
are lacking.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
November 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 75.5W with 
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 11.4N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The first was a tropical disturbance of 
which the first reported indications were violent thunderstorms on the 
11th over the island of Jamaica.  During the 11th and 12th radiograms 
from vessels in the Caribbean Sea east of Nicaragua showed falling 
pressure" (MWR).
November 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
12.4N, 80.7W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 13:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 79W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is 
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.1N, 80.3W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  Ship highlight:  992 mb at 13N, 80W
(MWR). "On the 13th, through the aid of vessel radiograms, a definite 
center of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of the 
Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 inches" (MWR).
November 14:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
12 UTC at 13.3N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position 
is likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 15:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 14.4N, 79.6W.  Observations suggest that the center is
likely somewhat south of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.  "The hurricane began over the 
island [Jamaica] on the 15th and continued for several days" (MWR).  
November 16:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 80.0W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE at 12 UTC at
19.1N, 81.7W (HWM).  Station highlights:  48 kt SE and 1004 mb at 19 UTC 
at Woodlawn, Jamaica (HALL) ; 26 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at Negril 
Point, Jamaica (HALL).
November 17:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 77W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 79.5W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  40 kt ENE at 12 UTC at
21.7N, 77.2W (HWM).  Station highlight:  52 kt SE and 995 mb at 18 UTC
at Negril Point (HALL).
November 18:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 18.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.1N, 78.2W.  The position based on observations appears
to be just north and west of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:
70 kt ENE and 980 mb at 03 UTC at 18.2N, 78.5W (HALL).  Station
highlight:  105 kt NE and 979 mb at 0703 UTC, calm and 965 mb at 
11 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL).   "The pressure fell steadily 
until 6 a. m. of the 18th, at which hour the barometer at Negril Point 
read 28.487 inches, while at Kingston at the same time the reading was 
about 1 inch higher.  Vessels in the path of the storm reported wind 
velocities of more than 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point, the 
anemometer recorded  a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the northeast 
at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cups were wrenched off, with 
the wind still increasing.  The barometer at that time read 28.90 inches, 
and for 12 hours previously the wind had been blowing between 60 and 80 
miles an hour from the southeast.  By 10 a. m. the wind had shifted to 
northwest, but was still blowing with hurricane force with a barometer 
reading of 28.78 inches.  From 7 a. m. of the 17th to 2 a. m. of the 18th 
the average wind velocity was 66 miles an hour, while the rainfall for the 
24 hours ending at 7 a. m. of the 18th was 12.79 inches.  There had also 
been 3.34 inches during the previous 24 hours" (MWR).  "Great damage was 
wrought in Jamaica.  Several towns were practically wiped out by winds and 
tidal waves, and the loss of approximately 100 lives was reported.  At the 
town of Savannah La Mar, on the south coast of the island, the tidal wave 
was the highest in a century" (MWR). "The following account of the 
hurricane by Rev. J. J. Williams, S. J., of Black River, Jamaica (about
40 miles southeast of Negril Point Lighthouse), is take from "America,"
December 21, 1912:
    It was the night of Sunday, the 17th, however, that the real storm
 commenced.  The southeasterly wind, increasing in violence at every puff,
 until its velocity exceeded 150 mile per hour [estimated], was 
 accompanied by a torrential downpour, such as passes description.  During
 the course of Monday morning the rains stopped for a time, while the wind
 continued with unabated fury until the middle of the day, when it 
 suddenly sank to rest, without any noticeable change of direction.  
    Then succeeded a breathless calm for a few hours, that seemed to 
 indicate that the very vortex of the storm was passing over us.  The lull
 lasted for about three hours.  The unnatural stillness, marred only by an
 occasional drizzle, was itself portentous of approaching trouble.  As there
 had been no change of the wind, the knowing ones prepared for the worst.
 Suddenly the low-scudding clouds swept in from the north, and a perfect
 deluge of rain again swept the land.  The wind did not immediate resume its
 former fury; that was to come later.  For the time being it moaned 
 dismally.
    Toward the hour of sunset the sky took on a most terrible aspect.  No one
 recalls having ever seen anything of its kind before.  The heavy yellow fog
 that mystified the world subsequent to the eruption of Krakatoa some 30
 years ago was nothing in comparison.  It was like the judgment day.  The
 rain was coming in fitful gusts, when suddenly we seemed to be standing in
 the midst of a blazing furnace.  Around the entire horizon was a ring of
 blood-red fire, shading away to a brilliant amber at the zenith.  The sky,
 in fact, formed one great fiery dome of reddish light that shone through the
 descending rain ... The burst forth the hurricane afresh, and for two hours
 or more (I have lost track of the hours that night) it raged and tore
 asunder what little had passed unscathed through the previous blow.
    In some places, as Savanna la Mar, the ocean swept in and carried away
 the very debris.  In other places, as Montego Bay, the inrushing torrents
 sweeping down the gullies leaped their banks and without a moment's
 warning bore out to sea row after row of houses.  Despite the heroic
 efforts at rescue, many were the unfortunates who found a water grave.
    All along the coast vessels were wrecked upon the reefs or foundered in
 the open sea.  At Montego Bay along 14 sailing craft were lost, while at
 Savanna la Mar more than one hulk was left high and dry in the public
 market.  
    Meanwhile, inland the wind was playing havoc everywhere wiping out whole
 plantations of bananas, obliterating files of sugar cane, laying low the
 cocoanut groves, scattering like chaff the hovels of the poor, reducing to
 shapeless masses of ruins the better class of dwellings, and sparing 
 nothing it its fury.
    Practically one-third of the entire island was thus laid waste ... The
 total loss on the island is estimated at 200 lives, with the destruction of
 property valued at $1,000,000" (Mitchell).
November 19:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 79W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.4N, 79.3W.  Mitchell (1924) indicated a center near 
18.5N, 77W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 19.5N, 76W.  Observations 
available suggest a more eastward and northward position than that in 
HURDAT, not as far as that by Perez, but close to Mitchell's estimate.  Ship 
highlights: 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 0330 UTC at 18.4N, 76.9W (HALL); 
NE-NW winds and 1000 mb at 06 UTC at 20.0N, 75.8W at Santiago de Cuba (Cuba).
"The storm apparently recurved after reaching Jamaica" (MWR). "The storm 
rapidly decreased in intensity and filled up between the island of Jamaica
and the Windward Passage" (Mitchell).  "The damages in all of the province
of Oriente are not much considering, although trees were uprooted and
roofs of buildings damaged, telegraph communications were interrupted, 
banana plantations were knocked over and other impacts of moderate importance 
occurred" (Cuba).
November 20:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 80W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.9N, 80.8W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 20.5N,
74.0W.  Observations available indicate a center east of the HURDAT
position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"After leaving Jamaica the intensity of the storm decreased and on the 
morning of the 20th, a vessel radiogram from the Windward Passage showed a 
barometer reading of 29.84 inches with a moderately strong northeast wind"
(MWR).  "The storm lost intensity rapidly after passing Jamaica and was 
not traced beyond extreme eastern Cuba" (Tannehill).  Perez (2000)
indicated a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba from this system.
November 21:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 19N, 81.5W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 20.0N, 80.5.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 24N, 73.5W.
Available observations suggest a weakened and disorganized center to the 
south and west of the position in HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
November 22:  HWM depicts a closed low centered at 25.5N, 76W with pressure
of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.2N, 76.2W.  Perez (2000) suggest a center near 29N, 73W.
MWR Map of Lows indicates a center at 22.5N, 78W with 1013 mb pressure
(a.m.) and 27.7N, 77.7W with 1014 mb pressure (p.m.).  Observations 
do not indicate a closed circulation near any of the possible positions.  
A cold front can be analyzed as extending from a developing extratropical 
low at 28.5N, 79.5W, southward to near Miami and then over western Cuba.  
Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 75.7W (HWM).  "The storm 
apparently continued northward a short distance to the westward of Turks 
Island" (MWR).
November 23:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 34.5N, 73W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 34.6N, 72.9W.  The MWR Map of Lows analyzed the center at
31.5N, 73.5W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and 35N, 73W with 1004 mb
pressure (p.m.).  A cold front can be analyzed from the observations 
extending from the low southwestward as well as a warm front going 
east-northeastward from the low.  Ship highlight: 50 kt NW at 01 UTC at 
30.5N, 78.5W (COA).  "It was next noted on the morning of the 23rd about 
300 miles east of Charleston, S. C." (MWR).  
November 24:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 42N, 63W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 43.5N, 62.0W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Map of Lows indicated a center
at 39.8N, 75.5W and 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and 42N, 73.5W and 996 mb
pressure (p.m.).   Ship highlight:  50 kt S and 998 mb at 04 UTC at 
38.5N, 64.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 42.1N, 62.0W (HWM).
"It then continued due northward with slowly increasing energy" (MWR).
November 25:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 51N, 36W with
pressure of at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 50.4N, 37.5W.  MWR Map of Lows indicated a center near 45N, 73W
with pressure 993 mb (a.m.) and 46N, 67W with pressure 998 mb (p.m.).  
Ship highlight:  35 kt W at 12 UTC at 47.9N, 40.0W (HWM).  "By the morning 
of the 25th had reached northern New York.  After this time it moved 
northeastward and was last noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the 
26th" (MWR).  [Note:  apparently the analysis in the Monthly Weather Review
on the 24th to the 26th was following a secondary, extratropical low
pressure system, which was not utilized in HWM or HURDAT.] 

The track is adjusted on the 11th to provide a realistic initial motion.
Small additional modifications were made on the 15th through the 18th
based upon available observations.  A larger change to the track of this
hurricane was made on the 19th, which now takes the system over the 
northern half of the island based upon observations in Hall (1913).
The positions of the system were similar to HURDAT on the 20th, as
the storm turned back to the west after reaching the ocean off of Jamaica.
For the 21st to the 26th, there are a variety of opinions as to what
happened to this system:  1) MWR suggested it went northward across
Cuba and the Bahamas and made landfall in New York on the 23rd before
decaying over Nova Scotia on the 26th;  2) HWM and HURDAT suggested it went 
northward across Cuba and the Bahamas, but then turned to the northeast at 
the latitude of the Carolinas, became extratropical, clipped Newfoundland
on the 24th and decayed over the far north Atlantic on the 25th;  3) Perez 
suggested it went northeastward passing between Cuba and Hispanola, then 
northward to the latitude of the Carolinas, then following the HWM/HURDAT 
scenario; and, finally, 4) Tannehill and Mitchell suggested that it 
decayed near extreme eastern Cuba.  The MWR and HWM/HURDAT tracks are 
not correct, as observations from Cuba (Perez 2000) indicate that no 
tropical storm or hurricane made landfall in central Cuba, though the
system did cause a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba.  However, available 
ship and coastal observations indicate that the Perez track cannot be 
correct either with a track through the Windward Passage.  The Tannehill/
Mitchell scenario appears closest to being accurate, though available
observations indicate that the system dissipated instead on the 21st 
in the western Caribbean.  The system tracked in HWM and HURDAT from
the 22nd until the 25th was a separate, extratropical storm that underwent
cyclogenesis on the morning of 22nd near 28.5N, 79.5W along a well
defined frontal zone.  (It is to be noted that on the 22nd the HWM had 
the baroclinic low well to the southeast of its actual position.)  Thus 
the dates of the 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.  The 
intensity of the system was boosted substantially on the 12th to the 
15th, based upon MWR reports of ship observations of pressures around 
992 mb.  992 mb peripheral pressure on the 13th suggests winds of at 
least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen 
at 18 UTC on the 13th.  Thus it is estimated that the system became a 
hurricane late on the 13th, rather than the 15th as originally shown 
in HURDAT.  The intensity at landfall in Jamaica on the 18th can be 
ascertained from a central pressure reading in Negril Point of 965 mb
at 11 UTC.  This suggest winds of 95 kt from the southerly pressure-wind
relationship.  Winds of 105 kt were also recorded at this station, which
reduces to 84 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrumentation
of the time (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to a peak 1 min
observation (Powell et al. 1996). Detailed hourly measurement of the
winds at Negril Point allows for an estimate of a 10 nmi RMW, which is
smaller than that expected by climatology (14 nmi) for this latitude and
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus an increase over the winds
suggested by the pressure-wind relationship to 100 kt (Category 3) is 
selected for winds at landfall in Jamaica, as well as the peak intensity of 
the storm.  (No other observations exceeded 70 kt wind or less than 983 mb 
pressure for the lifetime of the system.)  Winds are thus reduced 
significantly from the 17th to the 19th.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb
and winds shifting from NE-NW on the 19th from a ship at Santiago de Cuba 
indicates a close pass just south of Cuba.  This is consistent with the
moderate impact in southeast Cuba and assessment of Category 1 conditions
by Perez (2000).  Observations indicate that the system weakened to tropical 
storm intensity on the 20th, decreased to a tropical depression on the 21st, 
and dissipated by early on the 22nd.  The impact and severity of this 
hurricane, while not being as intense as originally suggested, was probably 
enhanced by the extreme, prolonged rainfall on the island beginning on 
the 11th up through the time of landfall of the hurricane as well as 
the lengthy duration that hurricane force winds were felt at Jamaica 
during landfall.

******************s************************************************************

1912 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
in the open Atlantic near 29N, 40W on 4 April 1912 from an existing 
extratropical storm.  The system moved toward the southwest for two days and 
was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone on the 
6th.  Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 4th 
(HWM).  Lowest pressures observed were 1015 on the 4th (HWM).  With only one 
observed gale and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this a tropical storm.  Thus this system is considered a tropical 
depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and will not be added to 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr 03   37N  39W     Extratropical      
Apr 04   29N  40W     Tropical Depression
Apr 05   26N  43W     Tropical Depression (Dissipating)
Apr 06   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate a baroclinic low leaving 
the northeastern US to September 20 with winds of about 35 kt.  It gains 
intensity on the 21st by having a fall in central pressure to near 1010 mb.  
On the 22nd, pressures fall to 1005 mb and gale force winds up to 40 kt are 
observed.  On the 23rd, the storm changes little in intensity, but the
frontal features are beginning to dissipate.  On the 24th, the system 
weakens, but starts to gain tropical characteristics.  On the 25th, winds 
reach 30 kt with a central pressure of 1006 mb.  On the 26th, it has winds 
of 30 kt with a central pressure of not more than 1002 mb, indicating the 
possibility of a tropical storm.  However, since there were no gale force 
wind reports and since the system is very broad, it is uncertain whether it
had obtained tropical storm intensity.  On the 27th, it loses tropical 
characteristics and weakens.  On the 28th, it has evolved into an 
extratropical system and has the strongest winds far from the center.  This 
system raced across the north Atlantic with pressures below 1000 mb.  On 
October 1st, its forward momentum slows and pressures reach 985 mb.  
Weakening occurs on the 2nd and 3rd with pressures returning to over 
1000 mb.  On the 4th, the remnants move over Italy and by the 5th the 
system has dissipated.  Thus this system was not included into HURDAT 
because of the lack of confirmation of tropical storm intensity on the
days that it appeared to have tropical cyclone characteristics (24-26).


DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 20 42N  66W     Extratropical
Sep. 21 39N  62W     Extratropical
Sep. 22 42N  58W     Extratropical
Sep. 23 41N  54W     Extratropical
Sep. 24 36N  52W     Extratropical or Tropical Depression
Sep. 25 35N  52W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 26 37N  54W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 27 42N  53W     Extratropical
Sep. 28 48N  48W     Extratropical
Sep. 29 47N  30W     Extratropical
Sep. 30 48N  22W     Extratropical
Oct. 1  49N  13W     Extratropical
Oct. 2  47N   7W     Extratropical
Oct. 3  45N   3E     Extratropical
Oct. 4  43N  12E     Extratropical Dissipating

3)  The Connor (1956) reference has a map of a tropical storm for 21-25 Sep.
1912, which began in the Gulf of Mexico south of Texas, made landfall in
Northwest Florida on the 23rd and reached the ocean late on the 24th off of
North Carolina.  This system was also briefly mentioned in the Monthly
Weather Review (page 1305) and it was included in its Map of Low Pressure
Tracks.  It is noted that the estimated central pressures listed in the
MWR Tracks peaks over water, then weakens over land - which is characteristic
of a tropical cyclone.  One gale force wind report was noted (Jacksonville 
on the 24th).  However, after inspection of the Historical Weather Maps, the 
system is clearly extratropical in structure throughout its lifetime and thus
will not be added to the HURDAT database.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 21  25N  95W     Extratropical
Sep. 22  29N  91W     Extratropical
Sep. 23  29N  87W     Extratropical
Sep. 24  36N  74W     Extratropical
Sep. 25  ---  ---     Extratropical Dissipating

4)  Historical Weather Maps indicate that a low pressure area formed 
on the 17th of October southeast of Bermuda, moved generally 
northwestward until the 20th, recurved and moved toward the northeast 
from the 21st until the 24th, and dissipated on the 25th southeast of 
Cape Race.  Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that it was a 
tropical depression from the 17th until the 20th, then became 
extratropical as a cold front moved from the northwest and overtook 
the storm on the 21st.  Peak intensity during its tropical depression 
stage was 25-30 kt, though there was a single, isolated 35 kt NNW ship 
report (COA) at 12 UTC on the 20th at 35.0N, 62.0W.  Without 
corroborating additional evidence for tropical storm intensity, this 
system is not added to HURDAT but is listed here as a possible
tropical storm.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 17  29N  54W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 18  26N  52W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 19  30N  55W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 20  34N  59W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 21  38N  53W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 22  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 23  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 24  41N  48W     Extratropical Storm

5)  Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed extratropical low west of 
Spain on November 4th, 1912.  A pressure of 1005 is observed and maximum 
winds were 30 kt.  There was little change on Nov. 5th with a pressure of 
1003 mb.  On November 7th, it obtained some tropical characteristics with 
winds of about 20 kt and it moved slowly to the south.  On the 8th, winds 
near the center were unknown and minimum pressure was likely below 1009 mb.  
On the 9th, central pressure increased to near 1014 mb with maximum winds 
of 20 kt.  Winds increase on the 10th to 25 kt and the depression moved 
west on November 8-10.  On the 11th, it turned NE and was absorbed into a 
frontal boundary.  There was no evidence of gale force winds for this 
system, thus it was not added as an additional system into HURDAT.

DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 4  37N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 5  34N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 6  32N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 7  30N  25W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 8  29N  26W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 9  30N  39W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 10 30N  46W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 11 32N  42W     Tropical Depression Being Absorbed by Front

*****************************************************************************


1913/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20460 06/22/1913 M= 7  1 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20460 06/21/1913 M= 9  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *          ***

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20462 06/21*  0   0   0    0*110 800  30    0*110 805  30    0*111 806  30    0*

20465 06/22*  0   0   0    0*110 800  60    0*118 810  65    0*124 818  70    0*
20465 06/22*112 807  30    0*113 808  35    0*115 810  40    0*121 813  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

20470 06/23*131 825  70    0*138 832  70    0*145 837  70    0*153 841  70    0*
20470 06/23*127 816  45    0*134 820  45    0*140 825  45    0*146 830  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20475 06/24*161 845  75    0*170 850  75    0*178 854  80    0*185 860  80    0*
20475 06/24*152 835  35    0*158 840  35    0*165 845  40    0*175 850  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 06/25*191 865  85    0*197 869  85    0*203 874  85    0*212 878  85    0*
20480 06/25*185 855  50    0*195 860  50    0*205 865  50    0*214 871  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 06/26*222 881  85    0*232 884  85    0*240 892  85    0*245 902  85    0*
20485 06/26*223 878  40    0*232 885  45    0*240 892  50    0*245 902  55    0*
            *** ***  **               **               **               **

20490 06/27*249 917  80    0*252 933  80    0*257 947  75    0*263 959  70    0*
20490 06/27*249 917  60    0*252 933  65    0*257 947  65    0*263 959  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20495 06/28*270 972  65 1004*277 984  55    0*285 995  35    0*3001008  20    0*
20495 06/28*270 972  65     *277 984  45    0*285 995  35    0*2931003  30    0*
                        ****          **                       *******  **

(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
20497 06/29*3001008  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20500 HRATX1                

Minor changes are made to the track and major changes to the intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and 
Jarrell et al. (1992). 

June 21:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11N, 80.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
June 22:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11.5N, 81W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
11.8N, 81.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 23:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
14.0N, 82.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
14.5N, 83.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 24:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not show a closed circulation,
though data to the south of the possible center are sparse.  If a center
exists, it is likely near 16.5N, 84.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.8N, 85.4W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "On the morning of the 24th vessel reports
indicated the presence of a disturbance in the extreme western Caribbean
Sea" (MWR).
June 25:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20.5N, 85.5W,
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 87.4W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely between the HWM and HURDAT
positions.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 26:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 25.5N, 90.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 24.0N, 89.2W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"During the following 48 hours the disturbance moved north-northwest to
about latitude 25, and longitude 89" (MWR).
June 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 24.5N, 96W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 94.7W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 28:  Observations indicate a closed low over land near the Texas-
Mexico border at 28.5N, 99.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 28.5N, 99.5W.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE at 08 UTC at
Corpus Christi (OMR); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at Brownsville (OMR). 
"It thence moved about northwest until the evening of the 27th when it was
off the mouth of the Rio Grande with pressure at Brownsville, Tex., 29.62
inches.  By morning of the 28th, it had passed inland over the Texas coast
between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, a maximum wind velocity of 52 [50] 
miles from the southeast being reported on that morning at Corpus Christi. ...
The storm apparently broke up over the upper Nueces watershed after giving
copious rains in that section.  The center of heaviest precipitation was at
Montell, Uvalde County, where from 2.30 p. m. June 28 to 9 a. m. June 29
the fall amounted to 20.60 inches ... Uvalde, in the same county, and less
than 30 miles southeast of Montell, reported a rainfall of 8.50 inches
from 1 p. m. June 28 to 6 a. m. June 29.  These rains caused considerable
damage in that section, flooding the lowlands, washing away houses and stock,
and interrupting traffic and communication by telegraph and telephone for
several days.  One person was drowned in the vicinity of Montell" (MWR).
"June 27.  Lower Texas Coast.  Minor.  Torrential rains" (Dunn and Miller).
"Tide information - 1.4' Ft. Point, Galveston" (Connor).  "1913 Jun TX,
1S [southern coast of Texas]" (Jarrell et al.).  "Hurricane made landfall
on Central Padre Island near Big Shell with 100 mph winds [~85 kt] ... Storm 
surge peaked at 12.7' in Galveston" (Ellis).  [These storm surge and wind
wind values are erroneous as can be shown from the Weather Bureau Galveston 
station Original Monthly Records:  "27th - The tide was about 1.5 feet above
normal most of the day...Maximum velocity 39 mph [34 kt]".  This U.S. 
landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  
June 29:  System appears to have dissipated over south central Texas from
HWM observations by 12 UTC, but may still have been a tropical cyclone
at 00 UTC.

Genesis for this hurricane is begun a day earlier in the southwestern
Caribbean on the 21st, based upon available observations.  Minor alterations
to the track are made on the 22nd to the 26th due to ship and coastal
data.  Track extended to 00 UTC on the 29th based upon observations 
indicating its existence through early on the 29th as well as for a more 
realistic translational velocity.  Intensity reduced dramatically from the 
22nd to the 25th as observations indicate that it did not reach hurricane 
intensity until reaching the Gulf of Mexico.  No observations of hurricane 
force winds or equivalent in central pressure were ever measured for this 
system.  (Highest observed winds were 43 kt and lowest observed pressure
was 1003 mb.)  However, due to landfall in a relatively sparsely monitored
part of Texas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, it is quite possible
that the system did obtain minimal hurricane force intensity and made
landfall in Texas as a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane around 0100 UTC at 
27.1N, 97.4W.  (The 1004 mb pressure in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 28th is a
peripheral pressure and is thus removed from HURDAT.)  Utilizing the Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 44, 34, and 
28 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC on the 28th.  Peak observed winds after 
landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 43, 41, and 28 kt, 
respectively.  These adjust to 37, 35 and 24 kt after accounting for the 
high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute 
wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Thus winds are 
reduced from 55 to 45 kt at 06 UTC, kept at 35 at 12 UTC, and increased 
from 20 to 30 kt at 18 UTC.  Peak storm tide observed was 1.4' at Ft.
Point, Galveston (Connor).

1913/01 - 2011 REVISION:

20655 06/21/1913 M= 9  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
20660 06/21*  0   0   0    0*110 800  30    0*110 805  30    0*111 806  30    0*
20665 06/22*112 807  30    0*113 808  30    0*115 810  40    0*121 813  45    0*
20670 06/23*127 816  45    0*134 820  45    0*140 825  45    0*146 830  40    0*
20675 06/24*152 835  35    0*158 840  35    0*165 845  40    0*175 850  45    0*
20680 06/25*185 855  50    0*195 860  50    0*205 865  50    0*214 871  40    0*
20685 06/26*223 878  40    0*232 885  45    0*240 892  50    0*245 902  55    0*
20690 06/27*249 917  60    0*252 933  65    0*257 947  65    0*263 959  65    0*
20695 06/28*270 972  65    0*277 984  45    0*285 995  35    0*2931003  30    0*
20700 06/29*3001008  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20705 HRATX1                                                                    

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/28/1913    0050Z 27.1N  97.4W   65kt  1    ----  (988mb)   ATX1
1-6/28/1913    0050Z 27.1N  97.4W   65kt  1    ----  (986mb)   ATX1
                                                      ***

The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis assessed a maximum sustained wind at
landfall in Texas as a 65 kt hurricane.  This suggested a central 
pressure at landfall of 988 mb from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.   The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
cyclones north of 25N suggests a deeper central pressure is needed - 986 mb - 
for a 65 kt hurricane.  This new estimate of central pressure at U.S. landfall 
is now included into the U.S. hurricane landfall listing.  This is not 
explicitly added into HURDAT because this central pressure value is 
an estimate, not an observation or directly analyzed value.

*****************************************************************************

1913/02 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20501 08/14/1913 M= 3  2 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20502 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*320 680  30    0*330 655  30    0*
20503 08/15*340 632  35    0*350 610  35    0*360 590  40    0*370 575  40    0*
20504 08/16*382 565  40    0*395 562  40    0E410 560  35    0E425 560  30    0*
20504 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 13:  A stationary front is depicted in HWM as extending from near
Bermuda to North Carolina, though the structure appears to be better
described as a trough with little to no surface baroclinic structure.
No closed circulation is evident, though there are winds up to 25 kt on
the south side of the trough.
August 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 71W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 32N, 68W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61.5W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 36N, 59W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSW at 33.3N, 55.3W at 12 UTC
(HWM) and 35 kt ENE at 39.3N, 58.0W (HWM).
August 16:  HWM indicates a stationary front extending from near Bermuda to
north-northeastward to 39N, 60W, then extending east-northeastward to
43N, 45W.  While it does appear at this time that modest frontal features
has formed by this time, a closed circulation can be identified at 41N, 56W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 40.7N, 58.2W (HWM).
August 17:  System has been completely absorbed into a frontal boundary
and has lost its identity.

This system formed as a tropical cyclone of tropical depression intensity
on the 14th of August west of Bermuda.  It intensified to a tropical storm
on the 15th and reached a peak intensity of around 40 kt late on the
15th and early on the 16th.  It transformed into an extratropical storm
system on the 16th and had dissipated south of Newfoundland by the 17th.
There is some uncertainty of the true character of this system, as on the
15th (the date of peak intensity) the storm's center is elongated SW-NE
along HWM's (supposed) frontal boundary.  Another interpretation of this
system is that it could be described as a non-tropical gale with an
ill-defined center.

*******************************************************************************

1913/03 - 2005 REVISION:

20545 09/03/1913 M=10  3 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20545 08/26/1913 M=18  3 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
      ** **        **          ***

(The 26th of August through the 2nd of September are new to HURDAT.)
20546 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 210  30    0*126 222  30    0*
20546 08/27*127 235  35    0*127 247  35    0*127 260  40    0*127 273  45    0*
20546 08/28*127 285  45    0*127 298  45    0*127 310  45    0*127 322  45    0*
20546 08/29*128 335  45    0*129 347  45    0*130 360  45    0*130 373  45    0*
20546 08/30*130 385  45    0*131 398  45    0*132 410  45    0*132 422  45    0*
20546 08/31*133 435  45    0*134 447  45    0*135 460  45    0*136 472  45    0*
20546 09/01*137 483  45    0*138 494  45    0*140 505  45    0*142 516  45    0*
20546 09/02*144 527  45    0*147 538  45    0*150 550  45    0*155 562  45    0*

20550 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 596  35    0*177 602  35    0*
20550 09/03*160 574  45    0*165 584  45    0*170 596  45    0*177 602  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

20555 09/04*184 607  35    0*191 611  40    0*198 614  40    0*204 616  45    0*
20555 09/04*184 607  45    0*191 611  45    0*198 614  45    0*206 616  45    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      

20560 09/05*210 618  45    0*216 619  50    0*223 623  50    0*233 624  55    0*
20560 09/05*214 618  45    0*222 619  45    0*230 623  45    0*239 624  45    0*
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20565 09/06*246 627  60    0*259 627  60    0*271 621  60    0*282 605  70    0*
20565 09/06*249 627  45    0*260 627  45    0*271 621  50    0*282 605  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20570 09/07*292 585  70    0*300 562  75    0*306 540  75    0*308 518  80    0*
20570 09/07*292 585  50    0*300 562  50    0*306 540  55    0*308 518  55    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20575 09/08*310 496  80    0*313 474  85    0*321 456  85    0*324 454  85    0*
20575 09/08*310 496  55    0*310 474  60    0*311 460  60    0*315 454  60    0*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

20580 09/09*329 453  85    0*334 454  85    0*339 459  85    0*344 464  85    0*
20580 09/09*323 453  60    0*331 454  60    0*339 459  60    0*344 464  60    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20585 09/10*349 469  85    0*353 475  80    0*358 482  75    0*362 490  70    0*
20585 09/10*349 469  60    0*353 475  60    0*358 482  60    0*364 488  55    0*
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

20590 09/11*365 499  70    0*368 509  70    0*370 520  70    0*371 531  65    0*
20590 09/11*371 493  55    0*378 498  55    0*385 500  55    0*394 500  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20595 09/12*371 544  60    0*369 557  45    0*360 570  35    0*350 568  30    0*
20595 09/12*404 500  45    0*416 500  40    0E430 500  35    0E445 500  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** *** 

20600 HR                    
20600 TS
      **

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

August 26:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
12.5N, 21W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 12.7N, 26W.
Ship highlight:  35 kt E at 13.5N, 26.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
August 28:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 31W.
HWM and COADS observations analyze the system farther south.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 29:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on the west and south sides.  A low center was analyzed
at 13N, 36W based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
August 30:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13N, 41W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 31:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13.5N, 46W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 14.6N, 47.0W at
12 UTC (HWM).
September 1:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 14N, 50.5W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 2:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 15N, 55W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 17N, 59.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 59.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.8N, 61.4W.  HWM
and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 22.5N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 22.3N, 62.3W.  Available
observations indicate a center north of HURDAT and HWM.  No gale force winds 
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 27.1, 62.1W.  HWM and
COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 30.5N, 54W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.6N, 54.0W. 
Ship highlight:  20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 55.7W (HWM).
September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 45.6W.
HWM and COADS ship observations indicate a moderate cold front passing
to the north of the storm and that the storm is somewhat south and west
of the HWM and HURDAT positions.   Ship highlight:  35 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 
30.3N, 44.4W (HWM).
September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 34N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 45.9W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 12 UTC at 34.5N, 47.2W (HWM).
September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 36N, 48W.
A non-tropical low system is approaching the tropical cyclone from the
west.  HURDAT listed the tropical cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 35.8N, 48.2W. Ship highlight:  Several ships with 35 kt (HWM and COA).
September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 37.5N, 58.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 52.0W. 
The low shown by HWM appears to be an unrelated non-tropical low.  Available 
observations suggest that the tropical cyclone is closer to, but to the north 
and east of, the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:  45 kt SW at 12 UTC 
at 37.9N, 48.1W (COA).
September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 57W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 57.0W.  
However, available observations and continuity suggest that the system near
36N, 57W is not the tropical cyclone, but is instead the unrelated 
non-tropical low seen on the 11th.  The tropical cyclone was identified 
farther northeast near 43N, 50W and was weakening in increasingly baroclinic 
surroundings.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.

This tropical cyclone is begun eight days earlier than the original 
HURDAT as ship observations indicate it formed off of Africa on the 26th 
and became a tropical storm on the next day.  Small alterations are made 
on the track of this system on the 3rd through the 10th (excluding the
7th when no location changes were made).  A large track change was made
for the 11th and 12th as ship observations from HWM and COADS indicate
that the system continued to move to the north rather than turning abruptly
back to the west and south.  The turn to the west and south in HURDAT
originally was due to confusing the tropical cyclone with a non-tropical
low that moved toward the existing system from the west.  Extensive ship 
data shows that the tropical cyclone reached only tropical storm intensity 
(peak of at most 60 kt on the 8th through the 10th).  Intensities reduced 
substantially in HURDAT from the 6th to the 11th and the system has been 
downgraded from a peak of a Category 2 hurricane to a tropical storm/
borderline hurricane.

*****************************************************************************

1913/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  2 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***
        
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*300 700  40    0*303 702  45    0*
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 725  40    0*295 726  40    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***  **

20515 08/31*306 704  50    0*308 707  60    0*313 713  65    0*314 716  70    0*
20515 08/31*302 727  45    0*308 728  45    0*313 730  50    0*317 732  50    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20520 09/01*316 720  75    0*319 725  80    0*324 730  80    0*326 735  80    0*
20520 09/01*320 734  55    0*322 737  60    0*324 740  65    0*326 742  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

20525 09/02*331 740  75    0*336 745  70    0*340 750  70    0*343 754  70    0*
20525 09/02*329 743  75    0*332 745  75    0*335 748  75    0*339 752  75    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20530 09/03*346 758  70    0*348 761  70    0*349 767  60    0*350 773  50    0*
20530 09/03*343 757  75    0*346 763  75  976*349 772  55    0*352 784  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **

20535 09/04*351 787  35    0*352 805  25    0*350 825  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20535 09/04*351 798  30    0*350 815  25    0*345 835  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

20540 HR NC1                

Minor changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm #2.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 29:  HWM and COADS ship data do not indicate a closed circulation
between the Bahamas and Bermuda, though several ships are reporting winds
up to 20 kt.  "On August 29 there was a slight pressure fall over the 
Windward Islands to the southeastward and the fall probably drifted 
normally to the northwestward without attaining true cyclonic development 
until assisted by the heat and moisture of the Gulf Stream during the 
night of August 31 - September 1" (Monthly Weather Review).
August 30:  Observations from HWM indicate a closed circulation exists 
near 28.5N, 72.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
30.0N, 70.0W.  There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent
in pressure).
August 31:  HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front off of the
U.S. Atlantic coast, though available observations do not support any
significant frontal boundary.  Available HWM and COADS observations
indicate a closed low near 31.5N, 73.0W.  HURDAT lists this a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.3N, 71.3W.  There were no reports of gale force
wind (or equivalent in pressure).
September 1:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 73W with 
a warm frontal boundary extending from the system off to the northeast, 
though available observations do not indicate a significant frontal 
feature.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
32.4N, 73.0W.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 32.4N, 74.3W and 1011 mb
(a.m).  Observations from HWM and COADS and the MWR location suggest a 
center farther west of that in HURDAT.  There were no reports of gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure).  "The morning weather map of 
September 1, 1913, revealed the presence of a disturbance, apparently of 
very moderate force, central in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles 
southeast of the coast of North Carolina in which the lowest pressure was 
about 29.9 inches" (Monthly Weather Review).
September 2:  HWM depicts a closed low of a most 1010 mb at 34N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.0N, 75.0W.
Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center farther south than both
the HWM and HURDAT and between the longitudes given in HWM and HURDAT.
Ship highlight:  45 kt E and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 74.3W (COA).
September 3:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb just inland in
North Carolina at 35N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
34.9N, 76.7W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.8N, 77.5W
with 1007 mb (a.m.) and 35.5N, 79.5W and 1007 mb (p.m).  Available
observations suggests that the HURDAT and HWM centers may be more
accurate than MWR.  Ship highlight:  50 kt from three ship reports
at 01, 05, and 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  64 kt SE at 11 UTC and
1003 mb at 09 UTC at Cape Hatteras (DLR).  "At 8:30 p.m. [September 2nd] 
the pressure was 29.98 inches, having fallen only .06 of an inch, but 
from 8:30 p.m. there was a rapid decrease to 29.54 inches at 4:45 a.m. 
on the 3rd; at 5 a.m. the pressure began to rise rapidly and at 5:31 a.m. 
the 5 minute maximum velocity for the storm was recorded and showed a 
velocity of 74 miles per hour from the southeast, with one mile at the 
rate of 92 miles per hour fifteen minutes later.  The wind reached its 
maximum velocity by a steady hourly increase, though the wind came 
in severe flaws lasting from 10 to 20 seconds and seeming reaching a 
velocity of 100 miles per hour, then dropping to 50 miles per hour for 
a few seconds" (Original Monthly Record, Hatteras, N.C.).  "A severe 
coast storm passed inland and near the station on the 3d.  The barometer 
began to fall about midnight, and continued falling slowly until 
8:00 a.m. (reading 29.86) when there was decided drop.  The pressure 
continued to fall rapidly until 2:00 p.m., when the lowest reading 
occurred.  (The corrected barograph reading was 29.37).  The wind 
shifted from northeast to east at 2.10 p.m., and to southeast at 
2:20 p.m., with the pressure rising as rapidly as it fell. The storm 
was attend by excessive rainfall and high winds which lasted about ten 
hours.  During this period the wind blew, first from the northeast then 
from the southeast at the rate of from 30 to 37 miles per hour.  
Considerable damage resulted therefrom, especially to the telegraph and 
the telephone" (Original Monthly Record, Raleigh, N.C.).  "Another 
noteworthy feature was the small storm that entered North Carolina 
between Wilmington and Hatteras from the Atlantic Ocean on September 3, 
which instead or recurving northeastward, drifted slowly westward, 
passing south of Raleigh, where the pressure fell to 29.37 inches ...
The center of the disturbance moved inland between Hatteras and Beaufort, 
N. C., took a westerly course, and passed south of Raleigh about 2 p.m. 
on the third.  The barograph trace at this station is of interest in 
showing the rapidity of the fall and rise of pressure, although the 
lowest pressure reached was only 29.37 inches at 2.10 ;.m. of that date 
... Great damage to property and crops resulted over the eastern portion 
of the State, especially in the Pamlico Sound section, owing to the high 
waves from the Sound.  The highest wind velocity registered was 74 miles 
from the southeast at Hatteras.  At Raleigh the maximum velocity was 
37 miles from the northeast, at Wilmington 30 miles from the west, while 
at Charlotte there was no wind of any consequence.  The greatest loss of 
property occurred in the vicinity of Washington and Newbern, where the 
water driven by northeast to southeast gales is reported to have risen 
10 feet above previous high-water marks.  The bridge of the Norfolk & 
Southern Railroad at Washington, a mile in length, was washed away, and 
also a similar bridge at Newbern, and many other small bridges and 
trestles.  The loss by inundation of the lower streets, also to small 
boats and fishing craft, was very heavy.  Telegraph and telephone lines 
were prostrated or damaged over a wide area ... In the vicinity of 
Norfolk, Va., the damage by wind was not great.  In the open country 
telegraph and telephone poles and trees were blown down, and at Ocean 
View, Newport News, and Old Point, Va., a number of small houses were 
unroofed.  There were no marine disasters in Hampton Roads." (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Five lives were lost an property damage was estimated
at four or five million dollars" (Tannehill).  "Sept. 3, N.C. Minimal
Intensity, 5 killed" (Dunn and Miller).  "Sep. 3, 1913, 34.8N, 76.4W
landfall position, central pressure estimate 976 mb, radius of maximum
wind 38 nmi (Ho et al.).  Maximum 1 min, surface wind estimate at the
coast 84 kt, 1016 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).  
"1913, Sep. NC 1, MSLP - missing" (Jarrell et al.)
September 4:  No closed low is analyzed in HWM, but available station
observations suggest a closed center can be found near 34.5N, 83.5W over
northeast Georgia.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
35.0N, 82.5W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.7N, 83.0W
with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 33.5N, 88.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
(p.m.).  There were no winds gale force (or equivalent in pressure) 
observed.  "[The storm was] degenerating into a general rain area over 
western North Carolina and Virginia on the 4th ... After leaving the 
coast section the storm diminished rapidly in intensity and finally 
spent its force before reaching the mountain region" (Monthly Weather 
Review).
September 5 and 6:  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.0N, 90.5W with
1012 mb pressure (5th a.m.), 33.0N, 94.5W with 1009 mb pressure (5th p.m.),
32.5N, 93.0W with 1011 mb pressure (6th a.m.), 32.0N, 91.5W with 1009 mb
pressure (6th p.m.).  However, available station data indicate that the
system dissipated over land by late on the 4th.

Small changes to the track of this hurricane are made for the lifetime
of the system, with the largest alterations made on the 30th and 31st.
The intensity is reduced moderately from the 30th until the 1st based
upon available HWM and COADS ship observations.  Highest observed winds
for this hurricane were 64 kt at Cape Hatteras at 11 UTC on the 3rd, 
which converts to 53 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Lowest observed pressure was 995 mb
from Raleigh (well-inland) at 18 UTC on the 3rd, though this reading was
likely somewhat north of the eye as the storm moved along toward the 
west.  Estimated central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) of 976 mb was 
derived from this Raleigh pressure, assuming an inland decay function of 
pressure after landfall.  Utilizing this 976 mb as a landfall central
pressure (which looks reasonable), one would get 80 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship (the border between the two at 35N).  Ho et al. also analyzed a
radius of maximum wind that was 38 nmi, which is somewhat larger than
the 28 nmi on average from climatology at that latitude and central
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at
landfall are assessed at 75 kt, which is consistent with the original
assessment of Category 1 in Neumann et al. and Jarrell et al. and is just 
slightly higher than the 70 kt originally entered in HURDAT.  (It is lower 
than the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al., but this seems somewhat too high 
given the larger RMW than usual.)  Winds are adjusted upward accordingly
on the 2nd and 3rd.  Landfall is analyzed to be at 34.7N, 76.5W, just 
south and west of Ho et al.'s position around 07 UTC.  Maximum observed
winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times after landfall at 12 and 18 UTC 
on the 3rd and 00 UTC on the 4th are:  64, 40, and 29 kt.  These convert 
to 52, 34 and 25 kt, respectively, after adjusting for the high bias and
measurement interval.  A run of the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) suggests winds at the same times of 56, 41, 32 kt.  Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage after landfall, the higher values from
the inland decay model appear to be more realistic.  Winds in HURDAT
reduced from 60 to 55 kt at 12 UTC, reduced from 50 to 40 kt at 18 UTC,
and reduced from 35 to 30 kt at 00 UTC.

*******************************************************************************

1913/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20605 10/06/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20605 10/02/1913 M=10  5 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***                        *

(The 2nd to the 5th are new to HURDAT.)
20606 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E410 710  50    0E405 705  50    0*
20607 10/03E400 700  50    0E395 695  50    0E390 690  50    0E387 682  55    0*
20608 10/04E384 672  55    0E382 665  55    0E380 660  55    0E378 659  55    0*
20609 10/05E376 661  55    0E373 665  55    0E370 670  55    0E365 676  55    0*

20610 10/06*  0   0   0    0*347 708  50    0*340 718  50    0*335 726  50    0*
20610 10/06*360 684  50    0*355 694  50    0*350 705  50    0*343 717  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20615 10/07*331 734  50    0*328 742  50    0*326 750  50    0*326 760  50    0*
20615 10/07*336 728  50    0*330 739  50    0*326 750  55    0*326 760  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

20620 10/08*326 771  50    0*326 782  45    0*328 791  45    0*330 798  45    0*
20620 10/08*326 771  60    0*328 782  65    0*330 791  65    0*332 798  45    0*
                     **      ***      **      ***      **      ***

20625 10/09*332 802  40    0*335 804  35    0*337 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
20625 10/09*334 802  40    0*336 804  35    0*338 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
            ***              ***              ***              

20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*345 799  35    0*348 796  30    0*349 792  30    0*
20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*344 799  35    0*345 796  30    0*345 792  30    0*
                             ***              ***              ***

20635 10/11*349 788  25    0*350 784  20    0*351 779  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
20635 10/11E345 788  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20640 TS                    
20640 HR SC1
      ** ***

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #4.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_ and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the 
University of South Carolina.

October 2:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located at about 41N, 71W, just offshore New England, 
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending to the 
southeast.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt S at 41.1N, 65.0W at 12 UTC 
(COA) and 993 mb at 40.5N, 73.5W at 21 UTC (COA).
October 3:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 
995 mb pressure located near 39N, 69W with a cold front extending to 
the southwest with a warm front extending to the northeast.  (A 
secondary frontal system east of the existing cold front appears 
somewhat suspicious.)  Peak ship observations: 45 kt W at 36.5N, 70.5W 
at 13 UTC (COA) and 45 kt WSW at 36.5N, 71.5W at 17 UTC (COA) and 
992 mb (three ship reports - COA).
October 4:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located near 38W, 66W with a cold front extending to 
the south and a warm front to the east.  Peak ship observations:  
50 kt N at 36.5N, 72.5W at 01 UTC (COA) and 50 kt N at 36.5N, 73.5W 
at 05 UTC (COA) and 991 mb at 38.1N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 5:  HWM indicates an occluding extratropical storm system of
at most 1005 mb pressure near 37N, 67W with a dissipating front 
boundary extending to the east of the center.  Peak ship observations:
50 kt ENE at 38.7N, 68.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 1002 mb at 39.4N, 60.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
October 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure 
near 35N, 70.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
34.0N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates 
the center at 33.5N, 72.3W with 1011 mb (a.m.) and 32.7N, 75.0W with 
1009 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest the HWM position is 
more accurate than HURDAT and MWR locations.  The HWM analysis of no 
frontal features at this time does appear realistic.  Peak ship 
observation:  50 kt N 37.5N, 71.5W at 05 UTC (COA).
October 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 34N, 75W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.6N, 75.0W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at
33.0N, 76.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 31.8N, 77.5W with 997 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
reasonable.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt NW and 1002 mb at 
32.2N, 78.3W at 21 UTC (COA) and 30 kt NW and 998 mb at 30.7N, 76.0W
(COA).
October 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure
near 32.5N, 79W, almost at landfall in South Carolina.  HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 79.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Lows indicates the center at 31.5N, 79.5W and 1005 mb (a.m.)
and 32.8N, 80.5W and 1003 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that the HURDAT position is most reasonable.  Peak ship observations:
60 kt W and 992 mb at 32.7N, 79.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  Peak land station
observations:  32 kt at 1430 UTC and 1002 mb at 19 UTC at Charleston
(OMR).  "The following details, though obtainable from the records, are 
summarized here for convenience:  North and northwest winds prevailed 
on the 7th and continued on the 8th, being more steadily from the 
northwest after 4 a.m. on the 8th, shifting to west at Noon, to 
southwest at 3:30 p.m. and to south at 11 p.m.  The highest velocity in 
connection with this disturbance was 37 miles from the northwest at 
9:30 a.m. on the 8th and velocities were greatest from 8 a.m. to Noon on 
the 8th, diminishing during the afternoon but rising to higher velocity 
towards Midnight, reaching a velocity of 34 miles from the south at 
12:05 a.m., on the 9th and diminishing slowly thereafter.  Changes in 
pressure were gradual, the lowest, 29.58 inches, reduced to sea level, 
occurring at 2 p.m., but if the usual diurnal oscillation be 
eliminated the record would show that the pressure remained stationary 
at the lowest from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., after which it rose very 
gradually..." (Original Monthly Record, Charleston).  "The first marked 
barometric depression of October was that which entered the district 
from the Atlantic Ocean near Charleston on the 8th, the pressure at 
that point falling to 29.58 inches.  This was a small disturbance 
rapidly diminishing in force, but it was accompanied by heavy rains 
over southeastern North Carolina and the adjacent portions of South 
Carolina ... There were practically no damage either at Georgetown 
or Charleston, or, so far as reports indicate, at any point" (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Sat., Oct. 11, 1913, p. 1  No Serious Damage.
   A storm of wind and rain struck Georgetown early Wednesday 
morning, and for a short time the city was in the midst of what 
promised to be a very serious and disastrous storm, but 
fortunately for the city no great amount of damage was done.
   The greatest sufferers from the blow were the Georgetown 
Railway and Light Company and the Home Telephone Company.  
Wires and poles were prostrated all over the city.  All 
connection with the outside world being cut off for a short 
time, but the managers of both of these concerns bestirred 
themselves and it was not long before they had adjusted 
matters.
   Other than a few fences and limbs of trees being blown down 
there was no damage worth mentioning.
   It is reported that much damage has been done to the cotton 
crop in various sections of the county, but we have not been 
able to get any reliable information on the subject" (Georgetown
Times).  "Wed., Oct. 15, 1913, p. 1  CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE
To Crops Occasioned by the Wind and rain of Last Week.
   Reports are beginning to come in from all sections of the 
county respecting the high winds and heavy rains of last week.  
The disturbance seems to have covered the entire county.
   While there was no loss of life and no especial spot of 
damage by reason of the storm, nevertheless the loss to farmers 
will probably aggregate about $75,000.  One of the heaviest 
individual losers, so far as the information goes, was 
Mr. Joseph H, Johnson.  Mr. Johnson estimates that his cotton 
output will be diminished by at least twelve bales.
   A great deal of hay had been cut just previous to the 
breaking of the storm.  A considerable portion of this was 
saved, but several hundred tons of it was spoiled - a total 
loss.  Corn, too, suffered, but not so much as would have been 
the case had the storm occurred a week earlier.
   All things considered, the farmers of the county are not 
feeling in the least blue.  They made fine crops, and feel 
grateful that so large a proportion of them was saved.  
Strawberries, beans and tobacco are always harvested and out of 
the way before the coming of the September and October gales"
(Georgetown Times).
October 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 33N, 80.5W, inland over South Carolina.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 33.7N, 80.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Lows does not show a low for this day.  Available observations 
suggest that HURDAT is more reasonable in location.  Peak ship
observation:  35 kt SE at 33.1N, 77.6W at 12 UTC (COA).  No gales
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed over land.
October 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb pressure
near 33.5N, 79W, at the South Carolina coastline.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 34.8N, 79.6W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows
indicates the center at 34.0N, 79.5W (p.m.) and 1014 pressure, but no 
center in the morning.  The HURDAT position appears to be reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 11:  HWM shows a strong cold front has swept through the
region, leaving no identifiable closed low.  Gale force winds were 
observed in Cape Henry and in ships along the upper Atlantic
coast, but these were northerly winds occurring after the frontal
passage.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center
at 35.5N, 78.2W with 1014 mb (11th a.m.), 36.8N, 76.5W with 1013 mb
(11th p.m.), 37.8N, 71.5W with 1011 mb (12th a.m.), 43.0N, 65.0W with
1011 mb (12th p.m.).  (The MWR apparently latched onto a separate
frontal wave, which does not appear to directly linked to tropical
system.)

The origins of this tropical storm have been extended back four days 
in time to the 2nd, beginning as an extratropical storm system off 
of New England.  As the system drifted south (first southeast, then
southwest), it gradually occluded and developed tropical 
characteristics.  By 00 UTC on the 6th, it is estimated that it
transitioned to a tropical storm.  Minor track changes are made from
the 6th to the 11th to better match available observations.  The
06 and 12 UTC portions of the 11th were removed from HURDAT, as the
system was absorbed by a vigorous front early on the 11th.  A 998 mb
peripheral pressure on the 7th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt utilized.  On the
8th, just before landfall in South Carolina, a ship reported a
60 kt WSW wind and a 992 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure
supports winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship.  Because of these observations along with the moderate
damage impacts described in the newspaper articles provided by 
Prof. Cary Mock, it is analyzed that this system strengthened to a 
minimal (Category 1) hurricane at landfall in South Carolina.  Thus the
intensity is boosted from 45 kt up to 65 kt at landfall in South
Carolina around 15 UTC on the 8th.  

*****************************************************************************


1913/06 - 2005 REVISION: 

20641 10/28/1913 M= 3  6 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L 
20642 10/28*180 865  35    0*190 863  40    0*200 860  45    0*210 855  55    0* 
20643 10/29*215 851  65    0*218 848  65    0*220 844  55    0*222 840  40 1003* 
20644 10/30*225 833  35    0E228 823  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
20644 HR 

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999), but it was depicted in Tannehill (1938).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database 
and and station observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the 
Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. 

October 27:  HWM and COADS observations indicate no closed low existed 
at this point, but did suggest an open trough along 85W with a cold front 
moving across the central Gulf of Mexico.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed. 
October 28:  HWM and COADS observations indicate that a closed low existed 
near 20N, 86W.  A weakening frontal boundary was becoming stationary in 
the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NW and 1015 mb 
at 17.5N, 86.7W at 11 UTC (COA). 
October 29:  HWM, COADS and Cuba observations indicate that a closed low was 
near 22N, 84.5N over westernmost Cuba.  A dissipating stationary front was 
over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, while a second surge of cold air 
was present over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Station highlights: 
992 mb and E-NW winds at the Cape of San Antonio at 0330 UTC (Cuba); 
1003 mb and SE-calm-NW winds at Remates (Guane) at 18 UTC (Cuba).  "By 
the date of the 29th [of October] the system had become a true cyclone 
of moderate intensity according to the observation from the Cape of 
San Antonio, where the barometer reached a low of 744.22 mm [992 mb] on 
the night of the 28th, along with strong rain and wind of 80 mph, rolling 
from east to northwest.  It is not known if the rotation [of the wind] 
passed by the south or north.  In Remates [Guane] the minimum barometer 
was 752.60 mm [1003 mb] at 2 pm. on the 29th, and the wind in that 
morning rolled from the southeast to south, then went calm at 2 pm, then 
the wind came from the northwest at 3pm" (Resena Meteorologica). 
October 30:  The secondary cold front is analyzed in HWM to go through 
the Straits of Florida over to the Yucatan of Mexico.  However, additional 
COADS observations indicate that the front actually extended across central 
Cuba down toward the Gulf of Honduras.  The tropical cyclone has likely 
been absorbed by the frontal boundary just north and east of Cuba.  No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed in connection 
with the tropical cyclone. 

This system is analyzed to have undergone genesis early on the 28th of 
October in the Gulf of Honduras.  A 992 mb peripheral pressure early on 
the 29th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship and at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  Thus 65 kt (and therefore a minimal hurricane) is chosen for 
00 UTC on the 29th, which is also its peak intensity as it made landfall into 
westernmost Cuba.  The "80 mph" value from the observer in Cape San Antonio 
while being a visual estimate and thus subject to considerable uncertainty, 
also supports hurricane intensity.  A 1003 mb central pressure 
value at 18 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 41 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at this time.  The weakening of 
the system during the 29th is consistent with decay expected over land, 
along with possibly enhanced shear experienced as a front was approaching 
the area.  The system apparently was absorbed by the strong cold frontal 
boundary pushing through the region early on the 30th.  The track derived 
is similar to that shown in Tannehill (1938). 

***************************************************************

1913 - Additional Notes:

1) May 1-9: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical 
depression formed northeast of Bermuda near 35N, 60W on 5 May 1913 from an 
existing extratropical storm. The system slowly moved toward the southwest 
the next three days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second 
extratropical cyclone late on the 7th.  Highest winds observed were a single
report of 35 kt on the 5th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1003 mb on 
the 5th (COA).   However, with only one observation of gale force winds and
moderately low environmental pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this as a tropical storm. Therefore this system is considered a 
tropical depression (or possibly a subtropical depression) and will not be 
added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 01   42N  58W     Extratropical
May 02   40N  60W     Extratropical  
May 03   39N  55W     Extratropical 
May 04   36N  57W     Extratropical
May 05   35N  60W     Tropical Depression                
May 06   34N  63W     Tropical Depression 
May 07   36N  60W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 08   39N  60W     Dissipating                
May 09   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2) June 13-17:  A closed circulation was apparent in the southwestern Gulf 
of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche, possibly formed at the end of an old 
front that dissipated a few days earlier.  It drifted to the north and
west and made landfall late on the 16th in southern Texas and dissipated
on the 17th overland.  It was likely to have been a tropical depression.  
No gale force winds were reported with this system.  One ship reported 
1001, 1001, and 1002 mb on the 13th, 14th, and 15th - not consistent with
the other ships or wind reports.  The pressure readings on the ship are
likely to be about 10 mb too low.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun. 13  21N  94W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 14  24N  93W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 15  25N  95W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 16  26N  97W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 17  27N  99W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

3) July 20-24:  A closed circulation near the Azores was apparent.  
Pressures were 5-10 mb lower than in the surrounding high-pressure region.  
It was apparently a tropical depression or a non-tropical low center.
However, no gales or sufficiently low pressures were found to characterize 
it as a tropical storm.  The low was absorbed into a frontal band on the 
24th.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jul. 20  37N  25W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 21  37N  23W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low 
Jul. 22  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 23  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 24  ---  ---     Absorbed by Front  

3) August 3-7:  A low, an apparent tropical depression, formed from an old 
frontal band late on the 3rd of August in the Gulf of Mexico south of 
Tallahassee.  On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, it appeared to be a closed 
circulation of tropical nature that was drifting southwestward toward 
Mexico.  It dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico late on the 7th.  No 
gales or sufficiently low pressures were found, however, to classify it
as more than a tropical depression.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 3   ---  ---     Open Wave
Aug. 4   28N  86W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 5   27N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 6   26N  90W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 7   28N  89W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

4) Sept 12-15:  A system was mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review near 
the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 12-15 of September, 1913.  Storm warnings 
were issued by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps 
for these dates shows a vigorous cold front pushing through Texas on the 
12th and 13th, cyclogenesis forming along the front late on the 13th and
14th off of Texas, then the low moving northward through Texas and 
Louisiana on the 15th.  The system clearly was of extratropical nature 
throughout its lifetime.  

5) Sept 24-28:  A stationary system is mentioned in the Monthly Weather
Review off of the Texas coast.  Storm warnings were also issued for this 
system by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps for 
this system reveals a strong cold front moving through Texas on the 24th 
and 25th, cyclogenesis just off the Texas coast late on the 25th and 26th 
along the front, and the low weakening into an open trough on the 27th and
28th near the Louisiana/Texas border.  While the HWM does analyze a
small closed low ahead of the cold front on the morning of the 25th,
available observations do not confirm that the system had a
closed circulation - though it may have been a tropical depression
briefly before the front arrived.  Thus despite the heavy rains that
accompanied the front/low (over 8" in Brownsville), the system was
baroclinic for the duration that it retained a closed circulation.


*****************************************************************************

1914/01 - REVISION:

20465 09/14/1914 M= 6  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20465 09/15/1914 M= 5  1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 14th removed from HURDAT.)
20470 09/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 735  35    0*239 736  35    0

20475 09/15*242 739  35    0*246 742  35    0*254 748  35    0*260 755  35    0
20475 09/15*252 764  30    0*259 767  35    0*265 770  40    0*270 773  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 09/16*269 763  40    0*278 772  40    0*291 782  45    0*295 793  45    0
20480 09/16*275 777  40    0*280 781  45    0*285 785  50    0*291 792  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 09/17*304 804  40    0*310 816  40    0*315 831  35    0*315 843  35    0
20485 09/17*298 801  60    0*305 812  60    0*310 825  40    0*312 839  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

20490 09/18*311 859  35    0*305 874  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 900  35    0
20490 09/18*311 854  35    0*305 870  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 906  30    0
                ***              ***                               ***  **

20495 09/19*300 912  35    0*300 922  35    0*300 931  30    0*  0   0   0    0
20495 09/19*300 922  30    0*300 937  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20500 TS     

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from 
NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 13:  HWM and COADS observations indicate the presence of an
open wave near longitude 73W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 14:  HWM indicates a dissipating cold front extending from
the Florida Straits off to the east-northeast.  A closed low apparently
does not exist in the region, though a trough axis could be analyzed 
near 76W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 23.8N, 73.5W
at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.
September 15:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 
27N, 74.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 25.4N, 74.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 
24N, 75.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26.3N, 77W with 1012 mb (p.m.).
Available observations and continuity indicate that the center was
likely just south of the HWM position, but west of all estimates.  Ship 
highlights:  three ships with 35 kt at 12 UTC (HWM and COA).
September 16:  HWM indicates a low of at most 995 mb located at
28.5N, 78.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 29.1N, 78.2W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 28.0N, 78.0W
with 1010 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 79.8W with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggests that the HWM position is more accurate.  Ship
highlight:  35 kt ENE at 32.7N, 77.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station 
highlight:  34 kt NE at Charleston at 17 UTC (OMR).  "The storm on the 
morning of the 16th was off the eastern coast of Florida and on the 
evening of that date off the southern Georgia coast" (Monthly Weather
Review).
September 17:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb inland over
Georgia at 31.5N, 83W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
31.5N, 83.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the
center was at 31.7N, 82.2W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and at 30.7N, 85.7W
with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center
was farther south than these estimates and was between the HWM and
MWR longitude positions.  Ship highlight:  60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at
32.5N, 78.5W at 05 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  40 kt E Charleston
at 07 UTC (OMR).  "Instead of passing northward up the coast, as is 
customary with disturbances of this character, it advanced westward 
over southern Georgia and continued its progress westward to the Texas 
coast, where it disintegrated.  This disturbance caused winds of gale 
force along the south Atlantic coast, and vessel reports indicate that 
it was even more severe off the Georgia coast.  After reaching the land 
the storm decreased in intensity and caused general rains in the south 
Atlantic and Gulf States" (Monthly Weather Review).
The _New York Times_ reported in the "Weather" section on Sept. 18th
"The southern storm passed inland during Wednesday [16th] night and
Thursday [17th] night its center was over Alabama.  This disturbance
has diminished greatly in intensity but during the last twenty-four
hours it caused general showers in the South Atlantic and East Gulf
States, and during Wednesday night it caused strong shifting winds
on the South Atlantic Coast".  The _Miami Herald_ reported also on
the 18th:  "The northeast of Wednesday [16th] raised some water
around St. Augustine, causing the tide to come in so high that it
ran over the South Street Causeway, and tons of dead grass were
washed away from the marshes about the city.  No damage was done as
the boatmen had plenty of warning of the blow." 
September 18:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb over just offshore
at 29N, 89W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 88.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at
30.3N, 89.0W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and 30.5N, 91.0W with 1010 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT and MWR locations are
more reasonable.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 19:  HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW in Texas
and Louisiana.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
30.0N, 93.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates a
center near 30.2N, 93.2W with 1011 mb (a.m.).  Available observations
suggest that the HWM is correct that the tropical system had dissipated
by 12 UTC on this date.

Genesis for this system was begun a day later on the 15th at 00 UTC as 
a tropical depression, as observations indicate that it was an open wave 
on the 14th.  The track had minor alterations for the duration of the
tropical storm's lifetime.  The winds were increased on the 16th and
17th due to a 60 kt ship report near the coast as the tropical storm
was making landfall.  This wind was chosen as the peak intensity for
the system as well as its landfall intensity.  This boost is consistent
with modest storm surge observed along the coastline.  (Wind observations 
on the coast reached only 40 kt, but the tropical storm made landfall in a
sparsely monitored region between the Jacksonville and Savannah 
stations.)  Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 07 UTC on
the 17th near 30.6N, 81.4W.  Dissipation likely occurred earlier than
that indicated in HURDAT as seen from HWM and COADS observations on
the 19th.  

*****************************************************************************


1914 - Additional Notes:

1)  A cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico in late September and
early October was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into 
HURDAT.  On the 28th of September, brisk east to northeast to north
winds covered the Gulf of Mexico after an early, vigorous cold front
passed through the region.  On the 29th, a possible low center was
forming along this pre-existing frontal boundary in the northern
Gulf of Mexico.  The pressure gradient was enhanced and 42 kt from
the east were observed in Mobile.  On the 30th, the low was in the 
northeastern Gulf just south of Pensacola and though high winds
were reported (peak of 42 kt from the east in Pensacola), the system
continued to be baroclinic in structure with a cold front off to
the southwest and a warm front off to the southeast.  On October 1st,
the system went inland and weakened over southern Alabama and Mississippi.  
The remnants of the system continued to cause rains in the along the
Gulf coastal states on the 2nd.  While the storm clearly had gale
force winds associated with it, the system also apparently retained 
its baroclinic character throughout its lifetime.  Thus this 
extratropical storm is not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Sep. 29  26N  92W      Extratropical
Sep. 30  29N  88W      Extratropical
Oct. 1   31N  91W      Extratropical
Oct. 2   ---  ---      Extratropical Dissipating

2)  Both Tannehill (1938) and Connor (1956) listed a second tropical 
system occurring in late October in their compilations of the season. 
early October.  This was investigated for the possibility of 
inclusion into HURDAT.  On the 24th, low pressure was present 
throughout the western Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean
Sea.  A possible low center was forming in the extreme northwestern
Gulf of Mexico with an attached cold front extending to the south.
On the 25th, this low had consolidated somewhat and was moving 
toward the east across the central Gulf of Mexico as a well-
defined extratropical storm with gale force winds on the northern
half of the system.  At the same time, HWM and COADS ship 
observations suggest that a separate low pressure center - 
perhaps a tropical depression - had formed in the northwestern
Caribbean Sea.  Lowest pressure with this possible tropical low
were down to 1004 mb, but peak winds associated with it were
only 20 kt due to the overall weak pressure gradient present.
On the 26th, the extratropical low continued moving toward the
east and its associated cold front began moving across Florida
and Cuba.  It appears likely that the frontal boundary absorbed
the possible tropical depression at this date.  On the 27th,
the extratropical storm center weakened to an open trough, even
though strong northerly winds were observed along the Carolina
coasts behind the associated cold front.  There is no indication
of a separate tropical cyclone being present on this date.  Thus
the main system  7apparently retained its extratropical character
for its lifetime, but the secondary low on the 25th was likely
a tropical depression.  It is unlikely that this reached tropical
storm strength and thus is not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Oct. 24  27N  97W      Extratropical
Oct. 25  26N  91W      Extratropical (and)
         21N  86W      Tropical Depression
Oct. 26  27N  86W      Extratropical (and)
         ---  ---      Tropical Depression Absorbed into Front
Oct. 27  ---  ---      Extratropical Degenerated into open trough

*******************************************************************************


1915/01 - 2008 REVISION:

20685 07/31/1915 M= 6  1 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20685 07/31/1915 M= 6  1 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

20690 07/31*  0   0   0    0*274 760  35    0*275 770  35    0*277 778  35    0*
20690 07/31*  0   0   0    0*274 765  35    0*275 775  40    0*277 784  50    0*
                                 ***              ***  **          ***  **

20695 08/01*279 786  35    0*281 793  35    0*284 799  40    0*287 805  40    0*
20695 08/01*279 792  55    0*281 798  60    0*284 803  65    0*287 808  65  990*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  ***

20700 08/02*291 809  45    0*296 814  45    0*302 818  45    0*309 822  45    0*
20700 08/02*291 812  50    0*296 815  45    0*302 818  40 1003*309 821  40    0*
                ***  **          ***                   ** ****     ***  **

20705 08/03*318 824  40    0*329 823  40    0*340 816  30    0*354 802  30    0*
20705 08/03*318 823  40    0*329 821  40    0*340 816  35    0*354 810  35    0*
                ***              ***                   **          ***  ** 

20710 08/04*370 787  30    0*387 772  25    0*401 758  25    0*409 745  20    0*
20710 08/04*370 795  40    0*387 777  40    0*401 758  45    0E409 743  50    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               **     *    ***  **

20715 08/05*416 731  20    0*420 718  15    0*424 705  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
20715 08/05E416 731  45    0E420 718  35    0E424 705  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
           *         **     *         **     *         **

20720 TS                    
20720 HRDFL1
      ******

Landfall:
8/01/1915    1800Z 28.7N  80.8W   65kt  15nmi  990mb  1015mb  DFL1

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship 
database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

July 31:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 77.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther north and
west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 1:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 29N, 81W.  The
MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 28.5N, 80.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.)
and at 30N, 81.3W with 1006 mb (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 28.4N, 79.9W at 12 UTC.  Observations suggest that
HWM is most accurate estimate.  Ship highlight:  50 kt SE and 1001 mb
from the ship Vann at 13 UTC at 28.5N 80W (MWR). "The disturbance that appeared 
over central Florida on the morning of the 1st developed considerably during 
the ensuing 24 hours" (MWR).  "A storm of considerable energy, attended by 
torrential rains over portions of the Peninsula, approached the east coast of
Florida between Titusville and Jupiter during the forenoon of August 1" (MWR).
 
August 2:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 30N, 82.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 31.2N, 81.8W with 1006 mb
(a.m.) and at 32.2N, 81.8W with 1008 mb (p.m).  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  Observations suggest the
center was just east of the HURDAT position.  Station highlight:  47 kt S
(time unknown) and 1005 mb minimum pressure at 0905 UTC at Jacksonville 
(MWR, OMR).  "The winds through the Peninsula indicate a disturbance to the 
southeast of Cape Canaveral...The storm center was about 25 miles west of 
Jacksonville at 7 a. m. of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity at the
latter place of 54 miles, and an average hourly movement of nearly 38
miles for the preceding 12 hours...The high winds were confined, as a rule, to 
the portion of the Peninsula east of the Suwanee River, while damaging rains 
extended over the triangular area from Pinellas County on the west coast to
Jacksonville and Hypoluxo on the east coast, rainfall intensity being
greatest apparently at St. Petersburg, where 15.45 inches fell in 24 hours.
An electrical disturbance of great intensity was coincident with the 
heavy rains.  The damage was chiefly to railway tracks, bridges, highways,
and other such structures.  Some buildings were blown down, but no one
was reported to have been killed.  Crops on lowlands suffered severely,
and even those on high ground did not escape the consequence of heavy rains
and a prolonged soggy condition of the soil.  The area of greatest damage
was over portions of Pinellas, Hillsboro, Manatee, De Soto, Polk, Palm
Beach, St. Lucie, and Brevard counties.  Summarized press reports show
that the total damage was not less than $250,000" (MWR).

August 3:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 34.5N, 81.5W
with a very weak cold front approaching the system from the west.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 34.2N, 80.8W with 1002 mb
(a.m.) and at 36.5N, 78.5W with 1005 mb (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34.0N, 81.6W.  Station highlight:  42 kt W
at Raleigh (MWR).  "During the next 24 hours [during the 3rd] moderate gales 
occurred along the South Atlantic coast and storm warnings were extended 
northward to Boston, the storm in the meantime having moved to southern 
Virginia with somewhat increase intensity" (MWR).  

August 4:  HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead shows a
cold frontal boundary extending north-south from Pennsylvania to east of
the Carolinas and a second stationary front extending northwest to 
southeast from the Great Lakes to well east of the Carolinas.  Evidence for
the first front appears weak.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a 
center at 41.5N, 78W with 1007 mb (a.m.) and at 42.2N, 73.2W with 1012 mb
(p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 40.1N, 75.8W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's location is most
accurate and that the system was still a tropical cyclone.  Station highlight:
55 kt SE at New York City (MWR).  "Moderate to fresh gales occurred on the 
New Jersey and southern New England coast during the 4th" (MWR).

August 5:  HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead has a stationary
front extending from the Great Lakes to off of New Jersey, a warm frontal
boundary from there southeastward and a cold front extending to the south.
Evidence for the cold front is weak.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a
center at 42N, 70W with 1013 mb (a.m.).  HURDAT lists this as a tropical
depression at 42.4N, 70.5W.  Available observations suggest that a center
was still present near the HURDAT location, but that it was being absorbed
into the stationary and warm frontal boundaries.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "But by the morning of the 5th 
pressure was rising" (MWR). 

Small changes to the track were introduced from the 31st of July through
the 4th of August based upon available observations.  Winds are increased
on the 31st through the 2nd based upon ship and land wind and pressure
observations, as well as impact noted in Northeast Florida.  Based upon
the ship Vann and Titusville's observations and the MWR account, it is
estimated that it made landfall around 18 UTC on the 1st.  The peak observed 
54 kt wind at Jacksonville converts to 40 kt true after adjusting for the high 
wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion 
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  The observations at
Jacksonville of 1005 mb minimum pressure at 09 UTC on the 2nd and 
1006 mb/35 kt SSE at 12 UTC, suggest a central pressure of around 1002 mb -
about 18 hours after landfall.  Utilizing the Ho et al. inland decay
pressure model with an environmental pressure of 1015 mb gives a landfall
central pressure of 995 mb using the "Florida hurricanes (south of 29N)"
table and 975 mb using the "Atlantic hurricanes (north of Georgia-South
Carolina state line)" table.  Given that this system falls closer to 
the former rather than the latter, the central pressure at landfall is
estimated to be 990 mb.  990 mb suggests winds of about 63 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone had a rather small 
radius of outer closed isobar (about 165 nmi), so one might infer a small RMW 
of about 15 nmi as well, which would be consistent with confined area of 
impacts from winds according to MWR.  Climatology for this pressure and 
latitude (Vickery et al. 2001) is about 23 nmi.  The smaller size is
counteracted by the slow motion of the cyclone at landfall (6 kt), so 65 kt
maximum sustained winds at landfall are utilized in the HURDAT revision.
This upgrades the cyclone to a hurricane of Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale.  Such a revision does appear to be consistent with the
moderate wind caused impacts in Northeast Florida described in MWR.  This
is a major increase from the 40 kt near landfall originally indicated.  Winds 
are increased after landfall on the 3rd through the 5th based upon numerous 
gale force wind reports along the coast and just inland.  The highest of which 
- 55 kt at New York City on the 4th - converts to 46 kt true after adjustment.  
Apparently, this system began reintensification while the center was still 
over land (though close to the coast).  Note that this agrees with 
the assessment in _Monthly Weather Review_ of the time.  It is likely, 
however, that the cyclone was not independent of the baroclinic system and 
may have been intensifying as somewhat of a hybrid cyclone.  An extratropical 
stage is indicated late on the 4th as observations suggest that it became 
absorbed within a frontal boundary, rather than dissipating as a tropical 
cyclone.

*****************************************************************************


1915/02 - 2008 REVISION:

20725 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
20725 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***

20730 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 252  35    0*152 261  35    0*
20730 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 260  30    0*140 278  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20735 08/06*152 272  35    0*152 286  35    0*153 304  35    0*154 323  35    0*
20735 08/06*141 296  35    0*141 313  35    0*142 330  35    0*142 345  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20740 08/07*155 348  35    0*157 371  35    0*158 390  40    0*159 405  45    0*
20740 08/07*143 360  35    0*144 375  35    0*145 390  40    0*146 405  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***      **

20745 08/08*161 420  45    0*162 435  50    0*163 450  55    0*164 465  60    0*
20745 08/08*146 420  45    0*147 435  50    0*148 450  55    0*148 468  60    0*
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  

20750 08/09*165 480  65    0*166 495  70    0*165 510  70    0*167 529  70    0*
20750 08/09*149 487  65    0*150 506  70    0*151 525  70    0*153 542  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20755 08/10*167 552  75    0*166 577  75    0*165 597  75    0*165 614  80    0*
20755 08/10*155 558  75    0*157 574  75    0*159 590  75    0*161 605  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20760 08/11*165 631  80    0*165 647  80    0*166 663  85    0*167 679  85    0*
20760 08/11*163 619  80    0*165 634  80    0*166 650  85    0*167 668  85    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***  

20765 08/12*168 695  85    0*170 710  90    0*173 726  90    0*177 741  90    0*
20765 08/12*169 688  85    0*171 710  90    0*173 730  90    0*177 744  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***  

20770 08/13*181 755  95    0*185 769  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
20770 08/13*181 757  95    0*185 770  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
                ***              ***                

20775 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 817 105    0*208 828 105    0*214 839 105    0*
20775 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 818 105    0*208 830 105    0*215 843 105    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***  

20780 08/15*220 849 105    0*226 859 105    0*235 870 110    0*240 881 110    0*
20780 08/15*222 856 105    0*229 866 105    0*235 875 110    0*241 884 110    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** 

20785 08/16*247 892 115    0*255 903 115    0*262 911 120    0*271 924 120    0*
20785 08/16*247 892 115    0*254 901 115    0*262 911 115    0*271 924 115    0*
                             *** ***                  ***              ***   

20790 08/17*280 936 120    0*289 947 105  953*296 958  65    0*302 965  60    0*
20790 08/17*280 937 115    0*289 950 115  940*296 959  75    0*302 965  50    0*
                *** ***          *** ***  ***     ***  **               **

20795 08/18*307 967  55    0*312 966  50    0E317 964  45    0E322 961  40    0*
20795 08/18*306 967  40    0*310 966  40    0*313 964  35    0*317 961  35    0*
            ***      **      ***      **     ****      **     ****      **

20800 08/19E327 958  40    0E331 953  35    0E336 946  30    0E343 935  30    0*
20800 08/19*323 958  30    0*329 953  30    0*336 946  30    0*343 935  30    0*
           ****      **     ****      **     *                *    

20805 08/20E352 924  30    0E362 912  30    0E370 901  25    0E377 891  25    0*
20805 08/20E352 924  35    0E362 912  35    0E370 901  35    0E377 891  35    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20810 08/21E382 881  25    0E388 871  30    0E395 860  30    0E404 845  35    0*
20810 08/21E382 881  35    0E388 871  35    0E395 860  35    0E404 845  35    0*
                     **               **               **   

20815 08/22E415 827  35    0E426 807  30    0E435 790  25    0E443 775  25    0*
20820 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E475 700  25    0*
20820 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E470 724  25    0*
                                                               *** ***
20825 HRCTX4                
20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1
            **** ***

Landfall:
8/17/1915    0700Z 29.2N  95.1W  115kt  25nmi  940mb  1009mb  CTX4,BTX1,LA1

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC, Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Wiggert and Jarvinen
(1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Roth (1997a,b), 
Perez et al. (2000), Boose et al. (2004), and Caribbean newspaper accounts
provided by Michael Chenoweth.

August 5:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 25.2W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 6:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 30.4W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west, though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 7:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 39.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 8:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.3N, 45.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 9:  HWM shows an open trough along longitude 56W.  HURDAT lists this 
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 51.0W at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS 
observations suggest a center farther south and west, though data are quite 
sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

August 10:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13N, 59W.  HURDAT 
lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 59.7W at 12 UTC. 
Observations suggest a center southeast of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  998 mb 
and 5 kt NW at Dominica at 18 UTC (MWR).  "The storm was first observed on 
the morning of August 10 between the Windward Islands of Barbados and 
Dominica ... a special report at 4 p.m. from Roseau, Dominica, which showed 
a barometer reading of 29.46 inches, with light air from the northwest ...
The casualties resulting from the storm were of minor character east of 
Santo Domingo and Haiti and were confined to small shipping.  At Fort de 
France, Martinique, the docks were flooded and merchandise destroyed, while 
at some of the other islands of the Lesser Antilles there was some damage to 
small shipping" (MWR). "Formed Aug. 2 on the Cape Verde Islands, moved due 
west across the Atlantic, arrived between Guadeloupe and Dominica Aug. 10th 
as a full-fledged hurricane" (Perez)  Dominica Guardian, Thursday August 12, 
1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth): "Tuesday Nights' Hurricane ...On 
Monday morning [at 10 a.m.] the barometer had fallen to 29.80 from which 
point it continued to fall gradually until at 1 o'clock p.m. when it reached 
29.68...at 5 p.m. the barometer had gone down to 29.46, by which time the 
wind was blowing strongly from a NNW direction, and the sea, already 
boisterous, was rising heavier every minute and running a very powerful 
current from the north west. Long before the signal guns were fired, at 
6 p.m., it was quite clear that we were in for "a good blow," and the storm 
warning message issued just immediately after, by the U.S. Weather Bureau...
As night set in the wind increased in velocity, changing its position from 
NW to W and then to SW by which time the climax had been reached, that was 
between 2 and 5 o'clock on Wednesday morning. The rain fell in heavy fitful 
gusts during the whole night, filling up rivers and drains and flooding 
the streets and roads all through. But the latter abated as the day began 
to dawn, from which time also the wind, blowing from South, showed a 
tendency to abate. The sea was breaking to nearly mountain height upon the 
shore....Telephone and electric light poles fell in many parts of the town, 
cutting off communication and placing Rouseau in complete darkness. Of 
buildings, the only damage reported to us is the partial siding of 
the new premises which are being put up by Mr. Ferreira near to 
the Goodwell bridge for a public amusement hall.... Many old fences went 
down, but the wreckage among plants was general all over town and its 
environments. The large sandbox tree ... in Grandby Street was uprooted...
Other trees were also uprooted, whilst breadfruit, gomier and other trees 
threw their limbs and branches in all directions...The Bath Road between 
the Convent and Southern gate was nearly impassable owing to the debris from 
the fallen trees. Many lime trees were also uprooted and , as in other 
places, limes were scattered all under the trees, mostly all green..."
Dominica Guardian, 19 August 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) The late 
gale.  Further news of the bad weather reported in our last issue has come 
to hand from different parts of the country. Some of the estates have 
suffered severely, both from the destruction of cultivation and from the 
loss of the greater part of what were promising crops, mostly of limes, but 
happily a large number of estates have not been in any material way effected. 
Portsmouth was heavily shaken and several houses were destroyed there. At the 
Carib quarter about a dozen houses have either been wholly or partly wrecked. 
The roof of the church at La Roche has been blown away and a few houses 
suffered. At Vieille Case, Marigot, Wesley and other places thereabout 
dwelling houses have either been blown down or suffered other damage. At 
Morne Daniel a house was completely demolished....Although the weather 
caused heavy damage on land it is gratifying to record that no life has been 
lost, either on land or at sea. Of the vessels that were sunk....The 
following telegrams relate to the effect of the gale to the neighboring 
islands:
St. Vincent, 10, 1:30 p.m. -- Heavy weather here. Wind from west. Sea rough. 
Raining. Schooner Muriel attempting leave port came ashore.
Trinidad, 11, 10:30 a.m. --- Heavy sea here since about 7:30 a.m. now 
moderating. Strong breeze from SW. Several lighters sunk or damaged. Bar. 
29.98.
Grenada, 11. -- High winds and heavy rains experienced here about 2 a.m. 
Somewhat disturbed but conditions otherwise normal now.
St. Kitts, 12. -- The schooner Evangeline of Antigua, partly laden with 
molasses, was driven ashore by heavy sea yesterday afternoon and destroyed. 
One lighter was driven from Nevis and smashed on this coast. It is also 
reported that two other lighters broke from moorings at Nevis and drifted 
to sea.
St. Thomas, Aug. 12. -- Communication between Basseterre and Point-a-Pitre 
interrupted and all telegraph and telephone lines down; work is being 
forwarded by post.
St. Kitts, 13. -- It is reported from Nevis that the Montserrat Government 
Mail Boat Southern Cross was found drifting to the windward of that Island 
battened down, no one on board and undamaged. She was taken into Charlestown, 
Nevis.
Kingston, Jamaica, 13. -- A hurricane was experienced here on Thursday night, 
the barometer falling to 29.34. No damage to the city reported. Telegraph 
land lines blown down."
Antigua Sun, August 11, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) "Last night 
the wind rose almost to hurricane force.  Weather reports at 10 a.m. [10 Aug.] 
Barbados 29.98 wind nw; Dominica 29.77 wind north; Antigua 29.90 wind ne, in 
afternoon fell to 29.78; St. Kitts 29.90 wind ne."

August 11:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 15.5N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.6N, 66.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17N, 67W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center east of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  50 kt NE
and 1002 mb at San Juan at 13 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlight:  50 kt E at
19.3N, 63.8W (COA).  "On the morning of August 11 the disturbance was 
apparently near and south of the island of St. Croix, at about latitude 
16N., longitude 66W.  At this time the barometer at San Juan, P.R., read 
29.60 inches with a gale of 60 miles an hour from the northeast, indicating 
a much lower pressure to the southward, and pressure was falling more 
rapidly to the westward, as indicated by the observation at Santo Domingo, 
Santo Domingo, and Port au Prince, Haiti" (MWR).  "The hurricane passed 
east-west over the Caribbean to the south of Puerto Rico, causing 
mountainous seas along the south coast.  Damages were mostly to coffee and 
banana crops.  2 deaths (drowned at sea) at Cabo Rojo.  San Juan lowest 
barometer 29.77 at 8:50 a.m. [note that this is inconsistent with what
was reported in MWR], wind east at 62 mph, but winds were higher on 
the south coast and the Central Cordillera.  San Juan observations:  winds 
began to increase at noon of 10th (19mph); reached northeast 30 mph by 
midnight, gusts of northeast 40 mph at 1:00 a.m. of Aug. 11th; northeast 
60 mph at 3:00 a.m.; northeast 60 mph at 8:00 a.m.; southeast 19 mph at 
2:00-3:00 p.m." (Perez).  "August 11, F2 wind damage at 7 locations
in Puerto Rico, Storm known as 'Saint Tiburcio', Recommended keeping
HURDAT intensity and track as is" (Boose et al.)

August 12:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 16N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 17.3N, 72.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17.5N, 73W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center close to the MWR position.  Station highlight:
1002 mb at Port Au Prince at 13 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlight:  35 kt ESE at
21.0N, 65.0W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 12th the storm was 
central a short distance south of Haiti at about latitude 17, longitude 70.  
The barometer reading at Port au Prince was 29.60 inches and the highest 
wind velocity was 32 miles an hour from the east.  However, reports of 
damage over the southern portion of the Republic indicated that a severe 
gale must have occurred there with much lower pressures.  On the same 
morning the barometer reading at Kingston, Jamaica, was 29.68 inches, and 
northerly gales were reported east of the island.  The wind at Kingston was 
then light northwest, and pressure was also falling to the westward and 
northwestward, Songo (near Santiago), Cuba, reporting a barometer reading 
of 29.80 inches, a fall of 0.16 inch in 24 hours, with light northeast winds
... Over the southwestern portion of Haiti real disaster to crops, etc., 
was reported, but, so far as is known, without loss of life" (MWR).

August 13:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.2N, 78.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 18.8N, 78.2W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 18.7N, 78W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is accurate.
Station highlights:  35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM);
43 kt E at Sand Key (MWR); 994 mb at Kingston around 06 UTC (Chenoweth).  
Ship highlights:  35 kt ESE at 22.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 20 kt N and 
1002 mb at 20.6N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA).  "During the night of the 12-13th 
the storm center passed north of the Island of Jamaica, and at 8 a.m. of 
the 13th a whole southeast gale was blowing at Kingston ... Over the Island 
of Jamaica, heavy gales were reported, and the banana crop was said to have 
been damaged to the extent of several millions of dollars" (MWR).  

August 14:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 20.8N, 82.8W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 22N, 83.2W (a.m.).
Available observations place the center just west of the HURDAT
position.  Station highlights:  Calm (eye) at Cape San Antonio at 1930 UTC
(MWR); 48 kt E at Havana at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at Sand Key (MWR).  Ship 
highlight:  70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 21.1N, 80.6W (COA).  Perez et al. lists 
this system as a Category 3 major hurricane impact in Cuba. "On the morning 
of the 14th the storm was apparently central near the Isle of Pines, Cuba, 
with undiminished intensity and moving in a direction a little north of west.  
During Friday night [early on the 14th] the maximum wind velocity at Habana 
was 56 miles and hour from the east ... The storm center evidently passed 
over Cape San Antonio, Cuba, about 2:30 p.m., August 14, as at that time a 
calm prevailed, continuing with heat and mist for about one-half hour.  The 
lowest barometer at the Isle of Pines, Cuba, occurred at 3 a.m, august 14, 
so that the rate of travel of the storm center between that place and 
Cape San Antonio was about 13 miles and hour ... Over extreme western Cuba, 
which was in the direct path of the storm, the damage was much more serious, 
and at Cape San Antonio, on the extreme western end of the island, not a 
house was left standing.  The radio station, the steel tower, and the 
lighthouse were blown down, and the entire meteorological equipment of the 
Weather Bureau destroyed.  Fourteen lives were lost.  The schooner Roncador 
was totally wrecked, but without loss of life, and the schooner Explorer was 
dismantled ... There was only a moderate gale at Key West, but at Sand Key, 
8 miles to the southwestward, there was a 60-mile southeast gale ...
The greatest marine disaster was the loss on August 13 [14], probably in the 
Yucatan Channel, of the American steamship Marowigne, of the United Fruit Co., 
from Belize, British Honduras.  Notwithstanding the fact that the steamer was 
equipped with radio apparatus nothing was heard from her and she must have 
been lost, together with her passengers and crew, numbering in all 96 
persons.  The vessel was valued at $400,000" (MWR).

August 15:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb at 22.5N, 88.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.5N, 87.0N
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 24N, 87.2W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the hurricane was west of the HURDAT
position.  Station highlight:  20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
Meridian (HWM).  Ship highlights:  70 kt E and 1000 mb at 19 UTC at
27.0N, 86.0W (MWR);  60 kt NE and 992 mb at 11 UTC at 25.0N, 87.6W (COA). 
"On the morning of the 15th the storm was apparently central in the 
south-central Gulf of Mexico moving in a more northwesterly direction 
than before.  The barometer at all Gulf stations was falling. A radio 
report taken at 2 p.m. on the SS Antilles, at latitude 27, longitude 86, 
showed a barometer reading of 29.54 inches with wind velocity 74 miles an 
hour from the east ... The schooner Lydia M. Deering, from Sabine, Tex., for 
Boston, was lost several miles south of Mobile, and the captain and two 
members of the crew perished.  The schooner Dora Allison, from Progreso, 
Mexico, for Mobile, was wrecked in the Gulf, but her crew was saved.  The 
fishing smack Nettie Franklin, of Pensacola, was wrecked in the northwest 
Gulf and two of her crew were lost" (MWR).

August 16:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb at 26.5N, 93.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 major hurricane at 26.2N, 91.1W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 26.2N, 91.7W (a.m.)
and 28.2N, 94W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the location
of HURDAT is most accurate.  Station highlights: N winds and 988 mb at 
23 UTC at Velasco (CLINE/MWR); 57 kt NE and 992 mb at 22 UTC at 
Galveston (OMR).  "...another radio report taken at 8 p.m. on the same 
date [early on the 16th], at about latitude 26.5, longitude 87.5 showed a 
barometer of 29.48 inches, with wind velocity of 64 miles and hour from the 
east.  On Monday morning, August 16, the storm center was apparently 
approaching the east Texas coast.At this time the barometer at Galveston 
read 29.62 inches with maximum wind velocity of 34 miles and hour from the 
northeast.  The conditions continued to intensify, and by noon the barometer 
at Galveston had fallen to 29.48 inches with maximum wind velocity of 56 
miles and hour from the northeast.  The tide was rising slowly and the sea 
was excessively rough" (MWR).

August 17:  HWM analyzes a closed low just inland over Texas with at most
990 mb pressure at 30N, 96W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1
hurricane at 29.6N, 95.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the
system at 29.2N, 95.8W with 973 mb (a.m.) and at 30.5N, 97.2W with 994 mb
(p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the location of HURDAT
is most accurate.  Station highlights:  70 kt NE and 955 mb at 1125 UTC
at Houston (MWR/OMR); NW wind and 953 mb at 07 UTC at Velasco (Cline/MWR);
80 kt E and 971 mb at 09 UTC at Galveston (Cline/OMR).  "At 8 p.m. Monday, 
August 16, the barometer at Galveston read 29.10 inches with maximum wind 
velocity of 72 miles an hour from the northeast, and heavy rain was falling.  
The storm passed into the interior during the night of August 16-17, and 
at 2:45 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at Galveston read 28.63 inches,
with maximum wind velocity of 93 miles and hour from the east at 2:37 a.m.  
At 5:30 a.m. of the 17th the barometer at Houston read 28.20 inches, with a 
maximum wind velocity of 80 miles and hour (estimated) from the northeast.
Hourly barometer readings were also made by E.F. Roeller at Velasco, Tex., 
about 40 miles southwest of Galveston and about 14 miles southwest of San 
Luis Pass, where the storm center first reached the coast... It shows that 
the lowest pressure, 28.06 inches, occurred at 1 a.m. August 17, at which 
time the wind backed At 8 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at 
Galveston read 29.12 inches, with the wind blowing 52 miles and hour from 
the northeast, while at Houston the reading was 28.72 inches, with a wind 
of 80 miles an hour (estimated) from the southeast.  Torrential rains had 
fallen at both places and were extending into the interior of east Texas.  
The storm then recurved to the northward, with high winds over the 
interior of east Texas, reaching a maximum of 60 miles an hour from the 
north at San Antonio during the day ... the actual storm center passed 
much closer to Houston than to Galveston, and, according to the wind 
directions (NE., E., SE., and S.), a little to the southward and westward 
of both stations.  As nearly as can be determined the storm center reached 
the coast of Texas near San Luis Pass, at the end of West Bay, about 26 miles 
southwest of Galveston, at about 1 a.m., September [sic] 17, shortly after 
which its slow recurve to the northward and northeastward began.  The 
extreme western point of the path was reached between 2:20 and 2:40 a.m., 
very near and presumably a little to the westward of Sandy Point, Tex.  It 
was next definitely located at about 4:50 a.m. southwest of and very close 
to Houston, Tex., with a movement slightly east of north.  These deductions 
are based upon special reports received, mainly, after the passage of the 
storm, and the center is assumed to have been where the lull, or calm, that 
accompanies the shift in wind direction occurred as the storm center passed.  
At a point about 5 miles northeast of Sandy Point the calm lasted from 2:20 
until 2:40 a.m. ... A measurement by the United States Engineers at Twentieth 
and Strand makes the highest point [in Galveston] reached 11.965 feet above 
mean low tide.  It appears to be the universal opinion that the water was 
somewhat higher than in 1900 ... The greatest loss of life and property 
occurred in the vicinity of Galveston, and from thence northward and 
westward for a considerable distance.  The total loss of life was 275, to 
which the city of Galveston contributed 11; Galveston Island, 42; and the 
dredges Houston and San Bernard and the tug Helen Hendersson, 69...
It has been estimated that the damage from this storm to crops, buildings, 
railroads, shipping live stock, and other property will aggregate close to 
$50,000,000, but these figures are probably much too large.  Of the total 
amount approximately $6,000,000 occurred at Galveston.  In the city of 
Houston the damage amounted to about $1,000,000, mainly to buildings, 
railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines, and nearly every building shared 
in the damage.  Crops in fully one-half the State of Texas suffered severely.  
Nearly all open cotton was blown away, and much cotton, late corn and rice 
was flattened by the wind and rain" (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Texas:
Aug. 16-17, Upper Coast, Extreme Intensity, 275 killed, $50,000,000
damage ... Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama:
Aug. 17, Louisiana, Minor Intensity, Center remained offshore" (Dunn and
Miller).  "TX-N 4, MSLP 945 mb" (Jarrell et al.).  "Environmental
pressure 1008 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds [converted to 1 min]
100 kt" (Schwerdt et al.)  "948 mb central pressure, 29 nmi RMW,
landfall point 29.0N, 95.2W" (Ho et al.) "August 15-17, 1915:  A hurricane 
made landfall just west of Galveston.  Gales howled throughout Cameron and 
Vermilion Parishes and as far east as Mobile.  Produced tides of 11 feet at 
Cameron (called Leesburg at the time), 10 feet at Grand Cheniere, and 
9.5 feet at Marsh Island; Grand Isle reported water 6 feet deep across the 
city.  The lightkeeper at the Sabine Pass lighthouse had to turn the lens by 
hand, as vibrations caused by the wave action put the clockwork out of 
order.  At Sabine Bank, 17 miles offshore the Mouth of the Sabine, damage was 
noted ... .  A storm surge of 15.3 feet above mean low gulf was noted at 
Virginia Point. " (Roth).  "Aug. 17 1915, Center crossed coast: 35 miles
SW Galveston.  Estimated lowest pressure 27.90 inches, Tide info - 
Galveston 12.8', GLS seawall 15.5', Sabine 11.0', Vermillion Bay 9.5'"
(Connor).  SLOSH runs for this system were generated using a delta-P
of 55 mb at landfall (~954 mb central pressure), RMW of 35 statute miles
(30 nmi) and landfall of the eye center about 8 miles southwest of
San Luis Pass (landfall near 29.1N, 95.1W) before 1 a.m. on August 17th
(Wiggert and Jarvinen).

August 18:  HWM analyzes a closed low over northeast Texas with a cold
front extending west and a stationary front extending east-northeast of
the system.  However, the evidence for frontal boundaries is somewhat weak
at this point.  The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered at 31.5N, 97W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an 
extratropical storm at 31.7N, 96.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Track of Lows
lists it at 32N, 97W and 999 mb (a.m.) and at 32.8N, 96W and 1000 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a position just south of HURDAT is most
reasonable.  Station highlights:  42 kt N at 04 UTC at Dallas (OMR);
16 kt SE and 995 mb at 01 UTC at Palestine (OMR).  "On the morning of 
August 18 the storm was central over the northern portion of east Texas, 
with a barometer reading of 29.50 inches at Forth Worth and Dallas, with 
northeast gales of 44 to 48 miles an hour with heavy rains" (MWR).

August 19:  HWM analyzes a closed low at the border of Texas and Oklahoma
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of
the center.  However, again the evidence that frontal boundaries are actually
present is weak. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is 
centered near 33.5N, 96W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 33.6N, 96.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this
system at 33.5N, 95W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 93.7W with 999 mb
(p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
accurate.  Station highlights:  10 kt NE and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Fort
Worth (OMR).

August 20:  HWM analyzes a closed low over southeast Missouri with a
cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
southeast.  The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered near 37N, 90W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 37N, 90.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
36.8N, 90.5W and 996 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 88W and 996 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.  Station
highlights:  35 kt SW at Memphis (MWR); 35 kt W at Nashville (MWR); 
35 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at St. Louis (HWM).

August 21:  HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over Indiana with frontal
boundaries extending to the east and south of the center.  The center has
at most a 1000 mb pressure and is centered near 39.5N and 86W in HWM.
HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 39.5N, 85.8W with 1000 mb (a.m.)
and at 41.3N, 83W with 999 mb (p.m.).  Station highlights:  10 SSE and
1002 mb at 12 UTC at Dayton.

August 22:  HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over the border of New
York and Pennsylvania with frontal boundaries extending east and south of
the center.  The closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered
at 43N, 79W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at
43.5N, 79W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
43.2N, 79.7W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and at 45.7N, 75.8W with 1002 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is the most accurate center.
Station highlights:  10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit (HWM).

August 23:  HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over southwest Quebec 
with frontal boundaries extending to the southeast of the center.  The
closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered near 48N, 74W
in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 46.2N, 73.4W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 47.2N, 73.3W with
1006 mb (a.m.) and at 48.5N, 69.7W with 1007 mb (p.m.).  Available 
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 24:  HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over northern Quebec
with an occluded frontal boundary to its east.  The closed low has at most
1000 mb pressure and is centered near 53N, 70W.  However, no observations
are available to substantiate the system's existence at this date.

Track is adjusted significantly to the southwest on the 6th to the 9th, 
based on available observations and continuity.  Remaining track changes
are relatively minor.  Last position revised to provide a more realistic
translational velocity and to better account for available observations.
Extratropical transition is delayed 36 hours from that originally shown in 
HURDAT as no significant frontal boundaries became apparent in the cyclone 
until early on the 20th.  Intensity slightly reduced on the 5th to begin
system as tropical depression based upon ship and Cape Verde Island
observations.  Measurement of 998 mb from Dominica at 18 UTC on the 10th
was considered for the possibility to be a central pressure, but newspaper
accounts from the _Dominican Guardian_ clearly show that it would not have
been the lowest pressure measured at that location.  Impacts described for
Dominica and other islands in the Lesser Antilles match minimal hurricane 
intensity in HURDAT.  High seas and wind impacts reported at Puerto Rico on the
11th are consistent with a Category 2 hurricane passing to the south, so this 
intensity is retained.  The system passed just over the western tip of Cuba, 
causing Category 3 hurricane conditions according to Perez et al.  Thus 
intensities are retained unchanged on the 15th.  No ship went through the inner
core of the hurricane during its transit of the Gulf of Mexico.  

The hurricane made landfall in Texas early on the 17th.  Peak observed 
winds at landfall were from Galveston, Texas with 80 kt 5 min wind, which 
converts to 65 kt 1 min wind after adjusting for the high bias of the 
4 cup Robinson anemometer and converting to 1 min peak wind (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  However, the hurricane made landfall
well to the southwest of Galveston, so these are likely not the peak winds
in the system.  At landfall, minimum pressures observed were 953 mb with
a windshift from N to NW at Velasco, Texas at 07 UTC on the 17th and 955 mb 
with 70 kt NE wind (shifting to SE) at Houston, Texas at 1125 UTC.  The 
center of the hurricane passed between both cities without either observing 
the central pressure.  Ho et al. analyzed a landfall point of 29.0N, 95.2W,
an RMW of 29 nmi and an estimate of the central pressure of 948 mb (using 
the Schloemer equation).  However, MWR analyzed a landfall position farther
from Velasco at San Luis Pass at 29.1N, 95.1W.  Given that it is likely
that Velasco was inside the RMW, but not in the eye, a central pressure lower 
than 948 mb appears more reasonable.  Another line of evidence of a deeper
central is from the 955 mb observed in Houston accompanied by 
70 kt wind.  Application of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model
suggests a pressure of 936 mb due to the four hours of filling over land.
Given that Houston's location is close to Galveston Bay, perhaps the amount
of weakening is overestimated (and thus the 936 mb too high).  However,
the 955 mb in Houston was not a central pressure value, but taken in
the eyewall.  These estimates are all substantially stronger than the 954 mb 
central pressure obtained in Wiggert and Jarvinen.  The 940 mb central 
pressure estimate is accepted at landfall, which is slightly deeper than
that given in in Jarrell et al. (apparently obtained from Connor's estimate).  
940 mb central pressure at landfall suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The 25 nmi RMW is slightly larger than 
that expected by climatology (19 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure,
which would suggest a reduction from this 119 kt value.  The new northern
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. (2006) suggests
115 kt for a 940 mb central pressure.  Thus the estimated maximum sustained
winds at landfall are 115 kt, which is a slight reduction from the 120 kt
originally contained in HURDAT at 00 UTC but higher than the 105 kt at 06 UTC.
Given the uncertainty, this system could have been a high end Category 3
hurricane at landfall.  Keeping Category 4 retains the analyzed Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale status as given in HURDAT and Neumann et al. for this system.  
Peak observed winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times):  
70 kt at Houston at 12 UTC/17th, 53 kt at Galveston at 18 UTC/17th, and 40 kt 
at Dallas at 00 UTC/18th.  These convert to 57, 44, and 34 kt, respectively, 
after adjustment.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model 
suggests winds of 74, 51, and 39 kt, respectively.  As wind observations are 
fairly sparse in this area and this was a larger than usual hurricane, winds 
are chosen to be close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model:  at 12 UTC winds 
are thus increased from 65 kt in HURDAT to 75 kt, reduced at 18 UTC from 
60 kt to 50 kt, and reduced from 55 kt to 40 kt at 00 UTC/18th.  The
central Texas coast and Louisiana are added as experiencing Category 1 
conditions from an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al.  



1915/02 - 2008 SECOND REVISION:

20725 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
20730 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 260  30    0*140 278  30    0*
20735 08/06*141 296  35    0*141 313  35    0*142 330  35    0*142 345  35    0*
20740 08/07*143 360  35    0*144 375  35    0*145 390  40    0*146 405  40    0*
20745 08/08*146 420  45    0*147 435  50    0*148 450  55    0*148 468  60    0*
20750 08/09*149 487  65    0*150 506  70    0*151 525  70    0*153 542  70    0*
20750 08/09*149 488  65    0*150 508  70    0*151 525  70    0*151 540  70    0*
                                                               *** ***  

20755 08/10*155 558  75    0*157 574  75    0*159 590  75    0*161 605  80    0*
20755 08/10*152 555  75    0*152 570  75    0*153 585  75    0*153 597  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20760 08/11*163 619  80    0*165 634  80    0*166 650  85    0*167 668  85    0*
20760 08/11*154 606  80    0*155 615  80    0*157 627  85    0*160 644  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20765 08/12*169 688  85    0*171 710  90    0*173 730  90    0*177 744  90    0*
20765 08/12*163 664  85    0*166 684  90    0*170 704  90    0*174 724  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20770 08/13*181 757  95    0*185 770  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
20770 08/13*178 744  95    0*183 764  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                

20775 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 818 105    0*208 830 105    0*215 843 105    0*
20780 08/15*222 856 105    0*229 866 105    0*235 875 110    0*241 884 110    0*
20785 08/16*247 892 115    0*254 901 115    0*262 911 115    0*271 924 115    0*
20790 08/17*280 937 115    0*289 950 115  940*296 959  75    0*302 965  50    0*
20795 08/18*306 967  40    0*310 966  40    0*313 964  35    0*317 961  35    0*
20800 08/19*323 958  30    0*329 953  30    0*336 946  30    0*343 935  30    0*
20805 08/20E352 924  35    0E362 912  35    0E370 901  35    0E377 891  35    0*
20810 08/21E382 881  35    0E388 871  35    0E395 860  35    0E404 845  35    0*
20815 08/22E415 827  35    0E426 807  30    0E435 790  25    0E443 775  25    0*
20820 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E470 724  25    0*
20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1

Positions adjusted from late on the 9th through early on the 12th to better account 
for observations indicating a close pass over Dominca early on the 11th.  
(Description and observations are provided in the metadata for the first 2008 revision.)

1915/02 - 2011 REVISION:

21035 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
21040 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 260  30    0*140 278  30    0*
21045 08/06*141 296  35    0*141 313  35    0*142 330  35    0*142 345  35    0*
21050 08/07*143 360  35    0*144 375  35    0*145 390  40    0*146 405  40    0*
21055 08/08*146 420  45    0*147 435  50    0*148 450  55    0*148 468  60    0*
21060 08/09*149 488  65    0*150 508  70    0*151 525  70    0*151 540  70    0*
21065 08/10*152 555  75    0*152 570  75    0*153 585  75    0*153 597  80    0*
21070 08/11*154 606  80    0*155 615  80    0*157 627  85    0*160 644  85    0*
21075 08/12*163 664  85    0*166 684  90    0*170 704  90    0*174 724  90    0*
21080 08/13*178 744  95    0*183 764  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
21085 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 818 105    0*208 830 105    0*215 843 105    0*
21085 08/14*198 806 105    0*204 821 115    0*210 834 125    0*217 847 125    0*
                    ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

21090 08/15*222 856 105    0*229 866 105    0*235 875 110    0*241 884 110    0*
21090 08/15*223 858 125    0*229 866 125    0*235 875 120    0*241 884 120    0*
            *** *** ***              ***              ***              ***

21095 08/16*247 892 115    0*254 901 115    0*262 911 115    0*271 924 115    0*
21100 08/17*280 937 115    0*289 950 115  940*296 959  75    0*302 965  50    0*
21105 08/18*306 967  40    0*310 966  40    0*313 964  35    0*317 961  35    0*
21110 08/19*323 958  30    0*329 953  30    0*336 946  30    0*343 935  30    0*
21115 08/20E352 924  35    0E362 912  35    0E370 901  35    0E377 891  35    0*
21120 08/21E382 881  35    0E388 871  35    0E395 860  35    0E404 845  35    0*
21125 08/22E415 827  35    0E426 807  30    0E435 790  25    0E443 775  25    0*
21130 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E470 724  25    0*
21135 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1

On August 14, a peripheral pressure of 914 mb was reported at Cape San Antonio, 
Cuba, at 1900Z. According to Monthly Weather Review Supplement No. 24 (page 31), 
"The barometer at Cape San Antonio, Cuba, at 9 a.m. of that date measured 29.39 inches 
[991 mb]...Later an aneroid that was constructed to read down to only 27 inches 
[914 mb] was put into use, the observer reporting that the pointer reached the 
lower end of the scale-27 inches-at 2 p.m." The 914 mb measurement is also cited 
by Partagas (1993): "...a possible pressure value of 27.00 inches of mercury at 
Cape San Antonio (western tip of Cuba) during the August 14, 1915 was discarded 
as well because Mitchell (1924a) stated: means of determining the correctness of 
that reading are not at hand. ...It should be noted that a possible reading of 
27.00 inches of mercury at Cape San Antonio during the August 14, 1915 hurricane 
(Mitchell, 1924a) was discarded due to insufficient information." The center of 
the hurricane passed over the town around 1930Z (MWR). Additionally, the damage 
descriptions in MWR Supplement No. 24 suggest that HURDAT's Category 3 designation 
is too low. With regards to the track, the original HURDAT file was too slow from 
06Z (August 14) through 00Z (August 15). On August 14, the 18Z and 00Z coordinates 
indicated that the system passed near Cape San Antonio around 21Z. This time does 
not correlate with the MWR's description of the eye passage around 1930Z. Therefore, 
the coordinates and translation velocity have been adjusted to conform to the MWR's 
description and available data.

The following additional information was provided by Ramon Perez, at the Cuban 
Institute of Meteorology:  
"I couldn't find any information to confirm the sea level pressure recorded at 
western tip of Cuba. The annual reports of the Observatorio del Colegio de Belen" 
didn´t record any information on western Cuba sea level pressure. Gutierrez Lanz 
wrote: "Ciclón de notable intensidad (we can understand as a major hurricane) pasó 
por el Sur de la Isla,   alcanzando su lado derecho con fuerza moderada la región Sur 
de la provincia oriental y bastante más en Pinar del Río. En La Habana y provincias 
centrales se sintió débilmente. Los daños causados fueron de consideración en la 
provincia de Pinar del Río, principalmente en los frutos menores y en las casas de 
curar tabaco, en las otras provincias fueron muy ligeros. En este ciclón se perdió el 
vapor "Marouwinje", de la United Fruit Co., con 28 pasajeros y 65 tripulantes, el 
cual salió de Belice el 13 de agosto y del que nada se volvió a saber." 
Furthermore, it is clear to me that Gutierrez Lanza and his colleagues didn't see 
this hurricane as intense as the 1924 hurricane.   They named the 1924 hurricane as 
the "Huracán sin precedents" and comparing it with the 1846 hurricane (La Tormenta de 
San Francisco de Borja). However, damages related by MWR in western Cuba are very important.
We can upgrade this 1915 hurricane to category 4 or more according to the analysis you 
could make about it."

Given the uncertain nature of this measurement (in that the Cuban meteorologists 
have no record of it) and that the value itself was quite rough ("27 inches"), it 
might be placing too much emphasis on this pressure to directly obtain an intensity.  
The Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship would suggest 144 kt - 
Category 5 conditions and about 40 kt more than previously in HURDAT.  The impacts that 
are described do suggest wind-caused damages above that of a Category 3.  The reanalysis 
here splits the difference between the original HURDAT and the winds from the pressure-wind 
relationship because of the uncertain present in the pressure value.  Winds are adjusted 
upward to 125 kt from 12Z on the 14th to 06Z on the 15th, a major change from 105 kt 
originally.  This revises the impact in Cuba to a Category 4 on the Saffir Simpson 
Hurricane Wind Scale.  

*****************************************************************************


1915/03 - 2008 REVISION:

20830 08/28/1915 M=15  3 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20830 08/27/1915 M=16  3 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(27th is new to HURDAT.)
20832 08/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 445  40    0*190 458  40    0

20835 08/28*220 470  60    0*229 485  65    0*239 503  70    0*244 507  70    0
20835 08/28*200 471  45    0*210 483  45    0*220 495  50    0*230 504  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20840 08/29*249 514  75    0*254 521  75    0*259 529  80    0*264 537  80    0
20840 08/29*240 512  55    0*250 520  55    0*259 529  60    0*267 537  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

20845 08/30*269 546  85    0*273 555  85    0*278 563  90    0*282 571  90    0
20845 08/30*274 546  65    0*281 555  65    0*287 563  70    0*293 571  70    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20850 08/31*286 578  90    0*290 585  95    0*294 590  95    0*298 594  95    0
20850 08/31*299 578  75    0*305 585  75    0*310 590  80    0*313 594  80    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20855 09/01*302 598  95    0*305 602 100    0*307 606 100    0*312 610 100    0
20855 09/01*314 598  85    0*315 602  85    0*315 606  90    0*315 610  95    0
            ***      **      ***     ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

20860 09/02*315 613 100    0*318 616 105    0*320 620 105    0*323 626 105    0
20860 09/02*316 615 100    0*318 620 105    0*320 625 105    0*323 632 105    0
            *** ***              ***              ***              *** 

20865 09/03*325 635 105    0*327 643 105    0*327 649 105    0*325 652 105    0
20865 09/03*325 642 105    0*327 649 105    0*327 653 105    0*325 654 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              *** 
          
20870 09/04*322 653 105    0*318 652 105    0*315 648 105    0*313 645 105    0
20875 09/05*312 643 105    0*309 641 105    0*307 640 105    0*305 641 105    0
20875 09/05*312 643 105    0*309 641 105    0*307 640 105    0*305 640 105    0
                                                                   ***

20880 09/06*304 643 100    0*303 645 100    0*302 648  95    0*302 651  95    0
20880 09/06*304 640 100    0*303 640 100    0*302 640  95    0*302 643  95    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

20885 09/07*303 655  90    0*305 658  90    0*308 661  90    0*312 663  90    0
20885 09/07*302 649  90    0*303 659  90    0*305 665  90    0*310 667  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20890 09/08*317 665  90    0*322 666  85    0*325 667  85    0*332 667  85    0
20890 09/08*315 666  90    0*320 665  85    0*325 664  85    0*330 663  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

20895 09/09*337 665  85    0*342 662  80    0*348 657  80    0*355 651  75    0
20895 09/09*336 662  85    0*342 660  80    0*348 657  80    0*355 651  75    0
            *** ***              ***                                  

20900 09/10*364 642  70    0*375 631  65    0*387 619  60    0E410 581  55    0
20900 09/10*363 642  70    0*371 631  65    0*380 619  60    0E390 590  55    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

20905 09/11E427 560  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
20905 09/11E400 560  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** 

20910 HR                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995),
and observations provided for Bermuda by Mark Guishard.

August 27:  HWM analyzed an open trough along 42W.  Available observations
and continuity with the 28th suggest a closed low near 18N, 44.5W.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 28:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 49W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.9N, 50.3W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was between these
two estimates.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

August 29:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 53W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 25.9N, 52.9W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's position is more
accurate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 23N, 56W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.8N, 56.3W at
12 UTC.  Available observations and continuity with the 31st suggest a
position north of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 31:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 58W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.4N, 59W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position north of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:
50 kt VAR and 993 mb at 32.1N, 58.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  "Without the aid of
mail reports from vessels on the western Atlantic, the geographic
position of the origin of this disturbance cannot be definitely determined,
but there is some evidence that it was present during the last days of
August to the east-northeastward of the Lesser Antilles, whence it, in all
probability, moved northwestward to the vicinity of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 1:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31.5N, 59W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 60.6W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position at HWM's latitude and
HURDAT's longitude.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NNW and 1018 mb at 24.9N, 66.2W
at 12 UTC (COA).  "On the 1st of the month the 8 a.m. cablegram from
Hamilton, Bermuda, showed a pressure of 29.91 inches, the wind north and
26 miles an hour, and the weather cloudy.  During the 1st, pressure fell
steadily at Hamilton" (MWR).

September 2:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 32.5N, 63W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32N, 62W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the position was between these two
estimates.  Ship highlights:  W wind and 990 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC
(MWR);  50 kt NW and 1016 mb at 28.8N, 68.1W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station
highlight:  30 kt NW and 998 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).  "...at 8 a.m.
of the 2n the pressure was 29.46 inches, the wind northwest, 36 miles, 
and raining.  The pressure continued to fall" (MWR).  [From the 'Royal
Gazette' of 7 Sep.] "...The rain cam on Thursday [2 Sep] accompanied by
violent gusts of wind" (Tucker).

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 32N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.7N, 64.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 33.3N, 65.5W and 988 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position south of the HURDAT estimate.  
Ship highlight:  70 kt S and 984 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR).
Station highlights:  40 kt NE at Cape Henry at 00 UTC (MWR); 25 kt S and
988 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).  "...and at 8 p.m. on the 2n, the 
barometer reported was 29.18 inches with the wind northwest, 24 miles, and
raining ... The highest winds were off the Virginia Capes, Cape Henry 
reported a maximum velocity of 48 miles from the northeast at 8 p.m. of 
the 2d" (MWR).  "The Hurricane of 1915 commenced early on Sept. 3rd after
very sultry weather - calm sea and very rosy sunsets.  Its full force was
experienced from the N.E. to E. and continued for 4 days.  A considerable
amount of damage was caused to buildings, especially Commissioners House
which was partially unroofed ... Continuing through Thursday, it culminated
on Friday [3 Sep], by 12 o'clock that night had reached a tremendous
velocity ... Many of the fisherman round Coney Island find their boats
are total wrecks through the storm ... The damage occasioned at St. George's
is considerable, both on land and water.  The dredgers 'King George' and
'Queen Mary' were both blown ashore ... The tugboat 'Powerful' dragged
all over the harbor and finally went ashore between Market Wharf and
Orinance Island ... Many smaller craft were damaged.  The St. George Hotel
was unslated.  The entire north side of the roof of a very long house on
Water Street, occupied by Mr. Hodsel and family, was taken off and they had
to make a rapid move ... The Cathedral suffered pretty badly" (Tucker).

September 4:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb at 30.5N, 65W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.5N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31.8N, 65.3W and 992 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT's estimate.  Ship
highlight:  70 kt SE and 991 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 and 03 UTC (MWR).
Station highlight:  987 mb at 00 UTC and 40 kt NE and 997 mb at 12 UTC 
at Bermuda (BER, HWM).  "This disturbance remained central in the region of 
Bermudas until the 8th and much of this time the wind blew a gale from nearly 
all points of the compass" (MWR).  "During the night of Sept. 4th at 2 a.m. 
the drydock, which it had been impossible to sink owing to two small vessels 
being in it at the time, broke adrift and damaged itself considerably against 
the wall by the Bascule Bridge" (Tucker).

September 5:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 30.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 64W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31N, 64.3W and 1003 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is the most accurate.
Ship highlights:  996 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and
1001 mb at 32.6N, 62.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 60.5W at 12 UTC
(COA).  Station highlight:  30 kt NE and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 6:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 29.7N, 64.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM estimate.
Ship highlights:  60 kt ESE at 31.2N, 60W at 12 UTC (COA);  1001 mb and 
W wind at 35.8N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  

September 7:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 29.5N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.8N, 66.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 30.5N, 66.2W and 1005 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that a position just west of the MWR
Tracks of Lows estimate is most accurate.  Ship highlights:  999 mb and 
ESE wind at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at 31N, 63.3W at 12 UTC
(COA).  Station highlight:  35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC
(HWM).  "The gale got lively again on Monday [6 Sep] night and Tuesday
[7 Sep] morning ... and the most dramatic result was wreck on the South
Shore ... The doomed ship struck on September 7th, oppressed by high winds
and seas still continuing from the hurricane just passed" (Tucker).

September 8:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 66.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 32N, 67W and 999 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center was west of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  997 mb and SE-SSE-S-SW wind at 32.2N, 64.9W
at 02-06-18-21 UTC (MWR);  45 kt E at 35.9N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 9:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 35N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.8N, 65.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 35N, 65.3W and 1010 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 38.4N, 63W at 12 UTC (COA);
35 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.5N, 64.6W at 12 UTC (COA).  "On the 9th the
storm recurved west and north of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 10:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 38.5N, 63W,
with a cold front advancing from the northwest of the system.  HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm at 38.7N, 61.9N at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the center was south of the HURDAT estimate.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1017 mb at 33.8N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA);
15 kt N and 1000 mb at 38.2N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 11:  HWM analyzed a large extratropical system and associated
cold front had absorbed the tropical cyclone and that the latter no longer
existed as a separate entity by 12 UTC.

The genesis of this system is begun a day earlier on the 27th of August,
primarily on the basis of a north wind from a lone ship likely west of
the tropical cyclone's center.  Track changes are largest on the 28th and 
late on the 10th/early on the 11th with both dates having positions south 
of HURDAT.  While the peak intensity of this cyclone is uncertain, as
no ship or station made observations in the eye, it is likely that
it was near the Category 3 (105 kt) given in HURDAT as it made its closest
approach to Bermuda.  A 984 mb peripheral pressure reading from a ship near
Bermuda on the 3rd (the Kilbride) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from 
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Bermuda's lowest pressure
reading (twice daily) was 987 mb at 00 UTC on the 4th, suggsting 67 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Bermuda suffered widespread, 
moderate wind and wave/surge damages, consistent with what one would expect 
from about 12 hours of impact from a nearby Category 3 hurricane.  A latter 
peripheral pressure of 1000 mb on the 10th suggests winds of at least 49 kt 
from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt retained.  Extratropical 
transition late on the 10th and early on the 11th as shown in HURDAT is not 
changed.


1915/04 - 2006 REVISION:

21225 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
21230 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 788  55    0*158 788  55    0*
21235 09/01*164 789  60    0*170 791  65    0*176 796  70    0*182 803  70    0*
21240 09/02*189 811  75    0*197 819  75    0*205 826  80    0*214 832  80    0*
21245 09/03*225 837  85    0*236 842  85    0*248 848  85    0*260 851  85    0*
21250 09/04*274 853  80    0*287 854  80    0*302 854  75    0*318 853  65 1003*
21255 09/05*335 850  45    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0*
21260 09/06*398 846  20    0*411 847  20    0*424 849  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
21265 HRAFL1
21265 HRAFL1IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************



1915/04 - 2008 REVISION:

20915 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20915 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

20920 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 788  55    0*158 788  55    0
20920 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 795  30    0*160 800  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20925 09/01*164 789  60    0*170 791  65    0*176 796  70    0*182 803  70    0
20925 09/01*170 804  40    0*180 808  45    0*190 810  50    0*193 811  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20930 09/02*189 811  75    0*197 819  75    0*205 826  80    0*214 832  80    0
20930 09/02*196 812  60    0*200 813  65    0*205 815  75    0*211 821  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20935 09/03*225 837  85    0*236 842  85    0*248 848  85    0*260 851  85    0
20935 09/03*217 828  85    0*226 836  80    0*240 840  80    0*256 844  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20940 09/04*274 853  80    0*287 854  80    0*302 854  75    0*318 853  65 1003
20940 09/04*272 848  80    0*287 852  80    0*302 854  70  982*318 853  50 1003
            *** ***              ***                   **  ***          **

20945 09/05*335 850  45    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0
20945 09/05*335 850  35    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0
                     **                        

20950 09/06*398 846  20    0*411 847  20    0*424 849  15    0*  0   0   0    0
20950 09/06*398 846  25    0*411 847  25    0*424 849  25    0*435 852  20    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

20955 HRAFL1IGA1                
20955 HRAFL1
            ****

Landfall:
9/4/1915     1100Z 30.0N  85.4W   80kt 25nmi    982mb    1012mb  AFL1

Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown 
in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956),  Dunn and 
Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and 
Perez et al. (2000).

August 31:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 79.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 78.8W at 12 UTC.
However, available observations suggest that no closed circulation exists
yet for this system and it is to be removed from HURDAT on this date.

September 1:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 18.5N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.6N, 79.6W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the system is northwest of
the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

September 2:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.5N, 82.6W.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.2N, 82W (a.m.).  A position northeast
of the MWR Tracks estimate appears most reasonable.  Station highlight:
1000 mb at Isle of Pines at 21 UTC (MWR).  "This storm apparently 
originated south of Cuba and passed northward near Isle of Pines ...
The minimum barometer at the Isle of Pines was 29.52 inches at 5 p.m., 
to which it had fallen from 29.72 at noon." (MWR).

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 24N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 25.3N, 84.7W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center to the southeast of HURDAT.  Ship highlights:  
25 kt SW and 985 mb at 24.3N, 84W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N and 995 mb at
24.8N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  45 kt SE and 1004 mb
at Havana at 04 UTC (MWR).  "A report from the Cuban Meteorological Service 
states that the barometer at Pinar del Rio on the 2d at 7:30 p.m. was 
29.74 inches, wind northeast, 20 miles; and at 10:30 p.m., the barometer 
was 29.70, wind northwest, 26 miles.  The wind having backed from northeast 
to north-northwest, it may be inferred that the center of the hurricane 
passed to the east of the city.  Comparing these observations with those at 
Habana, where the minimum pressure, 29.66 inches, was observed at 11:45 p.m. 
of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity of 50 miles from the southeast at 
the same hour, it follows that the center of the disturbance passed in the 
vicinity of San Cristobal, in Pinar del Rio, and passed to the Gulf near 
La Mulata" (MWR).  "Category 2 hurricane in Cuba.  Track is shifted to east 
of the Isle of Youth and landfall near 22.7N, 82.7W" (Perez).  "Key West 
report - No casualties or damage at or in the vicinity of this station.  
Lowest barometer 29.76 inches about 3 a.m. of the 3d.  Tampa report - In 
this vicinity very high tides were reported, some of the highest of record.  
At St. Petersburg, Fla., the tide exceeded by 4 feet 10 inches, the 
previous high record.  Damage from wind and tide is confined to that 
portion of the coast north of Manatee.  At Passa Grille the sea wall was 
considerably damaged by the extremely high seas.  An aneroid barometer 
(recently compared) at Passa Grille showed a reading of 29.60 inches, 
0.18 inch lower than at Tampa.  The official in charge at Tampa remarks:  
This means a gradient of 0.18 inch in 25 miles.  The tide was the highest 
of record at Manatee.  At Clearwater there was not much wind but the 
highest tides in years" (MWR).

September 4:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 29.5N, 85.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.2N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 30.5N, 85.3W with 993 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is an accurate estimate.  Ship
highlight:  35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 24.2N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (COA).  Station
highlights:  993 mb and SW wind at Apalachicola at 1140 UTC (MWR);  996 mb
at St. Andrews (Panama City) at 12 UTC (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Florida: 
1915 Sept. 4, Apalachicola, Minimal Intensity, Some loss of life" (Dunn and 
Miller).  Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their U.S. hurricane 
listing, implying that the system had a central pressure greater than 981 mb 
which was their maximum criterion.  "Jacksonville report - The tide was 
unusually high at all Gulf stations, unprecedented some reports indicate..
At Apalachicola the wind was highest, 60 to 70 miles an hour, from the 
east-southeast between 4 and 7 a.m. of the 4th, veering to southwest.  
The loss of timber on turpentine farms will be about 10 to 15 per cent or 
more.  The damage to buildings, small boats, and other exposed property, 
including telegraph and telephone wires will approximate $25,000.  The tide 
was highest about 5 a.m., having risen 4 feet above normal within about an 
hour.From 4 a.m. to 7 a.m. the wind blew from 50 to 60 miles an hour, and 
for 30 or 40 minutes it was 70 miles.The lowest barometer reading was 
29.32 inches at 6:40 a.m.  At Carrabelle the tide was 7 feet above normal.  
No lives were lost, but fences, telephone poles and smokestacks were blown 
down, piers were washed away, several barges and small boats were blown 
ashore into the marshes and left high and dry after the storm.  The highest 
wind velocity of 60 to 70 miles an hour (estimated) occurred about 7 a.m.  
Some roofs were blown off and several fishing vessels went ashore.  
Pensacola report - The tide was not unusually high.  The highest wind 
velocity was 33 miles an hour from the north at 11:08 a.m. of the 4th.  The 
lowest pressure was 29.80 inches at 10 a.m. of the 4th.  There was no damage.  
At St. Andrew the lowest barometer reading of 29.40 inches occurred at 
7:45 a.m.  On the morning of the 4th the wind had backed to north, and by 
5 a.m. began to increase in velocity and was coming in gusts of 50 to 
60 miles an hour.  A little before 7 a.m. the wind shifted to northwest and 
possibly for a moment blew 80 miles an hour.  It was then that the most 
damage was done in the way of uprooting and twisting off of trees" (MWR).
"The category 1 hurricane that made landfall near the mouth of the 
Apalachicola River on September 4, 1915, was not a significant storm in 
Florida history.  Much like a category 1 storm that struck Pensacola in 
August 1911, its impact on the coast was minor when compared to the great 
storms of the past.  Its arrival was nevertheless unwelcome to the people 
of the Apalachicola region, who endured winds of 70 mph and damages that 
totaled $100,000.  Numerous boats and wharfs were wrecked, including 
several vessels from the sponge fleet.  In all, twenty-one deaths were 
attributed to the modest hurricane" (Barnes).  "Sep 4 1915, Estimate 
Lowest Central Pressure during Lifetime (and also at landfall) 982 mb,
Tide Information - Carrabelle 7', Apalachicola 4'" (Connor)

September 5:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 37N, 85W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 36.9N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 36.7N, 83.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.
Station highlights:  35 kt SE at Atlanta at 02 UTC (OMR).  

September 6:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 42.5N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 42.4N, 84.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 44.2N, 84.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7:  The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 46.2N, 82W with 
1009 mb (a.m.).  However, HWM showed no closed low and available observations
suggest that the system had dissipated.  "After crossing the coast line this 
disturbance decreased in intensity as it passed northward to Lake Huron and 
lost its identity by the evening of the 7th" (MWR).

No change in genesis date, though weaker intensity is indicated from
the 31st through the 2nd based upon available observations that hurricane
intensity was not reached until the 2nd.  Minor changes to the track
are introduced from the 31st until the 4th.  The tropical cyclone
is retained as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall in Cuba, which was
confirmed by the analysis by Perez though with a position farther east 
(taking the center on the east side of the Isle of Pines, rather than on
the west side of the island as originally in HURDAT).  A peripheral 
pressure of 985 mb at 08 UTC on the 3rd suggest winds of 71 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 80 kt chosen for HURDAT.

The hurricane made landfall early on the 4th in the Florida panhandle.
While no high winds were explicitly measured at landfall in Florida, 
estimates of about 70 kt were reported at St. Andrews (Panama City) on 
the weak side of the storm.  Two peripheral pressures of 993 mb 
(1140 UTC at Apalachicola) and 996 mb (12 UTC at St. Andrews [Panama
City]) are the basis for the estimated central pressures of 982 mb 
from Connor and 988 mb from Jarrell.  Given the impacts of surge 
and wind-caused damages and the estimate of hurricane force winds 
on the weak side of the system, it is estimated that the 982 mb central 
pressure at landfall around 11 UTC is most accurate.  982 mb pressure
suggest winds of 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.
As the hurricane was moving quite fast (~16 kt) toward the north at landfall,
winds at landfall are estimated to be 80 kt.  This confirms the Neumann
et al. analysis of Category 1 hurricane making landfall in northwest 
Florida.  After landfall, a run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model
suggests winds of 68 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th, 48 kt at 18 UTC, 35 kt at
00 UTC on the 5th and 27 kt at 06 UTC.  Highest observed winds within
2 hours of these synoptic times are the following:  35 kt (but with estimates
of up to 70 kt), no data, 35 kt, and no data.  Thus winds are chosen for
HURDAT to be 70 kt, 50 kt, 35 kt, and 30 kt.  A central pressure of 1003 mb
was listed in HURDAT on 18 UTC on the 4th, about 7 hours after landfall.
While no confirmation of this value could be found, it does appear to be
reasonable and is thus retained in HURDAT.  With the reduction of the winds
at 18 UTC on the 4th from 65 to 50 kt, the inland Georgia Category 1
hurricane designation has been removed.  Winds were increased slightly
on the 6th due to available observed station winds.  The lifetime of the
tropical cyclone was extended an additional 6 hr due to the still moderately
well defined vortex at 12 UTC on the 6th, the previously last position in
HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1915/05 - 2008 REVISION:

20956 09/19/1915 M= 5  5 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20957 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 635  30    0*267 634  30    0*
20958 09/20*279 633  35    0*292 630  35    0*305 625  40    0*319 615  40    0*
20959 09/21*334 595  45    0*348 560  45    0*360 530  45    0*370 510  45    0*
20959 09/22*373 495  45    0*374 485  50    0*375 480  50    0*376 475  50    0*
20959 09/23E377 468  40    0E378 460  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20959 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

September 18:  A surface trough is evident near the longitude of 63W between
20 and 25N from HWM and COADS data.  A closed circulation might be present, 
but observations are sparse near the possible center.  No gale force winds 
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 19:  HWM analyzes a closed circulation with at most 1012.5 mb
pressure at 25.5N, 63.5W.  Available observations suggest that this is a 
reasonable center.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 20:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
30N, 62W.  Available observations suggest the center is slightly north
and west of this location.  Ship highlights:  20 kt NW and 1006 mb at
12 UTC at 29.8N, 63.4W (HWM/COA).
September 21:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
33.5N, 59W.  A warm front is depicted north of this location.  Available 
observations suggest that the center is actually substantially east-northeast 
of HWM's location, closer to 36N, 53W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt N and
1007 mb at 08 UTC at 35.2N, 56W (COA).
September 22:  HWM depicts a large extratropical low centered just north
of Nova Scotia with a cold front extending southwest of the center and
a warm front extending southeast of the center.  However, additional
observations from COADS indicates a center to be present near 37.5N, 48W.
The structure appears to still be a tropical cyclone, rather than 
extratropical as no well-defined frontal boundary is yet present.  Ship
highlights:  45 kt W at 12 UTC at 33.3N, 48W (COA); 45 kt WSW at 12 UTC
at 35.5N, 47.7W (COA).
September 23:  HWM depicts a large extratropical storm centered north of
Newfoundland with frontal features extending south and east of the center.
A closed low from the tropical system is no longer present, but HWM and
COADS data suggest that the remnants may be near 38N, 45W as it was
absorbed into the front from the extratropical low.

Genesis of this new tropical storm occurs on the 19th with the appearance of
a closed, non-frontal circulation.  A 1006 mb peripheral pressure on
the 20th suggests winds of at least 36 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT.  A second ship reported 35 kt
N winds and 1007 mb pressure early on the 21st - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT.
Two ships reported 45 kt on the 22nd - 50 kt selected for HURDAT, which may
be the peak intensity for this system.  The tropical storm was likely to have 
been absorbed within the warm frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23nd 
near 38N, 45N.

*****************************************************************************


1915/06 - 2008 REVISION:

20960 09/22/1915 M=10  5 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
20960 09/21/1915 M=11  6 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***                        *

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20962 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 610  35    0*128 615  40    0

20965 09/22*  0   0   0    0*146 621  60    0*147 634  65    0*147 646  70    0
20965 09/22*132 621  45    0*135 628  50    0*138 636  55    0*140 646  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

20970 09/23*148 658  70    0*148 672  70    0*148 684  75    0*149 698  75    0
20970 09/23*141 658  65    0*142 669  70    0*143 680  75    0*143 690  75    0
            ***      **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  
         
20975 09/24*150 709  80    0*151 720  80    0*153 732  85    0*155 744  85    0
20975 09/24*144 700  80    0*145 710  85    0*145 720  95    0*146 731 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

20980 09/25*158 757  85    0*161 769  85    0*165 783  90    0*169 792  90    0
20980 09/25*148 742 115    0*150 753 120    0*153 765 125    0*156 777 125  931 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

20985 09/26*173 801  90    0*178 809  90    0*183 817  95    0*188 825  95    0
20985 09/26*159 788 125    0*162 799 125    0*166 810 125    0*173 819 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

20990 09/27*194 832  95    0*200 839  95    0*207 846  95    0*215 853  95    0
20990 09/27*184 828 125    0*196 837 125    0*207 846 125    0*215 853 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***              *** 

20995 09/28*223 859  95    0*231 866 100    0*238 872 100    0*249 878 100    0
20995 09/28*223 859 125    0*231 866 125    0*238 872 125    0*247 878 125    0
                    ***              ***              ***      ***     ***

21000 09/29*259 885 105    0*268 891 110    0*278 897 115  935*288 901  85    0
21000 09/29*257 885 120    0*268 892 120  935*279 898 115    0*290 903 110  944 
            ***     ***          *** ***  *** *** ***      *** *** *** ***  ***

21005 09/30*299 901  60  952*311 898  60    0E323 893  50    0E337 884  40    0
21005 09/30*301 902  70  949*312 900  60    0E323 893  50    0E336 884  40    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***                           ***

21010 10/01E352 868  35    0E369 848  35    0E387 824  35    0E405 798  35    0
21010 10/01E350 868  35    0E365 848  35    0E382 824  35    0E402 798  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

21015 HR LA4                
21015 HR LA3 MS2
         *** ***

Landfall:
9/29/1915    1800Z 29.1N  90.3W  110kt  20 and 55 nmi  944mb  LA3,MS2

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Sullivan (1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. 
(2000), and Caribbean newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth.

September 21:  HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date.  However,
examination of observations suggest a weak closed low was found near
12.3N, 61.0W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

September 22:  HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. HURDAT lists 
this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.4W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations are ambiguous about whether a closed circulation exists or
not.  A position just southwest of the original HURDAT is chosen for continuity
with the 21st.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
However, newspaper accounts from Antigua are suggestive that tropical storm 
force conditions were occurring on this date.  "...the forecasters on duty... 
detected the first signs of the formation of another hurricane, although he 
had no reports from that immediate region.  This storm began to manifest its 
presence by the changed wind directions, by the clouds and the peculiar 
movements" (MWR).  Antigua Sun, Thursday, September 23, 1915 (provided by 
Michael Chenoweth) "Very high winds prevailed here yesterday which were 
responsible for a few incidents. A sailing boat ... capsized off Keeling 
Point...six men were rescued. All the droghers, etc. in the harbor had to 
put out extra anchors. Fences were blown down in several places.  The sea 
was exceedingly rough so that the shipping of produce to the steamer and 
other craft had to be suspended." 

September 23:  HWM analyzed a weak trough along 72W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.8N, 68.4W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations and continuity with the next two days suggest a position
just east and south of HURDAT's estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 24:  HWM analyzed a weak trough along 77W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.3N, 73.2W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations and continuity with the 25th suggest a position east and 
south of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E and 1013 mb at
19.6N, 69.2W at 11 UTC (COA/HWM).  

September 25:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 14N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 78.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT 
estimates.  Ship highlight:  931 mb at 15.5N, 77.3W, S.S. Almirante (Connor);
25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 15.6N, 77.5W at 05 UTC (COA).  "Latitude 15.50N and 
longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante, Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60"
(Connor).

September 26:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 16N, 80W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.3N, 81.7W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT
estimates.  Ship highlight:  25 kt W and 994 mb at 16.9N, 82.4W at 23 UTC
(COA).

September 27:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.5N, 84W (a.m.).  The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable given available observations.  Ship 
highlights:  50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 20.6N, 86.5W at 23 UTC (COA);
50 kt E and 997 mb at 23.2N, 85.8W at 23 UTC (COA).

September 28:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 22.5N, 89.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.8N, 87.2N at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 23.5N, 87.2W (a.m.).  The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable.  Ship highlight:  60 kt SE and 993 mb at
23.3N, 86W at 12 UTC (COA).  Hurricane is listed as causing tropical storm
impact in western Cuba as the eye passed well offshore (Perez et al.)

September 29:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 91W.  HWM
indicated a stationary front existed to the northeast of the hurricane (but
without much evidence) and a moderate cold front was advancing toward the
system from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 
hurricane at 27.8N, 89.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center 
at 27.8N, 90W (a.m.).  A position very close to the HURDAT estimate appears 
most reasonable.  Ship highlights: 935 mb at 27.0N, 89.3W (Ho); 70 kt SE 
and 997 mb at 27.5N, 88W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlights:  40 kt SE 
and 952 mb at New Orleans at 2350 UTC (MWR);  952 mb at Tulane University 
at 2330-0000 (30th) UTC;  106 kt at Burrwood at 2145 UTC (MWR).  "The New
Orleans hurricane was equal to and possibly surpassed in intensity the one
that occurred at Galveston in August.  At New Orleans the lowest pressure,
reduced to sea level, standard gravity, etc., was 28.11 inches, which is
the lowest reading ever recorded at a Weather Bureau station, and the extreme
wind velocity was approximately 130 miles an hour from the east. ... 
"From midnight to 2:45 a.m. of the 29th; the wind was blowing steadily from 
the northeast with a velocity of from 17 to 18 miles per hour.  From 2:45 
to 8 a.m. the prevailing direction was east, oscillating occasionally 
between northeast and southeast; when the wind changed from northeast to 
east the velocity increased to 25 miles per hour, and a maximum velocity of 
34 miles per hour occurred for a period of five minutes at 3:50 a.m.  
At 8 a.m. the wind backed to northeast and continued from that direction 
until 1:10 p.m.; from 1:10 p.m. to 4:15 p.m. the prevailing direction was 
east, oscillating at frequent intervals to the southeast; from 4:15 p.m. to 
5:20 p.m. the prevailing direction was southeast, but there were intervals 
of three to five minutes with the direction from the east.  From 5:20 p.m. to 
6:30 p.m. the wind was steady from the southeast.  The wind shifted from 
southeast to south at 6:35 p.m. and to southwest at 6:45 p.m., continuing 
from that direction during the night.  The velocity now subsided rapidly, 
falling below 30 mis./hr. during the hour ending at 9 p.m.; however, 
maximum velocities of 32 to 36 miles were recorded in each hour from 11 p.m. 
of the 29th to 3 a.m. of the 30th.  The wind velocity was 50 mis./hr. or 
higher for four hours and 60 or above for two hours, the maximum velocity, 
86 mis./hr., was 20 miles in excess of the highest velocity, 66 miles, 
previously recorded at New Orleans.  The wind attained the greatest velocity 
when it shifted from east to southeast...The wind, when at its height, was 
not steady but came in rapid succession of gusts of a few seconds duration, 
which may be likened to pulsations.  The extreme velocity of 130 miles per 
hour, from the southeast, occurred at 4:58 p.m., while the maximum velocity 
for five minutes, 86 miles per hour, occurred from 5:11 to 5:16 p.m.  The 
velocity in the pulsating gusts of a few seconds duration was, at times, 
undoubtedly much greater than the extreme velocity for a whole single mile...
The wind velocity 50 miles distant from the center was evidently much 
greater than it was at New Orleans.  At Burrwood, La., 100 miles south of 
New Orleans and located at the mouth of the southwest pass of the Mississippi 
delta, unprecedented high winds for this section of the country were 
recorded and the velocity exceeded any winds previously recorded on the 
Gulf coast.  In fact, this was the most intense hurricane known to th the 
recorded history of this part of the country.  [The automatic record of the 
anemometer at Burrwood is unusually perfect and distinct, notably so when 
one considers the abnormally high winds it records; much credit is due 
G. E. Henderson, the observer, for having maintained his instrument in such 
perfect condition and for securing such a record.]...The pressure and wind 
records at New Orleans, Burrwood, and Morgan City, La., Bay St. Louis, Miss., 
and other places, especially the fact that the barometer remained nearly 
stationary at Burrwood from 9:45 a.m., the time of the occurrence of the 
lowest barometer, until the time of the occurrence of the lowest barometer, 
until 2 p.m. of the 29th, more than four hours, taken along with the wind 
reports from surrounding stations, indicates that the storm center struck the 
Louisiana coast about halfway between the mouth of the Mississippi River and 
Atchafalaya Bay, the center being then about 50 miles west of Burrwood and 
recurving slowly toward the northeast.  The slight change in pressure 
conditions at Mobile and Pensacola from 8 p.m. of the 28th to 8 a.m. of 
the 29th also shows that the storm recurved over southeastern Louisiana, and 
was probably moving toward the northwest up to the time that its northern 
segment struck the marshes of southeastern Louisiana.  The storm center 
passed near and east of La Rose and Lockport on Bayou Lafourche, where the 
wind backed suddenly without an intermediate direction from northeast to 
northwest during the afternoon of the 29th.  At Thibodaux, in the 
northwestern part of Lafourche Parish, the wind backed more gradually from 
northeast to northwest and west.  The prevailing wind at New Orleans being 
northeast from 8 a.m. until 1 p.m., five hours, east from 1 p.m. until 
4 p.m., three hours, southeast from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m., three hours, then 
southerly the remainder of the day, indicates that the storm curved to the 
northeastward around New Orleans ... The lowest pressure at Morgan City, La., 
67 miles west of New Orleans, was 29.05 inches and lowest at Bay St. Luis, 
Miss., 50 miles east of New Orleans, was 29.12 inches.  The gradient between 
Bay St. Louis and New Orleans, when applied from Morgan City eastward to the 
path of the center of the hurricane, would bring the 28.11 inches isobar on 
the west side of the center to within about 25 miles of the local office, 
Weather Bureau, New Orleans.  This would place the center of the hurricane 
about 12 miles to the west of the New Orleans office.  This is also in 
harmony with the reports of changes in wind direction at the sugar 
experiment station and Loyal University, just 7 miles west of the local 
office, Weather Bureau, where the wind was reported by two trained 
independent observers, 1 mile apart, as shifting from northeast to 
southeast without any intermediate direction.  Further, a complete calm, 
with the wind shifting from northeast to southeast without any intermediate 
direction was reported by Mr. C. E. Heckathorn, observer, Weather Bureau, 
as occurring at his residence from 5:30 to 6 p.m., 1 mile farther west than 
the above stations, indicates that eastern limit of the imaginary center, or 
calm area  of the hurricane, passed about 8 miles west of the local office, 
Weather Bureau, and that the diameter of the comparatively calm area was 
about 8 miles.  The barometer reading at New Orleans probably represented as 
low a barometer as occurred at any point, even in the center of the 
hurricane.  At Tulane University the barometer at 20 feet altitude was 
28.10 inches for 30 minutes and another barometer nearby read 28.09 at 
5:42 p.m. ... .  The tide continued to rise as the hurricane advanced and 
during the afternoon of the 29th covered all low lying lands south of 
New Orleans and in places the tide was reported to be as much as 15 to 
20 feet above sea level.  It was undoubtedly the highest tide of record in 
this section.  At the junction of Harveys Canal with the Mississippi River, 
just above New Orleans, and 100 miles from the Gulf, the tide was 6 feet 
in the river.  Swells rolled up the river during the hurricane 10 to 12 feet 
above the high tide.  The water was carried into Lake Ponchartrain by the 
storm, overflowed the protection levees, and flooded a large area in the 
western part of New Orleans.  Over that portion of the city lying between 
the Old Basin Canal and Broadway and from Claiborne Avenue out to 
Lake Ponchartrain, the water driven in by the storm ranged from 1 to 8 feet 
in depth.  After the passage of the storm center the tide receded rapidly, 
except in New Orleans where the water had to be removed by the drainage 
system and remained for three or four days. ... The damage to property and 
the loss of human life were remarkably small when the intensity  of the 
hurricane is taken into consideration.  In New Orleans several buildings 
were totally destroyed and nearly every building suffered injury to some 
extent, amounting in some cases to several thousand dollars.  For small 
steamers, or tugs, were sunk in the harbor and several steamers broke from 
their moorings and were blown ashore.  A great many small craft which had 
sought refuge in the bays and bayous were blown ashore and left by the tide 
on dry land; several coal barges loaded with coal were sunk.  The 
destruction of buildings was very great in the country surrounding 
New Orleans.  At Leeville on the lower Lafourche, of the 100 houses in 
the village, only one was left standing, but no one was killed.  At 
Golden Meadow and from that point to Cut Off, 100 houses were demolished, 
but no lives reported lost.  At several places on the Mississippi River 
below New Orleans and on Lake Ponchartrain 90 per cent of the buildings 
were completely destroyed.  I have checked the deaths closely and 275 will 
cover the entire loss of life resulting from this unprecedented hurricane.
The damage done by the hurricane on the middle Gulf coast will probably 
exceed $13,000,000, and approximately may be distributed as follows:  In 
the city of New Orleans the damage has been heavy.  The damage to municipal 
property has been appraised at nearly $500,000.  As late as October 13, 
more than two weeks after the hurricane, the Dealers and Contractors 
Exchange stated that a survey of the city indicated that 25,000 houses were 
then in a leaky condition as a result of the hurricane.  The total damage to 
property in New Orleans may be safely estimated as at least ten times the 
amount of damage suffered by the public buildings belonging to the 
municipality, and on this basis the damage to property in New Orleans is 
placed at about $5,000,000; to shipping and coal interests on the river, 
$1,750,000; in the country outside of New Orleans, to buildings, railroads, 
small craft, crops, and telegraph and telephone systems about $6,500,000" 
(MWR).  "The barometer at Tulane University remained stationary from 5.30 p.m. 
to 6.00 p.m. at 28.10 inches.  Three other observers in the immediate 
vicinity of Tulane University reported almost a dead calm during this 
period" (Cline).  "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - 
Sept. 29-30 Louisiana Extreme intensity, 275 killed, damage $13,000,000"
(Dunn and Miller).  Estimated lifetime minimum central pressure (and that
at landfall) - 931 mb [latitude 15.50N and longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante,
Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60], Tide Information - West end of
Lake Ponchartrain 13', Mobile 7.2', SE of New Orleans 15-20', Biloxi 9',
Bay St. Louis 11.8', Pensacola 4', Timbalier Light 8.4', Gulfport 9.6' "
(Connor).  "1915 Sep LA 4, MSLP 931 mb" (Jarrell et al.).
"Sept. 29, 1915, 932 mb central pressure at landfall at 29.2N, 90.0W,
based upon 935 mb pressure from HMS Hermione (experienced some eye effects
at an unknown distance from the point of minimum pressure), 26 nmi RMW"
(Ho et al.).  "1007 mb environmental pressure, 110 kt estimated 1 min maximum
surface winds" (Schwerdt et al.)

September 30:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 31.5N, 90.5W
with a cold front extending from its center to the south and southwest and
a warm front extending to the east.  HURDAT lists the system as an
extratropical storm at 32.3N, 89.3W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
lists the center at 33N, 89.7W with 993 mb (a.m.).  The HURDAT estimate
appears to be most reasonable.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 948 mb on 
the Mississippi River 3 nmi NE of New Orleans at 0040 UTC.  Station 
highlights:  74 kt SE and 953 mb at New Orleans at 00 UTC (MWR).

October 1:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 38N, 82W with
a cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
east-southeast.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at
38.7N, 82.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at
39N, 82.5W with 1004 mb (a.m.).  A position between the HURDAT and HWM
estimates appears most reasonable.  Station highlight:  15 NNW and
1004 mb at Louisville at 12 UTC (HWM).  

October 2:  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 43.2N, 78.3W 
with 1008 mb (a.m.).  However, analysis of the HWM suggests that the
system that originally was the hurricane dissipated.  HURDAT likewise
also had dissipated the system as of 18 UTC on the 1st.

Genesis of this hurricane is indicated to be a day earlier, based upon
observations in the Lesser Antilles on the 21st.  The intensity was reduced
slightly on the 22nd and 23rd based upon available observations which suggest
a more gradual intensification rather than formation as a 60 kt tropical storm 
becoming a hurricane six hours later.  The minor to moderate track changes were
made with the system somewhat to the south and west of the existing
HURDAT from the 23rd to the 27th.  The 931 mb central pressure provided
by Connor in the central Caribbean - likely late on the 25th - indicates
that the intensity estimates were too low from the 24th through the 28th.
931 mb suggests winds of 126 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship -
125 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 90 kt previously.  Given that the next
inner core measurement had 935 mb central pressure early on the 29th, it
is likely that the hurricane stayed extremely strong from the 25th
through the 29th and the intensity is revised accordingly.  A 935 mb central 
pressure around 06 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 124 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) northern 
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 119 kt.  120 kt 
is thus chosen for HURDAT.  This value 935 mb was incorrectly listed 
originally as a 12 UTC measurement.  

The hurricane made landfall in Louisiana on the 29th.  In Louisiana, the 
highest winds observed were at Burrwood with a peak 5 min wind of 106 kt at 
2145 UTC on the 29th.  This converts (after adjusting for the high bias of this
era's anemometer and switching to a peak 1 min wind - Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996) to 87 kt true.  Lowest observed pressure was
952 mb both at the Weather Bureau's New Orleans office (at 2350 UTC on
the 29th) and at Tulane University (at 2330-0000 [30th] UTC).  While the
Weather Bureau did not drop below gale force during the minimum pressure,
Cline indicates that the Tulane observation was in the eye.  Comparison
of Tulane's aneroid barometer readings with the Weather Bureau's calibrated
mercurial barometer seven miles away reveals that the Tulane barometer
was reading about three millibars too high before the hurricane's inner
core approached New Orleans.  Thus Tulane's corrected pressure and thus
central pressure should have been about 949 mb around 00 UTC on the 30th
at its closest approach to New Orleans after being over land (swamp) for
5 to 5 1/2 hours.  Thus the 952 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at that
time is replaced with 949 mb.  (There was also an observation from a ship
on the Mississippi of 948 mb pressure.  But given that it was farther from
the center of the hurricane than the New Orleans' office, it is likely that
its measurements were a few to several millibars too low.)  Landfall in 
Louisiana is analyzed to be around 1830 UTC at 29.1N, 90.3W, quite close to 
the estimated positions from Cline and Ho et al., and just slightly earlier
in time than that inferred from HURDAT originally (but at the same
location).  Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model (using the 
Florida peninsula curve), one would arrive at a central pressure at landfall 
of 939 mb.  However, given the swampy nature of the land in south central
Louisiana, a lesser decay by half may be more appropriate:  944 mb at
landfall.  This value is substantially higher than that utilized by Ho et
al. (932 mb) and that by Connor and Jarrell et al. (931 mb).  (The 931 mb
central pressure at landfall used in Jarrell et al., originated from 
Connor's work.  Connor in turn based it upon a reported ship reading in
the central Caribbean four days before landfall.  However, Connor's report
referred to the "Estimate Lowest" pressure during the lifetime of the 
hurricane and not necessarily that at U.S. landfall, though in some cases in 
Connor this is the case.)  944 mb suggests winds of 116 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 26 nmi for 
this system at landfall.  However, examination of the New Orleans observations 
suggests a slightly smaller RMW of about 20 nmi as well as an outer RMW 
likely associated with a concentric eyewall at about 55 nmi.  This hurricane's 
RMW of 20 nmi is close to that expected from climatology for this latitude and 
central pressure (19 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), suggesting no large 
alteration from this overall pressure-wind relationship is needed.  The new 
Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships for weakening cyclones north 
of 25N suggests winds of 106 kt for 944 mb.  The analyzed maximum sustained 
surface winds at landfall are between these two estimates (116 kt and 106 kt) 
- 110 kt.  This makes this cyclone a high-end Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale, which is a reduction from that given in Neumann et al. and 
provided in HURDAT.  (It is suggested that the hurricane was weakening from 
its peak of 935 mb & 120 kt earlier on the 29th as it moved to the coast.)  
Peak observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) 
were:  75 kt, 55 kt, 55 kt, and 48 kt, for 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC on the 
30th.  These adjust to 61 kt, 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt, respectively.  
Application of the Kaplan-DeMaria (1995) inland decay model gives 66 kt, 
49 kt, 36 kt, and 28 kt, respectively.  It is likely that the large size from 
the concentric eye structure and movement over swampy land allowed for 
the system retaining stronger winds than the Kaplan-DeMaria model would 
suggest.  Winds in HURDAT are increased from 60 to 70 kt at 00 UTC and 
retained at the remaining times.  The Mississippi coast is added as 
experiencing Category 2 conditions from a combination of a concentric 
eyewall structure with the outer wind maximum affecting Mississippi and 
the impact described in Sullivan (1986).

*****************************************************************************


1915 - Additional Notes:

1) April 29-May 2:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical 
depression formed north of Hispanola on 29 April 1915.  The system moved 
toward the north-northeast for the next three days and was absorbed by an 
extratropical cyclone on 2 May.  Highest winds observed from ship reports were 
20 kt on the 29th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1006 mb on the 29th 
(HWM).  Such pressures do support winds of 34 kt from the southern pressure-
wind relationship.  However, with no explicit observed gale force winds and 
moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this a 
tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical depression and will 
not be added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr 28   ---  ---     Open Inverted Trough along ~72W
Apr 29   23N  73W     Tropical Depression  
Apr 30   28N  70W     Tropical Depression        
May 01   33N  65W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 02   ---  ---     Absorbed by Extratropical Storm

2) September 16-21:  The Monthly Weather Review reported:  "From the 16th to
the 18th there were indications of a disturbance of minor character near the
extreme western end of Cuba and in the central Gulf, and shipping interests
were advised accordingly.  The storm, however, did not advance northward."
Available data from Historical Weather Maps, MWR and COADS suggests that
the system became a tropical depression on the 17th moved across the
Gulf of Mexico, made landfall near the Texas-Mexico border late on the
20th and dissipated on the 21st.  Lowest observed pressures were 1007 mb
on the 18th (HWM and COADS) and highest observed winds were 30 kt on the
17th (COADS).  The system may have reached tropical storm intensity over
the Gulf of Mexico though without observational evidence this system is
analyzed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep 16   ---  ---     Open Inverted Trough along ~83W
Sep 17   23N  85W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 18   23N  89W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 19   24N  91W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 20   25N  95W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 21   26N  99W     Tropical Depression - dissipating 

3) October 6-10:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate that
a tropical depression (possibly a tropical storm) formed in the tropical
North Atlantic on the 6th, moved westward and impacted the Leeward 
Islands on the 8th and 9th, and turned toward the northwest and
dissipated on the 10th.  Highest observed winds were 20 kt on the 9th.
Lowest observed pressure was 1005 mb and 10 kt WSW wind on the 6th 
(COADS).  This peripheral pressure value suggests winds of at least 36 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  (Two other low pressures - 
1003 and 1005 mb - were observed from a British ship "KAD.", which appear 
to be at least 6 mb too low.)  Without further confirmation of tropical
storm intensity, this system will be kept as a tropical depression and
not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct  6   13N  47W     Tropical Depression
Oct  7   14N  53W     Tropical Depression
Oct  8   15N  58W     Tropical Depression
Oct  9   17N  60W     Tropical Depression
Oct 10   22N  62W     Tropical Depression - dissipating

4) October 20-23:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicated that
a tropical depression formed south of Bermuda on the 20th, moved to the
northeast over the next two days, turned to the north and was absorbed by
a large extratropical storm on the 23rd.  (A tropical cyclone status is
analyzed for the 20th-22nd because of the warm, isothermal airmass that
surrounded the system on these dates, despite the frontal analyses shown
in HWM.)  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed 
during its tropical cyclone stage.   It is possible that this reached 
tropical storm intensity, but barring such observations this system is 
assessed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct 20   29N  63W     Tropical Depression
Oct 21   33N  56W     Tropical Depression
Oct 22   35N  54W     Tropical Depression
Oct 23   41N  53W     Absorbed by Extratropical Storm

5) October 28-31:  The Monthly Weather Review reported:  "A general
depression of moderate character covered the Caribbean Sea and the West
Indies on the 28th and 29th and extended into southern Florida and the
adjacent Gulf and ocean.  No definite center of disturbance was located,
however, and by the 31st pressure was rising generally, though slowly."
Available observations from Historical Weather Maps and COADS agrees with
this assessment and suggests that this system was not a tropical cyclone.


************************************************************************


1916/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21011 05/13/1916 M= 6  1 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21012 05/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 800  25    0*224 804  30    0
21013 05/14*238 807  30    0*251 810  35 1006*262 813  40    0*272 816  40 1004 
21014 05/15*278 819  40    0*283 821  35    0*290 822  35    0*299 819  35    0
21015 05/16*310 814  35    0*322 806  35    0*335 795  35    0*352 781  35    0
21016 05/17E371 764  40    0E390 745  45    0E410 725  50  990E430 710  50    0
21017 05/18E450 705  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21018 TS                    

Landfall:  
5/14/1916    0600Z 25.1N  81.0W   35kt FL

This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical 
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship database,  
and observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena 
Meteorologica. 

May 13:  Historical Weather Map depicts a sharp trough along 80W, with
a decaying stationary frontal boundary to the north of the trough over 
Florida.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 21.5N 80W
at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"On the morning of the 10th there was evidences of an approach of a 
disturbance toward Cuba.  It did not appear to be of serious character" (MWR).
"[A] perturbation was location on the morning of the 13th between western
Jamaica and Grand Cayman moving northward.  This system produced
torrential rainfall in Camaguey" (Resena Meteorologica).

May 14:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N 81W.
No frontal features are analyzed in the area and no significant baroclinic
zones are noted.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 25N 82W
with 1007 mb pressure at 12 UTC.  Station highlights:  1006 mb and NE 4 kt at 
08 UTC at Key West (OMR); 1005 mb and NE 11 kt at 20 UTC at Tampa (OMR); 
"Fresh Gale" between 00 UTC and 12 UTC/14th at Titusville (OMR); 39 kt
between 12 UTC/14th and 00 UTC/15th at Jacksonville (OMR).  "...the evening
of the 13th, when it was approaching the southern Florida coast...On the 
following morning (the 14th) with steadily falling although not ver low,
pressure over Florida, with increasing easterly winds...During the day 
moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida coast and fresh to strong
winds on the Georgia and southern Carolina coasts" (MWR).  "On the 14th,
the disturbance was over south Florida" (Resena Meteorologica).

May 15:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N 82W.
No frontal features are analyzed in its vicinity.  The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a closed low of 1008 mb near 28N 82W at 12 UTC.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The disturbance
continued to move slowly up the coast with steadily falling pressure and
some rain but without strong winds" (MWR).

May 16:  HWM no longer depicts a closed low, but does show the intersection
of a cold and warm front over the Carolinas.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
a 1006 mb low centered near 34N 79.5W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights:  15 kt SE
and 1002 mb at 23 UTC at 37.4N 74.2W (COA).  "On the morning of the 16th it
was central over eastern South Carolina" (MWR).

May 17:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N 73W,
with a stationary front extending north of the low and warm/cold frontal
boundaries extending southeast and south from the low.  The MWR Tracks of
Lows analyzs a 994 mb low centered near 41.5N 73W at 12 UTC.  Station
highlights:  45 kt NW in New York City (MWR);  25 kt SE and 996 mb at
12 UTC at Nantucket (HWM).  Ship highlights:  35 kt W and 1003 mb at
07 UTC at 36.0N 70.8W (COA); 20 kt W and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 40.4N 71.8W
(COA).  "The storm had now increased considerably in energy, and on the
morning of the 17th was central in southern New England with lowest barometer
reading of 29.32 inches, and moderate gales had occurred from northern
New Jersey to Cape Cod" (MWR).

May 18:  HWM analyzed an elongated NW-SE low of at most 1000 mb centered near 
48N 74W, with a stationary front extending northwest along the low axis and 
warm/cold frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest from 
the low.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed (last position shown) a 998 mb
low near 45.5N 70W.  Station highlights:  20 kt NE and 999 mb at 12 UTC
at Quebec (HWM).  "By the evening of the 17th strong gales had occurred
on the coast from New York to Maine, the storm center at that time being
at the western Main coast (29.28).  After this time there was some 
interference on the part of the western storm...and a consequent rapid
diminution in energy, although pressure continued comparatively low
until the night of the 19th" (MWR).

The genesis of this new tropical storm is begun around 12 UTC on
the 13th just south of Cuba as a tropical depression.  This is agreement
with the Cuban meteorological journal and with Ramon Perez' assessment.  As 
the system moved north-northwestward during the 14th it developed a large area 
of cyclonic circulation - perhaps indicative of a subtropical cyclone
(though that classification is not utilized until the satellite era).
Four pieces of evidence suggest that this system reached gale force intensity
before evolving into an extratropical low:  1) Near-gale force winds were 
directly measured in Jacksonville, with the 39 kt observed converting (after 
adjusting for the high bias of the instrument of the era - Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 - and adjusting to a 1 min wind - Powell et al. 1996) to 33 kt
1 min true;  2) Visual estimates of "Fresh Gale" at the USWB Titusville
office (no anemometer available), which correponds to 34-40 kt;  3) 
Description in the MWR of "moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida
coast";  4) Central pressure value of 1004 mb at 20 UTC inferred from
observations in Tampa, suggesting winds of about 37 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Thus it is estimated that it reached 
tropical storm intensity at 06 UTC on the 14th as it was making landfall over 
south Florida.  Despite the center going over land, the cyclone stayed about 
the same intensity or perhaps even deepened slightly on the 14th.  A central
pressure of 1006 mb from the Key West USWB office was measured 
at 08 UTC on the 14th and a central pressure of about 1004 mb could
be inferred from observations from the Tampa USWB office at 20 UTC on
the 14th.  The system weakened slightly on the 15th as the cyclone
continued northward through Florida.  By the 16th, the cyclone was
over the Carolinas and was beginning to transform into an extratropial
low by interacting with a pre-existing frontal boundary.  It is estimated
that the cyclone became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 17th.  The
cyclone re-intensified as an extratropical low and impacted the upper
Atlantic and New England coasts of the United States with numerous
gales.  A ship at 12 UTC on the 17th observed 992 mb and 20 kt of wind,
suggesting about a central pressure of 990 mb right before the center
went over New England.  The cyclone then was absorbed by a larger
extratropical low early on the 18th.

************************************************************************


1916/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21020 06/29/1916 M=12  1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21020 06/28/1916 M=13  2 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***

(The 28th is new to HURDAT.)
21025 06/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 795  25    0*125 798  25    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

21025 06/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 809  35    0*125 811  35    0
21025 06/29*125 801  25    0*125 805  25    0*127 809  25    0*130 813  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21030 06/30*129 814  35    0*133 816  35    0*138 818  35    0*143 822  40    0
21030 06/30*135 817  30    0*140 821  30    0*145 825  30    0*150 828  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21035 07/01*148 825  40    0*154 829  45    0*161 833  50    0*166 837  55    0
21035 07/01*155 830  30    0*160 831  30    0*165 833  30    0*169 837  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21040 07/02*170 839  55    0*175 841  60    0*180 844  65    0*185 846  70    0
21040 07/02*172 841  35    0*176 846  35    0*180 850  40    0*185 852  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21045 07/03*189 848  70    0*194 850  75    0*200 853  80    0*209 856  85    0
21045 07/03*189 853  50    0*194 855  55    0*200 857  60    0*207 860  65    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21050 07/04*219 860  90    0*231 864  95    0*241 867  95    0*253 870 100    0
21050 07/04*215 864  70    0*224 867  75    0*235 870  80    0*248 872  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

21055 07/05*264 874 100    0*275 877 105    0*285 880 105    0*296 884 105    0
21055 07/05*263 873  90    0*276 875  95    0*288 877 100    0*299 880 105  950
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***      ***

21060 07/06*305 890  90  979*313 895  60    0*321 900  50    0*327 901  40    0
21060 07/06*308 886  80    0*317 894  55    0*324 900  45  994*328 901  40    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **  *** ***      

21065 07/07*332 902  40    0*335 902  40    0*337 901  40    0*339 894  40    0
21065 07/07*331 902  40    0*334 902  40    0*337 901  40    0*338 894  40    0
            ***              ***                               ***

21070 07/08*337 885  40    0*336 876  30    0*338 869  30    0*339 866  30    0
21070 07/08*337 885  40    0*335 876  40    0*332 869  35    0*332 866  35    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21075 07/09*340 864  25    0*342 862  25    0*345 860  20    0*348 859  20    0
21075 07/09*334 864  30    0*337 862  30    0*340 860  25    0*343 859  25    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21080 07/10*351 858  20    0*354 857  20    0*358 856  20    0*362 858  20    0
21080 07/10*346 858  20    0*348 857  20    0*350 856  20    0*352 855  20    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

21085 HR MS3 AL3            
21085 HR MS3 AL2AFL2            
             *******

Landfall:
7/5/1916     2100Z 30.4N  88.4W  105kt  18nmi  950 mb  MS3,AL2,AFL2

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), Dunn 
and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et 
al. (1992).

June 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the western Caribbean. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.5N, 79.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 29: HWM indicates an open wave near of 11N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 12.7N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 83.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 83.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the 
track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 17.3N, 84.3W at 18 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.1N, 83.3W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The first 
definite indications of this disturbance were noted on the morning of July 1 
at Swan Island , when after a day or two of unsettled weather the barometer 
had fallen to 29.78 inches [1009 mb]" (MWR).

July 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. MWR 
notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 18.2N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18N, 85W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "On the 
morning of the 2d it was clearly evident that the disturbance was well defined 
with a northward movement" (MWR).

July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 85.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 20N, 85W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 20.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of 
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 20N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 21.5N, 84.7W at ~18 UTC (MWR). "One the morning of 
the 3d the storm center was estimated to be about latitude 20N., longitude 
85W., but the absence of radio reports prevented a more precise location  Thus 
far the storm was apparently of not much intensity  The United States Coast 
Guard cutter Itasca had encountered a severe disturbance on the afternoon of 
July 3 about 25 miles south of Cape San Antonio with a whole gale [35 kt] from 
the east" (MWR).

July 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24N, 87.3W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.1N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 87W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track 
of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 23.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 23.5N, 87W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W at 04 UTC (MWR); 55 kt 
E and 999 mb at 23N, 86W at ~06 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W 
at 06 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt (no direction) at Havana at 16 UTC 
(MWR); 50 kt and 1006 mb at Burwood, Louisiana at 19 UTC (MWR).  "The storm 
passed through the Yucatan Channel during the early night of the 3d and 
apparently had attained only moderate intensity until just before that 
channel was reached, after which there was a marked increase in its activity" 
(MWR). 

July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 88W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1001 mb with a center near 28N, 89W at 8 a.m. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 28.7N, 88W at 12 UTC. 
MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 28.8N, 88.5W at 
12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
28.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 29.7N, 90.1W 
at 12 UTC (COA); 5 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22.7N, 95.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights: 90 kt SE at Pensacola at 30N, 87.6W at 1832 UTC (MWR); 961 mb 
(peripheral pressure) at Fort Morgan at 20 UTC (MWR); 93 kt E at Mobile 
at 20 UTC (OMR).  Tide information:  Mobile 11.6', Biloxi 4.0', Pensacola
5.0', and Fort Morgan 6.3'.  Estimated Lowest:  948 mb ("28.00") (Connor).  
"On the morning of the 5th the storm center had moved across the Gulf with 
unusual rapidity and was near to and approaching the middle Gulf coast, and 
apparently somewhere between Mobile Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi 
River" (MWR).

July 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 
1005 mb near 32.5N, 90W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 90W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with 
a center near 33.5N, 90W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests 
a center near 32N, 90W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf 
Storm" to be near 33N, 90W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 32.4N, 90W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 85 kt 
SE and 984 mb at Pensacola at 00 UTC (OMR); 987 mb at Pass Christian,
Mississippi at 0030 UTC (MWR); 994 mb with a N wind at Jackson, Mississippi 
at 12 UTC (OMR). "Unfortunately, several lives were lost along the middle Gulf 
coast, mainly persons in small boats.  Marine casualties were of a minor 
character but the aggregate losses amounted to several millions of dollars, 
distributed principally between the cities of Pensacola and Mobile and the 
agricultural sections of southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama.  
The high tides were responsible for the major portion of the coast damage.  
At Mobile the tide was somewhat more than 2 feet above the previous highest 
tide of 9.87 feet above mean tide in September, 1906, and the entire business 
district was inundated.  At Pensacola the tide was 5 feet above normal high 
tide, or 3 « feet lower than the highest reached during the storm of 
September, 1906" (MWR).

July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 89.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 89.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 33.5N, 89.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of 
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.7N, 89.7W at 18 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT analysis of 
33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 38 kt S at Pensacola at 14 UTC 
(OMR); 1003 mb with a SW wind at Jackson 00 UTC (OMR). "After the morning of 
the 6th the storm hovered over Mississippi and Alabama for three days with 
steadily decreasing intensity, but with torrential rains that caused great 
floods and enormous damage to growing crops  After the storm center passed 
inland torrential rains set in over the east Gulf State, and western Georgia 
and continued in the form of heavy showers for about a week.  These rains of 
course caused enormous losses of staple crops and caused great floods in the 
rivers of eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and western Georgia" (MWR).

July 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 87W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 33.8N, 86.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes 
the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.2N, 86.9W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 45 kt SW at Pensacola at 12 UTC (MWR); 10 kt S 
and 1006 mb at Birmingham at 12 UTC (OMR).

July 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 85.5W with a 
weakening cold front north of the low. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
depression at 34.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests 
a center near 34.5N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf 
Storm" to be near 34.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 34N, 86W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1004 mb at 
Birmingham at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb at Montgomery at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb and 
a W wind at Florence, Alabama at 12 UTC (OMR).

July 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 85W with no 
significant frontal boundaries in the vicinity. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical depression at 35.8N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 36N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the 
"Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 36.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. Station 
highlights: 10 kt W and 1006 mb at Montgomery at 00 UTC (OMR).

Genesis for storm 1 began at 12 UTC on June 28th, 24 hours earlier than 
previous HURDAT, in the southwest Caribbean Sea based upon HWM and COADS
observations. Intensity at first occurrence is determined as a tropical 
depression rather than a tropical storm. The system progressed on a general 
northwest to north-northwest track until landfall in extreme southeast 
Mississippi on the 5th. Available observations suggest the system intensified 
slower than first indicated by HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures 
were observed until July 3rd, when the storm began to pass through the Yucatan 
Channel. A 35 kt wind was observed southwest of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the 
afternoon of the 3rd (MWR). 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less 
than previous HURDAT. On the 4th the hurricane emerged in the Gulf of Mexico 
as a Category 1 hurricane. Highest observed winds on the 4th were 55 kt. 80 kt 
is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 4th, down 15 kt from original HURDAT. 
It is unknown as to whether the hurricane reached peak intensity over
the open Gulf of Mexico or at landfall on the Mississippi coast, due to
the lack of inner core observations before landfall.

The hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at 20 UTC on the 5th. 
Lowest pressure at landfall was 961 mb (peripheral pressure) observed at Fort 
Morgan, Alabama around 20 UTC. Highest observed winds were 93 kt from 
Mobile around 20 UTC. This wind reduces to 76 kt true after accounting for the 
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and 
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Connor (1956) estimated the 
lowest sea level pressure for this hurricane to be 28.00 [948 mb], based
primarily upon data at landfall in the U.S.  Dunn and Miller (1960) note 
the occurrence as a major hurricane for Florida, Mississippi and Alabama. Ho 
et al (1987) noted this hurricane as possessing a 950 mb central pressure, 
26 nmi radius of maximum winds (RMW), 25 kt forward speed, and a landfall 
point of 30.4N, 88.3W. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested a 94 kt maximum 1 min 
surface wind and environmental pressure of 1007 mb.  Jarrell et al (1992) 
suggests a Category 3 hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama and a central 
pressure of 948 mb (no doubt originally from Connor).  Ho's estimate of
26 nmi for the RMW may be somewhat too large, given the discussion of
the hurricane's impact in Monthly Weather Review.  An RMW of 15-20 nmi
is utilized here, which is close to the climatology for this latitude and 
central pressure (20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000).  A rather tight RMW also
suggests that the hurricane may not have weakened substantially before
landfall.  950 mb implies winds of 110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship.   The new north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from 
Brown et al. (2006) suggests slightly less at 105 kt, which is retained for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 5th and is estimated to have occurred at landfall 
around 21 UTC. The 950 mb central pressure at landfall is also added to HURDAT 
for 18 UTC on the 5th.  Application of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind 
model gives Category 2 wind impact in both Alabama and northwest Florida and 
only tropical storm conditions in Louisiana.

After landfall the system meandered over Mississippi and Alabama from the 6th 
through the 9th. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following:  
00 UTC 6th  85 kt (69 kt true), 06 UTC  70 kt (57 kt true), 12 UTC  50 kt 
(42 kt true), and 18 UTC  42 kt (35 kt true).  Application of the Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 79, 56, 41, and 32 kt, accordingly.  
Winds for revised HURDAT are reduced from 90 down to 80 kt at 00 UTC on the 
6th and maintained at 60 kt at 06 UTC.  A possible central pressure 
observation on the 6th of 994 mb at 12 UTC in Jackson, Mississippi implies 
winds of 56 kt. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC as the storm was well 
inland, a 5 kt reduction to original HURDAT. Pensacola observed 38 kt (33 kt 
true) winds on the 7th, thus HURDAT is maintained at 40 kt. The system 
continued to produce gale force winds at Pensacola on the 8th and Birmingham 
observed pressures around 1006 mb. 35 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher 
than previous HURDAT. Moderately low pressures were found in Alabama as the 
system finally weakened to a tropical depression on the 9th. 

Storm #2, 1916 - 2012 Revision
21580 06/28/1916 M=13  2 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
21585 06/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 795  25    0*125 798  25    0*
21590 06/29*125 801  25    0*125 805  25    0*127 809  25    0*130 813  25    0*
21595 06/30*135 817  30    0*140 821  30    0*145 825  30    0*150 828  30    0*
21600 07/01*155 830  30    0*160 831  30    0*165 833  30    0*169 837  30    0*
21605 07/02*172 841  35    0*176 846  35    0*180 850  40    0*185 852  45    0*
21610 07/03*189 853  50    0*194 855  55    0*200 857  60    0*207 860  65    0*
21615 07/04*215 864  70    0*224 867  75    0*235 870  80    0*248 872  85    0*
21620 07/05*263 873  90    0*276 875  95    0*288 877 100    0*299 880 105  950*
21625 07/06*308 886  80    0*317 894  55    0*324 900  45  994*328 901  40    0*
21630 07/07*331 902  40    0*334 902  40    0*337 901  40    0*338 894  40    0*
21635 07/08*337 885  40    0*335 876  40    0*332 869  35    0*332 866  35    0*
21640 07/09*334 864  30    0*337 862  30    0*340 860  25    0*343 859  25    0*
21645 07/10*346 858  20    0*348 857  20    0*350 856  20    0*352 855  20    0*
21650 HR MS3 AL2AFL2 
21650 HR MS3 AL3AFL2
             *** 
                            
1916 #2 made landfall near Pascagoula, MS as a 105 kt storm, with a RMW of 15-20 
n mi.  Originally it was in HURDAT as a Cat 3 for both MS/AL.  In the reanalysis 
it was decided to reduce it to a Category 2 impact for AL.  However, it is stated 
in the metadata that only Category 2 impacts were given in Alabama due to the 
Schwedt et al parametric wind model, which was the reason for reducing the impact.  
However, Pascagoula is very close to the Alabama border.  Even using the smallest 
RMW estimate of 15 n mi brings the right side RMW across western Dauphin Island 
and well into Mobile County AL.  It is quite likely that Alabama did experience 
Category 3 impact, given the track, intensity and RMW location.  Thus this system 
is reanalyzed to retain the Category 3 impact for Alabama, in addition to Mississippi.

*****************************************************************************


1916/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21090 07/10/1916 M=13  2 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21090 07/10/1916 M=13  3 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***                        *

21095 07/10*  0   0   0    0*120 521  35    0*121 532  35    0*124 544  35    0
21095 07/10*  0   0   0    0*115 521  30    0*115 532  30    0*116 544  30    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21100 07/11*126 556  35    0*128 567  35    0*130 578  35    0*136 587  35    0
21100 07/11*117 556  30    0*118 567  30    0*120 578  30    0*124 588  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21105 07/12*145 598  35    0*153 608  35    0*160 617  35    0*165 626  35    0
21105 07/12*130 598  35    0*137 608  35    0*145 617  35    0*154 627  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** *** 

21110 07/13*173 635  35    0*179 643  40    0*184 651  45    0*188 657  45    0
21110 07/13*164 638  35    0*175 650  40    0*184 660  45    0*191 667  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***   

21115 07/14*191 661  50    0*194 666  50    0*198 672  55    0*203 675  60    0
21115 07/14*197 672  50    0*203 676  50    0*208 680  55    0*213 683  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21120 07/15*208 679  65    0*212 683  70    0*217 687  75    0*222 690  75    0
21120 07/15*217 685  65    0*221 686  70    0*225 687  75    0*229 688  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** *** 

21125 07/16*227 694  80    0*231 697  85    0*238 700  90    0*243 704  90    0
21125 07/16*232 690  80    0*235 692  85    0*238 695  90    0*240 700  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** 

21130 07/17*247 707  95    0*253 711  95    0*260 715 100    0*268 719 100    0
21130 07/17*242 705  90    0*246 710  90    0*253 715  90    0*261 719  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***     ***      ***     ***

21135 07/18*276 723 105    0*283 726 105    0*291 728 105    0*300 731 105    0
21135 07/18*270 722  90    0*280 725  85    0*291 728  85    0*302 730  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***      *** *** ***

21140 07/19*309 732 100    0*318 733 100    0*328 733  95    0*338 732  95    0
21140 07/19*312 732  80    0*322 733  75  980*332 733  75    0*341 731  75    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***  *** ***      **      *** ***  **

21145 07/20*347 731  90    0*356 730  90    0*366 728  90    0*376 725  85    0
21145 07/20*349 729  75    0*357 727  75    0*366 725  75    0*376 723  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21150 07/21*388 720  85    0*399 714  80    0*411 709  75    0*425 701  65    0
21150 07/21*388 721  70    0*399 718  65    0*411 714  60  993*430 704  45 1001
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***  ** ****

21155 07/22*447 687  55    0*469 662  45    0E485 626  35    0E510 555  30    0
21155 07/22*447 684  40    0*469 655  35    0E485 617  30    0E510 565  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          *** 

21160 HR MA1                
21160 HR 
        ****


Landfall:
7/21/1916    1300Z  41.4N  71.2W   60kt   MA

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Roth and Cobb (2001), Boose et al. (2001), and observations provided by 
Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. 

July 10: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 11.5N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 11N, 57.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.0N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 14N, 61.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 14.8N, 61.2W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 61.7W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  35 kt NE at San Juan (MWR).  "The first 
indication of this disturbance was a marked fall in pressure over
the Windward Islands during the 24 hours ending at 8 a. m. of July 12.
Light southeast winds were blowing from St. Kitts to Port of Spain, with
an average pressure of 29.90 inches, while at San Juan, P. R., the barometer
read 29.96 inches with a fresh northeast wind" (MWR).

July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 65W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 17.8N, 65W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 
18.4N, 66W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  "During the five succeeding days this storm center moved slowly 
northwestward and apparently of but moderate intensity" (MWR).

July 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 67.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 67.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 19.5N, 67.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 19.5N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 
20.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1021 mb at 27.1N, 67.0W 
at 12 UTC (COA).

July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 68.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.7N, 68.7W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 21N, 69W at 8 a.m. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 20.6N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest 
a center near 22.5N 68.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1015 mb at 
25.9N, 66.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1016 mb at 24.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC 
(COA). 

July 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 70W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 21.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologicasuggest a center 
near 23.8N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at 
21.8N, 67.4W at 16 UTC (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 25.3N, 66.2W at 
16 UTC (COA).

July 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 24N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.0N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 25N, 72W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart analyzes a center near 24N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 25.3N, 71.5W at 
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 67.5W at 08 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt N and 995 mb at 24.3N, 74.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 
1012 mb at 24.9N, 66.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 17th it was 
central at approximately 23N, 73W with a northward tendency" (MWR).

July 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 30N, 73W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 29N, 74W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS agree with the HURDAT analysis of 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 31.6N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE 
and 1008 mb at 31.2N, 71.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 
31.0N, 73.0W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The evening of the 18th, the storm center was 
about at 30N, 74W with a northward movement" (MWR).

July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 33.5N, 75W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 33.4N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 33.2N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
70 kt ESE and 991 mb at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 980 mb (central 
pressure) at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt SW at 32.3N, 73.0W at 
12 UTC (COA). "When the ship the S.S. Ausable intercepted the hurricane around 
06 UTC, the wind continued east-southeasterly until the ship was in the center 
of the hurricane, when the barometer read 28.94 inches [980 mb]" (MWR). 

July 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 36.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.6N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 37N, 74.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 37N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 36.6N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
35 kt W and 997 mb at 34.3N, 74.1W at 01 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 
35.1N, 74.1W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC 
(COA). Station highlights: 42 kt at Norfolk (Roth and Cobb). "On the morning of 
the 20th the storm was apparently central at 37N, 74W with a tendency toward a 
slight recurve to the northeastward" (MWR).

July 21: HWM indicates an approaching cold frontal from the west while the 
system retained a closed low of 995 mb near of 41N, 72W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 41.1N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicate the center near 41.5N, 72W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggests a center near 41.1N, 71.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
20 kt E and 998 mb at 41.5N, 71.3W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 
40 kt E at Block Island at 09 UTC (OMR); 20 kt N and 995 mb (peripheral 
pressure) at Block Island at 12 UTC (OMR); 43 kt SW at Nantucket at 15 UTC 
(OMR); 11 kt N and 1001 mb (central pressure) at Portland at 20 UTC (OMR). 
"On the morning of the 21st the storm was central south of and very near 
the New England coast, the barometer reading this day of 29.38 inches [995 mb] 
at Block Island, R.I  striking the southern New England coast with diminished 
intensity" (MWR).

July 22: HWM analyzed a frontal boundary paralleling the U.S. northeast 
coastline and the Canadian maritime provinces. HURDAT listed this as an 
extratropical storm at 48.5N, 62.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate 
the center near 47.5N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggest a center near 48.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt W and 
1003 mb at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Portland 
at 00 UTC (OMR); 10 kt SW and 1006 mb at Boston, Massachusetts at 00 UTC 
(OMR). "The storm continued northeastward with diminishing intensity and 
without strong winds north of Massachusetts. By the morning of the 22nd this 
storm had passed into Newfoundland" (MWR).

Genesis for this hurricane is retained at 06 UTC on July 10th. The storm's 
intensity is initially analyzed as a tropical depression rather than a tropical
storm.  A rather weak vortex for the first few days of its existence is 
supported by MWR's assertion that the system had its origins over the central 
Lesser Antilles around the 12th.  The storm originated southeast of Barbados on
the 10th and progressed on a general west-northwest to northwest track through 
the eastern Caribbean Sea.  35 kt NE winds in San Juan on the 12th indicate
that the cyclone was of tropical storm intensity while passing through
the northeast Caribbean.  No changes made to the intensity from the 12th
to the 16th.  Its becoming a hurricane on the 15th is retained, as a few
ship observations indicated quite strong winds not in the core of the
cyclone on that date.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb was observed on 
the 17th, implying winds of at least 56 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt less than previous 
HURDAT. Peak wind observations on the 18th were 55 kt. 85 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than originally.  The hurricane's peak intensity
is analyzed to be 90 kt from the 16th to the 18th (down from 105 kt 
previously on the 18th), though few inner core observations were available.  
A central pressure of 980 mb was observed on the 19th at 06 UTC, implying 
winds of 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 19th, a 25 kt downgrade. On the 20th, a 
peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed around 00 UTC, implying winds of at 
least 53 kt from the northern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships. 
For continuity, 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 12 UTC, 15 kt less than 
previously. 

The cyclone made landfall near the border of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
at 41.4N, 71.2W around 12 UTC on July 21st. Peak observations at landfall 
were 43 kt SW winds at Nantucket at 14 UTC on the 21st and 995 mb at Block 
Island at 11-12 UTC.  The low pressure at Block Island was accompanied by 
20 kt N winds making it a peripheral pressure.  The central pressure at 
landfall was likely around 993 mb, which would imply winds of 59 kt from the 
northern pressure-wind relationship (central pressure also added to HURDAT). 
Boose et al. analyzed the radius of maximum winds (RMW) to be around 27 nmi, 
moderately smaller than climatology of 36 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000). 
Environmental pressures at landfall were quite low  around 1007 mb outer 
closed isobar  as a moderately strong cold front was approaching the 
storm during the landfall.  Thus given the storm's moderately small RMW but 
in a low environmental pressure, 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 
21st, a 15 kt downgrade. This reduces the intensity at landfall to tropical 
storm strength and removes the Category 1 hurricane impact for Massachusetts 
from HURDAT. This agrees with the rather minimal impacts that this system 
caused at landfall, the weak winds observed and also Dunn and Millers' 
characterization of the system's intensity at landfall in the Rhode Island 
and Cape Cod area as Minor (meaning less than hurricane intensity). A 
downgrade to tropical storm intensity at landfall also is in agreement with 
the recommendations by Boose et al. and E. Boose personal communication, based 
upon the observed wind impact on structures in New England.  The system 
weakened rapidly as it raced off towards the northern latitudes on the 21st 
and 22nd.  Portland observed a pressure of 1001 mb and winds of 11 kt N at 
20 UTC on the 21st, which may have been a central pressure (and is added into 
HURDAT).  1001 mb central pressure suggests winds of 47 kt from the northern 
pressure-wind relationship.  45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 
21st.  The system transitioned to an extratropical storm by 12 UTC. Overall, 
the storm is analyzed to be significantly weaker than original HURDAT; 
however, the system did attain Category 1 hurricane intensity from the 17th 
to the 21st.

*****************************************************************************


1916/04 - 2008 REVISION:

21165 07/11/1916 M= 5  3 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21165 07/11/1916 M= 5  4 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

21170 07/11*  0   0   0    0*253 724  40    0*256 735  40    0*261 743  45    0
21170 07/11*  0   0   0    0*259 712  40    0*265 720  40    0*271 728  45    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21175 07/12*265 750  50    0*270 757  60    0*277 763  60    0*284 768  70    0
21175 07/12*277 736  50    0*282 744  60    0*287 752  60    0*292 760  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21180 07/13*290 772  75    0*296 776  80    0*302 779  85    0*309 782  85    0
21180 07/13*297 769  75    0*302 777  80    0*307 784  90    0*313 789 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** ***

21185 07/14*316 786  85    0*324 790  75    0*330 797  60  983*336 803  55    0
21185 07/14*320 792 100    0*326 794  95  960*332 797  70    0*337 802  55    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **  *** ***      **  *** *** ***

21190 07/15*343 813  50    0*348 820  45    0*352 830  30    0*  0   0   0    0
21190 07/15*342 809  50    0*346 818  45    0*350 827  35    0*354 836  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21195 HR SC1                
21195 HR SC2                
         ***

Landfall:
7/14/1916    0800Z 32.9N  79.5W   95kt  20nmi  960mb  1013mb  SC2

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records,  Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and newspaper accounts 
provided by Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Glenn.

July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27N, 72W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 25.6N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 26.5N, 72W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 995 mb near 29.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26.3N, 76W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 28.7N, 75.2W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 28.4N, 74.7W at 12 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt NE and 1016 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston at 
16 UTC (MWR). "On July 12 a vessel radio report from about 27N, 72.5W gave the 
first notice of this disturbance" (MWR).

July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 960 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 78W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 30.7N, 78.4W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1011 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston 
at 12 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 971 mb at 31.7N, 78.9W at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt 
ENE and 961 mb at 31.8N, 78.9W at 1930 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt N 
at Savannah at 18 UTC (OMR); 45 kt NE at Charleston at 18 UTC (MWR); 56 kt at 
Charleston at 21 UTC (OMR). "The U.S.S. Hector reported a barometer reading 
(aneroid) of 28.37 inches [961 mb] which, upon subsequent comparison of the 
instrument, is thought to be reasonably accurate" (MWR).

July 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb just inland over South Carolina 
near 33N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 79.7W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate a low pressure of 996 mb near 
33.5N, 80W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center 
near 33N, 80W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 33.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 971 mb at 
31.8N, 78.8W at 00 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SE and 976 mb at 31.9N, 78.8W at 02 UTC 
(MWR); 70 kt S and 985 mb at 32N, 78.8W at 04 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 
987 mb at Georgetown, South Carolina, at 07 UTC (MWR); 55 kt NW and 983 mb 
at Charleston at 08 UTC (OMR); 997 mb at Columbia at 2045 UTC (OMR). "This 
storm passed inland over or very near Charleston about 4 a.m. of the 14th, 
with a lowest barometer reading of 29.02 inches [983 mb] ... It was of 
unusual severity, though its path of destructiveness was comparatively 
narrow ... The material damage locally was not great.  Most houses suffered 
minor damage to roofs and consequent water damage.  Some signs were blown 
down and a few valuable plate-glass windows were broken.  No large vessels 
suffered material injury, though a number of small boats were sunk at their 
wharves, and a few of them were crushed, though most of them suffered only 
minor damage One of the most lamentable results of the storm from a community 
point of view was the damage to shade trees, the soaking rain and the 
shifting winds combining to uproot many of them.  There were two lives lost 
in Charleston and vicinity  The damage south of Charleston to North Edisto 
River seems to have been confined almost wholly to crop injury.  To the 
northward the destruction was much greater.  Large tracks of cultivated land 
in McClellanville section were inundated Friday morning, causing a total 
loss of crops.  Water stood 4 or 5 feet deep in the town and left a heavy 
deposit of sea sledge covering dead animals and fowls.  The tide is said to 
have been higher than in 1893 or 1911  The crop damage from about 15 to 
20 miles northeast of Charleston on to McClellanville and the Santee River is 
estimated by the competent to judge at from 75 to 90 per cent.  Almost all 
the trees in McClellanville were uprooted.  Numerous houses were blown down, 
but they were of flimsy construction.  Loss of live stock was rather heavy 
from wrecking of barns, and some hogs and other small animals were drowned.  
Notwithstanding the great material damage there was no loss of human life.  
In Georgetown the damage was apparently little worse than stores on the water 
front ... North of Georgetown the storm was less severe, though the tide was 
very high at Pawleys Island and Murrels Inlet.  No damage of consequence 
occurred there, however, or at Myrtle Beach, farther up the coast.  The 
hurricane is believed to have been one of the most severe that has visited 
this coast since the Weather Bureau was established, but its destructive 
effects were confined to unusually narrow limits.  This is due partly at 
least to the fact that its course was practically normal to the coast line.  
Its center is thought to have passed inland over Bulls Bay, about 25 miles 
northeast of Charleston and some 10 miles southwest of McClellanville It is 
practically impossible at this time to estimate with any degree of accuracy 
the total losses occasioned by the hurricane It will certainly run high into 
the millions if the floods which resulted from the storms inland progress be 
taken into account" (MWR). 
From the _Georgetown Times_, July 22, 1916 - provided by Prof. Cary Mock:
"SUMMER COLONY ON PAWLEY'S ISLAND LEAVE THE BEACH IN STORM - Bridges 
Overflowed But Note Enough to Block Passage - Vivid Description by our
Correspondent of the Terrible Experiences of the People During the Hurricane,
Although No Serious Results Followed
   Pawley's Island and the immediate vicinity got a full share of the
hurricane Thursday night and Friday [probably the previous week].  This storm
will go down in history as second only to the storm of '93, when so many 
memorable tragedies took place ... The northeast wind set in before Wednesday.
Before morning it had become a stiff gale ... Before dark [on Thursday] the 
causeway connecting island and mainland was submerged, the water reaching 
almost to the boards on the bridges dashing in waves waist high over the
lower parts of the roadway ... In the eastern part of the island the surf
had washed away the sand hills ... The hurricane raged and shrieked, snapping
off trees and rocking the houses ... But at about 4 o'clock [Friday morning]
the wind began to change, shifting to east, then to southeast, and the 
immediate danger began to pass ... No loss of life is reported and but little
damage to property.  The hardest of the loss falls where it will hurt most,
though - on the Negroes, whose crops are ruined and fences down, and these
will suffer greatly.  Along the beach the sand hills are cut as if sliced
off with a giant knife ... Fishing boats are washed high on the big sandhills
and steps carried to the end of the island."
Charleston News and Courier, July 14th 1916 -
"Late trains from Tybee tonight came over tracks which were covered with 
water nearly a foot deep for a stretch of several miles...Time and tide 
for week  High, July 14th, 6:36 a.m... Smother of spume off Battery --- 
Tide was running high. The wind blowing as high as sixty-two miles an hour at 
one time, made the seas heavy. Wave after wave dashed against the wall, its 
spume being thrown high into the air. The water rushed over the wall and 
into roadways and streets. The high wall along South Battery was being 
continually washed as wave after wave dashed over the Battery wall."
Charleston News and Courier, July 15th 1916 -
"Storm Heavy at Florence - Florence, July 14th: The tropical storm, which 
so suddenly swept in on the Southeast Atlantic coast early last evening 
struck this section shortly before midnight last night, and grew in intensity 
as the night passed, until today it is sweeping the Pee-Dee section with 
hurricane proportions."
Charleston News and Courier, July 16th 1916 -
"Florence Bridges are Washed Away - Florence, July 15th: Never in the history 
of this section has there ever fallen such a quantity of rain as fell 
yesterday and last night. The United States weather bureau at this place 
gives the official figures for the thirty-six hours as 14.25 inches of rain, 
an unprecedented record...The Weather - The Southeastern storm has caused 
torrential rains over a large part of South Carolina and portions of North 
Carolina. It has lost a great portion of its energy and is now central on the 
North Carolina-Tennessee boundary."
Charleston News and Courier, July 17th 1916 -
"Georgetown Felt Storm Severely - Whilst at the wharf in Georgetown the 
glass fell to 29.30. Between 3 and 5 oclock Friday morning the wind blew more 
than seventy-five miles an hour. The tide was high between 7 and 8 oclock that 
morning, and the wharf front was completely submerged...It is probably quite 
as bad as if not worse than the floods which occurred in the upper part of 
the State in August of 1908 and it has covered a wider area."
Charleston News and Courier, July 18th 1916 -
"Georgetown, July 17th - The hurricane that struck Georgetown Thursday night, 
beginning at about 10 oclock and lasting until Friday afternoon, has left in 
its wake a scene of devastation attesting the violence of the wind which is 
said, by old mariners, to have reached 85 to 100 miles an hour at 4 a.m. 
Friday...McClellanville, July 17th - McClellanville has just been visited 
by the biggest storm since 1893. The tide overflowed all yards on the 
waterfront several feet deep."
Charleston News and Courier, July 20th 1916 -
"No other storm in the memory of men now living in that section approached in 
destructiveness  the furious hurricane that swept McClellanville Thursday 
night and Friday morning. No other storm save possibly the great hurricane of 
1822 wrought such havoc among the crops of all that section or did such 
terrific damage to the timber. Conservative estimates made by men who have 
spent much time on the water fix the velocity of the wind from Friday morning 
at from ninety-eight to 110 miles an hour. This wind blew steadily from the 
southeast and it banked up the incoming tide...McClellanville, July 19th - 
All contend that this hurricane was more violent than that of 1893, and the 
destruction greater."
Charleston News and Courier, July 22nd 1916 -
"On Pawley's Island - On Pawley's Island the storm was not so severe as in 
the city. The wind blew a hurricane for hours and tides as high as the storm 
of 1893 were swept into the inlet behind the island."

July 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb inland over Alabama near 
34N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 35.2N, 83W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 35.2N, 82W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 82.7W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 47 kt E and 1008 mb at Charlotte at 00 UTC (OMR); 
49 kt at Charlotte at 03 UTC (OMR); 52 kt E at Charlotte at 04 UTC (OMR). "On 
the morning of the 15th the remnants of the storm were lost in the mountains 
of western North Carolina" (MWR).

Genesis for storm number 3 is retained at 06 UTC on July 11th as a minimal 
tropical storm in the western Atlantic Ocean. The system originated just 
northeast of the Bahamas and progressed on a northwestward track throughout 
its lifetime. Gale force winds were first observed on the 12th as a ship 
recorded 35 kt winds. 60 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th 
because of the hurricane intensity reports on the following day. The storm 
deepened rapidly on the 12th and 13th. A peripheral pressure of 961 mb was 
observed late on the 13th, implying winds of at least 94 kt from the 
subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, 
a 15 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. 

The hurricane made landfall near Bulls Bay, South Carolina, around 08 UTC on 
the 14th.  A central pressure value of 983 mb was included originally in 
HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 14th.  This pressure reading was likely that of 
Charleston at 08 UTC on the 14th, which as it was accompanied by 55 kt NW 
wind indicates that it was a peripheral pressure measurement, not 
a central pressure.  Thus 983 mb is removed from HURDAT.  It is of note 
that Ho et al. did not analyze this US landfalling hurricane - implying 
that it was of central pressure higher than 982 mb (possibly because 
of this 983 mb observation).  Dunn and Miller list this as a minimal 
(Category 1 or 2) hurricane causing severe flooding in South Carolina. 
Jarrell et al. analyzed a 980 mb central pressure at landfall.  However, 
because of the 961 mb peripheral pressure/hurricane force wind readings twelve
hours before landfall and the 983 mb/55 kt wind readings from Charleston, 
a substantially lower central pressure is estimated for landfall:  960 mb.  
This pressure suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship.  The system is described as small in area (which could increase 
the pressure gradient and winds), but was also moving slowly at landfall 
(which would decrease the winds on the strong semicircle), so 95 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 06 UTC and also at landfall a couple hours later.  This is a 
20 kt increase from the original HURDAT and it does upgrade the system from a 
Category 1 to Category 2 (borderline Category 3) hurricane strike for South 
Carolina.  This intensity is consistent with the moderate impacts documented
in the newspaper accounts, though it is possible that the hurricane was 
slightly stronger. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 12 
UTC 14th - 60 kt (ship), 18 UTC -  45 kt (ship), 00 UTC 15th - 47kt, 06 UTC - 
52 kt.  These last two values reduce down to 40 and 43 kt, respectively, after 
for correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.)  
Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 
72, 51, 35, and 24 kt, accordingly. Winds for HURDAT after landfall were 
analyzed to be 70 kt (10 kt increase), 55 kt (no change), 50 kt (no change), 
and 45 kt (no change), respectively.  "This is the first July storm of record 
that passed northwestward from the region of the Bahamas and struck the south 
Atlantic [U.S.] coast" (MWR).

*****************************************************************************



1916/05 - 2008 REVISION:

21011 08/04/1916 M= 3  5 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21012 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 940  35    0*240 945  35    0
21013 08/05*241 950  40    0*242 955  40    0*243 960  45    0*244 965  45    0
21014 08/06*246 971  50    0*248 977  50    0*250 985  35    0*252 995  25    0
21018 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical 
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, and the COADS ship database.  

August 4:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24N 94W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 5:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24.3N 96W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 6:  The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest in
the region.  Station highlights:  26 kt E and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at
Brownsville (OMR);  38 kt SE at 07 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR).
"A small disturbance was central off of the mouth 
of the Rio Grande Valley at 8 p. m. on August 5th, and northeast
storm warnings were ordered for the Texas coast stations at
8:30 p. m.  The storm moved westward into Mexico and its passage
was attended by storm winds on the Texas coast."

This new cyclone was difficult to analyze because of both the
lack of ship observations in the Western Gulf of Mexico and because
of having no station data over Mexico due to the Mexican 
Revolution.  However, the available station observations from
both Brownsville (twice daily) and Corpus Christi (hourly) 
clearly indicate that a well-organized tropical low pressure system
made landfall south of the U.S.-Mexico border around 06 UTC
on the 6th.  Highest observed winds were 38 kt at Corpus Christi
early on the 6th, which reduces to 32 kt true after accounting for the 
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and 
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Unfortunately,
Brownsville's twice daily observations missed the highest winds/
lowest pressures as the system made its closest approach just
south of the town.  However, the Monthly Weather Review writeup
clearly indicates that "storm winds" (about 50 kt) occurred
along the Texas coast.  It is estimated that the cyclone formed
on the 4th and moved west-northwestward making landfall early
on the 6th just south of the U.S.-Mexico border as a 50 kt 
tropical storm.  It is quite possible given the absence of 
information from Mexico that the system was stronger, perhaps
even hurricane intensity.  Dissipation is estimated to have
occurred over northeast Mexico late on the 6th.

*****************************************************************************


1916/06 - 2008 REVISION:

21200 08/12/1916 M= 8  4 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21200 08/12/1916 M= 9  6 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                    *  *       ***                           

21205 08/12*  0   0   0    0*140 550  60    0*140 564  60    0*140 579  70    0
21205 08/12*  0   0   0    0*134 550  35    0*135 564  40    0*136 578  40    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21210 08/13*141 594  75    0*142 610  75    0*143 625  80    0*143 641  80    0
21210 08/13*138 592  45    0*139 606  45    0*140 620  50    0*141 636  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21215 08/14*145 657  85    0*147 674  85    0*150 690  85    0*153 704  85    0
21215 08/14*142 653  55    0*143 669  60    0*145 685  60    0*147 700  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21220 08/15*156 715  85    0*161 728  85    0*165 740  90    0*173 756  90    0
21220 08/15*150 713  65    0*154 726  65    0*160 740  70    0*168 756  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21225 08/16*180 771  95    0*187 790  95    0*194 807  95    0*199 823 100    0
21225 08/16*178 773  75    0*189 790  75    0*198 807  80    0*205 824  85    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** *** ***

21230 08/17*204 838 100    0*209 854 105    0*218 871 105    0*225 887 105    0
21230 08/17*210 841  90    0*215 858  95    0*220 876 105    0*228 894 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

21235 08/18*231 902 110    0*240 920 110    0*253 947 110  948*262 964 100    0
21235 08/18*237 912 115    0*246 930 115    0*255 947 115    0*264 963 115  932 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

21240 08/19*271 980  65    0*279 996  50    0*2911009  35    0*3121014  30    0
21240 08/19*272 978  90  940*281 993  60    0*2911007  40    0*3011017  30    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **         ****  **      *** *** 


(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21242 08/20*3121025  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21245 HRATX3                
21245 HRATX4
        ****

Landfall:
8/18/1916  2200Z  27.0N 97.4W  115kt  25nmi  932mb  1012mb  ATX4

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), 
Dunn and Miller (1960),  Schwerdt et al (1979), Ho et al (1987), 
Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 12: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 13N, 56W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 14N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart 
suggests a center near 14N, 56.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggest a center near 13.5N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt 
NE and 1015 mb at 15.8N, 56.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "... first observed on 
the morning of the 12th in the vicinity of Barbados" (MWR).

August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 62W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 14.5N, 62W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 62W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 68W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15N, 69W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.5N, 74W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 74W at 
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 17.9N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 
30 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18.9N, 76W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 
19.5N, 76W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Jamaica 
at 12 UTC (HWM). MWR notes the storm "passed westward a short distance south 
of Jamaica on the 15th and into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Yucatan 
Channel on the night of the 16th."

August 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of 990 mb near 19N, 81W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 19.4N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.8N, 81W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 19.8N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 998 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt 
WSW and 1000 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 23 UTC (COA).

August 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 22N, 88.5W just north of 
the Yucatan of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 
21.8N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 
22N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 
22.3N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 22N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at 
25.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 21.7N, 89.7W at 23 UTC 
(COA).

August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 950 mb near 25.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.3N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 26N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 25.5N, 94W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 25.5N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. Station 
highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Brownsville at 12 UTC (OMR); 984 mb at 
Corpus Christi at 2315 UTC (MWR); 53 kt at Corpus Christi at 20 UTC (OMR). 
"It was approaching the south Texas coast on the morning of the 18th, and 
passed inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville the afternoon and 
evening of the 18th" (MWR).

August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28.5N, 101W inland over 
northeast Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 100.9W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 102W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.1N, 100.7W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 948 mb (likely a peripheral pressure) at 
Kingsville, Texas, at 0115 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE and 1003 mb at San Antonio at 
06 UTC (OMR); 971 mb (peripheral pressure) at Del Rio, Texas, at 1130 UTC 
(MWR); 51 kt SE at Del Rio, Texas, at 11 UTC (OMR). "At the office of 
the Santa Gertrudis ranch at Kingsville, 14 miles north of Riviera, 
the aneroid barometer was carefully watched by Mr. J.B. Wright, 
the manager of the ranch, and he took the lowest reading of 28.00 [948 mb] 
inches at 8:15 p.m. [0115 UTC on the 19th] ... Six lives were lost by 
the foundering of the coastwise steamer Pilot Boy off Port Aransas, 
Tex.; three additional lives were lost by drowning along the coast near Corpus 
Christi, Tex., and six at various interior points, as a result of hurricane 
winds in the lower Rio Grande Valley.  Newspaper reports place the damage 
sustained in southwest Texas at $1,800,000.  The damage, while largely 
confined to coast regions, was more or less general over a wide area.  In 
the interior, crops were badly damaged by wind and rain and windmills, fences, 
and barns were blown down.  The cities of Bishop, Kingsville, and Corpus 
Christi being the largest sufferers.  In Corpus Christi it was the water front 
that sustained the heaviest damage.  All the wharves and most of the buildings 
on the wharves were destroyed, even the solid timber head of the municipal 
wharf was unfloored, taking down the storm-warning display tower.  Hardly a 
property in Corpus Christi escaped without damage of some kind, and vegetation 
where not destroyed suffered heavily ... there can be no question but 
that the storm was a fully developed hurricane with a central pressure at 
least 1 inch lower [950 mb] than that observed at Corpus Christi [984 mb].  
The relatively low property losses along the coast must be ascribed to 
the rapidity with which the storm advanced and passed.  Because of this 
rapidity of movement its chance of creating a big tidal wave were greatly 
diminished.  Also it must be borne in mind that the whole length of the Texas 
coast is protected by sand islands stretching from the mouth of the 
Rio Grande to Galveston, with few inlets and sparsely settled  After passing 
inland a short distance south of Corpus Christi, the cyclone continued to move 
in a west-northwest direction, reaching Del Rio, Tex., at about 7:30 a. m. 
local mean time August 19, with a minimum pressure of 28.69 inches [971 mb].  
Since it passed Corpus Christi, 200 miles distant, 12 hours earlier, we may 
assign it a movement of about 17 miles per hour.  The recovery of the pressure 
after the passage of the center of the storm was extremely rapid  The next 
observing station in the path of the storm is El Paso, Tex., distant about 
300 miles.  The barograph at that and other stations in that vicinity do not 
show any trace of the storm in question; we must therefore consider that it 
dissipated over southwest Texas during the daylight hours of the 19th" (MWR).

August 20: HWM shows an open trough along the Texas-New Mexico border.  Thus 
it is analyzed that the system had dissipated  by 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM,COADS, and OMR suggest a center near 31.2N, 102.5W at 
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 06 UTC on August 12th as a tropical storm 
just west of the Lesser Antilles. Peak observed winds on the 12th were noted 
as 35 kt. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than previous 
HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were again observed until late on 
the 15th, when the system was centered near Jamaica. A gradual increase in 
intensity is maintained for the storm during the 13th through the 16th, 
although substantially weaker than original HURDAT based upon available 
observations from HWM and COADS. The hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico 
through the Yucatan Channel during the morning of the 17th. Peak observed 
winds on the 17th were only 35 kt but available data near the center were 
scarce on this date. 105 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. On 
the 18th, the hurricane quickly traveled across the Gulf of Mexico before 
making landfall on the 18th.

Landfall is estimated to have occurred near Baffin Bay, Texas, around 
22 UTC on August 18th near 27.0N 97.4W . Dunn and Miller classified this 
hurricane for the lower coast of Texas as Extreme (Category 4 or 5).  
The closest Weather Bureau anemometer in Corpus Christi was destroyed
by the winds before the peak of the hurricane, but the observer there estimated
a peak "maximum" wind (5 min) of 90 mph [78 kt] and a peak "extreme" wind
(1 min) of 96 mph [83 kt].  (Of course, visual estimates of hurricane force 
winds are not reliable.)  Schwerdt et al. analyzed the hurricane to have 103 kt
estimated maximum sustained surface winds at landfall (converted to 1 min) and 
with a 1010 mb environmental pressure.  Ho et al listed the hurricane on August 
18th as possessing 948 mb central pressure at landfall, 25 nmi radius of 
maximum winds (RMW), and a landfall point of 26.8N, 97.4W. Connor analyzed 
the lowest central pressure for the lifetime of this system (in this case at 
landfall in Texas) of "28.00 inches [948 mb] or less". Jarrell et al. utilized 
the Connor and Ho et al. central pressure estimates in their assessment of 
a 948 mb Category 3 hurricane for southern Texas.  However, the 948 mb 
measurement came from Kingsville, Tx. - an inland location - and from 
the description in Monthly Weather Review was not likely to be a central
pressure value.  (Riviera, 14 miles south of Kingsville, experienced winds
out of the north, then east, then south as the hurricane passed just to
the south of that location.)  It is estimated that the central pressure
at its closest approach to Kingsville was around 940 mb.  An application 
of the Ho et al. pressure-decay model using an hour and a half transit
over land indicates a central pressure at landfall of about 932 mb.  This 
landfall pressure suggests winds of 127 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship.  The new (Brown et al. 2006) pressure-wind relationship
for north of 25N suggests winds of 122 kt for 932 mb.  A series of SLOSH 
runs were undertaken to better ascertain the intensity of the hurricane.  
Given the revised track and a 932 mb central pressure, a SLOSH run with 
a 25 nmi RMW has the best fit to observed storm surge values.  Given an RMW 
(25 nmi) that is larger than climatology of 16 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000), 
this suggests a decrease in the hurricane's wind intensity versus 
the pressure-wind relationship of 122 kt.  Thus intensity at landfall is 
estimated at 115 kt, a 15 kt increase from original HURDAT. This revision 
upgrades the impact for south Texas from a Category 3 to a Category 4
at landfall.  MWR notes the hurricane as, severe and moderate to large in 
extent, which is consistent with the SLOSH modeling run conducted. The 
revised landfall location in Texas is near 27.0N, 97.4W, somewhat north of 
the Ho et al and HURDAT estimates.  

On the 19th and 20th the hurricane quickly diminished in intensity as it 
continued on its west-northwest progression over Texas. Peak observed winds 
after landfall were the following: 00 UTC 19th - less than gale force 
(Corpus Christi's anemometer was disabled after 22 UTC), 06 UTC - 45 kt, 
12 UTC - 50 kt, 18 UTC - less than gale force.  These second two values 
reduce down to 38 and 42 kt, respectively, after for correcting for the high 
bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting 
from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.)  Application of the Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 91, 62, 41, and 35 kt, accordingly.  
The 940 mb estimated central pressure inland at 0115 UTC on the 19th suggests 
winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship, 115 kt
from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship, and 110 kt from
the weakening Brown et al. north of 25N relationship.  Winds after landfall 
are chosen to be 90 kt (increased by 25 kt), 60 kt (increased by 10 kt), 
40 kt (increased by 5 kt), and 30 kt (no change), respectively, because of 
the sparse data coverage after landfall.  The system is extended an 
additional six hours to a position as a decaying tropical depression on 
00 UTC on the 20th.  Dunn and Miller listed this as an extreme hurricane 
for the lower Texas coast on August 18th with 20 fatalities and $1.8 million 
in damage. Storm surge associated with the passage of this hurricane were 
noted by Ellis and Conner as 9.2 feet in Corpus Christi, 4 feet in Galveston, 
and 2.4 feet in Fort Point. Intensity for this system was overestimated by 
15-20 kt early on and underestimated by 15 kt at landfall in Texas. August 8th 
through the 11th were analyzed to determine if the system could have 
originated closer to Africa but due to the limited amount of available ship 
observations the current genesis position is maintained at 06 UTC on the 12th. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/07 - 2008 REVISION:

21250 08/21/1916 M= 5  5 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21250 08/21/1916 M= 6  7 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***                  *

21255 08/21*  0   0   0    0*180 610  55    0*180 625  65    0*181 632  75    0
21255 08/21*  0   0   0    0*160 603  55    0*165 615  65    0*170 627  75    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21260 08/22*182 641  85  988*182 653  80    0*182 665  70    0*185 680  65    0
21260 08/22*174 639  85    0*178 652  95    0*182 665  75    0*186 680  65    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **               **      *** 

21265 08/23*188 697  60    0*192 712  55    0*195 729  45    0*200 746  45    0
21265 08/23*190 697  60    0*195 714  55    0*200 729  45    0*207 741  45    0
            ***              *** ***          ***              *** ***

21270 08/24*210 763  40    0*217 776  40    0*225 785  35    0*232 790  35    0
21270 08/24*215 752  40    0*222 762  40    0*230 772  35    0*237 782  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

21275 08/25*238 793  35    0*245 796  30    0*252 798  30    0*261 798  30    0
21275 08/25*244 792  40    0*252 801  40    0*260 805  40    0*269 807  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 26th is new to HURDAT.)
21277 08/26*279 808  30    0*290 808  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21280 HR                    

Landfall:
8/22/1916  1000Z  18.0N 65.9W   95kt   PR2 
8/25/1916  0800Z  25.6N 80.3W   40kt   FL

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 5.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly
Records, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), Perez et al. ( 2000), and
Boose et al. (2004).

August 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15.5N, 63.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.0N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 61.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 68W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 18N, 68W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT 
analysis of 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 
20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC 
(COA). Station highlights: 80 kt at San Juan at ~12 UTC (MWR);  997 mb at San 
Juan at 11 UTC (Perez).  . "Hurricane of comparatively small diameter passed 
over Porto Rico this forenoon, vortex entering the island at about Naguabo and 
leaving between Arecibo and Isabelia.  Wind velocity at San Juan 90 miles per 
hour for about 45 minutes.  Highest 10-minute period about 92 miles per hour.  
Much damage was done throughout the island, a million dollars being a 
conservative estimate of the money loss.  Area of destruction was probably 
45 or 50 miles wide and time or passing about two and a quarter hours" (MWR). 

August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 74W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 72.9W at 12 UTC.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 78W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23N, 77.2W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23N, 77W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E 
and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA).  "The center of the storm did not 
approach any of the meteorological stations in the Bahamas or Cuba" (MWR).

August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 79W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 25.2N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 24.5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 80.5W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlights: 1008 mb at 0430 UTC and 35 kt S at 17 UTC 
at Miami (OMR). MWR notes the location on of the system as, "a feeble 
disturbance east of the Florida peninsula on the 25th and 26th."

August 26: HWM indicates an open wave near 30N, 75W. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29N, 80W at 06 UTC.  No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Storm 5 originated as a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea at 06 UTC 
on August 21st though it is possible that the system began east of the Lesser 
Antilles but observations are sparse. The system progressed west-northwestward 
on the 21st and 22nd as it neared the Greater Antilles. On the 22nd the 
hurricane made landfall at Naguabo, Puerto Rico around 10 UTC (Perez). Peak 
observed winds on the 22nd were 80 kt around 12 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico 
(MWR). This converts to 69 kt after accounting for the high bias of the 
instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) as well as converting from a peak 
10 min to a peak 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Boose et al. analyzed peak 
structural damage as F2, which roughly corresponds to Category 2 hurricane 
intensity.  Boose et al. also suggest boosting the landfall intensity to 95 kt 
to best take into account the spatial distribution and the peak of the 
structural damage observed.  Thus, a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane is chosen for 
HURDAT at 06 UTC, up 15kt from original HURDAT. The hurricane decreased in 
intensity late on the 22nd after the storm made landfall in Hispanola. No gale 
force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd and thus HURDAT is 
maintained at 45 kt at 12 UTC as data coverage was sparse hear Hispanola. The 
storm paralleled Cuba's northern coastline on the 24th and began to turn north 
just northeast of Santa Clara, Cuba, late in the day.  The alteration in
track to keeping the cyclone just offshore of Cuba is in agreement with
Perez et al. (2000).  No gale force winds or low pressures were found on 
the 24th and therefore the original HURDAT is maintained at 35 kt at 12 UTC 
on the 24th. The storm tracked over the Florida peninsula, rather than just 
east of the coast as evidenced by the observed 35 kt (29 kt 1 min true) 
southerly winds in Miami. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 25th, 
10 kt higher than original HURDAT. Storm 7 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 
12 hours later than that in HURDAT originally. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/08 - 2008 REVISION:

21285 08/27/1916 M= 7  6 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21285 08/27/1916 M= 7  8 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

21290 08/27*  0   0   0    0*140 463  60    0*140 485  60    0*143 512  65    0
21290 08/27*  0   0   0    0*140 476  60    0*140 493  60    0*143 512  65    0
                                 ***              ***     

21295 08/28*147 535  65    0*151 560  70    0*153 585  75    0*154 605  75    0
21295 08/28*147 532  65    0*151 552  70    0*153 572  70    0*154 594  70    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          ***  **

21300 08/29*155 628  80  989*156 651  85    0*156 676  85    0*157 692  85    0
21300 08/29*155 616  70  986*156 638  70    0*156 660  70    0*157 681  70    0
                ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21305 08/30*159 713  85    0*160 731  85    0*162 751  85    0*166 767  85    0
21305 08/30*159 702  70    0*160 722  65    0*162 742  60    0*166 762  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21310 08/31*168 782  85    0*170 796  85    0*174 810  80    0*177 820  80    0
21310 08/31*168 782  50    0*170 801  45    0*174 820  40    0*177 832  40    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21315 09/01*180 832  75    0*181 841  75    0*182 853  70    0*182 864  70    0
21315 09/01*180 843  40    0*181 854  45    0*182 865  50    0*181 876  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **
          
21320 09/02*181 876  65    0*179 893  55    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
21320 09/02*179 887  40    0*175 898  35    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  

21325 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, and 
Tannehill (1952).

August 23-26:  The HWM and COADS data were examined on the possibility
of extending the track farther east.  While observations on the 23rd and
24th near the Cape Verde Islands that a closed low existed, these were
not conclusive.  No ship data were available on the 25th and 26th.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 27: HWM analyzed no significant features east of the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14N, 48.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 49.3W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
"The exact origin of the disturbance is unknown, but was undoubtedly some 
distance to the east of the island of Dominica" (MWR).

August 28: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 13N, 58W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.1N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.3N, 57.2W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlights: 986 mb (possible central pressure) at Roseau, Dominica, 
at 2330 UTC (MWR). "An intense storm passed over Dominica during the 
afternoon and evening of the 28th.  The hurricane advanced over the island 
with but little warning; a number of lives were lost and much property was 
destroyed on the northern and eastern sides  It was evidently of small 
diameter and great intensity while passing over Dominica" (MWR).

August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 66W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.6N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.6N, 66W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 74.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.2N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.5N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.2N, 74.2W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "It 
moved thence westward and passed immediately north of the island of Jamaica, 
with greatly decreased intensity" (MWR).

August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 81.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17.4N, 82W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 86W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.7N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18.2N, 86.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
"...to a position to the northwest of Swam Island, in which vicinity it lost 
intensity" (MWR).

September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 91W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 94W.  
However, available observations do not support this analysis and it appears 
that the system had dissipated by this date.

Genesis for this cyclone is unchanged from HURDAT, though it is possible
that the system passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands on the 23rd.
(It is noted that Tannehill began the hurricane near 13N, 28W on the 22nd.)  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed until it made landfall in 
Dominica late on the 28th.  However, given the sparse data available, no
changes were made to the intensity on the 27th and early on the 28th.
A possible central pressure of 986 mb at Dominica was observed at 2330 UTC 
(28th) which implies winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. (986 mb replaced 989 mb in HURDAT for the 00 UTC 29th entry.)  
70 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 29th, 10 kt less than previous HURDAT. 
The storm was centered southeast of Jamaica on the 30th. This intensity 
(Category 1 hurricane at 70 kt) appears to have been the maximum intensity 
for the system's lifetime.  MWR notes the storm's intensity on the 30th as, 
"greatly decreased intensity". No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 30th. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, down from 85 kt, 
in agreement with MWR's assessment of the intensity trend of the system. 
Barometric pressure increased at Swan Island despite the system's approach to 
the island on the 31st, indicating the storm continued to weaken. 
Based upon available observations, 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 
31st, a 40 kt decrease from original HURDAT. On September 1st the storm passed 
north of Swan Island before making its second landfall near the Belize/Mexico 
border around 2100 UTC on the 1st. No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 1st despite fair data coverage, suggesting the storm was 
weaker than originally suggested in HURDAT. The system is analyzed to have 
made landfall in Central America as a 50 kt tropical storm, weaker than the 
65 kt Category 1 hurricane originally in HURDAT.  The system appears to have 
dissipated over land by 18 UTC on the 2nd.

*****************************************************************************


1916/09 - 2008 REVISION:

21330 09/04/1916 M= 3  7 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21330 09/04/1916 M= 4  9 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

21335 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*242 748  35    0*259 758  35    0
21335 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*242 755  35    0*259 765  35    0
                                                  ***              ***

21340 09/05*275 767  35    0*290 773  35    0*305 779  35    0*319 783  35    0
21340 09/05*275 774  40    0*290 781  40    0*305 785  45    0*317 786  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21345 09/06*333 783  35    0*347 782  35    0*360 781  25    0*  0   0   0    0
21345 09/06*328 785  45    0*339 783  45    0*350 781  35    0*359 777  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21347 09/07*365 770  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21350 TS                    

Landfall:
9/06/1916  09Z  33.9N 78.3W  45kt  NC

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 7.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly 
Weather Review.

September 4: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 23N, 76W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate 
the center near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggests a center near 24.2N, 75.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31N, 79W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1017 mb at 31.7N, 76W at 22 UTC (COA).

September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 78W over
North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 36N, 78.1W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 78W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 78.1W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7: HWM indicates the system to have dissipated before 12 UTC near the 
North Carolina/Virginia border. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 
39N, 75W at 8 a.m.  However, available observations from HWM and COADS 
agree with the HURDAT in that the cyclone had dissipated by 12 UTC.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 9 at 12 UTC on September 4th as a tropical storm 
just northeast of the central Bahamas. The storm progressed north-northwestward
and eventually north before striking the southeast tip of North Carolina early 
on the 6th. Gale force winds of 35 kt were first observed by a ship on the 5th 
as the storm neared the U.S. East Coast. Given the distance of the ship
report from the center and the high pressure accompanying 35 kt report,
it is estimate that the intensity was somewhat higher - 45 kt.  This likely
was the peak intensity for the cyclone.  Storm 9 made landfall in southeast 
North Carolina early on the 6th.  No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed by coastal stations for the duration of the storm. The system made 
landfall around 06 UTC on the 6th as a 45 kt tropical storm, which is 10 kt
higher in intensity from that originally shown in HURDAT.  The lifetime of 
the storm was extended 12 hours from original HURDAT to account for weakening 
and eventual dissipation on the 7th around 00 UTC. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/10 - 2008 REVISION:

21395 09/14/1916 M= 8  9 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21395 09/13/1916 M=10 10 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        ** **       ***

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
21400 09/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 560  30    0*207 572  30    0

21400 09/14*  0   0   0    0*211 597  35    0*213 607  35    0*214 616  35    0
21400 09/14*208 584  30    0*209 596  35    0*210 607  35    0*211 616  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              ***  

21405 09/15*215 623  35    0*218 630  40    0*224 637  40    0*231 637  45    0
21405 09/15*212 625  35    0*213 634  40    0*215 640  40    0*220 641  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

21410 09/16*236 635  45    0*241 633  50    0*248 630  55    0*260 626  55    0
21410 09/16*227 639  40    0*237 635  40    0*248 630  40    0*260 625  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

21415 09/17*272 620  60    0*285 611  60    0*297 598  65    0*309 589  70    0
21415 09/17*272 620  45    0*285 615  50    0*297 610  55    0*307 601  60    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21420 09/18*321 580  75    0*331 571  80    0*342 559  85    0*351 546  90    0
21420 09/18*317 589  65    0*327 574  70    0*337 559  75    0*346 546  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21425 09/19*359 532  90    0*365 519  85    0*370 505  80    0*376 491  70    0
21425 09/19*354 532  75    0*362 519  75    0*370 505  70    0*376 490  70    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **          ***    

21430 09/20*380 477  70    0*383 464  70    0*386 450  65    0*388 437  65    0
21430 09/20*380 475  70    0*383 460  65    0*386 445  65    0*387 431  60    0
                ***              ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

21435 09/21*390 424  55    0*391 412  45    0*392 400  35    0*392 370  25    0
21435 09/21*387 418  50    0*387 406  40    0*387 395  35    0*387 385  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
21437 09/22E387 375  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21440 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm 9. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 13: HWM analyzed an open wave well northeast of the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 
20.5N, 56W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an open wave north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21N, 60.7W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 21N, 64W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21.5N, 64W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24.5N, 63W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.3N, 60W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.7N, 59.8W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.7N, 61W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N, 56W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 34.2N, 55.9W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.7N, 55.9W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 31.2N, 54.3W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36.5N, 51.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 50.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 18N, 85W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39N, 45W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.6N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.6N, 44.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 37.4N, 42.4W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38.5N, 39.5W 
with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as 
a tropical storm 39.2N, 38.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 38.7N, 39.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 22: HWM indicates that the system has been absorbed by a cold front 
by 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 
38.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

Genesis is begun for storm number 10 at 12 UTC on September 13th as a tropical
depression, 18 hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. Storm 10 is kept as 
attaining tropical storm intensity on the 14th as the system traversed on a 
westward course north of the Lesser Antilles Islands though sparse 
observations make this somewhat uncertain. The system recurved on the 15th and
16th taking a northeastward path well southeast of Bermuda. The system is 
analyzed as having slightly weaker intensity from the 16th through the 
20th based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Highest 
observations with this system were only 45 kt, but these were taken at
significant distance from the center of the cyclone - suggesting that
hurricane force winds may have occurred near the center.  Peak analyzed
intensity is estimated to be 75 kt on the 18th and 19th, down from 
the 90 kt originally analyzed in HURDAT.  The storm continued on an eastward 
progression as it began to weaken on the 21st and 22nd. The storm 
transitioned to extratropical status as it was absorbed by a frontal boundary 
at 00 UTC on the 22nd and dissipated quickly thereafter.

*****************************************************************************


1916/11 - 2008 REVISION:

21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 10 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 11 SNBR= 493 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

21450 09/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 455  35    0*135 467  35    0
21455 09/18*140 477  40    0*145 488  45    0*150 500  50    0*155 513  50    0
21460 09/19*160 525  60    0*165 538  65    0*170 550  75    0*173 563  80    0
21460 09/19*161 525  55    0*168 538  55    0*175 550  60    0*181 563  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21465 09/20*175 575  85    0*177 588  90    0*180 600  95    0*187 608  95    0
21465 09/20*187 577  70    0*193 592  75    0*200 607  80    0*207 621  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21470 09/21*194 617  95    0*202 624 100    0*210 632 100    0*221 642 105    0
21470 09/21*213 634  85    0*219 646  85    0*225 655  90    0*232 662  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

21475 09/22*233 653 105    0*245 665 105    0*258 675 105    0*271 682 105    0
21475 09/22*240 667  95    0*249 671 100    0*258 675 105    0*268 677 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***                       *** *** 

21480 09/23*284 685 100    0*297 685 100    0*309 682  95    0*325 670  95    0
21480 09/23*279 678 105    0*291 678 105    0*305 675 105    0*320 670 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

21485 09/24*339 652  90    0*354 638  90    0*369 623  85    0*395 605  85    0
21485 09/24*337 655 100    0*355 638  95    0*375 617  85    0*395 595  75    0
            *** *** ***      ***      **      *** ***              ***  **

21490 09/25E430 578  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21490 09/25E420 570  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **  

21495 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm 
number 10 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, 
Tucker (1995), and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.

September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 45.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS are quite sparse. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.3N, 50W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near the HURDAT position. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 18N, 55W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17N, 55W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 17.5N, 55W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 20N, 61W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18N, 60W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 61.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 60.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 20N, 61.7W at 12 UTC (COA).
MWR noted this storm as, "originating near Antigua, whence it 
passed northwestward as far as can be ascertained from a limited number of 
vessel reports and recurved to the west of Bermuda". 

September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23N, 65.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 21.8N, 65.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 22.5N, 65.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 25.2N, 57.2W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975 mb near 25.8N, 67W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25N, 66.5W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 30N, 67W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.9N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 30.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 31N, 69.5W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlights: 50 kt SE at Bermuda at 18 UTC (Tucker); 60 kt SE at 
Bermuda at 20 UTC (Tucker); 70 kt SSE at Bermuda at 2045-2300 UTC (Tucker); 
73 kt at Bermuda (Tucker).  "A really terrible hurricane struck Bermuda on 
this date, with raging winds of 84 mph, and greater losses occasioned than in 
that of 1899" (Tucker).

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 61W with 
a cold frontal boundary approaching the system from the northwest. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.9N, 62.3W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 981 mb at 37.4N, 61.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt NW 
at 36.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 42N, 53.7W at 12 UTC 
(COA).  Station highlight:  40 kt SW and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC
(BER).

September 25: HWM analyzed the system as being absorbed by an extratropical 
storm. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 43N, 57.8W at 00 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42N, 57W at 
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"It was of only moderate extent and slight to moderate intensity" (MWR). 

Genesis for storm 11, originally 10, is retained at 12 UTC on September 17th 
as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles, though there is little data 
available near the system until the 19th. September 13th through 16th were 
analyzed to determine if the system could have originated closer to Africa 
but due to the limited amount of available ship observations the current 
genesis position is maintained at 12 UTC on the 17th.  Storm 11 progressed 
on a west-northwestward track from the 17th through the 19th, before 
recurving towards Bermuda on the 22nd and 23rd. The first gale force wind of 
60 kt was observed on the 20th. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on 
the 20th, 15 kt less than original HURDAT. The hurricane passed very close 
by Bermuda late on the 23rd. Peak observations with this hurricane were 73 kt 
in Bermuda as the storm passed close-by on the 23rd.  (These winds reduce 
down to 59 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument 
of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 
and Powell et al. 1996]).  Bermuda experienced south-southeasterly hurricane
force winds and greater losses than the Hurricane of 1899 (Tucker, 1982). 
The cyclone is maintained as a major hurricane until passing north of
Bermuda's latitude - a boost from 95 kt to 105 kt at 12 UTC on the 23rd.
Peak intensity of this cyclone is maintained as a 105 kt Category 3
hurricane on the 22nd and 23rd (originally the peak was indicated on the
21st and 22nd).  Gale force winds were not observed by ship again until 
the 24th where two different ships measured 35 kt and 70 kt winds, 
respectively. One ship also had a low pressure of 981 mb, implying winds of 
at least 72 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is 
retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th. The system began to weaken on 
the 24th due to an approaching cold front. Storm 11 began extratropical 
transition late on the 24th and available observations indicate the storm 
to have dissipated at 06 UTC on the 25th as it was absorbed into a
larger extratropical storm.

*****************************************************************************


1916/12 - 2008 REVISION:

21500 10/02/1916 M= 3 11 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21500 10/02/1916 M= 4 12 SNBR= 494 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    * **       ***                  *

21505 10/02*  0   0   0    0*265 722  40    0*271 729  40    0*276 735  40    0
21505 10/02*  0   0   0    0*265 746  40    0*271 750  40    0*278 754  40    0
                                 ***              ***          *** ***

21510 10/03*282 742  40    0*286 748  40    0*291 755  40    0*296 762  40    0
21510 10/03*286 758  45    0*294 762  45    0*300 765  50    0*305 768  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
                   
21515 10/04*302 770  40    0*307 778  40    0*313 787  40    0*318 801  30    0
21515 10/04*310 772  50    0*314 777  50    0*317 784  50 1000*316 801  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** ***      **

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
21517 10/05*314 830  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21520 TS                    

Landfall:
10/4  21 UTC  31.5N 81.4W  50 kt  GA

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm 
number 11 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Records station data, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 2: HWM analyzed a stationary front extending east-northeast from 
the southern Bahamas to south of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 27.1N 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows does not indicate 
this system on this date suggesting that it was not yet have a closed 
circulation. Available observations from HWM and COADS and continuity from
the 3rd suggest that the center may have been near 27N 75W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 23 UTC at 33.9N 77.0W (COA).  

October 3: HWM indicated an extratropical storm centered near 28N 73W though
the significant temperature gradient existed well to the north and west of 
the system. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.1N 75.5W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb near 29N 75W 
at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center roughly 
near 30N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 33.3N 77.7W at 
12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1016 mb at 33.6N, 75.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt 
and 1006 mb at 30.9N 79.7W at 23 UTC (COA).  "On the evening of October 2,
when radio reports indicated the presence of a disturbance about 200 miles
off the Georgia or south Carolina coast...More complete reports on 
the following morning indicated that center of the storm was off the Florida 
coast, farther south than had been first stated" (MWR).

October 4: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 31N, 78W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 31.3N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1003 mb centered near 32,5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a substantial temperature 
gradient was associated with this system, around a center near 32N, 78.5W. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1003 mb at 32.2N, 78.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 32.2N 78.8W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 33.9N, 74.2W at 
17 UTC (COA); 35 kt and 1020 mb at 35.1N, 74.2W at 23 UTC (COA).  Station 
highlights:  35 kt NE at 17 UTC and 23 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18 UTC at 
Savannah (OMR); 34 kt NE at 13 UTC and 29 kt N and 1007 mb at 0940 UTC at 
Charleston (OMR); "At 8 p. m. October 3, there were some evidences of 
a further increase in the storm intensity...Up to this time strong northeast 
gales had been reported off the South Atlantic coast, and during 
the 4th moderate northeast gales occurred on the South Carolina and 
Georgia coast" (MWR).

October 5:  HWM analyzed no features of interest in the area where 
the system may have been.  "By 8 p.m. of the 4th the storm had passed inland 
to northern Florida with greatly diminished energy" (MWR). 

Genesis for this cyclone is not changed, except for its first position
being substantially farther west.  The cyclone likely had its origins along
a pre-existing stationary frontal boundary.  While the HWM analyzed the cyclone 
as being a frontal wave throughout its lifetime, most of the temperature 
gradient associated with the system was west and north of the center.  However,
the cyclone - especially on the 3rd - showed an elongated SW-NE center and
pressure field with strongest winds well away from the center.  The system
was somewhat more symmetric on the 4th  before landfall along a westward track.
A possible central pressure of 1000 mb at 12 UTC on the 4th suggests
winds of 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt
is analyzed for the winds at this time, which is also supported by
a ship report of 45 kt at 17 UTC. The cyclone made landfall around 21 UTC 
on the 4th at 31.4N 81.4W, just south of Savannah.  Peak observed winds at 
landfall were 35 kt at Savannah, which converts to 29 kt true after adjusting 
for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 
1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)
An extension of the track of this cyclone by six hours to 00 UTC on the 5th
was based upon observations of a closed circulation still existing at
this time.  Thus while this cyclone exhibited some hybrid characteristics, 
since the first official subtropical storm designations in HURDAT are in 
the late 1960s (at the advent of geostationary satellite coverage), this 
system is retained as a tropical storm.  

*****************************************************************************


1916/13 - 2008 REVISION:

21525 10/06/1916 M=10 12 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21525 10/06/1916 M=10 13 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

21530 10/06*  0   0   0    0*115 583  35    0*121 589  35    0*123 594  35    0
21530 10/06*  0   0   0    0*117 592  30    0*121 595  30    0*125 598  30    0
                             *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21535 10/07*125 599  35    0*128 604  35    0*130 610  35    0*134 617  35    0
21535 10/07*129 602  30    0*132 606  30    0*135 610  35    0*137 615  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** ***  **

21540 10/08*137 623  35    0*142 628  40    0*148 634  45    0*154 638  45    0
21540 10/08*139 620  45    0*142 625  50    0*145 630  55    0*150 633  60    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21545 10/09*159 640  50    0*164 643  55    0*171 645  60    0*180 648  85  970
21545 10/09*155 636  65    0*160 639  75    0*165 642  85    0*173 644  95  963
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

21550 10/10*190 649  90    0*199 649  90    0*209 647  85    0*219 643  85    0
21550 10/10*184 645  95    0*197 646  95    0*209 647  95    0*219 647  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  ** 

21555 10/11*227 640  85    0*238 636  90    0*248 630  90    0*257 625  95    0
21555 10/11*229 647  95    0*239 646  95    0*248 645 100    0*256 642 100    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          *** ***      *** *** *** 

21560 10/12*264 621  95    0*271 617 100    0*279 610 105    0*285 600 105    0
21560 10/12*263 638 100    0*271 633 100    0*279 625 105    0*289 612 105    0
            *** *** ***          ***              ***          *** ***

21565 10/13*291 580 100    0*299 562  90    0*308 550  80    0*321 531  75    0
21565 10/13*300 592 100    0*312 571  90    0*325 550  80    0*343 528  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  

21570 10/14*335 516  65    0*361 488  60    0*392 460  55    0*417 435  50    0
21570 10/14E368 506  65    0E396 483  60    0E425 460  55    0E455 435  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***         ****             **** 

21575 10/15*444 411  45    0E471 386  45    0E500 356  40    0*  0   0   0    0
21575 10/15E485 411  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           ****             **** ***  **     **** ***  **      

21580 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 12. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 6: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 58.9W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.1N, 59.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 63W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggest a center near 14.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13.5N, 61W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On 
the afternoon of the 7th there were some indications of a disturbance near 
and slightly west of Martinique" (MWR).

October 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 64.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16N, 63.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 63W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.5N, 66W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.1N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 64W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 64W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 963 mb (likely central pressure) at St. Croix 
at 23 UTC (MWR); 991 mb at St. Thomas at 22 UTC (MWR); 996 mb at Tortola, 
Virgin Islands, at 2330 UTC (MWR). "The lowest reading at St. Croix was 
28.45 inches [963 mb] during the night of the 9th-10th. The disturbance 
evidently passed nearly over and a little to the south of St. Thomas" (MWR). 

October 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21N, 66.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 20.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20.9N, 64.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 15.2N, 63W at 12 UTC 
(HWM). Station highlights: 975 mb at Tortola, Virgin Islands, at 0050 UTC 
(MWR); 991 mb at St.Thomas at 04 UTC (MWR). "By the morning of the 10th 
the storm had recurved slightly and had passed to the northeast of Puerto 
Rico" (MWR).

October 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23.5N, 66W with 
a decaying stationary front to the northwest of the system. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 24.8N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
45 kt SSW at 24.7N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt SW and 966 mb at 25.3N, 63.2W 
at 20 UTC (MWR).

October 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 27N, 60W with 
a cold frontal boundary well north of the system. HURDAT listed this as 
a Category 3 hurricane at 27.9N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 27.3N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 27.9N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 30.6N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA). "The ship 
Bellas reported a severe hurricane with southeast to southwest gales on
October 12 in latitude 27.6N, 62.3W" (MWR).

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 55W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.8N, 55W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 32.5N, 55W 
at 12 UTC though data are somewhat sparse. No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.

October 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 41N, 47W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.2N, 46W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42.5N, 46W at 12 UTC.  
Observations also indicate that the system had transformed into an 
extratropical cyclone with significant temperature gradients occurring near 
the system's center.  Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 42.7N, 47.1W 
at 12 UTC (COA).

October 15: HWM indicates the system has been absorbed by a very large 
extratropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical cyclone at 
44.4N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
a center near 48.5N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1021 mb 
at 52.1N, 31W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 49.1N, 40.1W at 
12 UTC (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 52.7N, 37W at 12 UTC (COA).

Genesis for storm 13, originally 12, is retained at 06 UTC on October 6th. 
The system originated a short distance southeast of Barbados and progressed on 
a northwestward track from the 7th to the 9th through the northeastern 
Caribbean Sea before recurving well south of Bermuda by October 12th. Gale 
force winds or low pressures were not observed as the storm traversed 
the southern Lesser Antilles and development into a tropical storm is delayed 
until the 7th. The system made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands late on 
the 9th apparently much increased in intensity as a likely central pressure 
of 963 mb was observed at 23 UTC at St. Croix. 963 mb implies winds of at 
97 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT 
at 18 UTC on the 9th, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. It is possible that
the cyclone was of major hurricane intensity during its passage through
the Virgin Islands.  On the 10th the cyclone progressed on a northward track 
through the Virgin Islands. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb was observed on 
the 11th as the hurricane began to recurve, implying winds of at least 94 and 
89 kt, respectively, from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th, 5 kt higher 
than previous HURDAT. MWR noted that a ship observed a 'severe hurricane' 
(90 kt) on October 12th.  105 kt is retained in HURDAT for late on the 12th. 
The hurricane continued northeastward on the 13th, 14th, and 15th as 
the system began to weaken and transition to extratropical storm status. 
Available observations indicate the hurricane transitioned to an extratropical 
storm by 00 UTC on the 14th. The system had a last position at 00 UTC on 
the 15th, 12 hours later than original HURDAT, as it was absorbed by a very 
large extratropical storm.

MWR noted the hurricane as, "of small area and of great intensity" (MWR). Peak 
intensity with storm 13 is 105 kt on the 12th, the same as that originally in 
HURDAT, maintaining the previous Category 3 hurricane classification. 
September 30th through October 5th were analyzed to determine if the storm's 
origin could have occurred closer to the African coast. Unfortunately, due to 
sparse data coverage a center position cannot be defined before the original 
HURDAT genesis of 06 UTC on October 6th.  

*****************************************************************************


1916/14 - 2008 REVISION:

21585 10/12/1916 M=  8 13 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
21585 10/09/1916 M= 11 14 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
         **         ** **       ***

(The 9th, 10th, and 11th are new to HURDAT.)
21586 10/09*    0     0    0*185 756  25    0*180 760  25    0*176 764  25    0 
21587 10/10*172 768  30    0*168 772  30    0*165 775  30    0*163 778  30    0 
21588 10/11*161 780  30    0*160 782  30    0*160 785  30    0*161 788  30    0 

21590 10/12*    0     0    0*154 747  60    0*155 756  60    0*156 765  60    0 
21590 10/12*163 790  35    0*164 792  40    0*165 795  45    0*165 797  50    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21595 10/13*157 774  70    0*158 783  75    0*160 792  85    0*162 804  90    0 
21595 10/13*165 799  55    0*165 801  60    0*165 805  65    0*165 811  75    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21600 10/14*165 813  90    0*167 822  95    0*170 831  95    0*173 841  95    0 
21600 10/14*165 818  85    0*167 827  95    0*170 836  95    0*173 845  95    0 
                ***  **          ***              ***              *** 

21605 10/15*177 851  95    0*181 862  90    0*186 872  85    0*191 882  85    0 
21605 10/15*177 854  95    0*181 863  95    0*186 872  95    0*191 882  65    0 
                ***              ***  **               **               **

21610 10/16*197 890  85    0*203 897  90    0*210 905  95    0*217 907 100    0 
21610 10/16*197 890  50    0*203 899  40    0*210 905  40    0*217 907  50    0 
                     **          ***  **               **              ***

21615 10/17*225 908 100    0*235 901 105    0*240 894 105    0*252 889 105    0 
21615 10/17*224 908  60    0*232 906  70    0*240 903  80    0*252 897  85    0 
            ***     ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21620 10/18*265 885 105    0*279 881 105    0*296 875 100  974*316 871  65    0 
21620 10/18*265 890  90    0*279 882  95    0*296 875  95  970*316 872  65    0 
                *** ***          *** ***              ***  ***     ***  **

21625 10/19*339 874  55    0*366 876  50    0E395 860  45    0*  0   0   0    0 
21625 10/19*339 876  45    0*362 882  30    0E385 890  25    0*  0   0   0    0 
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21630 HRAL2AFL2 

Landfall:
10/18/1916  1400Z 30.4N  87.4W   95kt  19nmi  970mb  1010mb  AL2,AFL2

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 14, 
originally 13, shown in Neumann et al (1999). Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956),  Dunn and 
Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. 
(1992), and Barnes (1998).

October 9: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 17.5N, 66W 
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central 
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 18N, 76W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

October 10: HWM indicates a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 21N, 67W 
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central 
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 16.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

October 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16N, 78.5W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 78.5W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM). 
"On the morning of the 11th the first evidences of distinct cyclonic 
circulation with a center apparently a short distance south of Jamaica" (MWR).

October 12: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb in the 
western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 75.6W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 77W 
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
16.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt N and 1006 mb at Kingston at 
12 UTC (HWM).

October 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.7N, 79.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 79.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.4N, 80W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 80.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 20.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC 
(COA). 

October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 17N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.7N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 83.6W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18.8N, 84.9W at 12 UTC 
(HWM); 40 kt NE and 1009 mb at 20N, 85.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 45 kt NE and 
1007 mb at 20.2N, 85.7W at 14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 70 kt N and 
980 mb at Swan Island at 1530 UTC (MWR). "During the succeeding 24 hours (on 
the 24th) the storm appeared to greatly increase in intensity and at 
11:30 a.m. passed very close to Swan Island , the barometer reading 28.94 
inches [980 mb] with hurricane force from the north ... The observer at
Swan Island reported that the wind blew at the rate of at least 100 miles
an hour at times and with hurricane force from 8 a. m. of the 14th until
3 a. m. of the 15th" (MWR).

October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 19N, 87.5W close to the 
Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 
18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center 
near 17.2N, 86W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 996 mb 
at 20.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt ESE and 997 mb at 20.3N, 86.8W at 
14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1007 mb at Swan Island at 
12 UTC (MWR).

October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 21N, 90.5W just 
offshore of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a center near 22N, 88.7W at 8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart 
suggests a center near 19.6N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 16th the 
storm center was apparently crossing the northern Yucatan Peninsula, moving 
northwestward or northward" (MWR). 

October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of 995 mb near 24N, 90.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with a center near 25.5N, 89W at 
8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.5N, 90.5W 
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
24N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 27.2N, 88.8W 
at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 23.5N, 92W at 12 UTC (HWM). 

October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 88W just 
offshore from Alabama and the panhandle of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 29.6N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a low pressure of 968 mb with a center near 27N, 89W at 1 a.m. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.3N, 87.8W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.6N, 87.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 981 mb near 27N, 89W at 05 UTC (MWR); 
30 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 93.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 
26.6N, 85.8W at 16 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 100 kt E and 989 mb at 
Mobile at 1235 UTC (MWR); 100 kt SE at Pensacola at 1412 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE 
and 974 mb (a peripheral pressure) at Pensacola at 1430 UTC (MWR);). "The 
center passed almost directly over the city of Pensacola, Florida, at 
10:30 a.m., when the barometer read 28.76 inches [974 mb] with a wind of 
48 miles an hour from the southeast. After the lull attending the passage of 
the storms center the wind again increased from the west. After 11 a.m. 
the wind subsided to less than a gale (MWR). Pensacola experienced both the 
easterly and westerly gales of this hurricane, and a distinct lull in the 
wind when the center of the storm passed" (Pensacola OMR).

October 19: HWM analyzed the low as merged with an approaching frontal system 
near southern Illinois (~38.5N, ~89W). HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical 
storm at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure 
of 1002 mb with a center near 39N, 87.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 89W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 
5 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Fort Wayne, Indiana, at 12 UTC (HWM); 5 kt S and 
1004 mb at Nashville at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Chicago at 
12 UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 19th the storm was central over Indiana, 
with a lowest reported pressure of 29.58 inches [1002 mb]" (MWR).

Genesis is begun for storm 14, originally storm 13, on October 9th at 06 UTC 
as a 25 kt tropical depression southeast of Jamaica, approximately three days 
earlier than previously in HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 9th through the 11th as the system progressed slowly 
southwestward towards the western Caribbean Sea. On the 12th a peripheral 
pressure of 1006 mb was observed at Jamaica, implying winds of at least 34 kt 
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 
12 UTC, 15 kt less than previous HURDAT. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed on 
the 13th. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 13th, 20 kt less than 
originally in HURDAT. On the 14th the hurricane passed very close to Swan 
Island. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with hurricane force winds was 
observed at Swan Island, implying winds of at least 78 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The observer also estimated 85 kt winds at
their peak in Swan Island, though this is visual estimate.  95 kt is retained
for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 14th.  The hurricane progressed west-northwestward 
from the 12th through the 15th before making landfall just north of 
the Belize/Mexico border. The storm's intensity at landfall is estimated to
be 95 kt based upon the earlier observations from Swan Island and because of
the sparse data coverage near the storm at landfall in Central America.  The 
original HURDAT intensity estimates had the hurricane unrealistically 
intensifying (from 85 to 90 kt) after landfall while being well inland over 
Yucatan. Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland wind decay model was utilized to 
provide a more realistic wind intensity value:  67 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th, 
50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, and 40 kt at 06 UTC on the 16th.   Winds for 
HURDAT are chosen at 65, 50, and 40 kt, which are reductions of 20, 35 and 
50 kt, respectively, from the original HURDAT.  The storm emerged in the 
lower Gulf of Mexico around 12 UTC on the 16th. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 
12 UTC on the 16th, a 55 kt downgrade from original HURDAT, which again was 
primarily due to not accounting for any weakening over land. On the 17th, 
the storm began to recurve towards the central Gulf region. A peak wind of 
35 kt was observed by ship on the 17th, however available data near the storm 
was sparse on this date. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th, 
a 25 kt downgrade from previous HURDAT. 

The hurricane's northward motion increased on the 17th and 18th before 
making landfall near Pensacola, Florida, on the 18th.  Pensacola observed a 
pressure of 974 mb and winds of 40 kt SE at 1430 UTC.  Connor analyzed 
a central pressure of 28.70 [972 mb], which is what was utilized in Jarrell 
et al as well.  Ho et al. instead perhaps erroneously accepted the 974 mb 
as a central pressure and also analyzed the radius of maximum winds to be 
19 nmi., slightly smaller than climatology of 23 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000).  
Ho et al. also suggested a landfall point of 30.3N, 87.5W and a forward speed 
of 21 kt at landfall. While observed 5 min winds of 100 kt were recorded 
both in Mobile and Pensacola, these convert to 84 kt true after adjusting for 
the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min 
conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  A central 
pressure of 970 mb is estimated for the hurricane at landfall in the U.S.
Thi implies winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship suggests 84 kt from 972 mb.  Schwerdt et al. suggested an 
environmental pressure of 1011 mb and an equivalent 1 min 10 m wind at 
landfall of 84 kt.  Given a fast moving system along with smaller than 
climatology RMW suggests a significant boost in the intensity at landfall over 
the pressure-wind relationship.  An increase over the pressure-wind
relationship would also be consistent with the observed 84 kt true wind at both
Pensacola and Mobile.  Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 14 UTC on the 18th.  
This makes the hurricane a Category 2 (borderline 3) at landfall which agrees 
with the original HURDAT and Neumann et al. assessment for northwest Florida 
and Alabama (AL2 AFL2), but is lower than the winds in HURDAT of 100 kt 
(Category 3).  Peak intensity with this hurricane was found to be 95 kt on 
the 18th just before and at landfall, 10 kt less original HURDAT. Dunn and 
Miller (1960) indicate a Major hurricane in Florida (Pensacola), though as 
a Minimal hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama.  After reanalysis, it appears 
that the center made landfall near 30.4N, 87.4W around 1400 UTC. Peak observed 
winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times):  35 kt at two 
ships at 18 UTC/18th, 35 kt at a ship at 00 UTC/19th, and below gale force at 
06 UTC/19th.  (This is because the anemometers at Pensacola and Mobile were 
disabled during the peak of the hurricane.)  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland wind decay model suggests winds of 67, 45, and 30 kt, respectively.  As 
wind observations were fairly sparse, winds are chosen to be close to 
the Kaplan and DeMaria model:  at 18 UTC winds are kept at  65 kt in HURDAT, 
reduced at 00 UTC from 55 kt to 45 kt, and reduced from 50 kt to 30 kt at 
06 UTC. Storm surge is noted by Connor, OMR, and MWR as four feet above 
normal in Mobile and three feet above normal in Pensacola. The hurricane 
diminished rapidly after landfall and merged with a low near the Great Lakes 
by 12 UTC on the 19th. Damage estimates associated with the passage of this 
storm were approximately $100,000, mainly in Florida and Alabama (Barnes). 

*****************************************************************************


1916/15 - 2008 REVISION:

21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 14 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 15 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***                  *     *

21640 11/11*127 750  35    0*128 763  35    0*129 772  35    0*130 783  35    0
21640 11/11*123 755  30    0*124 765  30    0*125 775  30    0*126 785  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
              
21645 11/12*131 791  35    0*133 798  35    0*136 807  40    0*140 817  40    0
21645 11/12*127 795  35    0*128 805  35    0*130 815  40    0*136 825  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

21650 11/13*147 827  45    0*159 838  45    0*173 847  50    0*180 853  50    0
21650 11/13*146 834  40    0*157 841  35    0*168 847  45 1002*177 852  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      ** **** *** *** 

21655 11/14*186 856  55    0*193 857  60    0*200 857  60    0*208 857  60    0
21655 11/14*186 856  55    0*193 859  60    0*200 860  60    0*208 860  60    0
                                 ***              ***              *** 

21660 11/15*216 855  70    0*223 851  70    0*231 845  70    0*245 820  70    0
21660 11/15*216 860  60    0*223 859  60    0E231 857  55    0E242 832  55 1006
                ***  **          ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  ** ****

21665 11/16*256 795  60    0E270 770  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21665 11/16E255 802  50    0E270 770  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **               ** 

21670 HRBFL1                
21670 TS
      ******

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 14. Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly 
Records, Monthly Weather Review and Perez et al. (2000).

November 11: HWM analyzed an open wave near the west central Caribbean. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 12.9N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 12.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 82.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.6N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 12N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13N, 81.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 14.2N, 81.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). "The
disturbance originated in approximately 12N, 81W" (MWR).

November 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 86W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.5N, 85W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16.8N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 22N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station
highlights: 5 kt E wind and 1002 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (OMR).

November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 86W with 
a cold front advancing from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a 
center near 19.3N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggests a center near 19.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 
1005 mb at 16.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SE and 
1004 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (HWM).  "This disturbance was evidently of 
marked intensity in the lower latitudes, for according to press reports 
considerable damage was caused to property along the coast of Spanish 
Honduras and in Yucatan" (MWR).

November 15: HWM analyzed an asymmetric closed low of at most 1010 mb near 
25N, 82W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the system. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.1N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.2N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows suggests a closed low of 1002 mb near 24N, 83.7W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.1N, 85.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1002 mb at 21.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC 
(COA).  Station highlights: 62 kt N at Sand Key, Florida (MWR); 57 kt at 
Havana (MWR); 1006 mb (central pressure) and 10 kt SE at Key West at 20 UTC 
(OMR);  45 kt N at Key West at 21 and 22 UTC (OMR). MWR notes the system as, 
"advanced rapidly east-northeastward over extreme southern Florida during the 
15th".

November 16: HWM indicates a frontal system situated across the eastern Bahamas,
stretching from southwest to northeast. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 27N, 77W at 06 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows suggests a center near 
39.7N, 60W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a 
center near 27N, 77W at 06 UTC, but that it likely had dissipated by 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 15 at 00 UTC on November 11th, but as a tropical 
depression rather than a tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea. The 
system likely became a tropical storm on the 12th as a low pressure of 1004 mb 
was observed, implying winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th. The tropical 
storm progressed northeastward clipping the eastern tip of Honduras before 
tracking just west of Swan Island on the 13th. A likely central pressure on 
the 13th was observed at Swan Island as 1002 mb, implying winds of 43 kt from 
the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt (down from 50 kt) is chosen for 
HURDAT on the 13th at 12 UTC. The storm tracked nearly due north on the 14th 
and passed through the Yucatan channel on the 15th. HWM indicates the system 
became elongated northeast to southwest with an asymmetric wind field by 12 UTC
on the 15th. Available observations suggest the system transitioned to 
an extratropical storm by 12 UTC on the 15th, 18 hours earlier than originally
suggested in HURDAT. A central pressure of 1006 mb was observed 21 UTC on the 
15th at Key West implying winds of 32 kt and 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
and southern pressure-wind relationships. However, peak observed winds 
(corrected to a peak 1 min wind - [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et 
al. 1996]) with this system are 51 kt at Sand Key and 46 kt at Havana, which 
occurred primarily in association with the cyclone after it had already
transformed into an extratropical system on the 15th.  55 kt at 21 UTC on 
the 15th is analyzed for the intensity of the now extratropical system, down 
from 70 kt.

The system has been downgraded from a Category 1 hurricane on the 15th to a 
tropical storm before the extratropical transition.  This is also consistent
with the Cuban analysis of a tropical storm impact in western Cuba, not
a hurricane (Perez et al. 2000).  Neumann et al. listed storm 15 
(originally 14) to be a Category 1 hurricane in southwest Florida, w
hile Schwerdt et al and Ho et al did not list the system indicating 
that the storm had a central pressure of at least 982 mb. Dunn and 
Miller (1960) listed this as a "minimal" system that affected the Straits of 
Florida. Available observations indicate the system acquired peak intensity of 
60 kt on the 15th before transitioning to extratropical status.

*****************************************************************************


1916 Additional Notes: 

1)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a closed low pressure 
area developed along a frontal boundary around 35N on 4 August. The system 
moved to the northeast fairly rapidly until becoming absorbed into a larger 
extratropical system on the 7th. Two separate ships recorded gale force winds 
on the 5th, and minimum pressures were around 1015 mb. The lack of cold air 
funneling on the west side of the system suggests that the system hay have 
had some tropical characteristics, but the temperature gradient along 
the front was over 10 degrees in most cases. South of 40N the temperatures 
ranged from 70-78 while north of 40N, the temperatures were in the low-mid 
60s. Thus, the low is analyzed to have been baroclinic, and is not added 
to HURDAT. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 4		37N	69W		Extratropical
Aug 5		39N	65W		Extratropical
Aug 6		44N	60W		Extratropical
Aug 7		-----	-----		Absorbed by larger extratropical system

2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area 
closed off along a stationary frontal boundary around 37N on 17 August. 
Initially, the system moved southeast until the 19th, when it became nearly 
stationary. On the 21st, it began a slow northwesterly movement toward 
Long Island. The system was baroclinic in structure until the 19th when 
temperatures on the backside of the front started to moderate. A minimum 
pressure of 995 mb was reported by a ship on that day; however, there 
appeared to have been a 5 mb low bias with that ship, so the actual 
pressure is adjusted to 1000 mb. While the storm was no longer baroclinic
and had gale force winds were reported on the 19th and 20th, these
observations were just off of Cape Hatteras, about 250 miles from the center.
It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical gale center on these dates.
The wind field never consolidated, and on the 21st the system started to 
weaken. Gales were no longer being reported, and the system appears to have 
dissipated on the 22nd. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 17		37N	68W		Extratropical
Aug 18		36N	66W		Extratropical
Aug 19		34N	69W		Non-tropical gale center
Aug 20		36N	69W		Non-tropical gale center
Aug 21		37N	70W		Non-tropical low center
Aug 22		-----	-----		Dissipated

3) September 9-14:

21355 09/09/1916 M= 6  8 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21360 09/09*  0   0   0    0*188 570  35    0*190 583  35    0*193 598  35    0
21365 09/10*197 613  35    0*202 627  35    0*206 642  35    0*212 659  35    0
21370 09/11*216 671  40    0*221 685  40    0*227 700  45    0*231 715  45    0
21375 09/12*236 730  45    0*240 745  45    0*251 759  45    0*263 770  45    0
21380 09/13*274 783  40    0*283 798  40    0*293 816  30    0*297 828  30    0
21385 09/14*301 839  25    0*308 849  20    0*315 858  20    0*322 849  20    0
21390 TS                    

This system - originally storm number 8 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed 
from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity. Evidence 
for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 9: HWM analyzed no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 58.3W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near 18N, 59W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 10: HWM indicated no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.6N, 64.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near the HURDAT 
position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N, 71W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 24.7N, 74W at 8 p.m. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest that a center may be located near 23.5N, 71W. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26N, 78W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 26N, 75.7W at 8 a.m. 
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has 
weakened to an open wave and no longer has a defined center.  No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 84.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 29.3N, 81.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1011 mb near 30N, 82.5W at 8 a.m. 
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has 
an open NE-SW oriented trough and thus a center cannot be defined on this 
date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the vicinity of southern 
Georgia (31N, 83W). HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 
31.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 
1012 mb near 31.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggest the system has an ill-defined center near 30.5N, 85W. No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Genesis for this system began at 06 UTC on September 9th as a tropical 
depression east of the northern Lesser Antilles. A peak observation of 
1013 mb and 15 kt indicates the system had not yet attained tropical storm 
status on the 9th (HWM). On the 10th it again appears that the system was not 
of tropical storm intensity as previously suggested by HURDAT. Peak 
observations on the 10th were 1014 mb and 15 kt (COA). The system continued 
on a west-northwestward track on the 10th and 11th as depression approached 
the eastern edge of the Bahamas. Peak observations on the 11th were 1013 mb 
and 10 kt at Turks Islands (HWM). Available observations suggest the system 
lacked a closed surface circulation on the 12th and 13th. Peak observations 
on the 12th as the system traverses the central Bahamas were only 1009 mb and 
15 kt (HWM). MWR notes this system as, "originating east of the northern 
Bahamas and moved northwest, passing to the coast near and south of 
Jacksonville, FL". As the system moved over central Florida on the 13th peak 
observations of 1012 mb and 15 kt were found at Pensacola. "It was of slight 
energy and extent" as indicated by MWR. 

The absence of a closed surface circulation prevailed on the 12th and 13th 
and was only weakly present on other days in its lifetime. The tropical system 
was near land and close to numerous ship observations on the 11th-14th and as 
noted above, no gale force winds or low pressures were observed on these days. 
Therefore, due to evidence that the peak intensity of this system was less 
than gale force wind from substantial ship and coastal data, this indicates 
that storm number 8 should be downgraded to a tropical depression, thereby 
removing it from HURDAT.  Note that this is consistent with MWR's assessment 
that the system was "of slight energy and extent".

4)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed on 3 October near 17N, 81W from a broad area of low pressure that 
had persisted in the southwestern Caribbean Sea since the 1st. The system 
drifted to the northwest while gaining little strength. There were no gales 
reported in the vicinity of the storm, although a few cases of 25-30 knot 
winds were reported in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with pressures 
around 1007 mb. By 6 October, the storm began to lose its closed circulation; 
the pressure rose to around 1015 mb, and is estimated to have dissipated 
later that day. Based on the lack of sufficient wind observations, 
this system is estimated to have stayed as a tropical depression, and is 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 3		17N	81W		Tropical Depression
Oct 4		17N	82W		Tropical Depression
Oct 5		19N	85W		Tropical Depression
Oct 6		20N	85W		Dissipated

5)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed from the tail end of a decaying frontal boundary near 15N, 76W on 
24 October. The low meandered in the central Caribbean Sea for the next 
several days, peaking in intensity on the 25th. Thereafter, it slowly 
weakened while drifting northwest. As it approached the western side of 
Jamaica, it began to get entangled within another frontal boundary, and on 
the 31st, it became absorbed. Only one gale was reported from COADS on 
the 25th (also mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review - October 1917),
and it was about 400 nmi to the north of the system.  The lowest observed 
pressures were 1006 mb. Because only one gale was observed, the system is 
being kept as a tropical depression, thus it is not being added to HURDAT. 
It is possible that it may have been a weak tropical storm at some point on 
the 25th to the 27th based on the numerous 25-30 kt observations, but 
sufficient evidence for upgrading is lacking. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 24		15N	76W		Tropical Depression
Oct 25		16N	76W		Tropical Depression
Oct 26		17N	78W		Tropical Depression
Oct 27		19N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 28		20N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 29		20N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 30		22N	79W		Tropical Depression
Oct 31		-----	-----		Absorbed by front

*****************************************************************************


1917/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21671 07/06/1917 M= 9  1 SNBR= 498 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21672 07/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 590  25    0*122 605  25    0
21672 07/07*125 620  30    0*127 635  30    0*130 650  35    0*132 663  35    0
21672 07/08*135 676  40    0*137 688  40    0*140 700  45    0*142 712  45    0
21672 07/09*145 724  40    0*147 737  40    0*150 750  35    0*152 765  35    0
21672 07/10*153 780  30    0*154 795  30    0*155 810  30    0*156 825  30    0
21672 07/11*157 840  30    0*158 853  30    0*160 865  30    0*165 875  30    0
21672 07/12*170 882  30    0*175 885  30    0*180 890  30    0*185 898  25    0
21672 07/13*190 908  25    0*195 919  30    0*200 930  30    0*205 942  30    0
21672 07/14*210 954  30    0*215 967  30    0*220 980  25    0*  0   0   0    0
21705 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly 
Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship 
database.
 
July 6:  HWM analyzed an open trough around 58W, just east of the
Windward Islands.  Available observations indicate that a closed low
existed near 12N, 59W.  

July 7:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 16.5N, 66W.
Available observations suggest that the system was closer to 13N, 65W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 8:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 72W.  Available observations
indicate that the system was closed and was located near 14N, 70W.
Ship highlights:  35 kt W in the eastern Caribbean (MWR).  "On the 8th
two vessels between the Island of Haiti and the Barbados, encountered
westerly winds of 40 miles an hour, although there was no well-developed
depression in that region and vessels near by reported only moderate
velocities" (MWR). 

July 9:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 76W.  Available observations
and interpolation suggest a closed low near 15N, 75W.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 10:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 83W.  Available observations and
interpolation suggest a closed low near 15.5N, 81W.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 11:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 
13.5N, 86W.  Available observations suggest a center at 16N, 86.5W near the
coast of Honduras.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

July 12:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb pressure at 
17N, 89W.  Available observations suggest a center at 18N, 89W near the
border of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.  Station highlight:  25 kt SE and 
1006 mb at Belize City at 12 UTC (HWM).

July 13:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 
19N, 91.5W.  While data are sparse, a closed low is estimated to be near
20N, 93W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 14:  HWM analyzed an open trough along 97W.  While data are sparse,
a closed low is estimated to be near 22N, 98W along the coast of Mexico.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this system is begun on the 6th as a tropical depression just
southeast of Barbados.  Modest winds and rain were reported during its
crossing through the Windward Islands.  Two separate ships reported west
35 kt winds on the 8th, indicating the system was still a closed low at
this time and likely had an intensity of at least 45 kt.  Unfortunately, 
these two ship reports were not given with exact locations at the time of
the observations.  45 kt may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone
as observations indicate a less well-defined circulation on the 9th 
and 10th.  Weakening to a tropical depression is analyzed on the 10th, 
before the system made landfall in Honduras.  The system might have 
reached tropical storm intensity a second time as it reached the Gulf 
of Honduras, with the pressure dropping 4 mb to 1006 mb in 24 hours
with 25 kt SE winds in Belize City on the 12th.  1006 mb peripheral pressure 
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.
However, without more corroborative evidence, the cyclone will be kept
as a tropical depression at landfall in Belize.  While observations are 
somewhat sparse, it is analyzed that the system moved into the Gulf of Mexico 
as a tropical depression and dissipated after striking Mexico near Tampico 
on the 14th.  (While no Tampico observations are available, almost four inches 
of rain were reported in Veracruz in the 24 hr period ending on the morning of 
the 14th.)

*****************************************************************************


1917/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21675 08/06/1917 M= 5  1 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21675 08/06/1917 M= 6  2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

21680 08/06*320 675  35    0*320 680  35    0*320 685  35    0*320 690  35    0
21685 08/07*320 694  35    0*320 699  35    0*320 703  35    0*320 707  35    0
21690 08/08*320 712  40    0*321 716  40    0*321 720  40    0*323 724  40    0
21695 08/09*325 728  45    0*328 732  45    0*332 735  45    0*341 738  45    0
21695 08/09*325 728  45    0*328 732  45    0*332 735  45    0*341 736  50    0
                                                                   ***  **

21700 08/10*357 736  40    0*377 726  40    0*401 706  30    0*418 680  30    0
21700 08/10*358 733  55    0*380 718  60    0*405 702  60    0*430 680  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
21702 08/11E457 650  50    0E487 610  45    0E520 570  35    0E560 530  30    0

21705 TS                    

Major changes to both the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the 
_Monthly Weather Review_.

August 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 31.5N, 69W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 30.5N, 70W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 70.3W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 31N, 72W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 72W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb at 33N, 73W.  HURDAT
lists the system as a tropical storm at 33.2N, 73.5W at 12 UTC.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 35N, 75.5W with 1015 mb pressure 
(a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 32.8N, 71.4W.
Ship highlights:  35 kt W and 1013 mb at 32N, 74W at 12 UTC (HWM);
20 kt N and 1006 mb at 33.8N, 74.3W at 15 UTC (COA).  "Storm of August 9 -
Information concerning this storm is extremely meager.  What at the time 
was believed to be a secondary center of a barometric depression moving
eastward near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River appeared off the North
Carolina coast.  Later advices seem to disclose that this storm was of
tropical origin, having formed east of the Virgin Islands and passing
thence northwestward to the position charted [33N 71W] on August 9" (MWR). 

August 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 40.5N, 70.5W
with a cold front advancing on the system from the west.  HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm at 40.1N, 70.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 40N, 69W with 994 mb pressure (a.m.).  
Available observations indicate that the system had begun, but had not
yet completed, extratropical transition and was slightly northeast of 
the HURDAT's position.  Ship highlight:  55 kt NE and 994 mb at Nantucket 
Shoals Lightship (MWR).  Station highlight:  46 kt NE at Eastport (MWR).  
"Four fishing vessels in the path of the storm after it left Nantucket were 
lost, and the total number of fisherman who perished is believed to be 41.  
After leaving the place where the fishing vessels were lost - about 50 miles
south-southeast of Highland Light, Mass. - no further observation of
the storm has come to hand.  Evidently it dissipated before reaching
the Grand Banks" (MWR).

August 11:  HWM indicated an extratropical low centered near 57N, 58W
with a cold front extending south and east of the low.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 44N 60W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available
observations instead suggest a center closer to 52N, 57W.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 6th and no changes in 
the track or intensity were made from the 6th through early on the 9th.  
(This is in spite of the comments in MWR that the cyclone "formed east
of the Virgin Islands and passing thense northwestward".  No observations
were found to support this analysis in MWR and thus no changes were made to
genesis.) 1006 mb peripheral pressure on the 9th suggests winds of at least 
37 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT.  
Even though the center stayed just offshore, the tropical storm impacted
New England with particular vigor as it caused gale force winds at Nantucket,
Block Island and Eastport.  (The peak winds of 55 kt at the Nantucket
Shoals Lighthouse convert to 46 kt after adjusting for the high bias
of this era's anemometer and converting to a 1 min wind - [Fergusson 
and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  994 mb peripheral pressure
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationships.  Maximum winds of 60 kt are estimated for both 06 and 12 UTC
on the 10th.  The structure of the system is determined to have transitioned 
to an extratropical storm by about 00 UTC on the 11th, though the process
of transition had begun about 12 hours earlier.  While both HURDAT and the 
MWR Tracks of Lows had the system dissipating south of Nova Scotia late 
on the 10th and 12 UTC on the 11th, respectively, available observations 
indicate that the system continued accelerating northeastward, causing 
the strong winds at Eastport late on the 10th, and was near the north end of 
Newfoundland at 12 UTC on the 11th.  The system likely dissipated later on 
the 11th or early on the 12th over the far North Atlantic.

*****************************************************************************


1917/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21710 08/30/1917 M= 8  2 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21710 08/30/1917 M= 9  3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

21715 08/30*  0   0   0    0*166 435  60    0*170 452  60    0*173 469  60    0
21715 08/30*  0   0   0    0*155 445  60    0*160 460  60    0*165 476  60    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

21720 08/31*176 486  60    0*180 500  65    0*184 513  70    0*187 523  70    0
21720 08/31*170 492  60    0*175 507  65    0*180 520  70    0*185 530  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21725 09/01*190 532  75    0*193 540  80    0*197 551  80    0*202 563  85    0
21725 09/01*190 540  75    0*196 550  80    0*202 560  80    0*207 570  85    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

21730 09/02*210 578  85    0*219 592  90    0*228 605  90    0*236 614  90    0
21730 09/02*213 580  85    0*219 590  90    0*225 600  90    0*231 609  90    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21735 09/03*245 621  95    0*254 627  95    0*263 632  95    0*273 636 100    0
21735 09/03*238 618  95    0*246 626  95    0*255 632  95    0*266 636 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***              ***     

21740 09/04*285 638 100    0*299 636 105    0*313 631 105    0*325 622 105    0
21740 09/04*280 638 100    0*296 636 105    0*313 631 105    0*329 622 105    0
            ***              ***                                   ***

21745 09/05*342 607 105    0*360 585 100    0*379 561  95    0*407 530  90    0
21745 09/05*345 607 105    0*362 585 100    0*379 561  95    0*402 530  90    0
            ***              ***                       

21750 09/06E432 501  80    0E463 476  70    0E498 450  55    0*  0   0   0    0
21750 09/06E430 501  80    0E463 476  70    0E498 445  55    0E530 410  50    0
            ***                                   ***         **** ***  

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21752 09/07E558 370  50    0E585 325  50    0E610 280  45    0E630 230  40    0

21755 HR                    

Minor changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tucker (1995).

August 30:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1012.5 mb centered 
near 14N, 45W.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 17N, 46W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a 
position between the the HURDAT and HWM estimates.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 31:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010 mb centered
near 16N, 52.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
18.4N, 51.3W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse, but
suggest a center between the two estimates.  No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 1:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure 
at 20.5N, 55.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane 
centered at 19.7N, 55.1W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat
sparse, but suggest a center northwest of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure
at 22N, 60.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at
22.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse,
but suggest a center northeast of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at
26N, 63.3W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 
26.3N, 63.2W.  Available observations suggest a center between the 
HURDAT and HWM estimates.  Ship highlight:  35 kt ESE and 1014 mb at
24.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low with 980 mb central pressure at
31N, 63W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 
31.3N, 63.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 
32N, 64W with 998 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a 
center at 31.4N, 64.1W.  Ship highlight:  45 kt SW and 984 mb at 31N, 62.7W
at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  40 kt NE and 998 mb at Bermuda
(HWM).  "Storm of September 4 - On September 4 a storm appeared south of
the Bermuda Islands as shown by the weather report from Hamilton ...
The center of the disturbance passed to the eastward and northward of
the islands some time between 12 o'clock noon and 4 p. m. of the same date.
No further facts in reference to this storm have been received" (MWR).
"This storm was accompanied by unprecedented high tides.  For several
days previously the 'mountain-high' rollers eastward of St. George's had
been watched by many people, and by Monday morning the sea was covering
the Market Square as far as the Market door ... Residents of St. David's
Island reported that the ground swell to the south was heavier than ever
remembered and that the water breaking over the 'boilers' looked like
Niagara Falls ... By 11 p.m., Market Square was entirely submerged and
on Tuesday morning customers and clerks at the Town Hall were prisoners
within the market ... The sea which set in at St. Catherine's Bay was
tremendous, breaking clear across into 'Spindles' Pond' and carrying with 
it tons of seaweed.  A monster piece of Higgs Island was completely cut
away and immediate arrangements had to made to blast it into movable
pieces to prevent it blocking the channel" (Tucker).

September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of 985 mb central pressure at
38.2N, 56W with an approaching frontal boundary to its west.  HURDAT lists
this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.9N, 56.1W at 12 UTC.  Ship
highlights:  40 kt S and 1002 mb at 36.9N, 53.7W at 13 UTC (COA);
40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 36.8N, 53.8W (COA).

September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
50N, 45W with a warm front extending to its east and a cold front 
extending to its south.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
storm at 49.8N, 45W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a 
position just east of both estimates.  Ship highlight:  20 kt ESE and
1003 mb at 52.2N, 41.4W (COA).  

September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
61N, 28W with fronts extending south and east of its center.  Ship 
highlight:  35 kt W and 995 mb at 59.7N, 25W at 12 UTC (HWM).

Genesis for this hurricane was unchanged.  Its revised track incorporated
relatively minor alterations for its lifetime, though an additional
day was added during its extratropical stage on the 7th.  A 984 mb 
peripheral pressure on the 4th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are retained at 105 kt
in HURDAT.  (This was the only measurement indicative of hurricane intensity 
throughout its lifetime that was observed, though the swell seen in Bermuda 
would also be substanial - but indirect - evidence of hurricane intensity.)  
The system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have reached a peak of 
Category 3 status for three days (3rd to 5th).  While no meteorological
observations were able to directly confirm this, the massive swells/wave
impact in Bermuda do suggest a major hurricane passing just to the east
of the island.  Therefore, no alterations to the peak intensity were
made to this cyclone.  Also, given the very sparse nature of observations
throughout the lifetime of the system, no changes were made at all
to the intensity record.  It should be noted that the MWR "Hurricanes of 
1917" seasonal summary stated that there was "only one disturbance that could 
be classed as a hurricane of the first magnitude viz, September 22-30 
[Storm 4], came within the field of our observations," implying that
this cyclone was not of major hurricane status.  

*****************************************************************************


1917/04 - 2008 REVISION:

21760 09/21/1917 M= 9  3 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21760 09/20/1917 M=11  4 SNBR= 501 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***

(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21762 09/20*134 571  40    0*137 583  40    0*140 595  40    0*143 607  45    0

21765 09/21*160 609  60    0*161 625  60    0*162 644  65    0*164 661  70    0
21765 09/21*147 619  50    0*151 631  55    0*155 644  60    0*158 661  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21770 09/22*165 679  70    0*167 696  75    0*169 716  80    0*173 729  85    0
21770 09/22*162 679  70    0*165 699  75    0*169 716  80    0*173 731  85    0
            ***              *** ***                               ***

21775 09/23*177 743  85    0*182 757  90    0*188 769  90    0*191 776  95    0
21775 09/23*177 745  85    0*181 759  90    0*184 772  90    0*188 782  95    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21780 09/24*194 784  95    0*197 791 100    0*201 799 100    0*206 805 100    0
21780 09/24*192 790  95    0*196 796 100    0*201 802 100    0*206 808 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              *** ***

21785 09/25*210 812 100    0*214 818 100    0*218 825 100    0*223 832 105    0
21785 09/25*210 813 110    0*214 819 120    0*218 825 130  928*223 832 130    0
                *** ***          *** ***              ***  ***         ***

21790 09/26*228 839 105    0*233 846 105    0*239 852 105    0*244 862 105    0
21790 09/26*228 839 120    0*233 846 120    0*239 852 120    0*244 860 120    0
                    ***              ***              ***          *** ***

21795 09/27*247 870 105    0*251 880 105    0*257 889 105    0*263 892 100    0
21795 09/27*247 870 115    0*251 881 115    0*257 889 110    0*263 892 110    0
                    ***          *** ***              ***              ***

21800 09/28*271 894 100    0*280 892  95    0*288 888  95    0*295 879  90    0
21800 09/28*271 894 105    0*280 892 105    0*288 888 105    0*295 879 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

21805 09/29*301 870  85  966*307 862  60    0*312 852  30    0*316 839  25    0
21805 09/29*302 869 100  949*309 860  75    0*315 852  55    0*319 844  40    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
21807 09/30*320 832  35    0E320 825  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21810 HRAFL3                
21810 HRAFL3 LA2 AL1                
             *** ***

Landfall:
9/29/1917    0200Z 30.4N  86.6W  100kt  40nmi  949mb  1011mb  AFL3,LA2,AL1

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station 
data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

September 20:  HWM analyzes an open trough along 65W.  However, available
observations suggest that a closed low was forming near 14N, 59.5W.  No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 21:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 1000 mb pressure at 16N, 64.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.2N, 64.4W at 12 UTC.
Station highlight:  40 kt NE and 1011 mb at Antigua at 04 UTC (see below).
Mike Chenoweth provided the following information from the _Barbados 
Agricultural Reporter_, 24 September:  St. Lucia heavy rains and high winds 
in the night of 20-21 September;  Dominica strong winds & heavy rain all 
night of 20-21 September, sea rough;  Guadeloupe Heavy weather all night
Antigua ~11pm [20 Sep] barometer began to fall and by 1 A.M. [Sep 21] was 
at 29.86 with a strong ne gale, heavy sea and rain; the barometer remained 
steady to 4 A.M. then rose to 29.98 at 7A.M., with a SE wind;  St. Kitts 
From Midnight stormy weather with the wind from the east; before day 
barometer 29.88, sea becoming rough and the barometer later rising".
"One the morning of September 21 heavy southeast and south sea swells were
reported from the Leeward Islands" (MWR).

September 22:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb central pressure at
17.2N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
16.9N, 71.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the
center at 16.8N, 71.9W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "... the disturbance was a short distance south of the
Island of Santo Domingo, moving westward or west-northwestward" (MWR).  

September 23:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 980 mb central pressure at
17.5N, 77W just south of Jamaica.  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 2 hurricane at 18.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC just north of Jamaica.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 18.5N, 77W with 991 mb just 
north of Jamaica (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the 
center at 18.5N, 77.2W on the north coast of Jamaica.  Available observations 
indicate that the center was closest to the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917"
position.  Station highlights:  35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Jamaica at 
12 UTC (HWM); 987 mb at Jamaica at 0845 UTC (MWR).  "...early in the 
morning of the 23d it passed with great intensity directly north of the
Island of Jamaica, moving in a northwesterly direction ... press reports
stated that great damage had been done over the northern portion of the
Island ... The center of the track crossed Jamaica and great destruction
was caused on that island, the banana industry having been almost wiped
out" (MWR).

September 24:  HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
19N, 81W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.1N, 80.2W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 19.5N, 80W (a.m).
The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 19.8N, 80.6W.
Available observations suggest the center is just west of the HURDAT
estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 
"On the morning of the 24th the storm center was apparently in the
vicinity of the Grand Cayman Island" (MWR).

September 25:  HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
21N, 83W just south of the Isle of Pines.  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 21.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC over the Isle of Pines.  
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 21N, 83W with 996 mb south of
the Isle of Pines (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a
center at 20.8N, 82.6W south of the Isle of Pines.  Ship highlights:
35 kt E and 1001 mb at 23.3N, 82.3W at 21 UTC (COA); several 35 kt ship
reports (COA).  Station highlight:  939 mb at Nueva Gerona at 17 UTC 
(MWR).  Perez et al. analyzed this system as a Category 4 hurricane impact 
in Cuba from the 939 mb peripheral pressure observed in Nueva Gerona and
an estimated central pressure of 928 mb, via the Schloemer (1954)
equation (Perez et al.).  "Mr. O. L. Fassig, Meteorologist,
U.S. Weather Bureau, who visited the Isle of Pines shortly after the
passage of the hurricane there states that the town of Nueva Gerona was
devastated, many of the staunchest structures in the town having been
leveled ... In the Pinar region of western Cuba orchards and other crops
were ruined" (MWR).

September 26:  HWM shows a closed low with 945 mb central pressure at
23N, 85W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 
23.9N, 85.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 
23N, 85.5W (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center 
at 22.4N, 84.9W just off of the western tip of Cuba.  Ship highlights:
40 kt SE at 25N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at 
21.5N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  51 kt SE at Sand Key 
(MWR).

September 27:  HWM shows a closed low of 955 mb central pressure at
25.5N, 87.3W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at
25.7N, 88.9W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
26.5N, 87.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 25.7N, 87.6W.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 1003 mb
at 26.5N, 84.9W at 17 UTC (COA/MWR);  70 kt SE and 1002 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W
at 19 UTC (COA);  70 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA). 

September 28:  HWM shows a closed low of 965 mb central pressure at
28.5N, 88.5W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at
28.8N, 88.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
28.5N, 88W with 988 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 28.5N, 88W.  Ship highlights:  70 kt N and 984 mb
at 29.2N, 89.3W at 14 UTC (MWR);  ENE-N-NW winds and 955 mb at 29.8N, 
88.5W at 22 UTC (OMR).  Station highlights:  85 kt N at 21 UTC and 987 mb 
at 2115 UTC at Mobile (OMR); 90 kt SE at 2048 UTC and 965 mb at 23 UTC 
at Pensacola (OMR).  "Sept. 29, 1917, 964 mb estimated
central pressure, 33 nmi radius of maximum wind, landfall point 
30.4N, 86.7W" (Ho et al.).  "91 kt estimated maximum sustained surface
winds at landfall, 1012 mb outer closed isobar environmental pressure"
(Schwerdt et al.).  "Estimated lowest central pressure - 958 mb, Tide 
Information - Fort Baransas - 7.8', Morgan City - 3', Johnson's Bayou
2.5', Grand Isle - 4', Port Eads - 4'" (Connor).  "Central pressure at 
landfall in US - 958 mb, Category 3 for northwest Florida" (Jarrell et al.)  
"The tropical storm that occurred during the last week of September, 1917, 
was of more than ordinary extent and severity, as appeared when the western 
segment of the hurricane passed over extreme southeastern Louisiana on the 
28th ... the path of the center was close to Port Eads ... It is probable
that hurricane winds did not occur much farther up the river than Fort 
St. Philip, although there was considerable damage to the rice, sugar,
and orange crops farther north in Plaquemines Parish.  The greatest damage
to crops was on the eastern side of the river.  The western side escaped
with small loss ... Below Buras numerous buildings were dislodged from
their foundations, and several houses and barns were blown down ... the
only loss of life was that of an 8-year old boy ... there had been no
injurious tides [in Mobile] (owing to the prevailing northerly winds);
that there had been no deaths in Mobile ... The damage [in Mobile] was
limited mainly to roofs and frail structures ... The storm evidently 
recurved very close to and just east of the mouth of the Mississippi
River, moved thence northeastward, passing to the southward of Mobile,
and at 7 p.m. [on the 28th] passed south of Pensacola, Fla ... The
damage [in Pensacola] was estimated to have been rather less than during
the hurricane of October 18, 1916 ... During the storm of September 28
the tide at Pensacola rose 4 1/2 feet above the normal height ... The
full force of the storm at Pensacola was felt near 4 p. m. on the
afternoon of September 28 ... The center of the hurricane evidently passed
south of Pensacola, probably a distance of 50 miles.  The damage at
Pensacola and vicinity was largely due to wind and wave action.  A number
of small craft, including the U.S.S. Quincy, were washed ashore or
grounded and considerable damage was done to wharves, docks and boat
houses along the Gulf shore.  The damage by wind is estimated at $100,000;
The damage by wave action and water at $50,000; The damage to small 
craft $20,000;  Total for Pensacola and vicinity $170,000.  Heavy damage
appears to have been sustained in Santa Rosa County, where much timber
was blown down and crops, live stock, and buildings suffered from wind
and rain.  Press reports stated that five lives were lost at Crestview,
Fla., and inland town about 40 miles northeast of Pensacola.  No other
loss of life was reported" (MWR).  

September 29:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 86W inland
over southeast Alabama.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression at 
31.2N, 85.2W at 12 UTC near the Alabama/Georgia/Florida border.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows the center near 31N, 86W with 998 mb (a.m.) along
the Florida/Alabama border.  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a 
center at 31.5N, 85.2W along the Georgia/Alabama border.  Available 
observations suggest that the MWR summary estimate is the most accurate 
position.  Ship highlight:  948 mb at 30N, 86.8W at 00 UTC (OMR).  Station 
highlight:  84 kt NE and 966 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).  "On the
morning of the 29th the storm was central over southeastern Alabama with
greatly decreased intensity" (MWR). 

September 30:  HWM shows a frontal boundary moving through the SE
United States with no indication of a closed low in the vicinity of
the system.  HURDAT, the MWR Tracks of Lows and the MWR "Hurricanes of
1917" all had the system dissipated by 12 UTC.  However, the MWR Tracks
of Lows still indicated a system near 31.5N, 83.5W on the evening of
the 29th (00 UTC 30th) with 1004 mb.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.  "On the evening of the 29th the center was
over southwestern Georgia with a still further decrease in intensity ...
and by the morning of the 30th the remnants had passed off the Georgia
coast, the general low-pressure conditions along the South Atlantic coast
having joined forces with another disturbance from the West that was
central over Ontario" (MWR).

Genesis on this hurricane is begun a day earlier based upon available
observations showing a closed low and gale force conditions during its
track across the Lesser Antilles.  Otherwise, minor track changes were made 
on all days except for the 25th (no change that date). The system's dissipation
was delayed 12 hours through the 30th, until it was absorbed by a frontal 
boundary around 06 UTC on that date.  The 987 mb peripheral pressure in 
Kingston on the 23rd suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the southern 
pressure- wind relationship - 90 kt retained in HURDAT.  Based upon description
and track in the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary, the track of the system
was moved slightly south to indicate landfall along the northern coast
of Jamaica.  The 928 mb estimated central pressure at landfall in Cuba
on the 25th (from a 939 mb peripheral pressure observation in Nueva
Gerona) suggests winds of 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship - 130 kt chosen for HURDAT, which is substantially above
the 100 kt in HURDAT originally.  This makes this a Category 4 impact in
Cuba which agrees with the assessment of Perez et al. (2000).  

The hurricane made landfall in northwest Florida around 02 UTC on the 29th
of September.  The 965 mb pressure value measured at Pensacola was not 
a central pressure, as the winds were 89 kt at the time.  The Ho et al. 
estimate central pressure at landfall of 964 mb is thus discounted as not being
low enough given the Pensacola measurements.  Likewise, the 958 mb central 
pressure estimated at landfall suggested by Connor and adopted by Jarrell et 
al. also appears to be too high a value, given the extreme winds still 
occurring at time of 965 mb pressure.  An application of the Schloemer (1954) 
equation with an RMW of 40 nmi (analyzed from the Pensacola wind record and 
track of the system) gives a new estimate of 949 mb central pressure at 
landfall in northwest Florida, east of Pensacola.  This also agrees with the 
approximate 948 mb pressure reading (possibly in the eye) from the ship the 
"Asp" southeast of Pensacola right before landfall.  The 949 mb value 
suggests winds of 111 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.
However, given the slow translational speed of this system (11 kt) and 
an RMW size much larger than suggested by climatology size (20 nmi given 
the central pressure and latitude - Vickery et al. (2000)), the winds should
be lower than this estimate.  Moreover, the new northern pressure-wind
relationship for north of 25N systems that are weakening (note filling
of 928 mb in Cuba up to 949 mb in Florida) suggests winds of 101 kt for
949 mb.  Thus wind chosen at landfall is 100 kt.  This is higher than the 85 kt
originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 3 assessment
at landfall in northwest Florida in HURDAT and Jarrell et al.  The
analyzed landfall position is at 30.4N, 86.6W around 02 UTC on the 
29th.  An application of the Schwerdt et al. analytic wind model suggests
Category 2 conditions also impacted Louisiana and Category 1 conditions
impacted Alabama.  This is corroborated with observed winds and impacts
in those states.   Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic 
times after landfall were 65 kt, 43 kt, and 37 kt at 06 UTC, 12 UTC
and 18 UTC on the 29th.  These reduce down to 54, 37 and 31 kt, 
respectively after adjusting for the high bias of the anemometer
and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and 
Powell et al. 1996).  An application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model gives winds of 76 kt, 55 kt, and 39 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC
respectively.  Given the data coverage over Florida, Georgia and Alabama
was quite sparse and that the observed values likely do not represent
peak winds that occurred, winds are chosen to be 75, 55 and 40 kt,
respectively for these times in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1917 - Additional Notes:

1) September 12-15, 1917
This system probably developed from an easterly wave off of the African 
coast noted on September 12 as the Historical Weather Map and COADS shows 
a closed low.  The system was maintained as a tropical depression through
the 14th.  By the 15th, lack of data does not allow a definite determination 
of a location of the system or whether it maintained a closed circulation.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 14N 23W Tropical Depression
Sep 13 16N 27W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 17N 31W Tropical Depression


2) September 12-17, 1917
This system appears in the Historical Weather Map for September 12 as a 
closed circulation, but observations and COADS data are too sparse to state 
this definitely.   On September 13, the system was probably a tropical 
depression.  On September 14, the system approached the Lesser Antilles and 
began recurvature.  On the 15th, the system may have attained tropical storm 
strength as a ship located near 19.5 N and 51 W, reported a 35 knot S wind.  
There were, however, no other reports of gales.  By September 17, the 
tropical cyclone had apparently dissipated.  Without a second report of
gale force winds to confirm the tropical storm status of this system, this
will not be added to HURDAT but kept as a possible tropical storm.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 11N 44W Tropical Depression?
Sep 13 12N 48W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 13N 53W Tropical Depression
Sep 15 20N 52W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Sep 16 23N 56W Tropical Depression
Sep 17 --- --- Dissipated?


3) September 13-20, 1917 - 
The storm of September 13-18 is mentioned in the review of the 1917 
hurricane season in the Monthly Weather Review of December 1917.  The 
article states that a definite disturbance was observed over eastern Cuba 
during the morning of September 13, and that within 24 hours, this storm 
was off the east coast of Florida.  The storm advanced northeastward, and 
by the night of September 17-18 was off Cape Cod, then passed beyond 
Newfoundland on September 20.  Analysis of HWM and COADS data did not 
find definitive evidence of a closed circulation on the 12th and 13th.  On 
September 14, the system did obtain a closed circulation and had highest
observed winds of 30 kt during its movement over the Bahamas and near the 
east coast of Florida.  By September 15, this system was transforming into
an extratropical storm system and gale force winds began to be reported.  
It reached its peak intensity on the 18th with winds around 60 kt being
reported at the coast (Nantucket).  It is possible that the system 
reached tropical storm status as a tropical cyclone on the 14th before
becoming a vigorous extratropical system.  But without confirming
observations, this system will not be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 --- 77W Trough along 77W
Sep 14 28N 78W Tropical Depression 
Sep 15 35N 78W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 16 36N 75W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 17 37N 72W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 18 41N 68W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 19 44N 57W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 20 50N 42W Extratropical Storm 


4) September 14-16, 1917 - 
This system developed from a trough located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 
September 11 through 13.  On September 14, the system may have a tropical 
depression centered at about the location indicated on the Historical 
Weather Map of that date.  Significant pressure drops are noted for 
New Orleans, Brownsville, Galveston, and Pensacola on that date.  The system 
was a tropical depression on September 15 and made landfall in Louisiana 
on that day.  By the 16th, it was a disorganized area of thunderstorms over 
Mississippi and Arkansas.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 14 22N 90W Tropical Depression?
Sep 15 29N 91W Tropical Depression
Sep 16 --- --- Dissipated inland


5) October 18-21, 1917 -
This system developed from a trough located at 68 W on October 18.  On 
October 19, the circulation was closed and probably a tropical depression.  
There were no gales reported.  On the 20th, the system may have reached
tropical storm intensity as a single gale force wind was reported early
in the day.  Late on the October 20, the depression began to interact with 
a cold front.  By October 21, the system had been absorbed.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 18 --- 68W Trough
Oct 19 23N 73W Tropical Depression
Oct 20 30N 71W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Oct 21 --- --- Absorbed by cold front


*****************************************************************************


1918/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21815 08/01/1918 M= 7  1 SNBR= 502 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21820 08/01*127 585  35    0*126 599  35    0*126 609  35    0*127 619  35    0*
21820 08/01*126 585  35    0*128 603  35    0*130 620  35    0*132 638  35    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21825 08/02*129 633  35    0*131 648  40    0*133 666  40    0*135 681  40    0*
21825 08/02*134 655  35    0*137 673  40    0*140 690  40    0*144 708  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21830 08/03*140 698  45    0*146 716  45    0*152 736  45    0*159 753  50    0*
21830 08/03*149 725  45    0*154 743  45    0*160 760  45    0*168 776  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

21835 08/04*167 774  50    0*175 794  50    0*184 814  55    0*191 828  55    0*
21835 08/04*177 793  50    0*186 809  50    0*195 825  55    0*205 840  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21840 08/05*200 845  55    0*210 860  60    0*224 876  60    0*235 888  60    0*
21840 08/05*215 855  55    0*225 869  60    0*235 883  70    0*246 894  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21845 08/06*246 897  70    0*259 909  80    0*272 917  90    0*286 925  85  960*
21845 08/06*258 904  90    0*271 914 100    0*285 923 105    0*298 932 105  955
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

21850 08/07*300 934  40    0*315 942  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
21850 08/07*310 940  60    0*322 946  45    0*337 950  35    0*355 952  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

21855 HR LA3                
21855 HR LA3CTX1                
            ****

Landfall:
8/6/18Z  29.8N 93.2W  105 kt  955 mb  RMW 12 nmi  LA3, CTX1

Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data 
from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960),
and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 1: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the vicinity of the tropical
cyclone.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 60.9W at 12 UTC.
While observations from HWM and COADS are ambiguous, a position to 
northwest of the HURDAT position is estimated.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The center of this storm did not
pass near any observing station and it was not encountered by any vessels
navigating the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.  The cable reports of
the 1st showed that a disturbance was evidently south of Bridgetown, 
Barbados" (MWR).

August 2: HWM analyzed a weak inverted trough along 68W.  HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 66.6W at 12 UTC.  Observations are
sparse near the tropical cyclone on the 2nd, but available data and
interpolation between the 1st and 3rd suggest a position farther to
the northwest of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 3: HWM analyzed an inverted trough in the vicinity of 15N, 73.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 73.6W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16N, 76W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The
disturbance moved west-northwest, passing to the south of Jamaica some
time in the afternoon of the 3d" (MWR).

August 4: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 18N, 83W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb 
at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA).  "It seems to have passed across the
Yucatan Peninsula or possibly through the Yucatan channel Sunday [4th]
afternoon" (MWR).

August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 88W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 87W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.5N, 88.3W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt SSW at 21.1N, 86.7W (COA). 

August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 92.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.2N, 91.7W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 93.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.5N, 92.3W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: calm winds and 960 mb at Sulphur at 19 UTC 
(MWR); 70 kt at Lake Charles (LA) at 1958 UTC (MWR). "...was not again
observed until Tuesday morning [6th], when falling pressure and freshening
winds from the southeast that it was approaching the Gulf coast...The
hurricane struck the Louisiana coast a few miles east of Calcasieu Pass,
or about 30 miles east of the mouth of the Sabine...The storm passed a
little west of north through the parishes of Cameron, Calcasieu, and
Beauregard, La., and thence into Newton County, Tex., near where the
Gulf Coast Line Railroad crosses the Sabine River - a total distance 
of about 80 miles...The fact that the disturbance did not cause northeast
or even east winds at New Orleans during any time while it was moving
northwestward across the Gulf is one indication of its small diameter...
The wind velocity, when the storm was nearing the coast, did not exceed
35 miles and hour at Burrwood and 25 miles at New Orleans...The area in
which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles wide, and 
winds of great force lasted only two to three hours.  The storm was about
100 miles in diameter, but approaching the outer edges the damage was
slight or entirely absent...we have the partial record at Lake Charles...
48 miles at 2:30 p.m., and 80 miles an hour in the five-minute period
terminating at 2:58 a.m. [typo in MWR - should be 2:58 p.m.],  with an
extreme velocity of at least 100 miles an hour.  It was at this point
that the anemometer was put out of service by the wind or flying debris.
Two reports of tides have been received. At Johnsons Bayou, 10 miles
east of the mouth of Sabine Pass...the tide was 2 feet and 5 inches
above normal.  At Morgan City the tide rose 3 feet.  Between these
points the tide was doubtless somewhat higher, especially along the
coast in the eastern portion of Cameron Parish...Thirty-four deaths are
reported as due to the storm and the number of persons injured is more
than twice that number...The damage to property is roughly estimated at
$5,000,000.  This includes damage at Lake Charles, Gerstner Field,
and Sulphur, La., and to crops and standing timber; but it does not include
losses from dwellings blown down in numerous villages, and live sotck,
possibly numbering a hundred, drowned in Cameron Parish" (MWR).

August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT 
listed this as dissipated at 31.5N, 94.2W by 06 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones gives a position of 31.5N, 94W at 8 p.m. 6th (~00 UTC 7th) with
a pressure of 1008 mb.  Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
a center near 33N, 95W at 12 UTC. 

Genesis is unchanged from that previously depicted in HURDAT.  Large changes
in the track is introduced on the 2nd and 3rd, with positions farther to the
west.  Observations are somewhat ambiguous if a closed circulation existed on
the 1st and 2nd as it crossed the Lesser Antillies and moved into 
the Caribbean.  The intensity of the tropical cyclone is unchanged from
the 1st until the 4th.  Gale force winds were first observed late on the 4th 
and evidence indicates the tropical storm became a hurricane around 12 UTC on 
the 5th just north of the Yucatan, 12 hours earlier that originally suggested 
in HURDAT. 

Available observations estimate landfall to have occurred at 1730 
UTC on the 6th near Cameron, Louisiana (29.8N, 93.2W).  Highest
observed winds were 70 kt from Lake Charles (57 kt true after
adjusting for high bias of the instrument and converting to 1 min - 
Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  The instrument
failed before the highest winds occurred.  A central intensity of 
955 mb at landfall has been estimated using the Ho et al. inland pressure 
decay model from an inland central pressure observation at Sulphur, Louisiana 
[960 mb].  955 mb central pressure at landfall agrees with the
Connor and Jarrell et al estimates.  (For some unknown reason, both
Schwerdt et al. and Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their
analysis of 20th Century U.S. hurricanes.)  HURDAT previously had listed 
960 mb at 18 UTC on the 6th (which was an inland measurement), which is 
now replaced with the 955 mb value.  This revised central pressure 
suggests 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship 
and 100 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship.  Regarding the probable radius of maximum winds (RMW): 
"The area in which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles 
wide" (MWR). This suggest a small RMW of about 15 nmi, which would be
somewhat smaller than climatology (21 nmi).  105 kt is thus chosen for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 6th (and at landfall just before 18 UTC), upgraded 
from 85 kt previously. This increases storm 1 from a Category 2 hurricane to a 
Category 3, making it the only major hurricane of 1918. The hurricane 
progressed on a north-northwest track as it made landfall, nearly
paralleling the Texas/Louisiana border.  After landfall, no gale force winds
were observed.  Use of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model 
suggests winds of 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th, 48 kt at 06 UTC, and 39 kt
at 12 UTC.  Slightly lower values were utilized to take into account the
small size (and quicker weakening) of the hurricane.  Despite going lower
than Kaplan and DeMaria, winds in HURDAT were boosted from 45 to 60 kt at
00 UTC on the 7th and 30 to 45 kt at 06 UTC.  Previously, the tropical cyclone
had been listed as dissipating at 12 UTC on the 7th.  Because of observations
and the Kaplan/DeMaria decay model, the tropical cyclone's lifetime is 
extended 12 hours through 18 UTC on the 7th.  

Jarrell et al. (1992) lists this storm as the 29th deadliest hurricane with
34 fatalities and indicates it was of Category 3 intensity in southwest 
Louisiana. Dunn and Miller (1960) notes an extreme hurricane in southwest 
Louisiana with a death toll of 34 persons and a damage estimate of $5,000,000. 
North Texas is added as having Category 1 impact from storm number 1 by 
utilizing the Schwerdt et al (1987) wind model. The revised Category 3 
assessment at landfall does corroborate previous studies by Jarrell et al. 
(1992) and Neumann et al. (1999).


********************************************************************************


1918/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21860 08/22/1918 M= 5  2 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               
21865 08/22*  0   0   0    0*117 560  60    0*121 590  60    0*123 606  60    0
21865 08/22*  0   0   0    0*120 575  60    0*121 590  60    0*123 606  60    0
                             *** ***                                

21870 08/23*125 618  65    0*127 636  70    0*130 665  70    0*133 684  70    0
21870 08/23*127 624  60    0*132 644  60    0*137 665  60    0*141 684  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21875 08/24*136 704  70    0*140 723  70    0*145 744  70    0*148 764  70    0
21875 08/24*145 704  60    0*149 723  65    0*152 744  70    0*153 764  75    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***      **

21880 08/25*152 788  70    0*157 809  70    0*160 830  70    0*165 852  65    0
21880 08/25*154 788  80    0*155 809  85    0*156 830  90  968*158 852  80    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **  *** ***      **

21885 08/26*169 876  55    0*168 894  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21885 08/26*161 876  70    0*165 894  45    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21890 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather 
Review.

August 22: HWM indicates an open wave near 14N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 
42 kt SE and 1010 mb at Bridgetown, Barbados at ~18 UTC (MWR).  "The second
tropical disturance of the month passed Barbados, moving to the west, during
the forenoon of the 22d" (MWR).

August 23: HWM analyzed an open wave near 15N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 13N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggests a center near 13.7N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 14.3N, 66.2W at 11 UTC (NCDC).  "During the next 72 
hours reports from land stations merely indicated a disturbance over Central
Caribbean region probably of little intensity" (MWR).

August 24: HWM indicates a broad inverted trough near 18N, 76W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 15.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "center passed
south of Jamaica moving west (MWR)."

August 25: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 16.5N, 82W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 83W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM, COADS and NCDC suggests a center near 15.6N, 83W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights:  70 kt NW and 972 mb at 08 UTC and calm winds and 968 mb at 
09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC).  "On Sunday morning, August 25, the observer
at Kingston, Jamaica, reports:  'Center passed south Jamaica moving west
yesterday afternoon'" (MWR).  

August 26: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 12.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this 
as dissipated at 16.8N, 89.4W by 06 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Subsequent reports indicate that
the disturbance, much diminished in intensity, passed inland over Honduras 
Sunday night [25th] and dissipated over that region during the next 
48 hours (MWR)."

Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on August 22nd.  Minor
alterations were made in the track for the duration of the system.  First 
reports of this tropical storm occurred at 18 UTC on the 22nd at Barbados 
where gale force winds [42 kt] and moderately low pressure [1010 mb] were 
observed. 60 kt is retained in HURDAT as it passed south of Barbados
and through the Lesser Antillies.  Tropical storm force winds 
[50 kt] were reported throughout the morning hours of the 23rd by the ship 
S.S. Mohegan as the storm progressed westward across the eastern Caribbean 
Sea. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 23rd, a reduction down from 
70 kt. Gale force winds or low pressures were not observed again until the 
early morning of the 25th where the ship S.S. Kaeo Samud measured a central 
pressure of 968 mb at 09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). A central pressure of 
968 mb indicates winds of 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 
90 kt is chosen for 12 UTC on the 25th, increased from 70 kt originally. 
Evidence indicates the hurricane made landfall in northern Honduras late on 
the 25th and continued a westward track into southern Belize by the 26th, but 
due to the lack of land observations, the exact location of such landfall is 
uncertain. However, it is apparent that the hurricane was greatly diminished in 
intensity after landfall since no gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed by either land or ship stations on the 26th. Available observations 
indicate the storm dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 6 hours later than 
suggested in HURDAT. The ship observation on the 25th led to an increase in 
the peak intensity for storm 2 from Category 1 [70 kt] to Category 2 
[90 kt]. 

********************************************************************************



1918/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21895 08/23/1918 M= 4  3 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21895 08/23/1918 M= 4  3 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

21900 08/23*  0   0   0    0*277 733  35    0*288 745  35    0*304 757  40    0
21900 08/23*  0   0   0    0*277 733  35    0*288 745  35    0*300 757  40    0
                                                               ***   

21905 08/24*319 766  40    0*332 771  45    0*340 773  50    0*347 770  50    0
21905 08/24*312 766  40    0*324 771  50    0*335 773  60    0*344 770  65    0
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21910 08/25*354 766  50    0*358 762  45    0*362 758  40    0*367 752  35    0
21910 08/25*351 765  60    0*357 759  60    0*362 753  60    0*368 746  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21915 08/26*374 742  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21915 08/26*375 738  45    0*382 729  35    0E390 720  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21920 TS 
21920 HR NC1
      ** ***

Landfall:
8/24 21 UTC  34.8N 76.8W  65 kt  988 mb  30nmi  NC1

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
individual station observations from NCDC, and the COADS ship database.

August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 75W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 28.8N, 74.5W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 75W at 8 p.m. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.8N, 74.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 77.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.5N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 32.8N, 78.3W at 11 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights: 30 kt N and 1006 mb at Wilmington (NC) at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt NW 
and 1002 mb at Wilmington at 16 UTC (OMR). "Barometer [at Wilmington] fell 
rapidly with increasing northeast winds becoming high and shifting to 
northwest at midday with a maximum velocity of 38 miles from the northwest 
at 12:10 p.m.  Reports from this section state that some damage was done by 
the storm blowing down crops, fencing, buildings, etc.  High sea and gales 
reported at the beaches.  Damage in this section probably does not exceed 
fifteen thousand dollars" (OMR).  "Low No. X apparently developed on the
Carolina coast during the night of the 23rd.  On the morning of
the 24th the center was at Wilmington, N. C., and the pressure was
decreasing rapidly at that place but not at surrounding stations" (MWR).


August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 36.2N, 75.8W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 37N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36.2N, 75.3W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 36.1N, 75.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights:  56 kt SW at 06 UTC and 1007 mb at 0830 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR).
Rather unexpectedly the disturbance moved very slowly - about 8 miles an hour
for the first 24 hours - reaching the Virginia Capes on the morning of 
the 25th.  It's subsequent movement was probably northeastward over the
Gulf Stream.  The storm, while severe on the immediate coast, did not
extend more than 50 miles inland.  Considerable damage was done at beach
resorts and towns along the North Carolina and Virginia coasts" (MWR).

August 26: HWM indicates the cyclone is merging with a frontal system. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 37.4N, 74.2W by 00 UTC for its last
position. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 
72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Minor alterations are suggested to the track and intensity of storm number 3.
Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on the 23rd. Gale force 
winds were first observed on the 24th [35 kt] with a peripheral pressure of 
1004 mb.  The tropical cyclone made landfall northeast of New Bern, North 
Carolina, near 21 UTC on the 24th.  Peak observed winds were SW 56 kt from
Cape Hatteras at 06 UTC on the 25th, which corrects to 46 kt after adjustment
for the high bias of the instrument and 1 min averaging time (Covert
and Fergusson 1925, Powell et al. 1996).  A ship observation of 60 kt was 
observed at 12 UTC on the 25th, just northeast of Hatteras.  Observed 
impacts described in the Original Monthly Records and in Monthly Weather
Review are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall.  It is 
estimated that the tropical cyclone struck the coast with 65 kt maximum
wind and a central pressure of 988 mb, making it a Category 1 hurricane
at landfall.  This is moderately stronger than that originally indicated
in HURDAT (50 kt) just before landfall.  The storm stayed over land for 
~18 hours, moving back over the Atlantic Ocean around 18 UTC on the 25th. 
Dissipation occurred by 12 UTC on the 26th, 12 hours later than suggested by 
HURDAT, as the tropical cyclone merged with an approaching frontal boundary. 

********************************************************************************


1918/04 - 2008 REVISION:

(This storm is new to HURDAT.)
21921 08/31/1918 M= 7  4 SNBR= 505 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21922 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*350 510  35    0*352 513  35    0
21923 09/01*355 516  35    0*358 519  35    0*360 520  35    0*362 520  35    0
21924 09/02*365 519  40    0*367 518  40    0*370 515  45    0*373 510  45    0
21924 09/03*376 505  50    0*378 500  50    0*380 495  55    0*382 492  55    0
21924 09/04*383 490  60    0*384 488  60    0*385 485  60    0*386 482  60    0
21924 09/05*387 479  55    0*388 475  50    0*390 470  45    0*392 462  40    0
21924 09/06*395 452  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21924 TS  

This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for 
this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship 
database.

August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 49W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 51W 
at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1022 mb at 38N, 50.1W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 52W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36N, 52W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center.  
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37N, 51.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 49.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E at 39.1N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 50W 
with a stationary front extending out to the east from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 48.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 996 mb at 37.9N, 48.6W at 07 UTC 
(COA); 30 kt NW and 993 mb at 38.1N, 48.3W at 09 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and 
992 mb at 38.3N, 47.9W at 11 UTC (COA).

September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 39N, 48W
with a dissipating stationary front extending out to the east of the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 47W at 12 
UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 6: HWM indicates an open trough along 40W longitude.
Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39.5N, 45.2W at 00 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Genesis for this tropical storm began around 12 UTC on August 31st where 
evidence first indicates a closed circulation.  Despite the Historical Weather
Map depictions of frontal boundaries from the 1st through the 5th,
the surface baroclinicity was quite minimal and no fronts likely were involved
with the system though the observations are somewhat sparse.  Gale force winds 
[35 kt] were observed on 31st at 12 UTC northeast of Bermuda. 35 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Gale force winds were not observed on September 1st or 
2nd although HURDAT is maintained at minimal tropical storm strength. A 50 kt 
wind was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. A 
peripheral pressure of 992 mb at 11 UTC on the 4th suggests winds of at least 
60 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore 60 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Peak observations with this tropical storm were 50 kts 
on the 3rd and 992 mb on the 4th. Maximum winds chosen for HURDAT are 60 kt 
based on both observed winds and pressure, although it is possible that this 
system reached minimal hurricane status. Dissipation occurred on the 6th as the 
system became absorbed by a frontal boundary. Storm 4 meandered east and 
northeast of Bermuda for the duration of its existence.

********************************************************************************


1918/05 - 2008 REVISION:

21925 09/02/1918 M= 6  4 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21925 09/02/1918 M= 7  5 SNBR= 506 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

21930 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*246 551  60    0
21930 09/02*246 570  40    0*248 578  45    0*250 585  50    0*252 590  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

21935 09/03*256 570  65    0*262 580  70    0*269 590  70    0*275 6 2  75    0
21935 09/03*254 595  65    0*257 600  70    0*260 605  70    0*266 612  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21940 09/04*282 614  75    0*290 626  80    0*298 638  80    0*308 648  85    0
21940 09/04*277 620  75    0*288 629  80    0*298 638  80    0*308 646  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

21945 09/05*318 656  85    0*328 662  85    0*338 668  85    0*353 672  80    0
21945 09/05*318 653  90    0*328 658  95    0*338 663  95    0*348 668  95    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      **  ***  **

21950 09/06*363 674  75    0*380 676  65    0*397 675  65    0*420 668  55    0
21950 09/06*358 672  90    0*368 673  80    0*380 672  70    0*397 665  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21955 09/07E438 655  50    0E451 641  45    0E468 624  40    0E480 600  40    0
21955 09/07E425 650  50    0E455 630  45    0E475 605  40    0E485 580  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
21957 09/08E489 565  40    0E490 555  35    0E490 550  30    0*  0   0   0    0

21960 HR                    

Major changes to the track and no changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual 
ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1995).

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 50W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.6N, 55.1W at 18 UTC at its first
listing. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25N, 
58.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 26.5N, 60.6W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.9N, 59.0W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 25.7N, 59.7W at 12 UTC (COA - likely the S. S.
Texas, see below). "The earliest report of the existence of this storm came 
from the Swedish S.S. Texas on September 3, the vessel being some distance 
southeast of Bermuda, in latitude 25 deg 42 minutes north, longitude 
59 deg 43 minutes west" (MWR).

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 65.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23.5N, 64W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC.
Station highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "The 
lowest reported pressure for this storm was 28.88 inches [978 mb], at Hamilton, 
Bermuda, on the 4th" (MWR). "The barometer was around 28.70 inches on Wednesday
night...A great deal of damage was done to trees in and around Hamilton,
and the bottom of the Lane traffic was blocked.  The local freight boats
were either driven ashore or swamped, some being quite beyond repairs.
Market Whaft at St. George's had seas foaming over it in billows, -- and
by Thursday morning [5th] the old Town presented a scene of desolation,
windows being blown in, houses benerally having been flooded during the 
night, boats sunk, and trees down everywhere" (Tucker).

September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 70W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 978 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC (MWR); 972 mb at Bermuda around
00 UTC (Tucker). "...the storm advanced northwestward, passing to the west 
of Bermuda on the night of the 4th-5th" (MWR).

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 69W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.7N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 39N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 67.5W. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt N and 991 mb at 39.5N, 68.4W at 15 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and
1002 mb at 39.6N, 69.2W at 19 UTC (COA). 

September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 47.5N, 60.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical storm at 46.8N, 62.4W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 48.5N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 47.5N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 997 mb at 47.1N, 65.3W at 15 UTC (COA). Station highlights:
20 kt N and 1005 mb at St. Pierre at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt W and 998 mb at Glace 
Bay at 12 UTC (HWM). "The storm recurved some distance out to sea from the coast
of the United States, but crossed Nova Scotia on the night of the 6th-7th, much
diminished in intensity" (MWR).

September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 50N, 54W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 49N, 55W. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

This tropical system originated east of Bermuda early on the 2nd as a tropical
storm as indicated by available wind observations, 18 hours earlier than 
originally in HURDAT. A wind observation of 70 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd confirms
the system attained hurricane intensity. 70 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 
06 UTC on the 3rd. As the hurricane traversed near Bermuda, a peripheral 
pressure observation of 978 mb at 00 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least 
77 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  The pressure report
from Tucker of 972 mb may be reasonable as well, given the length of the 
islands of Bermuda.  972 mb would suggest of at least 84 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 5th, up
from 85 kt originally, and the track is brought a bit closer to Bermuda. 
A peripheral pressure observation of 991 mb at 15 UTC on the 6th 
suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the northern pressure-wind 
relationship. 70 kt is used in HURDAT, up from 65 kt originally at 12 UTC. 
The Category 2 hurricane paralleled the United States east coast on the 5th 
and 6th until landfall in Nova Scotia as a weaker extratropical storm 
early on the 7th. The storm dissipated as an extratropical storm on the 8th 
at 12 UTC, 18 hours later than indicated in HURDAT. Minor alterations are 
suggested for the track of this storm.

*******************************************************************************



1918/06 - 2008 REVISION:

21965 09/09/1918 M= 6  5 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21965 09/09/1918 M= 6  6 SNBR= 507 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

21970 09/09*135 580  35    0*143 605  35    0*147 616  35    0*150 622 35    0
21970 09/09*139 598  35    0*143 607  35    0*147 616  35    0*151 625 35    0
            *** ***              ***                           *** ***

21975 09/10*153 629  35    0*156 636  35    0*160 643  35    0*162 650 35    0
21975 09/10*154 633  35    0*157 641  35    0*160 650  35    0*162 662 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

21980 09/11*165 657  35    0*167 663  40    0*170 670  40    0*173 676 40    0
21980 09/11*164 675  35    0*166 687  40    0*168 700  40    0*169 712 40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21985 09/12*176 682  40    0*179 688  40    0*184 694  40    0*189 701 35    0
21985 09/12*170 725  40    0*171 737  40    0*172 750  40    0*172 762 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21990 09/13*195 707  35    0*204 715  35    0*215 727  35    0*227 734 35    0
21990 09/13*172 775  35    0*173 787  35    0*175 800  35    0*178 812 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21995 09/14*243 741  35    0*258 747  30    0*277 750  25    0*  0   0  0    0
21995 09/14*184 823  35    0*189 833  30    0*195 840  25    0*  0   0  0    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***        

22000 TS                    

Major changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000).

September 9: HWM analyzed an open wave near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 14.7N, 61.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests the system is closed near the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It was first 
noted on the 9th near Barbados Island, and thence a track toward the 
northwest, across the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea, was taken" (MWR).

September 10: HWM indicates an open wave located near the northeastern 
Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 64.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest that the center was
farther to the west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 11: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 17N, 67W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests the center was farther to the west.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure in the central
Caribbean Sea near 15N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 
69.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb 
near 19N, 73.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicates
the center was substantially farther to the west-southwest of the HURDAT
position.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 
"After crossing Haiti on the 12th, the path inclined to a more nearly 
northerly direction" (MWR).

September 13: HWM analyzed a a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15.5N, 81W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. and near
24N 74.5W at 8 p.m.  Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
the center is substantially farther southwest, closer to the HWM analyzed low.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the northwestern Caribbean
Sea near Cuba with an approaching frontal system moving into the Bahamas. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 75W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 75W at 8 a.m. and dissipated 
by 8 p.m.  Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate the system is
about 700 nmi to the southwest.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed. "...the storm disappeared on the 14th near 
the Great Abaco Island" (MWR).

Genesis for this tropical storm is unchanged.  The initial position at
00 UTC on the 9th was adjusted for a more realistic initial translational
velocity.  Otherwise, only minor track changes were made on the 9th 
and 10th as it went across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern
Caribbean Sea.  While observations do suggest a closed circulation of
a tropical cyclone going across the Lesser Antilles, no gale force
winds or low pressures could confirm minimal tropical storm force intensity.
On the 11th, the lowering pressures over Hispanola and lack of pressure drops
over San Juan and the Virgin Islands along with wind shifts at all of
these locations suggest an adjustment of the tropical cyclone position
closer to Hispanola on this date.  Likewise on the 12th, observations
from Hispanola, Jamaica and Cuba suggest a position between (and just
south of) Hispanola and Jamaica, rather than crossing eastern Hispanola.
Observations on the 13th are more ambiguous because of the sparsity 
of data as well as apparent weakening of the tropical cyclone.  However,
it is analyzed that the tropical cyclone was southwest of Jamaica,
closer to the low analyzed in HWM.  On the 14th, again observations are
quite ambiguous, though it is judged that the tropical cyclone was south of 
western Cuba and dissipating.  This track reanalysis is quite different from
that of a tropical cyclone dissipating while moving northward east 
of Florida shown originally in MWR and HURDAT on the 14th.  Note that there was
no confirmation of tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
during the duration of the cyclone.  Highest observed winds were 20 kt on 
the 9th and 10th.  However, as is often the case, the observational data 
available were quite sparse for many days.  This system is retained
as a minimal tropical storm, though the evidence for keeping it is
not conclusive.

*******************************************************************************


1918 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a cyclonic system developed
in the Gulf of Mexico at the tail end of a frontal boundary, became
a tropical depression, moved across south Florida and merged with a
frontal boundary.  Highest winds with this system were 15 kt (a few days)
and lowest pressure of 1008 mb (on the 23rd - COA).  Thus no gales or
pressures supporting gale force were observed.  While it is possible that
this system did attain tropical storm force, this system is considered a 
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Jun 18 --- --- Trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Jun 19 25N 90W Possible Tropical Depression 
Jun 20 26N 87W Tropical Depression 
Jun 21 26N 86W Tropical Depression 
Jun 22 25N 81W Tropical Depression (over south Florida)
Jun 23 29N 79W Extratropical - merging with front

2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a well-developed tropical
wave left the coast of West Africa, became a tropical depression soon
thereafter, traveled west for two days, then was lost in the data void
of the eastern tropical North Atlantic.  Peak observed winds were 25 kt
on the 14th (HWM) and sea level pressures dropped 5 mb at Praia, Cape
Verde Islands (down to 1010 mb) in one day as the tropical depression 
passed through.  No gales or pressures supporting gale force were observed.  
While it is possible that this system did attain tropical storm force, 
this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 15N 19W Tropical Depression 
Sep 15 15N 24W Tropical Depression 
Sep 16 15N 29W Tropical Depression 
Sep 17 --- --- System lost over open ocean 

3) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate that 
a tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 25th
of September, moved north over the next two days with no change in
intensity, became extratropical on the 28th in the eastern Gulf of
Mexico and dissipated in place on the 30th.  Peak observations as a
tropical cyclone were 30 kt ship (COA) and 1007 mb (Belize City and
ship, HWM and COA) on the 25th and 33 kt at Sand Key, FL on the 27th
(MWR).  (The 33 kt at Sand Key corrects to 29 kt after accounting for
the high bias of instrumentation of the era and converting from maximum
5 min to 1 min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) 
Higher winds were observed (36 kt at Pensacola - 32 kt after adjustment) 
after the system transitioned to an extratropical storm on the 28th.  
It is possible that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but 
without supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical 
depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 24 --- --- Open trough over Central America
Sep 25 18N 87W Tropical Depression 
Sep 26 20N 87W Tropical Depression 
Sep 27 23N 88W Tropical Depression 
Sep 28 28N 84W Extratropical Storm
Sep 29 28N 85W Extratropical Storm
Sep 30 27N 85W Extratropical Storm - dissipating

4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate 
that a tropical depression formed in the southern Gulf of Mexico 
on the 14th of October, moved slowly northwestward over the next
three days without significant change in intensity, made landfall
in Louisiana late on the 17th, and dissipated over Arkansas on the
19th. No gale force winds or pressures were reported
lower than 1006 mb throughout the lifetime of the system.  It is possible 
that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but without 
supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical depression and 
not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 14 22N 85W Tropical Depression (?)
Oct 15 24N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct 16 26N 91W Tropical Depression
Oct 17 29N 92W Tropical Depression
Oct 18 31N 93W Tropical Depression - over land
Oct 19 33N 94W Tropical Depression - over land, dissipating

*****************************************************************************


1919/01 - 2008 REVISION:

22005 07/02/1919 M= 4  1 SNBR= 508 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22010 07/02*  0   0   0    0*242 843  40    0*250 847  40    0*254 850  40    0
22010 07/02*  0   0   0    0*246 843  25    0*250 847  30    0*254 851  35    0
                             ***      **               **          ***  **

22015 07/03*260 853  40    0*267 856  45    0*275 860  50    0*283 862  50    0
22015 07/03*260 855  40    0*267 859  45    0*275 863  50    0*283 866  55    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

22020 07/04*291 866  50    0*299 869  50    0*306 871  40    0*312 873  35    0
22020 07/04*291 868  55    0*299 869  55  995*306 871  45    0*312 873  35    0
                ***  **               **  ***          **              

22025 07/05*318 876  30    0*324 879  25    0*330 882  20    0*335 885  20    0
22025 07/05*317 876  30    0*322 879  25    0*327 882  20    0*332 885  20    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

22030 TS                    

Landfall:
7/4/1919 - 1100 UTC  30.4N 87.0W  55kt  FL
 
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC.

July 2:  HWM shows an open wave along 81W.  HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical storm at 25N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows did not
analyze a position for this system during the morning of the 2nd.  
Available observations suggest that the system was not a closed low as
of 12 UTC, but likely did become a tropical cyclone over the next six or
twelve hours.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  "This storm developed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the
2d, was at all times of very small diameter, but with isobars exhibiting
the vortex core of the true hurricane" (MWR).

July 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 86.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 86W.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows gives a center at 26N, 86.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.).  The MWR Summary
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920 and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and HWM estimates.  
Ship highlights:  35 kt SE at 27.2N, 86.6W at 05 UTC (MWR);  35 kt NW and
1002 mb at 27.2N, 86.6W at 11 UTC (COA).  "The storm area was evidently
of very limited extent, as a number of vessels not over 100 to 200 miles
away from the Creole, experienced light to moderate winds, although heavy
swells were reported at a considerable distance from the storm center" (MWR).

July 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31N, 87W near
the coast and the Florida-Alabama border.  HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 30.6N, 87.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a
center at 30N, 87W with 1003 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest that
the HURDAT position is most accurate.  Station highlights:  50 kt NE 
(10 UTC) and 999 mb (1215 UTC) at Pensacola (OMR).  "[The storm struck]
the coast a short distance east of Pensacola, Fla.  Some damage was
done but storm winds were of short duration" (MWR).  "The only day with
gales was on the 4th during the passing inland of the Gulf disturbance
a short distance east of the station, when a maximum velocity of 58 miles
from the northeast was attained.  This storm caused the total loss of the
auxiliary schooner-smack 'Nautilus' of the E. E. Saunders Fish Company's
fleet, representing a valuation of about $1500.  The schooner 'W.D. Hossack'
was abandoned by the master and crew in a derelict condition, though this
vessel was later salvaged by the schooner 'Bluefields' and the tug 'Echo'.
Apparently slight damages to crops were caused by the above storm, some
of the corn being laid low but recovering later in the month" (OMR - 
Pensacola).

July 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32.5N, 88W inland
on the border of Alabama and Mississippi.  HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical depression at 33N, 88.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives
a center at 35N, 87W with 1011 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest
that a position between the HURDAT and HWM estimates is most accurate, but
that the center was becoming indistinct along an east-west oriented trough.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

While the data is somewhat amiguous as to the timing of the formation of
a closed circulation, genesis is retained at 00 UTC on the 2nd without change.
Track changes throughout the short lifetime of this system were for small
alterations.  Peak 5 min winds at landfall were 50 kt at Pensacola, which
adjust to a maximum 1 min wind of 42 kt after accounting for the high
bias of the instrument of that era and converting from 5 to 1 min winds
(Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  A peripheral 
pressure of 999 mb at 1215 UTC at Pensacola suggest winds of at least 47 kt 
from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Given that the peak
5 min winds between 11-12 and 12-13 UTC were both 43 kt (36 kt true), 
the central pressure was likely close to 995 mb.  995 mb suggests winds
of 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt chosen
for HURDAT, up slight from 50 kt in HURDAT originally.  This may also
have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. No change in the
decay of the tropical storm.

*****************************************************************************


1919/02 - 2008 REVISION:

22035 09/02/1919 M=14  2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
22035 09/02/1919 M=15  2 SNBR= 509 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                   **          ***   

22040 09/02*146 615  40    0*150 627  40    0*154 635  40    0*157 645  40    0
22040 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 610  25    0*163 623  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22045 09/03*161 655  40    0*165 661  40    0*170 670  45    0*175 676  45    0
22045 09/03*167 636  30    0*171 648  35    0*175 660  40    0*180 670  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

22050 09/04*181 680  45    0*189 682  50    0*192 690  55    0*197 697  55    0
22050 09/04*186 680  45    0*191 690  40    0*195 700  35    0*198 708  35    0
            ***              *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22055 09/05*202 707  60    0*206 712  65    0*210 718  65    0*213 720  70    0
22055 09/05*200 716  35    0*202 722  35    0*205 725  35    0*209 726  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22060 09/06*216 722  70    0*219 723  75    0*222 724  75    0*226 727  80    0
22060 09/06*214 726  40    0*218 727  45    0*222 728  50    0*225 731  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22065 09/07*229 730  80    0*232 734  85    0*234 741  90    0*236 747  90    0
22065 09/07*228 735  60    0*230 740  65    0*232 745  75    0*234 751  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22070 09/08*237 755  95    0*238 763  95    0*239 770 100    0*239 777 100    0
22070 09/08*235 758  95    0*236 765  95    0*237 773 100    0*238 781 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***

22075 09/09*240 784 105    0*240 791 105    0*240 798 110    0*241 805 110    0
22075 09/09*239 789 110    0*240 797 115    0*240 805 120    0*241 813 125    0
            *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22080 09/10*242 812 115    0*244 820 115    0*246 827 120    0*248 831 120    0
22080 09/10*243 821 130    0*246 828 130  927*248 834 130    0*249 840 130    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

22085 09/11*250 836 120    0*253 841 120    0*256 847 120    0*260 855 120    0
22085 09/11*250 845 130    0*250 850 130    0*251 855 130    0*253 861 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

22090 09/12*263 863 120    0*265 871 120    0*267 880 120    0*266 889 120    0
22090 09/12*256 867 120    0*259 873 115    0*262 880 110  944*264 890 110    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

22095 09/13*265 898 120    0*265 907 115    0*265 916 115    0*266 926 105    0
22095 09/13*265 900 115  942*265 910 125  931*265 920 125    0*266 929 120    0
                *** ***  ***     *** ***  ***     *** ***          *** ***

22100 09/14*267 936 100    0*268 946  90    0*270 957  85    0*271 968  75    0
22100 09/14*267 938 115    0*268 946 110    0*270 955 105    0*272 966 100  950 
                *** ***              ***          *** ***      ***     ***  ***

22105 09/15*274 979  65    0*278 990  55    0*2821002  30    0*2891010  20    0
22105 09/15*274 980  75    0*278 995  55    0*2821010  40    0*2891024  35    0
                ***  **          ***             ****  **      *******  **

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
22107 09/16*2971038  30    0*3061050  25    0*3151060  20    0*  0   0   0    0

22110 HRBFL4ATX4            
22110 HRBFL4CFL2ATX3BTX3
            ************

Landfall:
9/10/1919    0700Z 24.6N  82.9W  130kt  15nmi  927mb  BFL4,CFL2
9/14/1919    2100Z 27.2N  97.3W  100kt  35nmi  950mb  ATX3,BTX3

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarvinen et al. (1985), Ho et al. (1987), 
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

September 1:  HWM and COADS observations possibly indicate a wave
approaching the Lesser Antilles without any indication of a closed
low (though data are sparse east of the islands).  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.4N, 63.5W at 12 UTC.  The 
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" does not begin the
system until either late on the 2nd or early on the 3rd.  Available
observations suggest that the cyclone was substantially east-northeast
of HURDAT's postion.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  "The minor disturbance ... was first noted on the evening of 
September 2 ... a little west of the island of Antigua" (MWR).

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC.  The
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 18N, 65W.  Available observations suggest a center east-northeast of
HURDAT's estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "This ... minor disturbance moved west-northwestward at
about a normal rate, passing near the southern portion of the island of
Porto Rico" (MWR).

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20N, 70W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.2N, 69W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a
center at 19N, 69.5W.  Available observations suggest a center between
all three estimates.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  

September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 73W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 20.5N, 72W.  Available observations suggest a center west of the 
MWR Summary estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "By the evening of the 4th it had reached the north coast
of the island of Santo Domingo with a barometer reading of about 29.80
inches.  On the morning of the 5th the center of the disturbance was
approximately 100 miles southwest of Turks Island with about the same
barometric pressure" (MWR).

September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 72.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 22.2N, 72.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 21.5N, 72.5W.  Available observations suggest a center west of the
HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  "By the evening of the 5th the winds at Turks Island had
changed from east to west, and were southerly over Santo Domingo and
Haiti, still light in character, apparent evidence that the disturbance
had recurved to the northeastward during the day, and that it was moving
in that direction in very moderate form" (MWR).

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 73.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.4N, 74.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 23N, 73.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 23N, 74.5W with
1003 mb (a.m).  Available observations suggest a center just southwest of 
HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 26N, 74.4W at 
23 UTC (COA).  "On the evening of the 6th pressure and wind conditions
over Santo Domingo and the Bahamas indicated the possible presence of a
disturbance over the eastern Bahamas.  Conditions were slightly more
pronounced on the morning of the 7th ... there were slight indications of
a disturbance over the central Bahamas" (MWR).

September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 21.5N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.9N, 77W at
12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows
a center near 23.5N, 76W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 
23.5N, 77W with 998 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest a position
just southwest of HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NNE and 
1006 mb at 25.5N, 80.5W at 21 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  51 kt NE and
998 mb at Nassau at 01 UTC (MWR)  "A belated report on September 8 that a
severe storm could be located south of and near the Andros Islands" (MWR).

September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 79.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24N, 79.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24N, 79.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and
HURDAT estimates.  Ship highlights:  70 kt N and 938 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W at 
21 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  50 kt NE and 986 mb at Key West at 
23 UTC (MWR); 57 kt NE at Sand Key at 1748 UTC (MWR).  "Considerable local
damage was done in Miami and vicinity, although nothing very serious 
resulted.  Tides were unusually high and many small boats suffered.  The
greatest loss was probably in the fruit crop ... Press reports indicated
that considerable damage was also done along the northwest coast of Cuba"
(MWR) ... The greatest [shipping loss was] the Spanish steamship Valbanera,
off Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West.  The vessel
arrived off Morro Castle, Habana, on September 9, but owing to the hurricane,
was unable to enter the harbor, and nothing further was heard from her until
a diver discovered her beneath the waters off Rebecca Shoals.  The Valbanera
was from Spanish ports for New Orleans, via Habana, and her 400 passengers
and crew of 88 must have perished" (MWR).  "El Huracan del Valvanera - 
Category 1 in Cuba - September 9 and 10" (Perez et al.).

September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 24N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.6N, 82.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24.5N, 83W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24.5N, 83W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west-northwest of HURDAT's
estimate.  Ship highlights:  927 mb (eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W (MWR); 930 mb
(eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W at 05 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  937 mb
at Rebecca Shoals Light; 932 mb (eye) at Dry Tortugas; 82 kt NE at 0148 UTC
and 960 mb at 0510 UTC at Sand Key.  "The storm center passed about 30 or 
40 miles south of Key West about midnight of September 9.  At this time the 
barometer at Key West read 28.83 inches with an east wind of an estimated
velocity of 105 miles an hour, which increased slightly during the next
hour.  At Sand Key, the lowest barometer at about the same time was 
28.35 inches, a difference of 0.48 inch within a distance of 8 miles ...
The following report on the storm at Key West and vicinity was prepared by
Mr. H. B. Boyer, official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at that
place:  `The storm that passed over Key West on September 9 and 10 was,
without question, the most violent experienced since records at this
station began.  While the minimum barometric reading, 28.81 inches, was not
as low as that recorded in 1909 (28.52) and in 1910 (28.47), the violence
of the wind was undoubtedly greater.  It is to be regretted that owing to
the vibrations of the tower supporting the wind instruments the anemometer
cups were shaken loose and blown away at 7:30 pm on the 9th in gusts ranging
between 75 and 80 miles an hour, and thereafter until 3:35 p.m. of the
10th the wind-velocity record was lost.  The wind-vane was blown away at
12:45 a.m. of the 10th during the winds of greatest intensity ... In the
terrific gusts that prevailed during the height of the storm stanch brick
structures had walls blown out and large vessels, firmly secured, were torn
from their fastenings or moorings and blown on the bank ...  the great loss, 
estimated at $2,000,000 ... Owing to the very slow progressive movement of
the storm in this vicinity, winds of gale force and over lasted continuously
from about 7 a.m. of the 9th to about 9:30 p.m. of the 10th ... From the
forenoon of the 9th squalls of wind and rain progressively increased in
force and frequency, culminating in terrific gusts of great violence between
midnight of the 9th and 2 a.m. of the 10th ... Probably not a structure on
the island escaped being damaged more or less ... three lives were lost by
drowning' ... The report of the storm experiences at Sand Key, Fla., was
prepared by Mr. Eugene M. Barto, observer, and is as follows:  `The record
showed that the anemometer cups blew away at 9:35 p.m. with a wind velocity
of 84 miles an hour.  The wind vane was probably blown away shortly after
midnight.  This was also the time of the lowest barograph record, which
was 28.35 ... The highest [wind] recorded was 94 miles an hour from the
northeast at 8:39 p.m.' ...  The center of the storm passed directly over Dry 
Tortugas, 65 miles west of Key West, with a reported barometer reading of 
27.51 inches, while at Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West,
the lowest reading was 27.66 inches ... The steamship Winona went 
ashore at 10 a.m., September 10, on a reef on the northeast portion of
the Tortugas group, near Pulaski Shoals ... the barometer [fell at midnight
on the 9th] to 27.45 inches ... A later report from the tank steamer, 
Fred W. Weller, showed a barometer reading of 27.36 inches in the vicinity
of Dry Tortugas on September 9 ... These [close readings] within a very 
limited area, make it safe to assume that they were substantially correct" 
(MWR).  "September 10, 1919, 929 mb Central Pressure, 24.6N, 82.9W Landfall 
Point, 15 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind" (Ho et al.)  "1008 mb environmental 
pressure, 115 kt maximum 1 min surface wind" (Schwerdt et al.)  "Tropical 
Cyclones in Florida, September 9-10, Key West, Major, Marine casualties 300 
plus" (Dunn and Miller).  "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 for FL Keys/S TX with
927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL landfall) (Jarrell et al.)

September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 25.5N, 87W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.6N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 25.5N, 86W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 26.6N, 85.8W at 23 UTC
(COA).  "[One the 11th], the tide reached a crest of 5.55 feet above low-water
mark, 2 feet higher than ever before recorded in the annals of the United
States Engineers.  The tide did some little damage along that section of the
coast, but none of consequence" (MWR).

September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 89W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.7N, 88W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26.5N, 88W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 88W.
Available observations suggest that the center is just south of the MWR
Summary and Tracks estimates.  Ship highlights:  944 mb (eye?) at 
26.2N, 87.8W at 14 UTC (MWR);  948 mb at 27N, 89W at 22 UTC (MWR);  
942 mb (eye?) at 27N, 88.5W at 23 UTC (MWR).  "After the morning of the 10th,
at which time the storm center was apparently very near Dry Tortugas, Fla.,
its path could only be approximated.  It happened, however, that a report
received by mail from the steamship Lake Deval nearly two weeks after the
storm located the center with a fair degree of definiteness on the morning
of the 12th [about 150 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the 
Mississippi River]" (MWR).

September 13:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 92.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 91.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26N, 91W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 91W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT estimate.
Station highlights:  36 kt SE and 1002 mb at Burrwood at 12 UTC (MWR).
Ship highlights:  931 mb (eye) at 26.5N, 90.5W at 05 UTC (MWR).  "The tide
was 6 feet above normal on Lake Borgne and on Grand Isle, and 5 to 6 feet
above normal on Lake Ponchartrain, on the afternoon of the 13th ... By a
little after sunset the tide [at Port Aransas] had reached 5 feet above
mean sea level" (MWR).

September 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 96.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane offshore Texas at 
27N, 95.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, 
and 1921" shows a center near 27N, 95.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a
center near 27N, 96W.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's
estimate is most accurate.  Station highlights:  61 kt at 18 UTC and
970 mb at 21 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR).  Ship highlights:  950 mb (eye?)
at 27N, 95W at 14 UTC (MWR).  "On the morning of September 14 the storm
center was not far from the coast of Texas, between Corpus Christi and
Brownsville, and during the day in passed inland, with marked although
with steadily diminishing intensity ... The tide ... reached its highest point
of 8.8 feet [at Galveston] at 7 a.m. of the 14th.  Two men lost their lives
in the storm in this immediate vicinity [Galveston] ... both men were
apparently overtaken by the rising tide and drowned.  ... From reports
received the height of the tide accompanying the storm ranged in this 
district from about 4 feet at Orange, Tex., to approximately 13 feet at
Port O'Connor, Tex.  With this tide and the high wind accompanying it, some
damage resulted at many points, especially along the water front.  At 
Seabrook, Tex., there were a few buildings, mostly light structures,
destroyed ...  At points to the south of Galveston, however, there was more
damage done ... At Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, Tex., there was
considerable damage to wharves, fish houses, and small boats.  Similar
damage resulted at Port O'Connor, Tex. ... Stretching along the beach [of
Corpus Christi] for 23 blocks homes were crushed and hurled away or wrecked
by the tidal wave, which reached a depth of 15 feet in some places.  Over
much of the beach section not an indication of former homes now remains,
except here and there a bathtub or part of a brick chimney ... In the
downtown [Corpus Christi] district utter demolition of some of the city's
most important industrial and public plants marked an area extending for
six blocks along the water front and more than a block in width, while beyond
that block, extending back toward the bluff section, every commercial 
establishment's first floor was wrecked, and in some cases the entire
building rendered useless, over a corresponding area two blocks wide.  The
tremendous property damage is becoming daily more apparent and prominent
business men and other trained observers predicted to-night [Sep. 18] that
$20,000,000 would be a conservative estimate of the monetary loss in
Corpus Christi.  284 bodies, almost entirely those of Corpus Christi victims,
have been found ... Details of conditions at Port Aransas and other parts of
the islands between Corpus Christi Bay and the Gulf were ascertained ...
The docks and buildings in Port Aransas have been wiped out with the
exception of a school building ... The large oil tanks there also were
destroyed.  The five who lost their lives [at Port Aransas] were drowned 
while attempting to leave the island in a lifeboat ... The Gulf storm caused
a 6-foot tide here [Anahuac, Mexico], but Anahuac is situated on a 25-foot
bank of Trinity Bay, hence no damage was done.  The wind reached a velocity
of perhaps 30 miles. ... The storm was only the second September storm of
this character of any consequence that reached the south Texas coast during
the last 45 years, the other having occurred in 1910.  The storm of 1919 was
by far the more violent of the two, and was probably the greatest of all 
Gulf storms ... The full force of the storm was experienced between 
Aransas Bay and the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the high tides resulted
in a toll of 183 dead and 174 missing" (MWR).  "Sep. 14, Estimated Lowest
Pressure 27.36" [for Dry Tortugas on the 10th], Tide Info - Corpus Christi 
16', Galveston 8.8', Aransas Pass 11.5', Brownsville 3.6', Port Isabel 8',
Sabine 8', Anahuac 10', La Porte 8.5', Carancahua 13', Ingleside 12', 
Velasco 10', Port O'Connor 13' " (Connor).  "Sep. 14, Landfall point of
27.2N, 97.3W, 950 mb Central Pressure, 35 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind"
(Ho et al.).  "1007 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.)  "Tropical 
Cyclones in Texas, Sep. 14, Corpus Christi, Extreme, 300-600 killed, 
damage $20,270,000" (Dunn and Miller).  "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 in 
FL Keys/S TX with 927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL, not TX) 
(Jarrell et al.)  "Landfall around 18 UTC on the 14th, 950 mb central
pressure, 35 nmi radius of maximum wind, 1010 mb ambient pressure, 
assumed that central pressure filled from 931 mb to 950 mb the six hours
before landfall, after landfall analyzed 977 mb around 00 UTC on the 15th
(Jarvinen et al.)

September 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 100.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 28N, 100.5W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a tropical depression at 28.2N, 100.2W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations suggest a center west of the HURDAT estimate.  Station 
highlights:  49 kt E at 14 UTC and 993 mb at 1140 UTC at Del Rio (OMR).

September 16:  HWM does not analyze a closed low, though a weak center
is near 31.5N 106W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

Genesis for this tropical cyclone was delayed by 12 hours consistent with
the poorly organized circulation exhibited by numerous observations
on the 2nd at 12 UTC.  Minor changes to the track were made on most days
in accordance with available observations.  The exception was the 2nd where a 
major shift to the east-northeast was introduced.  Decay of the tropical 
cyclone was delayed a day to account for a more intense system still in
existence on the 15th as well as a weak vortex apparent from observations on
the 16th.  Intensity from the 2nd to the 6th reduced significantly based
upon available observations, which also agrees with Monthly Weather Review 
analyses of a weak tropical cyclone during these dates.  Hurricane intensity
is analyzed to have been attained on the 7th (two days later than originally
shown in HURDAT).  A 998 mb peripheral pressure with 51 kt winds from Nassau 
at 01 UTC on the 8th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT, as it appears that
Nassau was on the outskirts of a large hurricane.  Winds are also retained
from 00 to 12 UTC on the 8th as the cyclone became a major hurricane. 
A 938 mb peripheral pressure (not eye) at 21 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of 
at least 120 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 125 kt chosen 
for HURDAT (up from 110 kt originally).  Three eye pressure measurements were 
observed near Dry Tortugas, Florida early on the 10th:  927, 930 and 932 mb.  
927 mb was selected by Jarrell et al. and is retained here for HURDAT, which 
suggests 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Ho's estimate 
of an RMW of 15 nmi is quite close to the 14 nmi for climatology for this
central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.).  Thus 130 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 10th, up from 115 kt originally.  This retains
the Category 4 assessment for the Florida Keys.  Because of the revised
definitions of the boundary between southwest and southeast Florida (BFL
and CFL, accordingly) and through an application of the simplified wind model 
in Schwerdt et al., Category 2 conditions are estimated to have occurred
in the Upper Keys and thus southeast Florida (CFL2).  As is typical, 
anemometers at Key West and Sand Key were rendered inoperable before the 
passage of peak winds and these only recorded at most Category 1 conditions.  

Three low pressure readings were observed from ships on the 12th - 944 mb at 
14 UTC, 948 mb at 21 UTC, and 942 mb at 22 UTC.  It is likely that the
944 and 942 mb values were central pressure readings and these are included
as such into HURDAT.  944 mb and 942 mb suggest winds of 118 and 116 kt,
respectively, from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new
Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship gives winds of 
111 and 113 kt, respectively.  110 kt is chosen for HURDAT late on the 12th 
and early on the 13th based upon these observations.  However, an eye reading 
of 931 mb was measured by ship on 04 UTC of the next day on the 13th.  This 
value suggests winds of 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
north of 25N suggests winds of 123 kt.  125 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT, up from 115 kt originally at 06 UTC on the 13th.  

The hurricane weakened significantly before landfall in Texas.  A likely 
central pressure reading of 950 mb on 15 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of 
110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Both Ho et al. 
and Jarvinen et al. accepted this value as a likely landfall pressure along 
with an RMW of about 35 nmi.  Climatological RMW for this latitude of landfall 
and central pressure is substantially smaller - 18 nmi (Vickery et al.).  This
would suggest that the maximum sustained winds were about 100 kt both
at 15 UTC at the ship report and at about 21 UTC at landfall in Texas.
The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N 
filling cyclones also analyzes about 101 kt.  100 kt at landfall represents 
a reduction in the analyzed Saffir-Simpson Category assigned to south Texas 
from a 4 down to a 3 (ATX3).  However, the wind speed in HURDAT at 18 UTC 
on the 14th right before landfall is adjusted upward sharply from 75 to 
100 kt in the reanalysis.  Application of the Schwerdt et al. idealized 
hurricane wind profile suggests that central Texas (BTX) should also be 
considered a Category 3 impact (BTX3), which is reasonable given 
the landfall position was very close to the boundary between south and 
central Texas coast.  Peak observed winds after landfall (within
plus/minus two hours of synoptic times) were 34 kt at San Antonio at 00 UTC 
on the 15th, 44 kt at San Antonio at 06 UTC, and 49 kt at Del Rio at 12 UTC.  
(These convert to 29, 37, and 41 kt, respectively, after accounting for the
high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind from
these peak 5 min values [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).
However, with the landfall between Corpus Christi and Brownsville and with
the anemometer at Corpus Christi becoming inoperable after 17 UTC, higher 
winds were quite likely present at 00 and 06 UTC on the 15th.  A run of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model suggests winds of 71, 49, and 
35 kt, for the same synoptic periods.  Given the low bias of the Kaplan
and DeMaria model for the 12 UTC time, winds after landfall are chosen to
be somewhat higher than the model:  75, 55 and 40 kt, respectively.

*****************************************************************************


1919/03 - 2008 REVISION:

22035 09/02/1919 M= 4  3 SNBR= 510 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22040 09/02*330 727  30    0*340 720  35    0*350 710  45    0*360 697  55    0
22041 09/03*370 684  65    0*380 672  75    0*390 660  85    0*400 650  85    0
22042 09/04*410 640  70    0*420 630  55    0*430 620  45    0*442 610  35    0
22043 09/05E455 600  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22110 HR

This is a new hurricane, previously documented in Tannehill (1938),
but not included in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and Tannehill (1938).

September 1:  HWM depicts stationary front just offshore the U.S. Atlantic
seaboard near the Carolinas, past New England, and extending northeast
south of Nova Scotia.  No closed low is shown.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a center on the morning of the 1st at 35.5N 73.5W.  Available
observations indicate that the frontal structure is accurate, but that
no closed circulation was likely present on this date.  No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a warm and cold frontal intersection near
40N 71W with the warm front extending eastward and the cold front
extending southward from the intersection, though with no closed low
indicated.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a center near 37.5N 72W 
around 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the cold frontal 
boundary to either be dissipating or non-existant.  Additionally, 
the center indicated in HWM appears to be too far to the north and
it was more likely to be centered near 35N 70W, though this is
uncertain due to lack of observations in the region.  No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered
near 41N 67W, with a warm front extending east of the center and a
cold front extending to the south.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed 
a position near 41N 69W with a 1013 mb pressure at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the cold front did not exist and that 
the cyclone's center was significantly southeast of the HWM and MWR 
positions.  Ship highlights:  70 kt and 977 mb at 17 UTC at 40N 64.5W
from the "City of Oran" (MWR);  50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 20 UTC at
39.7N 61.2W from "Zeppelin" (MWR).  MWR QUOTES ???
Tannehill (1938) showed a tropical cyclone occurring from 1 to 4 September
1919, forming west of Bermuda, recurving before striking the United
States, and clipping Newfoundland before dissipation.  No specific
daily positions were given with his track.

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered
over Newfoundland near 48N 55W with a dissipating stationary
front extending to the southwest back toward south of Nova Scotia
and an occluded front extending to the southeast attached to a
trailing cold front extending southwest toward Bermuda.  The MWR
Tracks of Lows analyzed a 12 UTC position at 44N 64.5W with 1000 mb
pressure.  Available observations indicate that there were two
separate low pressure centers, one near the HWM's position and
one near the MWR's position.  The tropical cyclone is the southwesternmost
system (MWR version), which is beginning to merge with the larger
extratropical low to its northeast.  The cold front, especially
the portion south of 40N, does not appear to exist in reality.  Station
highlights:  15 kt SE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 12 UTC (HWM).
Ship highlights:  25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 43N 59.5W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 5:  HWM indicates a large extratropical low centered near
52N 43W having a central pressure of at most 995 mb with an occluded
front extending east and south of the cyclone.  

Genesis for this cyclone is began around 00 UTC on the 2nd east of
the Carolinas with origins from an decaying stationary front.  Based
upon two separate ship reports on the 3rd, the cyclone quickly spun
up during the 3rd (and presumably late on the 2nd as well).  Both
wind and pressure from the "City of Oran" ship support this cyclone
reaching hurricane intensity on the 3rd and early on the 4th.  The 977 mb
peripheral pressure reading at 17 UTC on the 3rd (concurrent with 
estimated 70 kt of wind) suggest maximum winds of at least 76 kt 
from the northern pressure-wind relationship.  Given that the "City
of Oran"'s minimum pressure reading was observed during the peak
(hurricane force) winds, the central pressure was likely substantially
lower than 977 mb.  Thus an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12 
and 18 UTC on the 3rd, which may have been the peak for this cyclone.
A likely quick decay of the hurricane occurred as it moved north
of the Gulf Stream on the 4th.  A lowest pressure of 1000 mb was
observed at 12 UTC on the 4th (suggesting at least 49 kt from
the northern pressure-wind relationship), but environmental pressures
were low and no gales were observed on this date.  Intensity is estimated
to be 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th.  Absorption of the cyclone into a larger, 
developing extratropical storm occurred early on the 5th.

*****************************************************************************


1919/04 - 2008 REVISION:

22111 09/29/1919 M= 4  4 SNBR= 511 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22112 09/29*275 755  30    0*280 760  30    0*285 765  35    0*290 770  35    0
22113 09/30*295 776  35    0*300 782  40    0*305 790  40    0*309 800  40    0
22114 10/01*312 811  40    0*314 823  35    0*315 835  30    0*315 847  25    0
22114 10/02*315 860  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22114 TS                    

Landfall:
10/01/1919 - 01 UTC - 31.2N 81.3W  40 kt  GA

This is a new tropical storm, previously documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ but not included in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and the Original Monthly Records.

September 26:  HWM indicates a baroclinic storm system off the Carolina
coast with a trough extending southwestward over the Florida peninsula.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 22.5N, 69.5W.  However, available
observations suggest that no closed low yet exists.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 27:  HWM indicates a vigorous cold front had pushed through the
region and a portion of it was located near Bermuda to the northern
Bahamas.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 24N, 71W.  However,
available observations suggest that no closed low yet exists.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 28:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near
Bermuda toward the central Bahamas.  Temperatures on the poleward side
of the front (away from the United States' coast) were moderating.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 26N, 72W.  However, available 
observations are inconclusive as to whether a closed low exists by
this point.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

September 29:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near 
Bermuda toward the central Florida coast.  Temperatures had returned
to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of this
frontal boundary, though temperatures remained cool over the southeast
United States.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 27.5N, 74.5W.
The "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" indicates a
center at 29N, 74W.  Available observations suggest a center did exist and
was near 28.5N, 76.5W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE (and 78F) at 
32.8N, 75.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt N at 30.2N, 80W at 23 UTC (COA).
"Storm of September 29-October 1, 1919 - This was a tropical disturbance
which developed and moved nearly westward along the southern edge of a
belt of high pressure" (MWR).

September 30:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from north of
Bermuda to off the Georgia coast.  Temperatures over the ocean had
returned to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of 
this frontal boundary and it appears that the front was dissipating.
The MWR Tracks of Lows and the "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920,
and 1921" both show a center near 30.5N, 78.5W.  Available observations
suggest that the center is slightly west of these estimates.  Ship
highlights:  20 kt N (and 80F) and 1005 mb at 30.6N, 79.6W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 1:  HWM does not analyze a closed low, but available observations
suggest a center near 31.5N, 83.5W with no frontal boundary present.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center a 31.5N, 83.5W.  Station
highlights:  36 kt NE at 01 UTC and 1008 mb at 0040 UTC at Savannah (OMR).
"[It passed] inland south of Savannah, Ga., but lacked the energy of a
hurricane" (MWR).

October 2:  HWM and available observations indicate that the system had
dissipated by 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

This tropical storm had its origins along a frontal boundary from an early
vigorous polar air mass outbreak.  The front became stationary by the
28th and the cool air moderated during the next two days in the presence
of ocean temperatures in the low 80s F.  Despite the MWR Tracks of Lows
suggesting the formation of this system as early as the 26th, a definitive
closed low could not be analyzed until the 29th.  This is in agreement with
the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" with genesis
of the system on that date.  Because of the moderating of the cool air
on the poleward side of the front, the system is analyzed to form as
a tropical cyclone.  A 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests
winds of at least 38 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 
40 kt chosen for HURDAT.  This was also the peak intensity of the tropical
storm.  Based upon the Savannah observations, the system made landfall in 
Georgia south of the station around 01 UTC with maximum 1 min surface winds 
of around 40 kt.  The system dissipated early on the 2nd near the border
of Georgia and Alabama.  It is unclear why this system was included in
the three-year tropical cyclone MWR Summary article, yet was left out of
HURDAT and Neumann et al.  Perhaps the system was originally considered
too baroclinic or perhaps of not enough intensity.  However, analyses here
indicate that it had enough of both tropical characteristics and multiple
evidence of gale force winds to consider this system to be a tropical storm.
It is possible - for at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone -
that it was a subtropical storm.  However, this classification is not
officially utilized until the advent of satellite imagery.

*****************************************************************************


1919/05 - 2008 REVISION:

22115 11/11/1919 M= 4  3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22115 11/10/1919 M= 6  5 SNBR= 512 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
22118 11/10E320 585  30    0E310 593  30    0E300 600  35    0E291 607  35    0

22120 11/11*  0   0   0    0*274 595  40    0*279 611  40    0*281 625  40    0
22120 11/11E283 613  40    0E276 619  45    0E270 625  50    0E266 631  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22125 11/12*284 635  40    0*287 644  40    0*290 650  40    0*293 654  40    0
22125 11/12*263 638  60    0*261 644  60    0*260 650  60    0*263 656  60    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

22130 11/13*295 656  40    0*297 657  40    0*300 658  40    0*305 660  40    0
22130 11/13*270 662  55    0*277 665  55    0*280 664  50    0*280 658  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22135 11/14*314 659  40    0*326 653  40    0*340 640  30    0*351 615  30    0
22135 11/14*278 648  45    0*276 634  45    0*275 620  40    0*283 607  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
22137 11/15*290 595  35    0*295 585  35    0E300 575  30    0E307 565  30    0

22140 TS                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
previously storm #3.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.

November 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 62W
with a stationary front extending off to the east of the system.  Available
observations however do not confirm that a low pressure had yet formed.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 30.5N, 56W
with a warm front extending to the northeast of the system.  Available
observations suggest the center is southwest of HWM's estimate, however it
was difficult to know precisely because of sparse observations on 
the south side.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  (A 1002 mb ship report is discarded because of it being 
inconsistent with nearby ship reports.)

November 11:  HWM indicates a trough of low pressure south and east of
Bermuda with a stationary front placed within the trough east of Bermuda.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.9N, 61.1W at 12 UTC.
Available observations are able to close off a center southwest of
the HURDAT position, although the system does appear to still exhibit
extratropical characteristics.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ENE at 31.4N, 62.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).

November 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W
with a warm front extending east of the center.  However, it appears that
frontal boundary has minimal to no temperature contrast and that the
system may at this point be considered tropical (or hybrid) in nature.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29N, 65W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM position.  
Ship highlights:  60 kt E and 1007 mb "near Bermuda" around 12 UTC (MWR);  
25 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 24.5N, 69.5W at 05 UTC (COA).

November 13:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 25N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30N, 65.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a center near 28N, 66.5W.  Station 
highlights:  5 kt E and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at Bermuda (BER).

November 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 26N, 62W
with a cold front approaching from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34N, 64W at 12 UTC.  Available observations
suggest a center northwest of the HWM position, well south of the
HURDAT location.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  (A ship near Bermuda with 1003 mb was determined to be unreliable 
in comparison on this day and later days with other nearby ships.)

November 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 57W
with a stationary front extending northeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the system.  Available observations suggest a position just
south of HWM.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  (A ship east of Bermuda with 1004 mb was determined to be
unreliable in comparison to other nearby ships on this and other days.)

Genesis is begun one day earlier than HURDAT as an extratropical frontal
cyclone.  The system was likely still extratropical on the 11th based
upon available observations and this is now noted in HURDAT.  A peripheral
pressure of 1003 mb early on the 12th suggest winds of at least 43 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT, based
partially on this reading and also upon an observed 60 kt ship report.
60 kt is the new peak intensity of this system, up from 40 kt previously.
The track of the system is changed dramatically throughout its lifetime,
though there are enough observations to substantiate such changes.  In
particular, the cyclone's track is changed from recurving just west
of Bermuda on the 14th to moving south of Bermuda on the 14th ahead
of a strong cold front.  These changes now match the thrice daily 
observations from the Bermuda station.  An additional day at the end of 
the system's lifetime is added in along with a short transition to 
an extratropical system as the storm was being absorbed by a frontal 
boundary.  If this system were to occur today, it might be considered 
a subtropical storm rather than a tropical storm based upon the observed 
structure.

*****************************************************************************


1919 - Additional Notes:

1)  Historical Weather Maps indicate a low pressure area formed on the 
1st of June in the Caribbean just off the coast of Belize, then moved
across the Yucatan Peninsula and into the extreme southern region of the
Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd, before dissipating on the 3rd.  The storm may 
have reached tropical depression status (or even tropical storm 
intensity), but not enough data was available in HWM and COADS to 
determine if a closed circulation was present.  Highest winds observed
were only 20 kt on the 1st, but a low pressure of 1004 mb was observed at 
Belize on the 1st indicating maximum wind speeds of at least 39 kt 
through the southern pressure-wind relationship.  However, the low
environmental pressure at the time would suggest a lower wind than 
the 39 kt.  Due to a lack of confirmation of a closed low and a secondary 
observation suggesting gale force, this storm is not added to HURDAT but 
listed here as a possible tropical depression.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun.  1  17N  87W     Tropical Depression
Jun.  2  19N  93W     Tropical Depression 


2)  Historical Weather Maps indicate an extra-tropical low forming on 
June 13, off of a stationary front northwest of Bermuda. On the 14th 
the storm transitioned to tropical as the circulation became closed.  The 
system propagated to the southwest where it hovered just west of Bermuda 
for the next several days. The depression expanded during its existence
and became extra-tropical again on the 18th.  HWM and COADS indicate that
peak winds reached 25 kt and minimum pressure was 1010-1012 mb on the 
15th.  Data indicates that although a tropical depression status was 
probable, the system was not observed to reach tropical storm intensity 
and will thus not be added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun. 13  35N  66W     Extratropical
Jun. 14  33N  69W     Extratropical
Jun. 15  32N  72W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 16  32N  71W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 17  33N  70W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 18  35N  70W     Extratropical


3) The Monthly Weather Review indicated that a "tropical disturbance" passed
through the Windward Islands on the 8th of August, with a 4 mb pressure
drop at St. Lucia in 12 hours and a moderate sea swell from the south
felt late in the day at Roseau, Dominica.  The Historical Weather Map on
the 8th showed between 1.5 and 2.0" of rain at St. Lucia, Dominica and
Barbados with lowest pressure of 1008.5 mb at St. Lucia and strongest
winds of 20 kt, but no closed circulation present.  Mr. Michael Chenoweth
also provided the following from the _Barbados Agricultural Reporter_, 
9 August 1919 "Heavy weather was experienced here Thursday night [7th]; 
two ships ran aground.  Weather reports from region on 8 August - 
   Antigua 730am 30.00  930am 30.01 ene, occasional rain
   St. Kitts 9am 29.94 gusty ene
   Guadeloupe 10am 29.95 north, cloudy, rainy, sea white-capped
   Dominica 730am 29.87 east, gusty, heavy rain all night
   St. Lucia 7am 29.78 south, Thunderstorm and heavy rain
   St. Vincent 730am 29.96 south, sea rough, raining 
   Grenada 730am 29.93 heavy rain, high tides, calm"
The Monthly Weather Review further described advisories issued by the
U.S. Weather Bureau for the disturbance through the 11th as it moved
toward the west.  The data on the 8th is somewhat suggestive that a closed 
low near 13N 61W may have been present and that the system was a tropical
depression or tropical storm.  Other that that date, analyses of HWM, MWR and 
COADS data, no closed low for this system could be found, nor were there any 
observations of gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure).  (The
press report of two ships running aground in Barbados, however, might
be construed as evidence for tropical storm conditions.)  Because of
this lack of a clear cut closed low and no definitive gale force winds, this 
system is not added into HURDAT.  It is possible though that the
system did have a closed circulation and was briefly of tropical
storm intensity.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug.  8  13N  61W     Tropical Depression/Storm?
Aug.  9  --N  67W     Tropical Wave
Aug. 10  --N  73W     Tropical Wave


4)  The Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary front draped across
the southeastern US and over the Atlantic toward Bermuda on the 12th
of August.  On the 13th, a cyclone was centered near 36N 76W over
the North Carolina coast with a warm front extending southeast from
the center and a cold front extending south from the center.  The system
deepened to about 1004 mb according to the MWR Tracks of Centers of
Low Areas around 00 UTC on the 14th with the center just offshore,
near 38N 73W.  On the 14th, HWM depicts the system as beginning to
occlude near Nova Scotia.  The cyclone continued to move east-north
east in the next two days as it decayed over the Atlantic.  Peak 
observed winds from this cyclone over land were 53 kt at Cape Henry
and 49 kt at Block Island on the 13th and 14th, respectively.  Several 
ships also reported gale to storm force winds on these two dates as
well.  However, the cyclone appears to correctly be analyzed as
extratropical for the duration of its lifecycle.  There is the possibility
that the system was subtropical on the 13th, which is why it is 
included here.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 13  36N  76W     Extratropical Storm
Aug. 14  40N  70W     Extratropical Storm
Aug. 15  42N  66W     Extratropical Low - Occluded
Aug. 16  45N  57W     Extratropical Low - Occluded


5)  According to Historical Weather Maps a tropical depression formed off 
of western Africa on August 25th (and possibly earlier).  The system moved
to the west for a period of about two days before being lost in a data void
region. The depression reached its peak intensity on the 25th when observed 
winds reached 20 kt.  Minimum pressure observed was 1007 mb, which suggests
at least 31 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. No data was 
available to indicate gale force winds at any point though the ship data
was quite sparse from HWM and COADS, thus the system will not be added into 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 25  17N  27W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 26  17N  32W     Tropical Depression


6)  A tropical depression formed on September 9th in the region of 27N 
and 60W, according to Historical Weather Maps.  The depression strengthened
as it moved to the northwest on the 10th before curving back to the northeast. 
The system reached its point of maximum intensity on the 11th when NW winds of 
30 kt and minimum pressures of 1008 mb were observed at Bermuda (and a 24 hr
pressure drop of about 4 mb). The cyclone became extratropical on the 12th.  
No data were available to support classification of a tropical storm from
MWR, HWM, or COADS.  The system will be listed here as a strong tropical 
depression but will not be added into HURDAT due to a lack of observed
gale force winds.  However, it is quite possible that this cyclone did
become a tropical storm at some point in its lifetime.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep.  9  27N  60W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 10  27N  65W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 11  32N  63W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 12  37N  57W     Extratropical


7)  On the 13th of September, a trough west of the Azores pushed southward
and possibly formed a closed low according to Historical Weather Maps.  On 
the 14th, a closed low existed near 36N and 23W with one observed gale force 
wind.  The system was analyzed in HWM on the 14th to the 16th as being an 
occluding extratropical storm, though the temperature gradients present were 
quite weak with absolute temperatures in the low to mid 70F.  No gale force 
winds or equivalent in pressure were then observed from the 15th to the 18th, 
as the system remained just southeast of the Azores.  On the 19th a single 
ship reported multiple gale force winds (up to 45 kt) and low pressures 
(down to 1007 mb).  However, comparison with other ships indicates a high 
bias in winds and low bias in pressure, making these readings suspect.  On 
the 20th the system was absorbed by a frontal boundary is it approached the 
coast of Spain.  The system is not included into HURDAT because of the lack 
of two independent reliable gale force wind observations and also because 
of uncertainty in the structure of the system (extratropical versus tropical 
cyclone).

DAY      LAT  LON    STATUS
Sep. 14  36N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 15  35N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 16  34N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 17  32N  22W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 18  34N  20W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 19  36N  15W    Extratropical Storm (?)
				

8)  Historical Weather Maps show that on the 13th and 14th of November
a strong cold front pushed through Florida.  A strong high to the
northeast of Florida continued to advect cold air across the state
and adjacent waters on the 15th and 16th.  On the 17th, a weak low
was analyzed over the central Bahamas.  On the 18th, a low deeper
than 1000 mb was depicted east of Jacksonville not attached to
any frontal features.  By the 19th, the cyclone  - centered halfway
between the Carolinas and Bermuda - was beginning to be absorbed by a larger 
extratropical low and it was analyzed to have a cold to the south
extending from the center.  The system did produce numerous gale
force winds over water on the 18th and 19th.  However, contratry to
the HWM depiction, the system appears to have been baroclinic throughout
its lifetime.  It is possible, but not likely, that it was subtropical
on the 17th and 18th.

DAY      LAT  LON    STATUS
Nov. 17  23N  78W    Extratropical Low
Nov. 18  29N  77W    Extratropical Storm
Nov. 19  33N  71W    Extratropical Storm
Nov. 20  ----------  Absorbed by larger extratropical storm

********************************************************************************



1920/01 - 2008 REVISION:

22145 09/07/1920 M=10  1 SNBR= 513 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22150 09/07*111 361  35    0*115 378  35    0*120 390  35    0*127 401  35    0
22150 09/07*111 366  35    0*115 378  35    0*120 390  35    0*127 401  35    0
                ***                                                 

22155 09/08*134 411  35    0*141 421  40    0*148 430  40    0*155 439  45    0
22155 09/08*134 411  35    0*141 421  40    0*148 430  40    0*154 440  45    0
                                                               *** ***

22160 09/09*163 447  50    0*170 456  55    0*178 464  60    0*187 472  65    0
22160 09/09*161 450  50    0*168 460  55    0*175 470  60    0*183 480  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22165 09/10*196 480  70    0*206 488  75    0*215 494  75    0*223 499  80    0
22165 09/10*192 490  70    0*201 500  75    0*210 508  75    0*219 515  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22170 09/11*230 503  80    0*237 507  85    0*246 510  85    0*256 514  85    0
22170 09/11*228 518  80    0*237 519  85    0*246 520  85    0*256 521  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

22175 09/12*267 517  90    0*278 520  95    0*290 522  95    0*302 520  95    0
22175 09/12*267 522  90    0*278 523  95    0*290 522  95    0*302 519  95    0
                ***              ***                               ***  

22180 09/13*314 517  95    0*326 511  95    0*338 503  95    0*350 494  90    0
22180 09/13*313 514  90    0*324 508  90    0*335 500  85    0*346 491  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22185 09/14*363 482  90    0E376 467  90    0E388 450  85    0E398 430  80    0
22185 09/14*358 481  80    0*369 470  80    0*380 455  75    0*390 435  70    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22190 09/15E405 406  70    0E410 379  65    0E414 350  55    0E418 319  50    0
22190 09/15E399 410  60    0E407 382  50    0E414 350  45    0E418 319  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

22195 09/16E420 285  45    0E421 249  40    0E420 210  35    0E419 172  35    0
22195 09/16E420 285  35    0E421 249  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22200 HR                    

Minor track changes and mostly downward minor alterations of intensity 
originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS 
ship database, ship observations from the SS Hammershus provided by NCDC, 
Monthly Weather Review, and the Historical Weather Map series. 

September 7:  HURDAT lists this as a minimal tropical storm near 12N, 39W. 
HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Very sparse data were in 
the area of the cyclone, therefore no changes were made to either the position 
or the intensity.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 8:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Still 
little to no data to support any changes, so current position of 14.8N, 43W 
and intensity of 40 kt based on HURDAT remains unchanged.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 9:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 46.4W. Slight 
southwestward adjustment of position to 17.5N, 47W is based on rather 
dramatic changes made on the next day.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

September 10:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
position is 21.5N, 49.4W and 75 kt intensity.  Wind direction observations 
indicate that the storm passed very slightly to the east of the ship.  Rather 
large westward shift in track to 21N, 50.8W based on the cyclone's close 
approach to the ship. Ship highlight:  70 kt NNE and 985 mb from the
ship Hammershus at 20.2N, 50.7W at 10 UTC (NCDC). 

September 11:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
indicates a Category 2 hurricane located near 24.6N, 51.0W. Position 
has been shifted slightly to the west to account for the changes made 
the day before. New position is 24.6N, 52W, although there is little data 
in the immediate vicinity of the storm on this date.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a cold front approaching the hurricane from the northwest.  HURDAT
listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.0N, 52.2W.  No changes are
made to the position as there is still very little data to utilize.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 13:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a stationary front analyzed just north of the hurricane.  HURDAT 
lists the system at 33.8N, 50.3W as a Category 2 hurricane.  Position is 
shifted slightly southeast to 33.5N, 50W based on ship data to the northeast 
and west of the storm.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 14:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low and
a stationary front is depicted the region lying west to east-northeast. 
HURDAT listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 38.8N, 45W and is 
adjusted lightly southwest to 38N, 45.5W based on COADS and HWM data.  
HURDAT shows that the storm has become extratropical as of 06Z, but COADS 
data suggest that it is still tropical and not yet baroclinic based on 
the stationary front being 2-3 degrees north of the system. Winds to the 
north of the system are not cyclonic, so the cyclone is appears to have 
a small wind field. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE-NNW and 999 mb at 36.3N, 45.1W 
at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 37.7N, 45W (COA).  "On the [14th]
heavy weather was also encountered in southern waters" (MWR).

September 15:  Cyclone is analyzed in HWM to be an extratropical cyclone
of at most 1020 mb at 41.5N, 35.5W with a warm front extending to the east 
and a cold front extending to the southwest.  HURDAT listed the system as an
extratropical storm at 41.4N, 35W.  The position will remain unchanged.  No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16:  HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1015 mb at
42N, 22W with a warm front extending southeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the low.  HURDAT listed the system as an extratropical storm
at 42N, 21W.  However, available observations indicated that the system
had dissipated by 12 UTC, since no closed circulation was present despite
numerous observations.  Numerous gale force winds were present in the
northwesterly flow behind the front. 

No changes to the genesis of this hurricane, except to adjust the initial
position for allow for a more realistic translational speed.  Minor
track changes based upon available observations were also made for most
of the system's lifetime.  A peripheral pressure of 985 mb on the 10th
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship
- 75 kt retained in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC.  Peak intensity of 95 kt
is retained, though there are only sparse observations available 
around the 12th.  Intensity is reduced moderately on the 13th through 
the 16th, as system weakened quicker than originally shown in HURDAT.  
Transition to extratropical is determined to have occurred early on the 15th, 
rather than on the 14th as the front did not overtake the hurricane until 
that point in time.  System dissipated by 12 UTC on the 16th, twelve hours 
early than HURDAT indicated, as the circulation was absorbed within a strong 
frontal boundary.

********************************************************************************


1920/02 - 2008 REVISION:

22205 09/16/1920 M= 8  2 SNBR= 514 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
22210 09/16*  0   0   0    0*122 765  35    0*124 770  35    0*125 780  35    0
22210 09/16*  0   0   0    0*117 765  30    0*120 775  30    0*124 786  30    0
                             ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22215 09/17*127 790  35    0*130 800  35    0*133 808  35    0*137 816  35    0
22215 09/17*129 797  30    0*133 807  30    0*137 815  30    0*141 823  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22220 09/18*141 823  35    0*146 830  35    0*152 837  35    0*159 844  35    0
22220 09/18*145 831  30    0*149 838  30    0*152 845  30    0*155 852  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22225 09/19*166 851  35    0*173 857  35    0*180 863  40    0*187 868  40    0
22225 09/19*159 859  35    0*164 865  35    0*170 870  40    0*178 873  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

22230 09/20*195 873  45    0*203 877  45    0*212 882  50    0*223 887  50    0
22230 09/20*188 876  45    0*200 879  40    0*212 882  35    0*224 885  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

22235 09/21*235 891  55    0*249 895  60    0*264 900  65    0*279 905  75    0
22235 09/21*236 888  55  999*248 891  65    0*260 895  70    0*274 901  75    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

22240 09/22*294 910  90  982*309 917  65  987*322 926  45    0*340 932  35    0
22240 09/22*289 907  85  975*305 916  60  986*322 926  40    0*340 934  30    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***          **          ***  **

22245 09/23*355 938  30    0*382 948  25    0*410 950  20    0*  0   0   0    0
22245 09/23*360 941  30    0*382 948  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***                           *** ***  **

22250 HR LA2                

Landfall:
9/22 01 UTC  29.1N 90.8W  85 kt  975 mb  LA2

Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. 
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992), 

September 15:	No evidence of a closed low on HWM, though available
observations suggest a trough was located in the central Caribbean.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16:	HWM indicated a closed sub-1005 mb low centered near 
11.5N, 77.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12.4N, 77W
at 12 UTC. Position is adjusted to the southwest to near 12N, 77.5W.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 17:	HWM continues to indicate a sub-1005 mb closed low centered
near 14N, 81.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 80.8W
at 12 UTC.  The position is adjusted to the northwest from 13.7N, 81.5W 
based on available HWM and COADS observations.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Storm of September 17-22, 1920 - 
This storm developed in the vicinity of the Swan Islands" (MWR).

September 18:	HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.5N, 86W in
the Gulf of Honduras.  HURDAT this the system as a tropical storm at 
15.2N, 83.7W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua.  The MWR 
"Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at
14.5N, 83.5W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua.  The 
position is shifted west of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The tropical storms ... appeared
in the Caribbean Sea September 18" (MWR).

September 19:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 18N, 86.3W.  The MWR "Summary 
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 17.5N, 86W.
HURDAT.  Available observations suggest a center southwest of the HURDAT
estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"[The storm] moved north-northwestward with increasing intensity, but
retaining its small diameter" (MWR).

September 20:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
over the Yucatan of Mexico near 21N, 89.5W.  HURDAT shows it a tropical 
storm located at 21.2N, 88.2W overland near the northern coast of the 
Yucatan peninsula.  The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position
near 20.5N, 88.5W.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 
1921" shows the storm at 20N, 88W.  No changes are made to the HURDAT
position.  Ship highlight:  30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 22.7N, 87W at 22 UTC
(COA).  "...crossed the Gulf of Mexico during the 19th and 20th" (MWR).

September 21:  HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 995 mb.
HURDAT shows a Category 1 hurricane located at 26.4N, 90W.  The MWR "Tracks 
of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 26N, 90W.  The MWR "Summary of 
the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 24.5N, 89.5W.  
Available observations indicate a position south and east of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  60 kt N and 1002 mb at 23.5N, 89.9W at 02 UTC
(NCDC);  999 mb and calm (eye) at 23.7N, 88.8W at 03 UTC (NCDC);  70 kt
E-SSW and 991 mb at 25.8N, 88.8W at 13 UTC (MWR);  70 kt ESE and 986 mb
at 28.3N, 89.2W at 23 UTC (NCDC).  

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
inland over Louisiana.  HURDAT has the system inland as well at 12Z at 
32.2N, 92.6W as a tropical storm.  The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" 
shows a position near 32N, 92.5W.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 
1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 31.5N, 91.5W.  No changes are made
to HURDAT's position.  Ship highlight:  70 kt at 29.2N, 90W at 0145 UTC
(NCDC).  Station highlights:  40 kt SE and 1005 mb at New Orleans at 02 UTC
(OMR);  982 mb at Houma at 0315 UTC (MWR);  986 mb (eye?) at Bayou Goala
at 0530 UTC (MWR).  Landfall point at 29.2N, 90.6W, RMW of 28 nmi, 982 mb at 
Houma accepted as central pressure after landfall, 980 mb central pressure 
estimated at landfall (Ho et al.).  Estimated maximum 1 min surface winds at 
the coast of 80 kt (Schwerdt et al.).  Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound had 
tides of 5-6 ft while Biloxi reported tides of 5.4 ft.   Outer closed isobar 
- 1011 mb.  Estimated minimum central pressure (and in this case at landfall) 
- 975 mb (Connor).  Hurricane listed as 975 mb and Category 2 impact in 
Louisiana (Jarrell et al.)  One person was killed and damage is estimated 
at $1.45 million (Dunn and Miller).   "The lowest pressure, 28.99, was
reported from Houma, La., about 30 miles inland from the nearest coast line
at 10:15 p.m. on September 21st; the next lowest was 29.09 at 11:20 pm.m at
Morgan City, La., 10 miles to the north and 30 miles to the west of Houma.
The next lowest was 29.13 at Bayou Goula, La., at 12:30 a.m. of the 22nd,
80 miles from the coast.  The topographical and physical features of the
country for 50 miles from the coast are such that the hurricane, while
traversing the area, retained the characteristics which it had in the open
Gulf, and the wind and pressure conditions at Grand Isle, Morgan City, and
Houma, represent the full intensity of the storm...Moderate gales occurred
at New Orleans and Burrwood, the only regular Weather Bureau stations with
self-recording instruments directly in the hurricane proper...Hurricane
winds occurred in Jefferson, Lafourche, Terrebonne, and St. Charles Parishes
and destructive gales occurred in St. John, Ascension, and Iberville
Parishes...At Morgan City the wind changed from northeast to northwest at
10:30 p.m., then calmed down shortly afterwards came up light from the
southwest.  The lowest barometer occurred at 11:30 p.m., during the period
in the lull in the wind.  This indicates that the center of the storm passed
nearly over Morgan City, and that the exact center of the storm passed to
the right of that place.  No severe winds occurred at Morgan City, but a
few miles to the right of that place the wind was of hurricane force...
The storm moved inland over the central and east Louisiana and the Mississippi
coasts.  The center of the cyclonic area advanced northward in Louisiana
along a line running close to longitude 91 degrees, and the calm area of
the center passed partly over Morgan City, La., and then northward over the
interior into Iberville Parish near Bayou Goula...[The] two hours' time 
intervened between the time of the lowest barometer at Houma and its 
occurrence at Burnside and Bayou Goula, which shows the storm advanced with
a speed of 25 miles an hour, an unusually rapid movement for a tropical
cyclone in this region...Damage was confined mainly to railroad, telegraph,
and telephone systems, the losses sustained by these interested being
estimated at $750,000...Damage to rice and sugar cane was confined mainly
to Terrebonne, Lafourche, Palquemine, and Jefferson Parishes.  The total
damage to crops is estimated at about $700,000.  Only one death was reported
and that as a result of an electric wire which had been broken down by the
wind at New Orleans...This storm came in at low tide [so] the damage along
the coast was not so great as it would have been if the storm had moved
inland in the forenoon" (MWR).

September 23:	HWM shows the system having dissipated by 12 UTC.  The MWR
"Tracks of the Centers of Lows" had the system at 12Z near 41N, 95.7W. 
HURDAT listed the as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 41N, 95W.  Based
upon available observations, the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed this day.

No changes are made to the genesis of this system, except to delay its
intensification to a tropical storm until the 19th when it reached the
Gulf of Honduras.  The original HURDAT unrealistically showed no weakening
at all of the system during its transit over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Here
we bring it down to a minimal tropical storm on the 20th, before
re-emerging over the Gulf of Mexico.  A 999 mb central pressure value
at 03 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt at 00 UTC and 60 kt at 06 UTC retained
due to 60 kt observed winds at 02 UTC.  A 986 mb peripheral pressure 
measurement at 23 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of at least 68 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Ho et al.'s suggestion of
a 980 mb central pressure at landfall in Louisiana was based upon assuming
that the value of 982 mb at Houma was a central pressure, which it was
not based upon the analysis shown in Monthly Weather Review (see Fig. 1
on page 521).  Instead the Connor (and Jarrell et al.) central pressure
reading of 975 mb appears to be more reasonable, given the close passage
(but not eye passage) of this hurricane to Houma.  The 982 mb central
pressure value shown in HURDAT is thus replaced with 975 mb for the 00 UTC
22nd synoptic time.  Landfall location is estimated to have occurred near 
29.1N, 90.8W around 01 UTC on the 22nd, which is close to where the original
HURDAT had it making landfall though a couple hours later in time. 
975 mb at landfall suggests winds of 83 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship suggests winds of 79 kt and 82 kt for intensifying cyclones
(which this was based upon deepening from 999 mb 24 hours before).  Given
the near climatological value of RMW (28 nmi observed versus 23 nmi 
climatology - Vickery et al.) and a fast translational speed (18 kt), a slight
increase in estimated maximum sustained winds is analyzed at landfall:  85 kt.
This value is a small downward adjustment (from 90 kt) from that originally 
in HURDAT, though it still retains this system as a Category 2 hurricane for 
Louisiana.  Highest 
observed station winds at landfall were only 40 kt at New Orleans, due to 
the distance of the hurricane's landfall to the Weather Bureau stations.
Peak observed winds after landfall were less than gale force.  Bayou
Goula had a minimum pressure reading that was likely a central
pressure measurement with 986 mb at 0530 UTC.  This would suggest winds
of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen
for HURDAT due to inland location and exposure (down from 65 kt originally).
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 58 kt at 06 UTC
on the 22nd, 42 kt at 12 UTC, and 30 kt at 18 UTC.  Winds for HURDAT are
chosen at 60 kt, 40 kt and 30 kt, respectively, which is down slightly from
that originally in HURDAT.  Dissipation of the system is moved ahead by 
six hours, with a last position as a tropical depression at 06 UTC on the 
23rd based upon numerous land-based stations.

********************************************************************************


1920/03 - 2008 REVISION:

22255 09/20/1920 M= 4  3 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
22255 09/19/1920 M= 6  3 SNBR= 515 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***                        *

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
22257 09/19*  0   0   0    0*304 768  25    0*305 765  30    0*306 762  30    0

22260 09/20*  0   0   0    0*298 735  50    0*302 738  50    0*304 740  50    0
22260 09/20*307 759  30    0*308 757  30    0*307 755  35    0*305 754  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22265 09/21*307 743  50    0*311 748  50    0*313 750  55    0*315 752  55    0
22265 09/21*300 753  35    0*296 754  40    0*295 755  45    0*296 757  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22270 09/22*317 754  60    0*321 759  65    0*325 764  65    0*330 770  70    0
22270 09/22*299 759  55    0*304 761  60    0*310 764  70    0*318 769  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

22275 09/23*337 778  65    0*344 788  55    0*352 798  30    0*358 808  25    0
22275 09/23*327 775  65    0*337 782  55    0*348 790  35    0*359 799  30    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
22277 09/24*370 810  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

22280 HR NC1                
22280 HR
         ***

Landfall:
9/23 07 UTC  33.9N 78.3W  55kt  NC

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

September 19:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. Tail 
end of a weakening stationary frontal boundary is located near 27N, 77W. 
HURDAT does not initiate the system until 06Z on the 20th.  Center appears 
to be located near 30.5N, 76.5W.  No gale force winds were reported on this 
date. 

September 20:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 29N, 76W, at the tail end of the stationary front. 
Temperature differences on either side of the front are minimal, so the front 
had likely dissipated by this point. MWR summary map has the low at 
30.5N, 74.5W.  HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 30.2N, 73.8W. Wind 
field is somewhat asymmetric (oriented southwest-northeast) so it may be
a hybrid system.  A center is analyzed to be near 30.7N, 75.5W.  No gales 
were reported on this date.  "Storm of September 20-23, 1920 - This storm...
developed off the South Atlantic coast in an area of low barometer which
had stagnated there" (MWR).  

September 21:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low.  A 
stationary front is still analyzed to be near 30N, 75W and extending off to
the east-northeast, although near the system's center the temperature 
gradient appears to be quite weak.  MWR summary map has the low at 31.5N, 76W. 
HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 31.3N, 75.0W.  Storm still appears 
to be hybrid as the wind field remains asymmetric.  Ship highlight:  35 kt 
NE and 1018 mb at 32.3N, 77.9W at 11 UTC (COA);  35 kt NE and 1017 mb at
33.3N, 76.6W at 23 UTC (COA);  25 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 30.9N, 74.5W at
12 UTC (COA).  Available observations suggest a revised position of 
29.5N, 75.5W.

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low and 
the front is now analyzed as dissipating near 30N, 75W and extending 
eastward. MWR summary map shows the storm near 33N, 77W. HURDAT has 
a Category 1 hurricane at 32.5N, 76.4W. Wind field appears to have become
symmetric, though quite small in areal extent.  Available observations 
indicate a center at 31N, 76.4W.  Ship highlight: 70 kt N at unknown time/
position (MWR).  "The S. S. Louisiana encountered this storm off the 
Carolina coast on the 22d and estimated the velocity of the wind at
90 miles per hour and from the north" (MWR).

September 23:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1015 mb located inland over South Carolina near 34N, 80W. MWR summary map 
has the storm positioned near 34.5N, 79W.  HURDAT has the system as a tropical
depression at 35.2N, 79.8W.  Interpolating the HURDAT positions suggests a
landfall around 03Z just north of the NC/SC border. MWR summary map has 
a similar landfall position.  Ship highlight:  63 kt at 33.7N, 77.8W around
06 UTC (MWR).  No land-based gales or low pressures were observed.  (Peak
station observations were 28 kt NE at Wilmington at 22 UTC on the 22nd.)  A new 
center position is estimated to be at 12Z is 34.8N, 80.2W, southeastward of
the original HURDAT.  North Carolina - Minimal, Damage Slight (Dunn and 
Miller).  North Carolina Category 1 hurricane with no estimated central
pressure (Jarvinen et al. 1992).  "The second disturbance of a tropical 
nature passed inland over North Carolina during the night of the 22d; it
was of small diameter but of moderate intensity ... It is reported to have
caused a gale of 72 miles per hour at the mouth of the Cape Fear River
during the night of the 22d, carrying the light ship several miles
west of its position where anchored ... This disturbance, of considerable
intensity but apparently of very small diameter, passed inland near and
west of the mouth of the Cape Fear River during the night of the 22d...
No low barometer readings were recorded at Weather Bureau stations in 
the vicinity because of the extremely small diameter of the storm" (MWR).

September 24:  System has dissipated by 12 UTC according to all available
observations and analyses.	

Genesis for this system is begun on the 19th, a day earlier than originally
shown in HURDAT based upon numerous ship and coastal observations showing
a closed low.  Intensity is started as a tropical depression and maintained
until 06 UTC on the 20th.  Intensity reduced moderately from the 20th to 
early on the 22nd based upon numerous ship measurements near the center.
The system did attain hurricane force intensity briefly based upon marine
observations on the 22nd from the ship S. S. Louisiana.  The cyclone
may have reached its peak intensity - estimated to be 75 kt - late on 
the 22nd, based upon this ship's observations.  The 63 kt anemometer 
measurement from the lightship off of Cape Fear adjusts to 52 kt 1 min 
wind after converting from 5 min to 1 min and also correcting
for the high bias of the instrument - Fergusson and Covert 1924, Powell 
et al. 1996.  It is of note that Ho et al. (1987) do not include this
system as a U.S. hurricane, implying (by their criterion) a central pressure
higher than 982 mb.  This small system is analyzed to have weakened to below
hurricane force at landfall based upon very low winds, high pressures and
extremely minor impacts in Wilmington (which should have been close to the 
radius of maximum winds on the right front quadrant of the system) and 
elsewhere in North Carolina.  A reduced intensity of the system is consistent
with the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Lows, which did not even provide
a track for this system, and the Historical Weather Map series, which
did not analyze a closed low on the 21st and 22nd.  The impact of this
system was so slight that it did not warrant inclusion in the comprehensive
North Carolina hurricane history by Barnes.  Landfall intensity is thus
estimated to be 55 kt around 07 UTC on the 23rd near 33.9N, 78.3W.  The system
is analyzed to have existed until early on the 24th as a tropical depression,
six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


1920/04 - 2008 REVISION:

22281 09/23/1920 M= 5  4 SNBR= 516 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22282 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*325 570  30    0*328 569  30    0
22282 09/24*331 568  35    0*334 567  35    0*335 565  40    0*335 563  40    0
22282 09/25*335 561  40    0*335 558  40    0*335 555  40    0*333 552  40    0
22282 09/26*330 549  40    0*327 545  40    0*325 540  40    0*325 532  40    0
22282 09/27*326 522  35    0*328 511  35    0*330 500  30    0E334 488  25    0
22283 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. 
Stationary frontal boundary is located in the North Central Atlantic along
33N. System is baroclinic in nature since the front still exists, and 
is not added to HURDAT for this date. No gales were reported. 

September 23:	HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb on the tail end of the stationary frontal boundary. The low 
is estimated by HWM to be near 32.5N, 57W. The frontal boundary is beginning 
to dissipate so the system is transitioning to (or is) a tropical cyclone. 
No gales reported on this date.

September 24:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 33N, 54W.  The stationary front appears to have 
dissipated in the vicinity of the low, so the system is now considered 
fully tropical.  Based upon available ship observations, the center appears 
to be a little farther west, near 33.5N, 56.5W.  Ship highlight: 35 kts E 
and 1016 mb at 37.1N, 55.8W 12 UTC (COA). 

September 25:	HWM isobaric analysis shows an elongated closed low of no 
more than 1010 mb near 32N, 55W.  Another cold front around 40N is approaching 
the system from the north.  Based upon available ship observations, the
center appears to be north-northwest of the HWM estimate.  Ship highlights:  
35 kts SW at four separate times near 33N, 54W (COA).  

September 26:	HWM isobaric analysis continues to indicate a closed low of 
no more than 1010 mb near 35N, 52.5W.  The cold front continues to approach 
the storm and is now along 39N.  Based upon available ship observations, 
the center position estimate is southwest near 32.5N, 54W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt WSW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 04 UTC
(COA). 

September 27:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a more elongated closed low 
near 34N, 46W with no more than a 1010 mb pressure. The cold front is 
analyzed to be along 39N at the longitude of the storm, but given 
the temperature readings it seems to actually be farther south, near 37N. 
HWM estimate appears to be too far east so the center position estimate 
is 33N, 50W. There were no gales reported on this day, although the data 
was more sparse on this day than on others. 

September 28:	Low is no longer discernible on HWM by either isobaric 
analysis or wind observations. Cold front is now located near 30N, so the 
storm has been likely absorbed by it. 

This is a new tropical storm that is being added to HURDAT. The system 
began as a weak low along a decaying stationary frontal boundary in the North 
Atlantic Ocean.  By late on the 23rd or early on the 24th, the front 
dissipated in the vicinity of the system and the low is analyzed to have
become a tropical depression by 12 UTC on the 23rd and a tropical storm
by 00 UTC on the 24th.  Observations suggest that it peaked at only a
minimal tropical storm status with estimated 40 kt winds from late on 
the 24th until late on the 26th.  The system weakened to a tropical depression
on 27th and was absorbed by an approaching cold front by 18 UTC.

********************************************************************************


1920/05 - 2008 REVISION:

22285 09/25/1920 M= 6  4 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22285 09/25/1920 M= 6  5 SNBR= 517 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

22290 09/25*  0   0   0    0*250 833  35    0*248 837  35    0*247 840  35    0
22290 09/25*  0   0   0    0*250 830  25    0*250 837  25    0*251 844  25    0
                                 ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      

22295 09/26*245 842  35    0*243 846  35    0*242 849  35    0*241 856  35    0
22295 09/26*253 852  25    0*254 859  25    0*255 865  30    0*255 870  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22300 09/27*241 863  35    0*241 869  40    0*242 876  40    0*243 879  45    0
22300 09/27*254 874  30    0*253 877  30    0*252 880  35    0*251 883  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22305 09/28*244 882  50    0*246 885  50    0*248 887  55    0*250 889  60    0
22305 09/28*250 885  40    0*249 886  40    0*248 887  45    0*249 888  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

22310 09/29*253 890  65    0*257 890  70    0*261 889  70    0*267 883  70    0
22310 09/29*251 889  55    0*254 890  60    0*258 889  70    0*264 883  75    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***              ***      **

22315 09/30*277 865  65    0*289 840  55    0*303 810  35    0*311 780  20    0
22315 09/30*272 868  65    0*282 844  55    0E295 815  45    0E311 780  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **     *         **

22320 HR                    

Landfall:  
9/30 09 UTC  28.9N 82.9W  55 kt  FL

Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Kasper et al. (1998).

September 25:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 25.5N, 83W. HURDAT list the system as a tropical storm
at 24.8N, 83.7W.  While somewhat ambiguous whether a closed circulation
existed, a center may have been just north of the HURDAT postion.
No gales were reported on the 25th. 

September 26:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1005 mb near 25.5N, 86.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the center near 
26N, 88W and stationary. The MWR summary track has it farther south near 
23.5N, 85W.  HURDAT has the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 84.9W. 
Analysis of wind field does indicates a closed, but ill-defined depression near 
25.5N, 86.5W. No gales or equivalent pressures were reported on this day. 
"Storm of September 26-30, 1920 - The first evidences of this disturbance
were noted on the morning of the 26th over the eastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 27:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 25N, 88W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the storm at 
25.5N, 88W, while the MWR summary map shows it at 24N, 86.5W. HURDAT listed
the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 87.6W. Center is becoming better 
defined based on wind analysis and the position is adjusted northwest to 
25.2N, 88W.  No gales were reported on this day.  

September 28:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1005 mb located at 23.5N, 89.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows keeps the center near 
26N, 88W, while the MWR summary map has it located near 25N, 88W. HURDAT 
position is 24.8N, 88.7W as a tropical storm.  Despite the lack of 
observations on the west side of the storm, the wind field appears to be 
becoming more distinct. The center is kept at the HURDAT position.
Ship highlight:  35 kt E at 26.8N, 88.3W at 12 UTC (COA).   "On the 28th
it cam under the influence of a rapidly developing trough of low pressure,
recurved, and moved rapidly northeast" (MWR).

September 29:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1000 mb located near 24.5N, 88W. A cold front is located in the southern 
United States about 50 miles from the Gulf Coast and moving southward. MWR 
Tracks of Lows has the storm located at 27.5N, 87W. MWR summary map has the 
storm near 26N, 88.5W. HURDAT has the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
26.1N, 88.9W.  The HWM position appears to be farther south than the actual 
center, and the monthly Tracks of Lows position appears to be too far to 
the north.  The revised location of the storm is 25.8N, 88.9W.  Ship 
highlights:  70 kt NNE and 990 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 21 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNE 
and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 22 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 987 mb at 
26.7N, 88.6W at 23 UTC (NCDC).  "[This storm] did not reach hurricane force
until the morning of the 29th.  This disturbance was very violent, and
among the vessels lost were the American S. S. Speedwell and the American
schooner Three Mary's, while a large number of casualties were also
reported" (MWR). 

September 30:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
995 mb located on the west coast of Florida just southeast of Tampa near 
27N, 82W. A cold front is analyzed to be extending from the northern Gulf of 
Mexico at 27N, 90W, through the southeast United States and up the Eastern 
Seaboard. The MWR monthly Tracks of Lows position is off of the east coast of 
Florida near 31N, 80.5W. The MWR summary map position is inland just south 
of Jacksonville near 29.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT places the center at 30.3N, 81.0W 
which is just east of Jacksonville as a tropical storm.  Temperature 
observations suggest that the front analyzed on the HWM is farther south 
than depicted, likely reaching Tampa at 12 UTC. Also, Jacksonville had 
a minimum pressure at 1030 UTC, nearly two hours earlier than Tampa. This 
suggests that the low had merged with the front and complex extratropical
system by 12 UTC and that the ill-defined center is elongated SW-NE at a 
position farther north than given in HWM. The adjusted 12 UTC position is near 
29.5N, 89.5W, in line with what is shown in the MWR summary map. Ship 
highlights: 50 kt NNE and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 00 UTC (NCDC);  50 kt 
NNE and 1001 mb at 27.3N, 84.8W at 03 UTC (MWR);  50 kt SSE-SW and 996 mb at
28N, 84W at 0730 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  49 kt SSE at Egmont Key
at 0630 UTC (OMR);  25 kt N and 998 mb (minimum pressure) at Tampa
at 1210 UTC (OMR);  998 mb at Jacksonville at 1030 UTC (minimum pressure).
"But in crossing Florida it lost its identity as a hurricane, and on the
morning of the 30th could not be separately identified in the general
rough formation which covered the Atlantic coast region.  This large and
elongated disturbance developed into a severe coast storm, which should not,
however, be confused with the original hurricane.  In fact, there is some
doubt whether the Gulf disturbance was ever a true hurricane.  The heavy
north winds which occurred over the Gulf on the 30th, long after the
passage of the storm center, were due to the steep-pressure gradient formed 
as a great HIGH moved down from the northwest in the rear of the trough ...
Gales occurred, however, from Key West northward during the night of the
29th and early on the 30th.  And considerable damage was done along the
west coast from about Fort Myers northward to St. Marks.  High tides, salt
spray, and high winds inundated low lands on the immediate coast, and
heavy rains flooded fields more inland, where truck and fruit suffered to
a considerable extent.  As the result of a prostrated wire one person was
killed at St. Petersburg.  A yacht was sunk at Fort Myers, and a number of
vessels were wrecked or dismantled in the Gulf, among which was the
American steamer Speedwell" (MWR).  Florida - Minor Intensity (Dunn and 
Miller).  Storm tide 5' in Tampa (Kasper et al.).

October 1:  Storm merged with larger extratropical low off the U.S. Eastern 
Seaboard.

Genesis of this hurricane is unchanged, though it is somewhat ambiguous as to
whether a closed low existed on the 25th.  Transition to a tropical storm 
delayed from the 25th to the 27th based upon numerous ship and coastal 
observations showing a weak, disorganized low until the later date.  The 
system did quickly intensify into a hurricane on the 29th based upon both 
pressure and wind observations.  (Despite MWR's ambiguous statement regarding
the tropical nature of this system, it does appear that it was a true
hurricane before being disrupted and accelerated off to the northeast
by a cold front.)  A 987 mb peripheral pressure reading late on 
the 29th suggests winds of at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 70 kt originally), which
is also the peak intensity of this cyclone.  The system rapidly 
accelerated to the northeast and weakened on the 30th with the arrival of 
a strong cold frontal boundary.  Peak observed winds on the coast were
49 kt at Egmont Key, which converts to 41 kt peak 1 min wind after accounting 
for the high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind 
from this 5 min values (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 09 UTC north of Tampa as 
a 55 kt tropical storm, which is the same as that originally shown 
in HURDAT.  The system shortly thereafter became absorbed within a larger 
extratropical cyclone. 

********************************************************************************


1920 Additional Notes:

1)  Monthly Weather Review wrote:  "Four disturbances of tropical origin
reached the American coast during the month [of September].  The first of
these, one of moderate intensity, was off the south Atlantic coast on the
5th and passed thence northeastward along the coast and reached the Canadian
Maritime Provinces on the 8th and 9th."  The Tracks of Lows shows
a similar track, which just skirted the coast of North Carolina on the
6th.  However, observations from the Historical Weather Maps show that
the system was quite ill-defined during the 6th through the 8th with no
closed low.  Moreover, the trough definitively acquired baroclinic
features between 8th and 9th, while a closed low developed.  (It is noted
though that the position of the center analyzed on the 9th does not match very 
well the description and Tracks of Lows described and shown in MWR.)  The 
system then quickly sped off to the east-northeast as an extratropical cyclone
through the 12th.  The system may have had an opportunity on the 6th and
7th to become a tropical cyclone before being entangled in a baroclinic
zone, but available observations indicate that it did not develop the closed
low needed to be called a tropical cyclone.  Thus this system will not
be added into HURDAT.

DAY	LAT	LON	STATUS
Sep 5   --N	--W	(No features of interest in the morning)
Sep 6   --N	--W	Trough off the Carolina coast
Sep 7	--N	--W	Trough/frontal boundary off the mid-Atlantic coast
Sep 8	--N	--W	Trough/frontal boundary between New England and Bermuda
Sep 9	38N	65W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 10	40N	57W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 11	43N	42W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 12	52N	24W	Extratropical cyclone

2)  Mr. Michael Chenoweth provided the following information regarding
a possible system impacting the Lesser Antilles in mid-September 1920:

Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"....The heat continued with more or less intensity up to Sunday evening 
last, when a change became apparent from the threatening aspect of the 
clouds. Owing to forecasts of stormy weather by local weather observers, 
many people remained indoors on Sunday evening, preparing for any
contingency that might arise. In the early hours of yesterday morning high 
winds prevailed, accompanied with heavy showers, which, however, were not 
continuous. At about 8 o'clock, the clouds which had been gathering burst 
and there was a heavy downpour. The wind blew with great force from the 
southeast, and slight damage was done to vegetable crops. Fortunately, 
there has been no serious damage sustained in the City and suburbs. Reports 
from the rural districts have not yet reached us, but it is believed that 
there has been no occurrence of an alarming nature in those districts. A 
cable despatch from St. Lucia received here about noon yesterday reported that
there was "evidence of small disturbance passing from east; frequent 
squalls of rain. Barometer 29.85; steady."
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"Telegram from Dominica, at 10 A.M. the barometer 29.93, wind se, weather 
squally"
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 18, 1920
"On the 12th inst. [12 September] the wind increased to nearly hurricane 
pitch and some damage was done to vegetables and crops. In some places banana 
trees were uprooted and corn fields laid low. Some forward fields of plant 
canes were blown down."

Examination of the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and
ship reports from COADS reveals that a strong tropical wave went through
the Windward Islands on the 12th and 13th.  However, no closed circulation
could be detected from these observations, suggesting that it was not
a tropical cyclone.  The reports of winds ("to nearly hurricane pitch")
and damage to agriculture ("banana trees uprooted and corn fields laid
low") do though indicate that gale force winds (or more) were present in
this system.  These may have been due to a gust front/outflow boundary
from a thunderstorm complex.  With the lack of a closed circulation though, 
the system is not considered a tropical storm and is thus not added into
HURDAT.

3)  The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that "between Hatteras
and Cape Henry on the 9th, when a moderate disturbance was central some 
distance off the coast."  The Historical Weather Map shows a pre-existing
stationary frontal boundary with a weak frontal low on the 7th.  
The extratropical cyclone intensified on the 8th and 9th as it moved
north-northeastward.  On both the 8th and 9th, gales were reported by
ships.  On the 10th and 11th, the cyclone occluded and by late on
the 11th/early on the 12th was absorbed by a larger extratropical 
storm.  While this system appears to have been extratropical throughout
its lifetime, it is included here due to its formation at relatively
low latitudes during the peak of the hurricane season.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct  7          27N     76W             Extratropical
Oct  8          31N     75W             Extratropical
Oct  9          35N     73W             Extratropical
Oct 10          39N     70W             Extratropical
Oct 11          48N     55W             Extratropical


4)  The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that storm warnings
were issued for "extreme southern Florida coast on the afternoon
of the 18th, at which time a disturbance was apparently central
immediately north of Cuba.  However, this disturbance moved westward
and lost intensity, after causing strong northeast winds in the
Florida Straits."  Examination of the Historical Weather Maps indicates
a weak trough with no closed low were present on the 18th and 19th.
Additionally, the Cuban records (Ramon Perez, personal communication)
do not suggest that a tropical cyclone occurred near Cuba on these
dates.  Due to lack of both a closed circulation and no observed
gale force winds, the system is not added into HURDAT as a tropical
storm.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 18          ---     80W             Trough
Oct 19          ---     85W             Trough - dissipating


5)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed on 20 October near 20N, 61W from a westward moving tropical wave. 
It moved steadily to the northwest over the next three days until turning 
north in response to an approaching frontal boundary. Although the system 
persisted for several days over the central Atlantic Ocean, it never attained 
gale-force winds until the 27th, when it had already merged with a frontal 
boundary and became baroclinic. The highest winds associated with the system 
as a tropical cyclone were 30 kt and pressures were generally around 1010 mb. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 20		20N	61W		Tropical Depression
Oct 21		20N	62W		Tropical Depression
Oct 22		22N	64W		Tropical Depression
Oct 23		25N	65W		Tropical Depression
Oct 24		27N	62W		Tropical Depression
Oct 25		31N	59W		Merging with front
Oct 26		35N	58W		Baroclinic
Oct 27		37N	56W		Baroclinic
Oct 28		-----	-----		Absorbed


********************************************************************************


1921/01 - 2009 REVISION:

22325 06/15/1921 M=12  1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
22325 06/16/1921 M=11  1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **                                     *

(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
22330 06/15*141 789  35    0*144 797  35    0*148 805  35    0*150 815  35    0


22335 06/16*153 824  35    0*156 832  40    0*158 840  40    0*160 848  45    0
22335 06/16*165 824  30    0*165 832  30    0*165 840  30    0*165 847  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

22340 06/17*161 856  45    0*162 864  45    0*165 872  40    0*170 882  35    0
22340 06/17*165 853  35    0*167 860  40    0*171 867  45    0*177 877  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22345 06/18*175 891  35    0*181 902  40    0*187 912  45    0*193 921  55    0
22345 06/18*187 891  40    0*196 906  35    0*203 920  45    0*208 930  45    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

22350 06/19*199 931  60    0*204 936  60    0*210 943  75    0*216 947  75    0
22350 06/19*212 935  50    0*216 938  50    0*220 940  50    0*224 942  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22355 06/20*221 950  80    0*227 952  85    0*233 954  85    0*238 956  85    0
22355 06/20*228 945  60    0*232 947  60    0*237 950  65    0*242 952  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22360 06/21*242 957  85    0*247 959  85    0*251 960  85    0*256 961  85    0
22360 06/21*247 953  65    0*251 954  65    0*255 955  70    0*260 956  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22365 06/22*260 961  85    0*267 962  80    0*276 962  75    0*287 963  65    0
22365 06/22*265 956  75    0*270 957  80    0*276 958  80    0*285 959  80  980
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

22370 06/23*299 965  50    0*310 966  45    0*321 967  40    0*332 965  40    0
22370 06/23*296 960  50    0*309 961  40    0*321 962  30    0*332 961  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

22375 06/24*343 961  35    0*355 956  30    0*366 953  30    0*375 951  30    0
22375 06/24*343 957  30    0*353 953  30    0*363 950  30    0*369 949  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22380 06/25*381 950  30    0*385 949  30    0*389 948  25    0*394 947  20    0
22380 06/25*373 948  30    0*376 948  30    0*379 948  25    0*383 948  20    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

22385 06/26*399 947  20    0*404 947  15    0*408 947  15    0*  0   0   0    0
22385 06/26*388 949  20    0*394 950  15    0*400 952  15    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22390 HRBTX2
22390 HRBTX1CTX1
        ********

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-6/22/1921    1800Z 28.6N  95.9W   80kt  1  17nmi    980mb    BTX1,CTX1

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while 
genesis is indicated to have occurred one day later than originally shown. 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, _Monthly 
Weather Review_ (Bunnemeyer [1921] and Day [1921]), Cline (1926), 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

June 15:  Observations from HWM and COADS shows somewhat low pressures 
(~1009 mb), but a closed circulation does not exist.  HURDAT lists this as
a tropical storm at 14.8N, 80.5W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied 
by pressures) were present.  "This storm apparently developed over the
Western Caribbean Sea about the 14th and was carried northwestward" (MWR).

June 16:  HWM and COADS indicate a possible closed circulation near 
16.5N, 84W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.0W at 
12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present.
"The 16th...Disturbance of moderate intensity over western Caribbean
Sea central near coast of Honduras southwest of Swan Island this
morning apparently moving slowly northwestward" (MWR).

June 17:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 87W,
just offshore of Honduras.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 
16.5N, 87.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center 
is slightly northeast of the HWM position.  Ship highlights:  45 kt E at 
19.0W, 86.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 30 kt E and 1002 mb at 16.9N, 86.6W at 
12 UTC (COA).  "By the morning of the 17th the disturbance had increased
somewhat in intensity" (MWR).

June 18:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 93.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.2W.  Available observations
suggest that the center east of the HWM estimate.  Station highlights:  
45 kt SE at Progresso at 12 UTC (MWR).  "During the following night 
[17th-18th] the disturbance passed inland over British Honduras in 
the vicinity of Belize, continuing its slow northwestward movement" (MWR).

June 19:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 94.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.0N, 94.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 20N, 93W (a.m.) and at
21N, 93.5W (p.m.).  Available observations and continuity suggest that the 
center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or
implied by pressure) were present.  "The storm entered the southwestern
Gulf of Mexico during the early morning of the 19th" (MWR).

June 20:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 24N, 95.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.3N, 95.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22N, 94.2W (a.m.) and at
23.5N, 94.7W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center is 
to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  50 kt SW at
23.0N, 94.7W at 13 UTC (MWR).

June 21:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 95W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 25.1N, 96.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center 24.8N, 95.5W (a.m.) and at
26N, 96W with 991 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the
center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:
35 kt S at 22.8N, 94.8W at 00 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  42 kt NE
at Corpus Christi at 2240 UTC (MWR).  "[On] the late afternoon of the
21st ... special observations indicated its position some-distance off
the Rio Grande" (MWR).

June 22:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 97W,
just offshore southern Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1
hurricane at 27.6N, 96.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates 
the center at 22.5N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 96.5W with 996 mb (p.m.).
Available observations indicate that the center is just east of the
HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 991 mb at 26.5N, 95.0W
at 04 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE at 28.0N, 95.0W at 1135 UTC (MWR); Calm and
980 mb at 28.0N, 95.0W at 16 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  59 kt NE
and 1003 mb at Corpus Christi at 1130 UTC (OMR); 52 kt SE and 995 mb
at Galveston at 2340 UTC (OMR).  Estimated central pressure at
landfall in Texas - 954 mb, radius of maximum wind - 17 nmi, landfall
position - 28.5N, 96.2W (Ho et al.).  Estimated maximum 1 min surface wind 
at landfall - 99 kt, Environmental pressure - 1010 mb (Schwerdt et al.)  
Estimated minimum central pressure for life of storm (and at landfall) - 
979 mb (Connor).  "Minimal intensity" at landfall in Texas (Dunn and Miller).  
Category 2 for North Texas coast with central pressure estimate
of 979 mb (Jarrell et al.).  Category 2 for North Texas coast 
(Neumann et al.)  Category 2 for central Texas coast (HURDAT).  "The
tropical storm that swept northward over the Texas coast, passing 
northward over Matagorda Bay to the westward of Galveston on the 22nd
gave a tide of about 5 feet above mean low tide, though the tide was
above 7 feet in West Bay near the causeway, and considerable of the
track of the Gulf, Colorado, & Santa Fe Railroad was washed out between
Virginia Point and Highland Bayou.  Several launches and other small
boats were sunk, and the fishing pier on the north jetties was damaged
to some extent.  Crops in this vicinity were damage to a greater or
lesser degree, while some windows were broken and some trees were blown
down.  The damage in this immediate vicinity will probably amount to
$8,000.00 or more" (Galveston - Original Monthly Record).  "A hurricane
occurred on the 22d, the center passing about 50 miles west of Houston
in a northerly direction.  The damage by wind and rain was confined to
prostrating some shade trees, breaking windows, blowing down signs, 
and beating down plants and flowers" (Houston - Original Monthly Record).
"During the night of the 21st-22d the storm caused a maximum wind 
velocity of 68 miles an hour from the northeast at Corpus Christi and
a strong northeast gale and high sea at Point Isabel, and by 8 a. m. of
the 22d the wind was blowing 42 miles an hour from the east at
Galveston, with rising tide.  Special observations at 10 a. m. showed
rising pressure at Corpus Christi and slowly falling pressure at
Galveston and Houston ... The wind reached a velocity of 60 miles an
hour from the southeast at both Galveston and Houston, and the lowest
barometer reading at a land station was 29.37 inches at Houston at
5:40 p. m. of the 22nd ... a storm tide of 4 feet at Corpus Christi
Pass" (MWR).  "Later reports showed a north-northwest movement and a
fully developed hurricane.  The storm center crossed the Texas coast
line at Matagorda Bay and moved nearly due north over Palacios, 
Wharton, and Wallis, Tex., the last-named place being about 40 miles
west of Houston, Tex., the nearest approach to a regular Weather
Bureau station" (MWR).  "The center passing in a northerly direction
over Palacios, Wharton and Wallis, each of which reported a distinct
calm, with wind coming from northwest and west after the calm" (MWR).

June 23:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N, 95W,
inland over eastern Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
32.1N, 96.7W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 32N, 96W
with 1004 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 94.5W with 1004 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggest that the center is closer to the MWR estimate.
Ship highlight:  35 kt SSW at 28.9N, 94.5W at 00 UTC (COA).  Station
highlight:  50 kt SE and 995 mb at Houston at 00 UTC (OMR).  "the
storm continued to move slowly northward, with diminishing intensity,
over the eastern portions of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, thence
northeastward over the Lake region" (MWR).

June 24:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 94W,
inland over the Arkansas-Oklahoma border.  HURDAT lists this as a 
tropical depression at 36.6N, 95.3W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
the center at 36N, 94W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 94W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is between the HURDAT
and HWM/MWR positions.  Station highlight:  20 kt S and 1004 mb at
Fort Smith at 12 UTC (HWM).

June 25:  HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW from Missouri
to Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 38.9N, 94.8W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W
(a.m. and p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center is
south of the HURDAT position and is still a closed, barotropic 
circulation.  No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed.

June 26:  HWM does not indicate a low or trough.  HURDAT lists this
as a tropical depression at 40.8N, 94.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m.) and at 40N, 93.5W
with 1011 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center
is farther south and west of the HURDAT estimate, but that the
center - while identifiable - is becoming indistinct.  No gales (or
implied by pressures) were observed.

June 27:  The tropical cyclone has dissipated.  Despite this, the 
MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a reformation and movement toward the
east over the next three days, a drop southward on the 30th and 1st 
of July, then a movement to the northeast on the 2nd.  The system that
was tracked from the 27th onward was a separate, baroclinic storm.

The genesis of this hurricane is delayed from the 15th to the 16th
because of evidence that a closed circulation did not exist until the
latter date.  It is noted that Tropical Storm Gamma in 2005 may be 
an close analog for the developmental phase of this hurricane in 1921.  
The track has minor modifications for the remainder of the 
hurricane's lifetime.  The intensity is reduced on the 16th, as
tropical storm status was not reached until early on the 17th
according to available observations.  Peripheral pressure of 1002 mb
on the 17th suggests at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC.  Additionally, the 
intensity is reduced from the 19th until early on the 22nd as 
observations indicate that hurricane status was not reached until 
the 20th.  A central pressure measure of 980 mb just before landfall
in Texas on 16 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of 76 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  (The central pressure at
landfall indicated by Jarrell et al. and Connor before them was 979 mb
- likely a roundoff error.)  Ho et al.'s estimate of 954 mb is due to
their application of the Schloemer (1954) equation with the 995 mb
peripheral pressure in Houston.  Such an application from a far-removed
observation has quite large errors.  Apparently, they were not aware
of the ship with a 980 mb central pressure measurement.  Likewise,
the Schwerdt et al. estimate of maximum wind is overestimated.  Analyses
show that landfall occurred around 18 UTC at 28.6N, 95.9W. 
The highest observed winds from this hurricane were 59 kt at 
Corpus Christi (which reduces down to 49 kt after accounting for 
the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min
winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]) and two
ship reports of Beaufort 12 (~70 kt).  Ho et al.'s estimate of 
17 nmi RMW is somewhat smaller than the 22 nmi that climatology for this 
central pressure and latitude would suggest (Vickery et al. 2000).  
Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at landfall are boosted up to 80 kt.  
This makes the hurricane a high end Category 1 system at landfall for 
the central and north Texas coast.  (The landfall location is very 
close to the boundary between the two regions and sustained hurricane 
force winds were likely to impact both portions of the state).  This 
is a reduction from the Category 2 indicated earlier in Jarrell et al. 
and HURDAT and substantially lower than the Category 3 hurricane that 
Ho et al.'s central pressure would have suggested.  The highest 
observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) 
were 52, 33 and 25 kt for 00, 06 and 12 UTC on the 23rd, respectively.  
(The 52 kt reduces to 43 kt after adjustment.)  A run of the Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) model gives 49, 37, and 26 kt, accordingly.  Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage for this storm after landfall, winds
are kept at 50 kt at 00 UTC, reduced from 45 to 40 kt at 06 UTC,
and kept at 30 kt at 12 UTC.


********************************************************************************


1921/02 - 2009 REVISION:

22425 09/06/1921 M= 3  2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22425 09/04/1921 M= 5  2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          

(The 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT.)
22426 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 950  30    0*211 952  30    0
22427 09/05*213 953  30    0*214 954  30    0*215 955  30    0*217 957  30    0

22430 09/06*  0   0   0    0*214 938  60    0*215 953  60    0*216 961  70    0
22430 09/06*218 959  35    0*219 961  40    0*220 965  50    0*222 970  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22435 09/07*217 969  70    0*219 978  70    0*224 986  60    0*232 989  60    0
22435 09/07*224 976  70    0*226 981  55    0*228 986  45    0*232 989  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **               **

22440 09/08*240 988  50    0*248 987  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22440 09/08*238 988  35    0*248 987  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***      **             

22445 HR 

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while 
genesis for this system is indicated to be two days earlier than originally shown.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), 
Dunn and Miller (1960), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo
Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.

September 2 and 3:  HWM and COADS observations indicate a trough is present
in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.

September 4: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the trough had
organized enough to be considered a closed low near 21N, 95W.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 99W,
inland over Mexico.  Available observations suggest that the center at 
21.5N, 95.5W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 6:  HWM indicates an open trough over the western Gulf of Mexico.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 95.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 21N, 96W with 996 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is farther north and west
of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "There were signs of a disturbance over the southwest Gulf
of Mexico, as indicated by reports by radio from vessels in that region"
(MWR).

September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 22N, 99W,
inland over Mexico.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 98.6W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 22N, 97W (a.m.) and
at 23N, 98W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that a position
north of HURDAT is most reasonable, with the center going inland
just north of Tampico around 03 UTC according to observations from that
station.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.3N, 97.8W at 01 UTC 
(MWR).  Station highlights:  24 kt NW and 1003 mb in Tampico at 03 UTC (Mex).  
"It passed on to the Mexican coast during the 7th and was dissipated" (MWR).  
Estimated minimum central pressure during its lifetime (and likely at landfall 
in Mexico) - 992 mb (Connor).  

September 8:  HWM and COADS observations indicate that the tropical cyclone
has dissipated, but its remnants continued to move northward into Texas.
"There is reason to believe that the phenomenal rains in southern Texas on
the 9th and 10th were associated with this disturbance" (MWR).  Minor
intensity, 51 people killed from subsequent flooding (Dunn and Miller).

Genesis for this hurricane is begun two days earlier (on the 4th) when
observations were sufficient to close off a circulation center.  The track
has minor adjustments made for this system for the remainder of its
lifetime (3 more days).  Intensity of 70 kt at landfall in Mexico retained,
as provided by confirmation of hurricane force winds (Beaufort 12) and
a pressure of 996 mb from a ship at 01 UTC on the 7th.  An 992 mb estimated 
minimum center pressure at landfall was suggested by Connor.  However, it is 
likely that the central pressure at landfall was somewhat lower, given 
the 996 mb measured simulataneously with 70 kt wind estimate.  A central
pressure of 985 mb is suggested here.  This suggests winds of 70 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship, which is retained in HURDAT at
00 UTC on the 7th.  Landfall time moved forward to around 03 UTC at 22.5N,
97.8W.  Winds are reduced after landfall on the 7th in accordance with
the earlier landfall time as well as from available Mexican observations.  
It is to be noted that the remnants from this hurricane caused very large
rainfall (up to 23") in Texas and resulting extensive flooding from the 8th 
to the 10th of September.  215 people were killed and over $19 million 
damage was caused as a result.  Three articles in the Monthly Weather
Review were in the September 1921 edition about these impacts.  However,
these effects occurred after the tropical cyclone had dissipated.


********************************************************************************



1921/03 - 2009 REVISION:

22450 09/08/1921 M= 9  3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22450 09/06/1921 M=12  3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **   

(The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.)
22451 09/06*100 400  40    0*100 420  40    0*100 440  45    0*101 460  45    0
22452 09/07*102 481  50    0*103 503  50    0*104 525  50    0*105 543  50    0

22455 09/08*102 551  60    0*110 573  65    0*116 586  70    0*122 598  70    0
22455 09/08*106 559  60    0*107 575  65    0*110 590  70    0*116 604  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

22460 09/09*131 611  70    0*139 623  70    0*147 636  70    0*150 649  70    0
22460 09/09*124 618  90    0*132 632  95    0*140 645 100    0*146 655 100    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

22465 09/10*153 661  75    0*157 676  75    0*163 690  80    0*172 693  80    0
22465 09/10*151 663 100    0*157 670 100    0*163 676 100    0*169 680 100  961
            *** ***  **          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

22470 09/11*180 695  85    0*189 696  80    0*198 696  80    0*206 697  80    0
22470 09/11*176 683 110    0*183 685 110    0*190 686  90    0*198 687  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22475 09/12*215 697  85    0*223 697  90    0*231 697  95    0*239 697  95    0
22475 09/12*207 688  95    0*216 690  95    0*225 692  95    0*235 692  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

22480 09/13*248 697 100    0*256 696 100    0*264 695 105    0*272 692 105    0
22480 09/13*247 693 100    0*259 694 100    0*270 695 105    0*277 695 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***   

22485 09/14*280 689 105    0*287 685 105    0*295 680 105    0*303 676 105    0
22485 09/14*283 695 105    0*289 695 105    0*295 692 105    0*302 687 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** 

22490 09/15*311 670 100    0*319 662 100    0*325 657  95    0*344 635  95    0
22490 09/15*309 678 100    0*316 666 100    0*323 651  95    0*333 633  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22495 09/16*360 610  90    0*380 583  90    0*401 551  90    0E439 503  85    0
22495 09/16*346 612  90    0*363 587  90    0*385 555  90    0*412 523  85  964
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
22496 09/17*445 492  80    0E480 461  75  959E520 430  70    0E565 400  65    0

22500 HR                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well
as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally
shown.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather 
Review_ (Day 1921), Perez (1971), Boose et al. (2002), and newspaper accounts from 
Michael Chenoweth.

September 6:  HWM, COADS and MWR observations indicate that a closed 
circulation with gale force winds existed near 10N, 44W.  Ship highlights:  
45 kt S at  10.2N, 45.8W at 1715 and 20 UTC (MWR). 

September 7:  HWM, COADS and MWR observations do not show a closed
circulation, though data is quite sparse near the location that the
system may be at.  Ship highlight:  35 kt SSW at 00 UTC at unknown 
location (MWR).  "The one originating southeastward of the Windward Islands
probably on the 7th or 8th, formed at a point unusually far south, about
due east of the Island of Trinidad" (MWR).

September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 10.5N, 59W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 11.6N, 58.6W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is between these two estimates.
Ship highlight:  55 kt at 13.1N, 59.6W at 16-18 UTC (NCDC).  Station
highlight:  996 mb pressure at Grenada (PR).  "This disturbance made its
appearance the morning of the 8th to the southeastward of Barbados" (MWR).

September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 14.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.6W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is farther to the south and
west of these estimates.  Ship highlights:  70 kt WSW, SW and S at 
13.3N, 63.5W, 13.2N, 63.5W, and 13.1N, 63.6W at 1030, 1105, and 1230 UTC 
(NCDC).  Station highlight:  996 mb at St. Lucia (Perez).  "...crossed the
Grenadines during the night of the 8th and passed on to the Caribbean
Sea ... In the beginning the area affected by the hurricane was rather
large and damage was caused at both Trinidad and Barbados ... Upward of
80 lives were lost and in the Windward Islands great numbers of people
were rendered homeless" (MWR).  Newspaper accounts provided by Michael
Chenoweth _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Wed., Sept. 14, 1921 - Grenada, Sept. 12. 
At 1 p.m. Thursday 8th, it became apparent that the storm would probably 
strike Grenada, which it did about 4:30 p.m., coming from W.N.W. and 
increasing in force at 7 p.m. There was a short lull from about 10.30 to 
11.30 when the wind shifted, coming with redoubled force from E.N.E. Such 
information as has been received give serious accounts of damage done to 
estates, plantations and gardens in the out districts. Numerous peasant 
houses have been completely destroyed and some more substantial buildings 
damaged. One hundred thousand pounds is a moderate estimate of loss to 
nutmeg and cocoa plantations, which will require at least seven years to 
re-establish. Crops of ground provisions have also been completely ruined. 
Telephone communication with the out districts still have been lost. As far 
as known two lives have been lost. Anxiously awaiting news from Carriacou."
_Voice of St. Lucia_, "Sat., Sept. 10, 1921 - Weather bulletins. Barbados 
8th Sept. 5 a.m. -- S.S. Guiana and Canadian Beaver put to sea this morning 
not yet returned. Wind southeast, strong and gusty. Barometer 29.77 steady.
Dominica 7:45 a.m. barometer 29.99 northeast cloudy.  St. Vincent 8th Sept. 
6:15 p.m. Barometer 29.72 Weather continuous threatening wind bow blowing 
in very heavy gusts from north-east. Branches being blown from trees.
Trinidad 9.30 p.m. Barometer corrected reading 29.725 Wind strong and 
variable, now SW. Heavy rain.  Grenada, 1 p.m. Barometer corrected 29.825. 
Wind moderate now. Sea rough.  Barbados 9 Sept. 6a.m. barometer 29.86 with 
upwards tendency. Fresh wind NE, rain.  10 a.m. Barometer 29.76 NE squally, 
sea rough from southeast.  St. Lucia, 9 Sept. at 6 this morning the local 
reading was 29.852. Wind NE 2.30 p.m. Barometer 29.702 NE 4 p.m. 29.734.
Barbados, 9 Sept. - Yesterday morning opened with rain accompanied by 
strong winds which gradually increased until about 10 a.m. when it blew 
with greater force. Trees in many places lost some of their branches and in 
others they were wholly upturned. The waves broke on 10 fathoms of water in 
Carlisle Bay, S.S. Guiana and S.S. Canadian Beaver put out to sea on 
account of the unsafe condition of the harbor. Considerable damage 
reported to have been done inland by the high winds but particulars are not 
yet to hand. One telegraph pole was blown down about 4 miles from town.
St. Vincent, 9 Sept. From about 4:30 p.m. yesterday it started to blow a 
gale from NE which continued until about 11 p.m. with very rough sea. Trees 
were uprooted. Serious damage to telegraph and telephone lines. No 
telephone communications with out districts. It is found that much damage
done to crops and property. Wind has abated. Sea still rough. Cable hut at 
Prospect partly destroyed.  Trinidad, 9th. At 3 p.m. yesterday the storm 
had increased in intensity to a heavy gale which continued with torrents of 
rain up to nightfall. Many lighters and small craft have been sunk or driven 
ashore at Port of Spain and San Fernando and two fatalities are reported, 
one from drowning and one from electrocution by coming into contact with 
fallen electric light wires. The rain ceased about 10 p.m. but the wind 
continued high until daylight this morning. There has been much interruption 
of telegraphic communications.  Trinidad, 8th. Wireless reports from Tobago. 
We have been having very heavy rains and winds since 4 a.m. this morning. 
R.M.S. Belize reports unable work ... on account of very rough sea. At 
Plymouth ten fishing boats and schooner driven ashore totally destroyed. Very 
high winds and rain continuing.  Barbados 9th Barometer 29.97 wind SE sea 
still rough. Guiana and Canadian Beaver not yet returned to port. Weather 
clear.  Grenada, 9th. The storm reached Grenada at 5 p.m. yesterday and 
reached its highest intensity at midnight."

September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 16.5N, 68.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.3N, 69.0W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is farther east than both
of these estimates.  Ship highlights:  70 kt NE and NW at 17.2N, 67.9W
at 12-16 and 1915 UTC (NCDC);  961 mb and calm at 17.2N, 67.9W at
1820 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  55 kt and 1005 mb at Cabo Rojo at
04 UTC (Perez).  "After passing the Grenadines, however, the area
affected appeared to contract somewhat" (MWR).

September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb on the northern 
coastline of Dominican Republic near 19N, 69W.  HURDAT lists this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 19.8N, 69.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a position of 19N, 69W (a.m.) and 21N, 69.5W (p.m.).  
Available observations suggest the position is closer to, but farther
east of the HWM and MWR positions.  Ship highlight:  992 mb and 
60 kt NNW at 18.5N, 69.3W (MWR).  This hurricane was designated 
"San Pedro" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Perez).  A stronger hurricane
than indicated in HURDAT (by about 10 kt) is recommended to better
match the observed wind damage that occurred in Puerto Rico (Boose 
et al.)  "Its center crossed Haiti and then pursued a northerly
course" (MWR).

September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 23N, 70W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 69.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 23N, 69.5W (a.m.) and
24.5N, 69.5W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest the center is 
farther south and east of all of these estimates.  Ship highlights:
35 kt SSE at 25.7N, 66.5W (MWR);  989 mb at 22.6N, 69.0W (NCDC).

September 13:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 27.5N, 70.5W.
HURDAT lists this as Category 3 hurricane at 26.4N, 69.5W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position at 26.5N, 69W with 992 mb
(a.m.) and 28N, 68W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the
center is north of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  999 mb and
70 kt NNE at 28.9N, 71.3W at 1352 UTC (MWR); 967 mb at 27.8N, 69.8W at 
15 UTC (MWR).

September 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 29N, 69W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.5N, 68.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 29.5N, 67W (a.m.) and
31N, 66W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center is
west of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights:  four 70 kt ship
reports (NCDC and COA);  995 mb and 50 kt S at 30.4N, 61.8W at 2230 UTC 
(MWR).  " ... to have again increased in size only after the storm 
reached the higher latitudes in mid-ocean" (MWR).

September 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 32N, 67W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 65.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 32.5N, 64.5W with
984 mb (a.m.) and 33.5N, 63.5W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
a center between the HURDAT and MWR positions.  Ship highlights:
numerous 70 kt ship reports (COA, NCDC, MWR);  980 mb and 70 kt SW at 
32.3N, 64.9N at 1300-1430 UTC (NCDC).  Station highlight:  87 kt SW
and 984 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda at 13 and 15 UTC (NCDC).
"...passing the Bermudas on the 15th ... The disturbance was of rather
small diameter but of great intensity throughout its course.  It is
reported to have caused considerable damage to shipping, buildings,
and crops and to have caused the loss of a number of lives in the
eastern islands of the West Indies and the Bermudas ... Its center 
passed near the Bermudas the morning of the 15th, when the pressure
fell to near 29 inches with winds of hurricane force" (MWR).

September 16:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 40N, 56W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.1N, 55.1W.  
Available observations suggest the center is to the south and west of
the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  982 mb and 70 kt WSW at 
37.6N, 54.7W at 05 UTC (MWR);  991 mb and 70 kt SW at 37.5N, 54.7W
at 12 UTC (COA);  964 mb and calm at 40.6N, 53.7W at 1730 UTC (MWR).

September 17:  HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 52N, 43W,
with a cold front extending off to the southwest and a warm front
extending off to the southeast.  Ship highlights:  970 mb and 70 kt
SW at 47.5N, 42.0W at 01 UTC (MWR);  Calm and 959 mb at 04 UTC and 
70 kt NW at 0430 UTC at 46.8N, 45.0W at 0430 UTC (MWR).

September 18:  System is absorbed into a larger extratropical 
storm.  "This storm was in the vicinity of Iceland on the 22d" (MWR).
(The storm in question was likely a separate extratropical system
that absorbed the hurricane, rather than the transformed hurricane
itself.)

Genesis for this major hurricane is begun two days earlier on the 6th
based upon ship reports.  Minor alterations are made to the track for
the duration of the system's lifetime.  Intensity significantly 
increased on the 8th to the 11th based upon newspaper accounts of hurricane
impacts in the Lesser Antilles as well as the 961 mb central pressure
measurement at 1820 UTC on the 10th, which suggested winds of 99 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  100 kt indicated for
that synoptic time.  Given the intensification up until then, it is 
likely that the cyclone continued to intensify a bit more before 
making landfall on the Dominican Republic around 06 UTC on the 11th.
Thus a 110 kt Category 3 major hurricane is estimated to have
struck that country.  The system likely weakened back to a a Category 2 
(90 kt) after landfall.  After moving back over water on the 12th, 
the hurricane likely reintensified to major hurricane status sometime
on the 13th.  Lowest observed peripheral pressure during the 13th to the
15th was 967 mb, which suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the
subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  105 kt are retained in HURDAT
during the 13th and 14th.  An observation of 87 kt was measured
in Bermuda late on the 15th before the anemometer was toppled, 
which converts to 71 kt after accounting for the high bias of the 
instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds (Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Additionally, a peripheral pressure of
980 mb was observed late on the 15th in Bermuda, suggesting winds of 
at least 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.
95 kt retained in HURDAT late on the 15th, keeping this as a Category 2 
(almost Category 3) impact in Bermuda, which is consistent with wind-
caused damage on the island.  Late on the 16th, a central pressure of
964 mb was observed, which suggests winds of 87 kt from the northern
pressure-wind relationship; 85 kt is retained in HURDAT.  Available
observations suggest that the hurricane maintained tropical
characteristics for longer than indicated in HURDAT by about a half
day.  Finally, the track of the system is extended for an additional
day on the 17th as an extratropical storm moving swiftly off to the
northeast.
  

*******************************************************************************


1921/04 - 2009 REVISION:

22505 09/10/1921 M= 4  4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22505 09/08/1921 M= 7  4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  

(The 8th and 9th are new to HURDAT).
22510 09/08*230 634  35    0*233 639  35    0*235 643  35    0*236 646  35    0
22510 09/09*238 649  35    0*240 652  35    0*242 655  35    0*244 658  35    0

22510 09/10*232 640  35    0*254 647  35    0*259 647  35    0*264 648  35    0
22510 09/10*246 661  35    0*248 663  35    0*250 665  35    0*254 665  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22515 09/11*270 648  35    0*276 647  35    0*282 647  35    0*288 645  35    0
22515 09/11*259 663  35    0*266 660  45    0*275 655  55    0*285 650  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22520 09/12*293 643  35    0*298 640  40    0*304 638  50    0*319 626  55    0
22520 09/12*295 644  75    0*305 638  80    0*315 630  80    0*326 621  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22525 09/13*334 615  60    0*348 602  60    0*360 590  45    0*374 575  30    0
22525 09/13*337 611  80    0*348 601  80    0*360 590  80    0*373 575  80    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **      ***      **

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
22525 09/14*387 555  80    0*401 530  80  979E415 495  75    0E430 455  70    0

22530 TS                    
22530 HR
      **

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well
as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally
shown.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC and _Monthly Weather 
Review_ (Day 1921).

September 5-7:  A figure from the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" show a center for this tropical cyclone near 22N, 53W on the
5th, 22.5N, 57W on the 6th, and 23N, 61W on the 7th.  Tannehill (1952) also
provides a track back to the 5th.  However, inspection of available 
observations from HWM and COADS show no evidence of a closed circulation on 
these dates.

September 8:  Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, 
non-baroclinic low was near 23.5N, 64.3W, though data on the north and
west sides were somewhat sparse.  MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 23.5N, 64W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt S 
at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA).  

September 9:  Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed,
non-baroclinic low was near 24.2N, 65.5W, though data on the north and west
sides were somewhat sparse.  MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 25N, 66W.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 10:  Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed,
non-baroclinic low was near 25N, 66.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a
tropical storm at 25.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC.  MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes 
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 66.5N.  Ship highlights:  
35 kt S at 24.5N, 66.5W at 08 UTC (COA);  35 kt SE at 28.9N, 63.5W at 
20 UTC (MWR).

September 11:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 64W.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.2N, 64.7W at 12 UTC.
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at
28.5N, 66.5W.  Available observations suggest that the system was south and 
west of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 
30.8N, 63.9W at 2322 UTC (MWR).

September 12:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 64W,
with a warm front extending east-northeastward out from the center.  
(However, available observations cast doubt on the reality of such a
frontal analysis.)  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at
30.4N, 63.8W at 12 UTC.  MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 32N, 63W.  Available observations suggest a 
position near the MWR estimate.  Ship highlights:  70 kt ENE and 985 mb at 
30.8N, 63.9W at 0126 UTC (MWR);  70 kt NE and 992 mb at 30.8N, 64.4W at 
03 UTC (COA).  "It is a remarkable coincidence that at the time the southern 
hurricane [storm #3] was centered north of Haiti that the steamship Capillo 
reported by radio having encountered on the 12th a hurricane of small 
diameter, barometer below 29 inches, near and immediately southeast of the 
Bermudas, moving rapidly northeast.  This disturbance was separate and 
distinct from the primary disturbance herein referred to [storm #3]" (MWR).

September 13:  HWM does not analyze the system as a closed low, but has a
stationary front extending to the southwest and a warm front extending to the
east, near a center near 37N, 58W.  However, available observations from 
HWM and COADS indicates a center near 36N, 59W, with no frontal features
actually present.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 36N, 59W 
at 12 UTC.  MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a
center at 37N, 56.5W.  Ship highlight:  50 kt SW at 31.5N, 61.5W at 00 UTC 
(COA).

September 14:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered near 48N, 53W
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending southeast. MWR 
"Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 43N, 48W.
However, available observations indicate that a separate center of the
pre-existing tropical cyclone could be discerned near 41.5N, 49.5W.  The
cold front appears to have just begun interacting with the tropical
cyclone, so extratropical transition is likely to have begun around 12 UTC on
this date.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 04 UTC (NCDC);
calm and 979 mb at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC);  70 kt N at 41N, 51W at
0930 UTC (NCDC);  70 kt NNW and 982 mb at 41N, 51W at 10 UTC (NCDC);  
70 kt NW and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 12 UTC (NCDC).  "[This storm] attained
great severity over the steamer lanes as [it] passed into higher latitudes
(MWR).

September 15:  The remnants of the tropical cyclone had been absorbed into
the larger extratropical cyclone.

Genesis for this tropical cyclone is begun two days earlier (8th) than
previously provided in HURDAT, based upon available ship observations from
HWM and COADS.  Minor track alterations were made for the 10th through
the 13th based upon ship observations provided by HWM, COADS, MWR and
NCDC data.  The tropical cyclone track is extended an extra day
through the 14th as indicated by available observations.  It transitioned
to an extratropical cyclone during 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th as it was 
absorbed by a larger extratropical storm.  Multiple ship observations on
the 12th and 14th indicate hurricane force winds.  A 985 mb peripheral
pressure on the 12th suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship.  80 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 12th based
upon the pressure and that the hurricane force winds were observed on
the weak (left) semi-circle.  A 979 mb central pressure at 09 UTC on the 
14th suggests winds of 74 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship;
80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC and 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC.
Thus based upon multiple observations of hurricane force and supporting
pressure readings, this system was upgraded to a hurricane for three days
of its lifetime (late on 11th to early on the 14th).  


*******************************************************************************




1921/05 - 2009 REVISION:

22535 10/16/1921 M= 8  5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22535 10/15/1921 M=10  5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **                                

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
22537 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 840  30    0*255 830  30    0

22540 10/16*  0   0   0    0*307 776  35    0*317 762  40    0*331 738  40    0
22540 10/16*270 818  30    0*285 803  35    0*300 785  45    0*317 760  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22545 10/17*345 714  40    0*358 685  45    0*370 660  45    0*382 631  45    0
22545 10/17*335 730  55    0*353 695  60    0*370 660  60    0*382 630  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

22550 10/18*394 601  45    0*404 571  50    0*411 541  50    0*415 511  50    0
22550 10/18E394 602  60    0E404 574  60    0E411 545  60    0E415 513  60    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **

22555 10/19*417 480  50    0*419 450  50    0*420 420  50    0*422 394  50    0
22555 10/19E418 485  60    0E420 457  60    0E422 430  60    0E422 405  60    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *    ***  **

22560 10/20*423 373  45    0*423 355  45    0*422 342  40    0*418 328  40    0
22560 10/20E423 385  60    0E423 373  60    0E422 360  60    0E418 345  65    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **

22565 10/21*412 318  40    0*407 309  35    0*400 300  35    0*392 290  35    0
22565 10/21E412 330  70    0E407 315  70    0E400 305  65    0E392 300  60    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **

22570 10/22*383 287  35    0*373 290  35    0*367 300  35    0*363 307  35    0
22570 10/22E384 298  55    0E377 298  50    0E370 300  45    0E365 305  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     ****      **     **** ***  **

22575 10/23*360 315  35    0*358 321  35    0*356 330  30    0*356 340  30    0
22575 10/23E360 311  35    0E358 318  35    0E356 325  30    0E356 330  30    0
           *    ***         *    ***         *    ***         *    ***

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
22572 10/24E355 332  35    0E355 340  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

22580 TS         

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity (while a tropical 
cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The extratropical designation was made for 
seven days of the cyclone's lifetime, while originally the system never made the 
transition to extratropical.  Major changes were made to the intensity while as an 
extratropical cyclone.  In addition, genesis for this cyclone was indicated one day 
earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
individual ship and station data from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

October 15:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 23.5N, 86W.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 24N, 82W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and
at 26N, 81.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.).  Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggests a center at 24N, 84W. No gale force winds (or equivalent from 
pressure) were observed near the system, though some gales were observed
well to its northeast as a result of a large pressure gradient between it
and a strong ridge.

October 16:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 76.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 76.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 30N, 79W (a.m.) and at 35N, 72W with
1004 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that a position close to 
the MWR Tracks of Lows is most accurate.  Ship highlights:  45 kt NE at
34.0N, 76.8W at 12 UTC (COA);  45 kt NE at 34.3N, 75.1W at 21 UTC (MWR).

October 17:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 66W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 37.0N, 66.0W at 12 UTC.  Ship
highlight:  60 kt ENE and 998 mb at 38.4N, 65.8W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 18:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 41N, 54.5W
with no frontal features.  However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with
well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center.  HURDAT analyzed
this system as a tropical storm at 41.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the HWM is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate.  
Ship highlights:  45 kt SW and 988 mb at 39.1N, 58.9W at 10 UTC (MWR);  
45 kt NW and 991 mb at 39.4N, 59.1W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 19:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 42N, 42W
with no frontal features.  However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with
well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center.  HURDAT analyzed
this system as a tropical storm at 42.0N, 42.0W at 12 UTC.  Available
HWM and COADS ship data suggest that the center is farther west than the
HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  50 kt NE and 990 mb at 40.5N, 48.4W at 
10 UTC (MWR);  25 kt WSW and 977 mb at 42N, 43W at 12 UTC (HWM).

October 20:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 42.5N, 34W
with no frontal features.  However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was an extratropical cyclone becoming occluded
by this date.  HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 42.2N, 34.2W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was farther
west than both the HWM and HURDAT estimates.  Ship highlights:  60 kt SSE
and 1006 mb at 43.2N, 29.0W at 12 UTC (COA);  25 kt S and 986 mb at 
41.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA).

October 21:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 40N, 31W 
with no frontal features.  However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was an occluded extratropical cyclone.  HURDAT 
analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 40.0N, 30.0W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and 
HURDAT estimates.  Ship highlight:  70 kt SE and 991 mb at 41.6N, 31.7W
at 07 UTC (MWR).

October 22:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 32W
with no frontal features.  However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone.  
HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 36.7N, 30.0W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the system was slightly farther north
than the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  45 kt N at 38.5N, 34.5W at
02 UTC (COA);  45 kt N and 1006 mb at 39.4N, 34.4W at 02 UTC (COA);  
25 kt NNE and 996 mb at 37.3N, 30.2W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 23:  HWM analyzed a distinct closed low of at most 1010 mb near 
36.5N, 32.5W with a cold front approaching from the west.  However, available 
HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded 
extratropical cyclone.  HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical depression 
at 35.6N, 33.0W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the system 
was farther east than the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  25 kt SSW and 
1000 mb at 34.5N, 32.5W at 14 UTC (COA). 

October 24:  HWM analyze a cold front extending from north of 45N, 35W
down to 35N, 35W.  Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that the
system was absorbed by this front by this time.

Genesis is begun for this tropical storm a day earlier (15th) in the Gulf
of Mexico than shown originally in HURDAT.  Minor track changes are made
from the 16th to the 23rd based upon available ship observations.  The
track is extended a half day on the 24th as indicated by data from
HWM and COADS ship measurements.  A major change in structure is to include
an extratropical storm stage from the 18th until dissipation on the 24th.
The original HURDAT did not have the system undergoing extratropical 
transition, though observations clearly indicate its transformation to a
baroclinic storm on the 18th.  The intensity is boosted on the 17th to
just below hurricane force based upon Beaufort 11 (~60 kt) ship
observations as well as a peripheral pressure of 998 mb.  (This pressure
suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship.)  Intensity kept substantially higher than HURDAT on the
19th through the 21st (as an extratropical system) due to numerous
high wind/low pressure ship measurements.  Winds actually increased to
hurricane force late on the 20th and on the 21st, though the system was
extratropical at the time.  However, since the estimated maximum 1 min
surface winds during its tropical cyclone stage were 60 kt on the 17th,
this system is listed as reaching tropical storm, not hurricane,
intensity at its peak as a tropical cyclone.


*******************************************************************************



1921/06 - 2009 REVISION:

22585 10/20/1921 M=11  6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
22590 10/20*123 801  35    0*131 804  35    0*137 806  35    0*143 809  40    0
22590 10/20*127 801  35    0*131 804  35    0*135 806  35    0*138 809  40    0
            ***                               ***              ***      

22595 10/21*148 812  45    0*153 815  50    0*158 818  50    0*162 821  55    0
22595 10/21*142 812  45    0*146 815  50    0*150 818  50    0*155 822  55    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** *** 

22600 10/22*166 824  65    0*170 827  70    0*175 830  75    0*181 834  80    0
22600 10/22*160 826  65    0*165 830  70    0*170 835  75    0*176 840  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22605 10/23*187 838  85    0*194 843  90    0*202 848  95    0*210 854 100    0
22605 10/23*183 845  90    0*191 850 100    0*200 853 110    0*209 854 120  941
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***  ***

22610 10/24*218 858 110    0*226 860 115    0*234 860 120    0*243 857 120    0
22610 10/24*218 855 120    0*228 855 120    0*238 855 120    0*247 852 120    0
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***          *** *** 

22615 10/25*251 852 120    0*260 846 115    0*269 840 105    0*278 831  90  952
22615 10/25*256 848 120  943*264 844 115    0*271 839 110    0*278 831 105  952
            *** ***      *** *** ***          *** *** ***              ***  

22620 10/26*285 820  85    0*290 809  80    0*291 796  75    0*289 780  75    0
22620 10/26*285 822  80    0*290 810  70    0*295 796  75    0*295 780  75    0
                ***  **          ***  **      ***              *** 

22625 10/27*286 763  80    0*284 746  80    0*281 731  85    0*279 718  85    0
22625 10/27*294 763  80    0*292 746  80    0*290 731  75    0*287 718  75    0
            ***              ***              ***      **      ***      **

22630 10/28*276 705  85    0*274 693  75    0E272 680  70    0E271 667  70    0
22630 10/28*284 707  75    0*281 697  75    0*278 688  75    0*273 678  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***

22635 10/29E270 655  70    0E271 642  70    0E272 630  70    0E274 613  70    0
22635 10/29*268 667  70    0*266 655  70    0*265 640  70    0*270 620  60    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **

22640 10/30E310 552  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22640 10/30E285 590  50    0E305 550  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **

22645 HRBFL3DFL2  
22645 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1    
            ************

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-10/25/1921   2000Z 28.1N  82.8W  105kt  3  18nmi    952mb    BFL3,AFL2,DFL1

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), as well as indicating extratropical transition occurring two 
days later than originally shown.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station 
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bowie 1921 and Day 1921), Cline (1926), 
Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. 
(1992), and Barnes (1998).

October 17-19:  Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a
trough formed in conjunction with significant pressure falls in the
western Caribbean on the 17th.  This trough persisted but did not develop
a closed circulation until the 20th.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.

October 20:  HWM indicates that a closed low formed with at most 1007.5 mb
pressure near 14N, 80.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
13.7N, 80.6W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center
was slightly south of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  20 kt W and
1004 mb at 12.7N, 80.5W at 19 UTC (COA).  "A disturbed condition was first
noted to the southwest of Jamaica about the 20th" (MWR).

October 21:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 15N, 81.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest that the HWM position is more accurate than
HURDAT. Ship highlights:  15 kt E and 993 mb (likely biased too low - 997
mb may be a better estimate) at 15.7N, 82.0W at 20 UTC (COA);  35 kt S and
996 mb (likely biased too low - 1000 mb may be a better estimate) at
15.3N, 81.9W at 23 UTC (COA).

October 22:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb as 17.5N, 83W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.5N, 83.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 17N, 83W (a.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center is
southwest of HURDAT's estimate.  Station highlights:  70 kt SW at Swan
Island at ~20 UTC (MWR);  989 mb at Swan Island at ~16 UTC (MWR).  Ship
highlights:  35 kt SW and 998 mb (likely biased too low - 1002 mb may be a
better estimate) at 15.2N, 81.8W at 00 UTC (COA); two other ship reports
of 35 kt (COA).  "Passing north-northwestward from the position southwest
of Jamaica, the cyclone passed near and to the east of Swan Islands on the
morning of the 22d" (MWR).

October 23:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 20N, 84.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
at 20N, 85.5W (a.m.).  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 20N,
85W (a.m.) and 21.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than HURDAT's estimate. Ship
highlights:  Calm and 941 mb at 21.5N, 85.5W at ~22 UTC (MWR); 50 kt
reported three times (MWR and COA).  "Passing Swan Islands the cyclone
reached the Yucatan Channel during the 23d, its center passing near Cape
San Antonio, Cuba.  It seems to have acquired its maximum intensity in
this region..." (MWR).

October 24:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 23.5N, 87W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.4N, 86.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
23.5N, 85.5W (a.m.).  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 23.5N,
85W (a.m.) and 25.5N, 85W (p.m.).  Available observations indicate that
the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship
highlights:  70 kt E and 959 mb at 24.0N, 85.2W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E
and 986 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight: 30 kt S
(~2330 UTC) and 1004 mb (21, 22, 23 UTC) at Key West (Cline). According to
reports from Sand Key station, eight miles south of Key West, "The heavy
seas from the southeast, south, and southwest rolled in over the reef and
practically washed away the island that had slowly built up since the
hurricane of September 1919" (MWR).  Regarding the storm track, "...during
the 24th, with high pressure breaking down in front and under the
influence of a southwest current in the upper air, the hurricane
recurved..." (MWR).

October 25:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 83.5W,
right offshore of western Florida.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 3
hurricane at 26.9N, 84.0W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 83.5W (a.m.).  The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates at center at 27N, 83.5W with 975 mb (a.m.) and at
28.5N, 81.5N with 990 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the
position was north and east of HURDAT.  Ship highlights:  Calm and 943 mb
at 25.6N, 84.4W at 03 UTC (MWR);  ~90 kt SE at 25.6N, 84.4W at 01 UTC
(MWR).  Station highlight:  Calm and 952 mb at Tarpon Springs at 19 UTC
(MWR).  59 kt S at Tampa at 1918 UTC (MWR).  With regard to landfall, "At
Tarpon Springs the barometer as read by Mr. A. P. Albaugh showed a reading
of 28.12 inches and at the same time the wind was a dead calm which lasted
an hour or more, following 2:15 p.m. of October 25" (MWR).  Furthermore,
Cline (1926) provides this account from Dr. Albaugh:  "1:20 p.m.  Wind
southeast and stronger; our highest wind from 1:30 to 2:00 p.m.; about
2:15 p.m. wind getting lighter; about 2:40 p.m. almost calm and remained
so for one hour or more, then started from the northwest and heightened
for one hour or more then grew lighter."  According to the Tampa Weather
Bureau office, "The highest tide...reached 10.5 feet above mean low water
at 2 p.m. as calculated afterwards by the United States engineers.  This
is by far the highest ever recorded, the previous record [1848] being 5.55
feet" (MWR).  From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "An east-west
line at the evening observation of the 24th, bisecting the State about
Titusville, showed the wind to be east-southeast and south below, and
northeast above, the line of demarcation.  The morning reports of the
25th...Gales were blowing east of the Suwanee River, attended by
torrential rains in much of the central and north-central portion of the
peninsula...The center of the hurricane passed inland just north of Tampa"
(MWR).  Also, "...[at Tampa] the greatest hourly precipitation intensity
occurred eight hours before passage of the cyclonic center and at
Jacksonville...it occurred five hours before passage of the cyclonic
center." (Cline 1926).  Regarding tides and storm surge, "Egmont and
Sanibel Island:  Both were practically covered by water.  Fort Myers:  
Tide was 12 to 18 inches higher than previous records for 30 to 35 years.  
Punta Gorda:  Tide was 7 feet above normal high tide at 3 p.m. of 25th;  
water was in streets off city.  Punta Rassa:  Tide was 6 feet above normal
high water.  Boca Grande:  tide 5 feet 4 inches above normal high tide at
7:15 a.m. Clearwater:  Tide 5 feet above normal high tide, 1:30-4 p.m.  
St. Petersburg: Tide 8 feet 5 inches above mean low water at 2 p.m."
(MWR).  "In Tampa the tide swept over the seawall along Bayshore Drive and
into some of the finest homes in the city.  The flooding was even more
severe at Palmetto Beach, Edgewater Park, and DeSoto Park, where no
seawall offered protection.  These areas suffered the greatest damages;
some houses had water lapping at second-story windows, and many were
demolished by breaking waves" (Barnes).  The total number of
hurricane-related deaths is unknown; however, Barnes states that
"at least eight died on the west coast."  Damage included a citrus crop
loss of 800,000 to 1,000,000 boxes of fruit valued at more than $1
million, truck crops and fertilizer adjacent to the coast totaling at
least $1 million, salt water flooding of agricultural areas (MWR).  "At
St. Petersburg all four downtown piers were badly damaged or destroyed.  
Many vessels of all sizes and descriptions were wrecked in the storm,
including the Home Line's `Genevieve' and the trawler `Hynoptist', which
crashed into the Atlantic Coast Line pier, dashing its crew of seven into
the raging waters.  The steamer `Pokonoket' was washed ashore high on the
grounds of the Tampa Bay Hotel, and the Wilson Line's steamer `Favorite'
was also driven ashore and totally wrecked" (Barnes).  "The damage to
residences, docks, warehouses, buildings, bridges, and miscellaneous
property at Tampa, Tarpon Springs, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Punta Gorda,
Marco, Caxambus, and Fort Myers; in short, along the coast from a point
near Cedar Keys, southward, will exceed $1,000,000, and the aggregate of
losses will probably total $3,000,000" (MWR).

October 26:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 80W,
just off the east coast of Florida.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1
hurricane at 29.1N, 79.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 79.5W (a.m.).  The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 28.5N, 79.5W with 990 mb (a.m.) and
at 28.5N, 77W with 992 mb (p.m.).  Available observations indicate that
the center was farther north than HURDAT.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SW and
991 mb at 27.5N, 78.5W at 19 UTC (MWR);  50 kt SW and 988 mb at 28.5N,
78.0W at 19 UTC (NCDC).  Station highlights:  56 kt NE at Jacksonville
between 00 and 12 UTC 26th (MWR/OMR);  990 mb at Tampa (00 and 01 UTC) and
Titusville (01 UTC) (MWR/Cline/OMR).  "After crossing the Florida
Peninsula the storm moved almost due east" (MWR).  According to the Tampa
Weather Bureau office, "It began to rain about 4 a.m. Sunday, October 23,
and continued with hardly a break until 9:15 p.m. of the 25th.  The total
recorded rainfall was 8.53 inches, but much more probably fell and was
blown out of the gage" (MWR).  From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau
office, "It will be seen that the greatest rainfall occurred near the path
and over the upper-right front and the lower-right rear quadrants as the
storm center approached the coast and progressed northeastward across the
peninsula" (MWR). "Significant losses were reported to crops and farms in
the inland portions of the state as the hurricane crossed over to the
Atlantic" (Barnes).  "The damage on the east coast, while
considerable locally, was altogether of little moment when compared with
that which befell the west coast" (MWR).

October 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 71W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 73.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.).  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 28N,
74.5W (a.m.) and 28N, 72W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the
center was farther north than the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights: 70 kt
NE and 996 mb at 30.0N, 73.1W at 12 UTC (COA);  45 kt ESE and 981 mb at
28.3N, 70.5W at 18 UTC (MWR).  Regarding the track, "...a great HIGH was
bearing down from the north and under its influence the storm, which had
lost considerable intensity while crossing Florida, was forced to take a
new path to the east-southeast..." (MWR).

October 28:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 69W,
with a cold front extending south and west.  HURDAT listed this as a
strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC.  However, available
observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near
the storm.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921"  
shows a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.).  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a
center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.) and near 27.5N, 66.5W (p.m.).  Available
observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position may be a better fit
than the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SW and 979 mb at 27.2N,
68.7W at 00 UTC (COA);  60 kt ship report five times (NCDC).

October 29:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1000 mb at 26.5N,
64.5W, with a cold front extending to the south of the storm and a warm
front extending to the east of the storm.  HURDAT listed this as a strong
extratropical storm at 27.2N, 63.0W at 12 UTC. However, available
observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near
the storm.  Available observations suggest that the center was farther
south and west of the HURDAT estimates.  Ship highlights:  35 kt N at
27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt WSW at 24.1N, 64.3W at 12 UTC (HWM);  
30 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 23.5N, 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA);  30 kt ENE and 1001
mb at 29.5N, 59.5W at 20 UTC (COA).

October 30:  HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near
38.5N, 48.5W with a strong cold front extending to the southwest. This
system absorbed the tropical cyclone earlier on the 30th.  Ship highlight:  
45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W. at 00 UTC (COA); 30 kt and 1002 mb
at 34.4N, 41.4W at 06 UTC (COA).

Minor track changes are introduced for the duration of the the hurricane. This
system is retained as a tropical cyclone for an additional day and a half
as indicated by available ship observations before transitioning into an
extratropical storm.  Storm track is extended an extra 6 hours on the 30th to
better match available observations showing that this system was absorbed into
a larger extratropical cyclone around 12 UTC on the 30th and also to provide
a more realistic translational velocity at the end of the storm.  No changes
are made to the intensity for the cyclone's first three days.  The 
997 mb peripheral pressure on the 21st (adjusted from 993 mb raw)  suggests 
winds of at least 53 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt is
retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 21st.  Late on the 22nd, Swan Island 
reported 70 kt SW (~20 UTC) and 989 mb minimum pressure (~16 UTC).  The 70 kt 
converts down to 57 kt after adjusting for the high bias of the instrument and 
adjusting to a peak 1 min wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 
1996).  The 989 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 66 kt from 
the southern pressure-wind relationship.  80 kt is retained in HURDAT for 
18 UTC on the 22nd.  At 22 UTC on the 23rd, a 941 mb pressure in the eye was
measured, which suggests winds of 118 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship.  120 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT, an increase from the original
value of 100 kt at 18 UTC on the 23rd.  At 03 UTC on the 25th, a 943 mb 
pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 117 from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind 
relationships suggest 118 kt and 112 kt for the south and north of 25N 
latitude, respectively.  With the central pressure observation occuring 
near 25N, a constant intensity of 120 kt is therefore retained through 00 UTC 
and then reduced to 115 kt at 06 UTC.  Another ship went through 
the eye around 1520 UTC on the 25th and measured a pressure of at 
most 958 mb.  However, based upon lower pressure observed later at landfall in 
Tarpon Springs with a longer calm period, this measurement is probably biased 
high relative to the central pressure at that time.  The difference may be due 
to an incorrectly calibrated barometer, the ship not passing through the center
of the eye, a measurement taken while not in while in the center of the eye, or
some combination of the preceding.  

The hurricane made landfall in southwest Florida with a central
pressure of 952 mb measured in Tarpon Springs at 1940-2040 UTC on the 25th.
952 mb suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship suggests
103 kt from the north of 25N associations.  Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested an 
environmental pressure of 1006 mb, maximum 1 min surface wind at the coast of 
98 kt, suggesting a low end Category 3 hurricane.  Ho et al. analyzed a 
landfall position of 27.9N, 82.8W with a 952 mb central pressure and an RMW of 
18 nmi.  Such an RMW is close to the average value for that latitude and 
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), thus 105 kt is chosen for intensity at 
landfall, making the storm a Category 3.  This is in agreement with 
HURDAT, Neumann et al., and Jarrell et al.  Highest observed winds for this 
system from Tampa at 1918 UTC on the 25th were 59 kt, which converts to 49 kt 
after adjustment. However, the landfall position from Ho et al. is too far
south given the clearcut eye passage over Tarpon Springs.  A landfall position
of 28.1N 82.8W is used instead, which retains the original HURDAT position
at 18 UTC on the 25th.  Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of 
the 00 and 06 UTC synoptic times on the 26th were 50 kt and 45 kt from ship 
observations in the Gulf of Mexico.  (Highest land based winds were 49 kt 
around 00 UTC [Jacksonville] and 37 kt around 06 UTC [Charleston and 
Savannah].)  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 
78 and 70 kt at 00 and 06 UTC, respectively.  Winds in HURDAT are reduced from 
85 to 80 kt at 00 UTC and 80 to 70 kt at 06 UTC, accordingly.  (The winds 
could have been reduced even further; however, due to the dearth of station
data, higher winds might have possibly occurred.)  For the Florida regional 
breakdown, the hurricane is considered a Category 3 impact in Southwest Florida
(BFL3), a Category 2 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL2), and Category 1 impact
in Northeast Florida (DFL1) and in Southeast Florida (CFL1).  

After passing back over the Atlantic, a 988 mb peripheral pressure observation 
at 19 UTC on the 26th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the
subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  75 kt is retained in HURDAT for
18 UTC on the 26th.  Available observations on the 27th and early on the
28th suggest that the hurricane did not reattain Category 2 intensity.  
Winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 75 kt on the 27th and 28th,
accordingly.  On the 28th, 979 mb and 984 mb peripheral pressures were
measured from ships.  These suggest winds of at least 76 and 71 kt,
respectively.  75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, which is a slight increase from the
original database.  Available observations indicate a weakening of the
system late on the 29th and on the 30th as it was being absorbed by a
larger extratropical low.

1921/06 - 2011 REVISION:

23275 10/20/1921 M=11  6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
23280 10/20*127 801  35    0*131 804  35    0*135 806  35    0*138 809  40    0*
23285 10/21*142 812  45    0*146 815  50    0*150 818  50    0*155 822  55    0*
23290 10/22*160 826  65    0*165 830  70    0*170 835  75    0*176 840  80    0*
23295 10/23*183 845  90    0*191 850 100    0*200 853 110    0*209 854 120  941*
23300 10/24*218 855 120    0*228 855 120    0*238 855 120    0*247 852 120    0*
23305 10/25*256 848 120  943*264 844 115    0*271 839 110    0*278 831 105  952*
23305 10/25*256 848 120  943*264 844 115    0*271 839 105    0*278 831 100  958*
                                                      ***              ***  ***

23310 10/26*285 822  80    0*290 810  70    0*295 796  75    0*295 780  75    0*
23315 10/27*294 763  80    0*292 746  80    0*290 731  75    0*287 718  75    0*
23320 10/28*284 707  75    0*281 697  75    0*278 688  75    0*273 678  70    0*
23325 10/29*268 667  70    0*266 655  70    0*265 640  70    0*270 620  60    0*
23330 10/30E285 590  50    0E305 550  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
23335 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-10/25/1921   2000Z 28.1N  82.8W  105kt  3  18nmi    952mb    BFL3,AFL2,DFL1,CFL1
6-10/25/1921   2000Z 28.1N  82.8W  100kt  3  18nmi    958mb    BFL3,AFL2,DFL1,CFL1
                                   ***                ***


The hurricane made landfall on October 25. According to the Monthly Weather Review, 
the lowest recorded pressure in Florida was 952 mb at Tarpon Springs around 19Z. 
However, the October 1921 (Florida) issue of Climatological Data indicates that this 
value was corrected to 28.29 inches [958 mb]. The MWR value was likely uncorrected. 
Additionally, the 958 mb value correlates with a central pressure report of 958 mb 
from a ship, which passed through the center on the same date (1520Z). Winds are 
reduced to 105 kt and 100 kt at 12Z and 18Z, respectively.

*******************************************************************************


1921/07 - 2009 ADDITION:

22826 11/19/1921 M= 7  7 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22827 11/19*209 650  25    0*212 660  25    0*215 670  30    0*218 680  30    0
22827 11/20*221 690  30    0*223 700  35    0*225 710  35    0*227 720  40    0
22827 11/21*228 729  40    0*229 737  45    0*230 745  50    0*229 752  50    0
22827 11/22*228 758  45    0*227 765  45    0*225 775  40    0*223 788  40    0
22827 11/23*222 803  35    0*221 815  35    0*220 825  30    0*220 834  30    0
22827 11/24*221 843  30    0*223 852  30    0*225 860  25    0*227 864  25    0
22827 11/25*229 865  25    0*232 865  25    0*235 865  25    0*240 865  25    0
22828 TS  

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and the _Monthly Weather Review_.  

November 19:  The Historical Weather Map does not indicate any significant
features in the vicinity of this system.  The Monthly Weather Review's
Track of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22N 68.5W (p.m.) with
a pressure of 1009 mb.  Available observations suggest that a tropical cyclone 
had formed on this date and was near 21.5N 67W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "On the 19th there was a LOW near
Porto Rico that moved westward with all the characteristics of a tropical
hurricane, which was most unusual for so late in the season" (MWR).

November 20:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough along 72W
with a cold front situated over the Florida peninsula to the Carolinas.
The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center
near 22.5N 71.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.) and near 22.5N 73W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center was near 22.5N 71W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights:  35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 21.5N 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA);
35 kt E and 1013 mb at 21.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA).

November 21:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough/cold front
boundary extending from Cuba northeastward across the Bahamas to west 
of Bermuda.  The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas 
indicate a center near 21.5N 74.5W (a.m.) and near 22.5N 76.5W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center was near 23N 74.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights:  50 kt NE (no time) and 30 kt NE and 1007 mb (no time)
at 23.7N 74.4W from the S.S. Mexican (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC
at 25.9N 75.7W (COA).

November 22:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low 
pressure over the western Bahamas and central Cuba with a dissipating
cold front extending northeastward toward Bermuda.  The Monthly Weather 
Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center 22.5N 78W
(a.m.) and 23N 80.5W with 1009 mb (p.m.).  Available observations
suggest a center near 22.5N 77.5W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights:  35 kt ENE
at 24.7N 80.6W at 05 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 24.2N 82.2W
at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 22 UTC (COA).

November 23:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low
pressure over western Cuba.  The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers 
of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 82.5W and 1009 mb (a.m.) and
23N 85W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest a center near 22N 82.5W
at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 00 UTC
(COA).  Station highlights:  36 kt NE at Sand Key (MWR).  "On the 23rd
and 24th the center was in the western Caribbean Sea, and on the
latter date in began to fill in, as by the 25th it had practically
disappeared.  This was a moderate depression and limited in extent,
as only one of the many vessels that were in its path reported
winds of gale force" (MWR).

November 24:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north
of the Yucatan of Mexico.  The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of 
Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 87.5W (a.m.).  Available observations
suggest a center near 22.5N 86W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 25:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north
of the Yucatan of Mexico.  Available observations suggest a center was
near 23.5N 86.5W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
 
This tropical cyclone formed early on the 19th of November east of
the Turks and Caicos Islands, though observations were sparse in this
location.  Genesis occurred with no suggestions of interactions with
a frontal boundary or baroclinic forcing.  The analyzed track is
nearly due west for the first five days of its lifetime with a slow
turn to the northwest as it was decaying over the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Several observations from the 20th through the 23rd indicate that 
tropical storm intensity of this system was reached.  Data from
the S.S. Mexican on the 21st are the reason for analyzing a peak
intensity of 50 kt.  Highest observed winds at a land station were
36 kt sustained in Sand Key, FL on the 23rd.  The cyclone did interact 
with the tail end of a frontal boundary on the 21st and 22nd, but it 
appears that the cyclone was well south of the main baroclinic zone of 
this front and that the cyclone remained a separate entity throughout its 
lifetime.  Analyses from Cuban meteorologists at the time (Ramon Perez, personal 
communication, 2008) suggested that this system was a tropical depression at 
landfall in Cuba.  The observed gales were located well-removed from the center 
northwest of the cyclone, suggesting that the system had some subtropical storm 
characteristics.  At landfall in Cuba late on the 22nd, the cyclone's peak winds 
had weakened to around 40 kt, primarily occurring in the Florida Straits and 
the Keys.  The system continued to weakened after passing through Cuba and it is 
estimated to have dropped to tropical depression intensity on the 23rd and 
dissipated late on the 25th.  No significant impacts of this cyclone were observed 
in the Bahamas, Cuba or Florida.


*********************************************************************************

1921 - Additional Notes:

1) This cyclone had its origins as an extratropical storm along a 
pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of March.  By the 28th and 29th,
the system occluded and may have gained some tropical (or subtropical)
cyclone characteristics.  The cyclone weakened below gale force by late 
on the 29th and was absorbed by a frontal boundary from a large extratropical 
cyclone early on the 30th.  However, the cyclone remained very large, with
little evidence of strong, or strengthening, winds near the center.  Also
an isothermal analysis also seems to support primarily a baroclinic system
throughout its lifetime.  Thus the cyclone is not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Mar. 25  37N  43W      Extratropical Low
Mar. 26  34N  41W      Extratropical Low
Mar. 27  30N  43W      Extratropical Low
Mar. 28  33N  47W      Extratropical Low - Occluded
Mar. 29  36N  52W      Extratropical Low - Occluded
Mar. 30  --N  --W      Absorbed


2) The Historical Weather Maps show a cold front that moves into 
the Gulf of Mexico on 14 May.  The front becomes stationary
by the 16th as a closed low formed along the front in the eastern
Gulf of Mexico.  The cyclone - which did not exhibit any gales during
its duration - weakened on the 17th.  It appears that the cyclone
remained baroclinic throughout its lifetime, so it is not added
into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
May  14  --N  --W      Cold front in Gulf of Mexico
May  15  --N  --W      Cold front in Gulf of Mexico
May  16  27N  84W      Extratropical low
May  17  27N  85W      Extratropical low (closed?)


3) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" in _Monthly_Weather_Review_ (MWR)
for June 1921 indicate a system moving northeast from the Northwestern
Caribbean on 1 Jun across Cuba early on 2 Jun.  It continued ENE through
the central Bahamas, turning towards the north on the 4th and passing
about 150 km west of Bermuda on the 5th before turning back to the right
early on the 6th.  COADS and Historical Weather Map observations show some
evidence of a weak circulation with tropical characteristics nearly along
this track from the 1st through the 2nd, which then encounters an
approaching cold front on the 3rd.  Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) also
show an analyzed low pressure area in the Western Caribbean on the 1st
that is coincident with the MWR center position.  However, the track
diverges from MWR beyond that point, as the analyzed low lingers in the
Caribbean through the 4th before dissipating; and observations do not
support a closed circulation in this location beyond the 1st.  The HWMs
then show a weak analyzed low on the 5th and 6th nearly coincident with
the MWR positions that formed as a baroclinic wave along the frontal
system.  This low was analyzed until the 7th and then weakened as it
accelerated northeast towards Cape Race.  No gale force winds were noted
before the 6th, by which time the low was clearly extratropical.  Because
maximum wind observations were 20 knots and the lowest believable pressure
from a COADS ship observation was 1005 mb on the 1st, it was probably only
a tropical depression in the barotropic stage and is not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Jun. 1   19N  85W      Tropical Depression
Jun. 2   23N  78W      Tropical Depression
Jun. 3   25N  73W      Tropical Depression (becoming extratropical)
Jun. 4   28N  66W      Extratropical Storm
Jun. 5   32N  67W      Extratropical Storm
Jun. 6   35N  62W      Extratropical Storm
Jun. 7   42N  55W      Extratropical Storm


4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS, and the July 1922 issue of
_Monthly_Weather_Review_ in the "Storms and Weather Warnings" section
suggest an area of low pressure formed in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico
northwest of Cedar Key on the morning of 5 July along a surface trough
axis oriented ENE-WSW.  The system moved slowly in a general westward
direction just south of the Gulf Coast as a distinct entity through 7
July.  It appears to have deteriorated to an open inverted trough on the
8th and 9th with no evidence of westerly or northwesterly winds, despite
maximum five-minute wind observations of 34 and 35 knots recorded at
Galveston and Corpus Christi, respectively, on the 8th and a COADS ship
observation of 25 kt at 28.9N and 91.6W on the 9th.  (Moreover, the two
gale reports convert to 30 and 31 kt, respectively, after accounting 
for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 
1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  It is possible
that a closed circulation did exist on these dates, but that there were
not enough observations on the sound side of the system to be certain.  A 
closed circulation was again analyzed in the Historical Weather Maps on 
the 10th, as it moved inland near Galveston towards Houston.  The low 
then drifted northwest over north Texas on the 11th before dissipating.  
Since no ship or station observations reported gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure), it is considered to be only a tropical 
depression as a closed circulation and is therefore not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Jul. 5   29N  84W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 6   28N  86W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 7   28N  89W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 8   ---  ---      Open Inverted Trough along ~92W (closed?)
Jul. 9   ---  ---      Open Inverted Trough along ~94W (closed?)
Jul. 10  30N  96W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 11  32N  98W      Tropical Depression (dissipating)


5) Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) indicate that a low pressure area formed
in a weakness that had developed in a westward extension of the Bermuda
high over southeast GA, northeast FL, and the Northeast Gulf of Mexico on
28 July.  The HWMs and COADS ship observations show that this system was
only a weak tropical depression, which moved slowly northward and made
landfall over Apalachicola on the morning of the 29th.  It then turned
towards the NNE and then NE on the 30th, moving over GA, and dissipated by
the 31st over the Carolina piedmont.  Maximum winds were 20 kt or less,
and the lowest ship and station pressure observations were 1013 mb on the
30th.  This system is consequently not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Jul. 28  28N  85W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 29  30N  85W      Tropical Depression
Jul. 30  32N  83W      Tropical Depression


6) This system is depicted as an extratropical cyclone on the Historical
Weather Maps over the Atlantic north, then east of Bermuda from
September 8th through the 13th.  Genesis for this cyclone is begun on 
the 9th of September when the storm obtained a closed circulation distinct 
from the surface trough associated with a frontal boundary.  It appears that 
the system came closest to becoming a tropical storm (or subtropical storm) 
on the 9th and 10th, before becoming a strong extratropical storm on 
the 11th and 12th as it quickly moved westward across the North Atlantic.  
Because the cyclone apparently never fully lost its frontal characteristics, 
it will not be added into HURDAT.    

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Sep.  8  ---  ---      Frontal Boundary
Sep.  9  37N  67W      Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 10  40N  57W      Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 11  43N  40W      Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 12  51N  23W      Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 13  54N  16W      Extratropical Cyclone


7) September 19-October 8: A Monthly Weather Review article in 1945 briefly
mentions a tropical cyclone that supposedly formed in the Caribbean Sea, moved
across Central America and then over the Pacific Ocean, made landfall in 
northwestern Mexico, moved across the United States, back over the Atlantic before
dissipating west of the British Isles from September 19th through October 8th.  A
review of all available data, including MWR, Historical Weather Maps, and COADS 
ship reports was conducted.  There are no indications that any tropical cyclone 
formed in the Caribbean Sea during the second half of September.  There is amble
evidence, though, for a tropical storm to have occurred from September 23-October 1st
in the Northeast Pacific basin.  This system recurved and made landfall in northern
Baja California, Mexico on the 30th of September and affected Southern California on
the 30th of September and 1st of October.  The October 1921 MWR Tracks of Centers of
Lows map shows the system moving across the United States from the 30th of September 
through the 4th of October.  However, a review of the system shows it dissipated by the
2nd of October and that the MWR track from then onward represents a separate baroclinic
development that did not have a closed low until the 3rd or 4th.  The MWR of 1921 only
briefly mentioned this system (pages 524-525):  "On the 30th a storm of the Sonora type
caused heavy rains in southern California, which probably did considerable damage to
drying fruit and beans in that section.  This storm moved rapidly north from the Gulf 
of California and rain had begun in the extreme south before warnings were issued."  
Thus this system is not added into HURDAT as an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone, but is
included in the Additional Notes section because of the(incorrect) analysis provided in
the 1945 Monthly Weather Review.

1945 Monthly Weather Review:  "Although there are several instances of North Pacific
hurricanes traveling eastward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and entering the Gulf
of Mexico, there is apparently only one other account of a tropical storm passing westward
from the Caribbean Sea into the Pacific Ocean.  This was the storm of September 19 - October 8,
1921, which moved from the western part of the Caribbean into the Pacific Ocean, and then
across the United States and the Atlantic Ocean to a point west of the British isles. This
complete track, covering a distance of approximately 7,000 miles, is the longest of any Mexican
typhoon plotted. A complete account is carried on the reverse side of the North Pacific Pilot
chart for August 1944."

Date		Latitude	Longitude	Type
Sep. 23		15N		104W		Tropical Cyclone
Sep. 24		16N 		107W		''
Sep. 25		18N		110W		''
Sep. 26		20N		113W		''
Sep. 27		22N		115W		''
Sep. 28		25N		117W		''
Sep. 29		27N		118W		''
Sep. 30		30N		116W		''
Oct. 1		35N		115W		''



8) The 23 September Historical Weather Map shows a low pressure system
analyzed in the western Bay of Campeche about 50 km northeast of Veracruz.  
The low formed that morning, as the surface pressure at Veracruz dropped 3
mb from the previous day to 1010 mb.  This system apparently moved
westward and was inland by the evening.  It produced large amounts of
rainfall over eastern and central Mexico.  By the morning of the 24th, it
had already dissipated over the mountains northeast of Mexico City.  The
maximum winds registered from Veracruz and a couple of COADS ship
observations were 25 kt.  Since no gale force winds were evident, the
lowest pressure reading was 1009 mb, and the low moved inland rather
quickly, this system was probably just a tropical depression and is not
added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Sept. 23 20N  95W      Tropical Depression


9) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicates that a closed cyclonic
circulation formed at the tail end of a decaying cold front in the Bay of
Campeche on 5 October.  The system, which was devoid of baroclinic
characteristics, moved inland towards the southeast and dissipated over
Central America by the morning of the 6th.  35 kt winds were reported
at Veracruz and Villhermosa on the 5th, but surface pressures at these
stations were 1009 and 1007 mb, respectively.  (Moreover, these convert to
only 30 kt, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and 
adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell 
et al. 1996).  A COADS ship observation at 21.0N and 97.3W shows a wind 
speed of 30 kt.  Since no observations gale force winds or equivalent in
pressure, this system is considered to be a tropical depression and is not 
added to HURDAT.  However, it could have potentially been a tropical 
storm.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Oct. 5   19N  94W      Tropical Depression


********************************************************************************



1922/01 - 2009 REVISION:

22620 06/12/1922 M= 5  1 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22620 06/12/1922 M= 5  1 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

22625 06/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*155 823  35    0*163 834  40    0
22625 06/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*155 823  25    0*163 834  25    0
                                                       **               **

22630 06/13*171 843  40    0*178 853  40    0*183 862  40    0*188 871  35    0
22630 06/13*171 845  25    0*178 856  25    0*183 865  30    0*185 870  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22635 06/14*192 881  35    0*196 890  35    0*201 900  35    0*206 911  35    0
22635 06/14*187 876  30    0*190 885  30    0*195 895  25    0*201 908  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22640 06/15*210 924  35    0*215 938  40    0*220 950  40    0*227 960  45    0
22640 06/15*207 923  30    0*213 940  35    0*220 955  40    0*230 967  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***          *** ***  

22645 06/16*233 968  45    0*241 976  40    0*249 982  35    0*2751000  30    0
22645 06/16*240 977  45    0*250 986  35    0*260 995  30 1006*2701002  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

22650 TS                    

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

June 12:  Historical Weather Map and COADS data indicate that no closed
low was developed by this date, though easterly winds up to 30 kt were
observed in the northwestern Caribbean.  HURDAT listed this system as
a tropical storm at 15.5N, 82.3W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "This disturbance seemingly had
its inception over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on the 12th, although
the indications were that it was of but minor intensity.  Nevertheless,
it caused torrential rains in the vicinity of the Swan Islands during the
12th and 13th" (MWR).

June 13:  The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low
existed on this day.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at
18.3N, 86.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot
shows a center at 17.2N, 87.3W.  Available observations do confirm that
weak closed low existed just west of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "On the 13th there were
indications of an imperfectly organized disturbance in the Gulf of 
Honduras" (MWR).

June 14:  The Historical Weather Map analysis showed a broad low pressure of at
most 1010 mb region over Honduras and Nicaragua.  HURDAT listed this system as 
a tropical storm at 20.1N, 90.0W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during
1922" track plot shows a center at 19.3N, 91.3W.  Available observations
suggest a center over Mexico southwest of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "During its 
movement westward through British Honduras and Yucatan, press reports
tell of torrential rains and unprecedented floods in Salvador, and it is
probable that similar conditions prevailed in the adjoining republics, but
confirmation of this statement is lacking" (MWR).

June 15:  The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in
the region.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22N, 95W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center
at 22N, 95.1W with a central pressure of 1003 mb.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
shows a center near 21.5N, 94.5W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available 
observations indicated a possible center west of the HURDAT and MWR 
summary plot estimates.  Ship highlight:  10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 
22.3N, 96.3W at 12 UTC (COA).  "The morning of the 15th meteorological
observations by radio fro vessels in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico
disclosed the presence of a disturbance of moderate intensity central
off the port of Tampico, Mexico" (MWR).

June 16:  The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in
the region.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 24.9N, 98.2W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center 
over Mexico at 26.5N, 100W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
26N, 99.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available observations indicate 
that a closed low did exist near the Tracks of Lows estimate.  Station 
highlight:  10 kt W and 1005 mb at Monterrey (HWM).  "The cyclone passed 
inland during the morning of the 16th immediately south of the Rio Grande"
(MWR).

June 17-23:  The tropical cyclone dissipated, but associated rainfall 
over the next couple of days resulted in destructive flooding in the 
lower Rio Grande valley from the 18th through the 23rd.  "[The cyclone] 
passed up the valley of that [Rio Grande] river, attended by excessive 
rains which resulted in unprecedented floods in the lower Rio Grande
valley ... The flood waters reached the Rio Grande first from the San
Juan, a tributary from Mexico entering the river just above Rio Grande
City, Tex.  The river rose at this station to 26.5 feet, a stage exceeded
by 0.3 foot the great flood of September, 1919.  A second rise caused by
water coming down the main channel of the Rio Grande took the stage at
Rio Grande City to 29.5 feet, 14.5 feet above flood stage, on June 22.
This is the highest stage reached at this station since 1909, when the
estimated stage was 30 feet.  The water that caused the record rises came 
into the river above Eagle Pass, where the river reached a stage of 45.6 feet
on the 19th, or 29.6 feet above flood stage.  The Southern Pacific and
International bridges were washed away, and stores and houses on the west
side of Commercial Street were damaged.  At Piedras Negras, the town on the
Mexican side of the river, several blocks of houses were destroyed.  The
crest moved rapidly downstream between high river banks with stage at 
Laredo of 43.9 feet, 15.9 feet above flood stages, on the 20th.  The flood
reached the lower Rio Grande while the river was still swollen by water from
the San Juan.  Tow crests moved toward the Gulf, but the flat nature of
the Lower Valley, with a fall of less than a foot to the mile, together
with the many levees built in recent years, caused the crests of the two
floods to merge into one, producing unprecedented conditions.  The crest
stage at Mission, Tex., was 28.4 feet, 4.4 feet above flood stage on the
23d ... The flooded districts ranged in width from 6 to 20 miles across
Hidalgo County; and 20 to 40 miles across Cameron County.  A corresponding
inundation occurred in Mexico ... It is estimated that 30,000 acres of
agricultural lands were inundated with loss of crops.  The was much damage
to levees, bridges, roads, irrigation systems, transportation lines, and
buildings of all kinds.  Many towns from the western border of Hidalgo
County to the Gulf suffered complete or partial inundation, with great
property losses ... Much damage would have resulted from the great overflow
at any time of the year, but the flood, coming as it did in the height of
the growing season, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of crops.  Another million
will have to be spent to repair levees, roads, buildings, and to put the
irrigation systems in working order.  Few, if any, lives were lost on the
American side of the Rio Grande, which is remarkable when the magnitude
of the flood is considered" (MWR). 

Genesis for this system is unchanged from that indicated in HURDAT,
though as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm.
This is consistent with that shown also in the MWR "Hurricanes during
1922" track plot.  Track changes introduced for the duration of
this tropical storms were minor.  While no explicit gale force winds
were observed, a peripheral pressure of 1006 mb from a ship on the
15th suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship - 40 kt retained in HURDAT.  A pressure (possibly a central 
pressure) of 1006 mb at Monterrey on the 16th suggests winds of at least 
32 kt - 30 kt chosen as the center was inland by this time.  (The sea 
level pressure value from Monterrey may be suspect because of its high
elevation, but the 6.4 mb drop from 12 UTC on the 15th to 12 UTC on
the 16th is consistent with a moderate tropical storm making landfall
on the coast.)  Only minor changes were made to the system during its
decay, but it is to be noted that the remnants of this tropical storm
caused one of the largest flooding events ever for the Lower Rio Grande
valley.


********************************************************************************



1922/02 - 2009 REVISION:

22655 09/13/1922 M=14  2 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22655 09/13/1922 M=14  2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

22660 09/13*104 468  35    0*107 488  35    0*110 500  40    0*112 509  40    0
22660 09/13*104 468  30    0*107 481  30    0*110 493  30    0*112 505  35    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

22665 09/14*116 519  45    0*120 529  50    0*126 540  50    0*134 552  55    0
22665 09/14*116 517  40    0*120 529  45    0*126 540  50    0*134 552  55    0
                ***  **               **               

22670 09/15*142 564  60    0*151 577  60    0*158 588  65    0*164 598  70    0
22670 09/15*142 564  60    0*151 577  60    0*158 588  70    0*164 598  80    0
                                                       **               **

22675 09/16*170 609  80    0*176 619  85    0*181 629  90    0*187 639  95    0
22675 09/16*170 609  90    0*176 619 100    0*181 629 100    0*187 639 100    0
                     **              ***              ***              ***

22680 09/17*193 649 100    0*200 659 100    0*206 668 105    0*212 674 105    0
22680 09/17*193 649 100    0*200 659 100    0*206 668 105    0*212 672 105    0
                                                                   *** 

22685 09/18*219 679 105    0*225 681 110    0*232 682 110    0*240 682 115    0
22685 09/18*219 673 105    0*225 674 105    0*232 675 105    0*240 676 105    0
                ***              ***              *** ***          *** ***

22690 09/19*249 681 115    0*258 680 115    0*265 678 120    0*273 673 120    0
22690 09/19*249 677 105    0*258 678 105    0*265 678 105    0*273 676 105    0
                *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

22695 09/20*279 670 125    0*286 665 125    0*292 660 125    0*299 655 130    0
22695 09/20*279 673 105    0*286 669 105    0*292 665 105    0*299 661 105    0
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
   
22700 09/21*306 650 130    0*313 643 130    0*321 632 130    0*335 615 130    0
22700 09/21*306 657 100    0*313 653 100    0*323 648 100  960*336 638 100    0
                *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

22705 09/22*358 590 130    0*382 564 125    0*400 540 115    0E412 523 105    0
22705 09/22*351 620 100    0*367 600  95    0*380 575  90    0*390 550  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***     **** *** *** 

22710 09/23E423 506  95    0E434 490  95    0E446 465  90    0E459 432  90    0
22710 09/23E400 525  80    0E410 500  75    0E420 475  75    0E435 445  75  971 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

22715 09/24E473 390  90    0E487 344  85    0E498 300  85    0E502 277  80    0
22715 09/24E455 400  75    0E475 344  75    0E490 295  75    0E500 260  75  952 
            *** ***  **      ***              *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

22720 09/25E505 255  80    0E508 222  80    0E510 204  75    0E511 191  75    0
22720 09/25E505 230  75    0E508 200  75  939E510 175  75    0E510 158  75    0
                ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***          *** ***   

22725 09/26E511 176  70    0E511 158  70    0E510 140  70    0E509 101  70    0
22725 09/26E508 143  70    0E505 130  65    0E500 120  60    0E495 110  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22730 HR                    

Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations 
provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service.

September 13:  The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed
circulation on this date.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
11N, 50W at 12 UTC.  Available observations do indeed suggest a closed
circulation was present near 11N, 49.3W.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 14:  The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed
circulation on this date.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
at 12.2N, 54.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 54W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations do show a closed circulation near the
HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 15:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a NE-SW
oriented trough extending from 17N, 58W to 12N, 65W.  The MWR "Hurricanes
during 1922" show a center at 14.9N, 58.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 15.8N, 58.8W at 12 UTC.  Available observations
suggest a center near the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "[The hurricane] originated in
low latitudes east of the Lesser Antilles, the French S.S. Mont Rose
encountering it about 200 miles east of Martinique.  This vessel received
slight damage" (MWR).

September 16:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center 
near 17.7N, 62W with a pressure of 1002 mb.  HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 2 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.9W at 12 UTC.  Available observations 
do confirm a closed circulation near the HURDAT position.  Station 
highlights:  70 kt NW and 968 mb pressure at Barbuda at 0530 UTC (MWR); 
calm wind (eye) at Barbuda at 0545 UTC (MWR).  "The next period began
with the reporting of a fully developed hurricane to the east of the
Windward Islands.  Moving northwest, this storm passed near Barbuda of
the Leeward group on the morning of the 15th of September (lowest
barometer reading 28.58 inches ... a very intense storm of small diameter,
which was noted at Barbuda and Bermuda" (MWR).

September 17:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
near 21N, 64.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.6N, 66.8W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations do indicate a closed center near the
HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  50 kt and 1004 mb at 22.2N, 67.1W (MWR).
September 18:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
23.7N, 66.2W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
22N, 66W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.2N, 68.2W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations do confirm a closed circulation 
existed east of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

September 19:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
26.1N, 66.4W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
25N, 67W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 67.8W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations do confirm a closed circulation 
existed near the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

September 20:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 31N, 75W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south and west.  However, HWM did not analyze
a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 
1922" show a center at 28.4N, 66.2W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center near 28N, 67W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane 
at 29.2N, 66W at 12 UTC.  Available observations do confirm a closed 
circulation existed west of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 21:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 32N, 71W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south.  However, HWM did not analyze a closed low 
in the vicinity of the hurricane.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a 
center at 31.8N, 64.4W with 1003 mb pressure.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones shows a center near 32N, 64.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 
hurricane at 32.1N, 63.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations do confirm 
a closed circulation existed substantially west-northwest of the HURDAT 
estimate.  Ship highlight:  70 kt E and 967 mb at 32.1N, 64.8W at 12 UTC
(COA).  Station highlight:  70 kt NE-WNW-W at Bermuda at 1230-1330 UTC
(Tucker); 967 mb (near eye) at Bermuda 1240 UTC (Tucker); 965 mb and 15 kt at 
Bermuda at 1245 UTC (Guishard).  "After recurving the hurricane passed near 
Bermuda on the morning of the 21st (lowest barometer reading 28.57 inches)" (MWR).  
"Observations from Fort Prospect Observatory...8 to 8:10am worst period before the 
lull, the velocity estimated at over 100 mph...8:45 a.m. 28.51 inches, winds fell 
to 18 mph... from 8:45am onwards until 11am the wind continued at hurricane force, 
and only an estimate of the velocity can be given, at times during these gusts 
the velocity must have reached well over 100 mph" (Royal Gazette and Colonist Daily, 
Sep. 23, 1922 - provided by Mark Guishard).  "Early next [21st] morning the winds 
made up from E.N.E., the force gradually increasing till by 8 a.m. it had a 
velocity of one hundred and twenty miles an hour.  The North Shore [of Bermuda] 
presented a most magnificent spectacle with furious waters carrying rocks, several 
tons in weight, and tossing them like pebbles. The centre of the storm passed right 
over the islands, for at 9 a.m. came the lull, lasting nearly an hour.  But as is 
so often the case, when the winds of the second half of the storm sprang at the 
land, now from the southwest, it had renewed vigor.  And it was during this second 
half of the hurricane that most of the damage was sustained.  By early afternoon
the sun was shining brightly and all was over.  Short as this storm was,
it was most severe as the destruction it its wake mutely testified.  A great
deal more damage was done than by the hurricane of the previous year and
one fatality was recorded, -- that of a sailor from H.M.S. "Capetown" who
fell overboard at the Dockyard owing to all lights having been blown away ...
Vegetation suffered enormously, owners of banana plantations being among 
the heaviest losers.  Other damage was general and severe, -- the streets
were full of fallen trees, roofs were shattered, walls blown out, shutters
wrenched away.  The Bermuda Cathedral not only lost the Cross from the
western end, but the roof was damaged badly by its fall.  Along the Paget
short, all the wharfage was swept away, and the bungalows were blown off
White's Island into the Harbour.  The old City Hall on Front Street in
Hamilton was partly destroyed ... The tide was at its highest since 1899.
A normal tide rise it two to three feet, but with this hundred-and-twenty-mile
an hour hurricane behind it, it rose eight feet and flooded many houses around
the harbours, besides pounding down wharfage and frontage along the shores.
Flatts Bridge, and many roads, were under water.  On the South Shore, crested
waves of sixty feet in height formed a magnificent picture.  Between 8 and
9 a.m. a wind velocity of 120 m.p.h. was recorded at the Dockyard.  A scene
of desolation was left in its wake.  The dock in the Cambre was half-sunk
by the Dockyard authorities with H.M.S. "Capetown" inside.  H.M.S. "Valerian"
lost her after-mast, H.M.S. "Dartmouth" her foretopmast, while H.M.S. 
"Constance" broke adrift from her bowlines. ... Apart from private losses,
the Colonial Government was faced with a repair bill of some fifty thousand
pounds sterling consequent on this hurricane ... Part of a report on 
Hurricane of Thursday, 21st September at Bermuda, as set down in the
Record Book at H. M. Dockyard - ... The velocity of the wind during the
heaviest squalls (after the centre had passed) was estimated as being
somewhere between 110-120 mph" (Tucker).

September 22:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 37N, 68W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south.  However, HWM did not analyze a closed low 
in the vicinity of the hurricane.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 
hurricane at 40N, 54W at 12 UTC.  Available observations do suggest a closed
circulation existed substantially south and west of the HURDAT estimate.
Ship highlight:  35 kt SE and 1003 mb at 39.6N, 61.5W at 12 UTC (HWM);
35 kt ENE at 40N, 65W at 12 UTC (HWM).  "[The hurricane] continued
northeastward into the steamer lanes and was encountered by a large number
of vessels before reaching the English coast in a modified form ... the
storm enlarged its area enormously in the northern latitudes and retained
much of its vortical energy" (MWR).

September 23:  The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone of at most 1005 mb at 43.5N, 48W with a warm front extending to the 
east and a cold front extending down to the south and west.  This system is the
hurricane, which by this time has become baroclinic in structure.  HURDAT lists 
the system as an extratropical cyclone at 44.6N, 46.5W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations suggest that the center was south and west of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights: 70 kt at 43.3N, 44.7W (MWR); 971 mb central
pressure at 43.3N, 44.7W at 16 UTC (MWR).

September 24:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
cyclone of at most 985 mb at 50N, 29W with a warm front extending to the east 
and a cold front extending to the south.  HURDAT lists the system as an 
extratropical cyclone at 49.8N, 30W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest 
that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  
70 kt N at 49.7N, 29.7W (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 968 mb at 49N, 21W at
23 UTC (MWR); 25 kt ESE and 952 mb (possible central pressure) at 50N, 23.8W
at 17 UTC (MWR).

September 25:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluding 
extratropical cyclone of at most 975 mb at 50N, 19W with an occluded front 
extending to the east.  HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 
51N, 20.4W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was east 
of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SW and 956 mb at 02 UTC (MWR); 
50 kt SSE and 944 mb at 51.2N 19.0W at 06Z (MWR).  "From the 24th to the 26th...
the storm developed into one of the most violent encountered in years.  Especially 
interesting was the newspaper account of the experience of the Cunard liner 
Aquitania which was evidently near the center on the 25th.  Some idea of the force 
of the sea can be gathered by the fact that 10 ports on the "B" deck 50 feet above 
the water line were smashed in, and 40 feet of the teak-wood coping which inclosed 
the windows on the shelter dec, 50 feek above the water line, were swept away" (MWR).

September 26:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded
extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 52N, 13W with an occluded front 
extending to the north and east.  HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical 
cyclone at 51N, 14W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center 
was south and east of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  70 kt W and
986 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 01 UTC (COA); 70 kt W and 989 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W
at 05 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 974 mb at 49.5N, 10.5W at 13 UTC (COA).
Station highlight: 35 kt S and 992 mb at Skokholm Island at 12 UTC (HWM);
10 kt SE and 982 mb at Valencia Island at 12 UTC (HWM).

No change was made in the genesis of this hurricane, though the transition
from tropical depression to tropical storm was delayed 18 hours based upon
substantial ship observations found on the 13th.  Minor track changes
were made on the 13th-14th, the 17th-20th, and the 24th.  Larger track
alterations were made on the 21st-23rd and 25th-26th based upon available
observations.  A peripheral pressure of 968 mb early on the 16th in Barbuda
suggests winds of at least 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship - winds are boosted from 85 to 100 kt at 06 UTC.  A near-eye
pressure of 967 mb from the Dockyard in Bermuda on the morning of the 21st
indicates a central pressure of about 960 mb.  960 mb suggests winds of
94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced
from 130 down to 100 kt at 12 UTC.  In both cases, the winds were increased 
slightly above the suggested pressure-wind relationship because of the 
smaller than usual size of the hurricane.  It is noted that the 120 mph 
(104 kt) "recorded" in Bermuda was actually a visual estimate rather than
an anemometer reading.  Nevertheless, it is consistent with a major
hurricane (Category 3) passing over a portion of Bermuda.  It is analyzed
that the hurricane became a very vigorous extratropical storm early on
the 23rd.  A central pressure reading of 971 mb on 16 UTC on the 23rd
suggests winds of 81 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 
winds are reduced from 90 to 75 kt at 18 UTC as the system had already 
transitioned to an extratropical storm structure and would have weaker
winds for the same pressure.  The winds are then kept at 75 kt from the 23rd until 
the 25th, as the system maintained itself as a strong extratropical low.  
The system finally weakened to below hurricane-force winds on the 26th as it began 
impacting Great Britain. This hurricane is one of the strongest on record to have 
directly impacted Bermuda, in this case as a Category 3 with maximum sustained winds 
of about 100 kt.

1922/02 - 2011 REVISION:

23420 09/13/1922 M=14  2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
23420 09/13/1922 M=16  2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
                   **

23425 09/13*104 468  30    0*107 481  30    0*110 493  30    0*112 505  35    0*
23430 09/14*116 517  40    0*120 529  45    0*126 540  50    0*134 552  55    0*
23435 09/15*142 564  60    0*151 577  60    0*158 588  70    0*164 598  80    0*
23440 09/16*170 609  90    0*176 619 100    0*181 629 100    0*187 639 100    0*
23445 09/17*193 649 100    0*200 659 100    0*206 668 105    0*212 672 105    0*
23450 09/18*219 673 105    0*225 674 105    0*232 675 105    0*240 676 105    0*
23455 09/19*249 677 105    0*258 678 105    0*265 678 105    0*273 676 105    0*
23460 09/20*279 673 105    0*286 669 105    0*292 665 105    0*299 661 105    0*
23465 09/21*306 657 100    0*313 653 100    0*323 648 100  960*336 638 100    0*
23470 09/22*351 620 100    0*367 600  95    0*380 575  90    0*390 550  85    0*
23475 09/23E400 525  80    0E410 500  75    0E420 475  75    0E435 445  75  971*
23480 09/24E455 400  75    0E475 344  75    0E490 295  75    0E500 260  75  952*
23485 09/25E505 230  75    0E508 200  75  939E510 175  75    0E510 158  75    0*
23490 09/26E508 143  70    0E505 130  65    0E500 120  60    0E495 110  50    0*

(The 27th and 28th are new to HURDAT.)
22727 09/27E495 100  50    0E495 090  45    0E495 080  40    0E495 070  40    0
22728 09/28E495 052  35    0E495 030  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
23495 HR

It was uncovered in providing the scanned in Historical Weather Maps that an 
additional two days of this system while an extratropical cyclone were inadvertently 
not included.  These are now provided.

September 27: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded 
extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb at 47N, 5W with an occluded front
extending to the east. Previously not in HURDAT. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and
991 mb at 50.5N, 3.5W at 00 UTC (COA). 30 kt NW and 989 mb at 49.5N, 11.5W 
at 5 UTC (COA). 35 kts NW and 989 mb at 49.5N, 12.5W at 01 UTC (COA). 30 kt NW
and 995 mb at 49.5N, 13.5W at 9 UTC (COA). 35 kt N and 993 mb at 48.7N, 11.9W 
at 12 UTC (COA). 35 kt W and 990 mb at 48.5N, 9.8W at 12 UTC (COA). 

September 28: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded 
extratropical cyclone over western Europe of at most 1005 mb at 49N, 3E with 
an occluded front extending to the east and a cold front extending to the south 
where another low pressure has developed. Previously not in HURDAT. 
Station highlights: 15 kt E and 1001 mb at Paris, France at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 29: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded 
extratropical cyclone over northern Europe of at most 1010 mb at 55N, 7E with 
an occluded front extending to the southeast and a cold front extending 
to the south attached to another low pressure. Previously not in HURDAT. 
Station highlights: 25 kt NW and 1014 mb at Amsterdam, Netherlands at 12 UTC (HWM).
15 kt ESE and 1009 mb at Esbjerg, Denmark at 12 UTC (HWM). 10 kt SW at Hamburg,
Germany at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 30: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates that the 
extratropical cyclone had dissipated.

The system remained a vigorous extratropical cyclone on the 27th, but weakened 
on the 28th and was absorbed into a larger extratropical low after 06Z on the 28th.

*******************************************************************************


1922/03 - 2009 ADDITION:

22826 09/18/1922 M= 7  3 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22827 09/18*288 794  30    0*289 792  30    0*290 790  35    0*291 787  35    0
22827 09/19*292 785  40    0*293 782  40    0*295 780  45    0*297 778  50    0
22827 09/20*299 776  55    0*302 773  60    0*305 770  65    0*308 765  70    0
22827 09/21*312 760  70    0*316 755  70    0*320 750  70    0*323 745  70    0
22827 09/22*326 740  70    0*330 735  70    0*335 730  70    0*343 722  65    0
22827 09/23*355 712  60    0*366 700  55    0*375 690  50    0*381 684  45    0
22827 09/24*385 682  40    0*383 681  35    0*390 680  35    0*392 680  35    0
22827 09/25E394 680  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22828 HR 

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tannehill (1952).

September 17:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a cold front 
stretching across Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico.  No low center
is shown.

September 18:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary
extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward
Bermuda.  No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect
near 30N 78W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions
of 27N 82W and 1012 mb pressure (17th PM), 29N 80W 1013 mb (18th AM), 
30N 79W 1011 mb (18th PM).  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "In September a disturbance moved from the Gulf into Florida
near Tampa on the 17th and into the Atlantic.  It was of slight force" 
(Tannehill).  "Another [disturbance] developed off the east Florida coast,
the first evidences of it appearing the morning of the 18th...This disturbance
increased in intensity and moved slowly northwestward during the 18th" (MWR).

September 19:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary
extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward
Bermuda.  No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect
near 29N 77W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions
of 31N 78W and 1009 mb pressure (19th AM) and 31.5N 76.5W (19th PM).  Ship
highlights:  numerous 35 kt winds.  Station highlights:  36 kt N wind at
Jacksonville (MWR).  "On the morning of the 19th its center was near 30N
and longitude 78W, and moving more to the northward, but slowly" (MWR).

September 20:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of
at most 1010 mb near 31N 76W with a warm front extending east of the low
and a cold front extending southwest of the low.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones analyzed the cyclone as stationary on the 20th 
at 31.5N 76.5W.  Ship highlights:  60 kt SE and 1010 mb from the Paloma
at 06Z at 31.2N 76.7W (MWR); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 30.8N 79.2W
(COA).  "From its position on the 19th this disturbance advanced north and
then northeastward and passed off Cape Hatteras in an easterly direction
on the 22d" (MWR).

September 21:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low
of at most 1005 mb near 31N 71W with a warm front extending east of the
low and a cold front extending southwest of the low.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 33N 74.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.)
and 34N 73W with 1000 mb (p.m.).  Ship highlights:  60 kt NE and 1007 mb
at 12Z at 36.5N 73W (COA); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 32.4N 76.9W (COA).
Station highlights: 43 kt N at Hatteras (MWR); 42 kt NE at Atlantic City 
(MWR).  "No observations have been received of the lowest barometer readings
in the immediate center of this disturbance, but the fact that winds of
hurricane velocity occurred off the North Carolina coast would lead to 
the supposition that the disturbance was one of major intensity, but not
actually of tropical orgin.  So far as known no American vessels were 
destroyed in either of these disturbances.  It is a fact of importance,
however, that the Diamond Shoals Lightship was blown 12 miles from its
moored position by the second of these disturbances" (MWR).  "From the 18th
to the 22d there was a second tropical storm...This was central on the 18th
near latitude 29N, longitude 79W, and moved slowly northeastward until
the 22d, when the center was near latitude 35N, 70W.  It was only natural
that this disturbance should be confused with the one just described
[Storm #2, 1922], as on the 18th, 19th, and 20th the centers of the two
areas of low pressure were not far apart.  This disturbance, while of a
tropical nature was not fully developed, and no unusually low barometric
readings were reported" (MWR).

September 22:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low
of at most 1005 mb near 34N 71W with a dissipating occluded front extending
northeast of the low, a warm front extending east of the occluded front,
and a cold front extending southwest of the occluded front.  The MWR Tracks
of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 35N 70.5W with 1003 mb (a.m.)
and 36N 69W with 1002 mb (p.m.).  Ship highlights:  60 kt NE and 993 mb at
12Z at 33.3N 74W (COA).

September 23:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of
at most 1005 mb near 38N 68W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity.
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed
low.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 24:  The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at
most 1005 mb near 40N 68W with an extratropical cyclone to the northeast 
of the system.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the
system as a closed low.  Ship highlights:  35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0Z at
33.4N 72.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 16Z at 40.5N 67.5W (COA).

Despite the start of the track on the 17th by Tannehill, a closed low
first became evidence early on the 18th just east of the Florida peninsula.
The frontal structure depicted from the 18th until the 22nd does not
appear to be valid, as little to no temperature gradient is analyzed
near the system's center.  The cyclone is analyzed to have achieved
tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 18th based upon numerous 
reports of 30 kt and the first report of gale force winds at 01Z on the 19th.
The cyclone slowly intensified on the 18th and 19th and the winds were
aided to some degree by the strong gradient to the north of the
storm in conjunction with a high pressure center over New England.  The
system slowly moved toward the northeast from the 18th through the 22nd.  
The ship the SS Paloma recorded winds of 60 kt SE near the center early
on the 20th.  A ship from COADS recorded winds 60 kt NE with 1007 mb at 12Z
on the 21st and then 60 kt NE with 993 mb at 12Z on the 22nd.  Using this
last observation, one can estimate a central pressure of about 987 mb.
This would suggest winds of 64 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship from Brown et al.  With the high environmental pressures,
winds would be expected to be higher than the standard relationship.  Based 
upon these, it is estimated that the system reached minimal hurricane 
intensity from late on the 20th until the 22nd.  This is consistent with 
the statement in _Monthly Weather Review_ about "winds of hurricane force off 
the North Carolina coast", though no explicit data could be found that 
verified this.  The cyclone likely weakened as it moved closer to New England
on the 23rd, though little data was in the vicinity of the system on
that date.  The system was absorbed into an extratropical cyclone on 
the 24th, just southeast of New England.  The cyclone did cause sustained
tropical storm force winds in Florida, North Carolina, and New Jersey.
Given the influence of the strong gradient to the north of the cyclone
for a few days, the system did exhibit some hybrid characteristics.  
Additionally, this cyclone may have had some Fujiwara interactions with
storm #2, a strong but small hurricane that directly struck Bermuda.


*******************************************************************************


1922/04 - 2009 REVISION:

22775 10/14/1922 M= 9  4 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22775 10/11/1922 M=12  4 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(The 11th to the 13th are new to HURDAT.)
22780 10/11*120 755  25    0*120 758  25    0*120 760  25    0*120 763  25    0
22780 10/12*120 765  25    0*120 767  25    0*120 770  25    0*122 772  25    0
22780 10/13*125 774  25    0*129 776  25    0*135 780  25    0*143 785  25    0

22780 10/14*164 804  35    0*167 807  35    0*170 810  35    0*172 811  35    0
22780 10/14*152 790  30    0*162 795  30    0*170 800  30    0*176 805  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22785 10/15*174 813  35    0*176 815  35    0*179 817  35    0*182 820  40    0
22785 10/15*179 810  30    0*181 815  30    0*182 820  35    0*184 823  40    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***          *** ***  

22790 10/16*185 823  40    0*188 826  45    0*191 830  50    0*194 834  50    0
22790 10/16*186 825  45    0*188 827  50    0*191 830  60    0*193 833  65    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **      *** ***  **

22795 10/17*198 839  60    0*201 843  65    0*204 848  75    0*207 853  85    0
22795 10/17*195 837  70    0*199 841  75    0*204 845  80    0*207 852  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          *** 

22800 10/18*209 857  85    0*210 862  80    0*210 867  70    0*210 872  70    0
22800 10/18*207 859  95    0*206 866  95    0*205 873  85    0*205 879  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22805 10/19*211 878  70    0*209 885  70    0*208 890  70    0*207 895  70    0
22805 10/19*204 884  55    0*204 889  50    0*203 895  50    0*202 900  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22810 10/20*206 899  75    0*204 903  80    0*202 907  80    0*200 911  80    0
22810 10/20*201 906  60    0*200 913  65    0*198 918  70    0*196 921  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22815 10/21*198 914  80    0*196 918  70    0*194 921  65    0*191 924  35    0
22815 10/21*194 924  70    0*191 926  70    0*188 928  70    0*185 930  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22820 10/22*187 927  35    0*183 937  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22820 10/22*183 932  45    0*181 934  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***

22825 HR                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
the Original Monthly Records (for Swan Island), and Mexican station 
observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.

October 11:  Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in
the vicinity of the system.  Available observations suggest a closed low
had formed near 12N 76W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "Reports have come out of the Magdalena Department of
Columbia of a storm which swept that region during the 48 hours between
October 10 and 11, with great destruction to the banana plantations" (MWR).

October 12:  Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in
the vicinity of the system.  Available observations suggest a closed low
was near 12N 77W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

October 13:  Historical Weather Map analyzed an area of disturbed weather
near 14N 77W.  Aailable observations suggest a closed low was near 13.5N 78W.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 14:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1005 mb
near 23N, 83W with a warm front extending to the northeast and a dissipating
cold front extending to the south.  The center analyzed in HWM is actually
storm #3.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 81W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Hurricane during 1922 track chart notably did not show a center
on this date for storm #4.  Available observations indicate that storm #4
had a closed low near 17N, 80W and storm #3 was in existence nearby 
over western Cuba.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  "On the 14th, falling barometer, wind shifts, and squally weather
were reported by a vessel immediately southwest of Jamaica" (MWR).

October 15:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb
near 20N, 79.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 81.7W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at
17.8N, 81.2W.  Available observations suggest a closed center just northwest
of the HURDAT estimate.  Station highlight:  19 kt W and 1005 mb at Swan 
Island at 21 UTC (OMR).

October 16:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
at 19.5N, 82.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 83W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at
18.3N, 82.9W.  Ship highlights:  60 kt at 18.1N, 83.4W (MWR); 35 kt NW and
1001 mb at 18.1N, 83.4W at 2030 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  26 kt W and
1003 mb at Swan Island at 2015 UTC (OMR).  "In contrast to the preceding
disturbance [storm #3], this storm developed rapidly both in intensity and
area, becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" (MWR).

October 17:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 20.5N, 85W.  HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 
20.4N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed
a center at 19.1N, 84.9W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a
center near 19.5N, 84W (a.m.).  Available observations indicate a center just 
east of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  60 kt ENE at 21.3N, 84.8W at 
12 UTC (COA);  35 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 18.6N, 83.3W at 00 UTC (COA);  40 kt E 
and 1000 mb at 21.2N, 84.7w at 12 UTC (HWM).

October 18:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 21N, 86W with a dissipating cold front north of the low across the southern
Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 
21N, 86.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a
center at 20N, 87.1W with 984 mb central pressure.  The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Cyclones has a center near 20N, 87W with 984 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available 
observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just inland
over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Ship highlights:  70 kt WNW and 996 mb at 
20.1N, 86.1W at 0030 UTC (MWR);  55 kt S and 984 mb at 20.2N, 87.1W at ~12 UTC 
(MWR).  Station highlights:  35 kt NW and 1008 mb at Peto at 12 UTC (HWM);  
30 kt N and 1004 mb at Progreso at 20 UTC (MEX).  "Moving at first west-
northwest it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula ... The governor of Quintana
Roo, eastern Province of Yucatan [ ] telegraphed that the entire coast had
been lashed by a severe storm, destroying property and crops and causing
some loss of life.  The islands of Mujeras and Cozumel, off the northeastern
coast of Yucatan, were reported to have been swept bare.  Newspaper
dispatches from Yucatan reported the foundering of several small
vessels" (MWR).

October 19:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 20.5N, 89W over the Yucatan of Mexico with a dissipating cold front 
indicated west of the low and a stationary front shown northeast of the low.  
HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.8N, 89w at 12 UTC.
The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 shows the low at 20.3N, 89.3W.  The MWR
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center near 20N, 89.5W with 998 mb
pressure (a.m.).  Available observations indicate that the system was
southwest of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlights:  20 kt SSE and 999 mb
at 20.2N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (MWR);  45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20N, 91.9W at
20 UTC (COA);  45 kt and 1001 mb at 19.7N, 92W at 23 UTC (COA).  Station
highlight:  40 kt N and 1000 mb at Campeche at 12 UTC (HWM);  40 kt ENE and
1001 mb at Progreso at 13 UTC (MEX).  

October 20:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb
at 19.5N, 91W just leaving the coast of Mexico.  HURDAT listed this system
as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.N, 90.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Hurricanes
during 1922 track chart shows the center at 19.2N, 92W.  Available 
observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship
highlight:  70 kt SE and 996 mb at 20.2N, 92.1W at 11 UTC (MWR).  Station
highlight:  52 kt NW at Veracruz (MWR).

October 21:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
at 18.5N, 92.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
19.4N, 92.1W at 12 UTC.  Available observations indicate the center was
southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just offshore of Mexico in the Bay of
Campeche.  Ship highlight:  70 kt NW at 19.5N, 95.5W at 10 UTC (COA).  
"[The hurricane] was last charted on the 21st, decreased in energy and
modified in form after its passage across land areas, in the vicinity of
Frontera in the Province of Tabasco, Mexico ... The following press
dispatch from Mexico city, dated October 22:  Reports received here from
Vera Cruz, Progresso, Tampico, Tuxpan, and other reports indicated that
the storm which has swept the Gulf of Mexico in these regions during the
past few days has done considerable damage to shipping.  Several small
vessels were sunk.  the Ward liners Esperanza and Morro Castle are still
outside Vera Cruz unable to enter the harbor after having fought the
waves for two days" (MWR).

October 22:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 21N, 94.5W.  HURDAT had dissipated the system by 12 UTC and had a
final position for it as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 93.7W at 06 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the system had indeed dissipated by
12 UTC over mainland Mexico near 18N, 94W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NNE
at 19.5N, 95.5W at 02 UTC (COA).  "This storm dissipated after moving
inland, but heavy rains continued for a day or two longer over the
eastern States of Mexico" (MWR).

Genesis for this hurricane was begun three days later than originally 
indicated in HURDAT based upon available observations.  Otherwise, changes
in track for this system are relatively minor.  Intensity is adjusted
upward on the 16th based upon an observed 60 kt ship report.  (However,
the statement in MWR regarding "becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th"
does not appear to be corroborated with any observations.  Minimal
hurricane intensity, while achieved 12 hours earlier than that originally 
shown in HURDAT, is analyzed here to have occurred on the 16th at 18 UTC.)  
A peripheral pressure of 984 mb on the 18th suggests winds of at least 72 kt 
from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The press reports from 
the eastern coast of the Yucatan of Mexico suggest that at least Category 2 
hurricane conditions impacted the region.  Winds are boosted to 95 kt 
(borderline Category 2/3 conditions) accordingly, though it is possible that 
this system achieved major hurricane status before landfall on the 18th. 
Winds are decreased after landfall on the 19th to tropical storm intensity, 
which is consistent with numerous ship and station observations 
available.  The system is analyzed to have regained hurricane intensity
early on the 20th based upon observed hurricane force winds from a ship
report.  Category 1 hurricane intensity is retained until landfall 
after 18 UTC on the 21st, six hours after that originally shown in
HURDAT.  Dissipation over the mountainous region of Mexico occurred
early on the 22nd, similar to that already shown in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************



1922/05 - 2009 REVISION:

22735 10/12/1922 M= 6  3 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22735 10/12/1922 M= 6  5 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***                  *

22740 10/12*162 830  35    0*168 821  35    0*175 818  35    0*180 817  35    0
22740 10/12*165 845  25    0*165 842  25    0*165 840  25    0*167 837  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22745 10/13*186 817  40    0*192 818  40    0*198 820  35    0*205 824  40    0
22745 10/13*170 834  30    0*174 831  30    0*180 830  35    0*190 830  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

22750 10/14*212 828  40    0*220 833  40    0*228 837  40    0*237 841  40    0
22750 10/14*202 830  35    0*215 830  35    0*228 830  35    0*242 834  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  

22755 10/15*248 845  45    0*258 849  45    0*266 853  45    0*273 857  45    0
22755 10/15*253 840  45    0*261 847  45    0*266 853  45    0*270 858  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***

22760 10/16*279 861  45    0*284 864  45    0*289 868  45    0*294 871  45    0
22760 10/16*273 863  45    0*276 868  40    0*280 872  35    0*286 875  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22765 10/17*299 874  40    0*304 877  40    0*308 879  35    0*312 882  30    0
22765 10/17*293 877  30    0*300 878  25    0E308 879  25    0E316 880  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **     *                **** ***  **

22770 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #3.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001).

October 11:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a substantial
frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern
Caribbean Sea.  No closed circulation is yet present.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 12:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a stationary
frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern
Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 
17.2N, 82.2W.  Available observations indicate that the baroclinic zone
with the front was rather weak and that a closed circulation may have
existed west of the original HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "A slight disturbance [was noted] in 
the northwestern Caribbean on the 12th and moved northwest and north without 
gaining any great intensity, a sort of abortive hurricane" (MWR).

October 13:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
low centered near 20N, 82W with at most 1010 mb pressure with a warm front
extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82.0W at 12 UTC.  
The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 19.1N, 82.8W. 
Available observations suggest that the front had weakened and that 
the cyclone was likely centered near 18N, 83W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE 
and 1016 mb at 24.8N, 78.9W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 14:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
low centered near 23N, 83.5W with at most 1005 mb pressure with a warm front
extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22.8N, 83.7W at 12 UTC.  
The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 21.8N, 83.1W. 
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 22N, 83W with
1009 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available observations suggest that the system 
exhibited a tropical storm structure and was centered just east 
of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  25 kt S and 1005 mb at
24.6N, 83.4W at 23 UTC (MWR);  42 kt NE at 25.2N, 85.7W (MWR).  This
system is analyzed to be a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba, 
instead of a tropical storm as currently in HURDAT (Perez et al.)

October 15:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a northwest to 
southeast oriented trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico with a warm front
extending off to the northeast.  The southern end of the trough is 
associated with storm #4.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 
26.6N, 85.3W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a 
position of 26N, 85.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the 
system at 26.5N, 85W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available observations 
do indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate and that
it may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface 
baroclinicity was still present. Ship highlights:  25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 
23.5N, 81.5W at 09 UTC (COA);  42 kt W at 26N, 85.7W (MWR).  Station 
highlights:  42 kt S at Sand Key (MWR).

October 16:  The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a closed low of
at most 1010 mb near 28N, 87.5W with a warm front extending off to the
northeast.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.9N, 86.8W 
at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 
28.8N, 88.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 
28N, 86W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available observations do indicate 
that a closed low was present southwest of the HURDAT estimate and that may
have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was 
still present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 17:  The Historical Weather Map analyzes no closed low, but does
indicate a cold front extending over the northern Gulf of Mexico and
a warm front extending over the southeastern United States.  HURDAT listed 
this system as a tropical storm at 30.8N, 87.9W at 12 UTC.  The MWR 
"Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 31N, 87.8W. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 30.5N, 87.5W with 1013 mb pressure 
(a.m.).  Available observations possibly indicate that a closed low was present
near the HURDAT estimate, but it was being absorbed into the frontal
boundary.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"[The system passed] inland on the Gulf coast between Mobile and Pensacola
on the 17th" (MWR).

Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 12th, but as a tropical
depression.  Track changes introduced for the duration of this system 
were relatively small alterations.  While Perez et al. (2000) consider 
this system as causing less than tropical storm impact in Cuba on 
the 14th, minimal tropical storm intensity was retained based upon 
gale force winds recorded in the Florida Straits north of Cuba while 
the broad center of the system was still just south of Cuba. The 1005 mb
peripheral pressure on the 14th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt retained at 18 UTC.
1003 mb peripheral pressure early on the 15th suggests winds of at least
39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained
in HURDAT.  The system weakened below tropical storm intensity in the
northern Gulf of Mexico late on the 16th before making landfall around
09 UTC on the 17th as a tropical depression.  Thus the XING category 
was changed from a "1" to a "0".  The system was absorbed 
within a new frontal boundary later on the 17th.  The cyclone did exhibit
some hybrid characteristics throughout its lifetime and in the modern
era may be been categorized as a subtropical storm.  

*******************************************************************************

1922 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION:

1) The "Weather of North America and Adjacent Oceans" section in the May
1922 MWR reported that a ship encountered a "cyclonic" storm that had
impacted the coast of Columbia on 11-12 May. Historical Weather Map (HWM)
analyses do not display any circulation or anomalous cyclonic curvature in
the Caribbean during this time. However, a combination of HWM and COADS
observations shows evidence of a trough axis in the Southwestern Caribbean
oriented NNE-SSW along 79-80W on the 11th. A weak circulation then formed
on the 12th north of eastern Panama and it appears to have drifted slowly
NW without gaining strength before moving inland over southern Nicaragua
on the 15th. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest
pressure reading was 1008 mb on 12 May, this system is determined to be a
tropical depression and is hence not added to HURDAT. It is possible that
the depression existed before the 12th, but there are no available
observations showing a closed circulation.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
May 12 10N 81W Tropical Depression
May 13 11N 82W Tropical Depression
May 14 12N 83W Tropical Depression
May 15 13N 84W Inland and Dissipating

2) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the June 1922 MWR shows
a low-pressure system moving ESE off the Carolina coast near Wilmington
late on 14 June and then east and ENE into the Western Atlantic to north
of Bermuda through the evening of the 15th. Historical Weather Maps and
COADS data show an a weak frontal boundary extending from KY through NC
and then ENE into the Atlantic with no apparent circulation on the 14th.
As the front moved south and the western extent decayed on the 15th, a
weak low formed to its south about 250 km east of Jacksonville. This low
appears to have acquired tropical characteristics, as ship observations
indicate only a marginal temperature gradient and warm SSTs. By the
morning of the 16th, the front had dissolved west of 72W, but the
residual, broad circulation moved east and was elongated about an
east-west trough axis. It then dissipated during the afternoon. Since no
gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure was 1013 mb, it was
probably a weak tropical depression and is therefore not added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
June 15 30N 79W Tropical Depression
June 16 30N 76W Tropical Depression


3) Historical Weather Maps (HWM) observations hint that a possible Cape
Verde low existed in the Eastern Atlantic at the end of July and beginning
of August. A combination of HWM and COADS data shows just an open
wave/shear line extending SSW of the Cape Verde Islands on 31 July.
However, on 1 August evidence exists of a weak tropical depression forming
about 325 km SW of the southern islands. The depression apparently moved
to the north on the 2nd and then NNE on the 3rd, where it was located
about 100 km south of Sao Vicente. Due to a lack of available
corroborating observations, its existence and status is inconclusive
beyond the 3rd. Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest
pressure reading was just below 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 3rd, it is
not added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 1 13N 26W Tropical Depression
Aug. 2 14N 26W Tropical Depression
Aug. 3 16N 25W Tropical Depression


4) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the August 1922 MWR
shows a low-pressure system forming in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico on the
morning of 17 August. It tracked NE across north Florida on the 18th,
moved offshore and paralleled the U.S. East Coast on the 19th, moved over
Nova Scotia late on the 20th, and then crossed Newfoundland on the 21st at
increasing forward speed. HWM analyses only show open inverted troughs
over the Eastern Gulf and the Southeast U.S. coast on the 17th and 18th,
respectively, and no coherent feature on the 19th; a well-defined
baroclinic low embedded within a mid-latitude storm system is analyzed
though about 200 km east of Long Island on morning of the 20th. A
combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that there was a
weak, broad cyclonic circulation over the Eastern Gulf on the 17th
elongated NE-SW. It moved on a path similar to the MWR low-centers track
and strengthened slightly before merging with the mid-latitude system and
becoming extratropical early on the 20th. It then deepened to 995 mb on
the 21st and accelerated northeastward to a final position about 450 km
SSE of the southern tip of Greenland on the 23rd. Peak winds were 25 kt
from multiple ships observations (COA) during the barotropic phase, except
for one 35 kt SSE wind reported at 12 UTC on the 19th at 32.5N, 77.0W.
Norfolk also reported a peak 5-minute wind of 30 kt S on the 19th, which
converts to 27 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and
adjusting to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and
Powell et al. 1996). Because there is evidence of only a single
gale-force wind observation, this system is considered to be entirely a
tropical depression before merging and is not added to HURDAT. However,
it could have possibly been a minimal tropical storm from the 19th to
early on the 20th.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 17 27N 85W Tropical Depression
Aug. 18 28N 84W Tropical Depression
Aug. 19 32N 79W Tropical Depression
Aug. 20 35N 70W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 21 43N 56W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 22 52N 42W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 23 57N 39W Extratropical Storm


5) Historical Weather Maps show an inverted surface trough forming in the
vicinity of an old frontal wave off the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Atlantic coast
on 2-3 September. A broad, weak circulation is hinted around the trough
axis initially as it moved slowly to the southwest. The trough then moved
across Florida on 6 September and then rapidly across the Gulf of Mexico
7-9 September. A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggests that
there was just a weakness with light winds on the 2nd in the western
extension of a surface ridge, south of the frontal boundary aligned east
of the Delmarva peninsula. However, a small cyclonic circulation,
centered about 200 km east of the NC Outer Banks, is apparent on the 3rd.
Although it was near the Gulf Stream and SSTs are near 26C, there was
still a slight meridional temperature gradient and peripheral pressures
were high. The system appears to have drifted southward on the 4th,
intensified slightly, and become totally barotropic. By the 5th, the
circulation was no longer discernible, but an open inverted trough
persisted from the Carolina coast across northeast FL and into the NE
Gulf. The observations support the trough moving SW on the 6th and then
westward through the Gulf without a closed circulation reforming, despite
a maximum 5-minute wind observation of 37 kt at Pensacola on the 6th
(which converts to 33 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a 1-minute peak wind
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Since there was only
a viable circulation on the 3rd and 4th with a peak wind of 25 kt S from a
ship (COA) at 34.4N and 71.8W and a minimum pressure of 1011 mb on the
4th, the system is classified as a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT. It could also be considered to be a hybrid system on the 3rd.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 3 36N 75W Tropical Depression
Sept. 4 35N 75W Tropical Depression


6) The Historical Weather Map analysis on 10 September shows an inverted
trough occurring within a weakness in the Bermuda High off of the U.S.
Southeast Coast, which was in phase with a tropical wave axis to the SSW.
Although this feature is not analyzed the next day, HWM and COADS ship
observations suggest that a small, concentrated cyclonic circulation with
barotropic attributes had formed on the 11th several hundred km east of
the GA and SC coastline. This circulation though is not present on the
12th, as it either had dissipated or was absorbed by a cold front that had
moved offshore the East Coast north of Jacksonville. Since the peak winds
were well below gale force and the lowest believable pressure readings
were 1013-1014 mb, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 11 320 760 Tropical Depression


7) A combination of Historical Weather Map and COADS ship observations
show a strong tropical wave had moved off the African coast and into the
Eastern Atlantic on the 19-20 September, while station pressures at Sao
Tiago and Sao Vicente in the Cape Verde Islands fell steadily fell during
this time. On the 21st, the observations suggest that a closed
circulation may have possibly organized to the ESE of the Cape Verdes.
This system intensified as it moved west on the 22nd and was near the
island of Fogo. By the 23rd, the system is no longer detectable due to a
lack of available observations, and its status and existence is therefore
inconclusive on and beyond this date. Peak wind speeds of 25 kt were
reported by ships (COA) on the 22nd at 01 UTC at 13.5N, 22.5W (southwest)
and at 12Z at 17.5N, 24.5W (east). Sao Tiago recorded a peak 35 kt S wind
at 12 UTC on the 22nd, which converts to 31 kt after accounting for the
high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak
1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Since there was no other evidence of gale-force winds and the lowest
available pressure reading was 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 22nd, this
system is classified just as a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT. It though may have been a minimal tropical storm on the 22nd.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 21 15N 20W Possible Tropical Depression
Sept. 22 15N 24W Tropical Depression


8) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" chart in the October 1922 MWR
shows a low-pressure system forming in the North Central Gulf of Mexico on
2 October and moving slowly westward until making landfall and dissipating
north of Corpus Christi on the morning of the 5th. MWR also reported that
a disturbance of "moderate intensity" had developed over the Gulf on the
2nd and moved slowly westward before weakening and dissipating on the 4th,
in which the lowest reported pressure was 1006 mb at Burrwood, LA and the
highest station wind observation was 28 kt at Pensacola (which converts to
25 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting
from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value [Fergusson and Covert 1924
and Powell et al. 1996]). A combination of HWM and COADS observations
suggest that a tropical depression likely formed about 450 km south of
Panama City, FL on the 2nd and moved to about 500 km south of Mobile, AL
on the 3rd. While it appears to have continued westward on the 4th and
5th, there are no available observations on the south side confirming a
closed circulation. Therefore, it may have degraded to an open wave on
those days. The highest wind from a ship observation (COA) was 35 kt NE
at 18 UTC on the 2nd at 28.5N, 89.5W. In addition to Burrwood, the lowest
pressure from a ship observation was 1006 mb at 28.0N, 88.8W on the 3rd at
11 UTC, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship. Since no other gale-force winds are evident,
this system is not added to HURDAT. However, it might have been a minimal
tropical storm on the 2nd and 3rd.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 2 26W 86W Tropical Depression
Oct. 3 26W 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 4 26W 91W Possible Tropical Depression
Oct. 5 26W 94W Possible Tropical Depression


9) Genesis of this system began as an extratropical low developing along
a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of October.  The baroclinic
nature of the cyclone diminished over the next two to three days.  By 
early on the 28th, the system is characterized as a tropical cyclone
(though today it may instead have been called a subtropical cyclone).
Gale force (35 kt) winds were present on the 26th while it was still an
extratropical cyclone.  (Available observations do not support the idea
presented in Monthly Weather Review that there were two separate systems - 
one from the 26th to the 27th and one from the 28th to the 30th.  Instead,
a single system occurred here which prescribed a slow clockwise loop
in the Gulf of Mexico between the 27th and 29th, which is very similar to
that shown in the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclone plot.)  Pressure of
1002 and 1003 mb were observed from ships on the 28th and 29th.  However,
given that the environmental pressures were quite low, these do not
provide definitive evidence of gale force winds on those dates.  Peak
obseved winds over land of 37 kt for 5 min in Pensacola on the 29th adjust 
to 31 kt 1 min true winds after accounting for the high bias of 
the instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to 1 min 
(Powell et al. 1996).  The cyclone was close to (and may have been) a tropical
storm on the 28th and 29th.  The system weakened on the 30th and was
likely of most tropical depression intensity when it made landfall 
around late on the 30th between Mobile and Gulfport.  The last position for 
this system was early on the 31st, while dissipating over the Louisiana/
Mississippi border.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 25 25N 93W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 26 28N 91W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 27 27N 88W Extratropical Storm - Occluding
Oct. 28 26N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 29 28N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 30 29N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 31 --- --- Dissipated over Mississippi


10) Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that a
low-pressure center formed in the western Bay of Campeche on 22 November.
It appears oriented along an unanalyzed trough axis stretching ENE-WSW
over the Gulf of Mexico that connects to a stationary front in the Florida
Straits (HWM). The low apparently moved ENE into the Central and Eastern
Gulf on the 23rd and 24th but was no longer discernible by the morning of
the 25th. Although three ships (COA and MWR) recorded at least gale force
winds on the 23rd and SSTs were 25-26 C, the gales were far removed from
the center and there was a substantial large-scale temperature gradient
over the Gulf. Given that the ambient temperatures were nearly isothermal
only in close proximity of the center, this system most likely had
experienced baroclinic cyclogenesis and is not added to HURDAT. However,
it may have been a hybrid.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 22 21N 95W Developing Extratropical Storm
Nov. 23 23N 91W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 24 24N 86W Extratropical Storm


******************************************************************************



1923/01 - 2009 ADDITION:

22826 06/22/1923 M= 8  1 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22826 06/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 950  25    0*200 948  25    0
22826 06/23*200 945  25    0*201 943  25    0*202 940  25    0*203 937  25    0
22826 06/24*205 934  25    0*207 932  25    0*210 930  25    0*215 929  25    0
22826 06/25*222 929  25    0*230 928  30    0*240 925  30    0*255 919  35    0
22826 06/26*275 910  40    0*295 898  40    0*310 880  35    0*317 860  30 1006
22826 06/27*319 840  30    0*320 820  30    0*320 800  40    0*320 782  40    0
22826 06/28*320 765  45    0*322 750  50    0*325 735  50    0*330 720  45    0
22826 06/29E340 705  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22826 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original
Monthly Records station data.

June 22:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb
centered near the Mexican coast at 18.5N, 95W.  Available observations
suggest a center farther north near 20N, 95W.  No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 23:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
centered inland in Mexico near 17.5N, 93.5W.  Available observations
suggest a center substantially farther northwest near 20.2N, 94W.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 24:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb
centered near 20N, 93.5W.  Available observations suggest a center 
north-northeast of that estimate near 21N, 93W.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 25:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
centered near 25N, 94W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows
a position near 28N, 91W with 1007 mb (p.m.).  Available observations
suggest a center southeast of the HWM estimate at 24N, 92.5W.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 26:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline near 30N, 88W.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 30.5N, 88.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position at 31N, 88W.  Station highlights:
43 kt SW at 08 UTC and 17 kt W and 1008 mb at 1540 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).
"On the evening of the 25th...a disturbance of slight intensity [was] off 
the Louisiana coast.  The disturbance advanced east-northeastward during 
the night of the 25th and during the 26th it passed off the South Atlantic 
coast in the vicinity of Charleston.  It was attended by excessive rains over 
a narrow belt extending from the Louisiana coast eastward to the Atlantic coast 
and by winds of more than 40 miles an hour in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla."
(MWR).

June 27:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
along the South Carolina-Georgia coastline near 32.5N, 80W.  Also seen in
HWM is a developing extratropical cyclone north of the system with a frontal 
boundary extending along 37N.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows
a position of 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb.  Available observations suggest
just south of the HWM estimate at 32N, 80W.  Ship highlights:  25 kt NW and
1002 mb at 32.1N, 80.4W at 12 UTC (COA);  35 kt WSW at 30.5N, 80W at
12 UTC (COA).  Station highlights:  1004 mb at Savannah at 1030 UTC (OMR);
1001 mb at Charleston at 2150 UTC (OMR).  "From the 26th to the 28th westerly 
to southerly gales were reported from the area between the Bermudas and 
Hatteras" (MWR).

June 28:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
near 35N, 73.5W.  A complex extratropical cyclone was north and west of
the system with an associated frontal boundary stretching along 39N.  The
MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones no longer shows the system, though they
do identify two centers for the complex extratropical storm.  Available
observations suggest a center near 32.5N, 73.5W, substantially farther
south than the HWM estimate.  Ship highlights:  50 kt SW and 1005 mb at
29.8N, 74.8W at 09 UTC (COA);  45 kt S and 1000 mb at 32.1N, 72.3W at 11 UTC
(MWR).

June 29:  Historical Weather Map analyzed a cold front along the 
mid-Atlantic coast in conjunction with an extratropical cyclone centered
in New England.  The system appears to have been absorbed within the
strong southwesterly flow of the extratropical cyclone in advance of
the cold front.

Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun on the 22nd in the Bay of
Campeche.  The system - started as a tropical depression - drifted slowly
northeastward for three days with no change in intensity.  Organization
of the tropical cyclone increased on the 25th and 26th as it accelerated
north-northeastward.  The cyclone clipped the southeastern point of Louisiana
and moved inland over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama.  It is
estimated that the cyclone made landfall over Louisiana's Mississippi
Delta around 05 UTC on the 26th.  Pensacola reported gale force winds for 
three hours (only gale force reported at the coast).  Their peak of 43 kt at 
08 UTC reduces to 36 kt true after correcting for the high bias of 
the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 
5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996).  The lowest pressure recorded along 
the coast was also at Pensacola with 1008 mb concurrent with 17 kt wind, 
suggesting about a 1006 mb central pressure at 1540 UTC.  Thus the system
was a low-end (about 40 kt) tropical storm at landfall in the Gulf coast.  
The system then turned toward the east weakened slightly over land.  It 
regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic off of 
the Georgia-South Carolina coast just before 12 UTC on the 27th.  
A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb late on the 27th in Charleston 
suggests winds of at least 46 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship - 45 kt chosen at 00 UTC on the 28th for HURDAT because of the 
quite low environmental pressures.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb at
11 UTC on the 28th suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship.  A 50 kt ship report was also recorded at
about this time, which supports the use of 50 kt for HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC
on the 28th.  The system quickly became indistinct from the much larger
extratropical cyclone to its north and west and it likely lost its closed
circulation around 00 UTC on the 29th, if not earlier.  Thus it is indicated
to be extratropical in its last position at 00 UTC on the 29th.

******************************************************************************


1923/02 - 2009 REVISION:

22830 08/30/1923 M=12  1 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22830 09/01/1923 M=10  2 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
      ** **        **  *       ***

(The 30th and 31st are removed from HURDAT.)
22835 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*247 690  35    0
22840 08/31*251 693  35    0*257 696  35    0*262 698  35    0*265 700  35    0
										   
22845 09/01*269 701  35    0*273 701  35    0*278 700  35    0*284 699  35    0
22845 09/01*294 730  25    0*297 722  25    0*300 715  25    0*303 708  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22850 09/02*290 698  35    0*296 696  40    0*302 692  40    0*308 688  40    0
22850 09/02*306 702  30    0*308 698  30    0*310 695  30    0*312 694  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22855 09/03*313 684  45    0*319 679  45    0*323 674  50    0*326 669  50    0
22855 09/03*313 694  30    0*313 693  30    0*315 690  30    0*319 682  35    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22860 09/04*328 664  55    0*330 659  55    0*332 653  60    0*334 645  60    0
22860 09/04*324 672  40    0*330 661  45    0*335 650  50    0*340 638  55    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22865 09/05*335 635  65    0*336 624  70    0*338 614  70    0*342 606  75    0
22865 09/05*344 623  60    0*348 610  65    0*352 600  70    0*356 592  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

22870 09/06*349 597  80    0*355 593  80    0*360 590  85    0*363 588  85    0
22870 09/06*359 586  80    0*362 582  80    0*365 580  85    0*367 579  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22875 09/07*366 587  85    0*368 587  90    0*371 587  90    0*374 587  85    0
22875 09/07*369 579  85    0*370 580  90    0*371 580  90    0*371 580  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  

22880 09/08*376 586  85    0*378 586  80    0*381 585  80    0*385 585  75    0
22880 09/08*371 581  85    0*372 583  80    0*375 585  80    0*380 587  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  

22885 09/09*392 585  75    0*401 585  70    0*410 585  70    0*430 580  65    0
22885 09/09*387 589  75    0*395 590  70    0*405 588  70    0*418 582  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22890 09/10E458 568  55    0*476 555  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22890 09/10E435 575  55    0E454 565  45    0E475 550  40    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

22895 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1.  Genesis for this cyclone was delayed 
two days compared to that originally in HURDAT.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly 
Weather Review_.

August 30:  HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed
it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18 UTC at 24.7N, 69.0W.  Available 
observations indicate that no surface trough nor a closed low were yet 
present.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"There were indications furnished by abnormal wind directions, the evening
of the 29th that there was a disturbance some distance to the eastward of
the island of St. Martin...There were some indications of this disturbance
as a depression north of the Lesser Antilles during the last day or so of
August" (MWR).

August 31:  HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed
it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 69.8W.  Available 
observations indicate that while a surface trough was present near 70W, no 
closed low was yet present.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed.

September 1: HWM analyzes a SW-NE cold front extending from the northwest
Bahamas to north of Bermuda.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
27.8N, 70.0W.  Available observations indicate that there was a
closed low along the depicted front, a 25 kt tropical depression, and it was
centered near 30.0N, 71.5W.  Observations also indicate that the front
had in reality dissipated.  No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed.

September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 68.5W.
There is no longer a front through the low.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
tropical storm located near 30.2N, 69.2W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 30.5N, 68W.  Available observations indicate that
the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 31.0N, 69.5W.
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressure were observed.

September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32N, 68W.
HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.3N, 67.4N.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.5N, 67W.  Available observations
suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was near 31.5N, 69.0W.
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures were observed.

September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1005 mb located near 34N,
65.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 65.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 34N, 65W.  Available
observations and interpolation from analyzed intensity on the 5th suggest that 
the low intensified to a 50 kt tropical storm and was located near 
33.5N, 65.0W.  Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressured were 
observed.

September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb located near 33.5N,
61W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 33.8N, 61.4W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 61W with a pressure of 993 mb.
Available observations suggest that the tropical storm intensified to 70 kt and
was centered near 35.2N, 60.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 993 mb at 06 UTC
at 36.0N, 61.0W (MWR).  Regarding the intensity, "...characteristics of a
hurricane were noted on the morning of September 5 near latitude 36N and
longitude 61W, the S.S. Evergreen City reporting a pressure of 29.32 inches
[993 mb] with force 10 [50 kt] (Beaufort wind scale) from the northeast.
The storm appeared to be of small diameter, forming a small part of a larger
depression or trough of low pressure extending northeast from Bermuda.  
Previously a rather ill-defined depression had been traced as it recurved
around Bermuda; but it was not until the 5th that either low barometer or
high wind was detected" (MWR).

September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 35N,
59.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.0N, 59.0W.  The MWR
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 59.5W.  Available
observations indicate that the center of this cyclone was near 36.5N,
58.0W.  Unfortunately, few observations are near the system's center, so
that the 85 kt in HURDAT found originally is unchanged.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt and 1013 mb at 20 UTC at 40.5N, 58.5W (COA).

September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 36N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 58.7W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 37N, 58W.  No observations were available
near the center of the hurricane, so the 90 kt analyzed in HURDAT is 
unchanged.  The position is estimated to be near the MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones analysis.  Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt
were recorded.  There were no observations of low pressures.  "Meanwhile,
a high-pressure area had obtruded itself into the path of the storm and its
direction of motion was changed from northeast to north-northwest and
greatly retarded" (MWR).

September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 37N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 38.1N, 58.5W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 38N, 58W.  Available observations 
indicate that the center was near 37.5N, 58.5W.  However, no data were 
available near the hurricane's center, so the 80 kt originally listed in
HURDAT is unchanged.  Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt
were recorded.  25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 59.5W (HWM).

September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb near 41N, 59W.  HURDAT
listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 41.0N, 58.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows a low near 41N, 58W with a pressure of 995 mb.  Available
observations indicate that the 70 kt hurricane was located near 40.5N, 58.8W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA); 50 kt S
and 989 mb at 19 UTC at 41.0N, 58.5W (MWR).  "The center of the storm was 
again noted on the morning of the 9th as it crossed the steamer lanes near 
latitude 41N, longitude 58.3W, the S.S. Emergency Aid recording a pressure 
of 29.20 inches [989 mb] at 3 p.m. with a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the 
south.  The storm was now under the influence of a LOW moving along the
northern border and, being caught in its attendant upper currents, was
carried rapidly north-northeast, but with diminishing intensity over the
colder waters of the Labrador Current" (MWR).

September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb, located near 
48.5N, 55.5W, at the boundary of a cold front to the southwest and 
a warm front to the southeast.  HURDAT ended this storm at 06 UTC on 
the 10th with winds of 45 kt and a location at 47.6N, 55.5W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 47N 56W, with a
pressure of 998 mb.  Available observations suggest that the low became
extratropical and the winds weakened to 40 kt.  The center was located near
47.5N, 55.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 56.5W (COA); 10 kt
S and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 47.5N, 52.8W (COA).  Station highlights: 25 kt SW 
and 996 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM).

Genesis for this system was delayed 30 hours because of a lack of a closed
low on the 30th and 31st of August, despite suggestions in Monthly Weather 
Review and in HURDAT that the system began earlier than the 1st of 
September.  Based upon numerous observations of weak winds and high 
pressures, the tropical cyclone was kept as a tropical depression 
until late on the 3rd.  A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 0540 UTC on 
the 5th suggest winds of at least 59 kt from both the subtropical and
northern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT (confirming
hurricane intensity), down slightly from 70 kt originally.  Peak intensity
of 90 kt on the 7th retained given the lack of inner core observations to
make reasonable alterations.  A 989 mb peripheral pressure value at 19 UTC
on the 9th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the northern pressure-
wind relationship - 65 kt retained in HURDAT as the system was undergoing
extratropical transition at that point in time.  Dissipation of the system
was delayed 6 hours, as a closed extratropical low could still be 
analyzed at 12 UTC on the 10th.  Except for the large changes to the track
on the 30th and 31st (with the removal of those two dates from HURDAT),
the only other large alteration to the track occurred on the 1st as
the system was analyzed to be substantially further northwest than
originally in HURDAT.


********************************************************************************


1923/03 - 2009 ADDITION:

22896 09/07/1923 M= 5  3 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22896 09/07*117 194  30    0*123 197  30    0*130 200  35    0*137 203  35    0
22896 09/08*145 207  40    0*152 211  40    0*160 215  45    0*167 220  45    0
22896 09/09*175 226  45    0*183 233  45    0*190 240  40    0*195 247  40    0
22896 09/10*200 254  35    0*205 262  35    0*210 270  35    0*215 278  30    0
22896 09/11*220 286  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22896 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series
and the COADS ship database.

September 7:  Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb
near 12.5N, 21.5W.  Available observations suggest the center is east-
northeast of the HWM estimate.  Ship highlights:  35 kt S and 1007 mb at
13.5N, 17.5W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 12.5N, 17.5W at
21 UTC (COA).

September 8:  Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb
near 18.5N, 22.5W.  Available observations indicate that the center is
substantially south-southeast of the HWM estimate.  Ship highlight:
1003 mb at 17.5N, 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA).  

September 9:  Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 19.5N, 26W.  Available observations indicate that the center is
east-southeast of the HWM estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt SE and 1011 mb
at 18.5N, 22.5W at 01 UTC (COA).

September 10:  Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 24N, 26W.  Available observations are quite sparse near the system,
but they suggest that it was centered substantially to the south-southwest
of the HWM estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed.

September 11:  Historical Weather Map shows an open trough halfway
between the Azores and Cape Verde Islands.  Available observations are
insufficient for determining if a closed circulation still existed
because of the lack of data.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.

Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun on 00 UTC of the 7th of
September, southeast of the Cape Verde Islands.  Two gale force wind
reports late on the 7th are the basis for upgrading it from a tropical
depression to tropical storm by 12 UTC.  A peripheral pressure (possibly
a central pressure) of 1003 mb on the 8th suggests winds of at least 41 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen in HURDAT 
for late on the 8th.  This windspeed is also analyzed to be the peak 
intensity of the system.  Available observations late on the 9th and on 
the 10th suggest that the system was weakening as in moved north-northwestward
in the extreme eastern North Atlantic.  The system is brought down to 
tropical depression intensity late on the 10th and the last position for
the system is given at 00 UTC on the 11th.  However, due to the sparse
data coverage, it is possible that this system continued over the open
Atlantic beyond the 11th.  It is noted that the system appears similar
in location, time of year and intensity to both TS Florence (1964) and
TS Debby (2006).

********************************************************************************



1923/04 - 2009 ADDITION:

22896 09/10/1923 M= 6  4 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22896 09/10*270 730  25    0*280 725  25    0*290 720  30    0*300 714  30    0
22896 09/11*310 707  35    0*320 699  35    0*330 690  40    0*340 680  45    0
22896 09/12*350 670  50    0*360 658  60    0*370 645  70    0*390 628  70    0
22896 09/13*420 610  70    0E450 588  60    0E475 560  50    0E485 525  45    0
22896 09/14E490 480  40    0E488 425  35    0E485 380  30    0E480 360  30    0
22896 09/15E475 350  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22896 HR

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and the Monthly Weather Review.

September 10:  The Historical Weather Map series analyzes a cold front
intersecting a warm front near 33N 74W.  However, observations suggest that
the frontal structure south of 35N likely was not actually present.  Available 
observations indicate a center near 29N 72W.  No gale force winds or 
equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 11:  The Historical Weather Map depicts a weak low of at most
1020 mb pressure near 36N 67W with a cold front extending toward the southwest
and a warm front extending toward the northeast.  However, observations
suggest that the frontal structure did not exist in reality south of 40N.
Available data indicate a center near 33N 69W.  No gale force winds or 
equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 12:  The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1000 mb
pressure near 37N 70W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and
a warm front extending toward the northeast.  However, observations
indicate that the front structure did not actually exist south of 40N.
The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed
a position at 37.5N 64W with 996 mb (a.m.) and at 42N 59.5W with 986 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center near 37N 64.5W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N 65.2W (COA); 60 kt SW and 997 mb at
19 UTC at 36N 64.7W from the S.S. Emergency Aid (MWR); 60 kt NW and 986 mb 
at 23 UTC at 42.1N 61.7W from the S.S. City of Joseph (MWR).
"A severe storm of short duration appeared...The next disturbance also
developed north of the Tropics but well within the Gulf Stream, and was
first noted to be of hurricane intensity when the S.S. Emergency Aid...
recorded a pressure of 29.42 inches and winds as high as force 11, on
the morning of September 12, near latitude 36N and longitude 64.5W.  This
storm was carried northeast much more rapidly than the preceding one and
by 4 p.m. was near latitude 42N and longitude 60W, the S.S. City of 
St. Joseph recording a pressure of 29.11 inches and wind force 12 from
the northwest" (MWR).

September 13:  The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1010 mb
pressure near 49N 57W with a warm front extending east-southeastward and
a cold front extending toward the south.  The Monthly Weather Review's
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 47N 54.5W with 1006 mb
(a.m.).  Available observations suggest a center near 47.5N 56W as an
extratropical cyclone.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSE and 995 mb at 08 UTC
at 45.5N 56.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 46.5N 55.5W (COA).
"Like its predecessor, it showed a marked loss of intensity upon striking
colder water and there was but little indication of it on the following
morning [13th]" (MWR).

September 14:  The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1015 mb
pressure near 48N 38W with a dissipating stationary boundary extending
toward the southwest.  Available observations suggest a center near 48.5N 38W
as an extratropical cyclone.  No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure
were observed.

September 15:  The Historical Weather Map depicts a trough extending NW-SE
from near 50N 40W to 42N 32W with no closed low.  No gale force winds or
equivalent in pressure were observed.

This cyclone formed early on the 10th between the Bahamas and Bermuda.  
It likely reached tropical storm status early on the 11th.  The system
apparently quickly intensified on the 11th and 12th and weakened nearly
as rapidly on the 13th.  The 986 mb peripheral pressure - measured at 
the same time of 70 kt winds - supports winds of at least 67 kt from 
the high latitude pressure-wind relationship.  It is estimated that
the cyclone peaked at 70 kt late on the 12th and early on the 13th.
Despite frontal boundaries being drawn on the Historical Weather Map series
from the 10th to the 12th, analyses of the rather numerous ship observations
suggest instead that no frontal boundaries were present near the system
on those dates.  The cyclone likely became extratropical early on
the 13th when it was a couple hundred nm south of Newfoundland.  It is
noted that the 1923 Monthly Weather Review "Tropical Disturbances during
the Hurricane Season of 1923" considered this system as a hurricane and
included it in the track map for the year - "Hurricane Tracks in 1923".
It is curious that with such designation in MWR that this cyclone was
not included into HURDAT.  It is guessed that the choice by Ivan Tannehill 
in his 1938 and 1952 "Hurricanes" editions to leave this system out
was why it was not carried as an Atlantic hurricane in future climatology
studies and databases.

********************************************************************************


1923/05 - 2009 REVISION:

22900 09/24/1923 M=11  2 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22900 09/24/1923 M=11  5 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

22905 09/24*  0   0   0    0*203 683  55    0*212 703  55    0*216 713  60    0
22905 09/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 730  40    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22910 09/25*221 722  65    0*226 729  70    0*231 736  70    0*237 745  75    0
22910 09/25*215 733  45    0*220 736  50    0*225 740  55    0*231 745  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

22915 09/26*243 752  80    0*248 757  80    0*254 761  85    0*260 763  85    0
22915 09/26*237 751  65    0*243 757  65    0*250 761  65    0*258 763  65    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

22920 09/27*265 764  90    0*271 764  90    0*277 763  95    0*283 761  95    0
22920 09/27*267 764  65    0*275 764  65    0*283 763  70    0*289 761  75    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

22925 09/28*289 758 100    0*296 753 100    0*302 748 100    0*307 743 105    0
22925 09/28*294 758  80    0*298 753  85    0*302 748  90    0*306 743  95    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***              ***      ***     ***

22930 09/29*312 738 105    0*316 733 105    0*320 727 105    0*325 719 105    0
22930 09/29*309 738 100    0*312 733 105    0*315 727 105    0*318 720 105    0
            ***     ***      ***              ***              *** ***   

22935 09/30*330 709 105    0*337 696 100    0*345 683  95    0*355 665  95    0
22935 09/30*321 711 105    0*324 700 100    0*330 687  95    0*342 670  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22940 10/01*378 632  90    0*391 619  90    0E417 601  85    0E430 595  80    0
22940 10/01*360 645  90    0*385 615  85    0E417 590  80    0E442 580  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22945 10/02E443 590  75    0E456 586  70    0E470 580  70    0E486 570  60    0
22945 10/02E457 576  70    0E464 575  65    0E470 575  60    0E480 570  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      ***      **

22950 10/03E504 548  55    0E521 528  50    0E537 506  45    0E552 482  40    0
22950 10/03E500 553  50    0E525 523  50    0E550 490  45    0E570 460  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

22955 10/04E565 456  40    0E578 429  40    0E590 400  40    0E610 340  40    0
22955 10/04E585 430  45    0E595 400  45    0E600 370  45    0E603 340  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

22960 HR                    

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm #2.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly
Weather Review_, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, and
Tucker (1995).

September 24: HWM analyzes an open wave at 12 UTC in the vicinity of Hispanola.
HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm located at 21.2N, 70.3W.
Available data indicate that low became closed at 18 UTC on the 24th.  Ship
highlights: 35 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 19.5N, 66.5W (COA).  No low pressures were
observed.  "During September 23 unsettled conditions were noted to the 
southeast of Turks Island, the barometer falling slowly and wind shifts
indicating the presence of a disturbance" (MWR).

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22N,
75W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 73.6W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 22.5N, 74W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 22.5N,
74.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb ~12 UTC at 23.4N, 74W (MWR).  
No other gales or low pressures were observed.  "[The storm] was more
definitively located on the morning of the 25th, when the S.S. Tulsa reported
a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the northeast, pressure 29.86 inches [1011 mb]
in latitude 23.4N, longitude 74W" (MWR).

September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N,
76.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 76.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 25N, 76W with an
1000 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 65 kt
hurricane was near 25.0N, 76.1W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW at 28.5N,
71.8N (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 994 mb at 15 UTC at 28.5N 71.8W (MWR).  A few other
gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at ~12 UTC at
Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.5W (MWR).  Regarding the intensity: "American S.S.
Hera: Gale began on the 26th, wind SSE.  Lowest barometer 29.34 inches [994 mb]
at 10 a.m. on the 26th, wind SSE., 5 [20 kt], in latitude 28.5N, longitude 
71.8W.  End on the 27th, wind S.  Highest force of wind 10 [50 kt], SSW.; 
shifts SSE.-S" (MWR).  "The storm was moving northwest at this time and 
passed just east of Nassau, Bahamas, on the 26th, the morning barometer 
reading 29.54 inches [1000 mb] and wind 40 m.p.h. [34 kt] from the 
northwest" (MWR).

September 27:  (No HWM analysis was available for this date.)  HURDAT listed 
this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 76.3W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers 
of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 27.5N, 76W and 1000 mb pressure.  
Available observations suggest that the center of the 70 kt hurricane 
was at 28.3N, 76.3W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 29.6N, 76.8W (MWR); 
45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N, 76.6W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 989
mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N 74.5W (COA).  "However, a large high-pressure area was
now blocking its forward motion and the storm, though not diverted from its
recurve to the northeast, showed very little movement during the next two
or three days, but gradually increased its area of influence and its intensity
with winds of gale force over a large area and wind force as high as 11 [60 kt]
reported by vessels which approached its center" (MWR).

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N 75W.  HURDAT
listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 74.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 30N, 75W and 994 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 90 kt hurricane was near 
the HURDAT location.  Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 
32.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt E and 1003 mb at 07 UTC at 32.7N, 74.7W (NCDC); 
60 kt SE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 74.0W (COA).  Several other gales and 
low pressures.

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N and 73W.
HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 32.0N 72.7W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 31.5N, 73W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was near 31.5N,
72.7W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 994 mb at 01 UTC at 32.1N, 76W (NCDC);
35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N 70.3W (COA).  Several other strong
gales and low pressures.  "It was not until the morning of the 29th that
the eastward movement of the HIGH allowed a strenghtening of the southwest
drift aloft and a corresponding acceleration in the northeastward movement
of the storm.  The hurricane was now near latitude 31.5N and longitude
73W with lowest pressure somewhat below 29 inches [982 mb]" (MWR).

September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 33.5N, 70W.
HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.5N 68.3W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 33.2N, 69.8W with a 969 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that center of the 95 kt hurricane
was near 33.0N, 68.7W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 34.8N 70.7W (MWR);
50 kt E and 969 mb at 11 UTC at 33.3N 69W (MWR/NCDC).  Several other 
gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 70 kt at Bermuda at
32.4N, 64.7W ~18 UTC (Tucker).  Several other gales and low pressures.
Regarding the intensity, "British S.S. Maraval: Gale began on the 29th, 
wind ESE.  Lowest Barometer 28.98 inches [981 mb] on the 30th, wind ESE., in 
latitude 34.8N., longitude 70.7W.  End on the 30th, wind NW.  Highest force 
of wind 12 [70 kt], NE" (MWR).

October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 61W, with a
large temperature gradient existing across the low.  HURDAT listed this as an
85 kt extratropical system at 41.7N, 60.1W.  The MWR tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows the center of the low near 41.5N, 59.5W with a 965 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 80 kt extratropical low
was near 41.7N, 59.0W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 965 mb at 06 UTC at 41.5N,
59.0W (MWR).  70 kt S and 988 mb at 40.3N, 58.8W (MWR).  Several other gales
and low pressures.  Regarding the intensity, "At 2 a.m. [6 UTC] ... (October 1)
the S.S. West Cobalt reported passing through the storm near latitude 41.5N,
and longitude 59W, with lowest barometer 28.50 inches [965 mb] and wind force 
12 [70 kt]" (MWR).

October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb near 47N, 58W with a
SW-NE cold front to the south of the low, and a W-E warm front to the north of
the low, hinting that the low is becoming occluded.  A huge temperature
gradient persists across the low.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical
system at 47N, 58W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of
the low near 47N, 58W.  Available observations suggest that the center of the
60 kt extratropical low was near 47.0N, 57.5W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW at
00 UTC at 42.5N, 59.5W (COA); 977 mb at 00 UTC at 45.6N 61.2W (MWR).  Several
other gales and low pressures.  "Turning northward to western Newfoundland, the
hurricane lost intensity over colder water" (MWR).

October 3: HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 985 mb near 56N, 50W.
HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical system at 53.7N, 50.6W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near
55.0N, 49.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 990 mb at 19 UTC at 54.5N 46.5W
(COA); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb at 23 UTC at 54.5N 47.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 983 mb
at 15 UTC at 54.5N 45.5W (COA).  A few other observed low pressures.

October 4: HWM analyzes the closed, occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 61N,
30W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical system at 59N, 40W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low
was near 60.0N, 37.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
64.2N 22.0W (HWM); 25 kt E and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 64.9N, 23.7W; 45 kt WNW and
1003 mb at 22 UTC at 60.5N, 35.5W (COA).

Genesis of this system was delayed twelve hours due to numerous
observations indicating a closed low had not formed until after 12 UTC
on the 24th of September.  A 994 mb peripheral pressure measurement on
the 26th suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 kt.  Transition
to a hurricane is delayed from early on the 25th to 12 UTC on the 26th.
A 989 mb peripheral pressure on the 27 suggests winds of at least 
66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 75 kt chosen
for HURDAT, down from 95 kt.  Peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT for 
the 29th and early on the 30th is retained, due to lack of inner core
observations with which to make alterations.  A 969 mb peripheral pressure
on the 30th suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT.  A 965 mb pressure observation
(may have been a central pressure) on the 1st suggests winds of 86 kt (or more,
if the pressure was perpheral) from the northern pressure-wind relationship -
85 kt retained in HURDAT as the system had transformed into an extratropical
storm by this time.  No changes were made to the dissipation of the cyclone.
Most track changes for this hurricane were small, except for the 12 hr delay
to genesis and a larger east-northeast adjustment on the 4th.  Hurricane force 
winds reported in Bermuda on the 30th and the track of the system's center well to 
the west of the island are indicative of the very large size of this hurricane.

********************************************************************************



1923/06 - 2009 REVISION:

22965 10/12/1923 M= 6  3 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
22965 10/12/1923 M= 6  6 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       *** 

22970 10/12*  0   0   0    0*104 920  35    0*119 938  35    0*134 944  35    0
22970 10/12*  0   0   0    0*104 930  35    0*119 938  40    0*134 945  40    0
                                 ***                   **          ***  **

22975 10/13*148 948  40    0*160 951  40    0*171 953  35    0*180 954  40    0
22975 10/13*148 951  40    0*160 956  40    0*171 960  35    0*182 961  30    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***  **

22980 10/14*189 953  45    0*198 950  55    0*207 947  65    0*216 942  70    0
22980 10/14*194 957  30    0*205 952  35    0*215 947  40    0*224 942  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

22985 10/15*224 937  75    0*233 932  80    0*242 927  85    0*256 918  85    0
22985 10/15*231 937  50    0*236 931  55    0*242 924  60    0*254 916  65    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **   

22990 10/16*277 911  85    0*300 912  60    0*320 916  40    0E337 917  35    0
22990 10/16*272 910  70    0*292 910  70  983*315 910  50  991*337 912  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ****    ***  **

22995 10/17E352 918  30    0E368 919  30    0E385 920  30    0*  0   0   0    0
22995 10/17*357 914  45    0*375 917  35    0*390 920  30    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** 

23000 HR LA1         
23000 HR LA1 MS1
             ***

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6-10/16/1923   0600Z 29.2N  91.0W   70kt  1  45nmi    983mb    LA1,MS1


Minor changes to the track and large changes to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Revision to this cyclone include removal 
of the extratropical stage for the last 18 hours of its existence.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Mexican station 
observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.

October 12: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure pertaining to an open tropical
wave off of the Pacific Coast of El Salvador.  HURDAT closes the low at 06 UTC
with minimal tropical storm status.  At 12 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt
tropical storm at 11.9N 93.8W.  Available observations suggest that the center
of the 40 kt tropical storm was the same as HURDAT's previous position of
11.9N, 93.8W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 12.8N, 93.2W
(COA).  No other gales or low pressures.

october 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over southern Mexico
at 17N, 96W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 95.3W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
17.1N, 96.0W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 15.9N, 99.7W
(COA).  No other gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1003 mb
at 12 UTC at Oaxaca, Mexico (HWM).  No other gales or low pressures.  "[This
system] apparently originated in low latitudes off the Pacific coast of
Guatemala and was central on the morning of the 13th of October southeast
of the Mexican Pacific port of Salina Cruz on the Gulf of Tehuantepec.
It moved rapidly northward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the
western Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 22N, 94.5W.  HURDAT
listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N 94.7W.  Available observations
suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 21.5N, 94.7W.  Ship
highlights: 15 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 21.5N, 97.5W (COA).  No other
gales or low pressures.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 23.5N, 93W.
HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.2N 92.7W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 92.5W.  Available observations
suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was 24.2N, 92.4W.  Ship
highlights: 45 kt E at 22 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 992 mb at 20
UTC at 28.2N 91.8W (COA).  Several other gales after 18 UTC.  Several other low
pressures after 12 UTC.  Regarding the intensity and damage (Pensacola, FL):
"The gales which began during the late afternoon of the 15th and continued
through the 17th, caused great anxiety, and interrupted port and business
activities, but the damage was comparatively slight, amounting in the aggregate
to about $5,000..." (OMR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N, 92.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm, inland at 32.0N 91.6W.  The MWR
Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center inland near 32N, 92W, with a 990
mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt
tropical storm was 31.5N, 91.0W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 989 mb at 01 UTC
at 28.3N, 92.0W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 27.8N 91.3W (MWR).
Several other strong gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 56 kt SE at 13
UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at 07 UTC at Morgan City
at 29.7N 91.2W (MWR); 991 mb (likely central pressure) in the "morning" at 
Vicksburg (MWR). Storm surge: 7' above MLT at 09 UTC at Gulfport at 30.4N 89.1W
(OMR).  Regarding the intensity, "Radio reports were received [~02 UTC] from
the S. S. El Siglo in lat. 28.3N, long. 92W, and from the S. S. Corning in lat.
27.3N, long. 91.5W, indicating that the storm had developed hurricane
intensity.  The former reported a barometer reading of 29.22 inches [989 mb]
and a wind velocity of 74 miles an hour from the east, and the latter a
barometer reading of 29.18 inches [988 mb] and a wind velocity of 64 miles an
hour from the east, with a two-hour pressure fall of 0.20 inch" (MWR).  "The
storm center reached the coast at about 1 a.m. [06 UTC] on the 16th, near
longitude 91.5 west, slightly west of Morgan City, La. ... a lowest reading of
29.25 inches at Morgan City at 1:20 a.m. to 2:45 a.m. (MWR)."  From Mobile,
Alabama OMR: The highest velocity was 60 miles from the southeast at 7a.m. ...
A maximum stage was reached at about 7 a.m. ... according to the information
supplied by City Engineer Wright Smith was 5.5 feet above mean low tide" (OMR).
"At Biloxi: The tide ... reached the highest stage at about 4 a.m. (10 UTC),
October 16th, estimated at 8 feet above mean low tide" (OMR).  985 mb 
central pressure minimum for the lifetime of the hurricane (and
also at landfall) (Connor).  Hurricane not addressed in Ho et al. or
Schwerdt et al., implying that the landfall central pressure was higher
than 981 mb (their criterion for inclusion).  "Tropical Cyclones in 
Lousiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 16 - Louisiana - Minimal.
Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 16 - Pensacola - Minor - Center 
Louisiana coast" (Dunn and Miller).  "By the following morning [16th]
it had crossed the Louisiana coast and was central near Vicksburg, Miss.,
with a pressure of 29.26 inches [991 mb]; and during the night of the 16th
dissipated over Arkansas and southern Missouri.  The contour of the isobars
was considerably distorted from the ideal by a strong pressure gradient from
northeast fo southwest over the United States, which tended to squeeze the
isobars together on the northeast quarter of the storm and throw them wide
apart to the southwest.  The closing up of the isobars was especially
effective in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla., which was about 250 miles
from the path of the center but recorded the highest wind velocity (64 miles
from the southeast) of any land station.  The storm in general lacked
the intensity near the center that we normally expect of a true hurricane"
(MWR).
 
October 17: HWM analyzes a stationary front west of the remnance of the
tropical cyclone.  HWM did not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.5N, 92W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 38.5N, 92w and an 1000 mb pressure.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was 39.0N,
92.0W.  Land highlights: 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Saint Louis at 38.7N
90.3W (HWM).  997 mb at 17 UTC at Meridian at 32.3N, 88.8W (OMR).  No other
gales.  Several other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "On the 17th a
disturbance that had moved up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of Mexico
appeared to call for southeast warnings [for the Great Lakes]" (MWR).

No changes were made to the (somewhat rare) genesis of this hurricane 
in the Northeast Pacific basin.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb on 
the 12th of October suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship.  A lower value of 40 kt is chosen for
HURDAT because of the low environmental pressures, though this is 
an increase over the 35 shown originally.  The system likely made landfall
in southeastern Mexico as a 40 kt tropical storm around 06 UTC on the 13th.
The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico just before 00 UTC on the 14th
and began to reintensify.  A peripheral pressure of 992 mb suggests winds
of at least 56 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship
and at least 59 kt for the subset of those systems intensifying north
of 25N.  65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, down from
85 kt originally.  Thus the onset of hurricane intensity is delayed
from 12 UTC on the 14th originally to 18 UTC on the 15th, as suggested
by numerous relatively weak observations taken within the cyclone on
those dates.  

The cyclone made a U.S. landfall near 29.2N 91.0W around 06 UTC on the 16th.
The ship the Corning at 01 UTC just before landfall measured a peripheral 
pressure of 987 mb (along with a concurrent 50 kt ESE wind).  At the same
time, another ship - the El Siglo - observed 65 kt E with 989 mb.  Lowest
pressure observed on the coast was 990 mb at Morgan City, but this may not have 
been a central pressure as the cyclone moved just east of the city.  However, 
Vicksburg - well inland - recorded a likely central pressure of 991 mb.  A run of 
the inland pressure decay model (Ho et al.) gives a central pressure 
at the coast of 983 mb.  This value would also be a good match with the
ship reports close to the coast as well.  983 mb central pressure at landfall
is slightly deeper than the 985 mb estimate from Connor (which was used
in Jarrell et al.)  this pressure suggests a wind of 69 kt from the new
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the counteracting
influences of a fast forward speed (~22 kt) and quite low environmental
pressure (1001 mb outer closed isobar), 70 kt is chosen as the landfall
winds.  This is down substantially from the 85 kt winds originally in 
HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 1 assessment for Louisiana.
Impacts of this system were spread quite a distance along the Gulf Coast
to the right of track, suggesting a rather large RMW (~45 nmi).  Given
the storm surge peak values of 8' at Biloxi and 7' at Gulfport, minimal
hurricane force winds likely occurred in along the Mississippi.  Thus
both Mississippi and Louisiana are indicated as receiving Catetory 1
hurricane conditions.  Peak winds observed after landfall (within 2 hr of 
synoptic time) were:  56 kt at 12 UTC on the 16th, 52 kt at 18 UTC, and 
53 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th.  These reduced to 46, 43, and 44 kt after taking 
into consideration adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds and accounting for 
the high bias of anemometers of the era - Fergusson and Covert (1924) and 
Powell et al. (1996).  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model 
gives 48, 33, and 25 kt, respectively.  Because of the higher winds observed, 
winds in HURDAT are chosen at 50, 45, and 45 kt accordingly - substantially
higher than the 40, 35, and 30 kt originally.  The decay phase of this
system was analyzed as a tropical depression, rather than going through
an extratropical phase as no baroclinic development or absorption
occurred.

*******************************************************************************


1923/07 - 2009 REVISION:

23095 10/15/1923 M= 5  5 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
23095 10/15/1923 M= 5  7 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

23100 10/15*216 638  35    0*227 630  35    0*236 623  35    0*250 615  35    0
23100 10/15*216 638  35    0*226 630  35    0*236 623  35    0*246 618  35    0
                             ***                               *** ***

23105 10/16*264 609  35    0*277 606  35    0*289 603  35    0*300 603  35    0
23105 10/16*256 614  40    0*267 612  45    0*280 610  50    0*293 610  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23110 10/17*310 606  35    0*320 612  35    0*331 620  40    0*343 633  40    0
23110 10/17*307 611  55    0*321 613  55    0*335 620  55    0*346 631  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

23115 10/18*355 650  40    0*366 667  40    0*378 680  45    0*390 690  45    0
23115 10/18*355 644  55    0*362 658  55    0*370 670  55    0*381 680  55    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23120 10/19*402 698  45    0*413 705  40    0*425 710  35    0*437 713  30    0
23120 10/19*395 690  55    0*405 700  50    0*425 710  45  994E445 718  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **  ******* ***  **

23125 TS                    

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 5.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship  database, Original Monthly 
Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22.5N, 62.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.6N, 62.3W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was in the
same location given by HURDAT, at 23.6N, 62.3W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and
986 mb at 22 UTC at 19.2N, 62.2W (COA).  No other gales or low pressures.
"A disturbance became apparent just north of the Leeward Islands and began
to move north-northeastward" (MWR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.5N, 62.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.9N 60.3W.  Available
observations suggest that center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 28.0N. 61.0W.
Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 29.5N 62.5W (COA); 45 kt NE
and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 29.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 999 mb at 20 UTC at
28.5N, 59.7W (MWR); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 57.2W (MWR). One other gale.  One other
low pressure.  "...But with the strengthening of a large high pressure area
to the north and northeast, the storm was slowed up and deflected to the 
northwest" (MWR).

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 34.5N, 61W.
HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.1N 62.0W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N 62.5W with an 1007 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was
33.5N 62.0W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 60.0W
(HWM); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA); 30 kt NW and 999
mb at 16 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA).  No other gales.  Several other low
pressures.  "It passed just northeast of Bermuda on the 17th" (MWR).

October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 36.5N, 68W.
HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 37.8N 68.0W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N and 67.7W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 37.0N,
67.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N 66.0W (COA);
45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 39.2N, 70.6W (COA).  A few other gales.
Several other low pressures.

October 19: HWM analyzes a N-S occluded front well inland from the coast with a
W-E warm front extending eastward from the occluded front near North Carolina.
HWM indicates that the system had moved inland and was located northwest of 
Boston, near 42.4N, 71W, with Boston's pressure reading being 999 mb at 12
UTC.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 42.5N, 71.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.4N, 71W with a 999 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt
extratropical low was the same as the previous HURDAT position of 42.5N, 71.0W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 40.2N 69.6W (MWR); 30 kt SW
and 982 mb at 05 UTC at 40.0N, 70.0W (COA).  A few other gales.  Several other
low pressures.  Land highlights: 42 kt and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nantucket, MA
at 41.3N, 70.1W (MWR); 997 mb at 0515 UTC at Nantucket, MA; 994 mb (central
pressure) at 1040 UTC at Boston.  No other gales.  Several other low pressures.
"[It] crossed the Atlantic coast near Nantucket, Mass., on the night of
October 18th and was still in evidence near Boston the following morning.
The storm lack the intensity necessary to be classed as a hurricane, but
the shape and distribution of the isobars showed a close resemblance to
this type" (MWR).

No alterations were made for the genesis of this tropical storm.  Peripheral
pressures of 999 mb on the 16th and 17th suggest winds of at least 50 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT
(up from 35 kt at 18 UTC on the 16th and 40 kt at 18 UTC on the 17th).
A 998 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 18th suggests winds of at
least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for
HURDAT (up from 45 kt previously).  The system on the 18th was moving northwest
into an increasingly baroclinic environment.  A 982 mb peripheral pressure
was measured on the 19th, though the ship appears to have about a 5 mb low
bias when a time series for it is considered.  Thus 987 mb peripheral pressure
(both from this ship and a separate 987 mb ship observation) suggests winds
of at least 66 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen
for HURDAT at 00 UTC as the storm was embedded in low environmental pressure
and was slower moving than is typical for systems in this region (up from
45 kt previously).  It is estimated that the system made landfall in 
Massachusetts around 09 UTC on the 19th near 41.3N 70.6W with maximum
sustained winds of around 50 kt.  Peak observed winds along the coast were 
42 kt in Nantucket early on the 19th.  After landfall, the weakening cyclone 
was absorbed in a large extratropical storm moving in from the west.  Decay
phase of the system is changed in that previously there was no extratropical
transition.  

*******************************************************************************


1923/08 - 2009 REVISION:

23130 10/16/1923 M= 4  6 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
23130 10/16/1923 M= 6  8 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       *** 

23135 10/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*213 929  35    0*220 919  35    0
23135 10/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 950  35    0*210 940  35    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***  

23140 10/17*229 913  35    0*242 905  40    0*260 895  45    0*282 889  45    0
23140 10/17*218 930  35    0*228 916  40    0*240 900  45    0*265 889  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

23145 10/18*306 890  40    0E329 892  35    0E351 895  30    0E372 887  25    0
23145 10/18*300 890  50  992*329 891  40  997E355 892  35    0E375 887  30    0
            ***      **  ****    ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **

23150 10/19E394 875  25    0E415 859  25    0E435 840  25    0E462 815  25    0
23150 10/19E395 875  30    0E415 859  35    0E435 840  35    0E454 822  35    0
            ***      **               **               **      *** ***  **

(The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.)
23151 10/20E472 806  35    0E491 790  35    0E510 770  35    0E530 745  35    0
23152 10/21E555 715  30    0E585 680  30    0E625 640  30    0E670 600  30    0

23155 TS            

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather 
Review_.

October 13: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
18N 113.5W.  Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt 
Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 18.5N, 105.5W.  Ship highlights: 
20 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 99.5W (HWM).  No gales.  No other 
low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at Manzanillo, Mexico at 
19.0N, 104.3W (HWM).  No other gales. A few low pressures of 1005 mb at 12 UTC 
between 21-25N and 106-108W.

October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N,
108.5W.  Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast
Pacific tropical storm was 19.5N, 107.0W.  Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures.  Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Islas Marias, 
Mexico at 21.4N, 106.5W (HWM).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in Mexico,
near 19.3N 102.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 35 kt
Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 20.0N, 103.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales 
and no low pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 
Salina Cruz, Mexico at 16.2N, 95.0W (HWM).  No other gales.  Several low 
pressures of between 1002 and 1005 mb.

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20.5N, 94W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 92.9W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.5N,
95.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 88.3W (MWR); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 27.2N, 90.9W (HWM); 20 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N,
94.5W (HWM).  No other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Land highlights:
10 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Veracruz, Mexico at 19.2N, 96.1W (HWM); 10 kt
NW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Tampico, Mexico at 22.3N, 97.9W (HWM).  No gales.
All other available land observations are low pressures (< 1006 mb).

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N,
89.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 89.5W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.5N, 89.1W with a 999 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical
storm was 24.0N, 90.0W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE at 18 UTC at 30.5N, 87.1W
(COA); 45 kt NW at 27.0N, 91.1W (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 28.7N,
89.0W (COA).  No other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Land highlights:
54 kt SE at 01 UTC at Pensacola at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 997 mb at 
21 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR).  Storm tide 4+' at
Apalachacola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR).  Regarding the track and intensity: 
"This storm [storm #5] moved northward, with rapidly decreasing energy, and was 
quickly followed by another [this storm] from the Gulf moving rapidly northward
over nearly the same territory, which likewise brought heavy rains over 
the immediate Mississippi Valley and northward into the Great Lakes region 
during the 17th and 18th, and to most districts to the eastward during 
the following 36 hours.  In fact this was the most widespread storm of 
the month..." (MWR).

October 18: HWM analyzes an asymmetric low of at most 1000 mb that merged 
with a cold front centered over the southeastern U.S.  HURDAT listed this as a 
30 kt extratropical low at 35.1N, 89.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 36N, 88.6W with a 997 mb pressure.  Available observations
suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 35.5N, 89.2W.  Ship
highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 90.5W (HWM); 20 kt NW and
1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 87.2W (HWM).  No gales.  One other low pressure.
Land highlights: 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W
(OMR); 50 kt S and 999 mb at 02 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33
kt SE and 996 mb at 00 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR)- min
pressure at Mobile of 996 mb at 01 UTC; 10 kt N and 996 mb at Cairo, Illinois
at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 89.2W (HWM).  Several other gales and low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "At 8 p.m. [on the 17th] (00 UTC on the 18th) its
center was between Mobile and New Orleans, and shortly thereafter a maximum
wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast was registered at Mobile
and 56 miles an hour from the southeast at Pensacola" (MWR).

October 19:  HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 995 mb near 44.5N 84W
with a warm front extending northeast of the low and a cold front extending
to the south of the low.  HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 
43.5N 84W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44N 84W
with a 991 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of 
the 35 kt extratropical low was near 43.5N 84W.  Ship highlights: none.
Station highlights:  37 kt SW at Toledo, Ohio (MWR); 37 kt NW at Grand
Haven, Canada (MWR); calm and 993 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit, Michigan (HWM).
No other gales.  Several other low pressures.

October 20:  HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb
near 51N 77W with a warm front extending northeast from the low and a cold
front extending south of the low.  HURDAT did not document the storm on this
date.  Available observations indicate that the center of the 35 kt 
extratropical low was near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: none.
Station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Colombiere, Canada
(HWM).  No gales.  A few other low pressures.

October 21:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 62.5N 63.5W at 
the end of an occluded front.  HURDAT did not document the storm on this date.
Avialbel observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered 
near 62.5N 64W.  Ship highlights:  none.  Station highlights:  20 kt E and 
985 mb at 12 UTC at Godthab, Greenland (HWM).  No gales.  A few other low
pressures.  

Observational evidence is convincing that a moderate tropical storm was in
existance along the west coast of Mexico on the 13th and 14th, it made
landfall around 00 UTC on the 15th near Tepio and was inland in west central 
Mexico near Guadalajara at 12 UTC on the 15th.  On the next day, a tropical
storm was occurring in the Bay of Campeche.  Because of the extreme
mountainous terrain of central Mexico, it is unlikely that the two cyclones
were, in fact, part of one continuous tropical cyclone track.  Instead, it is
judged that remnants from the first may have contributed toward development
of the second tropical storm.  Thus the genesis for this existing Atlantic
basin tropical cyclone is retained at 12 UTC on the 16th, though in a location
substantially farther west than originally seen in HURDAT.  999 mb pressures
at 12 UTC on the 16th from both Veracruz and Tampico suggest winds of least
49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  35 kt is retained in
HURDAT because of the extremely low environmental pressures at that time.
A 995 mb peripheral ship pressure at 12 UTC on the 27th suggests winds of at 
least 52 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.
45 kt is retained in HURDAT for the same reason as above.  

Landfall occurred along the Mississippi coastline around 01 UTC on the 18th
with a central pressure of about 992 mb (based upon Mobile's minmum of 996 mb
with 37 kt SE wind).  992 mb central pressure suggests winds of 58 kt from
the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship - winds of 50 kt
are chosen for HURDAT (up from 40 kt) due to the very low environmental
pressures somewhat counteracted by the quick forward speed (~32 kt).  
Highest obseved winds were 54 kt in Pensacola at 01 UTC on the 17th and 50 kt 
at Pensacola at 00 and 02 UTC on the 18th.  However, the peak on the 17th was
primarily due to storm number 5.  Transition to an extratropical storm was
delayed by 6 hours until 12 UTC on the 18th, as the frontal boundary and
the storm would not have coincided until then.  An additional two days 
(October 20th and 21st) were added to HURDAT, as observations and the HWM
analyses indicate that the extratropical storm existed longer than originally
recognized.  While large changes were made to the track near the beginning
of the cyclone and to both the track and intensity near the cyclone's end,
relatively small alterations were made on the 17th through the 19th. 
Together, storms 5 and 7 represent a rather rare event with both making
landfall in the north central Gulf coast only about 42 hours apart.

*******************************************************************************



1923/09 - 2009 REVISION:

23160 10/24/1923 M= 4  7 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23160 10/24/1923 M= 4  9 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

23165 10/24*  0   0   0    0*183 612  35    0*190 610  35    0*198 606  35    0
23165 10/24*  0   0   0    0*193 598  35    0*200 600  35    0*207 602  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23170 10/25*207 605  35    0*215 604  35    0*224 605  35    0*233 611  35    0
23170 10/25*214 604  35    0*222 606  35    0*230 610  35    0*238 618  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23175 10/26*242 622  40    0*251 638  45    0*261 656  45    0*274 666  45    0
23175 10/26*247 630  40    0*256 642  40    0*265 650  40    0*277 652  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23180 10/27E287 669  45    0E320 643  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
23180 10/27E290 650  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **

23185 TS                    

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #7.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NCDC's Original Monthly Record 
station data, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N,
57.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 61.0W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
20.0N, 60.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.2N,
61.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 60.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
23.0N, 61.0W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 23.5N
60.5W (COA).

October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb that merged with a
front and became elongated, centered in the vicinity of 26N, 66W.  There is no
temperature gradient across the low, however.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
tropical storm at 26.1N, 65.6W.  Available observations suggest that the center
of the 40 kt tropical storm was 26.5N, 65.0W.  Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 995 mb 
at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 63.9W (COA).  No other gales or low pressures.

October 27:  HURDAT listed that the low became extratropical at 00 UTC with the
last position at 06 UTC and 45 kt winds.  Available observations suggest that
the low became extratropical at 18 UTC on the 26th, and the last advisory is at
00 UTC on the 27th with 35 kt winds.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW at 20 UTC at
41.0N, 60.0W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 53.5W (COA); 25
kt NNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 57.4W (COA).  No other gales.  A few
other low pressures.

No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm.  A peripheral
pressure of 1006 mb on the 25th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship - 35 kt retained in HURDAT.  The 995 mb
pressure value recorded from a ship on the 26th in COADS is listed as 1003 mb
in Historical Weather Map and from comparison with surrounding data suggests
that HWM is correct.  1003 mb peripheral pressure values suggests winds of
at least 43 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt
chosen for HURDAT (down from 45 kt) as the system was undergoing extratropical
transition.  Change to extratropical is retained at 00 UTC on the 27th, which
is not as early as seen in Historical Weather Map analysis for 12 UTC on 
the 26th.  While no gales were observed with this system during its tropical 
cyclone stage, the data are relatively sparse from the 23rd until the 26th.  
Thus as the cyclone is already classified in HURDAT as a tropical storm, it 
will be retained as such because of the moderate probability that gale force 
winds actually existed.


******************************************************************************

1923 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION:

1) A combination of Historical Weather Maps and COADS ships observations
shows a remnant gale center on 4 January in the Subtropical Central
Atlantic left behind by a decaying mid-latitude storm system.  This
circulation moved NW on the 5th and was located well east of Bermuda.  By
the 6th, it had been absorbed by a cold front approaching from the west.
Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what
would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, the low had acquired
barotropic characteristics.  However, gale-force wind observations of 35
kt from three independent ships at 03, 07, and 19 UTC on the 4th were
recorded more than 100 km from the center, while weaker winds were
observed at closer distances.  Therefore, this low was likely still
extratropical and is not added to HURDAT.  It may though have been a
subtropical storm using modern classification criteria.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jan. 4   27N  47W     Extratropical Storm
Jan. 5   30N  50W     Extratropical Storm


2) On 19 June, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of a cyclonic
circulation at the tail end of an old, zonally-oriented surface front over
the Atlantic, north of the Western Bahamas and east of Florida.  HWM and
COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression formed in this area
and moved generally north to a position about 450 km east of Savannah on
the 21st.  It was absorbed by a cold front sweeping down the U.S. East
Coast on the 22nd.  The peak wind recorded by a ship observation (COA) was
25 kt NE at 12 UTC on the 19th at 30.9N and 79.5W.  Since there were no
gale force winds and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1012 mb
on the 20th and 21st (COA), this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
June 19  28N  77W     Tropical Depression
June 20  30N  78W     Tropical Depression
June 21  32N  77W     Tropical Depression


3) The 1923 _Monthly Weather Review_ indicated that "From the 9th to 
the 12th [of October] low pressure prevailed in the Caribbean Sea and
vessels in the Gulf of Mexico experienced northeasterly to easterly gales".
Examination of the Historical Weather Maps do indicate that a low pressure
in the western Gulf was attached to the western end of a frontal 
boundary on the 7th and 8th.  By the 9th, the frontal boundary was
dissipating.  Moderate east to northeast winds prevailed over
the northern half of the Gulf from the 9th to the 11th, primarily 
under the influence of a strong high pressure over the southeast U.S.
Only one gale force wind was observed (10th from COADS), well-away
from the possible low pressure center.  Moreover, on the 10th and 11th
a well-defined circulation center is not evident from available observations.
It is possible that this system did tranform briefly to a tropical storm, 
or perhaps a subtropical storm, especially on the 8th or 9th.  But no gale 
force winds or low pressures were observed in direct connection to
the cyclone.  Thus this system is not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct.  7  23N  94W     Extratropical Low
Oct.  8  24N  94W     Extratropical Low     
Oct.  9  23N  92W     Extratropical Low
Oct. 10  22N? 91W?    Open Trough?
Oct. 11  --N  --W     Open Trough


4) This system - originally storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is 
removed from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity as
a tropical cyclone. Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, station data
from the Original Monthly Records, and personal communication from R. Perez 
(2005).

23005 10/14/1923 M=16  4 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
23010 10/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*104 803  35    0*108 802  35    0
23015 10/15*112 802  35    0*117 801  35    0*123 801  35    0*130 801  35    0
23020 10/16*138 802  35    0*146 803  35    0*152 804  35    0*156 805  35    0
23025 10/17*160 805  35    0*163 806  35    0*167 807  35    0*171 807  35    0
23030 10/18*174 808  35    0*177 809  35    0*181 808  35    0*185 807  35    0
23035 10/19*191 805  40    0*197 801  40    0*204 796  40    0*211 790  40    0
23040 10/20*220 783  35    0*229 775  35    0E239 770  35    0E252 767  40    0
23045 10/21E267 766  40    0E281 764  40    0E292 762  45    0E299 758  50    0
23050 10/22E306 753  55    0E313 748  60    0E320 744  60    0E326 742  60    0
23055 10/23E333 742  60    0E339 743  60    0E346 746  60    0E357 751  55    0
23060 10/24E374 756  50    0E392 760  45    0E408 761  40    0E422 765  35    0
23065 10/25E436 769  35    0E448 767  30    0E463 758  30    0E475 731  25    0
23070 10/26E480 695  25    0E482 657  25    0E485 625  30    0E493 598  30    0
23075 10/27E501 572  35    0E509 545  35    0E517 517  35    0E525 488  40    0
23080 10/28E534 459  40    0E542 430  40    0E550 400  40    0E557 379  45    0
23085 10/29E564 360  45    0E570 344  45    0E576 326  45    0E585 293  40    0
23090 TS                    

October 14: HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1005 mb entirely
over South America.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm located at
10.4N, 80.3W.  Available observations suggest that the low is not closed.  Ship
highlights: 15 kt NW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 7.1N, 80.9W (COA); 5 kt E and 1005
mb at 12 UTC at 12.5N, 75.5W (COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

October 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of HURDAT's
tropical storm.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 80.1W.
Available observations suggest that there is a 25 kt tropical depression
centered near 12.3N, 80.1W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity on HURDAT's
tropical storm.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.2N, 80.4W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression
is at 15.2N, 82.0W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 13.9N,
81.6W (COA); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 77.4W (COA).  No gales.
No other low pressures.  Land highlights: 3 kt E and 1005 mb at 0 UTC at Swan
Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 8 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at
17.5N, 84.2W (HWM/OMR).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 81W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 80.7W.  Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 16N,
82W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 21 UTC at 12.5N, 80.5W (COA).
No gales.  Several other low pressures (> 1006 mb).  Land highlights: 10 kt E
and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  No gales.  A few
other low pressures.

October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered on the
coast of Central America near 15N, 84W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical
storm at 18.1N, 80.8W.  Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical
depression is centered near 18.1N, 81.5W.  Ship and land highlights: No gales.
Several low pressures between 1003 and 1005 mb. 

October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N,
78.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.4N, 79.6W.
Available observations or lack thereof suggest that the low is not closed on
this day.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 84.8W
(HWM); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 24.3N, 81.7W (COA).  1 other gale.  A
few other low pressures.  Land highlights: 9 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at
Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  No other gales or low pressures.

October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front extending from south of Cuba up the
eastern seaboard of the U.S. HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 23.9N, 77.0W.  Available observations
suggest that this is a 25 kt tropical depression centered at 23.9N, 77.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb along a
SSW-NNE stationary front centered near 29N, 76.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45
kt extratropical low at 29.2N, 76.2W.  Available observations suggest that the
30 kt extratropical low is centered at 29.2N, 76.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales
or low pressures.

October 22: HWM analyzes a stationary front off the east coast of the U.S.
There is no closed low on the HWM map.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt
extratropical low at 32.0N, 74.4W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 27N, 76W with an 1007 mb pressure.  Available observations
suggest that there is a 50 kt extratropical low near 32.0N, 74.4W.  Ship
highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1017 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt NE and
1012 mb at 12 UTC at 36.5N, 72.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.
Land highlights: 43 kt N at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA HIST.).  A few
other gales.  No low pressures.  "The severe storm of the 22d-25th of October,
which developed north of the Bahamas and moved northward to Hatteras and
thence north-northwestward to extreme northwest Pennsylvania, was formed and
maintained by the usual processes attending extra-tropical storms and bore
no resemblance to a hurricane" (MWR).

October 23: HWM analyzes a front with a sharp temperature and pressure gradient
from off the coast of NC to NJ.  HWM analyzes the lowest pressure to be at most
1005 mb, but it is very elongated and does not resemble a closed low.  HURDAT
listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 34.6N, 74.6W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34N, 75W with an 1003 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that this 75 kt extratropical low was centered
at 34.6N, 74.6W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N,
73.9W (COA); 15 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 32.6N, 76.7W (COA).  Several other
strong gales.  Several other low pressures between 999 and 1005 mb.  Land
highlights: 71 kt NE at Atlantic City at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 1005 mb at 12 UTC
at Cape Hatteras at 35.3N, 75.6W (HWM).  Several other strong gales from NC to
MA.  No other low pressures.

October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 40N, 77.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at
40.8N, 76.1W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center inland
near 40.2N, 78W with an 1002 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that
this 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 40.8N, 76.1W.  Ship highlights:
45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 73.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 72.5W
(COA); 25 kt SE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 36.1N, 75.0W (COA).  One other gale
and one other low pressure.  Land highlights: 47 kt SE at New York 40.8N, 74.0W
(MWR); 20 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Harrisburg, PA at 40.3N, 76.5W (HWM).
One other gale.  A few other low pressures.

October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 45N, 77W.  HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at
46.3N, 75.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center over
Canada near 46N, 76.5W. Available observations suggest that this 30 kt
extratropical low was centered near 46.3N, 75.8W.  Ship highlights: No gales or
low pressures were observed.

October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 46N, 65W.  HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at
48.5N, 62.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
47.5N, 64W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 30
kt extratropical low was centered near 48.5N, 62.5W.  Ship highlights: no gales
or low pressures.  Land highlights: 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Chatham at 47.0N,
65.5W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Sydney at 46.2N, 60.2W (HWM).
No gales and no other low pressures.

October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb embedded in an occluded
front located south-southwest of the southern tip of Greenland near 52N, 48.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 51.7N, 51.7W.  Available
observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 51.7N,
51.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt SSW and
982 mb at 12 UTC at 54.0N, 47.8W (COA).  No other gales.  All other
observations are low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales.

October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb in an occluded front
near 55N, 37W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 55.0N,
40.0W.  Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was
centered near 55.0N, 40.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt N at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR); 45
kt N and 970 mb at 17 UTC at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR).  Several other gales.  All
observations are low pressures.

October 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb at the end of a
stationary front centered near 57.5N, 27.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
extratropical storm at 57.6N, 32.6W.  Available observations indicate that the
50 kt extratropical storm was centered near 57.6N, 32.6W.  Ship highlights: 50
kt WNW and 976 mb at 07 UTC at 55.5N, 33.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 977 mb at 13
UTC at 55.5N, 31.5W (COA); 50 kt NW at 22 UTC at 56.5N, 29.5W (COA); 10 kt W
and 964 mb at 10 UTC at 56.5N, 28.5W (COA).  Several other gales and low
pressures.  Land highlights: 30 kt E and 986 mb at 12 UTC at Reykjavik, Iceland
at 64.2N, 22.0W (HWM).  One other low pressure.

This system became a tropical depression around 00 UTC on the 15th,
about twelve hours after that originally indicated.  No gale force winds
were observed from the 14th through the 18th.  Numerous low pressure
observations (less than 1006 mb) were taken, but the environmental
pressures were around 1008 mb, so none of these suggest gale force
winds were present on these dates.  On the 19th, the system became
elongated northeast-southwest (and may no longer have had a well-defined
closed center) as a strong cold front approached from the northwest.  
Two 35 kt west winds were observed on this date, but were more than 300 nmi 
from the center, which suggests a structure more descriptive of a
monsoonal low or developing extratropical low.  On the 20th, a well-defined
closed center could no longer be located as the strong frontal boundary
approached, but the lack of a closed low may have been due on this date
to sparse data.  HURDAT originally had the system becoming extratropical
on the 20th at 12 UTC, but the timing of this appears to be about 6-12
hours too early.  By 12 UTC on the 21st, the system had transformed into
a purely extratropical storm with gales developing on the 22nd.  (It is
possible that the original tropical depression dissipated completely
late on the 19th/early on the 20th and that a separate extratropical low 
developed on the 21st.  This scenario is consistent with the Monthly
Weather Reviews description of the system:  "There was evidence that 
a disturbance was forming [on the 16th and 17th] between the Island of 
Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama ... Over the western Caribbean Sea
pressure continued low with some evidence of a slight disturbance central
southwest of Jamaica.  Following a slight rise in pressure over the western
Caribbean Sea, Cuba and the vicinity of the Bahama Islands on the 20th,
the barometer again began to fall over Cuba and the Bahamas region during
the 21st, and by the morning of the 22d a disturbance of slight intensity
had developed with its center near Nassau, Bahama Islands.")  The 
extratropical storm became quite intense with hurricane force winds reported 
on the 23rd.  HURDAT continued the system through the 29th of October, but 
the Historical Weather Map series suggest that the system remained 
a separate extratropical storm until the 2nd of November in the far North 
Atlantic.

Because the system had no direct gales associated with it from 
the 14th until the 19th while it was a tropical cyclone, this system
is removed from HURDAT as it likely never reached tropical storm 
status.  This assessment is in agreement with Cuban meteorologist 
Ramon Perez, who stated that "This system looks like a low pressure
or a tropical depression over Cuba.  It does not look like a tropical
storm, as Neumann and Ortiz tracked.  A copy of several of our 
historical weather maps are attached."  (These maps are included.)
Thus the removal of this system from HURDAT is consistent with both
the Cuban assessment as well as from U.S. Weather Bureau (in the
Monthly Weather Review) descriptions at the time of the system.  In our 
assessment, this cyclone had a large circulation with peak winds below 
gale-force and with no well-defined center.  However, it is possible that a 
well-defined center did exist embedded within the large circulation envelope, 
but that it was just not sampled from the available observations.  The system 
(if we are correct that no well-defined center was present) is likely somewhat 
analogous to Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, but without gale force winds present.

5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship observations show large,
residual occluded lows on 16-17 October in the Eastern Atlantic near the
Azores, 4-6 November in the Western Atlantic to the east and northeast of
Bermuda, and 23-24 November in the Subtropical Central Atlantic.  While
all exhibited ambient temperatures that had become nearly isothermal
towards the center, significant large-scale air and sea-surface
temperature gradients still existed.  Also, any available gale-force wind
observations were located far away from the center.  Consequently, these
systems are considered to be extratropical gale centers and are not added
to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 16  39N  23W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 17  39N  25W     Extratropical Storm

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 4   30N  58W     Extratropical Storm
Nov. 5   36N  63W     Extratropical Storm
Nov. 6   35N  60W     Extratropical Storm

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 23  27N  58W     Extratropical Storm
Nov. 24  28N  56W     Extratropical Storm

*******************************************************************************


1924/01 - 2009 REVISION:

23190 06/18/1924 M= 4  1 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23190 06/18/1924 M= 4  1 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

23195 06/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*176 876  40    0*180 885  35    0
23195 06/18*176 852  35    0*178 866  40    0*180 880  40    0*182 894  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

23200 06/19*184 895  35    0*187 904  35    0*190 913  35    0*193 922  40    0
23200 06/19*184 907  30    0*187 919  30    0*190 930  35    0*194 940  40    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***

23205 06/20*195 931  40    0*197 939  40    0*200 948  40    0*203 958  40    0
23205 06/20*199 949  40    0*204 957  40    0*210 965  40    0*217 972  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23210 06/21*206 968  40    0*209 979  40    0*212 990  35    0*214 998  25    0
23210 06/21*225 978  35    0*235 983  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
23215 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

June 17:  HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the
northwestern Caribbean Sea.  Available observations show that no closed
low existed on this date.  No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures 
were observed.  "Pressure fell gradually over the northwestern 
Caribbean Sea during the 15th-17th, the decrease in that time amounting 
to 0.14 inch at Tela, Spanish Honduras, and Belize, British Honduras, and 
0.04 inch at Swan Island" (MWR).  

June 18:  HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the 
northwestern Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
17.6N, 87.6W.  Available observations do suggest a closed low
exists near 18N, 88W.  No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures 
were observed.  "The first disturbance, which was followed from the
18th to the 20th of June from the northwestern Caribbean to the 
southwestern Gulf of Mexico, caused heavy rains but apparently no
high winds" (MWR).

June 19:  HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 92.5W
of at most 1007.5 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.0N, 91.3W.
Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one
does it may be somewhat west of the HURDAT position near 19N, 93W.  No gale
force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.

June 20th:  HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 98W
of at most 1007.5 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 94.8W.
Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one
does it may be somewhat northwest of the HURDAT position near 21N, 96.5W, mainly 
because of low pressure observed in Tampico, MX.  Station highlight:  1005 mb at 
Tampico (MWR).

June 21st:  HWM indicates no significant features near the system in question.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm inland over eastern Mexico at
21.2N, 99.0W.  Available observations do suggest that the system had
dissipated by 12 UTC.  No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure
were observed.

Genesis is begun 12 hours earlier than original HURDAT with this tropical cyclone, 
as it had a fairly well-defined circulation at 12 UTC on the 18th.  Alterations - 
mainly minor - were introduced to the track for all dates, though the changes on 
the 20th and 21st were quite large adjustments to the northwest, mainly due to the 
MWR observation of 1005 mb pressre at Tampcio.  Winds are reduced below tropical 
storm intensity on the 19th as the cyclone transited the Yucatan.  A peripheral  
pressure observation - 1005 mb at Tampico on the 20th was measured - which does 
suggest at least winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  However, environmental pressures were low, suggesting 
lower winds than usual for the given pressure observation.  40 kt is retained in 
HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th.  Dissipation of the cyclone is revised to be 12 hours 
earlier than originally shown in HURDAT.  This is mainly because the original track 
had it make landfall in Mexico too late compared with available observations suggest.  

No tropical storm force winds were observed with this cyclone.  However, as is 
fairly typical for Central America and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, observations 
were quite sparse.  Additionally, the location and time of year of this system do 
match that expected by climatology.  Thus the cyclone will be retained in HURDAT, 
though evidence for keeping it in is somewhat mixed.

*******************************************************************************


1924/02 - 2009 ADDITION:

23190 07/28/1924 M= 3  2 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23195 07/28*  0   0   0    0*285 785  30    0*300 775  35    0*315 765  40    0
23195 07/29*330 755  40    0*345 744  45    0*360 730  50    0*372 714  55    0
23195 07/30*382 697  55    0*390 679  50    0*395 660  45    0E400 640  40    0
23215 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

July 27: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low with at most a 1015 mb 
central pressure situated near 28.5N, 84W at the tail end of a cold front 
that extended off the Carolinas through central Florida.  However, 
examination of HWM and COADS data reveals that the system was better 
described as an open trough, oriented east-northeast to west-southwest.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 28: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low embedded in an occluded front of
at most 1015 mb centered near 31.2N, 77.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center near 30.1N, 79.7W with an 1014 mb pressure.  Available observations 
suggest that the frontal boundary had dissipated and a center of the 35 kt  
tropical storm was near 30.0N, 77.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 
17 UTC at 31.5N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 21 UTC at 
32.5N, 77.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most
1015 mb centered near 36N, 73W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 34.9N, 73.3W.  Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary 
had instead dissipated and that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 36.0N, 73.0W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 09 UTC at 33.5N, 75.5W (COA).  
45 kt N and 999 mb at 22 UTC at 37.2N, 70.3W (MWR).  No other gales or low 
pressures.  "On the 29th there was a disturbance central near Hatteras that moved 
northeastward along the coast ... vessels in the southernly quadrant reported 
moderate to strong gales" (MWR). 

July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 63.8W,
attached to the end of a weak front, but just south of a W-E stationary front.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.8N, 60W.  Available 
observations suggest that the weak front attached to the system had dissipated, 
but that the stationary front the system was approaching from the south was a more 
significant baroclinic feature.  The 50 kt tropical storm was centered near 
39.5N, 66.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (COA); 30 kt NW 
and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 37.3N, 65.6W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1003 mb at ~ 14 UTC at 
41.0N, 66.0W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.  "On the 31st [it] covered 
the region between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia" (MWR).

Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun at 06 UTC on the 28th of July
east of Florida, as it was likely still an open trough up until that time.  
The system's origins were from a frontal boundary and it - especially on 
the 28th - may still have had some hybrid characteristics.  The temperature 
gradients were quite weak on the 28th and 29th, with a value of ~5F in 5 degree 
latitude diameter and nearly 0F in 5 degree longitude on the 28th and ~5F in 5 
degree latitude and ~4F in 5 degree longitude on the 29th.  The system was 
upgraded to a tropical storm late on the 28th based upon two 35 kt ship
reports.  The system peaked in intensity with an estimated 55 kt late on
the 29th and early on the 30th as it moved north-northeastward, paralleling 
the U.S. Atlantic seaboard.  This intensity was supported by a 999 mb 
pressure, which suggested at least 50 kt from both the subtropical and high 
latitude pressure-wind relationships.  Highest observed winds in the tropical 
storm were 45 kt late on the 30th.  The storm weakened afterwards, moving
into the cool waters south of Nova Scotia.  It likely became extratropical
late on the 30th, as it merged with a stationary front.  The statement
in Monthly Weather Review regarding the system being between Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia on the 31st is incorrect, as that was judged to be due to
a strong baroclinic system moving in from the west.

*******************************************************************************



1924/03 - 2009 REVISION:

23220 08/16/1924 M=13  2 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23220 08/16/1924 M=13  3 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

23225 08/16*  0   0   0    0*105 540  35    0*110 552  35    0*115 561  35    0
23225 08/16*  0   0   0    0*105 546  25    0*110 560  25    0*116 575  25    0
                                 ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

23230 08/17*120 570  35    0*126 580  35    0*134 591  35    0*142 604  35    0
23230 08/17*123 590  30    0*130 604  30    0*138 615  30    0*145 623  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23235 08/18*150 613  35    0*159 626  35    0*168 635  35    0*176 645  40    0
23235 08/18*152 629  30    0*160 635  30    0*168 640  30    0*176 646  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

23240 08/19*185 655  40    0*194 664  40    0*202 672  45    0*210 679  45    0
23240 08/19*185 653  40    0*194 660  40    0*202 667  45    0*210 673  50    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

23245 08/20*217 685  50    0*225 691  55    0*232 698  60    0*240 706  60    0
23245 08/20*217 679  55    0*225 685  60    0*232 692  60    0*240 701  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***              ***

23250 08/21*250 715  65    0*259 724  70    0*267 731  75    0*273 737  80    0
23250 08/21*250 712  65    0*259 722  70    0*267 731  75    0*273 737  80    0
                ***              ***                                    

23255 08/22*276 740  85    0*279 745  90    0*280 748  95    0*281 750 100    0
23255 08/22*276 742  85    0*279 745  90    0*280 748  95    0*281 750 100    0
                ***                                                     

23260 08/23*282 752 100    0*282 754 105    0*283 756 105    0*283 759 105    0
23260 08/23*282 753 100    0*282 757 105    0*283 762 105    0*283 766 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***    

23265 08/24*282 762 110    0*282 766 110    0*282 769 110    0*282 775 115    0
23265 08/24*282 770 105    0*282 773 105    0*282 775 100    0*286 777  95    0
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

23270 08/25*298 771 115    0*307 769 115    0*318 765 115    0*330 760 110    0
23270 08/25*294 779  90    0*302 777  85    0*312 770  85  969*327 763  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

23275 08/26*344 755 110    0*360 743 105    0*379 729 100    0*406 703  90    0
23275 08/26*344 755  90    0*363 743  90  963*385 729  85    0*409 703  80  968 
                     **      ***      **  *** ***      **      ***      **  ***

23280 08/27E435 672  85    0E463 631  80    0E482 598  75    0E498 560  65    0
23280 08/27E435 672  75    0E463 631  65    0E490 598  60    0E510 560  55    0
                     **               **      ***      **      ***      **

23285 08/28E518 526  55    0E538 488  50    0E553 452  45    0*  0   0   0    0
23285 08/28E525 526  50    0E540 488  45    0E553 452  45    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***      **      ***      **              

23290 HR                    
23290 HR NC1 MA1
         *** ***

U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
8/26/1924  0400Z 35.5N  74.8W   65kt  1   34nmi RMW   963mb  NC1
8/26/1924  1900Z 41.2N  70.2W   65kt  1   40nmi RMW   968mb  MA1 
(Both were close approaches, but not landfall.)

Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), 
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001).

August 16: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day.  HURDAT
listed this as a 35 tropical storm at 11.0N, 55.2W.  Available observation
suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression was at 11.0N, 56.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 17: HWM analyzes rotation over the Leeward Islands but does not analyze
a low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.4N,
59.1W.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical
depression was at 13.8N, 61.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the
Lesser Antilles" (MWR).

August 18: HWM analyzes an elongated (SW - NE), closed low of at most 1010 mb
centered near 14.5N, 67.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
16.8N, 63.5W.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt
tropical depression was at 16.8N, 64.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.

August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N,
67.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 67.2W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20N, 67.7W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was at 20.2N,
66.7W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 23.8N, 66.8W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1011 mb at
00 UTC at 21.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 22.5N, 63.5W
(COA).  A few other gales.  No low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "It
moved northwest, reaching the Virgin Islands on the 19th without any increase
in intensity.  It was accompanied by heavy rain but no damaging winds" (MWR).

August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.3N,
68.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.2N, 69.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.7N, 70.8W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was at 23.2N,
69.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity:
"It increased gradually, however, both in intensity and size after passing to
the north of Porto Rico and within three days, when its center was in about
latitude 27.5N, and longitude 74.5W, the winds near the center had increased to
hurricane force" (MWR).

August 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N,
74W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 73.1W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 73.5W.  Available observations
suggest that the center of the 75 kt hurricane was at 26.7N, 73.1W.  Ship
highlights: 60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 19 UTC at 26.7N, 73.7W (MWR); 60 kt and
1000 mb (MWR); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 73.8W (COA).  No other
gales.  One other low pressure.

August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N,
75.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 74.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 76W with a 992 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the center of the 95 kt
hurricane was at 28.0N, 74.8W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC
at 26.7N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 74.0W (COA).
No other gales or low pressures.

August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.1N,
79W.  HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 75.6W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 77W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was at 28.3N,
76.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.9N, 73.8W (COA);
35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.8N, 73.5W (COA); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at
20 UTC at 26.7N, 79.6W (COA).  One other gale.  Several other low pressures
between 1002 and 1005 mb. 

August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.3N,
76.1W.  HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 76.9W.  The MWR
Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center near 28.7N, 78W.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 100 kt hurricane was at 28.2N,
77.5W.  Ship highlights: 972 mb (no time or position) (MWR);  60 kt N and 996 mb 
at 05 UTC at 28.8N, 78.4W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00 UTC at 
29.6N, 77.9W (COA).  A few other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Regarding 
the intensity: "It did not start north again until the night of the 24th, 
meanwhile developing the greatest intensity just north of the Bahamas with 
hurricane velocities and barometer readings as low as 28.70 inches [972 mb]" (MWR).

August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.8N,
78.2W, with a front a little to the northwest of the low.  HURDAT listed this
as an 115 kt hurricane near 31.8N, 76.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 77W.  It showed a 972 mb pressure at 00 UTC
slightly south-southwest of the position at 12 UTC.  Available observations
suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 31.2N, 77.0W.  Ship
highlights: 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt SSW and
984 mb at 21 UTC at 31.5N, 75.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 973 mb at 32.0N, 76.5W
(MWR).  Several other gales and several other low pressures.  Land highlights:
42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC); 38 kt E and
997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC).  A few other
gales.  Several other low pressures.  Regarding the location/intensity: "At
noon [16 UTC], [the center] was very accurately located by three vessels near
latitude 32N, and longitude 76.5W" (MWR).  Savannah: "Tropical storm... moved
rapidly northward, passing about 100 miles east of Savannah" (OMR).
Wilmington: "Rain set in at about 4:20 a.m. [0920 UTC], continuing with a few
short interruptions until 6:30 p.m. [2330 UTC]. Winds at Wilmington shifted
from ENE-N-NW-WNW between the morning of the 25th and early on the 26th.  The
storm center passed an estimated distance of 100 to 120 miles to the eastward
of the station.  Morehead City and Beaufort indicate that severe winds were
experienced at those places, causing some damage to property on shore and small
craft in the harbor" (OMR).

August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39N,
72.5W, with the west edge of a warm front just to the northeast of the low.
HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 37.9N, 72.9W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.1N, 72.5W.  It showed a 971 mb
pressure at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 75.5W.  Available observations suggest that the
center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 38.5N, 72.9W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SW
and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 39.1N, 68.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at
40.0N, 72.4W (COA).  Several other strong gales and low pressures.  Land
highlights: 64 kt NW at 03 and 04 UTC and 975 mb at 02 and 03 UTC at Cape
Hatteras (OMR); 68 kt N at 16 UTC at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (OMR); 20 kt 
E and 972 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR).  Several 
other strong gales and several other low pressures.  "Maximum sustained winds 
reached 72 mph at Cape Henry" (VA Hurricanes).  Norfolk: "Heavy
rain and winds of strong gale force accompanied the storm.  A number of trees
were blown down and there was other minor damage" (OMR).  Block Island: "The
gale commenced during the early morning, reaching 78 miles at 11 a.m.;
continued with hurricane force until 2 p.m. with an extreme of 82 miles per
hour" (OMR).  Providence: Damage to shipping, boats, telephone lines, trees,
poles, fruit crops, and electricity (OMR).  Nantucket Island: "The tropical
storm which passed to the south of the station at 2:00 pm was of great
intensity doing extensive damage to the water front" (OMR).  Near North
Carolina:  Central pressure of 972 mb, radius of maximum wind 34 nmi, no 
landfall (Ho et al.).  Near Massachusetts:  Central Pressure of 960 mb,
radius of maximum wind 40 nmi, "storm becoming extratropical" (Ho et al.). 
Two reports of F2 and numerous reports of F1 structural damage in New England,
analyzed a 60 nmi radius of maximum wind (Boose et al.).  "1924 Aug. 25,
Cape Hatteras, Minimal, Center offshore ... 1924 Aug. 26, R.I., Cape Cod,
Minimal, Severe at Block Island" (Dunn and Miller - Note "Minimal" is
an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds).  Jarrell et al. 
did not consider this system to cause hurricane impacts in either North
Carolina or in New England.  "Environmental pressure of 1006 mb, Maximum
Sustained Surface Wind Estimate [felt offshore due to bypass] of 84 kt
near North Carolina and 79 kt near Massachusetts" (Schwerdt et al.).

August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low, now embedded in an occluded front, of at
most 980 mb centered near 49N, 59W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt
extratropical low at 48.2N, 59.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 48.2N, 59.5W with a 981 mb pressure.  Available
observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was at
49.0N, 59.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 60.8W (COA).  No
other gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: 40 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC
at Harrington H., Canada at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC
at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM).  No other gales.  Several other low
pressures. 

August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.9N,
42.5W, at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
extratropical low at 55.3N, 45.2W.  Available observations suggest that the
center of the 45 kt extratropical low was at 55.3N, 45.2W.  Ship highlights: 15
kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 53.5N, 46.8W (COA).  No gales.  No other low
pressures.  Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada
at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
The most significant track alteration was done on the 17th with a shift
150 nmi to the west-northwest of the original HURDAT location based upon
ship and island observations showing an earlier track across the Lesser
Antilles.  Minor changes to the track were introduced for the remainder
of the hurricane's lifetime.  The system's development into a tropical
storm was delayed until late on the 18th based upon numerous ship and
island station observations.  This is consistent with the Monthly Weather
Review's assessment of "a disturbance of slight intensity appeared over
the Lesser Antilles".  Observation of 993 mb peripheral pressure late
on the 21st suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern and
subtropical pressure-wind relationships - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, down 
from 80 kt originally.  Little in the way of inner core observations were
available until the 25th.  Intensity of 95 kt and 105 kt on the 22nd and 23rd 
are retained and 105 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, though this 
could not be verified by observations.  At an unknown time on the 25th the ship
Harvester reported a surface pressure of 973 mb with a wind of 35 kt east
with a peak wind of 70 kt (force 12) east-southeast.  The weakening 
of the wind at time of lowest pressure suggests a measurement inside
the radius of maximum wind near the eye and an estimate of 969 mb central 
pressure is made (assuming about 1 mb drop per 10 kt wind).  969 mb pressure 
suggests winds of 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 
85 kt chosen for HURDAT down from 115 kt at 12 UTC and 110 kt at 18 UTC.
Winds are lowered accordingly from the 22nd through the 25th.  

Early on the 26th the hurricane made a close pass to the east of North Carolina 
with 64 kt 5 min northwest winds and 975 mb pressure recorded at Hatteras.   
Ho et al. (1987) analyzed a central pressure of the hurricane as it
was bypassing Hatteras of 972 mb, though this value appears to be too
high given the hurricane force winds being observed with 975 mb pressure
recorded.  A central pressure early on the 26th is estimated to be about
963 mb, which suggests winds of 92 and 88 kt from the subtropical and
northern pressure-wind relationships, accordingly.  Winds are chosen at
90 kt for 00 and 06 UTC on the 26th, down from 110 and 105 kt originally.
(This is similar to the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near the Carolinas.)
115 kt previously from late of the 24th until 12 UTC on the 25th were
the peak intensity of this hurricane.  In these revisions, the peak is reached 
later - late on the 25th and early on the 26th with a reduced peak intensity of 
90 kt.  The observed 64 kt at Hatteras reduces down to 53 kt after correcting for 
the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and 
adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996).  However, given 
the impact along portions of the Outer Banks, it is estimated that at least 
minimal sustained hurricane force (Category 1) winds occurred in North 
Carolina.  Thus this hurricane is counted as a Category 1 hurricane strike in 
North Carolina, though it remained offshore and did not make a landfall.  

After passing the Carolinas, the hurricane accelerated off to the northeast
and passed just offshore of Massachusetts.  Key observations at Nantucket
were a minimum pressure of 972 mb and winds of 20 kt east at 19 UTC on 
the 26th, suggesting that the island was very close to the center of the 
system.  Ho et al.'s analysis of 960 mb central pressure thus appears to be 
too deep and 968 mb is instead utilized.  Structurally, this system had 
begun transitioning to an extratropical storm, but likely retained 
enough tropical characteristics to consider it a New England
hurricane impact.  (As an example, Boston's temperatures/dew points went
from 65F/64F at 12 UTC on the 26th before the system's passage to
70F/65F at 12 UTC on the 27th after the passage.  Thus any surface
baroclinicity appears to be minimal or non-existent near New England.)  
968 mb central pressure suggests winds of 84 kt from the northern pressure-
wind relationship.  A RMW of 40 nmi is larger than that suggested from
climatology for this latitude and central pressure (33 nmi - Vickery et al. 
2000).  The hurricane was accelerating northeastward at 30-35 kt around
the time of closest approach to New England, which while fast is close
to climatological for this region.  Thus winds are reduced to 80 kt at
18 UTC on the 26th, down from 90 kt originally.  (This is similar to the 79 kt 
suggested by Schwerdt et al. near Massachusetts.)  A peak 5 min wind of 68 kt
was recorded at Block Island at 16 UTC, which adjusts downward to 55 kt
after accounting for bias and conversion to 1 min.  Thus only Massachusetts
is considered a Category 1 hurricane strike from this system.  Characterization
of system as a Category 1 hurricane in New England is also consistent with
Boose et al.'s assessment based upon structural damages in the area. No change
is made to when the system underwent extratropical transition (at 00 UTC
on the 27th).  Winds are reduced on the 27th and 28th consistent with
relatively lower intensity indicated by Canadian and marine observations
of a large, but weaker extratropical storm.

*******************************************************************************


1924/04 - 2009 REVISION:

23295 08/26/1924 M=12  3 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23295 08/26/1924 M=12  4 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

23300 08/26*137 500  35    0*137 532  35    0*138 546  35    0*140 558  35    0
23300 08/26*137 480  35    0*137 495  35    0*138 510  35    0*140 525  40    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

23305 08/27*144 570  40    0*149 581  40    0*153 590  45    0*156 598  50    0
23305 08/27*144 540  45    0*149 555  55    0*153 570  65    0*156 586  75    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

23310 08/28*161 606  55    0*166 613  65    0*171 620  65    0*176 627  70    0
23310 08/28*161 602  85    0*166 618  95  965*171 630  95    0*176 638  95    0
                ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***  **

23315 08/29*183 634  75    0*190 640  80    0*196 646  80    0*199 649  85    0
23315 08/29*181 644  95    0*185 649  95  967*190 654  95    0*195 659  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23320 08/30*202 651  85    0*204 653  85    0*207 656  85    0*211 658  85    0
23320 08/30*200 663  90    0*205 667  90    0*210 670  90    0*213 672  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23325 08/31*214 660  90    0*218 662  90    0*222 665  90    0*226 668  90    0
23325 08/31*215 674  90    0*216 676  90    0*218 678  90    0*220 680  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23330 09/01*231 671  90    0*236 675  90    0*241 678  90    0*246 681  90    0
23330 09/01*223 681  90    0*226 682  90    0*230 683  90    0*236 684  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23335 09/02*252 684  90    0*258 686  90    0*263 687  85    0*272 688  85    0
23335 09/02*243 685  90    0*252 686  90    0*263 687  85    0*275 688  85    0
            *** ***          ***                               ***

23340 09/03*284 689  85    0*300 688  80    0*319 685  80    0*341 680  80    0
23340 09/03*289 689  85    0*305 688  80    0*322 685  80    0*341 680  80    0
            ***              ***              ***

23345 09/04*363 670  75    0E386 660  75    0E408 648  70    0E430 631  70    0
23345 09/04E363 670  75    0E386 660  75    0E408 648  70    0E430 631  70    0
           *

23350 09/05E451 611  65    0E472 587  55    0E492 560  50    0E506 524  45    0
23355 09/06E513 492  40    0E520 460  35    0E521 426  35    0E518 362  35    0
23355 09/06E513 492  40    0E520 460  35    0E521 426  35    0E518 386  35    0
                                                                   ***
23360 HR                    

Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

August 26: HWM analyzes an open trough east-northeast of the northernmost
Leeward Islands near 54W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
13.8N, 54.6W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was
centered at 13.8N, 51.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: No gales or
low pressures.

August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N,
58.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 59.0W. Available
observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 15.3N, 57.0W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.7N,
63.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.1N, 62.0W. Available
observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 17.1N, 63.0W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 965 mb at 
~0730 UTC at Cudjoc Head, Montserrat, at 16.7N, 62.2W (MWR).  Regarding the 
intensity: "The center passed over Cudjoc Head, Montserrat at 3:30 a.m. of 
the 28th with readings on nearby barometers as low as 28.50 inches.  Estimates 
of 100 to 110 miles per hour were made at Montserrat and Antigua between 
3 a.m. and 4 a.m." (MWR).

August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.8N,
65W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 64.6W. Available
observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 65.4W. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1009 mb at 16 UTC at 20.5N, 66.5W (COA). No other
gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: 967 mb at 0530 UTC at Tortola, 
Virgin Islands at 18.8N, 64.9W (MWR); 967 mb at 06 UTC at St. John at 
18.3N, 64.8W (MWR).  One other gale.  No other low pressures.  Regarding 
the intensity: "The center was again exactly located as it passed over 
the western end of Tortola of the Virgin group. The lowest reading at this 
point was 28.56 inches at 1:30 a.m. of the 29th... The islands
in the direct path of the center of the hurricane were almost completely
devastated by the wind and by flood waters from the extremely heavy rainfall"
(MWR).  "Great damage was done by the storm in these Islands [Virgin Islands].
A number of lives were lost, hundreds of houses were destroyed and thousands
damaged, and much damage was done to crops" (MWR).  "At 2 a.m. of the 29th the
center with a reading of 28.56 inches passed over the eastern end of the island
of St. John.  The western end of the island of Tortola experienced hurricane
winds from 6 p.m. of the 28th to 6 a.m. of the 29th... winds estimated about
100 to 110 miles an hour.  The observer at St. Thomas estimated the wind at 110
miles per hour from the north-northeast between midnight and 2 a.m. of the
29th" (MWR).

August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N,
66.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 65.6W. The MWR Paths
of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a center near 19.8N,
66.3W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at
21.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 21.8N, 65.1W
(COA); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 21.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. No
low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N,
66.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 66.5W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 67.6W.  Available
observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.8N, 67.8W. 
Ship highlights: Four obs of 35 kt.  15 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 19.1N,
66.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low
pressures.

September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N,
68.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 67.8W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 69W. Available observations
suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 23.0N, 68.3W. Ship highlights:
45 kt E and 1009 mb at 04 UTC at 24.9N, 68.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 12
UTC at 24.4N, 68.1W (COA). One other gale. One other low pressure. Land
highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N,
71.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 68.7W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclone shows a center near 26.2N, 69.2W, with a 982 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered
at 26.3N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 983 mb at 16 UTC at 26.7N,
66.2W (MWR); 40 kt SE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 68.5W (HWM); 50 kt SW and
988 mb at 23 UTC at 27.9N, 68.7W (COA). One other gale and one other low
pressure. 

September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.1N,
68.7W. A cold frontal boundary is analyzed in HWM a few hundred miles northwest
of the hurricane.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 68.5W.  
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.9N, 67.9W.  
Available observations suggest that the 80 kt hurricane was centered at 
32.2N, 68.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 
30.7N, 67.4W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 985 mb at 03 UTC at 29.8N, 69.0W (COA).  
Several other gales.  A few other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: 
"Its center passed about 150 miles...west of Bermuda...Bermuda reported 
a wind velocity of 36 miles an hour from the southwest the morning of 
September 3" (and 1008 mb pressure) (MWR).

September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N,
65W, now embedded within a frontal boundary with a strong temperature gradient
across the low. HURDAT listed this as a a 70 kt extratropical low at 40.8N,
64.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.3N,
63.2W.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need
not be changed.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 40.9N, 63.2W (COA); 45
kt NE and 980 mb at 14 UTC at 41.2N, 65.1W (MWR).  Several other gales.
Several other low pressures.

September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb in an occluded front
centered near 49N, 55.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at
49.2N, 56.0W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous
observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of attached to the end of a front
centered near 50.5N, 41.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at
52.1N, 42.6W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous
observations need not be changed. ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
Large alterations to the track were made on the 26th and 27th with
positions significantly farther east than originally in HURDAT due to
ship observations on the 26th and Lesser Antilles station data on the 27th.
A large change was also made for the very last HURDAT position at 18Z on
the 6th to provide a more realistic acceleration in accordance with
observations.  Changes for track from the 28th through the 3rd were minor, 
with no track corrections for the 4th through 12Z on the 6th.  A possible
central pressure of 965 mb at 0730Z on the 28th from Montserrat suggests winds 
of 95 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  95 kt chosen for 06 
and 12Z (above the 65 kt in HURDAT previously) and winds bumped up on 
the 26th and 27th appropriately to indicate a stronger system than recorded
originally.  Additional possible central pressures of 967 mb on the 29th 
from Tortola at 0530Z and St. John at 06Z suggest winds of 93 kt from 
the southern pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt chosen for HURDAT on the 29th.
Description of damages and estimates of winds support (at least) a high
end Category 2 hurricane in the islands, which is an upgrade from 
Category 1 originally indicated.  Few observations were available near
the hurricane's center from the 30th through the 1st, so no changes to
the intensity (of 90 kt) were indicated.  A 982 mb peripheral pressure
reading from ship at 12Z on the 2nd indicates winds of at least 73 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in
HURDAT.  A peripheral pressure of 985 mb from a ship at 03Z on the 3rd
suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship - 85 and 80 kt retained in HURDAT for 00 and 06Z, respectively.
Extratropical transition is indicated here at 00Z on the 4th, six hours
earlier than originally, due to timing of the fronts arrival upon the
hurricane.  A 980 mb peripheral pressure at 14Z on the 4th suggests
winds of at least 73 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 
70 kt retained in HURDAT as the system has already become extratropical.

*******************************************************************************


1924/05 - 2009 REVISION:

23365 09/13/1924 M= 7  4 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
23365 09/13/1924 M= 7  5 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***

23370 09/13*240 830  60    0*254 852  60    0*260 860  65    0*266 866  70    0
23370 09/13*240 845  35    0*248 855  40    0*255 865  45    0*262 872  45    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23375 09/14*271 869  70    0*277 872  70    0*282 874  70    0*287 874  70    0
23375 09/14*269 877  50    0*276 879  50    0*282 880  55    0*286 876  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

23380 09/15*291 871  70    0*296 865  65    0*300 860  65    0*303 855  55    0
23380 09/15*290 870  65    0*293 862  70    0*296 855  75  980*299 849  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***

23385 09/16*306 848  50    0*310 839  45    0*314 828  45    0*319 813  40    0
23385 09/16*302 843  50    0*305 836  45    0*310 828  40    0*318 817  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **

23390 09/17*328 790  40    0*340 770  40    0E353 744  40    0E366 720  40    0
23390 09/17*329 802  35    0E341 782  40    0E353 758  45    0E367 723  45    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***              ***  **      *** ***  **

23395 09/18E382 691  40    0E394 667  40    0E410 628  40    0E422 595  40    0
23395 09/18E383 697  45    0E400 670  45    0E415 645  50    0E428 620  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23400 09/19E434 565  40    0E445 533  40    0E455 500  40    0E473 414  40    0
23400 09/19E439 595  50    0E448 570  50    0E455 545  50    0E460 520  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

23405 HRAFL1                

U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
9/15/1924    1400Z 29.7N  85.3W   75kt  1   No RMW estimate  980mb  AFL1

Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and
Barnes (1998).

September 12:  HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Caribbean
and southeast Gulf of Mexico.  A closed low does not yet exist for
this system, despite gale force wind observations.  Ship highlights:
35 kt ENE at 09 UTC at 25.5N, 80.5W (COA) and 35 kt ENE at 13 UTC at
24.5N, 80.5W (COA).  A short article in Monthly Weather Review (May 1930,
page 210, by "A. J. H." suggested that this system began as a tropical
storm in the northeast Pacific from the 7th to the 9th, crossed the Mexican 
highlands on the 10th and 11th, re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico
on the 12th, and redeveloped on the 13th.  A similar scenario was
suggested by P. Vazquez Schiaffino of the Encargado del Observatorio
de Mazatlan in an unpublished letter entitled "Ciclon tropical de
Septiembre 6 - 16 de 1924".  However, examination of all available
observations strongly suggests that storm 4 instead formed independently
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 13th.

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N,
86.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 86.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 87W with an 1008 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was
centered at 25.5N, 86.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"On the morning of the 13th of September a disturbance was noted in 
the central portion of the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.1N,
86.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 87.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.2N, 87.7W with an 1004 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was
centered at 28.2N, 88.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 21 UTC at
27.0N, 86.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 23 UTC at 27.2N, 87.2W (COA); 25 kt
SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 87.6W (COA).  No other gales or low
pressures.

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 
30N, 84.9W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 86.0W.  
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 85.6W 
with a 985 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that 
the 70 kt hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 85.5W.  Land highlights: 
58 kt SE and 997 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 23 kt SW and 986 mb 
at Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (OMR); 985 mb at 1930 UTC at Carrabelle, FL at 29.9N, 
84.7W (MWR).  Several other strong gales and low pressures.  Regarding the 
intensity: "The highest winds at Port St. Joe have been estimated at 75 to 80 miles 
per hour from the northwest.  The harbor damages were relatively small considering 
the force and duration of the storm, which is probably explained by the timely 
warnings ... At St. Andrews the winds at their highest were estimated at from 60 to 
75 miles per hour and at Carrabelle from 40 to 50 miles with lowest barometer reading 
at the latter 29.10 inches [985 mb] at about 2:30 pm on the 15th" (MWR).  
Charleston, SC: "Rain fell at excessive rates on the 15th-16th" (OMR).  
Apalachicola, FL: The storm of the 15th was of about hurricane intensity" (OMR).  
Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1924 Sept. 15, St. Joe, Minimal, Damage $275,000; 
Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia, 1924 
Sept. 16-17, Ga., S.C., Minor, Heavy Rain (Dunn & Miller - Note 
"Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds and "Minor" 
is for winds less than 74 mph).  "Wind damages were not
significant, but heavy rains flooded fields and washed away acres of crops.
The heaviest rainfall was measured at Quincy, in Gadsden County, where 12.93
inches were recorded within twenty-four hours.  The Suwannee and Aucilla Rivers
were far above flood stage, and thousands of acres were submerged.  The
heaviest damages occurred to cotton, corn, sugarcane, peanut, sweet potato, and
pecan crops" (Barnes).  "Sep. 15, 1924, Center Crossed Coast near Apalachicola,
Estimate Lowest 985 mb" (Connor). "1924 Sep, FL, 1NW, Category 1, 985 mb"
(Jarrell et al.).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low centered near 30.5N, 82.8W.  HURDAT
listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 82.8W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 82.8W.  Available observations
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 31.0N, 82.8W.  Ship
highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR); 40 kt
SW and 1008 mb at 1545 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 26 kt NW
and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR).  One other
gale.  No other low pressures. 

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 35N, 75W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at
35.3N, 74.4W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.1N,
75W with a 999 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt
extratropical low was centered at 35.3N, 75.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and
1003 mb at 13 UTC at 36.5N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 37.8N,
66.5W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 74.9W (COA).  No other
gales.  Several other low pressures.  Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Cape Henry,
Virginia at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA Hist); 42 kt SE and 999 mb at 11 UTC at Cape
Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR).  Several other gales.  A few other low
pressures. Nantucket, MA: "A northeaster of marked intensity from 12:20 p.m. to
2:39 a.m. the 18, the storm was of southern origin..." (OMR).

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41N,
65W, embedded in an occluded front.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
extratropical low near 41.0N, 62.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 41.9N, 64.7W.  Available observations suggest that the 50
kt extratropical low was centered at 41.5N, 64.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SW
at 40.6N, 66.1W (MWR); 35 kt WSW and 997 mb at 16 UTC at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA).  A
few other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Land highlights: 50 kt N at
Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR) at 0417 UTC;  1002 mb at Nantucket 
Island, MA at 0540 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR).  Several other gales.  A few 
other low pressures.

September 19: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure associated with
a frontal system centered near 45N, 50W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
extratropical low at 45.5N, 50.0W.  Available observations suggest that the 50
kt extratropical low was centered at 45.5N, 54.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt W at
12 UTC at 43.5N, 54.3W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 45.6N, 53.2W
(COA).  Several other gales.  A few other low pressures.  Land highlights: 35
kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race, Canada at 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM).

No changes are made to either the genesis or decay of this system.  Track
changes are minor from the 13th until early on the 18th.  From late on
the 18th through the 19th, a significant track alteration is introduced
(substantially farther west than in original HURDAT) based on marine and
Canadian observations.  Numerous ship and Gulf coastal data indicates
a weaker system on the 13th and 14th.  Winds reduced at 12 UTC on the 
13th from 65 to 45 kt and on the 14th from 70 to 50 kt.  

The system intensified to a hurricane before making landfall in Florida around 
14 UTC on the 15th.  (It is noted that an intensification after recurvature toward 
the northeast is rather unusual.)  No sustained hurricane force winds were recorded, 
as 58 kt SE 5 min winds were the highest observed (which reduces to 48 kt 1 min true 
wind after correction for the high bias of the anemometers of the era [Fergusson 
and Covert 1924] and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds [Powell et al. 1996]).  
However, two locations had estimated hurricane force
winds (Port St. Joe and Panama City).  Lowest observed pressures were 985 mb
from Carrabelle at 1930 UTC (with estimated 35 to 45 kt at the time)
and 986 mb from Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (with observed 23 kt SW wind).
Both of these occurred after landfall and neither were central pressures
as the winds were still substantial.  (Thus the Jarrell et al. assessment
of 985 mb central pressure at landfall is incorrect.  It is also noted 
that Ho et al. did not have this hurricane in their listing, which 
included hurricanes of less than 982 mb.)  Taking into account the
distance of Carrabelle and Apalachicola from the center as well as filling
since the landfall at around 14 UTC, the central pressure at landfall is 
estimated to be 980 mb.  A 980 mb central pressure suggests winds of 
73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt 
from the subset of those systems that were intensifying.  75 kt is chosen
for landfall intensity, keeping the hurricane as a Category 1 system
at landfall for northwest Florida.  Highest sustained winds after landfall
are 49 kt within two hours of 18 UTC on the 15th (41 kt corrected) and
less than gale force at 00 UTC on the 16th.  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria
inland wind decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 1995) suggests winds of 57 kt
at 18 UTC on the 15th and 47 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th.  Given the sparse
coverage of wind observations after landfall, more weight is given to
the Kaplan-DeMaria model.  Winds are unchanged in HURDAT from the 55 kt
at 18 UTC on the 15th and 50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th.  The system is
transitioned to extratropical at 06 UTC on the 17th (six hours earlier
than in HURDAT) based upon land observations showing that a frontal boundary 
intercepted the storm earlier than originally indicated.  Winds are
boosted slightly late on the 17th through the 19th based upon coastal
and marine observations of winds up to 50 kt.  

*******************************************************************************



1924/06 - 2009 ADDITION:

23410 09/20/1924 M= 3  6 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23415 09/20*158 226  25    0*159 228  30    0*160 230  35    0*161 232  40    0
23415 09/21*162 234  40    0*163 237  40    0*165 240  40    0*168 245  40    0
23415 09/22*172 252  35 1005*176 261  35    0*180 270  35    0*185 280  35    0
23435 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and 
the COADS ship database.

September 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb 
centered near 13.5N 22.5W.  HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its 
database.  Available observations suggest that the system was still a SW-NE open 
trough.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 20: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N 23W.  
Available observations suggest that the system was near 16N 23W.  Ship 
highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 16.5N 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA).

September 21: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 
17N 21.5W.  Available observations suggest that the system was near 16.5N 24W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 22: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 20W.  
Available observations suggest that the system was near 18N 27W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt SE at 17.5N 25.5W at 10 UTC (COA), calm and 1005 mb at 17.5N 24.5W at 02 UTC 
(COA).

September 23: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the region.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

This system likely formed around 00 UTC on the 20th near the Cape Verde Islands.  
The 1005 mb peripheral pressure at 17 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 
37 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Based upon this, it is 
analyzed that the cyclone became a tropical storm around 12 UTC on the 20th and 
winds are analyzed at 40 kt at 18 UTC.  This is the peak intensity of the tropical 
cyclone and may have continued at this intensity on the 21st (though the 
observations were sparse on that date).  A possible central pressure of 1005 mb was 
observed at 02 UTC on the 22nd and a second ship recorded 35 kt SE winds at 10 UTC.  
The tropical cyclone moved slowly west-northwest from the 20th to the 22nd. Due to 
the lack of available observations, its existence and status cannot be documented 
beyond this date.  

*****************************************************************************


1924/07 - 2009 ADDITION:

23410 09/24/1924 M=12  7 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23415 09/24*113 222  25    0*114 236  25    0*115 250  25    0*117 264  25    0
23415 09/25*118 278  30    0*119 292  30    0*120 305  30    0*121 318  30    0
23415 09/26*122 332  35    0*123 346  35    0*125 360  35    0*127 375  35    0
23415 09/27*129 390  40    0*132 405  40    0*135 420  40    0*138 434  40    0
23415 09/28*141 448  40    0*145 462  40    0*150 475  45    0*158 487  45    0
23415 09/29*167 499  45    0*176 511  45    0*185 520  40    0*193 526  40    0
23415 09/30*199 531  35    0*204 536  35    0*210 540  35    0*219 544  35    0
23415 10/01*231 547  35    0*246 549  35    0*260 550  35    0*272 550  35    0
23415 10/02*282 550  40    0*290 550  40    0*300 550  45    0*313 550  45    0
23415 10/03*328 550  45    0*345 549  45    0E360 545  45    0E374 537  45    0
23415 10/04E388 525  45    0E402 510  45    0E415 490  45    0E428 469  45    0
23415 10/05E442 447  50    0E456 424  50    0E470 400  50    0E485 375  50    0
23435 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and 
the COADS ship database.

September 24: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  HURDAT did not
previously contain this system in its database.  Available observations suggest
that the 25 kt tropical depression was centered near 11.5N, 25.0W.  Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 25: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  Available observations 
suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered near 12.0N, 30.5W.  Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low
pressure at 42W.  Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was
centered near 12.5N, 36.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  Available observations 
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 13.5N, 42.0W.  Ship 
highlights:  No gales or low pressures. 

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N,
46.4W.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered 
near 15.0N, 47.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 15.6N, 
46.8W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

September 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Available observations 
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 18.5N, 52.0W.  
Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

September 30: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  Available observations 
suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 21.0N, 54.0W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low
pressure around 55W.  Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm 
was centered near 26.0N, 55.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 2: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day, but
analyzes a SW-NE front extending from the Bahamas to 40N, 60W.  Available 
observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 30.0N, 55.0W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 53.6W (COA).  A few other 
gales.  No low pressures.

October 3: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low along the front centered
near 37N, 56W.  Available observation suggest that the 45 et extratropical low was 
centered near 36.0N, 54.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at 
34.5N, 53.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 53.5W (COA).  No other 
gales or low pressures.

October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 49W,
embedded in an occluded front.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt 
extratropical low was centered near 41.5N, 49.0W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at 
03 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW 
at 15 UTC at 41.5N, 50.5W (COA).  A few other gales.  No low pressures.

October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 46.2N,
40W attached to the north end of a front.  Available observations suggest that the 
50 kt extratropical low was centered near 47.0N, 40.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt N 
and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 42.6W (COA); 35 kt NE at 10 UTC at 46.0N, 
39.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW at 19 UTC at 45.0N, 42.0W (COA).  No other gales.  No low
pressures.

Genesis for this system occurred early on the 24th south of the Cape Verde
Islands, based upon ship, island, and coastal observations.  While the
first gale force wind (45 kt) was reported on the 28th, it is estimated
that the system became a tropical storm on the 26th though ship reports
are sparse between the 25th and early on the 28th.  Ship observations on
the 30th were able to relatively accurately depict the system's location
and also to indicate that the circulation had weakened.  The system is
judged to have weakened to a minimal tropical storm on this date.  A gale force
observation again is reported on the 2nd (45 kt), suggesting some             
re-strengthening late on the 1st.  The system was overtaken by
a frontal boundary by 12 UTC on the 4th, thus extratropical transition is
indicated at that time.  Numerous gales up to 50 kt were observed during
its extratropical phase.  Late on the 5th the system was absorbed by a larger
extratropical storm.  This new tropical storm followed a classic, Cape
Verde-type recurvature track.  It was only the fortuitous discovery of
two separate gale force observations in the generally data sparse 
eastern North Atlantic that led to its inclusion into HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************



1924/08 - 2009 REVISION:

23410 09/27/1924 M= 4  5 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
23410 09/27/1924 M= 5  8 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***                  

23415 09/27*  0   0   0    0*164 860  35    0*171 861  35    0*175 861  35    0
23415 09/27*165 860  25    0*170 860  25    0*175 861  30    0*180 861  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

23420 09/28*181 861  35    0*189 862  35    0*200 862  35    0*213 862  40    0
23420 09/28*186 861  30    0*192 862  30    0*200 862  30    0*213 862  35    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

23425 09/29*228 862  45    0*245 865  45    0E263 866  50    0E283 850  50    0
23425 09/29*230 862  40    0*250 865  45    0*270 866  50  999*290 850  55    0
            ***      **      ***             ****          *******      **

23430 09/30E304 830  45    0E326 810  35    0E350 785  35    0E375 758  30    0
23430 09/30E310 830  55    0E330 807  55 1001E350 780  60    0E380 755  65    0
            ***      **      *** ***  ** ****     ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 1st of October is new to HURDAT.)
23432 10/01E425 730  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    

23435 TS       
             
U.S. Tropical Storm Strike Info:
9/29/1924    2100Z 30.0N  84.0W   55kt  FL

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown 
in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Major changes were made to 
the intensity while the system was an extratropical cyclone.  Evidence for these 
changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station data, 
and Kasper et al. (1998).

September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N,
84.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 86.1W.
Available observation suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 17.5N, 86.1W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.8N,
86.9W.  HURDAT listed this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 86.2W.
Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 20.0N, 86.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in the middle of a SSW-NNE
front.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 26.3N, 86.6W.
Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at
27.0N, 86.6W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt VAR and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.9N, 85.8W
(COA); 35 kt N and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 93.2W (HWM); 25 kt SE and 1002
mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 86.2W (COA).  No other gales.  A few other low
pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt at 23 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).
Several other gales.  No low pressures.  Regarding the track: "The disturbance
advanced rapidly north and northeastward and crossed the northwest Florida
coast near Cedar Keys during the late afternoon of the 29th" (MWR).  Status:
"Tropical storm/ET cyclone."  Surge at Cedar Key: "probably less than 5 feet"
(Kasper et al.).  Apalachicola: "The disturbance of the 29th developed over the
East Gulf and passed inland, probably about midway between here and Cedar Keys,
Fla., about 4 p.m.  The winds were gentle... they reached the verifying
velocity of 34 miles from the north at 4:17 p.m.; the same velocity occurred at
intervals until 6:24 p.m., then decreased gradually during the night.
Torrential rains occurred on the 28th and 29th; total amount for the two days
was 9.74 inches.  The highest tide was about 3 feet, probably about 4:30 p.m.
No damage occurred in this vicinity" (OMR).

September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N,
77.8W embedded in an occluded front.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt
extratropical low at 35.0N, 78.5W.  Available observations suggest that the 60
kt extratropical low was centered at 35.0N, 78.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales
or low pressures.  Land highlights: 60 kt S at Jacksonville (early in day - OMR);  
1001 mb at 0715 UTC at Savannah (central pressure) (OMR);  57 kt W at 16 UTC at 
Norfolk, Virginia at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR); 71 kt SE at Atlantic City (no time - MWR);  
56 kt SE and 996 mb at 21 UTC and 57 kt S at 12 UTC at New York at 
40.8N, 74.0W (OMR); 57 kt SE at Providence at 2316 UTC (OMR).  Several other strong 
gales and several other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: (By the morning of 
the 30th) "the storm was over the North Carolina coast with increased intensity.  
The disturbance moved rapidly northward and easterly gales were experienced along 
the entire Atlantic seaboard" (MWR).  Savannah, GA: This storm passed directly over 
the station about 2 a.m. of the 30th and, in addition to the rain, gave a maximum 
wind velocity of 44 miles from the northwest and a fall in pressure to 
29.57 inches" (OMR).  New York: "A hurricane of marked intensity and severity, 
passing by on the 29th and 30th, caused wide-spread damage throughout the Greater 
City, along the coast, and in inland parts of New Jersey and New York State.  
The death of several persons was reported, being caused by exposure to the fury of 
the wind and rain" (OMR).

October 1: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1000 mb embedded in
the end of a front centered near 50N, 73.5W at 12 UTC.  HURDAT did not
previously analyze this day.  Available observations suggest that at 00 UTC,
the 55 kt extratropical low was centered near 42.5N, 73.0W.  Ship highlights:
None.  Land highlights: 56 kt S at Providence, RI at 01 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W
(OMR); 17 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Hartford, Connecticut at 41.8N, 72.7W
(OMR).  Several other gales.  A few other low pressures.

Genesis of this tropical storm was begun six hours earlier at 00 UTC on
the 27th due to observations of a well defined circulation by 12 UTC on
the 27th.  Minor changes in the track are introduced from the 27th until
the 30th based upon ship and coastal observations.  Transition to a tropical 
storm was delayed until early on the 29th as plentiful observations on
the 27th and 28th showed at most 25 kt winds associated with the system.  
The system deepened significantly on the 29th with a peripheral pressure 
dropping to 1002 mb and one gale force (35 kt) report by 12 UTC.  1002 mb
peripheral pressure suggests at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  50 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 29th.  
This 1002 mb ship (with concurrent 25 kt wind) suggests a central pressure of 
999 mb at 12 UTC on the 29th.  On the same day, a strong cold front was approaching 
from the west.  The system is judged to have become extratropical by 00 UTC on 
the 30th, 12 hours later than originally analyzed in HURDAT.  

The system made landfall late on the 29th in northwest Florida as a tropical storm 
which was undergoing extratropical transition.  Peak observed winds near the time 
of landfall were 60 kt in Jacksonville.  This converts to 50 kt 1 min true after 
accounting for the high bias of the instrument at the time and converting from 5 
min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It further 
intensified as an extratropical storm along the Atlantic seaboard on the 30th with 
peak winds of hurricane force.  The cyclone's center went directly over Savannah 
early on the 30th and a central pressure of 1001 mb was recorded.  The 71 kt 
observed 5 min winds in Atlantic City adjust downward to 58 kt.  Winds in HURDAT 
at 18 UTC on the 30th boosted from 30 kt to 65 kt as a very strong extratropical 
storm.  An additional six hourly position and intensity were provided for 00 UTC 
on the 1st based upon land observations in New England.  The system was absorbed 
by a larger extratropical low by 06 UTC on the 1st.

*******************************************************************************


1924/09 - 2009 REVISION:

23440 10/12/1924 M= 3  6 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23440 10/11/1924 M= 5  9 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
23442 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 880  30    0*259 881  35    0

23445 10/12*  0   0   0    0*267 870  50    0*263 890  50    0*259 901  50    0
23445 10/12*263 883  40    0*266 886  45    0*267 890  50    0*263 896  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** ***

23450 10/13*255 911  45    0*249 919  45    0*242 927  40    0*237 931  40    0
23450 10/13*257 905  50    0*249 916  50    0*242 924  50    0*237 932  50    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

23455 10/14*233 934  35    0*230 936  30    0*225 939  20    0*  0   0   0    0
23455 10/14*233 940  50    0*229 948  50    0*225 956  50    0*220 964  50    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
23455 10/15*215 972  50    0*210 980  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

23460 TS                    

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999), originally storm number 6.  Additionally, genesis is now indicated 
one day earlier and dissipation shown one day later than originally in HURDAT.  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

October 8-10:  Persistent low pressure was found in the northwestern
Caribbean during the 8th to the 10th.  However, no closed circulation was present, 
nor were there any gale force winds or equivalent in pressure.

October 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 26N 
76W with a weak cold front extending back toward the Straits of Florida.  The front 
and low might have been better described as a trough.  Farther to the west in the 
central Gulf of Mexico, a weak closed low is apparent from the available 
observations near 25.5N 88W.  Neither HURDAT nor the MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones analyzed a system on this date.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.8N,
88.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 89.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.1N, 88.9W with an 1007 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was
centered at 26.7N, 89.0W.  Ship highlights: 49 kt NE at ~0930 UTC at 27.7N,
87.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 27.7N, 87.9W (COA); 30 kt E and
1004 mb at 22 UTC at 27.6N, 90.0W (COA).  One other gale.  No other low
pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the
intensity: "On the 12th of October a well-defined disturbance developed over
the north-central Gulf of Mexico, but was forced southwestward and apparently
dissipated over the southwestern Gulf on the 14th" (MWR).

October 13: HWM does not analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a
trough of low pressure near 27N, 92.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical
storm at 24.2N, 92.7W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center
near 25.9N, 92.3W.  Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical
storm was centered at 24.2N, 92.4W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at
00 UTC at 26.3N, 91.1W (COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.  

October 14: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day.  HURDAT
listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 93.9W.  Available
observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.5N,
93.9W.  Ship highlights: 49 kt NW observation from near Tampico (MWR).

Genesis of this system was began 18 hours earlier (12 UTC on the 11th) than 
original HURDAT, due to ship observations indicating a closed low had formed
by that time.  50 kt peak intensity retained through early on 
the 14th to account for ship observation of the intensity offshore
of Tampico.  Thus winds revised upward on the 13th and 14th.  Given the rather 
sparse observations available on the 14th, one scenario (that was shown in HURDAT 
and the Tracks for the Centers of Cyclones) is that the system dissipated over the 
open Gulf of Mexico, which would be a rather rare event.  However, the ship 
offshore of Tampico with 49 kt instead suggests that the cyclone made landfall in 
Mexico south of Tampico.  This is what is utilized in the reanalysis here.  
Dissipation is delayed 18 hours to a last position over Mexico at 06 UTC on the 
15th.  The movement southwestward across the Gulf is consistent with the steering 
influence by the much larger system that becomes a major hurricane in the 
Caribbean (storm #10).

********************************************************************************



1924/10 - 2009 REVISION:

23465 10/14/1924 M=10  7 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
23465 10/14/1924 M=10 10 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                      **       ***                        

23470 10/14*158 820  35    0*158 832  35    0*159 835  35    0*160 838  35    0
23470 10/14*157 835  25    0*161 839  25    0*165 842  30    0*169 844  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23475 10/15*161 840  35    0*162 842  35    0*164 844  35    0*166 846  35    0
23475 10/15*173 846  30    0*177 848  35    0*180 850  40    0*183 852  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23480 10/16*168 847  40    0*170 848  45    0*173 849  45    0*176 850  50    0
23480 10/16*186 855  60    0*189 858  70    0*190 860  80    0*189 862  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23485 10/17*178 851  50    0*181 852  55    0*184 852  60    0*187 852  60    0
23485 10/17*188 864  80    0*186 865  85    0*184 865  85    0*183 864  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

23490 10/18*190 852  65    0*193 852  70    0*196 851  75    0*200 851  80    0
23490 10/18*183 862  90    0*184 860  95    0*186 858 100    0*191 856 110    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23495 10/19*204 850  90    0*209 849  95    0*215 848 100    0*223 846 105    0
23495 10/19*197 853 120    0*204 850 130    0*213 847 145    0*224 844 145  910
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

23500 10/20*232 843 105    0*241 839 100    0*248 834  95    0*253 827  90    0
23500 10/20*234 840 130    0*244 835 115    0*252 830 100    0*255 825  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

23505 10/21*257 820  80    0*260 810  60    0*262 802  55    0*266 792  50    0
23505 10/21*258 819  80  975*259 810  70    0*260 801  60  986*263 789  60    0
            *** ***      *** ***      **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

23510 10/22*270 776  50    0*272 760  45    0*280 735  40    0*287 715  40    0
23510 10/22*268 774  60    0*273 756  60    0*280 735  55    0*287 714  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

23515 10/23*295 699  35    0*306 679  30    0*318 666  25    0*  0   0   0    0
23515 10/23*294 693  45    0*301 672  40    0E310 650  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

23520 HRBFL1                
23520 HRBFL1CFL1                
            ****

U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
10/21/1924  0100Z 25.8N  81.8W   80kt  1   21nmi    975mb   BFL1,CFL1

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7.  Additionally, a brief 
extratropical stage is now indicated right before dissipation.  Evidence for these 
changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, _Climatological Data_, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000).

October 14: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
15.8N, 84.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 83.5W.
Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 16c5N, 84.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "At the same
time [14th of October] the air pressure began to fall in the vicinity of
the Swan Islands.  This new disturbance remained nearly stationary until
about the 18th" (MWR).

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.9N,
84.1W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.4W.
Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at
18.0N, 85.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales.  A few observations of 1004 mb.  Land
highlights: 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W
(OMR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 17.9N,
84.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.9W.
Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N,
86.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 19.0N, 86.3W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 983 mb
at 13 UTC at 19.0N, 86.3W (COA,MWR).  No other gales.  Several other low pressures. 
Land highlights: 24 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 20N,
86.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 85.2W.
Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 18.4N,
86.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 994 mb at 12 UTC at 17.1N, 87.0W (COA); 45
kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 16.1N, 86.1W (COA).  A few other gales.  Several
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 21 kt S and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Swan
Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  No gales.  A few other low pressures.

October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 20.3N,
85.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.1W.  Available
observations suggest that the 100 kt hurricane was centered at 18.6N, 85.8W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 17.3N, 85.8W (MWR).  Several
other strong gales and several other low pressures.  Land highlights: 38 kt SE
and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 21 kt SE and 999 mb
at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  No other gales or low
pressures.  "A change on this hurricane track is likely, taking in account
our assessment.  During many years our hurricane specialist spoke about
the loop of this hurricane track.  Millas was the first during his
operational work with this TC.  Ortiz recorded a track similar to the Millas
one" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005).

October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 920 mb centered near 21.7N,
84.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 21.5N, 84.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 84.6W with a 932 mb
pressure.  The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart
shows a 922 mb pressure sometime between 12 UTC on the 19th and 00 UTC on the
20th.  Available observations suggest that the 140 kt hurricane was centered at
21.3N, 84.7W.  Ship highlights: 104 kt E at 23.8N, 84.2W (MWR); >70 kt SE and
924 mb at 20 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); 25 kt SSW and 922 mb at 2030 UTC
at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); >70 kt SSW and 923 mb at 2055 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR).
Several other hurricane force winds.  Several other low pressures between
922-950 mb.  Land highlights: 38 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at
17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 932 mb at Low Arroyos, Cuba at 22.4N, 84.4W (MWR).  No
other recorded gales.  Several other low pressures, (Four others record in Cuba
below 960 mb).  Regarding the intensity: "Photographs clipped from El Mundo,
Habana, taken in Los Arroyos and Arroyos de Mantua, Pinar del Rio Province,
which suggest that the force of wind was almost comparable to that in a
tornado.  The steel wireless tower at La Fe was blown down.  Press reports
indicate that in Arroyos de Mantua about a dozen persons were killed and 50
injured and that almost every building in the town sustained heavy damage,
besides the severe damage done to the tobacco crop" (MWR).  "Huracan 
sin Precedentes, 1924 Oct. 19, Category 5, 932 mb peripheral pressure
observed, estimated central pressure at landfall of 905 mb, estimated
maximum sustained winds 135-145 kt, Extraordinary damages occurred in 
the province of Pinar del Rio" (Perez et al.).  "We estimated before a SLP
of 905, from the 932 recorded over land and the 917 over the steam ship
Toledo.  We made a new reanalysis and estimate a SLP of 915 (from r~0.25 RMW)
over Toledo) and a SLP of 909 (from r~0.66 RMW over land).  I propose you
a 910 hPa before and during the approach to Cuba and 915 hPa after that"
(R. Perez, personal communication, 2005).  "It had developed greatly in
intensity with a central pressure below 28 inches and hurricane winds.
It began to move northward on the 18th and passed over the extreme western
end of Cuba on the 19th, Los Arroyos reporting a pressure of 27.52 inches
and the S. S. Toledo near Jutias Cay (northwest coast) 27.22 inches ...
Recent reports indicate that the hurricane of October 14-23, 1924 was
one of great intensity.  Dr. Jose C. Millas, director, Observatorio
Nacional, Habana, Cuba, writes:  `I believe that this hurricane is one
of the most severe ever experienced in our latitudes" (MWR).

October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.8N,
82.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 83.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 83W.  Available
observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 25.2N, 83.0W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 962 mb at 05 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC); 70 kt N
and 962 mb at 07 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC).  A few other 70 kt winds.  One
other 962 mb pressure.  Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm made
landfall near Cape Romano, FL.  It was one of the most severe on record in
Cuba.  The hurricane weakened considerably prior to its arrival on Florida's
southwestern coast the following day.  Winds at Marco Island were estimated at
90 mph, and the barometer there measured at 28.80 inches [975 mb].  The Weather
Bureau reported a twenty-four-hour rainfall total of 23.22 inches during the
passing of this storm, which established a new one-day record in Florida"
(BARNES).  Key West: "The center impinging on the west coast of Florida, south
of Punta Rassa and probably near Cape Romano, shortly after 8 p.m. on the 20th
[00 UTC on the 21st].  The storm's center, at its nearest approach to Key West,
was about 90 miles distant at about noon on the 20th.  For 17 hours the wind
maintained a velocity averaging 51 miles an hour.  While the maximum velocity
(for 5 minutes) was 66 miles an hour from the southwest at 2 p.m. [18 UTC] on
the 20th, there were gusts from 54 to 74 miles an hour.  Shipping suffered no
loss.  There was no damage except of a minor nature to trees and shrubbery"
(OMR).  "Oct. 20, 1924, Central Pressure of 972 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry
Tortugas), 19 nmi radius of maximum wind, Parameters obtained by 
interpolation between SS Toledo (off western end of Cuba) and Miami, FL
and applied to the vicinity of Dry Tortugas, FL" (Ho et al.).  "Environmental
pressure was 1008 mb and maximum sustained surface wind estimate (at
time of closest approach to Florida Keys) was 80 kt" (Schwerdt et al.).
"The storm struck the Florida coast in the unsettled region south of 
Punta Rassa and quickly diminished in intensity, passing off into the Atlantic
just north of Miami" (MWR).

October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.9N,
79.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 80.2W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.0N, 80.2W with a 986 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was
centered at 26.0N, 80.1W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW at 25.5N, 79.4W (MWR); 
30 kt NE and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.1W (COA); EYE: at 1520 UTC at 
26.3N, 79.4W (MWR).  Several other strong gales.  Several other low 
pressures.  Land highlights: 975 mb at Caxambas, Marco Island at 25.9N, 81.6W
(BARNES, Climatological Data); EYE: 0 kt and 986 mb at 1250 UTC at Miami, FL at 
25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). Several other gales and low pressures.  "Remarking further on 
barometer readings, Mr. Hugh J. Goldie of Caxambas, to the south of Ft. Myers, 
reported to the Official in Change, Tampa:  'My three barometers fell to 28.80 
inches during the storm.  We had wind southeast to south which blew in puffs about 
90 miles per hour.'  It is assumed that these barometers were previously compared 
at Tampa." (Climatological Data).  Miami: "passed over this station [Miami] at 
8 a.m. [13 UTC], the center apparently being only a few miles north of Miami.  The 
lowest pressure, 29.12 inches [986 mb], occurred at 7:50 a.m. [1250 UTC], and for 
a few minutes preceding and following this time the air was practically calm... 
wind shifted from east-southeast to northwest... maximum velocity recorded was 34 
miles per hour from the northwest at 1:12 pm [1812 UTC]... from the 16th to the 
21st inclusive, 12.18 inches of rain fell... damage done by strong winds to avocado 
and citrus crops, the loss however, being only about five per cent" (OMR). 
"Oct. 21, 1924, 978 mb central pressure, 21 nmi RMW,landfall point 25.9N, 81.7W" 
(Ho et al.).  "1924 Oct, FL, 1SW, Category 1 maximum for  United States, 980 mb 
central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.).

October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 28.1N,
73.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 73.5W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 73.8W.  Available
observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.0N,
73.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 993 mb at 09 UTC at 26.5N, 74.5W (COA).
A few other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Land highlights: 10 kt N and
1002 mb at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR).  No gales.  A few other low pressures.

October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32N,
66.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front a little northeast of the center.
HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.8N, 66.6W.  Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 31.0N,
65.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
All track alterations are minor for this system, though a small 
counterclockwise loop was introduced from the 16th to the 18th consistent
with available observations as well as from the analysis by Perez et al.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 14th and early on the 15th, as numerous
ship and coastal observations suggest intensification into a tropical 
cyclone likely occurred around 06 UTC on the 15th rather than at genesis
at 00 UTC on the 14th.  1004 mb peripheral pressures from ships and Swan
Island at 12 UTC and 16 UTC suggest winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al 
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (up 
from 35 kt originally) as the environmental pressures are rather low to 
support more wind.  A peripheral pressure of 983 mb (with 35 kt NW wind)
at 12 UTC on the 16th suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the south of 25N
pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 45 kt 
originally.  A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (with 70 kt SW wind) at 11 UTC
on the 18th suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind
relationship - 100 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 75 kt previously.  The
hurricane was likely rapidly intensifying on the 18th and 19th as extremely
low pressures were recorded over the western tip of Cuba and aboard ships.
The lowest pressure observed in Cuba was 932 mb in Los Arroyos on the 19th, 
though it is not clear if this was a peripheral or central pressure.  The 
lowest ship pressures were 924 mb with 70 kt SE at 2000 UTC on the 19th, 
922 mb with 25 kt SSW wind at 2030 UTC, and 923 mb with 70 kt SSW winds
at 2055 UTC from the ship Toledo near Jutias Cay off the northwestern 
coast of Cuba.  These ship observations suggests that the hurricane made
a close pass just west of the ship's location (the ship was likely inside
the radius of maximum wind) and that the central pressure was likely to be a few mb 
lower.  The barometer was calibrated by Cuban meteorologists in Havana and was 
found to be 5 mb too high (R. Perez, 2009, personal communication) and that 917 mb 
is a corrected value from the Toledo.  This value suggests a central pressure of 
910 mb, based upon the 70 kt winds occurring with corrected pressures of 919 and 
918 mb.  A 910 mb central pressure suggests winds of 147 kt from the Brown et al. 
south of 25N  pressure-wind relationship.  145 kt is thus utilized for the winds 
at 12 and 18 UTC on the 19th, making this a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in 
Cuba.  This is an upgrade from 105 kt Category 3 hurricane in HURDAT previously.  

After impacting western Cuba, the hurricane accelerated to the northeast, weakened 
and struck southwest Florida.  A 962 mb peripheral pressure (with hurricane force 
winds) at 06 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the south of 25N 
and 93 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships - 115 kt 
used in HURDAT, up from 100 kt originally.  
The hurricane made landfall near Cape Romano, Florida at 25.8N, 81.8W
around 01 UTC on the 21st.  Marco, FL recorded a 975 mb pressure which
may have been a central pressure.  The hurricane also passed over Miami
which had a 986 mb central pressure reading.  Using the Ho et al. (1989)
inland pressure decay model, this suggests about 977 mb central pressure
at landfall in southwest Florida given the time over land.  Thus 975 mb
is used as central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida, which
is slightly lower than both the Ho et al. (1987) estimate of 978 mb and
the Jarrell et al. estimate of 980 mb.  975 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from south 
of 25N and 79 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  
However, given that the cyclone was weakening from its peak, use of the 
pressure-wind relationships for filling storms would be more appropriate:  83 
and 75 kt, accordingly.   80 kt chosen for 00 UTC on the 21st (the same as HURDAT 
originally), making this a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in southwest 
Florida.  The 986 mb central pressure value from Miami at 1250 UTC on the 21st 
suggests winds of 70 kt from the south of 25N and 65 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationships (68 and 62 kt for filling cyclones) - 
60 kt is chosen for HURDAT (up from 55 kt previously) as the system
was over land.  

Late on the 21st of October, the tropical cyclone moved over the Atlantic Ocean.  
A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 09 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of at least 
55 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for 06 UTC 
(up from 45 originally) and 55 kt chosen for 12 UTC (up from 50 originally).   
These values are slightly reduced from what could be used due to low environmental 
pressures on this date.  The system was absorbed within a frontal
boundary around 12 UTC on the 23rd and thus extratropical transition
is indicated at that time (which was not shown originally).  

********************************************************************************


1924/11 - 2009 REVISION:

23525 11/05/1924 M=11  8 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23525 11/05/1924 M=10 11 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   ** **       ***

23530 11/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 800  35    0*132 795  35    0
23530 11/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 800  35    0*128 797  35    0
                                              ***              *** ***

23535 11/06*135 790  35    0*138 786  35    0*143 783  35    0*149 781  35    0
23535 11/06*132 794  35    0*136 792  35    0*140 790  35    0*145 789  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23540 11/07*155 778  35    0*161 777  35    0*167 775  35    0*173 774  35    0
23540 11/07*150 789  35    0*155 788  35    0*160 785  35    0*166 780  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23545 11/08*178 773  35    0*184 772  40    0*189 770  40    0*193 768  40    0
23545 11/08*174 773  35    0*182 768  40    0*189 765  40    0*196 763  40    0
            ***              *** ***              ***          *** ***

23550 11/09*197 765  45    0*201 763  45    0*206 760  50    0*210 757  55    0
23550 11/09*202 762  40    0*206 761  35    0*210 760  35    0*213 760  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

23555 11/10*213 755  65    0*215 752  65    0*218 748  65    0*222 742  70    0
23555 11/10*216 759  50    0*218 758  60    0*221 755  65    0*226 747  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

23560 11/11*225 734  75    0*228 724  80    0*232 712  80    0*238 696  85    0
23560 11/11*234 732  70    0*243 712  70    0*252 695  70    0*258 680  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23565 11/12*248 679  85    0*258 666  85    0*270 651  85    0*277 645  85    0
23565 11/12*262 665  70    0*265 657  70    0*270 651  70    0*277 645  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

23570 11/13*286 639  85    0*293 634  85    0*302 627  80    0*313 618  80    0
23570 11/13*286 637  65    0*295 625  65    0*305 615  60    0*315 611  55    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23575 11/14*331 608  75    0*344 597  70    0*362 585  60    0*386 562  50    0
23575 11/14*326 610  50    0*338 610  45    0*350 610  40    0E365 610  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
23580 11/15E412 530  40    0E438 505  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

23585 HR                    

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 8.  Evidence for these changes 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001). 

November 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 80.0W.  Available observations suggest that
the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 12.5N, 80.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt
WSW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 9.8N, 79.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low
pressures.

November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N,
77.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N, 78.3W.
Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at
14.0N, 79.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.9N,
76.9W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 77.5W.
Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at
16.0N, 78.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N,
76.1W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 77.0W.
Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at
18.9N, 76.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 5
kt SW and 1005 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM).  No gales.  No
other low pressures.

November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N,
75.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 76.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20.5N, 76.3W with an 1004 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was
centered at 21.0N, 76.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Land
highlights: 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Guantanamo at 20.0N, 75.2W (HWM) and at
Navassa Island at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM).  No gales.  No other low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "On the evening of the 8th [~00 UTC on the 9th], a
tropical disturbance of slight intensity was near Santiago, Cuba" (MWR).  "On
the 8th of November a definite cyclonic circulation was noted over Jamaica,
which moved slowly north across eastern Cuba on the 9th accompanied by gales.
It then turned toward the northeast and was encountered by the U.S.S. Concord
in the southeastern Bahamas as a storm of considerable intensity.  It continued
in a northeasterly direction, passing [200 miles] southeast of Bermuda on the
13th and was last noted south of the Grand Banks on the 15th" (MWR).  
"Tropical Storm, November 8-9, 1924" (Perez et al.).

November 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21N,
74.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 ,t hurricane at 21.8N, 74.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 75.1W with an 1002 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered
at 22.1N, 75.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 997 mb at 03 UTC at 21.6N,
76.8W (COA).  Several other strong gales and several other pressures between
997 and 1000 mb.

November 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.1N,
68.9W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 71.2W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.1N, 72.9W.  Available
observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near 25.2N, 69.5W.
Ship highlights: 71 kt and 996 mb (near eye) at ~00 UTC at 21.6N, 74.3W (MWR).
A few other gales.  Several other low pressures.

November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N,
65.8W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 65.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 67.3W.  Available
observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near the HURDAT position.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt E at 04 UTC at 31.0N, 63.0W (COA); 10 kt NW and 1000 mb 
at 12 UTC at 27.3N, 67.5W (HWM).  Several other strong gales.  A few other low 
pressures.

November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N,
61.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 62.7W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 63.2W.  Available
observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 30.5N,
61.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 58.0W (COA); 35 kt NE
and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 64.8W (COA);  15 kt NNW and 998 mb 
at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 63.2W (COA).  Several other gales and several
other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "At noon, Nov. 13, our position
was 33.3N, 54.2W.  While the direction of the wind had not changed noticeably,
we were in the path of the storm center and decided to cross the track and
avail ourselves to the easterly wind.  We steered a northerly course,
perpendicular to the storm track and ran before the wind.  The barometer fell
and at times we had very strong squalls with rain resembling cloud bursts.  The
wind increased to force 7 [35 kts] with high, easterly swells" (River Delaware-
a British steamer).

November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N,
63W at the west end of a W-E warm front and with an occluded front to the
north-northwest of this low.  A second, extratropical low was centered near 
42N 67W at the same time.  HURDAT listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at
36.2N, 58.5W.  Available observations suggest that there is no temperature
gradient across the low, and that this system remains tropical.  The 40 kt
tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 61.0W.  Ship highlights: 5 kt NW and 1000
mb at 00 UTC at 31.5N, 63.5W (COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane.  Track alterations
are small from the 5th through the 10th and on the 12th and 13th.  The
hurricane's position is shifted substantially northeast on the 11th
based upon ship observations near its center.  The system was relocated
to the west-southwest on the 14th based upon numerous marine observations
on that date.  No changes were made to the intensity from the 5th through
the 8th.  Winds reduced on the 9th accounting for available coastal
and ship observations as well as for weakening of the slow moving
system over land (Cuba).  Hurricane intensity for this system was
confirmed from ship-based wind observations on the 11th.  However,
on the 12th the system displayed a large radius of maximum winds and 
a broad central area of low (1000-1005 mb) pressures and weak winds. 
The system may have been transitioning on this date to a hybrid-type
cyclone.  Winds are reduced on the 12th to a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane
(from 85 kt Category 2 originally) based upon a 60 kt ship report and 
the weakening pressure gradient.  A peripheral pressure of 998 mb (with 15 kt
winds) at 12 UTC on the 13th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from 
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are chosen to be 60 kt,
down from 80 kt originally.  Winds are further reduced on the 14th
based upon substantial ship observations showing weakening winds and
filling pressures - 12 UTC winds set to 40 kt down from 60 kt originally.
System is absorbed by a developing extratropical low around 00 UTC
on the 15th (by the extratropical low that was near 42N 67W on the 14th and near 
47N 45W on the 15th).  Thus the two synoptic positions on the 15th are removed.

********************************************************************************

1924 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION:

1) Historical Weather Map analyses show a residual occluded low that
became a large gale center on 17-19 January in the Eastern Atlantic, well
to the northwest of the Cape Verde Islands.  A combination of HWM and
COADS ship observations provides inconclusive verification of this storm
on the 17th since there were no available data within 750 miles of the
analyzed HWM center.  However, the observations depict a well-defined
cyclonic circulation on the 18th, particularly delineated by a cluster of
strong gales north and northwest of the center.  It then drifted slightly
to the northwest on the 19th and was absorbed by an intense maritime
frontal system early on the 20th.  Although the ambient air and
sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical
cyclogenesis, nearly isothermal conditions existed within a few hundred km
of the center.  The strongest gale-force winds (peak of 60 kt N at 14 UTC
on the 18th [COA]), however, were measured more than 100 km away from the
center, and some large-scale baroclinicity was still present.  Therefore,
this is considered to be an extratropical system and is not added to
HURDAT.  It may though have been a subtropical storm, using modern
classification criteria.  It is also possible that the system existed
before the 18th.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jan. 18  22N  32W     Extratropical Storm
Jan. 19  23N  33W     Extratropical Storm


2) Historical Weather Maps suggest that a Cape Verde low formed quickly in
the Tropical Eastern Atlantic on 22 August from a strong tropical wave
that had moved off of Africa.  HWM and COADS observations show that this
closed cyclonic circulation moved WNW from a position about 400 km east of
Sao Tiago in the Cape Verdes on the 22nd to about 100 km south of Sao
Vicente on the 23rd.  By the 24th, this system is no longer detectable due
to a lack of available observations; thus its status and existence is
inconclusive on and beyond this date.  A single peak wind observation of
35 kt WSW was reported by a ship (COA) at 21 UTC on the 22nd at 15.5N and
21.5W, and the lowest pressure observation was 1009 mb, as recorded by the
same ship four hours earlier.  Because there is no other evidence of gale
force winds, is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT.  However, it may have been a minimal tropical storm.  (Another possibility 
is that the gale force wind was part of the monsoonal flow.)

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 22  15N  20W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 23  16N  25W     Tropical Depression


3) In the latter part of November, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence
of an area of disturbed weather lingering in the Southwestern Caribbean
Sea with an analyzed closed low of at most 1010 mb.  HWM and COADS ship
observations suggest that a tropical depression possibly formed between
Jamaica and eastern Panama on 22 November.  Over the next two days, it
became better organized as it tracked generally westward.  It then moved
inland and dissipated over Nicaragua during the afternoon of the 24th.
The highest observed winds were 25 kt, recorded by two ships at 13 UTC on
the 23rd at 11.4N, 82.1W and at 01 UTC on the 24th at 13.2N, 82.2W (COA).
Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure observations
associated with this system were 1008 mb (COA), it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 22  14N  78W     Possible Tropical Depression
Nov. 23  13N  80W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 24  13N  83W     Tropical Depression

*******************************************************************************


1925/01 - 2009 ADDITION:

23588 08/18/1925 M= 4  1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23588 08/18*290 755  25    0*295 748  25    0*300 740  30    0*305 732  35    0
23588 08/19*310 723  40    0*315 714  45    0*320 705  50    0*328 693  55    0
23588 08/20*339 676  60    0*352 651  70    0*365 615  70    0*378 585  70    0
23588 08/21*391 565  65    0E405 555  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
23588 HR                    

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

August 16 and 17:  HWM analyzes a frontal boundary between the southeast
United States and Bermuda.  No closed low could be discerned on either
day.  One gale force wind (south 35 kt near Bermuda) was observed
on the 17th.

August 18: HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front, with the SW end at 29N, 76W.
HURDAT did not previously include this system in its database.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 74.2W.  Available
observations suggest that there was a closed low, and the tropical
depression was centered at 30.0N, 74.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.

August 19:  HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb
extending from 29N, 72W to 40N, 63W along a SW-NE stationary front.  The MWR Tracks 
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.1N, 70.5W.  Available observations 
suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.0N, 70.5W.  Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 20: HWM analyzes a bending frontal boundary, but no closed low.  The MWR 
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.2N, 60.6W.  Available 
observations suggest that the low is closed and the Category 1 hurricane was 
centered at 36.5N, 61.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 994 mb at 0630 UTC at 34.6N, 
63.1W (MWR).  No other observed gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: 
"Early in the morning on the 20th, the American S.S. Antinous, about 150 miles to 
the northeast of the islands [Bermuda], ran into a gale of short duration that 
attained hurricane force.  No storm logs have as yet been received from any other 
vessel near the Antinous- and there were several not far away- although a heavy and 
confused sea was reported" (MWR).  "The S.S. Antinous at 2:30 a.m. of August 20 in 
latitude 34.6N, and 63.1W passed near the center of a small hurricane (the wind and 
pressure are indicated above in ship highlights).This storm began to form in the 
remnants of a low-pressure trough on the 18th,about halfway between Bermuda and the 
Florida peninsula, moved thence slowly northeastward and apparently reached its 
greatest intensity while in the vicinity of the S.S. Antinous.  It merged with a 
more extensive disturbance to the north, but could still be identified on the 
morning of the 21st near latitude 41N, and longitude 52W" (MWR).

August 21: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary, but no closed low.  Available 
observations suggest that the system became extratropical around 06 UTC at 40.5N, 
55.5W. This is the last position analyzed by HURDAT.  Ship highlights before 
12 UTC: 35 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 03 UTC and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 07 UTC at 
42.5N, 62.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 49.5N, 62.5W (COA).  No 
other gales.  One other low pressure.

Genesis for this new hurricane occurred around 00 UTC on the 18th, as
it was determined that a closed low was discernible at that time.
The system formed along on old frontal boundary, but the baroclinicity
had diminished by the 18th and it is suggested that the system
began as a tropical cyclone on that date.  Intensification to a tropical
storm likely occurred late on the 18th or early on the 19th, though
few observations were obtained near the system's center around this time.
Evidence for hurricane force was from a ship with 70 kt (Beaufort 12)
and 994 mb at 0630 UTC on the 20th.  994 mb suggests winds of at least
58 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, 
which was also the system's peak intensity.  The system moved quickly to the 
northeast on the 20th and 21st and by 06 UTC on the 21st was being absorbed into a 
large extratropical storm. By 12 UTC on the 21st the system no longer had a closed 
circulation.

*******************************************************************************


1925/02 - 2009 ADDITION:

23589 08/25/1925 M= 4  2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23589 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*300 780  25    0*306 777  30    0
23589 08/26*312 774  30    0*318 770  35    0*325 765  35    0*332 756  35    0
23589 08/27*338 742  35    0*344 723  35    0*350 700  35    0*355 675  35    0
23589 08/28E360 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
23589 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.4N,
78.1W.  HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.9N, 77.4W with an
1017 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the tropical
depression was centered at 30.0N, 78.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.

August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N,
75.9W.  HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 74.6W with an
1016 mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the tropical
storm was centered at 32.5N, 76.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at
12 UTC at 32.8N, 75.3W (COA); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 75.1W (COA).  No
other gales.  No low pressures.

August 27: HWM analyzes a SW-NE front in the area, but no closed low.  HURDAT
did not previously contain this system in its database.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 69.1W.  Available observations
suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 70.0W.  Ship
and station highlights: No gales near center.  No low pressures.

August 28: HWM analyzes (at 12 UTC) a frontal system and a very large area of
low pressure of at most 1010 mb all north of 34N and all east of 62W.  HURDAT
did not previously contain this system in its database.  Available
observations suggest that the system became extratropical at 00 UTC at
36.0N, 64.5W, and this is the last position to be included in the HURDAT
reanalysis.  Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 40.8N, 58.5W
(COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

This system began along a stationary frontal boundary off of the Georgia-
Florida coast.  By the 25th, the system had developed a closed circulation
and had a small amount of baroclinicity (~5F across the center).  
It is considered to have become a tropical depression around 12 UTC
on the 25th, though the system may still have had some hybrid 
characteristics.  By the 26th, the system had lost all of its surface temperature 
gradient and thus became completely tropical at the same time that
two separate ships reported gales near the center.  It is estimated
that it reached tropical storm strength around 06 UTC on the 26th.  On the
27th a NE-SW frontal boundary is depicted near the vicinity of the
storm.  However, it instead appears that the front around 12 UTC was
substantially farther north and west of the storm and that the system was
still likely a tropical cyclone.  By the 28th at 12 UTC, the strong
front had overtaken and absorbed the system.  The last estimated
position for the system is at 00 UTC on the 28th, becoming extratropical.
Overall, this is a short-lived (42 hours as a tropical storm), relatively
weak (35 kt peak wind) tropical storm, though it was confirmed as
such through two separate ship reports.


********************************************************************************

1925/03 - 2009 REVISION:

23590 09/06/1925 M= 2  1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
23590 09/06/1925 M= 2  3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***                  *

23595 09/06*213 912  40    0*235 939  40    0*245 952  40    0*253 962  40    0
23595 09/06*220 932  30    0*227 942  35    0*235 952  40    0*243 962  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***      **

23600 09/07*260 973  40    0*268 983  35    0*275 993  35    0*2831000  30    0
23600 09/07*251 973  45    0*259 983  40    0*267 993  35    0*2771000  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***

23605 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these changes 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC,
and Dunn and Miller (1960).

September 6: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  HURDAT listed this
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 95.2W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 96W, with an 1006 mb pressure.  Available
observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 23.5N,
95.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 22.9N, 93.6W (MWR).  No other gales.  No
low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "On the 5th of September, the S.S.
Baja California in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico experienced a storm with
winds shifting from north through east to southeast.  The storm moved rapidly
northwest to the mouth of the Rio Grande by the evening of the 6th, and caused
heavy rains and moderate gales over the lower Rio Grande valley" (MWR).
"Date: September 6-7; Intensity: Minor; center entered Mexico" (Dunn and 
Miller).

September 7: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  HURDAT listed this
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 99.3W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 27.3N, 99.3W.  Available observations suggest
that the tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 99.3W.  Ship highlights:
No gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 37 kt S at 08 UTC at Brownsville
at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR); 1002 mb at 0450 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W 
(OMR).  A few other gales.  No other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: 
"Heavy rains in the lower portion of the watershed again raised the river to 
above flood stage at Rio Grande City and San Benito on the 8th and 9th" (MWR).

No significant changes were made to either the genesis or dissipation
of this tropical storm.  The track was altered slightly - the most
noteworthy change was to show landfall in northeast Mexico, rather
than Texas, based upon hourly observations from Brownsville.  A peripheral
pressure of 1002 mb from Brownsville at 0450 UTC on the 7th suggests
winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship.  Winds are thus boosted slightly from 40 to 45 kt at 00 UTC on the 
7th just before landfall in Mexico.  Highest observed winds for this system
were a ship of 35 kt E on the 6th and Brownsville with 37 kt S and
Corpus Christi with 36 kt SE both on the 7th.  It is estimated that
45 kt was the peak intensity of this tropical storm.

******************************************************************************



1925/04 - 2009 REVISION:

23610 11/29/1925 M= 6  2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
23610 11/27/1925 M= 9  4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *  *       ***                        

(The 27th and the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
23612 11/27*202 859  30    0*201 858  30    0*200 857  35    0*199 856  35    0
23613 11/28*198 854  35    0*197 852  35    0*195 850  35    0*193 847  35    0

23615 11/29*  0   0   0    0*162 835  35    0*175 840  35    0*185 844  35    0
23615 11/29*191 842  35    0*190 837  35    0*190 835  35    0*193 837  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

23620 11/30*197 848  35    0*209 853  40    0*223 857  45    0*240 854  50    0
23620 11/30*199 841  35    0*208 846  40    0*220 847  45    0*237 843  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

23625 12/01*259 837  65    0*278 819  60    0*292 808  65    0*302 799  75    0
23625 12/01*255 830  65    0E275 815  60    0E290 805  65    0E300 795  75    0
            *** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***   

23630 12/02*310 792  85    0*320 783  80    0*333 775  65    0*344 768  55    0
23630 12/02E310 787  80    0E320 781  75    0E333 775  70    0E344 769  65  980
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **     *    ***  **  ***

23635 12/03*355 760  45    0*365 752  40    0*376 735  40    0*379 725  35    0
23635 12/03E355 762  60    0E365 754  60    0E372 745  55    0E377 735  55    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

23640 12/04*379 717  35    0*378 708  30    0*376 700  30    0*371 689  25    0
23640 12/04E379 724  50    0E378 712  50    0E376 700  45    0E372 690  45    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **     **** ***  **

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
23642 12/05E368 682  40    0E364 677  35    0E360 675  30    0*  0   0   0    0

23645 HRBFL1                

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
12/1/1925      0400Z 26.5N  82.2W  65kt  1    -----   (985mb)   SWFL1

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 2.  Genesis was begun two days earlier and 
dissipation was indicated one day later for this cyclone.  A transformation to 
an extratropical cyclone was newly indicated, which occurred five days before 
dissipation.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), Barnes (1998), and Kasper et al. (1998).

November 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure.  HURDAT did not
previously analyze the system on this day.  Available observations suggest
that the tropical storm was centered at 20.0N, 85.7W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 13 UTC at 20.7N, 85.8W (COA).  No other gales.  No low
pressures.

November 28: HWM analyzes an open trough in the northwest Caribbean Sea.
HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day.  Available
observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.5N,
85.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N,
82.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 84.0W.
Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered
at 19.0N, 83.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the
track and intensity: "The tropical cyclone...was central a short distance east
or southeast of Swan Island at 8 a.m.  It was of slight intensity at the time,
but increased rapidly in intensity after passing through the Yucatan Channel
during the following night, and by 8 p.m. of the 30th the barometer at Key
West, Fla., had fallen to 29.62 inches (1003 mb) and the wind had shifted to
southwest" (MWR).

November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.4N,
79.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.3N, 85.7W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 85.6W with an 1004
mb pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was
centered at 22.0N, 84.7W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at
25.5N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 22 UTC at 23.5N, 83.5W (COA); 35
kt NE and 1004 mb at 21 UTC at 25.4N, 85.6W (MWR).  One other gale.  A few
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 1004 mb at 17 UTC at Tampa, FL at
28.0N, 82.5W (OMR).  No gales.  No other low pressures.  Regarding the
intensity: "At 3:00 pm on the 30th... a disturbance of tropical origin central
slightly west or northwest of the Tortugas.  The disturbance moved
northeastward with increased intensity across the Florida peninsula, passing
near and south of Tampa.  It was attended by heavy rains, especially in the
right front quadrant, a fall of 14.08 inches occurring at Miami" (MWR).
"Area: S. Fla.; Intensity: Minimal; 50 killed, damage $1,600,000" (Dunn and
Miller). "The bottom of Tampa Bay was reportedly visible in some locations 
due to extreme low water levels.  In Florida, there were four storm related 
deaths" (Kasper et al.).  Tampa: "The chief property damage was to electric, 
telegraph and telephone wires and poles, trees, signs, windows, tents, automobiles, 
cheap roofing, old and flimsy building and buildings under construction. Between 
5000 and 6000 telephones were down in Tampa alone, and most of the long distance 
wire went down.  Electric current was cut off on account of the grounding of many 
live wires and danger therefrom.  Many big oaks went down in the wind, and in some 
cases damaged automobiles and roofs.  Electric lights were out in some sections of 
the city until the 2nd" (OMR).

December 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.7N,
77.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 80.8W  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 80.1W with a 992 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the extratropical low was
centered at 29.0N, 80.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 994 mb at 17 UTC at
28.5N, 79.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW and 996 mb at 09 UTC at 27.7N, 79.0W (MWR); 50 kt
NE and 992 mb at 17 UTC at 29.7N, 79.2W (MWR).  A few other gales.  Several
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 45 kt N at 1753 UTC at Key West, FL at
24.5N, 81.8W (OMR); 999 mb at 06 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 45 kt
NE at 0609 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 1000 mb at 08 UTC at 
Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W; 45 kt N at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR).  
Several other gales and several other low pressures.  Key West: "The 
maximum velocity for the day (30th), and for the month, was 36 miles per 
hour from the southwest at 9:25 p.m.  However, the wind rapidly veered 
from southwest to northwest between 11 p.m. and midnight, and although
it increased in force to a strong gale of 52 miles an hour (5 minute) and 62
miles an hour (one-minute) shortly before 2 p.m. on December 1st, no damage
resulted" (OMR).  Regarding the rainfall: "As the month closed, a tropical 
storm passing over the Florida Peninsula gave some of the heaviest rains ever 
known over the more southern portions.  At Miami, total fall of more than 15 
inches occurred, 14.10 inches falling in 14 hours" (MWR).  "At Tampa the 
barometer fell to 29.50 inches (999 mb) and the wind reached a maximum 
velocity of 52 miles from the northeast about 1 a.m. of December 1.  About 
8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of 
Titusville, and the pressure at the center was somewhat under 29.50 inches.  
Jacksonville reported a maximum wind velocity of 48 miles from the north" 
(MWR).  Regarding the damage and loss of life: "Fruit was blown from trees... 
lowlands were flooded...structures in process of completion suffered 
considerably... many small boats were damaged or sunk at anchor.  As a result 
of the phenomenally high tides and seas, damage to beaches and beach property 
from the mouth of the St. Johns southward was very great- only in the millions 
can the computation be made...pavilions, small cottages, and even pretentious 
structures were undermined, and hotels, whose safety hitherto had never been 
questioned, were in imminent danger.  The Citrus Exchange estimated the loss 
at 300,000 boxes, which, at $2 per box, evidences a formidable sum."  At least 
55 lives were lost at sea (MWR).  Savannah, GA: "The passage of a tropical 
storm northward on the 1st and 2nd was attended by a rather heavy rain of 
1.71 inches and a high wind of 51 miles NW" (OMR).

December 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33N,
76.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 77.5W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33.5N, 77.4W with a 979 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the strong extratropical low was
centered at 33.3N, 77.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 08 UTC at
36.8N, 73.4W (MWR); 70 kt E at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (COA) (same ship as
previous); 70 kt at 29.2N, 81.2W (MWR); and 45 kt E and 979 mb at 13 UTC 
near the NC coast (MWR).  Land highlights: 61 kt NE at Atlantic City,
NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 988 mb at 1745 UTC at Wilmington, NC at 34.3N, 77.9W
(OMR).  Several other strong gales and several other low pressures.  Regarding
the track and intensity: "8 p.m. (01 UTC)...the hurricane center, which was
apparently about 150 miles due east of Savannah, Ga., at that time.  The wind
had increased to 42 miles an hour at both Savannah and Charleston.  At 8 a.m.
(13 UTC) the hurricane was central about 100 miles south-southeast of
Wilmington, N.C.  The storm center passed inland between Wilmington and Cape
Hatteras at about 6 p.m., and out to sea again a short distance south of Cape
Henry during the night" (MWR).  "Area: N.C. capes; Intensity: Minimal; Damage
slight" (Dunn and Miller).  "In Florida and along the coastal waters of the
eastern states, over fifty lives were lost to the storm" (Barnes).  "Landfall
point: 34.9N, 76.3W.  Central pressure of 980 mb. 54 nmi RMW.  Forward
speed of 15 kt.  WB Technical Paper No. 55 implies that this storm was
becoming extratropical and did not have hurricane-force winds when it struck
the NC coast" (Ho et al.).  "Environmental pressure 1012 mb, 75 kt maximum
sustained surface wind estimate" (Schwerdt et al.)  

December 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N,
74.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 37.6N, 73.5W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 75W with an 1001 mb
pressure.  Available observations suggest that the 55 kt extratropical low was
centered at 37.2N, 74.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR);
20 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 75.8W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1003 mb at
08 UTC at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR).  Several other strong gales.  A few other low
pressures.  Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (MWR);
26 kt S and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR).
Several other gales and several other low pressures.  "Area Va. Capes to N.J.;
Intensity: Minor; 2 killed" (Dunn and Miller).  Norfolk, VA: "The storm caused
winds of strong gale force, but no serious damage was reported in this
immediate vicinity" (OMR).

December 4: HWM analyzes two separate closed lows, one of at most 1005 mb near
37.3N, 71W, and the other of at most 1010 mb near 29.9N, 60.5W.  HURDAT listed
this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.6N, 70.0W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N, 69W.  Available observations
suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.6N, 70.0W.  Ship
highlights: Several observations of 45 kt.  Several low pressures between 1002
and 1005 mb.

December 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered at 36N,
67.3W.  HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day.  Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 36.0N,
67.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 08 UTC at 34.5N, 57.5W
(COA).  A few other gales before 12 UTC.  A few other low pressures.
Regarding the track and intensity: "Its center passed close to Horta (Azores)
at 4 a.m. of the 9th, with a barometer reading of 29.32 inches (993 mb) and a
maximum wind velocity of 40 miles an hour from the northeast" (MWR).

Genesis of this system is begun two days earlier than HURDAT, as observations
from HWM and COADS show a well defined vortex on the 27th.  Gale force
winds were also observed on the 27th, so the system is analyzed to have
reached tropical storm intensity by 12 UTC on the 27th.  For the next two days,
the storm meandered slowly to the east-southeast and a major northward
adjustment to its track is made on the 29th, with no detectable change in 
intensity.  In the 30th, the system intensified as it began accelerating to the 
north and northeast before reaching the southwest Florida coast early on the 1st.  

Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 04 UTC on the 1st near 26.5N 82.2W.  
Peak observations in the Gulf were a ship at 00 UTC on the 1st with 50 kt NNW and 
1002 mb, Key West with 1003 mb minimum pressure at 03 UTC, and Tampa with 999 mb 
minimum pressure and 45 kt NE maximum wind at 06 UTC.  As the system was making 
landfall in Florida, it was interacting with a strong pre-existing baroclinic zone.  
However, HWM did not analyze any frontal features from the 30th through the 5th 
with the system, which is consistent with the original HURDAT that kept the system 
as a tropical cyclone all the way through December 4th.  Reanalysis of this event, 
though, suggests that the storm reached the frontal boundary and became 
extratropical around 06 UTC, just after landfall of the storm in Florida.  
Observations near the center of this system are sparse both in the Gulf of Mexico 
and in southwestern Florida near landfall.  However, the wind-caused impacts in 
Tampa and inland, the storm surges noted (both substantially below normal in Tampa 
and above normal near Jacksonville), and 60 kt/996 mb ship observations just off of 
the Florida east coast are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall.  
Intensity at landfall is maintained at 65 kt from the original HURDAT, making this 
a Category 1 hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL1"). 

After passing through Florida and transition to an extratropical storm, the system 
re-intensified  over the Atlantic Ocean.  Three hurricane force ship observations, 
a ship  peripheral pressure reading of 979 mb, and Wilmington's peripheral pressure 
reading of 988 mb confirm that the extratropical system reached hurricane intensity 
late on the 1st and early on the 2nd.  Peak intensity for this cyclone actually 
occurred as an extratropical cyclone, with estimated peak of about 80 kt at 00Z on 
the 2nd (down slightly from 85 kt originally in HURDAT) based upon numerous ship and 
land based observations.  The system made a second landfall in North Carolina as an 
extratropical storm late on the 2nd with a central pressure of about 980 mb and 
minimal hurricane-force winds.  While the system weakened on the 3rd and 4th, 
coastal and ship observations indicate a stronger extratropical storm than 
originally listed:  55 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd (up from 40 kt) and 45 kt at 12 UTC 
on the 4th (up from 30 kt).  An additional 18 hours were added to HURDAT for this 
system as the occluded and weakening low was still identifiable on the 5th. Despite 
the Monthly Weather Review stating that the cyclone continued eastward to near the 
Azores on the 9th, daily analysis including the Historical Weather Maps indicates 
that a second, extratropical system which formed east of Bermuda on the 4th was the 
system that moved toward the Azores.

1925/04 - 2011 REVISION:

24665 11/27/1925 M= 9  4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                    L
24665 11/27/1925 M= 9  4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
                                                          *

24670 11/27*202 859  30    0*201 858  30    0*200 857  35    0*199 856  35    0*
24675 11/28*198 854  35    0*197 852  35    0*195 850  35    0*193 847  35    0*
24680 11/29*191 842  35    0*190 837  35    0*190 835  35    0*193 837  35    0*
24685 11/30*199 841  35    0*208 846  40    0*220 847  45    0*237 843  50    0*
24685 11/30*199 841  35    0*208 846  35    0*220 847  40    0*236 842  45    0*
                                      **               **      *** ***  **

24690 12/01*255 830  65    0E275 815  60    0E290 805  65    0E300 795  75    0*
24690 12/01*256 828  55    0E273 811  50    0E287 801  60    0E300 795  70    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **               **

24695 12/02E310 787  80    0E320 781  75    0E333 775  70    0E344 769  65  980*
24700 12/03E355 762  60    0E365 754  60    0E372 745  55    0E377 735  55    0*
24705 12/04E379 724  50    0E378 712  50    0E376 700  45    0E372 690  45    0*
24710 12/05E368 682  40    0E364 677  35    0E360 675  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
24715 HRBFL1
24715 TS
      ******
U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
12/1/1925      0400Z 26.5N  82.2W  65kt  1    -----   (985mb)   SWFL1
12/1/1925      0300Z 26.3N  81.9W  55kt  TS   -----   -------   -----
               ****  ****   ****   **    **            ***      *****
                
According to the November 1925 Fort Myers OMR, "Mr. Colcord writes: the barometers 
that are rated with mine here in town went down just under 29.60 [1002 mb], and 
just after the height of the wind, rose to 29.65 [1004 mb] and stayed there for a 
while and then rose very gradually. The tide was lower than usual and the strongest 
wind was north-northeast and then went around to the northwest. The only damage to 
amount to anything was to matured vegetables from the beating rain." The data, 
including wind direction, low tides, and minimum pressure, suggests that the center 
passed east of Fort Myers. Additionally, the Monthly Weather Review notes, "About 
8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of Titusville." 
Currently, the revised HURDAT suggests that the center was north of Titusville at 12Z. 
Therefore, HURDAT positions are adjusted southeast from 00Z through 12Z on December 1. 
The center likely made landfall 20-25 miles south of Fort Myers around 03Z.

These observations also indicate that the system was not of hurricane intensity when 
it made landfall in Florida.  Landfall intensity is analyzed to be 55 kt.  While the 
cyclone did reintensify and did produce hurricane-force winds over the Atlantic, it 
did so as a vigorous extratropical system.  Thus this system loses its place in 
history as the latest U.S. landfalling hurricane.  The cyclone that currently has that 
status is Hurricane Kate in 1985, which made landfall on the 21st of November.  


******************************************************************************

1925 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION:

1) Historical Weather Maps depict an unusual March storm that persisted
nearly three weeks over much of the Subtropical and Central Atlantic.
HWM and COADS observations show a frontal low developing on 5 March about
225 km east of GA.  This low moved ENE, quickly intensified into a strong
baroclinic gale center on the 6th, became occluded on the 7th, and then
tracked ESE through the 8th, passing about 200 km south of Bermuda.  It
next moved rapidly eastward through the 10th and transitioned to a
quasi-barotropic system, exhibiting nearly isothermal conditions within a
few hundred km of the center even though air and sea-surface temperatures
were much cooler than those typically inherent of a tropical cyclone.  It
then decelerated in the Central Atlantic as it moved SE through the 12th.
Following that, it apparently tracked faster towards the ESE, E, and then
ENE until the 17th, passing 675 km WNW of the Canary Islands.  On the
17th, the S.S. "El Cantara" reported 50 kt WSW-SW winds and a pressure of
998 mb near the center (MWR and COA).  The low turned to the north on the
18th and weakened as it traversed over colder waters.  It then moved
quickly to the WNW, W, and WSW through the 20th, passing about 500 km
south of the Azores.  Strong gale force winds were observed several
hundred km to the north and west of the system, resulting from a strong
pressure gradient that had developed between the low and a strong polar,
maritime air mass over the North Atlantic.  It then decelerated again and
became quasi-stationary through the 23rd, during which time it made a
small cyclonic loop.  Finally, it started moving to the WNW on the 24th
and was absorbed by a potent extratropical system early on the 25th in the
Central Atlantic.  Although this system had barotropic characteristics for
much of its existence and strong winds in its inner-core on the 17th,
there is insufficient evidence to classify it at any point as a tropical
cyclone.  Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be partially
considered a possible hybrid or subtropical storm.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Mar. 5   31N  78W     Extratropical Storm
Mar. 6   33N  73W     Extratropical Storm
Mar. 7   32N  71W     Occluded Low
Mar. 8   30N  67W     Occluded Low
Mar. 9   30N  62W     Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 10  29N  55W     Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 11  28N  54W     Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 12  28N  53W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 13  27N  48W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 14  27N  43W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 15  28N  38W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 16  29N  31W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 17  31N  24W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 18  34N  24W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 19  35N  32W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 20  34N  37W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 21  33N  38W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 22  32N  37W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 23  33N  37W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 24  34N  40W     Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid

2) Michael Chenoweth obtained observations from Dominica in the Lesser
Antilles that suggested that a strong wave or possible tropical
depression came through the region on the 25th and 26th of September
with pressure dropping to 1010 mb.  Historical Weather Maps showed
substantial rainfall and pressure drops in the Lesser Antilles on
the 25th and 26th but no evidence of a closed low.  COADS ship data 
likewise showed no closed circulation but did have ship observations
of 20 kt ENE on the west side of the system and 25 kt ESE on the east
side of the system.  While the system could have been a tropical cyclone,
without confirmation of a closed circulation and because of a lack
of gale force winds this will not be counted as a tropical storm and
not included into HURDAT.

3) Historical Weather Maps show evidence of a cyclonic circulation forming
around the southern extent of a decaying frontal system ENE of Bermuda at
the end of September.  A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations
indicates that a broad, elongated area of low pressure with a small degree
of baroclinicity was developing along a NNE-SSW oriented trough axis in the
West Central Atlantic on the morning of the 29th.  This system was over an
area of SSTs of 25-27 C, and by the afternoon, a tropical depression
formed as it acquired tropical characteristics.  It moved to the west until
early on 1 October, then merged with an approaching frontal system from
the west, and became extratropical.  The depression had a peak observed
wind of 25 kt (COA), measured by multiple ships on the 29th and 30th; once
it became extratropical, gale force winds of 35-50 kt were observed.  The
lowest pressure reading was 1006 mb on the 30th, which would imply a 32 kt
wind speed using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Since all
the available wind observations were under gale force during the
tropical phase, it is not added to HURDAT.  It may though have been a
minimal tropical storm from the 30th until the frontal merger on the 1st.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sept. 29 31N  56W     Developing Tropical Depression
Sept. 30 31N  59W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 1   36N  55W     Extratropical Storm

*******************************************************************************


1926/01 - 2010 REVISION:

23650 07/22/1926 M=12  1 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
23655 07/22*  0   0   0    0*140 579  35    0*142 588  40    0*146 603  40    0
23655 07/22*  0   0   0    0*128 565  35    0*135 580  40    0*142 596  50    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

23660 07/23*151 618  45    0*156 632  55    0*163 645  60    0*171 658  65    0
23660 07/23*149 613  60    0*156 629  70    0*163 645  80    0*171 658  90    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **               **

23665 07/24*179 671  70    0*187 682  80    0*195 693  85    0*202 703  90    0
23665 07/24*179 671  90    0*187 682  85    0*195 693  80    0*202 703  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

23670 07/25*209 713  95    0*215 722 100    0*222 732 110    0*229 742 115    0
23670 07/25*210 713  85    0*218 724  95    0*225 735 105    0*231 744 115    0
            ***      **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

23675 07/26*235 751 120    0*242 761 120    0*248 770 115    0*253 778 110    0
23675 07/26*237 753 120    0*243 762 120    0*248 770 115    0*252 776 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** *** 

23680 07/27*257 784 105    0*260 789  95    0*265 794  90    0*271 799  85    0
23680 07/27*256 781 105    0*259 785  95    0*263 790  95    0*269 795  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23685 07/28*277 802  80    0*283 806  75    0*289 811  60  975*296 817  60    0
23685 07/28*277 800  90    0*285 805  90  967*292 811  75    0*298 818  55    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **  *** ***      **  *** *** ***  **

23690 07/29*303 825  50    0*310 834  40    0*316 843  35    0*320 854  30    0
23690 07/29*305 826  50    0*313 835  40    0*320 845  35    0*324 855  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

23695 07/30*323 866  25    0*325 879  20    0*328 891  20    0*332 902  20    0
23695 07/30*327 866  30    0*329 878  25    0*330 888  25    0*332 896  25    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

23700 07/31*335 910  20    0*341 914  20    0*350 910  20    0*361 900  25    0
23700 07/31*335 901  25    0*339 904  25    0*345 905  25    0*355 900  25    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***

23705 08/01E373 887  25    0E384 871  25    0E395 855  25    0E406 839  25    0
23705 08/01E370 887  25    0E384 871  25    0E395 855  25    0E406 839  25    0
            ***

23710 08/02E418 822  25    0E429 806  25    0E440 788  25    0*  0   0   0    0
23715 HRDFL2
23715 HRDFL2CFL1
            ****   




U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/28/1926    1000Z 29.0N  80.8W   90kt  2  15nmi    967mb    DFL2,CFL1

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2004), Neely (2006), and 
observations from English archives for the Caribbean provided by Mike Chenoweth.
           
July 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12N, 56W.
HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 58.8W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N,
65.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.3N, 64.5W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt SE (no time) and 60 kt ENE with 1004 mb at 18 UTC at 17.4N, 
63.9W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 17.4N, 63.9W (COA).  No other gales 
or low pressures.  Land highlights: 57 kt E and 1006 mb at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 
18.5N, 66.2W (MWR); 20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Santo Domingo, Dominican 
Republic (HWM).  1006 mb minimum pressure at 0730 UTC at Montserrat (Chenoweth).  
No other gales or low pressures.  "Storm on night of 22nd" - Comments from observer 
at Dominica (Chenoweth).  "1926 July 23-24 San Liborio - Hurricane of great diameter 
and moderate intensity.  The entire island experienced high winds and damagers were 
general...passed east-west along or near the south coast of Puerto Rico and over Cabo 
Rojo, beginning at sunset July 23rd and continuing through the night until the early 
morning hours of the 24th...San Liborio battered southern Puerto Rico with hurricane 
force winds.  Floods of the Arecibo, Guacio, Loiza, Bayamon, La Plata, Yauco, 
Penuelas, manati, and all rivers in southern Puerto rico.  $5 million damages.  
25 deaths" (Perez).  25 lives were lost and the damage was $2,350,000 in Puerto Rico 
(MWR). Boose et al. analyzed this system to be a Category 2 hurricane in Puerto Rico 
due to structural damage that occurred.

July 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 18.8N,
69.4W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.5N, 69.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19N, 69W with an 1002 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  $3,000,000 in damage
was done in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (MWR).

July 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 22.7N,
75.7W.  HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 73.2W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 74W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 22.8N, 74.5W (COA); 70 kt E (no time) and 50 kt ENE with 
1000 mb at 17 UTC at 23.7N, 70.0W (MWR); 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 20 UTC at 24.5N, 
73.4W (MWR).  Several other strong gales.  A few other low pressures.  Land highlights: 
33 kt SE and 1005 mb at 01 UTC at Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR); 52 kt NE and 
1008 mb at 21 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.4W (MWR).  Regarding the intensity: 
"At 8 p.m [24th] [00 UTC]... Turks Island...velocity of 74 miles an hour from the 
northeast had shifted to southeast and decreased to 38 miles an hour" (MWR).

July 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 24N, 77.6W.
HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 77.0W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 77W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt E 
and 1009 mb at 07 UTC at 25.0N, 74.2W (MWR); 60 kt NE at 19 UTC (MWR).  A few 
other gales.  A few other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "Unofficial 
reports indicated that the wind reached an estimated velocity of 135 miles an hour 
at that place (Nassau, Bahamas)" (MWR).  MWR also contained a very vivid account 
of the damage done to Nassau by this hurricane taken from a copy of the Nassau 
Guardian of July 28th.  "This hurricane [is] often referred to as the unnamed 
hurricane of 1926, the Nassau Hurricane of 1926 or Hurricane #1 of 1926.  This 
hurricane inflicted widespread devastation and loss of life here in The Bahamas 
and is one of the most deadly hurricanes to ever cross these islands.  It was 
estimated that 106 persons lost their lives in this storm here in The Bahamas...
It was reported as one of the most severe storm to affect Nassau in several years...
The storm also delivered flooding rains and loss of crops to many islands in The 
Bahamas... On July 26th while still moving on a northwest track, the storm's eye passed 
directly over Nassau, where winds were unofficially estimated at 135 mph.  Heavy 
damage was reported... the storm was reported to be most destructive around Nassau, 
where 'some roofs were torn off entirely'" (Neely).  Additional extensive 
descriptions of the damage at Nassau and other islands of the Bahamas can be 
found in Neely (2006), but no additional meteorological data.

July 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.8N,
78.9W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 26.5N, 79.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 79W with a 984 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 982 mb at 17 UTC at 28.4N, 79.6W (MWR); 
70 kt N and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.6W (MWR).  Several other strong gales and several 
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 978 mb at 2130 UTC at Ft. Pierce, FL at 
27.5N, 80.4W (MWR).  No gales.  Several other low pressures.  Regarding the 
intensity: Miami, FL: "It is estimated that the wind reached a velocity of 50 mph 
on Biscayne Bay and Miami Beach.  The lowest pressure recorded was 29.49 inches 
(999 mb), at 5:30 am (0930 UTC).  The total damage from the storm in Miami was 
about $75,000" (OMR).

July 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 29.2N,
80.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 81.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 81W with a 992 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW and 982 mb at 00 UTC at
27.5N, 79.8W (COA); 70 kt SW and 996 mb at 00 UTC at 26.7N, 79.5W (COA); 70 kt
NE and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 28.8N, 80.2W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 978 mb at 02 UTC
at 27.5N, 79.8W (COA).  Several other strong gales and several other low
pressures.  Land highlights: 47 kt SE at Charleston, SC at 32.9N, 80.1W (MWR);
975 mb at 0430 UTC at Merritt Island, FL at 28.3N, 80.3W (MWR).  Several other
gales and several other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: Jacksonville:
Minimum pressure of 989 mb at 1845 UTC (OMR).  Titusville, FL: Pressure was
992 mb at 12 UTC (not minimum pressure) (OMR).  Savannah, GA: Max wind was 48
miles SE at 4:54 pm [2054 UTC] of the 28th (OMR).  Tampa, FL: "The barometer
fell slowly, reaching its lowest point 29.60 (1002 mb) sea-level 4 am of the
28th.  The maximum wind was 34 miles from the north at 4:02 am... extreme
velocity was 45" (OMR).  "The 'Eftihia,' a 36 foot, 7 ton fishing boat from
this port (Apalachicola) with a crew of 6 men was doubtless sunk with all on
board in the Gulf on the 28th" (OMR).  "July 28, 1926, 960 mb central pressure 
at landfall, 14 nmi RMW, 8 kt forward speed, 29.9N 81.3W landfall position" 
(Ho et al.).  "95 kt maximum sustained 1 min surface winds, 1010 mb environmental 
pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).  "967 mb central pressure estimate at landfall, 
Category 2 impact for NE Florida" (Jarrell et al.).  "Minimal Hurricane" 
(Dunn and Miller).  

July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over Georgia
near 32.5N, 83.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 31.6N,
84.3W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.9N,
83.7W with an 1002 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and
1010 mb at 00 UTC at 31.0N, 79.1W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.
Land highlights: 47 kt SE at 01 UTC and 02 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.9N,
80.1W (OMR); 26 kt SW and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W
(OMR).  Several other gales.  One other low pressure.

July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Alabama
near 33N, 87.4W  HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 32.8N,
89.1W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N, 89W
and an 1010 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated 
with this system on this day.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 31: HWM analyzes a very broad area of low pressure centered over
Mississippi and Arkansas near 34.9N, 91W.  HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt
tropical depressions at 35.0N, 91.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 34.9N, 91W with an 1008 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 1: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low embedded in a W-E occluded
front centered in extreme southern Illinois near 37N, 88.5W.  HURDAT listed
this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 39.5N, 85.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows a center near 39.3N, 86W with an 1004 mb pressure.
No ship or land highlights.

August 2: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front centers near
43N, 80W.  HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 44.0N, 78.8W.
No ship or land highlights.

No change is made to the genesis of this hurricane, though the lack of 
observations east of the Lesser Antilles makes knowing the actual date and 
location of genesis problematic.  Minor track changes were introduced for 
all days of the cyclone except for the 24th of July and the 2nd of August.  
Intensity boosted from 65 kt Category 1 to 90 kt Category 2 based upon impact 
in Puerto Rico on the 23rd and 24th, as documented by Perez (1971) and Boose 
et al. (2004).  (Unfortunately, the only instrumental record in Puerto Rico - 
San Juan - was too far from the landfall of the hurricane in SW Puerto Rico to 
measure such conditions.)  The changes to the intensity on the 23rd and 24th 
are the only major alterations to the intensity record for this cyclone.  After 
striking Puerto Rico, the hurricane likely weakened some as it brushed the 
mountainous coastline of the Dominican Republic.  Immediately afterwards, the 
hurricane re-intensified as it moved off toward the northwest.  The system 
certainly impacted the Bahamas as a major hurricane, based upon the impacts 
described in Monthly Weather Review and in Neely (2006).  However, there is 
insufficient evidence for making a change in intensity from the Category 4 
for the Bahamas, as there are virtually no observations available from the 
islands impacted directly.  Thus Category 4 intensity on the 25th and 26th 
with a peak of 120 kt on the 26th is retained.  

The hurricane apparently weakened some before making landfall in Northeast 
Florida.  Lowest observed pressure was 975 mb at Merritt Island, but the 
center made landfall north of that location (28.3N).  Ho et al. (1984)'s 
latitude of landfall was at 29.9N, which led them to estimate a central 
pressure of 960 mb.  Our analysis gives a landfall latitude closer to 29.0N, 
suggesting a slightly shallower central pressure of 967 mb, which agrees with 
that analyzed by Jarrell et al. (1992).  (Thus the 975 mb supposed central 
pressure value shown in HURDAT originally on the 28th is replaced by 967 mb.)  
967mb central pressure indicates a wind of 88 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship by Brown et al. and 84 kt for the subset of cyclones 
north of 25N that were weakening (which this likely was).  Ho et al. estimated 
a 14 nmi RMW for this hurricane at landfall based upon the wind records at 
Jacksonville, which the hurricane impacted a few hours after landfall.  Given 
the small (~15 nmi) RMW compared with about 22 nmi climatologically for this 
central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), the maximum sustained 
surface winds at Florida landfall are estimated to be 90 kt.  This retains 
the Category 2 for Northeast Florida, though the last wind in HURDAT before 
landfall is boosted from 75 kt originally up to 90 kt. Southeast Florida 
(CFL) is added as a Category 1 impact, due to the close proximity of the 
hurricane to the coast south of Cape Canaveral.  After landfall the highest 
observed winds were (within two hours of synoptic time):  50 kt at 12Z on the 
28th, 45 kt at 18Z, and 47 kt at 00Z on the 29th.  Runs of the Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) inland decay model suggest winds of 75 kt, 54 kt, and 41 kt, 
respectively.  Winds are chosen to be 75 kt (up from 60 kt originally) at 12Z, 
55 kt (down from 60 kt) at 18Z, and 50 kt (retained) at 00Z.  There were no 
changes to the dissipation of this cyclone.

******************************************************************************

1926/02 - 2010 REVISION:

23720 07/31/1926 M= 9  2 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23720 07/29/1926 M=11  2 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **

(The 29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.)
23722 07/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 460  25    0*161 470  25    0
23723 07/30*162 480  30    0*163 490  30    0*165 500  30    0*167 509  30    0

23725 07/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 540  40    0
23725 07/31*169 518  35    0*172 527  35    0*175 535  35    0*181 544  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

23730 08/01*205 559  45    0*210 564  45    0*216 570  45    0*220 574  50    0
23730 08/01*190 553  45    0*200 562  50    0*210 570  60    0*221 576  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

23735 08/02*225 579  55    0*229 583  55    0*233 587  60    0*237 591  65    0
23735 08/02*231 582  80    0*241 587  90    0*251 592 100    0*257 597 100    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23740 08/03*240 594  70    0*244 598  75    0*248 602  80    0*253 607  85    0
23740 08/03*261 602 100    0*263 606 100    0*265 610 100    0*266 612 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23745 08/04*258 612  90    0*264 617  95    0*270 622 100    0*276 627 100    0
23745 08/04*267 613 100    0*268 614 100    0*270 615 100    0*273 618 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          ***        *** ***  

23750 08/05*282 632 100    0*288 638 105    0*294 643 105    0*299 648 105    0
23750 08/05*277 622 100    0*281 626 105    0*285 630 105    0*289 635 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  


23755 08/06*304 652 105    0*308 655 105    0*314 659 100    0*324 663 100    0
23755 08/06*293 641 105    0*298 648 100    0*305 655  95    0*317 660  95    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23760 08/07*339 668  95    0*358 665  90    0*377 662  85    0*396 656  80    0
23760 08/07*335 661  90    0*355 662  90    0*377 662  85    0*396 656  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***                                    **

23765 08/08*416 645  75    0E436 629  70    0E458 610  65    0E480 590  55    0
23765 08/08*416 645  80    0E436 629  70    0E458 610  65    0E480 590  55    0
                     **                       
23770 HR                    

Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations 
from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service.

July 29: HWM analyzes an open trough near 15N, 45W.  This day is new to
HURDAT.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N,
46.1W.  This day is new to HURDAT.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.7N,
51.3W.  HURDAT did not list this system until 18 UTC.  Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.6N,
57.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.6N, 57.0W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 995 mb at 2050 UTC at 22.3N,
56.0W (MWR); 60 kt N at 22.3N, 56.0W (MWR).  A few other gales.  One other 
low pressure.  "In southern waters, however, a tropical disturbance was 
moving westward in mid-ocean... From reports now available it is apparent that 
a disturbance of slight intensity moving on a WNW course was about 500 miles 
northeast of Basseterre, St. Kitts, on the morning of the 1st" (MWR).

August 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 24.8N,
59.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.3N, 58.7W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 25.4N, 59.1W (COA); 
70 kt E at 12 UTC and 70 kt S at 16 UTC at 25.5N, 59.5W (COA); 968 mb at 
12 UTC at 25.5N, 59.5W (COA).  Several other strong gales.  A few other low
pressures.  

August 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 60.2W.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt S and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 26.5N, 58.5W (COA); 45 kt E and 1008 mb at 
1252 UTC at 29.5N, 61.9W (MWR).  A few other strong gales.  No other low pressures.

August 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.7N,
63.3W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 62.2W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 04 UTC at 26.5N, 58.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No
observed low pressures.

August 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 29.1N,
64.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.4N, 64.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.8N, 64.1W with a 980 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb at 2230 UTC
at 30.4N, 65.1W (MWR); 70 kt and 980 mb at 17 UTC at 28.7N, 63.4W (MWR).  
A few other strong gales.  One other low pressure.  "It then moved NW with 
increasing intensity to a point about 250 miles S by W of Bermuda by the 
evening of the 5th, when the first definite indications were received in 
the report of falling pressure and increasing NE winds at Bermuda" (MWR).

August 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.7N,
65.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 65.9W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.1N, 66.7W with a 979 mb
pressure.  Station highlights:  1000 mb minimum pressure and 47 kt SE maximum 
winds at Prospect Hill, Bermuda (Guishard).  Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 
978 mb at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 65.0W (COA); 70 kt NE and 978 mb at 08 UTC at 
31.5N, 66.9W (MWR); 70 kt N and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 31.5N, 67.6W (MWR).  
Several other strong gales and several other low pressures.  Note that Tucker 
(1995) - the Bermuda Hurricane History - has no mention of this system despite 
its supposed very close approach as a major hurricane (though the October 
hurricane that hit Bermuda was substantially described).

August 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.2N,
65.7W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 37.7N, 66.2W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.8N, 64.8W. Ship
highlights: 70 kt SW and 975 mb at 23 UTC at 40.9N, 62.2W (MWR); 50 kt S and
993 mb at 12 UTC at 38.0N, 63.0W (COA/MWR); 50 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
36.6N, 67.7W (COA).  A few other gales.  No other low pressures.  Regarding
the intensity/damage: "It is reported to have caused a number of casualties in
the fishing fleets on the Grand Banks on the 7th and 8th... On the evening of the 
7th there seemed to be some chance of gales off the Maine coast and storm 
warnings were displayed from Portland to Eastport, but strong winds were not 
reported from Maine coast stations" (MWR).

August 8: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in a frontal system of at most
995 mb centered near 46N, 61.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt extratropical
low at 45.8N, 61.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center
near 45.4N, 59.2W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 40 kt S with 996 mb at 0430 
UTC at 41.5N, 60.8W (MWR); 55 kt SW and 40 kt SSE with 1005 mb at 15 UTC at 
44.5N, 57.5W (MWR).  A few other gales.  No other low pressures.  "The storm 
moved northward and passed over Newfoundland, attended by winds of hurricane 
force" (MWR).

Genesis is begun two days earlier than indicated in HURDAT based upon COADS 
and Historical Weather Map ship observations.  Changes to the track are 
otherwise minor alterations, except for no change introduced for the 8th.  
Late on the first, the steamship Bellatrix measured 995 mb with winds 50 kt 
at the time as well as a peak wind of 60 kt.  995 mb peripheral pressure 
suggests winds of at least 56 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship.  Winds in HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st are boosted from 50 to 70 kt.  
A 968 mb observation concurrent with 70 kt of wind suggests winds of at least 
92 kt and 87 kt from the south of 25N and north of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationships (the observation was at 25N).  However, given that 
the cyclone was intensifying, the intensifying pressure-wind relationships for 
968 mb suggest winds of at least 93 and 91 kt for south and north of 25N, 
respectively.  Intensity in HURDAT assessed at 100 kt at 12Z on the 2nd, up 
from 60 kt originally.  On the 3rd and 4th, no ship observations were 
available in the inner core, so 100 kt is maintained (revised upward from 80 kt 
on the 3rd) until the 4th, which was 100 kt at 12Z originally.  On the 5th, 
two ships reported peripheral pressures of 980 and 985 mb concurrent with 
hurricane force winds.  A peripheral pressure of 980 mb in the north of 25N 
Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of at least 73 kt.  
105 kt at 18Z on the 5th retained.  A 978 mb peripheral pressure 
simultaneously with hurricane force winds at 08Z on the 6th suggests winds of 
at least 75 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  
Late on the 6th, Bermuda experienced tropical storm conditions (1000 mb 
minimum pressure and 47 kt maximum winds), but no substantial impact as this 
system was not included in the Bermuda hurricane history.  The above mentioned 
ship report on the 6th, however, does indicate a track of the hurricane close 
to what was originally in HURDAT - coming about 70 nm west of Bermuda.  While 
the hurricane does appear to be rather compact on this date, a slight reduction 
in intensity is now indicated based upon the revised track, the ship and the 
Bermuda observations.  At its closest approach to Bermuda around 20Z on the 6th, 
the intensity is adjusted downward by 5 kt to 95 kt at 18Z and to 90 kt at 00Z 
on the 7th.  A 975 mb peripheral pressure concurrent with hurricane force winds 
late on the 7th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the north of 35N Landsea 
et al. pressure-wind relationship.  As the system was undergoing extratropical 
transition, winds are boosted slightly from 75 to 80 kt at 00Z on the 8th.  The 
cyclone retained hurricane force as an extratropical storm into Newfoundland, 
based upon description in the Monthly Weather Review.  No change to the 
extratropical transition or dissipation.  

*******************************************************************************

1926/03 - 2010 REVISION:

23775 08/22/1926 M= 6  3 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
23775 08/20/1926 M= 8  3 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **         *

(The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.)
23777 08/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 755  25    0*135 770  25    0
23779 08/21*145 785  30    0*155 800  30    0*165 815  35    0*177 825  40    0

23780 08/22*198 823  60    0*209 840  60    0*215 850  60    0*222 863  60    0
23780 08/22*191 833  45    0*204 841  50    0*215 850  55    0*222 860  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***    

23785 08/23*229 874  65    0*235 883  70    0*241 891  70    0*246 897  75    0
23785 08/23*227 870  65    0*230 880  65    0*235 888  70    0*241 895  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***    

23790 08/24*251 902  80    0*255 906  85    0*260 908  85    0*264 909  85    0
23790 08/24*248 901  80    0*254 906  85    0*260 908  85    0*264 908  95    0
            *** ***          ***                                   ***  **

23795 08/25*268 909  90    0*273 910  90    0*277 911  90    0*283 911  90    0
23795 08/25*268 908 100    0*272 908 100    0*277 908 100    0*285 908 100    0
                *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

23800 08/26*289 912  85    0*296 913  80    0*302 914  65    0*307 917  55    0
23800 08/26*293 909  95  955*299 910  70  986*304 913  55    0*307 918  45    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **          ***  **

23805 08/27*312 924  45    0*316 934  35    0*320 948  25    0*320 958  20    0
23805 08/27*308 928  35    0*310 940  30    0*315 955  25    0*320 970  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

23810 HR LA3                

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
3-8/25/1926    2300Z 29.2N  90.9W  100kt  3  20nmi    955mb    LA3

Major changes to the track but minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  Additionally, two additional days were added to HURDAT at the 
beginning of this system.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Ortiz (1975), Schwerdt et al. 
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

August 20: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, however HWM analyzes
a broad area of low pressure over South America near 10N, 74W.  HURDAT did not
previously analyze the system on this day.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"On the 20th and 21st between Jamaica and the Yucatan Channel conditions were 
somewhat unsettled" (MWR). "Taking in account Ortiz, this TC formed on 
August 20th, near 14N and 77W" (Perez et al.)

August 21: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure centered along 82W 
between 10 and 15N.  HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.3N,
84.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 21.5N, 85.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.3N, 85.6W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 22.0N, 86.0W (COA).
No gales.  No other low pressures.  "On the following day [the 22nd] there 
were indications of a circulation on the extreme western coast of Cuba" 
(MWR).  "Tropical Storms impacting Cuba - August 22nd, 1926" (Perez).

August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.5N,
89.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 89.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 89W.  
Ship highlights: 55 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06 UTC at 23.9N, 87.9W (MWR);
40 kt NE and 994 mb at 05 UTC at 23.7N, 88.1W (MWR).  994 mb at ~05 UTC at
22.7N, 88.0W (MWR).  No other gales.  A few other low pressures.

August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26N,
91.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 90.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 91W.  Ship
highlights: 35 kt SE and 1014 mb at 19 UTC at 26.8N, 88.2W (COA); 30 kt NW and
1005 mb at 12 UTC at 25.2N, 92.7W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1005 mb at 16 UTC at
25.4N, 92.1W (COA).  No other gales or low pressures.

August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N,
92.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 91.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 91.1W with a 973 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 90 kt NE at 27.0N, 90.5W (ROTH); EYE: 959 mb at 
21 UTC at 28.9N, 91.1W at the Ship Shoal Lighthouse (WBO NO); 70 kt N at 14 
UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA).  Several other strong gales.  Several other low 
pressures.  Land highlights: 42 kt SW and 1000 mb at at 23 UTC Burrwood, LA 
at 29.0N, 98.4W (OMR); 985 mb at Grand Isle, LA at 29.1N, 89.6W (CONNOR); 
994 mb and 38 kt NE at 2220Z at Morgan City (OMR).  A few other gales.  A 
few other low pressures.  Storm tide 15' at Houma, LA at 29.6N, 90.7W (CONNOR).  
"Ship Shoal Lighthouse [noted above in ship highlights], latitude 28.9N, 
longitude 91.1W, was in the western part of the central calm area at 4 to 
5 p.m. [21-22 UTC] of the 25th, with the lowest barometer reading 
(uncorrected) of 28.30 inches [958 mb], the wind changing through north 
to west and increasing to hurricane force after the passage of the storm 
center" (MWR).

August 26: At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones placed the storm
near 29.2N, 91W with a 959 mb pressure.  12 UTC: HWM analyzes a closed low of
at most 1005 mb centered inland near 30N, 91.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65
kt hurricane at 30.2N, 91.4W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a
center near 30.7N, 91.8W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 999 mb at
0630 UTC at 28.9N, 89.1W (MWR); 50 kt SE and 996 mb at 03 UTC at 29.9N, 89.9W
(MWR/WBO NO).  A few other gales.  A few other low pressures.  Land
highlights: 959 mb at 0230 UTC at Houma, LA at 29.6N, 90.7W (MWR/CONNOR); 
60 kt NE and 979 mb at 0430 UTC at Morgan City, LA at 29.7N, 91.2W 
(OMR/MWR/CONNOR); 975 mb (no wind available) at 0540 UTC at Morgan City; 
45 kt ~04 UTC and 994 mb at 0645 UTC at New Orleans, LA at 30.0N, 90.0W (MWR); 
986 mb minimum pressure 0930 UTC at Plaquemine, LA at 30.2N 91.2W (MWR/WBO NO).  
Several other gales.  A few other low pressures.  Category 3 hurricane for 
LA with 955 mb central pressure (Jarrell et al.).  "Major" hurricane for 
Louisiana (Dunn and Miller).  959 mb central pressure (observed in Houma) at 
landfall with RMW 27 nmi at 29.1N 90.8W (Ho et al.).  1012 mb outer closed 
isobar and 94 kt maximum sustained wind at landfall (Schwerdt et al.) "This 
disturbance was of limited extent but of great intensity... At 9:40 pm of the 
25th [0240 UTC of the 26th], when the pressure was lowest at Houma, 28.31 
inches [959 mb], the pressure at Morgan City was about 28.97 inches [981 mb], 
a difference of 0.66 inch [22 mb] in a distance of 29 miles, or a gradient 
of 0.0228 inch [0.76 mb] per mile. However the center passed west of Houma 
and east of Morgan City, thereby reducing the distance, as near as can be 
estimated, to 22 miles... After crossing the coast the disturbance rapidly 
decreased in intensity.  Within 24 hours the lowest pressure reported was 
29.72" and highest wind 16 miles per hour, and in the following 12 hours 
it had disappeared.  The rapidity with which intense tropical disturbances 
decrease in intensity after passing inland is truly remarkable" (MWR).

August 27: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb near 27N, 100W.
HWM also analyzes a trough of low pressure near 30N, 91W.  HURDAT listed this
as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.0N, 94.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 31.9N, 97W with a 1010 mb pressure.  Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 3 kt SW and 1004 mb
at 00 UTC at Lake Charles, LA at 30.1N, 93.2W (OMR).  No gales.  No other low
pressures.

Genesis on this hurricane is begun 36 hours earlier based upon available ship 
and land observations, which is consistent with the recommendation by Perez et 
al.  Aside for the introduction of the track on the 20th and 21st, no other 
major changes were introduced to the track of the cyclone.  Perez indicated a 
tropical storm impact on the 22nd from this system that moved northwestward 
just west of the western tip of Cuba.  Relatively few observations are available 
for this system.  Instead of HURDAT beginning this as an instantaneous 60 kt 
tropical storm at 00Z on the 22nd, it is estimated that it became a tropical 
storm around 12Z on the 21st and steadily increased in intensity.  A 994 mb 
peripheral pressure accompanied by 40 kt wind at 05Z on the 23rd suggests at 
least 58 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship of Brown et al. 
(2004).  65 kt chosen for HURDAT at 06Z, just slightly lower than the 70 kt 
originally.  No ships were in the inner core of the developing hurricane on 
the 24th and HURDAT's winds of 85 kt at 12Z are unchanged.  A ship - the 
Cranford - went through the eye of the hurricane near 12Z on the 25th south 
of Louisiana, but without a central pressure measurement.  

The hurricane is estimated to have made landfall around 23Z on the 25th near 
29.2N 90.9W based upon a combination of the Ship Shoal Lighthouse, Houma, and 
Morgan City observations.  The Ship Shoal Lighthouse was inside the RMW and 
observed close to the central pressure with a 959 mb value at 21Z on the 25th.  
Houma, LA also measured a 959 mb pressure at 0230Z on the 26th, but this was 
recorded - according to the MWR - about 6 nm east of the center.  A somewhat 
lower value of 955 mb is estimated to be the central pressure at landfall, 
which matches that also analyzed by Connor and Jarrell et al.  This pressure 
is equivalent to 100 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind all TC relationship 
of Brown et al and 103 kt from the north of 25N for intensifying TCs.  The 
hurricane was moving at a relatively slow - 7 kt - of speed.  Ho et al's 
estimate of 27 nmi (slightly larger than climatology at that latitude and 
pressure - Vickery et al.) appears to be too large, given the descriptions of 
limited extent and very quick decay over land.  Our estimate is that the RMW 
was about 20 nmi, right at the climatological value.  Intensity is analyzed 
to be 100 kt at landfall in Louisiana.  This would retain the hurricane as a 
Category 3 major hurricane at landfall, but would necessitate boosting up of 
the winds in HURDAT on the 25th from 90 to 100 kt. There was a storm surge 
value of 15' at Houma, Louisiana.  This was compared versus SLOSH MEOWs for 
both Category 3 and Category 4 hurricanes that were moving northward at 15 mph.  
The Category 3 MEOW captured 13.8 ft above the datum (NAVD88) while the 
Category 4 MEOW captured 17.0 ft above the datum (NAVD88).  Thus the 
assignment of Category 3 at landfall in Louisiana for this hurricane appears 
reasonable based upon this one observation and the SLOSH MEOWs.  After landfall, 
a run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 85 kt at 
00Z 26th, 62 kt at 06Z, 48 kt at 12Z, and 37 kt at 18Z.  Highest observed winds 
(within 2 hr of synoptic time) were 50 kt at 00Z, 70 kt at 06Z, 50 kt at 12Z, 
and below gale force at 18Z.  At 0830Z, a 986 mb sea level pressure was measured 
in Plaquemine, LA, which may have been a central pressure value.  This suggests 
winds of 65 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are 
chosen to be 95, 70, 55, and 45 kt, accordingly, somewhat above the inland 
decay model to account for the swampy terrain that the hurricane traversed.  
The 95 kt value at 00Z (just one hour after landfall) is higher than the 
85 kt originally contained in HURDAT, but the values for 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z 
are lower than what was in HURDAT originally.  This downward revision is 
consistent with the description contained in HURDAT of a rather quick demise 
to the hurricane.  No change is made to the dissipation of this hurricane 
after 18Z on the 27th.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/04 - 2010 REVISION:

23815 09/02/1926 M=23  4 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23815 09/01/1926 M=24  4 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **

(The 1st is new to HURDAT.)
23818 09/01*138 412  30    0*139 419  30    0*140 425  30    0*141 431  30    0

23820 09/02*138 429  35    0*143 443  35    0*145 449  35    0*146 453  40    0
23820 09/02*142 437  35    0*143 443  35    0*145 449  40    0*146 454  40    0
            *** ***                                    **          ***

23825 09/03*148 458  40    0*149 462  45    0*150 467  45    0*151 471  50    0
23830 09/04*152 476  50    0*153 480  55    0*155 486  55    0*157 493  60    0
23835 09/05*159 500  65    0*161 507  70    0*164 515  70    0*167 522  75    0
23840 09/06*172 530  80    0*176 537  80    0*182 545  85    0*188 553  85    0
23845 09/07*195 562  85    0*202 571  90    0*208 580  90    0*214 588  90    0
23845 09/07*195 562  85    0*202 571  90    0*208 580  95    0*215 588 100    0
                                                       **      ***     ***

23850 09/08*219 595  95    0*224 602  95    0*229 608  95    0*233 614 100    0
23850 09/08*222 595 105    0*230 602 105  957*236 610 105    0*240 618 105    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23855 09/09*237 619 100    0*241 624 100    0*244 628 100    0*247 632 105    0
23855 09/09*242 626 105    0*243 634 105    0*244 640 105    0*247 645 105    0
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***  

23860 09/10*250 635 105    0*253 638 105    0*256 642 105    0*260 646 105    0
23860 09/10*250 650 105    0*253 655 105    0*256 660 105    0*260 662 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

23865 09/11*264 650 110    0*267 654 110    0*271 658 110    0*275 662 110    0
23865 09/11*266 663 110    0*273 664 110    0*280 665 110    0*286 667 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

23870 09/12*278 665 110    0*282 669 110    0*286 672 115    0*290 675 115    0
23870 09/12*290 670 110    0*293 673 110    0*295 675 115    0*298 677 115    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

23875 09/13*294 679 115    0*298 682 115    0*302 685 115    0*306 689 115    0
23875 09/13*300 678 110    0*303 679 110    0*305 680 105    0*307 681 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

23880 09/14*311 693 115    0*315 696 115    0*320 700 120    0*324 703 120    0
23880 09/14*309 682 100    0*311 683 100    0*313 685  95    0*315 690  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23885 09/15*329 706 120    0*334 708 120    0*340 710 115    0*344 711 115    0
23885 09/15*317 697  95    0*320 704  95    0*325 710  95    0*332 712  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

23890 09/16*349 711 115    0*353 711 115    0*358 709 110    0*375 696 110    0
23890 09/16*340 713  90    0*349 712  90    0*358 709  90    0*368 696  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***      ***     ***

23895 09/17*384 680 105    0*390 665 105    0*396 650 100    0*399 630 100    0
23895 09/17*378 680  90    0*388 663  90    0*396 645  90    0*399 630  90    0
            ***     ***      *** *** ***          *** ***              ***

23900 09/18*397 610  95    0*387 603  95    0*380 603  90    0*377 605  90    0
23900 09/18*397 617  85    0*394 607  85    0*390 603  85    0*388 600  85    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

23905 09/19*376 608  85    0*375 611  85    0*375 615  80    0*376 617  80    0
23905 09/19*387 601  80    0*386 605  80    0*385 610  75    0*383 616  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23910 09/20*377 619  80    0*378 621  75    0*380 624  75    0*385 623  75    0
23910 09/20*380 622  70    0*377 627  70    0*375 630  65    0*375 628  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

23915 09/21*391 616  70    0*395 608  70    0E400 600  70    0E407 589  65    0
23915 09/21*377 618  60    0*380 607  60    0*385 595  60    0*395 584  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

23920 09/22E415 575  65    0E424 562  60    0E434 552  60    0E445 545  55    0
23920 09/22E407 573  65    0E420 562  70  976E434 552  70    0E447 545  70    0
            *** ***          ***      **  ***          **      ***      **

23925 09/23E457 541  55    0E472 538  50    0E488 532  50    0E507 524  50    0
23925 09/23E460 541  55    0E473 538  50    0E488 532  50    0E507 524  50    0
            ***              ***

23930 09/24E529 514  50    0E554 504  45    0E582 492  45    0*  0   0   0    0
23935 HR                    

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  A major change for the cyclone's genesis is also made with its 
formation one day earlier than originally indicated.  Evidence for these changes 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly 
Weather Review, miscellaneous ship observations obtained at NCDC, and Bermuda 
observations provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service.

September 1: HWM does not analyze any significant features in the region.  
HURDAT did not previously record the system on this day.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt
tropical storm at 14.5N, 44.9W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.

September 3: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
tropical storm at 15.0N, 46.7W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 4: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt
tropical storm at 15.5N, 48.6W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"The hurricane of the 4th-21st was notable both for its length of life and 
widespread influence on shipping and was also responsible, in all probability, 
for the loss of two ships, the American steamship Haleakala, on the 9th and the 
British steamship Loyal Citizen on the 14th.  The first telegraphic indications 
of this hurricane to reach the Weather Bureau were received on the 8th and 9th, 
but reports subsequently received by mail show that it was in existence as early 
as the 4th.  On this date the British steamship Stornest, bound from Newport News 
to Santos, came under its influence and on the early morning of the 5th experienced 
full hurricane force winds.  From the latter date it moved on a northwesterly 
course with diminishing speed and reached a position about 300 miles west of 
Bermuda on the 14th, whence it began to recurve" (MWR).

September 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt
hurricane at 16.4N, 51.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE and 990 mb at
17.2N, 50.8W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.

September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as an 85
kt hurricane at 18.2N, 54.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt
hurricane at 20.8N, 58.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.5N,
63.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.9N, 60.8W.  
Ship highlights: 957 mb (eye) at 06Z at ~23N 60W (NCDC).  "The following is a 
copy of extract from the Log Book of the R.N.S.P. S.S. NARENTA, covering the 
experience of that vessel in a tropical hurricane on Sept. 7-8, 1926... Sep. 7, 
1926.  Noon. Position (Acc) 24 07 N, 58 29 W.  Wind ESE., force 5, bar. 29.88...
Heavy rain commencing... 5 p.m. Wind NNE., force 9, Bar. 29.72... 11.45 p.m. Vessel 
shipping very heavy seas which lifted the Accident Boat on board, bent Nos. 2 
and 3 derrick crutches, stripped tarpaulins off Nos. 3 and 5 Hatches, water 
getting below decks. Stward's pantry flooded and water reaching store rooms.  
Engineers' and Officers' accommodation flooded out. Lifeboard covers blew 
away and awnings on boat decks and Captains' deck (six in all) became 
unfurled and blew away. Two lifebuoys washed overboard.  Mdt. Wind NE., 
force 11/12. Bar. 28.80. Hove to, ship's head north. Wind of hurricane 
force with very high confused sea and swell.  Vessel labouring and rolling 
most violently.  Shipping heavy seas fore and aft with continuous blinding 
spray. P. Log carried away.  All hands on deck, securing hatches and derricks. 
Ash A. B. and Winch A. B. were washed across the aft deck, wilst securing No. 
5 hatch. Ash A.B. severlly [sp.] spraining or fracturing the right arm and 
Winch severely bruised across the chest and ribs... 1 a. m., wind NE., force 12, 
Bar. 28.50... 2 a.m. wind lt. and varl, force 1; Bar. 28.27. Wind fell light.  
Ship labouring violently in high confused sea and swell... 4 a.m. Wind W'ly, 
force 10. Bar. 28.92. Heavily overcast with continuous driving rain and spray.  
Ship pitching and rolling most violently to high WSW. Sea and swell. Shipping 
water fore and aft...8 a.m. Wind SSW., force 8. Bar. 29.55. Weather slightly 
moderating; high confused heavy sea. Vessel pitching and rolling most violently. 
Shipping water fore and aft." (NCDC).

September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.5N,
63.7W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 24.4N, 62.8W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
23.8N, 66.9W.  HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 64.2W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
25.8N, 64.4W.  HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 27.1N, 65.8W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 65.2W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 08 UTC at 29.1N, 65.1W
(MWR); 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 30.0N, 64.5W (COA).  One other gale.
One other low pressure.

September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
29.9N, 67.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 28.6N, 67.2W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27N, 67W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW at 16 UTC at 27.0N, 66.0W (COA); 50 kt SSW at 12
UTC at 28.0N, 65.0W (COA).  Several other gales.  No low pressures.

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30N,
68.3W.  HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 68.5W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 68W.  Station highlights:  
1006 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda (Guishard). Ship highlights: 70 kt at 29.3N 
67.3W (MWR); 50 kt NNE and 999 mb at 30.5N, 70W (MWR); 45 kt N and 1007 mb at 
12 UTC at 31.8N, 69.1W (COA).  A few other gales.  A few other low pressures.

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.4N,
68.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 120 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 70.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.8N, 69W with a 972 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 975 mb at 12 UTC at 31.8N, 69.2W 
(S.S. Mayaro - MWR); 70 kt NE (no time) at 31.8N, 69.2W (S.S. Mayaro - MWR).  
No other gales or low pressures.  "On the 14th the British steamship Mayaro 
was in the calm center of the hurricane from 10.15 a.m. to 4 p.m. in a 
special report to the Weather Bureau.  Capt. A. Y. Drysdale states that he 
was surprised to find the sea within the center so moderate that a small 
boat could have been used with perfect safety.  The atmosphere was `clammy 
and stuffy' and the weather cleared so that blue sky appeared in patches.  
Captain Drysdale was able to obtain sights to determine the position of his 
vessel - 31 49N, 69 11W" (MWR).

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.8N,
71.8W.  HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 34.0N, 71.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 70W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 69.6W (COA).  A few
other gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt N at Cape Hatteras, NC
at 35.1N, 75.4W (MWR).  "After recurving, this storm moved rapidly 
east-northeastward, its center passing about 300 miles south of Sable 
Island on the 18th" (MWR).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 35.2N,
70.9W.  HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 35.8N, 70.9W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.2N, 70.6W.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 992 mb at 03 UTC at 33.8N, 67.0W (MWR); 
70 kt NNE at 33.8N, 70.9W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 983 mb at 22 UTC at 36.5N, 
69.2W (MWR).  Several other strong gales.  One other low pressure.

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39.4N,
65.4W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 39.6N, 65.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.9N, 68.8W.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 988 mb at 36.5N, 69.1W (COA); 70 kt NE at 12 UTC
at 40.6N, 66.2W (COA); 70 kt and 995 mb at 23 UTC at 40.7N, 61.9W (MWR).  
Station highlights:  37 kt N at Nantucket (MWR).  Several other strong gales 
and several other low pressures.

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 38.3N,
60.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 60.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 39.8N, 60W.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 988 mb at 17 UTC at 41.0N, 61.7W (MWR); 70 kt
NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 40.1N, 62.8W (COA).  Several other hurricane force
winds.  A few other low pressures.

September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.5N,
61W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 37.5N, 61.5W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 05 UTC at 37.5N, 60.1W (MWR); 60 kt
NNW and 1006 mb at 16 UTC at 37.0N, 66.0W (COA).  Several other strong gales.
A few other low pressures.

September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N,
63.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 62.4W.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 00 UTC and 04 UTC at 37.0N, 65.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 
999 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 64.5W.  Several other gales.  Several other 
low pressures.

September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb, now embedded in a
weak occluded front centered near 39.6N, 60.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt
extratropical low at 40.0N, 60.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 995 mb 
at 12 UTC at 39.0N, 60.0W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 996 mb at 16 UTC at 39.0N, 
60.0W (COA); 50 kt NE and 997 mb at 20 UTC at 41.5N, 58.5W (COA). A few other 
gales.  Several other low pressures.

September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 43.4N, 64.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt
extratropical low at 43.4N, 55.2W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt (no direction and 
no time) and 976 mb with calm winds at 06 UTC at 41.8N, 56.0W (MWR); 
70 kt NW and 979 mb at 04 UTC at 41.5N, 56.5W (COA); 70 kt N and 989 mb 
at 04 UTC at 42.2N, 57.3W (MWR).  Several other strong gales.  
Several other low pressures below 1000 mb.

September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 49N, 52W.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt
extratropical low at 48.8N, 53.2W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb
at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 49.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 993 mb at 20 UTC at 52.5N,
53.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 52.5N, 50.5W (COA).  A few other
gales.  A few other low pressures.

September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 embedded in an occluded
front, and the center has jumped north and east to near 58N, 45W.  HURDAT
listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 58.2N, 49.2W.  Ship
highlights: 35 kt S at 03 UTC at 53.5N, 46.5W (COA); 35 kt SSW at 07 UTC at
54.5N, 45.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

Genesis is begun one day earlier - on the 1st - based upon observations from 
COADS and Historical Weather Maps.  Otherwise, minor track changes were 
introduced for the cyclone except for no alterations on the 3rd to the 7th 
and the 24th.  Few observations were available from the 2nd to the 4th and 
but those that were available were not inconsistent with the recorded track 
and intensity.  A peripheral pressure reading of 990 mb with hurricane force 
winds on the 5th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the south of 25N Brown 
et al. pressure-wind relationship.  70 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12Z on the 
5th.  Ship observations from the Narenta obtained at NCDC document an eye 
pressure of 957 mb at 06Z on the 8th.  This suggests winds of 104 kt from the 
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al.  Winds in HURDAT are 
boosted from 95 to 105 kt at that time.  No observations were available in the 
inner core on the 9th and 10th, so intensity retained as a Category 3 hurricane 
as originally depicted in HURDAT.  On the 11th, ship observations from MWR and 
COADS both document 60 kt and hurricane force winds at rather high pressures, 
suggesting a rather small circulation was present at that time.  110 kt 
retained on the 11th.  No ships encountered the inner core during the next two 
days.  On the 14th, the ship Mayaro steamed into the calm eye of the hurricane 
from local time 10:15 am to 4 pm (suggesting either slow motion and/or large 
size of the eye).  A pressure reading of 975 mb was obtained, but it does not 
appear this was taken in the eye as the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table 
records that the winds were S Beaufort 11 (60 kt) for this pressure measured 
at 7 am local - before reaching the eye.  975 mb suggests winds of 79 kt from 
the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N.  It is 
assumed that the central pressure was lower - perhaps significantly so - than 
this value.  However, given the apparent large size of the eye, the report of 
smooth seas in the eye, and the likelihood that the central pressure was not 
940 mb or lower, the intensity is lowered from the 120 kt originally indicated 
in HURDAT to 95 kt.  A peak of 115 kt is now suggested to have occurred on the 
12th, which retains what was originally in HURDAT on that date.  But winds are 
now decreased substantially on the 13th and 14th.  On the 16th through the 
18th, numerous ships encountered hurricane force winds, but none sampled the 
central pressure nor had peripheral pressure lower than 984 mb. Intensity is 
assessed as a Category 2 hurricane through the 18th, reduced some from HURDAT 
originally.  Highest observed winds on the 19th and 20th were 60 and 50 kt, 
respectively, in a fairly data rich region off the US mid-Atlantic states.  
Winds reduced from 80 kt down to 75 kt on the 19th and 75 kt down to 65 kt on 
the 20th.  Despite a fronts being depicted as extending through this system on 
the 21st, the temperature gradient near the center was minimal and the 
winds/pressure field was still quite symmetric.  The cyclone is retained as a 
tropical cyclone an additional 12 hours through 18Z on the 21st.  After 
extratropical transition, the cyclone reintensified with a few hurricane force 
wind reports and a central pressure reading of 976 mb.  Winds are boosted from 
60 to 70 kt on the 22nd.  Final weakening of the cyclone occurred on the 23rd 
with dissipation over the far north Atlantic on the 24th.  The tropical storm 
force winds observed late on the 15th at Cape Hatteras (and again on the 17th 
in Massachusetts) were likely due to the direct effect of the hurricane, but 
with some enhancement from the substantial cold air advection behind the front.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/05 - 2010 REVISION:

23940 09/10/1926 M= 6  5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23940 09/10/1926 M= 5  5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *

23945 09/10*  0   0   0    0*247 535  60    0*253 540  65    0*259 544  70    0
23945 09/10*  0   0   0    0*256 543  60    0*260 545  65    0*264 547  70    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

23950 09/11*265 547  70    0*272 549  75    0*278 551  75    0*284 553  80    0
23950 09/11*268 549  70    0*273 550  75    0*278 551  75    0*283 552  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** *** 

23955 09/12*290 554  85    0*297 554  90    0*303 553  90    0*310 551  90    0
23955 09/12*289 553  85    0*295 553  90    0*310 553  90    0*314 552  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  

23960 09/13*318 548  90    0*325 544  80    0*330 541  80    0*335 536  75    0
23960 09/13*318 550  90    0*322 548  80    0*325 545  80    0*327 541  70    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

23965 09/14*332 530  70    0*326 528  60    0*321 527  60    0*317 525  60    0
23965 09/14*327 537  60    0*325 532  50    0*321 527  40    0*317 522  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
23970 09/15*314 522  50    0*311 520  40    0*308 516  35    0*306 496  30    0

23975 HR              
      
Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
25.3N, 55.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.3N, 54.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with this system.
HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 55.1W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
30.3N, 54.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 30.3N, 55.3W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N, 54.0W
(MWR); 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N, 54.0W (HWM).  Several other
gales.  No other low pressures.  "On the 12th, a storm of full hurricane 
intensity appeared east of Bermuda, moving in a northeasterly direction" (MWR).

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
32.5N, 54.1W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 54.1W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 52.6W
(COA); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 53.0W (HWM).  A few other
gales.  No low pressures.  "This storm was short lived, reports showing 
little evidence of its existence after the 13th" (MWR).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
31.7N, 53.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.1N, 52.7W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 03 UTC at 31.5N, 51.5W (COA); 35
kt SSW at 03 UTC at 29.5N, 51.5W (COA); 0 kt and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N,
54.4W (COA).  No other gales or low pressures.

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
31.2N, 51.4W with a frontal boundary extending from 37N47W west-southwestward 
to 32N62W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 51.6W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Genesis is unchanged for this hurricane, though data are sparse over the 
eastern subtropical North Atlantic before the 10th of September.  (Certainly 
the system did not actually originate as a 60 kt tropical storm initially, but 
data preclude a more realistic assessment.)  Except for the 15th (which is 
removed from HURDAT), the track changes introduced are all minor and are made 
on every date.  Lack of observations do not allow for a confident assessment 
of intensity on the 10th and 11th, so intensity is not altered on those dates.  
A ship with 70 kt ESE wind accompanied by 1000 mb peripheral pressure was 
observed on the 12th.  Intensity of 90 kt not altered.  HURDAT winds also 
retained on the 13th, due to lack of inner core observations.  Ship data on 
the 14th suggest weakening of the system occurred, both with the reduction of 
peak winds observed (35 kt maximum) and that winds appear to show little to 
no inflow on the northern semi-circle.  The reduction in intensity on the 14th 
is the only major modification to the system's winds.  Winds reduced at 12 UTC 
on the 14th from 60 down to 40 kt.  Observations on the 15th indicate that 
this system no longer maintained a closed low, as it had opened up into a 
trough as indicated by numerous observations.  (However, the frontal structure 
shown in HWM on the 15th does look suspect given the rather warm, isothermal 
field.)  Dissipation of the cyclone is indicated on 00 UTC of the 15th, 24 
hours earlier than originally indicated.  It is also noted that this hurricane 
was in relatively close proximity (~12 degrees longitude) from the 10th to 
the 13th with Storm #4, a major hurricane during those dates

1926/05 - 2011 REVISION:

23940 09/10/1926 M= 5  5 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
23945 09/10*  0   0   0    0*256 543  60    0*260 545  65    0*264 547  70    0

23950 09/11*268 549  70    0*273 550  75    0*278 551  75    0*283 552  80    0
23950 09/11*268 549  70    0*273 550  75    0*279 551  75    0*287 552  80    0
                                              ***              ***

23955 09/12*289 553  85    0*295 553  90    0*310 553  90    0*314 552  90    0
23955 09/12*295 553  85    0*303 553  90    0*310 553  90    0*314 552  90    0
            ***              ***

23960 09/13*318 550  90    0*322 548  80    0*325 545  80    0*327 541  70    0
23960 09/13*318 550  90    0*322 548  80    0*325 545  80    0*327 541  70    0
23965 09/14*327 537  60    0*325 532  50    0*321 527  40    0*317 522  30    0
23970 HR              

Typographic errors in storm positions.  The storm currently is shown to have a 
dramatically increased forward speed between 06 and 12Z on the 12th.   The 
alterations keep the same general track but correct this temporary and unrealistic 
speed increase.  Correction suggested by Brenden Moses.
 
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/06 - 2010 REVISION:

24050 09/11/1926 M= 7  7 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24050 09/11/1926 M= 7  6 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *      
24055 09/11*155 791  35    0*160 811  35    0*162 818  35    0*169 827  35    0
24055 09/11*166 817  25    0*168 818  25    0*170 820  30    0*172 825  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24060 09/12*173 832  35    0*178 835  35    0*187 835  35    0*192 833  40    0
24060 09/12*174 830  30    0*177 835  30    0*180 840  30    0*185 841  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24065 09/13*196 830  40    0*200 827  40    0*205 822  40    0*210 817  40    0
24065 09/13*190 840  30    0*195 838  30    0*200 835  30    0*204 831  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24070 09/14*215 811  40    0*220 806  35    0*225 800  35    0*233 792  35    0
24070 09/14*208 826  30    0*212 819  30    0*215 810  30    0*221 800  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24075 09/15*243 781  35    0*253 773  35    0*258 769  35    0*265 771  35    0
24075 09/15*229 790  35    0*237 780  35    0*245 776  35    0*251 776  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24080 09/16*264 783  35    0*259 790  35    0*252 799  35    0*248 805  30    0
24080 09/16*254 780  35    0*254 785  35    0*252 790  35    0*248 795  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

24085 09/17*244 811  30    0*241 816  25    0*237 821  25    0*  0   0   0    0
24085 09/17*244 800  30    0*241 805  25    0*237 810  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***              ***              ***
24090 TS                    

Major alterations to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and 
Perez et al. (2000).

September 10: HWM analyzes an open trough just northeast of the northeast
coast of Honduras.  HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system.

September 11: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
18.8N, 83.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 81.8W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
18.6N, 83.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 83.5W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the track and 
intensity: "On the 12th... a disturbance appeared near Swan Island, in the 
western Caribbean Sea, and moved northeastward over Cuba.  After pursuing an 
irregular course and without attaining great intensity it dissipated over 
the southeastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 13: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
20N, 83W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 82.2W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19.6N, 79.4W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The disturbance, still of 
slight intensity, passed northeastward over west-central Cuba the evening 
of the 13th" (MWR).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
20.2N, 80.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.5N, 80.0W.
At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21.3N,
78.4W with an 1007 mb pressure.  At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 77.4W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.  Perez et al. - "We classified this one like a tropical 
depression over Cuba"

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
23.4N, 77.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 76.9W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.6N, 76.9W with
an 1004 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
Land highlights: 37 kt NE and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 
25.1N, 77.4W (MWR).  "After leaving Cuba there was a considerable increase 
in intensity as shown by the a.m. report of the 15th from Nassau, Bahamas, 
which showed a barometer reading of 29.64 inches and a wind velocity of 
42 miles an hour from the northeast.  The northeastward progress of the 
disturbance was blocked about this time and it was forced to the west.  
It passed through the Florida Straits the night of the 16th-17th and 
dissipated the next day over the extreme southeastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
24.1N, 79.1W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.2N, 79.9W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.5N, 80W with an
1008 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

September 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with this system.
HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.7N, 82.1W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures associated with this system. 
Station highlights:  23 kt NW at 01 UTC at Key West (OMR).


Genesis is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT.  The only major 
change in the track was at the first position, to provide a realistic initial 
motion.  No gales were observed for this system until the 15th of September.  
The Monthly Weather Review characterized the system to be of "slight intensity" 
up until its crossing Cuba on the 14th.  (Such nomenclature in this era meant 
without gale force winds.)  Likewise, Perez et al. (2000) analyzed the system 
to be of tropical depression at landfall in Cuba.  Thus winds are slightly 
lowered from the 11th to the 14th from minimal tropical storm intensity to 
tropical depression intensity.  After the system emerged into the Atlantic 
Ocean, some intensification occurred as documented by the 37 kt winds and 
1004 mb peripheral observed in the Bahamas on the 15th.  1004 mb pressure 
suggests winds of at least 39 kt and 36 kt from the south of 25N and north 
of 25N pressure-winds relationships from Brown et al. (2004).  Winds are 
chosen to be 35 kt in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th, partly because of the low 
environmental pressures present with two hurricanes northeast (storm #4) 
and east-southeast (storm #7) of this system.  This tropical cyclone was at 
its peak on the 15th and 16th only a minimal tropical storm.  The system 
then turned back toward the southeast and weakened on the 16th and 17th.  
Decay of the system is unchanged.  It does not appear that this system 
caused tropical storm conditions over southeast Florida.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/07 - 2010 REVISION:

23980 09/11/1926 M=12  6 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
23980 09/11/1926 M=12  7 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                       *            

23985 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*154 460  55    0*157 471  60    0
23990 09/12*161 482  60    0*164 494  60    0*167 506  65    0*170 519  70    0
23995 09/13*173 533  70    0*175 547  75    0*178 560  75    0*181 573  80    0
24000 09/14*184 586  85    0*188 599  85    0*191 611  90    0*194 622  90    0
24005 09/15*196 631  95    0*198 640 100    0*200 650 100    0*202 661 105    0
24005 09/15*196 630  95    0*198 636 100    0*201 642 100    0*205 650 105    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24010 09/16*205 672 110    0*209 684 120    0*213 697 125    0*218 712 130    0
24010 09/16*207 660 110    0*209 670 120    0*210 680 125    0*213 693 130    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24015 09/17*224 728 130    0*230 744 130    0*236 758 125    0*241 770 125    0
24015 09/17*217 710 130    0*221 727 130    0*225 743 125    0*232 758 125    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24020 09/18*246 781 120    0*252 793 120    0*256 803 115  935*262 815 110  950
24020 09/18*242 773 125    0*250 788 125    0*256 803 125  930*262 816  90  950
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***  ***     *** ***  

24025 09/19*268 827 105    0*274 839 105    0*280 850 105    0*286 858 105    0
24025 09/19*268 825 100    0*273 833 105    0*278 841 105    0*284 848 105    0
                *** ***      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24030 09/20*291 861 110    0*295 863 110    0*298 867 110    0*300 872 105    0
24030 09/20*290 855 110    0*296 862 110    0*301 868 105    0*303 873 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

24035 09/21*302 878  95  955*303 884  60    0*304 891  60  983*306 899  50    0
24035 09/21*303 877  80  955*303 881  65    0*303 886  60  983*304 894  50    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***          *** ***   

24040 09/22*307 908  35    0*308 918  25    0*310 929  20    0*  0   0   0    0
24040 09/22*305 905  40    0*306 917  30    0*307 929  25    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

24045 HRCFL4BFL3AFL3 AL3    
24045 HRCFL4BFL3AFL3 AL3 MS1    
                         ***

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
7-9/18/1926    1200Z 25.6N  80.3W  125kt  4  20nmi    930mb    CFL4,BFL3
7-9/20/1926    2200Z 30.3N  87.5W  100kt  3  15nmi    955mb    AFL3,AL3,MS1
7-9/21/1926    1600Z 30.4N  89.1W   50kt                       MS

Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et 
al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998).

September 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 55
kt tropical storm at 15.4N, 46.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 65
kt hurricane at 16.7N, 50.6W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N,
57.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 17.8N, 56.0W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
19.4N, 61.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 19.1N, 61.1W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The tropical cyclone of 
September 14-22 was first observed on the morning of the 14th northeast 
of St. Kitts" (MWR).

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 19.1N,
64.2W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 65.0W.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 976 mb at 11 UTC at 19.9N, 63.9W (MWR); 60 kt S
and 989 mb at 12 UTC at 19.0N, 63.8W (COA).  A few other gales.  No other ship
observations of low pressures.  Land highlights: 20 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC
at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.0W (HWM).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
20.9N, 69.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 125 kt hurricane at 21.3N, 69.7W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21N, 68.5W.  
Ship highlights: 48 kt W and 1000 mb at 23 UTC at 19.5N, 75.0W (MWR).  No
other ship gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 87 kt NW and 991 mb at 18
UTC at Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR); 33 kt NW and 1003 mb at 16 UTC at
Turks Island at 21.5N, 71.1W.  No other gales or low pressures.  "At 1 p. m. 
the velocity of the wind had increased to 100 m. p. h. NW., with a very heavy 
sea swell, the intensity of the storm gradually increasing... At this hour the 
office was flooded and the sea breaking over the top, carrying all before it.  
Huge blocks of cement weighing a ton being washed around as if mere pebbles.  
At 1:55 the storm had reached such intensity as to indicate that everything 
would be demolished.  Wind then about 150 m. p. h. [estimated], unroofing the 
office buildings, the roof of corrugated iron being carried about one mile 
inland... the sea reaching inland for about three-quarters of a mile...At 9:30 
p. m., the storm having abated somewhat, the wind suddenly veered round to SE., 
still of a velocity of about 80 m. p. h... The island is a perfect wreck and 
will take a large amount of money and time to put in any state of order" (MWR).

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 22.7N,
75W.  HURDAT listed this as a 125 kt hurricane centered at 23.6N, 75.8W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 74.1W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 24.8N, 72.7W
(COA); 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 74.0W (HWM).  Several other
gales.  A few other low pressures.  Land highlights: 46 kt N and 1001 mb at 18
UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.4W (MWR).  No other gales.  A few other
low pressures.

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.3N,
80.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 80.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.8N, 80.5W with a 935 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1008 mb at 09 UTC at
29.3N, 80.5W (MWR); 55 kt W and 988 mb at 10 UTC at 24.5N, 81.5W (MWR).
Several other gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 10 kt NE and 
935 mb at 1145 UTC at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR/MWR); 100 kt NE at 10 UTC 
at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (MWR); 111 kt SE at 1230 UTC at Miami Beach, 
FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (MWR); EYE at Bonita Springs at 17 UTC at 26.3N, 81.8W 
(BARNES); EYE and 950 mb at 2015 and 2030 UTC at Punta Rasa, FL at 26.5N, 
82.0W (MWR); 70 kt E and 953 mb at Ft. Myers, FL at 26.5N, 81.9W (MWR); 
14-15' storm tide at Coconut Grove, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (BARNES).  "It is 
shown that the strong northeast winds diminished and at 6:10 am became 
variable, at first shifting to the southeast and for the next 35 minutes 
momentary winds from all directions were recorded but in the main they 
were from the southeast at velocities of 10 to 12 miles per hour. At this 
time the people of Miami, thinking the storm was over, ventured into the 
streets, as told herein later by Mr. Gray, some of whom doubtless lost
their lives by so doing.  At the time of the passage of the 'eye' of the
storm, Miami was doubtless in or near the northern edge thereof since
Homestead 28 miles to the south, the lull was of but 5 minutes duration"
(MWR).  "From midnight to 6:45 am, at which time the center of the storm
passed over Miami, there was a precipitate fall at the rate of 0.28 inch per
hour.  At 6:45 am a reading of the mercurial barometer showed a pressure of
27.61 inches.  By noon it had rose to 29.30 inches.  At the Weather Bureau
office the wind fell to 10 mph at 6:30 am and at the same time in the northern
part of Miami Beach the wind was 80 mph.  Ten minutes before, the velocity was
108 mph" (MWR).  "At 1:50 am the anemometer reported a velocity of 41 miles,
indicating a true velocity of about 57 miles per hour.  By 2:35 am the true
velocity had increased to 60 mph, and by 3 am telephone service in Miami had
ended.  At 5:00 am true velocity wind was measured of at least 115 miles per
hour" (MWR).  "A velocity of 50 miles was recorded at 7:55 am and a velocity
of 60 miles at 8:55 am.  These recorded velocities are nearly 50 percent less
than the actual velocities.  A Robinson anemometer on the roof of the Allison
Hospital Miami Beach, connected with a Weather Bureau type triple register,
recorded a velocity of 128 miles per hour at 7:30 am.  The anemometer blew
away at 8:12 am at which time it was recording 120 miles per hour.  The storm
tide on the Miami side of Biscayne Bay was approximately eight feet, and
reports indicate a similar tide at Miami Beach" (MWR).  "The known loss of
life in the Miami district was 114.  Many more are missing.  Several thousand
persons were injured, and 25,000 were without shelter after the storm.
Property loss in the greater Miami area has been estimated at $76,000,000.
This does not include damage to house, office, and store furnishings.
Approximately 4,725 homes were destroyed and 9,100 damaged in the area
extending from Fort Lauderdale to Miami" (MWR).  "Nearing the west coast of
extreme southern Florida, the center passed over Bonita Springs, about 20
miles south of Fort Myers, shortly after noon.  it passed into the Gulf of
Mexico during the afternoon, the displayman at Punta Rassa, Fla., reporting a
calm at 3:15 pm and lowest pressure 28.05 inches at 3:30 pm" (MWR).  Miami and
Miami Beach: "The tide ranged from 7.5 feet along the northern part of the
Miami water-front to 11.7 feet along the lower water-front south of Miami
River.  At Miami Beach, the tide was 10.6 feet on the ocean side and 6.4 feet
on the bay side" (MWR).  "Ft. Myers reported barometer 29.04 (983 mb), wind
fifty-two miles north at 1:30 pm [1730 UTC]" (MWR).  Regarding an
interpretation of the wind velocity recorded at Miami Beach, FL: "The hospital
is three-fourths of a mile north of the northern limit of the center of the
hurricane.  The anemometer, a 3-cup Robinson anemometer, cups 5 inches in
diameter or arms 6.29 inches long, factor 2.50, was exposed 19 feet above the
roof and 40 feet above the ground, the ground being 5 feet above mean sea
level.  It was on the eastern ocean side of the hospital roof, about 1,200
feet from the ocean, and freely exposed to wind from all directions.  The
record shows that the wind increased gradually from 29 miles per hour at 9 pm
of the 17th [01 UTC of the 18th], reaching 100 by 4:30 am [0830 UTC], and
continuing above 100 to a peak of 114 at 6:10 am [1010 UTC], after which there
was a slight decrease to a minimum rate of 78 at 6:25 am [1025 UTC]; the wind
increasing again to above   100 and reaching a 5-minute maximum of 128 by 7:30
am, after which the rate continued above 120 until the anemometer blew away at
8:12 am." (MWR).  Read MWR October 1926 page 415 for more information.
Regarding this same topic in OMR: "It was probably between 140 and 150 miles
per hour [at the Allison Hospital] (OMR).  Regarding a destructive gust at
Jupiter, FL following the Miami Hurricane: "Blowing with hurricane force from
the northeast and east throughout most of Friday night, the wind veered to
southeast and south on Saturday, gradually diminishing in velocity to a whole
gale (this happened after the center of the hurricane had passed over the west
FL coast and into the Gulf of Mexico) (MWR).  Coconut Grove, FL: "The lull
came about 5:45 AM and I should judge the wind started the other way about
7:30" (1926 account of the hurricane by a citizen living in Coconut Grove).
Key West: Minimum pressure was 998 mb at [17 UTC] and winds did not exceed a
strong gale (45 kt) (OMR).  Tampa: Minimum pressure was 994 mb at 2130 UTC
(OMR).  Central pressure at landfall - 931 mb, RMW - 19 nm, speed of motion 
- 17 kt, landfall position - 25.6N 80.3W (Ho et al.).  Estimated maximum 
sustained wind at landfall - 116 kt, environmental pressure of 1006 mb 
(Schwerdt et al.).  Central pressure at landfall - 935 mb, Category 4 
(Jarrell et al.)  Tropical cyclones of Florida - Extreme hurricane 
("Extreme" has central pressure 948 mb or less and/or maximum winds of at 
least 117 kt - Dunn and Miller).  Central pressure at oceanfall - 950 mb, 
RMW - 24 nmi (Ho et al.)

September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.9N,
85.3W.  HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 85.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 84.4W.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1010 mb at 00 UTC at 29.0N, 80.1W (COA); 45 kt SW
and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 25.4N, 83.3W (COA).  A few other gales.  Several other
low pressures.  Land highlights: 56 kt NE and 1001 mb at 10 UTC at
Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 56 kt NE at 18 UTC at Apalachicola, FL
at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 37 kt E and 995 mb at 00 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N,
82.5W (OMR).  Several other strong gales.  Several other low pressures.
Regarding the tide: Tampa: "High tide on September 19 about 2 pm [18 UTC]
reached 4.5 feet above mean low tide.  It was high again on the 20th, being
3.9 feet above mean low tide" (MWR).  Fort Myers: "High water... reaching 4 to
6 feet above normal and flooding certain sections of the city" (MWR).  

September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 29.1N,
87.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 110 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 86.7W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.5N, 86.7W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at 26.3N, 87.0W (COA); 35 kt
SW and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 26.0N, 86.0W (COA).  A few other gales.  A few
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 96 kt SE and 967 mb at 21Z at Pensacola;  
955 mb at 2130 UTC at Perdido Beach, AL at 30.4N, 87.5W (MWR).  Several other 
observations of winds of at least 90 kts.  Several other low pressures between 
955 and 980 mb.  Regarding the intensity: "The center closely approached, but 
did not reach Pensacola, September 20, where the pressure fell to 28.56 inches.  
The center was definitely located as passing over Perdido Beach, Baldwin Co., 
Ala., where a minimum reading of 28.20 inches was observed between 3 and 4 pm.  
It passed a short distance south of Mobile at 9:30 pm [0230 UTC of the 21st] 
when the barometer at that station reached its minimum of 28.76 inches [974 mb]" 
(MWR).  Regarding the tide at Pensacola: "The high stage of 9.4 feet above mean 
sea level has been accurately determined.  At Bagdad, Fla. there were reports of 
a tide of 14 feet.  Valparaiso reports a tide of about 4 feet above normal; 
St. Andrews 6 feet; and Port St. Joe about 4.5 feet" (MWR).  Pensacola, FL: 
"Winds of hurricane force began at 4:55 am [0955 UTC] of the 20th and 
continued for about 17 hours, and winds of 100 mph prevailed continuously 
for over 4 hours and that rate was recorded at intervals after that time.  
The maximum velocity was 116 miles.  An extreme velocity of 152 miles was 
recorded... the highest stage 9.4 feet occurred about noon of the 20th. 
Estimated damage to shipping in Pensacola was about $880,000 and to other 
property about $200,000" (OMR).  Mobile, Alabama: An approximate of all 
losses in the two counties (Mobile and Baldwin) is $1,500,000.  At least 
3 people died in these two counties (OMR).  Central pressure of 955 mb, 
landfall point of 30.3N 87.5W, RMW of 17 nm, forward speed of 7 kt (Ho et al.).  
Estimated maximum sustained surface winds - 96 kt, environmental pressure 
- 1008 mb (Schwerdt et al.)  Tropical cyclones of Florida - "Major" hurricane 
(which means having winds of 88 to 117 kt - Dunn and Miller). 

September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
30.3N, 88.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 30.4N, 89.1W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 89W with a
985 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 30 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 00 UTC at 28.4N, 
88.9W (COA).  No gales.  Several other low pressures between 1001-1005
mb.  Land highlights: 87 kt S and 980 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N,
87.2W (OMR); 974 mb at 0330 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.3W (OMR); EYE
and 985 mb at 15 UTC at Gulfport, Mississippi at 30.3N, 89.2W (MWR/CONNOR).
Several other hurricane force winds between 64-87 kt.  Several other low
pressures between 974-980 mb.  Regarding the intensity: "The center passed a
very short distance south of Pascagoula, Miss., at 5:25 am [1025 UTC] with
lowest pressure 28.99 inches [982 mb].  The northern edge of the eye of the
storm passed over Biloxi about 8 am [13 UTC] with a pressure of 29.03 inches
[983 mb]; at 9 am the center reached Gulfport and there was a calm of 10
minutes during which the barometer read 29.08 inches [985 mb]" (MWR).
Regarding the tide at Apalachicola, FL: "The tide ... along the water front
with highest waves running possibly to 5.0 feet (height of surge after 0930
UTC on the 21st)" (MWR).  Gulfport: "Wind was from the southwest by 6:15 pm
[2315 UTC] having reached a velocity of about 55 miles from the SSE at 2:30 pm
[1930 UTC]" (MWR).  Bay St. Louis: "...9:15 am September 21 the tide began to
rise and it reached 3 feet above normal" (MWR).  New Orleans: 998 mb was
lowest pressure at 20 UTC (OMR).  Shreveport, LA: Lowest pressure was 1006 mb
at 2130 UTC (OMR).

September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N,
93W.  HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 31.0N, 92.9W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 31N 93W with 1009 mb pressure.  
"By 8 p. m. [on the 21st] the center was some distance northwest of New Orleans 
and during the ensuing 24 hours in moved more rapidly westward over Louisiana and 
dissipated in eastern Texas" (MWR).

(The following are details of analyses conducted by Brian Jarvinen, former 
Storm Surge lead at the National Hurricane Center:
"Hi Chris and Jack,

Over the years I did a fair amount of research on the 1926 hurricane,
especially its impact on south Florida, which includes Miami, Lake
Okeechobee and the west coast of Florida.  At one point, the storm surge
group created the Biscayne Bay basin as it existed in 1926.  Of interest
is that Miami Beach was just being developed and was mostly sand. 
Sea-level spoil areas existed where Dodge Island (i.e.the cruise port)
exists today.  The MacArthur Causeway, with an elevation of about 5-feet
above sea level, was the most significant east-west barrier with
openings at each end.  The Miami Weather Bureau Office obs initially
suggested that the hurricane passed directly over that location, but
closer inspection of the original record obtained from NCDC shows that
the strongest measured gust of 80 mph from the northeast occurred at
4:59 AM as the northwestern part of the eyewall passed over.  The next
highest gust of 60 mph from the southeast was measured at 8:56 AM when
the southeastern portion of the eyewall passed over.  One question, are
these gust maxima at or near the RMW in that particular quadrant?  If
so, this suggests the Miami office was in the eye for about 3-4 hours. 
The wind data from an anemometer on top of the Allison Hospital on Miami
Beach suggested that that site was at or near the RMW.  When we made a
SLOSH model run with the track directly over the Miami office and an RMW
of 6 nm and 935 mb central pressure we did not even come close to the
observed storm tide elevations along Miami Beach, Miami and Ft.
Lauderdale.  Further investigation suggested that the southern portion
of the eyewall passed south of Homestead and Florida City.  I estimated
that the northern RMW passed just north of the Allison Hospital on Miami
Beach and south of Homestead or a distance of approximately 38 nm.  The
half-way point is just south of the Charles Deering Estate.  A SLOSH
model run was made with the track just south of the Charles Deering
(25.6N, 80.3W) with an RMW of 19 nm and a central pressure of 930 mb. 
The SLOSH model results were much closer to the observed high water
marks at all locations, including the 7.4 foot value that we measured at
the Charles Deering location based upon photos of the debris line near
the house, that were taken right after the hurricane.  Note:  The
animation of this SLOSH run, but with the modern day elevations, is
available in the SLOSH display program that Will Shaffer's group
produces.  In the modern basin, the Miami Beach barriers are higher than
in 1926 and the Port of Miami is a major east-west barrier with
elevations of 13 feet at the east end and 10 feet at the west end.

There was a really great eye-witness account by a gentleman who was
walking with his friend to view the damage and get some breakfast in
downtown Miami when the rain stopped at 7 AM.  They were walking in the
eye along Biscayne Boulevard.  They had difficulty standing because of
the strong wind, and had to walk at a 45 degree angle, but made it to a
dinner that was open.  They did not observe any flooding at Bayfront
Park, where many ships were docked, during their walk.  They would not
have been very far from the Miami Weather Bureau Office. Thus, they were
likely walking into the wind which was blowing from the  east or
southeast. While eating, "the second storm started, was worse than the
first storm and was accompanied by a tidal wave, which washed boats up
two blocks from the waterfront".    The Charles Deering track SLOSH
model run confirms, during the first phase of the hurricane, that while
Miami Beach was being over topped by the storm tide with a wind from the
northeast, the water inside of northern Biscayne Bay was being driven
south and not piling up near Bayfront Park.  An eye-witness account at
Dinner Key also confirms this.  The flooding at Biscayne Park and Dinner
Key, which pushed and floated the ships inland, occurred when the
southeastern part of the eyewall passed over and the water was driven
toward the northwest and north.  Water piling up in northern Biscayne
Bay over-topped Miami Beach from the bay side and created channels
across the island.  I used 930 mb because of the likely pressure
gradient between the center and the Miami office (935 mb).  It could
have been a little lower.  I have tried over the years to find
eye-witness accounts south of the track without success.  Obviously,
wind speeds would have been considerably less on the south side and
damage also less.

As the hurricane crossed southern Florida the RMW likely expanded and
the pressure began rising such that it was 950 mb when the center passed
over the "Barracks" on the west coast at Punta Rassa.  The Barracks was
an old Army Signal Corps Station.  Since it took approximately 9 hours
to cross the state, the average filling rate was about 2 mb/hr.  Using
the Lake Okeechobee SLOSH model and inputting the levee locations and
elevations that existed in 1926, plus the lake elevation at the time, we
were able to replicated the flooding that took place as a result of the
levee being over-topped.  As you know there were many drowning
fatalities in and around Moore Haven due to the over-topping.  I think
we estimated the maximum sustained wind speed on the lake at 95 to 100
mph.  The Miami WFO made a copy of a DVD that we made showing an
animated loop of the flooding on Lake Okeechobee for the 1926 and 1928
hurricanes and what would happen with the current levee systems if those
hurricanes were to repeat.  I believe we labeled the SLOSH input values,
at the closest point of approach, in the headers before each animation.

I don't remember exactly what we did for our estimates for SLOSH input
for Pensacola Bay, but I think your values are reasonable for the
Pensacola landfall.  The track direction, RMW and 955 mb would likely
have produced the 7.2 foot storm tide that was observed at the Pensacola
tide gage.

Regards,

Brian")

No changes are made to the genesis of this major hurricane, though the 
exact location of formation is quite uncertain - and could easily have 
been farther east - given the sparseness of the ship observations.  
Few observations are available for this tropical cyclone from the 11th 
through the 14th.  Because of this, no changes are made on these dates.  
On the 15th, the S.S. Matura measured 976 mb and 60 kt SW wind (with 
peak winds of hurricane force from the S).  This pressure suggests wind 
of at least 83 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  100 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th.  Late 
on the 16th, the hurricane struck Turks Island.  Unfortunately, the 
impact of the cyclone was such that no pressure readings, nor any 
reliable wind observations were available after 18Z (when 87 kt and 
991 mb were observed).  The 87 kt converts to 71 kt after correcting 
for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 
1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996).  The 
described impact of the cyclone in Turks Island is consistent with an 
extreme hurricane and no change is made to 130 kt recorded in HURDAT at 
18Z on the 16th at time of closest approach to Turks Island.  No inner 
core observations were available on the 17th, as the major hurricane 
progressed through the southern Bahamas toward the west-northwest.

The major hurricane made landfall just before 12Z on the 18th of September 
at 25.6N 80.3W.  The eye of the hurricane went over the Miami Weather 
Bureau office and they recorded a 935 mb pressure as the wind lulled to 
10 kt from the northeast.  The center of the hurricane was slightly 
south of the Miami Weather Bureau office and a central pressure at 
landfall is analyzed to be slightly deeper at 930 mb, in accordance 
with the analysis conducted by Brian Jarvinen utilizing the SLOSH 
model in the context of the observed track and storm surge heights.  
This is slightly more intense than that estimated by Jarrell et al. 
(which used the 935 mb value), and about the same as analyzed (931 mb) 
by Ho et al.  The 930 mb value replaces the 935 mb indicated 
previously in HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th.   Highest observed winds 
were 100 kt 5 min from the Miami Weather Bureau using the earlier 
standard 4 cup anemometer and 111 kt 5 min from a new Patterson 3 
cup anemometer at the Allison Hospital at Miami Beach.  The first 
adjusts to 81 kt, while the latter instrument has a much smaller 
bias (only 4% too high - Kadel 1926) and gives 113 kt 1 min 
equivalent.  From the MWR:  "The disparity between the wind velocities 
at the two exposures mentioned is therefore greater than the figures 
would indicate; this is due to the blanketing effect of recently 
erected high buildings which almost completely surround the three-story 
Federal office building in which the Weather Bureau office is housed."  
930 mb central pressure suggests wind of 130 and 124 kt from the 
north of 25N and south of 25N, respectively, pressure-wind 
relationships from Brown et al.  The outer closed isobar is 1009 mb 
(analyzed to be higher than indicated in Schwerdt et al.) and the 
translational velocity is a fairly quick 14 kt.  The RMW analysis of 
about 20 nmi from both Jarvinen and Ho et al. appears reasonable and 
is slightly larger from climatology for that central pressure and 
latitude (Vickery et al.)  The somewhat low environmental pressure and 
larger RMW may offset the impact of the quick forward speed.  Thus the 
maximum sustained wind at landfall in SE Florida is estimated to be 
125 kt.  This makes the cyclone a Category 4 hurricane for SE Florida, 
which is the same as initially indicated in HURDAT and Jarrell et al.  
Winds at 12Z are boosted from 115 kt shown originally to 125 kt.  
(All of the Weather Bureau stations were still using the old style 4 
cup anemometer until 1 January 1928 (MWR 1927).  The Miami Beach reading 
during the hurricane was with a new 3-cup Robinson anemometer was from 
Allison Hospital.)

The hurricane quickly moved across the state and the eye was observed at 
Bonita Springs at 17Z and at Punta Rasa at 2030Z along with a central 
pressure of 950 mb at the latter.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland 
wind decay model suggests winds of 76 kt at 18Z.  Highest observed wind 
within 2 hr of 18Z were 47 kt at Ft. Myers.  The 950 mb central pressure 
suggests winds of 105 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind wind 
relationship.  However, the maximum winds at this time were still 
overland.  Adjustment from marine exposure to open terrain over land is 
a 15% reduction (Vickery et al. 2009), or down to about 89 kt.  Winds at 
18Z are thus estimated to be 90 kt, given that the hurricane was close 
to the west coast after passing the Everglades (so, higher than Kaplan 
and DeMaria's model) but still overland (so, substantially less indicated 
by the pressure-wind relationship).  Adjusting HURDAT from 110 kt down 
to 90 kt at 18Z on the 18th is a major intensity change, the only one 
introduced for this cyclone.  Southwest Florida ("BFL") is estimated to 
have been impacted by Category 3 winds, which is the same as initially 
indicated in HURDAT and Jarrell et al.

After re-emerging in the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane turned toward the 
northwest.  It is likely that moving back over to marine exposure allowed the 
hurricane's winds to increase somewhat, given that the system still had 950 mb 
central pressure right before making oceanfall.  No inner core observations 
were available on the 19th.  The hurricane made a second landfall at 30.3N 
87.5W near Perdido Beach, AL just before 2200Z on the 20th.  There was a 
central pressure measurement at that location of 955 mb.  This suggests winds 
of 100 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  
Maximum 5 min winds were 96 kt at Pensacola at 21Z, which adjusts down to 81 kt 
1 min true winds.  The hurricane made landfall with an RMW of about 15-20 nmi 
(slightly smaller than climatology of 21 nmi), an outer closed isobar of 
1008 mb, and a slow forward motion of 4 kt.  Overall, this would suggest a 
small downward adjustment of the winds from that indicated by the pressure-wind 
relationship.  100 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 20th (reduced from 105 kt 
originally) and at landfall, which makes the hurricane a Category 3 for Alabama 
and NW Florida.  (These are the same categorizations as originally indicated 
in HURDAT.)  The hurricane's center went back over the Gulf of Mexico near 
Mobile and moved westward between the barrier islands and the Alabama and 
Mississippi coast for just over 12 hours.  The third landfall occurred around 
16Z on the 21st in Mississippi near 30.4N 89.1W with maximum winds around 
60 kt. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind-decay model gives winds of 
80, 65, 55, 45, and 41 kt at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z (21st), and 00Z (22nd), 
respectively.  Highest observed winds (within two hours of the synoptic time) 
were:  87, 64, 43, 57, and 36 kt, but these correct down to 70, 52, 36, 48, 
and 30 kt, respectively.  Winds are chosen for HURDAT near the Kaplan and 
DeMaria model for the first three time periods, but above it based upon 
available observations.  Also, based upon the track, intensity and size of the 
cyclone, Category 1 conditions were likely observed in Mississippi as well 
(along the barrier islands), which is new to HURDAT.  No changes are made to 
the decay of this major hurricane.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/08 - 2010 REVISION:

24095 09/21/1926 M=11  8 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24100 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 516  45    0*285 498  50    0
24100 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 490  45    0*291 484  50    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

24105 09/22*289 482  55    0*293 468  60    0*297 457  65    0*299 449  70    0
24105 09/22*292 478  55    0*293 472  60    0*295 465  65    0*297 456  70    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

24110 09/23*301 442  75    0*303 435  75    0*306 427  80    0*311 419  80    0
24110 09/23*300 447  75    0*303 437  75    0*306 427  80    0*308 418  80    0
            *** ***              ***                           *** ***

24115 09/24*316 411  85    0*321 402  85    0*326 392  90    0*330 380  90    0
24115 09/24*310 410  85    0*312 401  85    0*315 392  90    0*323 382  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

24120 09/25*335 365  95    0*339 350 100    0*343 335 105    0*347 319 105    0
24120 09/25*348 370  90    0*360 356  90    0*365 340  90    0*366 322  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24125 09/26*352 303 105    0*357 286 100    0*362 271  95    0*372 257  90    0
24125 09/26*365 303  90    0*365 284  90    0*367 265  90    0*372 257  90    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24130 09/27*384 248  90    0*395 250  85    0*404 265  80    0*405 273  80    0
24130 09/27*382 255  90    0*395 258  85    0*404 265  80    0*405 275  75    0
            *** ***              ***                               ***  **

24135 09/28*404 285  75    0*395 297  75    0*385 300  70    0*381 299  70    0
24135 09/28*404 285  70    0*395 292  65    0*385 295  60    0*381 295  60    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

24140 09/29*377 297  70    0*373 294  65    0*369 291  60    0*362 288  60    0
24140 09/29*377 293  55    0*373 290  55    0*369 285  50    0*364 282  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

24145 09/30*353 284  60    0*343 280  55    0*336 276  50    0*332 270  45    0
24145 09/30*358 280  45    0*352 278  45    0*345 276  40    0*340 270  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

24150 10/01*330 263  40    0*330 255  35    0*332 246  35    0*340 232  30    0
24150 10/01*336 263  40    0*334 255  35    0*332 246  35    0*330 235  30    0
            ***              ***                               *** ***
24155 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
28.5N, 52.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 51.6W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 23 UTC at 29.5N, 47.5W (COA).  
No other gales or low pressures.

September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
29.4N, 46.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 45.7W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 1001 mb at 03 UTC at 29.5N, 47.5W (COA);
45 kt N and 990 mb at 12 UTC at 29.8N, 47.3W (HWM/COA).  A few other gales.
One other low pressure.

September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.9N, 41.1W.
HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.6N, 42.7W.  Ship
highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 19 UTC at 28.5N, 43.5W (COA); 35 kt WSW
and 1010 mb at 23 UTC at 28.5N, 43.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low
pressures.

September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
30.6N, 39.3W with a weak SW-NE cold front just to the northwest of the low.
HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 32.6N, 39.2W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
34.4N, 32.8W.  HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 34.3N, 33.5W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb at 08 UTC at 36.3N 35.4W (MWR);  
50 kt SE at 02 UTC at 35.4N, 36.4W (COA); 20 kt S and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 
36.0N, 33.3W (COA); 45 kt N at 10 UTC at 34.4N, 37.4W (COA); 35 kt NW and 
1004 mb at 12 UTC at 34.7N, 36.3W (COA).  A few other gales.  No other 
low pressures.  "On the 25th a fifth disturbance of tropical origin 
appeared southwest of the Azores, moving on a northeasterly course" (MWR).

September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 35.7N,
26.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 36.2N, 27.1W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt NE at 02 UTC at 36.5N, 30.5W (COA); 40 kt NNE and 996 mb at 19Z at 
38.4N 28W (MWR);  45 kt NNW and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 35.3N, 29.7W (COA).  
Several other strong gales.  A few other low pressures between 995-1005 mb.  
Station highlights:  66 kt N (no time) and 997 mb (no time) at Horta, Azores 
Islands (MWR).  "On the 26th the station at Horta (Azores) reported northerly 
winds reaching a maximum velocity of 76 mph (66 kts).  By 4 pm of that day the 
center appeared to be somewhat north of the islands, the pressure at Horta 
having risen from 29.45 [997 mb] to 29.54 [1000 mb] inches and the wind 
shifted to northwest.  During the following 24 hours the center appears to 
have moved westward or possibly southwestward, and to have increased in 
intensity.  At 4 pm on the 27th the pressure at Horta had fallen to 29.18 
inches [988 mb], wind southeast ~35 kt. At 6 am on the 28th, the pressure 
at Horta was 29.08 inches [985 mb], wind east-southeast at 20 kt" (MWR).

September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 41.3N,
26.4W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 40.4N, 26.5W.  Ship
highlights: 50 kt ESE and 980 mb at 02 UTC at 39.5N, 23.5W (COA); 35 kt NNW
and 978 mb at 14 UTC at 40.5N, 27.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 980 mb at 21Z at 
38.4N, 30.4W (MWR).  Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures 
between 978-1000 mb.  Station highlights:  1000 mb at 00Z at Horta (MWR).

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.9N,
30.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.5N, 30.0W.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 994 mb at 02 UTC at 39.5N, 29.5W (COA);
25 kt S and 990 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 28.8W (COA).  Several other strong
gales.  Several other low pressures between 990-1000 mb.  Station highlights:  
35 kt SE and 988 mb at 00Z and 20 kt ESE and 985 mb at 08Z at Horta (MWR).

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
37.1N, 28.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 29.1W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 02 UTC at 36.5N, 31.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 
1004 mb at 02 UTC at 37.4N, 33.4W (COA).  No other gales.  One other low pressure.

September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
33.5N, 26.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 33.6N, 27.6W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N,
24.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 24.6W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt S at 10 UTC at 34.0N, 23.0W (COA).  No other gales.  No
low pressures.

No changes were made to the genesis of this hurricane.  Large alterations were 
made to its track on the 21st and 25th based upon available observations, but 
otherwise small changes were introduced for the remaining portion of the track.  
A 990 mb peripheral pressure was observed on the 22nd, which suggests at least 
59 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al.  This 
is consistent with the original HURDAT making the cyclone a hurricane on this 
date and no changes are made to the intensity for the 22nd.  No observations 
were available on the 23rd and 24th near the center, so no changes were made 
to the intensity on those dates.  On the 25th, a ship observed 985 mb with NNE 
70 kt, simultaneously.  This suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the north 
of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The combination of this ship at 08Z and a 
second ship at 12Z with S 20 kt wind/996 mb allows for a fairly accurate 
positioning of the hurricane.  The first ship is estimated to have been about 
30 nm from the center of the hurricane, supporting - along with the data from 
the second ship - a reduction in the intensity.  Winds are thus reduced from 
105 kt (peak for the system) down to 90 kt (revised peak for the system).  
Late on the 26th, the hurricane struck the Azores Islands.  Observations from 
Horta indicated that a maximum velocity (5 min) of 66 kt occurred.  This 
reduces down to 54 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers 
of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds 
(Powell et al. 1996).  No change made to the 90 kt recorded in HURDAT at the 
likely time of these winds in Horta (~18Z 26th).  On the 27th and 28th as the 
cyclone was executing a counter-clockwise loop around the Azores, the size of 
the system became quite large with cool surface temperatures, but little to no 
temperature gradient and no obvious frontal boundaries.  The cyclone in the 
satellite era might have been characterized as a subtropical storm at this 
point in its lifecycle.  Pressures as low as 985 mb were recorded on the 28th 
from Horta, which would normally suggest winds of at least 68 kt from the 
northern pressure-wind relationship.  Given the expanded size and reduced 
pressure gradient, intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 28th to be 60 kt, 
revised downward from 70 kt originally.  Winds are reduced slightly on the 
29th and 30th based upon ship observations suggesting a gradually spinning down 
cyclone as it drifted southward and then eastward.  No change is made to the 
dissipation of the system.

1926/08 - 2011 REVISION:

24095 09/21/1926 M=11  8 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24100 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 490  45    0*291 484  50    0
24105 09/22*292 478  55    0*293 472  60    0*295 465  65    0*297 456  70    0
24110 09/23*300 447  75    0*303 437  75    0*306 427  80    0*308 418  80    0

24115 09/24*310 410  85    0*312 401  85    0*315 392  90    0*323 382  90    0
24115 09/24*310 410  85    0*314 401  85    0*320 392  90    0*333 382  90    0
                             ***              ***              ***

24120 09/25*348 370  90    0*360 356  90    0*365 340  90    0*366 322  90    0
24125 09/26*365 303  90    0*365 284  90    0*367 265  90    0*372 257  90    0
24130 09/27*382 255  90    0*395 258  85    0*404 265  80    0*405 275  75    0
24135 09/28*404 285  70    0*395 292  65    0*385 295  60    0*381 295  60    0
24140 09/29*377 293  55    0*373 290  55    0*369 285  50    0*364 282  50    0
24145 09/30*358 280  45    0*352 278  45    0*345 276  40    0*340 270  40    0
24150 10/01*336 263  40    0*334 255  35    0*332 246  35    0*330 235  30    0
24155 HR                    

Typographic errors in storm positions.  The storm currently is shown to have a 
dramatically increased forward speed between 18Z on the 24th and 00Z on the 25th.  
The alterations keep the same general track but correct this temporary and 
unrealistic speed increase.  Correction suggested by Brenden Moses.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/09 - 2010 REVISION:

24470 10/03/1926 M= 3  9 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
24475 10/03*  0   0   0    0*166 800  35    0*166 813  35    0*166 822  35    0*
24475 10/03*145 790  30    0*145 794  35    0*145 800  35    0*146 810  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24480 10/04*165 832  35    0*164 841  35    0*164 850  35    0*163 861  35    0*
24480 10/04*150 822  35    0*155 836  35    0*160 850  35    0*163 864  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                  ***

24485 10/05*150 826  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
24485 10/05*164 877  30    0*165 889  30    0*165 900  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24490 TS   
                 
Major changes to the track but with no alterations to intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

October 3: HWM analyzes an open trough in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of
Honduras.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.6N, 81.3W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 07Z at 18.2N 82.6W (MWR, COA); 
35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 18.2N, 82.5W (HWM); 20 kt ESE and 
1005 mb at 21 UTC at 13.5N, 78.5W (COA).  No other gales or low pressures.  
"A disturbance of slight intensity was located south of Swan Island on the 
morning of the 3rd.  It advanced slowly northwestward and was last 
susceptible of identification on the evening of the 4th off the coast of 
British Honduras.  The highest wind velocity reported in connection with 
this disturbance was 42 miles per hour, by the S. S. Toloa at 1 a. m. of the 
3d in latitude 18 degrees 10', longitude 82 degrees 40', approximately" (MWR).  

October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 16.5N,
85W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 85.0W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 5: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure over the southwestern
Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT last listed this at 00 UTC as a 30 kt tropical
depression at 15.0N, 82.6W.  Ship highlights: None.

Genesis for this tropical storm is begun six hours earlier at 00Z on the 3rd 
based upon observations of gale force around 07Z.  A major southward change to 
the track of the cyclone is introduced on the 3rd because of easterly ship 
observations south of the original HURDAT position.  Data are somewhat 
inconclusive, however, whether a closed low was actually present on this 
date.  A major alteration on the position of the cyclone is also made on the 
5th.  (A portion of this major change, however, is in correcting a typo in the 
original HURDAT, which gave a longitude of 82.6W at 00Z on the 5th, whereas the 
McAdie et al. track map show a position of 87.6W.)  The decay of the cyclone is 
delayed by 12 hours to a final position inland over Guatemala.  The peak 
intensity of this tropical storm - 35 kt - is unchanged.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


1926/10 - 2010 REVISION:

24185 10/14/1926 M=11 10 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
24185 10/14/1926 M=15 10 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1
                   **                               *     *

24190 10/14*  0   0   0    0* 95 807  35    0*107 808  35    0*109 809  35    0
24190 10/14*  0   0   0    0*115 812  25    0*115 810  25    0*116 809  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

24195 10/15*111 809  35    0*114 810  35    0*116 811  35    0*119 812  40    0
24195 10/15*117 808  35    0*118 807  35    0*120 807  35    0*121 806  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24200 10/16*121 813  40    0*123 814  45    0*126 814  45    0*129 815  50    0
24200 10/16*122 806  40    0*124 805  45    0*126 805  45    0*129 805  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

24205 10/17*132 816  50    0*135 816  55    0*139 817  55    0*144 818  60    0
24205 10/17*132 805  50    0*135 806  55    0*139 807  55    0*143 809  60  993
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***      ***

24210 10/18*150 820  65    0*156 822  70    0*163 824  75    0*170 826  75    0
24210 10/18*148 812  65    0*153 815  70    0*158 818  75    0*165 823  80  974
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

24215 10/19*177 827  80    0*184 828  85    0*191 829  85    0*198 829  90    0
24215 10/19*173 827  95    0*182 830 115    0*191 829 120    0*198 829 120    0
            ***      **      *** *** ***              ***              ***

24220 10/20*205 829  95    0*213 828 100    0*222 824 105    0*231 819 100    0
24220 10/20*205 829 125    0*213 828 125  939*223 827 130  934*234 821 120    0
                    ***              ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

24225 10/21*243 807  95    0*256 797  95    0*269 780 100    0*280 753 105    0
24225 10/21*245 810 110  949*256 797 110    0*269 780 110    0*280 755 110    0
            *** *** ***  ***         ***              ***          *** ***

24230 10/22*291 725 110    0*303 696 115    0*314 667 115    0*327 637 100    0
24230 10/22*291 730 110    0*301 703 110    0*312 675 105    0*324 647 105  962 
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  ***

24235 10/23E342 607  90    0E356 577  70    0E370 548  65    0E382 522  60    0
24235 10/23*338 622  95    0*351 597  85    0*360 572  75    0*364 547  70    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

24240 10/24E392 501  60    0E402 483  60    0E410 467  60    0E454 410  55    0
24240 10/24*366 522  70    0*368 500  70    0*370 480  70    0*372 465  70    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 25th to the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
24241 10/25*373 455  75    0*374 448  75    0*373 445  80    0*368 442  80    0
24242 10/26*356 446  75    0*340 456  65    0*325 470  55    0*313 485  50    0
24243 10/27*303 500  50    0*295 515  50    0*290 530  50    0*288 542  50    0
24244 10/28*290 550  45    0E297 555  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

24245 HR                    
24245 HRBFL1CFL1  
        ********                  

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
10-10/21/1926 0300Z 25.0N  80.3W   75kt  1  20nmi    949mb    DFL2,CFL1

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from 
NCDC, Ho et al. (1987), and Perez et al. (2000).  Track changes while over Cuba 
and near the Florida Keys are provided by Daniel Gladstein.

October 14: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure in the western
Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.7N, 80.8W.
Ship highlights: 10 kt VAR and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 11.4N, 77.4W (COA).  
No gales.  No other low pressures.  "Beginning on the 14th and continuing for 
several days pressure fell slowly over the southwestern Caribbean and 
Canal Zone region" (MWR).

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 18N,
80.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 11.6N, 81.1W.
Ship highlights: 5 kt E and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 13.0N, 79.0W (COA).  
No gales.  No other low pressures associated with this system.

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.3N,
80.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 12.6N, 81.4W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 12.0N, 80.8W (HWM); 
35 kt NW and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 11.4N, 82.9W (COA); 10 kt SSE and 
1003 mb at 12 UTC at 18.0N, 78.7W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at ~20 UTC 
(MWR/NCDC). No other gales.  Several other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  
Land highlights: 1005 mb at 00 UTC and 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  
"From reports now available it would appear that a cyclonic circulation existed as 
early as the 16th" (MWR).

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 15.7N,
81.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 13.9N, 81.7W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 13.0N, 83.3W
(COA); 25 kt N and 996 mb at 20 UTC at 14.3N, 81.5W (COA/MWR).  No other
gales.  Several other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 10
kt N and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  35 kt NW and
1003 mb at 12 UTC 13.0N, 83.3W.  One other low pressure.

October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 15.5N,
82.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.3N, 82.4W.  
Ship highlights: calm and 974 mb at 17 UTC and 70 kt S (no time) at 16.5N, 
82.3W (MWR); 973 mb at 18 UTC at 16.5N, 82.3W (COA).  A few other strong gales.  
Several other low pressures between 973-996 mb.  Land highlights: 28 kt NE and 
999 mb at 2340 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  No gales.  A few other 
low pressures.  "On the morning of the 18th the tropical disturbance previously 
referred to was in the vicinity of Swan Island" (MWR).

October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of 970 mb centered near 18.3N, 83.8W.  
HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.1N, 82.9W.  Ship highlights: 
ENE 70 kt and 950 mb at 06 UTC at 18.5N, 82.9W (MWR); NE 70 kt and 987 mb at 
21 UTC at 20.5N, 84.3W (MWR).  A few other gales.  Several other low pressures 
between 950-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 23 kt NE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Swan 
Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 26 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 
17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).  "The disturbance moved north-northwestward with rapidly 
increasing intensity, passing near and to the east of Swan Island during the 
night of the 18th-19th... During the daylight hours of the 19th the center 
moved almost due north and during the next 12 hours northeast, passing over 
Nueva Gerona, on the Isle of Pines at 3 am of the 20th, when a calm lasting 
30 minutes was noted" (MWR).

October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of 950 mb centered near 22.5N,
82.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 82.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 82.2W with a
pressure somewhere between 948 and 950 mb.  Ship highlights: NE 70 kt and 
958 mb at 22 UTC, NW 10 kt and 954 mb at 2220 UTC, NW 70 kt and 956 mb at 
2245 UTC at 24.4N, 80.9W (NCDC/MWR); 70 kt N and 984 mb at 07 UTC at 24.1N, 
82.2W (MWR); E 70 kt at at ~24.5N 80.7W; calm and 949 mb at 2230Z at ~24.3N 
80.8W; NW 70 kt at at ~24.3N 80.8 (S.S. Munplace).  Several other strong 
gales and hurricane force winds.  Several other low pressures.  Land 
highlights: 86 kt and 951 mb at 1610 UTC at Habana, Cuba at 23.2N, 82.5W 
(MWR); 939 mb (eye) at Neuva Gerona (Perez); 939 mb (in edge of eye) at 
Guira De Melena, Cuba at 22.8N, 82.5W; 939 mb (in edge of eye) at Cojimar 
(Perez).  Several other strong gales. "Central pressure estimate of 932 mb 
at point of closest approach to the Keys, based upon 988 mb observed in 
Key West, 21 nmi RMW, 16 kt forward speed" (Ho et al.) "The barometer at 
Habana, Cuba was 951 mb at 11:10 am on the 20th.  The lowest swing during 
a furious gust was 933 mb.  The barometer fell about 34 millibars in about 
30 minutes.  Rainfall at Habana during the 20th was 20.08 inches.  Damage 
was enormous in the Isle of Pines and in the Province of Habana" (MWR).  
"On 20 October 1926 from 1:00 pm to 10:30 pm between latitude 24.6N, 
longitude 80.7W and latitude 24.0N, longitude 81.0W, this vessel was 
in a hurricane.  The wind began from the east and blew with a force of 
11-12 (approximately 125 miles an hour); heavy rain and lightning.  
From 5:00 pm to 5:45 pm, the vessel was in the center, with clear sky 
and calm; barometer registering as low as 28.03 [949 mb].  The wind then 
came back out of the northwest, force 12" (Report from the American S.S. 
MUNPLACE).  Miami, FL:  "The most serious result of the storm (Great 
Miami Hurricane of 1926) was the effect upon the morale of the residents 
of the lower east coast of Florida. Alarming and persistent rumors of 
hurricanes, tidal waves... had kept a large percentage of the population 
in a state bordering panic since the day following the September storm.  
The occurrence of another hurricane greatly intensified this condition, 
and caused many thousands of persons to leave Miami and the neighboring 
towns.  About 5,000 persons left Miami on October 20, after the 
hurricane warnings were displayed" (OMR).  

October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 950 mb centered near 26.9N,
77.4W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 26.9N, 78.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.5N, 76.7W with a
pressure somewhere between 948 and 950 mb.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 
951 mb at 27.3N, 73.8W (MWR); 70 kt S and 963 mb at 18 UTC at 26.8N, 76.5W 
(MWR); 70 kt SSW at 13 UTC at 26.5N, 76.5W (COA).  Several other gales.  
Several other low pressures.  Land highlights: 45 kt NW and 989 mb at 05 
UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR).  Several other gales.  A few other 
low pressures.  "A maximum velocity of 62 (5 minute) or 74 (one minute) 
miles per hour from the north was recorded at Key West, with gusts 80-85 mph 
(the center passing 40 miles to the southeastward of Key West).  At Miami 
winds reached gale force with an estimated velocity of 70 miles per hour 
from the north-northeast.  While there was some damage on the southeast and 
extreme southern Florida coast, it was not severe, as the storm center 
passed some 30 miles off the coast.  The lowest barometer at Key West was 
29.18 inches [988 mb] at 4:14 pm [2114 UTC] of the 20th.  At Miami it was 
29.22 inches [989 mb] at 12:40 am [0540 UTC] of the 21st" (MWR).  Miami, FL: 
"A storm tide was about 4 feet at Miami and Miami Beach" (OMR).  Miami had 
minor damage mostly to crops, structures damaged by several inches of rain 
from this storm because of no roof as a result of the September storm, and 
some boats washed ashore (OMR).

October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.7N,
65.8W with the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front north of the center.
HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 66.7W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31.3N, 67W with a 968 mb pressure.
Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 16Z, 965 mb at 17Z, 70 NW at 18Z at 32.3N 64.8W 
(NCDC); 70 kt NNE and 987 mb at 1730Z at 33.1N 64.3W (NCDC); 60 kt NE and 
991 mb at 13 UTC at 30.5N, 68.5W (COA); 50 kt E and 986 mb at 08 UTC at 
30.5N, 67.5W (COA).  Several other gales and several other low pressures.  
Land highlights: 111 kt NW at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR); EYE: 7 kt and 
963 mb at 1645 UTC at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR); 99 kt NW and 968 mb at 
1730 UTC at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W (MWR). A few other gales.  Several 
other low pressures.  "The roofs of probably 40 percent to the houses were 
more or less damaged.  No one was killed and one slightly injured, and 
there was no damage to speak of to the small boats in the harbor.  The 
telephone was hit hard, but the electric lights were back on in Hamilton 
by the evening of the 22nd and 23rd" (MWR).  

October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37N,
58W embedded in an occluded front.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt
extratropical low centered at 37.0N, 54.8W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NNW and 
991 mb at 02 UTC at 35.3N, 62.7W (MWR).  Several other gales.  Several other 
low pressures between 991-1000 mb.  

October 24: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1005 mb in a SSW-NNE
occluded front centered at 41N, 49W.  The MWR Weather Map of the North Atlantic
Ocean, October 24, 1926, shows a center near 41N, 49.5W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt SW at 12 UTC at 38.7N 49.2W (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 
41.7N, 51.5W (COA); 50 kt N at 19 UTC at 38.5N, 50.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW at 23 
UTC at 38.5N, 50.5W (COA).

October 25: HWM analyzed a deepening low of a most 1000 mb, with a weakening
SSW-NNE occluded front.  The low now had a minimal temperature gradient and
several strong gales near the center at near 36.5N, 44W.  The MWR Weather Map
of the North Atlantic Ocean, October 25, 1926, shows a center near 38N, 42.5W.
Ship highlights: 979 mb (no time) and 50 kt SW (no time) at 37N 43.5W (NCDC); 
WSW 60 kt and 999 mb at 21 UTC at 34N 44W (NCDC); 60 kt NW and 1009 mb at 12 
UTC at 35.4N, 45.3W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 38.6N, 45.8W (COA).  

October 26: HWM analyzed a low of a most 1000 mb, now not attached to a front,
but with a weak WSW-ENE cold front to the north, centered at 29.5N, 47W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 33.0N, 46.1W (COA); 
35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33N 46W (HWM).

October 27: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N, 54W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 20 UTC at 30.5N, 54.5W
(COA).

October 28:  HWM analyzed a low, no longer closed at 12 UTC, was swept away by
06 UTC by a cold front that approached from the west.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt SW (no time, no position - NCDC); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 0 UTC at 
30.5N 53.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 4 UTC at 30.5N, 53.5W (COA); 
45 kt S and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 55.0W (COA).


Genesis of this major hurricane is not significantly adjusted.  Large track 
changes were introduced on the 23rd and 24th (adjusted to the west) and the 
track is extended an additional four days from the 25th to the 28th.  All 
other days (except no track changes on the 20th) had minor adjustments to the 
position.  Intensification to tropical storm is delayed by 18 hours to 00Z on 
the 15th, based upon a very weak broad low on the 14th and moderately deeper 
(~2 mb) pressures recorded in the western Caribbean on the 15th.  A 996 mb 
pressure and 25 kt N wind observations suggest a central pressure of about 
993 mb at 20Z on the 17th.  This pressure would indicate a maximum wind of 
about 59 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
60 kt at 18Z on the 17th is retained in HURDAT and no changes to the intensity 
were made for the 15th to the 17th.  The S.S. Atenas went through the eye 
and measured a central pressure of 974 mb at 17Z on the 18th.  This suggests 
winds of 85 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship 
(86 kt from the intensifying subset south of 25N).  Given the slow motion of 
the hurricane and the low environmental pressures, 80 kt at 18Z is chosen 
for HURDAT on the 18th, up slightly from 75 kt previously.  The S.S. Mojave 
measured 950 mb pressure accompanied by ENE hurricane force winds at 06Z on 
the 19th.  950 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 111 kt from 
the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship (at least 113 kt 
from the subset of intensifying systems).  Winds are chosen to be 115 kt at 
06Z on the 19th (up from 85 kt originally), as the hurricane had begun 
accelerating (10 kt speed) though it remained in relatively low environmental 
pressure (1009 mb outer closed isobar).  It appears that the hurricane 
underwent rapid intensification between the 18th and 19th.  The hurricane 
then struck Cuba on the 20th, with a 939 mb eye pressure observation from 
Nueva Gerona (on the Isle of Pines) at 08Z and two 939 mb readings on the 
Cuban mainland, which were at the edge of the eye.  Landfall pressure was 
assessed by Perez et al. to be 939 mb in Isle of Pines and 934 mb on the 
Cuban mainland.  These pressures suggest winds of 122 kt (124 kt for 
intensifiers) and 126 kt (129 kt for intensifiers), respectively, from the 
Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  Winds are chosen 
to be 125 and 130 kt for 06Z and 12Z on the 20th, as the translational 
speed of the hurricane was now near average (~10 kt) and environmental 
pressures had risen (1011 mb outer closed isobar).  These values indicate 
a Category 4 impact in Cuba (up from the Category 3 winds shown in HURDAT 
originally), in agreement with Perez et al.'s assessment.  (Note that the 
933 mb report mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review writeup for Havana - 
which was not in the eye of the hurricane - was not considered to be 
reliable as it was a momentary value associated with "wind-pumping" of the 
barometer.)  (Changes in track provided by Daniel Gladstein:  On October 20, 
the 12 UTC and 18 UTC positions are shifted closer to Guira de Melena, based 
on the peripheral reading of 939 mb in the town. The 18 UTC position was also 
adjusted westward, based on the peripheral reading of 951 mb in Havana. 
Positions are also adjusted on October 21 to account for the location and 
timing of the ship report from the Munscape. The ship reported a central 
pressure of 949 mb, which is chosen for 00 UTC.)


After the hurricane passed over Cuba, two ships - the Munplace and the Zacapa - 
were in the eye at nearly the same time late on the 20th just south of the 
Florida Keys.  The Munplace observed 949 mb in calm conditions, while the Zacapa 
had 954 mb pressure with 10 kt NW wind.  Assuming that the 949 mb represents 
the central pressure, this suggests winds of 112 kt and 106 kt, respectively, 
from the Brown et al. south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  
110 kt chosen for HURDAT at 00Z, up from 95 kt originally.  While hurricane 
force winds were not observed at either the official Weather Bureau stations 
in Key West or Miami, both of these locations were on the weak side of the 
hurricane and were located about 50-60 nmi from the center of the hurricane 
during the cyclone's closest approach to each.  It is likely that Category 1 
hurricane conditions occurred in the Middle and Upper Florida Keys and Key 
Biscayne as the hurricane passed about 20-30 miles offshore (thus "BFL1" and 
"CFL1").  This is consistent with the description of moderate damages as 
described in the MWR.  (Ho et al.'s estimate of 932 mb central pressure as 
the hurricane made a close approach to the Florida Keys is an overestimate of 
the intensity, as observed pressures in the eye at that time were substantially 
shallower.)  

The hurricane then rapidly accelerated off to the northeast and made a direct 
strike on Bermuda on the 22nd.  A pressure reading of 963 mb accompanied by 
7 kt of wind was measured at Hamilton, Bermuda with a central calm lasting 
about an hour.  The central pressure was likely slightly deeper at 962 mb.  
Given the quick forward speed of about 25 kt, the eye may have had a 25 nmi 
diameter (with an implied RMW of about 15-20 nmi).  This 962 mb pressure 
suggests maximum sustained surface winds of 93 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al.  Climatological RMW for this 
central pressure and latitude is about 25 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000).  Both 
the smaller size and the fast forward speed suggest increasing the winds 
above the pressure-wind relationship to about 105 kt.  111 kt from the 
northwest were observed from the same station after the passing of the eye.  
This reduces down to 89 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers 
of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds 
(Powell et al. 1996).  It is estimated that the hurricane has winds of 105 kt 
at landfall in Bermuda, making this a Category 3 impact for Bermuda.  The winds 
in HURDAT are slightly increased from 100 to 105 kt at 18Z on the 22nd.

After impacting Bermuda, the hurricane continued off toward the east-northeast 
and - in the original HURDAT - became extratropical early on the 23rd, weakened 
quickly, and dissipated late on the 24th.  However, observations indicate that 
the system instead continued for an additional four days to the 28th.  Moreover, 
the extratropical transition did not occur (until it was absorbed by a large
extratropical cyclone on the 28th).  Hurricane force winds were observed on the 
23rd and 24th, so the intensity is boosted to Category 1 winds on those dates.  
A 979 mb pressure (may been a central pressure) on the 25th suggests winds of at 
least 74 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  
Intensity assessed at 80 kt on the 25th.  The system slow weakened through the 
28th before absorption by a large extratropical cyclone.
 
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1926/11 - 2010 REVISION:

24560 11/12/1926 M= 5 11 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
24565 11/12*  0   0   0    0*112 786  35    0*121 792  35    0*122 795  35    0*
24565 11/12*  0   0   0    0*112 792  30    0*115 795  30    0*118 798  30    0*
                                 ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24570 11/13*126 800  35    0*131 805  35    0*137 811  35    0*145 819  35    0*
24570 11/13*121 802  35    0*125 806  35    0*132 811  35    0*142 819  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***  

24575 11/14*154 829  35    0*164 840  35    0*172 848  35    0*180 853  35    0*
24575 11/14*154 829  35    0*166 840  35    0*175 848  35    0*182 853  35    0*
                             ***              ***              ***

24580 11/15*187 856  35    0*194 856  35    0*201 855  35    0*215 843  35    0*
24580 11/15*188 854  35    0*194 853  35    0*201 850  35    0*208 843  35    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***          ***         

24585 11/16*224 828  35    0*240 792  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
24585 11/16*216 833  30    0*224 818  30    0E232 802  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***  **

24590 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2000).

November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.9N
76.7W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.1N 79.2W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 12.3N
80W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.7N 81.1W.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1013 mb at 06Z at 15.5N 83.5W (COA); 30 kt E 
and 1012 mb at 12Z at 15.1N 81.3W (COA, HWM).

November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.7N
84.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.2N 84.8W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N,
85W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.1N 85.5W.  
No gales or low pressures.  "Advisory warnings were issued from the 14th to the 16th, 
inclusive, in connections with a tropical disturbance of minor intensity that 
developed about 200 miles north of Colon, Canal Zone.  This disturbance moved 
northwestward past Swan Island and later recurved toward the northeast.  It 
passed over western Cuba the night of the 15th - 16th and merged the following 
day with a trough of low pressure that extended southward from a disturbance 
of wide extent over the eastern half of the United States" (MWR).

November 16: The HWM shows a strong cold front extending from North Carolina 
southward to Cuba and southwestward to Central America.  There is no indication 
of a closed low existing at 12Z.  HURDAT's last position was given at 06 UTC.  
At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a final center near 
21.3N, 84.1W with an 1007 mb pressure.  At 06 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 
30 kt tropical depression at 24.0N, 79.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures in association with the system. Land highlights: 41 kt NW at 
Key West (MWR).  No other gales.  "We classified this one like a tropical 
depression over Cuba" (Perez).

No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm.  Generally, minor 
track alterations are made on all days, except the 16th which had a large 
change to the track.  While no definitive evidence of gale force winds were 
recorded in conjunction with this system, two separate 30 kt reports on the 
13th are supportive of minimal tropical storm status.  The lowest believable 
pressure was a ship on the 13th with 1007 mb and 20 kt E winds, which may also 
support minimal tropical storm intensity.  (The 41 kt NW wind a Key West was 
in association with the strong cold front, which passed through the island and 
also absorbed the tropical cyclone.)  As per the analysis by Perez et al., the 
track on the 16th is adjusted westward and intensity downgraded slightly to a 
tropical depression at landfall in Cuba.  Dissipation of the system is extended 
6 hours on the 16th and the final position is indicated as extratropical as the 
circulation was absorbed by a strong frontal boundary.

**************************************************************************

1926 - Additional Notes:

1) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a closed low associated with an occluded 
front formed in the Atlantic off of the southeast coast of the US and moved 
northeast.  Ship data indicate that this system evolved into a tropical 
depression from the 23rd to the 24th.  On these days there was a minimal 
temperature gradient across the low and a closed circulation.  There were 
only two observations of gale force winds during the lifetime of this system - 
35 kt ESE 22nd at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 74.8W; and 35 kt ESE 23rd at 00 UTC at 
36.5N, 71.9W - both of which occurred while the system was still extratropical.
During the tropical depression stage there were no gale force wind reports
or the equivalent in pressure to support tropical storm intensity
classification.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 22 33N 73W Extratropical
Aug 23 33N 72W Tropical Depression
Aug 24 36N 69W Tropical Depression
Aug 25         Dissipated

2) HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a low, associated with an occluded 
front in the NE Atlantic Ocean, broke off from the front around September 
18th at O0 UTC and maintained itself in the vicinity of the Azores until late 
on September 23rd when another front swept it away.  There were gales around 
the center most days and the minimum pressure was at most 995 mb from the 
19th to 21st.  Although there were some gales associated with this system, it 
is not added to HURDAT because the system lacked a tight inner core and is 
considered to be an occluded low.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 17 46N 27W Extratropical
Sep 18 50N 34w Extratropical
Sep 19 46N 29W Extratropical
Sep 20 40N 25W Extratropical
Sep 21 38N 23W Extratropical
Sep 22 40N 26W Extratropical
Sep 23 40N 26W Extratropical

3) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a low with a closed circulation developed 
on September 26 north  of the Virgin Islands and moved west-northwest until 
the 29, when it took a sharp east-northeast turn.  Early on October 1, 
the system merged with a front and became extratropical.  Although there are 
not many ship observations to indicate a closed low on the 29th, this is 
actually the day in which the low HWM analyzes is the deepest - at most 
1005 mb.  There is only one recorded gale with this system on the 28th at 
12 UTC - S at 35 kt at 27.3N, 72.7W (HWM).  This same observation recorded 
a pressure of 1005 mb.  With only one recorded gale, there is not enough 
evidence that this system was a tropical storm and thus it is not added to 
HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 26 22N 63W Tropical Depression
Sep 27 25N 65W Tropical Depression
Sep 28 26N 68W Tropical Depression
Sep 29 26N 72W Tropical Depression
Sep 30 27N 68W Tropical Depression
Oct 01 31N 60W Extratropical


4) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed from a 
SSW-NNE trough located near of the Turks and Caicos Islands.  The system moved
toward the northeast first as a trough on the 14th to the 16th, then as
a closed low on the 17th and 18th.  Although HWM analyzed the low on the 
17th and 18th as part of an occluded frontal system, there is sufficient 
evidence that the system was no longer baroclinic and likely had developed 
into a tropical depression.  While observed pressures were quite low - as deep
as 1000 mb at 32.8N, 57.5W with a SW wind on the 17th at 12 UTC, environmental 
pressures were also low and the resulting winds were quite weak.  There were 
two gales with the system, both of which occurred when the system was not yet 
a closed low.  Thus because of the lack of observed gales during the time the
system was a tropical cyclone, this system is not judged to have become
a tropical storm and will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 14         Open trough
Oct 15         Open trough
Oct 16         Open trough
Oct 17 33N 57W Tropical Depression
Oct 18 34N 51W Tropical Depression
Oct 19         Open trough



5) HWM, MWR and COADS data indicate that an elongated area of low pressure 
broke off the tail end of an stationary front east of the northernmost Leeward 
Islands on the 17th.  On the 18th, the low was compact with minimal 
temperature gradient, and the winds and pressure near the center indicate that 
it was a tropical depression on this date.  On the 19th the center once again 
became elongated, ending the possibility of becoming better organized and on 
the 20th it merged with a frontal system.  There was one recorded gale on 
the 20th at 16 UTC - 45 kt ESE at 41.0N, 50.0W (COA).  The lowest observed 
pressure was 1004 mb on the 20th at 12 UTC at 37.2N, 56.9W (COA).  Since 
there were no gales observed when the system had tropical characteristics, 
this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Nov 16 18N 50W Extratropical
Nov 17 18N 54W Extratropical
Nov 18 27N 57W Possible Tropical Depression
Nov 19 30N 57w Extratropical 
Nov 20 35N 55W Extratropical

******************************************************************************

1927/01 - 2010 REVISION:

24285 08/19/1927 M= 8  1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24285 08/18/1927 M=12  1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
24287 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 400  35    0*145 415  40    0

24290 08/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 450  60    0*156 475  65    0
24290 08/19*150 430  45    0*155 445  50    0*160 460  60    0*166 475  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          ***      

24295 08/20*161 498  70    0*166 519  75    0*172 537  80    0*178 552  85    0
24295 08/20*173 490  70    0*182 505  75    0*190 520  80    0*196 536  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24300 08/21*183 565  90    0*191 579  90    0*202 594  95    0*215 611 100    0
24300 08/21*200 553  90    0*203 571 100    0*207 590 105    0*214 611 110    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

24305 08/22*229 628 100    0*242 645 100    0*256 662 105    0*270 678 105    0
24305 08/22*223 633 105    0*233 657 110  950*245 677 110    0*259 695 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

24310 08/23*283 692 105    0*297 706 105    0*311 720 105    0*326 728 100    0
24310 08/23*275 710 110    0*291 723 110    0*308 730 110    0*325 732 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

24315 08/24*342 731 100    0E360 730  95    0E380 724  95    0E408 700  90    0
24315 08/24*342 729 105    0*360 723 100    0*380 715  95    0*408 690  90    0
                *** ***     *    *** ***     *    ***         *    ***    

24320 08/25E445 655  90    0E485 597  90    0E518 548  90    0E544 502  90    0
24320 08/25E445 650  85    0E485 603  85    0E518 548  80    0E544 490  80    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **          ***  **

24325 08/26E568 442  90    0E586 390  85    0E610 323  80    0*  0   0   0    0
24325 08/26E568 435  80    0E586 380  75    0E610 323  70    0E625 250  70    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **     **** ***  **

(The 27th through the 29th are new to HURDAT.)
23427 08/27E640 175  65    0E653 120  65     E665 100  60    0E677 105  60    0
23428 08/28E689 110  55    0E700 120  50     E710 130  45    0E715 135  40    0
23429 08/29E718 130  35    0E719 118  35     E720 100  30    0*  0   0   0    0

24330 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in  McAdie et al. 
(2009).  A major change was introduced to the decay phase of this system as an additional 
three days were added to the extratropical storm stage.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly 
Records, Monthly Weather Review, Environment Canada archives, and personal communication 
from Chris Fogarty (Canadian Hurricane Center).

August 18: HWM analyzed an open wave near 12N, 41W.  This system did not exist in 
HURDAT on the 18th.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12N, 46.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 45W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 45 kt NNE at 17.5N, 48.5W at 19 UTC (COA).  

August 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17.5N, 50W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.2N, 53.7W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 45 kt E and 1021 mb at 21.5N, 51.5W at 23 UTC (COA).

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 59.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 59.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 64.8W at 8 a.m.  Ship
highlights: 70 kt NE and 961 mb at 22.7N, 63W at 2140 UTC (MWR). "The first
tropical disturbance of the season made its appearance on the morning of the
21st, about 300 miles northeast of St. Kitts. At that time it was of
considerable intensity, as indicated by the heavy northeast swells reported by
the S.S. Inanda in approximately 19N, 60W" (MWR).

August 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 24.7N, 67.5W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.6N, 66.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 25N, 68W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt N
at 25N, 65.8W at 05 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 950 mb central pressure at 22.8N,
65.8W at 05 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E at 27N, 68W at 20 UTC (COA). "A delayed report
from the S. S. Maraval at 1 a.m., August 22, in 22.8N, 65.8W, gives lowest
barometer 28.06 inches [950 mb] and wind calm" (MWR).

August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 30.5N, 73.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.1N, 72W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 30N, 72W at 8 a.m.  Ship
highlights: 70 kt ESE at 00 UTC at 27N, 69W (COA); 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 01
UTC at 28.5N, 68.5W (COA); 50 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC at 30N, 69.5W (COA);
25 kt E and 970 mb at 20 UTC at 36.3N, 72.7W (MWR). "On the morning of the 23rd
its center was at 31.5N, 73W. During the preceding 12 hours it had begun to
recurve to the northward. By the evening of the 23rd it was central about 100
miles east of Cape Hatteras, being attended by winds of hurricane force near
its center" (MWR).

August 24: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 70.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 38N, 72.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 38.5N, 71.5W at 8 a.m.  Station 
highlights:  58 kt N and 992 mb at Nantucket, MA at 17 UTC (OMR); 38 kt N at 
13Z UTC and 999 mb at 16 UTC at Block Island, RI (OMR); 38 kt N at 15 UTC and 
1006 mb at 1320 UTC at New York City (OMR).  Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 
996 mb at 00 UTC at 34N, 70.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 
71.3W (COA); 70 kt ENE and 981 mb at 14 UTC at 40.2N, 70.5W (MWR); north wind 
and 966 mb at 20 UTC at 42.3N, 67.5W (MWR). "It continued to move 
north-northeast, passing 100 miles or less to the east of Nantucket during the 
daylight hours of the 24th to the Straits of Belle Isle... Although advices were 
timely and accurate, considerable damage resulted to shipping off the New 
England coast and in the region of the Canadian Maritime Provinces... Reports 
in the table give an idea of the violence of this storm, which was responsible 
for an immense amount of damage and large loss of life, especially in the 
Maritime Provinces of Canada and on the fishing banks. The coast of New 
England also suffered considerable damage, but New York escaped with winds 
of moderate gale force." (MWR).

August 25: HWM indicates an extratropical storm centered near 52N, 55W of 
at most 985 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 51.8N, 54.8W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 52N, 56W at 
8 a.m.  Land highlights: 42 kt and 976 mb at Halifax (Fogarty).  
Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 976 mb at 02 UTC at 44.3N, 63.3W (MWR); 
70 kt W at 08 UTC at 47.5N, 59.5W (COA). "By the morning of the 25th, 
[the storm] attended by gales over the Canadian Maritime Provinces 
approximately hurricane force near the center" (MWR).  "Rainfall data I 
gathered from our archive, which can indicate the asymmetric and thus 
tropical nature of the storm:
Yarmouth (NS): 115 mm (near track)
Liverpool (NS): 28 mm (~50 km right-of-track - about 2 hours
after landfall)
Digby (NS): 120 mm (near track)
Springfield (NS): 107 mm (~20 km right-of-track)
Truro (NS): 61 mm (~50 km right-of-track)
Halifax: 42 mm (~90 km right-of-track)
Mahone Bay (NS): 33 mm (~80 km right-of-track)
Saint John: 84 mm (~80 km left-of-track)
Moncton: 10 mm (~50 km left-of-track) - Seems low however
Fredericton: 28 mm (~200 km left-of-track)
Charlottetown: 63 mm (near track)
Sydney: 22 mm (~150 km right-of-track)
Antigonish (NS) (~100 km right-of-track)
- based on that rainfall distribution...the storm appeared to drop a
4-5" rainfall very near the track and skewed a bit heavier to the left,
but not skewed enough that would lead me to believe it was very far into
the ET process.  Based on my experience with ET rainfalls, the maximum
being centered near the track itself leads me to believe this one likely
did make landfall as more tropical than extratropical in nature" (Fogarty). 
"- Rainfall data I gathered from our archive, which can indicate the
asymmetric and thus tropical nature of the storm:
Yarmouth (NS): 115 mm (near track)
Liverpool (NS): 28 mm (~50 km right-of-track - about 2 hours
after landfall)
Digby (NS): 120 mm (near track)
Springfield (NS): 107 mm (~20 km right-of-track)
Truro (NS): 61 mm (~50 km right-of-track)
Halifax: 42 mm (~90 km right-of-track)
Mahone Bay (NS): 33 mm (~80 km right-of-track)
Saint John: 84 mm (~80 km left-of-track)
Moncton: 10 mm (~50 km left-of-track) - Seems low however
Fredericton: 28 mm (~200 km left-of-track)
Charlottetown: 63 mm (near track)
Sydney: 22 mm (~150 km right-of-track)
Antigonish (NS) (~100 km right-of-track)
- based on that rainfall distribution...the storm appeared to drop a
4-5" rainfall very near the track and skewed a bit heavier to the left,
but not skewed enough that would lead me to believe it was very far into
the ET process.  Based on my experience with ET rainfalls, the maximum
being centered near the track itself leads me to believe this one likely
did make landfall as more tropical than extratropical in nature" (Fogarty).  
"New Brunswick reported 6 deaths, Nova Scotia reported 11-15 deaths, and 
Newfoundland reported 156-171+ deaths. Newfoundland deaths mostly resulted 
from ships damaged or lost at sea in the storm. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
and Prince Edward Island damage included power failures, flooding, structural 
damage, damage to crops, and dozens of sunken vessels" - total damages of a 
few million dollars (Environment Canada).

August 26: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 60N, 30W with at 
most 980 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 61 N, 32.3W at 
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 976 mb and 35 kt W at 52.8N 46.3W at 01Z (MWR); 
1010 mb and 50 kt W at 52.1N 35.8W at 12Z (COA); 1002 mb and 
50 kt S at 53.5N 21.5W at 13Z (COA).

August 27: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 66N 10W with at 
most 970 mb.  HURDAT did not analyze the system on this date. Station highlights:  
974 mb and 35 kt WSW at Faroe Islands at 12 UTC (HWM); 973 mb and 35 kt NNW at 
Vik, Iceland at 12 UTC (HWM).  Ship highlights:  988 mb and 50 kt SSW at 64.5W 
4.5E at 20 UTC (COA); 975 mb and 30 kt N at 64.5N 22.5W at 09 UTC (COA).  
"It then moved rapidly northeast, being central over Iceland on the morning of 
the 27th with air pressure 28.44 inches [963 mb] and attended by gales"(MWR).

August 28:  HWM analyzed an occluding extratropical storm centered near 
71W 14W with at most 975 mb.  Station highlights:  15 kt SE and 975 mb at 
Jan Mayen, Norway at 12 UTC (HWM).  Ship highlights:  45 kt SSW and 
987 mb at 65.5N 5.5E at 00 UTC (COA); 15 kt SW and 992 mb at 64.5N 22.5W 
at 17 UTC (COA).

August 29:  HWM analyzed a fully occluded extratropical cyclone centered near 
70N 12W with at most 995 mb with a second, more prominent low centered at 60N 
34W with at most 990 mb.  Station highlight:  15 kt SW and 992 mb at Jan Mayen, 
Norway at 12 UTC (HWM).  

Genesis for storm 1 began on August 18th at 12 UTC as a 35 kt tropical storm,
one day and 25 kt less than original HURDAT. The storm progressed on a
west-northwestward track from the 20th through the 22nd. Late on the 21st, the
ship S.S. Seekonk observed a minimum pressure of 961 mb (accompanied by 70 kt 
winds) implying maximum winds of at least 100 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 
21st, a 10 kt increase from previous HURDAT. Early on the 22nd, a central 
pressure of 950 mb was observed implying winds of 111 kt and 105 kt from 
the Brown et al. south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships,
respectively. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 5 kt increase from
original HURDAT. A new central pressure of 950 mb was also added to HURDAT at
06 UTC. A 970 mb pressure was observed late on the 23rd, though it does not 
fit with adjacent observations implying that it is incorrect in pressure, 
position, and/or date/time.  110 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 23rd, based 
upon maintaining the intensity derived from the day before. Original HURDAT 
suggests storm 1 to have transitioned to extratropical status by 06 UTC on 
the 24th. Available observations indicate the system did not transition to 
an extratropical cyclone until around 00 UTC on the 25th. A peripheral 
pressure of 966 mb was observed late on the 24th, implying winds of at least 
85 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 90 kt 
are maintained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 24th.  Also of note were the 
tropical storm force winds that impacted New York and parts of New England, 
primarily between 12 and 18 UTC on the 24th.  The highest observed winds at 
the coast were 58 kt (5 min) at Nantucket, MA.  These adjust to 61 kt 1 min 
using the Powell et al. (1996) conversion.  Thus it is possible that 
sustained hurricane force winds were observed in New England (Massachusetts) 
as the hurricane made a close bypass of the coast, but 60 kt maximum winds 
is analyzed - high end tropical storm conditions - as the peak in the U.S. 
from this hurricane.  The hurricane transitioned to an extratropical cyclone 
early on the 25th as it raced off towards the Canadian Maritime Provinces.  
Observations indicate a vigorous, but not as intense extratropical system on 
the 25th and 26th and the intensity is reduced slightly on these dates based 
upon available ship and coastal observations.  The peripheral pressure of 
976 mb observed in Halifax suggests winds of at least 77 kt from the north of 
35N pressure-wind relationship.  While the system certainly had begun its 
extratropical transition by late on the 24th, it is judged that the system 
made landfall as an 85 kt Category 2 hurricane around 23 UTC near 43.9N 66.3W.  
This agrees with the assessment of Fogarty and the Canadian Hurricane Center 
as well. Storm 1 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th. Peak observations with 
storm 1 maintain its original classification as a Category 3 hurricane.

1927/01 - 2011 REVISION:

25395 08/18/1927 M=12  1 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
25400 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 400  35    0*145 415  40    0*
25405 08/19*150 430  45    0*155 445  50    0*160 460  60    0*166 475  65    0*
25410 08/20*173 490  70    0*182 505  75    0*190 520  80    0*196 536  85    0*
25415 08/21*200 553  90    0*203 571 100    0*207 590 105    0*214 611 110    0*
25420 08/22*223 633 105    0*233 657 110  950*245 677 110    0*259 695 110    0*
25420 08/22*223 633 110    0*233 657 110  950*245 677 110    0*259 695 110    0*
                    ***

25425 08/23*275 710 110    0*291 723 110    0*308 730 110    0*325 732 110    0*
25430 08/24*342 729 105    0*360 723 100    0*380 715  95    0*408 690  90    0*
25435 08/25E445 650  85    0E485 603  85    0E518 548  80    0E544 490  80    0*
25440 08/26E568 435  80    0E586 380  75    0E610 323  70    0E625 250  70    0*
25445 08/27E640 175  65    0E653 120  65    0E665 100  60    0E677 105  60    0*
25450 08/28E689 110  55    0E700 120  50    0E710 130  45    0E715 135  40    0*
25455 08/29E718 130  35    0E719 118  35    0E720 100  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
25460 HR     

Typographic error.

******************************************************************************

1927/02 - 2010 REVISION:

24335 09/01/1927 M=11  2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24335 09/02/1927 M=10  2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **

(The 1st is removed from HURDAT.)
24340 09/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*168 193  35    0*165 199  35    0

24345 09/02*163 205  35    0*161 211  35    0*160 217  35    0*159 223  35    0
24345 09/02*  0   0   0    0*167 200  30    0*165 210  35    0*163 219  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

24350 09/03*159 230  35    0*159 238  35    0*159 246  35    0*159 256  35    0
24350 09/03*161 228  40    0*160 237  40    0*159 246  45    0*159 256  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

24355 09/04*160 266  35    0*161 277  35    0*162 288  40    0*163 299  40    0
24355 09/04*160 266  45    0*161 277  45    0*162 288  45    0*163 300  45    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

24360 09/05*165 310  40    0*166 321  45    0*168 334  45    0*170 348  50    0
24360 09/05*165 313  45    0*166 326  45    0*168 340  45    0*170 353  50    0
                ***  **          ***              ***              ***

24365 09/06*172 362  50    0*174 376  55    0*176 390  55    0*178 404  60    0
24365 09/06*172 365  50    0*174 377  55    0*176 390  55    0*178 404  55    0
                ***              ***                                    **

24370 09/07*181 418  65    0*184 433  65    0*187 447  70    0*191 463  70    0
24370 09/07*181 418  60    0*184 432  60    0*187 447  60    0*191 463  60    0
                     **          ***  **               **               **

24375 09/08*195 481  75    0*199 499  75    0*204 517  80    0*212 536  85    0
24375 09/08*196 481  65    0*202 500  65    0*210 517  70    0*220 532  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

24380 09/09*218 549  85    0*225 560  90    0*231 569  90    0*247 580  90    0
24380 09/09*232 544  75    0*245 553  75    0*260 560  80    0*275 562  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24385 09/10*272 580  85    0E298 565  80    0E317 538  70    0E324 531  60    0
24385 09/10*290 558  70    0*304 550  65    0*317 538  55    0*326 526  50    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     **** ***  **

24390 09/11E330 523  50    0E335 517  45    0E339 510  40    0E343 498  35    0
24390 09/11*332 518  45    0*336 515  40    0*339 510  35    0*341 498  30    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     ****      **

24395 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  Another major chance was the delay in extratropical transition 
by 36 hours.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 1:  HWM analysis indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 17N 20W.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N 19.3W at 12 UTC.  No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb
near 16.5N, 23W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 21.7W at 12
UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 24W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.9N, 24.6W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlights: 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at Sao Tiago 
at 15N, 23.3W (HWM).

September 4: HWM analyzed no significant features in the eastern Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.2N, 28.8W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 5: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 33.4W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 6: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 39W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.7N, 44.7W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 8: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.4N, 51.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 21.7N, 51W (MWR). "The S.S.
Matador received a radiogram from the British S.S. Socrates stating that on the
morning of the 8th, in 21.6N, 51W, the barometer reading 29.73 inches [1007 mb]
and falling, with winds SE force 10 [50 kt]. Storm center moving toward the NW"
(MWR).

September 9: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 25N, 57W with a stationary
front stretching southwest to northeast across Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 56.9W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 
1014 mb at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 55.5W (COA).

September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded within a
cold front near 31.5N, 53W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at
31.7N, 53.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed.

September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 52W with 
a cold front extended from the low southward and a warm front extending northward.
HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 33.9N, 51.0W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12:  HWM indicates a dissipating frontal boundary in the vicinity of 
30-37N and 45-55W with no closed low.  HURDAT no longer classified this system on 
this date.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Storm number 2 is listed in HURDAT as originating as a tropical cyclone (at 35 kt 
tropical storm intensity) at 12 UTC on the 1st of September.  However, observations 
suggest that the disturbance that developed into the cyclone was still over West 
African on the 1st.  Genesis is delayed 18 hours until 06 UTC on the 2nd.]  
The only major change for the track was a repositioning of the system the north 
on the 9th.  A peak wind of 35 kt was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd indicating 
the system had attained tropical storm strength. As the observation was on the 
left side of the cyclone and about 60 nm from the center, the intensity is 
boosted to 45 kt - a 10 kt increase from that indicated originally in HURDAT.  
From September 4th through 7th no gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed, mainly due to scant weather observations. Based upon continuity, 
intensity estimates for the 4th and 5th are continued at 45 kt, slightly 
above the existing HURDAT on the 4th and early on the 5th.  The peak 
observation measured during the lifetime of this system was 50 kt on the 8th. 
Based upon the revised track, the 50 kt observation on the 8th is about 
45 nm to the northeast of the cyclone, though the position of the system is 
somewhat uncertain.  Fair coverage with observations on the 9th and more 
extensive data on the 10th suggest that the system did not reach as strong a 
cyclone as originally indicated.  There are no explicit observations that 
support hurricane force, though the data are sparse enough on the 8th and 9th 
that such an intensity could have been attained.  The intensity is moderately 
adjusted downward by 10-15 kt on the 8th to the 10th.  It is of note that the 
frontal structures shown in the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th and 11th 
are not supported by available observations.  Instead, the system is now 
reanalyzed to have remained a tropical cyclone until dissipation after 18 UTC 
on the 11th.  Original HURDAT suggested storm 2 was a 90 kt Category 2 hurricane 
at peak intensity, however the reanalysis indicates that the system may have only 
attained Category 1 (80 kt) intensity, though this has substantial uncertainty.

******************************************************************************

1927/03 - 2010 REVISION:

24400 09/22/1927 M= 8  3 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24405 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*103 352  35    0*108 360  35    0
24405 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*103 360  30    0*108 365  30    0
                                                  ***  **          ***  **

24410 09/23*113 368  35    0*118 374  35    0*122 380  35    0*126 385  35    0
24410 09/23*113 370  35    0*118 375  35    0*122 380  35    0*126 385  35    0
                ***              ***                                   

24415 09/24*130 390  35    0*134 395  35    0*138 400  35    0*142 405  35    0
24415 09/24*130 390  40    0*134 395  40    0*138 400  40    0*142 406  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

24420 09/25*145 410  35    0*149 415  35    0*153 420  35    0*157 425  35    0
24420 09/25*145 413  40    0*149 421  40    0*153 430  40    0*157 438  40    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

24425 09/26*162 430  35    0*168 436  35    0*174 441  35    0*180 446  35    0
24425 09/26*162 446  40    0*168 454  40    0*174 460  40    0*182 463  40    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

24430 09/27*187 450  35    0*193 455  40    0*200 458  45    0*207 460  45    0
24430 09/27*192 464  40    0*203 465  40    0*215 465  45    0*230 466  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24435 09/28*216 461  50    0*225 462  55    0*236 463  60    0*252 467  60    0
24435 09/28*245 469  50    0*260 473  60    0*275 475  70    0*295 475  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24440 09/29*278 472  65    0*310 473  70    0*346 476  70    0E410 460  70    0
24440 09/29*317 472  60    0E340 468  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***      **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

24445 HR                    

Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 22: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 10.3N, 35.2W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12.5N, 37W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.2N, 38W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 24: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N, 38W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 40W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 40.4W
(COA).

September 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 43W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 42W at 12 UTC. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 46W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.4N, 44.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 27: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean in the vicinity of the tropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 20N, 45.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.

September 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean ini the vicinity of the tropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 23.6N, 46.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW at 
15 UTC at 28.5N, 47.5W (COA).

September 29: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean in the vicinity of the tropical cyclone indicated originally by HURDAT. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.6N, 47.6W at 12 UTC.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 12 UTC at 34.9N, 46.2W (COA); 45 kt S and 
1016 mb at 12 UTC at 36.2N, 43.5W (COA); 15 kt W and 1005 mb at 15 UTC 
at 37N, 49.7W (COA).

Genesis for storm 3 is begun at 12 UTC on September 22nd as a tropical
depression rather than a tropical storm. The storm progressed on a
northwestward track through the 26th before recurving on the 28th. The 
1005 mb peripheral pressure along with 20 kt winds about 45 nm from the 
center of the cyclone suggest winds of at least 37 kt from the Brown et 
al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  40 kt reanalyzed for the 
intensity at 12 UTC on the 24th - up from 35 kt originally.  Gale force 
observations were not observed from the 22nd through the 27th due in part 
to a lack of available data near the system.  The 40 kt is maintained by 
continuity from the 24th through early on the 27th - slightly higher than 
originally shown in HURDAT.  There is a major change in the track for the 
28th and 29th, as the system was substantially farther north than originally 
indicated.  A 60 kt ship report (but with no pressure reported) on the 28th 
is suggestive that hurricane intensity was obtained a day earlier than 
originally indicated.  However, no observations of hurricane force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were obtained for this system.  Nonetheless, 
the cyclone is maintained as reaching Category 1 hurricane status given 
the uncertainty.  On the date that HURDAT originally had this system as a 
hurricane (the 29th only), the system instead is reanalyzed as being absorbed 
by storm 4, which by then was a large extratropical storm.  The only major 
change to the intensity of this system is indicated at 06 UTC on the 29th 
from 70 kt down to 50 kt, as it was undergoing extratropical transition and 
absorption.  Peak intensity for storm 3 as a Category 1 hurricane is 
unchanged though the timing of its peak was pushed ahead by a day to the 28th.

******************************************************************************

1927/04 - 2010 REVISION:

24450 09/23/1927 M= 9  4 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24455 09/23*182 482  35    0*199 498  40    0*213 512  45    0*221 523  50    0
24455 09/23*190 492  35    0*201 502  40    0*213 512  45    0*225 522  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  

24460 09/24*224 534  55    0*237 544  60    0*245 554  65    0*254 563  70    0
24460 09/24*237 532  55    0*249 541  60    0*260 550  65    0*267 558  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***   

24465 09/25*263 572  75    0*272 580  80    0*281 588  85    0*287 594  90    0
24465 09/25*271 566  75    0*275 573  80    0*281 580  80    0*288 587  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***  **      *** ***  **

24470 09/26*292 598  95    0*297 602 100    0*302 605 105    0*316 613 105    0
24470 09/26*297 594  85    0*308 601  90  967*320 608  95    0*333 613  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **

24475 09/27*337 615 105    0*357 609 100    0*370 596  95    0*377 589  90    0
24475 09/27*346 615  90    0*358 609  85    0*370 596  80    0*381 589  80    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      ***      **

24480 09/28*384 579  90    0*391 571  85    0*398 560  85    0*405 548  80    0
24480 09/28*389 581  80    0E396 573  75    0E403 565  75    0E410 556  75    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

24485 09/29*413 535  80    0E421 521  80    0E428 508  75    0E436 494  70    0
24485 09/29E415 546  75  981E420 535  75    0E428 520  75    0E439 494  70    0
           **** ***  **  *** *** ***  **          ***          ***

24490 09/30E444 479  65    0E452 463  60    0E460 445  55    0E469 421  50    0
24490 09/30E453 460  70    0E468 415  70    0E480 370  70    0E487 335  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24495 10/01E479 388  50    0E489 346  45    0E500 300  40    0E520 200  40    0
24495 10/01E489 310  60    0E490 298  55    0E490 290  50    0E490 285  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

24500 HR                    

Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) 
though there are major track changes during the extratropical stage.  
Additionally, a major change was introduced in that the extratropical 
transition occurred a day earlier than previously indicated.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the 
COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 51.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 51.2W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 55W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 24.5N, 55.4W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 27.4N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 999 mb at
26.5N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "The center on that date (24th) was in
approximately latitude 25N, longitude 54 W, with a direction of movement almost
due northwest" (MWR).

September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28N, 60W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 58.8W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 54.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 50 kt
ESE and 998 mb at 27.5N, 55.9W at 04 UTC (MWR). "The system began to recurve on
the 25th with the westernmost point of its path being the 61st meridian,
reached midday on the 26th" (MWR).

September 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 30N, 61W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.2N, 60.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 971 mb at 31.5N, 60.3W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N
and 984 mb 31.1N, 61W at 11 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 985 mb at 31.5N, 60 W at
12 UTC (COA).

September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 37N, 60W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 59.6W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 39.3N, 61.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt N and 994
mb at 37.6N, 60.7W at 14 UTC (MWR); 60 kt ENE and 996 mb at 16 UTC (MWR). 

September 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 39N, 61W with
a warm front extending east-northeast from the center. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 2 hurricane at 39.8N, 56W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and
983 mb at 37.8N, 59W at 03 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE at 40N, 58W at 12 UTC (COA); 30
kt NE and 981 mb at 42.7N, 52.8W at 22 UTC (MWR).

September 29: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone with a low of at most 995
mb near 43N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 42.8N, 50.8W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 976 mb at 42.5N, 54.5W at 08 UTC
(COA); 70 kt NNE and 984 mb at 42.5N, 54.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt N and 1000
mb at 43.5N, 55.5W at 16 UTC (COA).

September 30: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 46N, 43W. HURDAT
listed this as an extratropical storm at 46N, 44.5W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 40 kt SW and 989 mb at 47.4N, 35.2W at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt SE and
994 mb at 45.4N, 44.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 60 kt WSW and 985 mb at 47.7N, 34.6W at
15 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SSE at 47.7N, 34.6W (MWR).

October 1: HWM analyzed an occluded low near 50N, 30W. HURDAT listed this as an
extratropical storm at 50N, 30W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 993 mb 
at 47.5N, 34.5W at 10 UTC (COA); 45 kt SW at 45.9N, 28.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 
45 kt N and 996 mb at 49N, 27W at 18 UTC (COA).

Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 00 UTC on September 23rd as a minimal
tropical storm. The storm progressed northwestward before recurving just east
of Bermuda on the 26th. Minor track changes were introduced during the lifetime 
of this system while a tropical cyclone, though large changes to its position 
were introduced on the 30th and 1st while the system was an extratropical storm.  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd.  A peripheral 
pressure of 998 mb and peak wind of 50 kt were observed on the 25th.  The 
998 mb pressure suggest winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. north 
of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  As the ship position is at least 60 nm 
from the center of the cyclone, 80 kt is retained for HURDAT at 06 UTC on 
the 25th.  A 971 mb pressure and concurrent 35 kt SE wind at 08 UTC on the 
26th is likely a core measurement and the revised track takes the center of 
the hurricane ~15-20 nm from the ship at the time of the observation.  The 
971 mb pressure measurement likely taken inside the RMW suggests a central 
pressure of 967 mb, utilizing the ~1 mb for each 10 kt wind increment 
guideline.  A 967 mb central pressure suggests winds of 88 kt from the 
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 91 kt from the 
intensifying subset.  The 967 mb value is added into HURDAT.  Winds are 
reanalyzed to be 90 kt at 06 UTC and 95 kt at 12 UTC on the 26th, which 
may have been the peak intensity for this system.  Available observations 
on the 28th indicate an asymmetric wind field and frontal boundary structures 
had formed, suggesting that the system transitioned to an extratropical 
cyclone around 06 UTC - a day earlier than previously indicated. Peak 
observed winds on the 28th were 70 kt. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 
a 10 kt downgrade. At 22 UTC on the 28th a (possible) central pressure of 
981 mb was observed, suggesting winds of 72 kt from the Landsea et al. north 
of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are reduced from 80 to 75 kt at 
00 UTC on the 29th.  Later at 08 UTC on the 29th, a peripheral pressure of 
976 mb was observed, implying winds of at least 77 kt from the north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship. Given that the system is baroclinic, the 
pressure-wind relationship can be utilized with slightly weaker winds. 
Therefore, 75 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 29th. It should 
also be noted that Storm 4 absorbed storm number 3 on the 29th. A peak wind 
of 70 kt was observed on the 30th. 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on 
the 30th, 15 kt greater than previous HURDAT. Available observations on 
October 1st indicate that the system had occluded with peak observed winds 
of 45 kt. 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 1st, a 10 kt upgrade 
and also the last record for storm 4 in HURDAT. Available observations 
indicate the peak intensity with this hurricane were about 95 kt, 10 kt 
less than originally suggested in HURDAT. This reclassifies storm 4 from 
a Category 3 down to a Category 2 (though upper end Category 2) hurricane.

******************************************************************************

1927/05 - 2010 REVISION:

24505 10/01/1927 M= 4  5 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
24505 09/30/1927 M= 5  5 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
      ** **         *          

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
24507 09/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 690  30    0*236 704  30    0

24510 10/01*232 730  35    0*240 740  35    0*248 748  35    0*252 754  35    0
24510 10/01*243 718  30    0*249 730  30    0*255 740  30    0*261 749  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24515 10/02*257 761  35    0*265 772  40    0*275 782  45    0*287 792  50    0
24515 10/02*267 757  35    0*273 764  40    0*280 770  45    0*290 778  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24520 10/03*301 801  50    0*316 807  50    0*334 810  40    0*350 807  35    0
24520 10/03*303 789  50    0*318 800  50    0*334 807  40    0*350 808  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***  

24525 10/04*370 795  30    0*390 775  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
24525 10/04*370 803  30    0*390 790  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***              ***

24530 TS                    

U.S. Landfall
10/03 09Z  32.5N 80.4W 50 kt SC

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Record 
station data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. 
Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina.

September 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 23N, 69W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 76W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 23N, 72W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 77W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 27.5N, 77.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 
35 kt ENE and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 29N, 73W (HWM).

October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 80W, with a
cold front approaching from the west. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
33.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near
33.7N, 81W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1008 mb at 04 UTC at 32.3N, 79W
(MWR). Station highlights: 43 kt SE at Charleston at 09 and 10 UTC (OMR); 
21 kt SW and 1009 mb at Charleston at 12 UTC (OMR); 38 kt at Wilmington (MWR);
37 kt at Raleigh (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - 
Carolinas and Georgia - 1927 - Oct 3 - All sections - Minor [less than 
hurricane intensity]" (Dunn and Miller).  "...a disturbance that apparently 
developed off the northeast Florida coast and moved north-northwest, 
crossing the coast line between Savannah and Charleston.  The only strong 
winds were reported near Charleston.  The disturbance was of very small 
extent and short duration, but was seemingly quite severe at the time it 
crossed the coast line" (MWR).  The Beaufort Gazette.  Thursday, Oct. 6, 
1927, p. 1 "LITTLE DAMAGE IN BEAUFORT___By Gale Sunday Night - Slight 
Trouble With Electric Wires.  Few Trees
Down___
   Very unexpected Beaufort was visited by a fifty-mile gale Sunday
night and early Monday morning, that swept in from the Atlantic Ocean.
It had rained the greater part of Sunday and early that evening;  but
none expected to be aroused from sleep by such a gale as that which
swept over this section early Monday morning.  It was one of those
autumn storms, unannounced and unexpected.
   Many boats were anchored out in the bay but none were damaged as a
consequence of the stiff blow.
   There is no weather bureau here, but reports from Charleston state
that the gale reached the velocity of fifty miles per hour.  The
rainfall in that area was 1.17.  It could hardly have been more than
that here as this section has just been through a very dry period.
   Many persons were aroused from their sleep, some unable to return to
dreamland.  We have heard of one lad who slept through it all with a
heavy downpour of rain coming in his open window.  The howling of the
wind was very audible early in the early morning hours Monday.  No
severe damage was done to property in the Beaufort section.  Many
branches were torn from trees in different sections of the city.  The
fire alarm called forth about 4 o'clock Monday morning due to an
electrical disturbance on the wires leading to the house of the
northwest intersection of North and Harrington streets.  Transformers
about the city flared forth but there was no serious damage.  The
electrical power was cut off for several hours Monday morning crippling
those industries dependent upon it for power.  The Gazette was delayed a
good many hours in the use of its linotype machine.
   The farmers suffered no ill effect as a result of the blow.  Corn was
blown down in a few fields.  Beaufort weathered the blow better than
some of the neighboring cities." (Prof. Mock).

October 4: HWM analyzed a cold front nearly paralleling the United States East
Coast. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 39N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 43.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for storm #5 began at 12 UTC on September 30th as a tropical depression 
rather than a tropical storm, 12 hours earlier than previously suggested in 
HURDAT. First gales were observed on October 2nd as the system progressed 
northwestward towards the United States East Coast. A peak wind of 35 kt on 
the 2nd indicates that the system did attain tropical storm intensity. This 
observation, however, is problematic. It is the strongest wind observation 
uncovered on the 2nd, but it may be in error.  As plotted, the ENE wind 
direction looks suspicious, as well as the fact that there are three other 
observations closer to the TC center which are substantially weaker (15 kt 
each).  It is possible that the observation was incorrectly plotted at 73W 
and instead was supposed to be at 78W.  Such a position would be a better fit 
for both the wind speed and direction, though it is unfortunate that this 
observation was not to be found in the COADS database.  While the observation 
likely cannot be correct as shown, it is agreed to retain the 45 kt intensity 
on the 2nd, as there are numerous 25 kt winds observed in the western (weaker) 
semicircle of the TC.  The tropical storm made landfall around 09 UTC on the 
3rd just southwest of Charleston, South Carolina. Peak observations at 
landfall occurred at Charleston where maximum winds were 43 kt. This reduces 
down to 37 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds 
(Powell et al. 1996).  A direct conversion of the peak "extreme winds" 
(1 min) to the directly to the equivalent from a reliable 3-cup anemometer 
would give 48 kt.  (However, value was not considered reliable due to the 
noisiness of the instrument and is why the "maximum velocity" (or 5 min wind) 
is what was generally reported in the Monthly Weather Review.)  The Charleston 
station record showed a sea-level pressure of 1009 mb 3-4 hours after the 
strongest winds, and a lower pressure likely occurred at that time. If the 
station record correctly logged peak conditions, this lower pressure was 
between 1003-1008 mb, as 1003 mb was the lowest for the month (on the 19th 
in association with an extratropical low).  50 kt is chosen for landfall and 
maintains the 50 kt originally shown in HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 3rd. Given the 
small size of the system and the sparsely populated coast, it is possible that 
it had a stronger inner core (approaching minimal hurricane intensity) which 
struck the coast just south of Charleston, but no definitive evidence that this 
is the case is available. Once over land, the system quickly diminished in 
intensity and dissipated by 12 UTC on the 4th with no changes made to HURDAT 
in the dissipation. 

******************************************************************************

1927/06 - 2010 REVISION:

24535 10/17/1927 M= 3  6 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24535 10/16/1927 M= 4  6 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *    

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
24538 10/16*165 870  30    0*166 867  30    0*167 862  30    0*169 854  35    0

24540 10/17*185 865  40    0*187 855  40    0*188 843  40    0*188 833  40    0
24540 10/17*172 844  40    0*175 835  40    0*178 827  40    0*182 820  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24545 10/18*192 822  40    0*191 809  40    0*195 795  40    0*198 779  40    0
24545 10/18*187 814  40    0*193 806  40    0*200 795  40    0*210 777  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

24550 10/19*200 762  35    0*214 743  35    0*233 723  35    0*260 702  35    0
24550 10/19*222 750  40    0E237 720  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24555 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez 
et al. (2000).

October 16: HWM analyzed a broad area of low pressure in the western Caribbean
Sea. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 17: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1005 mb in the western
Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.8N, 84.3W at 12
UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1000 mb at 17.3N, 83.2W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 80W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 19.5N, 80W at 8 a.m. Ship
highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 19.5N, 80.7W at 11 UTC (COA).

October 19: HWM indicates a cold front stretching northeast from the eastern
Bahamas to Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.3N, 72.3W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 72.5W at 8
a.m. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 999 mb at 22N, 74.3W at 00 UTC (COA).
"The disturbance was of small extent but of moderate intensity causing some
destruction to crops as it passed northeast over extreme eastern Cuba during
the night of the 18th (MWR).  "October 18-19 - Tropical Storm - Cuba" 
(Perez et al.).

Genesis for storm #6 began on October 16th at 00 UTC as a tropical depression 
rather than a tropical storm in the western Caribbean Sea, one day earlier 
than original HURDAT. On the 17th, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb was 
observed implying winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship.  Environmental pressures were quite low 
suggesting a slight decrease in the pressure-wind intensity estimates. Thus, 
40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. The storm progressed 
east-northeastward throughout its duration.  On the 18th a peripheral pressure 
of 1004 mb was observed implying winds of at least 39 kt from the south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 18th.  
The system made landfall around 16 UTC on the 18th in Cuba as a 40 kt tropical 
storm.  Available observations indicate the system became absorbed by a frontal 
boundary around 06 UTC on the 19th, while the original HURDAT showed a final 
position (not becoming extratropical) at 18 UTC on the 19th.  Peak intensity 
with this tropical storm is maintained at 40 kt. 

******************************************************************************


1927/07 - 2010 REVISION:

24560 10/30/1927 M= 6  7 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24560 10/30/1927 M= 5  7 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  

24565 10/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*188 830  35    0
24565 10/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 800  30    0*200 799  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***

24570 10/31*197 818  35    0*204 806  40    0*209 800  40    0*214 796  40    0
24570 10/31*205 797  35    0*210 796  40    0*215 795  40    0*220 794  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24575 11/01*220 790  35    0*227 784  35    0*236 777  35    0*247 768  35    0
24575 11/01*225 793  35    0*230 792  35    0*236 790  35    0*247 783  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

24580 11/02*261 757  35    0*275 746  35    0*286 737  35    0*295 732  35    0
24580 11/02*261 771  35    0*275 755  35    0*290 745  35    0*305 745  35    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

24585 11/03*303 729  35    0*309 728  35    0E314 727  30    0E321 727  30    0
24585 11/03*315 755  35    0*318 759  35    0*320 760  35    0*321 760  30    0
            *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **          ***  

(The 4th is removed from HURDAT.)
24590 11/04E332 727  30    0E359 727  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

24595 TS                    

Major changes to the track and but minor alterations to the intensity shown 
in McAdie et al. (2009).  The new track also removes the extratropical stage from 
this system.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000).  

October 30: HWM analyzed a weak low at 18N 80W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at its first position at 18.8N 83.0W at 18 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  (Perez et al. suggested that the system
began as a tropical depression in the southwest Caribbean on the 28th and
moved northward for the next two days without intensifying.  However, 
analysis of HWM and COADS maps for those days suggest instead that the
system was more of a trough feature and did not yet exhibit a closed
circulation until the 30th.)

October 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 81W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.9N, 80W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over central
Cuba. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.6N, 77.7W at 12 UTC.  No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "October 31-
November 1 - Tropical Storm - Cuba" (Perez et al.).

November 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 75W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 28.6N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 25N, 74W at 8 a.m.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE
and 1018 mb at 30.3N, 72.3W at 13 UTC (MWR).

November 3: HWM analyzed an elongated northwest to southeast closed low of at
most 1000 mb near 26N, 66W with a warm frontal boundary analyzed.  Additionally, 
HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36N 76W over North Carolina with 
an approaching frontal boundary to the northwest.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 31.4N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate 
the center near 30.5N, 72.5W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1011 mb 
at 33.7N 72.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).

November 4: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 30N, 60W. HURDAT listed
this as an extratropical storm at 35.9N, 72.7W at 06 UTC. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
 
Genesis for storm #7 began on October 30th as a tropical depression in the 
northwestern Caribbean Sea, six hours earlier than originally indicate. 
The storm moved northeast from the 30th through November 2nd as the system 
crossed over Cuba into the western Atlantic Ocean.  HURDAT intensity 
estimates on October 31st and November 1st are retained due to the lack 
of available data near the system on these dates. Perez et al. confirm
that the system was likely a minimal tropical storm that made landfall Cuba 
around 12 UTC on the 31st, with a track that was farther north than 
originally indicated.  The new storm track for the 3rd and 4th indicates a 
substantially different evolution than original HURDAT, with the system 
farther west on the 3rd and dissipated on the 4th.  A complex synoptic 
pattern developed on the 3rd and 4th.  As the tropical cyclone moved 
northward north of the Bahamas on the 3rd, it weakened as a separate, 
baroclinic system that impacted New England and Canada (and caused 
significant flooding in New England) began developing over North Carolina 
and Virginia.  At the same time, a large non-tropical low that formed south 
of Bermuda with gale force winds (this is now included in the Additional 
Notes section) was occurring on the 3rd and 4th of November.  The reanalysis 
efforts reconfirms that the pre-existing tropical storm, the baroclinic 
system that impacted New England/Canada, and the third low south of Bermuda 
were all separate cyclones.  It is analyzed that the tropical cyclone 
remained in that status until dissipation after 18 UTC on the 3rd, while in 
the warm section of the developing baroclinic low.

Storm #7, 1927 - 2012 Revision
25870 10/30/1927 M= 6  7 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
25875 10/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 800  30    0*200 799  35    0*
25880 10/31*205 797  35    0*210 796  40    0*215 795  40    0*220 794  40    0*
25885 11/01*225 793  35    0*230 792  35    0*236 790  35    0*247 783  35    0*
25890 11/02*261 771  35    0*275 755  35    0*290 745  35    0*305 745  35    0*
25895 11/03*315 755  35    0*318 759  35    0*320 760  35    0*321 760  30    0*

(The 4th is removed from HURDAT.)
25900 11/04E332 727  30    0E359 727  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

25905 TS 

The 4th was supposed to be removed from HURDAT according to the 2010 revision.  
However, instead it inadvertently remained in HURDAT.  This date is now removed.

******************************************************************************

1927/08 - 2010 ADDITION:

24596 11/19/1927 M= 3  8 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24597 11/19*205 504  30    0*220 512  30    0*235 520  35    0*251 527  40    0
24598 11/20*268 534  45    0*284 540  50    0*300 545  50    0*315 548  50    0
24599 11/21*328 550  50    0*339 551  45    0E350 550  40    0E360 547  35    0
24599 TS                    

Storm #8 is added to the original hurricane record shown in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for the addition comes from the Historical Weather Maps series
and the COADS ship database.  

November 16: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than
1007.5 mb located near 17N, 52W.  No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 17: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1005
mb located near 18N, 45W.  No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 18: HWM isobaric analysis continued to indicate a closed low of no
more than 1005 mb located near 19N, 50W. 
No gales (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 19: HWM isobaric analysis continued to indicate a closed low of no
more than 1005 mb located near 21.5N, 54.5W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 27.5N, 50.5W (COA).

November 20: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a very large closed low of no 
more than 1005 mb located roughly near 26N, 57.5W. Ship highlights:
45 kt SSE and 999 mb at 29.5N, 53.5W at 12Z (COA). 

November 21: HWM isobaric analysis indicated an elongated closed low of no more
than 1005 mb located at the tail end of the cold front near 24N, 59W. 
No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were
observed.

Despite the Historical Weather Map series indicating a closed low as early
as November 16th, available observations suggest that the system became
a tropical cyclone early on the 19th.  Tropical storm intensity is begun
at 12 UTC on the 19th and is supported by several gale force wind reports
(on the 19th and 20th) and one 999 mb peripheral pressure reading (on 
the 20th).  This pressure suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on 
the 20th.  The system encountered a strong frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 
21st and extratropical transition is noted at that time.  The system likely 
dissipated late on the 21st.  Peak intensity for this late season tropical storm 
is around 50 kt on the 20th and 21st.  It should be noted that this system may 
have been a subtropical cyclone, but without satellite imagery to confirm the 
convective structure, it will be considered a tropical cyclone.

******************************************************************************

1927 - Additional Notes:

1)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a weak low formed along a
weakening frontal boundary on 13 August. The low began to take shape on the
12th along a still-intact front, near 23N, 77W. The next day it moved
moderately northeastward as the front dissipated in the vicinity of the low.
Winds near the center did not exceed 20 kt, so the system is not being added to
HURDAT. Afterwards, the low moved very rapidly to the east-northeast and became
absorbed in the remaining frontal boundary.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 12	33N	77W		Not closed
Aug 13	35N	70W		Tropical Depression
Aug 14	36N	56W		Extratropical
 
2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone
developed on 17 October in the Northern Bahamas near 26N, 78W. It appears that
the cyclone originated from a northern piece of the precursor disturbance to
Storm #6. It moved rather quickly to the north immediately after it formed in
response to an approaching frontal boundary. No gale force winds were reported
while the system was presumed to be tropical, but the pressure was about 1004
mb. The highest winds reported were 25 kts. The system continued to deepen
after it merged with the front, and several reports of gales were noted, along
with a minimum pressure of 996 mb. Due to the lack of gale force winds during
its brief period as a tropical cyclone, the system is not being added to
HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 16	-----	-----		Not closed
Oct 17	26N	78W		Tropical Depression
Oct 18	35N	74W		Absorbed by front

3)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a broad non-tropical low existed 
south of Bermuda on the 3rd and 4th of November.  This developed as part of a 
complex synoptic situation with storm #8 slowly moving northward north of the 
Bahamas and a third, vigorous extratropical cyclone was forming over North 
Carolina and Virginia.  While numerous ships show low pressures below 1005 mb, 
none of these are co-located with gale force winds - consistent with a 
non-tropical low structure.  There were two ships that reported gales:  
"UK035419" with 45 kt SW at 12Z on the 3rd and "2061000" with 35 kt SE at 20Z 
on the 3rd, 50 kt SE at 00Z on the 4th, 70 kt ESE at 04Z on the 4th, and 50 kt 
SE at 08Z on the 4th.  Comparison of the latter ship versus nearby observations 
suggests, however, that this ship may have reported double the actual winds.  
By 12Z on the 4th, the system had opened up into a trough.  It is possible that 
this system had acquired some tropical characteristics on the 3rd, but the balance 
of the evidence indicates that it was a broad non-tropical low with some gale 
force winds.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 3 	28N   55W    	Non-tropical Low
Nov 4       ---   ---         Trough along 25N50W to 27N58W

******************************************************************************

1928/01 - 2010 REVISIONS:

24600 08/03/1928 M=10  1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
24600 08/03/1928 M=11  1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **

24605 08/03*113 607  35    0*123 621  35    0*133 636  35    0*142 652  35    0
24605 08/03*188 636  35    0*189 643  35    0*190 650  35    0*191 657  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24610 08/04*150 660  35    0*160 670  35    0*167 678  35    0*176 690  40    0
24610 08/04*192 664  35    0*194 672  35    0*196 680  35    0*200 690  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

24615 08/05*185 700  40    0*194 709  40    0*203 720  35    0*212 731  40    0
24615 08/05*205 701  40    0*210 712  40    0*215 723  40    0*221 734  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***            

24620 08/06*221 743  45    0*230 754  55    0*238 765  65    0*245 774  70    0
24620 08/06*228 745  45    0*235 755  55    0*242 765  65    0*248 774  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

24625 08/07*251 781  80    0*255 786  80    0*260 791  85    0*265 795  85    0
24625 08/07*253 782  80    0*258 788  90  971*263 792  90    0*266 795  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **

24630 08/08*269 799  85    0*274 803  80  977*278 807  70    0*282 812  50    0
24630 08/08*269 798  90    0*272 801  85  977*276 805  70    0*279 809  50    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

24635 08/09*286 817  40    0*290 822  40    0*294 827  35    0*298 832  35    0
24635 08/09*281 815  45    0*284 821  40    0*287 827  40    0*291 833  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **

24640 08/10*303 838  35    0*309 843  35    0*317 848  35    0*326 840  30    0
24640 08/10*296 839  35    0*302 844  35    0*310 845  35    0*319 840  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

24645 08/11*335 829  30    0E343 817  30    0E352 805  30    0E361 790  30    0
24645 08/11*329 832  30    0E340 822  30    0E352 810  30    0E364 797  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

24650 08/12E370 775  30    0E378 759  30    0E387 741  30    0*  0   0   0    0
24650 08/12E372 782  35    0E380 762  45    0E385 745  55    0E385 730  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
24652 08/13E385 718  50    0E385 708  45    0E385 700  40    0E385 695  35    0

24655 HRCFL2                





U.S. Continental Hurricanes (and Tropical Storms):
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8/8/1928       0700Z 27.3N  80.2W   85kt  2   10nmi    977mb   CFL2
8/10/1928      0400Z 30.0N  84.3W   35kt  TS  -----    -----   ----

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, the Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et 
al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).  Analysis of this 
hurricane before and at landfall in Florida was greatly assisted by Daniel 
Gladstein.

August 3: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the eastern Caribbean Sea. 
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12Z at 13.3N 63.6W.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 4: HWM analyzed a broad trough near 67W. HURDAT listed this system as 
a tropical storm at 12Z at 16.7N 67.8W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.  "August 3-12, 1928 -s From reports received by 
mail it is evident that a tropical disturbance, the first of the season, 
passed on a westward course some 75 to 100 miles north of the Leeward Islands 
during the 3d and 4th of August" (MWR).

August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 72.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.3N, 72W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
suggests a center near 22N, 73W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and
1008 mb at 22.9N, 74.3W at 20 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 22.3N, 74.4W
at 21 UTC (COA). "...the first [tropical disturbance of the month] was in the 
vicinity of Turks Island on the morning of the 5th and following the usual 
northwesterly path, struck the southeast coast of Florida on the 7th" (MWR).  
"The first telegraphic report of its existence was received from the S.S. 
Saraola, just west of Acklin Island on the afternoon of the 5th" (MWR).

August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 23.5N, 78W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.8N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows suggests a center near 24N, 76.5W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The center moved northwestward 
with slowly increasing intensity and was central on the morning of the 6th 
about 60 miles southeast of Andros, Bahamas" (MWR).

August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 80W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 26N, 79.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows suggests a center near 26N, 79W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 60
kt NNW and 999 mb at 26.4N, 79.9W at 07 UTC (COA); 10 kt W and a central
pressure of 971 mb at 26N, 79.8W at 07 UTC (MWR); 50 kt N and 1010 mb at 26.2N,
79.7W at 12 UTC (COA).  "By the morning of the 7th a tropical storm, moving 
from the West Indies, approached the east coast of Florida" (MWR).

August 8: HWM indicates a closed low 1005 mb near 28.2N, 80.5W, just off the
coast of Cape Canaveral. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 27.8N,
80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 27.8N, 81W at 8
a.m. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 1001 mb at 26N, 80W at 00 UTC
(COA); 70 kt SW and 997 mb at 26.5N, 79.8W at 00 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSE and 1002
mb at 27.2N, 79.6W at 09 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 977 mb and "Wind lulled" 
at Fort Pierce at 09Z (MWR); E wind with 1002 mb at Titusville, Florida, at 
20 UTC (OMR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug. 7-9 - N of Palm Beach - 
Minimal Hurricane - 2 killed, damage $235,000" (Dunn and Miller).  "US 
Hurricane - FL, SE2 (no central pressure)" (Jarrell et al.).  No mention of 
this hurricane in Ho et al. and Schwerdt et al., implying central pressure at 
landfall higher than 981 mb.  "On the evening of the 7th no land observations 
were available between Titusville and Miami, but vessel reports south of the 
center indicated that it was beginning to turn north-northwest or possible 
northwest... At that time the center was about 20 miles southeast of Jupiter.  
By the morning of the 8th the center was about 60 miles northwest of Jupiter, 
moving northwest" (MWR).  "...and during the following two or three days [8th 
to 9th or 10th] crossed the State in a northwest direction, attended by 
torrential rains and high winds, reaching the northing limits by the morning 
of the 10th, where it recurved sharply and moved then northeastward over the 
South Atlantic States during the 11th, passing into the Atlantic near the 
mouth of Chesapeake Bay during the following day.  The storm was attended by 
high winds and heavy rains not only in Florida but in its passage over the 
central and southern parts of Georgia and South Carolina, the winds diminishing 
somewhat with the advance of the storm, but heavy rains continued throughout 
its entire course, reaching high intensities in portions of Virginia and Maryland, 
particularly in the vicinity of the District of Columbia, where the 23-hour fall 
on the 11th and 12th was the greatest of record.  Much damage to crops, roads, 
and bridges occurred throughout the course of this storm - in Florida by injury 
to the citrus and other crops, in the eastern cotton States by damage to open 
cotton, and in all sections by flattening corn, tobacco, and other crops, 
blowing fruit from trees, flooding and washing of farm land, roads, etc., and 
otherwise" (MWR).  "The center passed nearly over Fort Pierce as a lull was 
experienced between 3 and 4 a. m. on the 8th...SW winds (estimated 90 m. p. h.) 
at 4:30" (MWR).

August 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of 1000 mb near 29N, 83W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 29.4N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
suggests a center near 30N, 83W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW
and 1003 mb at 27.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 14 kt W and
1004 mb at Tampa at 00 UTC (OMR); 1001 mb at Tampa at 06 UTC (OMR); 13 kt SW
and 1003 mb at Tampa at 12 UTC (OMR). "The storm continued to move 
northwestward with decreasing intensity to between Tampa and Apalachicola by 
the evening of the 9th" (MWR).

August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows suggests a center near 32N, 83.5W at 8 a.m. Station highlights:
1004 mb at Apalachicola, Florida, at 12 UTC (HWM); 19 kt N and 997 mb at Macon,
Georgia, at 20 UTC (OMR); 26 kt S and 1004 mb at Savannah at 20 UTC (OMR); 
34 kt S at Savannah at 21 UTC (OMR).  "It then turned northward to southern 
Georgia being more and more northwestward" (MWR).

August 11: HWM analyzed a broad extratropical cyclone centered near Charlotte,
North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 35.2N, 80.5W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 35N, 81W at 8 a.m.
Station highlights: 16 kt NW and 999 mb at Macon, Georgia, at 00 UTC
(OMR); 997 mb at Augusta, Georgia, at 03 UTC (OMR).  "...until it finally passed 
off the coast north of the Virginia Capes during the night of the 11th" (MWR).

August 12: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone just east of the Chesapeake
Bay. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 38.7N, 74.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 38.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1006 mb at 37.2N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt SW
and 1004 mb at 37.7N, 74.6W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 W at 37.5N, 74.5W at 21 UTC
(COA). Station highlights:  38 kt NE at Philadelphia (MWR); 53 kt NE Atlantic 
City (MWR); 37 kt NE at Sandy Hook (MWR); 34 kt W at Norfolk (MWR).  "It passed 
out to sea near the Virginia Capes on the morning of the 12th, with moderate 
to strong gales along the coast between Hatteras and New York" (MWR).

August 13: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone near 40N, 70W. Original HURDAT
did not list this system on this date. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggest a center near 39N, 68W at 06 UTC. Ship highlights:  35 kt NW and 
1015 mb at 36.5N 73.5W at 09 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 37.5N 73.5W at 
13 UTC (COA); 35 kt N and 1019 mb at 38.5N 73.5W at 17 UTC (COA).

Three different scenarios were available for the genesis of storm #1:  
a) The tropical cyclone formed north of Hispaniola on the 5th (MWR - page 336 and HWM), 
b) The tropical cyclone formed north of the Leeward Islands on the 3rd (MWR - page 441), or 
c) The tropical cyclone formed near Trinidad and Barbados on the 3rd (HURDAT, McAdie et al.).  
Examination of the data does suggest that a closed circulation was present 
on the 3rd (with SW winds at San Juan), but the observations are ambiguous 
on the 4th.  The data are fairly conclusive, however, that a closed circulation 
was not present in the eastern Caribbean on the 4th.  The revised HURDAT positions 
are closest to scenario b - forming north of the Leeward Islands on the 3rd.  
Thus major track changes are introduced on the 3rd and 4th.  No changes are made 
to the intensity on these dates as the data - while not showing any observed gales 
- are ambiguous as to the intensity.  On the 3rd and 4th, the system moved 
west-northwestward turning toward the northwestward on the 5th, which it continued 
until landfall in central Florida on the 8th. Peak winds on the 5th were reported 
at 35 kt. 35 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 5th. No gale force winds 
or low pressures were observed on the 6th as the storm paralleled Cuba's 
southeastern coast. On the 7th, a central pressure of 971 mb was observed, 
implying winds of 89 and 83 kt from the south and north of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  Winds of 90 and 87 kt are implied 
from the intensifying group of systems south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively.  
90 kt is retained for HURDAT at 06Z UTC on the 7th, up from 80 kt originally.  
This may have been the peak intensity of this hurricane.

The Category 2 hurricane made landfall in central Florida around 07 UTC, just 
southeast of Fort Pierce on the 8th.  The Fort Pierce measurement of 977 mb 
accompanied by a "lull" in the wind (along with a 180 degree wind shift from 
NE to SW) suggests that this was a central pressure reading from the hurricane's 
eye, shortly after the hurricane made landfall.  This value does look reasonable 
given the 971 mb central pressure recorded from a ship the day previous. The 
radius of maximum winds (RMW) for this hurricane at landfall was approximately 
10 nmi, significantly smaller than climatology (20 nmi - Vickery et al, 2000). 
(The 10 nmi RMW value is an estimate based upon both the duration of the lull 
experienced at Fort Pierce (~75 minutes with 180 degree wind shift from NE to 
SW) relative to the speed of the hurricane (~5 kt) as well as the small radius 
of outer closed isobar (~140 nm).  This 10 nmi RMW could be off by as much as 
50%.  However, even if the RMW size were 50% larger, this would still suggest 
a small system with a commensurate boost to the winds from the pressure-wind 
relationship.)  A central pressure of 977 mb implies winds of 81 and 76 kt from 
the south and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. 
Due to the small RMW, 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC, a 5 kt increase from 
original HURDAT. However, this does not change the Saffir-Simpson Category 2 
hurricane classification at landfall. Peak observed winds after landfall were 
the following: 12 UTC 8th - 45 kt, 18 UTC - 30 kt, 00 UTC 9th - 25 kt, and 06 UTC 
- no wind speed record. Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests 
winds of 67, 52, 41, and 38 kt, accordingly. Winds for revised HURDAT are retained 
at 70 kt at 12 UTC and 50 kt at 18 UTC. On the 9th winds for revised HURDAT are 
increased to 45 kt at 00 UTC and maintained at 40 kt at 06 UTC. 

It appears that the center of the cyclone may have moved into the Gulf of Mexico 
(though still close to the coast) from about 12Z on the 9th until 04Z on the 
10th.  Gale force winds were not observed on the 9th but a peripheral pressure 
of 1003 mb was observed, implying winds of at least 38 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 5 kt upgrade 
from previous HURDAT.  On the 10th, a peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed 
implying winds of at least 49 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 
Given that the storm is over land, a significant reduction to the implied winds 
is necessary. Thus, 35 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 10th. 
Available observations indicate that the storm transitioned to an extratropical 
storm by 06 UTC on the 11th. Peak winds on the 11th were 25 kt. 30 kt is 
maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC. On the 12th the system reemerged into the 
Atlantic Ocean off the Virginia coast. Numerous gale force winds were observed 
along the coastal mid-Atlantic state US Weather Bureau stations on the 12th.  
Winds are boosted accordingly in HURDAT.  Available observations indicate the 
system dissipated by 00 UTC on the 14th, 30 hours later than indicated in 
original HURDAT, in the North Atlantic Ocean.

*******************************************************************************

1928/02 - 2010 REVISIONS:

24660 08/07/1928 M=11  2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
24665 08/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 600  35    0*128 608  35    0
24665 08/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*115 603  30    0*122 612  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24670 08/08*133 616  35    0*138 625  40    0*142 635  40    0*146 646  45    0
24670 08/08*129 621  35    0*136 630  40    0*142 640  40    0*146 650  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***  

24675 08/09*150 655  50    0*154 669  55    0*158 680  60    0*162 689  65    0
24675 08/09*150 660  50    0*154 670  55    0*158 680  60    0*162 690  65    0
                ***              ***                               ***  

24680 08/10*165 698  70    0*169 707  70    0*173 716  70    0*179 727  70    0
24680 08/10*165 700  70    0*169 710  75    0*173 720  80    0*177 730  80    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

24685 08/11*186 737  70    0*194 748  70    0*201 759  60    0*207 770  60    0
24685 08/11*180 739  80    0*182 749  75    0*186 759  70    0*191 769  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

24690 08/12*213 780  50    0*220 790  45    0*227 798  45    0*235 805  45    0
24690 08/12*197 781  60    0*204 792  55    0*215 800  50    0*228 806  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24695 08/13*244 811  45    0*252 816  50    0*260 822  50    0*268 828  55    0
24695 08/13*242 811  60    0*252 816  60    0*260 822  55    0*269 828  55    0
            ***      **               **               **      ***

24700 08/14*276 833  50    0*285 839  50    0*293 844  45    0*302 849  40    0
24700 08/14*278 834  50    0*287 840  50    0*296 846  45    0*305 850  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24705 08/15*313 854  40    0*324 856  35    0*334 854  35    0*344 848  30    0
24705 08/15*313 854  35    0*321 856  35    0*330 854  30    0*339 850  30    0
                     **      ***              ***      **      *** ***

24710 08/16*353 842  30    0*362 835  30    0*371 827  25    0*379 820  25    0
24710 08/16*347 845  30    0*355 839  30    0*365 833  25    0*375 825  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24715 08/17*386 812  25    0*392 805  20    0*397 797  20    0*  0   0   0    0
24715 08/17*384 816  25    0*392 805  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***                           *** ***  **

24720 HR    
                
U.S. Tropical Storms:
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                   Wind Affected
8/13/1928      0300Z 24.7N  81.4W  60kt  FL
8/14/1928      1400Z 29.9N  84.7W  45kt  FL

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series,
the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, 
and Perez et al (2000).

August 7: HWM analyzed no significant features in the eastern Caribbean Sea.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.3N, 60W at 12 UTC. No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The disturbance was first 
noted as one of slight to moderate intensity west of Bridgetown, Barbados, on 
the evening of the 7th, advancing west-northwest" (MWR).

August 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14N, 65W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 14.2N, 63.5W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 68W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:  
40 kt W and 998 mb at 14 UTC at 15.5N 69W (MWR).

August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 71W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 71.6W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 13.8N, 69.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).  
"Belated reports indicate that a very small but destructive disturbance 
passed over extreme southwest Haiti during the 10th" (MWR).

August 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 76.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows suggests a center near 19.8N, 75.8W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: 70 kt E 
at ~19N, 75W at 08 UTC (OMR - Key West); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 19.3N, 75W at 
11 UTC (MWR); 60 kt E at 19.3N, 75W (MWR); 45 kt E at 19.3N, 75.1W at 12 UTC 
(COA). "The second disturbance was central near Jamaica on the 11th, and on 
that day strong easterly gales were encountered in the northerly quadrants...
This disturbance decreased in intensity as it moved in a north-northwesterly 
direction, and was accompanied by comparatively moderate winds on the three 
succeeding days... On the morning of the 11th the center of the disturbance was 
over extreme eastern Cuba" (MWR).  "On the 11th a disturbance of small area 
passed on a west-northwest course between Jamaica and the eastern end of Cuba.  
This disturbance must have been of hurricane intensity as the U.S.S. Arkansas 
experienced a 78-mile east wind at 4 a.m. of that date off Guantanamo Bay.  
Judging from the general conditions that prevailed over Cuba to the eastward 
of Havana the disturbance rapidly lost energy after passing between Jamaica 
and Cuba, and on the night of the 11th crossed Cuba, moving directly north, 
the center passing a short distance to the west of Cienfuegos.  Although no 
heavy winds were experienced over that section of Cuba the unsettled conditions, 
including gusty winds and excessive rainfalls, were typically symptomatic of 
tropical disturbances.  But in crossing the Straits of Florida there occurred a 
rapid recrudescence" (OMR - Key West).  

August 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 22N, 81.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1014 mb at 25.2N, 80.2W at 18 UTC (COA).  
"As far as telegraphic reports are concerned, the center was not definitely 
traceable for the next 24 to 36 hours, but reports received by mail indicate 
that a small center passed over the province of Oriente, Cuba, where some 
banana trees were blown down, and was central on the morning of the 12th on 
the north coast of central Cuba.  Observations during the afternoon of the 
12th indicated a disturbance southeast of Key West... At 8 p. m. of that date 
it was evident that a small but intense disturbance was advancing northwestward 
toward the Florida Keys" (MWR). "No dangerous of destructive winds developed 
from the disturbance that apparently formed to the eastward of Key West on the 
12th and for which hurricane warnings were displayed at 9:30 p.m. of that date.  
The lowest pressure recorded was 29.72 inches at 8 p.m. on the 12th, and the 
highest wind velocity was 36 miles an hour from the southwest at 7:05 a.m. on 
the 13th" (OMR - Key West).  "Tropical Storm in central Cuba, August 12th" (Perez).

August 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 1000 mb near 26N, 82W, just west of
Fort Myers, Florida. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 26N, 82.2W at 12
UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25.8N, 82.5W at 8 a.m.
Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 24.6N, 80.9W (MWR); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 24.6N, 
80.8W at 07 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt E and 1004 mb at Tampa at 
22 UTC (OMR). "On the 13th the center was off the southwest coast of Florida...
Gales were also experienced along the coast and over the Florida Keys" (MWR)

August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb near 29N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 29.3N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
suggests a center near 29.8N, 84.3W at 8 a.m. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.  Station highlights: 26 kt S and 1005 mb at Tampa at 00 UTC (OMR); 
21 kt NW and 1004 mb at Apalachicola at 12 UTC (OMR); 1003 mb at Apalachicola 
at 13 UTC (OMR). "On the 14th [the storm was] near Apalachicola. From this point 
it began to recurve slightly toward the east and gradually filled in as it 
moved over the land... This sotrm moved in a track slightly west of that of the 
preceding few days and was attended by heavy rains over much of the territory 
affected by the earlier [storm #1] storm, though the winds were generally not 
so high" (MWR).

August 15: HWM analyzed a very broad closed low of at most 1015 mb centered
near Montgomery, Alabama. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33.4N,
85.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 33N, 85.3W at 8
a.m.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near the
lower Appalachian Mountains. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at
37.1N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 37N, 84W
at 8 a.m.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
"By the morning of the 16th the storm center had reached the southern 
Appalachian region, attended by further heavy rains, whence it moved 
northeasterly during the following day, heavy rains still continuing, and 
merged into a general low-pressure area passing along the northern border" 
(MWR).

August 17: HWM analyzed a trough centered over Virginia and North Carolina.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 39.2N, 80.5W at 06 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 38.3N, 80W at 8 a.m. No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for storm 2 began at 12 UTC on August 7th near the Lesser Antilles as a
tropical depression rather than a tropical storm.  Intensification to a tropical 
storm likely occurred early on the 8th.  The storm progressed west-northwestward, 
moving between Haiti and Jamaica and brushing the southwest coast of Haiti, 
eventually making landfall in south central Cuba and recurving to make a second 
landfall near Apalachicola on the 14th of August.  While the track changes in 
general were minor, the original track took the cyclone over southeastern Cuba.  
These new track changes are consistent with recommendations provided by Perez 
et al. (2000).  A peripheral pressure of 998 mb was observed on the 9th, which 
suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  60 kt are retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 9th.  
Winds are boosted slightly on the 10th (from 70 to 80 kt, which is the new peak 
intensity for the cyclone) to account for description of impact in Haiti, though 
the intensity is highly uncertain.  Hurricane intensity for this cyclone was 
also observed from the U.S.S. Arkansas observations, while south of Cuba early 
on the 11th and hurricane intensity is maintained until 18 UTC on the 11th, 
12 hours longer than previously indicated in HURDAT.  Because of the track 
change introduced, landfall in central Cuba is analyzed to occur around 
12 UTC on the 12th as a 50 kt tropical storm rather than just before 12 UTC 
on the 11th in eastern Cuba as a 70 kt hurricane.  This is consistent with 
the analysis of Perez et al., the Key West OMR, and MWR.

The cyclone apparently strengthened some after reaching the Straits of Florida, 
based both upon the analysis in the OMR as well as ship observations late on the 
12th and early on the 13th.  A ship in COADS reported 45 kt winds twice and the 
U.S.S. El Almirante reported peak winds of hurricane force around 00 UTC on the 
13th.  The track of the cyclone takes it across the Florida Keys east of Key 
West around 03 UTC on the 13th (unchanged from original HURDAT).  Because of the 
small size of this tropical cyclone, the lack of strong winds in Key West on 
the weak side of the storm were not of much assistance in determining the 
intensity of the system.  Given the report in the Monthly Weather Review of 
"gales were also experienced ... over the Florida Keys", it is judged that the 
ship's reported winds may have been somewhat too high.  (It is of note that 
the ship with hurricane force also reported a minimum pressure of only 
1006 mb.)  However, winds are boosted from 45 and 50 kt at 00 and 06 UC on 
the 13th to 60 kt at both time periods and it is possible that this was a 
minimal hurricane to impact the Florida Keys.  

The storm then paralleled Florida's west coast on the 13th before making a 
second U.S. landfall around 14 UTC east of Apalachicola on the 14th. Peak 
observations before landfall on the 14th, indicates a peripheral pressure 
report of 1003 mb from Apalachicola. 1003 mb implies at least 38 kt from 
the north of the 25N pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained for 
HURDAT at 12 UTC and is the estimate for intensity at the second U.S. 
landfall. Once over land, the tropical storm gradually diminished in intensity 
and is estimated to have dropped below tropical storm intensity at 12 UTC 
on the 15th, six hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. The cyclone 
apparently dissipated over West Virginia around 12 UTC on the 17th, six hours 
earlier than originally in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

1928/03 - 2010 REVISIONS:

24725 09/01/1928 M= 8  3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24730 09/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*172 728  35    0
24730 09/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*172 728  25    0
                                                                        **

24735 09/02*173 741  35    0*174 754  35    0*176 767  35    0*179 780  35    0
24735 09/02*173 738  30    0*174 748  30    0*176 760  35    0*177 775  35    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***  

24740 09/03*182 793  35    0*184 805  40    0*186 815  40    0*187 824  45    0
24740 09/03*178 792  35    0*179 807  40    0*180 820  40    0*182 830  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24745 09/04*188 833  50    0*189 841  50    0*190 850  50    0*192 858  50    0
24745 09/04*185 838  50    0*187 844  50    0*190 850  50    0*192 858  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***

24750 09/05*194 867  50    0*196 875  50    0*198 884  40    0*200 893  35    0
24755 09/06*203 903  35    0*205 913  40    0*208 922  40    0*211 930  45    0
24760 09/07*214 938  45    0*217 945  45    0*220 951  45    0*223 957  45    0
24765 09/08*227 964  45    0*231 973  40    0*240 985  35    0*248 993  30    0
24765 09/08*227 964  45    0*231 973  40    0*240 985  35    0*248 997  30    0 
                                                                   ***

24770 TS                    

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series,
the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 1: HWM analyzed no significant features across the Caribbean Sea.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 72.8W at 18 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2: HWM indicates no significant features across the Caribbean Sea.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 76.7W at 12 UTC. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "From the 2nd until
the 5th a tropical disturbance of moderate intensity moved slowly westward over
the Caribbean Sea" (MWR).

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W, just
northeast of Honduras. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.6N, 81.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 85W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
35 kt ESE at 24N, 80W at 02 UTC (COA); 50 kt ESE at 20.5N, 81.1W at 04 UTC 
(MWR); 45 kt SE at 19.7N, 83.4W at 12 UTC (COA). "The American S.S. Norma in 
20.5N, 81.1W, near midnight of the 3rd, encountered a heavy ESE to SE squall 
of force 8 to 10 [35 to 50 kt], with a rough cross sea" (MWR).

September 5: HWM analyzed an inverted trough along 85W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 88.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:  
35 kt ~06 UTC at ~21N, ~85W (MWR).  "The American S. S. San Benito on the 
evening of the 4th ran into a severe squall off Cape San Antonio, accompanied 
by heavy rain and suddenly shifting winds of a maximum force of 8, though the 
barometer readers varied by little during the night" (MWR).

September 6: HWM indicates no significant features across the western Caribbean
Sea or southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
20.8N, 92.2W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7: HWM analyzed no significant features across the southern Gulf of
Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22N, 95.1W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 8: HWM indicates no significant features across the southern Gulf of
Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24N, 98.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for storm 3 is retained at 18 UTC on September 1st, but cyclone is 
begun as a tropical depression.  Timing of the transition to tropical storm is 
somewhat ambiguous due to the somewhat sparse observations available, but is 
analyzed to have occurred around 12 UTC on the 2nd - 18 hours after that 
originally shown in HURDAT. The system originated in the central Caribbean Sea 
and propagated west to west-northwestward for the storm's entire duration, 
making landfall twice along the Mexican coastline. Gale force winds were not 
observed until early on the 4th, when the ship S.S. Norma reported 50 kt winds 
(MWR). 50 kt is retained in HURDAT for the 4th, which is also the peak intensity 
for the cyclone. The system made landfall in the Yucatan around 06 UTC on the 
5th as a 50 kt tropical storm. The storm reemerged in the southern Gulf of 
Mexico early on the 6th and eventually made a second landfall in Mexico early 
on the 8th well south of the United States/Mexico border. Scant data coverage 
prevailed for the 6th through the 8th. Thus no changes were made to the track 
or to the intensity from the 5th until 12 UTC on the 8th.  The final position 
- at 18 UTC on the 18th - was adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic 
ending translational velocity.

*******************************************************************************

1928/04 - 2010 REVISIONS:

24775 09/06/1928 M=15  4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
24775 09/06/1928 M=16  4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                   **

24780 09/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*137 204  35    0*138 221  35    0
24780 09/06*142 170  30    0*141 185  30    0*140 200  35    0*138 216  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **

24785 09/07*139 239  35    0*140 257  35    0*141 275  35    0*142 294  35    0
24785 09/07*137 232  45    0*136 248  50    0*135 265  55    0*135 282  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24790 09/08*144 315  35    0*146 335  40    0*147 352  40    0*148 367  40    0
24790 09/08*135 300  60    0*136 317  60    0*137 335  60    0*138 352  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24795 09/09*148 382  45    0*148 396  50    0*149 411  50    0*150 426  55    0
24795 09/09*139 370  60    0*140 387  60    0*142 405  60    0*143 422  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24800 09/10*151 440  55    0*152 454  60    0*153 469  60    0*154 486  65    0
24800 09/10*144 440  60    0*145 457  60    0*147 475  60    0*149 492  65    0
            ***      **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

24805 09/11*155 505  70    0*155 525  75    0*156 542  80    0*157 557  85    0
24805 09/11*152 509  70    0*155 526  75    0*158 542  80    0*159 558  85    0
            *** ***              ***          ***              *** ***

24810 09/12*158 572  95    0*159 586 100    0*160 599 105    0*162 611 110  940
24810 09/12*159 573  95    0*159 588 100    0*160 603 110    0*162 615 120  940
            *** ***              ***              *** ***          *** ***

24815 09/13*165 623 115    0*169 635 120    0*174 647 135    0*179 658 140  931
24815 09/13*165 626 130    0*170 636 135    0*175 648 140    0*180 659 140  931 
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***      

24820 09/14*185 670 140    0*190 680 135    0*196 691 135    0*200 700 135    0
24820 09/14*184 669 120  941*189 680 125    0*194 690 130    0*199 700 135    0
            *** *** ***  *** ***     ***      *** *** ***      ***     

24825 09/15*206 708 135    0*213 716 135    0*222 727 135    0*228 736 135    0
24825 09/15*207 708 135    0*215 717 135    0*222 727 135    0*229 738 135    0
            ***              *** ***                           *** *** 

24830 09/16*235 748 135    0*243 760 135    0*251 772 135    0*258 783 130    0
24830 09/16*237 750 135    0*245 763 135    0*253 776 135    0*260 788 130    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

24835 09/17*265 795 130  929*271 801 115    0*278 815 110  955*288 820  90    0
24835 09/17*267 800 125  929*272 811 100    0*278 820  85    0*286 822  75    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  *** *** ***  **

24840 09/18*300 819  80  974*313 815  75    0*325 808  60  978*331 800  60    0
24840 09/18*294 820  70    0*301 817  65  977*311 811  75  976*324 805  75  977
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

24845 09/19*341 786  50  981*349 777  45    0*358 770  40  989*370 770  40    0
24845 09/19*338 792  60    0*348 783  60    0E358 775  70    0E368 773  60    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     *    ***  **  ******* ***  **

24850 09/20*385 775  40 1002E402 780  40    0E420 784  35 1008E433 790  35    0
24850 09/20E380 775  50    0E397 780  40    0E415 790  35 1008E435 792  30    0
           ****      **      ***              *** ***          *** ***  **

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
24850 09/21E455 790  25 1002*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

24855 HRCFL4        DFL2 GA1 SC1    
24855 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1    
            ************ 

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
9/17/1928      0000Z 26.7N  80.0W  125kt  4   30nmi    929mb   CFL4,BFL3,AFL1, 
										   DFL1
9/18/1928      1900Z 32.5N  80.3W   75kt  1   35nmi    976mb   SC1

Minor alterations are introduced to the track, but major changes are made 
to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, 
Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), Roth and Cobb (2001), Pfost 
(2003), Kleinberg (2003) and Caribbean observations provided by Mike Chenoweth.  
Daniel Gladstein also made significant contributions toward the reanalysis 
of this cyclone. 

September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.7N, 20.4W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.1N, 27.5W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt S 
at 14 UTC at 13.5N, 26.5W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 06 UTC at 
13.5N, 26.5W (COA).

September 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 14.7N, 35.2W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures do to lack of ships in the area.  Land highlights: 
No gales or low pressures in the Cape Verde Islands.

September 9: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 50kt tropical storm at 14.9N, 41.1W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area.

September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
12.5N, 44.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 46.9W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 14 UTC at 14.5N, 48.2W (NCDC); 
45 kt SW and 1003 mb at 15 UTC at 14.3N, 48.2W (NCDC); 45 kt NNW and 1004 
mb at 12 UTC at 14.8N, 48.1W (NCDC).  "On the morning of September 10 the 
S.S. Commack, in latitude 17N, longitude 48.3W, reported a barometer reading 
of 29.94 inches with wind from the northeast, force 7 [30 kt]... although 
this hurricane undoubtedly formed near the Cape Verde Islands" (MWR).  
"At 2 pm the same date the S.S. Clearwater, in latitude 14N, longitude 51W, 
reported a barometer reading of 29.90 inches with wind from the northwest, 
force 5 [20 kt], and a pressure fall of 0.10 inch in 2 hours" (MWR).

September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
14.2N, 52.6W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 54.2W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1011 at 15 UTC at 16.0N, 53.0W (NCDC); 
50 kt NE and 1011 mb at 16 UTC at 17.0N, 56.0W (MWR); 999 mb at 08 UTC 
at 16.0N, 53.0W (NCDC).  "At 8 pm of the same date [the 10th] the S.S. 
Clarissa in latitude 13N, longitude 51W, reported a barometer reading 
of 29.84 inches with wind from the west, force 6 [25 kt].  The reports 
from these three vessels definitely established the fact that a tropical 
cyclone of unknown intensity was moving almost directly westward, being 
central at 8 pm [the 10th] nearly 600 miles east-northeast of Bridgetown.  
The following morning a report from S.S. Inanda, in latitude 17N, 56W, 
was received, the barometer reading 29.86 inches with wind from the 
northeast, force 10 [50 kt]" (MWR).

September 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
14.6N, 60.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 59.9W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 999 mb at 19 UTC at 14.7N, 61.2W (MWR); 
45 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 14.6N, 61.1W (COA/MWR).  Land highlights: 
40 kt NE at 2320 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 66.0W (Perez); 
4 observations of 940 mb all in the eye between 1730 UTC and 1830 UTC in 
Guadeloupe at 16.2N, 61.5W (MWR/NCDC); 3 of those observations were at 
Agronomique, Guadeloupe, and 1 was at Pointe A'Pitre, Guadeloupe, both at 
16.2N, 61.5W; 955 mb at Martinique at 2230 UTC (Chenoweth); 35 kt W and 
993 mb at 17 UTC at Dominica at 15.3N, 61.4W (MWR).  10-12 foot tidal surge 
at ~1830 UTC at Agronomique, Guadeloupe at 16.2N, 61.5W (NCDC).  Regarding 
the intensity: "By 8 pm [the 11th] pressure had begun to fall in the Lesser 
Antilles and the wind at Bridgetown, Barbados, had backed from northeast to 
northwest.  At 8 am of the 12th the barometer at Roseau, Dominica, read 
29.44 inches and the wind was 24 mph from the northwest.  A report received 
by mail from Guadeloupe, shows that the center of the hurricane passed 
close to that place about noon of the 12th with a barometer reading of 
27.76 inches.  Press dispatches from Paris, France, indicate that great 
destruction was wrought by the hurricane in Guadeloupe, which is a 
French possession.  The English islands of St. Kitts and Montserrat also 
suffered heavy losses" (MWR).  "Dominica reported lowest barometer at 
1 pm of the 12th of 29.32 inches (993 mb) with a west wind of 40 mph" 
(MWR).  "Center was as wide as the distance between Duquerry and 
Ste. Anne, i.e., about 14 miles.  The storm was thus moving at 14 mph.  
The central or calm of dread of the hurricane was variously estimated to 
be from 14 to 25 miles in diameter and to occupy 20 minutes to over an 
hour in crossing a given point..." (NCDC - Station Agronomique de la 
Guadeloupe). "That the storm was severe as was indicated by the large 
number of dead (apparently well over 1300) and the heavy material losses 
which are estimated to be over four million pounds sterling.  At 1:30 pm 
the barometer had reached its minimum of 940 mb, about which point it 
oscillated until 2:30 pm, when it was still at 940 mb.  This period was 
marked by a slight calm. The wind decreased somewhat in violence and the 
rain was lighter.  Between 2 pm and 2:30 the calm was, for a short period, 
more marked, and the sky cleared up somewhat, the sun almost piercing the 
clouds.  At 2:30 pm the barometer began to rise and the wind returned with 
increased violence, coming now from the south.  During the 2nd half of the 
storm, and practically coinciding with the beginning of the South wind there 
was a sort of bore or tidal wave, caused perhaps, by the wind driving the sea 
into the 'Petit Cul de Sao," and into the harbor.  This wave caused 
considerable damage and killed many.  The water rose from 10 to 12 feet above 
high-water mark and came into the city, bringing with it boats, barges, etc., 
which it left high and dry far from the wharf.  Luckily the water receded 
almost immediately as it came in.  We were unable to record either wind 
velocity or rainfall.  The wind is estimated to have reached over 150 miles 
per hour and to have blown with hurricane force for about 16 hours" (NCDC - 
Station Agronomique de la Guadeloupe).  "At 6:30 A.M. storm wind from 
NE ~25-30 mph, very low barometer 29.731. Storm increasing to hurricane 
in the day" (Leeward Islands Government Gazette - St. John's Antigua - 
provided by Mike Chenoweth).  "At the Saintes, tiny islands about 22 miles 
southwest of Pointe a Pitre, the director of a bacteriological laboratory 
recorded a reading of 27.45 [930 mb]" (Kleinberg).

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 17.1N,
65.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 17.4N, 64.7W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt N and 989 mb at 20 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 931 mb in eye at 15 UTC at 
17.6N, 65.2W (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 990 mb at 17 UTC at 18.3N, 64.9W (MWR).  Land 
highlights: 139 kt NE and 976 mb at 18 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 
66.0W (MWR); 936 mb at 1830 UTC at Guayama, Puerto Rico (MWR). "About 11 am of 
the 13th the hurricane center passed near the S.S. Matura, in latitude 17.6N, 
longitude 65.2W, a short distance southwest of St. Croix, Virgin Islands, a 
barograph trace received by mail showing a minimum pressure of about 27.50 inches 
[931 mb].  A wind velocity of 90 mph was reported from St. Thomas, 50 miles north 
of the center, and the island of St. Croix suffered heavily in loss of life and 
in damage to property and crops.  The hurricane crossed Puerto Rico during the 
13th, causing the loss of many lives and widespread destruction to crops and 
property" (MWR).  "The storm broke over the southeastern portion of the island 
early Thursday morning with the center near Guayama and passed across the island 
in a west-northwest direction, leaving between Aguadilla and Isabela.  The storm 
center moved across the island in about 8 hours at the rate of 13 mph. The 
barometer as the center passed to the south of San Juan at 2:30 pm, registered 
the very low reading of 976 mb.  At Humacao on the east coast of Puerto Rico a 
reading of [949 mb] was recorded at 1:50 pm.  Ponce reported 957 mb at 4:30 pm; 
Arecibo on the north coast 974 mb at 3:30 pm; Isabela on the northwest coast 
941 mb at 9 pm; Mayaguez on the west coast 968 mb at 8 pm.  Guayama on the 
southeast coast reported the lowest barometer 936 mb at 2:30 pm" (MWR).  "At 
11:44 am of the 13th the anemometer at the office of the United States Weather 
Bureau in San Juan lost one of the cups- just after recording a maximum velocity 
(the greatest velocity in 5 minutes) of 150 mph, and an extreme velocity (the 
highest velocity in 1 minute) of 160 miles.  San Juan was about 30 miles from 
the storm center when these velocities were recorded.  Estimated winds of 
200 mph near the center of the storm appear to be not much overdrawn.  At San 
Juan the storm increased in intensity for 3 hours after the record of 150 miles 
(5 minutes) was made.  Most of the damage to property on the Weather Bureau 
Reservations occurred between 2:30 and 3:30 pm.  With only 2 cups the anemometer 
still recorded about 75 mph.  The second cup disappeared at 12:47 pm.  The arms 
and shaft of the anemometer with one cup still attached were blown away at 1:33 pm; 
these parts were later found a third of a mile to the southwest.  The 3-cup 
anemometer in service at San Juan during the recent storm registers 30 per cent 
less than the 4-cup variety at velocities in excess of 100 mph.  In other words, 
the 4-cup anemometer formerly used at the Weather Bureau stations would have 
registered not less than 190 miles (5 minutes) at San Juan on the 13th at the 
time the anemometer lost one cup" (MWR).  "Loss of life (in Puerto Rico) will 
not exceed 300, due mostly to the fact that the approach of the storm was 
announced in time to take necessary precautions against loss of life" (MWR).  
"The lowest barometer at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 50 miles north of the path, 
was 992 mb with a maximum velocity of 90 mph at 10 am" (MWR).  "Guayama, on the 
southeast coast of Porto Rico, was in the vortex of the storm at 2:30 pm of the 
13th.  Winds of hurricane force prevailed from 4 am to 10 pm, a period of 18 hours 
- assuming a progressive movement of 13 mph for the storm, the area of winds of 
hurricane force east to west, would be 234 miles.  At San Juan, 30 miles to the 
north of the vortex, hurricane winds prevailed from 4 am to 4 pm, or 12 hours.  
Winds of hurricane force were experienced throughout the island to the north of 
the path (right side); to the south (left side) some portions of the coast were 
apparently free from hurricane winds.  In spite of the great intensity and great 
extent of the storm no reports of loss of vessels in the vicinity of Porto Rico 
have been reported" (MWR).  "Several hundred thousand people were rendered 
homeless.  Some towns near the center of the storm were practically leveled.  
Property and crop losses are estimated at approximately $50,000,000" (MWR).  
San Juan was given 36 hours notice when storm warnings were first issued (MWR).  
"Eye was 15-20 miles diameter and moved WNW at 9 kt- entered Guayama - Arroyo area 
at 13/1830 UTC and left Aguadilla at 14/0200 UTC (7 hours and 30 minutes)... The 
central calm passed over Aibonito, Cayey, Adjuntas" (Perez).  "A careful study of 
all of our records for the storm of Sept. 13th shows clearly that the path of the 
storm was north of Mayaguez.  The barometer at Isabela on the northwest coast was 
941 mb and other readings to the north of Mayaguez show lower readings than observed 
at Mayaguez.  Several reporters state that there was an area of comparative calm 
between 8 and 9 pm and that the NE wind prevailing earlier changed suddenly to the 
SE after the passage of the lowest barometer, (at 8:10 pm).  Aside from the notation 
of an east wind at 9 pm in the log of the Montoso, we have no evidence of the wind 
changing from N to S via E" (NCDC - US Dept. of Agriculture - Weather Bureau - 
San Juan, Puerto Rico).  "At 7 A.M. hurricane abated, wind still very high, 
bar. 29.799, rainfall 7.31, thermometers smashed and no other readings taken" 
(Leeward Islands Government Gazette - St. John's Antigua - provided by Mike Chenoweth).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
18.9N, 68.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 69.1W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 19.3N, 68W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt ENE and 970 mb at 00 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt S and 980 mb at 04 UTC 
at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt SSW and 992 mb at 08 UTC at 18.2N, 67.2W; 
70 kt E at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 67.4W (COA).  Land highlights: 941 mb (eye) at 01 UTC 
at Isabela, Puerto Rico at 18.5N, 67.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 970 mb at 00 UTC at 
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 5 kt E and 971 mb at 01 UTC at 
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt SSE and 975 mb at 03 UTC at 
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC); 70 kt S and 980 mb at 04 UTC at 
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico at 18.2N, 67.2W (NCDC).  The wind remained at least 70 kt S 
at Mayaguez until past 07 UTC, at which time the pressure rose to 991 mb.  
"After leaving Puerto Rico, the direction of movement of the hurricane changed 
from west-northwest to nearly northwest, maintaining  the latter course 
continuously at a rate of about 14.5 miles per hour until after it passed inland 
over the east Florida coast near West Palm Beach.  There was little damage in 
the island of Haiti, although the center moved near, and almost parallel to, the 
northeast coast" (MWR).  "On the morning of the 14th, the hurricane was central 
off the northeastern coast of Haiti" (MWR).  

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of 965 mb central pressure centered near
20.5N, 73.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 72.7W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 72.5W.  Ship highlights: 
90 kt NNE at 20 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W (MWR); 90 kt SSE at 2010 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W 
(MWR); 0 kt (EYE) and 941 mb at 20 UTC at 23.2N, 74.2W (MWR); 70 kt E and 984 mb 
at 23 UTC at 24.2N, 74.0W (NCDC).  Land highlights: 104 kt NE and 965 mb at 05 UTC 
at Grand Turk Island at 21.5N, 71.1W (MWR).  "At midnight [~4 to 5 UTC] the 
barometer at Grand Turk read 28.50 inches and the wind was 120 mph from the northeast.  
'The center apparently passed about 9 miles south of our island, which is Grand 
Turk'" (MWR).  Regarding the ship mentioned in this day's ship highlights for 
3 observations at 23.2N, 74.2W: "The German steamer August Leonhardt ... was hove to 
in latitude 23 deg 10 min W., longitude 74 deg 10 min W, when the center of the 
hurricane passed over it about 3 p. m. of the 15th, the lowest barometer reading 
being 27.80 inches.  Just previous to the arrival of the center the wind was 
north-northeast force 12 (and more).  After the barometer had remained stationary 
and the wind had calmed down for a short time, the hurricane started again at 
3:10 p. m., this time blowing from the south-southeast... 'The force of the wind, 
if more or less, could only be judged by the noise made by the storm, which reminded 
me of the New York subway going full speed passing switches.  Rain and spray were 
carried away horizontally and our whistle started to blow loudly due to the force of 
wind pressing the wire. The foam and spray went up to the masthead (40 meters above 
the water), this being proved by our antenna and insulators which we had to take down 
in order to clean the salt.  Hatch tarpaulins, boat ventilators, covers, etc., were 
torn to pieces and carried away.  Spray, rain, and foam were so dense that we could 
not see our forecastle head'" (MWR).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
25.9N, 80.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 135 kt hurricane at 25.1N, 77.2W. The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.4N, 77.7W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 976 mb at 18 UTC at 25.8N, 79.7W (NCDC); 
70 kt ESE and 982 mb at 00 UTC at 24.2N, 74.0W (NCDC); 70 kt WSW and 
983 mb at 21 UTC at 25.7N, 79.8W (NCDC).  Land highlights: 83 kt at 
0830 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.0N, 77.5W (MWR/NCDC); SW wind and 
951 mb at 10 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.0N, 77.5W (MWR/NCDC); 
938 mb at 23 UTC at West Palm Beach, FL at 26.7N, 80.1W (MWR); 
68 kt (1 min) SW at 2308 UTC at Miami, FL at 26.0N, 80.2W (OMR); 
981 mb at 2215 UTC at Miami (min pressure for Miami) at 26.0N, 80.2W (OMR).  
"Continuing on a practically straight course from Porto Rico to 
Lake Okeechobee, Fla., the center of the hurricane passed near but slightly 
north of Nassau, Bahamas, on the morning of the 16th" (MWR). "110 to 
120 mph SW and 28.08 inches at 5 am" [at Nassau, after anemometer was 
disabled] (MWR).  "Although considerable damage was done to property and a 
lesser extent to crops, no loss of life occurred" (MWR).  "The center of the 
hurricane reached the coast in the Palm Beach section about 7:00 pm of the 16th.  
The corrected sea-level reading is 27.43 inches, 0.18 inch lower than at Miami 
during the hurricane of September 18, 1926, and is the lowest pressure ever 
recorded in the United States during a hurricane" (MWR).  Key West: "The violent 
tropical disturbance the center of which, moving from southeastward, impinged 
on the southeast coast of Florida near West Palm Beach about 6 pm, on the 16th, 
did not affect this station materially" (OMR).  Miami: "A tropical storm of 
great intensity moving northwestward off the lower east coast of Florida, 
caused strong northwest winds during the forenoon, increasing to whole gale 
force during the afternoon.  The wind shifted from northwest to southwest 
shortly after 5 pm and to south between 10 pm and 11 pm.  Rain occurred at 
intervals during the first half of the 16th, and it was continuous after 
11:40 am" (OMR).  

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 27.7N,
81.8W, or over the very central part of Florida.  HURDAT listed this as a 110
kt hurricane at 27.8N, 81.5W.  At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones showed a center near 26.8N, 80.4W with a 929 mb pressure.  At 12 UTC,
the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28.4N, 81.8W with
a 966 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 26.3N, 79.7W (COA); 
979 mb with ENE wind at 04 UTC at 30.5N, 80.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW, then S and 991 
mb at 00 UTC at 25.7N, 79.8W (NCDC).  Land highlights: 929 mb at 00 UTC at West 
Palm Beach, FL at 26.7N, 80.1W; 66 kt NW and 957 mb at 0115 UTC, and Calm (EYE) 
and 942 mb at 0245 UTC at Canal Point, FL at 26.9N, 80.6W (MWR). "The hurricane 
moved northwestward over the Florida peninsula, its center passing over Lake 
Okeechobee during the early night of the 16th and near and slightly east of 
Bartow about 7 am of the 17th.  Its course changed to north-northwest after 
leaving the Bartow section..." (MWR).  "The hurricane apparently reached Lake 
Okeechobee with little diminution in intensity.  Complete barometric and wind 
data during the storm were furnished by Mr. B. A. Bourne of Plant Industry's 
sugar cane breeding station located on the shore of Lake Okeechobee about 
one-half mile northward from Canal Point.  At 5 pm (16th) the barometer was 
29.17 inches and the wind 40 mph from the north; at 7:48 pm (16th), the 
barometer was 28.54 inches and the wind 60 mph from the NW; and at 8:15 pm 
the anemometer cups blew away after the velocity reached 75 mph from the NW, 
the barometer at this time reading 28.25 inches.  By 9 pm the barometer had 
fallen to 27.87 inches with an estimated wind velocity of 150 mph from the NW.  
There was a dead calm between 9:30 and 10:00 pm when the center passed over 
the station, the lowest barometer reading being 27.82 inches (942 mb) at 
9:45 pm (0245 UTC).  Shortly after 10 pm, the barometer began to rise and the 
wind immediately came with hurricane force from the southeast, reaching an 
estimated velocity of 160 mph about 10:45 pm.  The wind force decreased rapidly 
after 11 pm" (MWR).  Miami, FL: "Strong winds, reaching whole gale force at 
times, continued throughout the day in connections with the tropical storm of 
the 16th, which passed inland a short distance south of Palm Beach" (OMR).  
Apalachicola, FL: "A tropical hurricane which recurved to the northeastward 
some 150 miles to the eastward..." (OMR).  "Sep. 17, 935 mb central pressure 
at landfall in Florida, observed at West Palm Beach Everglades Drainage District 
Office, 28 nm RMW, 13 kt translational velocity, landfall point 26.7N 80.0W" 
(Ho et al.).  "111 kt 1 min max wind equivalent at landfall, 1007 mb 
environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).  "SE FL4, NE FL2, GA1, SC1, 
central pressure at landfall 929 mb" (Jarrell et al.)  "1928, Sept. 16-17, 
Entire peninsula, Extreme, 1,836 killed, damage $25,000,000" (Dunn and Miller). 

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 31N,
81.1W, or just off the coast of southern Georgia.  HURDAT listed this as a 60
kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 80.8W.  At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 30.4N, 82W with a 979 mb pressure.  At 12 UTC,
the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.2N, 81W with a
979 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SSW and 981 mb at 11 UTC at 31.8N, 
79.8W (MWR); 70 kt SSW and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 31.8N, 79.8W (COA); 60 kt and 
980 mb at 07 UTC at 30.4N, 81.6W (MWR).  Land highlights: 979 mb at 0730 UTC 
and 17 kt NW and 979 mb at 0750 UTC at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 
26 kt N and 979 mb at 13 UTC at Savannah at 32.1N 81.2W (OMR); 23 kt SE and 
980 mb at 21 UTC and 70 kt E (1 min) (no time) at Charleston at 32.8N 79.9W 
(OMR).  "...and after passing between Ocala and Cedar Keys it turned toward 
the north-northeast, passing a short distance west of Jacksonville about 1 am 
of the 18th" (MWR).  "The damage at Miami was negligible...Hollywood and Fort 
Lauderdale escaped with only slight structural damage to buildings...From 
Pompano north to Jupiter, especially at Delray, Lake Worth, Palm Beach, West 
Palm Beach, and Kelsey City, there was serious structural and water damage, 
the losses being greatest at Palm Beach and West Palm Beach... In the Lake 
Okeechobee region, the great loss of life and damage to property were caused 
by the overflowing of the lake along the southeast shore, principally at 
Belle Glade, Pahokee, and South Bay.  The small houses in those localities 
were washed away or inundated, and approximately 2,000 persons were drowned" 
(MWR).  "One of the noteworthy features in connection with the storm was the 
absence of serious structural damage to substantial buildings.  This was also 
the particularly noticeable after the Miami hurricane of 1926.  These two 
hurricanes, both of major intensity, have shown that buildings properly 
constructed will not suffer serious structural damage from hurricanes, and 
that the use of storm shutters will prevent practically any damage to such 
buildings.  This statement to frame buildings as well as to those constructed 
of steel, concrete, brick, or stone" (MWR).  "The hurricane center was of 
great diameter... 25 miles or more (twice as large as the center of the 
Miami hurricane of 1926)" (MWR).  The total property loss in Florida is given 
at $25,000,000 (MWR).  "On October 28, Red Cross officials announced their 
official casualty estimate, placing the number of dead at 1,836 and injured 
at 1,870 for the entire storm area in Florida.  The detailed casualty list is 
as follows: West Palm Beach area (from Jupiter to Delray Beach), 26 dead, 
1,437 injured; Broward County, one dead, 51 injured; Palm Beach County, 
1,700 dead 266 injured; Okeechobee County, 25 dead, none injured; other 
territory, 84 dead, 67 injured.  A total of 10,172 families had registered 
with the Red Cross applying for aid up to October 28, about two-thirds of 
this number being in Palm Beach County" (MWR).  Atlanta, GA: "29.64 inches 
occurred on the 18th in connection with the passage of the tropical hurricane 
up the Georgia coast on that date. No high winds of any consequence attended 
the passage of this storm at Atlanta, the maximum velocity being 24 miles an 
hour from the northwest, and the rainfall was negligible" (OMR).  Savannah, GA: 
"The outstanding feature of the weather for the month was the passage of a 
tropical storm almost over the station on the 18th... Increasing NE and E winds 
reached 44 miles by midnight (18th) and 48 by 3:40 am of the 18th.  Steadily 
falling barometer during the 17th and to 8 am [13 UTC] of the 18th when it 
stood at 979 mb.  The center of the storm was then evidently a short distance 
east of the station.  The wind had changed to N at 7 am and lulled somewhat, 
but by 8:30 am it changed to NW and increased to 40 miles or more and 
maintained a velocity between 40 and 50 to about 2:30 am of the 19th.  The 
heavy rain continued to the time of the passage of the center, then lighter 
to about 9:30 pm of the 18th, reaching the unprecedented total of 11.68 inches 
for the entire storm.  There was no loss of life here and buildings escaped 
with little damage except some broken windows, but low-lying sections were 
flooded and roads were badly washed, trees uprooted or broken, and telephone 
and telegraph wires laid low in all directions" (OMR).  Charleston, SC: 
"Precipitation on the 18th was extremely heavy, breaking the record at this 
station for 15 minutes and equaling the ten-minute record.  The tropical 
storm which struck Florida on the 16th passed over this station on the 18th.  
The winds attained a great velocity during the early morning hours, reaching 
a maximum of 59 mi. per hour [5 min] at 4:22 am [0922 UTC].  Many trees were 
uprooted and some small boats were damaged but no one was injured.  
The sea-level pressure at 4 pm (980 mb) was the lowest since October, 
1893" (OMR).  Columbia, SC:  "Record breaking rains of the 17th-18th attended 
the tropical storm passing northeastward along the Carolina coast.  The high 
winds of the 18th prostrated about 1,000 fine large shade trees in the city, 
and these had to be cut and removed.  Estimated at $100 per tree, which is a 
low value for such trees, the general loss approximated $100,000.  The trees 
tilted slowly with each passing squall, and the property damage of consequence 
was due to the pounding of tree trunks against houses" (OMR).  Charlotte, NC: 
"The rainfall of 5.16 inches on the 17th-18th was the greatest 24-hour fall in 
any month during the past 50 years.  Practically no wind damage occurred in 
Charlotte, but there was considerable minor flooding of cellars and low places" 
(OMR).  "The 'Okeechobee' hurricane of 1928 [death toll] be raised from 1836 to 
2500 (with an asterisk denoting it could be as high as 3000)" (Pfost 2003).

September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.2N,
76.7W, or on the mainland coast of North Carolina with a stationary front 
draped on the northern side of the cyclone.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt 
tropical storm at 35.8N, 77.0W.  At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 33.4N, 79.2W with a 985 mb pressure.  At 12 UTC, 
the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a centered near 35.2N, 77.5W 
with a 994 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 986 mb at 00 UTC at 
33.0N, 78.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 991 mb at 00 UTC at 31.3N, 80.1W (COA); 
60 kt S and 996 mb at 00 UTC at 32.7N, 76.0W (COA). Land highlights: 66 kt 
(1 min) NE at 12 UTC at Atlantic City, NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 63 kt NE 
(1 min) at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (Roth and Cobb 2001); 28 kt NW and 
986 mb at 00 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR). "After leaving 
Florida the storm decreased steadily in intensity as it moved close to the 
Georgia and South Carolina coasts and passed into North Carolina the night 
of the 18th-19th.  On the 19th its course again changed to north and later 
north-northwest, diminishing greatly in intensity and merging with another 
disturbance over Ontario during the 20th" (MWR).  Regarding the flooding 
in the southeast US: "By the time the hurricane crossed into the sandhills 
of North Carolina on the night of September 18, its destructive winds had 
diminished, but tremendous rains fell across the Tar Heel state. The 
resulting floods were very severe and the highest on record for some upper
portions of the Cape Fear River.  At Fayetteville, where the bank-full stage
is 35 feet, the river reached an unprecedented height of 64.7 feet.  At
Elizabethtown, the river rose to 41.3 feet.  Flooding at Lumberton was
reported as 'the worst in history,' and thousands of acres of crop lands were
underwater.  Many highways were closed because of bridge washouts and
deep-standing water" (Barnes).  "Tides peaked at 7.2 feet above mean lower 
low water at Norfolk" (Roth and Cobb).  Raleigh, NC: "The month's greatest 
amount of precipitation in 24 hours, 3.45 inches on the 18th and 19th, sets 
a new record for September... whereas there was a pressure of 995 mb 
recorded on September 19 (11 UTC)" (OMR). Norfolk, VA: "The storm of the 
18th-19th was accompanied by severe gales.  The tropical storm that was 
central over eastern North Carolina on the morning of September 19th, 
moved north-northwestward and passed west of Richmond during the night. 
Northeast winds of gale force began during the afternoon of September 18th 
and continued until 3:00 am of the 19th, causing an unusually high tide and 
considerable crop damage.  Property damage was mostly of minor character. 
Many small trees were blown down, cellars flooded, traffic delayed, 
telephones put out of commission and electric lights cut off in parts of the 
city" (OMR).  Baltimore, MD:  "A northeast gale between 10 am and 7 pm.  
Maximum velocity of 47 miles from the northeast, beginning 12:18 pm.  
Locally some trees were uprooted and one house was unroofed.  One man was 
killed when an uprooted tree fell on him.  Some telephones were put out of 
order by breaking of wires.  On the eastern shore, many telephones were put 
out of order when wires gave way under uprooted trees.  Considerable corn was 
flattened by the gale and fruit blown off trees.  There was no general 
property damage from the gale in Md. & Del.  An unusually high tide resulted 
along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay" (OMR).  Nantucket, MA: "Northeast 
storm of marked intensity began 2:35 am (48 mph  NE 11:03 am ) and continued 
all day, and ended at 2:03 am the 20th.  Storm was accompanied by excessive 
rain (3.70 inches in 24 hours).  Whole gale warnings displayed from 9:30 am 
the 19th to 9:30 am the 20th" (OMR).  

September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41N,
79.4W, or over western Pennsylvania, attached to the west end of a WNW-ESE
warm front.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 42.0N, 78.4W.
At 00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37.4N,
78.1W with an 1001 mb pressure.  At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones showed a center near 41.2N, 79W with an 1008 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 03 UTC at 38.4N, 74.3W (MWR);
35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 39.5N, 74.0W (COA).  No other gales.  No low
pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt E at 01 UTC at Richmond, VA at 37.6N, 77.5W
(OMR); 8 kt N and 1001 mb at 00 UTC at Richmond, VA at 37.6N, 77.5W (OMR); 21
kt S and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Norfolk, VA at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR).  No other
gales.  A few other low pressures.  Baltimore: "During the last night
northeast winds gave way to east, southeast, and south winds, which carried
the unusually high tide of yesterday along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay
some distance up the tributaries.  In Baltimore Harbor the water this morning
was so high that it covered Light Street and the floors of some piers,
damaging goods stored thereon" (OMR).  Nantucket, MA: "A thunderstorm of
moderate energy came from the south at 1:45 am and moved toward the east
through southeast, and the last thunder was heard at 3:20 am" (OMR).

Genesis is begun at 00 UTC on the 6th of September for this cyclone, 12 
hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally due to numerous ship and 
station observations of a well-defined closed low almost immediately off 
of the coast of West Africa.  Only minor alterations of the cyclone's 
track were made, though positions every day in its 16 day existence were 
changed.  On the 7th at 06 UTC, a peripheral pressure reading of 1003 mb 
suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship.  Additionally, a 50 kt ship report was measured 
on the same date at 14 UTC.  Winds are boosted to 50 kt at 12 and 18 UTC 
on the 7th, up from 35 kt previously.  As is typical for cyclones in 
between the West Africa and the Caribbean, very few observations were 
available on the 8th and 9th.  Winds were maintained at 50 kt on the 
8th and 9th from continuity with the observations on the 7th, which is 
up from 40 kt at 12 UTC on the 8th and is no change from 12 UTC on the 
9th.  On the 10th at 14 UTC, the ship Clan Matheson reported 1001 mb 
with 50 kt of wind.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 
45 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Intensity at 
12 UTC on the 10th remains unchanged at 60 kt.  As the cyclone 
continued westward late on the 10th through early on the 12th, few 
observations were available in the inner core of the cyclone.  But 
given observations later on the 12th, the system undoubtedly reached 
hurricane strength during this period.  Winds are unchanged in HURDAT 
on the 10th to 06 UTC on the 12th.  From 1730 to 1830 UTC on the 12th, 
the eye of the hurricane went over Guadeloupe with calm winds at 
940 mb central pressure recorded (at two separate locations on the 
island).  This pressure suggests winds of 121 kt from the south of 
25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  120 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 12th, up from 110 kt originally.  This makes 
the cyclone a Category 4 impact in Guadeloupe, which is consistent 
with the extreme destruction that was caused by winds and storm surge 
in the island.  (It is of note that Kleinberg erroneously reported a 
930 mb reading at the Saintes, tiny islands about 22 miles southwest 
of Pointe a Pitre.  Upon obtaining the original reports, the minimum 
pressure measured at the Saintes was in actuality 962 mb, substantially 
higher than that measured at Point a Pitre.)

The hurricane then turned slightly toward the west-northwest and made a 
direct and devastating landfall on Puerto Rico around 18 UTC on the 13th.  
The cyclone is known as the San Felipe hurricane in Puerto Rico. The center 
of the hurricane cut across Puerto Rico in about 8 hours with the "central 
calm" reported in Aibonito, Cayey, and Adjuntas.  A possible central pressure 
was recorded by the ship Matura of 931 mb at 15 UTC on the 13th, just 
southeast of Puerto Rico.  Guayama reported a minimum sea level pressure of 
936 mb (and a station pressure of 931 mb).  It is of note that Perez 
explicitly mentioned Aibonito, Cayey, and Adjuntas as experiencing the calm 
eye, but not Guayama.  Thus it appears that Guayama may not have recorded the 
central pressure and 931 mb from the ship is retained as the central 
pressure in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 13th and at landfall in Puerto Rico.  
A 931 mb central pressure suggests winds of 129 kt from the south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  The San Juan Weather Bureau office had recently 
replaced their old Robinson 4-cup anemometer with the more reliable 3-cup 
anemometer which has a minimal bias in high winds (Fergusson and Covert 1924).  
This anemometer measured peak 1 min winds of 139 kt at 1544 UTC at which 
time the anemometer lost one of its cups.  Winds were estimated by the 
observer to have possibly been higher than this between 1830 and 1930 UTC 
(at the time of the closest approach of the hurricane).  An RMW value of 
25 nm is quite well established between the timing of the peak estimated 
winds at the San Juan Weather Bureau Office at 19 UTC and landfall of the 
hurricane's center in southeast Puerto Rico just an hour earlier.  There 
is no evidence that the 139 kt winds were caused by funneling between 
buildings or because of citing the anemometer on a tall building 
(J. Colon - personal communication).  The observed winds, central pressure, 
and size of the hurricane present a dilemma, in determining its intensity.  
The observed winds - which appear reliable - would suggest an intensity of 
at least 140 kt.  This would, however, be much above the pressure-wind 
relationship.  Typically, winds can be substantially above the wind suggested 
by the pressure-wind relationship if the cyclone has a fast translational 
velocity, small RMW, and/or high environmental pressure (Knaff and Zehr 2007).  
This hurricane apparently had none of these three, as the hurricane was only 
moving at about 12 kt in its transit across Puerto Rico, had a RMW of perhaps 
a large 25 nmi, and was embedded in environmental pressures of about 1010 mb.  
We are unable here to successfully explain the discrepancy, but will go with 
the observed winds to estimate an intensity of 140 kt at 18 UTC on the 13th 
and at landfall in Puerto Rico.  (One alternative possibility is that the 
139 kt 1 min winds were associated with a transient mesoscale low and were 
not representative of the maximum winds in the eyewall of the hurricane.)  
This makes this hurricane - known as San Felipe in Puerto Rico - a Category 5 
hurricane, which is consistent with the extreme wind caused damage across the 
island.  No alteration to HURDAT was required at 18 UTC on the 13th, as this 
wind value was already included.  As the hurricane neared the northwest coast 
of Puerto Rico, an eye reading of 941 mb was observed in Isabella at 01 UTC 
on the 14th.  This would suggest winds of 116 kt from Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship for weakening cyclones.  Given that the 
observed winds were above the pressure-wind relationship at landfall in 
Puerto Rico, a value of 120 kt is estimated for 00 UTC, which is a 20 kt 
decrease from that in HURDAT originally.

After striking Puerto Rico, the hurricane moved toward the northwest during 
the next three days.  On the 14th, as the center of the hurricane was just 
north of Hispaniola, no information near the center was available.  Early 
on the 5th, a wind observation of 104 kt NE with a concurrent 965 mb pressure 
was reported in Grand Turk.  It appears that the center of the hurricane was 
about 30 nm from the island at that time, thus this pressure represents a 
peripheral reading, not a central pressure.  Late of the 15th, a pressure of 
941 mb was recorded by the ship August Leonhardt.  While the ship was inside 
the radius of maximum wind as a distinct lull was recorded, it may not have 
measured the central pressure - as suggested by the peak winds only shifting 
from NNE to SSE bracketing the lull.  This peripheral pressure suggests at 
least 121 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The original 
135 kt in HURDAT is retained on the 15th.  The hurricane then directly impacted 
the Bahamas with Nassau reporting a minimum pressure of 951 mb at 10 UTC on 
the 16th when the winds were blowing about 100 kt (estimated, as the anemometer 
was disabled earlier).  Reviewing the account of the hurricane in Nassau does 
suggest a close bypass (winds NE-NW-SW), but without any mention of a lull.  
Thus the central pressure could have been close to the 929 mb central pressure 
at landfall in Florida.  Winds of 135 kt - high end Category 4 - retained in 
HURDAT during passage across the Bahamas.

The hurricane next made landfall in Southeast Florida around 00 UTC on the 
17th of September at 26.7N 80.0W.  A 929 mb pressure reading was observed at 
00 UTC on the 17th from the AT&T Company office in West Palm Beach and this 
is what is utilized in HURDAT and also what has been accepted as the central 
pressure in Jarrell et al.  However, Ho et al. (and Schwerdt et al. previously) 
had used a 935 mb reading from the West Palm Beach Everglades Drainage District 
Office, as the basis for a 935 mb central pressure at landfall.  Given that 
the pressure readings may vary based upon a true calibration as well as 
relative location to the exact eye center, the 929 mb value is retained as 
the central pressure at landfall for this hurricane.  929 mb suggests 124 kt 
[131 kt] from the north of 25N [south of 25N] Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship.  The hurricane was rather large in size (325 nmi radius of 
closed isobar and RMW of 25 nmi - compared with 15 nmi from climatology 
for this landfall latitude and central pressure [Vickery et al. 2001]).  
(Ho et al. had estimated a 28 nm RMW.  However, after reviewing all 
available observations, it appears that this was somewhat too large.  
Our best estimate of the RMW is 25 nm, plus/minus 5 nm.) The environmental 
pressures were somewhat low, with an outer closed isobar of 1009 mb.  
The translational velocity was moderate at about 13 kt at landfall.  
Taking an average of the pressure-wind relationship for south and north of 
25N gives 128 kt.  Accounting for the large size and low environmental 
pressures would indicate a maximum sustained wind of about 125 kt at 
landfall in southeast Florida, making this a US Category 4 hurricane.  
This is a 5 kt reduction from what was in HURDAT originally.  Peak observed 
winds after landfall were 60 kt within 2 hr of 06 UTC on the 17th, 70 kt at 
12 UTC, and 42 kt at 18 UTC, though the available observations were extremely 
sparse (the 60 and 70 kt reports were actually ship reports though the hurricane 
was overland).  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland-decay model suggests 
winds of 74 kt at 06 UTC, 58 kt at 12 UTC, and 48 kt at 18 UTC.  Because of 
the large size of the hurricane and that it was likely intensifying right up 
until landfall, winds are chosen for HURDAT after landfall substantially higher 
than the inland-decay model would suggest:  100 kt at 06 UTC, 85 kt at 12 UTC, 
and 75 kt at 18 UTC.  These values are reduced from that originally shown in 
HURDAT by 15, 25, and 15 kt, respectively.  Based upon these analyzed winds, 
SW Florida was impacted by Category 3 hurricane winds and NW Florida was 
impacted by Category 1 hurricane winds.  Neither region was included in the 
hurricane state impact summary in HURDAT previously.  The hurricane recurved 
over the Florida peninsula late on the 17th and early on the 18th and the 
center passed just east of Jacksonville.  Jacksonville's 17 kt NW concurrent 
with 979 mb minimum pressure at 0750 UTC on the 18th suggests a central 
pressure of 977 mb (which is now included into HURDAT at 06 UTC).  This 
central pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship (73 kt for filling cyclones).  Given that the maximum winds were 
still over land at 06 UTC, the intensity at this time analyzed to be 65 kt, 
down from 75 kt originally. (It is noted that pressures were estimated every 
12 hours into HURDAT after landfall [955 mb at 12 UTC on the 17th, 974 mb at 
00 UTC on the 18th, etc.].  However, none of these are based upon any direct 
observations as can be determined.  These are now removed from HURDAT.)

The hurricane made oceanfall around 08 UTC on the 18th back over the Atlantic 
Ocean.  Savannah measured 26 kt N winds with 979 mb pressure at 13 UTC on the 
18th.  This suggests a central pressure of 976 mb as the hurricane passed just 
east of the city, which supports winds of 77 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are chosen to be 75 kt in HURDAT at 12 UTC, 
up from 60 kt originally.  The hurricane made a second mainland US landfall near 
32.5N 80.3W in southern South Carolina around 19 UTC on the 18th.  Charleston 
reported 23 kt SE wind with 980 mb at 21Z, suggesting about 977 mb central 
pressure at that time.  Peak observed 1 min winds were 70 E kt at Charleston.  
Maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated to have been 75 kt, making 
this a Category 1 hurricane for South Carolina.  As the revised track was 
slightly offshore of Georgia, the maximum winds would not have impacted the 
Georgia coast.  However, it is likely that minimal hurricane force sustained 
winds (~65 kt) impacted parts of the Georgia coastline.  Thus Georgia is 
retained in HURDAT as a Category 1 impact.  Peak observed winds after landfall 
were the following:  60 kt at 00 UTC on the 19th, 56 kt at 06 UTC, 66 kt at 12 
UTC, and 50 kt at 18 UTC.  The cyclone was undergoing extratropical transition 
on the 19th and is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12 UTC on the 19th, 
24 hours earlier than identified previously.  The system reintensified briefly 
as an extratropical storm based upon hurricane force winds observed in Atlantic 
City and close to hurricane force in Cape Henry.  Winds are analyzed to be 65 kt 
at 00 UTC on the 19th (up from 50 kt originally), 60 kt at 06 UTC (up from 45 kt), 
70 kt at 12 UTC (up from 40 kt), and 60 kt at 18 UTC (up from 40 kt).  Gradual 
weakening occurred after 12 UTC on the 19th as an extratropical storm.  The last 
entry in HURDAT before dissipation is 00 UTC on the 21st, six hours later than 
originally in HURDAT.  

1928/04 - 2011 REVISION:

25940 09/06/1928 M=16  4 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
25945 09/06*142 170  30    0*141 185  30    0*140 200  35    0*138 216  40    0*
25950 09/07*137 232  45    0*136 248  50    0*135 265  55    0*135 282  60    0*
25955 09/08*135 300  60    0*136 317  60    0*137 335  60    0*138 352  60    0*
25960 09/09*139 370  60    0*140 387  60    0*142 405  60    0*143 422  60    0*
25965 09/10*144 440  60    0*145 457  60    0*147 475  60    0*149 492  65    0*
25970 09/11*152 509  70    0*155 526  75    0*158 542  80    0*159 558  85    0*
25975 09/12*159 573  95    0*159 588 100    0*160 603 110    0*162 615 120  940*
25980 09/13*165 626 130    0*170 636 135    0*175 648 140    0*180 659 140  931*
25985 09/14*184 669 120  941*189 680 125    0*194 690 130    0*199 700 135    0*
25990 09/15*207 708 135    0*215 717 135    0*222 727 135    0*229 738 135    0*
25995 09/16*237 750 135    0*245 763 135    0*253 776 135    0*260 788 130    0*
26000 09/17*267 800 125  929*272 811 100    0*278 820  85    0*286 822  75    0*
26005 09/18*294 820  70    0*301 817  65  977*311 811  75  976*324 805  75  977*
26010 09/19*338 792  60    0*348 783  60    0E358 775  70    0E368 773  60    0*
26015 09/20E380 775  50    0E397 780  40    0E415 790  35 1008E435 792  30    0*
26020 09/21E455 790  25 1002*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
26025 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1
26025 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1
                             ***

Typographic errors.  South Carolina's impact as a Category 1 hurricane (which was 
originally shown in HURDAT) was accidentally left out.  Correction suggested by Bob 
Bright.

Storm #4, 1928 - 2012 Revision
26115 09/06/1928 M=16  4 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
26120 09/06*142 170  30    0*141 185  30    0*140 200  35    0*138 216  40    0*
26125 09/07*137 232  45    0*136 248  50    0*135 265  55    0*135 282  60    0*
26130 09/08*135 300  60    0*136 317  60    0*137 335  60    0*138 352  60    0*
26135 09/09*139 370  60    0*140 387  60    0*142 405  60    0*143 422  60    0*
26140 09/10*144 440  60    0*145 457  60    0*147 475  60    0*149 492  65    0*
26145 09/11*152 509  70    0*155 526  75    0*158 542  80    0*159 558  85    0*
26150 09/12*159 573  95    0*159 588 100    0*160 603 110    0*162 615 120  940*
26155 09/13*165 626 130    0*170 636 135    0*175 648 140    0*180 659 140  931*
26160 09/14*184 669 120  941*189 680 125    0*194 690 130    0*199 700 135    0*
26165 09/15*207 708 135    0*215 717 135    0*222 727 135    0*229 738 135    0*
26170 09/16*237 750 135    0*245 763 135    0*253 776 135    0*260 788 130    0*
26175 09/17*267 800 125  929*272 811 100    0*278 820  85    0*286 822  75    0*
26180 09/18*294 820  70    0*301 817  65  977*311 811  75  976*324 805  75  977*
26185 09/19*338 792  60    0*348 783  60    0E358 775  70    0E368 773  60    0*
26190 09/20E380 775  50    0E397 780  40    0E415 790  35 1008E435 792  30    0*
26195 09/21E455 790  25 1002*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
26200 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1
26200 HRCFL4BFL3AFL1DFL1 GA1 SC1
                             ***

Typographical error:  The "SC1" notation was inadvertently left out of the revised 
HURDAT.  It has now been added back in.


*******************************************************************************

1928/05 - 2010 REVISIONS:

24860 09/08/1928 M= 5  5 SNBR= 554 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24860 09/08/1928 M= 6  5 SNBR= 554 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *

24865 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*211 477  35    0*218 486  35    0
24865 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 480  35    0*190 486  35    0
                                              *** ***          ***

24870 09/09*224 495  35    0*230 502  35    0*236 510  40    0*257 535  40    0
24870 09/09*201 493  40    0*214 501  45    0*230 510  50    0*249 525  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

24875 09/10*280 553  40    0*304 556  45    0*324 550  45    0*341 530  45    0
24875 09/10*270 540  60    0*293 543  60    0*315 540  60    0*335 530  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

24880 09/11*359 503  50    0E375 470  50    0E394 423  50    0E412 397  50    0
24880 09/11*354 503  60    0E372 480  60    0E390 450  60    0E406 425  60  984
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

24885 09/12E431 369  50    0E449 347  50    0E468 324  50    0E485 307  50    0
24885 09/12E420 400  60    0E432 375  60    0E445 350  60    0E460 325  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
24887 09/13E477 305  50    0E495 290  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

24890 TS                    

Major changes to the track, but minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 8: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.1N, 47.7W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 9: HWM indicates no significant features in the central Atlantic
Ocean. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.6N, 51W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 24.5N, 49.5W at 1014 mb
(COA); 35 kt SE at 27.8N 51.6W (MWR). "On the evening of the 9th a moderate 
depression was central near 27N, 51W, that moved slowly north accompanied by 
moderate winds until the morning of the 11th" (MWR).

September 10: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone just east of Bermuda.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.4N, 55W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
60 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 28.5N, 53.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 
28.5N, 53.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 34N, 50.6W at 20 UTC (MWR).

September 11: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone well southeast of Cape
Race. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 39.4N, 42.3W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 10 kt ESE and 985 mb at 40.3N, 43.3W at 18 UTC (MWR); 40
kt NNE at 40.3N, 43.3W (MWR). "By that date [11th] this low was near 40N, 45W,
and had deepened considerably, with winds of force 7 [30 kt] near the center at
the time of observation" (MWR).

September 12: HWM analyzed an extratropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb pressure 
near 45N37W in the northern Atlantic Ocean.  HWM also depicts a larger 
extratropical cyclone centered near 60N 40W with a strong cold front extending 
NE-SW north of the system.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 
46.8N, 32.4W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 993 mb at 41.3N, 36W at 
10 UTC (MWR); 60 kt W at 42N, 35.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 
43.5N, 29.5W at 18 UTC (COA).

September 13: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone of at most 1000 mb pressure 
near 57N28W.  This appears to have merged with the larger, previously separate, 
extratropical cyclone noted on the 12th.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed. "The... low moved steadily northward and... was by the 
16th near the coast of Iceland" (MWR).

Genesis is retained for storm 5 at 12 UTC on September 8th as a minimal
tropical storm. The storm progressed on a northwestward track after formation 
and recurved well east of Bermuda.  Large track changes were introduced on the 
8th, 11th and 12th.  Relatively smaller alterations were introduced for the 
remainder of its lifetime. The HWM analysis of the system being an 
extratropical storm on the 10th appears to be inconsistent with available data 
that suggests the system is still barotropic on this date. A wind of 60 kt was 
reported (with an accompanying 1015 mb pressure) at 00 UTC on the 10th.  This 
is used to adjust the winds upward on the 9th and 10th, though the 60 kt 
observation might be somewhat too strong given the rather high pressure also 
recorded simultaneously.  60 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, up 
previously from 50 kt.  Available observations do agree with original HURDAT's 
analysis of the system becoming an extratropical storm around 06 UTC on the 11th.  
A measurement of 985 mb with 10 kt wind suggests a central pressure of about 
984 mb, which is included into HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th.  A 984 mb central 
pressure implies winds 68 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 
Given that the system is no longer barotropic, the pressure-wind relationship 
can be utilized with a reduction from the implied 68 kt. 60 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT, and 60 kt is also 
selected as the intensity for all of the 11th (which continues the 60 kt 
intensity estimate from the 10th). On the 12th a peak wind of 60 kt was 
observed at 10 UTC. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt more than 
previous HURDAT. An additional 12 hr is included on the track of the cyclone 
as an extratropical storm on 00 and 06 UTC on the 13th.  The system became 
absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC on the 13th, which differs 
from what was concluded by MWR.  

*******************************************************************************

1928/06 - 2010 REVISION:

24895 10/10/1928 M= 6  6 SNBR= 555 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24900 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*168 358  35    0*180 369  35    0
24900 10/10*167 356  40    0*173 363  45    0*180 370  50    0*187 377  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24905 10/11*194 379  35    0*206 388  35    0*218 398  35    0*229 407  35    0
24905 10/11*194 384  60    0*202 391  60    0*210 398  60    0*218 405  60    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

24910 10/12*240 416  35    0*250 424  40    0*260 432  45    0*270 439  50    0
24910 10/12*227 411  60    0*236 418  60    0*245 425  60    0*255 434  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

24915 10/13*278 445  55    0*287 450  60    0*297 455  60    0*309 459  70    0
24915 10/13*266 445  65    0*277 454  70    0*290 460  70    0*305 459  75    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

24920 10/14*325 453  65    0*343 440  60    0E363 420  60    0E380 400  60    0
24920 10/14*322 452  80    0*342 435  80    0*363 410  80    0*380 390  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **

24925 10/15E400 380  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
24925 10/15*395 375  65    0E405 365  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **
24930 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 10: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 35.8W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 20.5N, 37.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and
1013 mb at 20.5N, 37.5W at 18 UTC (COA). "On the 10th a disturbance of tropical
origin was somewhere in the vicinity of 22N, 37W, as indicated by the storm
report from the Dutch S.S. Prins Frederik Hendrik" (MWR).

October 11: HWM analyzed no significant features in the central Atlantic Ocean. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.8N, 39.8W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 1015 mb at 20.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC (MWR); 
35 kt SSE and 1015 mb at 21.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA); 
35 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 21.5N, 37.5W at 06 UTC (COA).

October 12: HWM analyzed a cold front extending southwest from 40N, 35W to 27N,
50W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 26N, 43.2W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 13: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone near 28N, 47W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 29.7N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt
N and 1004 mb at 29.9N, 47.2W at 20 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NNE at 29.9N, 47.2W (MWR);
45 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 31.4N, 41.4W at 22 UTC (COA). "Unfortunately, this is
an unfrequented part of the ocean and so few reports have been received that it
has been difficult to trace its track accurately until the 14th" (MWR).

October 14: HWM analyzed a large extratropical cyclone near 38N, 41W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 36.3N, 42W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
70 kt SW and 990 mb at 35.5N, 41.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt SW and 980 mb at
35.5N, 41W at 14 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SSE and 984 mb at 37.9N, 39.1W at 18 UTC
(MWR). "It was on the 14th that the American tanker David C. Reid foundered, her
approximate position being given in an SOS as 37N, 38W, apparently not far from
the center of the disturbance" (MWR).

October 15: HWM indicates a large extratropical cyclone near 55N, 30W, in the
process of absorbing a smaller extratropical system near 41N, 41W. HURDAT
listed this as an extratropical storm at 40N, 38W at 00 UTC.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for storm 6 is begun at 00 UTC on October 10th as a tropical storm, 12
hours earlier that original HURDAT based upon rather plentiful ship observations 
for that part of the Atlantic. The tropical cyclone progressed northwestward
through October 13th before recurving well away from any landmass.  Minor 
modifications are made to the track for all six days of its duration.  On the 
10th a peak wind of 45 kt was observed around 22 UTC. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT 
at 18 UTC on the 10th, a 20 kt upgrade from the original HURDAT. As mentioned 
by MWR, the Dutch ship S.S. Prins Frederik Hendrik observed peak winds of 55 kt 
on the 11th around 00 UTC. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 UTC, a 25 kt increase 
from the original HURDAT. Gale force winds were not observed again until late on 
the 13th when a peak wind of 45 kt was reported well removed from the cyclone's
center.  The intensity is kept at 60 kt through 18 UTC on the 12th.  The increase 
in winds between 18 UTC on the 10th and 06 UTC on the 12th are considered major 
- at least 20 kt - changes to HURDAT.  A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with 
simultaneous SW hurricane force winds was observed on the 14th, implying winds 
of at least 73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship 
(and the same from the north of 35N relationship as well). 80 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 12 UTC, a 20 kt upgrade from previous HURDAT. HWM consistently 
analyzed an extratropical system on the 13th and 14th but observational evidence 
exists that indicates the system had not yet transitioned to baroclinic status. 
It is apparent, however, that the system weakened and became absorbed by a large 
extratropical system after 06 UTC on the 15th. The track for the cyclone was 
extended six hours further in time.  Peak intensity of the cyclone is 80 kt on 
the 14th, up from 70 kt shown originally in HURDAT for the 13th.  

*******************************************************************************

1928- Additional Notes

1) The May MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and the Historical Weather Maps 
show a low developing south of 25N over the Bahamas in early May.  This system 
deepened slightly as it moved north-northwest from the 5th to the 7th and then 
north-northeast until passing through the Canadian Maritime provinces on the 12th.  
No gale force winds were observed and the system was extratropical throughout its 
lifetime with significant frontal boundaries present even while south of 35N.  
Because of the low latitude formation of this cyclone, this system is included 
in Additional Notes, but likely never had tropical (or subtropical) 
characteristics during any portion of its lifetime.

DAY LAT LON STATUS

May  5 24N 76W Extratropical Low
May  6 26N 79W Extratropical Low
May  7 30N 78W Extratropical Low
May  8 33N 75W Extratropical Low
May  9 36N 73W Extratropical Low
May 10 39N 69W Extratropical Low
May 11 42N 67W Extratropical Low
May 12 50N 63W Extratropical Low


2) HWM and COADS indicate that a closed low associated with a front formed near
Bermuda on the 22nd and moved East-Northeastward until the 25th, when it became
absorbed by another frontal system and dissipated.  This system is analyzed to
be a 25 kt Tropical Depression on the 22nd and 23rd, and it became baroclinic
on the 24th.  On the 22nd, an East wind at 33.4N, 73.2W (COADS) supports a
closed low if this observation is added to the HWM analysis.  There was only
one gale with this system.  It occurred on the 23rd: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 4
UTC at 29.5N, 67.5W.  Based on the system's association with the frontal
boundary and lack of gales and low pressures, this system will not be added to
HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS

Sep 22 34N 68W Tropical Depression
Sep 23 35N 65W Tropical Depression
Sep 24 39N 53W Extratropical
Sep 25 40N 49W Extratropical

3) The September MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and the Historical Weather 
Map series show a low that developed in late September in the Gulf of Mexico. 
It moved to the east-northeast from late on the 22nd to the 24th.  The system 
did not have any observed gale force winds, though it did have well-defined 
frontal boundaries during its brief lifetime.  Because of its occurrence 
during the peak of the hurricane season, the system is included here in 
Additional Notes, even though it was very likely extratropical throughout 
its short lifetime. 

DAY LAT LON STATUS

Sep 23 25N 93W Extratropical Low
Sep 24 27N 88W Extratropical Low

*******************************************************************************


1929/01 - 2010 REVISION:

24935 06/27/1929 M= 3  1 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
24935 06/27/1929 M= 4  1 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *

24940 06/27*213 933  35    0*225 932  35    0*236 933  45    0*245 934  55    0
24940 06/27*213 933  35    0*225 934  35    0*236 936  45    0*245 939  55    0
                                 ***              ***              ***

24945 06/28*255 937  65    0*262 941  70    0*270 948  75    0*278 957  70  986
24945 06/28*254 943  65    0*262 947  70    0*270 953  75    0*278 960  80  982
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***  **  ***

24950 06/29*285 969  60    0E293 982  35    0E300 998  30    0*  0   0   0    0
24950 06/29*288 971  65  985*294 987  55    0*3001010  50    0*3081035  45    0
            *** ***  **  ******* ***  **     *    ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
24955 06/30*3181065  40 1008*3301095  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

24955 HRBTX1                

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
6/28/1929      2100Z 28.3N  96.4W   80kt  1   10nmi    982mb   BTX1

Minor alterations are introduced to the track and major changes to the intensity 
shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Reanalysis of this cyclone indicates that it did 
not undergo an extratropical transition, as originally shown in HURDAT, but 
instead remained a tropical cyclone until dissipation.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Climatological Data: 
Texas Section, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and 
Jarrell et al. (1992).

June 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.7N,
95.1W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.2N,
95.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 94.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.8N, 95.4W with a 998 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1001 mb at 07 UTC at
25.3N, 93.8W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 27.0N, 96.0W (HWM).  No
other gales or low pressures.  Land highlights: 986 mb at 2130 UTC at Port
O'Connor, TX (MWR); 15 kt and 1005 at 22 UTC at mb at Corpus Christi, TX
(OMR).  "Pressure had been low for several days previous to the 28th over the 
western portion of the Gulf of Mexico, but it was not until this date that any 
definite disturbance was more than suspected... The storm was extremely small in 
diameter, but of considerable intensity over a path about 20 miles in diameter 
from Port O'Connor to San Antonio.  The lowest barometer reading probably was 
not below 29 inches, 29.12 [986 mb] being reported from port O'Connor, 
29.10 [985 mb] at Victoria, and 29.44 [997 mb] at San Antonio.  Being of such 
small diameter, the storm did not last more than two or three hours at any one 
point, but estimated wind velocities of 80 mph were reported.  Corpus Christi 
and Galveston were only slightly affected. Due to the difficulty in locating 
the storm, which was apparently in process of rapid development even as it 
struck the coast... The storm passed Port O'Connor at 4:30 pm.  The storm 
lasted from 4:30 pm to 6 pm at Port Lavaca and from 6:30 pm to 8 pm at 
Victoria" (MWR).  "Capt. C. V. Nissen of the American steamship Mexoil states 
that on June 27, 9 pm., in 25.3N, 93.8W, he encountered this storm, and 
estimated the strength of winds squalls at 80 mph.  The lowest barometer was 
29.56 inches (uncorrected)[1001 mb] at 2 am on the 28th, wind SE., force 8 to 10, 
heavy rain squalls, wind of hurricane force" (MWR).  Corpus Christi, TX: 
"A small tropical disturbance appeared southeast of Corpus Christi on the 
morning of the 28th, followed by several heavy showers, and the maximum wind 
velocity was 36 miles an hour from the northeast" (OMR).  Houston: Min pressure 
of 1008 mb at 0930 UTC on the 27th (OMR).  Galveston, TX: "A tropical 
disturbance of small diameter, moving inland on the Texas coast on June 28th, 
near Port O'Connor, Texas, caused a tide of about 3.5 feet above normal and a 
maximum wind, 31 miles from the southeast, at Galveston.  No damage resulted" 
(OMR).  San Antonio: "Hurricane came inland on night of June 28 passing to the 
east of San Antonio.  Pressure fell from 29.86 [1011 mb] at 2 pm to 29.44 
[997 mb] at 11:45 pm.  Wind reached velocity of 42 mph from NW for 5 minute 
period, and 56 mph for one minute. Fields flattened, poles, wires, signs, 
trees, and some light buildings were blown down.  Damage to city estimated to 
be $100,000" (OMR).  "1929, Jun 28, Port O'Connor, Minimal, 3 killed, damage 
$675,000" ("Minimal" indicates maximum winds of 64 to 87 kt, central pressure 
of 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Jun 28 1929, Center Crossed Coast - Port 
O'Connor, Estimate Lowest - 29.00" [982 mb], Movement - NW 15 mph" (Connor). 
"June 28, 1929, 969 mb central pressure, based upon 986 mb pressure at Port 
O'Connor, TX, 13 nm RMW, 15 kt speed, Landfall at 28.3N, 96.4W" (Ho).  "1929, 
Jun, TX,1C, 982 mb" (Jarrell et al.).  "A tropical storm of small diameter 
moved out of the Gulf of Mexico during the late afternoon of June 28, entering 
Texas at Matagorda Bay, with attending winds of estimated hurricane force 
(75 to 80 miles per hour) over a strip from 16 to 20 miles wide as far inland 
as Yorktown in DeWitt county and diminishing force along its central path to 
San Antonio, Bexar County, where a maximum wind of 42 miles per hour from the 
northwest was recorded at 10:37 p. m.  Winds of gale force were common, however, 
over a path from 60 to 80 miles wide as far inland as Kerr, Kendall, Bexar, 
and Medina counties - heaviest near coast and diminishing inland... Conservative 
estimates of wind damage by the storm to crops total $310,000 and to non-crops, 
such as buildings, windmills, power, telephone, and telegraph lines, $365,000.  
Three people lost their lives in Wharton County, a score or more received injuries, 
and many had narrow escapes... Outside of the area of wind damage, the rainfall 
was highly beneficial to crops and range" (Climatological Data: Texas Section).

June 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.7N,
101.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 30.0N, 99.8W.  At
00 UTC, the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center just inland on
the Texas coast with a pressure of 985 mb.  At 12 UTC, the MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.2N, 101W with an 1008 mb pressure.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1014 mb at 01 UTC at 29.4N,93.5W (MWR).  
One other gale.  No other low pressures.  Land highlights.  44 kt NE at 05 
UTC at Kelly Field, TX (OMR); 985 mb at 00 UTC at Victoria, TX (MWR); 
36 kt NW and 997 mb at 0445 UTC at San Antonio, TX (OMR).  
A few other gales (at Kelly Field and at El Paso - late in the day).  
No other low pressures.

June 30: HWM analyses no features of interest over the south central United 
States and northern Mexico.  Station highlights:  3 kt N and 1008 mb and 79F 
temperature and 58F dewpoint (highest for the month) at 00Z at El Paso (31.8N 
106.5W); 40 kt NE at 01Z at El Paso.  "The only appreciable precipitation 
during the month occurred during thundershowers on the 29th.  Excessive 
precipitation occurred at that time... Strong winds also accompanied the 
thunderstorm and did some damage to roofs, plate glass windows, etc" (El Paso OMR).

No change to the genesis of this hurricane on the 27th of June.  Minor track 
changes were introduced for the three days of this system's existence.  The 
cyclone apparently underwent rapid intensification from the 27th until the 
28th (with no changes introduced into HURDAT's winds through 12Z on the 28th), 
though observations were sparse near the system on the 27th.  

The system made landfall around 21Z on the 28th at 28.3N 96.4W, just southwest 
of Port O'Connor.  Minimum observed sea level pressures were 986 mb in Port 
O'Connor at 2130Z and 985 mb at Victoria at 00Z on the 22nd (neither had wind 
data).  Assuming that the 985 mb in Victoria was a central pressure (which is 
not known to be certain), application of the Ho et al. (1987) inland pressure 
decay model suggests a central pressure at the coast of 981 mb.  This is close 
to the central pressure at landfall of 982 mb from Connor and Jarrell et al, 
but is substantially higher than the 969 mb analyzed by Ho et al.  It is 
suspected that Ho et al's value is too deep and 982 mb is chosen as the 
central pressure at landfall in central Texas.  This value is now indicated for 
HURDAT at 18Z on the 28th, replacing the 986 mb in HURDAT originally (likely 
using the 986 mb observed from Port O'Connor directly).  982 mb central pressure 
suggests winds of 70 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship and 73 kt from the subset of cyclones north of 25N that are 
intensifying.  Given the likelihood that the hurricane was intensifying up 
until landfall (in agreement with the assessment in Monthly Weather Review), 
the latter value is more applicable.  The small RMW of 13 nm estimated by Ho 
et al. appears to be somewhat too large given the swath of high winds 16 to 
20 miles across reported in the Monthly Weather Review.  The RMW is analyzed 
to be about 10 nm, which would be quite small compared with 22 nm 
climatologically for hurricanes at the same latitude and central pressure - 
Vickery et al. 2000.  Given this, the small outer closed isobar (150 nm radius), 
somewhat low environmental pressures (1007 mb outer closed isobar), a value 
stronger than that suggested by the pressure-wind relationship is chosen:  
80 kt is the estimated maximum sustained winds at landfall.  Winds are thus 
boosted at 18Z on the 28th from 70 to 80 kt.  This retains the system as a 
Category 1 hurricane for central Texas ("BTX1"), in agreement with the original 
HURDAT.  (However, both Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al. listed this as "CTX1" 
- north Texas coast - which, given the landfall location in HURDAT originally 
was likely just a typographic error.)  After landfall, highest observed winds 
were 35 kt at 00Z on the 29th (within two hours of synoptic time), 44 kt at 06Z, 
20 kt at 12Z, 20 kt at 18Z, and 40 kt at 00Z on the 30th.  Application of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds around 61 kt at 00Z on the 
29th, 45 kt at 06Z, 32 kt at 12Z, 29 kt at 18Z, and 28 kt at 00Z on the 30th.  
Of particular note is that the system was still of considerable intensity 
(at least 40 kt) when passing directly over El Paso around 00Z on the 30th.  
(The weaker observed winds during 12 and 18Z on the 29th were likely due to 
the very sparse network of observations available over Texas.)  Because of 
the substantially higher observations around 00Z on the 30th compared with the 
Kaplan and DeMaria model, winds in HURDAT are revised upward: 65 kt (up from 
60 kt originally) at 00Z on the 29th, 55 kt (up from 35 kt originally) at 06Z, 
50 kt (up from 30 kt originally) at 12Z, 45 kt (no entry in HURDAT originally) 
at 18Z, 40 kt at 00Z on the 30th, and 30 kt at 06Z.  The changes at 06 and 12Z 
on the 19th are major upward revisions in intensity.  Given the still well-defined 
vortex at 12Z on the 29th and fortuitous observations from El Paso around 00Z on 
the 30th, the cyclone is extended an additional 18 hr before dissipation after 
06Z on the 30th.  Originally, HURDAT had this system becoming extratropical 
around 06Z on the 29th.  However, analysis of the synoptic environment show no 
significant baroclinic zones (or separate extratropical cyclones) and the 
cyclone's structure remained fairly symmetric.  These indicate that instead 
of a transition to an extratropical cyclone, it remained a tropical cyclone 
until dissipation.  

*******************************************************************************

1929/02 - 2010 REVISION:

24960 09/22/1929 M=13  2 SNBR= 557 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
24960 09/19/1929 M=17  2 SNBR= 557 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **

(The 19th to the 21st are new to HURDAT.)
24961 09/19*230 636  30    0*230 638  30    0*230 640  30    0*230 642  30    0
24962 09/20*231 644  30    0*231 647  30    0*232 650  30    0*232 655  30    0
24963 09/21*233 660  30    0*234 665  30    0*235 670  30    0*236 675  30    0

24965 09/22*220 659  35    0*227 650  40    0*237 654  45    0*243 666  50    0
24965 09/22*237 680  35    0*238 685  40    0*240 690  45    0*244 695  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24970 09/23*248 677  55    0*252 689  60    0*257 700  65    0*261 712  70    0
24970 09/23*250 700  55    0*256 706  60    0*260 712  65    0*264 719  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

24975 09/24*265 723  75    0*268 734  75    0*270 744  80    0*270 752  85    0
24975 09/24*267 728  75    0*269 737  75    0*270 744  85    0*270 749  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***                   **          ***  **

24980 09/25*264 755  90    0*262 758  95    0*259 763  95    0*256 764 100    0
24980 09/25*267 754 105    0*263 759 115    0*259 763 125    0*256 766 135  924 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***          *** ***  ***

24985 09/26*253 770 105    0*249 771 110    0*248 774 115    0*244 780 120    0
24985 09/26*252 770 125  936*249 773 120    0*246 777 120    0*244 780 120    0
            ***     ***  ***     *** ***      *** *** ***             

24990 09/27*244 782 120  936*244 787 120    0*246 791 115    0*247 794 110    0
24990 09/27*242 784 120    0*241 788 120    0*242 791 115    0*243 794 110    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***          ***              ***

24995 09/28*247 796 105    0*248 798  95    0*249 801  90  948*251 807  85    0
24995 09/28*245 797 105    0*247 800 100    0*249 804 100  948*251 810  95    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***          *** ***          ***  **

25000 09/29*254 814  85    0*259 820  85    0*264 827  90    0*270 833  90    0
25000 09/29*254 817  90    0*259 825  90    0*264 835  90    0*270 845  90    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***              ***

25005 09/30*278 839  85    0*285 845  75    0*292 850  65    0*298 853  60    0
25005 09/30*276 853  85    0*282 857  85    0*288 860  80    0*294 862  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25010 10/01*303 852  50    0*308 849  50    0*314 842  45    0*323 829  40    0
25010 10/01*299 860  70    0*304 854  60  975E310 842  55  986E320 827  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *******      **  ******* ***  **

25015 10/02E335 810  40    0E348 798  40    0E363 785  35    0E379 773  35    0
25015 10/02E335 811  50    0E352 795  50    0E367 780  50    0E383 770  50    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25020 10/03E396 761  35    0E412 749  30    0E428 737  30    0E441 725  30    0
25020 10/03E399 763  50    0E415 755  50    0E428 745  50    0E441 734  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

25025 10/04E453 713  25    0E463 700  25    0E472 691  25    0E509 615  25    0
25025 10/04E453 721  45    0E463 706  45    0E472 691  40    0E480 671  40    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **      *** ***  **

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
25027 10/05E488 645  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

25030 HRCFL3AFL2            
25030 HRCFL3BFL3AFL1
            ********           

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                 Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
9/28/1929    1300Z 25.0N  80.5W  100kt  3   30nmi    948mb   BFL3, CFL3
10/1/1929    0400Z 30.2N  85.7W   70kt  1   -----    975mb   AFL1

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Genesis for this tropical cyclone was begun three days earlier than originally 
indicated.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Climatological Data - Florida Section, Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Harris (1963), Rosenberg (1970 - unpublished manuscript), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Kasper et al. (1998), Neely (2006), 
and Barnes (2008).

September 15-18:  A westward moving trough is depicted in the Historical Weather 
Maps from the 15th to the 17th north of the Lesser Antilles.  On the 18th, a low 
of at most 1010 mb was shown in HWM near 23N 70W, however, a closed circulation 
cannot be confirmed.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  HURDAT did not previously list this system on these days.  

September 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 24N,
65W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23N,
63W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N,
65W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N,
66W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.7N, 65.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 23.2N, 67.4W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26N,
71.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.7N, 70.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.5N, 70W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt S and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 25.0N, 68.0W (COA).  No other gales.  
No low pressures.

September 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N,
74.2W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 74.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.2N, 74W with an 1004 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures, but several
observations of 30 kt winds.

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26N,
77.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 25.9N, 76.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 77W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 78.8W (COA); 30 kt W and 1004 mb at 
21 UTC at 29.9N, 80.5W (COA).  A few other gales of 35 kt. No other low 
pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "The steamship Potomac passed near the 
hurricane center on the 25th about 15 miles west of Abaco Island and reported 
a barometer reading of 27.30 inches [924 mb] (uncorrected).  At Nassau, the 
lowest pressure was 27.64 inches [936 mb] (unofficial) between 8 pm and midnight 
[00 UTC to 04 UTC of the 26th]" (MWR). (Note that the statement about "15 
miles west of Abaco Island" is likely incorrect given the other information 
available and that the nearby island instead was Eleuthera, also in the Bahamas.)  
"No accurate information has been received regarding the force of wind in the 
Bahamas region, but it must have exceeded 100 mph near the hurricane center" 
(MWR).  "Some of the data such as the high tide of 12 feet on Andros, the death 
toll of 25 plus on Andros and the 120 to 140 mph winds in Nassau, were not on 
our records at the National Hurricane Center" (Letter from NHC to Mr. Pierce 
S. Rosenberg thanking him for his excellent report).  Nassau: EYE lasted from 
2030 UTC to 2230 UTC with min pressure of 936 mb (Summary from the Nassau 
Guardian on Saturday, October 12, 1929 - Rosenberg).  "Details the loss at sea 
of 3 boats, 'the Ethel, Myrtle, and Pretoria,' with 33 souls aboard enroute 
from Nassau Harbor to Fresh Creek" (Rosenberg).  "To this day, this storm was 
one of the most destructive storms to hit the island of Andros because it 
completely devastated that island.  There was 12 feet of storm surge from this 
hurricane and the hurricane winds and the storm surge from the hurricane 
lasted nearly 48 hours, as the storm slowed in forward speed from the Tongue 
of the Ocean to just west of Andros...The eye of the hurricane passed over Nassau 
at 8:30pm on September 25th but the calm lasted for at least two hours 
according to local reports, so this hurricane had quite some time over these 
islands to do tremendous damage with the strong winds and surge of the storm.  
The lowest barometer reading at the time was 936.2MB or 27.65 inches at Nassau...
Impact of the Hurricane on: Nassau - ...seven deaths in Nassau...456 houses totally 
destroyed, while an additional 640 houses were damaged in some degree or the 
other... sixty four vessels were wrecked...most of the homes and business (about 73% 
based on the population of Nassau compared with actual statistics at the time of 
damaged houses) in Nassau were in some way of the other affected by this 
storm...Abaco - 19 houses destroyed completely and twelve boats completely 
destroyed.  The hurricane lasted 36 hours and the wind speed was at Hurricane 
Force between 75 and 100mph.. Andros - ...the hurricane destroyed all crops and 
most of the fruit trees, livestock, and poultry... It was stated that there were 
25 plus persons drowned from this storm in Andros alone... on September 25th, 
26th, and 27th the most extreme destructive Hurricane in the history of this 
district swept the Island.  Its extreme duration and sustained violence 
without precedent in my experience.  The whole place appears as through 
burned with fire and fields once full of premise are naked stripped of all 
vegetation.  The Situation is the most serious the island has ever had to 
face... Cat Island - Storm reported as not severe and just slight damage and 
experienced gale force winds... Grand Bahama - No significant damage but 
experienced severe gale conditions... Eleuthera - Some damage reported and 
North Eleuthera experienced 75 to 100 knot winds" (Neely).

September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.8N,
78W.  HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 77.4W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 77.5W.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt E and 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 26.4N, 76.4W (COA); 45 kt
ESE at 12 UTC at 26.0N, 75.3W (COA); 25 kt NE and 999 mb at 13 UTC at 26.4N,
79.8W (COA).  No other gales.  One other low pressure.

September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24N,
78.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.6N, 79.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.6N, 78W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA); 30 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 
17 UTC at 25.0N, 80.3W (COA).  A few other gales of 35 kt.  A few other low 
pressures from 1003-1005 mb.

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.6N,
80.6W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.9N, 80.1W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 80.6W with a 949 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 951 mb at 25.0N 80.0W at 12 UTC (MWR).  
Two additional gales.  Several other low pressures between 999-1005 mb.  
Station highlights:  954 mb at 1330 UTC at Long Key (MWR), 63 kt 1 min wind 
and 989 mb at 1930 UTC at Key West (OMR, MWR).  Regarding the track: "During 
the 3 and a half day period ending at 12 UTC September 28 the storm center 
moved only about 300 miles, or less than 4 miles an hour, and the greater part 
of this time its course was southwest, the center on the 28th being 80 to 90
miles farther south than the 24th" (MWR).  Regarding the intensity: "The next
report received from near the center was 28.09 inches [951 mb] on the
steamship Bessemer in latitude 25N, longitude 80W, at 12 UTC of the 28th.  The
center passed over Long Key, the barometer falling to 28.18 inches [954 mb] at
9:30 am [1330 UTC] of the 28th.  The lowest pressure at Miami was 29.41 inches
[996 mb] at 12:30 pm [1630 UTC] and at Key West 29.21 inches [989 mb] at 3:30
pm [1930 UTC] of the 28th.  At Everglades City, FL it was 28.95 inches [980
mb] at 5 pm [21 UTC] and at Boca Grande 29.18 inches [988 mb] at 1 am [05 UTC]
of the 29th" (MWR).  Miami: 49 kt E (MWR).  Key West: 57 kt W (MWR).  Fort
Myers: 51 kt NE (MWR).  Those were 5 minute winds.  Key West one minute wind:
63 kt (OMR).  "The estimated velocity at Key Largo was (during gusts) about
150 mph.  There was a 10-minute lull as the hurricane center passed over this
key.  At Everglades City, the estimated velocity was 90-100 mph" (MWR).  "The
greatest damage in the Keys seems to have taken place on the northward side of
the center- the upper Matecumbe Key, the southern portion of Key Largo, and
the Cape Sable and Ten Thousand Island areas" (MWR).  Miami: "The heavy
rainfall, which equaled 10.42 inches for the 24 hours ending at midnight of
the 28th [04 UTC on the 29th], flooded many low sections of the city.  The
estimated loss from fruit crops in Dade County was $1,500,000.  Two tornadoes,
occurring at about 5:30 pm [2130 UTC] and moving from southeast to northwest,
passed over the southern and western parts of the city demolishing a few
buildings and seriously damaging many other buildings.  Property damage from
the hurricane and tornado winds was $100,000.  The destructive Ft. Lauderdale
tornado occurred at about the same time as the Miami tornadoes" (OMR).  "948 mb 
central pressure from Key Largo observation, 28 nm RMW, 10 kt forward speed, 
25.0N 80.5W landfall point" (Ho).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sep. 27-Oct. 1, 
Key Largo, NW Florida, Extreme, Key Largo bar. 28" ("Extreme" 136 mph or higher 
winds, 948 mb or less pressure" (Dunn and Miller).  "Key Largo 10 min lull, 
28" pressure, 150 mph wind estimate, Everglades City 28.95" winds estimated 
90-100 mph, Panama City 28.80" and 100 mph wind estimate" (Barnes 2007).  
"6' storm surge at Everglades City, 2' Punta Rassa" (Kasper et al. 1998).  
"8.8' storm tide at Goulds, 6' Long Key" (Harris).  "Sep FL SE3 NW2 Lowest 
central pressure 948 mb" (Jarrell et al.).  "1009 mb environmental pressure, 
84 kt equivalent 1 min wind" (Schwerdt et al.).  "The only fatalities ashore, 
and ascribed to this storm, were those of a negro woman and child - the former 
killed at Marathon, Key Vacca, when her shack was razed ; and the child, near 
Wewhitchee, from a falling tree, and one drowned at Panama City... The damage to 
property was heavy on the Keys were only slight precautions could be taken.  
It was considerable at Apalachicola, chiefly, to marine interests, and approximated 
$66,000.  Sundry damage at Pensacola was $60,000.  The greatest damage reported 
from any district occurred in Collier County, as follows:  fruit and track, 
$40,000; highways, $45,000; telephone and telegraph, $6,000; small boats and 
equipment, $8,000; los of timber, $150,000; building, power plants, and shops, 
$46,000.  It is stated that the damage to highways in the State will approximate 
$300,000... A tornado occurred at Ft. Lauderdale at 4.40 p. m. September 28th, 
doing damage of $100,000" (Climatological Data - Florida Section).

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 26N,
84W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 26.4N, 82.7W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 83.5W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt S and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 999 mb 
at 00 UTC at 24.4N, 81.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 25.2N, 79.6W.  
No other gales.  Several other low pressures from 999-1005 mb.  Tampa: 29 kt E 
(MWR).  That was a 5-minute wind.  Tampa: "Practically no damage occurred in Tampa 
or vicinity, and little damage north of Fort Myers.  Winds of hurricane force were 
reported at Everglades City, Naples, and Punta Rassa, and near hurricane force 
at Ft. Myers.  There was considerable damage to roofs, trees and wires, and much 
fruit blown off the trees, south of Ft. Myers" (OMR).

September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.6N,
86.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 85.0W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.6N, 85.2W with a 975 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 26.4N, 85.9W (COA).  
No gales.  Several other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  Apalachicola: 
51 kt S (MWR).  Pensacola: 61 kt NE (MWR).  Those were 5 minute winds.  Regarding 
the intensity: Pensacola: "Although winds of hurricane force prevailed on the 
30th for over 6 hours and of verifying velocity for a period of 27 hours, damage 
was slight, due to advance warning, complete preparation, winds being entirely off 
land, and no high tides" (OMR).  Apalachicola: From 7 am of the 29th to 3:30 am of 
the 30th, the pressure fell from 1008 mb to 990 mb.  By 10 am it rose to 995 mb, 
and then fell to 984 mb by midnight of the 30th/1st (OMR).  "975 mb central pressure 
from Panama City observation, no RMW estimate, 29.9N 85.4W landfall point, 6 kt 
forward speed, Storm becoming extratropical" (Ho).  "1013 mb environmental pressure, 
72 kt equivalent 1 min winds" (Schwerdt et al.).

October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31N,
84.5W with the east end of a W-E cold front close to the center and the west
end of a W-E stationary front well northeast of the center.  HURDAT listed
this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 84.2W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 84W with a 986 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 
25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at 27.0N, 87.1W (COA); 15 kt W and 1003 mb at 
01 UTC at 27.3N, 87.5W (COA).  No gales.  A few other low pressures between 
(1003-1005 mb).  Regarding the intensity: "The lowest barometer reading at 
Panama City, FL was 28.80 inches [975 mb] at midnight [04 UTC].  Apalachicola 
reported a minimum of 29.06 inches [984 mb] at midnight [04 UTC] and 
Pensacola 29.19 inches [988 mb] at 2:40 pm [1840 UTC] of the 30th" (MWR).  
"Thomasville, GA reported a pressure of 29.12 inches (986 mb) at 8 am [12 UTC] 
of October 1.  After the 1st there was very little change in intensity until it 
reached the lower St. Lawrence Valley during the 4th, the nearest station to 
the center at each observation [between the 1st and the 4th] reporting between 
29.30 [992 mb] and 29.36 inches [994 mb]" (MWR). Jacksonville: 53 kt SW (MWR).  
That was a 5-minute wind.  Jacksonville: 998 mb at 18 UTC (OMR).  
Savannah, GA: Min pressure of 994 mb and winds up to 40 mph (5 minute) (OMR).  
"Heavy rains of the storm caused very high water in the Savannah river... which 
did much damage to roads and crops" (OMR).  Regarding the overall loss of life 
from this hurricane: At least 3 people died in FL and at least 8 died at sea.  
In Nassau, many lives were lost and the casualties were numerous.  Doubtless 
lives were lost at other Bahama Islands (MWR).  "The high tide and heavy seas 
did considerable damage to the new Gulf Coast Highway west of Apalachicola" (MWR).  
"The hurricane center passed inland at Panama City" (MWR).  Damage was $100,000 
to $150,000 at Panama City and $60,000 at Pensacola (MWR/OMR).  "Tropical Cyclones 
in South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia, Oct. 1-2, All sections, Minor, 
Heavy Rains" ("Minor" - less than hurricane force - Dunn and Miller).  

October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb embedded in an occluded
front centered near 36.5N, 77.4W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical
low at 36.3N, 78.5W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center
near 36.3N, 77.4W with a 993 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 995 mb 
at 17 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 45 kt S and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 33.7N, 75.2W 
(COA).  Several other gales.  Several other low pressures.  Station highlights: 
22 kt S and 994 mb at 00Z at Savannah (OMR); 51 kt E at Atlantic City (MWR); 
41 kt SE at Baltimore (MWR); 41 kt NE at Sandy Hook (MWR).

October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43N, 74W,
with the west end of a WSW-ENE warm front very near the center.  HURDAT listed
this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 42.8N, 73.7W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows a center near 43N, 73.6W with a 994 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N, 74.1W (COA); 5 kt E and 
997 mb at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 70.0W.  No other gales.  Several other low pressures.  
Station highlights:  36 kt NE at Nantucket (MWR).

October 4: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 995 mb centered
near 47N, 68W embedded in the west end of a W-E warm front.  HURDAT listed
this as a 25 kt extratropical low centered at 47.2N, 69.1W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 48.4N, 67.7W with a 993 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 64.6W (COA).  
No other gales or low pressures.

October 5: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low.  HURDAT did not previously
list this system on this day.  Ship highlights: None.

Genesis for this cyclone is begun at 00Z on the 19th, three days earlier than 
originally indicated.  The system is kept at tropical depression intensity 
through 18Z on the 21st.  (The observations from the 19th to the 21st are quite 
definitive in demonstrating that a closed, non-baroclinic low was present.  
Indeed, one could even make the case to extend genesis back to the 18th as 
well.  While it is somewhat unusual for a system to remain as a tropical 
depression for three days after genesis, observations are not available to 
indicate/confirm that the system was a stronger tropical cyclone.  Without 
evidence for such a status, the system has to remain classified as a 
tropical depression from the 19th until the 21st.)  An upgrade to tropical 
storm intensity was retained at 00Z on the 22nd.  A large northwestward 
alteration to the track was made on the 22nd.  Late on the 4th, while 
extratropical, the position of the cyclone was realistic adjusted 
west-southwestward (the original HURDAT had the system accelerating to from 
10 to 62 kt in the final 12 hours of its lifetime).  From the 22nd until 
early on the 24th, the cyclone had a quite small circulation and few 
observations were observed near its center.  Consequently, no alterations 
were made on these dates to the intensity.  Late on the 25th, the ship the 
Potomac recorded 924 mb.  This uncorrected value, if it is a true central 
pressure, suggests winds of 137 kt and 134 kt from the Brown et al. 
intensifying hurricane pressure-wind relationships south and north, respectively 
of 25N.  The hurricane is slow moving - about 4 kt - but quite small with a 
200 nm mean radius of outer closed isobar.  Winds analyzed to be 135 kt at 
18Z on the 25th, up from 100 kt originally.  Winds are then adjusted accordingly 
upward late on the 24th and early on the 25th to accommodate a rapidly intensifying 
hurricane.  A central pressure reading of 936 mb at Nassau, Bahamas was observed 
between 0030 and 0230 UTC early on the 26th.  This value suggests winds of 125 and 
118 kt from the (whole) Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  125 kt analyzed 
for the winds at 00Z and 120 kt at 06Z.  The hurricane is thus indicated to be a 
Category 4 hurricane during its trek over Nassau and Andros Islands in the Bahamas, 
which is unchanged from that originally indicated.  This impact is consistent with 
the extreme surge and wind damage observed.  

The hurricane then weakened some as it moved slowly west-northwestward toward 
Florida.  The best estimate is that the center of the hurricane made landfall 
between Key Largo and Long Key near 25.0N 80.5W - over Plantation Key.  The 
10-min lull in Key Largo was in the edge of the eye, rather than the center.  
The 948 mb reading - a very suspiciously exact 28.00" - for Key Largo was likely 
an estimate, not a measurement.  There is no mention of this value in either the 
Key West OMR, the Climatological Data - Florida Section, or the Monthly Weather 
Review.  The first time this value appears in Dunn and Miller's 1960 textbook.  
It has since been repeated in Ho et al., Jarrell et al., and Barnes.  However, 
given the observed reading of 954 mb at 1330Z at Long Key on the 28th which was 
likely also in the edge of the eye, a central pressure of 948 mb is quite 
reasonable and is retained in HURDAT.  This central pressure suggests winds 
of 109 and 102 kt from the filling hurricane Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationships south and north, respectively.  Given the continued slow motion 
- 4 kt - and increasing size (outer closed isobar of 300 nm and RMW of about 
30 nm - compared with 16 nm for climatology based upon similar central pressures 
and landfall latitude - Vickery et al. 2001), sustained winds at landfall are 
analyzed to be 100 kt.  This is raised from the 90 kt originally in HURDAT at 12Z.  
100 kt makes the system a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in the Keys.  Given 
the landfall right at the separation between southwest and southeast Florida (80.85W), 
both are indicated to have received Category 3 hurricane conditions ("BFL3" and "CFL3").  
The hurricane, despite its slow motion, began moving into the Gulf of Mexico around 00Z 
on the 29th, as it only skirted the southwest coast of Florida.  The hurricane moved 
northwestward across the eastern Gulf of Mexico during the next two days.

The hurricane made a second U.S. landfall over Panama City at 04Z on October 
1st, near 30.2N 85.7W.  Panama City observed a central pressure of 975 mb, 
which suggests 79 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
One could argue to use the filling pressure-wind relationship 
(which would give 75 kt), but given the lack of inner core data for the 
preceding two dates this relationship may not be strictly appropriate.  
Given the continued expansion of the wind field (400 nm radius of outer 
closed isobar) and slow - 4 kt - motion of the hurricane, the winds are 
estimated to be 70 kt at landfall.  This is substantially higher than the 
50 kt in HURDAT originally indicated at 00Z, though the original track had 
landfall closer to 18Z on the 30th which had 60 kt originally.  70 kt at 
landfall makes the hurricane at Category 1 landfall for northwest Florida 
("AFL1"), which is actually a decrease from the Category 2 originally noted.  
A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 57 kt at 06Z 
on the 1st.  Given the large size of the hurricane, winds are selected to be 
60 kt at 06Z, 10 kt higher than in HURDAT originally.  By 12Z on the same day, 
the cyclone had transformed enough to be considered an extratropical storm, 
as well-defined frontal zones had developed within the system - note the 
significant (20F) north-south temperature gradient through the cyclone and 
asymmetric structure of the winds and pressure field.  This extratropical 
transition is 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT.  A 986 mb 
pressure observation from Thomasville, Georgia is likely a central pressure 
reading and is thus added into HURDAT.  The cyclone maintained strong winds 
(40-50 kt) as it moved northeastward across the U.S. Atlantic seaboard from 
the 2nd to the 4th.  Dissipation is indicated at 06Z on the 5th, six hours 
later than shown originally.

*******************************************************************************

1929/03 - 2010 ADDITION:

24931 09/25/1929 M= 5  3 SNBR= 556 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24932 09/25*320 665  30    0*325 670  30    0*330 675  35 1005*335 680  40    0
24932 09/26*340 685  45    0*347 688  50    0*355 690  50    0*362 691  50    0
24932 09/27*370 690  50    0E379 687  50    0E388 680  50    0E395 671  50    0
24932 09/28E401 661  50    0E407 650  50    0E413 637  50    0E419 619  50    0
24932 09/29E426 595  50    0E433 560  45    0E440 515  40    0E448 465  35    0
24933 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, 
the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

September 24: HWM analyzes a low embedded in a W-E stationary front in the 
northwest Atlantic Ocean.  Available HWM and COADS data suggest that there is 
not enough evidence that a closed circulation is yet present.  No gales or 
equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
33.5N, 67W at the west end of a W-E front.  HURDAT did not previously analyze
this system.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
34.5N, 66.2W.  No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed.  Ship highlights:  
30 kt NW and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 33.0N 68.2W (COA).

September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
34.5N, 69W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 
36.5N, 69.2W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1002 mb at 02 UTC at 
34.3N, 68.1W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.

September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb undergoing
extratropical transition attached to the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front
centered near 37N, 70W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center 
near 39N, 68.5W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 14 UTC at 
38.5N, 67.4W (MWR).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

September 28: HWM analyzes a closed, extratropical low of at most 1015 mb centered 
near 41.5N, 62W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41N, 65W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 42.2N, 62.9W (COA); 15 kt NE and 
998 mb at 13 UTC at 41.3N, 63.9W (COA).  One other gale.  No other low pressures.  
"Charts VIII to XV cover the period from the 23d to 30th, inclusive, and, besides 
giving an idea of the movement of the tropical disturbance [Storm #2 1929], also 
show the conditions over the eastern section of the steamer lanes, where heavy 
weather occurred on the 23d and again on the last three days of the month" (MWR).

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed, extratropical low of at most 1010 mb centered 
near 44N, 50W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 42.0N, 53.0W (COA); 
25 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 11 UTC at 43.2N, 50.5W (COA).  No other gales.  
One other low pressure of 1005 mb.

Genesis for this system is begun at 00Z on the 25th of September, just west of 
Bermuda and about 500 nm northeast of a major hurricane (Storm #2).  While the 
origins of this cyclone likely did begin as a former frontal boundary, by early 
on the 25th the baroclinicity of the system had diminished and a more symmetric 
closed low had developed in the midst of ~80F sea and air surface temperatures.  
A ship at 12Z on the 25th with 30 kt NW winds and 1008 mb pressure suggests a 
central pressure of 1005 mb.  1005 mb indicates winds of 34 kt from the north 
of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  35 kt - and development of the 
cyclone into a tropical storm - is thus indicated at 12Z on the 25th.  The 
cyclone slowly moved northwestward and then northward on the 25th and 26th, 
well off the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast.  On the 26th at 02Z a ship reported 
40 kt E and 1002 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 40 kt from 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 45 kt 
from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are chosen to be 
45 kt at 00Z and 50 kt at 06Z on the 26th.  50 kt is analyzed to be the peak 
intensity for this tropical storm.  On the 27th, the cyclone began recurving 
northeastward and had become extratropical around 06Z.  A ship reported 50 kt 
SW at 14Z on the 27th after the system had transitioned to an extratropical 
storm.  A ship at 12Z on the 28th reported 15 kt NNE and 998 mb, apparently 
near the center, suggesting that the system may have maintained its intensity 
around 50 kt through this date.  The cyclone accelerated toward the east-northeast 
on the 28th and 29th as it passed south of the Canadian Maritimes and weakened.  
The system dissipated around 00Z on the 30th of September.  

*******************************************************************************

1929/04 - 2010 REVISION:

25035 10/15/1929 M= 8  3 SNBR= 558 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25035 10/15/1929 M= 6  4 SNBR= 558 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

25040 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*308 396  35    0*307 402  35    0
25040 10/15*318 374  50    0*315 382  55    0*312 390  60    0*310 398  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25045 10/16*306 408  40    0*305 414  40    0*304 420  45    0*302 426  50    0
25045 10/16*308 406  60    0*306 413  60    0*304 420  60    0*302 426  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

25050 10/17*300 431  50    0*299 436  55    0*297 442  65    0*298 450  70    0
25050 10/17*300 431  60    0*299 436  60    0*297 442  60    0*298 450  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

25055 10/18*310 470  70    0*317 476  70    0*320 482  70    0*315 485  70    0
25055 10/18*304 460  60    0*313 472  60    0*325 482  60    0*337 492  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

25060 10/19*309 489  70    0*303 490  70    0*297 489  75    0*291 488  75    0
25060 10/19*349 502  60    0*362 510  60    0*375 515  60    0E390 513  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

25065 10/20*286 486  75    0*281 484  75    0*276 479  80    0*278 473  80    0
25065 10/20E405 500  45    0E420 480  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 21st and 22nd are incorporated within new storm #5.)
25081 10/21*289 465  80    0*305 456  80    0*323 452  80    0*341 461  75    0
25081 10/22*360 470  70    0E380 471  70    0E403 474  65    0E418 466  65    0

25080 HR                    
25080 TS                    
      **

Major alterations are introduced to the track and to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Reanalysis of this cyclone indicates that the system 
did not undergo a four day (18-21 October) counterclockwise loop over the 
central Atlantic, as originally shown in HURDAT, but instead continued 
northward and dissipated on the 20th.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly 
Weather Review.  However, the last two days of this system were indeed a 
cyclone, but instead a second system, which is now new storm #5.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N,
39W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 39.6W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt NNE at 07 UTC at 32.5N, 38.5W (COA); 60 kt N
and 1005 mb at 10 UTC at 32.4N, 39.4W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18 UTC at
32.4N, 39.4W (COA).  Several other strong gales between 45-60 kt.  One other
low pressure of 1005 mb.  Regarding the intensity or surrounding environment:
"On the 15th anticyclonic northerly winds of gale force were encountered by
vessels between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth parallels and the thirty-fifth
and forty-second meridians, accompanied by barometric readings of from 30.11
[1020 mb] to 30.20 [1023 mb] inches" (MWR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30N,
40.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 30.4N, 42.0W.
Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE at 03 UTC at 31.5N, 41.5W (COA); 45 kt ENE and 
1013 mb at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 42.3W (COA).  
Several other gales between 35-45 kt.  No low pressures.

October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.5N,
44W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 44.2W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.2N, 43.9W (COA); 40 kt E and 
999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.2N, 43.5W (HWM); 30 kt E and 
1004 mb at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 43.5W (COA).  One other gale.  No other low pressures.

October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N,
49W with a stationary frontal boundary a few hundred nm to the west of the 
cyclone.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 48.2W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 03 UTC at 30.9N, 46.5W (MWR); 
35 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 19 UTC at 35.5N, 47.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 
1014 mb at 23 UTC at 36.5N, 46.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated north-south closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered near 34N, 52W with a cold frontal boundary passing a few 
hundred nm north of the cyclone.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane 
at 29.7N, 48.9W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 37.1N, 
50.4W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 50.4W (HWM).  Several 
other gales. No other low pressures.  "From the 19th to the 22nd the region 
between the Bermudas and Azores was swept by a severe disturbance, the wind 
reaching hurricane force at times" (MWR).

October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE cold front and a low pressure area south of
that, which is new storm #5.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at
27.6N, 47.9W.  (HURDAT was actually analyzing new storm #5 instead of this
system.)  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Genesis is indicated to be 12 hours earlier (00Z on the 15th) than originally 
analyzed in HURDAT, though with the first entry already a 50 kt tropical storm, 
it is possible that the system existed on the 14th (or earlier) but was not 
yet detected by the sparse ship observations.  Track changes introduced from 
the 15th to late on the 18th were relatively minor.  However, on the 19th, the 
reanalysis indicated that there were two separate cyclones present:  
a continuation of the existing system which moved northward and was near 37.5N 
at 12Z and a secondary development to the south near 26.5N at 12Z.  The 
original HURDAT had interpreted the second system to instead be the same 
cyclone that had looped back to the south.  Thus very large changes to the 
track were introduced from late on the 18th until the 20th, with removal of 
entries for this system on the 21st and 22nd.  The secondary system did develop 
into a tropical cyclone (reaching hurricane intensity) and is covered in detail 
in under new Storm #5 to follow.  With regards to this cyclone's intensity, 
numerous gales including a 60 kt ship report on the 15th necessitated a major 
increase to the cyclone's winds on the 15th and 16th.  It was closely 
considered whether to analyze this system as reaching hurricane intensity.  
For the 60 kt report on the 15th, the ship - which reported every four hours 
on that date while in the cyclone - only reported their position rounded to a 
precision of 1.0 degree latitude and 1.0 degree longitude (e.g., at 03Z they 
were at 33.5N 38.5W, at 07Z 32.5N 38.5W, at 11Z 32.5N 39.5W, etc.).  This 
means that the ship position has an uncertainty of +/- 30 nm both in the 
north-south and in the east-west positions.  Thus it is unknown as to the 
exact location of the ship relative to the cyclone, though the best guess is 
about 60 nm (+/- 45 nm).  Because of this, it is also unsure whether the ship 
was near the RMW at the time it measured the 60 kt.  The ship on the 19th which 
reported the 60 kt wind does appear to be reporting its position to the nearest 
0.1 degree latitude and longitude, but only one measurement was reported on 
that date.  The cyclone on the 19th was undergoing extratropical transition on 
that date and it may very well be the case that the 60 kt was observed about 
60 nm from the TC's center near the RMW in the right front (strong) quadrant of 
the system.  Thus 60 kt is retained as the peak intensity for this system, 
though it is quite possible that this system reached hurricane intensity at 
some point during its lifetime.  Peak intensity of this cyclone is reanalyzed 
to be 60 kt (down from 80 kt originally), based upon fairly extensive ship 
observations available from the 17th through the 19th.  The cyclone is now 
listed as becoming extratropical at 18Z on the 19th with dissipation along a 
frontal boundary by 12Z on the 20th.

*******************************************************************************

1929/05 - 2010 ADDITION:

25081 10/19/1929 M= 5  5 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

(The original best track entries below were part of original storm #3, 
which is now recognized to be two separate systems.)

25081 10/19*309 489  70    0*303 490  70    0*297 489  75    0*291 488  75    0
25081 10/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*265 515  30    0*265 509  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25081 10/20*286 486  75    0*281 484  75    0*276 479  80    0*278 473  80    0
25081 10/20*265 503  35    0*265 497  40    0*267 490  45    0*275 480  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25081 10/21*289 465  80    0*305 456  80    0*323 452  80    0*341 461  75    0
25081 10/21*288 468  55    0*306 456  60    0*327 452  65    0*347 456  70    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

25081 10/22*360 470  70    0E380 471  70    0E403 474  65    0E418 466  65    0
25081 10/22*365 461  70    0E384 467  70    0E403 474  65    0E420 479  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  **

(The 23rd is new to HURDAT.)
25081 10/23E435 480  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

25081 HR                    

This is hurricane is not specifically new, as its track for the 19th to the 
22nd was originally in HURDAT.  However, the reanalysis has indicated that 
the original storm #3 (new storm #4) was instead two separate tropical cyclones.  
Major alterations are introduced to the track and to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.  

October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 34N,
52W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 48.9W.  Available
observations suggest that the tropical depression was centered at 26.5N,
51.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity:
"From the 19th to the 22nd the region between the Bermudas and Azores was
swept by a severe disturbance, the wind reaching hurricane force at times"
(MWR).

October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27N,
49W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.6N, 47.9W.  
Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 27.0N 52.0W.

October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N,
47W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 32.3N, 45.2W.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt S at 35.1N, 43.7W (MWR); 60 kt and 997 mb at 22 UTC at 36.0N, 46.0W (MWR); 
45 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 23 UTC at 36.5N, 46.5W (COA).  
Several other gales starting at 12 UTC.  One other low pressure.

October 22: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded
in an occluded front centered near 42N, 47W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt
extratropical low at 40.3N, 47.4W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1000
mb at 12 UTC at 40.7N, 45.3W (COA); 50 kt SW at 12 UTC at 40.6N, 44.0W (COA).
No other gales.  No other low pressures.

October 23: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure associated with a frontal
system located near 43N, 42W.  HURDAT did not previously list this system on
this day.  Ship highlights: None.

Genesis for this system is begun as a tropical depression at 12Z on the 19th, 
as troughing extending southward from the existing storm #4 (originally storm #3) 
closed off around 26.5N 51.5W.  The revised track had large alterations on the 
19th and early on the 20th with smaller changes late on the 20th until the 22nd.  
No gales were observed on the 19th and 20th, though observations were typically 
sparse over the open North Atlantic.  It is estimated that the system became a 
tropical storm early on the 20th and gradually intensified.  Two ships late on 
the 21st indicated significant strengthening occurred with this cyclone:  
60 kt with 997 mb at 22Z and 70 kt (no time).  It is analyzed that hurricane 
intensity was reached around 12Z on the 21st.  Peak intensity is reanalyzed to 
reach 70 kt early on the 22nd.  This is less than the 80 kt on the 20th and 21st 
as previously shown in HURDAT for original storm #3, though direct comparisons 
are problematic as it was not previously realized that there were two separate 
systems.  The cyclone underwent extratropical transition on the 22nd, which was 
not altered from that shown in HURDAT.  The final position for this system is 
analyzed to be at 00Z on the 23rd, six hours later than originally in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

1929 - Additional Notes

1) The May 1930 MWR had a short article (page 210) that discussed some Atlantic 
basin tropical cyclones that began in the Northeast Pacific and crossed central 
America.  One such system listed was September 14-22, 1929.  Michael Chenoweth 
had also suggested that this system was one worth investigation based upon station 
reports from Montserrat and Belize.  HWM, COADS, and MWR Ocean Gales indicate 
the following occurred:  Sep 9th - a strong tropical wave passed through the 
Lesser Antilles.  Sep 10th - system became a tropical depression in the central 
Caribbean.  Sep 11th - system continued slowly westward in the Caribbean.  
Sep 12th - system continued slowly westward in the Caribbean and at the same 
time a Northeast Pacific hurricane was occurring based upon MWR Ocean Gales 
reports near 16N 100W.  Sep 13th - system was inland over Central America as 
a tropical depression while the NE Pacific hurricane moved toward the 
west-northwest and was near 17N 104W.  Sep 14th - system was either over 
Central America or in the extreme northwestern Caribbean as a tropical depression, 
while the NE Pacific hurricane was near 18N 106W slowly moving west-northwestward.  
Also a substantial monsoonal west to southwesterly flow was being established west 
of Central America.  A low indicated by HWM near 11N 79W does not appear to be 
realistic.  Sep. 15th - the system was over Central America as a tropical depression.  
The NE Pacific hurricane was near 20N 109W, moving toward the northwest.  Note 
that the two low pressures shown by the HWM are in error and instead a single 
low (the tropical depression) was centered somewhere between these.  Sep. 16th 
- the system was over Central America and may still have been a tropical 
depression, while the monsoonal flow south of Mexico intensified.  The NE Pacific 
hurricane was near 23N 109W, moving northward.  Sep. 17th - the system may have 
dissipated by this date or possibly have reached near the Bay of Campeche.  
The NE Pacific system likely had weakened to a tropical storm centered near 28N 115W.  
Highest observed winds with the Atlantic system was 30 kt on the 16th and lowest 
observed pressures were 1005 mb on the 15th and 16th.  It is quite possible that 
this system did become a tropical storm, anytime between the 12th and 16th.  
However, without direct supporting evidence of tropical storm intensity, this 
system cannot be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep  9 --- 65W Tropical Wave
Sep 10 13N 71W Tropical Depression
Sep 11 13N 75W Tropical Depression
Sep 12 13N 79W Tropical Depression
Sep 13 14N 84W Tropical Depression inland
Sep 14 16N 88W Tropical Depression inland?
Sep 15 17N 90W Tropical Depression inland
Sep 16 18N 91W Tropical Depression inland
Sep 17 19N 93W Tropical Depression?
Sep 18 --- --- Dissipated


2) The July Monthly Weather Review mentions a low pressure area that caused a 
small-scale heavy rain event at Cape Hatteras on 21 July.  The July Cyclone Tracks 
Maps shows the low came up to the Hatteras area from the south.  The Historical 
Weather Map series shows that this system was a short-lived frontal low without 
any tropical storm force winds.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Jul 20 29N 77W Extratropical Low
Jul 21 33N 76W Extratropical Low


3) The August Monthly Weather Review mentions a tropical disturbance of "limited 
extent and intensity" that was near St. Lucia on 19 August and northwest of Grand 
Cayman on 22 August.  The Historical Weather Map series shows that this system was 
a moderate tropical wave moving across the Caribbean.  However, on the four days 
that the system was evident, there was no evidence of a closed low.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 19 --- 65W Tropical Wave
Aug 20 --- 72W Tropical Wave
Aug 21 --- 78W Tropical Wave
Aug 22 --- 83W Tropical Wave


4) The August Monthly Weather Review Cyclone Tracks Map shows a low that formed 
in the Gulf of Mexico on 27 August and moved northeast across Florida into the 
Atlantic.  There is no other mention of this system, which suggests it was not 
very strong.  The Historical Weather Map series shows that this system was an 
open trough on the 27th and 28th of August.  It did form a closed low on the 29th 
when it was off of the Georgia coast, but the system by then was embedded in a 
frontal boundary and considered extratropical.  No gales were observed from the 
27th through the 29th.  

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 27 --- 83W Trough
Aug 28 --- 81W Trough
Aug 29 31N 77W Extratropical Low
Aug 30 36N 70W Extratropical Low
Aug 31 42N 61W Extratropical Low


5) HWM and MWR indicate that convection behind a cold front off the southeast
coast of the US on the 19th formed an elongated closed low on the 21st along
the front.  On the 22nd, the low was much tighter, and it was at the
west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE stationary front.  There were many gales to the
north of the center, a few to nearly hurricane force on this day, however, there
was a large temperature gradient across the low, and the high winds were
associated with an extremely tight pressure gradient just north of the low.
Thus, this system will not be added into HURDAT.  
        The next day, the low was gone, but the front stayed in the northwest
Atlantic and would not go away.  A few days later, a new low formed on this
front and became a tropical storm, not previously documented in HURDAT.  This
tropical storm will be presented as a 1929 tropical storm suspect.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 21 30N 76W Extratropical
Sep 22 33N 75W Extratropical


6) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed on the 21st just
south of the Cape Verde Islands.  Available observations indicate that as the
system traveled west, it maintained a closed circulation until the 26th, but
then dissipated.  However, on the 25th there is no data indicating that there
was a closed circulation.  There were no gales with this system.  Thus, this
system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 21 13N 21W Tropical Depression
Sep 22 14N 26W Tropical Depression
Sep 23 15N 31W Tropical Depression
Sep 24 15N 36W Tropical Depression
Sep 25 15N 41W Tropical Depression? 
Sep 26 16N 47W Tropical Depression
Sep 27 Dissipated


7) HWM and COADS indicate that a series of two lows formed in the Gulf of Mexico 
in late September.  The first formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 22nd.  
There were no observed gales associated with this system.  However, north of this 
low, the pressure gradient was tight - especially on the 22nd - so there may have 
been gales that occurred.  Additionally, even though the Historical Weather Map 
analysis did not depict any frontal boundaries, significant baroclinicity across 
the Gulf was present from the 21st to the 25th.  This weak low moved west-southwestward 
and likely opened up to a trough on the 25h.  Also on the 25th, a second low developed 
along the frontal boundary in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.  This short-lived low 
dissipated the next day.  These two lows likely remained extratropical throughout their 
lifetime (and the second very likely had no gale force winds) and thus neither will be 
added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 21 --- 87W Open trough/frontal boundary
Sep 22 25N 89W Extratropical low
Sep 23 24N 92W Extratropical low 
Sep 24 23N 94W Extratropical low
Sep 25 --- 94W Open Trough and 28N 88W Extratropical low


8) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a trough associated with an area of
convection near the Bahamas formed a tropical depression on the 14th.  The low
became elongated on the 15th.  There were no gales observed with this system.
Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 13 Open trough
Oct 14 27N 73W Tropical Depression
Oct 15 30N 70W Extratropical


9) HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed in the 
Western Caribbean Sea, crossed western Cuba and hit southwest Florida.  
Ramon Perez of the Cuban Climate Institute indicated that this system 
was of tropical depression intensity while crossing Cuba early on the 
21st.  The Climatological Data for Florida was obtained for October 
1929 to better examine this system.  The US Weather Bureau had six 
official stations, the closest to this system being Key West and Miami.  
Neither reported tropical storm force winds, though Key West did reach 
a minimum sea level pressure for the month of 1005 mb on the 21st.  
Such a low pressure would often be accompanied by tropical storm 
intensity winds.  However, as the system was in the warm sector of a 
large, developing extratropical system, the environmental pressures 
were quite low (roughly 1007 mb outer closed isobar).  There were also 
a few dozen cooperative observing stations in Florida as well, but none 
of these had barometric pressure or wind observation readings recorded.  
No significant impacts from this system were noted in the Climatological 
Data and it is likely that the system did not reach tropical storm 
intensity over Florida.  Late on the 21st, the depression was absorbed 
in the frontal boundary of a strong extratropical storm system, which 
was moving east from the Great Plains over Georgia.  The combined system 
moved north on the 22nd and northwest on the 23rd, and the low rapidly 
deepened to 986 mb (MWR).  This system killed 50 people on a boat on Lake 
Michigan on the night of the 23rd.  This system will not be added to 
HURDAT, as the tropicalcyclone likely did not obtain tropical storm intensity.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 18 17N 86W Tropical Depression
Oct 19 18N 83W Tropical Depression
Oct 20 20N 83W Tropical Depression
Oct 21 24N 82W Tropical Depression


10) HWM and COADS indicate that a low developed near the Leeward Islands on the
30th and moved northeast.  Available observations indicate that the system
briefly became a depression on the 2nd before turning extratropical.  There
were no gales observed with this system.  Thus, this system will not be added
to HURDAT.

DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 30 Open Trough
Oct 31 15N 58W Tropical Depression?
Nov 1 15N 55W Tropical Depression?
Nov 2 16N 51W Tropical Depression
Nov 3 20N 48W Extratropical
Nov 4 22N 51W Extratropical 
Nov 5 29N 55W Tropical Depression

*******************************************************************************

1930/01 - 2010 REVISION:

25085 08/21/1930 M=11  1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25085 08/21/1930 M=12  1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **

25090 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*196 515  35    0
25090 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*206 545  45    0
                                                               *** ***  **

25095 08/22*208 551  35    0*210 558  35    0*213 566  35    0*215 572  35    0
25095 08/22*208 551  50    0*210 558  55    0*213 566  55    0*215 572  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

25100 08/23*217 577  40    0*219 580  40    0*222 584  40    0*224 588  45    0
25100 08/23*217 577  55    0*218 580  55    0*219 583  55    0*219 586  55    0
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25105 08/24*226 592  50    0*228 595  50    0*230 600  55    0*233 606  55    0
25105 08/24*219 588  60    0*220 591  65    0*222 595  70    0*228 602  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25110 08/25*237 612  60    0*243 618  65    0*251 624  70    0*263 634  80    0
25110 08/25*238 610  90    0*249 619 100    0*260 627 105    0*271 635 110    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

25115 08/26*281 645  85    0*299 654  95    0*314 658  95    0*324 658  95    0
25115 08/26*283 643 110    0*297 652 110    0*314 658 110    0*330 660 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***      *** *** ***

25120 08/27*332 658  90    0*339 657  90    0E349 653  85    0E366 642  85    0
25120 08/27*344 658 100    0*357 650  95    0*370 640  90    0*383 623  85    0
            ***     ***      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***

25125 08/28E385 620  80    0E402 595  80    0E416 550  80    0E421 513  75    0
25125 08/28*395 604  85    0E406 583  85    0E416 560  85    0E420 530  85    0
           **** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

25130 08/29E425 475  75    0E425 437  70    0E423 400  70    0E418 363  65    0
25130 08/29E422 490  80    0E423 440  80    0E423 375  75    0E423 325  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

25135 08/30E411 326  65    0E404 290  65    0E397 255  60    0E390 235  60    0
25135 08/30E423 295  75    0E424 275  70    0E425 260  70    0E425 253  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25140 08/31E385 219  60    0E381 211  60    0E379 206  60    0*  0   0   0    0
25140 08/31E425 250  60    0E425 249  55    0E425 250  50    0*427 255  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 1st to the 3rd are new to HURDAT.)
25142 09/01E430 260  55    0E433 264  60    0E435 265  60    0E437 266  55    0
25143 09/02E439 266  50    0E442 266  45    0E445 265  40    0E450 260  35    0
25144 09/03E460 250  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

25145 HR                    

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Dissipation of this system is now indicated to be three days later.  Evidence for 
these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 21: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT first listed
this at 18 UTC as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.6N, 51.5W.  
No gales or low pressure were observed.

August 22: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 56.6W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 
1006 mb at 05 UTC at 21.3N, 56.0W (MWR); 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 06 UTC at 
21.5N, 53.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

August 23: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.2N, 58.4W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 23.4N, 58.4W (COA); 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at
23.0N, 56.0W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N,
59W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 60.0W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25N,
62W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 25.1N, 62.4W.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 960 mb at 20 UTC at 27.5N, 63.7W (COA); 70 kt NE
and 963 mb at 19 UTC at 27.3N, 63.5W (COA); 60 kt NE and 999 mb at 16 UTC at
27.3N, 63.3W (COA).  A few other gales.  No other low pressures.  Regarding
the intensity: "At 3:30 pm, the wind had shifted to southwest (from
northeast), force 12, barometer 28.36 inches [960 mb]; precipitous seas"
(MWR).

August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31N,
65W.  HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 65.8W.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 27.8N, 63.8W (COA); 35 kt E
at 00 UTC at 29.1N, 61.6W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 35.5N, 66.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt
extratropical low at 34.9N, 65.3W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 972 mb 
at 18 UTC at 38.8N, 62.5W (MWR); 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 
38.7N, 61.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 38.7N, 62.9W (COA).  
No other gales or low pressures.

August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 43N, 52.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt
extratropical low at 41.6N, 55.0W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 965 mb 
at 14 UTC at 41.3N, 53.1W (MWR); 70 kt S and 971 mb at 21 UTC at
41.5N, 48.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 978 mb at 10 UTC at 41.0N, 57.2W (MWR).
Several other strong gales (45-70 kts).  Several other low pressures from
965-1001 mb.  Regarding the intensity: "By the morning of the 28th the center
had reached latitude 41.5N, longitude 55W, and near here the French liner
Paris was heavily involved.  Captain Pugnet stated that the wind reached a
velocity of 100 miles an hour and the barometer fell from 30.08 inches [1019
mb] to 28.58 inches [968 mb] in a few hours.  According to press reports the
ship was struck by one tremendous wave that smashed heavy glass along the port
promenade and injured about 40 passengers, who were struck by flying glass"
(MWR).

August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 42N, 39W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt
extratropical low at 42.3N, 40.0W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt N
and 995 mb at 15 UTC at 41.1N, 32.6W (MWR); 35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 03 UTC at
41.5N, 43.5W (COA); 45 kt NNE and 992 mb at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 42.5W (COA).
Several other gales.  A few other low pressures.

August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb at the northeast end
of a SW-NE front centered near 42N, 25W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt
extratropical low at 39.7N, 25.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt
SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC at 42.0N, 24.0W (COA); 35 kt SW and 975 mb at 22 UTC
at 42.9N, 25.7W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 974 mb at 05 UTC at 41.3N, 22.9W (MWR).
Several other strong gales (45-70 kt).  Several other low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "From this time until the morning of the 30th the
course of the hurricane was almost due east, and at Greenwich noon of that
date it had reached longitude 22.5W, still exhibiting hurricane strength"
(MWR).

August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 40N,
25W.  HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 37.0N, 20.6W.
Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 41.5N,
23.0W (COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41N,
24.5W.  HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt NE at 06 UTC at 43.5N, 28.5W (COA); 10 kt NW
and 988 mb at 06 UTC 43.5N, 26.5W (COA); 50 kt NE at 02 UTC at 44.5N 27.5W (COA).  
Several other strong gales between 45-50 kt.  
Several other low pressures between 993-1001 mb.

September 2:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 
45N, 27W with an approaching cold front west of the cyclone.  Ship highlights:  
35 kt NNE at 02 UTC at 42.5N 31.5W (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 02 UTC at 
40.5N 30.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1006 mb at 02 UTC at 40.5N 24.5W (COA); 
20 kt SE and 996 mb at 10 UTC at 44.5N 26.5W (COA).

September 3:  HWM analyzes two closed lows - one with at most 1005 mb pressure 
centered at 48.5N 22.5W and one with at most 1000 mb pressure centered near 
56N 33W - with a cold front extending southwestward from the first low.  
No gale force winds were observed.
  
No changes were made to the start of this system, though the initial position 
was substantially adjusted to provide a realistic initial motion.  All dates, 
except the 22nd, have alterations made to the track, with other large changes 
made on the 27th, and 29th through the 31st as an extratropical storm.  Winds 
substantially boosted to 55 kt (from 35 kt originally) at 06Z on the 22nd, 
based upon 50 kt SSW winds from the S.S. Chincha on the south side of the 
cyclone.  Winds are also boosted at the start of this system (from 35 to 45 kt 
at 18Z on the 21st) because of this ship.  (The start of the cyclone in the 
database is unchanged, but genesis could have actually occurred on the 21st, 
20th or even earlier over the relatively data void region of the eastern 
tropical Atlantic.)  Three days later, the same ship again encountered the 
system and recorded hurricane force winds between 19Z on the 25th and 00Z 
on the 26th, along with 960 mb (with NE winds 70 kt) at 20Z on the 25th.  
960 mb suggests winds of at least 95 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship and 100 kt from the subset of intensifying systems.  
Winds are chosen to be 110 kt at 18Z on the 25th, a major increase from the 
80 kt originally recorded.  Winds are also adjusted accordingly earlier in 
time to indicate a transition to hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 24th, 
24 hours earlier than originally shown.  110 kt is now the peak intensity 
of the hurricane on the 25th and 26th, up from 95 kt originally on the 26th.  
The S.S. Endicott reported 70 kt N winds with 972 mb pressure at 18Z on the 27th.  
This suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Winds of 85 kt at this time are retained in HURDAT.  
Despite the HWM showing frontal boundaries extending from the cyclone at 
12Z on the 27th, the temperature gradient is quite small at that time though 
the wind field was becoming asymmetric.  Extratropical transition is delayed 
18 hours from that originally shown in HURDAT to 06Z on the 28th.  Multiple 
reports of hurricane force winds on the 28th to the 30th as an extratropical 
cyclone.  Only a very gradual weakening is now shown in HURDAT, with hurricane 
force winds retained until 18Z on the 30th, 12 hours later than originally 
indicated in HURDAT.  The cyclone finally began filling on the 31st, but 
reinvigorated on the 1st and was near hurricane force again.  The system 
weakened again - for the final time - on the second and was absorbed by a 
new extratropical cyclone after 00Z on the 3rd.   

1930/01 - 2011 REVISION:

25085 08/21/1930 M=12  1 SNBR= 559 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25090 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*206 545  45    0
25095 08/22*208 551  50    0*210 558  55    0*213 566  55    0*215 572  55    0
25100 08/23*217 577  55    0*218 580  55    0*219 583  55    0*219 586  55    0
25105 08/24*219 588  60    0*220 591  65    0*222 595  70    0*228 602  80    0
25110 08/25*238 610  90    0*249 619 100    0*260 627 105    0*271 635 110    0
25115 08/26*283 643 110    0*297 652 110    0*314 658 110    0*330 660 105    0
25120 08/27*344 658 100    0*357 650  95    0*370 640  90    0*383 623  85    0
25125 08/28*395 604  85    0E406 583  85    0E416 560  85    0E420 530  85    0
25130 08/29E422 490  80    0E423 440  80    0E423 375  75    0E423 325  75    0
25135 08/30E423 295  75    0E424 275  70    0E425 260  70    0E425 253  65    0

25140 08/31E425 250  60    0E425 249  55    0E425 250  50    0*427 255  50    0
25140 08/31E425 250  60    0E425 249  55    0E425 250  50    0E427 255  50    0
                                                              *

25142 09/01E430 260  55    0E433 264  60    0E435 265  60    0E437 266  55    0
25143 09/02E439 266  50    0E442 266  45    0E445 265  40    0E450 260  35    0
25144 09/03E460 250  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25145 HR                    

Typographic error.  Corrected point for August 31 18Z to show extratropical rather 
than tropical.  Correction suggested by Andrew Hink and Brenden Moses.

*******************************************************************************

1930/02 - 2010 REVISION:

25150 08/31/1930 M=18  2 SNBR= 560 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25150 08/29/1930 M=20  2 SNBR= 560 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **

(The 29th and the 30th are new to HURDAT.)
25152 08/29*128 435  30    0*129 448  30    0*130 460  30    0*131 473  30    0
25152 08/30*135 485  30    0*135 498  35    0*136 510  40    0*137 522  45    0

25155 08/31*159 541  60    0*158 549  60    0*156 558  65    0*155 568  65    0
25155 08/31*138 534  50    0*140 546  60    0*142 558  65    0*144 571  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              *** ***

25160 09/01*155 579  70    0*155 591  75    0*156 603  80    0*159 617  85    0
25160 09/01*146 584  70    0*149 596  75    0*152 608  80    0*156 620  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25165 09/02*163 632  90    0*169 648  95    0*173 661 100    0*175 669 105    0
25165 09/02*162 632  90    0*166 643  95    0*170 653 100    0*173 663 100    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***

25170 09/03*176 674 110    0*177 678 115    0*180 687 120    0*184 700 130  933
25170 09/03*176 673 100    0*179 683 110    0*182 692 120    0*184 700 135  933
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***                  ***

25175 09/04*188 713  60    0*192 725  60    0*196 738  55    0*200 750  50    0
25175 09/04*186 710  80    0*188 722  60    0*190 735  55    0*192 749  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25180 09/05*205 763  45    0*209 775  45    0*213 787  40    0*217 799  40    0
25180 09/05*194 763  45    0*197 777  45    0*200 790  40    0*203 803  40    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25185 09/06*221 812  35    0*225 824  35    0*229 836  35    0*233 841  35    0
25185 09/06*207 816  35    0*213 828  35    0*220 838  35    0*227 844  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25190 09/07*238 842  35    0*242 848  35    0*247 849  35    0*252 848  35    0
25190 09/07*234 847  35    0*241 848  35    0*247 849  35    0*251 848  35    0
            *** ***          ***                               ***      

25195 09/08*257 847  35    0*262 845  35    0*267 842  35    0*272 838  35    0
25195 09/08*254 847  35    0*257 846  35    0*260 845  35    0*264 842  35    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

25200 09/09*276 833  35    0*280 828  35    0*284 824  35    0*287 820  35    0
25200 09/09*268 837  40    0*273 830  40    0*278 824  35    0*283 820  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***      **

25205 09/10*290 816  35    0*292 812  35    0*295 808  35    0*298 804  40    0
25205 09/10*288 816  30    0*292 812  30    0*295 808  35    0*297 804  40    0
            ***      **               **                       ***

25210 09/11*302 799  40    0*306 795  45    0*310 790  45    0*315 784  50    0
25210 09/11*299 801  40    0*301 798  45    0*303 795  45    0*307 791  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25215 09/12*321 778  55    0*327 770  65    0*334 762  65    0*343 753  70    0
25215 09/12*313 786  60    0*321 780  70    0*330 772  80    0*340 763  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25220 09/13*353 740  70    0*362 728  75    0*367 717  80    0*370 696  80    0
25220 09/13*351 752  80    0*363 738  80    0*372 720  80    0*375 700  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

25225 09/14*370 675  85    0*370 652  85    0*371 630  85    0*372 608  85    0
25225 09/14*375 679  85    0*372 657  85    0*368 635  85    0*367 612  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

25230 09/15*373 585  80    0*373 563  80    0*374 540  75    0*374 518  70    0
25230 09/15*369 589  80    0*374 565  80    0*380 540  75    0*382 518  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***      

25235 09/16*373 495  60    0*372 473  60    0*370 451  55    0*368 433  50    0
25235 09/16*379 495  60    0*375 473  50    0*370 451  45    0*367 429  40    0
            ***              ***      **               **      *** ***  **

25240 09/17*367 420  45    0*366 411  40    0*363 400  35    0*356 370  30    0
25240 09/17*365 407  35    0*364 384  30    0*363 360  30    0*362 335  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***

25245 HR                    

U.S. Tropical Storms:
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                   Wind Affected
9/9/1930       0900Z 27.5N  82.7W  40kt  FL
9/13/1930      0000Z 35.1N  75.2W  60kt  NC  (time of closest point of approach)

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Genesis is now indicated to have begun two days earlier than shown in HURDAT. 
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Climatological 
Data - Florida and North Carolina Sections, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
and Perez et al. (2000).

August 25: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT did not
previously list this system on this day.  Ship highlights:
No gales or low pressures.

August 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

August 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

August 28: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

August 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

August 30: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 31: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this
as a 65 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 55.8W.  Ship highlights: No gales or
low pressures.

September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N,
59.8W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 15.6N, 60.3W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "There was no ship in the Atlantic 
near enough to report the formation of this storm to the east of the Lesser 
Antilles, so the first intimation obtainable was in the regular morning reports 
of the Weather Bureau observers from Barbados to Dominica [on the 1st], each 
showing a barometer reading only slightly below normal, but a wind circulation 
decidedly abnormal.  The directions ranged from north at Dominica, through 
northwest and west, to south at Barbados... It was over or very near Dominica at 
noon of the first... Wind velocities, estimated by those acquainted by long 
experience in these areas, vary from 80 to 100 [mph] at Dominica" (MWR).

September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17N,
65.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 17.3N, 66.1W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 64.6W (COA); 35 kt E and 1008 mb
at 20 UTC at 18.5N, 66.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 17N,
69W.  HURDAT listed this as a 120 kt hurricane at 18.0N, 68.7W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 17.5N, 69W with a 938 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE at 12 UTC at 17.7N, 68.0W
(COA); 938 mb at 17 UTC at 18.2N, 69.8W (MWR); 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13 UTC
at 17.5N, 68.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 933 mb at Santo Domingo, DR (MWR, Connor). 
Regarding the intensity: A copy of a barograph trace, made by the instrument 
in charge of Mr. A. Ortori, observer at Santo Domingo, recorded a minimum 
pressure of 27.56 inches [933 mb] (MWR).  "While the storm was estimated to 
be of relatively small diameter, no direct evidence was obtainable of this 
detail until it had passed over Santo Domingo City on the 3rd.  Authentic 
reports place the destructive diameter at less than 20 miles... The Pan American 
Airways anemometer near by is reported to have recorded up to 180 miles per 
hour before it was carried away.  This instrument is a 4-cup Robinson, so its 
record must be discounted.  Wind velocities, estimated by those acquainted by 
long experienced in these areas, vary from... 150 to 200 miles per hour
at Santo Domingo" (MWR).  "In Santo Domingo... 4,000 lives were lost and
property damage has been roughly estimated at $50,000,000" (MWR).  Pertaining
to ship reports from the 'Coamo': "At 9:30 am the Coamo was 5 miles southeast
of the city of Santo Domingo.  The harbor was too rough to venture for
anchorage.  At 11:30 am the pressure reached 29.45 inches [997 mb].  The wind
had attained a velocity of 125 mph.  At noon, the barometer registered 28.22
[956 mb], having fallen 1.23 inches [42 millibars] in 30 minutes.  The wind
was now blowing 150 mph.  At 12:25 pm the ship was in a calm.  Captain Evans
estimated the low point as 27.65 inches [936 mb] (although the lowest directly
measured was 27.70 inches [938 mb] at 1:01 pm.  A 1:25 pm a velocity of 150
mph was again experienced" (MWR).

September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N,
76W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 19.6N, 73.8W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19.2N, 72.5W with an 1008
mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1012 mb at 17 UTC at
20.1N, 73.6W (COA); 35 kt ESE (MWR).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N,
81.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 78.7W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 20.5N, 76W with an 1011 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "After leaving the northwestern corner of Haiti
during the early night of the 4th, the tropical disturbance, which was now of
minor intensity, crossed the Windward Passage and moved west-northwest almost
the entire length of Cuba, passing into the Gulf of Mexico on the 6th.  No
damage has been reported from Cuba" (MWR).

September 6: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.9N, 83.6W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 80W with an 1011 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"September 6, Tropical Storm in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000).

September 7: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 84.9W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 83W, with an 1012 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a SW-NE front
with the southwest end near 25N, 85W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical
storm at 26.7N, 84.2W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center
near 24.8N, 84.8W with an 1011 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: No
gales or low pressures.

September 9: HWM analyzes a open low embedded in a front near 31N, 79W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.4N, 82.4W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27.2N, 83W, with an 1011 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE at 21 UTC at 27.5N, 80.5W (COA).  No
other gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: 32 kt SE and 1006 mb at 09
UTC at Tampa, FL (Tampa OMR).  No gales or low pressures.  "The center of 
disturbance apparently what was left of the Santo Domingo storm, passed inland 
from the Gulf some distance south of Tampa, about 4 a.m. of the 9th, when the 
lowest barometer occurred 29.71.  Winds backed SE, E, NE, N, NW, W, SW.  
No damage was done by wind, but considerable by heavy rains in the southwestern 
part of Hillsborough County.  Newspaper estimates of damages $35,000 to crops 
and farms, $15,000 to roads and bridges" (Tampa OMR).  "The center passed inland 
over Florida near Tampa about 4 am [08 UTC] of the 9th" (MWR).  "Sep. 9-10, 
Northern Florida peninsula, Minor Intensity" (Dunn and Miller - "Minor" 
indicates tropical storm intensity).  "Damaging rains occurred over the 
southeast portion of Hillsboro County during the early morning of the 9th, 
as a greatly weakened tropical disturbance passed to the south and east of Tampa 
in its march northeastward, the torrential rains, approximating 8 to 9 inches 
over small areas, being the only evidence, however, that such a disturbance 
prevailed.  The winds were moderate to strong at Tampa, the rainfall was light, 
and the lowest barometer was 29.70 inches about 4 a. m. on the 9th.  Press 
reports indicated that the damage to highways, bridges, inundated fields and 
crops, - chiefly, on overflowed low lands and mainly to truck, approximated 
$75,000; the citrus crop sustained no serious damage" 
(Climatological Data - Florida).

September 10: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure near 32N, 78W.  HURDAT
listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.5N, 80.8W.  The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 29N, 81.5W with an 1012 mb pressure.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE (Atlantic side of FL) (MWR).  No other gales.  No
low pressures.

September 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low embedded in an occluded front
centered near 29.5N, 79W.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm
centered at 31.0N, 79.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a
center near 30.3N, 79.7W with an 1013 mb pressure.  Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "The
steamship J. Fletcher Farrell which was east-southeast of the center during
the afternoon of the 11th reported heavy squalls with wind from the south-east
reaching gale force at times" (MWR).

September 12: HWM analyzes a low, not closed, embedded in an occluded front
near 33N, 77W.  HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.4N, 76.2W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32.5N, 77.5W with a
978 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 978 mb at 12 UTC at
33.8N, 77.9W (MWR); 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 76.4W (COA); 984
mb at 07 UTC at 35.5N, 75.2W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.  Land
highlights: 31 kt E and 997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W
(MWR); 52 kt NE and 995 mb at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W
(MWR).  No other gales.  One other low pressure.  Regarding the intensity: "At
9:30 am [1330 UTC] the steamship Magmeric off Frying Pan Shoals reported a
pressure of 29.21 inches [989 mb], and that it had fallen to 28.89 inches [978
mb] with a wind of force 12 at 8:30 am [1230 UTC]" (MWR).  "About a dozen
small frame buildings were blown down at Cape Lookout and the Coast Guard
headquarters building was damaged, while power and lighting systems at
Beaufort and Morehead City were put out of commission for several hours and
communication systems were disrupted" (MWR).  Wilmington, NC: "Hurricane
warnings were received at 11:30 am [1530 UTC].  Hurricane warnings were
ordered lowered at Southport and Wilmington at 3:16 pm [1916 UTC]" (OMR).  
"A storm on the 12th caused some damage along the coast, mainly in Carteret 
County" (Climatological Data - North Carolina).

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front near
37N, 71.5W.  HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 36.7N, 71.7W.  The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 36.5N, 72.9W with a
995 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 986 mb at 00 UTC at
35.1N, 75.1W (COA/MWR).  No other gales.  One other low pressure.  Land
highlights: 50 kt N and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W
(MWR); 31 kt NW and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.2N, 75.7W
(MWR).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 37N, 63W.  HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt
hurricane at 37.1N, 63.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a
center near 38N, 65W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 987 mb at 19 UTC at 36.5N, 
60.6W (MWR); 35 kt NW and 1013 mb at 08 UTC at 35.5N, 67.5W (COA).  No other 
gales or low pressures.

September 15: HWM analyzes an open low embedded in an occluded front near 35N,
55W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 37.4N, 54.0W.  The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 38.5N, 54W with a 987 mb
pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 10 UTC at
39.2N, 55.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 38.7N, 56.1W (COA).  No other gales
or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "On the 15th, the disturbance was
still attained by winds of hurricane strength as shown by a report from the
steamship 'City of Agra'" (MWR).

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb embedded in an
occluded front centered near 37.5N, 45W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt
tropical storm at 37.0N, 45.1W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed
a center near 39N, 43W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 17: HWM analyzes an elongated open trough and a S-N front at 40W and
all north of 32N.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 36.3N,
40.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Regarding the track: "During the next several days (after passing the Outer
Banks) the disturbance moved almost directly eastward, the center passing a
short distance north of Horta, Azores, on the 18th, after which the
disturbance apparently merged with a severe storm that reached Ireland on the
19th" (MWR).

Genesis for this system is begn on the 29th, just roughly have way between the 
Caribbean and West Africa - two days earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT.  
There are some indications - especially on the 25th and 26th - that genesis 
occurred closer to the Cape Verde Islands, but not enough data are available to 
show this with certainty.  Track changes were introduced to this cyclone for all 
days of its lifetime, except for the 7th, 9th-10th, and 16th.  All of the 
alterations were minor except for adjustments made on the last day of the system 
- the 17th - where the cyclone was much farther east than originally indicated.  
The cyclone moved over a datavoid region of the Atlantic on the 27th-28th and 
30th-31st, when positions and intensities are based mainly on persistence and 
continuity.  No inner core information was available between the 27th until 
the hurricane impacted the Lesser Antilles on the 1st.  Descriptions in MWR 
indicate that the cyclone's center went over Dominica with roughly Category 1 
hurricane winds (80 kt at 12Z is unchanged).  The hurricane proceeded 
west-northwest and made landfall over Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic around 
17Z on the 3rd.  Along this track, the hurricane moved within 50 nm of the coast 
of southwestern Puerto Rico.  However, Perez (1971) and J. Colon (2010, personal 
communication) indicate that no significant impacts were observed in the island 
from this system.  A run of the Schwerdt et al. (1979) wind model with the slightly 
changed track and keeping the winds in HURDAT at 110 kt at closest point of 
approach to Puerto Rico (around 00Z on the 3rd) gives 83 kt at Cabo Rojo in 
extreme southwestern Puerto Rico.  Assuming a small RMW of 10 nm (see observations 
below near the Dominican Republic) still gives 68 kt.  Thus the winds at 00Z on the 
3rd are reduced to 100 kt, to produce winds below hurricane force in Puerto Rico.  
A central pressure of 933 mb suggests winds of 127 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship (130 kt from the intensifying subset of hurricanes).  
The data from the steamship Coamo suggests that the center took roughly 90 minutes 
to cross the ship from RMW to RMW (150 mph estimated at 12 PM and 1:25 PM).  
The revised track suggests the hurricane was moving 8-9 kt, which in turn suggests 
the maximum wind ring was 12-13 n mi in diameter.  This would yield a RMW of 6-7 n mi. 
This is smaller than climatology (11 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude 
(Vickery et al. 2001).  A 156 kt wind measured by the old style 4 cup Robinson 
anemometer suggests an equivalent 1 min true wind of 125 kt (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924, Powell et al. 1996).  Winds at landfall are estimated to be 135 kt 
(5 kt higher for the 18Z 3rd value), making this a high end Category 4 hurricane 
in Dominican Republic.  (However, it is quite possible that this was a Category 5 
hurricane at landfall.)  The hurricane quickly weakened after landfall in this 
mountainous island.  Winds are estimated to 80 kt at 00Z on the 4th, as the original 
value of 60 kt was likely too much weakening (130 down to 60 kt in six hours).  The 
remaining intensity values on the 4th are unchanged (60 kt at 06Z, 55 kt at 12Z, and 
50 kt at 18Z).  Based upon analyses by Perez et al., the track of the cyclone is 
shifted south on the 4th-5th, with the center staying south of eastern Cuba, instead 
of moving over Cuba as originally indicated.  The cyclone made a landfall on 
westernmost Cuba around 12Z on the 6th as a minimal tropical storm.  The system may 
have weakened to a tropical depression on the 7th, but the data are inconclusive so no 
changes to HURDAT's intensity are made on this date.  

The cyclone made landfall just south of Tampa around 09Z on the 9th.  32 kt SE wind and 
simultaneous 1006 mb pressure were measured at Tampa around the time of landfall.  This 
pressure suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship.  Peak winds at landfall are estimated to be 40 kt.  The system again weakened 
to a tropical depression late on the 9th.  Once back over the water in the Atlantic late on 
the 10th, the cyclone again began gradually reintensifying.  Hurricane force winds with 
978 mb peripheral pressure was reported by a ship at 12Z on the 12th, offshore from 
North Carolina.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 75 kt from both the Brown et al. 
north of 25N and the high latitude (north of 35N) pressure-wind relationships.  80 kt is 
selected for HURDAT at this time (up from 65 kt originally).  Late on the 12th and early 
on the 13th, the hurricane impacted North Carolina, with peak observed winds of 52 kt and 
lowest pressure of 995 mb at Cape Hatteras.  It is estimated that peak winds to impact the 
coast were close to - 60 kt - hurricane force, though the strongest winds in the hurricane 
(and the center of the cyclone) remained offshore.  The hurricane turned toward the east on 
the 13th and gradually weakened.  A 987 mb peripheral pressure with 50 kt S wind at 19Z on 
the 14th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the high latitude pressure-wind relationship 
- intensity is unchanged at 85 kt.  No gales were recorded on the 16th or 17th and the intensity 
is estimated to have dropped below tropical storm strength at 06Z on the 17th, 12 hours earlier 
than originally indicated.  The original HURDAT indicated no transition to extratropical, despite 
traversing the Atlantic just north of 35N.  The Historical Weather Map, in contrast, showed frontal 
structures everyday from the 8th until the the 17th of September associated with this system.  
However, inspection of all available observations indicates that the original HURDAT's assessment 
was correct - that no extratropical stage occurred in connection with this system.  The system 
dissipated after 18Z on the 17th.

This hurricane ranks as one of the strongest cyclones and largest impact for the country of the Dominican Republic.

*******************************************************************************

1930/03 - 2010 ADDITION:

25247 10/18/1930 M=4   3 SNBR= 562 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25247 10/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 955  30    0*200 952  35    0
25247 10/19*200 949  45    0*201 947  60    0*203 945  60    0*205 943  60    0
25247 10/20*208 942  55    0*211 941  50    0*215 940  45    0*220 940  40    0
25247 10/21*226 940  35    0*233 940  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25247 TS

This is a new storm, previously not documented as a tropical cyclone in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Monthly Weather Review.

October 16:  HWM shows a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mexico near 22N 100W.  
No gales or low pressures were observed. "The third cyclone [in the Northeast Pacific 
during October] was that of the 16th to 18th between Acapulco and Cape Corrientes.  
The storm caused strong to whole gales along a considerable stretch of the coast, and 
after leaving the vicinity of the cape, advanced inland and died out on the 20th in the 
Bay of Campeche" (MWR).  

October 17:  HWM shows a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mexico near 22N 105W.  
Ship highlight:  40 kt S and 992 mb at 22 UTC at 17.9N 103.6W (MWR). "The lowest recorded 
barometer was 29.31 inches, reported by the American steamship American, in 17.9N., 103.6W, 
on the 17th" (MWR).

October 18: HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb over Mexico centered 
near 21.5N, 101 W.  Ship highlights: Calm winds and 983 mb at 08Z at 18.4N 104.8W (MWR); 
50 kt WSW, no time, at 18.4N 104.8W (MWR); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 06 UTC at 19.5N 105.4W 
(MWR); 45 kt NNE and 999 mb at 03 UTC at 18.5N 105.5W (COA); 50 kt SW and 
1004 mb at 03 UTC at 18.5N 104.5W (COA); 5 kt SW and 1004 mb at 22 UTC at 20.5N, 93.5W (COA).  
Station highlights:  Calm and 1006 mb at Veracruz at 12 UTC (HWM).  "From the 15th to 
the 18th low pressure prevailed in the southwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico, apparently 
being part of a general depression covering lower Mexico and adjacent waters of both the 
Pacific and the Gulf" (MWR).

October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low in the Bay of Campeche of at most 
1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 94.5W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and
1000 mb at 12 UTC at 19.7N, 94.2W (COA); 50 kt WSW wind and 997 mb at 08 UTC at 
20.0N, 94.4W (MWR).  "On the morning of the 19th a center developed on 
the Gulf coast and during the day moderate to strong gales were experienced 
by vessels in the vicinity" (MWR).

October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 
21N, 93W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt N and 1002 mb at 00 UTC at 21.0N, 94.9W 
(COA).  "However by the morning of the 20th the disturbance had 
lost energy" (MWR).  "The third cyclone [in the Northeast Pacific during October] 
was that of the 16th to 18th between Acapulco and Cape Corrientes.  The storm caused 
strong to whole gales along a considerable stretch of the coast, and after leaving the 
vicinity of the cape, advanced inland and died out on the 20th in the Bay of Campeche.  
The lowest recorded barometer was 29.31 inches, reported by the American steamship 
American, in 17.9N., 103.6W, on the 17th" (MWR).

October 21:  HWM shows no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico.  No gales 
or low pressures were observed.  "... on the 21st the entire Gulf, except the Bay of 
Campeche, was covered by the southern part of an extensive continental area of high 
pressure.  With the southerly advance of this area a heavy norther prevailed at 
Tampico on the 19th and 20th and vessels were unable to enter port.  Press accounts 
states that 10 vessels that had been held outside entered on the 21st" (MWR).

This new tropical storm likely formed along the end of a frontal boundary
that extended into the southwest Gulf of Mexico.  While significant cool
air advection was occurring off of the US southeast coast during the
lifetime of this system, the air mass modified enough to be uniformly
warm around the storm.  Simultaneous with the genesis of this system, 
a strong tropical cyclone was making landfall along the west coast of Mexico, 
about 600 nm to the east of the new tropical storm.  This Northeast Pacific 
system was likely a hurricane - 983 mb reported with a calm, two other reports 
of 50 kt max winds - that made landfall around 12Z on the 18th near 19.5N 105.0W.  
It is highly unlikely that the new Gulf system originated from the strong tropical 
cyclone in the Northeast Pacific.  After genesis, the Gulf tropical cyclone quickly 
became a high end tropical storm by the 19th.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb with 
50 kt WSW winds on the 18th suggests at least 53 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT.  This was likely the peak 
intensity of the tropical storm, though it is possible that this reached hurricane 
intensity.  The system quickly weakened on the 20th over the open Gulf of Mexico - 
likely due to increasing cool air advection from the enhanced northeasterlies - and 
dissipated after 06 UTC on the 21st. 

*******************************************************************************

1930 Additional Notes:

1)  January 7-12: A cyclone developed at rather low latitudes during January and
moved generally westward north of the Greater Antilles.  Data from the Historical
Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS were obtained for its analysis.
The MWR indicated it was "cyclonic" by the 5th, though available observations -
while sparse - suggest that it did not become a closed low until the 7th.  Though
the system was never frontal, the gales that were present on the 7th, 8th, and 9th
were located (with one exception) 300-500 nm in the northern semicircle of the low.
(It is analyzed, by comparison with nearby ships, that ship "US076350" had winds that 
were 15-20 kt too high on the 7th and 8th and that its 45 kt reported on both dates
were likely below gale force in reality.)  The lowest pressure obtained was 1001 mb
on the 9th (with 25 kt winds).  One gale was observed on the 11th at a smaller - ~125 nm
- radius from the center.  The cyclone weakened from the 10th through the 12th and
dissipated to a trough on the 13th.  While the structure of the cyclone was too large
to be considered a tropical (or even a subtropical) cyclone on the 7th through the 9th
while there were numerous gales, on the 10th and 11th the peak winds did contract in 
radius and it is possible that the system was a (sub)tropical cyclone on those dates.
However, with only one gale observed during this time, this is not enough evidence that
the system had gale force winds simultaneous with a structure of a (sub)tropical cyclone.
Thus this system is not added into HURDAT.

Monthly Weather Review (January 1930):  "About the 5th, a small cyclone disturbance
developed in approximately latitude 22 deg 30'N., longitude 56 deg W., whence it moved
rather slowly westward during the ensuing several days.  By the morning of the 9th it
had reached latitude 27 deg 30' N., longitude 68 deg W., and was affecting a number of
vessels in that locality.  Vessels near the center that have thus far reported to the 
Weather Bureau experienced moderate to strong gales and high sea.  The lowest pressure
reported was 29.54 inches.  The disturbance, with diminishing intensity, continued to 
moved westward on a course including somewhat to the southward and passed through the
Florida Strait into the Gulf of Mexico on the 12th-13th.  Here, as a shallow depression,
it turned northward along the Atlantic seaboard and on the 15th merged with a western 
continental disturbance in the Gulf of St. Lawrence."

Date			Latitude   Longitude	Type
January. 5th		---	56W		Trough
January. 6th		---	58W		Trough
January. 7th		24N	59W		Hybrid Cyclone
January. 8th		27N	64W		Hybrid Cyclone
January. 9th		28N	68W		Hybrid Cyclone
January. 10th		29N	71W		(Sub)Tropical Cyclone?
January. 11th		27N	74W		(Sub)Tropical Cyclone?
January. 12th		24N	78W		Remnant Low
January. 13th 		---	84W		Trough


2) The Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS ships data 
show that a cyclone formed in the central Gulf of Mexico late on the 29th of 
May, moved northeastward and making landfall in Florida on the 30th, and merged 
with a strong baroclinic low on the 31st east of the U.S. mid-Atlantic states.  
While the system was organizing late on the 29th, a frontal boundary had moved 
into the Gulf of Mexico.  It appears that the system was extratropical throughout 
its short lifetime.  Highest winds observed were 30 kt from a ship and lowest 
pressure was 1001 mb, both on the 30th (though the environmental pressures were 
also quite low).  No Florida U.S. Weather Bureau land stations observed tropical 
storm force winds.  Given that the system did not have tropical storm force winds 
and that it was extratropical, the cyclone will not be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
May 29 24N   92W   Extratropical low
May 30 27N   88W   Extratropical low
May 31 ---   ---   Merged with strong extratropical low


3)  The Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that tropical depression 
formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 14th of June, made landfall over 
South Florida on the same day, and meandered northward over the Florida 
peninsula during the next two days.  No gale force winds were reported from 
ships in the COADS data set, nor did any U.S. Weather Bureau stations report 
any tropical storm force winds.  Lowest pressure reported was 1010 mb on the 
14th. It is possible that this system reached tropical storm intensity, but 
with no observed winds higher than 25 kt, the cyclone will not be added into 
HURDAT.

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
Jun 14 25N   82W   Tropical Depression
Jun 15 30N   81W   Tropical Depression
Jun 16 31N   84W   Tropical Depression


4)  Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that 
an area of low pressure formed off of a frontal boundary off the US East coast 
on August 19th, traveled southwest for a day, then traveled north for the 
duration of its life cycle.  It attained a closed cyclonic circulation and 
moved north to to strike New York on the 23rd.  At its strongest, maximum 
winds observed by ships were around 50 kt and min pressure at 988 mb on the 
22nd.  On the 23rd, when the low approached the US Atlantic seaboard, New York 
City and Atlantic City recorded winds of 42 kt and Sandy Hook recorded winds 
of 48 kt.
   While most sources indicated that tropical storm force winds circulated 
around a center on the 22nd and 23rd, the temperature gradient indicates that 
the system was extratropical at that time.  On the 20th, the day the low 
structurally appeared closest to being a tropical system, no gale force winds 
were reported.  Thus this system will not be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
Aug 19 33N   74W   Extratropical
Aug 20 31N   76W   Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone
Aug 21 32N   75W   Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone
Aug 22 34N   74W   Extratropical
Aug 23 39N   73W   Extratropical


5)  The Monthly Weather Review in September (as part of the article about 
the Santo Domingo Hurricane) wrote:  "No. III, which was reported but twice, 
first by a Pan American Airways plane on September 6 near St. Lucia, and 
again at midnight of the 7th by the steamship Rhodopis.  This disturbance 
dissipated before it reached proximity to any land station."  A track map 
showed positions near 14N63W on the morning of the 7th and 15N69W on the 
morning of the 8th.  Later in the same edition of the MWR:  "On the 6th a 
Pan American airplane between St. Vincent and St. Lucia reported at noon:  
Gale 100 miles an hour, heavy rain, no visibility.  At St. Lucia, 
barometer 29.94 inches, wind NE., 3.  German S. S. Rhodopis, at 8 a. m. on 
the 8th in 15 deg 45 min N., 68 deg 40 min W., heavy squalls, force 10 with 
heavy rain from SE., confused sea up to 10 a. m., afterwards becoming east 
and diminishing."  A review of both the Historical Weather Maps and the COADS 
ship data base indicate no gale force winds from either ships or coastal 
stations, nor no closed circulation, though a tropical wave was present on the 
days in question.  It is possible that a small tropical storm passed near 
St. Lucia or St. Vincent on the 6th and was reported again by the ship 
S.S. Rhodopis on the 8th.  However, given the lack of confirmation of a closed 
circulation (and somewhat dubious aircraft-based observation inconsistent with 
nearby island stations), this system is not added into HURDAT as a new storm.

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
Sep 6  ---   59W   Tropical Wave?
Sep 7  ---   63W   Tropical Wave?
Sep 8  ---   69W   Tropical Wave?


6) This system began as an extratropical low along a pre-existing frontal
boundary on the 1st of October.  By late on the 2nd, the surface temperature
gradient weakened and the system slowed its movement to the east.  Between 
late on the 2nd and during the 3rd, the system was closest to becoming a 
tropical cyclone (or subtropical cyclone).  The system accelerated to the 
north-northeast late on the 3rd and during the 4th and was clearly again 
extratropical by early on the 4th as it moved back into a region of moderate 
temperature gradients.  The system then reached a peak intensity (while of 
extratropical structure) of around 70 kt and lowest observed pressure of 
982 mb on the 5th.  The system then occluded and executed a counter-clockwise 
loop during the 6th and 7th.  During the next three days it meandered in a 
weakened state.  On the 10th and 11th, the system accelerated off to the 
east-northeast and intensified again as an extratropical storm.  The storm 
reached a second peak in intensity of around 70 kt and lowest observed 
pressure of 980 mb on the 14th.  The system slowed on the 14th and 15th and 
turned back to the northwest on the 16th as it was absorbed by a new extratropical 
cyclone.  However, given that the evidence is not conclusive enough that it 
had lost its frontal features on the 2nd and 3rd, this cyclone is not considered 
a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone and is thus not added into HURDAT.

September 30: HWM analyzes a stationary frontal system off of the Florida 
coast.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 
32.8N, 77.3W (COA).

October 1: HWM depicts a closed extratropical low with at most 1005 mb 
pressure centered around 30N, 71W embedded in an occluded front extending 
SSW-NNE through the low.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show a center 
near 27N, 77W.  Ship highlights:  50 kt NNE at 31N, 75W (MWR); 25 kt SW and 
1003 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 74.3W (COA).  "A moderate depression lay on 
the 1st between Bermuda and the Florida coast" (MWR).

October 2: HWM analyzes a S-N occluded frontal system at the longitude of 
Bermuda with an elongated low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 71W.  
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 28.5N, 71.5W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 75.1 W (COA); 
10 kt NE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 72.4W (COA); 10 kt NE and 
1000 mb at 27.5N 70.5W (COA).  (Note that the ship with 996 mb appears 
to have a bias of about 3-5 mb too low.)

October 3: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 1005 mb near 
29.5N, 69.5W with an occluded front extending SSW-NNE through the low.  
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show a center near 30.5N, 68.5W with 
992 mb pressure.  Despite HWM's analysis, the system had minimal temperature 
gradient present and instead likely was a tropical cyclone (as strong winds 
occurred near the center). Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE at 38.1N, 67.3W (MWR); 
NE wind and 999 mb at 17 UTC at 38.1N, 67.3W (MWR). (These positions are likely in 
error by 10 deg latitude and should be at 28.1N, 67.3W.) 

October 4: HWM analyzes an extratropical low near 33.5N, 66W with at most 
1005 mb pressure.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 
32.5N, 66W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 1003 mb
at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 69.9W (COA); 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 
38.5N, 64.3W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 39.7N, 62.0W (COA); 
35 kt N and 998 mb at 20 UTC at 39.5N, 65.5W (COA).

October 5: HWM depicts an extratropical low attached to the west end of 
a warm front of at most 1005 mb near 42.5N, 59W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers 
of Cyclones show a center near 42N, 62.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 
987 mb at 02 UTC at 40.4N, 64.3W (MWR); 70 kt SSE and 
991 mb at 04 UTC at 39.5N, 61.2W (MWR); 70 kt SW and 
982 mb at 10 UTC at 41.4N, 61.5W (MWR).  "At the same time [1st to 5th] 
the depression in the western Atlantic moved northward with increasing 
intensity to the vicinity of Nova Scotia, where it prevailed on the 5th 
as a severe storm" (MWR).

October 6: HWM depicts an occluded low of at most 1010 mb pressure 
not attached to a front centered near 42N, 64.5W.  The MWR Tracks for 
Centers of Cyclones show a center at 42N, 62.5W.  Ship highlights: Several 35 kt
reports; 35 kt WSW and 991 mb at 18 UTC at 42.5N, 60.5W (COA).  "At least 
one casualty occurred in the fishing fleets of this region, the schooner 
Lake O'Law foundering on the 6th" (MWR).

October 7: HWM analyzes a low with at most 1010 mb pressure, re-attached to an 
occluded front, centered near 39.5N, 63W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones show a center near 40N, 60.5W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 08 UTC at 40.5N, 66.5W (COA); 
35 kt NNW and 999 mb at 04 UTC at 44.2N, 63.7W (COA). 
"During the 6th and 7th the storm diminished in intensity and was forced to 
the southward apparently by the advance of a high pressure area from 
the continent" (MWR).

October 8: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 63W.  The 
MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones show a center at 37N, 59.5W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 12 UTC at 38.0N, 67.6W (COA); 20 kt NE 
and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 37.8N, 64.6W (COA).

October 9: HWM analyzes an elongated extratropical low with at most 
1005 mb pressure, attached to the west side of a warm front, located 
near 35.5N, 61W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 
33N, 62W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at 16 UTC at 39.5N, 58.5W (COA); 
45 kt E and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at 40.1N, 55.4W (MWR); 10 kt SE and 
1001 mb at 00 UTC at 35.5N, 65.5W (COA); 10 kt NNW and 
1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.0N, 64.9W (HWM).  
(Both pressures are likely central pressures of the extratropical storm.)
"However, with some reinforcement from the southward it again acquired 
a northerly to northeasterly movement on the 9th" (MWR).

October 10: HWM analyzes an occluded low centered near 38N, 62W of at 
most 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones 
show a center at 38.5N, 58W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1004 mb at 00 UTC at 
41.5N, 54.5W (COA); 45 kt and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 41.5N, 61.5W (COA); 30 kt NE
and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 39.4N, 61.2W (COA).

October 11: HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb pressure 
near 42N, 49.5W with an occluded front extending SW-NE through the 
low.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 41.5N, 51W 
with a 1000 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE at 23 UTC at 41.5N, 52.5W 
(COA); 25 kt NNW and 992 mb at 18 UTC at 42.5N, 50.5W (COA).  "During the 
following days [the storm] moved slowly to a position in mid-ocean.  On this 
part of its path it was attended by gales, chiefly on its western side, and 
for the most part only moderate to fresh in force" (MWR).

October 12: HWM analyzes an occluded low near 47N, 35W of at most 990 mb 
pressure.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 
44N, 43W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 988 mb at 16 UTC at 43.1N, 33.0W (MWR); 
20 kt W and 984 mb at 18 UTC at 53.5N, 40.5W (COA); 
20 kt NW and 984 mb at 22 UTC at 52.4N, 37.9W (COA).

October 13: HWM analyzes a deepening low of at most 975 mb pressure attached 
to a stationary front centered near 51N, 29W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones show a center near 49N, 32W.  Ship highlights: 60 kts S at 13 UTC at 
50.5N, 20.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 50.8N, 24.1W (COA); 
45 kt SSE and 969 mb at 12 UTC at 50.5N, 21.5W (COA); 30 kt SE and 
969 mb at 12 UTC at 51.0N, 25.0W (HWM).

October 14: HWM analyzes a deepening low of at most 970 mb pressure at 
the southwest end of a stationary front extending SW-NE centered near 
53.5N, 28W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones show a center near 
53.5N, 23W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 960 mb at 54.2N, 29.0W (MWR).

October 15: HWM analyzes a deep, non-tropical low of at most 965 mb pressure 
attached to the southwest SW end of a warm front extending SW-NE, centered 
near 58N, 22W.  Ship highlights:  Several 45 kt reports; 15 kt NNW and 966 mb at 
12 UTC at 56.0N, 26.0W (HWM).  "By the 15th it had again turned northward and 
had reached a position immediately to the south of Iceland" (MWR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a weakening occluded low of at most 980 mb pressure 
centered near 61N, 26W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NW at 23 UTC at 48.5N, 38.5W (COA); 
35 kt NW and 969 mb at 10 UTC at 58.5N 34.5W (COA).

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
Oct 1  27N   76W   Extratropical Low
Oct 2  27N   70W   Extratropical Low/Hybrid
Oct 3  28N   68W   Extratropical Low/Hybrid
Oct 4  36N   66W   Extratropical Low
Oct 5  42N   61W   Extratropical Low
Oct 6  43N   63W   Extratropical Low
Oct 7  40N   63W   Extratropical Low
Oct 8  37N   64W   Extratropical Low
Oct 9  36N   63W   Extratropical Low
Oct 10 38N   62W   Extratropical Low
Oct 11 42N   51W   Extratropical Low
Oct 12 46N   35W   Extratropical Low
Oct 13 52N   28W   Extratropical Low
Oct 14 54N   26W   Extratropical Low
Oct 15 58N   26W   Extratropical Low
Oct 16 62N   30W   Extratropical Low


7)  Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and COADS indicate that 
a low well east of the Bahamas traveled slowly west from November 20th until 
the 23rd and then turned abruptly north and recurved and weakened without 
making landfall.  Throughout the life cycle, the lowest observed pressure by 
a ship close to the center was 1008 mb on the 22nd.  The only gales were 
observed by ships on the 21st, but they came several hundred kilometers north 
of the center.  With the exception of the 21st, there are no gales anywhere in 
the vicinity of the low.  On the 22nd and 23rd, the low occluded and became 
somewhat close to obtaining tropical cyclone characteristics.  However, 
there are no wind velocities to support a tropical storm intensity on those 
dates. Thus this system will not be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT   LON   STATUS
Nov 20 28N   63W   Extratropical
Nov 21 25N   65W   Extratropical
Nov 22 26N   69W   Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone
Nov 23 26N   72W   Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone
Nov 24 32N   77W   Extratropical

******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 1 - Revised 2012

25250 06/25/1931 M= 4  1 SNBR= 561 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25250 06/24/1931 M= 5  1 SNBR= 561 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *

The 24th is new to HURDAT.
25252 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 870  30    0*186 869  35    0

25255 06/25*210 846  35    0*216 858  35    0*222 869  40    0*227 880  40    0
25255 06/25*192 868  40    0*198 869  45    0*205 870  45    0*213 878  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

25260 06/26*232 889  40    0*235 895  40    0*239 903  40    0*244 914  40    0
25260 06/26*222 887  40    0*231 898  40    0*239 910  40    0*245 923  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

25265 06/27*248 926  35    0*253 938  35    0*257 949  35    0*262 960  35    0
25265 06/27*250 938  40    0*255 950  40    0*260 960  40    0*264 968  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25270 06/28*267 967  35    0*270 972  35    0*274 977  35    0*278 982  30    0
25270 06/28*267 976  35    0*269 982  30    0*270 985  30    0*270 987  25    0
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25275 TS                    

US landfall:
6/27/1931 - 22Z - 26.6N 97.3W ? 40 kt

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this 
tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, and the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960).

June 24: HWM analyzes an open trough of low pressure over Central America, 
parts of the Yucatan Peninsula and the extreme western Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT 
did not previously analyze the system on this day.  Available observations from 
HWM and COADS indicate a closed circulation by 12Z near 18N, 87W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N,
86.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.2N, 86.9W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 22N, 87.5W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt SE at 20.5N, 85.6W (MWR); 25 kt SE and 1002 mb
at 12 UTC at 20.5N, 85.6W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.

June 26: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low centered over land near 17N,
92W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 23.9N, 90.3W.  The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 91W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: 
"On the 25th, a depression was over the peninsula of Yucatan, that afterwards 
developed into a moderate tropical disturbance.  On the daily weather map for 
June 26 it is stated: 'A disturbance of moderate intensity is apparently 
central in the south-central portion of the Gulf of Mexico.'  On the 27th the 
center of this disturbance was about 100 miles east-northeast of Brownsville, 
Tex., and on the 28th over the coast of western Texas" (MWR).

June 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25N,
95.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.7N, 94.9W.  The MWR 
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 95.5W.  Ship/Land 
highlights: 35 kt NE (max w/1-min) with 1010 mb at 15Z at Corpus Christi 
(OMR); 1006 mb at 2230 UTC at Brownsville, TX (OMR); 1009 mb (min p) at 23Z 
at Corpus Christi (OMR).  Regarding the intensity: Corpus Christi, TX: "The 
outstanding feature of the month was the small and moderate tropical 
disturbance that passed inland near this coast on the 27th.  Rainfall was 
excessive on that date, under the tropical storm influence.  During the 
24-hour period total rainfall was 8.04 inches.  The excessive rainfall 
caused considerable damage to streets and roads in this city.  In many 
parts of the city of Corpus Christi water was in the streets to a depth 
of two to three feet" (OMR).  Corpus Christi: 1009 mb at 23 UTC (OMR).

June 28: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 27.4N, 97.7W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of 
Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 98.5W with a 1009 mb pressure.   
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "Tropical Cyclones of 
Texas, Jun 28, Lower Coast, Minor ["Minor" refers to less than 64 kt], 
Heavy Rains" (Dunn and Miller).

HURDAT originally started this at 00Z on 25 June as a 35 kt tropical storm, 
but observations from HWM and COADS indicate a closed circulation by 12Z 
on the 24th, and a tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 12Z on 
24 June in the western Caribbean just east of the Yucatan Peninsula.  
Several ships on the 25th indicate that the original HURDAT position around 
12Z on the 25th was too far north.  A slow northward motion is analyzed 
from the 24th to the 25th instead of the west-northwestward motion shown 
in HURDAT originally early on the 25th.  Major southwestward track changes 
are implemented on the 25th at 00 and 06Z.  At 12Z on the 25th, a ship in 
the periphery observed a 1002 mb pressure simultaneously with 25 kt winds.  
The ship experienced maximum winds of 35 kt.  The ship was located 80 nmi 
east of the analyzed position at the time of the 1002 mb observation.  A 
central pressure of less than 1002 mb yields winds of at least 43 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 
45 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 25th (up from 40 kt originally).  The center 
passed near Cozumel on the 25th and is analyzed to have made landfall near 
Playa del Carmen, Mexico around 13Z on the 25th as a 45 kt tropical storm.  
The peak intensity for the lifetime of this cyclone is analyzed to be 45 kt 
for the 12 hours just prior to the landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula.  The 
previous HURDAT peak intensity was 40 kt from 12Z on the 25th to 18Z on the 
26th.  This intensity increase is based on the fact that the previous 
HURDAT did not show any weakening over land.  Perhaps this is because the 
original track did not show a landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula and kept 
the system over water.  The cyclone was over the Yucatan Peninsula from 13Z 
to 20Z on the 25th before moving into the Gulf of Mexico with an analyzed 
intensity of 40 kt (no change to the HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 15th or 
00Z on the 16th).  Southward track adjustments of around 1.5 degrees are 
analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 25th.  All track changes for the remainder 
of the cyclone's lifetime are minor changes.  The cyclone moved 
west-northwestward in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and made landfall 
on the south Texas coast around 22Z on 27 June at 26.6N, 97.3W as a 
40 kt tropical storm.  HURDAT previously showed a 35 kt intensity at 
the point before landfall, and this was increased to 40 kt.  The highest 
observed wind from a land station was a fastest mile wind of 35 kt at 
Corpus Christi (34 kt after converting to a 10m 1-min wind).  The lowest 
observed pressure from a land station was 1006 mb at Brownsville.  The 
basis for the 40 kt landfall intensity is to choose the intensity 5 kt 
above the highest observed windspeed in the absence of a central pressure 
value to account for subsampling.  The revised track shows landfall 
between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, but closer to Brownsville than 
in the original HURDAT.  After landfall, the cyclone is analyzed to have 
weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on 28 June (12 hours earlier than 
shown in HURDAT originally).  No change is made to the timing of 
dissipation, but the position at the final point at 18Z on the 28th is 
adjusted to 27.0N, 98.7W as a 25 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 2 - Revised 2012

25280 07/11/1931 M= 7  2 SNBR= 562 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25285 07/11*  0   0   0    0*163 820  35    0*167 838  35    0*170 848  35    0
25285 07/11*  0   0   0    0*157 823  30    0*160 830  30    0*165 840  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25290 07/12*174 858  40    0*178 868  40    0*182 877  40    0*186 882  35    0
25290 07/12*170 850  30    0*175 860  30    0*180 870  30    0*185 880  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25295 07/13*191 887  35    0*198 892  35    0*206 897  35    0*214 901  35    0
25295 07/13*190 888  30    0*195 895  30    0*200 900  35    0*208 903  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

25300 07/14*224 904  40    0*236 905  45    0*248 906  50    0*260 907  50    0
25300 07/14*220 904  45    0*235 905  50    0*248 906  55    0*260 907  60    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

25305 07/15*271 908  50    0*281 909  50    0*290 911  45    0*298 913  40    0
25305 07/15*272 908  60    0*284 909  55    0*296 911  45 1000*304 913  40    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***      

25310 07/16*306 916  35    0*315 921  30    0*325 926  25    0*333 931  25    0
25310 07/16*310 917  35    0*316 923  30    0*322 930  25    0*331 938  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25315 07/17*342 936  25    0*353 946  20    0*363 956  20    0*373 967  20    0
25315 07/17*342 947  25    0*353 957  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***              ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25320 TS                    

US landfall:
7/15/1931 ? 10Z ? 29.2N, 91.0W ? 50 kt

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical 
storm.  Major changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm intensity 
was first attained.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960).

July 10: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the western Caribbean Sea 
near Honduras.  HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day.  
Although available observations including a west wind at 12Z at Cabo Gracias 
indicates the possibility of a closed circulation on the 10th, the west wind 
may have more like been a land breeze.  Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.  Land highlights: 5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Bluefields, 
Nicaragua at 12.0N, 83.8W (HWM).  No gales.  No other low pressures.

July 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 22.2N, 86.9W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 18.2N, 87.7W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 20.6N, 89.7W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows 
a center near 21N, 89.8W with a 1009 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 
1010 mb at 12 UTC at 18.0N, 86.9W (COA). No other gales.  No low pressures.

July 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.6W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows 
a center near 24.8N, 91W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE 
and 1006 mb at 2130 UTC at 27.6N, 90.6W (MWR); 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 23 UTC 
at 27.6N, 90.6W (MWR); 2 observations of 35 kt ESE and SE at 18 and 22 UTC at 
27.5N, 90.5W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.  Regarding the 
intensity: "A disturbance resembling in some of its characters a mild tropical 
cyclone originated in the western Gulf of Mexico on the 14th and caused winds 
of force 8 to 11 (35 to 60 kt) near the Louisiana coast as it progressed 
northeastward on the 14th and 15th" (MWR). The account of the W.C. Teagle: "...
encountered this disturbance on the afternoon of the 14th, about latitude 28N, 
longitude 91W.  The barometer fell rather sharply about two-tenths of an inch, 
reaching the lowest point at 4:30 pm, when the wind was ESE, force 11 (60 kt), 
with driving rain squalls and the air full of spray.  At 6 pm, the wind was SE, 
force 10 (50 kt), with barometer pumping between 1006 and 1008 mb.  Southeast 
gale continued throughout most of the night of the 14th-15th, but the wind 
changed to south by 7 am (15th) and diminished to force 6 (25 kt)" (MWR).

July 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 29.0N, 91.1W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows 
a center near 28.8N, 91.5W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE 
and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 27.7N, 90.7W (COA); 50 kt SE at 02 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W 
(COA); 45 kt SSE at 06 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SSE at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 
89.0W (COA).  No other gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: 34 kt NW at 
Austin, TX at 30.3N, 97.8W (MWR); 1001 mb (min p) at 13Z at Morgan City, LA 
(29.7N, 91.2W) (OMR).  No other gales.  No other low pressures.  
Port Arthur, TX: 1008 mb at 23 UTC (OMR).  Galveston, TX: 1009 mb at 23 UTC (OMR).  
New Orleans, LA: 1007 mb at 2130 UTC (OMR).  "Tropical cyclones of Louisiana, 
July 14-15, Minor ["Minor" - Refers to winds less than 64 kt]" (Dunn and Miller).

July 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical depression at 32.5N, 92.6W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center in Louisiana near 32N, 92.5W with a 1010 mb pressure.
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
20 kt tropical depression at 36.3N, 95.6W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center in Oklahoma near 36.5N, 96W with a 1012 mb pressure.
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 
10 July at 00Z (genesis is indicted 30 hours earlier than originally) with a 
position of 15.5N, 81.1W.  HURDAT originally started this system as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 06Z on 11 July at 16.3N, 82.0W.  The revised positions on the 11th are 
slightly south the original positions.  The cyclone is analyzed to have made 
landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico just north of its border with Belize 
around 17Z on 12 July as a tropical depression instead of a tropical storm as 
indicated in HURDAT originally.  This downgrade is due to sufficient observational 
coverage, which indicates a weaker cyclone.  It is analyzed that the 30 kt 
tropical depression strengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm while over land - 
first attaining tropical storm strength around 12Z on 13 July (more than two 
days later than originally).  The strengthening over land is analyzed because 
observations near the outer periphery of the circulation confirmed that winds 
were stronger on the 13th compared with the weak winds of the previous days.  
The highest wind on the 13th was a 35 kt ship observation about 240 nmi 
east-southeast of the center.  The cyclone was over land until the 13th around 
19Z before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico and turning northward.  No 
significant track changes were made on the 14th.  Late on the 14th, a ship 
encountered maximum winds of 60 kt from the ESE simultaneous with its minimum 
pressure of 1006 mb.  Based on this ship, a 60 kt intensity is analyzed from 18Z 
on the 14th to 00Z on the 15th though it is possible that the system briefly 
reached hurricane intensity.  

The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in Louisiana around 10Z on the 15th 
at 29.2N, 91.0W as a 50 kt tropical storm.  The highest available wind observation 
from a coastal station is 35 kt from the south around or slightly before 1230Z at 
Port Eads, LA.  The lowest available pressure observation is 1001 mb with 10 kt W 
winds at Morgan City, LA at 13Z on the 15th.  At 12Z on the 15th, HWM indicates 
that Morgan City recorded calm just before the 13Z 1001 mb pressure observation 
found in the OMR.  The 12Z position on the 15th is analyzed at 29.6N, 91.1W based 
on the Morgan City data.  A central pressure of 1000 mb is added into HURDAT at 12Z 
on the 15th based on the Morgan City data.  The central pressure at the 10Z 
landfall was likely lower, and the 50 kt landfall intensity was chosen based on 
observations from Morgan City as well as several ship observations prior to 
landfall (a 50 kt intensity at landfall corresponds to a 996 mb central pressure 
according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship).  It makes 
sense that the central pressure was around 996 mb at landfall if it was 1000 mb a 
few hours after landfall.  The 45 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is not 
changed.  It is of note that the 34 kt NW winds in Austin on the 15th were likely 
not part of this cyclone but were a separate system.  After landfall, the cyclone 
continued inland and moved north-northwestward, weakening to a tropical depression 
at 06Z on the 16th while over Louisiana.  No intensity changes were made from 12Z 
on the 15th through 06Z on the 17th and track changes were generally within a degree. 
 The depression is analyzed to have dissipated after 06Z on the 17th (12 hours 
earlier than originally).  It is of note that the cyclone had an unusual structure 
during and after landfall with strong (but not quite tropical storm strength) 
winds and significant rain well to its southeast over Mississippi and Alabama.  
It is possible that it had subtropical cyclone characteristics.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 3 - Revised 2012

25325 08/10/1931 M= 9  3 SNBR= 563 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25325 08/10/1931 M=10  3 SNBR= 563 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **

25330 08/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*143 585  35    0
25330 08/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*135 610  30    0
                                                               *** ***  **

25335 08/11*143 628  40    0*144 645  40    0*147 663  40    0*149 670  40    0
25335 08/11*145 629  30    0*152 646  35    0*157 660  40    0*160 672  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

25340 08/12*152 678  45    0*154 688  45    0*155 699  45    0*154 712  50    0
25340 08/12*160 685  45    0*160 698  45    0*160 710  45    0*160 721  50    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

25345 08/13*154 726  50    0*155 743  50    0*156 760  50    0*156 770  50    0
25345 08/13*160 732  50    0*160 743  50    0*160 755  50    0*160 768  50    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

25350 08/14*156 780  50    0*156 794  50    0*156 808  50    0*156 818  50    0
25350 08/14*161 783  50    0*162 798  50    0*163 813  50    0*164 828  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25355 08/15*157 828  50    0*160 845  45    0*164 860  45    0*166 868  45    0
25355 08/15*166 843  50    0*168 858  45    0*170 870  45    0*172 880  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25360 08/16*168 875  40    0*170 882  40    0*172 888  35    0*175 895  35    0
25360 08/16*174 888  40    0*176 894  35    0*178 900  35    0*180 906  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

25365 08/17*179 902  35    0*184 913  40    0*189 926  40    0*192 937  40    0
25365 08/17*183 912  30    0*186 919  35    0*189 926  50    0*191 933  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

25370 08/18*194 946  40    0*195 954  40    0*196 963  35    0*197 972  25    0
25370 08/18*193 942  50    0*195 952  50    0*196 963  50    0*197 972  35    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **    

The 19th is new to HURDAT.
25372 08/19*198 980  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

25375 TS                    

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this tropical 
storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, and newspaper reports from The Antigua Magnet provided by Mike Chenoweth. 

August 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT previously did not 
list this system until 18 UTC, as a tropical storm at 14.3N, 58.5W.  Ship/Land 
highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "The following 
Monday (the 10th), when the barometer fell about two-tenths, there was apprehension 
of bad weather taking the island in its grip.  No disturbance developed, however" 
(The Antigua Magnet, Saturday Aug. 22 1931).

August 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 14.7N, 66.3W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 14N, 64W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 00 UTC at 21.5N, 61.5W (COA).  
No other gales.  No low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 15.5N, 69.9W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 14.5N, 70.5W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 15.6N, 76.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 15N, 78W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 16.3N, 
75.4W (HWM); 40 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 76.0W (HWM).  No other gales 
or low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 14: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the southwest Caribbean Sea.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm near 15.6N, 80.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers 
of Cyclones shows a center near 15.5N, 82W.   Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1012 mb 
at 12 UTC at 15.0N, 76.3W (COA); 20 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 12.1N, 76.0W (COA); 
40 kt E and 1011 mb at 09 UTC at 15.3N, 76.2W (MWR).  No other gales or low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 16.4N, 86.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 16.8N, 86.5W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Swan 
Island: 15 kt SE and 1006 mb (not minimum) at 12 UTC (HWM/OMR).

August 16: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressures near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 88.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers 
of Cyclones shows a center near 17.8N, 89.3W. Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.  Regarding the track/intensity: "The disturbance crossed the full length 
of the Caribbean from east to west, moved into Yucatan on the 16th, and passed near 
Frontera, Mexico, on the next day when the Honduran steamship Morazan, lying in port 
at Frontera, experienced a gale of force 9 (40 kt), together with a wind change 
characteristic of the central area of a tropical disturbance" (MWR).

August 17: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 18.9N, 92.6W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 19N, 92.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1007 mb at 05 UTC at 18.5N, 
92.6W (MWR); 40 kt NW (no time) in the vicinity of 18.5N, 92.6W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 
1002 mb at 18 UTC at 18.7N, 92.7W (COA); S wind (no time) (MWR).  No other gales or 
low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 18: HWM analyzes a slight trough in the extreme western Gulf of Mexico.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.6N, 96.3W.  Ship highlights: S wind 
and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at 18.5N, 92.7W (COA).  No other gales.  No other low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 19: HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf or over Mexico.  
HURDAT did not previously list this system on this day.  Ship/Land highlights: None.

HURDAT originally indicated that a 35 kt tropical storm developed at 18Z on 10 
August at 14.3N, 58.5W.  Observations from the Lesser Antilles indicate a closed 
circulation began about at that time and no change is made to the genesis timing.  
The eastern Atlantic Ocean was searched for observations back to 5 August.  
Although this tropical cyclone may have formed several days prior to 10 August, 
observations do not confirm a closed circulation prior to that date.  A major 
westward track adjustment is implemented at 18Z on the 10th - observations on the 
10th and 11th of August indicate that the position at 18Z on the 10th was about 
three degrees west-southwest of the original HURDAT position at that time. The 
system is started as a 30 kt depression (originally begun as a 35 kt tropical 
storm) and development into a 35 kt tropical storm now shown at 06Z on the 11th.  
All track changes from 11 August to dissipation are minor track changes (less 
than two degrees).  The cyclone continued westward in the Caribbean Sea and is 
analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm by 06Z on the 11th (12 hours 
later than originally), and there were several 30 kt ship observations on the 
11th.  On 13 August, with the cyclone moving westward in the central Caribbean, 
a ship observation of 45 kt with 1002 mb was instrumental in the analysis for 
that day.  A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 
43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 
50 kt intensity in HURDAT was not changed, and the position at 12Z was moved 
half a degree northeast of the previous HURDAT position to show a position closer 
to that ship observation.  The cyclone made landfall around 20Z on 15 August a 
short distance south of Belize City, Belize as a 45 kt tropical storm.  No 
intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 12Z on the 11th to 00Z on the 16th.  
The 45 kt landfall intensity is brought down to 35 kt by 06Z on the 16th (down 
from 40 kt originally) as the cyclone continued farther inland.  The cyclone 
remained over land until early on the 17th before emerging into the Bay of 
Campeche, and it is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z 
on the 16th (HURDAT previously only showed a weakening to a 35 kt tropical 
storm).  After the cyclone emerged into the Bay of Campeche it is analyzed to 
have strengthened back to a tropical storm by 06Z on the 17th.  A 35 kt 
intensity is analyzed at 06Z (down from 40 kt originally).  The highest observed 
wind at that time was 35 kt at 05Z.  The analyzed intensity is 50 kt by 12Z (up 
from 40 kt originally), as a 45 kt wind was observed later that day.  The cyclone 
made its final Mexican landfall just after 12Z on the 18th.  No change was made 
to the position at 12Z on the 18th, but available observations support holding 
the 50 kt intensity assigned on the 17th until landfall (up from 35 kt originally 
at 12Z on the 18th).  After landfall, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 
a tropical depression at 00Z on the 19th and to have dissipated after 00Z 
(originally, HURDAT dissipated this cyclone after 18Z on the 18th).

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 4 - Revised 2012

25380 08/16/1931 M= 6  4 SNBR= 564 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25385 08/16*  0   0   0    0*132 580  35    0*137 595  35    0*144 607  35    0
25385 08/16*  0   0   0    0*142 593  25    0*150 605  25    0*159 616  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25390 08/17*152 620  35    0*162 636  35    0*172 650  35    0*179 659  35    0
25390 08/17*168 627  30    0*177 638  35    0*185 650  35    0*193 662  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              *** ***

25395 08/18*186 667  35    0*193 674  35    0*201 681  35    0*212 689  35    0
25395 08/18*201 673  35    0*208 684  30    0*215 695  30    0*221 704  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25400 08/19*222 696  35    0*227 700  35    0*232 702  35    0*235 703  35    0
25400 08/19*226 710  30    0*231 714  30    0*235 715  30    0*239 715  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25405 08/20*240 705  35    0*249 707  35    0*258 708  35    0*266 708  35    0
25405 08/20*243 714  30    0*247 712  30    0*250 708  25    0*255 703  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

25410 08/21*274 707  35    0*283 701  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25410 08/21*263 698  25    0*273 693  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25415 TS                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this weak tropical 
storm.  Major changes are made to the timing of when the cyclone attained tropical 
storm strength and the timing of when the cyclone weakened back to a tropical 
depression.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), and newspaper 
reports from The Antigua Magnet provided by Mike Chenoweth.

August 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 13.7N, 59.5W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
Regarding the intensity: "On Sunday morning (16th) news reached here from Barbados 
that a hurricane had formed in the vicinity of that island, and that there was a 
possibility, if not a probability, of Dominica being struck.  The news spread fast 
enough, and although locally there were no signs of any approaching hurricane, 
anxiety was general enough.  At noon, the barometer, which had fallen slightly, 
appeared to be steady enough, but from three till five o'clock it dropped another 
tenth.  In the meantime, torrential rains began to fall, and many residents 
considered it advisable to bar up their houses.  After five o'clock the glass 
started to rise and the rains ceased about nine.  The night was calm.  The 
following morning 5.40 inches of rainfall were registered at the Botanical 
Gardens" (The Antigua Magnet, Saturday Aug. 22 1931).  "On Sunday afternoon a 
storm warning was issued.  The sky threatened rain and showers actually fell, 
but around sunset a very peculiar appearance was noticeable in a section of the 
sky to the east.  This lurid appearance emphasized the belief that an atmospheric 
disturbance of some sort was due and before the sun vanished from the horizon 
flashes of lightning and peals of thunder were manifest.  People began to bolt 
and bar securely doors and windows and wait for developments.  Happily, apart 
from a continuation of the electrical disturbance and a steady fall of rain 
nothing serious occurred.  The wind never stirred beyond the velocity of a 
sharp breeze (25 kt) and morning came to give courage to those who might have 
been maintaining a scared vigil throughout the night watching for the worst in 
the weather.  At time of writing although the sky presented an overcast appearance 
there was no further indication of unsettled weather" (The Antigua Magnet, Tuesday 
Aug. 18, 1931).

August 17: HWM analyzes a trough near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.2N, 65.0W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers 
of Cyclones shows a center near 18N, 65.2W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales 
or low pressures.

August 18: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 20.1N, 68.1W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 21.4N, 69.5W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 19: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 23.2N, 70.2W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 23N, 71.6W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 20: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 25.8N, 70.8W.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center near 27.2N, 70.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 21: HURDAT last listed this at 06 UTC as a tropical depression at 28.3N, 70.1W.  
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 69.3W at 00 UTC, 
and 30.7N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT previously indicated that a tropical cyclone developed on 16 August just 
east of the Windward Islands.  The Atlantic was searched back to 9 August, but no 
closed circulation was found, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis.  
HURDAT's initial intensity was a 35 kt tropical storm, but the cyclone is analyzed 
to only have contained winds of 25 kt at the time, and thus is begun as a tropical 
depression.  The position on the 16th is adjusted by about 1.5 degrees northwest of 
the original HURDAT position due to a 5 kt SSW wind near 14.2N, 60.8W along with a 
few other observations.  A 24 kt SW observation on the 17th lays credence to the 
possibility that the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT may have been correct, and thus 
there is not enough evidence to decrease or increase the HURDAT intensity on the 
17th.  The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z 
on the 17th (one day later than originally - a major change).  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have passed through the Virgin Islands as a 35 kt tropical storm on 
17 August.  Observations showed the closed circulation on the 17th.  No gales 
were observed, but the track on the 17th is adjusted to the right (or north) of 
the previous HURDAT track by about 1.5 degrees.  The weak circulation continued 
to the west-northwest passing north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on the 18th, 
and it is analyzed that the tropical storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression 
at 06Z on the 18th (three days earlier than originally).  The position is adjusted 
by over a degree on the 18th and 19th in accordance with available observations.  
The depression turned northward and moved slowly north-northeastward east of the 
Bahamas for a few more days.  While it is possible that the cyclone may have 
degenerated to an open trough a day earlier than HURDAT shows dissipation, there 
is not sufficient observational coverage to confirm that so no changes are made 
to the timing of dissipation in HURDAT, which is listed at 06Z on 21 August.  
The final position is adjusted to 27.3N, 69.3W (a little over one degree 
southeast of the previous position) as a 25 kt tropical depression (30 kt originally).

Although observations indicate that this system was likely at least a tropical 
depression, there were no observed winds of tropical storm force or low pressures.  
This system may not have been a tropical storm since there is no conclusive 
evidence of tropical storm intensity.  However, there is currently not enough 
evidence to downgrade this system either.  It is maintained as a 35 kt tropical 
storm from 06Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 18th.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

28416 09/01/1931 M= 4  5 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
28417 09/01*186 609  25    0*187 617  25    0*188 625  25    0*189 632  25    0
28417 09/02*190 639  30    0*191 646  30    0*192 654  30    0*193 664  30    0
28418 09/03*194 676  35    0*195 685  35    0*195 694  40    0*195 708  35    0
28418 09/04*195 723  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
28419 TS

HWM, COADS, MWR, Perez et al., and Tannehill indicate that a tropical storm, 
previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 1-4 September and made landfall 
as a tropical storm in Hispaniola.

September 1: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  
HURDAT did not previously list this system.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z 
position near 19N, 62W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt NW at 12Z at 18.3N, 64.9W (COA).  
"The first cyclonic development of the month [September] began north of the 
Virgin Islands on the 1st, and was of minor intensity" (MWR).  

September 2: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19N, 66W with a 1010 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 15 kt WNW at 12Z at 18.5N, 66.1W (COA).  "Only gales reported during 
the progress of this relatively mild disturbance were over Mona Passage on the 2d, 
but flooding rains which caused great damage and some loss of life in Porto Rico 
may be attributed to conditions attending this cyclone" (MWR 364).  

September 3: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19N, 70W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 00Z at 19.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt SE with 
1010 mb at 12Z at 19.7N, 68.1W (HWM); 30 kt E with 1007 mb at 12Z near 20N, 69.5W 
(Perez).

September 4: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 19.5N, 74.5W with a 1011 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 00Z at 20.2N, 72.7W (COA).

September 5: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 20N, 79W. No gale force winds or low 
pressures were observed. 

September 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 83.3W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. 

September 7: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 82.5W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed.  "It moved westward during 
the next six days reaching the western end of Cuba where it recurved 
northeastward on the 7th" (MWR).  

September 8: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 27N, 80W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. 

September 9: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows a 12Z position near 29N, 77W.  No gale force winds or 
low pressures were observed. 

This tropical cyclone may have formed from an easterly wave that originated east 
of the Lesser Antilles.  On August 31, a tropical wave appeared near 59W 
approaching the northern Leeward and Virgin Islands.  On the first, observations 
indicate a closed circulation near 19N, 62.5W at 12Z, but no strong winds or low 
pressures by that time.  A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 00Z 
on 1 September at 18.6N, 60.9W, but it is possible that a cyclone formed before 
this time since observations were sparse prior to that time farther east over the 
open tropical Atlantic.  On the 2 September HWM map, a ship with 35 kt SSE and 
1010 mb is plotted near 19.5N, 68W, but other data indicates that this observation 
is likely in error.  We are guessing that it was plotted on the wrong day, and 
that this observation occurred at that location at 12Z on the 3rd instead of 12Z 
on the 2nd.  However, backing to the 2nd, other observations continue to indicate 
a closed circulation centered near 19.2N, 65.4W at 12Z on the 2nd. A 25 kt 
intensity is analyzed on the 1st, and a 30 kt intensity is analyzed on the 2nd.  
On the 3rd, the cyclone continued to move due west and approached Hispaniola.  
On this day, in addition to the aforementioned 35 kt ship observation, there was 
a separate observation of 1007 mb with 30 kt E north of the center.  West winds 
south of the center on the 3rd continue to indicate a closed circulation.  Another 
important factor is that there was a high environmental pressure to the north.  
The pressure at Turks Island was 1015 mb at 12Z on the 3rd while the 1007 mb was 
measured 100 nmi to the SSE of that.  These factors are enough evidence that this 
system was a tropical storm on 3 September.  The depression is analyzed to have 
strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on 3 September, intensifying to a 40 kt 
tropical storm at 12Z on the 3rd at 19.5N, 69.4W.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have made landfall in Hispaniola on the 3rd at 14Z at 19.5N, 69.9W as a 40 kt 
tropical storm.  Moving due westward over Hispaniola, the cyclone is analyzed to 
have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on 4 September at 19.5N, 
72.3W (still over Hispaniola).  The cyclone is analyzed to have degenerated into 
an open wave or trough after that time.  The remnants of the tropical storm can 
be tracked to the area south of Cuba on the 5th and 6th, over Florida on the 7th 
and 8th, and into the western Atlantic off the southeast coast of the US on the 
9th.  After that, it was absorbed by a frontal system.  Observations from the 4th 
- 10th indicate the cyclone was an open trough during that time - not a closed low.

Also of note, please see the suggested track by Monthly Weather Review on p.348, 
indicated as III.  Tannehill and Perez et al. also describe this system as a 
tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 6 (originally Storm 5) - Revised 2012

25420 09/05/1931 M= 8  5 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25420 09/06/1931 M= 8  6 SNBR= 565 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
          *            *

The 5th has been removed from HURDAT.
25425 09/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 555  35    0

25430 09/06*126 593  35    0*127 610  35    0*128 628  35    0*130 641  35    0
25430 09/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*124 627  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25435 09/07*133 652  35    0*137 665  40    0*142 679  40    0*148 693  40    0
25435 09/07*128 645  35    0*132 662  40    0*135 679  40    0*138 697  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

25440 09/08*153 706  40    0*157 715  45    0*160 724  45    0*164 740  50    0
25440 09/08*140 715  50    0*142 732  55    0*145 748  60    0*148 764  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25445 09/09*167 758  50    0*168 777  55    0*168 795  55    0*169 812  60    0
25445 09/09*150 779  65    0*152 793  70    0*155 807  70    0*158 822  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25450 09/10*170 829  60    0*171 845  65    0*173 861  85    0*176 879 110    0
25450 09/10*162 837  85    0*166 851  95    0*170 865 105    0*174 878 115    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  

25455 09/11*180 895  60    0*185 908  55    0*191 921  50    0*197 934  50    0
25455 09/11*179 891  80    0*185 904  55    0*191 916  50    0*198 927  50    0
            *** ***  **          ***              ***          *** ***

25460 09/12*203 947  50    0*209 962  55    0*215 979  55    0*221 995  35    0
25460 09/12*206 938  50    0*214 949  50    0*222 960  45    0*227 969  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

The 13th is new to HURDAT.
25462 09/13*231 977  35    0*234 985  30    0*237 993  25    0*  0   0   0    0

25465 HR                    

Major track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane, 
originally storm #5.  Major changes are made to the timing of genesis as well as the 
timing of when both the tropical storm and hurricane intensities were first attained.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly 
Weather Review, and the COADS ship database. 

Aug 29: HWM indicates a closed low at about 9N and 20W of at most 1010mb at 12UTC. 
HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 30: HWM indicates a stronger system at 4N and 31.5W of at most 1005mb at 12UTC. 
HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 31: HWM indicates a closed low at 10N and 28W of at most 1005mb at 12UTC. 
HURDAT does not start the storm yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 1: HWM loses the system for the next several days. HURDAT does not list a storm yet. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 2: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 3: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 4: Neither HWM nor HURDAT show a system. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 5: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 
12.5N, 55.5W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 6: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 12.8N, 
62.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. "It was first suspected not far from Barbados on the 6th... developed 
into storms of relatively small diameter but of full hurricane intensity as the progressed 
during the succeeding week "(MWR).

Sept 7: HWM indicates a small closed low of 1010mb near 16N, 68W at 12 UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm at 14.2N, 67.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 8: HWM indicates a closed low of 1005mb near 14.5N, 74.8W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 72.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt S with 
1002mb at 14.8N, 71.8W at 4UTC (MWR); 60kt NE with 1000mb at 15.3N, 76.5W at 14Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.  "The progress of this disturbance continued 
steadily west-northwestward during the next two [8th and 9th] days" (MWR).

Sept 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 15.5N, 82W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.8N, 79.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 50kt 
SSE with 995mb at 16.1N, 81.8W at 1830UTC (MWR); 60kt E later than 1830UTC at 16.1N, 81.8W (MWR).

Sept 10: HWM indicates a tiny closed low of at most 1000mb near 16N, 86W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane 17.3N 86.1W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 50kt S with 1002mb at 16.8N, 87.0W at 17UTC (COA). Station highlights: 
52 kt NE and 952 mb at 1815Z and 115kt N between 1950-2000 UTC at Belize (MWR).  "[This] 
storm ravaged Belize, British Honduras, on the afternoon of September 10, but ships 
encountering it earlier did not find winds of hurricane force ... The hurricane, still 
of small extent but of ferocious intensity, moved in upon the town.  It raged throughout 
much of the afternoon, reaching hurricane velocity about 1 p. m., and the center of the 
storm appears to have passed Belize about 3:30 p. m... The winds swept the sea forward 
over the environs of the port, which is built on exceedingly low ground, choked the 
moth of the Belize River with the wreckage of small boats, including six Honduran 
schooners, piled a 200-ton dredge upon the wharf, and with wreckage as battering rams, 
smashed into the structures of the town itself.  It was a disaster of major proportions, 
entailed a loss of life that is not definitely known, but probably exceeding 1,500 souls, 
and a property loss that was estimated in later dispatches at $7,500,000" (MWR).

Sept 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 93W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 92.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 12: HWM loses the system today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
21.5N, 97.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 985mb at 29.3N, 93.3W at 12UTC (COA). 
Station highlights: 17 kt W with 1010 mb at 9/12 20Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.9W).

Sept 13: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list this system anymore. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

This hurricane may have originated from an easterly wave that emerged off the 
African coast around 28 August.  There were some observations in the general 
vicinity of a disturbance or possible tropical cyclone in the tropical eastern 
Atlantic from 29-31 August, but there are no observations over the central tropical 
Atlantic from 1-5 September as the disturbance may have continued westward.  The 
observations in the eastern Atlantic do not provide enough evidence of a closed 
circulation to begin this cyclone early.  In fact, observations indicate that 
genesis occurred 24 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT.  The system is begun 
at 18Z on the 6th as a 30 kt tropical depression about a degree and a half 
east-southeast of the original HURDAT with development into a tropical storm 
six hours later.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean 
Sea and slowly intensified from 7 to 9 September.  Track changes on the 7th 
were minor, but on the 8th, ship observations near 15.3N, 76.5W indicate a 
position about two and a half degrees WSW of the previous HURDAT position at 12Z.  
The first observed gale associated with this cyclone occurred at 12Z on the 7th - 
35 kt from a ship.  The 40 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 12Z on the 7th is 
not changed.  It is analyzed that tropical storm intensity was first attained at 
18Z on the 6th (24 hours later than originally - a major change).  On the 8th at 
04Z, a peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests winds of greater than 43 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and at 14Z, 
a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (with 60 kt winds) suggests winds of greater 
than 47 kt using the same relationship.  Intensities of 60 and 65 kt are chosen 
for 12 and 18Z on the 8th (up from 45 and 50 kt originally) due to the 60 kt 
wind observation at 14Z.  The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane 
strength by 18Z on the 8th (30 hours earlier than originally - a major change).  
On the 9th at 1830Z, as the cyclone was passing northeast of the coast of 
Central America near the border of Nicaragua and Honduras, a ship measured a 
peripheral pressure of 995 mb (observed with 50 kt winds) indicating a wind 
speed of greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  
The hurricane continued west-northwestward and is analyzed to have rapidly 
intensified on the 10th before it made landfall at Belize City, Belize around 20Z 
on the 10th at 17.5N, 88.2W.  A peripheral pressure of 952 mb was observed 
simultaneously with 52 kt NE wind at Belize City at 1815Z.  This was followed by 
the highest wind recorded at Belize City of 115 kt N between 1950-2000Z.  The 
eye passed over Belize City between 2005-2044Z, but no central pressure was 
recorded.  The 952 mb pressure suggests winds of at least 109 kt from the Brown 
et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 111 kt from the intensifying 
subset.  A 115 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 10th and landfall (up from 
110 kt originally - which makes this a Category 4 hurricane for Belize).  The 
cyclone weakened substantially as it moved west-northwestward over the Yucatan 
Peninsula and it emerged into the Bay of Campeche as a tropical storm on 11 
September between 06-12Z.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model 
yield 79 and 57 kt for 00 and 06Z on the 11th.  Available observations over 
land near the cyclone were very sparse at 00 and 06Z and thus no gales were 
found at those times.  Analyzed (original HURDAT) intensities at 00 and 06Z 
on the 11th are 80 kt (60 kt) and 55 kt (55 kt).  Very little ship data is 
available over the Bay of Campeche on the 11th and 12th, but available observations 
indicate that the cyclone maintained a closed circulation and moved inland about 50 
or 60 nmi north of Tampico around 00Z on the 13th.  The intensity of the cyclone 
during the time in the Bay of Campeche is highly uncertain due to very little data.  
The analyzed intensity for this landfall is 35 kt.  HURDAT previously showed a 
final position at 18Z on the 12th well inland at 22.1N, 99.5W as a 35 kt tropical 
storm. The revised HURDAT shows a position at 18Z on the 12th at 22.7N, 96.9W 
(a major eastward track adjustment) with a 40 kt intensity.  Soon after landfall, 
the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and then dissipated, but 18 hours 
are added to HURDAT before dissipation is analyzed.  The revised final position at 
12Z on 13 September is 23.7N, 99.3W as a 25 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised 2012

25470 09/08/1931 M= 9  6 SNBR= 566 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25470 09/08/1931 M= 9  7 SNBR= 566 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

25475 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*172 528  40    0
25475 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 530  40    0
                                                               *** ***

25480 09/09*173 538  45    0*174 554  45    0*175 570  50    0*176 586  55    0
25480 09/09*154 546  45    0*157 563  45    0*161 580  50    0*167 595  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25485 09/10*177 602  55    0*179 616  60    0*181 628  65    0*182 639  85  988
25485 09/10*173 609  55    0*179 622  60    0*183 634  65    0*184 644  70    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

25490 09/11*183 651  80    0*184 664  70    0*185 679  60    0*184 696  60    0
25490 09/11*185 654  75  987*185 666  70    0*185 679  65    0*184 694  55    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***                   **          ***  **

25495 09/12*183 713  55    0*182 728  55    0*181 743  55    0*181 761  55    0
25495 09/12*183 709  45    0*182 725  40    0*181 741  45    0*181 757  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

25500 09/13*181 780  55    0*182 798  60    0*183 813  60    0*183 826  60    0
25500 09/13*181 773  55    0*181 787  60    0*182 801  60    0*182 816  60    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25505 09/14*183 838  60    0*183 851  60    0*184 863  60    0*185 875  60    0
25505 09/14*183 832  60    0*183 847  60    0*184 862  60    0*185 875  60    0
                ***              ***              ***      

25510 09/15*187 886  50    0*190 904  55    0*193 914  65    0*194 928  75    0
25510 09/15*187 888  50    0*190 901  45    0*193 914  55    0*194 927  65    0
                ***              ***  **               **          ***  **

25515 09/16*193 937  75    0*191 949  75    0*188 962  70  997*185 974  35    0
25515 09/16*193 940  75    0*191 953  85    0*188 966  70    0*185 978  35    0
                ***              ***  **          ***      ***     ***

25520 HR                    

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane, 
originally storm #6.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ship database, Perez (1971), 
Boose et al. (2004), personal communication from Jose Colon (2010), and Mexican 
station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.

Sept 8: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm 
at 17.2N, 52.8W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 9: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
at 17.5N, 57.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: no gales or low pressures.  "The first intimation of abnormal weather 
previous to this storm was an almost perfect wide quadrant of wind directions 
extending from the Virgin Islands to Barbados on the morning of the 9th.  The 
appearance at that time was that the area named was in the southwest periphery 
of a very wide cyclone area" (MWR).

Sept 10: HWM indicates a low near 15.5N, 65.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.8W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates 
a center at 18N, 64W (am) and at 18N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: 52kt at St. Thomas (MWR); 1001 mb at St. Thomas 
(MWR).  "According to the accustomed nomenclature of West Indian storms the one 
which raked the north coast of Porto Rico on the night of September 10 has been 
named 'San Nicolas' from the saint's day of that date... By the morning of the 
10th the center had passed through the Leewards somewhere near St. Martin and was 
approaching the U.S. Virgin Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix ... By the time 
it had reached San Juan the intensity had increased to a low pressure of 29.17 inches 
[988 mb] and an estimated wind velocity of 90 miles per hour.  This estimate is 
based partially upon a stop watch record made by Pan-American Airways (Inc.) 
officials with their 4-cup Robinson anemometer at the air field and, of course, 
the total mileage and the dial readings of our own [San Juan Weather Bureau 
Office] anemometer" (MWR).

Sept 11: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 60kt winds at 18.5N, 67.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center 
at 18N, 68W (am) and at 17.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 78kt (estimated) at San Juan (MWR); 10 kt with 988 mb at San 
Juan at 3UTC (MWR). "1931 Sept. 10-11, San Nicolas, Hurricane of small diameter... 
The hurricane entered north of Fajardo at 8:00 p.m., San Juan at 10:00 p.m., 
remained over the island that night for 6 hours, moved west at 17 mph, and left 
Aguadilla at 2:00 a.m. of Sept. 11th.  Destruction extended over an area 10 to 12 
miles wide, and damages were mostly to crops, estimated at $200,000.  2 deaths" 
(Perez).  "Two lives were lost and several minor injuries reported in San Juan.  
Much plate glass and light construction were destroyed, and some 50,000 boxes of 
fruit blown from the trees.  The damage was confined to a strip of 5 or 6 miles 
in width extending from San Juan to Aguadilla, the damage varying considerably in 
this area with the character of the crops.  The destructive portion of the storm 
was hardly more than 10 or 12 miles in diameter and the northern half of this was 
off shore.  There was an interval of 15 minutes at San Juan which represented the 
center of the storm, but it is the opinion of the writer that the actual center 
passed a short distance north of San Juan as the first renewal of the wind was 
from the southwest, then after several minutes it became southeasterly.  The wind 
during the first portion of the storm held northwest with practically no variation 
until the lull ... the center passing ... with decreased intensity over Santo 
Domingo City, then again increasing throughout the remaining length of the 
Caribbean Sea" (MWR). "Sep 10-11. "San. Nicolas, several F2 impacts - recommends 
80 kt at landfall in Puerto Rico" (Boose et al.).

Sept 12: HWM now shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 76.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 18.1N, 74.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center at 17.5N, 76W (am) and at 18N, 78W (pm). Ship highlights: 
60kt SSE with 1006mb at 18.2N, 77.0W at 19UTC (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 83.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 81.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center at 18N, 82W (am) and at 18.5N, 84W (pm). 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 14: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
at 18.4N, 86.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1005mb at 
19N, 87W (am) and at 19N, 89.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt ENE at 19.4N, 85.2W at 
12UTC (HWM). Station highlights: 30kt E with 1010mb at Cozumel at 12UTC (HWM).

Sept 15: HWM does not show a system anymore. HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 19.3N, 91.4W, at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicate the 
center at 19N, 92.5W (am) and at 19N, 95W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: 44 kt S and 1012 mb at ~02 UTC at Chetumal, Mexico (MX).

Sept 16: HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.8N, 96.2W at 12UTC.
 MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 997mb at 19.5N, 97.5W only in the 
morning. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 997mb at 
Veracruz at 9UTC and 12UTC (MWR); 83kt E at Veracruz at ~1015UTC (MWR, MX).

HURDAT starts this system on 8 September at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 
52.8W. The timing of genesis and the 40 kt intensity at 18Z on the 8th are both not 
changed, but the position is moved two degrees south of the original HURDAT position.  
Major south-southwestward track adjustments are implemented from 18Z on the 8th 
through 00Z on the 9th.  From 06Z-18Z on the 9th, southwestward track adjustments 
of between 1 and 2 degrees are implemented.  These adjustments were based on 
observations on the 9th.  From 00Z on the 10th through 00Z on the 13th, all track 
changes are less than one degree changes.  Observations are sparse on the 8th 
through the 10th, but Colon (2002) edited by Perez indicates that the cyclone 
passed north of St. Martin during the afternoon of the 10th and closer and to the 
north of St. Thomas on the 10th around sunset.  This indicates that the cyclone 
moved west-northwestward from the 8th to the 10th.  At St. Thomas, a pressure of 
1001 mb and winds of around 52 kt were reported.  The revised track has the center 
of the cyclone passing just a very short distance north of both St. Martin and 
St. Thomas on the 10th, placing these islands on the typically weaker, left side 
of the storm.  No changes to the intensity are analyzed from the 8th through 12Z 
on the 10th, at which time hurricane intensity is shown to have been attained.  
The cyclone turned westward and moved due west along the north coast of Puerto 
Rico early on the 11th.  The center of the cyclone made landfall at some points 
on the Puerto Rican coastline and remained just offshore at other points.  A 
maximum wind of 78 kt was estimated at San Juan before the lull associated with 
the center was experienced there.  A 988 mb minimum pressure (simultaneous with 
10 kt winds) was recorded at San Juan inside the RMW.  This suggests a central 
pressure of about 987 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 11th.  
The 988 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 10th is 
removed.  A central pressure of 987 mb equals 68 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure wind relationship and for its intensifying subset.  A 75 kt 
intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 11th (down from 80 kt originally).  The assessment 
of Boose has 80 kt for the Puerto Rican landfall.  HURDAT previously listed an 
intensity of 85 kt at 18Z on the 10th, and the intensity at that time is lowered to 
70 kt.  After 03Z on the 11th, when the hurricane made its closest approach to San 
Juan, the center continued moving due west along the north coast of Puerto Rico.  
By about 09Z on the 11th, the cyclone had finished interacting with the island of 
Puerto Rico and it moved over water before making landfall in the Dominican Republic 
around 14Z on the 11th.  At this point, the center is analyzed to have moved slightly 
south of due west, or about 265 degrees for the next 24 hours or so.  The cyclone 
was over or interacting with the island of Hispaniola from 14Z on the 11th to 12Z on 
the 12th.  Since there are no more observations of the peak intensity on the 11th, 
and since the cyclone was interacting with land, the analyzed intensity is decreased 
by 10 kt every 6 hr from 18Z on the 11th to 00Z on the 12th and then bottoming out 
at 40 kt at 06Z on the 12th (originally 55 kt).  At 12Z on the 12th, the cyclone 
emerged over water between Haiti and Jamaica.  A 60 kt ship at 19Z indicates that 
the system quickly rebounded once it left the coast of Hispaniola, so the intensity 
is bumped up to 45 kt at 12Z and 60 kt at 18Z over the Caribbean.  60 kt is also the 
landfall intensity for Jamaica, though it is possible that this system reached 
minimal hurricane intensity briefly before reaching the coast.  The cyclone was over 
Jamaica from 20Z on the 12th to 03Z on the 13th.  It continued westward and made 
landfall slightly north of Belize's border with the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico 
around 19Z on the 14th.  The positions on the 13th are shifted about 1 degree to 
the east of the previous HURDAT positions, but very minor track changes of less 
than half a degree are analyzed for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime.  The 
HURDAT intensity of 60 kt from 12Z on the 13th through 18Z on the 14th is not 
changed due to a lack of observations.  However, one important observation - a max 
wind of 44 kt (1-minute) at Chetumal, is good evidence that the tropical storm 
was maintaining its intensity.  The cyclone is analyzed to have passed very slightly 
to the north of that station around 22Z on the 14th.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have weakened to 50 kt by 00Z on the 15th, and a 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z 
on the 15th (down from 55 kt originally) as the cyclone moved further inland.  It 
emerged over the Bay of Campeche around 10Z on the 15th, and then made its final 
landfall just east of Veracruz on the 16th at 09Z at 18.9N, 95.9W.  Veracruz reported
a maximum wind of 83 kt from the east at 1015Z (pressure missing).  The lowest 
available pressure from Veracruz is 997 mb recorded at 09Z (wind missing), but the 
pressure at the time of the maximum wind was likely much lower.  85 kt is chosen 
for the intensity at 06Z on the 16th (up from 75 kt originally) and landfall.  
A 40 kt intensity increase in 24 hours is analyzed from 06Z on the 15th to 06Z on 
the 16th.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 65 kt for 12Z 
on the 16th and 46 kt for 18Z.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic 
times are 83 kt at 12Z and there are no available observations from 18Z.  
No changes are made to the original intensities listed in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z 
of 70 and 35 kt respectively.  The cyclone moved over the high terrain of Mexico 
between 12-18Z, and a more rapid dissipation occurred after that time compared 
with what Kaplan and DeMaria would suggest.  No change is made to the timing of 
dissipation.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised 2012

25525 09/25/1931 M= 3  7 SNBR= 567 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25525 09/23/1931 M= 7  8 SNBR= 567 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *

The 23rd and 24th are new to HURDAT.
25527 09/23*  0   0   0    0*185 517  25    0*190 520  30    0*196 523  30    0
25528 09/24*202 526  35    0*208 528  35    0*215 530  40    0*223 532  40    0

25530 09/25*  0   0   0    0*223 530  35    0*250 545  35    0*263 548  35    0
25530 09/25*232 533  45    0*241 534  45    0*250 535  50    0*261 535  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

25535 09/26*274 547  35    0*284 543  35    0*293 539  35    0*301 535  35    0
25535 09/26*273 531  50    0*285 527  50    0*297 523  50    0*306 522  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25540 09/27*309 530  35    0*316 525  35    0*324 520  35    0*335 510  30    0
25540 09/27*313 522  55    0*320 522  55    0*328 522  60    0*339 522  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

The 28th and 29th are new to HURDAT
25542 09/28*353 522  65    0*370 520  65    0*390 512  60    0E410 501  55    0
25543 09/29E428 487  55    0E448 463  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

25545 TS
25545 HR                    
      **

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone, 
originally storm #7.  Major changes are analyzed to the genesis and dissipation 
(the cyclone is begun two days earlier and ended a day later), and the peak 
intensity is now shown to have been a hurricane (previously only a tropical storm).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series 
and the COADS ship database.

Sept 22: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system yet. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures.

Sept 23: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system yet. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures.

Sept 24: HWM indicates a low pressure near 21N, 57W at 12UTC. HURDAT does 
not list the system yet. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1006mb at 21.5N, 
51.5W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb near 25N, 55W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm at 22.3N, 53.0W at 6UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45kt S at 24.7N, 52.1W at 12UTC (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb near 31N, 51.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.3N, 53.9W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35kt S with 1011mb at 29.5N, 49.5W at 0UTC (COA).  
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb at 32.5N, 53W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 32.4N, 52.0W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept. 28: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT does not list the system anymore. 
Ship highlights: 60kt SE with 1001mb at 36.5N, 52.5W at 3UTC (COA); 
45kt W with 991mb at 36.5N, 52.5W at 6UTC (COA). 

Originally, HURDAT indicated that a tropical storm formed on 25 September at 
06Z at 22.3N, 53.0W with a 35 kt intensity.  Available observations from HWM 
and COADS indicate that a closed circulation formed on 23 September and the 
first gale associated with the system occurred on the 24th.  This cyclone is 
begun as a tropical depression on 23 September and the intensity is increased 
to tropical storm strength on the 24th.  On the 23rd and 24th, the cyclone moved 
slowly north-northwestward from 18.5N, 51.7W to 23.2N, 53.3W by 00Z on the 25th.  
Track changes on the 25th and 26th range from one to two degrees.  The revised 
intensities on the 24th and 25th were determined by choosing a wind speed 5 kt 
above the highest available ship observation.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen on 
the 24th at 12 and 18Z due to two 35 kt ship observations on the 24th.  The 
intensity is bumped up to 50 kt by 12Z on the 25th (up from 35 kt originally) 
due to a 45 kt ship observation at that time.  Since the highest observed wind 
on the 26th is 35 kt, the 50 kt intensity is held through the 26th.  On the 26th 
and 27th, the cyclone was moving slowly northward, crossing 30N in the central 
Atlantic, but no gales were observed on the 27th.  Although there were ships in 
the outer circulation on the 27th, there were none in the high wind area that 
day.  Although HURDAT lists a final position at 18Z on the 27th as a 30 kt 
tropical depression, ships in the area early on the 28th indicate that the 
tropical cyclone had strengthened from a few days prior.  A time series from what 
appears to be either a single ship or two ships in a similar location on the 28th 
from 00-12Z revealed a highest reported wind of 60 kt (with 1001 mb) and three 
hours later a lowest reported pressure of 991 mb (with 45 kt- possibly inside 
the RMW).  The data shows isothermal air temperatures on all sides of the low 
around 73 to 75 degrees.  The highest winds are found close to the center and 
the cyclone's structure appears still tropical on the 28th.  A peripheral 
pressure of 991 mb suggests winds of greater than 61 kt according to the Landsea 
et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  However, using the 10-kt 
per mb rule (assuming the 991 mb with 45 kt observation is inside the RMW), the 
central pressure was likely near 987 mb.  A central pressure of 987 mb yields a 
wind speed of 66 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
This observation, combined with the 60 kt wind observed three hours earlier, 
provides good evidence that this system was a 65 kt hurricane.  A 65 kt 
intensity is chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 28th, making the cyclone a hurricane.  
The 50 kt intensity, which is analyzed from 12Z on the 25th through 18Z on the 
26th, is slowly ramped up to 65 kt by 00Z on the 28th, so that by the final 
point in the original HURDAT at 18Z on the 27th, a 60 kt intensity is analyzed 
(up from 30 kt originally).  Major upward intensity revisions of 20-30 kt are 
implemented at all times on the 27th.  The hurricane is analyzed to have 
weakened to a tropical storm at 12Z on the 28th.  Observations indicate that 
the cyclone became extratropical by 18Z on the 28th as it continued moving 
northeastward.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 50 kt by 06Z on the 
29th, because after a 45 kt gale was observed at 07Z on the 29th, no more gales 
were observed in the vicinity of this system.  The revised final position, at 
06Z on the 29th is 44.8N, 46.3W as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone.  Thereafter, 
the cyclone dissipated or may have been absorbed by a front ahead of another 
approaching extratropical low.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 9 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

25546 10/13/1931 M= 4  9 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0   
25547 10/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*248 756  30    0*251 762  30    0
25548 10/14*254 769  30    0*258 776  30    0*262 781  30    0*267 781  30    0
25549 10/15*273 780  30    0*279 778  35    0*285 774  35    0*291 761  40    0
25549 10/16*300 740  40    0*311 718  40    0E325 692  35    0*  0   0   0    0

HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in 
HURDAT, occurred from 13-16 October in the western Atlantic.

October 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT did not previously list 
this system.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 75W.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25N, 77W.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 78W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27N, 78W with a 1010 mb 
pressure.  No gales or low pressures.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N, 77W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29N, 75W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt S before 22Z slightly north of NNE of 28.9N, 73.3W (MWR); 
30 kt SW with 1003 mb at 22Z at 28.9N, 73.3W (MWR).

October 16: HWM analyzes a spot low near 35N, 70W in an elongated trough with an 
occluded front extending from 45N, 75W to 41N, 73W, becoming a cold front at 38N, 
74W extending to 35N, 79W to 33N, 84W to 32N, 91W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36N, 69W with a 1001 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 20 kt WNW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 69.2W (COA).

A low pressure system formed over the Bahamas on 12-13 October.  The low may 
have formed from a decayed frontal boundary, but temperatures were warm and the 
structure was tropical.  On the 12th, there were not any west winds and it was 
still a trough.  On the 13th, there was a SSW wind, and based on this, the system 
is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on 13 October at 24.8N, 75.6W.  
The cyclone moved slowly west-northwestward and at 12Z on the 14th was located 
over the northwestern Bahamas.  On the 15th, the cyclone began a turn to the 
northeast.  The only gale directly associated with the cyclone was measured on 
the afternoon of the 15th - a 35 kt wind from a ship.  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 15th.  The same ship 
recorded a 1003 mb pressure with 30 kt winds at 22Z on the 15th at 28.9N, 73.3W.  
The analyzed position at 00Z on the 16th is 30.0N, 74.0W.  Assuming a central 
pressure in the ballpark of 1000 mb, that equals 44 kt according to the Brown 
et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 45 kt for its intensifying 
subset.  The cyclone appears to have had a somewhat broader inner-core or 
circulation than a normal tropical cyclone, so 40 kt is chosen for the peak 
intensity from 18Z on the 15th through 06Z on the 16th.  By that time, the 
cyclone began accelerating northeastward ahead of an approaching frontal system 
emerging off the east coast of the United States.  Ship observations at 12Z on 
the 16th indicate pressures below 1005 mb over a very large area between 30-42N, 
64-74W.  The analysis indicates that there were likely two sources that combined 
to produce this broad area of low pressure - the tropical cyclone to the south 
and the system to the north emerging off the east coast of the United States.  
Since observations in between the two lows are sparse at 12Z on the 16th, it is 
possible that they were still two separate entities at 12Z.  The tropical 
cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 16th with a 
position of 32.5N, 69.2W and a 35 kt intensity.  The other low to the north 
was located near 36N, 70W at that time.  The position of the former tropical 
cyclone at 12Z on the 16th is analyzed to be the final position before the 
cyclone combined with the other area of low pressure to its north.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 10 (originally Storm 8) - Revised 2012

25550 10/18/1931 M= 5  8 SNBR= 568 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25550 10/18/1931 M= 5 10 SNBR= 568 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

25555 10/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 860  35    0
25555 10/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*172 855  30    0*180 847  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***

25560 10/19*193 831  40    0*202 817  40    0*210 804  40    0*219 790  35    0
25560 10/19*188 838  40    0*197 828  40    0*206 816  40    0*217 802  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

25565 10/20*228 775  35    0*234 763  35    0*240 749  35    0*252 724  35    0
25565 10/20*230 781  35    0*244 756  40    0*258 731  40    0*267 706  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25570 10/21*265 697  40    0*276 673  40    0*287 648  40    0*297 623  40    0
25570 10/21E272 685  45    0E276 668  45    0E280 648  50    0E285 623  55    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **     ****      **     ****      **
  
25575 10/22*304 594  40    0*308 563  35    0*312 531  30    0*316 509  25    0
25575 10/22E293 594  55    0E303 563  55    0E312 534  55    0E316 509  55    0
           ****      **     ****      **     *    ***  **     *         **

25580 TS                    

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm, 
originally storm #8.  A major alteration also is to indicate an extratropical cyclone 
stage for the last two days of its existence.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map Series, Monthly Weather Review, COADS ship database, 
and Perez et al. (2000).

October 16: HWM indicates there is a broad low near 10N, 82.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT does 
not list this system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures.  Perez et al. - after Ortiz - suggest starting the system as 
a tropical depression on the 16th and 17th in the western Caribbean.

October 17: HWM indicates a broad low of at most 1010mb centered roughly near 14N, 
87W at 12UTC. HURDAT does not list this system yet. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

October 18: HWM suggests the presence of a N-S trough in the western Caribbean Sea 
and analyzes a spot low near 13.5N, 82W at 12 UTC.  HURDAT begins this system as a 
tropical storm at 17.0N, 86.0W at 18UTC.  Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1004 mb at 
12Z at 17.8N, 82.8W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

October 19: HWM loses the low in the Caribbean. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm at 21.0N, 80.4W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates a center with 1012mb 
at 25N, 75W (am) and at 25.5N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.5N, 72W 
with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front extending 
west-southwestward from the low.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm near 
24.0N, 74.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1007mb at 26N, 
69.5W (am) and at 27N, 67W (pm).  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 
27.0N, 79.8W (COA).  Three other gales of 35 kt.  Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures.  "Two barometric depressions, apparently weak tropical disturbances 
in origin, appeared over the region of the Bahamas, the first between the 12th and 
15th and the second about a week later.  The first development produced no high 
winds so far as reports in hand indicate, but the second caused moderate to fresh 
gales on the 20th and 22d as it moved northeastward into the middle-western part 
of the Atlantic" (MWR).

October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 
28N, 61W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front extending 
southwestward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 28.7N, 64.8W at 
12Z.  MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 28N, 63W (am) and at 29.5N, 58.5W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with 998mb at 27.4N, 67.0W at 10UTC (MWR); 45 kt N (MWR); 
25 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 27.9N, 62.1W (COA); 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 16Z at 
30.5N, 60.5W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 20Z at 30.5N, 61.5W (COA); 35 kt SW and 
1004 mb at 21Z at 25.6N, 61.6W (MWR).

October 22: HWM shows a frontal system with a pressure minimum of below 1000mb near 
32N, 52W at 12UTC.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 31.2N, 53.1W at 
12Z.  MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 997mb at 31N, 53W (am).  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt SW and 998 mb at 12Z at 28.2N, 54.5W (COA); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 
13Z at 30.0N, 53.4W (MWR); 50 kt SSW at 19Z at 29.5N, 50.5W (COA).  At least four 
other gales between 35-45 kt and at least seven other low pressures between 
999-1003 mb.  Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

HURDAT started this system originally at 18Z on 18 October as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 17N, 86W.  The recommendation by Perez et al. to begin the system as 
a tropical depression on the 16th and 17th was not implemented, as observations - 
while showing a distinct trough - do not show a closed low on those dates. 
Observations do indicate, however, that a closed low existed by 12Z on the 18th, 
so genesis is analyzed to have occurred six hours earlier than previously shown in 
HURDAT with a 12Z position of 17.2N, 85.5W.  However, the cyclone is begun as a 
30 kt tropical depression, and the 35 kt tropical storm intensity at 18Z on the 
18th is unchanged from HURDAT.  The cyclone traveled northeastward throughout its 
lifetime, crossing Cuba on the 19th, the Bahamas on the 20th, and accelerating to 
the central Atlantic on the 21st and 22nd.  Track changes were minor (less than 2 
degrees) from the 18th through 06Z on the 20th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
made a Cuban landfall at 18Z on 19 October as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.8N, 
80.0W.  The reason why the HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 19th is increased from 
35 to 40 kt is because the landfall time was changed due to the track changes.  
HURDAT originally showed a 40 kt intensity at the point before Cuban landfall, 
and no changes were made to this 40 kt intensity for Cuba.  The cyclone was over 
Cuba until 22Z on the 19th.  The analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 20th is 35 kt, 
showing that the storm weakened by 5 kt while over Cuba.  Minor upward intensity 
adjustments of 5 kt are implemented at 18Z on the 19th and on the 20th from 06-18Z.  
A few 35 kt gales were observed on the 20th, and analyzed intensity is 40 kt.  
Major northeastward track adjustments of over 2 degrees are analyzed at 12 and 
18Z on the 20th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 00Z on 
the 21st.  HURDAT previously did not list this cyclone as ever having become 
extratropical, so an extratropical stage is added into HURDAT on the 21st and 22nd 
- this is a major change to HURDAT.  Track adjustments on the 21st and 22nd were 
minor.  However, the intensity was adjusted upward on the 21st and 22nd due to 
ship observations of winds as high as 50 kt and pressures as low as 997 mb.  
Major upward intensity revisions of 20 to 30 kt are implemented on 22 October 
from 06-18Z.  A 55 kt intensity is analyzed from 18Z on the 21st through 18Z on 
the 22nd.  No change is made to the timing or position of dissipation (18Z on 22 
October at 31.6N 50.9W) as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

25581 11/01/1931 M= 5  11 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25581 11/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 835  30    0*176 838  30    0
25581 11/02*177 841  35    0*178 843  40    0*180 845  45    0*182 845  50    0
25581 11/03*183 844  50    0*184 842  50    0*185 840  50    0*184 841  50    0
25581 11/04*182 843  50    0*179 846  45    0*175 850  40    0*175 850  35    0
25581 11/05*176 847  35    0*178 844  30    0*180 840  30    0*182 837  25    0
25581 TS                    

Evidence from HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical storm, previously 
undocumented in HURDAT, meandered in the western Caribbean Sea from 1-5 November.

October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11N, 82W. 
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 29: HWM analyzes no features of interest in the Western Caribbean.  
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Honduras 
near 15N, 86W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Nicaragua 
near 14N, 84W.  Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16N, 83W. 
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N,
84W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 10 UTC 17.5N 86.5W (COA) and four additional 
45 kt reports from the same ship (likely the San Blas);  35 kt NNW and 1012 mb 
at 13 UTC at 16.8N 85.5W (COA).  No low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or 
low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "A mild disturbance over the western 
Caribbean Sea produced a distinctive cyclonic circulation which was reported of 
gale force on the 2nd by the Panamanian ship San Blas, but the disturbance 
failed to develop a definite center of low pressure" (MWR).

November 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 82W. 
Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW at 06 UTC at 17.5N 87.5W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1015 mb 
at 00 UTC at 16.3N 86.7W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1014 mb at 01 UTC at 18.7N 85.3W (COA); 
45 kt NW at 06 UTC at 20.0N 86.0W (COA); two other gales.  No low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 84W. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 15.8N 86.8W (COA); 35 kt NW 
and 1011 mb at 09 UTC and 10 UTC at 17.0N, 87.0W (MWR/COA); 35 kt WNW and 1011 
mb at 12 UTC at 17.3N, 86.4W (HWM).  A few other gales.  No low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 82W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Ship observations as well as quotes in MWR indicate that a tropical depression 
formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 1 November near Swan Island, became a 
tropical storm by the 2nd, and meandered very slowly westward through the 5th 
of November.  Numerous gales were reported from the 2nd to the 4th.  
Observations during much of the system's lifetime show that winds on the southeast 
side of the cyclone were light compared to the other quadrants, but there are 
enough observations to analyze a closed circulation.  Additionally, the thermal 
structure was analyzed, which indicated relatively isothermal for the four days 
the system had tropical storm force winds.  Since a closed circulation is analyzed 
along with numerous observations of gale force winds from at least five separate 
ships and the isothermal structure, this system is added to HURDAT. In general, 
these gale force winds were 75 to 200 nm from the center suggesting that the 
system did have some subtropical cyclone characteristics. The highest winds 
recorded on the 2nd were 45 kt and 50 kt winds were recorded on the 3rd. Winds 
as high as 40 kt were recorded on the 4th.  It is noted that there may have been 
some funneling of winds and slightly cooler air along the east coast of Central 
America on the 2nd to the 4th in association with this system.  However, a 
distinct minimum in wind speed occurred in the winds north of the system near the 
Yucatan Channel, western Cuba, and south Florida, suggesting that the cyclone 
was a separate entity producing (at least in part) the numerous tropical storm 
force winds.  After the 4th, there were no more observations of gale force winds, 
and the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression on 5 November 
before dissipating about 100 nmi east of the coastline at the border between Belize 
and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.  The peak analyzed intensity is 50 kt from 18Z 
on 2 November to 00Z on 4 November.  This cyclone did not make any landfalls.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 12 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

25582 11/11/1931 M= 5 12 SNBR= 570 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25582 11/11*118   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*115 790  30    0*115 793  30    0
25582 11/12*115 795  30    0*116 797  30    0*117 800  30    0*118 802  30    0
25582 11/13*120 805  35    0*122 808  35    0*125 810  35    0*130 812  35    0
25582 11/14*136 814  40    0*143 817  40    0*150 820  45    0*155 824  45    0
25582 11/15*160 829  40    0*165 836  40    0*170 845  35    0*175 856  35    0
25582 11/16*180 869  35    0*185 884  30    0*190 900  25    0*195 918  25    0
25582 TS                    

HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previous undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred from 11-16 November in the western Caribbean Sea.

November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 81W. 
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12N, 80W. 
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 12N, 78W. 
Ship highlights: 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 12.3N, 76.1W (COA).  
No gales. No other low pressures.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 11N, 77W. 
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity:
"Another gale was reported in the western Caribbean, and news dispatches reported 
extraordinary rains and storm damage in Honduras, but these appear to have been 
due to an intensification of the trade winds rather than to a true tropical disturbance" (MWR).

November 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 11: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  
Ship/Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 12: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure in the extreme southwestern 
Caribbean Sea near Panama.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 
11.8N, 78.4W (HWM).  No gales.  No other low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 09 UTC at 10.7N, 78.4W (COA); 
10 kt E and 1005 mb at 21 UTC at 11.7N, 76.9W (COA).  No gales.  No other low pressures.  
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 14: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure in the extreme southwestern
Caribbean Sea near Costa Rica.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 11 UTC 
at 16.8N, 82.0W (COA); 45 kt E before 21 UTC at 15.6N, 81.2W (MWR); 30 kt E and 
1005 mb at 21 UTC at 15.5N, 81.5W (COA).  One other gale.  No other low pressures. 
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 17.5N, 86.5W (COA).  No gales.  
No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.

November 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship/Land highlights: 
No gales or low pressures associated with this system.

Observations indicate that an area of low pressure began to take shape on 
6 November near 11.0N, 80.5W.  This low moved little from 6 to 9 November, and 
a lack of observations on the 10th and 11th made it difficult to determine whether 
this low moved off to the northeast or whether went on to become the tropical 
cyclone on 11 November, which is the feature of interest discussed here.  Either 
way, by 11-12 November, observations indicated a tropical cyclone formed in the 
southwestern Caribbean Sea.  On the 13th, the cyclone began moving toward the 
northwest, and two gales were recorded on the 14th.  In addition to these two 
gales, several low pressure observations (mostly 1003-1005 mb) were recorded 
between 12-15 November.  Due to the analysis of a closed circulation along with 
two gale observations and several low pressure observations, this system is added 
to HURDAT.  The cyclone is analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity at 
00Z on the 13th, and a peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 12-18Z on the 14th.  
The cyclone passed a short distance northeast of the eastern tip of Honduras late 
on the 14th.  Landfall is analyzed around 04Z on the 16th as a 35 kt tropical storm 
near the border between Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.  The highest 
observed wind on the 15th (the day before landfall) was 30 kt, and the cyclone is 
analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm prior to landfall.  After 
landfall, this cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and the final point is 
listed at 18Z on 16 November at 19.5N, 91.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression before 
a closed circulation was no longer indicated by observations.

*******************************************************************************

1931 Storm 13 (originally Storm 9) - Revised in 2012

25585 11/22/1931 M= 4  9 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25585 11/22/1931 M= 4 13 SNBR= 569 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

25590 11/22*  0   0   0    0*193 616  35    0*209 632  35    0*219 640  35    0
25590 11/22*  0   0   0    0*220 637  35    0*228 645  35    0*235 652  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25595 11/23*231 650  35    0*246 661  35    0*259 673  35    0*266 681  35    0
25595 11/23*243 659  35    0*251 667  35    0*259 675  40    0*266 687  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

25600 11/24*273 689  35    0*280 702  40    0*287 719  40    0*289 728  40    0
25600 11/24*273 704  50    0*280 723  55    0*285 741  55    0*283 748  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25605 11/25*288 738  40    0*286 750  40    0*282 763  35    0*270 789  30    0
25605 11/25*280 752  50    0*277 755  40    0*274 758  35    0*271 762  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25610 TS                    

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm, 
originally storm #9.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

Nov 20: "On Friday [Nov 20] the weather was unsettled.  Rain, thunder and lightning 
made their appearance" (The Antigua Magnet Nov 24. From Chenoweth).

Nov 21: "Heavy rains on Saturday night [Nov 21] flooded a portion of the Union 
Experiment Station but fortunately the damage done is not serious.  (in 3 hours, 
3.50 inches of rain, and high tide coincided with the peak flow of the stream, 
causing the flood)" (Voice of St. Lucia Nov 26. from Chenoweth).

Nov 22: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm 
at 19.3N, 61.6W at 6UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 21N, 63W (am) 
and at 24N, 65W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt ENE at 24.3N, 56.9W at 12UTC (COA); 
45kt E with 1016mb at 26.5N, 55.5W at 0UTC (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Nov 23: HWM shows signs of a wave axis between 20-30N and 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
has this system as a tropical storm near 25.9N, 67.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of 
Lows indicates the center with 1010mb at 26.5N, 68W (am) and at 28N, 69W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1008mb at 29.5N, 67.5W at 20UTC (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Nov 24: HWM does not show a low but indicates there might be one near 70W between 
20N and 30N at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 28.7N, 
71.9W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center with 1003mb at 29N, 72W 
(am) and at 28.5N, 83W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt ESE at 31.2N, 70.3W after 
12UTC (MWR); 50kt W at 26.3N, 75.3W after 17UTC (MWR); 25kt NNW with 998mb at 
28.5N, 74.5W at 12UTC (COA); Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Nov 25: HWM does not show a system. HURDAT has this system as a tropical storm 
centered near 28.2N, 76.3W at 12UTC. MWR's Tracks of Lows indicates the center 
with 1008mb at 28.5N, 76W only in the morning. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with 
1004mb at 26.5N, 74.5W at 5UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

A tropical storm formed north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on 22 November 
at 06Z (no change to the timing of genesis).  The cyclone traveled northwestward 
from genesis until the 24th, when it turned westward and west-southwestward on 
the 25th north of the Bahamas and east of Florida.  Observations indicate that 
the positions at 06-12Z on the 22nd need to be moved more than 2 degrees to the 
northwest of the previous HURDAT positions; thus major track changes are 
implemented at those times.  Minor northwestward track adjustments are implemented 
from 18Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd.  Significant westward track 
adjustments are implemented from 00Z on the 24th to 00Z on the 25th with a major 
track change at 12Z on the 24th.  Finally, another major track change is made at 
the last 6-hourly point for this cyclone - 18Z on the 25th (an eastward adjustment).  
A peak intensity of 55 kt is analyzed on 24 November from 06-18Z based on two 
separate 50 kt ship observations.  HURDAT previously listed a peak intensity of 
40 kt from 06Z on the 24th to 06Z on the 25th.  Minor upward intensity 
adjustments of 5 to 15 kt are implemented at all times from 12Z on the 23rd 
through 00Z on the 25th.  The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a 
tropical depression at 18Z on the 25th (no change), and no change is made to the 
timing of dissipation.

Note: It is possible that this system could have been subtropical for some 
of its lifetime. 

******************************************************************************

1931 Additional Notes:

There are no additional suspects of note.


******************************************************************************


1932 Storm #1 - 2012 Revision

25615 05/05/1932 M= 7  1 SNBR= 570 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25620 05/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 800  35    0*125 786  35    0
25620 05/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*147 750  25    0*148 748  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25625 05/06*131 771  35    0*139 756  35    0*147 741  35    0*160 725  35    0
25625 05/06*149 745  35    0*150 741  35    0*153 735  40    0*160 725  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **

25630 05/07*174 712  40    0*185 702  40    0*197 695  35    0*210 688  35    0
25630 05/07*170 715  40    0*183 705  40    0*197 695  45    0*210 688  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

25635 05/08*224 682  35    0*237 677  40    0*248 673  40    0*258 671  40    0
25635 05/08*224 682  50    0*237 677  50    0*248 673  55    0*258 671  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

25640 05/09*266 670  45    0*274 670  45    0*281 671  45    0*286 672  40    0
25640 05/09*266 670  55    0*274 670  55    0*281 671  55    0*289 672  55    0
                     **               **               **      ***      **

25645 05/10*291 673  40    0*296 675  40    0*302 679  40    0*308 686  35    0
25645 05/10*298 673  50    0*308 675  45    0*320 679  40    0*334 686  35    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***        

25650 05/11*317 699  30    0*320 708  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25650 05/11E350 699  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           ****              *** ***  **

25655 TS                    

Major changes to the track, but only minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  A major change is to indicate a brief extratropical transition 
phase during the decay of the system.  Evidence for these changes comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

May 5: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 12.0N, 80.0W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

May 6: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
at 14.7N, 74.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 15 kt and 1003 mb at 12Z at 12.9N 69.7W (COA, HWM - likely 
unreliable pressure reading); 20 kt ESE 1004 mb at 09Z at 15.5N 70.5W (COA).

May 7: HWM indicates a closed low near 20N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm at 19.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows  shows the 
system at 19N 70W.  Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 35kt NE with pressure of 1015mb at  25.5N, 67.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

May 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 25N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 24.8N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Lows shows the system at 23N 69W with 1001 mb pressure.  Station highlight: No 
gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt SE with pressure of 997mb at 26.5N, 
67.5W at 1200 UTC (MWR); 35kt NNE with pressure of 1011mb at 27.0N, 71.5W at 1200 
UTC (HWM).  "There was considerable cyclonic activity in the vicinity of the 
Bermudas, from the 8th to the 10th" (MWR).

May 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 27.5N, 67W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 28.1N, 67.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Lows shows the system at 29N 68W with 995 mb pressure.  Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure of 995mb at 27N, 
67W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

May 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 63.5W with a warm 
front extending east from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 30.2N, 
67.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 32N 68W.  
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt SW with 
pressure of 996mb at 27.2N, 63.1W at 0800 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW near 27.2N 63.1W 
(no time available - MWR).

May 11:  HWM shows a closed low (not the original system) of at most 1010 mb at 
32N 78W with a warm front extending east from the low and a cold front to the 
southwest.  HURDAT lists this a a Tropical Depression at 32N 70.8W at 06 UTC 
(last position).  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows shows the system at 34N 
72W with 1007 mb pressure.  There are no gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) observed.

Major changes are introduced to the genesis location of this tropical storm, 
with the new position about 300 nm to the east-northeast of the original HURDAT.  
This is due to numerous observations on the 5th which indicates a secondary 
center in the southwestern Caribbean near the original genesis point, but a 
more prominent low center to the east-northeast.  The system is begun as a 
25 kt tropical depression (down from a 35 kt tropical storm) based upon 
numerous ship and station observations.  Minor track alterations made for 
all days of the duration of the cyclone, except for major changes northward 
on the last two positions retained in HURDAT.  A 1004 mb peripheral pressure 
at 09Z on the 6th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al. 
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Due to low environmental pressures, 
winds at 12Z are boosted to just 40 kt (from 35 kt originally).  The first 
observed gale in association with this system was a 12Z on the 7th 35 kt and 
1015 mb observation from a ship about 350 nm from the center.  This may 
indicate that the cyclone exhibited some subtropical cyclone characteristics 
and/or was in part forced by the strong synoptic-scale pressure gradient north 
of the system.  A 997 mb peripheral pressure at 12Z on the 8th suggests winds 
of at least 53 kt and 49 kt from the south and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship, respectively.  Winds are chosen to be 55 kt at 12Z, up from 40 kt 
originally.  A 995 mb peripheral pressure at 12Z on the 9th suggests winds of 
at least 52 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt is 
chosen for the winds at 12Z, up from 45 kt originally.  A ship - the Florida II 
(IY003665 in COADS) - reported SW 30 kt with simultaneous minimum pressure of 
996 mb on the 10th and subsequently (no time available) reported a peak wind of 
NW 45 kt.  Further inspection of this ship reveals extreme inconsistency between 
its winds, pressures, and positions with several nearby ships on the 8th, 9th, 
and 10th.  As it cannot be determined whether the data is right and the position 
wrong (or vice versa), the observations from this ship are not utilized in the 
reanalysis.  55 kt is the new peak intensity for the system lasting from 12Z on 
the 8th to 18Z on the 9th.  The system weakened during the 10th and became 
extratropical early on the 11th before being absorbed in a frontal boundary.  
This extratropical phase is newly added into HURDAT.  The scenario of the system 
continuing several more days as an extratropical system moving northeastward 
across the north Atlantic as suggested by the MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows is 
discounted, as this was a separate, baroclinic development.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #2 - 2012 Revision

25660 08/12/1932 M= 4  2 SNBR= 571 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
25665 08/12*220 903  35    0*230 908  40    0*240 913  45    0*247 917  50    0
25665 08/12*220 903  35    0*230 908  40    0*240 913  45    0*247 916  50    0
                                                                   ***

25670 08/13*254 921  55    0*263 927  65    0*272 933  90    0*281 940 110    0
25670 08/13*254 919  55    0*261 923  65    0*270 928  90    0*279 937 110    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25675 08/14*289 947 125  942*296 953  90    0*303 960  60  987*310 967  35    0
25675 08/14*286 946 125  942*291 955 100  942*297 963  65  987*305 971  40    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25680 08/15*319 975  25 1002*329 984  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25680 08/15*314 979  30 1002*324 987  25    0*335 995  25    0*3451003  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *******  **

25685 HRCTX4                
25685 HRCTX4BTX1                
            ****

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8/14/1932      0400Z 29.0N  95.2W  130kt  4   10nmi    935mb   CTX4,BTX1

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, 
Texas Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. 
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

Aug 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 87.5W. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 88W. HURDAT did not 
begin the system until 00 UTC on the 12th.  Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Its origins may be 
tentatively traced to a slightly disturbed condition on the evening of the 10th, 
between Belize and Tela in Honduras" (MWR).  Perez et al. (following Ortiz) 
suggested a formation of the cyclone at 12Z on the 11th near 23.3N 85.6W.

Aug 12-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5, 92.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 24.0N, 91.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 92W. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt SSE at 27.1N, 92.0W (no time given) (MWR).  
"On the morning of the 12th, vessels in the northern Gulf indicated a disturbed 
condition over the middle Gulf" (MWR).

Aug 13- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 93W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 2 hurricane with 90kt winds at 27.2N, 93.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 94W with pressure of 978mb. 
Station highlight: 51kt SE at Galveston (no time given) (MWR). Ship highlight: 
50kt NE with pressure of 1000mb at 26.7N, 91.6W at 1200 UTC (MWR); 45kt SW with 
pressure of 978mb at 27.0N, 93.0W in the morning (MWR). "The Gulf storm of 
August 13, 1932, was phenomenal in that it lacked hurricane characteristics 
until the 12th and even early on the 13th it seemed to be of only moderate 
intensity, at which time it was some 75 to 90 miles southeast of Galveston" 
(Texas Climatological Data).

Aug 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 98.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 30.3N, 96.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 30N, 97W with pressure of 999mb. Station highlight: 
938 mb at Velasco, TX (Texas Climatological Data); 941 mb at Angelton, TX (Texas 
Climatological Data); 942mb and calm at East Columbia, TX, 29.1N, 95.6W, at 0640 
UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 942mb and calm at 29.0N, 94.8W at 0130 UTC (MWR); 949 
mb at 0325Z and >70 kt from 0310 to 0629Z at 28.9N 95.3W (MWR).  "During the night 
of the 13th, the center crossed the coast line near and slightly to the east of 
Freeport, passing almost over East Columbia (Brazoria County) in the interior.  
Winds of hurricane force were experienced near the center even for some distance 
inland" (MWR).  "From that point until it struck the coast near Velasco, Brazoria 
County, it developed marked energy, moving inland almost directly over East 
Columbia.  Reports indicate that winds were of full hurricane force in Brazoria 
County, diminishing thereafter as it advanced in a north-northwesterly direction 
over the State attended by heavy to excessive rains on the 14-15th... Deaths 
directly due to storms (mostly in Brazoria County), forty; many injured; 
probably 200.  Property damage, largely buildings and crops in Galveston, Harris, 
Brazoria, Fort Bend, Wharton, and Matagorda counties (heaviest in Brazoria County), 
about $7,500,000.  The most serious Houston damage was the destruction of a 
hangar and several planes at Airport.  Cotton and rice suffered most in rural 
districts" (Texas Climatological Data).  "Aug 13 1932, Center Crossed Coast - 
Freeport, Estimate Lowest - 941 mb" (Connor).  "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - 
Aug. 13, Freeport, Major ["Major" indicates winds between 88 and 117 kt], 
40 killed, damage $7.5 million" (Dunn and Miller).  "1013 mb environmental 
pressure, 110 kt equivalent 1 min surface winds at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.).  
"Aug. 14, 942 mb central pressure, observed at East Columbia, TX, 12 nm RMW, 
15 kt translational speed, landfall at 29.1N 95.1W, S.S. Nicarao recorded lowest 
pressure of 942 mb near 29.0N 94.8W at 0130Z" (Ho et al.).  "N Texas, 
Category 4, 941 mb" (Jarrell et al.).  

Aug 15 - HWM shows a trough of low pressure over Texas and Oklahoma.  HURDAT lists 
this system as a Tropical Depression at 32.9N 98.4W at 06 UTC (last position 
available).  The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32N, 99W at 
00Z (last position available).  No tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

No changes are made to the genesis of this major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico.  
(The alternative scenario by Perez et al. of the system forming near western Cuba 
on the 11th was examined, but not incorporated due to lack of observations to 
confirm their suggested change.)  Only minor alterations are made to its track for 
the short (four day) duration of the system.  The cyclone apparently rapidly 
intensified after genesis early on the 12th.  A 975 mb peripheral pressure around 
12Z on the 13th suggests winds of at least 82 kt from the Brown et al. north of 
25N intensifying pressure-wind relationship.  Winds of 90 kt are retained in HURDAT.  
The cyclone moved north-northwestward toward Texas.  The ship Nicarao measured 
942 mb in the eye at 0130Z on the 14th just a short distance offshore from the Texas 
coast. This pressure suggests winds of 118 kt from the north of 25N intensifying 
pressure-wind relationship.

The hurricane made landfall at 29.0N 95.2W just east of Freeport around 04Z on the 
14th.  A peripheral pressure of 949 mb was measured by a ship at Freeport, TX at 
0325Z with hurricane-force winds lasting from 0310 to 0629Z.  A pressure reading - 
which may have been in the eye - just after landfall of 938 mb was recorded at 
Velasco (at an unknown time).  A central pressure reading of 942 mb definitely in 
the eye was measured farther inland at East Columbia, TX at 0640Z.  A backwards 
run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model from the 942 mb central pressure 
at East Columbia suggests 932 mb at landfall.  Given that the system was undergoing 
rapid intensification, it is likely and reasonable that there was some additional 
deepening between the time of the 942 mb central pressure measured just offshore at 
0130Z and landfall around 04Z.  It is estimated that the hurricane made landfall 
with central pressure of around 935 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of 125 kt 
from the north of 25N intensifying pressure-wind relationship.  Given the near 
average (~15 kt) speed along with the small sized (200 nm radius of outer closed 
isobar and ~10 nm RMW, compared with 18 nm climatological RMW from Vickery et al.), 
winds of 130 kt are analyzed at landfall at 04Z on the 14th.  The winds at 00Z 
(derived from the 942 mb central pressure ship observation) are also slightly above 
the pressure-wind relationship value and are selected to be 125 kt.  (Thus the 
winds at landfall are not the same - slightly higher - than the previous synoptic 
time.)  The 130 kt at landfall retains the cyclone as a Category 4 on the 
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale at landfall in the United States.  A run of 
the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind model suggests that minimal (Category 1) winds 
extended along the Texas coast to Matagorda Bay.  Thus the central Texas coast 
(BTX) is now included as a Category 1 impact in HURDAT.

After landfall, runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest winds 
of 103 kt at 06Z on the 14th, 69 kt at 12Z, 48 kt at 18Z, and 35 kt at 00Z on the 
15th.  Highest observed winds within two hours of synoptic time were no greater 
than 70 kt at 06Z, and below tropical storm force for the other times.  Given the 
small size of the system (suggesting somewhat faster weakening than Kaplan-DeMaria) 
and very sparse observations near the track of this small tropical cyclone 
(suggesting that the observed winds are quite low biased), winds are analyzed to 
be 100 kt at 06Z (up from 90 kt originally), 65 kt at 12Z (up from 60 kt originally), 
40 kt at 18Z (up from 35 kt originally), and 30 kt at 00Z on the 15th (up from 25 kt 
originally).  The weakening of the system below major hurricane, hurricane, and 
tropical storm intensity are all delayed by six hours.  The original HURDAT had 
central pressure values of 987 mb at 12Z on the 14th and 1002 mb at 00Z on the 15th.  
There are no such observations that can be located with these values, so it is 
suspected that someone had included these in as analyzed values.  As they do appear 
reasonable and it cannot be confirmed that they are not measurements, they are 
retained in HURDAT.  Based upon available observations, the cyclone appeared to 
still have a closed circulation by 12Z on the 15th, so the dissipation of the 
system is delayed by 12 hours compared to the original HURDAT.  

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #3 - 2012 Revision

25690 08/26/1932 M=10  3 SNBR= 572 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
25695 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 698  35    0
25695 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 692  30    0
                                                                   ***  **

25700 08/27*208 705  35    0*211 712  35    0*215 718  35    0*219 727  35    0
25700 08/27*208 700  30    0*211 717  30    0*214 725  30    0*216 733  35    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***
 
25705 08/28*223 737  35    0*226 742  40    0*229 748  40    0*233 756  40    0
25705 08/28*217 740  35    0*218 748  40    0*220 755  40    0*224 762  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***


25710 08/29*236 764  45    0*239 772  50    0*242 780  50    0*246 789  55    0
25710 08/29*229 770  45    0*234 777  50    0*240 783  50    0*245 790  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***               

25715 08/30*250 798  55    0*254 807  55    0*259 815  50    0*265 826  55    0
25715 08/30*250 798  55    0*255 807  55    0*260 818  50    0*264 830  55    0
                             ***              *** ***          *** ***

25720 08/31*272 838  65    0*277 845  70    0*281 851  70    0*289 862  70    0
25720 08/31*268 841  65    0*272 850  70    0*278 858  70    0*286 866  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25725 09/01*297 873  70    0*304 882  70    0*311 888  60    0*317 892  50    0
25725 09/01*295 874  75    0*303 882  75  979*311 886  60    0*319 890  50    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***          *** ***

25730 09/02*323 896  45    0*331 900  40    0*341 901  35    0*353 901  30    0
25730 09/02*326 894  40    0*333 898  35    0E341 901  30    0E352 901  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *         **     **** 

25735 09/03*366 900  30    0*374 897  25    0*382 894  25    0*400 880  25    0
25735 09/03E364 899  30    0E377 895  30    0E390 890  30    0E405 876  35    0
           **** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

25740 09/04*426 850  20    0*430 820  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25740 09/04E422 850  40    0E440 820  45    0E460 780  45    0E480 740  45    0
           ****      **     ****      **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

25745 HR AL1                
25745 HR AFL1 AL1 MS1
         ****     ***

U.S. Continental Tropical Storm and Hurricanes Impacts:
--------------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
8/30/1932      0400Z 25.3N  85.3W   55kt  TS  -----    -----   FL
9/01/1932      0500Z 30.2N  88.1W   75kt  1   -----    979mb   AFL1,AL1

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) while 
this system was a tropical cyclone.  A major change is to indicate a day delay in the 
intensification to a tropical storm after genesis.  Another large alteration was to 
introduce an extratropical cyclone stage for the last two and a half days of its 
existence.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, 
West Indies and Caribbean Service Climatological Data, Florida/Alabama/Mississippi 
Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
and Jarrell et al. (1992).

Aug 24 - HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean Sea.  
No gales or low pressures.  "A tropical disturbance of very slight intensity appeared 
southeast of Puerto Rico on the 24th, and advanced on a course of about northwest 
by west with an average speed of about 10 miles per hour, gradually increasing in 
intensity until it passed across the extreme southern part of Florida.  The center 
passed over the southwestern part of the Island of Puerto Rico without causing 
damage" (MWR).

Aug 25 - HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean Sea.  
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 18N 66W.  No gales or 
low pressures.

Aug 26 - HWM shows no features of interest near the Bahamas or Hispaniola.  HURDAT 
first lists this system as a Tropical Storm at 20.5N 69.8W at 18UTC.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 20N 69W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"Two cyclonic formations developed in the Eastern Caribbean, near the Virgin Islands, 
during the latter days of the month.  The first of these moved westward to the Gulf of 
Mexico, passing inland at Pensacola, but without serious damage" (Climatological Data - 
West Indies and Caribbean Service).

Aug 27 - HWM indicates there is a low near 22N, 72.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm at 21.5N, 71.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center 
near 22N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales 
or low pressures.  

Aug 28 - HWM indicates there is a low near 22N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm at 22.9N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center 
near 23N, 75W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales 
or low pressures.  "It was not attended by strong winds until the 28th, on the 
evening of which date it was about 100 miles south-southeast of Nassau, Bahamas" (MWR).

Aug 29 - HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 78W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm at 24.2N, 78.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers 
of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 78W. Station highlight: no gale force winds 
or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "Strong northeast winds, 
reaching gale force between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m., began during the early afternoon and 
continued at midnight.  The center of a tropical disturbance passed about 20 miles 
south of Miami shortly before midnight of the 29th" (OMR - Miami). "During the next 
12 hours its center advanced to the south of Andros Island...on the evening of the 
29th, when the center was about 50 miles south-southeast of Miami" (MWR).  
"Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug. 29, Extreme S FL" (Dunn and Miller).

Aug 30- HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24.5N, 82.5W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 25.9N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 25N, 82W. Station highlight: 77 kt NE (max 
wind) at 0245Z at Fowey Rocks Lighthouse (OMR), 31 kt NE and 1002 mb (min pressure) 
02Z and 35 kt NE (max wind) at 00Z at Miami (OMR); 38 kt E (max wind) at 20Z and 
30 kt E and 1005 mb (min pressure) at Tampa (OMR).  Ship highlight: 50kt SE with 
pressure of 1006mb at 25.9N, 79.5W at 0500 UTC (MWR).  "The disturbance crossed 
extreme south Florida on the night of the 29th-30th and continued its northwest 
movement... As far as could be learned, no damage occurred along the Florida Keys due 
to ample and direct warnings.  An unofficial velocity of 85 to 88 miles an hour from 
the Northeast occurred at Fowey Rocks Lighthouse on the 29th.  The highest wind 
occurred at 9:45pm and the wind shift was NE-E-SE where it remained.  The wind had 
reached SE by 12:15 a.m. of the 30th" (OMR - Key West).  "With the passage of the 
tropical storm center south of Miami shortly before midnight of the 29th, the wind 
shifted to southeast and rapidly decreased in force.  The total rainfall for the 24 
hours ending at 10 a.m., 10.24 inches, greatly exceeded any previous 23-hour 
rainfall recorded at this station during the month of August" (OMR - Miami).  
"An unofficial estimate of 85 to 88 miles per hour from the northeast was reported 
from Fowey Rocks lighthouse, about 15 miles south-southeast of Miami, shortly 
before 10 p. m... Damage in the south portion of the state was confined almost 
entirely to that portion south of latitude 27 degrees.  Seed beds and recently 
planted truck were badly washed by the heavy rains and in many cases completely 
destroyed... The loss of avocados and citrus from trees by high winds ranged from 2 
to 25 per cent near the path of the storm, though much of this was available for 
local consumption" (Florida Climatological Data).  "The center, which was quite 
small, passed about 35 miles south of Miami attended near, but only quite near, 
the center by winds of hurricane force.  The disturbance continued its northwestward 
course, being central on the morning of the 30th, about 30 miles south of Fort Myers" (MWR).

Aug 31- HWM indicates there is a low near 28N, 87W along a stationary front 
extending east and west from the low. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane 
at 28.1N, 85.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center 
near 27N, 85.5W. Station highlight: 47 kt E and 998 mb at Pensacola 30.4N, 87.2W at 
22Z (OMR). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "By the following morning 
[31st] it was about 110 miles south by west of Apalachicola" (MWR).  "The outstanding 
feature of the month's weather was the tropical disturbance which reached the coast 
of northwest Florida on the last day of the month... With the veering of the wind to 
the southeast between 9 and 10 a.m. the tide began to rise rapidly and reached +4.5 
feet by 2 p.m., after which it fell slowly and had reached normal by night... The 
damage was confined mostly to small craft moored at the wharves... Damage in the 
business and residential sections was of little consequence... The damage from both 
wind and water in and about Apalachicola will total approximately $1000.00" 
(Apalachicola OMR).

Sept 1- HWM indicates there is a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 88.5W near 
the Alabama coastline. The low is shown with a warm front extending southeast from 
the low center and a stationary front to the southwest.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm at 31.1N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed 
a center near 31N, 89W with pressure of 998mb. Station highlight: 55 kt SE and 995 mb 
(min pressure) at 0340Z and 60 kt SE (max wind) and 996 mb at 05Z at Pensacola (OMR); 
pressure of 983mb (min pressure) at Bayou le Batre 30.6N, 88.2W at 0745 UTC (MWR);  
987 mb (min pressure) at Fort Morgan at 0430Z (OMR); 44 kt E (max wind) at 06Z and 
42 kt E and 989 mb (min pressure) at 0745Z at Mobile (OMR). Ship highlight: 45kt E at 
Mobile 30.7N, 88.1W (no time given) (MWR); pressure of 979mb at 30.2N, 88.0W at 
0450 UTC (MWR).  "In the extreme northwestern portion of the state the damage was 
confined entirely to the coast section from Apalachicola westward, except in Okaloosa 
and Escambia counties, where cotton still in the fields was badly damaged by wind and 
rain and much of the pear crop was blown from the trees... In the Pensacola area the 
estimated total loss was somewhat less than $100,000, which includes damage to small 
craft, waterfront property, buildings, and residences, power and telephone lines, plate 
glass, and the cotton crop.  One death was reported in Pensacola" (Florida Climatological 
Data).  "Strong winds accompanying the tropical disturbance that moved inland from the 
Gulf near the Alabama-Mississippi border on the afternoon and night of the 31st 
extensively damaged pear and pecan trees and partially defoliated the orange trees in 
the coast section.  They also blew down much corn, and some cotton was blown out in the 
more southern and central-western counties.  The heavy rains occurring in these areas 
beat out some cotton and flooded the crops planted along the rivers and creeks.  
Preliminary reports indicate that the damage to crops was serious; otherwise, the 
damage was light" (Alabama Climatological Data).  "The center passed inland a short 
distance west of Mobile about 11 p. m. of the 31st, and recurved to the north and 
northeastward over western Tennessee and northwestern Ohio, with greatly diminished 
intensity... The disturbance was attended by shifting gales and winds probably reaching 
hurricane force near the center" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Extreme NW FL, 
Minimal;  Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - MS and AL, Minimal" 
("Minimal" - 64 to 87 kt - Dunn and Miller).  "Sep 1 1932, Center Crossed Coast - Near 
Mobile, Estimate Lowest - 28.90" (979 mb)" (Connor).  "AL1, 979 mb central pressure at 
landfall" (Jarrell et al.).

Sept 2- HWM indicates there is a low over land near 34N, 90W with a warm front extending 
southeast from the low and a stationary front extending southwest from the low. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm at 34.1N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 34N, 90W with pressure of 1006mb. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 3- HWM indicates there is a low over land near 37N, 86.5W with a warm front extending 
southeast from the low and a stationary front extending southwest from the low. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Depression at 38.2N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 38N, 89W with pressure of 1004mb. Station highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 4- HWM indicates there is a low of at most 1005mb over land near 47N, 78W with a 
warm front extending southeast from the low and a cold front extending south from the 
low. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 46N, 79W with a pressure 
of 1001mb. Station highlight: 43kt SW at Buffalo 45.9N, 78.9W (no time given) (MWR). 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

No changes are made to the timing of genesis on the 26th of August.  Despite discussion 
in the Monthly Weather Review that the system began on the 24th, no closed circulation 
was evident before late on the 26th.  Minor track changes were introduced on every day 
that the system was a tropical cyclone, from the 26th until the 2nd of September.  The 
cyclone is started as a tropical depression at genesis rather than a tropical storm, based 
upon numerous ship and station observations suggesting a slightly weaker vortex.  The system 
is brought up to tropical storm intensity at 18Z on the 27th.  The system apparently 
gradually intensified, but had minimal impact on the Bahamas as it was moving toward the 
west-northwest on the 28th and 29th.  No intensity changes were made on the 28th and early 
on the 29th.

The cyclone made landfall in southeast Florida along Key Largo around 04Z on the 30th, 
which is the same as previously suggested from HURDAT's synoptic entries.  The Miami 
Weather Bureau Office recorded peak winds of 35 kt from the northeast with minimum 
pressure of 1002 mb early on the 30th.  However, the unofficial observations from the 
Fowey Rocks Lighthouse southeast of Miami indicated 77 kt winds.  Despite the rather 
precise original observed values of "85 to 88 mph", it is strongly suspected that these 
were visually estimated winds, not measured, from the lighthouse keeper.  (This 
interpretation is supported by the writeup in the Florida Climatological Data, which 
called these winds "estimates".)  It is noted that this system was characterized as 
being a hurricane at landfall in the Monthly Weather Review assessment.  Because of the 
uncertainty with this estimate, intensity at landfall in southeast Florida is retained 
at 55 kt, though alternatively it could have been a minimal hurricane.  The cyclone's 
center only remained over southeast Florida (specifically, the Everglades) for a few 
hours and a weakening to 50 kt at 12Z on the 30th is unchanged from that previously 
shown.  The system then moved northwestward over the Gulf of Mexico for about 48 hours.

The cyclone made a second landfall in the United States around 05Z on the 1st of September 
near 30.2N 88.1W, just west of Fort Morgan, Alabama.  A ship just offshore of Fort Morgan 
measured a pressure of 979 mb, which may have been a central pressure.  Fort Morgan itself 
observed a minimum pressure of 987 mb at 0430Z, while the more inland location of Bayou le 
Batre measured 983 mb at 0745Z.  Peak observed winds were 60 kt (5 min) SE from Pensacola, 
Florida at 05Z.  Assuming that 979 mb is the central pressure at landfall, this suggests 
winds of 74 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from 
the subset of intensifying systems.  Given a moderately slow translational speed (8 kt) and 
a moderately low outer closed isobar (1009 mb) that is counterbalanced by a moderately small 
cyclone (200 nm radius of OCI), 75 kt is analyzed to be the maximum 1 min wind at and just 
before landfall.  This makes the system a Category 1 hurricane for both Alabama and 
northwestern Florida, agreeing with the original assessment.  Given the intensity at landfall, 
location of landfall, and translational speed of the system, this hurricane is also analyzed 
to have made a Category 1 impact in Mississippi, which is new.  Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria 
inland wind decay model suggest winds of 50 kt at 12Z on the 1st, 37 kt at 18Z, and 28 kt at 
00Z on the 2nd.  Peak observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic time were 48, 47, and less than 
tropical storm force, respectively.  Winds in HURDAT are retained at 60 kt at 12Z and 50 kt 
at 18Z, but lowered by 5 kt to 40 kt at 00Z on the 2nd.  After landfall the system gradually 
recurved over the eastern United States.  Despite frontal features being analyzed in the 
Historical Weather Maps from August 31st onward with this cyclone, actual frontal boundaries 
do not appear to be present until the 2nd.  Thus extratropical transition is indicated for 
12Z on the 2nd, while HURDAT previously did not have an extratropical phase for this cyclone.  
Moderate intensification occurred to the extratropical cyclone on the 3rd and 4th, as 
indicated by the U.S. and Canadian surface observations.  The system is retained an additional 
12 hours as a distinct extratropical storm compared to the previous HURDAT, before being 
absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone after 18Z on the 4th.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm 3 - Revised 2012

27340 08/26/1932 M=10  3 SNBR= 606 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
27345 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 692  30    0*
27350 08/27*208 700  30    0*211 717  30    0*214 725  30    0*216 733  35    0*
27350 08/27*208 702  30    0*211 713  30    0*214 724  30    0*216 733  35    0*
                ***              ***              ***

27355 08/28*217 740  35    0*218 748  40    0*220 755  40    0*224 762  40    0*
27360 08/29*229 770  45    0*234 777  50    0*240 783  50    0*245 790  55    0*
27365 08/30*250 798  55    0*255 807  55    0*260 818  50    0*264 830  55    0*
27370 08/31*268 841  65    0*272 850  70    0*278 858  70    0*286 866  70    0*
27375 09/01*295 874  75    0*303 882  75  979*311 886  60    0*319 890  50    0*
27380 09/02*326 894  40    0*333 898  35    0E341 901  30    0E352 901  30    0*
27385 09/03E364 899  30    0E377 895  30    0E390 890  30    0E405 876  35    0*
27390 09/04E422 850  40    0E440 820  45    0E460 780  45    0E480 740  45    0*
27395 HR AFL1 AL1 MS1 

Unrealistic translational speed early on the 27th corrected.  
Suggestion for these revisions provided by Daniel Gladstein.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #4 - 2012 Revision

25750 08/30/1932 M=15  4 SNBR= 573 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25750 08/30/1932 M=19  4 SNBR= 573 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **

25755 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*192 616  35    0
25755 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*188 636  30    0
                                                               *** ***  **

25760 08/31*199 636  35    0*200 642  40    0*202 647  40    0*204 653  40    0
25760 08/31*193 644  30    0*198 652  35    0*202 660  40    0*204 666  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***              ***  **

25765 09/01*206 660  40    0*207 665  45    0*209 671  45    0*211 677  50    0
25765 09/01*206 671  50    0*207 676  50    0*209 680  50    0*211 683  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***

25770 09/02*213 682  55    0*215 687  55    0*217 692  60    0*219 697  65    0
25770 09/02*213 686  55    0*215 689  55    0*217 692  60    0*219 697  65    0
                ***              ***                     

25775 09/03*220 701  70    0*222 705  80    0*224 709  85    0*227 715  95    0
25775 09/03*220 703  70    0*222 710  80    0*224 715  85    0*227 719  95    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

25780 09/04*230 722 100    0*232 726 110    0*235 732 115    0*239 740 120    0
25780 09/04*230 722 100    0*235 726 110    0*240 732 115    0*244 740 120    0
                             ***              ***              ***

25785 09/05*243 748 125    0*247 756 130    0*252 764 135    0*257 770 140    0
25785 09/05*247 748 125    0*251 756 130    0*255 764 135    0*260 770 140    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

25790 09/06*263 774 140    0*271 776 140    0*279 774 140    0*284 769 135    0
25790 09/06*265 774 140    0*270 776 140    0*275 774 140    0*281 772 135    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

25795 09/07*289 763 130    0*293 758 125    0*298 753 125    0*303 746 120    0
25795 09/07*287 769 135    0*293 765 130    0*298 760 130    0*305 750 125    0
            *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

25800 09/08*312 734 115    0*332 714 110    0*355 696 105    0*372 689 100    0
25800 09/08*317 736 115    0*335 718 110    0*355 701 100    0*372 695  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***              *** ***          *** ***

25805 09/09*386 683  95    0*395 677  95    0*403 670  90    0E414 650  85    0
25805 09/09*386 692  85    0*395 682  85    0*403 670  80    0E414 650  80    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **               **

25810 09/10E424 625  80    0E429 610  75    0E434 596  70    0E439 583  70    0
25810 09/10E424 625  75    0E429 610  75    0E434 596  70    0E437 586  70    0
                     **                                        *** ***

25815 09/11E444 569  65    0E450 555  65    0E456 542  60    0E468 519  60    0
25815 09/11E438 578  65    0E440 570  65    0E447 560  60    0E460 540  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

25820 09/12E485 488  60    0E503 458  55    0E520 430  55    0E537 407  55    0
25820 09/12E478 510  60    0E500 470  55    0E520 430  55    0E537 402  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

25825 09/13E552 387  50    0E565 368  50    0E578 350  50    0E600 320  50    0
25825 09/13E552 385  50    0E565 368  50    0E578 350  50    0E593 325  50    0
                ***                                            *** ***

(The 14th to the 17th are new to HURDAT.)
25825 09/14E610 300  50    0E630 270  50    0E650 240  50    0E670 190  50    0
25825 09/15E690 120  50    0E708  40  50    0E7203650  50    0E7253740  50    0
25825 09/16E7253820  50    0E7233880  50    0E7203920  50    0E7153950  45    0
25825 09/17E7103970  40    0E7053985  35    0E7004000  35    0E6954015  30    0

25830 HR        


U.S. Tropical Storms:
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                   Wind Affected
9/09/1932      0000Z 38.6N  69.0W  50kt  MA  (time of closest point of approach)

           
Major alterations to the track and minor changes the intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  Another major change is to include four additional days at the end of the 
system while an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these changes comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

Aug 30 - The HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean.  
HURDAT starts this system as a Tropical Storm at 19.2N 61.6W at 18 UTC.  No gales 
or low pressures.  "This disturbance was first noted north of the Virgin Islands the 
evening of August 30, at which time it was of minor intensity" (MWR).

Aug 31- The HWM shows no features of interest near the northeastern Caribbean.  HURDT 
lists this as a tropical storm at 20.2N 64.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 20N, 65W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 45kt SE with a pressure of 1009mb at 20.5N, 65.5W at 2000 UTC (COA). 

Sept 1- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 67.5W with a stationary 
frontal boundary northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 
20.9N, 67.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 
67W. Station highlight:  No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SSE with 
pressure of 1010mb at 20.5N, 65.5W at 0000 UTC (COA).

Sept 2- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 69W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm at 21.7N, 69.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 22N, 70W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship 
highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 1008mb at  22.0N, 67.54W at 1200 UTC (HWM).  "Its 
center passed a short distance north of Turks Island, West Indies, and moved 
west-northwestward during the night of September 2-3, while the storm increased to 
moderate intensity"(MWR).

Sept 3- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 22.4N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 23N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 65kt with pressure of 985mb at 22.5N, 73.2W at 2300 UTC (MWR). 

Sept 4- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 23N, 75W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 4 hurricane winds at 23.5N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 74W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 70kt E with pressure of 981 mb at 24.7N, 73.0W at 1200 UTC (COA).

Sept 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 77.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.5N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 25N, 77W. Station highlight: pressure below 931mb at Great 
Abaco Island 26.2N, 77.1W in the afternoon (MWR). Ship highlight: 65kt ESE with pressure 
of 981mb at 24.7N, 73.0W at 1200 UTC (MWR).   "During the next three days it increased 
greatly in intensity, passed east of Nassau, Bahamas, the morning of the 5th, moving 
northwestward, then recurved to the north and northeast and passed over Great Abaco 
Island the afternoon of the 5th; with a reported pressure of below 27.50 inches.  Great 
damage was done by the storm on this island; 16 persons were reported killed and about 
300 injured.  Capt. H.B. Roberts, master of the Government steamer Priscilla and a 
resident of Green Turtle Cay for 40 years declared, according to the Miami Daily News, 
that the storm was the worst in his memory.  He said that two churches, both built of 
heavy stone walls almost 3 feet in thickness, were demolished, and the wind, estimated 
by him at over 200 m. p. h., carried some of the heavy stone blocks nearly half a mile.  
Photographs published in the News indicate that winds in excess of 150 m. p. h. must 
have prevailed at Green Turtle Cay" (MWR).

Sept 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26.5N, 78W. HURDAT list this 
as a Category 5 hurricane winds at 27.9N, 77.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 27N, 77.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 70kt E with pressure of 967mb at 28.6N, 77.5W at 2100 UTC (COA); 
65kt E with pressure of 961mb at 28.6N, 77.5 at 2100 UTC (COA).  

Sept 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 29N, 76W with a stationary front 
located north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 29.8N, 
75.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 30N, 76W with 
pressure of 933mb. Station highlight: 41kt N at Cape Hatteras 35.2N, 75.7W no time give 
(MWR). Ship highlight: 70kt NE with pressure of 989mb at 29.3N, 78.2W at 0000 UTC (COA); 
65kt W with pressure of 934mb at 29.6N, 76.5W at 1100 UTC (MWR). 

Sept 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 35N, 68.5W with a stationary front 
located well northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 35.5N, 
69.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 35.5N, 70W with 
pressure of 963mb. Station highlight: 49kt NE at Nantucket 41.3N, 70.1W no time give (MWR). 
Ship highlight: 70kt NW with pressure of 990mb at 36N, 72W at 1200 UTC (COA); 50kt E with 
pressure of 961mb at 37N, 70W no time given (MWR).  "...the storm moved northeastward over 
the ocean during the next few days" (MWR).

Sept 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 39N, 66W with a stationary front 
located well northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.3N, 
67.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 40N, 65W. Station 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 65kt N at 38.8N, 70W after 0300 UTC 
(MWR); 60kt ENE with pressure of 971mb at 38.8N, 70W at 0300 UTC (MWR).

Sept 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 42.5N, 69W with a stationary front 
extending northeast of the cyclone and a cold front extending south of the system. HURDAT 
lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 43.4N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 42N, 60W with pressure of 964mb. Station highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt N with pressure of 979mb at 42.8N, 61.3W at 1000 UTC (MWR). 

Sept 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 44N, 57W with a warm front 
extending east of the cyclone and a cold front extending south of the system. HURDAT lists 
this as an Extratropical Storm at 45.6N, 54.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 44N, 54W with pressure of 976mb. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: 60kt NNE with pressure of 980mb at 45.8N, 58.5W at 0000 UTC (MWR); 
35kt NW with pressure of 976mb at 43.3N, 57.4W at 1200 UTC (COA).  "The storm passed over and 
south of Newfoundland during the 11th" (MWR).

Sept 12- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 52N, 44W with a warm front extending 
east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical 
Storm at 52N, 43W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 51N, 
45W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 10kt SSE with pressure of 
989mb at 54.5N, 37.5W at 1200 UTC (COA).

Sept 13- HWM indicates a low of at most 985mb near 57N, 34W with an occluded front extending 
east and south of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm near 57.8N, 35W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 57N, 35W with pressure of 
981mb. Station highlight: 40kt ESE with pressure of 998mb at Vestmannaeyjar 63.4N, 20.2W at 
1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 35kt NNW at 54.2N, 41.0W at 1200 UTC (COA); 15kt S with pressure 
of 987mb at 56.5N, 29.5W at 0600 UTC (COA).

Sept 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 65N, 24W with an occluded front 
extending east and south of the cyclone. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center 
near 64N, 25W with pressure of 978mb. Station highlight: 30kt E with pressure of 1008mb at 
Jan Mayen Island  70.5N, 09W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure of 999mb 
at 56.4N, 28.4W at 0600 UTC (COA).   "... reached Iceland on the 14th" (MWR).

Sept 15- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 72N, 5E with an occluded front 
extending east and south of the cyclone. Station highlight: 40kt NNW with pressure of 990mb 
at Jan Mayen Island at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight:  25kt E with pressure of 993mb at 
74.5N, 17.5W at 1800 UTC (COA).  "... and passed Jan Mayen Island on the 15th" (MWR).

Sept 16 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 72N, 32E with an occluded front 
extending to its south.  Station highlight:  45 kt W and 1012 mb at Jakobstad, Finland at 
1200 UTC (HWM); 15 kt W and 994 mb at Hammerfest, Norway at 1200 UTC (HWM).

Sept 17 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 68W, 40E with an occluded front 
extending to its east and south.  Station highlight:  25 kt WNW and 1002 mb at Hammerfest, 
Norway at 1200 UTC (HWM).

The timing of genesis for this major hurricane is unchanged, though the initial position 
is adjusted west-southwestward slightly more than two degrees from the original HURDAT - 
a major track change.  The remainder of the track alterations are minor during the duration 
of the system as a tropical cyclone.  System is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression, down 
from a 35 kt tropical storm, for the first two entries in HURDAT.  Only a minor upward 
alteration of the intensity is indicated from late on the 31st of August through the 1st 
of September, due to some ship observations late on the 31st and early on the 1st.  A 985 
mb peripheral pressure from a ship just before 00Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 
71 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  A 981 mb peripheral 
pressure ship observation at 12Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the 
south of 25N and at least 71 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  A 
931 mb pressure - likely not a central pressure as the barometer measurement bottomed out 
at 27.50" and it is unknown whether the observation was taken in the eye - measured at 
Great Abaco in the Bahamas late on the 5th suggests winds of at  least 123 kt from the north 
of 25N and at least 128 kt from the intensifying subset of north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships.  No changes are made to the intensities shown in HURDAT between late on the 
1st and late on the 6th, which show a gradually intensifying system ramping up from a 
tropical storm to a Category 5 major hurricane.  Impacts in the Bahamas are consistent 
with an extremely intense hurricane.  After passing through the Bahamas, the cyclone turned 
toward the northeast.  A ship measured a peripheral pressure of 934 mb at 11Z on the 7th, 
which suggests winds of at least 120 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Winds boosted from 125 to 130 kt in HURDAT at both 06 and 12Z on the 7th.  A peripheral 
pressure of 961 mb was observed by a ship sometime on the 8th.  This suggests winds of at 
least 88 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  However, 
given that the cyclone was very large, the intensity is analyzed to be 100 kt at 12Z on the 
8th (down from 105 kt originally) and 90 kt at 18Z (down from 100 kt originally).  The 
system - a rather large cyclone - produced tropical storm force winds from North Carolina 
northward to Massachusetts along the U.S. Atlantic coast.  Maximum impact was about 50 kt 
in Massachusetts early on the 9th.  No change is made to the extratropical transition of 
this system around 18Z on the 9th.  Intensities are unchanged from early on the 8th to the 
end of the original HURDAT on the 13th.  A major change to this system is to incorporate 
four additional dates from the 14th to the 17th as an extratropical cyclone.  This is 
csistent with what was also discussed in the Monthly Weather Review for this system.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #5 - 2012 Addition

25835 09/04/1932 M= 4  5 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED   XING=0
25840 09/04*368 472  45    0*369 480  45    0*370 488  50    0*371 497  55    0
25840 09/05*373 506  55    0*375 514  60    0*377 520  60    0*380 526  55    0
25840 09/06*384 532  55    0*389 538  50    0*395 540  50    0*403 539  45    0
25840 09/07*413 534  40    0*424 528  35    0*435 520  30    0E447 510  30    0
25885 TS  

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the 
Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

Sept 3 -  HWM indicates a stationary frontal boundary extending from 45N, 43W 
southwestward to 35N, 60W.  Station highlight:  No gales or low pressures.  
Ship highlight:  No gales or low pressures.

Sept 4- HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mb near 35N, 52.5W with a stationary front 
boundary extending northeast from the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 50kt SW at 36.5N, 48.6W at 1200 UTC (COA).

Sept 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 37.5N, 54W with a warm front 
shown east of the cyclone and a cold front to its south. Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt N with 992mb at 37.8N, 51.7W at 0400 UTC (MWR).

Sept 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 40N, 54W with a warm front 
extending to its northeast and a cold front to its east and south. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 1002mb at 
39.2N, 52W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

Sept 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 43N, 55W with a complex 
frontal boundary to its north and a dissipating cold front to its south and east. 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 25kt W with pressure 
of 1010mb at 42.5N, 52.2W at 1200 UTC (HWM). 

Genesis of this previously unrecognized tropical storm is analyzed to be early on the 
4th of September, though it may have actually formed farther southeast before the 4th 
in the relatively data void subtropical North Atlantic.  Despite frontal boundaries 
being shown by the Historical Weather Maps, inspection of the observations indicates 
that no significant temperature gradients were present from the 4th through early on 
the 7th.  On the 4th and early on the 5th, the system did exhibit some subtropical 
structure.  However, the wind structure of the cyclone as shown by the observations 
by late on the 5th through the 7th indicates a symmetric system with maximum winds 
near the center - a true tropical storm.  Winds at the start of the system at 00Z on 
the 4th are estimated to be 45 kt, based upon a 50 kt ship report at 12Z.  A 992 mb 
peripheral pressure on the 5th suggests winds of at least 60 kt from the Landsea et al. 
north of 35N pressure-wind relationship - winds are selected as 60 kt on this date, as 
the cyclone was moving relatively slowly.  The system weakened on the 6th and 7th and 
was absorbed by a frontal boundary after 18Z on the 7th.  There were no impacts to land 
from this oceanic-only tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #6 - 2012 Revision

25835 09/09/1932 M= 9  5 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25835 09/09/1932 M=10  6 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                   **  *

25840 09/09*  0   0   0    0*192 933  35    0*208 932  35    0*214 932  35    0
25845 09/10*218 931  35    0*221 931  35    0*224 930  35    0*229 930  35    0
25850 09/11*233 930  35    0*236 930  35    0*239 929  35    0*243 928  35    0
25850 09/11*235 930  35    0*242 930  35    0*248 929  35    0*251 928  35    0
                             ***              ***              ***

25855 09/12*247 927  35    0*249 926  35    0*252 925  35    0*256 923  35    0
25855 09/12*253 927  35    0*254 926  35    0*255 925  40    0*256 923  40    0
            ***              ***              ***      **               **

25860 09/13*261 920  35    0*266 916  35    0*270 910  40    0*272 906  40    0
25860 09/13*257 920  45    0*258 916  45    0*260 910  50    0*263 906  50    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

25865 09/14*274 902  40    0*276 899  40    0*278 892  45    0*283 872  45    0
25865 09/14*267 902  50    0*272 899  50    0*278 892  50    0*285 877  50    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      *** ***  **

25870 09/15*292 848  45    0*302 825  45    0*314 802  40    0*327 783  35    0
25870 09/15*293 857  50    0*302 833  45    0E314 808  40    0E327 786  40    0
            *** ***  **          ***         *    ***         *    ***  **

25875 09/16*340 767  35    0E354 752  35    0E369 737  35    0E383 724  35    0
25875 09/16E340 770  45    0E354 756  50    0E367 742  55    0E380 726  60    0
           *    ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25880 09/17E401 710  35    0E423 693  35    0E445 677  35    0E467 660  35    0
25880 09/17E395 710  65    0E415 693  65    0E440 677  55    0E475 660  45    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
25880 09/18E520 665  40    0E560 670  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
25885 TS  

U.S. Tropical Storms:
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                   Wind Affected
9/15/1932      0400Z 30.0N  83.9W  50kt  FL

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm #5.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original 
Monthly Records, Florida Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, and Dunn and 
Miller (1960).

Sept 9- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 20.8N, 93.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 92.5W. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 20 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 22N 
92W (HWM) .  "A disturbance of moderate intensity that was first located some 
distance north of Frontera, Mexico, in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on 
September 9, moved very slowly northward for two days" (MWR).

Sept 10- HWM indicates a low near 22N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
at 22.4N, 93W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 
22.5N, 92W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 11- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 23.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24.5N, 91.5W. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30 kt NW and 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 
24.2N, 94.1W (COA).

Sept 12- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 92.5W. HURDAT list 
this as a Tropical Storm at 25.2N, 92.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 26N, 91W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 13- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 93W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 27N, 91W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 27N, 90W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 25kt SSW with pressure of 999mb at 26.1N, 90.4W at 1300 UTC (COA).

Sept 14- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 89W. A stationary 
frontal boundary exists east of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
at 27.8N, 89.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 
28N, 88.5W. Station highlight: 30 kt NE (max wind - no time, but likely early UTC 15th) 
and 1002 mb (min pressure - no time, but likely early UTC 15th) at Apalachicola 
(Florida Climatological Data). Ship highlight: 50kt S at 27.2N, 88.3W after 0500 UTC 
(MWR); 20kt W with pressure of 1000mb at 26.1N, 90.3W at 0000 UTC (COA).  "... then 
slowly northeastward for three days, being central about 100 miles south of the mouth 
of the Mississippi River on the morning of the 14th" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in 
Florida, Sept. 14, Cedar Keys, Minor ["Minor" indicates less than hurricane force]" 
(Dunn and Miller).

Sept 15- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 80W with a warm front extending 
toward the east-northeast and a cold front extending southwest of the cyclone's center. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 31.4N, 80.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers 
of Cyclones showed a center near 31.5N, 80W. Station highlight: 34 kt SW (max wind - no 
time given) and 1002 mb (min P - no time given) at Jacksonville (Florida Climatological 
Data). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance moved as far during 
the ensuing 24 hours as it had in the preceding five days, the center passing into the 
Atlantic Ocean near Jacksonville, Fla., on the morning of the 15th" (MWR).  "The wettest 
period in most sections of the peninsula was between the 11th and 15th, in connection with 
the movement of a Gulf disturbance that appeared in the southwest Gulf of Mexico on the 
10th and crossed the northeast portion of the peninsula between the night of the 14th and 
the morning of the 15th, moving inland from the Gulf near Taylor County, and passing into 
the Atlantic to the north of Jacksonville.  Its northeastward movement was attended by 
moderate gales on the northeast Gulf coast, from Apalachicola to Cedar Keys, on the afternoon 
and night of the 14th, and on the northeast Florida coast in the early morning of the 15th... 
The damage in Apalachicola, mostly the result of torrential rain, was estimated at somewhat 
less than $2,000... There was considerable damage to crops along the path of the storm by 
washing rains and high winds" (Florida Climatological Data).

Sept 16- HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 73.5W with a warm front extending 
northeast and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as an 
Extratropical Storm at 36.9N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a 
center near 36.5N, 73W with pressure of 996mb. Station highlight: 41kt NW at New York (40.7N, 
74W) no time given (MWR). Ship highlight: 50kt W with pressure of 993mb at 36.2N, 74.7W at 
1200 UTC (COA).  "The highest wind velocities reported at land stations were 40 m. p. h. at 
Hatteras and Atlantic City, and 48 m. p. h. at New York City" (MWR).

Sept 17- HWM indicates a low of at most 1000mb near 44N, 70W with a warm front extending north 
and a cold front extending southeast of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as an 
Extratropical Storm at 44.5N, 67.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a 
center near 44N, 68W with pressure of 993mb Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship 
highlight: 65kt SW with pressure of 970mb at 38.5N, 71.2W at 0100 UTC (MWR).  "It continued to 
move northeastward, passing inland over the coast of Maine on the 17th, then moved northward 
and later northwestward, reaching western Hudson Strait on the morning of the 19th" (MWR).

No changes are made to the timing or location of genesis for this tropical storm in the Gulf 
of Mexico.  Minor track changes were introduced from the 11th throughout the remainder of its 
life cycle. Data are sparse on the 9th and 10th of September for this system while in the 
southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  At 12 UTC on the 9th, there is a ship about 75 nm from the 
estimated center with 20 kt SSE winds and 1008 mb pressure.  This and other data are not 
inconsistent with a 35 kt tropical storm, thus no changes are made to the intensity on the 
9th and 10th.]  999 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 25 kt SSW wind at 13Z on the 
13th suggests maximum winds of at least 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N and 45 kt 
from the north of 25N relationships.  A 50 kt S wind was observed after 05Z on the 14th from 
a ship.  Winds are boosted slightly to 50 kt from 12Z on the 13th to 00Z on the 15th.  
On the 14th, the cyclone began accelerating toward the east-northeast.

The tropical storm made landfall around 04Z on the 15th near 30.0N 83.9W in north Florida.  
1002 mb minimum pressure (likely peripheral) observation from Apalachicola suggests winds 
of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  50 kt is analyzed to be 
the landfall intensity based upon the earlier ship observations, which is consistent with 
the moderate impact by the storm noted in the Florida Climatological Data.  This is up 
slightly from the 45 kt in HURDAT originally at 00Z on the 15th.  The cyclone remained 
over land for only about 6 hours before reemerging over the Atlantic.  Frontogenesis was 
occurring across the cyclone on this date and it is analyzed that it became fully 
extratropical around 12Z on the 15th, which is 18 hours earlier than originally indicated.  
Ship and coastal stations along the Atlantic seaboard from the Carolinas northward 
indicate that the system reintensified as an extratropical cyclone, despite no secondary 
peak originally shown in HURDAT.  A peak observation of 65 kt SW with simultaneous 970 mb 
pressure early on the 17th was measured by a ship.  Winds are boosted to 65 kt as an 
extratropical cyclone around 00Z on the 17th, a major upward change from the 35 kt 
originally in HURDAT.  It appears that the strongest of these winds, however, remained 
offshore as the peak observed winds in the United States were 41 kt NW in New York City.  
By early on the 18th, this brief reintensification had diminished and the system was 
weakening as it quickly moved northward over eastern Canada.  The cyclone merged with 
another extratropical cyclone after 06Z on the 18th.  
The dissipation indicated is 12 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm 6 - Revised 2012

27535 09/09/1932 M=10  6 SNBR= 609 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
27540 09/09*  0   0   0    0*192 933  35    0*208 932  35    0*214 932  35    0*
27540 09/09*  0   0   0    0*202 933  35    0*208 932  35    0*214 932  35    0*
                             ***

27545 09/10*218 931  35    0*221 931  35    0*224 930  35    0*229 930  35    0*
27550 09/11*235 930  35    0*242 930  35    0*248 929  35    0*251 928  35    0*
27555 09/12*253 927  35    0*254 926  35    0*255 925  40    0*256 923  40    0*
27560 09/13*257 920  45    0*258 916  45    0*260 910  50    0*263 906  50    0*
27565 09/14*267 902  50    0*272 899  50    0*278 892  50    0*285 877  50    0*
27570 09/15*293 857  50    0*302 833  45    0E314 808  40    0E327 786  40    0*
27575 09/16E340 770  45    0E354 756  50    0E367 742  55    0E380 726  60    0*
27580 09/17E395 710  65    0E415 693  65    0E440 677  55    0E475 660  45    0*
27585 09/18E520 665  40    0E560 670  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
27590 TS 

Unrealistic translational speed early on the 9th corrected.  
Suggestion for these revisions provided by Daniel Gladstein.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #7 - 2012 Addition

25835 09/16/1932 M= 4  7 SNBR= 574 NOT NAMED   XING=0
25835 09/16*304 416  35    0*307 428  35    0*310 440  40    0*313 452  40    0
25835 09/17*317 464  40    0*321 475  40    0*325 485  40    0*328 492  40    0
25835 09/18*331 496  45    0*335 498  45    0*340 500  45    0*346 503  45    0
25835 09/19*353 508  50    0*361 514  50    0*370 520  50    0*380 527  50    0
25835 09/20*392 534  50    0*403 542  50    0*410 550  50    0*410 561  50    0
25835 09/21*403 576  55    0*393 593  55    0*385 610  55    0*385 622  55    0
25835 09/22*387 630  50    0*391 635  50    0*395 640  50    0*398 645  50    0
25835 09/23E401 650  45    0E405 654  45    0E410 655  40    0E420 654  40    0
25835 09/24E440 650  35    0E460 645  35    0E480 640  35    0E505 635  40    0
25835 09/25E532 630  45    0E560 625  45    0E590 620  50    0E615 612  50    0
25835 09/26E635 600  50    0E650 580  45    0E660 550  45    0E667 510  40    0
25885 TS  

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, 
the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

Sept 15 - HWM shows a stationary frontal boundary extending from 43N, 25W southwestward 
to 27N,42W.  No gales or low pressures.

Sept 16- HWM shows a frontal boundary transitioning from a cold front to a warm front near 
30N 40W.  Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt E with 
pressure of 1021mb at 35.5N, 40.8W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

Sept 17- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 31.5N, 47W with a warm front 
extending east of the cyclone's center. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 35kt NW at 33N, 50.8W at 1200 UTC (HWM). 

Sept 18- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 33N, 53W with a warm front 
extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a 
center near 34N, 48.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 
40kt E with pressure of 1020mb at 39.6N, 48.3W at 1200 UTC (HWM). 

Sept 19- HWN indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 52W with a warm front 
extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a 
center near 37N, 51.5W with pressure of 1000mb. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NNW at 33.7N, 61W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 30 kt W and 
1000 mb at 35.5N 51.4W at 1200 UTC (HWM). "Four tropical storms occurred in September, 
as described in detail on pp. 177-179 in this issue of the Review, and as indicated 
by the storm tracks shown in Chart VII" (Chart VII shows a track of a previously not 
included tropical cyclone - number VI on the map - originating east of Bermuda on the 
19th, moving generally northwestward during the next four days, making landfall in 
Canada early on the 24th, and recurving to the northeast late on the 24th) (MWR).

Sept 20- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 41.5N, 56W with a warm 
front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 41.5N, 56W with a pressure of 1003mb. Station highlight: No 
gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt N at 42.4N, 63.2W no time given (MWR); 
5 kt WNW and 998mb at 42.5N, 59.5W at 1800 UTC (COA). 

Sept 21- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 38N, 64W with a stationary 
front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 39N, 61W with pressure of 999mb. Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NE with pressure of 994mb at 39.4N, 63.7W at 
0000 UTC (COA).

Sept 22- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 37.5N, 65W with a stationary 
front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed 
a center near 37.5N, 63W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 50kt N with pressure of 1005mb at 40.5N, 66.5W at 0600 UTC (COA).

Sept 23- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 42N, 66W with a cold front 
extending south and a warm front extending east of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track 
of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 41.5N, 66W with pressure of 1004mb. Station 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt S at 41.1N, 64.6W at 
1200 UTC (COA).

Sept 24- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 48N, 64W with a cold front 
extending south and a warm front extending southeast of the cyclone's center. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 48N, 64W with pressure of 1003mb. 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 25- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 58.5N, 64W with a weakening 
occluded low extending southeast of the cyclone's center. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 59N, 65W with pressure of 994mb. Station highlight: 
25kt NE with pressure of 994mb at Resolution Island 61.3N, 64.9W at 1200 UTC (HWM). 
Ship highlight: 50kt ESE with pressure of 1001mb at 60.5N, 50.5W at 1100 UTC (COA); 
50kt SE with pressure of 999mb at 60.5N, 51.5W at 1500 UTC (COA).

Sept 26- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 60.5N, 56W with frontal 
boundaries east of the cyclone detached from the cyclone's center. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt E with pressure of 997mb at 59.5N, 
45.5W at 1900 UTC (COA); 35kt E with pressure of 988mb at 59.5N, 45.5W at 2300 UTC (COA).

This cyclone likely originated from a frontal boundary in the central North Atlantic.  
In either case, the system is started in the database as a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z 
on the 16th.  Given that it apparently was moving toward the west-northwest, the cyclone 
may have existed before the 16th over the more data sparse eastern North Atlantic.  Despite 
the HWM showing frontal boundaries throughout the entire lifecycle of this system, the 
cyclone does not appear to be baroclinic from the 16th to the 19th and the fronts do not 
exist in reality.  Numerous gales were observed for this system from the 16th through the 
19th.  Peak observed winds for this system as a tropical cyclone were 40 kt on the 18th.  
A 1000 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 30 kt W winds on the 19th suggests maximum 
winds of at least 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
On the 20th, a possible central pressure of 998 mb at 18Z suggests an intensity of at 
least 52 kt.  Given the relatively slow motion of the cyclone on these dates for its latitude, 
winds are analyzed to be 50 kt on the 19th and the 20th.  By the 20th, the cyclone's wind 
field becomes asymmetrically tilted NW-SE and frontal boundaries appeared to have been 
developing in the system, though some of the baroclinicity may have been due to proximity 
to the Gulf Stream.  However, during the 21st and 22nd a more symmetric structure and 
minimal baroclinicity were observed in the system as it continued moving westward at high 
latitudes.  On the 21st, a ship measured 994 mb simultaneous with 35 kt NE winds.  This 
pressure suggests winds of at least 58 kt.  Again the slow motion of the system is the 
reason that 55 kt is selected for the intensity during the 21st, which is the peak 
intensity of the lifetime of the system.  It is analyzed that the cyclone made a full 
transition to an extratropical cyclone around 00Z on the 23rd.  Early on the 24th, the 
extratropical storm made landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada with minimal gales.  As it 
recurved northeastward, the system reintensified some as an extratropical cyclone with 
peak observed winds of 50 kt, which is the analyzed intensity.  The system dissipated 
over Greenland on the 26th.  The track of the cyclone was quite erratic and unusual, 
as it moved northwestward at a quite high latitude for four days as a tropical cyclone, 
moved southwestward as an extratropical cyclone on the 21st, before gradually recurving 
toward the north-northeast on the 24th.  It is possible that this system today - with 
the availability of satellite imagery - may have been considered a subtropical storm 
from the 16th and 17th and also from the 20th to the 22nd of September, 
instead of a tropical storm on those dates.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #8 - 2012 Revision

25890 09/18/1932 M= 4  6 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25890 09/18/1932 M= 4  8 SNBR= 575 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *

25895 09/18*  0   0   0    0*216 945  35    0*231 941  35    0*241 938  35    0
25895 09/18*208 950  30    0*216 945  35    0*225 941  40    0*236 938  45    0
            *** ***  **                       ***      **      ***      **

25900 09/19*253 935  35    0*266 931  35    0*280 927  35    0*294 921  35    0
25900 09/19*250 934  50    0*265 928  55    0*280 923  55    0*294 919  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

25905 09/20*310 915  35    0*339 902  30    0*366 886  30    0*376 877  25    0
25905 09/20*310 915  40    0*334 902  35    0*360 883  30    0*376 871  25    0
                     **      ***      **      *** ***              ***

25910 09/21*383 867  20    0*389 856  20    0*395 844  15    0*398 794  15    0
25910 09/21E383 863  20    0E387 853  20    0E388 840  20    0E388 825  20    0
           *    ***         **** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **

25915 TS                    

U.S. Tropical Storms:
-------------------------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  States
                                   Wind Affected
9/19/1932      1900Z 29.6N  91.9W  55kt  LA

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm #6.  Another major alteration is to indicate an extratropical 
cyclone stage during the last day of the system's existence.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Daily Weather Maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, 
Louisiana Climatological Data, Mississippi Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic 
maps, and Dunn and Miller (1960).

Sept 18- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 23.1N, 94.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 95W. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "Disturbed 
conditions prevail over the western and central Gulf of Mexico, but no definite 
center can yet be located" (DWM).  "Another disturbance of slight to moderate 
intensity moved north-northeastward over the western Gulf of Mexico during the 
18th and 19th" (MWR).

Sept 19- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 28N, 92.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 93W.  Station highlight: 
1005 mb (minimum pressure) at Morgan City, LA (no time given) (MWR); 30 kt SE 
(maximum wind) at Port Eads, LA (no time given) (Louisiana Climatological Data).  
Ship highlight: 55kt ENE with pressure of 998mb at 28.6N, 91.9W at 1400 UTC (MWR).   
"The Gulf disturbance is apparently central this morning about 125 miles southeast 
of Galveston, Tex., and moving north-northeastward... No winds of gale force are yet 
reported" (DWM).  "A tropical storm of slight intensity moved northward over the 
south-central and eastern portions of the State on the 19th.  No wind damage 
occurred in Louisiana except where cane was prostrated and these losses were not 
serious" (Louisiana Climatological Data).  "... and passed inland over the Louisiana 
coast a short distance west of Morgan City shortly after noon of the 19th.  
No winds of gale force were reported" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones of Louisiana, 
Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 19, Morgan City, LA, Minor ["Minor" indicates 
less than hurricane force] - (Dunn and Miller).

Sept 20- HWM indicates a low near 35N, 88W with a frontal boundary extending west 
and north of the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 36.6N, 
88.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 37N, 
88.5W with pressure of 1006mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "The Gulf disturbance has moved 
north-northeastward to the middle Mississippi Valley, Cairo, Ill. 29.72 inches, 
and it was attended by general, and in many places heavy, rains from the Gulf 
coast northward to the lower Ohio and middle Mississippi Valleys, Vicksburg, Miss., 
reporting the greatest amount, 3.01 inches" (DWM).

Sept 21- HWM indicates a low near 37N, 85W with a dissipating frontal boundary 
extending south of the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 
39.5N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center 
near 38N, 82W with pressure of 1011mb. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "The disturbance moved 
northeastward during the next two days [20th and 21st] and dissipated over 
southwestern Pennsylvania during the 21st" (MWR).

Genesis for the system is begun six hours earlier as a tropical depression in 
the same general location of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Available ship 
and coastal observations - as is typical for this part of the basin  during 
this era - are quite sparse on the 18th of September and it is ambiguous if 
the system began as a 35 kt tropical storm or weaker at 06 UTC.  Given the 
prominent ship observations taken the next day indicating a high end tropical 
storm, no changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm  intensity is 
reached.  Minor alterations to the track were made for the lifetime of this 
system, except for a large change at the last position which corrected an 
unrealistically fast translational speed.  The cyclone quickly moved off towards 
the north-northeast after formation.  A ship at 14Z on the 19th measured 55 kt
ENE winds with simultaneous 998 mb pressure.  This pressure suggests maximum 
winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Winds are analyzed to 55 kt be at 06Z and 12Z on the 19th, 
a large upward change from the 35 kt originally in HURDAT.  

The tropical storm made landfall around 19Z on the 19th at 29.6N 91.9W south of 
Morgan City, Louisiana.  Winds are kept at 55 kt up until landfall and impact is 
consistent with description in the Louisiana Climatological Data of the storm 
coming ashore in a sparsely part of the state.  Weakening to tropical depression 
intensity is indicated at 12Z on the 20th, 6 hours after originally shown in 
HURDAT given a stronger system making landfall.  Despite the HWM indicating 
frontal boundaries extending through the system on the 20th, inspection of the 
observations instead shows the frontal boundary substantially northwest of the 
cyclone at that time.  It is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical 
around 00Z on the 22nd when the front reached the cyclone's center.  Previously 
there was no extratropical stage shown for this system.  Dissipation after 18Z 
on the 21st is unchanged, as observations still (weakly) show a closed 
circulation in HWM at 12Z on that date.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #9 - 2012 Revision

25920 09/25/1932 M= 9  7 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25920 09/25/1932 M= 9  9 SNBR= 576 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

25925 09/25*  0   0   0    0*163 563  50    0*169 580  65    0*172 590  80    0
25925 09/25*  0   0   0    0*168 567  50    0*169 580  65    0*170 593  80    0
                             *** ***                           *** ***

25930 09/26*174 600  90    0*177 610 100  948*180 620 105    0*182 632 100    0
25930 09/26*172 607  90    0*174 619 105    0*177 630 120  948*179 640 125    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

25935 09/27*182 647  95    0*182 662  90    0*182 676  85    0*181 689  80    0
25935 09/27*180 650 125  943*182 662 100    0*182 676  90    0*181 689  90    0
            *** *** ***  ***         ***               **               **

25940 09/28*180 702  70    0*180 719  60    0*180 735  55    0*179 744  50    0
25940 09/28*180 704  90    0*180 721  75    0*180 737  60    0*179 749  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***

25945 09/29*179 752  45    0*179 765  40    0*179 777  40    0*179 788  40    0
25945 09/29*178 759  45    0*177 767  40    0*176 777  40    0*175 788  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

25950 09/30*180 799  40    0*180 811  40    0*180 823  40    0*179 836  40    0
25950 09/30*174 799  40    0*173 811  40    0*172 823  40    0*171 836  40    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

25955 10/01*179 849  40    0*179 858  40    0*178 867  40    0*177 878  40    0
25955 10/01*170 849  40    0*169 861  40    0*168 872  40 1003*167 883  40    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***     **** *** ***

25960 10/02*176 890  40    0*178 904  35    0*181 918  35    0*184 930  35    0
25960 10/02*165 894  35    0*163 905  30    0*160 915  30    0*157 925  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 3rd is removed from HURDAT.)
25965 10/03*187 941  35    0*190 952  35    0*193 962  35    0*196 973  30    0

25970 HR                    

Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm #7.  Another major change is dissipating the cyclone 24 hours 
earlier than originally indicated.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records, an original letter from Saba to the Weather Bureau 
obtained at NCDC, Mexican synoptic maps, Perez (1971), and Boose et al. (2004).

Sept 25- HWM indicates a trough along 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 16.9N, 58W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

Sept 26- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 63.5W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18N, 62W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17Nm, 62W. Station highlight: 1001 mb 
at 11Z, 957 mb (not a central pressure) at 1230Z at Saba (letter); 1004 mb (min 
pressure) at St. Bartholomew at 13Z(Perez/MWR).  Ship highlight: No gales or low 
pressures.  "With extraordinarily high pressure prevailing over the entire 
Atlantic and the eastern half of the continent, this storm departed from a normal 
course and traveled slightly north of west from near St. Barthelemy to Puerto Rico"
The first information received at San Juan was from Antigua on the morning of the 
26th, indicating that a moderate disturbance had passed there about 3 a. m... St. 
Barthelemy was near the vortex with a pressure of 29.65 inches [1004 mb] and an 
estimated velocity of 60 to 90 miles per hour... Current reports at 8 a. m. of the 
26th located the vortex as having passed between St. Kitts and St. Martin.  By 
evening the reports indicated that the vortex was passing between St. Thomas and 
St. Croix... Advisory 7 p. m.  Storm center passing between St. Thomas (29.58 inches 
[1002 mb]) and St. Croix (29.54 inches [1000 mb]) apparently moving west-northwest 
about 10 miles per hour... .Velocities up to 60 miles per hour reported from both St. 
Croix and St. Thomas.  Moderate damage was done on at Barthelemy, on Tortola, also 
on St. Thomas and St. John of the United States Virgin Islands.  St. Croix reports 
no damage.  Culebra and Vieques, important islands off the east coast of Puerto 
Rico both suffered heavily" (MWR).  "24th February, 1933. Dear. Dr. Marvin, With 
respect to the account of the "San Ciprian" hurricane, September 26-27, 1932, in 
the September number of your Monthly Weather Review I should like to remark that 
particulars about that hurricane, received in October last from Curacao, seem to 
indicate that the centre passed very near our small island of Saba.  News about 
that fact may have failed to reach your as radio-communication was interrupted by 
the blowing down of the antennes [sic].   I include copy of the barometerreadings 
[sic], which the local physician published in the "Amigoe de Curacao" of 8th 
October 1932.  It is a pity that the readings of the minimum fail, because at 
that time the hurricane ruined the church and the reporter only returned, when 
the rise had already begun.  It looks however as if the lowest reading might 
have been about 710 [mm].  The instrument is evidently an aneroid.  The readings 
before and after the storm will enable you to correct its error.  It would 
seem therefore as if the path of the centre was not so straight as indicated 
in Map VIII, and that is my reason for communicating you these particulars.  
Barometerreadings [sic] 26th September 1932 Saba. 7h00 751 [mm], 8h00 745 
Wind NW, 8h30 718, 9h45 720 Wind W, 10h00 730 Wind S, 10h15 735, 10h45 742, 
11h20 746, 12h45 747, 16h45 749, 18h00 752.5.  Yours faithfully,   [Signature 
not decipherable] Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut" 
(Letter obtained from NCDC).

Sept 27- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 66.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.2N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 68W. Station highlight: 52 kt and 
1002 mb at St. Thomas at 00Z (MWR); 52 kt and 1000 mb at St. Croix at 00Z (MWR); 
78kt at San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic 18.4N, 69.3W, no time given (MWR); 
980mb (min pressure) at San Juan (18.5N, 66.1W) at 0600 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 
938 mb and 948 mb at 18.2N, 65.6W at 0300 UTC (MWR).  "The vortex entered the 
Island of Puerto Rico near Ceiba at 10 p. m. of September 26, probably directly 
over the harbor of Ensenada Honda, where the steamers Jean and Acacia had taken 
refuge.  The former reported 27.70 inches [938 mb] and the latter 28 inches [948 mb] 
as the low pressure, with a diametric windshift and brief lull.  The vortex passed 
a short distance south of San Juan (28.95 inches [980 mb] at 1 a. m.) and left the 
island near Aguadilla about 5:30 a. m. of the 27th.  The maximum wind velocity at 
San Juan is estimated at not less than 120 miles per hour.  Unfortunately, the 
wind-instrument tower, an old one already in course of replacement, was blown down 
at 12:08 a. m., when the record was 66 miles per hour from the northeast... Many lives 
were lost from collapse of buildings which were supposed to be safe; some from flying 
debris, some from drowning, the loss from the first cause being by far the greatest.  
As usual, first reports of loss of life were wildly exaggerated, but it would be 
difficult to exaggerate the effect of the storm on buildings... Casualties were 225 
dead and 3,000 more or less injured.  Property damage, including crops, will total 
near $30,000,000... Of crop losses the greatest percentage was citrus, as the citrus 
belt is almost wholly within the zone of heavy damage... After passing Puerto Rico, 
the southern part of Santo Domingo and Haiti felt the storm on the 27th" (MWR).  
"San Cipriano II, September 26-27, Numerous F3 Fujita scale structural damages, 
Analyzes 120 kt at Puerto Rico landfall" (Boose et al.).

Sept 28- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 74W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 18N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 17N, 72W. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. "This storm diminished greatly 
in intensity after leaving Puerto Rico, and no strong winds were reported west of 
Haiti" (MWR).

Sept 29- HWM indicates a low near 16N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 
17.9N, 77.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 
16.5N, 77WStation highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 30- HWM indicates a low near 16N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 
18N, 82.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 16.5N, 
81.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 1- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm at 17.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed 
a center near 16N, 87W. Station highlight: 15 kt N and 1005 mb at Belize City (HWM). 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "...thence slightly south of west in almost 
a direct line to the coast of Yucatan south of Belize" (MWR).

Oct 2- HWM indicates a low near 14.5N, 99W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 
18.1N, 91.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 18N, 
91.5W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 3- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 19.3N, 95.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track 
of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 95W. Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "After passing inland near 
Belize, British Honduras, on October 1, the disturbance moved slightly north of west 
and dissipated near Vera Cruz, Mexico on October 3" (MWR).

No changes are made to the genesis time of this major hurricane, though the initial 
position at 06Z on the 25th of September is adjusted to provide a realistic initial 
motion (too fast with a discontinuity with the next 6 hour motion).  The days before 
the 25th were searched to see if the system began earlier, but the lack of observations 
makes it unknown where and when the cyclone actually formed.  Thus the first intensity 
of 50 kt is not altered, but it is possible that it formed earlier with a weaker 
windspeed.  Minor track changes were made from the 25th through early on the 2nd of 
October, with major revisions to the position introduced late on the 2nd.  The cyclone 
was listed in HURDAT as reaching 948 mb central pressure at 06Z on the 26th, just 24 
hours after genesis.  It is likely that this is derived from observations from the 
island of Saba provided in a letter from the Meteorological Institute in Saba to the 
U.S. Weather Bureau, which include an uncertain minimum pressure of 710 mm of mercury 
(947 mb) and a bit more certain reading of 718 mm (957 mb) near 1230 UTC.  While it is 
unknown if these observations have been corrected, the data shows that the pressure 
fell 44 mb in 90 minutes prior to the 957 mb reading, showing that the small inner 
core was already established at that time.  The letter suggests that these were not 
central pressures, as there is no mention of a lull and the winds shifted from 
northwest to west to south. Thus the 948 mb central pressure originally in HURDAT - 
while uncertain given that the hurricane's center did not go directly over the island 
- is reasonable and is retained, but moved to the 12 UTC slot.  Closest approach to 
Saba is around 13 UTC on the 26th and the track is adjusted slightly to the 
west-southwest.  A 948 mb central pressure suggests 113 kt from the Brown et al. 
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the very small size (44 mb pressure 
drop in 90 minutes before the recorded 957 mb), the intensity is boosted to 120 kt 
at 12 UTC on the 26th (up from 105 kt originally). The rather small tropical cyclone 
did apparently rapidly intensify as it was moving through but not making a direct 
hit some of the other Leeward Islands.  Peripheral pressures of 1004, 1002, and 
1000 mb were observed at St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas, and St. Croix, respectively, 
late on the 26th and early on the 27th.  (The 52 kt reported both in St. Thomas and 
St. Croix at 00Z on the 27th may have been estimates, not anemometer-based observations.)

By the time that the system reached Puerto Rico around 04Z on the 27th around 18.2N 65.7W 
near Ensenada Honda, the cyclone was a major hurricane.  Two ships at that location reported 
938 and 948 mb, a distinct lull, and a "diametric" wind shift (likely ~180 degrees).  Given 
that both ships were at the same location, it is unknown which - if either - had an accurate 
barometer and recorded the true central pressure.  In the absence of better information, the 
average of these two measurements - 943 mb - is taken as the central pressure of the hurricane 
at landfall in Puerto Rico and included into HURDAT at the 00Z 27th slot.  This hurricane 
clearly had an extremely small core as its center passed between the islands of St. Thomas 
and St. Croix, which are 40 n mi apart, and neither island appears to have experienced 
hurricane-force winds.  This would imply a radius of hurricane force winds of less than 
20 n mi and a radius of maximum winds (RMW) of perhaps less than 10 n mi.  943 mb suggests 
maximum winds of 118 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Given the small size (climatology for this central pressure and latitude is 12 nm - 
Vickery et al.), 125 kt is thus selected for HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th, 00Z on the 27th 
and at landfall at 03Z.   This is a Category 4 hurricane impact for Puerto Rico, which is 
significantly higher than the 95 kt Category 2 implied previously.  Major - at least 20 kt 
- upward changes are thus introduced for 18Z on the 26th and 00Z on the 27th.  The cyclone's 
center remained over the island for about seven hours, making oceanfall just south of 
Aguadilla.  Winds in HURDAT are boosted upward from 12Z on the 26th onward, accordingly.  
The hurricane then made a second landfall in the Dominican Republic.  Peak winds obtained 
were 78 kt (unknown whether this was an estimate or observed) from San Pedro de Macoris 
late on the 27th.  Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest 100 kt at 06Z 
on the 27th and 89 kt at oceanfall at 10Z on the 27th.  Thus the intensity at 06Z is 
analyzed to be 100 kt and for 12Z until landfall in Dominican Republic are analyzed to be 
90 kt.  After this second major landfall the cyclone apparently weakened rather 
dramatically, as no hurricane - or even tropical storm force - winds were observed 
through the remainder (an additional four days) of its lifetime.  Winds in HURDAT of 
40 kt were retained from the 29th through the 1st, though it is possible that the 
system was weaker - possibly a tropical depression - on the 29th or 30th.  On the 
1st, just before the cyclone impacted Belize, the system appeared to be slightly 
more organized and 15 kt N winds with 1005 mb pressure was observed at Belize City 
at 12Z.  This would suggest about 1003 mb central pressure, as it is possible that 
the measurement was inside the RMW.  If so, this central pressure would suggest 41 kt 
from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Thus the original 
40 kt appears to be reasonable and is retained in HURDAT.  The tropical storm made 
landfall with 40 kt winds around 18Z on the 1st at 15.7N 92.5W south of Belize City.  
This position is about a degree south of that originally indicated in HURDAT.  
On the 2nd, available ship and coastal observations show that the system continued 
moving west-southwest into Central America, rather than going west-northwest over 
the southernmost Gulf of Mexico.  The changes in position on 12 and 18Z on the 2nd 
are major revisions.  It is analyzed that the cyclone dissipated over southeastern 
Mexico after 18Z on the 2nd.  HURDAT originally maintained the cyclone during the 
3rd and took it to landfall near Veracruz.  However, the small pressure drop and 
no wind shift at that station (going from 1010 mb down to 1009 mb between the 2nd 
and 3rd while maintaining west winds both days) was in response to synoptic-scale 
pressure drops over Mexico and south central United States due to a large 
extratropical system.  Dissipation is indicated to have occurred 24 hours earlier 
than originally shown.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #10 - 2012 Addition

25975 09/28/1932 M= 3 10 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
25980 09/28*355 490  35    0*353 493  35    0*350 495  40    0*347 497  40    0
25980 09/29*344 499  40    0*342 501  40    0*340 500  40    0*344 495  40    0
25980 09/30*352 487  35    0*365 477  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0                    

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. 
(2009). Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather 
Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

Sept 28- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33.5N, 49.5W with a 
stationary front to the northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt N with pressure of 1004mb at 35.2N, 50W at 
1200 UTC (HWM).

Sept 29-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 50W with a stationary 
front to the northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Sept 30- HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 37N, 48W with dissipating frontal 
boundary extending east from the cyclone's center.  Additionally a large extratropical 
cyclone is northwest of the low. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 35 kt SE with pressure of 1017mb at 43.3N, 44.1W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

The genesis of this system is begun at 00Z on the 28th, though it may have formed 
earlier than this over the relatively data sparse eastern Atlantic.  The system 
exhibits a small amount of baroclinicity and a tight inner core on the 28th with 
two separate ships measuring 35 kt N winds and 1004 mb pressure and 25 kt S winds 
and 1004 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 
36 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and at least 42 kt from the Landsea et al. 
north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  Winds are analyzed to be 40 kt at 12Z, 
which is the peak intensity for this short-lived, weak tropical cyclone.  Inner 
core observations are less comprehensive on the 29th and a 40 kt intensity is 
maintained as the system drifted toward the southwest.  The cyclone then interacted 
with a large extratropical low which recurved the system toward the northeast and 
subsequently absorbed it within the warm sector of the extratropical low after 06Z 
on the 30th.  The cyclone - with the benefit of satellite imagery today - may have 
been classified as a subtropical cyclone on the 28th, before transitioning to a 
fully tropical system on the 29th and 30th.  

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #11 - 2012 Revision

25975 10/07/1932 M=12  8 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
25975 10/07/1932 M=12 11 SNBR= 577 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **                            *

25980 10/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 832  35    0*162 836  35    0
25980 10/07*156 824  30    0*158 828  30    0*160 832  35    0*162 836  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

25985 10/08*164 840  35    0*165 844  35    0*166 848  35    0*168 854  35    0
25985 10/08*164 840  35    0*167 844  35    0*170 848  35    0*172 854  40    0
                             ***              ***              ***      **

25990 10/09*170 860  40    0*171 864  40    0*173 868  40    0*175 874  40    0
25990 10/09*173 860  45    0*175 864  50    0*177 868  55    0*179 872  60    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

25995 10/10*178 880  40    0*180 884  40    0*181 888  40    0*182 892  35    0
25995 10/10*180 876  60    0*182 880  50    0*183 885  40    0*182 890  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

26000 10/11*183 896  35    0*185 900  35    0*186 904  35    0*187 907  35    0
26000 10/11*181 895  35    0*180 900  35    0*180 904  30    0*180 907  30    0
            *** ***          ***              ***      **      ***      **

26005 10/12*188 910  35    0*189 912  35    0*189 914  35    0*191 918  35    0
26005 10/12*180 908  30    0*180 909  30    0*180 910  30    0*182 912  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26010 10/13*193 922  35    0*195 925  40    0*197 929  40    0*201 935  40    0
26010 10/13*186 915  30    0*190 918  30    0*195 922  35    0*200 928  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26015 10/14*208 942  40    0*218 949  40    0*230 953  45    0*243 954  45    0
26015 10/14*206 935  40    0*212 940  40    0*220 943  40    0*231 944  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***

26020 10/15*256 950  45    0*272 940  45    0*286 928  40    0*293 918  40    0
26020 10/15*246 940  45    0*261 934  50    0*275 925  50    0E287 915  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

26025 10/16*299 907  40    0*308 894  40    0*318 882  35    0*325 873  30    0
26025 10/16E298 904  50    0E308 893  45    0E318 882  40    0E325 874  40    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **     *    ***  **

26030 10/17*332 866  25    0*338 860  25    0*344 854  20    0*351 847  20    0
26030 10/17E332 868  35    0E338 863  35    0E344 857  35    0E351 849  35    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **

26035 10/18*359 840  20    0*366 833  15    0*373 827  15    0*380 821  15    0
26035 10/18E359 840  35    0E366 830  35    0E373 818  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **     *    ***  **     *    ***  **      *** ***  **

26040 TS                    

Minor changes to the track and but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #8.  A major change is also to introduce 
an extratropical storm stage for the last four days of its existence.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS 
ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps, Connor (1956), and 
Dunn and Miller (1960).

Oct 7- HWM indicates a very broad closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 81W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 16N, 83.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 45kt ENE with pressure of 999mb at 
17.7N, 81.3W at 1200 UTC (COA).  "A disturbed condition made its appearance over 
the western Caribbean on the 7th between Swan Island and Cape Gracias" (MWR).

Oct 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 84W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 16.6N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 84W. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

Oct 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 17.3N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 17N, 86W with pressure of 989mb. Station highlight: 
15 kt NNW and 1004 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 45kt SE with 
pressure of 987mb at 17.3N, 87.3W at 1900 UTC (COA); 982mb at 17.1N, 87.3W at 
2000 UTC (COA).   "... during the next two days [8th and 9th] moved slightly north 
of west, with slowly decreasing pressure at the center" (MWR).

Oct 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 87W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 18.1N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 17.5N, 88W. Station highlight: 15 kt W and 1002 mb 
at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: 35kt E with pressure of 1005mb at 
19N, 86W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 20kt WSW with pressure of 994mb at 16.7N, 87.5W at 
0000 UTC (COA).  "It was central on the evening of the 9th a short distance east 
of Belize" (MWR).

Oct 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 88W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 18.6N, 90.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 18.5N, 89W. Station highlight: 35 kt N with pressure 
of 1008mb at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.1W) at 1200 UTC (HWM); 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 
Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "It continued 
to move slowly westward until the 11th, when it was central near Carmen (Mexico)" (MWR).

Oct 12- HWM indicates two closed lows - one near 17N 89W with at most 1005 mb 
pressure and another near 16N 94W in the Northeast Pacific with at most 1005 mb 
pressure.  HWM also shows a stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico north of the 
first low.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 18.9N, 91.4W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19N, 91.5W. Station highlight: 
45 kt N with pressure of 1006 mb at Vera Cruz at 1200 UTC (HWM); 15 kt SE and 
1004 mb at Belize City at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 13- HWM indicates a broad trough of low pressure over southern Mexico to the 
Yucatan of Mexico with a stationary front just north of Yucatan.  HURDAT lists this 
at a Tropical Storm at 19.7N, 92.9w at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 19.5N, 94W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 14- HWM indicates a low near 23N, 97W with a warm front extending east and a cold 
front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 45kt winds at 23N, 95.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed 
a center near 24N, 96W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 
10 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 20.7N 93.3W at 12Z (COA).  "It then turned more toward the 
northwestward, and on the 14th, 8 a. m., it was located about 200 miles southeast 
of Brownsville" (MWR).

Oct 15- HWM indicates a low near 25N, 93W with a warm front extending east and a cold 
front extending south of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 92.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed 
a center near 28N, 94W. Station highlight: 39kt SE at Pensacola (30.4N, 87.2W) no time 
given (MWR); 991 mb (min pressure) at Gulfport, MS (no time given) (Connnor). Ship 
highlight: 30 kt SE with pressure of 1004mb at 28N, 88N at 1200 UTC (HWM); 15kt SSE 
with pressure of 999mb at  28.7N, 91.2W at 2100 UTC (MWR). "By 8 p. m. of the 14th - 
information placed the center about 150 miles east by south of Brownsville.  During 
the next 12 hours the disturbance advanced northeastward and on the morning of the 
15th was located about 120 miles southeast of Galveston ... The disturbance moved inland 
across the Louisiana coast during the afternoon of the 15th.  While attended by gales 
no winds of hurricane force were reported at any time during its history" (MWR).  
"Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 15, Louisiana and 
Mississippi, Minor ["Minor" indicates less than hurricane intensity]- (Dunn and Miller).

Oct 16- HWM indicates this as a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30.5N, 87.5W with a 
warm front extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone's center. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 31.8N, 88.2W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 32N, 88.5W with pressure of 995mb. 
Station highlight: 33 kt SE (max wind) at Charleston (no time given) (MWR); 20 kt S 
and 996 mb at Pensacola at 12Z (HWM); 15 kt W and 997 mb at Burrwood at 12Z (HWM).  
Ship highlight: 45 kt SW (unknown time), 35 kt SSW and 995 mb at 07Z at 28.6N 88.9W 
(MWR); 35 kt SW and 996 mb at 28.7N 87.9W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt SSW and 996 mb at 
29.3N 87.8W at 12Z (COA); 25 kt WSW and 990 mb at 28.0N 87.8W at 12Z (COA).

Oct 17 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N 86W with a warm front 
extending east-northeast and a cold front extending south from the center of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression at 34.4N 85.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones showed both a center near 34N 86W with a 996 mb pressure and new 
center forming near 35N 81W with a 1001 mb pressure.  Station highlight:  32 kt SE 
(max wind) at Elkins (no time given) (MWR); 10 kt S and 997 mb at Atlanta, GA at 12Z 
(HWM).  Ship highlight:  20 kt W and 999 mb at 28.3N 88.0W at 00Z (COA).

Oct 18 - HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N 79W with a warm front 
extending east from the cyclone's center and a stationary front extending south.  HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Depression at 37.3N 82.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Track of Centers 
of Cyclones shows two centers - one at 37N 83W with 1006 mb pressure and a second one at 
38N 78W with 1005 mb pressure.  Station highlight:  10 kt NNW and 1004 mb at Asheville, NC 
at 12Z (HWM).  Ship highlight:  35 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 36.2N 74.8W (COA).

Oct 19 - HWM indicates an elongated low of at most 1010 mb near 37N 73W with a stationary 
front extending east-northeast and a dissipating cold front extending south from the 
cyclone's center.  HURDAT no longer listed this system on the 19th.  The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones had dissipated the original low and continued the secondary low 
center near 38N 73W with 1009 mb pressure.  Station highlight:  No gales or low pressures.  
Ship highlight:  5 kt SSW and 1005 mb pressure at 37.5N 76.5W at 01Z (COA).

Genesis begun at 00Z on the 7th of October in the western Caribbean, twelve hours earlier 
than shown in HURDAT originally.  Minor track changes are introduced from the 8th until 
the dissipation of this cyclone on the 18th.  A ship reported 45 kt and 999 mb on the 7th.  
The observation appears to be inconsistent with the other measurements that show an 
elongated west-east trough, all of which show winds 10-15 kt and pressures 1008-1010 mb.  
Additionally, the ship only reported once in the several days of this system's lifetime, 
which is suspicious (most ships report once daily or four times a day) and also does not 
allow for inspection of a time series for the ship.  Thus this ship's observation is 
discarded.  A ship - "US097284" - from COADS provided hourly observations with peak 
observations of 45 kt SE at 19Z on the 9th and 982 mb with SSE winds (of unknown magnitude) 
at 21Z.  The ship also reported a twenty hour pressure drop of 19 mb (from 1001 down to 
982 mb).  Yet the highest wind reported from the ship from its hourly observations was 
45 kt, despite several pressure readings below 995 mb, the lowest of which (at the time 
of the 45 kt measurement) was 987 mb.  Moreover, comparison of these observations with 
nearby ships - especially ship "Car." in the HWM that had nearly the same wind speed and 
same direction at a location about 20 nm apart - suggests that these pressures were likely 
low biased by about 7-9 mb.  Thus 990 mb may be the likely true lowest pressure provided 
by this ship, which suggests maximum winds of at least 64 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship.  Because of the slow motion and low environmental 
pressures, the intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 9th and 00Z on the 10th to be 60 kt, 
slightly lower than suggested by the pressure-wind relationship.  These are major changes 
upward in intensity at these times (originally 40 kt) and the intensity is gradually 
ramped up from late on the 8th to early on the 9th accordingly.  

The cyclone continued west-northwestward and made landfall near the border of Belize and 
Mexico near 18.1N 87.9W at 04Z on the 10th with peak winds of 60 kt.  After landfall in 
Central America on the 10th, the synoptic situation became somewhat complex, though 
additional observations available from the Mexican synoptic maps helped to reduce the 
uncertainty in the system's evolution.  At 12Z the 11th, the Historical Weather Map 
indicates an elongated low pressure area with continued low pressure near Belize City 
(with 1003 mb) but also with 1003 mb on the Pacific coast of Mexico near the Gulf of 
Tehauntepec as well.  Further complicating the picture, winds in the Bay of Campeche 
reached gale force out of the north.  This same pattern continued on the 12th.  The 
interpretation is that the tropical cyclone moved quite slowly after landfall and 
remained near Belize while a second low pressure system was trying to develop in the 
Northeast Pacific near the Gulf of Tehauntepec.  The gale force northerlies in the Bay 
of Campeche were likely a combined result of the secondary low pressure along with cold 
air advection from behind an (unanalyzed) cold front extending across the Gulf of Mexico.  
By the 13th, unfortunately, the Mexican observations were incomplete in the likely 
location of the cyclone, though available data are not incompatible with the tropical 
cyclone entering the Gulf of Mexico, as suggested originally by HURDAT.  Thus the revised 
data slowly weakens the system after landfall in Central America and brings it to tropical 
depression status by 12Z on the 11th as it moved slowly west-southwestward on that date 
and due westward on the 12th.  HURDAT had originally brought the tropical cyclone into 
Central America with a 40 kt intensity and maintained it as a 35 kt minimal tropical 
storm for the next two days while remaining over land.  A ship observed 10 kt SSE and 
1002 mb at 12Z on the 14th, which suggests at least 43 kt from the south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt is chosen for that time because of the low 
environmental pressure (down from 45 kt originally).  The system is brought back up 
to tropical storm intensity by 12Z on the 13th, about 12 hours after the center may 
have moved over the Gulf of Mexico.  The Historical Weather Maps depict frontal 
boundaries in direct association with the cyclone on the 14th.  However, despite some 
elongation of the wind circulation and some baroclinicity, the system is still judged 
to have been a tropical cyclone at that date.  However, around 18Z on the 15th the 
cyclone had clearly transitioned to an extratropical cyclone and this transition is 
analyzed to have occurred at that time.  Indicating an extratropical stage is a major 
change as the previous HURDAT kept it as a tropical cyclone throughout its lifetime.  
The system did become somewhat stronger as it was transitioning to an extratropical 
storm over the Gulf of Mexico.  Late on the 15th and early on the 16th, the highest 
observed winds were 45 kt from a ship and 39 kt from Pensacola and lowest pressures 
were 990 mb from a ship and 991 mb from Gulfport, MS.  Winds are boosted to 50 kt 
(from 40 kt originally) up until 00Z on the 16th, which is just after landfall of 
the extratropical cyclone on the Gulf coast.  The extratropical cyclone retained 
minimal gale force winds late on the 16th until the 18th over the southeastern U.S. 
with a few stations and ship reports up to 35 kt.  Winds in HURDAT are thus 
increased for these dates with increases at 06 and 12Z on the 18th being major 
upward revisions (from 15 to 35 kt).  On late on the 17th, a secondary center in 
the extratropical cyclone began forming to the southeast of the original center, 
as depicted in the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Centers of Cyclones and in the 
Historical Weather Maps.  After 12Z on the 18th, this secondary center had replaced 
with original one and the system continued for several more days off to the 
northeast as a vigorous extratropical storm.  However, since the original center 
had dissipated after 12Z on the 18th, the lifetime of the system that began as a 
tropical cyclone is ended at that point.  This scenario is in general agreement 
with the original HURDAT and the Monthly Weather Review.  Dissipation is 
indicated to be six hours earlier than the original HURDAT.

(Previous paragraph included about extreme uncertainties has been removed, as the 
additional observations available from the Mexican synoptic maps help to confirm 
the evolution suggested by the reanalysis.)

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #12 - 2012 Revision

26045 10/08/1932 M= 5  9 SNBR= 578 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26045 10/08/1932 M= 5 12 SNBR= 578 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

26050 10/08*  0   0   0    0*218 563  35    0*228 581  35    0*233 589  35    0
26050 10/08*236 570  30    0*238 577  35    0*240 585  35    0*242 593  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

26055 10/09*238 596  35    0*244 602  35    0*251 608  40    0*260 614  40    0
26055 10/09*245 601  35    0*249 608  35    0*255 615  40    0*265 620  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

26060 10/10*271 620  40    0*293 625  45    0*314 629  45    0*324 630  45    0
26060 10/10*280 623  40    0*298 626  45    0*314 629  45    0*324 632  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***  **

26065 10/11*334 630  45    0*345 630  40    0*357 628  40    0*372 620  35    0
26065 10/11*332 635  50    0*339 637  50    0*348 635  50    0*363 625  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26070 10/12*390 605  35    0*418 565  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26070 10/12*385 607  45    0E415 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **

26075 TS                    

Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009), originally storm #9.  Another major alteration is the introduction of an 
extratropical cyclone stage at the last position of the system.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
and the Monthly Weather Review.

Oct 7- HWM indicates no features of interest northeast of the Lesser Antilles.  
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24.5N, 58W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 22.8N, 58.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Ship highlight:  25 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 24.5N 57.0W (HWM, COA).

Oct 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 59W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm at 25.1N, 60.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 23N, 55W. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 10- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 63W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 31.4N, 62.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of 
Cyclones showed a center near 31N, 62W with pressure of 998mb. Station highlight: 
20kt N with pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda (32.3N, 64.8W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship 
highlight: 45kt ENE at 31.1N, 61.4W before 0900 UTC (MWR). 

Oct 11- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 35N, 65W with an 
approaching cold front east of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 40kt winds at 35.7N, 62.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a center near 36N, 62W. Station highlight: 35kt W with pressure of 1002mb at 
Bermuda at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlight: 30kt S with pressure of 997mb at 34.5N, 
63.3W at 1200 UTC (COA).

Oct 12 - HWM indicates a cold front extending south of Newfoundland.  HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm at 41.8N 56.5W at its last position at 06 UTC.  The MWR 
Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 43N 55W.  Station highlight:  
No gales.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 39.0N 53.8W at 12Z (COA); 
15 kt WSW and 999 mb at 44.5N 55.5W at 18Z (COA).

Genesis of this system is begun six hours than originally shown in HURDAT, as a 
30 kt tropical depression.  The initial position is repositioned toward the 
northwest based upon a ship observation near the cyclone, with a major change 
introduced at 06Z (which is the only major track change for this system).  Minor 
track alterations are introduced for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime.  
A 1002 mb peripheral pressure accompanied by 20 kt N winds at Bermuda at 12Z on 
the 10th suggests maximum winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et 
al. pressure-wind relationship.  Winds of 45 kt are retained in HURDAT on the 
10th (and are unchanged from genesis on the 8th to 12Z on the 10th).  A ship with 
997 mb peripheral pressure with simultaneous 30 kt S winds at 12Z on the 11th 
suggests at least 49 kt maximum winds from the north of 25N and at least 53 kt 
from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  Given the low 
environmental pressures, the intensity is analyzed at 50 kt at 12Z on the 11th 
(up from 40 kt originally), which is the new peak intensity for this system 
(previously 45 kt).  Late on the 11th and early on the 12th, the cyclone recurved 
north then northeastward over the open Atlantic.  The system weakened on the 12th, 
but not as quickly as that shown originally in HURDAT.  By 06Z on the 12th, the 
cyclone had transitioned to an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed in a 
strong cold frontal boundary.  There are some indications - especially from the 
9th to the 11th - that the cyclone had some subtropical cyclone characteristics 
and may have been classified as such if satellite imagery were available back 
in 1932.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #13 - 2012 Addition

26080 10/18/1932 M= 4 13 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26160 10/18*255 420  35    0*272 425  40    0*290 430  45    0*310 435  50    0
26160 10/19*326 436  55    0*340 434  60    0*350 430  60    0*355 422  55    0
26160 10/20*357 410  50    0*359 396  45    0*360 380  40    0*358 364  35    0
26160 10/21*353 350  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26165 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for the existence of this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, 
the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship database.

Oct 17- HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front extending from 40N40W to 25N48W.  
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  
"On the 17th a disturbance took definite form in a previously existent trough of low 
pressure over mid-ocean, moved slowly northeastward past the Azores during the four 
days that followed, and caused the strongest gale reported from the Atlantic area 
during the month" (MWR).

Oct 18- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 43W. Station 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 27.5N 
42.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt SE with pressure of 1004mb at 33.5N, 39.5W at 1800 UTC (COA).

Oct 19- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 34N, 43W with a dissipating 
stationary front north of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 60kt NNW with pressure of 999mb at 36.8N, 45W at 0900 UTC (MWR); 
50 kt N and 1005 mb at 35.5N 46.3W at 12Z (COA); 50 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 35.9N 
47.9W at 12Z (HWM).

Oct 20- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 38W with a cold front 
northeast of the cyclone. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight:  No gales or low pressures.

Oct 21 - HWM indicates a trough of low pressure in the vicinity of 27N, 42W to 
29N, 32W.  Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight:  No gales or low pressures.

This tropical storm began along a preexisting frontal boundary over the open Atlantic 
Ocean.  The system began around 00Z on the 18th of October, at which time the 
baroclinicity had diminished and at 12Z on that day the cyclone exhibited a fairly 
symmetric, though large circulation.  Numerous gales and low pressures were recorded 
from ships on the 18th and 19th.  A 1001 mb peripheral pressure simultaneous with 
35 kt SW winds at 12Z on the 18th suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from the 
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Another ship at 18Z on the 
same date reported 50 kt SE winds.  The intensity is analyzed at 45 kt at 12Z and 
50 kt at 18Z on the 18th.  A 60 kt NNE wind and 999 mb pressure were reported by a 
ship at 09Z on the 19th.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the 
Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are analyzed to be 
60 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 19th, which is the peak intensity for the cyclone.  
Weakening likely commenced late on the 19th and no gales or low pressures were 
observed on the 20th or 21st.  The system dissipated after 00Z on the 21st though 
observations are sparse on this date, so it is possible that the system continued 
slightly longer than indicated here.  It should be noted that the MWR summary for 
this system differs considerably from the assessment described here, as this cyclone 
did not "move slowly northeastward past the Azores". This system, if observed with 
satellite imagery available today, might have been considered a subtropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #14 - 2012 Revision

26080 10/30/1932 M=16 10 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26080 10/30/1932 M=16 14 SNBR= 579 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

26085 10/30*  0   0   0    0*177 546  35    0*176 563  35    0*175 572  35    0
26085 10/30*  0   0   0    0*150 554  25    0*150 563  25    0*150 572  30    0
                             *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **                         

26090 10/31*173 582  40    0*171 593  40    0*167 605  45    0*162 617  50    0
26090 10/31*149 582  30    0*149 593  30    0*148 605  30    0*148 617  35    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

26095 11/01*157 628  55    0*152 640  60    0*147 651  65    0*142 662  70    0
26095 11/01*147 630  40    0*146 645  45    0*145 660  50    0*143 672  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26100 11/02*138 673  70    0*135 683  75    0*133 691  75    0*131 697  80    0
26100 11/02*141 682  60    0*139 690  65    0*137 695  70    0*135 700  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26105 11/03*130 703  80    0*130 708  85    0*129 713  85    0*129 721  85    0
26105 11/03*134 705  80    0*133 710  85    0*133 715  85    0*134 721  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

26110 11/04*129 729  90    0*130 737  90    0*131 744  90    0*132 750  90    0
26110 11/04*135 729  90    0*137 737  90    0*138 744  90    0*138 750 100    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***     ***

26115 11/05*133 756  95    0*135 764  95    0*137 772  95    0*139 780 100    0
26115 11/05*138 758 110    0*139 768 120    0*140 778 130    0*141 785 140    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26120 11/06*141 787 100    0*143 792 100    0*144 795 105    0*146 799 105    0
26120 11/06*142 789 150    0*143 792 150    0*144 795 150    0*146 798 150    0
            *** *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

26125 11/07*148 802 105    0*150 804 105    0*153 807 110    0*158 809 110    0
26125 11/07*149 801 145    0*152 804 145    0*155 807 145    0*158 809 145    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      ***     ***              ***

26130 11/08*164 811 110    0*171 811 110    0*177 810 110    0*183 808 115    0
26130 11/08*162 811 140    0*167 811 140    0*173 810 140    0*181 808 140    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

26135 11/09*189 806 115    0*195 803 115    0*202 797 115    0*214 784 115    0
26135 11/09*191 806 135    0*200 798 135    0*208 789 130  918*215 777 120    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

26140 11/10*227 769 110    0*235 756 105    0*244 742 100    0*253 726  95    0
26140 11/10*221 765 115    0*230 753 110    0*238 740 105    0*246 725 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26145 11/11*262 709  90    0*271 694  90    0*281 680  85    0*290 668  85    0
26145 11/11*254 713  95    0*263 703  90    0*273 693  85    0*283 682  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

26150 11/12*299 656  80    0*307 645  80    0*315 635  75    0*330 619  75    0
26150 11/12*293 670  85    0*303 657  85    0*313 643  85    0*326 623  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26155 11/13*350 596  70    0*373 564  65    0*393 533  60    0*402 507  60    0
26155 11/13*345 600  75    0*370 568  70    0*393 533  60    0*402 500  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                           ***

26160 11/14E403 480  55    0E402 453  50    0E400 427  45    0E398 389  45    0
26160 11/14E403 470  55    0E402 435  50    0E400 400  45    0E398 360  45    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

26165 HR                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm #10.  
Another major change is to delay the transition to a tropical storm by 36 hours after genesis.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, the Nassau Guardian (provided 
by Rodger Demeritte of the Bahamian Weather Serrice), Millas (1933), Tannehill (1952), 
Tucker (1995), and Perez et al. (2000).

Oct 30- HWM shows no features of interest east of the Lesser Antilles.  HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm at 17.6N, 56.3W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "The first evidence of this cyclone circulation was noted 
on October 30 about 200 miles east of the island of Guadeloupe, West Indies" (MWR).

Oct 31- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 15N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm at 16.7N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship 
highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "The disturbance, which was yet of slight intensity, 
passed over or near Guadeloupe during the 31st" (MWR).

Nov 1- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 20 kt N and 1002 mb at 14.5N 71.5W at 18Z (COA).

Nov 2- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 13.3N, 69.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 25 kt W and 1002 mb at 12.5N 69.5W at 12Z (Millas); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12.5N 74.5W 
at 18Z (COA).  "During the next two days [1st and 2nd] its direction of movement was unexpected, 
and, for this low latitude, unprecedented.  Instead of passing westward a short distance south of 
Puerto Rico, it moved almost directly southwestward, apparently reaching hurricane intensity on 
November 2, at is was central approximately 75 miles north of Willemstad, Curacao, Dutch West 
Indies, the morning of that date" (MWR).  

Nov 3- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane at 12.9N, 71.3W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 40 kt ENE with pressure of 1000mb at 14.5N, 71.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 45 kt ENE and 
1004 mb at 15.5N 71.5W at 12Z (COA).  "The next day its center passed westward about 50 miles 
north of Punta Gallinas, Columbia, the northernmost point of South America - Press dispatches 
indicate that some damage resulted along the northern coasts of Venezuela and Columbia" (MWR).

Nov 4- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane at 13.1N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 35 kt W with pressure of 1008mb at 12N, 74.7W at 1200 UTC (HWM). 

Nov 5- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995mb near 13.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane at 13.7N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 70 kt (force 12) NE at 14N 79W at 19Z (Tannehill); 35 kt NW with pressure of 990mb at 
14N, 78.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM).  "For three days - November 2 to November 5, inclusive - the 
disturbance moved very slowly westward with steadily increasing intensity" (MWR).  "The S.S. 
Phemius, on voyage from Savannah to Colon, became involved in the center of the storm on 
November 5, was severely damaged, and was carried in an unmanageable condition along with the 
hurricane during the four succeeding days, or until the storm reached Cuba... the observing officer, 
Mr.H. Nicholas, secured readings from a standard mercurial barometer placed on the ship by the 
British Meteorological Service... "At 2 p.m. [November 5, 1932] the wind shifted to N.E. blowing 
with hurricane force accompanied by blinding squalls and a very high sea.  The barometer was then 
falling rapidly reaching the low point of 914.6 mb [27.01 inches] by 8 p.m.  A fierce hurricane 
was blowing a very high sea running.  The ship was enveloped in spindrift, reducing the visibility 
to Nil, the No. 1 hatch not being visible from the bridge.  The vessel was rolling heavily, the 
helm being of little use.  So great was the force of the wind that shortly before 8 p.m. the funnel 
was blown overboard.  The ship was rendered helpless and from then on was carried with the hurricane 
in an unmanageable state.  It would not be overestimating to put the wind force at 200 miles per 
hour.  Hatches were blown overboard like matchwood, derricks and lifeboats wrecked, upper and lower 
bridges blown in. [additional extracts continue for two more days]' " (Tannehill).

Nov 6- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995mb near 14N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 14.4N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 70 kt (force 12) NE with pressure of 915mb at 14N, 79W at 0100 UTC (Tannehill).   
"...just as the disturbance started [6th] to recurve to the north" (MWR).  "At 4 a.m. barometer 
927.9 mb. [27.40 inches], wind S.S.E. force 12.  Precipitous sea.  The sea lay heading southwest 
laboring heavily and rolling through an arc of 70 degrees.  8 a.m. barometer 938.0 mb. 
[27.70 inches], wind S.E. 12.  Conditions remained unchanged.  Shortly after 8 a.m. the barometer 
commended to fall and at 9:30 a.m. was reading 921.1 mb. the wind remaining steady in force 
and direction" (Tannehill).

Nov 7- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 15N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 15.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 30kt W with pressure of 998mb 
at C. Gracias (15N, 83.1W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 70 kt (force 12) SSE and 952 mb at 
17Z (no position) (Tannehill); 70 kt (force 12) WNW at 15.6N, 81.5W no time given (MWR); 60kt NW 
with pressure of 980mb at 15.6N, 81.5W at 1700 UTC (MWR).  "The statement in the log that the ship 
was carried along with the hurricane is evidently correct for the following conditions were noted 
at noon of the 7th...  'By noon [7th] the barometer had again fallen.  The reading being 951.6 mb. 
[28.10 inches], wind S.S.E., hurricane force.  Precipitous seas."

Nov 8- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 16.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 17.7N, 81W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 65 kt NE and 989 mb at 17Z at Cayman 
Islands (Millas); 20 kt NE with pressure of 999mb at Swan Island (17.5N, 83.9W) at 1200 UTC (HWM). 
Ship highlight: 70 kt NW with pressure of 947mb at 17N, 80W at 0800 UTC (MWR).  "the damage on the 
island of Jamaica was comparatively small, except that there was over a 50 per cent loss to banana 
trees in some localities" (MWR).

Nov 9- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 20.5N, 79W. A cold front is approaching the 
cyclone from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 20.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 21N, 79W with pressure of 950mb. Station 
highlight: 939 mb at Cayman Brac (no time given) at 19.7N, 79.8W (Perez et al.); 940 mb at Nuevitas 
at 2145Z at 21.5N, 77.3W (Millas, Perez et al.); 944 mb at Camaguey at 1730Z at 21.4N, 77.9W (Millas, 
Perez et al.); 953 mb at Agramonte at 16-17Z at 21.4N 77.8W (Millas).  Ship highlight: 45kt SW with 
pressure of 1003mb at 17.4N, 79.4W at 1300 UTC (COA); 20kt NE with pressure of 999mb at 24.8N, 80.6W 
at 1200 UTC (COA).  "During the night of the 8th-9th the storm recurved to the northeast and began 
to move more rapidly, the center passing near Cayman Brac on the early morning of the 9th.  Later in 
the forenoon it passed inland over Cuba near Santa Cruz del Sur and between 1 p. m. and 2 p. m., it 
passed to sea again near Nueviatas, where a barometer reading of 28.85 inches [977 mb] and an 
estimated wind velocity of 125 miles per hour were reported... [some damage resulted] on Providence 
Island and Cayman Brac in the western Caribbean Sea.  On Providence Island 36 houses were reported 
destroyed and crops ruined, while on Cayman Brac 69 persons were reported killed, hundreds were 
injured, and the island almost completely devastated.  The storm damage at Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, 
reached the proportions of a major catastrophe.  According to the Associated Press the number of 
deaths reached 2,500 and less than 10 per cent of the town's 4,000 inhabitants escaped unhurt.  The 
survivors stated that the hurricane began about 3 a. m. of the 9th, later driving the sea into the 
town and 'converting it into a great lake', with scarcely a house left standing.  Damages are 
estimated tentatively at several millions of dollars." (MWR). "At Nuevitas an experienced observer 
of the Pan American Airways estimated the wind velocity of 210 miles an hour which agrees closely 
with the statement in the log of the S.S. Phemius that it was not overestimating to put the wind 
force at two hundred mile an hour" (Tannehill).  "Huracan de Santa Cruz del Sur - Terrible disaster, 
peak observed storm surge of 6.8 m, 3,500 fatalities." Using the Schloemer equation, 918 mb 
(using 944 mb peripheral pressure at Camaguey) and 917 mb (using 940 mb peripheral pressure at 
Nuevitas) were obtained.  Furthermore, runs were made with the Cuban storm surge model - MONSAC3.1 
- with a 918 mb central pressure at landfall and radius of maximum wind of 32 nm - obtained a close 
match to the observed storm surge in Santa Cruz del Sur. Analyzed maximum 1 min winds are 137 kt 
(Perez et al.).  "Miami, 2p.m. - Gray advises barometer at Nuevitas 28.85 at 1.30p.m.  
No further information available from there" (Nassau Guardian).

Nov 10- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 985mb near 24N, 73.5W with a dissipating cold front 
northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24.4N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 24N, 74W with pressure of 962mb. Station 
highlight: 956 mb (min pressure) at 07 UTC at Long Island, Bahamas (23.1N, 75.0W) (Nassau Guardian); 
999 mb (min pressure) at unknown time and 60 kt (max winds) at 07 UTC at Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) 
(Nassau Guardian).  Ship highlight: 50 kt W with pressure of 1004mb at 21N, 73.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 
40 kt ESE with pressure of 990mb at 24.2N, 72.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM).   "The Commissioner at Clarence 
Town telegraphed on Thursday that a severe hurricane had passed over Long Island between 9p.m. on 
Wednesday [the 9th] and 7a.m. on Thursday [the 10th], the wind, which was from the southeast, blowing 
hardest between 10 and 11 o'clock.  The lowest barometer reading at 2a.m. Thursday 28.23 [956 mb].  
At about 3.15 the wind change and blew from south-west.  Many kitchen and barns were blown down and a 
number of houses were damaged.  There was slight damage to public buildings at Clarence Town, but at 
Galloway they were destroyed.  Crops are badly damaged.... A report from Cat Island on Thursday said 
that the Commissioner had been at Port Howe during the storm but had returned to the Bight at mid-day 
on Thursday.  The barometer at the Bight fell during the storm to 29.50 [999 mb].  The highest wind 
velocity at 2a.m. Thursday was 70 miles per hour... The operator at the Bight reported that Rum Cay was 
almost destroyed, many houses being down... The Commissioner at George Town reported that 11 houses are 
down and 14 badly damaged.  Crops are totally destroyed... Further information given by Mr. E. C. Mosely 
shows that from the records of the barometer readings and wind directions taken by the Commissioner at 
Exuma, the storm appears to have passed Exuma to the northeast.  From observations from the air it was 
clearly apparent that the wind velocity was stronger towards the eastern end of Exuma and it is estimated 
that the wind reached a velocity of 80 or 90 miles per hour in that vicinity.  Georgetown experienced the 
worst part of the storm between 11p.m. of the 9th and 2a.m. of the 10th... The Commissioner reported 
considerable damage to the Government Wharf [in Inagua] and to surrounding areas, including a portion of 
the front street, sustained on the night of the 9th instant.  Most of the damage is attributed to very 
heavy seas" (Nassau Guardian - 12 November 1932).

Nov 11- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 990mb near 28.5N, 68W with a cold front north of the 
cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 68W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers 
of Cyclones showed a center near 28N, 68W with pressure of 957mb. Station highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Ship highlight: 70 kt S with pressure of 973mb at 27.6N, 68.8W at 2100 UTC (MWR); 
50kt SE with pressure of 965mb at 25.3N, 71.4W at 0100 UTC (MWR).

Nov 12- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 985mb near 30.5N, 64W with a stationary front northwest 
of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 31.5N, 63.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of 
Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 33N, 63W. Station highlight: 76kt at St. Georges, Bermuda (32.4N, 
64.7W) at forenoon (MWR); pressure of 972mb at St. Georges, Bermuda at 1200 UTC (Tucker). Ship highlight: 
45 kt W with pressure of 978mb at 30.5N, 64W at 1200 UTC (HWM).  "The hurricane was nearest Bermuda at 
10.20 A.M. when the centre was eighty miles SE.  The disturbance then veered to the east and later on 
Saturday afternoon was one hundred miles east of the islands... As the hurricane approached, howling gusts 
of wind played havoc with telephone and electric light cables, and branches of trees" (Tucker).

Nov 13- HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 39.3N, 53.3W at 12 UTC with a stationary front just 
west of the cyclone. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 39N, 53W with pressure 
of 990mb. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 50kt SSW with pressure of 995mb 
at 39.3N, 52.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S with pressure of 991mb at 39.5N, 51.5W at 12 UTC (HWM).  
"During the next several days [10th to 13th] the storm moved almost directly northeastward, and finally 
merged on the 13th with an extensive disturbance that passed eastward over the Canadian maritime 
Provinces and Newfoundland during the 12th-13th" (MWR).

Nov 14- HWM indicates a low with at most 1010mb near 40N, 42W with a warm front extending north and a 
cold front extending west of the cyclone's center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 40N, 42.7W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 48.5N, 43W with pressure of 1002mb. 
Station highlights:  no gales or low pressures.  Ship highlight: 35kt WNW with pressure of 1015 mb at 
42.9N 45.1W at 12 UTC (COA).

Other notes:  "This storm was remarkable not only for its great intensity so late in the hurricane season, 
but also because of its unusual path during its early history and its moving into the Caribbean Sea at 
least two weeks later than any other tropical disturbance of hurricane intensity during the last 50 or 
more years" (MWR).

There is no change to the genesis timing of this major (and catastrophic) hurricane.  The lowest observed 
pressure in the Lesser Antilles on the 31st of October was 1008 mb at Port Castries, St. Lucia, and the 
maximum 24 hour pressure falls in the area were south of Guadeloupe, which is where the original track 
and the Monthly Weather Review suggest the center was.  Major southward adjustments to the track of the 
cyclone are thus made for the 30th and 31st.  Minor track changes are introduced for the remainder of the 
cyclone's life cycle while it was a tropical cyclone.  Observations from the Lesser Antilles on the 31st 
also indicate that the system was likely a tropical depression while crossing the islands.  Cyclone is 
begun as a tropical depression and tropical storm intensity is now achieved at 18Z on the 31st, 36 hours 
later than originally indicated.  A ship with 1002 mb peripheral pressure and 20 kt N winds at 18Z on the 
1st of November.  Given that the ship reported 1002-1003 mb for four observations during the 1st at a 
location about 300 nm west of the cyclone, either the position of the ship is erroneous or the pressure 
values are biased low.  It is concluded that the latter is the case and these values are not utilized for 
intensity changes.  Given that there are no inner core measurements from the 1st until the 5th, the 
intensity is begun at 00Z on the 1st as a 40 kt tropical storm (based upon evidence that the system was 
still a tropical depression around 12Z on the 31st crossing the Lesser Antilles) and then ramping up 
5 kt per each six hours until the original intensity in HURDAT is matched at 00Z on the 3rd at 80 kt.  
This delays the onset of hurricane intensity by 18 hours, from 12Z on the 1st to 06Z on the 2nd. These 
changes also agree with the assessments described in the Monthly Weather Review. From the 5th to the 7th, 
a ship - the S.S. Phemius - was severely impacted by the hurricane.  Fortunately, the ship (and crew) 
survived and provided some extreme observations of the hurricane.  At 01Z on the 6th, the ship reported 
NE hurricane force (force 12) winds simultaneous with 915 mb peripheral pressure.  (The ship never 
reported being in the eye of the hurricane and the central pressure may have been substantially lower 
than this already extremely deep value.)  This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 143 kt from 
the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  150 kt is the analyzed intensity for the 6th, a major 
increase from the 100-105 kt in HURDAT originally on that date.  The intensity is revised upward late 
on the 4th and on the 4th assuming a rather rapid intensification rate of 10 kt per 6 hours reaching 
up to 150 kt by 00Z on the 6th.  This then provides a major intensity change for the 5th as well.  
The same ship reported a second minimum in pressure on the 7th with 952 mb and SSE hurricane force 
winds, as the disabled crew were being carried along by the slow moving, recurving hurricane.  A 
separate ship recorded hurricane force winds with simultaneous 947 mb peripheral pressure on the 8th.  
The Cayman Islands experienced a major hurricane strike, as Cayman Brac observed a 939 mb 
peripheral pressure early on the 9th.  

The hurricane made landfall on mainland Cuba around 14Z on the 9th near 21.1N 78.5W.  Two other stations 
recorded peripheral pressure measurements - 944 mb in Camaguey and 940 mb in Nuevitas.  (The 977 mb 
observed in Nuevitas mentioned in Monthly Weather Review was what was reported from Cuba to Miami 
before the communication lines were lost - see fortuitous newspaper article from the Nassau Guardian.  
940 mb was the observed minimum pressure at the station provided by Millas and Perez et al.)  
The Perez et al. analysis obtained central pressure estimates at landfall in Cuba of 918 mb and 919 mb 
from the Schloemer equation from the track and these two pressure readings, respectively.  
The 918 mb central pressure, revised track, and a radius of maximum wind of 30-35 nm provided a 
close match from a storm surge model to the observed 6.8 m storm surge in southern Cuba. This 
pressure suggested maximum winds of 140 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Given the rather large size (the RMW climatology for this latitude and central pressure would be 12 nm 
- Vickery et al.), low environmental pressures (1008 mb outer closed isobar) and near average - 13 kt 
- translational velocity, an intensity of 130 kt is analyzed for the landfall in Cuba.  This is Category 4 
on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and is somewhat less than the 137 kt estimated by Perez et al, 
but substantially higher than the 115 kt in HURDAT originally.  (It is to be noted that the 210 mph 
[~185 kt] winds estimated by the observer at the Pan American Airlines station in Nuevitas are not 
credible.  There is no way in the 1930s that observers could reliably calibrate winds visually estimated 
above about 100 mph.)  On the 7th to the 8th, no inner core observations were available, thus the 
intensity analyzed simply interpolates between the better information available on the 5th and 9th.  
Thus the maximum winds are indicated to be 145 kt on the 7th (up from 105-110 kt previously) and 
140 kt on the 8th (up from 110-115 kt previously), both are major upward revisions.  A reasonable 
analogue to this hurricane would be Hurricane Katrina when it made landfall in the U.S. Gulf Coast, 
where the intensity was reduced considerably from the typical pressure-wind relationship because 
of the large RMW size of the cyclone.

After the hurricane was making landfall in Cuba, it began accelerating off toward the northeast, 
exiting Cuba and making oceanfall over the Atlantic around 20Z on the 9th.  The hurricane then 
struck the central Bahamas and, as documented by the Nassau Guardian newspaper, severely affected 
Long Island, Cat Island, Rum Cay, and Great Exuma.  Observations from Clarence Town in Long Island 
were most useful, as these indicated 956 mb peripheral pressure at 07 UTC on the 10th preceded by 
SE winds and followed by SW winds.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the south 
of 25N Brown et al. pressure wind relationship (at least 102 kt from the subset of weakening 
hurricanes).  Given the fast translational speed (17 kt), intensity is analyzed to be 110 kt at 
06 UTC and at landfall at 07 UTC near 23.5N 75.2W in Long Island, just north of Clarence Town.  
This makes the hurricane a high end Category 3 hurricane, 5 kt stronger than originally estimated.  
On the 11th, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 965 mb with winds of SE 50 kt.  This pressure 
suggests maximum winds of at least 96 kt and 90 kt from the south and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships, respectively (and at least 93 kt and 86 kt from the weakening subsets).  Winds of 
90 kt for 00Z on the 11th are analyzed, unchanged from the 90 kt originally.  On the 12th, the 
hurricane affected Bermuda.  While on the weak side of the cyclone, Bermuda recorded peak winds 
of 76 kt (forenoon) and minimum pressure of 972 mb at 12Z, while a ship just south of Bermuda 
observed 978 mb with simultaneous 45 kt W winds at 12Z.  972 mb suggests winds of at least 82 kt 
from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12Z (up from 
75 kt originally) on the 12th, based upon the pressure-wind relationship.  By the 13th, the cyclone 
was becoming entangled with a large baroclinic system.  A 991 mb peripheral pressure measurement 
with simultaneous 45 kt S winds suggests maximum winds of at least 61 kt from the Landsea et al. 
north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The intensity at 12Z on the 13th is unchanged from 
60 kt, as the environmental pressures were quite low (outer closed isobar of only about 1000 mb).  
By 00Z on the 14th, the cyclone became extratropical in structure, which is unchanged from HURDAT 
originally.  Large changes to the final two positions in HURDAT on 12 and 18Z on the 14th are 
introduced due to ship observations showing that the system was significantly farther east than 
originally shown.  The decaying extratropical cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 14th, 
not changed from HURDAT.

With the 3,500 fatalities, this hurricane - Huracan de Santa Cruz del Sur - 
is the worst one ever experienced in Cuba.

*******************************************************************************

1932 Storm #15 - 2012 Revision

26170 11/03/1932 M= 8 11 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26170 11/03/1932 M= 8 15 SNBR= 580 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

26175 11/03*  0   0   0    0*132 478  35    0*149 480  35    0*165 482  35    0
26175 11/03*  0   0   0    0*138 478  35    0*149 480  35    0*160 482  35    0
                             ***                               ***

26180 11/04*180 479  35    0*194 472  35    0*207 462  40    0*220 450  40    0
26180 11/04*170 479  35    0*180 472  35    0*190 462  40    0*200 454  40    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

26185 11/05*230 440  40    0*237 437  40    0*244 439  45    0*251 443  45    0
26185 11/05*210 448  40    0*220 445  40    0*230 445  45    0*240 450  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

26190 11/06*257 448  45    0*261 451  50    0*263 456  50    0*265 461  55    0
26190 11/06*249 458  55    0*257 468  60    0*263 475  60    0*267 479  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

26195 11/07*267 466  55    0*270 473  55    0*275 480  60    0*282 480  65    0
26195 11/07*270 481  65    0*271 481  70    0*275 480  75    0*280 479  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

26200 11/08*291 474  70    0*306 464  75    0*322 454  80    0*328 450  85    0
26200 11/08*287 476  85    0*300 466  85    0*315 454  85    0*327 444  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***

26205 11/09*332 442  85    0*346 429  85    0*358 407  80    0*368 378  75    0
26205 11/09*336 436  85    0*344 429  85    0*350 420  80    0*356 400  75    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

26210 11/10*373 348  70    0E375 318  65    0E376 287  65    0E377 260  60    0
26210 11/10*362 370  70    0E369 335  70    0E376 295  70    0E384 260  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **      ***

26215 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm #11.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

Nov 3- The HWM shows no features of interest in the central Atlantic Ocean.  HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm at 14.9N, 48W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.  "... a second hurricane sprang up in lower middle Atlantic.  
It was first observed with moderate gales, on the 3d, central near 15N, 48W.  By a devious route 
it cut its way northward against a bank of high pressure, gathering energy" (MWR).

Nov 4- HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm at 20.7N, 46.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 5- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 45W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm at 24.4N, 43.9W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 50kt NE with pressure of 1020mb at 27.5N, 50.5W at 1200 UTC (COA). 

Nov 6- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23.5N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm at 26.3N, 45.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 60kt NE at 29.5N, 50.5W at 0600 UTC (COA).

Nov 7- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 27N, 49W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
storm at 27.5N, 48W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 60kt NNE with pressure of 1007mb at 29.5N, 50.5W at 0000 UTC (COA); 
60kt NE with pressure of 973mb at 29N, 48W at 2300 UTC (MWR). 

Nov 8- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 31.5N, 45.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 32.2N, 45.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 50kt ENE with pressure of 1004mb at 34N, 46.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 
45kt S with pressure of 992mb at 30.5N, 43.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM).

Nov 9- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 35N, 42.5W with a warm front situated 
northeast of the cyclone and a cold front located northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 35.8N, 40.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: 50kt SW with pressure of 1006mb at 32.5N, 41.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 
35kt WNW with pressure of 998mb at 32N, 44.8W at 1200 UTC (COA). 

Nov 10-HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 38N, 29W with a warm front extending 
northeast from the cyclone's center and a cold front extending south from the cyclone's center.  
HURDAT lists this as an extratropical cyclone at 37.6N, 28.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No 
gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 70kt NW at 36.7N, 29.8W at 1200 UTC (COA); 65kt WNW with 
pressure of 977mb at 36.7N, 29.7W at 1500 UTC (MWR).  "By the 10th the cyclone had advanced on a 
northeasterly course to the Azores, attended by hurricane winds in southern quadrants.  
On the 11th, to the northward, it coalesced with a disturbance of higher latitudes" (MWR).

No alterations are made to the timing of genesis of this late season hurricane.  Track changes 
are introduced for all days that it existed with major alterations introduced on the 4th, 5th, 9th, 
and 10th.  No changes are made to the intensity for the first three days of its lifetime.  The 
intensity is increased to 60 kt (up from 50 kt) at 06 and 12Z on the 6th on the basis of a couple 
60 kt ship reports on that date.  At 23Z on the 7th a ship reported 60 kt NE winds and 973 mb pressure.  
This pressure suggests winds of at least 81 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The intensity is analyzed to be 85 kt at 00Z on the 8th, up from 70 kt originally.  
85 kt is the peak intensity of the hurricane (unchanged from HURDAT originally) and is maintained 
from 00Z on the 8th through 06Z on the 9th.  The extratropical transition occurred at 
06Z on the 10th, the same as shown in HURDAT originally.  The cyclone maintained hurricane-force 
intensity as an extratropical cyclone on the 10th, as 65 kt WNW winds with 977 mb were recorded at 
15Z.  After 18Z on the 10th, the system merged with another extratropical cyclone to its north.  
Dissipation is thus not altered from that shown originally.

****************************************************************************** 

1932 Additional Notes:

1) May 17-23:  On May 17th an area of low pressure started to form along a frontal boundary.  
No tropical storm force winds were observed on that date.  On the 18th, it intensified, however 
a temperature gradient remained.  Both Pensacola and a ship at 27.5 N and 90.5 W had winds of 
25 kt, and a second ship - the Tor. - had a pressure of 1006 mb at 28.5 N and 89.3 W.  On the 
19th, the system intensified, though remained extratropical. Westerlies of 25 kt were observed 
on the Dixie (26.3 N and 86.5 W) and Cartago (27.8N and 87.2 W).  The Cartago also had a pressure 
of 1003 mb. On the 20th, the temperature gradient started to relax, although the system was still 
extratropical.  On the 20th, Pensacola had 25 kt out of the SSW with New Orleans having a pressure 
of 1006 mb.   Mobile and Pensacola reported peak 35 kt southeasterly winds on 19-20 May.  On the 
21st, the system occluded and weakened.  Several land stations and ships reported winds of 15 kt 
with New Orleans, Shreveport, and Galveston having the lowest pressure of 1009 mb.  On the 22nd, 
the system had little change in intensity located near the Texas/Louisiana coastline.  On the 
23rd, the cyclone moved little and weakened.  This was the last day the system could be identified.

 DAY      LOCATION                           CATEGORY
17-May   25 N    92 W                           EXTRATROPICAL
18-May   28 N    88 W                           EXTRATROPICAL
19-May   29 N    88 W                           EXTRATROPICAL
20-May   30 N    90 W                           EXTRATROPICAL
21-May   29 N    91 W                           EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED
22-May   29 N    92 W                           EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED
23-May   30 N    94 W                           EXTRATROPICAL-OCCLUDED
24-May   DISSIPATED
24-May   DISSIPATED


******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 1 - 2012 Revision

26220 05/14/1933 M= 6  1 SNBR= 581 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26225 05/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*128 794  35    0*138 800  35    0
26225 05/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 820  35    0*143 827  35    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

26230 05/15*150 810  35    0*165 820  35    0*179 831  35    0*188 838  35    0
26230 05/15*153 834  35    0*165 841  35    0*182 849  35    0*202 860  40    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

26235 05/16*197 846  40    0*207 855  40    0*216 864  40    0*219 874  40    0
26235 05/16*222 873  45 1001*227 887  45    0*230 900  45    0*230 904  45    0
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26240 05/17*220 885  40    0*218 894  35    0*216 900  35    0*213 907  35    0
26240 05/17*229 906  45    0*227 908  45    0*225 910  45    0*220 912  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26245 05/18*210 910  35    0*206 914  35    0*201 919  35    0*197 920  35    0
26245 05/18*214 913  40    0*207 914  40    0*201 915  35    0*195 916  35    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **          ***          *** ***

26250 05/19*193 921  35    0*189 922  35    0*186 922  35    0*183 922  30    0
26250 05/19*190 917  35    0*185 916  30    0*180 915  25    0*175 915  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26255 TS	

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this May tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS 
ships database, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review.

May 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 13N, 82W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT commences this storm at 12Z as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.8N, 79.4W. 
Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 15: HWM does not show a system for this day. HURDAT lists this storm as a tropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 17.9N, 83.1W at 12UTC. Ship Highlight: ~35 kt E (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22.5N, 90.0W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 21.6N, 86.4W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlight: 10kt SE with 1002mb (min p) at 22.3N, 87.2W at 00Z (MWR); 40kt S (max w) 
after 00Z near 22.3N, 87.2W (MWR); ~35 kt SSW (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22.5N, 91.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 90.6W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: 40kt SE with 1013mb at 22.7N, 87.1W at 12Z (HWM). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 20N, 92W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.1N, 91.9W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 19: HWM shows a large closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 14N, 90W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.6, 92.2W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 14 May, and no changes are 
made to the timing of genesis.  The cyclone moved northwestward and passed just northeast 
of the eastern tip of Honduras early on 15 May.  Major west-northwestward track adjustments 
are implemented at 12Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 15th and again from 18Z on the 15th 
to 00Z on the 17th.  No gales or low pressures were observed until late on 15 May.  The 
ship that reported this gale also reported a minimum pressure of 1002 mb inside the RMW 
with 10 kt winds at 00Z on the 16th, suggesting a central pressure of 1001 mb.  A central 
pressure of 1001 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th.  After that, the ship recorded 
its maximum wind of 40 kt.  A central pressure of 1001 mb equals 45 kt according to the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z 
on the 16th (up from 40 kt originally).  In addition to the pressure-wind relationship, 
a 45 kt intensity is also justified in that the ship reported winds of 40 kt.  By 18Z on 
the 16th, the cyclone is analyzed to have reached it farthest north position - 23.0N, 90.4W 
- before it turned to the south-southwest and then south in the Bay of Campeche, moving 
toward the Mexican coast.  On the 17th, a ship recorded a 40 kt gale about 200 nmi east of 
the center, and this was the last gale recorded in association with this tropical cyclone.  
The 45 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 16th is held through 18Z on the 17th (up from 
35 kt originally at 18Z on the 17th).  On the 18th, the cyclone continued moving southward, 
and all track changes on the 18th are less than half a degree.  The intensity is brought 
down to 35 kt by 12Z on the 18th in accordance with HURDAT.  The cyclone made landfall on 
19 May around 03Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.7W (near Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico).  
The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 19th 
(12 hours earlier than originally) as it continued moving southward and farther inland.  
The depression dissipated inland after 18Z on the 19th (no change to timing of dissipation).

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 2 - 2012 Revision

26260 06/27/1933 M=11  2 SNBR= 582 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26260 06/24/1933 M=14  2 SNBR= 582 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  

The 24th-26th are new to HURDAT
26261 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 90 425  30    0* 90 438  30    0
26262 06/25* 90 452  35    0* 90 466  35    0* 90 480  35    0* 90 493  35    0
26263 06/26* 90 507  40    0* 91 521  40    0* 92 535  45    0* 93 548  50    0

26265 06/27* 88 562  45    0* 90 577  55    0* 93 592  65    0* 97 607  70    0
26265 06/27* 94 562  55    0* 95 576  60    0* 96 590  70    0* 99 604  75    0
             **      **       ** ***  **       ** ***  **      *** ***  **

26270 06/28*101 621  65  986*105 634  65    0*108 644  60    0*111 655  55    0
26270 06/28*103 618  75    0*109 632  65    0*115 646  65    0*120 659  65    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

26275 06/29*114 666  50    0*117 675  50    0*119 684  50    0*121 697  50    0
26275 06/29*124 673  70    0*128 687  75    0*132 700  80    0*136 710  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26280 06/30*123 710  50    0*125 723  50    0*128 737  55    0*131 748  60    0
26280 06/30*140 720  80    0*144 730  80    0*148 741  80    0*153 752  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26285 07/01*136 761  65    0*141 771  65    0*149 782  65    0*160 794  70    0
26285 07/01*158 762  85    0*161 772  85    0*163 782  85    0*167 793  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

26290 07/02*172 805  70    0*181 813  70    0*192 820  75    0*201 825  75    0
26290 07/02*172 804  85    0*181 813  85    0*192 820  85    0*201 826  85    0
                ***  **               **               **          ***  **

26295 07/03*211 831  80    0*220 839  80    0*229 846  80    0*233 851  80    0
26295 07/03*211 832  85    0*220 839  85    0*229 846  80    0*235 852  80    0
                ***  **               **                       *** ***

26300 07/04*236 856  85    0*241 863  85    0*246 870  85    0*251 879  85    0
26300 07/04*239 858  85    0*243 864  85    0*247 870  85    0*251 878  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                  ***

26305 07/05*256 887  90    0*260 898  90    0*260 909  85    0*258 922  85    0
26305 07/05*255 889  90    0*255 903  95    0*255 915  95    0*253 926  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26310 07/06*255 934  85    0*252 943  80    0*248 952  75    0*243 962  75    0
26310 07/06*251 936  95    0*249 946  90    0*246 956  90    0*242 965  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26315 07/07*238 974  70    0*230 985  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26315 07/07*237 975  85    0*231 986  60    0*225 998  35    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

26320 HR

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed with this hurricane 
which impacted the following locations with hurricane conditions: Trinidad, 
Venezuela, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Mexico.  A major change is made to the 
genesis of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican 
surface analyses from NCDC, and Perez.

June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 8.5N, 61W at 
12UTC. HURDAT lists this storm as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 9.3N, 59.2W at 
12UTC. Ship Highlight: Pressure of 991mb with gale force winds (from the E) in the 
morning at 10N, 59W (MWR); 35kt ENE with 1003mb at 10.5N, 59.5W at 16Z (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A tropical disturbance originated a few days 
before the close of the month at an undetermined position over the waters north of 
Guiana. It was first disclosed on the morning of the 27th, by a radiogram from the 
Brazilian steamship Jaboatao, reporting an easterly gale with barometer 29.27 inches, 
near 10N, 59W. This storm passed just south of Trinidad on the same afternoon, doing 
considerable damage there, and at 8pm of the same day the American tanker EJ Bullock 
in the Gulf of Paria, reported a north wind of force 11, barometer 29.12, showing the 
storm to be fully developed, though of small extent" (MWR).

June 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 10N, 65W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 10.8N, 64.4W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 60kt N with 986mb at 10.4N, 62.0W at 00Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 9N, 68W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 11.9N, 68.4W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70kt SE with 985mb (min p) at 13.3N, 69.7W at 11Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first report from a ship to reveal winds of 
full hurricane intensity came from the American tanker Gulfcrest, which was overtaken 
by the hurricane at 6am of the 29th, near 13N, 70W; wind, SE [force] 12, barometer 29.10 inches."

June 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 10.5N, 75.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 12.8, 73.7W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70kt NW with 982mb (max w and min p) at 15.8N, 76.2W at 20Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The American tanker Eastern Sun was close to 
the center of the cyclone at 3pm of the 30th near 16N, 76W, where hurricane winds back 
from north through west to south and the barometer fell to 29 inches, its lowest value." 

July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 12N, 81W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 14.9N, 78.2W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 15N, 82W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 19.2N, 82.0W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 35kt ENE with 1002mb at 17.3N, 75.4W at 00Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 22N, 85.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 22.9N, 84.6W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 25kt NNW with 992mb at 22.5N, 84.9W at 12Z (HWM); 40kt SE (max w) at 23N, 
84W after 9Z (MWR); 40 kt ESE with 1002 mb (max w and min p) at 17Z at 24.3N, 84.7W (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 25N, 87.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 24.6N, 87.0 W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 60kt WNW with 986mb (min p) at 25.4N, 88.3W at 20Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25N, 92.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.0 90.9W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 60 kt SE with 971 mb (max w2 and min p) at 06Z at 25.3N, 90.5W (MWR); 
965 mb (min p) at 08Z with wind speed unknown at 25.5N, 90.7W and 70 kt NW (max w) around 
~08Z (MWR); 50 kt W with 998 mb at 18Z at 24.5N, 94.8W (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

July 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb centered near 24N, 96.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 24.8N, 95.2W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 50kt SW with 996mb at 24.5N, 94.8W at 8Z (MWR, COA); 50 kt SSW with 996 mb 
at 13Z at 24.5N, 94.8W (COA). Station highlights: 1000 mb at 01 and 03UTC at Tampico. 
"This hurricane moved steadily northwestward after the end of June, entered the Gulf of 
Mexico, and turned westward to the Mexican coast a short distance south of the mouth of 
the Rio Grande, where it crossed the coastline and disappeared, July 6."  

July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 22N, 100W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT kills the system on 6Z as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 23.0N, 98.5W. Ship 
highlights: Pressure of 1003mb at 19.1N, 104.9W at 12Z (COA). Station Highlights: 
Pressure of 1002mb at Guanajuato at 12Z (HWM). 

Observations indicate that a tropical wave was apparent in the easterlies as early as 
23 June near 40W.  On the 24th, ship observations confirm a closed circulation, and this 
cyclone is begun on the 24th at 12Z (two and half days earlier than originally) as a 
tropical depression at 9.0N, 42.5W.  On the 24th, a ship with a west wind of 15 kt located 
a few hundred nmi SE of another ship with a 15 kt north wind - combined with an analysis of 
a 70 kt intensity three days later on the 27th - indicates a good possibility that this 
cyclone was forming at this location on the 24th.  The analyzed position on the 24th 
indicates a consistent speed and direction of motion of the cyclone from the 24th until 
well beyond the 27th, which is further evidence that this circulation is the same circulation 
as the hurricane located by observations on the 27th.  The cyclone moved due west for the 
next couple of days, and the first gales and low pressures were observed on the 27th as the 
cyclone passed between Trinidad and the northeastern coast of Venezuela.  On the 27th, a 
ship near 10N, 59W recorded an easterly gale with a 991 mb pressure in the morning.  According 
to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, a peripheral pressure of 991 mb 
yields winds of greater than 62 kt.  The cyclone is analyzed to have reached tropical storm 
intensity by 00Z on the 25th (two days earlier than originally) at 9.0N, 45.2W).  At 00Z on 
the 28th, a ship recorded 60 kt winds with a 986 mb pressure.  The 986 mb central pressure in 
HURDAT at 00Z on the 28th is removed, as this was clearly a peripheral reading.  986 mb yields 
winds of greater than 70 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Analyzed 
intensities from 12Z on the 27th through 00Z on the 28th are 70, 80, and 80 kt (up from 55, 65, 
and 70 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane strength by 12Z on 
the 27th (no change).  The hurricane is analyzed to have made landfall in extreme southern 
Trinidad at 21Z on 27 June near 10.1N, 61.1W with a 75 kt intensity.  The revised track is 
about half a degree to the right (or north) of the previous HURDAT track on the 27th and 28th.  
The hurricane was over southern Trinidad from 21Z - 23Z on the 27th.  It made landfall in 
Venezuela at 02Z on the 28th at 10.5N, 62.3W as a 75 kt hurricane.  It remained over northeastern 
Venezuela until 04Z on the 28th.   No changes are made to the HURDAT intensities of 65 and 60 kt 
at 06 and 12Z on the 28th.  For the next several days, the cyclone moved west-northwestward in 
the Caribbean Sea.  Northwestward position adjustments of between one and two degrees are 
implemented on the 29th, and major northward track changes are implemented from 18Z on the 30th 
to 00Z on the 1st of July while the cyclone was in the central Caribbean Sea.  On the 29th and 
30th of June, ships recorded hurricane force winds with simultaneous pressures of 985 mb (on the 
29th) and 982 mb (on the 30th).  Peripheral pressures of 985 and 982 mb at 11Z on the 29th and 
20Z on the 30th, respectively, yield winds greater than 71 kt and greater than 75 kt according 
to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Both of these observations were 
peripheral pressure recorded simultaneously with hurricane force winds, so the central pressure 
was likely significantly lower than these values recorded by the ships. An 80 kt intensity is 
analyzed at 12Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally - a major change) and an 85 kt intensity 
is analyzed at 18Z on the 30th (up from 60 kt originally - another major change).  Major upward 
intensity adjustments (ranging from 20 to 30 kt) are implemented at all times from 00Z on 
29 June through 12Z on 1 July.  The hurricane turned toward the northwest and made landfall in 
western Cuba at 06Z on 3 July as an 85 kt Category 2 hurricane in agreement with the analysis 
of Perez et al. (up from 80 kt originally at 06Z on the 3rd).  The cyclone was over Cuba on the 
3rd from 06Z-10Z before moving into the central Gulf of Mexico.  It continued west-northwestward 
on the 4th, westward on the 4th, and west-southwestward on the 5th.  No track changes larger 
than three-tenths of a degree are made from 2 July through the 5th at 00Z, by which time the 
storm reached as far north as 25.5N, 88.9W.  On the 5th, a ship recorded a minimum pressure of 
965 mb, but it is unknown whether this was a central pressure value.  A central pressure of less 
than or equal to 965 mb yields wind speeds of at least 96 and 90 kt according to the southern 
and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 06Z on 5 July 
through 00Z on 6 July.  Although there is little data between that point and the final landfall, 
which occurred in Mexico around 01Z on 7 July near 23.6N, 97.7W, an 85 kt intensity is chosen 
for landfall and at 00Z on the 7th.  HURDAT originally had 70 kt at 00Z on the 7th.  Although 
there is little to no data to indicate that the HURDAT intensity was too low, there is also no 
data to indicate that the hurricane weakened from the 95 kt intensity analyzed on the 5th.  
Therefore, an intensity between these two values of 85 kt is chosen for landfall.  Runs of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 60 and 41 kt for 06 and 12Z, respectively, on 
7 July.  The revised wind speed in HURDAT at 06Z is 60 kt (no change), and HURDAT previously 
dissipated this system after 06Z.  The track is extended by six hours, and a 35 kt intensity 
is chosen for 12Z on the 27th before dissipation occurred over the high terrain of Mexico.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 3 (originally Storms 3 and 4) - 2012 Revision

26325 07/14/1933 M= 7  3 SNBR= 583 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26325 07/14/1933 M= 7  3 SNBR= 583 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

26330 07/14*175 598  35    0*175 615  35    0*174 631  35    0*174 646  35    0
26330 07/14*149 600  30    0*155 615  30    0*160 630  30    0*163 645  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26335 07/15*173 659  35    0*173 672  35    0*173 686  35    0*174 701  40    0
26335 07/15*166 660  30    0*168 674  30    0*170 688  30    0*172 705  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26340 07/16*175 718  40    0*178 735  40    0*181 752  45    0*185 770  45    0
26340 07/16*174 723  35    0*175 739  35    0*176 755  35    0*177 770  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

26345 07/17*189 788  45    0*193 801  45    0*196 813  45    0*199 829  40    0
26345 07/17*178 785  35    0*179 800  40    0*180 815  40    0*179 830  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

26350 07/18*201 846  40    0*201 863  40    0*201 880  40    0*202 890  40    0
26350 07/18*177 845  45    0*175 860  45    0*173 875  45    0*175 887  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

26355 07/19*202 898  35    0*203 912  35    0*203 926  35    0*203 940  35    0
26355 07/19*177 896  35    0*179 903  30    0*180 910  25    0*186 916  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26360 07/20*204 955  35    0*204 970  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26360 07/20*195 920  25    0*205 923  25    0*215 925  25    0*220 926  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 21st through the 27th were originally part of original storm #4)
26375 07/21*  0   0   0    0*220 909  35    0*231 921  35    0*237 927  35    0
26375 07/21*223 927  30    0*226 928  30    0*229 930  30    0*233 934  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***
            
26380 07/22*244 933  35    0*254 940  40    0*263 946  40    0*271 951  40    0
26380 07/22*238 939  35    0*245 945  35    0*254 950  40    0*264 952  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

26385 07/23*279 955  40    0*288 959  40    0*298 962  35    0*307 962  35    0
26385 07/23*274 955  40    0*284 959  40    0*293 962  30    0*302 962  30    0
            ***              ***              ***      **      ***      **

26390 07/24*316 960  35    0E324 950  35    0E325 945  30    0E325 941  30    0
26390 07/24*311 960  25    0E318 956  25    0E324 952  25    0E325 947  25    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

26395 07/25E326 938  25    0E326 933  25    0E327 929  20    0E327 927  20    0
26395 07/25E325 942  25    0E324 936  25    0E323 930  25    0E321 927  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **

26400 07/26E327 924  20    0E328 919  20    0E328 914  20    0E336 910  20    0
26400 07/26E320 924  25    0E319 921  30    0E319 918  30    0E323 915  30    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26405 07/27E341 909  20    0E346 908  20    0E351 907  20    0E356 906  20    0
26405 07/27E331 912  30    0E341 909  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

26410 TS

U.S. Landfall:
7/23/1933 - 08Z - 28.6N, 96.0W - 40 kt

1933 original storm numbers 3 and 4 are found to have been one single cyclone which 
lasted from 14-27 July (i.e. original Storm #4 is found to have been a continuation 
of original Storm #3).  Major track changes and minor intensity changes are made to 
this tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ships database, original monthly 
records from NCDC, and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC.

July 14: HURDAT commences this storm as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.4N, 
63.1W at 00UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 14th a minor disturbance 
appeared near St. Kitts." 

July 15: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.3N, 68.6W 
at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 16: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 18.1N, 75.2W 
at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "...it moved almost directly westward, passed near Jamaica on the 16th"

July 17: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 20N, 80W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.6N, 81.3W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 18: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 20N, 86.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.1N, 88.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
10kt SW with 995mb at 16.3N, 87.0W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "...[passed] over the Yucatan Peninsula on the 18th,"

July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 21N, 87W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.3N, 92.6W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "...and finally [passed] inland north of Vera Cruz, Mexico the night of 
the 19th-20th."

July 20: HWM indicates an elliptical low of at most 1010mb near 23.5N, 93.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT kills this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 20.4N, 97.0W at 
6UTC. Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

July 21: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 95.0W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 23.1N, 92.1W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "This disturbance, which also was of minor intensity, was first noted about 
200 miles northwest of Progresso, Yucatan, the morning of the 21st. 

July 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25.0N, 95.0W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.3N, 94.6W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"[moved] inland near Matagorda Bay the night of the 22d-23d."

July 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb just inland near 30N, 97W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.8N, 96.2W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 20kt SE with 1001mb at 29.1N, 94.2W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: 
33 kt S (max w/1-min) at Galveston, TX at 0930Z (OMR).

July 24: HWM indicates a small extratropical cyclone of at most 1015mb near 31N, 98W at 
12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 30kt winds at 32.5N, 94.5W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 25: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of 1010mb near 31N, 94W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 32.7N, 92.9W at 12UTC. Ship Highlights: 
20 kt SW at 12Z at 28.4N, 92.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 26: HWM shows an extratropical system of at most 1010mb near 31N, 93.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 32.8N, 91.4W at 12UTC. 
Ship Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30 kt SW at Mobile (MWR).

July 27: HWM shows an extratropical system of at most 1010mb near 34N, 92.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as extratropical with 20kt winds at 35.1N, 90.7W at 12UTC. Ship 
Highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone formed on 14 July at 00Z just east of the Lesser Antilles and no changes 
are made to the timing of genesis.  Data was obtained back to 10 July between the Lesser 
Antilles and the coast of Africa, but the data does not show a closed circulation prior to 
the 14th.  Although there are no west winds on the 14th, there were no ships south of the 
center on that day either.  24-hour pressure changes of 2 to 3 mb were observed at some 
islands in the Lesser Antilles.  Observations of west winds on the 15th and 16th confirmed 
the circulation was closed.  That combined with the chance that this may have been a tropical 
depression as early as the 13th given the observations, there is not enough evidence to 
change the HURDAT genesis time forward or backward for this cyclone.  A major 2.5 degree 
southward track adjustment is implemented at 00Z on the 14th and the analyzed intensity is 
a 30 kt tropical depression rather than a 35 kt tropical storm.  According to articles in 
The Daily Gleaner from July 18 and July 20, 1933, the system dropped 9 inches of rain in 
Kingston, Jamaica, which damaged several bridges and roads.  Mudslides and overflowing 
rivers flooded several towns with knee-deep waters, and moderate winds downed several 
banana trees across the island.  According to the revised track, the center of this cyclone 
skirted the southern coast of Jamaica late on 16 July as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The 
cyclone moved quickly west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea until it made landfall 
near Belize City, Belize on 18 July.  Minor southward position adjustments are implemented 
from 06Z on the 14th through 12Z on the 17th with major southward adjustments from 18Z on 
the 17th and on the 18th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have first attained tropical storm 
strength around 00Z on the 16th - two days later than originally shown - a major change.  
On the 18th at 12Z, a ship near 16.3N, 87.0W reported winds of 10 kt SW with a pressure of 
995 mb.  A time series of this ship reveals that although this pressure is biased about 
5 mb too low, the ship's pressure decreased by 11 mb in the past 12 hr and 13 mb in the 
past 25 hr.  The reason why there is evidence that this ship's pressure is biased about 
5 mb too low is because 1 day later, on 19 July at 12Z, the ship reported a pressure 6 mb 
lower than another ship located 12 nmi away in what should be an area of weak pressure 
gradient not located near the cyclone on that day.  At the time of the observation at 12Z 
on the 18th, the ship is believed to be in the RMW or on the likely weaker south side of 
the cyclone.  The position at 12Z on the 18th is adjusted southward by 2.8 degrees, and 
this adjustment agrees well with other surrounding observations from the 18th through to 
20th to produce a track that is reasonable.  Assuming a central pressure of about 999 mb 
at 12Z on the 18th, this yields a wind speed of about 49 kt according to the Brown et al. 
(2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 
18th (up from 40 kt originally).  (There is too much uncertainty that the central pressure 
was 999 mb at the time to add this value into HURDAT as a central pressure.)  The cyclone 
made landfall around 15Z on the 18th at 17.4N, 88.1W (near Belize City) as a 45 kt tropical 
storm.  It is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 19th as it 
moved west-northwestward across Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula.  The cyclone 
emerged into the Bay of Campeche as a 25 kt tropical depression around 18Z on the 19th in 
the vicinity of Ciudad del Carmen.  Major southward track adjustments are implemented on 
the 18th and early on the 19th.  Major southeastward track adjustments are made late on 
the 19th, and by 06Z on the 20th, the revised position is at 20.5N, 92.3W (originally 
20.4N, 97.0W).  The original HURDAT dissipated this tropical depression after 06Z on the 
20th at 20.4N, 97.0W and began another tropical cyclone (original storm #4) at 06Z on the 
21st at 22.0N, 90.9W.  Available observations indicate that the first cyclone, re-analyzed 
to be at 20.5N, 92.3W at 06Z on the 20th, moved northward to a position near 22.6N, 92.8W 
by 06Z on the 21st.  It appears that the cyclone did not dissipated on the 20th, and what 
the original HURDAT showed as another cyclone developing just 24 hr later was very likely 
the same system circulation.  Thus, original storm numbers 3 and 4 are combined into one 
system.  The depression is analyzed to have restrengthened to a tropical storm around 18Z 
on 21 July near 23.3N, 93.4W.  Only minor track adjustments are made on the 21st through 
the 26th.  The cyclone made landfall on 23 July around 08Z in Texas near eastern Matagorda 
Bay (28.6N, 96.0W) as a 40 kt tropical storm (no change to HURDAT intensity at point before 
landfall).  The highest wind recorded was a 33 kt 1-minute wind at Galveston around 0930Z on 
the 23rd.  Galveston and Corpus Christi both recorded minimum pressures of 1008 mb.  Winds 
were not near gale force at Corpus Christi.  The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression by 
12Z on the 23rd.  At that time, the cyclone, which had been moving north-northwestward, turned 
toward the north, northeast, and then east by 18Z on the 24th near 32.5N, 94.7W.  HURDAT 
originally listed the cyclone as extratropical from 06Z on the 24th through the 27th, and 
observations do indicate somewhat of a temperature gradient with weak fronts beginning on 
the 24th.  No changes are made to the timing of extratropical transition.  HURDAT originally 
showed dissipation after 18Z on 27 July at 35.6N, 90.6W as a 20 kt extratropical cyclone, 
but available observations indicate that the cyclone was absorbed by a front after 06Z on 
the 27th, so the last 12 hours are eliminated from HURDAT.  The final point is now at 06Z 
on the 27th as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 34.1N, 90.9W.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 4 (new to HURDAT) - Addition in 2012

26411 07/24/1933 M= 4  4 SNBR=      NOT NAMED   XING=0  
26412 07/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*310 570  25    0*312 561  30    0
26413 07/25*314 552  40    0*317 543  45    0*320 535  50    0*330 529  50    0
26414 07/26*341 524  45    0*353 519  40    0*365 515  35    0*378 509  35    0
26414 07/27*396 499  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26414 TS

HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the north-central Atlantic Ocean from 24-27 July.

July 24: HWM shows a baroclinic low of at most 1020mb centered near 30N, 55W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

July 25: HWM shows a transitioning low of at most 1015mb centered near 31.5N, 54W at 12Z. 
The system has decaying warm and cold fronts on the western periphery of a high pressure 
system. Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1008mb at 31.8N, 52.9W at 12Z (HWM); 45kt SSE with 
1008mb at 32.6N, 53.1W at 13Z (MWR); 45kt SE with 1013mb at 33.5N, 52.5W at 15Z (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

July 26: HWM shows a closed tropical low of at most 1010mb centered near 36N, 54W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 35kt SSW with 1010mb at 34.0N, 51.1W at 8Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "[A] disturbance of similarly brief history arose toward the 
end of the month in Mid-Atlantic east of Bermuda, and caused strong gales on the 25th and 
26th, as reported by the Dutch steamship Barneveld and the American steamship Gateway City 
and recorded in the accompanying table of gales and storms. The barometer did not fall 
below 29.76 inches, and this disturbance failed, after 2 days, to develop any further strength" (MWR).   

An area of low pressure formed along a dissipating front on 24 July near 31N, 57W.  
Observations indicate that this cyclone contained a closed circulation from the 24th-27th 
at 00Z and was tropical throughout its lifetime.  The cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 12Z on the 24th.  As the cyclone moved east-northeastward over the next day, 
six gales ranging from 35-45 kt were observed from two separate ships between 08Z on the 
25th - 08Z on the 26th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on 
the 25th.  On the 25th, the highest winds are concurrent with the lowest pressures near 
the center.  The analyzed peak intensity for the lifetime of the cyclone is 50 kt from 
12-18Z on the 25th.  On the 25th, the cyclone turned to a north-northeasterly direction, 
so that by 12Z on the 26th, the position was near 36.5N, 51.5W.  No more gales are observed 
after 08Z on the 26th, and the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical 
storm by 12Z on the 26th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression 
before being absorbed by a frontal system after 00Z on the 27th near 40N, 50W.


1933 Storm 5 - 2012 Revision

26415 07/25/1933 M=12  5 SNBR= 585 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
26415 07/24/1933 M=13  5 SNBR= 585 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **                                     *
 
The 24th is new to HURDAT
26418 07/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 545  30    0*145 559  30    0

26420 07/25*  0   0   0    0*165 575  40    0*172 604  45    0*178 621  45    0
26420 07/25*150 574  35    0*157 590  40    0*165 607  50    0*173 624  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***      **      ***      **

26425 07/26*183 636  50    0*188 650  60    0*193 663  65    0*197 675  70    0
26425 07/26*178 637  75    0*185 651  75    0*193 663  75    0*198 675  75    0
            ***      **               **               **      ***      **

26430 07/27*202 686  75    0*208 696  75    0*214 705  75    0*220 716  80    0
26430 07/27*203 686  75    0*208 696  75    0*213 706  75    0*218 716  75    0
            ***                               *** ***          ***      **

26435 07/28*227 727  80    0*234 735  80    0*240 742  80    0*246 749  80    0
26435 07/28*225 727  75    0*232 739  75    0*240 750  70    0*246 756  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

26440 07/29*252 756  80    0*257 762  80    0*261 769  80    0*266 777  75    0
26440 07/29*251 759  70    0*256 762  70    0*260 765  70    0*263 771  70    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26445 07/30*270 786  75    0*272 793  75    0*273 798  70    0*274 801  70    0
26445 07/30*266 781  70    0*268 791  70    0*270 798  65  988*271 803  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **

26450 07/31*274 805  65    0*274 810  60    0*274 816  55    0*274 823  45    0
26450 07/31*271 807  50    0*271 811  45    0*270 816  40    0*270 824  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

26455 08/01*274 830  40    0*274 837  40    0*274 845  35    0*274 853  35    0
26455 08/01*270 832  40    0*270 841  40    0*270 850  40    0*269 857  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26460 08/02*274 862  40    0*274 869  40    0*274 877  45    0*274 887  45    0
26460 08/02*268 863  40    0*266 870  40    0*264 877  45    0*262 887  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

26465 08/03*273 898  50    0*273 909  50    0*272 920  55    0*270 930  55    0
26465 08/03*260 898  50    0*259 909  50    0*258 920  55    0*258 929  60    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  **

26470 08/04*268 938  60    0*266 945  60    0*264 952  65    0*261 962  70    0
26470 08/04*258 937  65    0*258 945  70    0*258 953  75    0*258 962  80    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

26475 08/05*257 971  60  981*255 977  55    0*252 983  50    0*241 989  35    0
26475 08/05*258 971  80  975*256 977  55    0*254 983  45    0*252 990  35    0
            ***      **  *** ***              ***      **      *** ***

26480 HRATX2CFL1            	
26480 HRATX1CFL1
        ****

U.S. Landfall:
7/30/1933 - 16Z - 27.1N, 80.1W - 65 kt - 988 mb - 1018 mb OCI - 150 nmi ROCI

U.S. Impact (Center made landfall in Mexico, but RMW touched TX coast producing 80 kt winds):
8/5/1933 - 01Z - 25.8N, 97.2W - 80 kt - 975 mb - 25 nmi RMW - 1010 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity adjustments are analyzed for this hurricane, which 
impacted both Florida and Texas as a Category 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Ho et al. (1987), Texas Monthly State 
Climatological Report, the Barbados Advocate (newspaper), Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, 
and the Airways Weather Report.  Daniel Gladstein greatly `contributed toward the reanalysis 
of this hurricane by provided overlooked MWR observations and his suggested revisions to HURDAT.

July 24: HWM indicates a spot low centered near 14.5N, 54.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 25: HWM indicates a tiny closed low of around 1010mb near 16N, 61.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds near 17.2N, 60.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
40kt E near 17.6N, 60.8W after 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 15Z at Antigua 
(17.1N, 61.8W) (Barbados Advocate); gale force winds at Antigua (Barbados Advocate); 1000 mb at 
St. Kitts (17.3N, 62.7W) at 18Z; 983 mb at Saba Island (MWR). "This disturbance was centered a 
short distance southeast of Antigua, the morning of the 25th."

July 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 65kt winds near 19.3N, 66.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: 1000 mb at St. Croix (17.7N, 64.7W); 52kt NE (max w) at 
St. Thomas sometime between 00Z-12Z (MWR). "It passed south of St. Thomas [on the 26th], causing 
a wind velocity of 60 mph from the northeast. Continuing west-northwestward its center passed 
north of Puerto Rico on the 26th"

July 27: HWM indicates a low of 1010mb near 19.5N, 72W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a 
hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.4N, 70.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt E near 21.0N, 65.5W 
either before or after 5Z (MWR). Station highlights: 74 kt (estimated) NE and 995 mb at Turks 
Island (21.5N, 71.2W) (MWR).  "[it almost passed] over Turks Island on the 27th. The lowest 
barometer reading at Turks was 29.37 inches, accompanied by a wind velocity estimated as 85mph 
from the northeast. The disturbance moved northwestward [overnight] then west-northwestward 
over the northern Bahamas."

July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 76.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 24.0N, 74.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 60kt SE 
(max w) after 15Z near 25.0N, 75.3W, and 1002mb (min p) at 15Z at 25.0N, 75.3W (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 25.5N, 77W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds near 26.1N, 76.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
45kt NNE with 1007mb at 26.2N, 76.7W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 27.5N, 80.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 70kt at 27.3N, 79.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: possible center 
fix at 07Z at 26.8N, 79.4W with 1004 mb pressure (looks too high) and 5 kt variable winds (MWR); 
50 kt SW (max w) after 07Z near 26.8N, 79.4W (MWR); 70kt SE (max w) with 998mb (min p) at 
27.0N, 79.6W at 9UTC (MWR); 45kt SE with 992mb at 27.5N, 79.4W at 12UTC (COA). Station 
highlights: 52kt SE at Fort Pierce (MWR). "The center crossed the coast line of Florida a 
short distance south of Fort Pierce on the 30th, accompanied by a wind at that place of 
60mph from the southeast."

July 31: HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mv near 25N, 84.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 27.4N, 81.6W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35kt SSE at 27.0N, 80.0W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: 34kt E at Tampa (MWR).

August 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25.5N, 86W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt near 27.4N, 84.5W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt around or after 23Z near 25.0N, 86.1W (MWR). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance continued to move westward but vessel 
reports on the 1st and 2d indicated a decrease in intensity."

August 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 88W at 12UTC.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt at 274N, 87.7W at 12UTC.
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 38kt SSE at Tampa (MWR).

August 3: HWM indicates a strengthening low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 92.5W 
at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt at 27.2N, 92.0W
at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 35kt NE with 1010mb at 27.6N, 91.0W at 00Z (COA); 
35 kt SE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.1N, 90.8W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "From the morning of the3d until the center passed over the coastline 
near Brownsville no vessel were received near or west of the center, and it was 
impossible to indicate accurately its position or intensity. ... On the evening of 
the 3d Texas stations were advised that the center probably would reach the south 
Texas coast between Brownsville and Corpus Christi and be attended by strong shifting 
winds, possibly reaching gale force near the center with moderately high tides 
from Port O'Connor southward to Brownsville."

August 4: HWM indicates a closed low of under 1000mb near 24.5N, 95W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane once again with 65kt at 26.4N, 95.2W at
12UTC. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 57kt N
at Brownsville (MWR). "The advices on the morning of the 4th were that the center 
would cross the Texas coast between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, but somewhat 
nearer Brownsville, and that winds would reach gale force over a very small area 
but probably would not attain hurricane velocity." 

August 5: HWM indicates the low just inland near 22.5N, 99W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt at 25.2N, 98.3W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 63kt NW (max w) 
at Brownsville (MWR); 57 kt N (max 5-min 29m wind) at Brownsville WBO (25.9N, 
97.5W) at 0027Z (climo); 981-982 mb (min p) at Brownsville WBO at 0130Z (MWR, 
Connor). "The center crossed the coast nearly over but slightly south of 
Brownsville during the early night of the 5th with greatly increased intensity, 
the highest velocity being 72 miles at Brownsville. Considerable damage was 
caused in the vicinity of Brownsville and over a strip westward to Monterey, 
Mexico, owing largely to torrential rains." 

HURDAT originally began this system on 25 July at 06Z at 16.5N, 57.5W as a 40 kt 
tropical storm.  The 24th of July was searched and a closed circulation was found 
near 14.0N, 54.5W.  Genesis is now indicated at that time (18 hours earlier than 
HURDAT originally) and location as a 30 kt tropical depression.  The cyclone 
moved west-northwestward and strengthened, passing very near Antigua and just 
north of St. Kitts on the 25th and near St. Thomas on the 26th before passing 
north of Puerto Rico.  At 12Z on the 25th, the analyzed position is roughly 0.8 
degrees south-southwest of the original HURDAT position with a 45 kt intensity 
(no change).  The first observed gales occurred at Antigua where gale force winds 
and a 1002 mb minimum pressure were recorded around 15Z.  It is not known whether 
the 1002 mb pressure is a central or peripheral pressure.  A central pressure of 
less than or equal to 1002 mb yields a wind speed of at least 43 kt according to 
the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  Also on the 25th, 
a ship recorded winds of 40 kt.  At 18Z on the 25th, St. Kitts recorded a 
minimum pressure of 1000 mb as the cyclone passed just to its north.  Saba Island 
recorded a minimum pressure of 983 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 
74 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  
Since the reanalyzed track shows the cyclone passing directly over Saba Island 
around 22Z on the 25th, a 75 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 26th (up 
from 50 kt originally).  A 50 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z and 60 kt is chosen 
for 18Z (up from 45 kt originally) on the 25th.  The depression is analyzed to 
have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 25th (6 hours earlier than originally).  
Early on the 26th, St. Thomas reported a maximum wind of 52 kt from the northeast.  
Although minor south-southwestward track adjustments were made from 12Z on the 
25th to 00Z on the 26th, the largest track change from 06Z on the 26th through 
00Z on the 28th was just three-tenths of a degree.  The cyclone passed near the 
Turks Islands on the 27th where winds were estimated at 74 kt along with a 
recorded pressure of 995 mb.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields a wind speed 
of greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 
cyclone continued west-northwestward, and a ship recorded winds of 60 kt on the 
28th near 25N, 75W.  The cyclone turned westward and headed towards Florida on 
the 30th.  On 30 July prior to landfall in Florida, a ship recorded a hurricane 
force wind with a 998 mb pressure at 09Z, and another ship recorded a 992 mb 
pressure with 45 kt winds at 12Z.  This observation is analyzed to have occurred 
inside the RMW.  Based on this data, a 988 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 30th, and this value equals 62 kt according to the Brown et al. 
(2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Due to high environmental 
pressure, a 65 kt intensity is chosen (down from 70 kt originally).  The 
intensities are decreased by 5-10 kt from 18Z on the 27th through landfall.  
No change was made to the time that the cyclone became a hurricane (12Z on the 
26th when it was just north of Puerto Rico), but the peak intensity for the 
hurricane is lowered from 80 to 75 kt, and this new peak intensity is analyzed 
from 00Z on the 27th through 06Z on the 28th.

Landfall occurred on 30 July at 16Z at 27.1N, 80.1W in southeast Florida.  The 
position is about three-tenths of a degree south of the original HURDAT landfall 
point.  This change is based on ship data in the hours leading up to landfall as 
well as station observations.  The highest wind recorded was 52 kt SE at Fort 
Pierce.  No change is made to the Category 1 impact for southeast Florida, but a 
65 kt landfall intensity is analyzed along with a 988 mb central pressure, just 
like the analysis at 12Z on the 30th.  The cyclone moved very slowly westward 
across the Peninsula, taking 26 hours before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 55 kt for 18Z on the 
30th, and 50, 45, and 37 kt at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 31st respectively.  This 
slow decline in the Kaplan and DeMaria winds is due to the cyclone's brief track 
over the northern half of Lake Okeechobee.  The highest wind observed on the 31st 
was 35 kt, though observations in this portion of Florida were rather sparse.  
Revised winds in HURDAT are 60 kt at 18Z on the 30th (down from 70 kt originally) 
and 50, 45, and 40 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z on the 31st (down from 65, 60, and 55 kt 
originally, respectively).  At 18Z on 31 July, the weakened cyclone was emerging 
off the southwest coast of Florida into the Gulf of Mexico with an analyzed 
intensity of 40 kt (down from 45 kt originally).  The cyclone moved westward in 
the Gulf of Mexico and then turned toward the west-southwest.  Ship data in the 
Gulf of Mexico was somewhat sparse; however, at 12Z on 3 August a ship recorded 
35 kt SE with 1004 mb near 25N, 91W.  On 4 August, the cyclone was strengthening 
and moving toward its final landfall near the Texas/Mexico border.  While in the 
Gulf of Mexico, minor southward track adjustments of 1 to 1.5 degrees are 
implemented from 12Z on the 2nd to 00Z on the 4th.  The cyclone made its final 
landfall in Mexico but very near the border with Texas on 5 August at 01Z at 
25.8N, 97.2W.  The highest wind recorded was 63 kt (Brownsville WBO 56 kt N max 
w after converting to 10m 1-min at 0027Z) at Brownsville and the lowest pressure 
recorded was 981 mb at Brownsville WBO at 0130Z), but this was not a central 
pressure.  Ho et al., Schwerdt et al., and Connor suggest a central pressure of 
975 mb based on the 981.4 mb minimum pressure recorded at Brownsville.  The 
reanalyzed track, which matches up with the Schwerdt et al. landfall point, 
shows that the closest approach of the center of the cyclone to Brownsville was 
~15 nmi and the analyzed RMW was 25 nmi.  The 975 mb value is chosen for landfall 
and added to HURDAT for the 00Z 5 August entry.  A central pressure of 975 mb 
equals 84 and 79 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships, respectively.  Ho et al. suggests a 24 nmi RMW which is somewhat 
larger than the 19 nmi climatological RMW.  A landfall intensity of 80 kt is 
chosen, and 80 kt is also chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 4th and 00Z 
on the 5th (up from 70 and 60 kt originally, respectively - a major change at 
00Z on the 5th).  The right RMW of the hurricane is analyzed to have reached 
the Texas coast at its border of Mexico around ~00Z-02Z on the 15th, which means 
that 80 kt winds were experienced in Texas.  The Category 2 impact previously 
listed for south Texas is revised to a Category 1 impact.  Brownsville was likely 
at or just barely inside the right RMW an hour or two after landfall.  Also, 
Brownsville is located slightly inland.  Both of those reasons explain why the 
highest wind at Brownsville was only 63 kt (possibly 66 kt after converting to 
1-min 10m).  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 62, 47, and 
37 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z on 5 August.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 60, 
45, and 35 kt at those times (originally 55, 50, and 35 kt).  No changes are 
made to the timing of dissipation, but the final position at 18Z on the 5th is 
moved north by a degree to 25.2N, 99.0W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The cyclone 
dissipated shortly thereafter over higher terrain.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 6 (Originally Storm 8) - 2012 Revision

26580 08/17/1933 M=10  8 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
26580 08/13/1933 M=16  6 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *                                  *

The 13th - 16th are new to HURDAT
26581 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 215  30    0*125 229  35    0
26582 08/14*128 243  40    0*131 257  40    0*133 272  45    0*135 289  45    0
26583 08/15*137 307  45    0*139 325  50    0*142 344  50    0*145 362  50    0
26584 08/16*148 380  55    0*151 398  55    0*155 416  60    0*160 434  65    0

26585 08/17*  0   0   0    0*175 480  50    0*179 495  60    0*190 512  65    0
26585 08/17*166 452  70    0*173 470  75    0*181 487  85    0*190 501  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          *** ***

26590 08/18*199 529  65    0*206 534  70    0*213 543  75    0*221 553  75    0
26590 08/18*201 514  95    0*213 527 105    0*224 539 110    0*234 552 115  948  
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

26595 08/19*230 564  80    0*240 577  80    0*250 590  85    0*259 600  85    0
26595 08/19*244 565 115    0*254 578 120    0*264 590 120    0*273 599 120    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

26600 08/20*268 610  85    0*279 620  85    0*289 630  85    0*295 637  85    0
26600 08/20*280 608 120    0*285 617 115    0*291 625 115    0*297 635 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26605 08/21*301 642  85    0*306 649  90    0*312 657  90    0*321 671  90    0
26605 08/21*302 646 110    0*307 658 110    0*312 670 110    0*316 680 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

26610 08/22*326 689  95    0*328 700 100    0*331 711 105    0*338 726 100    0
26610 08/22*320 690 105    0*324 700 105    0*328 711 105    0*334 724 100    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      ***              *** ***

26615 08/23*345 740  85    0*352 750  70    0*360 758  60  971*372 766  50    0
26615 08/23*341 737  90    0*351 749  85    0*361 758  75  966*374 767  65  971
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **  ***

26620 08/24*387 771  45    0*406 770  45    0*424 763  40    0*434 753  35    0
26620 08/24*387 772  55  978*406 770  45    0*424 763  35    0*434 753  30    0
                     **  ***                           **               **

26625 08/25*441 744  35    0*446 737  30    0*452 730  30    0*456 723  25    0
26625 08/25*440 744  30    0*445 737  30    0*448 730  30    0E449 719  30    0
            ***      **      ***              ***              *** ***  **

26630 08/26*463 712  25    0*473 697  20    0*482 682  20    0*500 657  20    0
26630 08/26E445 704  30    0E441 688  30    0E440 672  30    0E440 662  35    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

The 27th - 28th are new to HURDAT
26632 08/27E441 654  35    0E441 645  35    0E442 635  30    0E442 617  30    0
26633 08/28E443 591  30    0E444 558  30    0E445 525  30    0*  0   0   0    0

26635 HR NC2 VA2            	
26635 HR NC1 VA1 MD1
         *** *** ***

US Landfalls:
8/23/1933 - 1000Z - 35.8N, 75.6W - 80 kt - 963 mb - 40 nmi RMW - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI
8/23/1933 - 1130Z - 36.0N, 75.7W - 75 kt - 965 mb - 1008 mn OCI - 300 nmi ROCI
8/23/1933 - 1200Z - 36.1N, 75.8W - 75 kt - 966 mb - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI

Major track changes and major intensity changes are recommended for this hurricane that 
struck the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast.  Major changes are also made to the genesis and 
dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, Ho et al. (1987), Barnes, Cobb, and Virginia Hurricanes.

Aug 13: HWM shows no signs of a system. HURDAT does not commence the storm until the 
17th. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with 1003mb at 13.4N, 27.2W at 13UTC. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 14: HWM shows no signs of a closed low. Ship highlights: 25kt SSW with 1005mb 
at 13.2N, 27.3W at 12UTC. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 15; HWM shows a spot low embedded within the ITCZ with at most 1015mb centered near 
12.5N, 34.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 16: HWM loses the low for today. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 17: HWM indicates a deep closed low of at most 1005mb near 17.5N, 49.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 17.9N, 49.5W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35kt NW with 1003mb at 3Z and a wind max of 40kt after 3Z at 14.5N, 
48.5W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 57W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.3N, 54.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
948mb with calm (center fix) near ~ 23N, 54.5W at 1730Z (MWR, ship logs); 60kt SE 
after 17Z near 22.4N, 52.7W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
"It was first reported from telegraphic reports on the morning of the 18th, about 
900 miles east of Puerto Rico. It moved westward until the 18th,"

Aug 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 59W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 25N, 59W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
70kt SW with 1009mb at 12Z at 24.4N, 55.8W (COA); 70kt NE with 997mb at 28.5N, 60.5W 
at 18Z (COA); 70 kt N with 940 mb at 21Z at 28.3N, 60.2W (ship logs). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 20: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 29N, 64.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a hurricane with 85kt at 28.9N, 63.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
70kt ESE with 985mb at 28.5N, 60.5W at 6UTC (COA); 70kt SE with 998mb at 28.5N, 
58.5W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 21: HWM shows a strong low of at most 995mb near 30.5N, 68.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a hurricane of 90kt at 31.2N, 65.7W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
45 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 32.6N, 62.6W (COA); 997 mb with south wind at 17Z 
at 32.7N, 71.8W (MWR); 40kt NW around 17Z near 32.7N, 71.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 
45 kt SE with 1004mb at Bermuda at 12UTC (HWM); 55kt E at Bermuda (MWR). "...then 
followed a course northwest by north until the 21st, when it was central about 
150 miles southwest of Bermuda, a maximum wind velocity of 64miles from the east 
being reported at St. Georges. ... Then the disturbance was about 150 miles 
southwest of Bermuda on the morning of the 21st, storm warnings were ordered 
between Cape Hatteras and Boston with the information that the tropical 
disturbance was of great intensity."

Aug 22: HWM shows a strong low of at most 995mb near 31N, 72W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a hurricane of 105kt at 33.1N, 71.1W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 45kt NE 
with 991mb at 34.5N, 73.5W at 18Z (COA); 50 kt WNW with 992 mb at 21Z at 32.4N, 74.6W 
(MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt NE at 23Z at Cape Hatteras (NCDC). "During the next 
24 hours [from the 21-22] it bore more to the westward, with somewhat decreased speed 
and then turned to the northwest, passing nearly over but slightly to the east of Cape 
Hatteras, with lowest barometer 28.67 inches and maximum wind velocity 64mph from the 
northeast. On the morning of the 22d, these storm warnings were continued with the 
following information: tropical disturbance attended by fresh to strong gales, central 
about 350 miles southwest of Bermuda and same distance southeast of Cape Hatteras, 
direction of movement uncertain but probably will remain nearly stationary for the 
next 12 hours. Strong northeast winds probably reading gale force off the coast. On 
the evening of the 22d, the following bulletin was issued: Atlantic coast disturbances 
central about 150 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, moving slightly north of west. 
Center will cross southern coast of North Carolina early Wednesday forenoon, preceded 
by dangerous shifting gales tonight between Virginia Capes and Southport, NC."

Aug 23: HWM shows a strong low of at most 985mb near 36N, 76.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds with 971mb at 36N, 75.8W at 12UTC. Ship 
highlights: 70kt variable with 967mb at 36.0N, 73.3W at 8Z (MWR); 35 kt E with 966 mb at 
08Z at 35.5N, 75.0W (COBB). Station highlights: 66 kt N-NE (max w/1-min) at Cape Hatteras 
around ~2Z (OMR); 40 kt W with 971mb (min p) at Cape Hatteras at 9Z (OMR); 71kt NE 
(max w) at Cape Henry, VA (36.9N, 76.0W) (Virginia Hurricanes); center fix at 1420Z with 
971mb eye measured at Norfolk (NOR); 66 kt E (max w/1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ around 
~1730Z (OMR); 971 mb (min p) at Quantico, VA. "On the morning of the 23d the center was 
a few miles south of Norfolk, VA, where the pressure was 28.84 inches. It passed over 
Norfolk with lowest pressure 28.68 inches at 9:20am and a maximum wind velocity of 56 miles, 
while Cape Henry had a maximum wind velocity of 68mph. The center was near Washington DC 
that evening with a pressure of 28.94inches. It moved northward to central Pennsylvania 
with decreasing intensity and then turned northeastward down the St. Lawrence Valley 
with further decrease in intensity."

Aug 24: HWM shows the low of at most 1000mb inland near 41.5N, 77W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 42.4N, 76.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
35kt SSE with 1005mb at 37.8N, 73.0W at 0Z (COA); 20kt S with 991mb at 41.7N, 73.9W at 16Z 
(COA). Station highlights: 12kt S with 980mb (min p) at Washington D.C. at 1Z (WASH); 
47kt SE at Atlantic City at 4Z (ATL); 35 kt S with 996 mb (min p) at Philadelphia at 07Z (PHIL).

Aug 25: HWM shows the low of at most 1000mb near 44.5N, 74W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 45.2N, 75.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
20kt SSW with 1001mb at 42.5N, 70.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt WSW with 1014mb at 40.3N, 60.5W at 
12Z (HWM); 35 kt SW with 1007 mb at 22Z at 40.2N, 61.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 
15kt NNE with 998mb at Montreal at 12Z (HWM); 25 kt W with 1002 mb at 12Z at New York City (HWM).

Aug 26: HWM shows a cyclonic perturbation along a frontal boundary near 44N, 66.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists this system as a wave with 20kt winds at 48.2N, 68.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1002 mb with SE wind at 12Z at Yarmouth (HWM).

Aug 27: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1010mb near 44.5N, 62W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
does not list the system anymore. Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1009mb at 48.3N, 56.5W at 0Z 
(COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 28: HWM shows a cyclonic flow with no distinct low pressure center generally south of 
Cape Race.  Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally begins this cyclone on 17 August at 06Z at 17.5N, 48.0W as a 50 kt tropical storm.  
A data search was conducted between that location and the African coast between 13-16 August.  The 
data indicates that the cyclone began close to Africa, and based on the observations, the cyclone 
is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression on 13 August at 12Z at 12.3N, 21.5W.  Genesis is now shown 
90 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally - a major change.  On the 13th, a closed circulation was 
found.  On the 14th, winds as high as 30 kt and pressures as low as 1003 mb were observed.  A 
peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 41 kt according to the Brown 
et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 14th.  
The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 13th (84 hours 
earlier than originally - a major change).  On the 15th and 16th, there were no gales or low 
pressures observed, but on the 18th at 1730Z, a ship (Tuna or Tana) recorded a central pressure 
of 947.5 mb near 23.0N, 54.5W.  (A detailed ship log from this ship is available in the 1933 
binder.)  A central pressure of 948 mb yields a wind speed of 113 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 115 kt for its intensifying subset.  A 115 kt intensity is chosen 
for 18Z on 18 August (up from 75 kt originally- a major change).  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
attained hurricane strength by 18Z on 16 August (24 hours earlier than originally - a major change).  
The cyclone is analyzed to have become a major hurricane by 06Z on the 18th (four days earlier than 
originally - a major change).  On the 19th at 21Z, a ship recorded a 940 mb peripheral pressure 
with simultaneous hurricane force winds at 28.3N, 60.2W, indicating that the hurricane was 
continuing to deepen from the day before.  A peripheral pressure of 940 mb yields winds of greater 
than 115 and 120 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 
its intensifying subset.  A peak intensity of 120 kt is analyzed from 06Z on 19 August through 
00Z on 20 August (an increase in the winds above the original HURDAT by 35-40 kt).  A gradual 
decrease in intensity is shown over the next couple of days because the cyclone moved north of 
25N and because there is no information that the cyclone continued to intensify.  By 22 August, 
the 105 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged and the position is moved a few tenths of a degree 
southward to 32.8N, 71.1W.

The center of the hurricane made landfall on the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina at 10Z 
on 23 August at 35.8N, 75.6W.  There were several steps involved with determining the intensity 
at landfall.  Observations suggest that the central pressure may have been about 962 mb around 
09Z (one hour prior to landfall).  A ship near the center recorded a 966 mb pressure with 35 kt 
E winds at 08Z, and at 09Z, a ship recorded 970 mb with simultaneous hurricane force.  A landfall 
central pressure of 963 mb is analyzed (at the 10Z landfall) based on observations before, 
around, and after that time as well as taking into account the recommendations of Ho et al.  
A 966 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z because the cyclone had filled slightly 
by 12Z.  A central pressure of 963 mb yields 92, 87, and 88 kt according to the north of 25N, 
north of 25N and weakening, and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  A value of about 
88 kt should be chosen from that since the system was likely weakening slightly and was at 
35.8N.  The RMW was about 40 nmi and this is about 50% larger than the 27 nmi climatological 
RMW.  The OCI and ROCI were 1008 mb and 300 nmi respectively, and the forward speed of the 
cyclone was about 13 kt.  Given all of these factors, 80 kt is chosen for the intensity at 
the first landfall.  However, an 85 kt intensity is chosen for the point before landfall at 
06Z on the 23rd (up from 70 kt originally).  Although the hurricane weakened from a Category 2 
to a Category 1 just prior to landfall, the strongest winds on the north and east side 
remained offshore while it was still a Category 2, the highest impact analyzed for the 
United States is a Category 1 impact.  Previously, HURDAT showed a Category 2 impact for 
North Carolina and Virginia, but these are both revised downward to a Category 1.  After 
passing through the waters in between the barrier islands and the mainland, the final 
landfall occurred at 12Z on the 23rd (three hours after the first landfall), and a 75 kt 
intensity is analyzed at 12Z (up from 60 kt originally).  The highest observed winds from 
coastal stations were: 66 kt (1-min) (64 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at Cape 
Hatteras, NC at ~02Z on the 23rd; 61 kt (1-min) (53 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at 
Norfolk, VA at ~11Z; 71 kt (same value after converting to 10m 1-min) at Cape Henry, VA; 
and 66 kt (1-min) (58 kt after converting to 10m 1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ at ~1730Z.  
The height of the anemometer at Atlantic City was 52m, so after converting to a 10m, 
1-min wind, the max wind at Atlantic City was 58 kt.  Although observations of Category 1 
hurricane wind speeds were only measured on North Carolina and Virginia, a Category 1 
impact is analyzed for Maryland in addition to North Carolina and Virginia.  This is 
because the right front RMW was likely over eastern Maryland while the system was still 
a hurricane, and when Atlantic City, NJ recorded its peak winds of 58 kt, that station 
was well outside the RMW whereas Maryland was closer to the system and likely experienced 
65 kt winds. There is a slight chance that hurricane force winds were experienced in 
Delaware, and New Jersey as well.  Norfolk, VA briefly experienced the right edge of 
the eye and recorded its minimum pressure of 971 mb at 1420Z (the data indicates that 
the central pressure was about 969 mb at 1420Z).  Quantico, VA (38.5N, 77.3W) was the 
last station to record a pressure as low as 971 mb.  This had to have been recorded 
sometime around ~2130Z, and was, in all likelihood, a central pressure.  All data 
strongly indicates that the 18Z position on the 23rd needs to be moved north or 
north-northwest of the previous HURDAT position by at least a couple tenths of a 
degree.  A central pressure of 971 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 23rd.  The 
cyclone passed just southwest and west of Washington, D.C. on the 24th around 00Z-01Z
 where a 980 mb minimum pressure was recorded.  A central pressure of 978 mb is added 
to HURDAT at 00Z on the 24th.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model (run 
from 12Z on the 23rd with a 75 kt intensity) yield 52 kt for 18Z on the 23rd, and 43 and 
30 kt, respectively, for 00 and 06Z on the 24th.  Highest observed wind within 2 hr of 
synoptic times are 58 kt at 18Z on the 23rd, 47 kt at 00Z on the 24th, and 47 kt at 06Z 
on the 24th.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 65 kt at 18Z on the 23rd (up from 50 kt 
originally), 55 kt for 00Z on the 24th (up from 45 kt originally) and 45 kt for 06Z on 
the 24th (no change).  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 
00Z on the 24th (12 hours later than originally).  At 12Z on the 24th, the cyclone was 
centered between Binghamton and Syracuse, NY, and the strongest wind observed around 12Z 
was 30 kt.  A 35 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z (down from 40 kt originally).  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 24th (12 
hours earlier than originally).  When the cyclone reached the Canadian border near the 
NY/VT border around 12Z on the 25th, it turned eastward.  After passing due eastward 
through the state of Maine, the cyclone reached the Atlantic just after 06Z on the 26th.  
The data indicates that the cyclone became extratropical around 18Z on 25 August after 
having been a tropical depression for the previous 24 hr.  The revised track shows the 
cyclone continuing due eastward on the 26th whereas the original track diverges on this 
day, showing a northeastward motion.  Major southward track changes are implemented on 
the 26th from 06Z-18Z.  HURDAT originally showed a final position at 18Z on the 26th at 
50.0N, 65.7W as a 20 kt tropical depression, but observations indicate that the cyclone 
contained a closed circulation through 12Z on 28 August, so the track is extended for 
42 hours as an extratropical cyclone.  The revised final position - at 12Z on 28 August 
- is at 44.5N, 52.5W as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone.

******************************************************************************


1933 Storm 7 - 2012 Revision

26485 08/12/1933 M= 9  6 SNBR= 586 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
26485 08/14/1933 M= 8  7 SNBR= 586 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *                            *

The 12th-13th are removed from HURDAT
26490 08/12*  0   0   0    0*120 598  35    0*129 619  35    0*133 631  35    0
26495 08/13*137 641  35    0*140 650  40    0*142 658  40    0*143 667  40    0

26500 08/14*144 676  40    0*144 686  45    0*144 697  45    0*145 706  45    0
26500 08/14*142 653  30    0*144 667  30    0*146 680  30    0*148 694  30    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26505 08/15*148 715  50    0*151 726  50    0*155 737  50    0*159 748  50    0
26505 08/15*151 708  35    0*153 722  35    0*156 736  35    0*161 749  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26510 08/16*164 760  50    0*169 772  45    0*174 783  45    0*179 793  45    0
26510 08/16*166 762  35    0*169 774  35    0*172 785  35    0*179 797  35    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

26515 08/17*185 802  40    0*194 813  40    0*203 823  40    0*210 828  40    0
26515 08/17*190 808  35    0*202 821  35    0*214 831  35    0*220 837  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26520 08/18*216 832  35    0*225 836  35    0*234 839  40    0*240 841  40    0
26520 08/18*224 840  30    0*227 843  35    0*230 845  40    0*235 845  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26525 08/19*245 841  40    0*252 841  40    0*260 841  40    0*272 841  40    0
26525 08/19*240 845  35    0*245 845  30    0*250 845  30    0*255 844  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26530 08/20*283 841  40    0*289 841  40    0*294 840  40    0*320 839  35    0
26530 08/20*260 843  25    0*265 842  25    0*270 840  25    0*272 839  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

The 21st is new to HURDAT
26532 08/21*273 838  25    0*273 837  25    0*273 835  25    0*  0   0   0    0

26535 TS                    	

Major track changes and minor intensity alterations are recommended for this tropical 
storm.  A major change is made to the genesis time with a two day delay in the system's 
formation.  Another major change is to remove this system as a landfalling tropical storm 
in the United States, as the observations instead indicate dissipation over the Gulf of 
Mexico.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from 
NCDC, and Perez et al.

Aug 5: HWM indicates a broad low pressure centered near 14N, 21W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 6: HWM loses the system until the 16th. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 7: There is no information until the 11th.

Aug 11: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet 
list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 10 kt WNW with 1013 mb at 12Z at 9.1N, 51.6W (COA, HWM).

Aug 12: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.9N, 61.9W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 13: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 14.2N, 65.8W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 14: HRUDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 14.4N, 69.7W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 15: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 15.5N, 73.7W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 25 kt SE with 1007 mb at 22Z at 17.0N, 75.5W (MWR); 30 kt around ~22Z near 
~17.0n, 75.5W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 18N, 80W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 17.4N, 78.3W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35kt S at 21.6N, 74.1W at 12UTC. 

Aug 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 21N, 84W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.3N, 82.3W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 23N, 85W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 23.4N, 83.9W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with 1011mb at 23.5N, 81.5W at 9UTC. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 23N, 85W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.0N, 84.1W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 20: HWM loses the system. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds 
at 29.4N, 84.0W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 21: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT no longer 
lists a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

This tropical cyclone likely originated from a tropical wave, which was evident just off 
the African coast on 5 August.  A few observations each day allow for the wave to be 
tracked on its westward course through the tropical Atlantic.  HURDAT originally started 
this system as a 35 kt tropical storm on 12 August at 06Z at 12.0N, 59.8W.  On 11 August, 
a west wind was observed near 9N, 52W and although the system might have been a tropical 
depression by that day near 11.0N, 52.0W, observations from Grenada at 22Z on the 12th and 
13Z on the 13th indicate the circulation was not closed.  There were no west winds observed 
from the 12th through the 14th; however, there were no ships south of the center after the 
system moved west of the Lesser Antilles.  Therefore, genesis is delayed until 00Z on the 
14th once the system moved west of the islands.  This new genesis time is a major change 
to HURDAT - 42 hours later than originally.  The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical 
depression on the 14th (down from 40-45 kt originally).  A west wind occurred close to 
the center sometime between the 15th at 22Z - the 16th at 04Z near 17N, 75.5W.  This ship 
recorded a minimum pressure of 1007 mb and maximum winds of 30 kt along with a wind shift 
from SE to W, as shown in the chart of ship gales in the August, 1933 MWR.  Based on the 
information from this ship, a 35 kt tropical storm is analyzed at 00Z on the 16th (down from 
50 kt originally).  The depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z 
on the 15th at 15.1N, 70.8W.  A (first) peak intensity of 35 kt is analyzed from 00Z on the 
15th until Cuban landfall, which occurred at 20Z on 17 August at 22.2N, 83.8W.   (HURDAT's 
original peak intensity was 50 kt from 00Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 16th).  From 
genesis until Cuban landfall, a major eastward track change was made at 00Z on the 14th.  
The rest of the track changes until the Cuban landfall are minor.  The cyclone was over 
Cuba from 20Z on the 17th through 04Z on the 18th during which time it weakened to a 30 kt 
tropical depression.  After oceanfall in the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone is analyzed to 
have restrengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm for 12 hours before weakening.  It is analyzed 
to have weakened to a tropical depression while over water on the 19th at 06Z at 24.5N, 
84.5W.  On the 20th, the original HURDAT track has the cyclone accelerating northward, but 
a very slow movement toward the northeast is analyzed instead so that major southward 
position adjustments are implemented on the 20th.  HURDAT originally listed a final position 
at 18Z on 20 August over Georgia at 32.0N, 83.9W as a 35 kt tropical storm, but the weak, 
closed circulation was still present for another 18 hours over the Gulf of Mexico and 
dissipation is delayed accordingly.  The new final position is at 12Z on 21 August at 27.3N, 
83.5W as a 25 kt tropical depression before it degenerated into a open trough and dissipated.

******************************************************************************


1933 Storm 8 (originally Storm 11) - 2012 Revision

26720 08/28/1933 M= 9 11 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
26720 08/22/1933 M=15  8 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        ** **

The 22th - 27th are new to HURDAT
26722 08/22*  0   0   0    0*126 249  25    0*127 260  25    0*128 271  25    0
26722 08/23*129 282  25    0*130 293  25    0*131 304  25    0*132 315  25    0
26723 08/24*134 325  30    0*136 335  30    0*138 346  30    0*140 358  30    0
26723 08/25*143 371  30    0*145 384  30    0*147 397  30    0*149 410  30    0
26724 08/26*151 423  35    0*153 436  35    0*156 449  35    0*158 462  40    0
26724 08/27*161 475  40    0*164 488  40    0*167 501  45    0*170 516  45    0

26725 08/28*  0   0   0    0*184 524  35    0*184 553  35    0*185 571  35    0
25725 08/28*173 531  50    0*177 547  55    0*181 563  60    0*185 579  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26730 08/29*187 592  35    0*189 613  40    0*192 634  45    0*199 649  50    0
26730 08/29*188 595  70    0*191 611  75    0*195 627  80    0*200 644  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26735 08/30*207 662  50    0*213 680  55    0*217 696  60    0*219 705  65    0
26735 08/30*206 661 100    0*212 678 110    0*217 695 120    0*219 709 130    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

26740 08/31*221 713  70    0*223 723  70    0*224 735  75    0*226 754  75    0
26740 08/31*222 721 140    0*224 732 140    0*225 743 135    0*226 757 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***

26745 09/01*228 773  80    0*231 789  80    0*235 804  85    0*238 819  90    0
26745 09/01*228 773 115    0*230 789 110    0*231 804 105  954*233 819 100    0
                    ***      ***     ***      ***     ***  *** ***     ***

26750 09/02*240 832  90    0*242 843  95    0*244 854 100    0*246 864 100    0
26750 09/02*235 831 100    0*237 841 100    0*242 851 110    0*246 861 120    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***

26755 09/03*248 875 105    0*250 887 105    0*253 899 110    0*256 912 110    0
26755 09/03*249 872 120    0*251 886 120    0*253 899 120    0*256 912 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***              ***

26760 09/04*259 924 110    0*260 937 110    0*261 949 105    0*262 958  95    0
26760 09/04*259 924 115    0*260 937 115    0*261 949 110    0*262 958 110    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

26765 09/05*262 966  85    0*261 975  80    0*259 984  60    0*257 993  35    0
26765 09/05*262 966 110    0*261 975  90    0*259 984  60    0*257 993  35    0
                    ***               **                  

26770 HRATX3                	

U.S. Landfall:
9/5/1933 - 04Z - 26.1N, 97.2W - 110 kt - 940 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1010 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI

Major track changes and major intensity changes are implemented for this hurricane 
that struck Cuba and then southern Texas.  Major changes are also made to the genesis 
of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Texas Monthly 
Climatological Data, Mexican surface analyses from NCDC, Perez, Ho et al., 
Jarrell et al., and Schwerdt.

Aug 20-26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on these days.  
HURDAT does not yet this a system on these days.  No gales or low pressures.

Aug 27: HWM shows a very stretched low pressure east of suspected area not 
associated with this particular storm. HURDAT starts this storm the next day. 
Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with 1013mb at 18.6N, 48.6W at 12UTC (HWM). Station 
highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 28: HWM shows a spot low centered near 17N, 57W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the 
system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.4N, 55.3W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "This disturbance first appeared the evening of the 28th, a short 
distance northeast of the Windward Islands."

Aug 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19N, 63.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.2N, 63.4W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 50kt ENE at 20.5N, 62.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no 
gales or low pressures. By the morning of the 29th, ship reports showed that 
it was attended by gales and moving west or west-northwest. "

Aug 30: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 70W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 21.7N, 69.6W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 70kt SW with 991mb at 21.6N, 71.2W at 20Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: 996mb at Grand Turk at 20z and then a wind max of 49kt SW after 20Z 
(MWR). "It continued to move west by north, passing slightly north of Turks 
Islands with lowest barometric pressure at Grand Turk of 29.41 inches at 3pm, 
of the 30th, and maximum wind of 56 miles from the southwest."

Aug 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists the system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 22.4N, 73.5W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 70 kt WNW with 930mb (min p) at 22.2N, 72.5W at 0130Z (MWR); 
35kt SW near 21.2N, 75.4W after 12Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "By the [morning of the 31st] its center was a short distance 
southwest of Crooked Island, Bahamas,"

Sept 1: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 22N, 80W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
the system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 23.5N, 80.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
70kt NE with 996mb at 24.3N, 82.7W at 23Z (MWR); 50kt W with 984mb at 23.1N, 82.3W 
at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: center fixes/calm (with min pressure of 959 mb) 
at Isabela de Sagua (22.9N, 80.1W), Cardenas around 1530Z (23.0N, 81.2W), and Matanzas 
(23.0N, 81.6W) (Perez); 979mb at Havana at 19Z with the wind max of 82kt S after 19Z 
(MWR). "[By the morning of the 1st it was] near Sagua la Grande on the north coast of 
Cuba, attended by winds of hurricane force. During the late afternoon of September 1, 
the barometer at Habana read 28.92 inches as the storm center passed a short distance 
north of the city. The highest wind velocity at Habana was 94mph from the south, while 
at Key West, FL, the maximum was 42mph from the east. Little damage was done at Key 
West, but, according to press reports there was considerable loss of life along the 
north coast of Cuba and probably also some distance inland.

Sept 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 85W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
the system as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 24.4N, 85.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
70kt NE with 948mb at 25.0N, 86.0W at 19Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 90W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
the system as a hurricane with 110kt winds at 25.3N, 89.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
45kt ESE with 1005mb at 26.5N, 88.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt N with 994mb at 26.3N, 93.4W 
at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 95W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the 
system as a hurricane with 105kt at 26.1N, 94.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt W with 
989mb at 25.5N, 93.0W at 1Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15 kt NNW with 1005 mb at 12Z at 
Brownsville, TX (HWM). "Moving west-northwest across the Gulf of Mexico, the storm 
center reached the ninety-fifth meridian, approximately 150 miles east of Brownsville, 
TX, the morning of September 4, and passed inland just north of Brownsville the following night."

Sept 5: HWM shows a closed low just after it made landfall on the US-Mexico border near 25.5N, 
98W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 25.9N, 98.4W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 65kt NW (64 kt after converting 
that 5-min 29m wind to 1-min and 10m) max w at Brownsville (MWR); 949mb at Brownsville at 0630Z 
(MWR); 43 kt E at Corpus Christi (MWR); 1005 mb at 01Z and 1004 mb at 13Z at Tampico (Mexico). 
"Brownsville reported a barometer reading of 28.02 inches at 1:30am of the 5th, and an estimated 
maximum wind of 80mph from the northwest earlier in the night. According to an Associated Press 
dispatch from Brownsville there were 22 known death and property damage running into the millions 
of dollars in the area from Corpus Christi to some distance south of Brownsville in extreme 
northeastern Mexico. However, no lives were lost in either Brownsville or Corpus Christi. The 
remarkable escape of Brownsville citizens was attributed to the fact that all had ample warning 
that tropical hurricane was approaching the city." "949 mb estimated central pressure; 97 kt 
equivalent 10m 1-min wind; 20 nmi RMW; 1012 mb OCI; speed 8 kt; landfall pt 26.2N, 97.1W" 
(Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "948.9 mb central pressure based on 950.6 mb at Brownsville; 20 nmi 
RMW; 8 kt speed; landfall pt 26.0N, 97.2W" (Ho et al. 1987); "Tropical Cyclones in Texas: 1933 
Sep 4-5, Major, 40 killed, damage $12,000,000" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 
949-982 mb) (Dunn and Miller).

HURDAT originally started this cyclone as a 35 kt tropical storm on 28 August at 06Z at 18.4N, 52.4W.  
The 20th-27th was searched for data between 60W and the African coast.  It appears that although 
west winds are observed on 20-21 August, there is not enough evidence of a tropical cyclone on 
those days.  However, on 22 August, there appears to be enough evidence that a tropical depression 
had formed by that day near 12.7N, 26.0W at 12Z.  The lowest pressures, which are sufficiently 
lower than pressures further away, are observed along with sufficiently cyclonic turning winds 
over a small enough area.  The cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 06Z on 22 
August (6 days earlier than originally - a major change) at 12.6N, 24.9W.  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have become a tropical storm on 26 August at 00Z (54 hours earlier than originally - a major 
change) at 15.1N, 42.3W.  The first gales were recorded on the 29th as the cyclone passed slightly 
north of the northernmost Leeward Islands and Virgin Islands.  The first hurricane force wind was 
recorded during the afternoon of 30 August with the cyclone approaching the vicinity of Turks Island 
by that time.  The only major track change from the 28th-30th was made at 06Z on the 28th - a 2 and 
a half degree west-southwestward adjustment (that was the original HURDAT genesis time and it showed 
an unrealistic initial acceleration).  The lowest pressure recorded during the entire lifetime of 
the storm of 930 mb was reported by a ship at 22.2N, 72.5W on the 31st at 0130Z simultaneously with 
hurricane force winds.  A peripheral pressure of 930 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 130 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and greater than 132 kt for its 
intensifying subset.  After adding 5 kt for a smaller than average storm, plus another 5 kt to 
account for the fact that the central pressure was likely well below 930 mb (since no calm or lull 
was reported), a 140 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on 31 August (up from 70 kt originally - a major 
change).  This cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane strength by 18Z on 28 August (48 hours 
earlier than originally) and major hurricane strength at 00Z on 30 August (84 hours earlier than 
originally), which are both major changes.  Observations from Cuba indicate that the cyclone weakened 
a little before making landfall in Cuba at 12Z on 1 September at 23.1N, 80.4W.  Around 0930Z, 
a 959 mb minimum pressure was recorded at Isabela de Sagua at a distance of 0.5 times the RMW (inside 
the RMW- but it is unknown how much the winds decreased there inside the RMW, other than we know that 
there wasn't calm there).  Perez calculates a central pressure of 951 mb from the 959 mb observation, 
but Perez also mentions that the central pressure may have been 954 mb too.  The 954 mb estimate 
appears more reasonable, and it is added to HURDAT at 12Z on 1 September.  A central pressure of 
954 mb equals 107 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 104 kt for 
its weakening subset.  A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z and 105 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z 
on the 1st (up from 80 and 85 kt originally- both major changes) and landfall.  Perez lists this as a 
110 kt Category 3 for Cuba.  HURDAT originally showed this hurricane moving westward through the 
Florida Straits without making a direct landfall in Cuba.  However, personal accounts and observations 
indicate that the calm center was experienced at several points along the north Cuban coast, and the 
damage was widespread and extensive.  This hurricane is listed as the 115th deadliest cyclone in the 
history of the western hemisphere with 179 deaths - mostly on the north Cuban coast.  At 12Z on the 
1st of September, the track is adjusted southward by 0.4 degrees latitude (30 nmi) to show that the 
center passed directly over Varadero and Cardenas (between 12Z-18Z).  The left edge of the calm center 
passed over Matanzas around 16Z-17Z.  After that, the cyclone moved slightly north of due west.  By 
the time the cyclone reached the longitude of Havana (the afternoon of the 1st), the center is 
analyzed to be about 14 nmi north (offshore) of Havana, where a minimum pressure of 979 mb and maximum 
winds of 82 kt were recorded.  Havana did not experience a lull.  Runs of the Schloemer equation 
indicates that the central pressure of the hurricane was likely in the range of 955-962 mb at 19Z on 
the 1st.  If a 962 (955) mb central pressure is assumed, this yields 99 (106) kt according to the 
southern pressure-wind relationship.   The 105 kt intensity at 12Z on the 1st is brought down to 
100 kt at 18Z (up from 90 kt originally).  After interacting with Cuba, the cyclone continued moving 
west-northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico.  At 19Z on 2 September, a ship recorded a pressure of 
948 mb with simultaneous hurricane force winds at 25N, 86W.  A peripheral pressure of 948 mb yields 
a wind speed of greater than 113 and 107 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships, respectively.  A 120 kt intensity is chosen from 18Z on the 2nd through 12Z on the 3rd.

The hurricane made landfall near South Padre Island, TX at 04Z on 5 September.  Brownsville recorded 
a minimum pressure of 949 mb at 0630Z after recording a maximum wind of 65 kt from the NW according to 
the Monthly Weather Review.  However, the Texas Monthly Climatological Data Summary stated that the 
949 mb was recorded simultaneously with the maximum wind of 70 kt NW.  Ho et al., Schwerdt, and Jarrell 
et al. all list a central pressure of 949 mb for landfall, but 949 mb was measured inland at 
Brownsville 2.5 hr after landfall.  If the 949 mb at Brownsville was indeed recorded with simultaneous 
70 kt winds, it would suggest a central pressure at the time of well below 949 mb - possibly around 
941 mb.  If that value is subtracted back to the coastline, it could suggest a landfall central 
pressure of 937 mb.  A run of the Schloemer equation using 20 nmi for the RMW and a 10 nmi distance 
between the 949 mb ob and the center of the hurricane yields a central pressure of 939 mb, and when 
extrapolated back to the coast, that yields a central pressure of about 935 mb.  It is estimated 
that the landfall central pressure was approximately 940 mb.  A 20 nmi RMW is chosen based on the 
Ho's analysis (slightly larger than the 16 nmi climatological RMW) and the forward speed of the 
storm was 8 kt.  A 940 mb central pressure equals 115 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship, but 110 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity because of the large RMW and slow speed, 
retaining the hurricane as a Category 3 for south Texas.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay 
model to obtain intensities after landfall yield 88, 61, and 44 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z on the 5th, 
and 33 kt for 00Z on 6 September.  Highest measured winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 65 kt at 
06Z and 30 kt at 12Z on the 5th.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are: 90, 60, and 35 kt at 06, 12, 
and 18Z on the 5th, respectively (up from 80 kt originally at 06Z and no change at 12 and 18Z).  
No changes are made to the dissipation of the cyclone which is shown after 18Z on the 5th at 25.7N, 
99.3W.  It should be noted that it remains uncertain how close the center was to Brownsville.  
If the center made landfall farther north than currently shown and the RMW was smaller, then it 
is possible that this hurricane was a category 4 at landfall with category 4 conditions 
north of Brownsville on Padre Island.

******************************************************************************


1933 Storm 9 - 2012 Revision

26640 08/24/1933 M= 8  9 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26640 08/23/1933 M= 9  9 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  

The 23rd is new to HURDAT.
26642 08/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*212 635  25    0*212 639  25    0

26645 08/24*  0   0   0    0*200 595  35    0*216 615  35    0*223 625  35    0
26645 08/24*213 643  25    0*215 648  30    0*220 653  30    0*227 659  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26650 08/25*230 633  35    0*237 642  35    0*243 650  35    0*249 657  35    0
26650 08/25*234 665  30    0*241 671  30    0*248 677  35    0*255 680  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

26655 08/26*255 664  35    0*261 671  35    0*268 678  35    0*274 684  40    0
26655 08/26*262 683  35    0*269 686  35    0*275 688  35    0*282 691  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

26660 08/27*282 690  40    0*292 695  40    0*302 698  40    0*312 695  40    0
26660 08/27*288 693  35    0*293 695  35    0*300 698  35    0*307 695  35    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

26665 08/28*322 688  45    0*330 681  45    0*338 672  45    0*354 657  45    0
26665 08/28*314 688  40    0*322 681  45    0*332 672  50    0*344 658  55    0
            ***      **      ***              ***      **      *** ***  **

26670 08/29*371 640  45    0*383 627  40    0*395 614  40    0*410 595  35    0
26670 08/29*357 643  55    0*371 629  50    0*385 614  50    0*402 595  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

26675 08/30*426 571  35    0*440 542  35    0E452 513  35    0E461 487  35    0
26675 08/30*420 571  50    0E437 542  50    0E452 513  45    0E461 488  40    0
            ***      **     ****      **               **          ***  **

26680 08/31E468 460  35    0E473 430  35    0E478 400  35    0E490 370  35    0
26680 08/31E468 463  35    0E473 438  35    0E478 410  35    0E486 378  35    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

26685 TS                    	

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this tropical storm.  
A major change is made to the timing of when this cyclone became a tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series 
and the COADS ships database.

Aug 24: HWM does not show a system for today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 61.5W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight 
intensity first appeared on the 24th, central about 340 miles north by east of Antigua. 

Aug 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 67.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.3N, 65.0W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

Aug 26: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 28N, 69.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 26.8N, 67.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

Aug 27: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 30N, 71W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt at 30.2N, 69.8W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "It moved northwestward 
during the following two days, then recurved to the northward and passed about 160 miles 
west of Bermuda during the night of the 27th."

Aug 28: HWM shows a closed low of around 1015mb near 31.5N, 67W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 33.8N, 67.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
50 kt S around ~1620Z at 34.3N, 66.3W; 999 mb (possible central pressure) around ~1620Z 
at 34.3N, 66.3W. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

Aug 29: HWM shows a closed low of around 1010mb near 40N, 62.5W at 12UTC. HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 39.5N, 61.4W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: 
45kt S with 1001mb at 39.7N, 59.1W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 30: HWM shows an extratropical storm with 1005mb near 43.5N, 53W at 12UTC. HURDAT 
lists the system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 45.2N, 51.3W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45kt S at 43.5N, 50.5W at 7Z (COA).  Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "By the morning of the 30th it was central about 250 miles south of Cape 
Race, Newfoundland, moving northeastward."

Aug 31: HWM shows an extratropical storm of at most 1005mb near 47.5N, 42.5W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 47.8N, 40.0W at 
12UTC. Ship highlights: 20kt SW with 1000mb at 46.5N, 42.2W at 12Z (COA).

Observations from HWM and COADS suggest that this system may have formed from a tropical 
wave that emerged off the African coast around 16 August.  On the 19th, the wave axis 
extended from approximately 18N, 37W to 4N, 44W.  HURDAT began this system as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 06Z on 24 August at 20.0N, 59.5W.  Available observations indicate that 
a closed circulation existed by the 23th, and the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 12Z on 23 August at 21.2N, 63.5W. The position at 06Z on the 24th is moved 
5 degrees WNW of the original HURDAT - a major change - and the cyclone is analyzed as a 
30 kt tropical depression instead of a tropical storm.  The cyclone moved 
north-northwestward from the 24th-27th, and it recurved near 30N, 70W on the 27th.  
Major west-northwestward track changes are implemented on the 24th and 25th, and these 
changes are minor on the 26th.  On the 27th, track changes are within half a degree of 
the previous HURDAT positions.  All track changes for the remainder of the cyclone's 
lifetime are minor.  The highest observed wind on the 24th was 20 kt (although there 
were not many observations near the center).  On the 25th, 25 kt was the highest wind 
observation, but there were no observations within 150 nmi of the center on this day.  
On the 26th, there were at least a few ships that traveled within 100 nmi of the center 
or closer, and the highest observed wind on that day was 30 kt (this ob was 50 nmi from 
the analyzed center).  The lowest observed pressure on the 26th was 1008 mb.  At 2030Z 
on the 26th, a ship recorded 30 kt SW with 1008 mb at 28.5N, 69.3W  The depression is 
analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 12Z on the 25th (30 hours later than shown 
in HURDAT originally - a major change).  Although the highest observed wind by the 25th 
was only 25 kt, there is not enough evidence to lower the original HURDAT intensity due 
to lack of data.  After recurvature, the cyclone moved northeastward from 27-31 August.  
Although the highest observed wind on the 27th was only 25 kt even though there were 2 
observations within 50 nmi of the analyzed center, on the 28th, a ship recorded a pressure 
of 999 mb and also observed maximum winds of 50 kt (uncertain whether the 50 kt was 
simultaneous with the 999 mb).  A 999 mb pressure yields at least 45 and 50 kt according 
to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on 
the 28th (up from 45 kt originally) and a peak lifetime intensity of 55 kt is chosen 
from 18Z on the 28th - 00Z on the 29th.  This is an increase from the 45 kt peak shown 
in HURDAT originally on the 28th and 29th.  The 35 kt intensity analyzed beginning on 
the 25th at 12Z is maintained through 18Z on the 27th (down from 40 kt originally in 
HURDAT from 18Z on the 26th - 18Z on the 27th).  The analyzed intensity is then increased 
more quickly from 35 kt at 18Z on the 27th to 55 kt at 18Z on the 28th (up from 45 kt 
originally).  On the 29th and 30th, there are a handful of gales including a couple of 
45 kt observations (one with a pressure of 1001 mb).  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb 
yields a wind speed of greater than 47 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) 
pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N.  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed again from 
06Z on the 29th through 06Z on the 30th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become 
extratropical by 06Z on the 30th (six hours earlier than originally).  On the 30th and 
31st, the cyclone accelerated northeastward, and no change is made to the timing of 
dissipation (18Z on the 31st as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone).  The final position 
at 18Z on the 31st is 48.6N, 37.8W.

******************************************************************************


1933 Storm 10 - 2012 Revision

26690 08/26/1933 M= 4 10 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26690 08/26/1933 M= 5 10 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    * 

26695 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*186 938  35    0
26695 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*189 923  25    0
                                                               *** ***  **

26700 08/27*189 939  35    0*194 941  35    0*200 942  35    0*205 944  35    0
26700 08/27*192 925  25    0*196 928  25    0*200 930  25    0*204 933  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

26705 08/28*208 946  35    0*211 948  35    0*214 949  35    0*219 954  35    0
26705 08/28*208 935  30    0*211 937  30    0*214 940  30    0*217 948  35    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  
 
26710 08/29*222 961  35    0*222 967  35    0*220 974  35    0*205 983  30    0
26710 08/29*220 957  35    0*220 966  35    0*220 974  35    0*219 983  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           ***

The 20th is new to HURDAT
26712 08/30*215 992  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

26715 TS                    

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that 
made landfall near Tampico, Mexico.  Major changes are made to both the timing of 
genesis and to the timing of when the cyclone became a tropical storm.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, Mexican surface 
analyses from NCDC, and the COADS ships database.

Aug 24: HWM does not indicate a system on this date.  HURDAT's first position 
was at 18Z on the 26th.  No gales or low pressures.

Aug 25:  HWM does not indicate a system on this date.  HURDAT's first position 
was at 18Z on the 26th.  No gales or low pressures.

Aug 26: HWM does not show a system for today. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 18.6N, 93.8W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight 
intensity developed in a region of unsettled weather over Mexico near Frontera 
during the 26th and 27th."

Aug 27: HWM does not indicate a low. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 20N, 94.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.  

Aug 28: HWM does not indicate a low. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 21.4N, 94.9W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "From vessel reports subsequently 
received, it apparently moved northwestward to the vicinity of Tampico by the 28th 
attended by heavy rains at Mexican coast station but without strong winds. By the 
evening of the 28th, available vessel observations over the northwestern Gulf showed 
that the wind velocities had increased to 22mph and shifted from northeast to east 
to southeast."

Aug 29: HWM shows a small low of at most 1005mb right off the coast at 22N, 97W at 12UTC. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.0N, 97.4W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt N with 1003mb at 
Tampico at 12Z (HWM). "Consequently, on the morning of the 29th, with the uncertainty 
regarding the advance of the center northward, storm warning were ordered from Port Arthur 
to Corpus Christi, as follows: tropical disturbance of slight intensity about 125 miles 
southeast of Corpus Christi apparently moving northward; will cause fresh to strong northeast 
winds over very small area around center. Special observations received during the afternoon 
of the 29th showed rather definitely that center was south of Brownsville and at 9pm storm 
warnings were ordered down."

Aug 30: HWM dissipates the system. HURDAT loses the system. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. This cyclone may have possibly been 
the same system that was a tropical depression (originally storm #7) from 14-20 August moving 
westward across the Caribbean Sea.  On the 24th and 25th, a broad circulation was present over 
Central America, roughly centered near 16N 88W on the 24th and 17N 90W on the 25th.  On the 26th, 
the system reached the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and is analyzed to have become a tropical 
depression on 26 August at 18Z (no change) at 18.9N, 92.3W.  The cyclone moved northwestward and 
then turned toward the west late on the 28th.  It made landfall just south of Tampico, Mexico 
(22.0N, 97.7W) around 14Z on the 29th.  Although there were no recorded gales available in 
association with this system, Tampico recorded a pressure of 1003 mb and a ship reported a 1005 
mb pressure. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 41 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have become a tropical storm less than a day prior to landfall - at 18Z on the 28th (two days 
later than originally - a major change).  The peak intensity (and landfall intensity) of 35 kt 
previously listed in HURDAT is not changed due to the broad structure of the system and to the 
fact that no gales were observed for the entire lifetime of the system.  The position at 18Z on 
the 29th is adjusted 1.4 degrees to the north because the original HURDAT unrealistically shows 
a southward acceleration.  This system is maintained as a tropical depression through 00Z on 
the 30th (dissipation is shown six hours later than in HURDAT originally).

There is a chance that this system never attained tropical storm intensity at any point and was 
only a tropical depression.  On the 29th at 12Z, there are no observations anywhere remotely near 
the center of the cyclone on the right (north side).  The only available observation from Tampico 
was 2 hours before closest approach.  Between 12-14Z on the 29th, there is a huge void area 
between 22.2-23.5N, and from 96W to the Mexican coast that may have contained 35 kt winds.  But 
there are no available observations from this region.  Therefore, there is not enough evidence to 
lower the 35 kt peak intensity in HURDAT.  Also, observations indicate that the central pressure 
around the time of landfall was 1002 mb, and environmental pressures were about 1008-1009 mb, 
which easily supports a 35 kt intensity.


******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 11 (originally Storm 12) - 2012 Revision

26775 08/31/1933 M= 8 12 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
26775 08/31/1933 M= 8 11 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                      **

26780 08/31*  0   0   0    0*192 562  45    0*195 587  70    0*195 602  80    0
26780 08/31*  0   0   0    0*181 564  55    0*185 583  60    0*189 602  65    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

26785 09/01*196 618  90    0*197 636  95    0*198 654 100    0*208 672 105    0
26785 09/01*193 620  70    0*199 638  75    0*205 655  80    0*211 670  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26790 09/02*220 690 110    0*225 700 115    0*231 711 115    0*236 724 120    0
26790 09/02*218 682  90    0*223 694  95    0*227 707 100    0*232 722 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26795 09/03*242 738 120    0*248 754 120    0*254 770 120    0*258 780 120    0
26795 09/03*238 738 110    0*245 754 115    0*254 768 120  945*258 779 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

26800 09/04*262 788 115    0*270 804 110  948*279 817  55    0*283 823  50    0
26800 09/04*263 790 110    0*270 803 110  948*277 816  65    0*283 823  55    0
            *** *** ***          ***          *** ***  **               **

26805 09/05*287 827  45    0*294 831  45    0*300 834  45    0*305 835  40    0
26805 09/05*288 827  55    0*294 831  55    0*300 834  50    0*305 835  50    0
            ***      **               **               **               **

26810 09/06*309 835  40    0*314 834  35    0*319 833  35    0*323 832  30    0
26810 09/06*309 833  50    0*313 829  50    0*317 825  50    0*321 825  40    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26815 09/07*327 830  25    0*331 828  20    0*335 826  20    0*339 824  15    0
26815 09/07*324 825  35    0*327 825  30    0*330 825  25    0*334 825  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26820 HRCFL3                

U.S. Landfalls:
9/4/1933 - 05Z - 26.9N, 80.1W - 110 kt - 948 mb - 15 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 175 nmi ROCI

9/5/1933 - 04Z - 29.2N, 82.9W - 55 kt

Minor track adjustments and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane, 
which made landfall in Florida.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Barnes, Ho et al., Jarrell et al., Schwerdt, and Connor.

Aug 27-30: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on these days.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on these days.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Aug. 31: HWM shows no signs of a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a 
hurricane with 70kt winds at 19.5N, 58.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ESE at 18.8N, 
56.3W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept. 1: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 67W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 19.8N, 65.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
70kt with 981mb at 21.9N, 69W (around 00Z on 2nd?). Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "This disturbance was central about 150 miles north of Puerto Rico the morning 
of the 1st. It evidently was attended by winds of hurricane force nearer its center at 
this time, inasmuch as the SS Gulf Wing reported a barometer reading of 28.98 inches and 
a wind velocity of 80mph about 150 miles east of Turks Island the evening of the 1st. 

Sept. 2: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1010mb near 22N, 71W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as hurricane with 115kt winds at 23.1N 71.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
60kt W with 978mb at 04Z at 21.9N, 69.0W (MWR); 60kt E near 25.5N, 74W (around 18Z?) 
(MWR).  Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The center passed some 
distance north of Turks Island during the night of the 1st-2d"

Sept. 3: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 25N, 77.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a hurricane with 120kt at 25.4N, 77.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
60kt variable with 1005mb at 25N, 73.5W at 1Z (MWR). Station highlights: center fix 
at Harbour Island (25.5N, 76.6W) with 30-minute calm and 945 mb central pressure at 
11Z (TAN, MWR); 109 kt at Harbour Island (Neely); 122 kt (estimated max wind) at 
Spanish Wells (25.5N, 76.8W) (Neely); 30kt NW with 1000mb at Nassau at 12Z (HWM). 
"[it passed] over Harbour Island, about 2 miles northwest of the island of a calm 
of 30 minutes at this place. Previously the wind had reached an estimated 
velocity of 140mph..."

Sept. 4: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 27.5N, 82W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as tropical storm with 55kt winds at 27.9N, 81.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 35kt SE with 1011mb at 28.6N, 79.7W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 
center fix at Jupiter, FL at 0520Z with 948mb central pressure and calm winds from 
0500-0540Z (MWR); 109 kt (estimated max w) at Jupiter (MWR); 974 mb (min p) at West 
Palm Beach (MWR); 70 kt (estimated max w) at West Palm Beach (MWR); 36 kt SW at Miami 
(MWR); 41 kt SE with 1006 mb at 13Z at Titusville, FL (OMR); 40kt N at Tampa (MWR); 
996 mb (min p) at Tampa (Barnes).  "The storm center apparently passed directly over 
Jupiter Inlet, FL, where there was a lull of 40 minutes beginning near midnight of 
the 3d. The lowest barometer reading at Jupiter was 27.98 inches and the estimated 
maximum wind velocity 125mph. At West Palm Beach the lowest barometer reading was 
28.77 inches with a maximum wind velocity close to 80mph. According to the official 
in charge at Miami, the only evidence of damage at West Palm Beach was the effect of 
high winds upon trees and shrubbery. However, a number of plate glass windows were 
broken and the damage in this respect would have been much greater except for the 
extensive protective measures taken. Between West Palm Beach and Jupiter, and 
extending northward to Fort Pierce, there was serious damage to electrical 
transmission lines and to telephone and telegraph wires, with many poles broken 
off or blown over. At Stuart there was serious damage from both wind and water. 
The most extensive damage in the entire storm area was at Olympia Beach, north of 
Jupiter Inlet, where there was widespread destruction of trees and shrubbery and 
serious damage to houses. The greatest loss was to the citrus crop in the Indian 
River section from Jupiter to Fort Pierce. In the vicinity of Stuart there are 
several groves that sustained 100% loss of fruit and the uprooting of trees." "This 
storm recurved to the north during the afternoon of the 4th when its center was near 
the coast north of Tampa."  "Sep 4- 947.5 mb landfall central pressure based on 
947.5 mb central pressure at Jupiter, 13 nmi RMW, 11 kt forward speed, landfall 
pt 26.9N, 80.1W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida: 1933 Sep 3-4, 
Major, Jupiter [948 mb], wind 125 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 
949-982 mb) (Dunn and Miller).

Sept 5: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 83W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 30N, 83.4W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 42kt SE at Savannah, GA (MWR).

Sept 6: HWM shows the closed low of at most 1005mb near 32N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 31.9N, 83.3W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 40kt S with 1003mb at 31.4N, 80.1W at 09Z (MWR); 45 kt S with 1009 mb 
at 12Z at 30.2N, 80.3W (COA). Station highlights: 44kt SE at Charleston, SC (MWR); 
Tornado recorded at Charleston at 1230Z (MWR).

Sept 7: HWM loses the system. HURDAT lists the system as a remnant wave of 20kt at 
33.5N, 82.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "Moving very slowly northward with diminishing intensity 
during the next two days it dissipated over Georgia on the 7th."

HURDAT originally begins this cyclone on 31 August at 06Z at 19.2N, 56.2W as a 45 kt 
tropical storm.  Data was obtained back to 25 August between 60W and the African coast.  
Although data suggests the possibility that a tropical depression may have formed 
around 00Z on 27 August near 13.5N, 24.5W, there is not enough evidence of a closed 
circulation.  There isn't much data from the 28th-30th of August as the tropical wave 
or disturbance moved rapidly west-northwestward, but on the 31st, the first gale was 
observed from a ship at 18.8N, 56.3W.  No changes are made to the timing of genesis of 
this system, and it is begun as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.1N, 56.4W at 06Z on 
31 August.  Genesis almost certainly occurred prior to this, but a lack of observations 
would make a position estimate impossible.  This cyclone passed north of the Leeward 
and Virgin Islands, taking a similar track as Storm 11 until reaching about 70W.  At 
this point, Storm 12 moved in a direction towards Florida instead of Cuba, like 
Storm 11.  According to the MWR monthly table of ship gales, the ship Gulfwing 
recorded its maximum wind of 60 kt west at the time when its minimum pressure of 
978 mb was recorded - at 04Z on 2 September at 21.9N, 69.0W.  There is no information 
indicating that the ship experienced any sort of lull associated with the RMW, so it 
may have stayed outside of the RMW.  The ship did experience a wind shift of greater 
than 180 degrees, but this may have occurred over a long period of time.  A 
peripheral pressure of 978 mb yields a wind speed greater than 80 kt according to 
the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 95 kt intensity is chosen 
for 06Z on the 2nd (down from 115 kt originally - a major change).  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 31st of August (6 hr 
later than originally).  The hurricane passed over Eleuthera and Harbour Island 
during the morning of the 3rd.  A 945 mb central pressure was recorded at Harbour 
Island with a 30-minute calm at 11Z on the 3rd.  A central pressure of 945 mb is 
added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd.  This value equals 116 and 110 kt, respectively, 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships.  It also equals 118 and 115 kt according to the intensifying subsets 
of those pressure-wind relationships.  The storm was smaller than normal and the 
speed was 14-15 kt.  The 120 kt intensity in HURDAT originally at 12Z on the 3rd 
is not changed.  Winds at Harbour Island were estimated at 140 mph prior to the 
calm center.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a major hurricane at 12Z on 
2 September (24 hours later than originally - a major change).  Major downward 
intensity revisions of 20 kt are implemented from 00Z on 1 September to 06Z on 
2 September.  The peak analyzed intensity is 120 kt at 12Z on the 3rd (the 
original HURDAT peak intensity was 120 kt from 18Z on the 2nd to 18Z on the 3rd).  

The hurricane made landfall at Jupiter, FL on 4 September at 05Z where a 948 mb 
central pressure was recorded during the 40-minute period when the calm eye passed 
overhead.  The 948 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 06Z on 4 September is 
retained.  A central pressure of 948 mb equals winds of 107 kt according to the 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW given by Ho et al. is 13 nmi 
(slightly smaller than the 17 nmi climatological RMW for this situation).  After 
taking into account the slightly small RMW combined with a slightly small ROCI of 
175 nmi, a 110 kt landfall intensity is analyzed, and this is also the 06Z intensity 
on the 4th (no change from HURDAT originally).  After making landfall in Florida, 
the cyclone began to recurve northward.  The center was over Florida on the 4th from 
05Z until it made a brief appearance over the Gulf of Mexico after 00Z on the 5th.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after the landfall at Jupiter yield 
66 and 54 kt for 12 and 18Z on the 4th of September, respectively.  Highest observed 
winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 41 kt at 12Z and 40 kt at 18Z.  Revised 
intensities in HURDAT are 65 kt at 12Z (up from 55 kt originally) and 55 kt at 18Z 
(up from 50 kt originally).  The cyclone passed northeast of Tampa late on the 4th 
where a maximum wind of 40 kt and a minimum pressure of 996 mb were recorded.  The 
cyclone was over the Gulf of Mexico on the 5th from 00Z to 04Z before making its final 
landfall in Florida as a 55 kt tropical storm at 29.2N, 82.9W.  It took more than a 
day and a half after this final landfall for the tropical storm to weaken below a 
50 kt intensity.  During this time, winds of 40-45 kt were recorded from ships as well 
as at Savannah and Charleston.  At 12Z on the 6th, the center is analyzed at 31.7N, 
82.5W as a 50 kt tropical storm (originally 31.9N, 83.3W as a 35 kt tropical storm).  
The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on 
7 September (12 hours later than originally) at 32.7N, 82.5W.  No change is made to 
the timing of dissipation (after 18Z on the 7th) with the final point at 33.4N, 
82.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 12 (originally Storm 13) - 2012 Revision

26825 09/08/1933 M=14 13 SNBR= 593 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
26825 09/08/1933 M=15 12 SNBR= 593 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=2
                   ** **                            *     *

26830 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*159 582  35    0*165 578  35    0
26830 09/08*154 566  30    0*156 573  35    0*159 580  35    0*164 584  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

26835 09/09*171 576  40    0*176 575  45    0*180 575  50    0*185 576  55    0
26835 09/09*169 587  45    0*174 590  50    0*179 592  55    0*185 593  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26840 09/10*190 578  60    0*196 580  65    0*202 585  70    0*210 592  75    0
26840 09/10*191 594  65    0*198 595  70    0*205 597  75    0*212 601  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26845 09/11*217 598  80    0*223 605  85    0*229 610  85    0*235 616  90    0
26845 09/11*219 604  90    0*223 607  95    0*226 610 105    0*229 613 115    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      ***     ***      *** *** ***

26850 09/12*240 623  95    0*244 628  95    0*248 633  95    0*255 644  95    0
26850 09/12*233 616 120    0*239 625 120    0*246 635 120    0*252 646 120    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26855 09/13*262 656  95    0*266 664  95    0*270 673  95    0*275 687  95    0
26855 09/13*258 657 120    0*264 667 120    0*270 678 120    0*275 690 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26860 09/14*281 701  95    0*286 711  95    0*291 721 100    0*299 732 100    0
26860 09/14*280 702 115    0*284 714 115    0*288 726 110    0*294 734 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26865 09/15*308 740 100    0*314 745 105    0*320 750 105    0*327 755 105    0
26865 09/15*302 740 110    0*311 745 105    0*320 749 105    0*328 751 105    0
            ***     ***      ***                  ***          *** ***  

26870 09/16*335 760 105    0*343 762  90    0*351 760  80  957*363 750  75    0
26870 09/16*336 752 105    0*344 753  95    0*352 754  90  952*361 750  85  954 
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** ***      **  ***

26875 09/17*376 738  75    0*382 731  70    0*389 721  70    0*402 702  70    0
26875 09/17*370 745  80  959*379 731  80    0*389 715  75    0*399 696  75  965  
            *** ***  **  *** ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

26880 09/18E418 677  65    0E435 652  60    0E452 628  60    0E467 611  55    0
26880 09/18*415 672  70    0*432 647  70    0E448 627  65    0E466 610  60    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26885 09/19E481 598  55    0E493 587  55    0E504 576  50    0E516 565  50    0
26885 09/19E481 599  60    0E493 589  60    0E505 580  60  965E515 570  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

26890 09/20E528 554  50    0E537 543  45    0E546 530  45    0E559 508  40    0
26890 09/20E523 560  55    0E531 549  50    0E538 538  50    0E548 520  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26895 09/21E572 482  40    0E582 460  40    0E592 438  40    0E602 416  40    0
26895 09/21E558 496  50    0E569 468  50    0E580 440  50    0E589 412  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

The 22nd is new to HURDAT
26897 09/22E598 384  50    0E607 356  50    0E615 330  50    0E621 312  45    0

26900 HR NC3                	
26900 HR NC2 VA1
         *** ***

U.S. Close Approach (center stayed just offshore NC Outer Banks):
9/16/1933 - 12Z - 35.2N, 75.4W - 85 kt - 952 mb - 40 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 275 nmi ROCI

Notes for above line: Max analyzed wind on NC coast is 85 kt (while max storm intensity was 90 kt).

Minor track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane.  A major 
change is also made to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Barnes, Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Schwerdt 
et al. (1979), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

Sept. 8: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system 
as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 15.9N, 58.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept. 9: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 59W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a tropical storm with 50kt winds near 18N, 57.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 10: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 60W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 20.2N, 58.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 1002 mb 
at 12Z at 21.2N, 60.5W (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Although conditions 
were disturbed over and east of the Leeward Islands from the 7th to the 9th, it was not until the 
10th that a definite center could be located. This center was then about 300 miles northeast of St. Martin."

Sept 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.9N, 61.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW with 1006 mb at 
12Z at 20.7N, 60.9W (HWM); 45 kt N at 18Z at 23.5N, 62.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "By the morning of the 11th it was evident that the disturbance was one of 
considerable intensity, and it was so stated in the advisory issued at 10am, of that date. 

Sept 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24N, 64.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 24.8N, 63.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt NNW with 947mb at 
23.2N, 61.7W at 1Z (MWR); 40 kt WSW with 1000mb at 22.9N, 61.3W at 1Z (MWR); 50kt S after 1Z near 
22.9N, 61.3W (MWR).  Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 69W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as 
a hurricane with 95kt winds at 27N, 67.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with 1008mb at 28N, 
70.2W at 12Z (HWM); 50 kt ESE with 1006 mb falling pressure at 21Z at 29.0N, 68.5W (ship reports); 
50 kt NE with 978 mb at 21Z at 29.7N, 70.8W (ship reports). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 14: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28N, 73W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 100kt winds at 29.1N, 72.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with 1003mb at 
6Z at 28.9N, 69.8W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 15: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 30.5N, 75W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 105kt winds at 32.0N, 75.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt SE with 968mb at 
33.5N, 74W at 13Z (MWR); 70kt SE with 979mb at 33.8N, 73.6W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 
40 kt ENE with 995 mb at 21Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) at 21Z; 27 kt NNW with 
998 mb (min p) at 23Z at Wilmington, NC (OMR). "This disturbance continued to move northwestward 
with gradual increasing intensity until the 15th, when it recurved and moved almost directly northward."

Sept 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 980mb near 36N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 35.1N, 76W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt S with 986 mb at 00Z 
at 34.0N, 73.8W (COA); 20kt S with 956mb at 34N, 74.5W at 5Z (MWR); 70 kt ENE with 963 mb at 19Z 
at 36.6N, 75.0W (MWR); 70kt N with 975mb at 36.8N, 74.9W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: 
66 kt NE (1-min) at 0425Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 70 kt E with 953 mb (min p) at 1020Z at Diamond 
Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W); 40 kt NNE with 957 mb (min p) at 11Z at Cape Hatteras (MWR, OMR); 
79 kt NW (max w/1-min) (estimated) at 1430Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 59 kt at Cape Henry, VA (MWR). 
"Its center passed slightly west of Cape Hatteras about 8am on the 16th, after which it moved 
north-northeastward for about 12 hours, and then northeastward" "The principal damage done by this 
storm was from a short distance south of New Bern, NC, to the Virginia Capes." "Very little damage 
was noted until a point a few miles southwest of New Bern was reached. Great damage was done by 
wind and high water in New Bern and vicinity. Water reached a height of 3 to 4 feet in some of the 
streets which is about 2 feet higher than the previous record which occurred in September of 1913. 
Along the highway from New Bern toward Beaufort at least 100 trees 10 inches or more in diameter 
were blown down. In Morehead City and Beaufort damage was apparently slightly less than in New Bern, 
but old residents in Beaufort declare the storm was the worst they had ever experienced. Loss of 
life was due chiefly to high water in isolated locations north of Beaufort from which escape was 
difficult or impossible."  "957 mb central pressure; 93 kt equivalent 10m 1-min wind; 40 nmi RMW; 
1017 mb OCI; speed 9 kt; landfall pt 35.0N, 76.2W" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "956.7 mb central 
pressure based on 956.7 mb measured at Cape Hatteras; 40 nmi RMW; 9 kt speed; landfall pt 35.1N, 
76.0W" (Ho et al. 1987); "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 
1933 Sep. 16, Cape Hatteras, Major, 21 killed" ("Major" is equivalent to 101-135 mph, 949-982 mb) 
(Dunn and Miller).  "1933 Sep - NC, 3, 957 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).
 
Sept 17: HWM shows a closed low of at most 975mb near 39.5N, 72W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 38.9M, 72.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt NW with 984mb at 
36.7N, 74.9W at 0Z (COA); 70kt WSW with 965mb at 39.9N, 69.3W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
46 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~0530Z at Atlantic City, NJ (OMR); 44 kt N (max w/1-min) around 
~1430Z at Block Island, RI (OMR); 47kt NE with 987mb at 41.3N, 70.1W at Nantucket (MWR).  
"Tropical Cyclones in New England - 1933 Sep. 17, Cape Cod, Minor, Center remained offshore" 
("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb) (Dunn and Miller).
 
Sept 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 975mb near 45N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as an extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 45.2N, 62.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt WSW with 
991mb at 39.5N, 68.5W at 0Z COA); 50 kt SW with 979 mb at 07Z at 42.3N, 63.8W (MWR); 5kt N with 
978mb at 44.6N, 63.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt N with 978 mb at 12Z at Halifax, 
Nova Scotia (HWM). "It reached Nova Scotia on the morning of the 18th," (MWR).

Sept 19: HWM shows an extratropical low of at most 965mb near 51N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the 
system as an extratropical storm with 50kt winds at 50.4N, 57.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
45kt S with 965mb at 50.7N, 58.6W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NW with 968 mb at 
12Z at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM).

Sept 20: HWM shows the low of at most 980mb near 53.5N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system 
as an extratropical storm with 45kt winds at 54.6N, 53.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25kt S 
with 978mb at 53.5N, 52W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 25kt NW with 984mb at Belle Isle (HWM).

Sept 21: HWM shows the low of at most 990mb off the southern tip of Greenland near 60N, 44W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 59.2N, 53W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with 989mb at 55.4N, 39.7W at 11Z (COA); 35kt NW with 1004mb at 55N, 
43.5W at 23Z COA). Station highlights: calm winds with 987mb at Julianehaab, Greenland (60.7N, 
46.0W) at 12Z (HWM); 35kt SE with 1000mb at Vestmannaeyar, Iceland (63.4N, 20.2W) (HWM). "...
[and it reached] extreme southern Iceland on the 21st," (MWR).

September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 61.5N, 32.5W with an 
occluded front extending from the low east-southeastward to a triple point at 58N, 18W from 
which a warm front extends south-southeastward and a cold front extends south-southwestward.  
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W with 992 mb at 15Z 
at 58.3N, 32.6W (MWR); 50 kt W around 15Z (MWR).

HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 12Z on 8 September as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 
58.2W.  Observations on the 7th at 12Z show the circulation nearly closed, and observations on 
the 8th at 12Z show that the circulation is clearly closed.  The cyclone is begun at 00Z on 
8 September (12 hours earlier than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.4N, 56.6W.  
At 08Z on the 8th a ship recorded 30 kt winds close to the center and the depression is analyzed 
to have strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 8th (six hours earlier than originally).  
On the 9th and 10th the cyclone moved north-northwestward, but a track to the west of the originally 
track by a degree and a half is analyzed, although the center still remained well away from the 
islands of the Lesser Antilles.  The first low pressure was observed on the 10th when a ship at 
21.2N, 60.5W recorded 1002 mb with 25 kt winds.  A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields a wind 
speed of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  
The first gales were recorded by ships on the 11th between 20.7-23.5N, 59.8-62.5W.  However, the 
hurricane must have rapidly intensified, because at 01Z on 12 September, a 947 mb pressure was 
recorded with 60 kt winds simultaneously at 23.2N, 61.7W.  A peripheral pressure of 947 mb yields 
winds greater than 116 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind 
relationship.  A 120 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 12th (up from 95 kt originally - a major 
change).  The cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 10th (6 hr 
earlier than originally) and major hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 11th (3 days earlier than 
originally - a major change).  The hurricane moved generally northwestward and it began to approach 
the mid-Atlantic coast of the US on 15 September with a 12Z position of 32.0N, 74.9W.  By this 
point, the hurricane had begun to recurve and was moving north-northwestward.  Numerous ships 
recorded hurricane force winds and very low pressures on the 15th through the 17th.

The hurricane made a very close approach to Cape Hatteras, NC and the Outer Banks on 16 September, 
but the center of the eye did not make landfall.  This is contradictory to the commentary in MWR, 
which states that the center passed "just west of Cape Hatteras."  At Cape Hatteras, a lull was 
experienced around 11Z at which time the minimum pressure of 957 mb was measured.  The winds at 
Cape Hatteras decreased to a minimum value of 35-40 kt during the lull.  Observations indicate 
Cape Hatteras was inside the RMW for approximately 7.9 hours on 16 September from 0638Z-1430Z.  
Given a forward speed of the hurricane of 8-9 kt, the RMW of the hurricane had to have been 
greater than 34 nmi.  The highest 1-min wind recorded prior to the lull was 66 kt, and the highest 
1-min wind estimated after the lull was 79 kt at Cape Hatteras (the latter was estimated because 
the anemometer lost one of its cups around 14Z).  (If that value of 79 kt would have been measured 
instead of estimated, it would have yielded 75 kt after converting to a 10m 1-min wind, but since 
it was estimated, that conversion may be irrelevant.)  The center passed near or over Diamond Shoals 
Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W), located perhaps 15 nmi ESE of Hatteras.  Maximum winds of 105 kt were 
estimated at Diamond Shoals at 0730Z.  The lowest pressure recorded at Diamond Shoals was 953 mb 
at 1020Z with simultaneous easterly winds of hurricane force.  Sometime after 1020Z, the lightship 
at Diamond Shoals with the human observer onboard detached from its mooring, and the lightship was 
afloat and drifting after that time.  By 12Z, the winds were westerly at 20 kt with a 955 mb 
pressure.  After the passage of the center, the observer reported 70-80 kt winds on the backside.  
Since the winds at Diamond Shoals shifted from east to west, the center (or at least the area 
inside the RMW very close to the geometric center) had to have passed over Diamond Shoals, 
especially since the Cape Hatteras and Diamond Shoals observations indicate an RMW of about 37 nmi.  
The data indicate that the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW should not be used to determine the 
central pressure at 1020Z, especially since Diamond Shoals reported a minimum pressure of 953 mb.  
The data at 12Z indicates a central pressure of about 952 mb, instead of 946 mb, which is what 
would be yielded for hurricane force with a simultaneous 953 mb pressure.  Given these observations, 
the 957 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on 16 September is replaced with a 952 mb value.  
This central pressure of 952 mb is consistent with the 957 mb minimum pressure at Cape Hatteras 
observed with simultaneous 35 kt NNE winds inside the RMW.  September 16th at 12Z is also the 
analyzed time of closest approach of the center of the hurricane to the U.S. coast.  A 952 mb 
central pressure equals 103, 99, and 96 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N, 
north of 25N and weakening, and the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, 
respectively.  The RMW from both Ho et al. and Schwerdt et al. is 40 nmi, which is much larger than 
the climatological value of 25 nmi for this situation.  Based on the data from Cape Hatteras and 
Diamond Shoals, it is estimated that the RMW was approximately 37 nmi, which is about 50% larger 
than the climatological value.  Since the ROCI was a large 275 nmi, the speed of the storm was only 
9 kt, and the analyzed OCI was 1013 mb (Schwerdt et al. says 1017 mb), the intensity of the cyclone 
at 12Z on the 16th is analyzed to be 90 kt (up from 80 kt originally).  Some recent high latitude 
hurricanes with low pressures - such as Igor (2010) and Irene (2011) have had very low maximum winds 
speeds compared with the winds that their central pressure would suggest according to the Landsea 
et al (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The large ROCI, large RMW, and slow speed, 
and central pressure of this hurricane were similar to Irene (2011) which was assigned a landfall 
intensity of 75 kt at North Carolina.  This is another reason why a 90 kt intensity is justified 
even though the pressure-wind relationships suggest winds in the range of 96-103 kt.  The Neumann 
model from Schwerdt et al. (1979) was run to obtain the highest wind speed experienced on the coast 
when the back RMW was touching the coast at a time between 12Z-18Z on the 16th, and it yields 83 kt 
for highest winds experienced on the North Carolina coast, which is a Category 2, although this value 
is essentially right at the border between Category 1/2.  However, given the impacts described in 
coastal North Carolina, it is more likely that Category 2 impacts were experienced there.  Therefore, 
an 85 kt Category 2 impact is analyzed for North Carolina (reduced from a Category 3 impact originally).  
The hurricane made its closest approach to the southeastern coast of Virginia at 18Z on the 16th (the 
center was 50 nmi from the coast).  At the time, a 954 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT based on 
an observation of a 40 kt W wind with 958 mb at 17Z, which likely occurred inside the RMW.  A 954 mb 
central pressure equals 94 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship.  An 85 kt intensity is selected for 18Z on the 16th (up from 75 kt originally).  
The highest wind recorded in Virginia according to the MWR table of monthly climatological data was 
57 kt (5-min, 16m AGL), which converts to a maximum 10m 1-min wind of 58 kt.  But according to 
Virginia Hurricanes, the highest wind at Cape Henry was 76 kt.  This discrepancy was resolved by 
performing two runs of the Neumann model from Schwerdt et al. (1979).  First, to determine the highest 
winds experienced anywhere on the Virginia coastline, the point of closest approach of the center to 
the Virginia coast was determined to be the southeastern Virginia coast at its border with North 
Carolina at 18Z on the 16th.  At that time, the hurricane was centered 50 nmi from the Virginia coast.  
Using a 40 nmi RMW and an 85 kt intensity, the model yields 69 kt winds for that point on the Virginia 
coast.  Based on the revised track, the Schwerdt model is run again to determine what the likely 
maximum winds would have been at Cape Henry.  The center was 64 nmi from Cape Henry at time of closest 
approach (around 20Z on the 16th).  Using a 40 nmi RMW and an 85 kt intensity, the model yields 59 kt 
winds for Cape Henry, just 1 kt higher than the 58 kt listed in MWR (after converting to 10m 1-min).  
The accuracy of the model in calculating the winds at Cape Henry increases the confidence that this 
was a Category 1 impact for Virginia further south since the model yielded 69 kt there.  Based on 
that, a Category 1 impact is added to HURDAT for Virginia.  The wind at Cape Henry listed in 
Virginia Hurricanes is disregarded as incorrectly being too high.  The hurricane moved 
north-northeastward staying offshore and not causing hurricane conditions in any other states 
besides extreme coastal North Carolina and Virginia, although tropical storm force winds were 
measured along much of the coastline north of Virginia to New England.  Upward intensity 
adjustments are made to HURDAT on the 17th as well.  At 00Z on the 17th, a 959 mb central pressure 
is added to HURDAT based on a 50 kt with 964 mb from a ship at 23Z on the 16th located about 
0.3 degrees from the center (the ship is analyzed to be inside the RMW since the wind had 
decreased from 60 kt before the minimum pressure was recorded to 50 kt at the time of the 
minimum pressure).  A 959 mb central pressure equals 91 kt north of 35N.  An 80 kt intensity 
is selected for 00Z on the 17th (up from 75 kt originally).  At 18Z on the 17th, a 965 mb 
central pressure is added to HURDAT based on information from two ships that indicate a 
central pressure of about that value.  A 965 mb central pressure equals 86 kt according to 
the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  A 75 kt intensity is selected for 18Z on the 
17th (up from 70 kt originally).  The last observation of a hurricane force wind occurred 
at 9/17 19Z, and the last observed 60 kt wind occurred at 9/18 00Z.  A 70 kt intensity is 
chosen for 00Z on the 18th (up from 65 kt originally).  By 00Z on the 18th, the cyclone was 
located east of Massachusetts and south of western Nova Scotia.  The cyclone made landfall 
in Nova Scotia at 11Z on 18 September with an analyzed intensity of 65 kt, and this is also 
the 12Z intensity.  The cyclone was originally listed to have become extratropical at 00Z 
on the 18th, but 12 hours are added to the tropical phase and ET is now listed at 12Z on 
the 18th.  The cyclone is not added in as a hurricane for Canada because observations 
indicate that it was already extratropical by the 11Z landfall.  The powerful extratropical 
cyclone was over Nova Scotia on the 18th and Newfoundland on the 19th.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have weakened to a 60 kt intensity at 18Z on the 18th.  This 60 kt intensity 
is held through 12Z on the 19th even though the highest observed winds were 45-50 kt, 
mainly because a 965 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th based on 
observations.  The cyclone moved east-northeastward to 58.9N, 41.2W by 18Z on 21 September.  
HURDAT originally lists a final position at 18Z on the 21st, but observations indicate that 
the cyclone was not absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on the 22nd, and 24 hours are 
added to the cyclone's lifetime - a major change.  The final position is listed at 18Z on 
22 September at 62.1N, 31.2W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone before the cyclone 
elongated and dissipated.
 
******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 13 (originally Storm 14) - 2012 Revision

26905 09/10/1933 M= 6 14 SNBR= 594 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26905 09/10/1933 M= 7 13 SNBR= 594 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    * **

26910 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 876  35    0
26910 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*165 877  30    0*166 876  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      ***      **

26915 09/11*163 875  35    0*166 874  40    0*169 874  45    0*171 874  50    0
26915 09/11*167 875  35    0*168 874  35    0*170 874  35    0*172 873  40    0
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

26920 09/12*173 874  55    0*175 874  60    0*178 875  65    0*180 876  70    0
26920 09/12*174 872  45    0*176 871  55    0*178 870  60  992*180 873  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***  **

26925 09/13*183 877  70    0*185 878  70    0*187 880  60    0*192 887  55    0
26915 09/13*183 877  65    0*185 881  55    0*188 886  50    0*192 893  45    0
                     **          ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

26930 09/14*198 896  50    0*203 905  55    0*208 915  60    0*215 929  65    0
26930 09/14*198 902  40    0*204 912  55    0*210 923  60    0*216 935  65    0
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

26935 09/15*221 944  75    0*225 959  75    0*224 975  65  960*205 991  35    0
26935 09/15*221 948  75    0*223 961  85    0*223 975  95  960*221 990  55    0
                ***          *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

The 16th is new to HURDAT
26938 09/16*2181005  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

26940 HR                    	

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC.

Sept 10: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT first lists 
this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 87.6W.  
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 16.9N, 87.4W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 20kt SE with 1005mb at 16.7N, 82.2W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: 15kt 
SW with 1005mb at Tela at 12Z (HWM). "Weather conditions over the extreme western 
Caribbean Sea became disturbed on the 9th and a center was located between Tela and 
Belize the evening of the 10th" (MWR).

Sept 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 17.5N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 17.8N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
25 kt NW and 995 mb (min p) at 09Z at 18.1N, 87.1W (MWR); 40kt SE (max w) near 18.1N, 
87.1W after 9Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15kt NNW with 1002mb at Belize City at 12Z 
(HWM). "During the next two days the disturbance moved very slowly north by east toward 
Cozumel Island, with gradually increasing intensity; however, after the evening reports 
of the 12th were received, the direction of movement changed abruptly and the center 
moved inland over the Yucatan Peninsula north of Payo Obispo."

Sept 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 19N, 89W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 18.7N, 88W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
40kt ESE with 997mb (max w and min p) at 18.6N, 87W at 7Z (MWR); 30 kt ENE with 996 mb 
(min p) at 22Z at 21.5N, 89.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 45kt S with 999mb at 
Payo Obispo at 12Z (HWM); 9 kt NE with 1001 mb at Merida at 13Z (Mexico); 
20 kt ENE with 1002 mb at Progreso at 13Z (Mexico).

Sept 14: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 20.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 20.8N, 91.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
50kt E with 998mb (max w and min p) at 22.4N 93.6W at 9Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
15kt SE with 1003mb at Progresso at 12Z (HWM). "The disturbance then moved 
west-northwestward across the Peninsula and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico [on the 13th 
and 14th], and there was a marked increase in intensity while the disturbance was 
passing over the Gulf."

Sept 15: HWM shows a strong low of at most 985mb near 21.5N, 97W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds and 960mb at 22.4N, 97.5W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 25kt E with 986mb at 23.2N, 95.8W at 05Z (MWR); 50kt E around 05Z 
around 23.2N, 95.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 960mb (central pressure) eye measurement 
at Tampico between 12Z and 14Z (MWR); 31 kt NNW with 998 mb at Tampico at 03Z (Mexico); 
17 kt NNE with 973 mb at Tampico at 13Z (Mexico). "The center passed directly over 
Tampico, Mexico, the morning of the 15th. There was a period of calm between 8am and 
10am, and the lowest barometer reading reported was 28.34 inches. Much damage was 
done in Tampico vicinity..." (MWR).

Sept 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb on the Pacific coast of Mexico near 
23N, 108W at 12Z. HURDAT kills this storm at 18Z on the 15th. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt S with 1002mb at Mazatlan at 
12Z (HWM); 21 kt SE with 1002 mb at Tampico at 01Z (Mexico). 

HURDAT originally started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 10 September at 
16.0N, 87.6W.  Available observations suggest that the low was closed by 12Z.  The 
cyclone is started at 12Z on the 10th (six hours earlier than originally) as a 30 kt 
tropical depression at 16.5N, 87.7W.  The depression is analyzed to have strengthened 
to a tropical storm by 00Z on the 11th (six hours later than originally).  The largest 
position change during the first couple days of the system's lifetime is at 18Z on the 
10th - the position is moved north by six-tenths of a degree.  The cyclone moved slowly 
northward from the 10th to the 12th and then it turned northwestward in the area north 
of Honduras and east of Belize.  The first low pressures (1005 mb) recorded occurred 
on the 11th at 12Z, and the first gales occurred on the 12th at 08Z.  At 09Z on the 12th, 
a ship recorded a pressure of 995 mb with 25 kt inside the RMW.  The 10 kt per mb rule 
is utilized to determine a central pressure.  A central pressure of 992 mb is added to 
HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th.  A central pressure of 992 mb yields a wind speed of 61 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Since the system 
was slow moving, 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 06Z on the 12th and 60 kt is 
chosen for 12Z (down from 60 and 65 kt respectively originally).  The cyclone made 
landfall near the Mexico/Belize border at 18.4N, 87.8W at 02Z on 13 September.  Ship 
and station observations (including observations from Payo Obispo) indicate that 
although the cyclone may not have been as strong as 70 kt (as listed originally in 
HURDAT) there is not quite enough evidence to say that it was only a tropical storm 
when it made landfall.  The 60 kt intensity analyzed at 12Z on the 12th is increased 
to 65 kt at 00Z on the 13th (down from 70 kt originally), and this is also the 02Z 
landfall intensity.  The cyclone was over land from 02Z on the 13th until 02Z on the 
14th before emerging over the Bay of Campeche.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland 
decay model yield 53, 43 and 34 kt for 06, 12 and 18Z on the 13th, respectively, and 
39 kt for 00Z on the 14th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 
45, 45 and 35 kt at 06, 12 and 18Z on the 13th, respectively, and 35 kt at 00Z on the 
14th.  Revised winds chosen for HURDAT are: 55, 50, 45 and 40 kt (down from 70, 60, 55 
and 50 kt) at 06Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 14th, respectively.  The cyclone is 
therefore analyzed to have weakened to a 40 kt tropical storm while over land.  The 
largest intensity change from genesis through 00Z on the 14th is a 15 kt downward 
adjustment at 06Z on the 13th - so only minor intensity alterations were made during 
this period.  Once in the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone moved west-northwestward and 
then curved to a due westward direction before striking Tampico, Mexico.  The largest 
track change made - a westward adjustment of eight-tenths of a degree - is implemented 
at 12Z on the 14th.  The cyclone made landfall on 15 September at 13Z at 22.3N, 97.8W.  
The eye passed directly over Tampico (22.3N, 97.9W) where a 960 mb central pressure was 
recorded.  The central pressure of 960 mb in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is retained.  
A central pressure of 960 mb yields 101 kt according to the southern pressure-wind 
relationship and 102 kt for its intensifying subset.  A 95 kt intensity is chosen for 
12Z on the 15th (up from 65 kt originally - a major change) and landfall due to lower 
than normal environmental pressure.  The outer closed isobar (OCI) was 1003-1004 mb 
and the ROCI was 200 nmi.  Also, if the eye at Tampico did in fact last two hours, 
as commentary suggests, then the RMW had to have been at least 20 nmi larger than the 
climatological RMW value of 16 nmi.  A rapid intensification is analyzed to have taken 
place over the Bay of Campeche (the intensity is analyzed to have increased from 40 kt 
to 95 kt in 36 hours).  Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 75 kt from 00-06Z 
on the 15th.  The revised peak intensity - 95 kt - occurred at 12Z on the 15th.  After 
landfall, the cyclone continued inland, moving due westward at a speed of about 14 kt.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 62 and 43 kt for 18Z on the 
15th and 00Z on the 16th, respectively.  Revised intensities in HURDAT at those two 
times are 55 and 30 kt, respectively.  The original HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 
15th was 35 kt and HURDAT dissipated the system after 18Z.  Therefore, the cyclone 
is extended by six hours before it dissipated over the high terrain of Mexico.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 14 (originally Storm 15) - Revised 2012

26945 09/16/1933 M=10 15 SNBR= 595 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26945 09/16/1933 M=10 14 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

26950 09/16*  0   0   0    0*110 547  35    0*121 581  35    0*122 593  35    0
26950 09/16*  0   0   0    0*113 579  30    0*115 592  30    0*117 605  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

26955 09/17*124 604  40    0*125 615  40    0*128 626  40    0*131 639  45    0
26955 09/17*119 618  30    0*122 631  30    0*126 645  30    0*130 660  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26960 09/18*134 651  45    0*136 663  45    0*139 676  50    0*144 689  50    0
26960 09/18*134 676  35    0*137 693  40    0*140 708  45    0*143 721  50    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

26965 09/19*149 703  55    0*153 715  55    0*156 727  60    0*158 745  60    0
26965 09/19*145 733  60    0*148 745  70    0*150 757  80    0*154 769  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26970 09/20*161 765  60    0*167 780  65    0*174 795  70    0*181 812  70    0
26970 09/20*159 781 100    0*165 793 110    0*171 805 120    0*178 817 130    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26975 09/21*188 829  75    0*193 843  80    0*196 852  80    0*199 858  85    0
26975 09/21*184 828 140  929*190 837 140    0*195 846 135    0*199 855 130    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***

26980 09/22*200 863  90    0*202 869  90    0*205 876  90    0*209 892  85    0
26980 09/22*201 864 125    0*203 873 120    0*205 882  80    0*205 891  65    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          ***  **      *** ***  **

26985 09/23*212 908  75    0*212 914  80    0*213 920  80    0*215 930  85    0
26985 09/23*205 900  50    0*206 909  55    0*207 918  60    0*209 927  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26990 09/24*216 940  90    0*217 948  90    0*218 957  95    0*220 968  95  962
26990 09/24*211 936  80    0*213 946  90    0*215 956  95    0*217 967  95  960
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

26995 09/25*222 978  65    0*2281005  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
26995 09/25*220 978  95    0*226 989  60    0*2301000  35    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** *** ***      *******  **      *******  **

27000 HR                    	

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful hurricane.  
Major changes are made to the timing of when tropical storm and hurricane intensities 
were first attained.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, a BAMS Feb 1942 article, 
and Mexican surface analyses from NCDC.

Sept 16: HWM does not show a closed low until the 19th. HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.1N, 58.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "All island stations from 
St. Kitts to Bridgetown, Barbados, showed a 24-hour decrease in pressure of .06 to .10 
inch the morning of the 14th, indicating the approach of a disturbed condition from the 
east, but no definite center could be found passing between any of the islands of the 
Windward and Leeward Groups."

Sept 17: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 12.8N, 62.6W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 18: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 13.9N, 67.6w at 
12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt E with 1004mb at 15.8N, 71.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "On the 18th, the barometer began to fall slowly at Kingston, Jamaica"

Sept 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 12.5N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 15.6N, 72.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "...heavy sea was reported 
at [Kingston] the evening of the 19th. At the same time three vessels about midway between 
Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama reported gentle southwest winds and pressure a few 
hundredths below normal."

Sept 20: HWM shows a closed low of around 1005mb near 17N, 84W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system 
as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 17.4N, 79.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70kt SW with 975mb at 
18.8N, 83.3W during the evening (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "However, 
it was not until the evening of the 20th that a center could be located, by which time the 
disturbance, though of very small diameter, had attained great intensity. The SS President 
Pierce in about latitude 18.8N, 83.3W, reported a barometer reading of 28.79 inches and a wind 
velocity of 80 mph from the southwest. A later report received by mail from the SS Virginia 
which, at the same time, was close to the position of the President Pierce gives the following 
barometer readings: 6pm, 29.65; 7pm, 29.49; 8pm 28.78; 8:20 to 8:30pm (in calm center, stars 
visible), 27.44; 9pm, 28.64; 10pm, 29.24; 11pm, 29.40; midnight, 29.70" (MWR).  "The S.S. 
Virginia, on September 20, 1933, passed through the center of a hurricane in the western 
Caribbean.  The storm had not been previously identified although an -incipient condition- 
had been noted during four days preceding.  The ship experienced a barometer of 27.44 inches, 
with a pressure fall of more than two inches within an hour and a half on entering the storm.  
It is estimated that this vortex was not more than 40 miles across at the time but was 
increasing rapidly in diameter" (BAMS Feb 1942).

Sept 21: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 19.6N, 85.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 929mb eye 
measurement (central pressure/center fix) at 18.5N, 83.0W at 0130Z (MWR); 70kt SSW with 970mb 
at 2Z at 18.5N, 83.0W (MWR); 50 kt W and 992 mb at 17Z at 19.5N, 85.8W (MWR); 70 kt SE near 
19.5N, 85.8W (MWR). Station highlights: 47 kt N at Cozumel at 20Z (Mexico).

Sept 22: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 90kt winds at 20.5N, 87.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt SE with 
996mb at 20.2N, 85.6W at 0Z (COA); 40kt NE with 994mb (max w and min p) at 21.3N, 89.6W at 
21Z (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt N at Cozumel at 1Z (Mexico); 66 kt SE at Cozumel at 3Z 
(Mexico); 28 kt N with 988 mb at Merida at 20Z (Mexico); 48 kt E with 992 mb at Progreso at 
20Z (Mexico); 15kt S with 1001mb at Cozumel at 12Z (HWM); 30kt N with 1002mb at Progresso at 
12Z (HWM). "This disturbance moved west by north passing inland over the Yucatan Peninsula 
with center about 40 miles south of Cozumel Island near midnight of the 21st and into the 
southwestern Gulf of Mexico north of Campeche the evening of the 22d" (MWR).

Sept 23: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 91W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 21.3N, 92W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt SE with 
1010mb at 19.7N, 84W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 10kt SSW with 1004mb at Frontera at 12Z (HWM).

Sept 24: HWM shows a stronger low of at most 995mb near 21N, 96W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 21.8N, 95.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with 
998 mb at 10Z at 20.6N, 95.0W (MWR); center fix at 21.5N, 96.6W with calm winds from 1705-1910Z 
and central pressure 960 mb (MWR); 50kt WSW with 988mb at 21N, 97.3W at 19Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: 21 kt NNE with 996 mb at Tampico at 20Z (Mexico); 10 kt S with 1000 mb at Veracruz 
at 12Z (HWM). "The center passed inland a short distance south of Tampico, Mexico, the evening 
of the 24th, attended by winds of hurricane force. The evening report of the 24th received from 
the SS J.N. Danziger was remarkable because of the fact that the vessel was at the time in the 
center of the storm and reported a wind velocity of only 2mph and a barometer reading of 28.40 
inches. As in the case of the storm of the 15th, great damage was done at and near Tampico" (MWR).

Sept 25: HWM shows an elongated low of at most 995mb near 24.5N, 103W at 12Z. HURDAT kills the 
system at 06Z with 35kt winds at 22.8N, 100.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 2 kt with 962mb (central 
pressure) at 22.3N, 97.9W during the evening of the 24th (MWR); 70kt NE with 978mb at 22.4N, 
97.0W at 1Z (MWR); 70 kt SE after 1Z near 22.4N, 97.0W (MWR).  Station highlights: 
46 kt ENE with 971 mb at Tampico at 01Z (Mexico); 1000mb at Guanajuato at 12Z (HWM).

Sept 26: HWM shows a broad low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 108W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt W with 1004mb at Mazatlan at 12Z (HWM).

HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed on 16 September at 06Z at 11.0N, 54.7W.  Data 
obtained on the 14th and 15th does not reveal evidence of a closed circulation.  However, as 
the cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Windward Islands, a northwest wind at Port 
of Spain indicates that there is a possibility that the circulation could have been closed 
at 12Z on the 16th.  On the other hand, inspection of data available from Grenada from the 
16th and 17th gives little indication of a TC passage near that island at all (other than 
an increase in east winds from 5 kt to 10 kt).  Due to both considerations, no change is 
made to the timing of genesis, except the system is begun as a tropical depression, and the 
track is shifted southward to show a track 12 nmi south of Grenada instead of 30 nmi north 
of that island since no west winds were reported there.  Additionally, the positions are 
significantly adjusted westward.  The position at 06Z on the 16th is moved to 11.3N, 57.9W.  
This is more than three degrees west of the previous position due to an unrealistic motion 
during the first six hours - a major change.  The HURDAT positions from 12Z on the 16th 
through 12Z on the 17th are adjusted slightly southward and significantly westward as well.  
The first low pressure was recorded by a ship on the 18th - a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb 
- which yields a wind speed of greater than 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 18th (down from 
50 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 
18th (42 hours later than originally - a major change).  The cyclone continued 
west-northwestward for the next several days, reaching the western Caribbean near 18.4N, 
82.8W around 00Z on the 21st.  The original HURDAT positions are too far east from genesis 
until the 20th.  Major westward track adjustments ranging from 2 to 3.2 degrees longitude 
are implemented at all times from 17 September at 18Z through 19 September at 18Z.  The 
next significant intensity observations were not recorded until around 00Z on the 21st in 
the western Caribbean, when two ships experienced hurricane force winds, and one of the 
ships recorded a central pressure of 929 mb in the eye.  A central pressure of 929 mb is 
added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st.  A central pressure of 929 mb equals 133 kt according 
to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 
forward speed of the cyclone was 10 kt but observations from the ship indicate that the 
hurricane's inner-core was very small.  These observations suggests an RMW of about 7 nmi 
(smaller than the 11 nmi climatological RMW for this latitude and central pressure).  
Also, this hurricane was extremely compact.  The data indicates that the radius of the 
1004 mb isobar was only 38 nmi, indicating a pressure gradient of 75 mb / 38 nmi.  The 
radius of the 996 mb isobar was about 23 nmi, indicating a pressure gradient of 67 nm / 
23 nmi.  The radius of the 969 mb isobar is estimated to be 6 nmi.  That's a pressure 
gradient of 40 mb / 6 nmi.  Given that the extent of the hurricane is tiny in addition 
to the small RMW, a 140 kt intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 21st (up from 75 kt 
originally- a major change), which makes this a Category 5 hurricane.  Backtracking from 
00Z on the 21st, the cyclone is ramped up by 10 kt per 6 hr from 50 kt at 18Z on the 
18th to 140 kt at 00Z on the 21st.  The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane 
intensity by 06Z on the 19th (24 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally - a major 
change).  The cyclone passed just south of Cozumel where hurricane force winds were 
recorded and then made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on 22 September at 06Z at 
20.3N, 87.4W.  This landfall occurred 30 hours after the 929 mb central pressure 
observation from the ship.  The 140 kt intensity chosen at 00Z on the 21st is held 
through 06Z on the 21st.  The intensity is then decreased by 5 kt per 6 hr until 
landfall, so a 120 kt intensity is chosen for the landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula 
at 06Z on the 21st (up from 90 kt originally).  (This landfall intensity estimate is 
highly uncertain, and it could have easily been stronger or weaker.)  Since there is 
not enough data other than a couple of peripheral observations from Cozumel to 
determine the landfall intensity in Yucatan with any accuracy, this solution of 
going with a 120 kt intensity works best because it is a compromise of the other 
two alternatives - which are to either let the 140 kt intensity at 06Z on the 21st 
ride until landfall in Yucatan at 06Z on the 22nd, or to go with the original HURDAT 
landfall intensity for Yucatan of 90 kt.  The latter scenario would mean that a 
rapid weakening of 50 kt in 24 occurred while over water, which is unrealistic 
without the data to back that up.  On the other hand, given available observations 
from Cozumel, a Category 5 landfall intensity appears too strong.  Only a few 
observations are available from Cozumel, but the island did report winds of 66 kt 
from the SE at 03Z.  The new track shows that center passed about 10 nmi farther 
south of Cozumel than previously analyzed.  The cyclone was over the Yucatan 
Peninsula from the 22nd at 06Z through the 23rd at 04Z before it emerged into 
the Bay of Campeche.  Utilizing the landfall intensity of 120 kt, runs of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 73 and 54 kt for 12 and 18Z on the 
22nd respectively, and 44 kt for 00Z on the 23rd.  The highest recorded wind while 
over land was 40 kt from a ship at 21Z on the 22nd.  Revised (original) intensities 
in HURDAT are 80 (90), 60 (85), and 50 (75) kt for the 22nd at 12 and 18Z, and the 
23rd at 00Z respectively.  After reaching the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone 
restrengthened to a hurricane and moved west-northwestward toward Tampico.  Minor 
southeastward position adjustments of less than one degree are analyzed from 18Z 
on the 22nd through 06Z on the 24th.  A ship passed through the eye of the 
hurricane around 18Z at 21.5N, 96.6W and experienced calm for 2 hours.  This 
ship recorded a central pressure of 960 mb with calm winds.  The 962 mb central 
pressure shown in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is removed and replaced by a 960 mb 
central pressure value.  A central pressure of 960 mb equals 102 kt according to 
the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone made 
landfall just south of Tampico around 00Z on the 25th.  The OCI was around 
1006 mb and the ROCI was around 200 nmi.  Due to the low environmental pressures, 
the 95 kt landfall intensity originally shown in HURDAT at the point before 
landfall is not changed.  A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 12Z on the 24th 
through the landfall around 00Z on the 25th (up from 65 kt originally at 00Z 
on the 25th - a major change).  As the cyclone moved inland, it continued 
moving west-northwestward.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model 
yield 60 and 42 kt, respectively, for 06 and 12Z on 25 September.  The revised 
intensity at 06Z is 60 kt (up from 35 kt originally).  HURDAT previously 
dissipated the cyclone after 06Z, but a 35 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on 
the 25th with a final position at 12Z on the 25th at 23.0N, 100.0W.  
Thereafter, the cyclone dissipated over the high terrain of Mexico.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 15 (new to HURDAT) - 2012 Addition

27001 09/24/1933 M= 5 15 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED
27002 09/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*294 350  45    0*309 355  50    0
27003 09/25*324 360  55    0*338 365  55    0*351 370  60    0*363 372  60    0
27004 09/26*374 370  65    0*385 365  65    0*400 358  65    0*418 351  60    0
27004 09/27*437 343  60    0E457 335  55    0E475 324  55    0E491 309  55    0
27004 09/28E507 291  55    0E523 270  55    0E535 246  45    0*  0   0   0    0
27004 TS

HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from 24-28 September.

Sept 24: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 27.5N, 37.5W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 45kt E with 1004mb at 32.5N, 34.5W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "[This] disturbance began about the 23d southwest of the 
Azores, and moved steadily northward, attended by whole gales over a narrow track that 
started near latitude 30N on the 24th and extended almost to latitude 55N by the 27th. 
The origin appears to have been definitely extratropical, but the storm exhibited some 
of the characteristics of a small tropical cyclone in its type of movement and the 
limited area of strong winds," (MWR).

Sept 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 36.5N, 37W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1000 mb at 31.9N, 36.0W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt WNW near 31.9N, 
36.0W at around 00Z (MWR); 45kt S with 1002mb at 32.5N, 34.5W at 00Z (COA); 45kt SSW 
with 1010mb at 31.5N, 34.5W at 6Z (COA); 20kt NNE with 1005mb at 36.2N, 38.7W at 19Z (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb centered near 40.5N, 36W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 50kt NW with 996mb at 36.6N, 38.1W at 3Z (MWR); 60kt NW with 1005mb at 36.9N, 
37.2W at 4Z (MWR); 20kt N with 999mb at 39.4N, 36.7W at 12Z (HWM). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 47N, 35.5W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 50kt SSW with 1000mb at 47.5N, 30.5W at 12Z (COA); 45kt SE with 1001mb at 
48.8N, 29.6W at 12Z (COA); 40kt SSE with 1001mb at 48.8N, 29.2W at 17Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 28: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 54N, 24W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 45kt SE with 999mb at 52.5N, 26.5W at 00Z (COA); 50kt S with 998mb 
at 52.3N, 26.0W at 5Z (MWR); 35kt W with 1019mb at 50.5N, 26.5W at 6Z (COA); 
40kt S with 1012mb at 51.4N, 23.5W at 12Z (HWM).  

On 24 September, HWM first analyzes a closed low near 27.5N, 37.5W, although there 
are no observations of westerly winds south of the center yet.  By 18Z that day, a 
ship north of the center recorded 45 kt E with 1004 mb.  By 00Z on the 25th, a ship 
south of the center reported WNW winds of 50 kt and a minimum pressure of 1000 mb.  
The data confirmed that this was a tropical storm.  This cyclone is begun as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 12Z on the 24th at 29.4N, 35.0W.  The cyclone moved 
north-northwestward, reaching a position of 36.3N, 37.2W by 18Z on 25 September.  
At 00Z on the 25th, the peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of greater 
than 44 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for system north 
of 25N.  A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 25th since the ship recorded 
maximum winds of 50 kt.  A day later, around 03Z on the 26th, a ship recorded 50 kt 
winds with a 996 mb pressure simultaneously.  A peripheral pressure of 996 mb yields 
a wind speed greater than 55 kt according to the north of 35N Landsea et al. 
pressure-wind relationship.  If this observation occurred inside the RMW (which is 
not known), then it would indicate a central pressure of 991 mb using the 10 kt per 
mb rule inside the RMW.  A central pressure of 991 mb would equal 61 kt according to 
the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Also around that time, a different ship 
reported winds of 60 kt.  This 60 kt wind occurred on the left side of the storm, and 
other observations indicate that the pressure gradient was tighter on the right side 
of the cyclone.  Given all of this information, a peak intensity of 65 kt is chosen 
on the 26th from 00Z-12Z, making this sysem a new hurricane.  The cyclone made a 
gradual curve to the north-northeast andby 12Z on the 27th, it was located near 47.5N, 
32.4W.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical around 06Z on the 27th 
near 49.1N, 30.9W.  At 12Z on the 27th, a ship recorded 50 kt with 1000mb.  A 55 kt 
intensity is chosen for that time.  The extratropical cyclone moved northeastward to 
a position of 53.5N, 24.6W by 12Z on the 28th, and then it dissipated.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 16 - 2012 Revision

27005 09/27/1933 M= 4 16 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27005 10/01/1933 M= 4 16 SNBR= 596 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
      ** **                               

The 27th through the 30th are removed from HURDAT
27010 09/27*  0   0   0    0*175 583  35    0*175 601  35    0*176 617  35    0
27015 09/28*177 633  40    0*177 650  40    0*176 667  40    0*176 683  40    0
27020 09/29*176 699  40    0*178 713  40    0*180 726  40    0*183 735  35    0
27025 09/30*186 737  35    0*190 733  30    0*194 730  30    0*201 715  25    0

The 1st through the 4th are new to HURDAT
27026 10/01*205 704  30    0*207 706  30    0*210 708  30    0*214 710  35    0
27027 10/02*219 713  35    0*224 717  35    0*230 720  40    0*234 717  40    0
27028 10/03*236 713  40    0*238 708  35    0*240 704  35    0*242 694  30    0
27029 10/04*248 677  30    0*256 657  30    0*265 638  30    0*274 620  30    0

27030 TS                    	

Major changes are made to the genesis and dissipation of this cyclone.  A major change 
is also made to the time the cyclone reached tropical storm strength.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ships 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

Sept 27: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15N, 58W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 17.5N, 60.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A minor 
disturbance apparently moved westward between the islands of St. Kitts and St. Martin 
on the 27th. It was of such small diameter and slight intensity that the center could 
not be located definitely every 12 hours."

Sept 28: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 65W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.6N, 66.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 63W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 18.0N, 72.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "However, 
available data indicate that it moved westward, until the 29th, when it turned to the 
north and northeast, passing some distance west of Port au Prince, Haiti, the evening 
of the 29th"

Sept 30: HWM loses the system for today. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression 
with 30kt winds at 19.4N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Oct 1: HWM does not show a system in the area. HURDAT discontinued the system at 18Z on 
Sept 30. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "and [it was] centered north of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo, the morning of 
October 1."

Oct 2: HWM does not show a system in the area. Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1014 mb at 
12Z at 26.8N, 74.6W (HWM); 40kt E with 1012mb at 27.1N, 73.7W at 21Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Oct 3: HWM only shows a strong system to SW of the suspected area (HURDAT original Storm #18). 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Oct 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 63W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales 
or low pressures associated with this system. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
"Still of minor intensity, the disturbance then moved northwestward and later 
north-northwestward until the 4th, after which it could not be located."

Originally, HURDAT lists a tropical storm forming just east of the Leeward Islands at 17.5N, 
58.3W at 06Z on 27 September.  On the 27th and 28th, there appeared to be two areas of 
vorticity either associated with the same tropical wave or two tropical waves that were 
closely located that were near the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands.  Sufficient 
observational coverage indicates that there was not a closed circulation present with 
either vortex.  On the 28th at 12Z, observations indicate the two vorticity centers were 
near 18N, 67.5W and 16.5N, 64.5W, respectively.  The disturbances moved westward until 
the 29th when the one further west appeared to be south of Haiti and the further east 
disturbance appeared to be located between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.  
By the 30th, it is possible that the further west disturbance was actually located 
further south and went on to become Storm 18 (as suggested by Perez), but the northern 
part of the tropical wave was clearly located near the northern coast of Haiti.  The 
further east disturbance on the 30th may have been located near the northeastern coast 
of the Dominican Republic.  HURDAT originally listed the tropical storm as having 
weakened to a tropical depression on the 30th at 06Z at 19.0N, 73.3W with a final point 
at 18Z on the 30th at 20.1N, 71.5W before dissipation was indicated to have occurred.  
There is not enough evidence of a closed circulation with either vortex from the 
27th-30th September, so these 4 days are deleted from HURDAT.  Available observations 
indicate that the vortex that was being tracked further east from the 27th-30th (which 
is close to where the original HURDAT positions were on those days) became a tropical 
cyclone on 1 October and lasted until 4 October.  Therefore, this cyclone is analyzed 
to have been closed from 1-4 October, and not closed from 27-30 September; however, 
it is the same cyclone that was being tracked in the original HURDAT and is 
therefore still listed under the same storm.  Both the genesis and the dissipation 
of this cyclone are delayed by 4 days.  

A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed on 1 October at 00Z at 20.5N, 70.4W 
(approximately 4 days later than originally- a major change).  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on 1 October (4 and a half days later than 
originally - a major change) at 21.4N, 71.0W.  On 2 October at 12Z, a ship recorded 
35 kt winds and at 21Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds.  Although both of these 
observations are about 250-270 nmi from the center, they are deemed close enough to 
be counted as part of the circulation of this system because the synoptic pressure 
gradient was not large enough to be responsible for producing those gale force winds.  
A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 2nd through 00Z on the 3rd.  
The cyclone, which had been moving slowly north-northwestward from the 1st through 
12Z on the 2nd, turned north-northeastward at that time with a position of 23N, 
72W at 12Z on the 2nd.  On the 3rd, it turned east-northeastward.  The position at 
12Z on the 3rd is 24.0N, 70.4W.  On the 3rd and 4th, no additional gales or low 
pressures were observed with this system.  The tropical storm is analyzed to have 
weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on 3 October.  The depression accelerated 
east-northeastward, reaching 27.4N, 62.0W by 18Z on 4 October before dissipating 
4 days later than listed in HURDAT originally (a major change).

It should be noted that this system may have been a subtropical cyclone, 
especially considering the distance of the gales from the center on the 2nd.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 17 (originally Storm 18) - 2012 Revision

27060 10/01/1933 M= 9 18 SNBR= 598 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27060 10/01/1933 M= 9 17 SNBR= 598 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **                                    

27065 10/01*  0   0   0    0*104 803  35    0*122 801  35    0*135 802  35    0
27065 10/01*  0   0   0    0*153 814  35    0*155 815  35    0*157 815  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27070 10/02*147 802  40    0*159 803  45    0*170 803  50    0*177 803  55    0
27070 10/02*159 815  40    0*162 815  45    0*166 815  50    0*173 816  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27075 10/03*184 804  65    0*193 805  70    0*201 808  75    0*207 811  80    0
27075 10/03*181 817  65    0*189 817  70    0*197 817  75    0*205 818  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27080 10/04*213 814  85    0*220 817  90    0*227 821  95    0*232 823  90  976
27080 10/04*213 819  85    0*220 820  90    0*227 821  90    0*233 823  85  976
                ***              ***                           ***      **

27085 10/05*236 820  95    0*243 810 105    0*251 795 115    0*261 778 125    0
27085 10/05*237 820  90    0*242 810  95    0*248 797 100    0*259 781 105    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

27090 10/06*272 761 130    0*283 746 125    0*296 731 125    0*315 712 120    0
27090 10/06*272 763 110    0*285 746 110    0*298 731 110    0*315 712 105    0
                *** ***      ***     ***      ***     ***              ***

27095 10/07*336 694 115    0*353 680 110    0*370 669 105  971*394 659 100    0
27095 10/07*336 694  95    0*355 680  85    0*374 670  80  971*393 661  80    0
                    ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

27100 10/08E417 650  90    0E431 640  85    0E440 630  80    0E445 621  75    0
27100 10/08E412 652  80    0E429 643  75    0E440 633  70    0E445 621  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **               **

27105 10/09E448 602  70    0E440 548  65    0E432 493  60    0E424 438  60    0
27105 10/09E445 600  55    0E440 555  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

27110 HR                    

U.S. Tropical Storm Impact (center stayed offshore the Florida Keys):
10/5/1933 - 08Z - 24.4N, 80.6W - 55 kt 

Major track changes and major intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
Neely, and Perez.

Sept 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 82W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low
pressures. 

Oct 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 16N, 84W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a tropical storm of 35kt winds at 12.2N, 80.1W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 15 kt W with 1002 mb at 12Z at 11.3N, 80.2W (HWM).  Station highlights: 
10 kt W with 1004 mb at 12Z at Cape Gracias (HWM).  "During the last few days of 
September unsettled conditions overspread the lower waters of the Caribbean Sea, 
where they continued until Oct 1. On that date a shallow cyclone center was 
definitely established with a northward movement."

Oct 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 15N, 83W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a tropical storm of 50kt winds at 17.0N, 80.3W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 25 kt SW with 1003 mb at 11Z at 15.0N, 81.0W (COA); 30 kt SE at 
15Z at 19.1N, 79.0W (COA); 25 kt S with 1000 mb at 21Z at 18.9N, 78.0W (COA).  
Station highlights: 1003 mb at Cape Gracias (MWR).

Oct 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 18.5N, 82W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 20.1N, 80.8W at 
12z. Ship highlights: 25kt ENE with pressure of 1000mb at 23.4N, 80.3W at 12z 
(COA); 40kt NNE with pressure of 1006mb at 23.2N, 82.8W at 12z (HWM). Station 
highlights: 15kt NE with pressure of 1000mb at Cienfuegos (22.1N, 80.5W) at 12z 
(HWM); 35kt S with pressure of 1001mb at Negril Point, Jamaica (18.3N, 78.4W) 
at 12z (MWR). "During the 2d and 3d the depression advanced almost due north 
midway between Jamaica and Swan Island. On the morning of the 3d a south gale 
of force 8 was reported at Negril Point, barometer 29.56 inches, and off the 
north coast of Cuba, immediately west of Habana, a northeast gale of force 9 
was blowing. By night of the 3d the storm center was close to the Cuban south 
coast, with the wind at Habana blowing a gale of force 9 from northeast, 
lowest pressure 29.34 inches, noted at Cienfuegos."

Oct 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 22N, 81.5W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 22.7N, 82.1W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with pressure of 991mb at 24.4N, 82.9W at 9z (MWR); 
50kt S at 22.5N, 80.5W at 13z (COA). Station highlights: 994 mb at 04Z at 
Cienfuegos (MWR); a pressure of 976mb at Havana (23.1N, 82.4W) at 19z (MWR); 
35kt NNE with pressure of 977mb at Havana at 13z (HWM). "During October 4 
the center of the storm, now of full hurricane force, crossed Habana between 
10am and noon. During a part of this time the calm was absolute. It was 
preceded and followed by hurricane velocities. The lowest pressure at Habana, 
28.81 inches, occurred near 2pm, which was at least 2 or 3 hours later than 
the occurrence of the lull. This points to an erratic movement of the 
hurricane center during the period of its recurve toward the northeast. While 
there was some shipping in the Florida Straits on the 4th, the highest wind 
force noted at sea was 10, apparently late on the day."

Oct 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 24.9N, 80W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 115kt winds at 25.1N, 79.5W 
at 12z. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with pressure of 966mb at 25.0N, 79.5W at 
12z (COA); 70kt W at 25.0N, 79.5W after 13z (MWR). Station highlights: 37kt 
NW (max w?) and 985mb (min p?) at Key West (24.6N, 81.8W) (not necessarily 
simultaneous obs) no time given (MWR); 984 mb (min p) at 22Z at Hopetown, 
Great Abaco Island, Bahamas (26.5N, 77.0W) (WN); 87 kt (max w recorded) at 
Hopetown (WN); 79 kt (max w) at Millville, Abaco Island (WN). "On the 
morning of the 5th the hurricane center lay near the southeast coast of 
Florida (Miami: wind northeast, force 7, barometer 29.14 inches.) At 8am, 
the American SS Empire Arrow, reported a corrected pressure reading of 
28.53 inches, indicating the storm was deepening. Shortly afterward the 
wind experienced by the ship rose to force 12 from the west. At 7pm of the 
5th the storm center was north of the Bahamas, with a whole southeast gale 
blowing off Great Abaco Island. Near midnight the British SS Humber Arm 
reported a northwest gale, force 11...Key West, Fla, 4-5 October, Hurricane, 
Electric service suspected; number of shade trees uprooted, several small 
boats blown ashore; city flooded (MWR)"

Oct 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 29N, 73.5W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 125kt winds at 29.6N, 
73.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 959 mb (min p) somewhere in the Bahamas 
region on the 5th or the 6th (MWR); 130 kt maximum estimated winds from 
the same ship (MWR); 70kt NE with pressure of 958mb at 29.8N, 74.8W at 8z 
(MWR); Station highlights: 30kt ESE with pressure of 1006mb at Bermuda 
(32.3N, 64.8W) at 12z (HWM). "On the morning of the 6th the storm center 
was near 29N, 73W. At 2am the American SS Harold Walker reported a 
southwest hurricane in 27.2N, 74.4W, and about an hour later the American 
SS Heffron reported a northeast hurricane with uncorrected pressure at 
28.3 inches, approximately in 29.8N, 74.8W. During the morning strong gales 
to hurricane velocities covered most of the sea between 25.3N, 70.7W. At 
7pm of the 6th the storm center was west of Bermuda, with a southeast gale 
of force 9 blowing at the island. Shipping apparently had avoided the 
thickest of the storm at this time and the maximum reported wind force 
during the pm hours was that of a whole gale near 33N, 69W, 
barometer 28.96 inches."

Oct 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975mb near 37N, 67W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 37N, 
66.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNW with 981 mb at 02Z at 33.2N, 
69.2W (MWR); center fix with central pressure of 971mb at 37.5N, 67W 
(no time given) (MWR).  Station highlight: 40kt SE at Bermuda (32.3N, 
64.8W) at 0z (MWR); 34kt N (max w?) and 995mb (min p?) at Nantucket 
(41.3N, 70.1W) (not necessarily simultaneous observations) (MWR). "During 
the 7th the storm continued intense as it progressed from a position 
northwest of Bermuda to Nova Scotia waters. A radiogram from Bermuda 
said that the British SS Lady Nelson passed through the calm of the 
center of the storm, barometer 28.68 inches. This was near 37.5N, 67W."

Oct 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 44N, 64W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 44.0N, 
63.0W at 12z. Ship highlights: 60kt E with pressure of 965mb at 42.3N, 
65.9W at 5z (MWR). Station highlights: 45kt with pressure of 978mb at 
Halifax (44.6N, 63.6W) at 12z (MWR). "From midnight of this date until 
early morning of the 8th the German SS Stuttgart, in near 42.3N, 65.9W, 
reported a low barometer reading of 28.49 inches and a wind of force 11 
from east then west, which sufficiently indicates the virility of the 
hurricane at this time. During the morning of the 8th the storm field 
lay principally south of Nova Scotia, with a pressure of 28.88 inches 
reported at Halifax, and fresh to strong gales in the vicinity. Gales 
continued during the say, but lessening force, as the storm, rapidly 
decreasing in depth and area, swung east-northeastward south of Newfoundland"

Oct 9: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 43N, 53W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 43.2N, 49.3W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 25kt ENE with pressure of 999mb at 46.9N, 59.5w at 4z 
(COA); 35kt ENE with pressure of 1006mb at 46.7N, 51.6W at 12z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "and on the 9th entered 
the western edge on a great cyclone system then central west of the 
British Isles" (MWR).
 
A tropical cyclone formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 1 October at 
06Z (no change to the timing of genesis).  The position at 06Z on the 1st is 
moved 5 degrees NNW of the original HURDAT position - a major change.  This is 
because observations from Cabo Gracias indicate that the cyclone was located 
closer to that station on the 1st than shown in the original HURDAT.  Major 
north-northwestward track adjustments are therefore implemented at 12Z and 18Z 
on the 1st as well.  The cyclone strengthened as it moved northward before making 
landfall in Cuba on the 4th.  A track adjustment of 1.3 degrees west of the 
original HURDAT position is made at 00Z on 3 October to move the cyclone westward 
to 18.1N, 81.7W, and that is also the time the cyclone attained hurricane 
intensity.  At 12Z on 1 October, a peripheral pressure of 1002 mb was recorded, 
which yields a wind speed of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship, but the 35 kt intensity listed in HURDAT is 
retained due to the low environmental pressures in the area and because the 
strongest wind observed that day was only 25 kt.  On 2 October at 21Z, a peripheral 
pressure of 1000 mb was recorded even though no gales had been recorded on the 1st 
or 2nd of October.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed greater 
than 47 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 55 kt 
intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd is not changed.  On the 3rd, 
observations clearly showed the cyclone was becoming much larger as it intensified.  
A 40 kt gale was recorded at 12Z on the 3rd from a ship north of western Cuba 
even though the center was still south of Cuba at the time.  At the time when the 
cyclone was making landfall on the south coast of Cuba as a hurricane (09Z on the 
4th) a ship 130 nmi NNW of the center recorded 40 kt ENE with 991 mb.  The area 
with pressure below 1000 mb had become very large.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have made its first Cuban landfall at 09Z on 4 October at 22.3N, 82.0W as a 90 kt 
hurricane and its 2nd and final Cuban landfall at 12Z on the 4th at 22.7N, 82.1W 
as a 90 kt hurricane.  Havana reported a lull around 16Z, 2 to 3 hours before 
recorded its minimum pressure of 976 mb at 19Z.  Perez indicates that a calm at 
Havana lasted for 7 to 8 hours.  Perez also suggests a 973 mb central pressure 
at 12Z, which was the time of Cuban landfall.  It is not known if his suggestion 
of 973 mb is based on a direct measurement or an estimate based on peripheral 
data.  Therefore, this value is not added to HURDAT.  Perez also lists 90 kt for 
the intensity at 12Z.  If the 973 mb value was a central pressure, it would yield 
86 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 95 kt intensity 
listed in HURDAT originally at 12Z on the 4th is lowered to 90 kt, and this is in 
agreement with the Perez assessment.  For 18Z on the 4th, the HURDAT intensity is 
lowered from 90 to 85 kt (showing that some slight weakening occurred while the 
system was over land), and the 976 mb central pressure is retained as there is 
not enough evidence to indicate that the value is incorrect.  Perez agrees with 
the 976 mb in HURDAT at 18Z.  At that time, the center was emerging off the 
north coast of Cuba.  

As soon as the center reached water, the cyclone intensified quickly into a major 
hurricane, as indicated by ship data beginning at 12Z on the 5th.  Moving 
northeastward, the center passed quite close to, but southeast of, the Florida 
Keys and Miami, FL on 5 October.  The maximum wind and minimum pressure recorded 
at Key West were 37 kt and 985 mb, respectively.  Winds at Miami were recorded at 
32 kt with a 987 mb pressure at 12Z on the 5th.  After converted to 10m 1-min 
winds, the maximum winds at Key West and Miami were 38 and 30 kt, respectively.  
There were no available observations between these sites.  According to the 
revised track, the place where the cyclone made its closest approach to the coast 
was Long Key in the Florida Keys.  A run of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind 
model (using climatological RMW) yields 79 kt for the winds at Long Key at time 
of closest approach.  However, the Schwerdt et al. model was run at the time of 
closest approach to Key West and yielded 64 kt for Key West- whereas the maximum 
winds there were only 38 kt.  The Schwerdt et al. model was run again at the time 
of closest approach to Miami and yielded 53 kt for Miami- whereas the maximum winds 
there were only 30 kt.  Based on this information, it is estimated that winds of 
55 kt occurred in the Florida Keys at Long Key - so only a tropical storm impact 
is analyzed to have occurred for southeast FL and the Keys.  Despite the low 
pressures observed, these locations clearly did not receive winds near hurricane 
force and were on the weak side of the cyclone.  The position at 12Z on the 5th 
is adjusted slightly closer to Florida with a position of 24.8N, 79.7W.  A ship 
at that time recorded a pressure of 966 mb with 50 kt winds simultaneously after 
recording hurricane force winds one hour earlier.  Although the ship might have 
been briefly inside the RMW, there is not evidence to say for sure that it was 
inside the RMW.  A peripheral pressure of 966 mb yields winds of greater than 96 
and 93 kt according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  If the ship was inside the RMW, the 
data would suggest a central pressure around 960 mb, which yields 102 and 100 kt, 
respectively, according to the same relationships.  A 100 kt intensity is selected 
for 12Z on 5 October (down from 115 kt originally).  This intensity also fits with 
available data from the 4th and the 6th of October as well as other data from the 
5th.  Late on the 5th, the hurricane passed through the Bahamas.  Hopetown, Great 
Abaco Island measured a maximum wind of 87 kt and a minimum pressure of 984 mb 
while Millville, Abaco reported a 79 kt maximum wind.  The 1933 MWR storm table 
on page 363 indicates that a ship, which measured a minimum pressure of 959 mb 
near the Bahamas sometime on the 5th or 6th of October, also estimated maximum 
winds of 130 kt.  Early on the 6th, one ship reported a 962 mb central pressure 
at 05Z while a different ship reported a 958 mb pressure with simultaneous 
hurricane force at 08Z.  A 962 mb central pressure is not added to HURDAT due to 
this conflicting information.  A time series of the 958 mb ship derived from the 
MWR table of gales reveals that there is a chance that the ship was barely inside 
the RMW, with the winds experienced possibly decreasing from intense hurricane force 
to just a lower hurricane force.  Given this possibility, the Schloemer equation is 
run assuming that the shipreached a distance of 0.75 RMW from the center.  It yields 
a central pressure of 940 mb, which yields 115 kt according to the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  It is unlikely that the ship traveled 
closer than 0.75 RMW from the center.  This estimate of 940 mb is likely a 
reasonable estimate of the central pressure, although too uncertain to include 
into HURDAT.  Since the system was large and with low environmental pressure, a 
110 kt peak intensity is analyzed for this hurricane from 18Z on 5 October to 12Z 
on 6 October, a reduction of the previously listed peak of 130 kt at 00Z on the 
6th.  Since observational coverage from ships and the Bahamas was rather extensive 
during this time, the 130 kt intensity appears too high and may have been originally 
placed into HURDAT due to the estimated 130 kt wind from the ship.  The hurricane 
accelerated and moved northeastward, reaching a position of 37.4N, 67.0W by 12Z on 
the 7th.  A ship recorded a central pressure of 971 mb around 12Z on the 7th, and 
this central pressure is retained in HURDAT.  A central pressure of 971 mb equals 
81 kt according to the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship and 
80 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 105 kt originally - a major change).  Major 
intensity decreases of 20-25 kt are implemented at all times on the 7th.  Later on 
the 7th, Nantucket recorded 34 kt winds, and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for 
portions of coastal New England.  No change is made to the time this cyclone became 
extratropical - 00Z on the 8th - with an analyzed position of 41.2N, 65.2W with 
a 80 kt intensity (down from 90 kt originally).  However, there is some possibility 
that the cyclone may have become extratropical late on the 7th, but there are not 
enough observations within a few hundred nmi from the center in the NW quadrant to 
make the determination that it was extratropical at 12 or 18Z on the 7th, so no 
change is made to the ET timing.  A ship at 05Z on the 8th confirmed that the cyclone 
had deepened again because it recorded 60 kt winds with a 965 mb pressure.  Around 
12Z on the 8th Halifax, Nova Scotia recorded winds of 45 kt and a 978 mb pressure when 
the system passed close to the southeast.  The 80 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on 
the 8th is lowered to 70 kt.  After that, the cyclone turned due eastward and 
accelerated.  HURDAT previously listed a final position at 18Z on the 9th at 42.4N, 
43.8W as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone.  However, observations at 12Z on the 9th 
indicate that rapid weakening had taken place - the cyclone had become extremely 
elongated and no longer contained a closed circulation by that time.  Dissipation 
is therefore shown after 06Z on 9 October (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT 
originally) with a final position of 44.0N, 55.5W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone.  
The intensity adjustment at 06Z on the 9th is a major downward intensity change 
from 65 kt originally.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 18 (originally Storm 19) - 2012 Revision

27115 10/25/1933 M=14 19 SNBR= 599 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27115 10/26/1933 M=13 18 SNBR= 599 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        ** **

The 25th is removed from HURDAT
27120 10/25*  0   0   0    0*134 793  35    0*138 797  35    0*139 793  35    0
27120 10/25*  0   0   0    0*135 801  25    0*136 797  25    0*136 791  25    0

27125 10/26*140 788  35    0*142 783  35    0*145 777  35    0*149 772  40    0
27125 10/26*136 785  25    0*137 779  30    0*138 775  30    0*139 774  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27130 10/27*152 769  40    0*155 768  45    0*158 768  45    0*160 769  50    0
27130 10/27*140 773  30    0*141 772  30    0*142 772  35    0*146 772  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27135 10/28*163 771  50    0*165 773  55    0*168 774  55    0*171 775  60    0
27135 10/28*151 773  40    0*156 774  45    0*160 775  50    0*164 776  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

27140 10/29*174 777  65    0*177 778  75    0*178 779  85    0*181 781  85    0
27140 10/29*168 777  70    0*173 777  75    0*178 777  80    0*181 781  80  982
            ***      **      *** ***              ***  **               **  ***

27145 10/30*185 780  70    0*187 777  65    0*189 775  65    0*192 771  65    0
27145 10/30*185 780  70    0*187 777  65    0*188 775  60    0*190 771  60    0
                                              ***      **      ***      **

27150 10/31*194 768  65    0*197 766  65    0*199 764  60    0*204 762  55    0
27150 10/31*193 768  55    0*196 766  55    0*199 764  55    0*203 763  50    0
            ***              ***      **               **      *** ***  **

27155 11/01*209 761  55    0*214 762  50    0*217 763  50    0*219 764  45    0
27155 11/01*207 763  45    0*211 764  40    0*215 765  45    0*218 765  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

27160 11/02*220 765  45    0*222 766  45    0*224 768  40    0*228 770  40    0
27160 11/02*220 765  45    0*222 765  45    0*224 765  40    0*228 767  40    0
                                 ***              ***              ***  

27165 11/03*232 772  40    0*236 773  40    0*241 772  35    0*246 769  35    0
27165 11/03*232 769  40    0*236 770  40    0*241 770  40    0*246 769  40    0
                ***              ***              ***  **               **

27170 11/04*250 764  35    0*253 760  35    0*255 755  35    0*258 746  35    0
27170 11/04*250 766  45    0*254 762  45    0*258 758  45    0*260 751  45    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27175 11/05*261 736  35    0*263 730  35    0*264 723  35    0*266 713  35    0
27175 11/05*262 743  40    0*263 735  40    0*264 726  40    0*266 716  40    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27180 11/06*269 703  35    0*271 696  35    0*273 689  35    0*277 677  35    0
27180 11/06*269 705  40    0*271 693  40    0*273 680  40    0*277 666  40    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27185 11/07*284 658  35    0*295 635  35    0*305 613  35    0E335 578  35    0
27185 11/07*284 651  40    0*293 634  40    0*304 615  40    0*321 590  40    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

27190 HR                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone that 
struck Jamaica as a hurricane.  Major changes are made to the timing of when 
tropical storm intensity was first attained and to the timing of when the cyclone 
weakened from a hurricane back to a tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, Tannehill (TAN), and the Jamaican Meteorological Office (1933).

Oct 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 13N, 82.5W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 13.8N, 79.7W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 26: HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 14.5N, 77.7W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 77W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 15.8N, 76.8W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 77.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists 
this as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 16.8N, 77.4W at 12z. Ship highlights: 
70 kt at 23Z near approximately 16.6N, 76.8W (JAM). Station highlights: 15 kt NE and 
1005 mb at 22Z at 18.1N, 77.9W (JAM). 

Oct 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15N, 79W at 12z. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 17.8N, 77.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 
35kt S with pressure of 1005mb at 17.8N, 76.6W at 21z (MWR). Station highlights: 
70 kt N at 10Z at Calabash Bay (JAM); 70 kt E at 1130Z at Munro College (JAM); 
70 kt NE at 12Z at Calabash Bay (JAM); calm at Calabash Bay from 1215-1230Z (JAM); 
65 kt NE with 987 mb at 1335Z at 18.1N, 77.9W (JAM); 70 kt N with 983 mb (min p) at 
1830Z at Retreat Estate (JAM); center fix around ~2000Z at Savanna-la-mar (18.2N,
 78.1W) with 982 mb central pressure and calm winds (JAM, TAN); pressure of 982mb at 
Savanna, Jamaica (18.2N, 78.1w) at 1930z (TAN); 70 kt ENE around 21Z at Sadlers Hall 
(JAM); strong winds with 985 mb (min p) at 2130Z at Round Hill (JAM); center fix 
around ~2250Z at Torrie (18.4N, 78.0W); 61-70 kt (estimated, and 540 meters) SSE at 
2235Z at Kempshot (JAM); fierce winds SSW with 985 mb at 2255Z at Rose Mount (JAM).

Oct 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 77W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 18.9N, 77.5W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt W (MWR); 25 kt SE with 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.1N, 75.3W (COA); 
30 kt W with 1003 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 77.6W (COA). Station highlights: 989 mb at 
00Z at Rose Mount (JAM); center fix at 0030Z at Round Hill (18.5N, 78.0W) (JAM); 
strong W winds at 0130Z at Torrie (JAM); 28 kt S with 1002 mb at 12Z at Morant 
Point (JAM).

Oct 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 18.5N, 75W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 19.9N, 76.4W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1003 mb at 06Z at 19.5N, 74.5W (COA); 40 kt ENE 
with pressure of 1014mb at 23.7N, 74.7W at 13z (MWR).  
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19.5N, 77W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 21.7N, 76.3W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 35kt SE with pressure of 1006mb at 21.7N, 75W at 12z (HWM); 
15 kt S with 1002 mb at 12Z at 21.4N, 76.4W (HWM); 35 kt E (MWR); 
30 kt ENE with 1004 mb at 20Z at 22.6N, 74.1W (MWR). 
Station highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1005 mb at 12Z at Cienfuegos (HWM).

Nov 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21.5N, 76W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 22.4N, 76.8W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.7N, 76.7W (HWM). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21.5N, 77.5W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 24.1N, 77.2W at 12z. 
Ship highlights: 1004 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 79.7W (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 27N, 77W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 25.5N, 75.5W at 12z. 
Ship highlights:  40kt ESE no time given (MWR); 15 kt W with 1004 mb at 
12Z at 25.7N, 76.9W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25.5N, 71.5W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 26.4N, 72.3W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 10 kt NNW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 72.8W (HWM); 25 kt NNE 
with 1003 mb at 12Z at 27.2N, 72.4W (HWM). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

Nov 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 68W at 12z. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 27.3N, 68.9W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 25 kt NE with 1000 mb at 00Z at 27.5N, 73.3W (COA); 20 kt W with 
1003 mb at 12Z at 24.7N, 68.2W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Nov 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 63W at 12z. HURDAT lists 
this as a storm with 35kt winds at 30.5N, 61.3W at 12z. Ship highlights: 20 kt N with 
1001 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 64.0W (COA); 20 kt S with 1001 mb at 19Z at 33.0N, 58.3W (MWR); 
35kt SSE no time given (MWR). Station highlights: 1004 mb at 12Z at Bermuda [may be 
more due to the front than the TC] (HWM). On 25 October, it became apparent that a 
circulation was forming in the southwestern Caribbean Sea.  Although it is possible 
that this tropical cyclone may not have formed until the 26th, there are not enough 
observations on the 25th to determine that a tropical cyclone did not exist by then.  
Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of genesis (06Z on 25 October), but the 
intensity is reduced from 35 kt to 25 kt on the 25th.  The cyclone is begun as a 
tropical depression at 06Z on the 25th at 13.5N, 80.1W.  The cyclone moved slowly 
east-northeastward before making a northward turn on the 27th.  On the 27th, 
south-southwestward position alterations of about 1.5 degrees are implemented.  
On the 28th, the cyclone turned slightly toward the north-northwest and began to 
approach Jamaica from the south.  On the 28th at 23Z, the first gale was recorded, 
and it was a hurricane force wind reported by a ship located 100 mi south of Kingston, 
Jamaica.  For the 29th at 00Z, the position is adjusted six-tenths of a degree 
southward of the previous position, and a 70 kt intensity is chosen (up from 65 kt 
originally).  It is analyzed that the tropical depression became a tropical storm at 
12Z on the 27th (54 hours later than originally - a major change), and the cyclone 
intensified to a hurricane by 00Z on the 29th (no change to the time hurricane 
intensity was attained).  By 12Z on the 29th, the analyzed position of the hurricane 
is 17.8N, 77.7W, which is just a few nmi off the coast of Jamaica.  The hurricane is 
then analyzed to have moved northwestward between 12-18Z on the 29th, paralleling the 
southwestern coast of Jamaica, perhaps staying just offshore during that time, but it 
is likely that the eye touched the coast perhaps around 13Z-14Z near 17.9N, 77.8W.  
Finally, the hurricane turned northward and made landfall in Jamaica on 29 October 
around 20Z at 18.2N, 78.1.  Several observations of hurricane force winds were observed.  
The lowest pressure observed was 982 mb with calm in the eye at the 20Z landfall at a 
coastal station.  A central pressure of 982 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 29th.  
A central pressure of 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  When the cyclone passed over Torrie a couple hours after 
landfall, the maximum winds prior to the lull there occurred 4.33 hours before the 
maximum wind following the lull.  The wind shifted 180 degrees in 5.5 hours, but about 
160 degrees during the 4.33 hours of the lull, and the observations indicate the 
geometric center passed just east of there.  Given the time that Torrie was in the 
lull and taking into account the speed of the cyclone, the RMW was least 8.65 nmi 
(if Torrie would have been in the geometric center).  But it is judged that the RMW 
was approximately 11 nmi, which is smaller than the climatological 15 nmi.  Since the 
forward speed of the storm was a slow 5 kt, this cancels out the smaller than average 
RMW, so no adjustment should be made to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  
However, there were numerous hurricane force winds observed up to until a few hours 
after landfall.  Also, observations suggest that the central pressure may have been 
slightly lower than 982 mb a few hours prior to landfall.  It appears as though the 
pressures at some Jamaican stations were biased somewhat too high while at other 
stations, the pressures may have been biased a little bit low.  Taking into account 
that numerous hurricane force winds were observed, 80 kt is chosen for 12Z, 18Z (down 
from 85 kt originally at both 12 and 18Z), and the 20Z landfall.  The cyclone was over 
Jamaica from 20Z on the 29th to 00Z on the 30th and it emerged off the north coast of 
Jamaica near 18.5N, 78.0W, still at hurricane intensity.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have weakened from 80 kt to 70 kt while over Jamaica.  During the next 36 hours, the 
cyclone moved slowly north-northeastward over water away from Jamaica towards Cuba.  
The cyclone made landfall in Cuba around 12 or 13Z on 31 October at 19.9N, 76.4W.  It 
is analyzed that the hurricane continued to weaken (from 70 to 55 kt) while over water 
between Jamaica and Cuba, and a 55 kt landfall intensity is analyzed for the Cuban 
landfall.  Perez lists this cyclone as a tropical storm for Cuba.  The cyclone moved 
northward, and it was over Cuba from 12Z on 31 October to 06Z on 1 November.  The 
analyzed intensity at 06Z on 1 November is 40 kt (down from 50 kt originally), 
indicating that although the cyclone had weakened, tropical storm strength was 
maintained.  After that, the cyclone broadened and remained a weak tropical storm 
for the next several days as it meandered slowly northward and then northeastward.  
Several low pressures between 1000-1005 mb were observed over the next several days 
over a broad area, but only a couple of 35-40 kt gales were observed.  On most of the 
days from the 1st - 7th of November the ship density was sufficient for a reasonably 
accurate analysis of position and intensity.  Originally, HURDAT listed this cyclone 
as becoming extratropical just before it was dissipated by a front after 18Z on the 
7th, but although no change is made to the timing of dissipation, the extratropical 
phase is removed from HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th.  The revised final position at 18Z on 
7 November is now shown to be at 32.1N, 59.0W as a 40 kt tropical storm before the 
cyclone was absorbed by an approaching front.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 19 (originally Storm 20) - 2012 Revision

27195 10/26/1933 M= 5 20 SNBR= 600 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27105 10/26/1933 M= 5 19 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

27200 10/26*  0   0   0    0*250 741  35    0*266 739  35    0*278 737  35    0
27200 10/26E278 752  35    0*284 748  40    0*290 745  45    0*296 743  45    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27205 10/27*290 735  40    0*300 733  40    0*310 731  45    0*327 725  50    0
27205 10/27*302 741  50    0*308 739  55    0*315 736  55    0*327 729  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

27210 10/28*346 715  50    0*358 703  55    0*371 688  60    0*392 666  60    0
27210 10/28*341 718  60    0*356 705  60    0*371 688  60    0E392 666  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                      *         **

27215 10/29E412 644  60    0E425 629  60    0E439 621  60    0E454 620  55    0
27215 10/29E412 644  70    0E426 631  70    0E440 623  70    0E454 616  55    0
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***

27220 10/30E467 619  50    0E478 619  45    0E490 615  35    0E500 615  35    0
27220 10/30E468 609  50    0E481 601  45    0E493 592  40    0E506 585  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27225 TS                    

Major track changes and minor adjustments to the intensity are analyzed for this cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

Oct 24: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 82W at 12z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "[This storm] originated 
east of the Bahama Islands on the 25th or 26th"

Oct 25: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 80W at 12z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

Oct 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 76.5W at 12z.HURDAT lists 
this as a storm with 35kt winds at 26.6N, 73.9W at 12z. Ship highlights: 30 kt S with 
1003 mb at 09Z at 28.9N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt NE with 1014 mb at 13Z at 28.5N, 79.5W (COA); 
30 kt NNE with 1002 mb at 15Z at 30.2N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1013 mb at 21Z at 
29.5N, 79.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or lowpressures.

Oct 27: HWM indicates a closed low near 31N, 74W at 12z. HURDAT lists this as a tropical 
storm with 45kt winds at 31.0N, 73.1W at 12z. Ship highlights: 40 kt S with 992 mb at 
12Z at 31.4N, 73.5W (HWM); 35kt S with pressure of 990mb at 31.2N, 71.4W at 12z (HWM); 
50kt E at 34N, 72.5W during the late afternoon (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. "[the storm] acquired energy on the 27th with central at some distance 
off the Carolina coast, with some gales of force 9, pressure 29.32 inches, in 31.5N, 
72.7W, at 7am. Late in the afternoon the American SS Coamo, near 34N, 72.5W, reported 
a gale force 10 from the east, in connection with the disturbance" (MWR).

Oct 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 38N, 66W at 12z. HURDAT lists 
this as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 37.1N, 68.8W at 12z. Ship highlights: 
30 kt SE with 1002 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 63.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "During the 28th the cyclone moved with great rapidity toward Nova 
Scotia, and near midnight had acquired great depth as gathered from the report of 
the Dutch SS Volendam, which had a pressure of 28.80 inches in 42.8N, 64.1w,"

Oct 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 43N, 63.5W at 12z. HURDAT 
lists this as an extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 43.9N, 62.1W at 12z. Ship 
highlights: 60 kt NE with 986 mb at 02Z at 42.0N, 64.8W (MWR); 70 kt N after 2Z (MWR); 
50kt N with pressure of 975mb at 42.8N, 64.1W at 5z (MWR); 60 kt NNW after 5Z (MWR); 
50 kt S with 1008 mb at 09Z at 39.5N, 58.5W (MWR); 35 kt W with 1007 mb at 16Z at 
42.5N, 61.5W (COA). Station highlight: 25kt N with pressure of 996mb at Halifax (44.6N, 
63.6W) at 12z (HWM). "followed in the early morning of the 29th by the maximum wind 
force of 11, NNW."

Oct 30: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 48N, 58W at 12z. HURDAT lists this 
as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 49N, 61.5W at 12z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt N with 1005 mb at 12Z at Harrington 
(50.5N, 59.5W) (HWM). "During the 29th and 30th the remnant of the storm succeeded in 
wedging its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between two banks of high pressure, 
and escaping into Labrador."

Possible miscellaneous ship highlight: 957 mb (position, date, and time unknown) (MWR).

On 24 and 25 October, a frontal boundary was emerging off the southeast U.S. coast into 
the Atlantic.  Winds on both sides of the front on the 24th and 25th do not indicate a 
closed circulation.  Instead, winds on the ESE side of the front were southerly and winds 
on the NNW side were NNWerly.  The front weakened by the 26th, but there is evidence that 
a closed low formed by 00Z on the 26th.  At this point, there was still a temperature 
gradient present associated with the dissipating front, but by 06Z and especially by 12Z, 
the temperature gradient was gone and the fronts had dissipated.  This cyclone is begun as 
a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 00Z on the 26th (highest observed winds at 00Z were 30 kt).  
The cyclone is analyzed to have become a 40 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 26th (no change 
to the time this became a tropical cyclone and no change to the time it became a tropical 
storm).  Major northward position adjustments are implemented at 06-12Z on the 26th based 
on ship observations.  The new position at 12Z on the 26th is 29.0N, 74.5W.  The cyclone 
moved slowly north-northeastward at first, reaching 31.5N, 73.6W by 12Z on the 27th, and 
then it accelerated somewhat, reaching 37.1N, 68.8W by 12Z on the 28th.  Only minor 
position adjustments are implemented on the 27th and early on the 28th.  At 12 and 18Z on 
the 28th, no position changes are made.  The first gales to occur in association with the 
cyclone were 35 kt winds that were observed on the 26th.  The lowest pressure on the 26th 
was 1002 mb.  A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb yields of winds of greater than 40 kt 
according to the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-winds relationship.  A 40 kt intensity 
is chosen for 06Z on the 26th, and a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 26th 
(up from 35 kt originally at all times).  The cyclone deepened on the 27th.  Pressures of 
992 and 990 mb from two separate ships (simultaneously with 40 and 35 kt winds respectively) 
were observed at 12Z on the 27th.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb yields a wind speed of 
59 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 62 kt using its 
intensifying subset.  During the late afternoon that day, a 50 kt wind was recorded for the 
first time in association with this system.  On the 26th and 27th, the system was somewhat 
broad, so intensities slightly below the pressure-wind relationship are chosen.  A 55 kt 
intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 27th (up from 45 kt originally) and a 60 kt intensity is 
analyzed for 18Z on the 27th (up from 50 kt originally).  Unfortunately, on the 28th, no 
ships passed within a few hundred nmi of the cyclone.  No changes are made to the position 
or the 60 kt intensity at 12Z on the 28th.  Early on the 29th, between 02Z-06Z, hurricane 
force winds were observed and pressures as low as 975 mb were observed.  At 02Z on the 29th, 
a simultaneous observation of 60 kt with 986 mb was recorded, and at 05Z, a 975 mb pressure 
was observed simultaneously with 50 kt winds.  Winds of hurricane force were also recorded 
a short time after 02Z.  A 70 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 29th (up from 60 kt 
originally).  Therefore, 65 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 28th.  HURDAT 
originally has the cyclone becoming extratropical at 00Z on the 29th.  Available observations 
suggest that the cyclone became extratropical around 18Z on the 28th.  A isothermal analysis 
indicates that this cyclone was tropical on the 26th and 27th, and at 12Z on the 28th this 
cyclone was becoming extratropical, with transition almost complete.  Therefore, 60 kt is 
maintained as the peak intensity while the system was a tropical cyclone.  However, analyzed 
intensities after extratropical transition are 65-70 kt from 18Z on the 28th through 12Z on 
the 29th.  The cyclone continued moving north-northeastward and made landfall in eastern 
Nova Scotia on 29 October between 12-18Z as an extratropical cyclone with hurricane force 
winds.  According to historical records of damage and impacts kept by Environment Canada, 
this storm caused significant damage in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. 
By 12Z on 30 October, the analyzed position of the cyclone is 49.3N, 59.2W, which constitutes 
an adjustment of more than 2 degrees east of the original HURDAT position based on observations.  
No change is made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on the 30th.

It should be noted that in the 1933 Monthly Weather Review, page 363 in the table for 
this storm, it is listed that the lowest barometer reported was 28.26" (957 mb) by the 
Steamship Phoebus.  There is no date, time, or position listed with this observation.  
If there was indeed a ship that measured a 957 mb pressure with this system, it had to 
have either occurred on the 28th or 29th.  If the 957 mb pressure was observed when this 
system was still tropical, we would be talking about winds of at least 92 kt according 
to the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N.  Unfortunately no 
other source could be found containing information about this ship.  Since a 975 mb 
available pressure was observed less than 12 hours after the cyclone is analyzed to 
have become extratropical, and since there were no ships near the center on the 28th, 
it is possible that this cyclone was a hurricane before it became extratropical.  
Since there is no concrete evidence that it was a hurricane, this system is kept in 
HURDAT as only a tropical storm.

******************************************************************************

1933 Storm 20 (originally Storm 21) - 2012 Revision

27230 11/15/1933 M= 3 21 SNBR= 601 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27230 11/15/1933 M= 3 20 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

27235 11/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*119 798  35    0*119 806  35    0
27235 11/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*112 799  30    0*115 806  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      ***    

27240 11/16*120 813  35    0*120 818  35    0*121 824  35    0*121 832  35    0
27240 11/16*118 813  40    0*120 820  45    0*121 827  50    0*121 835  50    0
            ***      **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27245 11/17*122 843  35    0*123 852  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27245 11/17*122 843  40    0*123 852  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **         

27250 TS                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

Nov 14: HWM indicates a broad closed low near 11.5N, 80.5W with at most 1010mb at 12z. 
HURDAT does not list this storm. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

Nov 15: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb just north of Panama near 10.5N, 81W 
at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with winds of 35kts at 11.9N, 79.8W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

Nov 16: HWM shows a stronger low of at most 1005mb near 12.5N, 82W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with winds of 35kts at 12.1N, 82.4W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 35kt SE with 1003mb at 12.3N, 82.4W at 9Z (MWR); 30kt SE with 
1000mb at 13.2N, 81.7W at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt SE with 1004 mb at 12Z at 12.6N, 82.5W 
(COA). Station highlights: 996 mb at Bluefields (MWR); 31kt SW at Bluefields (MWR). 

A tropical cyclone formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea at 12Z on 15 November 
(no change to genesis time).  Several observations near the center at 12Z on the 15th
 show only weak winds, so the system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression rather 
than as a tropical storm.  The largest track change made for the lifetime of this 
system - a southward adjustment of seven-tenths of a degree - is implemented at 12Z 
on the 15th.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward.  At 09Z on the 16th, a ship 
recorded 35 kt with 1003 mb.  The cyclone made landfall near Bluefields, Nicaragua 
around 19 or 20Z on 16 November, where a 996 mb pressure was recorded (it is not 
certain whether this was a central or peripheral pressure value).  A central pressure 
of less than or equal to 996 mb yields a wind speed of at least 54 kt according to the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Since it is possible that the 996 mb 
observation could have been a central pressure and since the highest available observed 
wind for the lifetime of the system was 35 kt, a 50 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 
12Z on the 16th through landfall (up from 35 kt originally at both 12 and 18Z on the 
16th).  The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression by 06Z on the 17th and dissipated 
shortly thereafter (no change to timing of dissipation).


******************************************************************************

1933 Additional Notes:

1)  Below, this suspect was originally suggested to be a new tropical cyclone. After 
review by the best track committee, it is decided that it was not a tropical cyclone 
and was instead extratropical because of a large temperature gradient.

DATE      LAT    LON      CLASSIFICATION

APR 26    32N    64W      EXTRATROPICAL 
APR 27    30N    54W      EXTRATROPICAL
   
April 25: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone with an extended warm and cold from centered 
near 30N, 78W with a pressure of at most 1005mb at 12Z. Track of lows indicates the low 
formed on the morning and was positioned at 26.8N, 78.0W with a pressure of 1008mb; the 
evening position is at 30N, 70W. Ship highlights: 39kt S with 1007mb at 27N, 77.2W at 12Z 
(HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of April 25 a 
low-pressure area was centered just north of Nova Scotia with a secondary of great 
intensity (998mb) over New Brunswick. From thence a trough extended southward to Florida. 
A cold front of moderate intensity was in evidence along the Atlantic coastline to the 
westward, and thunderstorms had occurred during the night at numerous places south of 
Cape Hatteras. Between Bermuda and Florida, moderate SE winds with overcast sky were 
recorded, with the exception of one ship just north of Watling Island [in the Bahamas], 
which reported a SE wind force 6. The strength of this observation was greater than was 
to be expected fro the geostrophic wind, which would correspond to about force 4." 

April 26: HWM shows a stronger system with the low pressure centered at 34.5N, 65.5W at 
12Z with a pressure of at most 1000mb with an occluded front stretching south-east to 
Bermuda and from there extending warm and cold fronts. Track of lows indicate that at 
13Z the system was centered at 34.0N, 64.5W with a pressure of 998mb; in the evening the 
position estimate is at 38.5N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 0915Z (QJR); SW wind 
and 990 mb at 0930Z (QJR); calm and 992 mb at 1130Z at 32.4N, 64.4W (QJR); 85 kt at 1755Z 
at 33.0N, 63.0W (QJR). Station highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 1100Z at Bermuda 
(QJR); >=85 kt W G 114 kt W and 990 mb (max wind, max gust, and min pressure) at 1140Z at 
Bermuda (QJR); 40kt NW with 998mb at Bermuda at 12Z (HWM). "At 0740 [at Bermuda]. Wind 
veered from ESE to W, reaching 132mph. A speed of over 100mph was maintained for about a 
quarter of an hour. Barometer fell to 990.5mb, and then rose very steeply. The storm 
caused considerable minor damage to the island, unroofing many houses, uprooting trees 
and telegraph poles. A large steam yacht in Hamilton Harbour was blown ashore. Numerous 
small boats were swamped or blown away, but no loss of life was sustained." "From the 
barograph trace, the wind record and other data, there seems little doubt that this 
storm was a small hurricane of about 60 miles in diameter, although the winds of actual 
hurricane force cannot have been more than 30 miles across. It is of interest to note 
that no winds of hurricane force were reported from a southerly direction."

April 27: HWM does not analyze a closed low but analyzes a triple point near 32N, 53W.  
From this point, a warm front is analyzed extending southeastward to 27N, 47W, and a cold 
front is analyzed extending south-southwestward from the triple point to 24N, 58W. Tracks 
of lows shows the storm being located at 42.5N, 56.0W in the morning as that being the 
last record of the system.  Ship highlights: 35kt SSE with 1009mb at 33.5N, 59.5W at 00Z 
(COA); 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 06Z at 30.5N, 55.5W (COA).  
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

The origins of this system can be placed back to 23 April, when the tail end of a 
dissipating cold front was located in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico near western Cuba.  
Cyclonic curvature in the streamlines was increasing on the 24th in that area and there 
was no longer a front in the area.  On the 25th, winds increased to gale force and the 
developing low moved northeastward across Florida and into the western Atlantic.  
However, on the 25th, the system did not yet have a closed circulation, as it contained 
an open trough extending northward from the low.  On the 26th, there are several 
observations that confirm that this cyclone had become a tiny, fast-moving, intense 
system.  Using observations from the 25th and 26th, it is analyzed that the low was 
closed by 00Z on the 26th, and it is analyzed as a 50 kt cyclone at that time near 32N, 
69W.  The cyclone moved eastward, and by 09Z on the 26th, a ship reported a 990 mb 
pressure and winds of at least 50 kt.  This ship was located southwest of Bermuda and 
sailing northeastward at 09Z.  The ship's wind shifted from SSE to NW.  The island of 
Bermuda recorded winds over 85 kt for an hour with a peak gust of 114 kt.  (It should
be noted that the hilly terrain of Bermuda may partly be contributing toward the extreme 
winds measured.)  The peak gust of 114 kt was observed at the same time as Bermuda's 
minimum pressure of 990 mb.  Another ship, was located 10 nmi north of Bermuda and 
experienced 10 minutes of calm with a 992 mb minimum pressure.  The center of analyzed 
to have passed just a few nmi north of Bermuda on a course just north of east just 
before 12Z.  At 1755Z on the 26th, a ship located near 33.0N, 63.0W recorded winds of 
85 kt.  The cyclone continued moving rapidly eastward on the 26th, but early on the 
27th it turned toward the east-southeast.  At 06Z on the 27th, a ship at 30.5N, 55.5W 
recorded 45 kt NW wind with 1005 mb pressure.  Six hours earlier, this ship had 30 kt 
SSE with 1010 mb.  At 06Z on the 27th, the analyzed position is 30.7N, 55.4W with a 
60 kt intensity.  The last time a position can be reliably established is 12Z on the 
27th, and the cyclone is analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th at 30.0N, 
51.2W as a 40 kt cyclone.  It may have continued after that time, 
but there is no data after that.

2)  June 1st-6th

On June 1st, an area of disturbed weather in the Northwestern Caribbean had developed 
into a closed system off the tail of a cold front.  No gale force winds observed or 
implied. On the second, the depression moved slowly to the southwest.  No gale force 
winds observed or implied. On the third, it moved slowly to the east-southeast.  
No gale force winds observed or implied. On the fourth, it moved into an area of 
limited data coverage, making it difficult to close.  No gale force winds observed, 
but a ship at 13.7 N, 68W had a pressure of 1005 mb, however it does not seem to 
match the other nearby observations well.  On the fifth, westerlies were not present, 
although data was not numerous, making it possibly an open wave.  No gale force winds 
observed or implied. On the sixth, there were no westerlies directly related to the 
disturbance, with the wave axis moving west.  No gale force winds observed or implied.

DATE      LAT   LON        CLASSIFICATION

JUN 01    19N   79W      TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUN 02    18N   81W      TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUN 03    17N   76W      TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUN 04    15N   71W      TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUN 05    ---   71W        TROPICAL WAVE
JUN 06     ---  76W        TROPICAL WAVE


3) June 26-27

1933 MWR p. 178 discusses a gale occurrence from 9-15N, at about 25W on 26-27 June.  
Although climatology is against this being a tropical cyclone, the COADS data was 
obtained, but there is no evidence of a closed circulation.  MWR reports that a 35 kt 
gale was observed, but there are no other gales and no other low pressures.  Although 
MWR reports west winds on the 26th and east winds on the 27th, there is not enough 
evidence that a closed tropical cyclone was in existence.  The HWM June 1930s book 
was not used to analyze this suspect because we don't have it.  This suspect could 
be analyzed again if/when more data becomes available.


DATE        LAT      LON       CLASSIFICATION

JUN 26	    ---	     27W        TROPICAL WAVE
JUN 27      ---      32W        TROPICAL WAVE


4)  July 8th-12th

On July 8th, a trough with gale force winds developed in the southwestern Caribbean.  
The system could not be closed into a center of circulation.  Key observation: gale, 
35 kt, on the ship Hen. at 14.7 N and 77.7 W. On the 9th, the trough became more 
difficult to close off its eastern side as southerlies were absent.  Gales were 
reported on four ships.  Key observations, 35 kt on the ship T. Lyx. at 10.2N and 
76.4W, 35 kt on a ship at 12.7N and 80.5W, 35 kt on a ship at 15.8N and 80.8W, and 
35 kt on a ship at 15.9N and 75.7W.  No pressures below 1005 mb were observed. On 
the 10th, the absence of southerlies in the trough continued.  No gales were 
observed or implied. On the 11th, a single observation of a southwest wind suggests 
that the trough may have tried to close, however at a decreased intensity.  No 
gale force winds observed or implied. On the 12th, the trough may have closed into 
a tropical depression, however it soon dissipated, and could not develop into a 
tropical storm.  No gale force winds observed or implied.

Evidence of a closed circulation on the 8th and 9th is needed to upgrade 
this system to a tropical storm.

DATE      LAT     LON      CLASSIFICATION

JUL 08    ---     80W         TROUGH
JUL 09    ---     80W         TROUGH
JUL 10     9N     80W         TROUGH
JUL 11     9N     80W     TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUL 12    12N     81W     TROPICAL DEPRESSION


5)  July 17th-19th

On July 17th, a tropical depression formed in the subtropical Atlantic. 
Temperatures were generally warm near the center of circulation, however 
no gale force winds were observed or implied. On the 18th, it moved 
slowly to the south as a strong tropical depression with warm temperatures 
in all quadrants, however no gale force winds were observed or implied.  
With a broad center of circulation, it may have been a non-tropical low. On 
the 19th, the depression started to open as the day progressed.  Temperatures 
remained warm.  One observation of hurricane force was observed on the ship 
with number 18763 at 38.4N and 39.0W, however this observation has no 
support and would be very far from the poorly-organized center.  No other 
reports of gale force winds were observed or implied.

Evidence of gale force winds on the 17th and 18th, or one more gale on 
the 19th is needed to upgrade this depression to a tropical storm.

DATE     LAT   LON        CLASSIFICATION

JUL 17   37N   47W     TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUL 18   36N   46W     TROPICAL DEPRESSION
JUL 19   37N   48W     TROPICAL DEPRESSION


6)  August 14-21

ORIGINAL HURDAT:
26540 08/16/1933 M= 6  7 SNBR= 587 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
26545 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*110 580  35    0
26550 08/17*118 606  35    0*121 618  35    0*125 630  35    0*128 641  35    0
26555 08/18*130 651  35    0*133 661  35    0*135 670  35    0*139 681  35    0
26560 08/19*141 693  35    0*141 700  35    0*142 708  35    0*143 720  35    0
26565 08/20*143 732  35    0*144 743  35    0*145 752  30    0*146 758  30    0
26570 08/21*146 765  30    0*146 773  25    0*147 781  25    0*147 803  20    0
26575 TS                    	

REVISED DAILY POSITIONS/INTENSITIES:
August 14 12Z:  8N, 52W  TD
August 15 12Z: 10N, 56W  TD
August 16 12Z: 12N, 60W  TD
August 17 12Z: 12N, 64W  TD
August 18 12Z: 13N, 67W  TD
August 19 12Z: 14N, 71W  TD
August 20 12Z: 14N, 75W  TD

This storm - originally #7 - has been removed from HURDAT based on observations 
from HWM and COADS.  This cyclone was likely a tropical depression only.

Aug 16: HURDAT starts this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 11.0N, 
58.0W at 18UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the 
Windward Islands on the 16th and moved westward."

Aug 17: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 12.5N, 63W 
at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 18: HWM begins to show a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 13.5N, 67W 
at 12UTC. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 13.5N, 67.0W 
at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 19: HWM loses the system for the remainder of its lifetime. HURDAT lists the 
system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 14.2N, 70.8W at 12UTC. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 20: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 14.5N,
 75.2W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 21: HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 14.7N, 
80.3W at 12UTC. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. "It was last traceable about 300 miles east of the Honduras coast on the 21st."

This system is analyzed to be a closed tropical depression from August 14th 12Z through 
August 20th 18Z.  The highest observed wind in association with this system was 20 kt.  
On some of the days, the observational coverage is more extensive than on other days.  
Thus this cyclone is removed from HURDAT because it is analyzed that this was only a 
tropical depression and never attained tropical storm intensity.  Sufficient observational 
coverage on most days indicates that although there was decent evidence that the 
circulation was closed on most of the days, there is also substantial evidence that 
the intensity was weaker than listed in HURDAT- and only tropical depression intensity.  
There were no observed gales or low pressures in association with this cyclone.


7) September 27-30

1933 (remove) (original Storm 17)

Original HURDAT:
27035 09/28/1933 M= 3 17 SNBR= 597 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27040 09/28*  0   0   0    0*117 821  35    0*126 822  35    0*134 823  35    0
27045 09/29*143 826  35    0*156 836  35    0*163 848  35    0*164 854  35    0
27050 09/30*165 862  35    0*167 873  35    0*168 885  35    0*169 900  30    0
27055 TS                    	

Revised Daily Positions:
9/27 12Z: 13N, 80W TD
9/28 12Z: 13N, 82W TD
9/29 12Z; 16N, 85W TD
9/30 12Z: open wave along 90W from 8-18N

This system is removed from HURDAT as it only reached tropical depression status, at most.  
On the 27th, it is plausible that a tropical depression existed near 12.5-13N, 80.5W, as 
observations show a closed, but broad and very weak circulation in the southwestern Caribbean.  
The closest observation on this day to the analyzed position is 130 nmi away - 10 kt S with 
1010 mb at 12Z.  If a tropical cyclone existed, locating it on the 28th is problematic.  
Beginning on the 28th, there are two possible scenarios for the track of the TC (if a TC 
existed at all to begin with).  The first scenario is that the track and positions were 
close to the original HURDAT positions.  The 2nd scenario is that the cyclone was moving 
westward much more quickly and that it took a farther south track inland over Central 
America.  If the first scenario is used, which are positions close to the original HURDAT 
positions, then there is enough observational coverage near the 28th and 29th to show that 
the circulation was very weak and likely only a tropical depression throughout its lifetime.  
If the 2nd scenario is used, then the cyclone made landfall on 28 September at 06Z near 13.3N, 
83.6W.  06Z on the 28th is the first point listed in HURDAT as being well offshore.  Under 
this 2nd scenario, the position by 12Z on the 29th is 16N, 89W and the position by 12Z on the 
30th is 17N, 91.5W.  Since the cyclone would have been over land for almost the entire time, 
the 35 kt listed on HURDAT would have to be lowered to 30 kt anyway.  The reason why it is 
difficult to determine which scenario is correct is because there are two conflicting ship 
observations at 12Z on the 28th.  Depending on which of the two observations to believe, 
two entirely different tracks can be drawn for the two succeeding days.  Another factor is 
that the monsoonal flow became quite pronounced on the 29th, and the pressures across the 
entire area were generally very low.  Under scenario #1, there are 3 observations within 
100 nmi from the center, and 2 of them are within 60 nmi from the center - the closest of 
which is 20 kt SSE with 1008 mb pressure (this is the conflicting ship observation mentioned 
above).  If this observation, which occurred at 13.2N, 83.2W, was plotted too far west by 
60-90 nmi, then a position near 12.6N, 82.5W would appear reasonable, as it would fit with 
3 other observations in the area.  On the 29th under this scenario, there are 3 obs within 
100 nmi of the center again, the closest being 60 nmi from the center.  All 3 obs were winds 
of 5 kt with pressure of 1008-1009 mb.  Under scenario #2 on the 28th, the closest 
observation was 95 nmi from the center (the same 20 kt SSE with 1008 mb ship).  On the 29th, 
there are 1 or 2 obs within 100 nmi of the center - Tela, Honduras and Belize City, and 
both of those stations experienced 24-hr pressure falls of 2.7 mb.  On the 30th, the closest 
obs are Frontera (110 nmi), Rapachula (130 nmi), Belize City (190 nmi), but there is no 
indication of a tropical cyclone on this day either. Another factor that caused the pressures 
to decrease even more in the southwestern Caribbean on the 30th was that Storm #18 was 
beginning to develop there.  The analysis indicates a possibility that the feature of 
interest could have been a tropical depression, and it also indicates a strong likelihood 
that tropical storm intensity was never attained based on sufficient observational coverage 
on the 28th and 29th according to scenario number 1.  Given that there were 3 observations 
within 100 nmi on both days- 2 of them being 55-60 nmi from the center on the 28th, and 
given that the highest measured winds were 20 kt and that you often see cyclonic turning 
in that area of the southwestern Caribbean, there is enough evidence to remove this system 
from HURDAT.

Sept 27: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT starts the system tomorrow. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 28: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 
35kt winds at 12.6N, 82.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "This was a very minor disturbance that apparently developed northwest 
of the Isthmus of Panama and moved northwestward. Its center passed near Cape Gracias the evening 
of the 28th,"

Sept 29: HWM shows a spot low of at most 1010mb near 16.5N, 90W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system 
as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.3N, 84.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Sept 30: HWM does not show a low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 
35kt winds at 16.8N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
1005mb at C. Gracias. "[it] then traveled west-northwestward and passed inland south of Belize, 
British Honduras, the morning of the 30th."


******************************************************************************


1934 Storm 1 (originally Storm 2) - Revised February 2012

27290 06/04/1934 M=18  2 SNBR= 603 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
27290 06/04/1934 M=18  1 SNBR= 603 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *                                  *

27295 06/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*163 877  40    0*167 877  40    0
27295 06/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 870  30    0*170 871  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27300 06/05*170 878  40    0*172 881  40    0*173 882  40    0*172 886  40    0
27300 06/05*170 872  40    0*169 874  45    0*168 878  45    0*167 885  40    0
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27305 06/06*172 890  40    0*168 896  35    0*163 900  35    0*159 902  40    0
27305 06/06*165 895  40    0*163 905  35    0*160 910  35    0*155 914  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

27310 06/07*151 905  40    0*145 905  45    0*143 898  55    0*147 892  60    0
27310 06/07*150 917  30    0*145 917  35    0*140 915  45    0*142 907  45    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27315 06/08*157 886  60    0*167 882  60    0*177 878  70    0*186 876  70    0
27315 06/08*152 896  40    0*165 883  45    0*177 875  50    0*186 872  60    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27320 06/09*194 878  70    0*200 883  60    0*204 890  55    0*207 898  40    0
27320 06/09*194 873  70    0*200 877  65    0*204 884  55    0*208 891  40    0
                ***              ***  **          ***          *** ***  

27325 06/10*208 905  35    0*210 911  35    0*211 917  35    0*213 922  35    0
27325 06/10*212 898  35    0*216 908  40    0*218 917  45    0*220 925  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

27330 06/11*215 927  35    0*219 933  40    0*220 939  40    0*217 942  40    0
27330 06/11*220 933  50    0*219 939  50    0*217 942  55    0*216 942  60    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

27335 06/12*213 944  45    0*209 943  45    0*208 938  50    0*208 934  50    0
27335 06/12*215 940  60    0*215 937  65    0*215 934  70    0*215 931  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27340 06/13*211 930  55    0*216 927  55    0*220 925  55    0*223 923  60    0
27340 06/13*215 929  75    0*215 927  75    0*217 925  80  978*220 923  80    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

27345 06/14*225 922  60    0*228 921  65    0*231 920  70    0*237 918  70    0
27345 06/14*223 922  80    0*226 921  80    0*231 920  80    0*237 918  85    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

27350 06/15*243 916  70    0*247 914  70    0*252 913  70    0*259 912  70    0
27350 06/15*243 916  85    0*247 914  85    0*252 913  85    0*257 912  85    0
                     **               **               **      ***      **

27355 06/16*268 912  70    0*277 911  70    0*287 910  65    0*298 910  60    0
27355 06/16*263 912  85    0*271 913  85    0*283 915  85    0*296 917  85  966
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

27360 06/17*309 910  60    0*323 908  55    0*338 902  45    0*349 889  40    0
27360 06/17*309 913  60    0*321 909  45    0*333 903  35    0*342 894  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27365 06/18*358 873  35    0*365 857  35    0*372 839  35    0*378 818  40    0
27365 06/18*351 881  35    0*360 862  30    0E368 842  30    0E376 822  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

27370 06/19E384 797  40    0E391 775  40    0E398 754  40    0E405 739  40    0
27370 06/19E384 802  40    0E391 775  40    0E398 754  40    0E404 739  40    0
                ***                                            ***

27375 06/20E411 724  40    0E420 702  40    0E432 680  40    0E452 660  40    0
27375 06/20E409 724  40    0E415 707  40    0E425 685  45    0E440 665  45    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27380 06/21E472 642  35    0E485 626  35    0E497 610  35    0E510 594  35    0
27380 06/21E457 646  40    0E477 628  40    0E502 610  35    0E530 594  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** 

27385 HR LA3                
27385 HR LA2                
         ***

U.S. Landfall:
6/16/1934 19Z 29.7N 91.7W 966 mb 85 kt 30 nmi RMW 1004 mb OCI - 13 kt speed

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity are shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho 
et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992), Mexican synoptic weather maps from NCDC, 
Mexican observations from the Mexican Meteorological Service, the Daily Weather Maps 
Series, and the monthly state climatological data summaries for Louisiana and Mississippi from NCDC.

June 4: 
HWM indicates a low pressure system of more than 1005mb near 16N, 87W. HURDAT lists this 
storm as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.3N, 87.7W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates 
the center at 16N, 87.5W (am) and 17N, 87.5W (pm). No gales or low pressures for any ship 
or land stations.  "Disturbed conditions were noted in the Gulf of Honduras on the 4th and, 
as the depression had deepened and some movement was apparent..." (MWR).

June 5: 
HWM indicates a tiny closed off system with pressures just below 1005mb near 16N and 87.5W. 
HURDAT lists this storm as a 40 kt tropical storm near 17.3N, 88.2W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks 
of lows showed a center near 17.5N, 88W (am) and at 17.5N, 89W (pm). Ship highlight: 1004mb 
with 22kt SW at 16.1N, 87.8W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1005mb with 25kt NNW at Belize 
at 12UTC (HWM); 29 kt at Belize (max wind) (MWR).  "Advices were issued the morning of the 5th, 
the day it crossed the coastline of British Honduras near Belize, where a maximum wind of 
34 mph from the NW was recorded.  During that afternoon and night it apparently turned 
southwestward and south" (MWR).

June 6:
HWM indicates a more broad circulation of just above 1000mb near 15N and 90W. HURDAT lists 
this storm as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 16.3N, 90.0W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks 
of lows showed a center near 16N, 89.5W (am) and 15N, 90W (pm). Ship highlight: 1001mb with 
15kt SW at 13.0N, 92.6W at 12UTC (COA). Station highlight: 1002mb with 9kt N at Tapachula at 
12UTC (HWM).  "On the morning of the 6th Tapachula, on the coast of Mexico, near the 
Guatemalan border, reported a barometer reading of 1002 mb and a 24-hour fall of 6 mb" (MWR).

June 7:
HWM reveals a low pressure system identical to the prior day. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt 
tropical storm near 14.3N, 89.8W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows a storm near 14N, 89.5W 
(am) and 15N, 88.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1005mb with 5kt S at 10.6N, 87.9W at 12UTC (COA). 
Station highlight: 1001mb with 9kt N at Tapachula at 12UTC (HWM); >43 kt at San Salvador 
(13.7N, 89.1W) (MWR).  "On June 7 the following message was received from the Pan American 
Airways station at San Salvador, Salvador: 'A severe storm struck this place early this 
morning with torrential rain and winds in excess of 50 mph.  Present wind south 30 mph.  
Considerable damage reported due to heavy rain.'  Press reports indicate that between 1,000 
and 3,000 persons were killed or injured in Honduras, perhaps due to floods in the majority 
of cases.  The town of Ocotepeque in western Honduras suffered greatly, with more than 500 
people killed.  The rainfall, according to some reports, was in excess of 25 inches at a 
number of places.  Great destruction and suffering occurred at both Salvador and Honduras" (MWR).

June 8: 
HWM shows a low pressure system of about 1005mb near 16N and 88W. HURDAT lists this storm 
as a category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds, which is a discrepancy, near 17.7N, 87.8W at 
12 UTC. MWR tracks of lows indicates the storm to be near 17.5N, 87.5W (am) and 19N, 87.5W 
(pm). Ship highlight: 1001mb with 22kt SW at 16.8N, 87.2W at 12UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 
1004mb with 12kt NNW at Belize at 12UTC (HWM).  "Because of the extreme paucity of reports 
from this area, considerable conjecture is necessary, but the disturbance may have moved 
southwestward or southward from British Honduras to the Guatemalan or Salvadorean coast, 
intensified along their Pacific coasts, and recurved inland again over Salvador, crossed 
Honduras and passed northward into the Gulf of Honduras where it was definitely located 
on the 8th.  During its passage over this Gulf it apparently regained hurricane intensity 
once more and then passed inland over the extreme northern portion of British Honduras 
in the late afternoon of the 8th" (MWR).

June 9: 
HWM indicates a low pressure system of just above 1000mb near 18.5N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists 
the storm as a tropical storm with 55 kt winds near 20.4N, 89.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of 
lows shows the storm near 20N, 88W (am) and 20.5N, 90W (pm). Ship highlight: 1004mb with 
50kt SSE at 19.4N, 86.5W at 9UTC (MWR); 1002mb with 12kt S at 20.6N, 86.8W at 12UTC (HWM). 
Station highlight: 1004mb with 26kt W at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM); 1002 mb with 15kt S at 
Cozumel at 12 UTC (HWM); 1002 mb at 13Z at both Progreso and Merida (Mex-NCDC).  "On the 
9th it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula and moved into the Gulf of Mexico.  The Mexican 
Meteorological Service reported that winds of hurricane force occurred over a portion of 
the peninsula" (MWR). 

June 10:
HWM indicates a low pressure of still above 1000mb near 20.5N and 92.5W. HURDAT lists this 
storm as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 21.1N, 91.7W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows 
shows the storm near 21N, 92W (am) and 21.5N, 92.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1002mb with 30kt N 
at 23.2N, 94.0W at 17UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 1005mb with 9kt S at Frontera at 12UTC (HWM).

June 11:
HWM indicates a low pressure system of below 1005mb near 20N and 95W. HURDAT lists the storm 
as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds near 22.0N, 93.9W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the 
storm near 22N, 93W (am) and 21.5N, 94W (pm). Ship highlight: 998mb with 35kt SW near 19.5N, 
94.2W at 10Z (MWR), 40kt at 19.5N, 94.2W and 20.7N, 95.3W. 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures reported.

June 12: 
HWM indicates a strengthening system with a pressure below 1000mb near 22N, 94.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm near 20.8N, 93.8W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows 
the system at 21N, 93W (am) and 91N, 92.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 989mb with 45kt S near 21.5N, 
92.5W at 22UTC (COA). Station highlight: 1004mb with 22kt WSW at Frontera at 12UTC (HWM).

June 13:
HWM indicates a storm of less than 1000mb near 22N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a 
tropical storm with 55 kt winds near 22.0N, 92.5W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the 
system at 22N, 92.5W (am) and 22.5N, 92W (pm). Ship highlight: 70kt S at 21.2N, 92.8W (MWR); 
982mb with 35kt WNW at 21.2N, 92.8W at 9UTC (MWR). 
Station highlight: 1003mb with 20kt SE at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM).

June 14:
HWM indicates a system of less than 1000mb near 22.5N, 93W. HURDAT lists the system as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds near 23.1N, 92.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows 
the hurricane at 23N, 92W (am) and at 24N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 1000mb with 17kt NNW at 
23.2N, 94.0W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlight: 1004mb with 12kt WSW at Campeche at 12UTC (HWM). 

June 15: 
HWM now shows a strong system of under 995mb near 25.5N, 91.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70 kt winds near 25.2N, 91.3W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows 
the hurricane near 25N, 91W (am) and 27N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 974mb with 61kt SSE (MWR). 
Station highlight: 1004mb with 12kt NNW at Galveston at 12UTC (HWM). 

June 16:
HWM shows a strong system of near 990mb at 27.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as a Category 1 
hurricane with 65 kt winds near 28.7N, 91.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the hurricane 
near 28N, 91W (am) and overland near 30.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlight: 997mb with 40kt SSE at 
28.3N, 90.0W at 11Z (MWR); 50kt SE at 28.3M, 90.0W (MWR). Station highlight: 979mb with 
59kt SE at Morgan City at 20Z (MWR); 968mb with calm eye at Jeanerette (29.9N, 91.7W) at 
~2023Z (MWR); 57 kt SE at Baton Rouge (30.4N, 91.1W) at 2045Z (MWR); 975 mb at 2210Z at Baton 
Rouge (MWR); 979 mb at 23Z at New Roads (30.7N, 91.4W) (MWR). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, 
Mississippi, and Alabama - June 16 - Morgan City - Minimal [Category 1 or 2] - 6 killed, 
$2,605,000 in damage" (Dunn and Miller).  "June 16 - 966 mb central pressure - 27 nmi RMW - 
16 kt speed - landfall position 29.2N, 91.0W" (Ho et al.). "1002 mb environmental pressure - 
81 kt maximum sustained wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. ).  "LA - Category 3 - 962 mb" 
(Jarrell et al.).  "Analyzed central pressure at landfall - 962 mb" (Connor).

June 17: 
HWM shows a system of just below 1005mb near 32N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical 
storm with 45 kt winds near 33.8N, 90.2W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm near 33N, 
90W (am) and at 35N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 997mb with 45kt SE at 28.3N, 90.0W at 0Z (COA). 
Station highlight: 986 mb at 0430Z at Natchez, MS (31.6N, 91.4W); 27 kt E (max w) and 
988 mb (min p) (not necessarily simultaneous) at Vicksburg, MS (32.3N, 90.9W) (climo); 
991mb with 37kt SSE at Jackson at 8Z (AWR).

June 18:
HWM shows a system merging with a cold front with 1005mb near 37N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists the 
system as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds near 37.2N, 83.9W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows 
shows the storm at 36.5N, 93.5W (am) and at 38N, 79W (pm). Ship highlight: no gales or 
low pressures. Station highlight: 1001mb 26kt E at Nashville at 0020Z (AWR).

June 19:
HWM shows a system merged with a cold front near 39N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists the storm as an 
extratropical storm with 40 kt winds near 39.8N, 75.4W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows 
the system at 39.5N, 75.5W (am) and at 41.5N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 1006mb with 45kt 
SSE at 39.5N, 69.5W at 21Z (COA); 1001mb with 30kt S at 39.5N, 71.5W at 21Z (COA). 
Station highlight: 43kt SE at Atlantic City (MWR). 

June 20:
HWM shows a strong extratropical low at 42N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm 
with 40 kt winds near 43.2N, 68W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 43N, 
68W (am) and at 47N, 64.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 45kt SW at 37N, 69.9W at 0Z (COA); 
996mb with 20kt SSW at 40.1N, 72.1W at 0Z (COA). Station highlight: 
1003mb with 17kt N at Portland at 12UTC (HWM).

June 21: 
HWM shows a low with a cold front attached to it at around 51.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists the storm 
as extratropical with 35 kt winds at 49.7N, 61.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows only shows the 
morning plot at 49.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlight: 1004mb with 26kt NW at 48.0N, 61.5W at 12UTC (HWM).
Station highlight: 1001mb with 17kt SE at Harrington at 12UTC (HWM). No major changes were made 
to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. Minor track alterations are made on all days 
except the 14th, 15th, and 19th.  System is started as a tropical depression at 12 UTC on the 4th 
and upgraded to a tropical storm at 18 UTC six hours later than original. This is based upon the 
lack of sufficiently low pressures/high winds early on the 4th.  1004 mb peripheral pressure at 
13 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 
45 kt chosen for HURDAT, above 40 kt originally.  The system likely made landfall in Belize with 
about 45 kt intensity around 15 UTC on the 5th.  Despite moving over Belize and Guatemala during 
the 6th and early on the 7th, the system quickly reintensified as it reached the Pacific coast 
around 12 UTC on the 7th as 1001 mb were reported in Tapachula, Mexico at 12 UTC along with the 
impact described above in San Salvador, El Salvador.  1001 mb peripheral pressure at 12 UTC on 
the 7th suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 
45 kt chosen for HURDAT as the system was hugging the coast at that time 
(reduced from 55 kt originally).  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 7th.  

The original HURDAT unrealistically intensified the system from 35 kt on the 6th to 60 kt on the 
8th while staying over land the entire time.  (It was investigated whether there were actually 
two tropical systems, instead of one system making a loop over Central America.  However, the numerous 
land and oceanic observations strongly suggest that only one tropical cyclone occurred and that 
it indeed complete a large loop between the 4th and 8th of June.) The system re-emerged once again 
over the Caribbean Sea early on the 8th and it likely attained hurricane intensity either late on 
the 8th or early on the 9th.  It is analyzed as making a third landfall, this time over the Yucatan 
of Mexico around 04 UTC on the 9th as a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane, which is consistent with 
assessments from the Mexican Meteorological Service at the time.  70 kt is unchanged from that 
originally in HURDAT at 00Z.  The system once again went back over water, as it went over the 
Gulf of Mexico around 03 UTC on the 10th.  A 998 mb peripheral pressure (with 35 kt SW winds) 
on 10 UTC on the 11th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship 
- 55 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 50 kt originally.  A 989 mb peripheral pressure reading with 
45 kt S wind at 22 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, up from 50 kt originally.  This brings the system 
to a hurricane almost two days earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT for the Gulf portion - 
a major change.  Hurricane intensity was confirmed by wind observations from a ship report on the 
13th, as reported in Monthly Weather Review.  Another ship report on the 13th reported 982 mb with 
35 kt WNW winds at 09 UTC, which suggests winds of at least 75 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship - 80 kt chosen at 12 UTC, up from 55 kt originally.  A ship with 974 mb and about 
60 kt of wind (wind and pressure not necessarily simultaneous) on the 15th suggests maximum winds 
of at least 85 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and at least 80 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 70 kt originally.  
The hurricane made landfall around 18 UTC on the 16th near 29.7N, 91.7W along the coast of Louisiana.  
A central pressure was recorded of 968 mb in Jeanerette, Louisiana a couple hours after landfall at 
2030 UTC.  Application of the Ho (1989) decay model suggests that the landfall central pressure (using 
the Florida peninsula decay model - which has the slowest decay function to account for the rather 
swampy terrain that the hurricane encountered) was about 966 mb.  This agrees with Ho et al.'s 
assessment, but is a bit weaker than Jarrell et al. (who obtained their central pressure value from 
Connor). Highest observed winds were from Morgan City, Louisiana were 59 kt SE at 20 UTC on the 16th, 
though it is likely that the peak winds were to the west of Morgan City.  966 mb suggests maximum 
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Given the slightly larger RMW 
(30 nmi) than expected from climatology (22 nmi) for this central pressure/latitude and that the 
environmental pressures were low (1004 mb), the maximum sustained wind at landfall is estimated to 
be 85 kt.  This makes the hurricane a Category 2 hurricane impact in Louisiana (downgraded from a 
Category 3 originally), even though the HURDAT winds are boosted from 65 to 85 kt at landfall.  
Peak observed winds after landfall were 45 kt within 2 hr of 00 UTC on the 17th, 37 kt at 06 UTC, 
and less than gale force at 12 UTC.  A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds 
of 58, 42, and 31 kt, respectively.  Given the rather typical sparse data coverage of winds, winds 
are chosen to be close to the Kaplan/DeMaria model:   60 kt at 00 UTC (unchanged), 45 kt at 06 UTC 
(down from 55 kt), and 35 kt at 12 UTC (down from 45 kt). These values are slightly higher than 
Kaplan/DeMaria to take into account a possible weaker decay over swampy terrain.  The system is 
brought to tropical depression status at 06 UTC on the 18th, as no further high winds or low 
pressures were observed by this time.  Transition to extratropical is analyzed to have occurred 
by 12 UTC on the 18th due to an advancing cold front having caught up with the weakening system 
- this is 12 hours earlier than originally indicated.  However, the system did re-intensify 
slightly on the 19th and 20th, as indicated by a few gale force wind reports and low pressure 
values on these dates. Winds are boosted slightly on the 20th and 21st accordingly.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 2 - Added in February 2012

27386 07/12/1934
27387 07/12*307 794  25    0*308 791  25    0*310 788  25    0*313 781  30    0
27388 07/13*316 771  30    0*319 757  35    0*322 743  40    0*324 729  45    0
27389 07/14*326 714  50    0*329 699  60    0*335 683  65    0*345 667  70    0
27389 07/15*359 650  75    0*374 633  80    0*390 615  80    0*408 595  80    0
27389 07/16*428 572  75    0E449 546  65    0E470 520  55    0E487 497  50    0
27389 07/17E500 475  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27389 HR

HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a tropical cyclone, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the western Atlantic Ocean from 11-17 July.

July 10: HWM indicates a stationary front off the east coast of Florida that extends north 
until the Carolinas. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 73.5W (am) with a 
pressure of 1017mb and at 31N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 10th, there were signs of a small low, centered 
not far eastward of Jacksonville, FL. During the next 3 days moderate increase in energy, and 
gradual progress to northeastward were indicated, and during the late hours of the 13th, 
2 vessels bound from New York to Puerto Rico met fresh to whole gales in latitude 
about 32N, and longitude 71W" (MWR).

July 11: HWM indicates a stationary front that begins at the northeast coast of Florida and 
extends towards the NE. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 31.5N, 70W (am) with a 
pressure of 1017mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights:  No gales or low pressures. 

July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 74W. The MWR track of lows 
showed a center at 33N, 78W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30.3N, 75W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

July 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low.  The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35.5N, 
66W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 37N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt S with a 
pressure of 1006mb at 31.9N, 70.3W at 01Z (MWR); 50kt NE with a pressure of 995mb at 32.8N, 
70.9W at 04Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 14th, moderately 
strong southerly winds prevailed at Bermuda" (MWR).

July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 39N, 62.5W. The MWR track of lows 
showed a center at 39N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 994mb and at 42.8N, 57W (pm). Ship highlights: 
50kt SE with a pressure of 992mb at 39.6N, 60W at 12Z (COA); 70kt S with a pressure of 980mb at 
39.7N, 59.9W at 15Z (MWR); 50 kt S with 997 mb at 19Z at 41.2N, 57.0W (MWR). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "The storm continued to northeastward and became the southeastward 
prolongation of a large low area that extended over regions adjacent to Hudson Bay. On the 15th, 
winds of great strength were noted on the chief steamship lanes south and east of Sable Island. 
The German motorship Skagerrak recorded force 12 on the forenoon of the 15th, near 40N, 60W, the 
only instance of winds of hurricane force reported by any ship during the whole month in Atlantic 
waters. Later in the day the American S.S. City of Hamburg and the French liner Paris encountered 
gales of force 11 at locations to northeastward of the Skagerrak's position. The barometric 
minimum of the Skagerrak, was 28.94 inches, considerably lower than any other report received 
from the Atlantic in July" (MWR). 

July 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 46.5N, 52W. The MWR track of lows 
showed a center at 45.5N, 53W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb. Ship highlights: 50kt SSW with a 
pressure of 1004mb at 42.7N, 54.2W at 04Z (MWR); 60 kt SW after 04Z near 42.7N, 54.2W (MWR); 
35kt SW with a pressure of 995mb at 45.5N, 51.7W at 12Z (COA); 45 kt W at 19Z at 47.5N, 50.5W 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The following morning the storm was 
centered not far from Cape Race, and the intensity seemed considerably diminished; after the 
morning of the 16th it no longer stood out distinctly as a feature of the weather situation 
over the Atlantic" (MWR). 

July 17: HWM indicates low near 48.5N, 63W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

A weak area of low pressure formed along a stationary front just east of northern FL on 10 July.  
It is estimated that a closed circulation formed around 00Z on 12 July near 30.7N, 79.4W.  
By that time, the frontal features in the area had mainly dissipated or moved away to the northeast.  
The cyclone is begun at the genesis time as a 25 kt tropical depression.  The cyclone moved slowly 
east-northeastward at first, but then accelerated in the same direction by the 13th.  The position 
at 12Z on the 13th is 32.2N, 74.3W.  The east-northeastward motion continued through 12Z on the 14th, 
and the position at that time is analyzed at 33.5N, 68.3W.  The first available gale or low pressure 
observation is on the 14th at 01Z (a 35 kt wind), and at 04Z on the 14th, a ship recorded 50 kt 
simultaneously with a 995 mb pressure.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields winds greater than 
52 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  A 60 kt intensity is 
chosen for 06Z on the 14th.  Based on these and other observations, it is estimated that the cyclone 
reached tropical storm intensity around 06Z on 13 July.  Around 00Z on the 15th, the cyclone 
accelerated more and turned toward the northeast.  The position at 12Z on the 15th is analyzed at 
39.0N, 61.5W.  At 15Z on the 15th, a ship recorded hurricane force winds from the south simultaneously 
with a 980 mb pressure, and this was the peak observation for the lifetime of this cyclone.  A 
peripheral pressure of 980 mb yields winds greater than 73 kt according to the Landsea et al. north 
of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  A peak intensity of 80 kt is analyzed on 15 July from 06-18Z.  
This cyclone is thus a new hurricane that previously did not exist in HURDAT.  Observations indicate 
that the cyclone became extratropical on 16 July around 06Z at 44.9N, 54.6W.  The maximum winds are 
analyzed to have weakened to 65 kt by that time.  The cyclone continued moving in a direction between 
east-northeast and northeast before it was absorbed by another extratropical low and associated 
frontal system early on the 17th, which had been quickly approaching from the west.  The final point 
is listed on 17 July at 00Z at 50.0N, 47.5W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 3 - Revised in February 2012

27390 07/21/1934 M= 6  3 SNBR= 604 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
27390 07/22/1934 M= 5  3 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *                                     *

The 21st is removed from HURDAT
27395 07/21*  0   0   0    0*339 755  35    0*337 780  40    0*330 786  40    0

27400 07/22*325 789  40    0*322 790  40    0*319 791  40    0*309 798  40    0
27400 07/22*  0   0   0    0*321 794  25    0*317 798  25    0*310 804  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27405 07/23*298 810  40    0*291 827  40    0*286 843  40    0*284 858  40    0
27405 07/23*300 812  30    0*290 827  30    0*280 843  35    0*276 859  35    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

27410 07/24*282 873  35    0*281 887  40    0*280 901  45    0*280 915  45    0
27410 07/24*273 875  40    0*272 890  50    0*272 905  55    0*273 919  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27415 07/25*280 930  50    0*280 941  60    0*280 951  65    0*279 968  65    0
27415 07/25*276 932  65    0*279 944  70    0*280 957  75    0*281 970  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

27420 07/26*278 983  60    0*278 993  35    0*2781002  20    0*  0   0   0    0
27420 07/26*282 984  55    0*283 998  45    0*2851011  40    0*2861024  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *******  **      *******  **
27425 HRATX2
27425 HRATX1
       ****

U.S. Landfall:
7/25/1934 - 17Z - 28.1N, 96.8W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI - 25-30 nmi RMW

Minor track alterations and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that hit 
Texas in July.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
Dunn and Miller, Jarrell et al., Connor, and Ellis.

July 21: HWM shows a weak stationary front just off the southeastern US coast with no center 
of low pressure indicated. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 
33.7N, 78.0W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 34N, 79W with a 
pressure of 1013mb and in the evening at 32.5N, 80W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 21st a further slight 
decrease in pressure along the South Carolina coast, together with a slight rise over Virginia 
and North Carolina, resulted in a wind shift line that extended from about 75 miles east of 
Cape Hatteras southwestward to Charleston. However, there was no material change in air mass 
as shown by airplane flights made at Washington, Norfolk, and Montgomery. The barometer at 
Wilmington and Savannah read 29.92 inches, and at Charleston 29.90 inches, so that a slight 
secondary disturbance was shown on the map at that place. (MWR)"

July 22: HWM shows the same stationary front off the southeastern US coast which extends to 
the Florida coast at around St. Augustine; but with no low pressure center. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 31.9N, 29.1W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places 
the center in the morning at 32N, 81W with a pressure of 1011mb and in the evening at 30N, 
82.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "As a rule, such minor disturbances quickly disappear, or else move off to the 
east or northeast; but with the upper air moving from the north and north-northeast over the 
South Atlantic States, this one was carried south-southwestward to the vicinity of Jacksonville 
by the evening of the 22d. At this time the wind at 8000ft elevation was 54 miles per hour 
from the east-northeast, and at Tampa 12 miles per hour from the northwest. This was the first 
evidence of the deepening of the disturbance, inasmuch as there was little pressure gradient 
at the surface.(MWR)"

July 23: HWM indicates that there is a closed low with at most 1010mb near 28N, 84.5W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 84.3W at 12Z. MWR Track 
of Lows places the center in the morning at 29N, 84W with a pressure of 1008mb and in the 
evening at 28N, 86W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 12Z at 25.9N, 86.5W (COA); 
35kt SE around or just after 21Z near 27N, 86.7W(MWR). Station highlights: 1007 mb (min p) at 
Jacksonville, FL at 0330Z (OMR). "During the night of the 22d-23d the disturbance crossed the 
Florida peninsula and entered the Gulf of Mexico. For nearly 48 hours it moved steadily in a 
west-southwesterly direction with slowly increasing intensity.(MWR)"

July 24: HWM shows a deepening system with at most 1005mb centered near 26.5N, 91W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 28N, 90.1W at 12Z. MWR Track 
of Lows places the center in the morning at 28N, 90W and in the evening at 28N, 92.5W. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt S with 1003 mb at 04Z at 26.7N, 88.5W (MWR); 50kt SW with 999mb at 26.4N, 
92.1W at 20Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 21Z at 29.3N, 93.0W (MWR). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "It was then (8pm July 24) centered about 200 miles southeast of 
Galveston and was apparently still moving west-southwestward. However, a corrected report 
received later from MS Sharon in 26.1N, 93.1W (the only vessel near or west of the center) 
indicated that the direction of movement had, since the 1pm vessel reports, changed to west, 
so that the center the following morning was about 60 miles farther north than was indicated 
from the 8pm reports of the 24th (MWR)."

July 25: HWM shows a closed low pressure system with at most 1000mb centered near 27N, 96W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds at 28N, 95.1W at 12Z. MWR Track 
of Lows places the center in the morning at 28N, 95W with central pressure of 998mb and in the 
evening at 28N, 98W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S with 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.3N, 92.0W (COA); 
35kt SE with 1011mb at 29.6N, 93.8W at 12z (COA). Station highlights: 1005 mb (min p) at 
Galveston at 1115Z (OMR); 43 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Galveston around ~1230Z (OMR); 18 kt W 
(inside RMW) with 987 mb (min p) at Corpus Christi at 19Z (OMR); 49 kt S (max w/1-min) at 
Corpus Christi around ~21Z (OMR); 1004 mb (min p) at San Antonio at 22Z (OMR); 44 kt NE 
(max w/1-min) at San Antonio sometime between 25/21Z - 26/01Z (OMR). "The center moved inland 
a short distance north of Rockport, TX, about noon of the 25th. The lowest pressure recorded 
was 986mb at Corpus Christi, and the highest official wind velocity, 52 miles from the south, 
at the same place. However, higher velocities were undoubtedly experienced between Corpus 
Christi and Freeport. The total monetary loss from this storm has been variously estimated at 
$1,000,000 to $2,000,000. Three lives were lost on or near the coast (1 at Texas City and 2 at 
Freeport), while 8 persons were killed in tornadoes that occurred at Morales and Wink, TX, 
in the right front quadrant of the storm (MWR)."

July 26: HWM shows a closed low with at most 1005mb inland over Mexico near 27.5N, 102W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20kt winds at 27.8N, 100.2W at 12Z. 
MWR Track of lows places the center in the morning at 27.5N, 101W with a central pressure of 
1007mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 30 kt NE with 1005 mb 
at 01Z at San Antonio (OMR); 26 kt S with 1004 at 01Z at Corpus Christi (OMR); 36 kt E (max w/1-min)
 at Del Rio, TX (29.4N, 100.9W) around ~1030Z (OMR); 1001 mb (min p) at Del Rio at 1100Z (OMR).

A tropical cyclone formed off the southeast of coast of the US from a dissipating stationary front 
on 22 July at 06Z (genesis 24 hours later - a major change).  On the 22nd, the cyclone was broad 
and weak.  The cyclone is analyzed to be a tropical depression from 06Z on the 22nd through landfall 
near St. Augustine, FL at 00Z on the 23rd as abundant observations show evidence that the circulation 
was very weak (this is a lowering of the intensity from HURDAT originally which lists it as a 
tropical storm for that entire time).  The cyclone moved southwestward and is analyzed to have made 
landfall near St. Augustine, FL around 00Z on the 23rd.  Jacksonville recorded a minimum pressure of 
1007 mb which suggests winds of at least 30 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship, and 30 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity (down from 40 kt originally at 00Z on 
the 23rd).  Although the cyclone may have been a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall, it is more likely 
that this cyclone was only a tropical depression.  The cyclone accelerated toward the west-southwest 
and was only over Florida for 6 hours before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico with a 06Z position on 
the 23rd of 29.0N, 82.7W.  From the 23rd to the 25th of July, the cyclone traveled mainly due westward 
and strengthened until it make landfall in Texas on the 25th.  On the 23rd at 21Z, a ship in the 
eastern Gulf of Mexico recorded its minimum pressure of 1007 mb while the winds were 10 kt.  After 
that, the winds increased to a maximum of 35 kt.  A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 24th 
(up from 35 kt originally).  At 04Z on the 24th, a ship recorded 35 kt winds with a 1003 mb 
simultaneous pressure.  A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb yields winds of greater than 38 kt 
according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Later that day - at 20Z - a ship in 
the western Gulf of Mexico recorded 50 kt winds with a 999 mb pressure.  A peripheral pressure 
of 999 mb yields winds greater than 45 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
By 18Z on the 24th, it is analyzed that the tropical storm had strengthened to a 60 kt intensity 
(up from 45 kt originally).  

The cyclone continued westward and made landfall slightly north of Corpus Christi, TX on 25 July 
around 18Z.  There are no available observations on the coast at any points between the 
observation sites at Corpus Christi and Galveston.  Although the cyclone passed much closer to 
Corpus Christi than Galveston, Corpus Christi was on the left (typically weaker) side of the 
cyclone.  The highest observed wind on land was 49 kt (1-min) at Corpus Christi (the highest 
wind at Galveston was 43 kt) and the lowest observed pressure was 987 mb (with 18 kt winds 
inside the RMW) at Corpus Christi.  If one uses the 10 kt/mb rule for inside the RMW, a central 
pressure of 985 mb is obtained at the time of closest approach to Corpus Christi.  However, 
since Corpus Christi is slightly inland, and the minimum pressure there was recorded 1 hr after 
landfall, a run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model yields a landfall central pressure 
of 983 mb (assuming 985 is the central pressure when it passed north of Corpus Christi).  Connor 
and Jarrell et al. estimated that the landfall central pressure was 975 mb.  The size and speed 
of the cyclone were close to average.  A 983 mb central pressure yields 69 kt and a 975 mb 
central pressure yields 79 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Due to 
observations of a 10 ft storm surge along with descriptions of the deaths and significant 
destruction that was caused by this hurricane, it is decided to average the 983 and 975 mb values.  
A 979 mb central pressure and a 75 kt intensity are chosen for landfall.  The Category 2 impact 
for south Texas is lowered to a Category 1.  The cyclone continued moving westward after 
landfall and traveled further inland.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model 
yield 50, 36, and 26 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z respectively on 26 July.  Highest observed winds 
within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 44 kt at 00Z (from San Antonio located about 100 nmi from 
the center), no observations at 06Z, and 36 kt at 12Z.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 55, 
45, and 40 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z on the 26th (originally, 60, 35, and 20 kt at those times).  
The cyclone passed south of San Antonio, TX around 00Z on the 26th, and it passed south of 
Del Rio, TX around 12Z where a maximum 1-min wind of 36 kt and minimum pressure of 1001 mb 
were recorded.  Due to the observational evidence that this system was still a tropical 
storm at 12Z, this cyclone is extended to show a final point at 18Z on the 26th as a 30 kt 
tropical depression at 28.6N, 102.4W (HURDAT originally shows 12Z as the final point).


1934 Storm 4 - Revised in February 2012

27430 08/20/1934 M= 4  4 SNBR= 605 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27435 08/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*148 570  35    0
27435 08/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*135 577  35    0

27440 08/21*152 592  35    0*153 604  35    0*154 616  35    0*156 628  35    0
27440 08/21*136 592  35    0*137 606  35    0*138 619  35    0*142 630  35    0

27445 08/22*159 640  35    0*160 649  35    0*162 657  35    0*164 669  35    0
27445 08/22*149 641  35    0*156 652  35    0*161 663  35    0*164 675  35    0

27450 08/23*166 685  30    0*169 706  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27450 08/23*166 687  30    0*169 699  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

27455 TS                    

Minor track changes and no intensity changes are analyzed for this 35 kt tropical storm.  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships 
database and Monthly Weather Review, and other station observations from the Lesser Antilles.

Aug 20: HWM shows cloudiness and thunderstorms over the eastern Caribbean Sea with no center 
of low pressure. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 14.8N, 57.0W 
at 18Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 21: HWM indicates that there is a lot of cloudiness and thunderstorms in the suspect area 
but with no low pressure center in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 15.4N, 61.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

Aug 22: HWM shows thunderstorms and cloudiness in the Caribbean Sea and over the Antilles 
west of Puerto Rico but again with no low pressure center in the area. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.2N, 65.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

No changes are made to genesis, dissipation, or the intensity of this cyclone.  Southward 
track changes of 1.5 degrees are implemented from 18Z on the 20th through 18Z on the 21st.  
Track changes are less than 1 degree from 06Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd.

Observations indicate that a tropical wave or possibly a weak tropical storm passed through 
the Lesser Antilles moving westward on 21 August.  HURDAT originally lists this as a tropical 
storm from 18Z on 20 August - 18Z on 22 August attaining a peak intensity of 35 kt.  HURDAT 
shows this tropical cyclone lasting less than three days and then dissipating by the time it 
reaches 70W in the central Caribbean.  There are no gales or west winds observed for its 
entire lifetime although there are a couple of 30 kt winds.  There were no observations 
south of the center and within 2 degrees longitude of the center until 12Z on 22 August.  
Therefore, there is a possibility that light west winds could have existed south of the 
center.  Even on the 22nd, the only observation south of the center was a 5 kt south wind 
35 nmi ESE of the analyzed center.  There still could have been light west winds in 
existence on the 22nd.  On the 23rd, there is perhaps a small chance that the remnant of 
this system interacted with southern Hispaniola as it was dissipating.  The observations 
show that this system was not closed at 12Z on the 23rd and was a tropical wave at that 
time.  Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of dissipation.  Note: There is a slight 
chance that this same tropical wave or tropical depression is what went on to become 
Storm 5 in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 August.

Note: It is possible that this system was never a tropical storm or even a tropical depression.  
However, there is not enough evidence to remove this system from HURDAT because the data is 
too sparse to provide evidence that a tropical storm did not exist.  
Therefore, this system shall remain a tropical storm in HURDAT.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 5 - Revised in February 2012

27460 08/26/1934 M= 7  5 SNBR= 606 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27465 08/26*  0   0   0    0*272 880  35    0*272 898  40    0*273 906  45    0
27465 08/26*  0   0   0    0*274 894  35    0*277 904  40    0*280 914  45    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

27470 08/27*277 915  50    0*285 927  55    0*292 938  60    0*292 945  65    0
27470 08/27*283 923  50  998*287 930  60    0*292 937  70    0*292 944  70    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27475 08/28*290 949  70    0*286 953  70    0*282 955  70    0*279 956  70    0
27475 08/28*290 949  70    0*287 953  70    0*284 954  70    0*281 955  70    0
                             ***              *** ***          *** ***  

27480 08/29*276 956  60    0*273 956  60    0*269 956  55    0*264 955  55    0
27480 08/29*278 956  70    0*275 956  65    0*272 956  60    0*269 955  55    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***  

27485 08/30*259 955  55    0*255 955  50    0*251 955  50    0*248 955  45    0
27485 08/30*265 955  55    0*260 955  50    0*255 955  50    0*250 955  45    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

27490 08/31*244 955  45    0*240 956  45    0*235 960  45    0*229 967  40    0
27490 08/31*245 956  45    0*240 958  45    0*235 962  45    0*230 967  40    0
            *** ***              ***              ***          ***  

27495 09/01*225 974  40    0*223 980  35    0*221 986  35    0*2191000  20    0
27495 09/01*225 973  40    0*221 980  35    0*217 986  30    0*214 992  20    0
                ***          ***              ***      **      *******

27500 HR

U.S. impact: 8/28 00Z 29.0N 94.9W - 50 kt (while cyclone had a 70 kt intensity, it 
paralleled TX coast offshore moving southwestward between Galveston and Freeport 
producing 50 kt winds on land).  Tropical storm conditions (winds of >= 34 kt) were 
experienced between 8/27 12Z - 8/28 18Z between Port Arthur and Matagorda Bay.

Minor track changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller, and Connor.

August 26: HWM shows a broad area of disturbed weather centered along a stationary 
front boundary extending from extreme southeastern US to the western Gulf of Mexico. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 27.2N, 89.8W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 20kt ENE with 1000mb at 28.6N, 92.3W at 23Z (MWR); 40kt SE after 
23Z near 28.6N, 92.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt E at Port Eads, LA (MWR). 
"Disturbed conditions were first observed in connection with this storm on the 
morning of August 26, when two vessels in the north central Gulf of Mexico reported 
squalls, and the wind velocity at Port Eads, LA, was 28 mph from the east. During 
the night of August 25, 5.5 inches of rain fell at Port Eads. By the night of the 
26th there had been an increase in wind velocity and a decrease in pressure, with 
a movement of the disturbed condition toward the west-northwest. (MWR)" 

August 27: HWM shows a disturbance with no closed low pressure center but with 
extending cold and warm fronts near 29.5N, 93.5W at 12z. HURDAT lists this system as 
a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 29.2N, 93.8W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the 
center in the morning at 29N, 84W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW some unknown distance 
SE of Port Arthur around ~06-12Z (MWR); 35kt S at 28.8N, 92.7W at 12Z (HWM). Station 
highlights: 33 kt (max w/1-min) at Port Arthur (MWR); 1003 mb (min p) at Galveston 
(MWR); 36kt NE at Galveston (MWR). "By the morning of the 27th a definite center had 
developed and was located about 50 miles east of Galveston, the lowest reported 
pressure being 29.46 inches, and the highest wind velocity 70mph (estimated). A 
maximum wind velocity of 30 mph [5-min] from the east-northeast was recorded at 
Port Arthur during the night of August 26.(MWR)"

August 28: HWM shows a stationary front over the central Gulf Of Mexico with no low 
pressure center in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 
70kt winds at 28.2N, 95.5W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center of the system 
in the morning at 27.5N, 95W. Ship highlights: 70kt (max w) and 994mb (min p) [not 
necessarily simultaneous] at 28.3N, 95.0W in the afternoon (MWR). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "After closely approaching the northern part of the 
Texas coast, on the 28th, the storm center turned southward" (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones 
in Texas - 1934 Aug. 26-31 - Entire coast - Minor - center remained offshore" 
(Dunn and Miller).  "Aug. 26-31 - Approached coast near Galveston, turned SW to N of 
Tampico - Lowest estimated pressure: 989 mb" (Connor).

August 29: HWM shows a stationary front paralleling the northern coast of the Gulf 
of Mexico. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 26.9N, 95.6W 
at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 27N, 96W. Ship highlights: 
35kt NW with 1009mb at 26.2N, 96.0W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

August 30: HWM shows a broad area of low pressure at the end of the persistent 
stationary front in the Gulf with at most 1010mb centered near 22N, 96W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 25.1N, 95.5W at 12Z. 
MWR Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 25N, 96W and in the evening at 
24N, 96.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

August 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered at the end of the persistent 
stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico near 21.5N, 95W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as 
a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.5N, 96.0W at 12Z. MWR Track of Lows places the center 
of the system in the morning at 23.5N, 97.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1006 mb at 12Z at Tampico (HWM). "on the 31st, 
[the system] moved inland over Mexico between Rio Grande and Tampico.(MWR)"

September 1: HWM shows no low pressure area or disturbed weather in the region. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.1N, 98.6W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

A tropical cyclone formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 August at 06Z (no change to the genesis 
of the cyclone).  There is a slight chance that this cyclone formed from the disturbance 
associated with original Storm 4 as it could have moved into the Gulf after passing near or 
through the Yucatan Channel from the Caribbean.  The 35 kt intensity at the first point in 
HURDAT is unchanged, but the position is moved to 27.4N, 89.4W (1.4 degrees west of the 
original HURDAT position).  At 23Z on the 26th, a ship measured a pressure of 1000 mb with 
simultaneous winds of 20 kt.  This observation is analyzed to have occurred inside the RMW 
because shortly after that, the ship encountered 40 kt winds.  A central pressure of 998 mb 
is analyzed using the 10 kt/mb rule and is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 27th.  A central 
pressure of 998 mb equals 49 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 00Z on 
the 27th is unchanged.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward in the direction of Port Arthur, 
TX until 12Z on the 27th, when the center is analyzed near 29.2N, 93.7W.  Early on the 27th, 
a ship located some unreported distance southeast of Port Arthur reported southwesterly 
hurricane force winds.  The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 27th is 70 kt (up from 60 kt 
originally).  At this point, the cyclone turned toward the west, and then it turned southwest.  
It was moving so slowly that the center and the RMW of the cyclone never reached the coastline 
- it stayed offshore.  Port Arthur recorded a maximum 1-min wind of 33 kt.  The cyclone made 
it closest approach to the coastline near Galveston, Freeport, and points in between those two 
cities between about 20Z on the 27th and 06Z on the 28th.  Galveston recorded highest wind 
36 kt and lowest pressure 1003 mb.  Winds of 45-50 kt were estimated at Freeport.  It is 
estimated that strongest winds to impact the coastline were about 50 kt between Freeport and 
Galveston- but closer to Freeport slightly after 00Z on the 28th.  A couple of sources 
mentioned that this was a hurricane of small diameter.  After 06Z on the 28th, the cyclone 
turned to a southerly direction, which took it farther from the Texas coastline.  Around 20Z 
on the 28th, with the cyclone located near 28N, 95.5W, a ship recorded a minimum pressure of 
994 mb and encountered maximum winds of 70 kt (not necessarily simultaneous observations).  
A peak lifetime intensity of 70 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 27th through 00Z on the 29th 
(the original peak intensity of 70 kt was listed from 00Z-18Z on the 28th only).  At 22Z on 
the 29th, some 35 kt gales were recorded in the periphery and those were the last observed 
gales with this system.  The cyclone moved due southward along 95.5W through the 30th of 
August at 18Z when it was located near 25.0N, 95.5W.  No changes are made to the HURDAT 
intensity from 18Z on the 29th (55 kt) through 06Z on 1 September (35 kt) due to sparse data.  
Landfall occurred in Mexico (22.2N, 97.8W) near Tampico on 1 September around 04Z as a 
40 kt tropical storm.  The cyclone continued moving southwestward further inland into Mexico 
and is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z on the 27th before 
dissipating after 18Z on the 27th (no changes to dissipation).

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 6 (new to HURDAT) - Added in February 2012

27501 09/01/1934 M= 4  6 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=  SSS=
27502 09/01E288 720  35    0*294 715  35    0*300 715  35    0*303 720  40    0
27503 09/02*307 725  40    0*311 730  45    0*316 736  45    0*323 742  45    0
27504 09/03*332 748  40    0*343 756  40    0*354 765  35    0*367 770  30    0
27504 09/04*381 771  30    0*397 770  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27504 TS

U.S. Landfalls:
9/3/1934 - 10Z - 35.0N, 76.2W - 40 kt
9/3/1934 - 12Z - 35.4N, 76.5W - 35 kt

A tropical storm, previous unidentified in HURDAT, occurred in the western Atlantic 
during the first few days of September and made a U.S. landfall as a tropical storm.  
Data/observations that support the analyses for this cyclone comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, Monthly Weather Review, the COADS ships database, and 
the Original Monthly Records from NCDC.

August 29: HWM indicates a stationary front going through the middle of Florida and 
then going towards the NE. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 28.5N, 74W (am) 
with a pressure of 1011mb and at 30.3N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 30: HWM indicates a stationary front bordering the southern tip of Florida and 
then going northeastward. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 70W (am) with 
a pressure of 1011mb and at 33.4N, 68.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1012 mb 
at 13Z at 29.9N, 68.3W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 31: The MWR track of lows showed a center at 34.5N, 66.5W (am) with a pressure of 
1014mb. Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 32.5N, 70.2W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 28N, 73W. Ship highlights: 
35kt NE with a pressure of 1016mb at 32.5N, 74.5W at 21Z (COA); 40 kt NNE [likely very 
late in day near 00Z 2nd and likely located at a position well south-southeast of 32.7N, 
76.3W] (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 72W. Ship highlights: 
35kt ENE with a pressure of 1014mb at 33.4N, 72.1W at 06Z (COA); 40 kt NE with 1008 mb at 
31.3N, 74.4W at 09Z (MWR).  Four other 35 kt observations. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 75W. Ship highlights: 
35kt S with a pressure of 1009mb at 34.5N, 75W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 18 kt NE 
with 1011 mb at Cape Hatteras at 01Z (OMR); 18 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Wilmington around 
~0730Z (OMR); 13 kt SE with 1008 mb at Cape Hatteras at 13Z (OMR).  

September 4: Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.  

On 29 August, a stationary front extended from just west of Bermuda to Florida.  A low 
formed near 30N, 70W on 31 August as the frontal characteristics dissipated.  A tropical 
cyclone is estimated to have formed around 00Z on 1 September at 29.7N, 70.5W.  Observations 
do not show enough evidence of a closed low from 29-31 August; however, on 1 September, 
observations indicate that the tropical cyclone was located near 30.0N, 71.5W at 12Z.  
Since there a 35 kt wind was observed in connection with the developing system on the 31st 
of August, and since a 35 kt wind was also observed on 1 September, the cyclone is begun 
as a 35 kt tropical storm.  It moved west-northwestward to a position of 31.6N, 73.6W by 
12Z on the 2nd.  Late on the 1st and again at 09Z on the 2nd, two separate 40 kt winds 
were observed by ships, and these were the strongest winds recorded during the lifetime 
of this cyclone.  Later on the 2nd and early on the 3rd, the cyclone turned toward the 
northwest and approached the North Carolina coastline between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras.  
Although a peak lifetime intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 06Z-18Z on 2 September, 
sufficient observational coverage from both ships and land stations indicate that the 
cyclone weakened slightly prior to landfall.  The cyclone made landfall on 3 September at 
about 10Z at 35.0N, 76.2W on the barrier island and the final landfall occurred at 12Z at 
35.4N, 76.5W.  The highest wind recorded from the coastal stations of Hatteras and 
Wilmington were 24 and 18 kt, respectively.  Minimum pressure values from both stations 
are not available, but the pressure at Hatteras at 12Z on the 3rd was 1008 mb.  A 40 kt 
intensity is analyzed from the 10Z landfall and a 35 kt intensity is analyzed for the 
12Z landfall.  This analysis is supported by a ship just off the Carolina coast that 
recorded winds of 35 kt at 12Z on the 3rd.  That was the last gale recorded in 
association with this cyclone.  The cyclone turned north-northwestward and northward.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 3rd at 
36.7N, 77.0W.  After 06Z on 4 September, the depression was absorbed by a frontal system 
which had been approaching from the west.  The final position - at 06Z on the 4th - is 
39.7N, 77.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in February 2012
 
27505 09/05/1934 M= 5  6 SNBR= 607 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
27505 09/05/1934 M= 6  7 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *

27510 09/05*  0   0   0    0*245 725  60    0*253 745  65    0*254 749  70    0
27510 09/05*  0   0   0    0*239 742  40    0*242 742  45    0*247 745  50    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27515 09/06*256 753  70    0*258 757  75    0*261 761  80    0*270 766  80    0
27515 09/06*253 751  55    0*257 756  60    0*261 761  65    0*267 766  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

27520 09/07*280 771  85    0*287 772  85    0*293 772  85    0*302 772  85    0
27520 09/07*274 770  75    0*282 771  80    0*291 772  85    0*301 772  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***      **

27525 09/08*317 770  80    0E340 760  75    0E363 748  70    0E387 738  65    0
27525 09/08*317 768  85    0*339 759  80    0*362 748  75    0*384 739  70    0
                ***  **     **** ***  **     ****      **     **** ***  **

27530 09/09E406 729  55    0E418 723  45    0E430 717  40    0E450 695  35    0
27530 09/09*405 731  65    0E418 724  45    0E430 717  40    0E443 703  35    0
           **** ***  **          ***                           *** ***  

The 10th is new to HURDAT
27532 09/10E455 681  30    0E467 652  25    0E480 620  25    0*  0   0   0    0

27535 HR
27535 HR NC1 NJ1 NY1
         *** *** ***

U.S. Impacts and Landfalls:
9/8/1934 - 10Z - 35.3N, 75.3W - 65 kt - 975 mb - 1014 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI 
(center passed just offshore NC Outer Banks with 80 kt intensity, and 65 kt winds 
occurred on the coast of NC).

9/8/1934 - 22Z - 39.7N, 73.4W - 65 kt - 984 mb - 1017 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI 
(center passed offshore NJ with 70 kt intensity, and 65 kt winds occurred on coast of NJ)

9/9/1934 - 02Z - 40.7N, 73.0W - 65 kt - 989 mb - 1018 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI

9/9/1934 - 04Z - 41.2N, 73.0W - 50 kt - 1003 mb

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Original Monthly Records from 
NCDC, and Dunn and Miller.

September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24.5N, 74W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 25.3N, 74.5W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 25N, 74W (am), and at 25.5N, 75W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 5kt SSW with pressure of 1005mb near 23N, 74.4W at 12Z (COA); 
35kt ESE with pressure of 1008mb at 25.8N, 74.7W at 22Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 76.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 26.1N, 76.1W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 26N, 76W (am) and at 27.5N, 77W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 50kt SSE with pressure of 1006mb at 27.1N, 75W at 12Z (COA). 
Station highlight: 15kt NNW with pressure of 1004mb at Nassau (25N, 75W) at 12Z (HWM). 
"A tropical cyclone appeared near the Bahamas, and on the 6th a whole gale (force 10) 
was encountered by the American steamship Syros, then about 100 miles north-east of 
Great Abaco Island" (MWR).

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28.5N, 77W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 29.3N, 77.2W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 77W with pressure of 967mb (am) 
and at 32.5N, 76.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt N with pressure of 1000mb at 28.5N, 
77.7W at 12Z (HWM); 30kt W with pressure of 979mb at 29.6N, 77.4W at 16Z (COA); 
967 mb measured by ship Albert Watts on the 7th (MWR). Station highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. "[On the 7th, force 10] was noted by the American steamship West 
Texas, when approximately 170 miles south of Cape Hatteras" (MWR).

September 8: HMW indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 36.3N, 74.8W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 36N, 75W with a pressure of 982mb (am) 
and at 40.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 70 kt SW with 988 mb at 11Z at 36.2N, 
74.6W (MWR); 70kt SW with a pressure of 993mb at 36N, 74.7W at 12Z (COA); 
70 kt SW after 20Z near 37.8N, 73.0W (MWR); 40 kt S with 995 mb at 23Z at 39.7N, 
73.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 991 mb (min p) at 10Z at Hatteras (35.2N, 75.7W) 
(OMR); 63 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Hatteras around ~1030Z (OMR); 56kt NW with a 
pressure of 1001mb at Hatteras at 11Z (OMR); 69 kt (max w/1-min) at Atlantic 
City, NJ at 2219Z [anemometer at Atlantic City appears biased too high in at 
least 1933 and 1934] (OMR). "Early on the 8th the center of this storm passed 
very close to Hatteras and thereafter continued to move northward and slightly 
eastward. The Sandy Hook station showed its highest velocity, 65 miles, between 
8 and 9pm of the 8th. Two vessels near the coast between Cape Hatteras and Cape 
May encountered winds of force 12 on the 8th, in each case from a southwesterly 
point. The American steamer Solana met the greatest force about 7am near lat 36N, 
and the Dutch steamer Amor about 3pm near 38N. Late on the 8th the storm center 
moved inland over southern New England and lost strength rapidly" (MWR).

September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1020mb near 42.5N, 73W. HURDAT 
lists this as an extra tropical storm with 40kt winds at 43N, 71.7W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 43.5N, 71W (am) and at 46.5N, 67W (pm). 
Ship highlight: 35kt WSW with pressure of 1004mb at 39.4N, 73.5W at 0Z (COA). 
Station highlights: 57 kt (max w) at Sandy Hook, NJ at about ~0130Z (MWR); 
36 kt SE (max w/1-min) at 0315Z at New Haven, CT (OMR); 36kt SE (max w/1-min) at 
Block Island (41.2N, 71.6W) at 0330Z (OMR); 1005 mb (min p) with light winds at 
0415Z at New Haven, CT (OMR).

September 10: HWM indicates a low near 41N, 61W. Ship highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

September 11: HWM indicates a low near 44.9N, 47W. Ship highlight: 10kt S with 
pressure of 1005mb at 46.7N, 41W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone was first noticed near the Bahamas on 5 September.  It appears that 
this cyclone originated from the tail end of a leftover mid-latitude trough, but the 
origin is somewhat unclear.  On 5 September there was a 35 kt gale and a 1005 mb 
pressure measured.  There is enough sufficient observational coverage and evidence on 
the 4th and 5th to determine that the original HURDAT intensity is too high on the 5th.  
A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 5th (down from 65 kt originally - a major 
downward adjustment).  The cyclone moved north-northwestward until the 7th when it was 
located near 29N, 77.2W and slowly recurved to a north-northeastward direction.  Track 
changes were all very minor.  On the 6th at 12Z, the first 50 kt wind was recorded.  
At 15Z and 16Z on 7 September, two separate ships measured 982 and 979 mb pressures, 
respectively.  However, the lowest pressure recorded by a ship on 7 September was 
967 mb, and although there is no data that directly indicates it was a central pressure, 
it was likely either a central pressure or near the central pressure.  This value is 
assumed to have occurred very late in the day on the 7th.  A 967 mb pressure equals at 
least 88 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 92 kt 
for its intensifying subset.  The cyclone is analyzed to have intensified to 85 kt by 12Z 
on the 7th (no change to HURDAT originally) and 90 kt by 18Z (up from 85 kt originally).  
A peak intensity of 90 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 7th (the original peak intensity of 
85 kt was from 00-18Z on the 7th.

The cyclone made close approaches to the Outer Banks of NC and the NJ coast.  It made 
direct landfalls on Long Island, NY and in CT.  The following are maximum wind speeds 
(kt) experienced at various U.S. coastal stations already converted to 10 meter, 1-min 
values in association with this cyclone: Cape Hatteras, NC - 62; Cape Henry, VA 35; 
Atlantic City, NJ - 61; Sandy Hook, NJ - 60; New York City, NY - 49; Block Island, 
RI - 35; Providence, RI - 34; Boston, MA - 34.  The following paragraph will describe 
why Category 1 hurricane impacts are added into HURDAT for North Carolina, New Jersey, 
and New York.  This cyclone produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, 
Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.

The cyclone made a close approach to Cape Hatteras, NC on 8 September around 10Z-11Z.  
Cape Hatteras recorded a maximum 1-min wind of 63 kt NW and a minimum pressure of 991 mb.  
It should be noted that the anemometer at Cape Hatteras failed and was inoperable for 
over an hour and a half during the storm, but the observer believes that the anemometer 
was working when the maximum winds occurred and that the maximum wind of 63 kt is likely 
the true value.  Less than one hour later, a ship located 80 nmi NE of Cape Hatteras 
recorded hurricane force SW with 988 mb (simultaneous observation).  Therefore, the 
hurricane passed between Cape Hatteras and the ship.  The analyzed intensity of the 
cyclone at time of closest approach is 80 kt, and it is analyzed that 65 kt winds 
occurred on the Outer Banks, and a Category 1 impact is added into HURDAT for North 
Carolina.  The cyclone, which had been moving much more rapidly on the 8th than on 
previous days was offshore of New Jersey late on the 8th.  After a ship measured winds 
of hurricane force after 20Z on the 8th, Atlantic City measured a max 1-min wind of 
69 kt NW at 2219Z at anemometer height of 52 meters, which reduces to 61 kt at 10 meters.  
A couple of hours later, on 9 September around ~0130Z, Sandy Hook, NJ recorded its 
maximum wind of 57 kt.  New York City also recorded a maximum wind of 57 kt at anemometer 
height 138 meters, which reduces to 46 kt at 10 meters.  The maximum winds analyzed to 
have affected the New Jersey coastline are 65 kt winds while the maximum intensity of 
the cyclone was 70 kt, and a Category 1 hurricane impact is added into HURDAT for New 
Jersey.  The center of the cyclone made its first U.S. landfall on 9 September around 
02Z on Long Island, NY at 40.7N, 73.0W as a 65 kt hurricane.  A Category 1 impact is 
added into HURDAT for New York.  Immediately following that landfall, the cyclone 
rapidly weakened over the next several hours.  The next and final landfall occurred 
near, or just west of, New Haven, CT, around 04Z on the 9th, and the analyzed intensity 
of the cyclone at this landfall is 50 kt with a central pressure of 1003 mb based on 
data from New Haven, which was inside the RMW.  A 1003 mb central pressure equals 44 kt 
according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, but 
50 kt is chosen due to the fast speed, high environmental pressure, and small size of 
the cyclone.  Winds of 36 kt were recorded in New Haven, CT and in Block Island, RI.  
The center of the cyclone stayed over land for a long time after that and moved over 
New England.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 06Z on the 9th 
(24 hours later than originally - a major change) with a 45 kt intensity.  This cyclone 
is analyzed to have produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, 
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.  Although it passed through New Hampshire 
and Maine with winds of gale force, it was extratropical by that time.  HURDAT 
previously listed a final position at 18Z on the 9th over central Maine, but available 
observations on the 10th indicate that the circulation was still intact and located 
near 48N, 62W at 12Z, and that is the new final position as a 25 kt extratropical 
cyclone before dissipation occurred.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised in February 2012

27540 09/16/1934 M= 7  7 SNBR= 608 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27540 09/16/1934 M= 8  8 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

27545 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*132 572  35    0*147 590  35    0
27545 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*132 572  35    0*137 579  35    0
                                                               *** ***

27550 09/17*156 600  35    0*160 604  35    0*169 608  35    0*170 612  40    0
27550 09/17*142 586  35    0*147 593  40    0*153 600  40    0*161 607  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27555 09/18*176 616  40    0*182 623  40    0*188 631  40    0*194 639  40    0
27555 09/18*169 614  45    0*177 621  45    0*185 628  45    0*190 636  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

27560 09/19*200 647  40    0*204 655  40    0*210 662  40    0*219 673  40    0
27560 09/19*193 645  40    0*196 654  40    0*200 662  40    0*208 670  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

27565 09/20*228 683  40    0*237 689  40    0*246 695  35    0*258 701  35    0
27565 09/20*219 679  40    0*230 688  40    0*240 698  35    0*244 709  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

27570 09/21*271 706  35    0*284 710  35    0*298 713  30    0*316 717  30    0
27570 09/21*245 722  30    0*245 737  30    0*245 752  25    0*252 761  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27575 09/22*339 722  25    0*355 726  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27575 09/22*266 766  25    0*285 771  25    0*303 773  25    0*314 771  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

The 23rd is new to HURDAT
27577 09/23*320 768  25    0*325 764  25    0*330 760  25    0*  0   0   0    0

27580 TS

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
A major change is introduced for the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, 
and Monthly Weather Review.

September 16: HWM indicates a low near 12.5N, 57.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 13.2N, 57.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1013 mb 
at 12Z at 14.5N, 57.8W (HWM). Station highlights: 10 kt W with 1011 mb at 12Z at 
Bridgetown, Barbados (HWM).

September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15.5N, 60.0W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.9N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
40-43 kt (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 62.3W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 18.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt W with pressure some value below 
1010 mb at 12Z at St. Martin (HWM); 15 kt N with 1012 mb at St. Thomas at 12Z (HWM); 
15 kt S with 1011 mb at Basseterre at 12Z (HWM).

September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 65.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 21.0N, 66.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Highest 
observed wind on this day: 20 kt.  Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1012 mb.

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23.3N, 69.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.6N, 69.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Highest 
observed wind on this day: 20 kt.  Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1011 mb.

September 21: HWM indicates a low near 29.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
storm with 30kt winds at 29.8N, 71.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Highest observed wind on 
this day: 15 kt.  Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1011 mb.

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 30N, 78.3W.  HURDAT last 
lists this at 06Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 35.5N, 72.6W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Highest 
observed wind on this day: 20 kt.  Lowest observed pressure on this day: 1013 mb.

September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1020 mb near 33N, 75.5W.  
Ship highlight: 15 kt SSW with 1012 mb at 12Z at 32.5N, 75.4W (COA).

Observations indicate that a tropical cyclone was located east of the Windward Islands on 
16 September.  No changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone, which is listed at 12Z 
on 16 September at 13.2N, 57.2W with a 35 kt intensity.  A ship at 01Z on the 16th recorded 
30 kt with 1014 mb and the same ship recorded 30 kt with 1013 mb at 12Z.  The ship's wind 
direction backed from ENE to NNE to NNW over the period of about a day.  The cyclone moved 
north-northwestward for the next two days, and the revised track shows the center passing 
very close to Antigua and Barbuda between 00-06Z on the 18th... closer than the original 
track by about half a degree.  However, the new track is slower than the original track.  
Southeastward track adjustments of 1 to 2 degrees are implemented from 18Z on the 16th 
through 12Z on the 17th.  The analyzed intensity at the time the cyclone passed by 
Antigua and Barbuda is 45 kt because a ship reported a wind of 40-43 kt late on the 17th.  
That ship observation was the peak intensity observation for the entire lifetime of the 
cyclone.  A peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 17th through 12Z on the 
18th (up from 40 kt originally at those times).  For the next day, from the 18th to the 
19th, the cyclone moved west-northwestward, passing north of the Virgin Islands and 
Puerto Rico.  Southward track adjustments of 1 degree are implemented from 12-18Z on the 
19th based on surface observations.  The cyclone turned north-northwestward again, and 
by 20 September at 12Z, it was located near 24.0N, 69.8W (0.7 degrees SSW of the 
original HURDAT position) having weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by that time.  
After the 20th, the revised track deviates tremendously from the original HURDAT track.  
There are two scenarios for the path of the cyclone after the 20th - the original 
HURDAT track and the revised proposed track.  The 21st of September is key because this 
is the day that the two solutions diverge.  The original track has the cyclone 
continuing north-northwestward to 29.8N, 71.3W by 12Z on the 21st and the revised track
 has the cyclone moving west-northwest to 24.5N, 75.2W at that time.  The surface 
pressures are much higher near the original HURDAT position, and a rather sharp wind 
shift just north of the original HURDAT position makes it appear that the TC should be 
near that location, but observations indicate that wind shift is due to a dissipating 
trough.  Observation of east, south, and north winds with pressures much lower than the 
former location indicate that the tropical cyclone moved due westward from the 20th, and 
was located near 24.5N, 75.2W on the 21st.  The analyzed intensity is 25 kt (down from 
30 kt originally).  The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical 
depression at 00Z on the 21st (12 hours earlier than originally).  HURDAT originally 
listed a final position at 06Z on 22 September at 35.5N, 72.6W, but the revised position 
of the tropical depression at that time is 28.5N, 77.1W.  Observations from COADS and 
HWM as well as the HWM analysis indicate that the cyclone contained a weak, closed 
circulation through 12Z on the 23rd.  The analyzed position at 12Z on the 23rd is 33.0N, 
76.0W.  The analyzed intensity of the cyclone from 12Z on the 21st through 12Z on the 
23rd is a 25 kt tropical depression.  After the 40 kt wind was observed late on the 
17th, the highest observed wind for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime was 20 kt.  
The lowest observed pressure from the 19th until dissipation is 1011 mb.  After 12Z 
on the 23rd, the low interacted with an approaching front, and the low was no longer 
closed after the 23rd.  Dissipation is now shown after 12Z on the 23rd (30 hours 
later than in HURDAT originally - a major change).


1934 Storm 9 (new to HURDAT) - Added in February 2012

27581 09/18/1934
27582 09/18*144 225  25    0*149 233  30    0*154 241  30    0*159 250  35    0
27582 09/19*164 262  35    0*168 277  35    0*171 294  35    0*174 310  35    0
27582 09/20*180 325  35    0*188 340  35    0*196 354  35    0*204 367  35    0
27582 09/21*212 379  40    0*220 390  40    0*228 400  40    0*236 409  40    0
27583 09/22*244 417  40    0*252 423  40    0*262 426  40    0*276 424  40    0
27583 09/23*293 420  45    0*312 415  45    0*330 410  45    0*348 406  45    0
27583 09/24*365 403  50    0*382 400  50 1000*398 397  50    0*411 393  50    0
27583 09/25E420 388  50    0E429 379  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
27584 TS

HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the Atlantic from 18-25 September.

September 18: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT 
did not list this system.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 05Z at 14.5N, 
22.5W (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1014 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 24.5W (COA).

September 19: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 20: HWM analyzes a spot low located in a trough near 18.5N, 35.5W.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt S with 1015 mb at 12Z at 19.2N, 32.1W (HWM).

September 21: HWM analyzes a spot low located in a trough near 23N, 39.5W.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW at 12Z at 21.5N, 40.5W (HWM).

September 22: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW stationary front extending from NNE of 
37N, 40W to 26N, 47W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 23: HWM analyzes a NE-SW cold front extending from NE of 45N, 34W to 
35N, 44W to 25N, 53W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 24: HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb with an 
"L" stamped inside the 1015 mb near 39.5N, 39.5W.  A stationary front is plotted 
from 41N, 37W to 35N, 42W to 28N, 51W.  A warm from is plotted from 41N, 37W 
east-northeastward to 43N, 21W.  HWM also shows a powerful extratropical cyclone 
centered north of 55N, near 35W has a warm from extending south-southeastward 
to 44N, 33W and the cyclone has a cold front extending southwestward to 50N, 
40W to 45N, 50W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt S with 1005 mb at 11Z at 39.9N, 39.2W 
(COA); 10 kt N with 1001 mb at 15Z at 40.4N, 39.9W (COA); 45 kt N with 1003 mb 
at 19Z at 40.5N, 40.7W (COA); 45 kt NNE with 1008 mb at 23Z at 40.9N, 41.7W (COA).

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 44N, 31W with a cold front extending southwestward from the low and a 
warm front extending east-northeastward from the low until it becomes an occluded 
front near 47N, 23W.  This occluded front extends north to a low of at most 985 mb 
centered near 58N, 26W.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): No gales or low pressures.

Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed on the 18th 
near the Cape Verde Islands.  A 35 kt ENE gale occurred 150 nmi north of the center 
at 18Z on the 18th, andearlier that day there was a 20 kt SSW wind with a 1010 mb 
pressure not far from the center.  Other observations on the 18th including several 
west winds indicate this system likely became a tropical storm on the 18th.  A tropical 
depression is analyzed early on the 18th strengthening to a 35 kt tropical storm by 18Z.  
Observations on the 19th suggest the cyclone was located between 15-19N, 27-33W.  
Observations on the 20th suggest the cyclone was likely located between 18-22N, 33-38W.  
A 15 kt west wind on the 21st suggests the cyclone was likely located between 21.5-24.5N, 
38.5-41.5W at 12Z.  A position of 22.8N, 40.0W is analyzed at 12Z on the 21st.  On 22 
September, northeasterlies northwest of where the center is believed to be and 
southeasterlies east of where the center is believed to be help place the center of the 
cyclone between 24-27.5N, 41-43.5W.  On the 23rd, data is sparse, as on the 22nd; however, 
available observations suggest that the cyclone may have been located between 31.5-35N, 
39-43.5W.  On the 24th, a time series from a ship indicates that the cyclone was located 
near 39.8N, 39.7W at 12Z with a 1000 mb central pressure and a 4 degree temperature 
gradient across the low.  A central pressure of 1000 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 
24th based on a 10 kt with 1001 mb from a ship inside the RMW at 15Z.  The ship measured 
winds of 45 kt.  A central pressure of 1000 mb equals 49 kt according to the Landsea et 
al (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, and 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at all 
times on the 24th.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen on the 23rd.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen 
on the 21st-22nd.  The cyclone is analyzed to still be tropical on the 24th at 12 and 18Z.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 00Z on the 25th with a 50 kt 
intensity near 42.0N, 38.8W.  The cyclone is analyzed to have dissipated or merged with 
another system after 06Z on the 25th with a final position of 42.9N, 37.9W as a 
45 kt extratropical cyclone.

One important point about this system is that it is not definitely certain that the 
cyclone near 40N, 40W on the 24th is the same cyclone as the one near the Cape Verde 
Islands on the 18th, but the analysis indicates they are likely the same system.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 10 (originally Storm 8) - Revised February 2012

27585 10/01/1934 M= 3  8 SNBR= 609 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27585 10/01/1934 M= 4 10 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

27590 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*254 361  60    0*264 374  60    0
27590 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*261 383  60    0*273 399  65    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***  **

27595 10/02*272 388  65    0*276 403  70    0*281 419  80    0*289 435  85    0
27595 10/02*283 413  70    0*290 425  75  984*295 435  80    0*299 446  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***  

27600 10/03*297 450  85    0*305 464  75    0*314 479  65    0*319 525  30    0
27600 10/03*302 457  85    0*305 469  75    0*310 481  65    0*315 492  55    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

The 4th is new to HURDAT
27602 10/04*319 502  45    0*323 512  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

27605 HR                    

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADs 
ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 30: HWM analyzes a spot low/open trough near 19N, 32W.  HURDAT does not 
yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 36.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 60kt winds at 25.4N, 36.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 28.3N, 42W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 28.1N, 41.9W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: center fix around ~04Z near 28.7N, 42.3W with 984 mb central pressure 
and calm (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The Dutch 
motorship Selene, about midnight of the 1st-2nd, encountered a whole gale [50 kt] 
from the north, when near 29N, 42W.  A period of calm ensured for about 50 minutes, 
the pressure being as low as 29.06 inches, then a southerly whole gale came, 
followed by lessening wind and rapid rise of barometer" (MWR).  Regarding the 
intensity and track... "Intensity: Hurricane.  Remarks: Recurved east of longitude 50" (MWR).

October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31.5N, 48.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 31.4N, 47.9W at 12Z.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 30.5N, 53W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

An area of low pressure located near 20N, 33W on 30 September became a tropical cyclone on 
1 October at 12Z according to the original HURDAT as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.4N, 36.1W 
(original HURDAT position).  If the cyclone was already 60 kt by the first point in HURDAT, 
it is likely that genesis occurred prior to this time.  Observations were extremely sparse 
across that area of the Atlantic between 28 September and 1 October, so the genesis of this 
cyclone was not captured.  On and before October 1st, there is higher than normal 
uncertainty in both the position and the intensity.  The only observation within ~100 
nmi of the storm center for the entire lifetime of the cyclone came on 2 October around 
04Z.  A ship reported 50 kt N winds, then calm with 984 mb, then 50 kt S winds later (MWR).  
MWR also indicates that the maximum intensity reported by this ship was hurricane force.  
The ship was located at 28.7N, 42.3W.  A central pressure of 984 mb is added to HURDAT at 
06Z on the 2nd, and this value equals 68 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Pressures above 1020 mb about 300 nmi surrounding the cyclone 
in several directions suggest a high environmental pressure.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen 
for 00Z (up from 65 kt originally) and a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 2nd 
(up from 70 kt originally).  The 60 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 1st is not changed.  
Major track alterations of over 2 degrees west-northwest of the original HURDAT positions 
are implemented from 12Z on the 1st through 06Z on the 2nd based on the location of that 
ship observation early on the 2nd.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward, and by 12Z on 
the 3rd, the analyzed position is 31.0N, 48.1W.  From 12Z on the 2nd through 12Z on the 
3rd, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT due to lack of data near the core, and only 
minor track adjustments are made during that period.  The peak intensity shown in HURDAT 
is 85 kt from 18Z on the 2nd through 00Z on the 3rd, and there is no evidence to change this.  
At 03Z on the 3rd, there is an observation in COADS located not far from the analyzed center 
position with a 1022 mb pressure.  If the location of the ship is correct, then either the 
HURDAT intensity should be slightly weaker or the position should be farther away from the 
ship - but this one observation does not provide enough evidence to make a significant 
adjustment.  HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on the 3rd.  Originally, 
HURDAT shows an unrealistic acceleration of the cyclone to a forward speed of 40 kt during 
the last six hours from a 16 kt speed during the previous six hours.  HURDAT originally 
also lists the intensity decreasing from a 65 kt hurricane to a 30 kt tropical depression 
during the last six hours.  Both of these are unrealistic.  The dissipation is delayed by 
12 hours, so the revised final point is at 06Z on 4 October.  The intensity, is analyzed to 
have decreased by 10 kt per 6 hr from 00Z on the 3rd (85 kt) through 06Z on the 4th (35 kt).  
A major eastward track adjustment of nearly 3 degrees is implemented as 18Z on the 3rd, and 
the revised final position at 06Z on the 4th is 32.3N, 51.2W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  
There was only one ship that provided observations of gales or low pressures with this 
cyclone (mentioned above), although there were a few 30 kt observations in the periphery.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 11 (originally Storm 9) - Revised February 2012

27610 10/01/1934 M= 6  9 SNBR= 610 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
27610 10/01/1934 M= 6 11 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                      **

27615 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*212 838  35    0*215 845  35    0
27615 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*206 840  25    0*210 846  25    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27620 10/02*217 851  35    0*220 857  35    0*222 863  35    0*225 867  35    0
27620 10/02*214 851  25    0*218 857  25    0*222 863  30    0*226 868  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      *** ***  **

27625 10/03*228 871  40    0*232 877  40    0*237 882  45    0*241 887  45    0
27625 10/03*230 873  35    0*234 878  35    0*238 882  35    0*242 886  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  

27630 10/04*246 892  50    0*251 896  50    0*256 898  50    0*261 899  50    0
27630 10/04*246 889  40    0*250 891  45    0*255 892  45    0*261 891  45    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

27635 10/05*268 896  45    0*277 891  40    0*286 886  40    0*295 884  40    0
27635 10/05*268 887  45    0*277 883  50    0*286 879  50    0*295 877  50    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

27640 10/06*302 882  35    0*308 879  35    0*314 876  35    0*318 860  30    0
27640 10/06*302 875  45    0*307 872  35    0E311 867  30    0E315 860  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***         **** ***  **     ****  

27645 TS                    

U.S. Landfall: 10/6/1934 - 01Z - 30.3N, 87.4W - 45 kt

Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Perez et al., and Connor.

October 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.2N, 83.8W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Highest observed wind: 20 kt.  Lowest observed pressure: 1011 mb.

October 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21.5N, 86.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.2N, 86.3W at 12Z. Ship highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Highest observed wind: 
20 kt.  Lowest observed pressure: 1010 mb.  "On the forenoon on the 2nd pressure was 
moderately below normal at the Yucatan Channel; and a storm center traveled thence slowly 
northwestward into the Gulf of Mexico and later turned northeastward" (MWR).

October 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 87.5W with a stationary 
front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.7N, 
88.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 22.5N, 85.5W (am) and at 24N, 
88W (pm). Ship highlight: 10kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at 25.2N, 90.2W at 15Z (COA); 
35kt NE probably within several hours of 21Z within a degree of 28.6N, 90.8W (MWR). 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

October 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 24N, 88.5W with a stationary 
front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 50kt at 25.6N, 89.8W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 25N, 89W with a pressure of 1006mb 
(am) and at 28N, 89W (pm). Ship highlight: 35kt NE at 28N, 89.9W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt SE 
with a pressure of 1003mb near 27.5N, 87.5W at 22Z (COA). Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. 

October 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 28N, 87.5W with a dissipating stationary 
front just to its north. HURDAT lists this as Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.6N, 
88.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at about 29N, 88W with a pressure of 
1011mb (am) and at 30N, 87W. Ship highlight: 20kt SE with a pressure of 1004mb at 27.6N, 
87.4W at 0Z (COA); 45 kt S with 1006 mb at 18Z at 28.9N, 85.9W (COA); 40kt SE with a 
pressure of 1004mb at 28.7N, 85.7W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

October 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 28N, 88W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 31.4N, 87.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows 
a center at about 31N, 86.5W with a pressure of 1012mb (am). Ship highlight: 35kt SE with 
pressure of 1004mb at 28.5N, 85.8W at 0Z (COA).  Station highlight: 33 kt S (max w) at 
Pensacola (MWR).  "During the [night of the 5th-6th], the center reached the coast line 
near Pensacola, FL.  No report concerning this storm shows great energy or marked damage, 
but several vessels encountered gales of forces 8 to 10" (MWR).

No changes are made to the timing of genesis of this tropical cyclone in HURDAT, which 
occurred just south of western Cuba on 1 October at 12Z.  Perez et al. analyzes this storm 
as a tropical depression as it passes by Cuba whereas HURDAT originally listed this as a 
tropical storm.  Available observations support Perez' assessment.  The strongest observed 
winds on the 1st and 2nd of October were 20 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1010 mb, 
and there was good observational coverage, as there were 18 observation within 120 nmi of 
the center between 12Z on the 1st through the day on the 2nd.  A 25 kt intensity is 
analyzed from 12Z on 1 October to 06Z on 2 October and a 30 kt intensity is analyzed at 
12-18Z on the 2nd.  Originally, the intensity listed in HURDAT was 35 kt from 12Z on 
1 October to 18Z on 2 October.  The cyclone moved northwestward, passing through the 
Yucatan Channel close to western Cuba and into the Gulf of Mexico.  Late on the 3rd, an 
observed 35 kt gale is located too far away and is analyzed to not be part of the 
circulation; however, other observations are somewhat sparse near where the center was, 
so there is enough evidence to decrease the intensity to 35 kt on the 3rd, but not lower 
than that.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 3rd 
(36 hours later than originally - a major change).  At 18Z on the 3rd, a 40 kt intensity 
is analyzed (down from 45 kt originally).  The cyclone moved into the central Gulf of 
Mexico on the 4th where it recurved and thereafter moved north-northeastward.  Slight 
eastward track adjustments implemented on the 4th and 5th are all based on surface 
observations from ships.  The lowest available pressure observation for the entire 
lifetime of this system is 1003 mb (simultaneous with 20 kt) at 22Z on the 4th from a 
ship.  A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb suggests winds greater than 38 kt according to 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  However, on the 5th at 18Z 
as the cyclone approached the coastline in the vicinity of Pensacola, a ship recorded 
winds of 45 kt, and this was the strongest wind recorded during this storm.  A peak 
lifetime intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 06Z on the 5th through 18Z on the 5th.  
Originally, the peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt was listed from 00Z-18Z on the 4th.  
There is sufficient observational coverage on the 4th that indicates the intensity that 
day was somewhat weaker than that.  The center of the cyclone is analyzed to have made 
landfall in Florida just east of the border with Alabama at 01Z on 6 October as a 45 kt 
tropical storm.  The maximum 5-min wind recorded at the anemometer in Pensacola (56 m) 
was 33 kt from the south.  This is equivalent to a 1-min 10m wind of 31 kt.  A 45 kt 
landfall intensity is analyzed because a ship recorded a 40 kt wind a 00Z (1 hr before 
landfall), and a ship recorded 45 kt at 21Z on the 5th (4 hr before landfall).  It was 
considered to let the 50 kt peak analyzed intensity ride until landfall; however, 
since the peak winds at Pensacola were less than gale force and Pensacola was so close 
to and on the right side of the cyclone, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 
a 45 kt tropical storm prior to landfall.  Although the position is adjusted 0.7 
degrees east of the original HURDAT position at the points around landfall, the cyclone 
is still analyzed to have passed west of Pensacola because the peak wind at Pensacola 
occurred from a southerly direction.  As the cyclone moved inland, it curved slightly 
toward the east-northeast.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt 
tropical storm by 06Z on the 6th as it moved farther inland, and it is analyzed to 
have become extratropical at 12Z on the 6th with a 30 kt intensity.  Originally, 
HURDAT showed no extratropical phase for this cyclone, but observations suggest that 
the final two points at 12 and 18Z should be listed as extratropical.  No changes are 
made to the timing of dissipation as the weakening cyclone was absorbed into a 
frontal system after 18Z on the 6th.

On the 3rd, there appears to have been a weak WSW-ENE front located ENE of the cyclone.  
The WSW end of this front appears to have extended to a couple hundred nmi ENE of the 
cyclone.  By the 4th, the front moved further away from the cyclone and weakened.  It 
is analyzed that the front never reached all the way to the cyclone, so this cyclone 
is analyzed as a tropical cyclone throughout its lifetime until 12Z on the 6th.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 12 (originally Storm 10) - Revised February 2012

27650 10/19/1934 M= 5 10 SNBR= 611 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27650 10/19/1934 M= 5 12 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

27655 10/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*162 761  35    0
27655 10/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 769  30    0
                                                               *** ***  **

27660 10/20*168 764  35    0*173 766  40    0*179 769  40    0*183 772  40    0
27660 10/20*159 764  35    0*167 760  40    0*175 759  40    0*183 767  40    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***              ***    

27665 10/21*189 776  40    0*196 778  40    0*205 777  40    0*218 765  35    0
27665 10/21*190 775  40    0*199 783  40    0*208 787  40    0*219 779  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27670 10/22*232 754  35    0*244 743  35    0*256 731  35    0*270 715  35    0
27670 10/22*230 765  35    0*241 750  35    0*252 733  35    0*261 715  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

27675 10/23*282 696  35    0*291 679  35    0*301 662  35    0*311 635  30    0
27675 10/23*270 695  35    0*278 673  35    0*287 649  30    0*297 625  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***

27680 TS                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000).

October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 78W. Ship highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 17N, 76W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.9N, 76.9W at 12Z. 
Ship highlight: 20-30 kt S with 1001 mb at 12Z at 17.0N, 75.0W (HWM). 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20N, 81W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 20.5N, 77.7W at 12Z. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.  
"Tropical storm impact in Cuba" (Perez et al.).

October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 21N, 80W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.6N, 73.1W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

October 23: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 30.1N, 66.2W at 12Z. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed in the Caribbean Sea on 19 October at 18Z 
(no change to original HURDAT) near 15.3N, 76.9W.  HURDAT originally begins this cyclone 
as a 35 kt tropical storm, but it is began as a 30 kt depression at 18Z.  The revised 
track shows that the cyclone first moved northeastward and turned northward on the 20th 
as it skirted the east coast of Jamaica.  On the 20th, a ship observed a peripheral 
pressure of 1001 mb with a south wind of 20-30 kt east of the center.  A peripheral 
pressure of 1001 mb yields a wind speed greater than 45 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  Given the broad nature of the system, along with 
the lack of observed tropical storm force winds along with the possibility that the 
1001 mb reading might be a bad observation, the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT originally is 
unchanged.  Also, the forward motion of the cyclone was slower than normal, and 
observations indicate that the environmental pressure was rather low on all sides of 
the cyclone.  The 40 kt intensity is the peak analyzed intensity for the cyclone from 
06Z on the 20th until landfall in Cuba (unchanged from original HURDAT) - which 
occurred around 14Z on 21 October near 21.1N, 78.5W as a 40 kt tropical storm.  The 
tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 18Z on the 
21st, which is about the same time it moved back over water north of Cuba on a 
northeastward course.  On the 22nd and 23rd it accelerated east-northeastward.  It is 
possible that the system never had tropical storm intensity after leaving Cuba, but 
observational coverage was not very good on the 22nd and 23rd, so no changes are made 
to the 35 kt HURDAT intensity from 00Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd.  The cyclone 
is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on the 23rd.  On 
the 23rd, observations indicate that the track was about a degree and a half to the 
right of the original HURDAT track; southeastward adjustments of approximately 1.5 
degrees are implemented from 06-18Z on the 23rd.  No changes are made to the timing 
of dissipation, and the final point at 18Z on the 23rd is analyzed at 29.7N, 62.5W 
as a 30 kt tropical depression.

******************************************************************************

1934 Storm 13 (originally Storm 11) - Revised February 2012

27685 11/20/1934 M= 9 11 SNBR= 612 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27685 11/20/1934 M=11 13 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   ** **

27690 11/20*  0   0   0    0*209 576  35    0*216 580  35    0*222 584  35    0
27690 11/20*  0   0   0    0*227 607  35    0*229 608  35    0*231 609  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27695 11/21*227 588  35    0*232 594  35    0*237 599  35    0*241 604  35    0
27695 11/21*233 610  40    0*235 611  40    0*237 612  45    0*240 614  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

27700 11/22*244 608  40    0*247 612  40    0*250 616  40    0*253 626  40    0
27700 11/22*244 616  50    0*248 618  55    0*252 620  60    0*255 626  65    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

27705 11/23*257 638  45    0*260 648  45    0*263 657  50    0*272 666  55    0
27705 11/23*257 636  75    0*260 647  85    0*263 657  95    0*266 665 100    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **      ***     ***

27710 11/24*281 674  60    0*285 675  65    0*290 676  70    0*295 676  70    0
27710 11/24*270 672 100    0*274 675  95    0*279 676  95    0*286 676  90    0
            *** *** ***      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

27715 11/25*301 673  75    0*307 666  75    0*313 658  75    0*315 654  75    0
27715 11/25*295 673  85    0*304 666  80    0*310 659  75    0*313 655  75    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***          *** ***

27720 11/26*315 648  70    0*298 654  70    0*283 667  60    0*269 680  60    0
27720 11/26*310 650  70    0*295 658  70    0*280 668  65    0*267 682  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

27725 11/27*259 688  55    0*243 696  50    0*232 698  45    0*226 700  45    0
27725 11/27*255 696  60    0*240 698  55    0*225 700  50    0*219 702  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27730 11/28*221 702  40    0*213 705  40    0*205 708  35    0*185 710  25    0
27730 11/28*214 704  45    0*209 706  45    0*203 708  40    0*197 710  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

The 29th-30th are new to HURDAT
27732 11/29*193 714  25    0*189 721  25    0*185 730  25    0*179 739  25    0
27733 11/30*173 749  20    0*168 759  20    0*163 769  20    0*  0   0   0    0

27735 HR                    

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Major changes are also made to the timing of when hurricane intensity was first 
attained and the timing of dissipation.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

November 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 20.5N, 62.5W. 
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt winds at 21.6N, 58.0W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 
15kt SSW with pressure of 1001mb [might be too low] at 24.5N, 59.5W at 18Z (COA). 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. On the evening of the 20th a storm of 
moderate strength was indicated as central near 25N, 60W, whence it advanced 
northwestward for 3 days, with somewhat increased energy, till about midway between 
Turks Island and Bermuda (MWR). 

November 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 24N, 61W. HURDAT lists 
this as a storm with 35kt winds at 23.7N, 59.9W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 10kt SSW with 
pressure of 1005mb at 25.5N, 58.5W at 06Z (COA); 25 kt NW with 1005 mb at 08Z at 23.9N, 
63.9W (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

November 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT lists 
this as a storm with 40kt winds at 25N, 61.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 
center at about 24N, 62W (am) and at 24N, 64W (pm). Ship highlight: 20kt W with pressure 
of 1004mb at 23.5N, 62.2W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt NE with pressure of 1021mb a 32.8N, 64W at 
12Z (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

November 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 66W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical storm with 50kt winds at 26.3N, 65.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows 
a center at about 25N, 66W (am) and at 26N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 999 
mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 67.7W (HWM); 955 mb measured by ship Malacca (MWR). 
Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

November 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 28N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 29N, 67.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows shows a center at about 29N, 69W (am) and at 31N, 67.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 
35 kt N with pressure of 991mb at 25.8N, 68.3W at 0Z (COA); 30 kt N with 997 mb at 12Z 
at 26.4N, 67.9W (COA). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

November 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 31N, 66W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 31.3N, 65.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
shows a center at about 31.5N, 66W (am) and at 32N, 63.5W (pm). Ship highlight: 70 kt N with 
pressure of 996mb at 32N, 67.5W at 12Z (HWM); 25kt NNW with pressure of 995mb at 26N, 70W 
at 12Z (COA); 35 kt E with 990 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 66.0W (HWM). Station highlight: 996 mb 
(min p) at Bermuda. It turned north-northeastward and on the 25th was central close to, 
but south of, Bermuda. Thereafter it moved slowly toward the south-southwest, with lessening 
strength, and was still perceptible on the 29th a short distance southwest Haiti. No report 
of any force greater than strong gale (9) has been received in connection with this storm, 
which was felt most forcefully in the general vicinity of Bermuda (MWR). 

November 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 66.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical storm with 60kt winds at 28.3N, 66.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 
center at about 29N, 65.5W (am) and at 25.5N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt N with pressure 
of 996mb at 28.2N, 70.9W at 12Z (COA); 45kt NNE with pressure of 1016mb at 35N, 61W at 12Z 
(COA); 35 kt SSE with 1005 at 12Z at 28.0N, 65.0W (HWM). Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures.

November 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 23.2N, 69.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a 
center at about 23N, 70.5W (am) and at 21N, 71W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt S with pressure 
of 995mb at 24.8N, 69.7W at 3Z (MWR); 35 kt ENE after 03Z from same ship (MWR); 30 kt SW 
with 1000 at 12Z at 22.0N, 69.0W (HWM). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.

November 28: HWM indicates a closed low near 20N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a storm with 35kt 
winds at 20.5N, 70.8W at 12Z. Ship highlight: 15kt ENE with pressure of 1002mb at 22.7N, 
74.3W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt NE with 1005 mb at 12Z at Turks Island (HWM); 
1004 mb (min p) at Turks Island (MWR); 15 kt W with 1003 mb at 12Z at 19.5N, 70.7W (HWM).

November 29: HWM analyzes a spot low (no closed isobars) over Hispaniola.  
HURDAT no longer lists this system.  No gales or low pressures.

November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 71W.  
No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone formed from the southwest tail end of a weakening trough or frontal boundary 
on 20 November at 06Z (no change to genesis time) near 22.7N, 60.7W.  The cyclone moved slowly 
northwestward from 20-24 November, performed a clockwise loop south of Bermuda on the 25th, and 
then headed south-southwestward from the 26th through 28th towards Hispaniola.  Major 
west-northwestward position adjustments are implemented from 06Z on 20 November to 00Z on 
21 November.  Thereafter, all remaining position changes are minor.  From 20-24 November, as the 
cyclone moved northwestward, the cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened from a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 06Z on the 20th to a peak intensity of 100 kt at 18Z on the 23rd at 26.6N, 66.5W.  
Originally, HURDAT lists the cyclone as strengthening from 35 to only 55 kt during that time.  
It is uncertain whether a 1001 mb peripheral pressure observation from a ship at 18Z on the 20th 
was too low.  On the 21st, 25 kt winds measured simultaneously with 1005 mb pressures were recorded.  
Winds of 20-30 kt and pressures of 999-1005 mb were the peak observations from genesis through 
12Z on the 23rd.  However, 1934 MWR page 457 as well as the November, 1934 MWR tracks of cyclones 
chart indicate that the ship named Malacca measured a pressure of 955 mb on 23 November in 
association with this cyclone.  A pressure of 955 mb suggests winds of 100 kt according to the 
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship if it was a central pressure.  On that day, 
the cyclone was moving a little slower than average and the circulation appeared large as indicated 
by available observations.  If 955 mb was a central pressure value, a 95 kt intensity would be 
chosen.  But since there is no information indicating that the 955 mb pressure was measured in the 
center, a 100 kt peak intensity is chosen from 18Z on the 23rd through 00Z on the 24th (up from 55 
and 60 kt originally, respectively - major changes).  Major upward intensity adjustments of 20 to 
45 kt are implemented at all times from 12Z on the 22nd through 18Z on the 24th.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity by 18Z on the 22nd - 36 hours earlier than originally 
(a major change).  As the cyclone made the loop south of the Bermuda before heading back southward, 
Bermuda recorded a minimum pressure of 996 mb on 25 November.  On the 25th at 12Z, a ship recorded 
winds of hurricane force with a 996 mb pressure while another ship recorded 35 kt with 990 mb.  A 
peripheral pressure of 990 mb yields a wind speed greater than 59 kt according to the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 25th is 75 kt (no change to HURDAT).  
Therefore, the cyclone is analyzed to have weakened from 100 kt at 00Z on the 24th to 75 kt at 12Z on 
the 25th.  From 25-28 November, only minor changes are made to both the track and intensity.  The 
cyclone moved south-southwestward and began to weaken during this time.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have weakened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 26th (6 hr later than originally).  The last time a 
gale force wind was recorded was a 35 kt wind on the 27th, and observations near the center on the 
27th around 03Z indicate that the central pressure was near or slightly less than 993 mb, and this 
value suggests winds of greater than 59 and 55 kt according to the southern and north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  The intensity in HURDAT is bumped up by 5 kt at all 
times on the 27th and 28th due to these and other observations.  The cyclone made landfall on the 
north coast of the Dominican Republic (19.9N, 70.9W) at 16Z on 28 November.  Prior to landfall, a 
1003 mb peripheral pressure was recorded from a coastal station.  A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb 
at 12Z on the 28th yields a wind speed greater than 41 kt according to the southern pressure-wind 
relationship.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 28th (up from 35 kt originally) and 40 kt 
is also the 16Z landfall intensity.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical 
depression after landfall at 18Z on the 28th (up from 25 kt originally).  HURDAT originally listed a
 last position at 18Z on the 28th as a tropical depression inland over Hispaniola, but available 
observations suggest that the cyclone moved southwestward from the 28th - 30th of November, 
retaining a closed circulation.  Analyzed positions at 12Z on the 29th and 30th are 18.5N, 73.0W, 
and 16.3N, 76.9W, and the cyclone is analyzed as a 25 kt tropical depression on the 29th and 20 kt 
from 00-12Z on the 30th.  After that, the cyclone degenerated to a remnant low and dissipated.  
The revised final position is now 12Z on the 30th as a 20 kt tropical depression at 16.3N, 76.9W.

******************************************************************************

Additional Notes - 1934:

1) May 1-4:

A trough of low pressure near Cuba became either a subtropical or extratropical cyclone, intensified, 
and moved northward making landfall on the east coast of the U.S.  A ship in the May 1934 MWR Ocean 
Gales chart recorded 35 kt N on 2 May some distance south of 35N, 75.3W.  Although this system is 
more likely to have been extratropical, there is a slight chance it was a tropical cyclone.

DAY		LAT   LON	STATUS
May 1		24N	78W
May 2		27N	77W	Extratropical
May 3		35N	76W	Extratropical
May 4		40N	76W	Extratropical


2) May 27-31 - 1934 Storm 1 - Removed from HURDAT

This cyclone is analyzed to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime and thus has been removed 
from HURDAT.  Detailed analyses have been conducted at 12Z on 5/27, 5/28 and 5/29.  On the 27th, a low 
may have been trying to form along a frontal boundary just off the east coast of Florida.  On the 28th 
at 12Z, the low center was near 29.4N, 79.5W and central pressure was likely around 998 mb.  The 
analysis reveals a strong temperature gradient across the low on the 28th.  The data indicates that a 
warm front extended eastward from the center of the low and a cold front extended southwestward from 
the low to about 26N, 84W.  Therefore, the system will now be classified as extratropical beginning at 
the first revised HURDAT point - 06Z the 28th - and at 12Z on 28 May.  The low moved inland in 
southeastern South Carolina at 04Z at 32.3N, 80.5W.  Although the OMRs were not able to be obtained 
which contain the hourly data, additional information was obtained from stations in Georgia and South 
Carolina from the state monthly climatological data summaries.  The maximum wind at Savannah was 34 kt 
NW and the minimum pressure at Savannah was 988 mb.  The maximum wind at Charleston was 46 kt SE and 
the minimum pressure at Charleston was 990 mb.  The central pressure at landfall may have been around 
985 mb.  The daily high and low temperatures for dozens of stations in Georgia and South Carolina are 
available but not the hourly temperatures.  The analysis conducted a 12Z on 29 May reveals that 
although the temperature gradient across the low was not nearly as strong as it was the day before, 
the structure was very indicative of an extratropical system with a warm front analyzed by HWM extending 
to the low.  The circulation was very large and asymmetric.  The central pressure had only risen to 
about 992 mb by that time with the center located over west-central South Carolina.  All of the data 
reveals that the cyclone was likely extratropical throughout its lifetime, although the Georgia and 
South Carolina coasts, especially from Savannah to Charleston, received winds of 45-55 kt and 
pressures as low as 985 mb.

DAY		LAT   LON	STATUS
May 27	Trough/front near Florida
May 28	29.4 79.5  40 kt  Extratropical
May 29 04Z  32.3 80.5  55 kt  Extratropical
May 29	33.6 81.3  40 kt  Extratropical
May 30	34.5 82.2  30 kt  Extratropical
May 31				Dissipated

27255 05/27/1934 M= 5  1 SNBR= 602 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
27255 05/28/1934 M= 4  1 SNBR= 602 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *

(The 27th is removed from HURDAT.)
27260 05/27*  0   0   0    0*234 840  35    0*242 829  35    0*246 823  40    0
              
27265 05/28*256 816  40    0*270 808  35    0*284 800  40    0*298 798  50    0
27265 05/28*  0   0   0    0E280 800  35    0E294 795  40    0E306 796  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

27270 05/29*312 802  50    0*326 809  50    0*336 815  35    0*340 817  30    0
27270 05/29E316 800  55    0E326 807  50    0E336 813  40    0E340 816  35    0 
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **     *    ***  **

27275 05/30*343 819  30    0*347 823  25    0*348 827  25    0*344 830  25    0
27275 05/30E343 818  30    0E345 820  30    0E345 822  30    0E343 824  25    0
           *    ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***

27280 05/31*340 830  20    0*336 829  20    0*334 826  15    0*334 808  15    0
27280 05/31E338 827  25    0E332 829  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     ****      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

27285 TS                    

U.S. Landfall: 5/29/1934 - 04Z - 32.3N 80.5W - 60 kt

Please see "important note concerning this cyclone" in the last paragraph of the metadata on this system.

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall 
in southern South Carolina.  Major changes are made to the timing of genesis and to the structure during 
the latter part of the cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

May 27: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure of at most 1010mb situated at the end of a stationary 
front near 22.5N, 83.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 24.2N, 82.9W 
at 12Z. Track of Lows places the center of the system with 1006mb near 26N, 79W in the morning and an evening 
position near 27.5N, 79.5W. Ship highlights: 35kt NNE with 1007mb at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12Z. Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "A minor disturbance attained moderate strength near the south Atlantic coast of 
the United States about the 27th and a few steamers reported fresh to strong gales in that area."-MWR

May 28: HWM shows a low pressure center situated near the end of a stationary front extending from the extreme
Northwest Atlantic Ocean to the southwest Florida coast. The center is shows near 27.5N, 79.5W with a pressure
of at most 1010mb at 12Z. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.4N, 80.0W at 12Z.
Track of lows places the center with a pressure of 1002mb near 30.5N, 79.5W in the morning and in the evening
near 32N, 80.0W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE with 1000 mb at 29.9N, 79.9W at 12Z (COA); 45kt W at 30.5N, 79.5W
at 21z (COA); 35kt WSW with 991mb at 31.1N, 79.7W at 21z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

May 29: HWM shows a very asymmetric closed low with a large warm front leading northeast starting at the center. 
The system with a pressure of at most 1000mb was located near 33N, 81.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm with 35kt winds at 33.6N, 81.5W at 12Z. Track of lows places the center in the morning at 33N, 
80.5W with a pressure of 994mb and in the evening near 34N, 81W. Ship highlights: 45kt WSW at 31.5N, 78.5W at 
1Z (COA); 20kt S with 999mb at 33.2N, 78.4W at 12z (COA); 35 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 12Z at 33.5N, 75.6W (COA). 
Station highlights: 34 kt NW at Savannah (MWR); 988 mb (min p) at Savannah (MWR); 46kt SE at Charleston (MWR); 
38 kt NE at Charlotte (MWR); 15kt S with 995mb at Charleston at 12Z (HWM). Severe Local Storms MWR: Orangeburg, 
SC: 7-12pm [00-05Z 29th], $5000 damage from Wind and heavy hail. Damage to buildings. Charleston, SC, and 
vicinity: pm, $25000 damage from wind and rain. Yachts and small boats sunk or driven high into the marshes; 
small damage to wire systems; basements flooded and furnaces badly damaged by salt water; at Holly Beach five 
houses were destroyed; loss to crops. High Point, Winston-Salem, and Greensboro, NC.: $5000 damage from wind. 
Damage to buildings; highest wind velocity ever recorded at Greensboro, 47 miles." "This storm had many 
characteristics of a tropical hurricane as it moved inland over South Carolina on May 29."-MWR Severe Local 
Storms MWR: South Carolina, southern portion: 7pm 28th - 7am 29th, $125000 damage from wind and rain. Augusta, 
GA: pm, wind and rain damage. Light and telephone wires and trees blown down; two automobiles damaged by 
falling trees; small brick wall blown down.

May 30: HWM shows a better organized extratropical cyclone with warm and cold fronts extending from the center, 
which has at most 1005mb and is situated inland near 34N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
depression with 25kt winds at 34.8N, 82.7W at 12Z. Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 35N, 
82.5W with a pressure of 1002mb and no evening position as it dissipates over Georgia. Ship highlights: 
30 kt SSW with 1006 mb at 00Z at 31.8N, 75.6W (COA); 15 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 80.2W (HWM). 
Station highlights: 15 kt NNW with 1004 at 12Z at Atlanta (HWM).

May 31: HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1010mb near 34N, 80.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system 
as a remnant low with winds of 15kt at 33.4N, 82.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

A low formed from a trough in association with a NE-SW stationary front on 27-28 May.  On 27 May, the front/trough 
was located from 33N, 70W to 24N, 82W.  On 27 May, there was not yet a closed low, although two features - one near 
the northwest coast of Cuba, and the other just east of central Florida - displayed some cyclonic turning of the 
winds.  By the 28th, there was only one feature, and it was a closed low east of Florida.  It is analyzed that a 
tropical storm formed at 28.0N, 80.0W on 28 May at 06Z.  This genesis is 24 hours later than in HURDAT originally 
- a major change.  The cyclone moved north and then turned north-northwest within the next 18 hours while 
strengthening.  At 12Z on the 28th, a ship measured a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb suggesting winds of greater 
than 44 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Since no gales had been 
observed by that time and since the cyclone was likely not purely tropical, the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 
12Z on the 28th is not changed.  Late on the 28th, the cyclone headed toward the Georgia and South Carolina coast.  
At 21Z on the 28th, a ship recorded winds of 45 kt, and a different ship recorded a minimum pressure of 991 mb 
simultaneously with 35 kt of wind.  A peripheral pressure of 991 mb suggests winds of greater than 58 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and greater than 60 kt for its intensifying subset.  The cyclone 
made landfall in southern South Carolina on 29 May around 04Z.  The lowest pressure recorded for the lifetime of 
the cyclone was 988 mb at Savannah, GA and the highest wind recorded for the cyclone's lifetime was 46 kt at 
Charleston, SC.  Assuming the 988 mb is a peripheral pressure value since our reanalyzed track does not take the 
center over Savannah, this suggests winds of greater than 62 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally) and for the 04Z landfall.  
A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 29 (up from 50 kt originally).  After landfall, the cyclone moved 
further inland and weakened.  Moving slowly, the cyclone turned westward on the 30th and south-southwestward 
on the 31st over western South Carolina and northern Georgia.  Originally, HURDAT did not list an extratropical 
phase.  However, it is analyzed that this cyclone became extratropical at 18Z on 29 May, 14 hours later landfall.  
HURDAT originally held on to this system until 18Z on the 31st, but available observations suggest that the low 
dissipated after 06Z on the 31st.  Thus, the last 12 hours of the cyclone's lifetime are removed from HURDAT.  
The final point is now shown at 06Z on 31 May at 33.2N, 82.9W as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone.

Important note concerning this cyclone:
On the 28th of May, and for perhaps the entire lifetime of the cyclone, the low does not appear to be completely 
non-frontal; it appears that some weak frontal features were in existence within a couple hundred nmi of cyclone 
and were likely interacting with the cyclone.  However, since these is some uncertainty as to the strength of the 
frontal features and the extent of their interaction with the cyclone, the system is maintained in HURDAT as a 
tropical cyclone from genesis until after landfall in South Carolina on the 29th of May.  (Today, this would have 
likely been classified as a subtropical cyclone.)  There is a chance that this system was extratropical throughout 
its lifetime, and it is recommended that this scenario be further inspected for possible removal of this 
system from HURDAT.


3) June 17-18:

The MWR tracks of lows, a couple of ships from the MWR ocean gales chart, and COADS indicate that a low existed in 
the central north Atlantic during 17-18 June.  This system is not likely to have been a tropical cyclone.

DAY		LAT   LON	STATUS
Jun 17		33N   61W	Extratropical
Jun 18		40N   50W	Extratropical


4) September 14-21:

An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the eastern Gulf was investigated for possible inclusion as a 
tropical cyclone. Information was obtained from Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones for 
September of 1934, the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS database. First evidence of a system in 
the region is mentioned in the Tracks of Cyclones where they show a weak low from the deep tropics crossing 
Cuba and into the Florida Straits on the 14th with a central pressure of 29.88 inches (1012mb). There is no 
evidence as to the origins of this system except for cyclonic turning over the southern Bahamas as indicated 
by the Historical Weather Map for September 13. Although the system moved in a general northerly direction and
struck the Florida coast near the mouth of the Suwanee River on the 15th, there were no reports of gales while 
it was over water or over land. There were no reports of damage or high winds over Florida. This system shows 
to be a definite closed low, but not of tropical storm strength as there were no gales or low pressures from 
any source before the system moved inland. This low then tracked northeastward for two days and exited the 
coast off the southern New Jersey coast on the 17th. Historical Weather Maps for the following three days 
indicates that the system did strengthen however there was a strong horizontal temperature gradient which 
allows us to classify it as extratropical. Thus, this system is not included into HURDAT.

DAY       LAT     LON    STATUS
Sep. 14   25N     83W    Weak Closed Low
Sep. 15   27N     86W    Weak Closed Low
Sep. 16   36N     81W
Sep. 17   39N     75W
Sep. 18   42N     68W
Sep. 19   43N     63W
Sep. 20   45N     52W
Sep. 21   46N     40W


5) September 13-19:

HWM, the September 1934 MWR chart of ocean gales, and COADS indicates that a cyclone existed in the north Atlantic 
from 14-18 September, and it produced winds up to 60 kt on the 18th 360 nmi SSE of the center.  For the entire 
lifetime of this system, there were 3 gales observed - one 35 kt gale each day on the 16th and 17th, and then a 
60 kt observation on the 18th.  No low pressures were observed during the entire lifetime of the system.  The 
analysis indicates that it was extratropical throughout its lifetime.  Thus, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY       	LAT   LON    STATUS
Sep 13		38N   60W    Open trough
Sep 14		39N   57W    Extratropical
Sep 15		42N   55W    Extratropical
Sep 16		42N   53W    Extratropical
Sep 17		40N   53W    Extratropical
Sep 18		40N   52W    Extratropical
Sep 19			     Dissipated/absorbed

September 13: HWM analyzes a trough near 38N, 60W.  A warm front extends eastward from 38N, 60W, and a cold front 
is plotted extending southwestward from that point.  HURDAT did not list this system.

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 38N, 56W with a warm front extending 
eastward from the low and a cold front plotted extending south-southwestward from the low.

September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 53W with a warm front extending 
from 41N, 55W to 42N, 53W to 41N, 49W to 38N, 45W, continuing southeastward.  A cold front extends from 41N, 
55W to 38N, 51W to 35N, 52W to 32N, 55W continuing southwestward.

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41.5N, 52W with a dissipating occluded 
front extending from the low to a dissipating triple point near 41N, 44W.  A dissipating warm front extends 
southeastward from the triple point and a dissipating cold front extends southwestward fromthe triple point.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE with 1014 mb at 04Z at 43.5N, 57.5W (COA).

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 53.5W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 06Z at 43.5N, 46.5W (COA).

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41N, 53.5W (This is the feature of interest).  
Another approaching low of at most 1010 mb is plotted near 42.5N, 69W with an occluded front extending southward from 
that low.  Finally, another closed low of at most 1005 mb is plotted centered near 55.5N, 60.5W.  Ship highlights: 
60 kt WSW with 1019 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 49.5W (MWR).  "The whole north Atlantic during the period from the14th to 
22nd was almost free of gales, except that a small-area storm of marked strength (force 11) but with no particularly 
low barometric reading, was metabout 2 pm, on the 18th, between Bermuda and Fayal, by the American steamship Yaka" (MWR).

September 19: HWM no longer analyses a closed low associated with the feature of interest, of which the remnants appear 
to have possibly been located in the general vicinity of 46N, 50W, as suggested by available observations.  HWM does 
analyze the approaching closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43N, 62W. HWM also analyzes the west end of a 
stationary front near 52N, 46W.

A closed low meandered in the north Atlantic from 14-18 September.  It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical low 
throughout its lifetime.  It was frontal from the 14th through at least the 15th and maybe to the 16th.  On the 16th, 
very light winds prevailed within a couple degrees of the center and the structure was too broad.  On the 17th and 18th 
the structure was broad and elongated as well.  Even though the low may not have been frontal from the 16th-18th, there 
was still a significant temperature gradient across this large, broad, elongated low.  There were three gales and no low 
pressures observed for the entire lifetime of the system.  A 35 kt wind on the 16th located 170 nmi from analyzed center, 
a 35 kt wind on the 17th located 310 nmi from analyzed center, and a 60 kt wind on the 18th located 360 nmi from analyzed 
center are the three gales.  This cyclone never attained tropical characteristics as evidenced by its extremely 
asymmetric structure throughout its lifetime.


6)  October 7-12:
HWM, the MWR ocean gales chart, and COADS indicate that there may have been a disturbance that took the track below.  
However, there is only one gale and no low pressures observed for the entire lifetime of this possible system.  The 
gale is noted in MWR in the write-up on p. 386 and in the table on p. 387.  This 50 kt gale occurred on 7 October near 
9N, 28W.  It is possible that the disturbed weather associated with this ship was a squall within the ITCZ.  The lowest 
pressure encountered by the ship was 1010 mb, and the ship's wind direction shifted only from NE to SSE.  There are very 
few observations near this system for its entire lifetime, and this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT   LON	STATUS
Oct 7		9N    28W
Oct 8		11N   32W
Oct 9		13N   36W
Oct 10	        15N   41W
Oct 11	        18N   45W
Oct 12	        21N   50W


******************************************************************************

1935 Storm #1 - 2012 Addition

27736 05/15/1935 M= 5  1 SNBR= 613 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27737 05/15*170 685  30    0*175 690  30    0*182 695  30 1006*192 699  30    0
27738 05/16*203 702  30    0*215 704  30    0*225 705  35    0*232 702  35    0
27739 05/17*238 695  40    0*244 685  40    0*250 673  45    0*256 658  50    0
27739 05/18*263 635  50    0*273 610  45    0*285 590  40    0*297 570  35    0
27739 05/19E310 550  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
27739 TS 

This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for this 
system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and 
the Monthly Weather Review.

May 15: An area of low pressure resides over the eastern portion of Hispaniola 
(18.5N, 69.5W) with pressure of at most 1010 mb from HWM. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS indicate the storm system is barotropic. 
Ship highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18N, 69.5W at 12 UTC (HWM).

May 16: HWM indicates an approaching frontal system from the northwest. The system 
is presently a tropical storm with evidence from HWM and COADS of a low of at 
most 1010 mb near 22.5N, 70.5W. "And on the 17th a whole gale was met a considerable 
distance south of Bermuda. The low with which this latter gale was connected was 
noted near Haiti on the 16th" (MWR). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed.

May 17: The approaching cold front continues to interact with the tropical storm 
causing it to move toward the northeast. HWM and COADS indicate the tropical storm 
is near 25N, 67.3W. "...on the 17th a whole gale was met a considerable distance 
south of Bermuda." Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1003 mb at 26N, 68.4W at 12 UTC (COA).

May 18: HWM indicates that no closed low was present and that a moderate cold front 
was approaching the area where the tropical cyclone was previously. 
Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1003 mb at 26.3N, 63W at 00 UTC (MWR).

May 19: HWM suggests that the system has been absorbed by a frontal boundary.  
From COADS and MWR, however, observations suggest that the center was near 
28.5N, 59W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this tropical system began on the early May 15th where evidence shows 
a closed circulation. It appears that the system acquired tropical storm status at 
12 UTC on the 15th. A central pressure of 1006 mb at 12 UTC on the 15th suggests 
maximum winds of 35 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.   
As the cyclone was moving slowly at this point in time, 30 kt is chosen for HURDAT.  
Intensification to a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred around 12 UTC on 
the 16th.  Peak observations were 50 kt and 1003 mb late on the 17th and early on 
the 18th as evident from the Dutch ship Magdala (MWR). 1003 mb peripheral pressure 
would suggest at least 41 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 
Thus 50 kt is chosen for HURDAT based on both observed winds and pressure. 
Dissipation occurred after 00Z on the 19th as the system became absorbed by a 
frontal boundary.

******************************************************************************

Storm 2 (originally 1), 1935

26610 08/18/1935 M= 9  1 SNBR= 587 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
27740 08/18/1935 M=11  2 SNBR= 614 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **  *  

(The 16th and 17th are new to HURDAT.)
26615 08/16*  0   0   0    0*109 560  25    0*115 570  25    0*122 580  25    0*
26615 08/17*131 589  25    0*140 597  25    0*150 605  25    0*161 612  30    0*

26615 08/18*  0   0   0    0*195 590  65    0*202 608  70    0*206 618  75    0*
27745 08/18*173 618  35    0*185 624  40    0*195 630  45    0*203 637  55    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **             

26620 08/19*210 627  75    0*214 634  80    0*218 641  80    0*222 648  85    0*
27750 08/19*209 645  65    0*214 653  70    0*218 660  75    0*222 667  80    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **     

26625 08/20*226 655  90    0*232 663  90    0*238 670  95    0*243 675  95    0*
27755 08/20*225 671  85    0*228 674  90    0*232 675  95    0*239 676 100    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **     

26630 08/21*247 678  95    0*251 681 100    0*256 684 100    0*265 687 100    0*
27760 08/21*249 677 105    0*262 678 115    0*273 680 115    0*281 682 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***     

26635 08/22*276 690 100    0*285 690 105    0*294 688 105    0*305 684 105    0*
27765 08/22*287 683 115    0*291 684 110    0*294 685 110    0*300 684 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***      ***     ***     

26640 08/23*316 678 105    0*321 673 105    0*328 666 100    0*340 648 100    0*
27770 08/23*308 680 110    0*317 674 105    0*328 666 100    0*340 650 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***                           ***        

26645 08/24*352 628  95    0*361 610  90    0*373 593  85    0*397 576  80    0*
27775 08/24*352 630 100    0*361 610 100    0*373 590 100    0*397 576  95    0
                *** ***              ***          *** ***               **     

26650 08/25E426 567  75    0E452 570  70    0E473 577  65    0E484 584  55    0*
27780 08/25*426 567  85    0*452 570  75    0E473 577  70    0E484 584  60    0
           *         **     *         **               **               **     

26655 08/26E489 591  50    0E493 598  40    0E497 605  35    0E499 620  30    0*
27785 08/26E489 592  50    0E493 602  40    0E497 615  35    0E499 630  30    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***          
26660 HR

Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm number 1.  Another major change is to begin genesis two days 
earlier than originally indicated.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and 
station data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 16:  HWM analyzed no features of interest on this date.  HURDAT had not 
yet begun this system on this date.  No gales or low pressures on this date.  

August 17:  HWM analyzed no features of interest on this date.  HURDAT had not 
yet begun this system on this date.  No gales or low pressures on this date.

August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.2N, 60.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 62W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE 
at ~12 UTC at 22N, 65W (MWR). Regarding the intensity, "The American tanker 
California Standard made the first definite contact with the developing storm 
center on the morning of the 18th, when a northeast gale was encountered near 
22N, 65W" (MWR).

August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22N, 66W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.8N, 64.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicate the center near 22N, 65W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that 
a position close to HWM is most accurate. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1001 mb 
at 22.3N, 64W at 01Z (MWR); 50 kt SE and 1011 mb at 22.3N, 64W at 12 UTC (COA).

August 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 23N, 68W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 67W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 24N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest that a position slightly southwest of HURDAT is most accurate. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 24N, 66.7W (HWM).

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 26N, 69W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.6N, 68.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 955 mb centered near 26N, 68W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations suggest the center north of HURDAT is most accurate. 
Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 955 mb at 26.9N, 68.5W at 09 UTC (MWR); 45 kt W 
and 986 mb at 27N, 67W at 12 UTC (COA). Regarding the intensity, "...the 
American steamship Angelina passed very close to the center about 5 a.m. of 
the 21st near 27N, 68.5W where a barometer reading of 955 mb was observed, 
attended by hurricane winds shifting from the northeast through west to 
southwest, without a lull" (MWR).

August 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 29.5N, 68.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.4N, 68.8W. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 69W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest the HURDAT location is most accurate. Ship Highlights: 60 kt W and 
994 mb at 27.3N, 71.7W at 04 UTC (MWR); 35 kt S and 1010 mb at 28.3N, 66W 
at 12 UTC (COA).

August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 32.5N, 67W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.8N, 66.6W. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 33N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
indicate that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 
35 kt S and 1005 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW 
and 1013 mb at 28.5N, 65.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 WSW and 1009 mb at 29.3N, 
65.6 W at 12 UTC (COA).

August 24: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 975 mb near 37N, 59.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.3N, 59.3W. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 972 mb centered near 36N, 59W 
at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT position to be most 
accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 972 mb at 36.5N, 59.5W at 09 UTC 
(MWR); 70 kt WNW and 956 mb at 41.4N, 57W at 21 UTC (MWR). "The British 
steamer York City encountered the central region about 400 miles northeast 
of Bermuda, and there for 24 hours experienced storm conditions culminating 
about 5 a.m. in a south-to-west hurricane that lasted 4 hours causing 
considerable damage to the life boats and superstructure of the ship. The 
barometer fell to 973 mb at 36.5N, 59.5W at its lowest point as the winds 
changed from south-southeast through southwest to northwest" (MWR).

August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 46N, 57.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm centered near 47.3N, 57.7W. 
The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 996 mb centered near 
47N, 56W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the HURDAT position to 
be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 977 mb at 45.4N, 58.2W at 
03 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 46N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).

August 26: HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near 50N, 
60W with a cold front extending to the southeast. HURDAT listed this as 
an extratropical storm centered near 29.4N, 68.8W. 
Ship highlight: 25 kt SE and 1001 mb at 51N, 60W at 12 UTC (HWM).

Genesis is begun early on the 16th of August, as a well-defined 
circulation was present east of the Lesser Antilles on that date as 
shown by ship and island observations.  This is two days earlier than 
originally indicated.  A large track change was introduced at 06 and 
12 UTC on the 18th.  The remainder of the lifetime of the cyclone had 
minor position alterations introduced.  Observations suggest that the 
system began as a tropical depression and gradually intensified into 
a tropical storm around 00 UTC on the 18th.  Numerous observations on 
the 18th indicate that the system was not as intense as shown in 
HURDAT; the intensity is reduced to 45 kt at 12 UTC down from 70 kt 
originally.  Major intensity reductions (at least a 20 kt change) are 
made from 06 to 18 UTC on the 18th.  A 60 kt NE ship observation with 
1001 mb pressure at 01 UTC on the 19th does support the cyclone 
becoming a hurricane by 00 UTC of the 19th, a 12 hour delay to 
hurricane intensity from originally listed in HURDAT.  Intensity 
reduced 10 kt at 00 and 06 UTC and by 5 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 
19th, though further reductions in intensity are not justifiable 
given the limited inner cord observations.   955 mb peripheral 
pressure with hurricane force winds on the 21st suggests maximum 
winds of at least 106 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship. 115 kt is chosen for the reanalysis and 
is the peak intensity of this system (up from 105 kt originally).  
A ship reported 70 kt WNW winds with 956 mb pressure at 21 UTC on 
the 24th.  This suggests maximum winds of at least 93 kt from the 
Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
Additionally, the hurricane was moving around 30 kt on the 24th 
and 25th.  On the other hand, the system was near 42N at the time 
of the ship observation and extratropical transition had begun.  
Thus intensity is analyzed to be 95 kt at 18 UTC on the 24th and 
85 kt at 00 UTC on the 25th.  HURDAT originally suggests weakening 
began on the 24th with a quick transition to extratropical by 00 UTC 
of the 25th. Available observations indicate that the structure of 
the cyclone at 12 UTC on the 24th was still fairly symmetric and two 
ships 200 nm north of the cyclone reported 79F air temperatures.  
Substantial weakening instead began on the 25th with the transition 
to extratropical around 12 UTC of the 25th.  The cyclone became absorbed 
before 00 UTC on the 27th of August by a larger extratropical low that 
moved eastward across Canada.  There is no evidence that the system had 
a separate closed low at 12 UTC on the 27th. 

******************************************************************************

Storm 3 (originally 2), 1935

26665 08/29/1935 M=13  2 SNBR= 588 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=5
27795 08/29/1935 M=13  3 SNBR= 615 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=5
                       *

26670 08/29*  0   0   0    0*242 683  35    0*242 693  35    0*242 698  35    0*
27800 08/29*  0   0   0    0*233 688  25    0*235 693  25    0*238 698  25    0
                             *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

26675 08/30*242 704  35    0*242 709  40    0*242 714  40    0*241 720  45    0*
27805 08/30*241 704  30    0*242 709  30    0*242 714  30    0*241 721  30    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

26680 08/31*241 726  45    0*240 730  50    0*239 735  55    0*238 743  55    0*
27810 08/31*241 729  35    0*240 737  35    0*239 745  40    0*238 752  45    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

26685 09/01*237 753  60    0*236 763  60    0*237 773  65    0*238 781  75    0*
27815 09/01*237 759  50    0*237 766  55    0*237 773  65    0*237 779  75    0
                     **      *** ***  **                       *** *** 

26690 09/02*239 786  90    0*240 790 105    0*242 793 120    0*243 797 130    0*
27820 09/02*237 785  90    0*237 790 105    0*238 795 120    0*241 800 135    0
                             ***              *** ***          *** *** ***  

26695 09/03*245 801 140  892*249 808 130    0*252 813 115    0*261 823 100    0*
27825 09/03*246 805 160  892*251 811 160    0*257 816 145    0*264 822 130    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

26700 09/04*271 830  95    0*279 834  85    0*287 835  80    0*295 835  75    0*
27830 09/04*271 828 115    0*278 832 105    0*284 834  95    0*291 834  85    0
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  

26705 09/05*305 832  60    0*317 827  60    0*330 817  55    0*341 805  55    0*
27835 09/05*299 834  75    0*309 831  65    0*320 825  55    0*332 815  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

26710 09/06*352 791  55    0*361 772  60    0*370 751  65    0*383 709  75    0*
27840 09/06*346 800  45    0*361 780  50  996*375 751  65    0*387 709  75    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **  *** ***              *** 

26715 09/07*397 654  80    0E408 602  80    0E420 550  80    0E433 498  75    0*
27845 09/07E398 654  80    0E409 602  80    0E420 550  80    0E431 500  75    0
           ****              ***                               *** *** 

26720 09/08E448 447  75    0E466 396  70    0E485 363  65    0E493 351  60    0*
27850 09/08E442 450  75    0E455 400  75    0E469 352  75    0E485 327  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26725 09/09E500 342  60    0E521 321  55    0E540 312  50    0E550 311  45    0*
27855 09/09E502 315  70    0E520 312  70    0E540 312  70    0E555 320  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  ** 
 
26730 09/10E560 321  40    0E570 335  35    0E580 360  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
27860 09/10E565 340  60    0E568 365  55    0E570 390  50    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

26735 HRBFL5AFL2
27865 HRCFL5BFL5AFL2IGA1
      **********    ****

U.S. Hurricane Landfalls
3rd/02 UTC  24.8N 80.8W  5 nm RMW  892 mb  160 kt  CFL5, BFL5
4th/22 UTC  29.6N 83.4W  20 nm RMW  965 mb  85 kt  AFL2

Minor changes to the track (while it was a tropical cyclone) and major changes to 
the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), originally storm number 2. Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, Climatological Data (Florida, Georgia, South 
Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia), Barnes (1998), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Ho et al (1987), Jarrell et al (1992), Schwerdt et al (1979), and Vickery et al (2000).

August 29: HWM analysed a trough along 70W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 24.2N, 69.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 24.5N, 68W at 
8 a.m. Available observations suggests a position south of HURDAT is most accurate. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 71.4W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicate the center near 24.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. Available observations indicate the 
HURDAT location to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed.  "Indications of this disastrous storm first appeared on our weather 
map on August 30, 1935, as a weak circulation, with no strong winds, but occasional 
squalls" (Florida Climatological Data).

August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 24N, 73.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 23.9N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicate the center near 24N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations indicate a 
position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed. "...but it was not until August 31 that a definite 
depression appeared, near Long Island in the southeastern Bahamas, and deepened 
rapidly as it moved westward" (MWR).

September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 22N, 77.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.7N, 77.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicate the center near 23.5N, 77W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest the 
HURDAT location to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 22.9N, 
74.5W at 00 UTC (MWR). "Hurricane intensity was doubtless reached by the developing 
disturbance near the south end of Andros Island on September 1" (MWR).  "During the 
afternoon and night of the 31st and morning of September 1st, the disturbance moved 
through the Bahamas...Press reports from the Bahamas indicated that no damage occurred 
there, although later there was one report of some damage on the extreme southern 
end of Andros Island.  There is no doubt that the storm was not of hurricane 
intensity at the time it crossed the islands" (Florida Climatological Data).

September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 23N, 80W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.2N, 79.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 914 mb inches near 24N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position south of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 70 kt N 
and 950 mb at Long Key at 22 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NW and 945 mbat Long Key at 2245 UTC 
(MWR). Ship highlights: 5 kt variable and 924 mb at ~25N, ~80.5W at 21 UTC (MWR); 
50 kt NW and 996 mb at 24.4N, 80.9W at 22 UTC (MWR).  Miami observed minimal winds 
for this hurricane, "Northeast to southeast gales occurred during the day, in 
connection with a tropical disturbance passing through the Florida Keys; the maximum 
velocity was 40 mph from the southeast at 11:51 p.m." (OMR).  Regarding the track, 
"The vortex was at the stage of maximum violence, though still of small diameter, as 
it crossed the Florida Keys between Key West and Miami, September 2, moving 
northwestward" (MWR).  "The exact path of the storm between Long Island [Bahamas] 
and the Florida Keys cannot be plotted definitively.  It seems probable that the 
storm moved westward or even west-southwestward for some distance and then began a 
very gradual recurve.  The disturbance probably reached hurricane intensity as it 
passed south of Andros Island.  The hurricane approached the Florida Keys during 
the afternoon of the 2nd and winds of hurricane force began about 5 p. m. at 
Alligator Reef and somewhat later at the keys to the westward.  The area of hurricane 
winds was only about 30 miles in diameter, but this hurricane was probably the most 
intense of record over a small area to visit any portion of the United States" 
(Florida Climatological Data).

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.2N, 81.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure around 914 mb near 26.5N, 82W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position slightly northwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 
calm winds and 899 mb at Upper Matecumbe Key at ~00 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 
892 mb at Craig Key at ~00 UTC (MWR); extreme hurricane force winds SSW and 26.98 in. 
[914 mb] at Long Key at 0215 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 920 mb at Molasses Reef at 
~02 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSW and 997 mb at 24.4N, 81.3W at 07 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NNW and 
998 mb at 27.5N, 80.5W at 13 UTC (COA). With regards to landfall, "...at Long Key 
the barometer was read throughout the passage of the storm by Mr. J.E. Duane, a 
cooperative observer for the Weather Bureau. 9:20 p.m.: Barometer 922 mb, wind 
abated but no flat calm. Lull lasted 55 minutes, 10:10 p.m.: Barometer now 915 mb. 
10:15: The first blast from SSW, full force. The barometer now read 914 mb" (MWR). 
"Southeast gales, shifting to south, continued throughout the day in connection 
with the hurricane passing through the Florida Keys. Minor damage to awnings, 
fruit trees and shrubbery, etc. The maximum velocity for a five minute was 41 mph 
from the southeast at 9:07 a.m." (Miami OMR). The Keys experienced an extreme 
hurricane with a barometer reading of 892 mb and winds in excess of 200 mph (Dunn 
and Miller). "On the night of the 2nd-3rd a severe hurricane of small diameter 
passed northeast of the station, with the center about 50 miles distant...highest 
wind was but 46 mph and there was no damage of consequence in this vicinity" 
(Key West OMR). Regarding intensity at landfall, "Captain Olson's boat weathered 
the storm by being fastened on the north side of the railroad embankment at Craig, 
near the north end of Long Key. The ships barometer was tested in Washington and 
showed it to be exceptionally responsive and reliable. It recorded a low pressure 
of 892 mb near 00 UTC" (MWR). "This adjusted reading [892 mb] set a new record as 
the lowest pressure ever measured in the Western Hemisphere..." (Barnes). Landfall 
position is noted in Ho et al at 24.8N, 80.8W with 892 mb central pressure and 
6 nautical mile radius of maximum winds. Estimated maximum sustained surface winds 
were 151 kt from Schwerdt et al. Regarding the storm tide at Islamorada (8:35 p.m.), 
"Best estimates suggest that the tide was eighteen to twenty feet above normal," 
and, "...the [railroad] track was turned on its side like a fence and ten train 
cars were swept sideways almost 100 feet" (Barnes).  "A corrected barometer reading 
of 26.98 [914 mb] was recorded Long Key, and 26.75 [906 mb] on Lignumvita Key.  
The reading of 26.75 was more than half an inch lower than any previous pressure 
record in this country and one of the lowest in the entire world.  A pressure fall 
of 1.16 inches [39 mb] in 30 minutes was noted at Alligator Reef.  Winds of 150 to 
200 miles per hour undoubtedly occurred with gusts probably exceeding 200 miles 
per hour.  The storm was accompanied by phenomenally high tides at and subsequent 
to the passage of the storm center.  The track and crossties were washed off a 
concrete railroad viaduct, 30 feet above ordinary water level.  The center of the 
hurricane passed over Long Key and Lower Matecumbe Key about 10 p. m. September 2nd, 
with a lull or calm of 55 minutes, and stars were visible.  After crossing the keys, 
the hurricane continued its gradual recurve, paralleling the west Florida coastline 
about 30 to 50 miles offshore.  It was now apparently increasing in area, while its 
central intensity was slightly decreasing" (Florida Climatological Data).

September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb near 28N, 83.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.7N, 83.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure around 948 mb near 29N, 84.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position near HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 980 mb at 
Egmont Key at 03 UTC (MWR); 985 mb at Cedar Key at 1750 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlights: 
70 kt SE and 979 mb at 27.6N, 82.7W at 03 UTC (MWR). "At Cedar Keys, three lives were 
lost and considerable damages were reported to docks, fishing vessels, and structures 
near the shore, the worst flooding since 1896" (Barnes). "Tampa winds were clocked 
at 75 mph, the barometer dropped to 29.31, tides were 5.3 feet above normal, and over 
7.3 inches of rain fell" (Barnes). "Very few roofs escaped at least minor damage. 
Many were blown off entirely and others damaged badly. Trees, citrus, overhead wiring, 
and other properties were damaged considerably or destroyed" (Tampa OMR). "Sep 4, 
Central Pressure 960 mb based upon 980 mb observation at Egmont Key, 10 kt forward 
speed, 21 nm RMW, landfall position at 29.9N 83.7W" (Ho et al).  "The storm moved 
northward, passed west of Cedar Keys at 1:50 p. m. of the 4th... The storm passed inland 
over Taylor and Dixie counties late in the afternoon of the 4th still attended by 
hurricane winds" (Florida Climatological Data).

September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 28N, 83.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 81.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates 
a pressure of 992 mb near 33N, 82W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a 
position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 15 kt N and 
993 mb at Augusta at 18 UTC (OMR); 993 mb (min P) at Columbia at 2040 UTC (OMR); 
42 kt S (max wind) and 997 mb (min pressure) at Savannah (no time available) 
(South Carolina Climatological Data); 41 kt S (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) 
at Wilmington (no time available) (South Carolina Climatological Data); 40 kt S 
(max wind) and 999 mb (min pressure) (no time available) at Charleston (South Carolina 
Climatological Data). Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1001 mb at ~30.5N, ~80.7W at 
07 UTC (MWR); 15 kt N and 1004 mb at 33.5N, 84.3W at 12 UTC (HWM). Regarding the 
track across the southeast United States, "During September 5 the storm moved from 
Georgia across the Carolinas, attended by high winds and heavy rains that caused 
some damage to property and crops, especially in southern Georgia" (MWR). "Throughout 
sections of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina minor hurricane conditions 
were experienced and 4 tornadoes were reported" (Dunn and Miller).  "...and then moved 
on through Madison County [FL] to Georgia, and moved northeastward through the 
Carolinas during the next two [5th and 6th] days, accompanied by heavy rains 
generally, and tornadoes in some localities" (Florida Climatological Data).  
"Besides heavy rains the storm caused high winds on the 5th reaching a maximum 
of 49 mph from the south at 10:31 a.m." (Savannah OMR). "On the 5th the center 
of a tropical disturbance passed approximately 25 miles west of the station. 
Actual property damage was slight though a considerable number of trees were 
blown down, breaking power lines and telephone connections" (Charleston OMR). 
Columbia experienced, "...2.42 inches in 24 hours on the 4th-5th. The center of 
that tropical storm which killed several hundred people in the Florida Keys 
passed just east of the station at 4:40 p.m. on the 5th where only a 20 mph wind 
was observed" (Columbia OMR). Raleigh weather office also noted that "nearly 
half of the month's total precipitation occurred on the 5th" (OMR).  "On the 5th, 
mostly during afternoon, the tropical disturbance on its northward passage 
from the west Florida Coast, considerably damaged property and crops in the 
coastal region; property damage was estimated at $15,000 altogether, most of 
which was reported from the vicinities of Beaufort, Walterboro and Georgetown.  
Maximum wind velocities from 45 to 55 miles per hour were reported.  Much cotton 
staple was blown on the ground, as well as corn, cane and other unharvested crops.  
Several persons were injured by falling trees" (South Carolina Climatological Data).  
"Some remarkably heavy rains, 5 inches or more, occurred as the well known Florida 
Keys hurricane passed over the southern section on the 4th and 5th, although highly 
destructive winds at that time were lacking.  However, the winds did cause extensive 
damage to crops in the fields and some minor damage to other property" (Georgia 
Climatological Data).

September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 37N, 75.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a 
pressure of 985 mb near 37N, 75W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position 
slightly north of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 28 kt NW and 999 mb 
at Norfolk at 12 UTC (OMR) and 997 mb (min pressure - no time given); 37 kt NW 
(max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at Cape Henry (no time available) (Virginia 
Climatological Data); 38 kt SW (max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at Hatteras 
(no time given) (North Carolina Climatological Data).  Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 
985 mb at ~38.5N, ~74W at 15 UTC (MWR); 50 NNE and 984 mb at 39.7N, 69W at 22 UTC 
(MWR). On re-entry into the Atlantic Ocean, "On the morning of September 6 the center 
of disturbance passed near Cape Henry, VA., where the lowest barometer was only 
992 mb" (MWR). Norfolk observed, "thunderstorm conditions from early to late afternoon 
on the 6th where a tornado was also observed passing through western and northwestern 
sections of the city causing $22,000 in property damage but no loss of life (Norfolk OMR).  
"Storm damage was limited to a tornado near Farmville, Va. On the 5th, damaging 
$30,000 worth of buildings, $25,000 worth of crops, killing two people and injuring a 
dozen others; and to high winds on the same date in Norfolk and vicinity, with damage 
to buildings amounting to $14,000, and to crops $8,000.  In addition to the above, 
flood waters in the James River entailed a loss approximating $150,000, principally 
to crops.  Excessive rains on the 507th damaged highways to the extent of $450,000, 
and crops, principally corn, to the amount of $1,650,000" (Virginia Climatological Data).

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 55W, with a cold 
front analyzed extending from the center toward the north. HURDAT listed this as a 
strong extratropical storm at 42N, 55W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure 
of 964 mb near 43N, 54.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT 
to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 964 mb at 42N, 54W at ~12 UTC (MWR); 
70 kt WSW and 979 mb at 41.1N, 54.3W at 17 UTC (MWR).

September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 48.5N, 37.5 with a cold 
front extending toward the south. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 48.5N, 
36.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a pressure around 948 mb near 46.5N, 37.5W at 
8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position significantly southeast of HURDAT to be 
most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 954 mb at 46.4N, 37.4W at 15 UTC (MWR); 
70 kt WNW and 959 mb at 46.9N, 34.8W at 15 UTC (MWR).

September 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 970 mb near 54N, 34.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as an extratropical storm at 54N, 31.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a 
pressure of 973 mb near 54.5N, 32W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position 
near HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 973 mb at 50N, 28.5W at 
03 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 977 mb at 53.5N, 38.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt WNW and 972 mb 
at 53.5N, 36.5W at 17 UTC (COA).

September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 57N, 39W. HURDAT listed 
this as an extratropical storm at 58N, 36W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center 
near 57.5N, 37W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position significantly southwest 
of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 975 mb at 55.5N, 37.5W at 
12 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 992 mb at 57.3N, 33.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). Regarding the absorption 
into an extratropical cyclone "... off southern Greenland, it [the system] was lost on 
September 10 by merging with a cyclone of extratropical origin..." (MWR).

Genesis is maintained for this system on the 29th of August, as HWM and COADS observations 
show a closed circulation.  Minor track changes were introduced for everyone day of its 
existence as a tropical cyclone (29th through the 6th of September).  The system is begun 
northeast of Hispanola as a 25 kt tropical depression (originally a 35 kt tropical storm) 
that moved west-northwest toward southern Florida. No gales or low pressures were observed 
for the first three days of its existence and winds were reduced some from the 29th to early 
on September 1st based upon available observations of a weaker system. However, the WSW 
25 kt wind and 1009 mb pressure observations at 12 UTC on the 31st (on the weak side of 
the cyclone) provide evidence that the system had reached tropical storm intensity by that 
date.  Transition to a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred by 00 UTC on the 31st, 
42 hours after that originally shown in HURDAT.  The cyclone steadily increased in intensity 
from that point and it is estimated that the storm became a hurricane on September 1st 
around 12 UTC just south of Andros Island in the Bahamas (no change to that in HURDAT 
originally).  Over the next 24 hours, the system nearly doubled in intensity from 65 kt to 
120 kt on the 2nd. A central pressure of 924 mb at 21 UTC of the 2nd implies winds of 
138 kt from the Brown et al. intensifying subset of south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
135 kt is chosen for 18 UTC on the 2nd, a 5 kt increase from HURDAT originally.  (As the 
hurricane was undergoing rapid intensification, the 924 mb central pressure measurement at 
21 UTC is not representative of the central pressure at 18 UTC and thus is not included 
into HURDAT.)

The cyclone continued moving toward the Florida Keys and available observations estimate 
landfall to have occurred near 02 UTC on the 3rd at 24.8N 80.8W at Craig Key. Intensity at 
landfall has been estimated from central pressure observations at Craig Key [892 mb] 
indicating 164 kt winds from the intensifying subset of south of 25N and 162 kt from 
intensifying subset of north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.   The Dvorak pressure-wind 
relationship suggests 168 kt.  Regarding the probable RMW at landfall in the Keys, "it is 
estimated that the calm center was perhaps 8 miles in diameter" (MWR). Available observations 
suggest the RWM to be on the order of 5 nm (Ho et al).  This sized- RMW is smaller than what 
might be expected from climatology of this central pressure and landfall latitude (~10nm - 
Vickery et al).  The major hurricane also was moving 7 kt - slower than average conditions, 
while the outer closed isobar was 1010 mb - near average.  The combination of somewhat 
compensating a tiny RMW, a slowly moving cyclone, and near average environmental pressure 
led to the selection of 160 kt maximum 1 min 10 m winds at landfall in the Florida Keys.  
150 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 3rd in HURDAT. This maintains the hurricane's intensity 
as Category 5, but increases its previous peak intensity from 140 kt to 160 kt - a major 
increase. After passing through the Keys, the hurricane moved toward the northwest and 
eventually north on the 4th before making its second landfall in northwest Florida (as an 
85 kt Category 2 hurricane, see below).  The intensity is brought down by 15 kt each at 12 
and 18 UTC on the 3rd, then by 10 kt each six hours during the 4th to be consistent with 
this second landfall.  

Second landfall occurred near 22 UTC on the 4th northwest of Cedar Key, near 29.6N 83.4W. 
Ho et al. estimated a central pressure of 960 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure reading 
of 980 mb from Egmont Key about 15 hours before landfall.  However, Cedar Key measured 
985 mb at 1750 UTC just a few hours before landfall, but did not measure winds.  The 
closest full weather station for the second landfall was at Apalachicola, which measured 
a minimum pressure of 997 mb at 2120 UTC and maximum 5 min winds of 25 kt from the NW 
at 20 UTC.  Apalachicola was about 85 nm west of the point of landfall.  Cedar Key's 
985 mb was measured about 20 nm east of the hurricane's center, as the cyclone was moving 
northward about four hours before landfall.  The central pressure at landfall is roughly 
estimated to 965 mb, based primarily upon the Cedar Key information.  This suggests an 
intensity of 90 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 
86 kt from the subset of weakening cyclones.  The Ho et al estimate of about a 20 nm 
RMW is close to near average (23 nmi) from central pressure and landfall latitude 
climatology (Vickery et al), as is the translational velocity (9 kt) and outer closed 
isobar (1012 mb). Thus 85 kt at the second landfall in Florida is analyzed here, making 
this a Category 2 hurricane impact with a 10 kt increase in intensity compared to HURDAT 
originally in the 18 UTC slot.  During the 5th, the hurricane moved toward the northeast 
as it traversed over Georgia and South Carolina.  Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland 
decay wind model indicate maximum winds of 55 kt at 00Z on the 5th, 44 kt at 06Z, 38 kt 
at 12Z, 34 kt at 18Z, and 34 kt at 00Z on the 6th.   Highest observed wind after landfall 
were (within two hours of synoptic time):  30 kt at 00Z on the 5th, 70 kt at 06Z 
(from a ship), 35 kt at 12Z, 37 kt at 18Z, and 45 kt at 00Z on the 6th (from a ship).  
Land based observations late on the 5th and on the 6th were only 42 kt from Savannah, 
41 kt from Wilmington, and 40 kt from Charleston.  A few 60 kt observations and a 70 kt 
ship report were reported later on the 6th, as the system re-entered back over the 
Atlantic around 10 Z on the 6th.   Maximum winds are re-analyzed to be 75 kt at 00Z on 
the 5th (up 15 kt), 65 kt at 06Z (up 5 kt), 55 kt at 12Z (unchanged), and 50 kt at 
18Z on the 5th (down 5 kt).  A 996 mb pressure observation from Raleigh is likely a 
central pressure and is added in at the 06 UTC on the 6th.  This pressure suggests 
maximum winds of 55 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
The intensity is analyzed to be 50 kt (down from 60 kt originally), due to the system 
being overland.  The cyclone re-intensified back to a minimal Category 1 hurricane at 
12Z on the 6th (unchanged). The hurricane raced off towards the east-northeast and 
quickly lost its tropical characteristics early on the 7th. The hurricane became 
extratropical around 00 UTC on the 7th (six hours earlier than original HURDAT).  
The 80 kt originally in HURDAT on the 7th as an extratropical cyclone is supported 
by a 60 kt N/964 mb around 12 UTC and a 70 kt WSW/979 mb at 17 UTC.  The cyclone 
underwent rapid deepening as an extratropical cyclone on that date.  HURDAT suggests 
the system weakened on the 8th and 9th but available observations indicate the storm 
maintained 75kt on the 8th and 70 kt on the 9th. HURDAT dissipates the system on the 
10th after 12 UTC. Ship observations are in agreement with the dissipation time in HURDAT.

Jarrell et al lists this as a Category 5 hurricane in southwest Florida (Keys) and 
as a Category 2 hurricane in northwest Florida. HURDAT's original winds suggested a 
landfalling hurricane as a Category 5 in the Keys, but only a Category 1 in northwest 
Florida. Available observations conclude that it was indeed a Category 5 hurricane 
for the Florida Keys (for both southwest and southeast Florida, due to the breakdown 
of Florida's four regions).  The hurricane is re-analyzed as a Category 2 for northwest 
Florida.   The system is now analyzed to also have caused Category 1 winds in Georgia, 
which was not indicated previously by the HURDAT winds or by Jarrell et al.  "Total 
property losses entailed by this hurricane are very difficult to estimate, but 
doubtless exceed $6,000,000; practically all the loss was suffered in Florida and 
most of it over the Florida Keys" (MWR). "The loss of life on the Keys was very heavy. 
Three populous relief work camps inhabited by war veterans were destroyed. The best 
estimate of mortalities, furnished by the American Red Cross, places the total at 409, 
of which 244 are known dead and 165 missing" (MWR).  The infamous "Labor Day Hurricane" 
was one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to hit the U.S. in the 20th century.


Storm 4 (originally 3), 1935

26740 08/30/1935 M= 3  3 SNBR= 589 NOT NAMED   XING=0      
27870 08/31/1935 M= 4  4 SNBR= 616 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *

26745 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 875  40    0*210 886  35    0*
26745 08/30*205 860  25    0*205 870  25    0*205 880  25    0*205 890  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  
   
26750 08/31*203 896  35    0*200 904  35    0*197 913  35    0*193 924  35    0*
27880 08/31*204 901  25    0*203 912  30    0*201 920  35    0*198 927  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **


26755 09/01*191 934  35    0*189 941  35    0*188 948  30    0*180 970  25    0*
27885 09/01*193 933  45    0*190 939  50    0*188 945  50    0*187 952  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 2nd is new to HURDAT.)
27887 09/02*186 960  35    0*185 969  30    0*184 980  25    0*  0   0   0    0

26760 TS


Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Mexican observations 
from NCDC, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 30: HWM analyzed no features of interest near the Yucatan of Mexico.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 87.5W at the first position indicated at 
12Z. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 91W.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.7N, 91.3W. Available observations suggest a 
position slightly north of HURDAT to be most accurate. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Late in August a disturbance, appearing 
first as a weak circulation over Yucatan, moved westward on the 31st to the Bay of 
Campeche and showed some increase of intensity" (MWR).

September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.5N, 94.5W.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 18.8N, 94.8W. Available observations suggest 
a position slightly northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights:  
58 kt N (max wind) at Veracruz (unknown time) and 1004 mb (min pressure) (Mexico); 
15 kt SW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at Puerto Mexico (Mexico).   Ship highlights:  
35 kt at 12Z at 20N 94W and 1005 mb (unknown time) at 20N 94W (MWR).  "The disturbance 
did not increase much in intensity, and moved westward to pass inland south of Vera 
Cruz on the afternoon of September 1" (MWR).

September 2: HWM showed a broad area of low pressure over Mexico.  HURDAT suggests 
this system dissipated on the 1st after 18 UTC.   
Station highlight:  25 kt N and 1005 mb at Veracruz at 00 UTC (Mexico).

Genesis is begun for this tropical storm at 00Z on the 30th of August, 12 hours earlier 
than originally listed in HURDAT.  However, the system is begun as a 25 kt tropical 
depression (instead of a 40 kt tropical storm), which then moved west-southwestward 
across the Yucatan of Mexico and reached the southwestern Gulf of Mexico early on 
the 31st.  Minor track changes are made from the 30th until 12Z on the 1st of September.  
On the 1st, in contrast to the assessment by the MWR, the cyclone quickly intensified.  
As the system passed just north of Puerto Mexico on the 1st, the pressure at that 
location was 1001 mb with 15 kt SW wind at 12 UTC.  The pressure on the 31st at 
Puerto Mexico was 1011 mb - a ten mb drop then occurred over the next 24 hours.  
1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown 
et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone made landfall just 
southeast of Veracruz, Mexico around 18 UTC on the 1st near 18.7N 95.2W.  
Observations available from Veracruz (58 kt N wind sometime late on the 1st) and 
the pressure reading/drop from Puerto Mexico indicate a stronger cyclone than 
originally shown.  However, it is possible that some of the strong winds indicated 
at Veracruz were due to funneling along the Mexican coast, which is a fairly 
frequent occurrence.  Moreover, the landfall point is about 60 nm from Veracruz, 
and the track does not take it closer than 20-30 nm - and that only after a 
significant passage over land.  These points contribute to the concern whether the 
Veracruz observation can be taken at face value. Intensity is estimated as 50 kt 
at 18Z on the 1st at landfall, though this is quite uncertain.  The peak intensity 
of the system was originally indicated to be 40 kt at its genesis point on the 
30th east of Yucatan.  Major increases in intensity are now shown for 12Z and 18Z 
on the 1st.  Dissipation of this storm is originally suggested in HURDAT to occur 
after 18Z the 1st, but available observations late on the 1st and early on the 2nd 
indicate that the system stayed over water longer and remained a tropical cyclone 
through 12Z on the 2nd.  00Z to 12Z on the 2nd are added to HURDAT.

******************************************************************************

Storm 5 (originally 4), 1935

26765 09/23/1935 M=10  4 SNBR= 590 NOT NAMED   XING=0         
27895 09/23/1935 M=10  5 SNBR= 617 NOT NAMED   XING=0
                       *

26770 09/23*  0   0   0    0*148 730  35    0*146 734  40    0*144 739  45    0*
27900 09/23*  0   0   0    0*148 747  25    0*146 750  25    0*144 753  30    0
                                 ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

26775 09/24*142 745  50    0*141 753  55    0*141 760  60    0*141 768  65    0*
27905 09/24*142 757  35    0*141 761  40    0*141 765  45    0*141 770  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  ** 

26780 09/25*142 775  70    0*143 782  75    0*145 787  80    0*147 791  80    0*
27910 09/25*142 777  55    0*143 784  60    0*145 790  65    0*147 794  70    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

26785 09/26*150 795  85    0*153 799  90    0*157 801  90    0*162 800  90    0*
27915 09/26*149 797  75    0*151 798  80    0*153 798  85    0*157 798  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

26790 09/27*168 797  95    0*175 792  95    0*183 790 100    0*191 793 100    0*
27920 09/27*162 798  95    0*167 798  95    0*172 798 100    0*180 799 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

26795 09/28*199 797 105    0*212 802 105    0*227 804 100    0*240 802 100    0*
27925 09/28*192 801 105    0*214 803 105  955*227 804 100    0*240 802 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***      ***                          ***

26800 09/29*252 796 100    0*260 790 100    0*267 782 100    0*277 770 100    0*
27930 09/29*252 796 120    0*260 790 120    0*267 782 115    0*277 770 110    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

26805 09/30*288 752 100    0*301 729  95    0*314 704  95    0*327 679  90    0*
27935 09/30*288 752 105    0*301 729 100    0*314 704  95    0*327 684  90    0
                    ***              ***                           *** 

26810 10/01*343 654  90    0*365 635  85    0*388 620  80    0E407 615  75    0*
27940 10/01*343 670  90    0*365 655  90    0*388 635  85    0*407 615  85    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **     *         **

26815 10/02E430 602  65    0E458 579  60    0E487 536  50    0E499 515  50    0*
27945 10/02*430 590  75    0E458 565  65    0E487 536  60    0E499 505  55    0
           *    ***  **          ***  **               **          ***  **
26820 HR

U.S. Tropical Storm Impact:
----------------------------
Date            Time  Lat    Lon    Max Wind at coast 
09/29/1935*     0000Z 25.2N  79.6W  55kt 
(*Time and location of point of closest approach.)

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie 
et al. (2009), originally storm number 4. Another major change is to indicate a 
U.S. hurricane impact from this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, Florida Climatological Data, Jamaica Weather Report from NCDC, and Perez 
et al (2000).

September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12.5N, 73W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 14.6N, 73.4W. Available observations suggest a 
position farther west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were observed. "The first positive indication of a disturbance of sufficient vigor 
to be classed as a definite tropical cyclone was an observation of southwest wind, 
force 4, with rain and a confused sea, reported by the American S.S. San Gil, 
7 p.m., when near 14N, 75W" (MWR).

September 24: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13.5N, 76.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.1N, 76W. Available observations 
suggest a position farther west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.

September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 14.5N, 78W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 78.7W. Available observations 
suggest a position slightly west of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1006 mb 
at 14N, 80.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 14.3N, 79.4W at 18 UTC (COA). 

September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 15N, 80W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.7N, 80.1W. Available observations 
suggest a position slightly southeast of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 
986 mb at 15N, 80W at 03 UTC (MWR); 50 kt W and 991 mb at 15N, 80W at 12 UTC (HWM); 
45 kt W and 988 mb at 15.1N, 80.2W at 18 UTC (COA). "At 11 p.m. of the 25th, the 
American tanker A.C. Bedford experienced a minimum barometer of 29.13 inches 
[986 mb] attended by west-northwest hurricane winds, her position being then 
very near 15N, 80W. The disturbance seems to have progressed at a very slow rate 
during the 26th, and to have taken a recurving path toward the western end of 
Jamaica" (MWR).  "A tropical disturbance moving westward through the Caribbean 
Sea, turned toward the north near 80th meridian on the 26th" 
(Florida Climatological Data).

September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 16.5N, 79.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18.3N, 79W. The MWR Tracks of 
Cyclones indicate the center near 17N, 80W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position slightly southwest of HURDAT. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 
1001 mb at 17.3N, 78.6W at 13 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 17.3N, 78.7W 
at 15 UTC (COA).  Station highlights:  35 kt S (max winds) with 1001 mb at 
20 UTC and 22 kt S with 1000 mb (min pressure) at Negril Point (Jamaica).  
"While the history of this disturbance is continuous from the afternoon of 
September 23 until October 2, there is a period of 36 hours, September 26 
and 27, during which the characteristics and movement of the storm are 
obscure and apparently abnormal.  Data from ships' reports and island 
stations are too meager to permit reconstruction of the full history of 
storm activities during the 27th... high winds and excessive rains in 
Jamaica, causing heavy damage to the banana crop" (MWR).  "The effect of 
the storm was marked in Jamaica by serious loss in banana cultivation.  
The parishes nearer to the centre, such as Hanover and St. James, suffered 
total loss, diminishing in destructiveness over the remainder of the Island.  
There was no loss of life or damage to structures or shipping deserving of 
notice, for the wind even at Negril did not exceed gale force" (Jamaica).

September 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 22.5N, 80W.  
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 22.7N, 80.4W. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicates a pressure of 958 mb near 22.5N, 80.5W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 959 mb at 
Cienfuegos, Cuba at 09 UTC (MWR);  955 mb Montserrat Observatory, Cienfuegos, Cuba 
(Perez); 21 kt N and 999 mb at Key West at 18 UTC (OMR). Ship highlights: 20 kt N 
and 1004 mb at 24.7N, 84.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt E and 1000 mb 25N, 80.1W at 12 
UTC (COA). "Early on the 28th, the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba, was seriously affected 
by passage of the hurricane center, with lowest barometer unofficially reported at 
28.31 inches [959 mb].  There was heavy property damage in Cienfuegos, Cumanay Agua, 
and other Cuban localities, as the hurricane crossed the island, and the casualties 
in Cuba were estimated at 35 deaths and possibly 500 injured. Much damage was due 
to the floods that attended the passage of the storm" (MWR).  Cuba's summarized 
accounts for this storm are noted as, "a Category 3 hurricane affecting the central 
provinces with hurricane conditions and aptly named El Huracan de Cienfuegos" 
(Perez et al).  "It reached the Cuban coast near Cienfuegos with full hurricane 
intensity, causing loss of 35 lives, and much property.  Crossing Cuba it diminished 
in intensity, but after crossing increased again" (Florida Climatological Data).
  
September 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 26.5N, 78W.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.7N, 78.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 951 mb near 27N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest 
HURDAT to be most accurate.  Station highlights: 70 kt N (max wind) and 990 mb 
(min pressure) at Fowey Rock at 02 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NE (max wind) and 994 mb (min 
pressure) at Miami at 0145 UTC (MWR/OMR); 945 mb at Bimini at 03 UTC and calm (eye) 
at 0420 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 992 mb at 27.5N, 76.1W at 15 UTC 
(COA); 70 kt SE and 951 mb at 27.2N, 76.5W at 17 UTC (MWR). ""...the hurricane moved 
into a broad recurve that carried the center over the island of Bimini, where at 
12:20 a.m. of the 29th, the wind shifted from southeast to northwest. The last 
barometer reading to be received from Bimini was 27.90 inches [945 mb], at 11 p.m., 
more than an hour in advance of passage of the center which was doubtless marked by 
considerably lower minimum pressure.  Highest wind was estimated at 120 miles per hour
...Fowey-Rock Lighthouse, 12 miles southeast of Miami, experienced hurricane winds 
from the north, estimated at maximum to have been about 85 mph, with a barometer 
reading of 29.24 inches [990 mb]... The American steamer La Perla was near the hurricane 
center at 1 p.m. of September 29, at 27 degrees 14 minutes north, 76 degrees and 
28 minutes west, with a barometer reading of 28.08 inches [951 mb]. Later in the 
day (9 p.m.) the Japanese steamer Tokai maru, near 28.5N, 74W met the hurricane with 
winds veering from east-southeast to west-southwest, and a barometer of 28.24 inches 
[956 mb]" (MWR).  "When the storm center was about 40 miles southeast of Miami, it 
turned toward the northeast, crossing Bimini about 11 p. m. of the 28th, with 
hurricane force winds and a barometer reading of 27.90... Hurricane winds were 
reported at Fowey Rocks about 12 miles southeast of Miami, but there was little 
damage on the Florida mainland or on the Florida Keys" (Florida Climatological 
Data).  "...with Bimini's barometer reading 27.90 inches [945 mb] and winds estimated 
at 120 mph...The southeast coast of Florida experienced minimal hurricane conditions 
[late] on the 28th" (Dunn and Miller 1960).

September 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N, 70W.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 31.4N, 70.4W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 975 mb near 24.5N, 71W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 956 mb at 28.5N, 
74.0W at 01 UTC (MWR); 35 kt ENE and 990 mb at 30.5N, 71.7W at 08 UTC (MWR); 
40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.3N, 78.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).  "It continued its northeastward 
movement across the northern Bahamas and passed northwest of Bermuda on the 30th" 
(Florida Climatological Data).

October 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 37.5N, 63W. The map 
also indicates the system is becoming elongated southwest to northeast. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.8N, 62W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 981mb near 37.5N, 63W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE 
and 1003 mb at 39.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 70 kt NNW and 987 mb at ~39.1N, ~64.0W 
at 15 UTC (MWR); 70 kt WSW and 972 mb at 42.2N, 59.5W at 21 UTC.

October 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 48N, 52W with a 
westward pointing warm front indicated west of the center. HURDAT listed this 
as an extratropical storm at 48.7N, 53.6W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates 
a pressure of 1005 mb near 48N, 54W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest 
HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 987 mb at 44N, 57.2W 
at 03 UTC (MWR); 45 kt S and 1005 mb at 48.5N, 50.2W at 12 UTC (COA).

Genesis for this major hurricane is maintained at 06Z on September 23rd.  HURDAT 
previously suggested the system was a tropical storm at the time of genesis on the 
23rd, however, available observations indicate no gales (or equivalent in pressure) 
occurred. Thus, 25 kt is chosen for HURDAT. Minor track changes were introduced for 
each day from the 23rd until the 29th.  No track alterations were introduced on the 
30th until dissipation on the 2nd.  It is analyzed that the system acquired tropical 
storm intensity early on the 24th, 18 hours later than originally.  Numerous 
observations on the 24th and 25th indicate a weaker cyclone than originally found 
in HURDAT and minor reductions are made to the intensity on those dates.  
Intensification to hurricane strength is now shown to be at 12Z on the 25th, 
18 hours later than originally indicated.  A peripheral pressure of 986 mb with 
concurrent 70 kt WNW was observed at 03Z on the 26th which suggests at least 70 kt 
maximum winds from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt at 00Z and 
80 kt at 06Z are chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 and 90 kt originally.  MWR and 
HURDAT insist the storm moved north-northeast on the 26th, nearly brushing western 
Jamaica on the 27th, and then taking a more north-northwest track before landfall 
in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Available observations indicate a scenario such as this to be 
incorrect, suggesting the hurricane maintained a nearly continuous northward track 
on the 26th, 27th, and early on the 28th. Intensity estimates for the 27th are vague 
due to the lack of ships near the center. Thus the HURDAT winds are maintained for 
that date (95 kt at 00 and 06Z and 100 kt at 12 and 18Z).

On the 28th of September, the hurricane made landfall at 22.0N 80.4W near 
Cienfuegos, Cuba, around 08 UTC. A central pressure of 955 mb in Cienfuegos suggests 
106 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  105 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT and is unchanged from that in HURDAT originally. This makes the 
cyclone a Category 3 hurricane impact for Cuba and is in agreement with the assessment 
by Perez et al.  The hurricane began to take a northeastward track after landfall and 
continued this path through the rest of its lifecycle.  On the 29th the hurricane was 
centered just northeast of Bimini. Peripheral pressure observations on the 29th of 945 mb 
from Bimini implies winds of at least 118 and 115 kt, respectively, from the intensifying 
subset of south of 25N and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. 
120 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 06Z on the 29th, up from 100 kt originally - a 
major upward change.  This makes the system a Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in 
the Bahamas and 120 kt is also the peak intensity for the hurricane (up from 105 kt as 
the original peak).  As the hurricane passed just southeast Florida early on the 29th, 
70 kt hurricane force winds were observed (by a visual estimate of the sea state) along 
with 990 mb minimum pressure at Fowey Rocks, a lighthouse just offshore Miami.  The 
maximum 5 min winds observed at the downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office were 35 kt.  
The Fowey Rocks lighthouse keeper's observation of 70 kt is based upon a visual 
estimate of the sea state and not from an anemometer.  Given the uncertainty in this 
visual estimate, that it is at an offshore location a few miles from any coastal 
islands, and that there were no reports of significant wind-caused damage, the analysis 
of peak impact for southeast Florida is for a high end (~55 kt) tropical storm, along 
in a limited stretch of Miami-Dade County - in Elliot Key and nearby smaller islands.  

The hurricane progressed more rapidly toward the northeast on the 30th and October 1st. 
A peripheral pressure of 956 mb at 01Z on the 30th implies winds of at least 99 kt from 
the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt is chosen for HURDAT, up from 100 kt 
originally. HURDAT suggests the hurricane transitions to extratropical on the 1st at 
18 UTC but available observations indicate the transition did not occur until about 
06Z of the 2nd, 12 hours later than HURDAT. A peripheral pressure observation at 21Z 
on the 1st of 972 mb indicates at least 80 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z, up from 75 kt originally.  
Available observations indicate the cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 2nd. 

******************************************************************************

Storm 6 (originally 5), 1935

26825 10/19/1935 M= 9  5 SNBR= 591 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
27955 10/18/1935 M=10  6 SNBR= 618 NOT NAMED   XING=0
                   **  *  

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
27957 10/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*132 810  25    0*132 803  25    0

26830 10/19*124 787  35    0*129 782  45    0*135 777  55    0*140 773  60    0*
27960 10/19*133 796  30    0*134 790  30    0*135 785  35    0*138 783  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

26835 10/20*144 771  65    0*148 769  70    0*152 767  70    0*155 765  70    0*
27965 10/20*142 782  40    0*147 781  40    0*152 780  40    0*158 778  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **  

26840 10/21*159 763  75    0*165 760  75    0*172 757  75    0*179 756  75    0*
27970 10/21*165 775  45    0*172 771  45    0*178 767  50  995*183 764  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

26845 10/22*185 756  75    0*191 757  75    0*197 761  60    0*199 767  60    0*
27975 10/22*188 762  60    0*193 761  65    0*197 761  75    0*199 765  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

26850 10/23*197 774  60    0*194 780  60    0*191 785  50    0*188 790  45    0*
27980 10/23*198 769  65    0*195 773  55    0*191 778  50    0*187 784  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

26855 10/24*184 794  45    0*182 797  45    0*179 801  55  988*174 807  65    0*
27985 10/24*183 791  55    0*179 798  60    0*175 805  60  988*170 811  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

26860 10/25*167 814  65    0*160 823  70    0*153 831  75    0*149 839  75    0*
27990 10/25*164 816  65    0*158 822  70    0*153 828  75    0*148 834  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

26865 10/26*149 846  75    0*144 854  65    0*143 863  35    0*143 874  25    0*
27995 10/26*143 841  40    0*139 849  30    0*138 860  30    0*139 872  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

26870 10/27*143 879  20    0*143 884  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28000 10/27*142 884  25    0*145 896  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      
26875 HR

Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Jamaica Weather 
Report from NCDC, and Perez et al (2000).

October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14N, 81W. HURDAT 
suggests the system originated on the 19th, however, available observations 
indicate the system began on the 18th as a tropical depression at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at 14.7N, 83.1W at 00 UTC (COA); 10 kt S and 
1002 mb at 12.9N, 80.7W at 12 UTC (COA). " As early as the morning of October 17 
there was some evidence of a wide-spread but weak cyclonic wind system in the 
southwestern Caribbean Sea, between Jamaica and Panama" (MWR).

October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13.5N, 80W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 13.5N, 77.7W. Available observations suggest a 
position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSW and 1004 mb 
at 13.5N, 77.8W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The development of this storm first became quite 
evident on the afternoon of October 19, when the American steamer Forbes Hauptmann 
experienced a south-southwest gale of force 9, with barometer 29.64 inches [1004 mb], 
near 13N, 79W" (MWR).

October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 14.5N, 80.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.2N, 76.7W. Available observations suggest 
that a position southwest of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 
1005 mb at 15N, 77W at ~12 UTC (MWR); 20 kt NE and 1001 mb at 20N, 83.9W at 18 UTC (COA). 
"...the U.S.S. Chaumont, on the morning of the 20th, then near 15N, 77W, whence she 
reported south-southeast wind of force 7, and barometer reading 29.68 inches [1005 mb].  
Twelve hours later the northeastward direction of progression of the disturbance had 
been determined" (MWR).

October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 78W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.2N, 75.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the 
center near 18N, 75.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position southwest of 
HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18N, 75.9W at 13 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 18.7N, 77.2W at 19 UTC (COA). Station highlights:  
35 kt SE (max winds) and 1000 mb (min pressure) at 12 UTC at Morant Point (Jamaica); 
21 kt W and 999 mb (min pressure) at 14 UTC at Kingston (Jamaica).  "The storm moved 
northeastward as forecast, and the center passed close to Navassa Island during the 
afternoon of October 21" (MWR).  "This weather disturbance continued on a track about NNE, 
and evidently passed a little to the westward of Morant Point Lighthouse, then emerging 
seaward towards Santiago-de-Cuba... This disturbance in passing Morant Point Lighthouse on 
21st at about 9 a.m. did not appear to exceed gale force nor reach near hurricane winds...
At Jamaica, wind of gale force from the NNE and NE made its appearance from early on 20th 
over the parishes to the eastward of Jamaica...There was a further great loss to cultivation 
(since that of the 27th September).  The parishes of St. Thomas, Portland, and St. Mary 
had the greatest damage... Jamaica, particularly the eastern parishes, suffered extensive 
damages to cultivation.  There was no loss of life reported, nor were buildings seriously 
damaged" (Jamaica).

October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 19.7N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure 
of 994 mb near 20N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position south of 
HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: 60 kt at Santiago (anemometer failed - MWR); 
50 kt ENE and 999 mb at Nipe Bay, Cuba, at 1830 UTC (MWR); 21 kt SW and 1003 mb 
(min pressure) at Negril Point at 23 UTC (Jamaica). Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1004 mb 
at 18.2N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 15 kt SE and 1004 mb at 20N, 75W at 12 UTC (HWM). The 
hurricane's occurrence in Cuba is noted as, "a Category 1 hurricane that affected eastern 
provinces causing minimal damage throughout the 22-23" (Perez et al). "...the center 
[became close] to the coast of Cuba near Santiago, on the early morning of October 22.  
Torrential rains over extreme southwestern Haiti attended the storm's passage, and press 
reports indicated a disastrous total of deaths, the actual number being uncertain but more 
than 1,000 and possibly as many as 2,000.  There was much damage to crops and property in 
Jamaica, the estimates of monetary losses exceeding $2,000,000.  An unidentified schooner 
and its entire crew were lost off Port Antonio, on the northeast coast, but no other report 
of deaths from this hurricane has been received from Jamaica.  There was considerable damage 
in the vicinity of Santiago, Cuba, as the cyclone moved into that region, and press reports 
indicate that four lives were lost there.  The wind exceeded 70 miles per hour in Santiago, 
as measured by an anemometer on a Pan-American Airways hangar which was blown down after 
that velocity had been recorded.  Whole gale and storm winds occurred on the opposite coast 
of Cuba near Nipe Bay (due north of Santiago), and also eastward from Santiago as far as 
Guantanamo Bay where there was minor storm damage" (MWR).  "After this hurricane moved forward, 
since passing Cape Cruz of Cuba, where it was located to the north west of the parish of 
Hanover, Jamaica, instrumental observations made by Mr. Edward Foster of Rose Mount showed 
that the storm centre was nearest to the Island at about 7 a.m. on the 23rd... The storm centre 
is estimated to have been, at 7 a.m. on the 23rd, about 100 miles to the NW of western Jamaica.  
It will be, therefore, gathered from the above that at no time, when this weather disturbance 
was either to the eastward or north-westward of Jamaica, did it attain hurricane force in 
this Island" (Jamaica).

October 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 78W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 78.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 19N, 
78.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly south of HURDAT to be most 
accurate. Ship highlights: 15 kt N and 1003 mb at 19.1N, 78.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt ESE 
and 1004 mb at 19.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA).  "The hurricane center was undoubtedly deflected 
and much weakened in intensity by the Sierra Maestra Mountains, which front the coast westward 
from Santiago.  During October 22 and 23 the disturbance moved westward and then southwestward, 
and it started back again across the Caribbean Sea, to increase in intensity and resume full 
hurricane force before entering Honduras near Cape Gracias, on October 25" (MWR).

October 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 16.5N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 80.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate a pressure of 
988 mb near 18N, 81.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest that a position southwest 
of HURDAT is most accurate. Ship highlights: calm winds and 988 mb at 17.7N, 80.4W at 10 UTC 
and 40 kt after 10 UTC (MWR); 35 kt N and 1004 mb at 19.2N, 81.6W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SE 
and 998 mb at 17.4N, 80.4W at 17 UTC (COA). "The only ship to report a close contact with the 
storm during its southwestward movement over the open sea was the American steamer Afel, on 
the morning of October 24, had the lowest barometer so far reported in connection with this 
hurricane at 29.18 inches [988 mb], as the central calm passed over the vessel in 17 degrees 
44 minutes north, 80 degrees 26 minutes west. The highest wind experienced there was only a 
strong gale (Beaufort 9) which came up from the southeast after the passage of the calm center.  
The vortex was evidently deepening again at this time, after being very weak during the 
preceding day, but it had not attained hurricane force" (MWR).

October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 152N, 82W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 83.1W. Available observations suggest that a position 
just east of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 999 mb at ~14.9N, 
~83.3W at 08 UTC (MWR); 40 kt NNW and 995 mb at ~15.3N, ~83.4W at 08 UTC (MWR); 25 kt W and 
1000 mb at 14.5N, 83.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlights:  70 kt at Cape Gracias a Dios 
around 12Z (MWR).  "Next reports from the immediate vicinity of the storm center came on the 
morning of the 25th from the Honduran steamers Contessa and Sinaloa, and from the meteorological 
station at Cape Gracias a Dios, the latter reporting hurricane winds as the center passed 
nearby on the morning of October 25" (MWR).

October 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 13.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a minimal tropical storm at 14.3N, 86.3W. Available observations suggest that a position 
southeast of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Bluefields at 
12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 16.5N 86.0W at 12 UTC (Mexico);  
35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 16.2N 87.0W at 12 UTC (Mexico);  10 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 12.4N, 83W 
at 00 UTC (COA).  "The evidence at hand indicates that the storm weakened slowly after passing 
inland over Honduras, and curved westward along the fifteenth parallel of latitude, dying out in 
the interior after the 26th.  Much damage to property and banana plantations occurred in 
northeastern Honduras, with some lesser damage in extreme northeastern Nicaragua, mostly due 
to floods.  About 150 lives were lost here, mainly in Honduras" (MWR).

October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 92W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical depression at 14.3N, 88.4W at 06 UTC. Available observations suggest that a 
position significantly farther west of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 
calm winds and 1005 mb at Tapachula, Mexico, at 12 UTC (HWM). Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW 
and 1004 mb at 14.4N, 93.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  "The hurricane adds another unprecedented 
track to the history of West Indian hurricanes.  The center moved over a path about 1,400 
miles in length, practically encircling the island of Jamaica in the loop along which its 
normal northeastward movement was reversed into an abnormal southwestward course, and it 
passed inland over Honduras only about 250 miles from the place, where, a week  before, 
it had its origin" (MWR).

Genesis is begun for this system at 12 UTC on October the 18th as a tropical depression, 
12 hours earlier than previously recorded in HURDAT.  Minor track changes are introduced 
for every day of its existence, except for the 27th where a major westward shift is 
introduced into the last entry in the existing HURDAT.  Tropical storm intensity is 
attained for this system at 12 UTC on the 19th, which is 12 hours later than originally 
shown. During the 19th and the 20th, there are no reports of pressures below 1000 mb, no 
reports of winds above 40 kt, and the system has a large envelope with relatively low 
environmental pressures. The intensities are reduced substantially for these two days.  
The system made landfall in eastern Jamaica around 13 UTC on the 21st, near 17.9N 76.6W.  
Observations from Morant Point Lighthouse and Kingston indicate a central pressure at 
landfall of around 995 mb.  This pressure suggests and intensity of 56 kt from the Brown 
et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  However, because of the slow movement 
and low environmental pressure, the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 50 kt.  
This is 25 kt less than originally shown in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 21st and HURDAT kept 
the center east of Jamaica.  Major reductions of at least 20 kt are thus introduced from 
12 UTC on the 19th to 18 UTC on the 21st.  The system became a minimal Category 1 
hurricane around 06 UTC on the 22nd, more than two days later than originally indicated.  
Available observations indicate landfall in Cuba occurred near Santiago around 18 UTC of 
the 22nd. Peak observations near landfall were 60 kt (with the anemometer failing after 
that observation) and 999 mb pressure.  The 75 kt intensity is maintained until landfall 
in Cuba, making this a Category 1 hurricane consistent with Perez et al.'s assessment.  
75 kt is the peak intensity for the cyclone and is unchanged from that originally shown 
in HURDAT.  A slow decrease in intensity is indicated on the 23rd as the storm moved 
southwest back over the Caribbean Sea. A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb was observed at 
12 UTC on the 23rd implying at least 41 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 
50 kt is maintained in HURDAT. An eye pressure of 988 mb was measured by ship at 10 UTC on 
the 24th, but with only 40 kt SE maximum winds during the ship's passage through the cyclone.  
This pressure suggests 67 kt from the south of 25N pressure wind relationship.   Because of 
the system's slow speed (8 kt) and the lack of hurricane force winds from this ship, 60 kt 
is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th (up from 55 kt originally). Two ships observed 
peripheral pressures of 995 and 999 mb at 08 UTC on the 25th, implying at least winds of 
56 and 49 kt, respectively, from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 70 kt is 
maintained in HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 25th.  A second landfall occurred near 16 UTC on 
the 25th.  Peak observed winds were "hurricane force" in Cape Gracias a Dios, Honduras 
on the 25th.  75 kt at 12 UTC on the 25th is maintained and is also assessed to be the 
landfall intensity.   This secondary peak of intensity matches what the cyclone attained 
on the 22nd.  HURDAT unrealistically maintained the system as a hurricane for 18 hours 
after landfall over mountainous Honduras and Nicaragua.  The two best analogues for this 
system during the last two decades - as far as track goes - are 2007's Felix and 2005's 
Beta.  Felix made landfall with 140 kt, weakened to 85 kt in six hours, 50 kt in 12 hours, 
and 25 kt in 18 hours.  Beta made landfall with 90 kt, weakened to 55 kt in six hours, and 
20 kt in 12 hours.  These were utilized to refine the intensity as the cyclone decayed over 
Central America, with even weaker intensities than earlier estimated.  A much quicker 
weakening is now indicated with intensity at 60 kt at 18 UTC on the 25th (originally 75 kt), 
40 kt at 00 UTC on the 26th (originally 75 kt), and 30 kt at 06 UTC (originally 65 kt).  
The system continued to progress westward and dissipated over Central America on the 27th.  
The dissipation after 06 UTC on the 27th is unchanged.

******************************************************************************

Storm 7 (originally 6), 1935

26880 10/30/1935 M=10  6 SNBR= 592 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                    
28010 10/30/1935 M=10  7 SNBR= 619 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *

26885 10/30*  0   0   0    0*326 609  35    0*328 618  35    0*330 628  40    0*
28015 10/30*  0   0   0    0*323 609  35    0*325 620  35    0*327 630  40    0
                             ***              *** ***          *** *** 

26890 10/31*331 637  40    0*333 645  45    0*334 653  50    0*335 666  55    0*
28020 10/31*329 640  40    0*331 650  45    0*334 660  50    0*338 671  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  

26895 11/01*337 681  60    0*337 697  60    0*336 712  65    0*335 726  70    0*
28025 11/01*342 682  60    0*344 693  60    0*345 705  65    0*343 719  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

26900 11/02*332 738  70    0*328 750  70  980*322 757  70    0*316 759  70    0*
28030 11/02*340 735  70    0*336 747  75  980*330 755  75    0*320 759  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

26905 11/03*309 760  70    0*302 760  70    0*295 761  70    0*286 764  65    0*
28035 11/03*308 760  85    0*294 761  90    0*282 763  90  964*274 767  90    0   
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

26910 11/04*277 771  65    0*270 779  65    0*265 787  65    0*258 803  65  973*
28040 11/04*269 773  90    0*265 780  85    0*262 789  85    0*259 801  85  973  
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

26915 11/05*253 811  65    0*249 825  65    0*249 835  65    0*251 843  65    0*
28045 11/05*257 813  70    0*256 822  65    0*255 830  65    0*256 838  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***   

26920 11/06*252 850  60    0*255 857  60    0*260 863  55    0*264 867  50    0*
28050 11/06*259 846  60    0*262 854  55    0*265 861  50    0*268 867  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

26925 11/07*268 870  45    0*275 871  40    0*280 869  35    0*281 858  30    0*
28055 11/07*271 870  40    0*273 872  35    0*275 872  35    0*276 869  30    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

26930 11/08*278 847  25    0*277 842  20    0*276 837  15    0*275 834  15    0*
28060 11/08*276 864  30    0*276 857  25    0E276 850  25    0E276 843  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

26935 HRCFL2
28065 HRCFL2BFL1
            ****

U.S.  Hurricane Landfall
4ht/18 UTC  25.9N 80.1W  973 mb  85 kt  CFL2, BFL1

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009), originally storm number 6.  Another major change is to show an extratropical stage 
on the last day of the cyclone's existence.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
Monthly Weather Review, Barnes (1998), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al (1992).

October 25:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N 59W along a NE-SW 
oriented frontal boundary.  Neither the MWR Tracks of Cyclones, nor HURDAT begins this 
cyclone until the 30th of October.  No gale force winds or low pressures reported.

October 26:  HWM indicates an open low of at most 1005 mb near 30N 52W along a N-S 
oriented frontal boundary.  Ship highlights:  45 kt S with 1009 mb at 32.5N 45.5W at 
19 UTC (COA); 45 kt S with 1011 mb at 32.5N 46.5W at 23 UTC (COA).

October 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N 52W along a N-S 
oriented frontal boundary.  Ship highlights:  35 kt S with 1008 mb at 35.4N 45.4W 
at 03 UTC (COA).

October 28:  HWM indicates an open low of at most 1015 mb near 30N 50W along a N-S 
oriented frontal boundary.  No gale force winds or low pressures.

October 29:  HWM indicates a NE-SW oriented warm front intersecting a NW-S-SW oriented 
cold front at 31N 57W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt N with 1027 mb at 39.3W 51.6W at 00 UTC 
(COA);  35 kt NE with 1027 mb at 39.6N 50.5W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32, 62.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 61.8W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center 
near 33N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly southwest of 
HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights:  35 kt E and 1028 mb at 38.8N 59.7W at 
12 UTC (HWM).  "This storm seemingly was of extratropical origin, since it first appeared 
as a small and weak depression central about 32N, some distance east of Bermuda, early on 
October 30" (MWR).

October 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 33N, 67W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 33.4N, 65.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center 
near 34N, 65.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly west of 
HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlight:  30 kt N and 1017 mb at Bermuda at 
12 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 33N, 65.2W at 05 UTC (MWR).  
"It progressed west-by-north, passed close north of Bermuda, and, continuing in a general 
west-by-north to west-northwesterly course with increasing intensity, because a distinct 
threat to the entire Carolina coast by the morning of November 1" (MWR).

November 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 71W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 33.6N, 71.2W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the 
center near 34N, 70.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position northeast of 
HURDAT to be most accurate. Station (peak) highlights: 35 kt N at Cape Hatteras (MWR).  
Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 33.5N, 73.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 60 kt E and 
990 mb at 35.3N, 72.1W at 18 UTC (MWR); 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.1N, 71.8W at 20 UTC 
(COA). "Near midnight on October 31, the American steamship W.H. Libby at latitude 
34 degrees 43 minutes north, longitude 69 degrees 16 minutes south, reporting southeast 
winds of force 8. The lowest barometer reading on this vessel was at 2 a.m. on November 1, 
when a corrected value of 29.58 inches [1002 mb] was indicated... During the night of 
November 1, however, it unexpectedly turned southwestward" (MWR).

November 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 32N, 75W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 32.2N, 75.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a 
pressure of 980 mb near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position 
northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: calm winds and 980 mb central 
pressure at 33.5N, 74.7W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NNE and 992 mb at 33.5N, 74.7W at 09 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt W and 993 mb at 32.2N, 75W at 12 UTC (HWM). "Between the morning of 
November 1 and 2, and particularly during the night of the 1st, the storm center took a 
peculiar turn toward a more southerly course. The American steamship Iowan passed through 
the central calm area at about 2 a.m. on November 2, in 33 degrees 30 minutes north, 
74 degrees 42 minutes west, and reported a barometer reading of 28.94 inches [980 mb]. 
Just before passage through the calm, the wind had attained force 12 from the 
north-northeast and thereafter switched to force 12 from the southwest" (MWR).

November 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28.5N, 77W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.5N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 964 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 
70 kt WSW at 27.7N, 76.5W at 12 UTC (MWR); 15 kt E and 964 mb at 27.7N, 76.5W at 
1330 UTC (MWR); 60 kt WSW and 964 mb at 27.6N, 76.6W at 14 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and 
993 mb at 27.6N, 76.6W at 16 UTC (MWR). "...crossed the northern extremity of the 
Bahamas on the 3d...At 9:30 a.m. [of the 3rd] the British steamship Queen of Bermuda, 
about 75 miles north-northeast of Hopetown, Great Abaco Island, at 27 degrees 
41 minutes north, 76 degrees 32 minutes west, was in the hurricane center, with 
a barometer reading of 28.46 inches [964 mb], the lowest reported for the storm" (MWR).

November 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 26.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.5N, 78.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicates a pressure of 973 mb near 26N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available observations 
suggest a position southwest of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 
58 kt NW and 975 mb at Miami at 17 UTC (OMR); 60 kt WNW and 973 mb at Miami at 
17 UTC (MWR); calm winds and 973 mb at Miami at 1745 UTC (OMR); 65 kt SE at Miami 
at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E (Beaufort 12) and 977 at Fort Lauderdale at 21 UTC (MWR). 
Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE at 26.7N, 78.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); north to northeast winds 
and 973 mb at 25.9N, 79.5W at 16 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 1001 mb at 25.3N, 80.1W at 
18 UTC (COA). "...and then passed southwesterly across the lower Florida peninsula 
into the gulf of Mexico on the 4th...A report from the American steamship Arizpa, 
Mobile to London, caught in the hurricane of the southeast coast of Florida, states 
that the barometer stood at 28.72 inches [973 mb] (corrected) from 11 a.m. until 
noon of the 4th, at and close to 25 degrees 55 minutes north, 79 degrees 55 minutes 
west, while hurricane velocities from north and northeast were experienced between 
10 a.m. and 1 p.m... The storm throughout its history was of comparatively small 
diameter, and its hurricane winds covered only a narrow band" (MWR).  "The eye of 
the storm passed over the city [Miami] at about noon on the 4th before tracking 
across the Everglades and into the Gulf of Mexico" (Barnes).  Dunn and Miller note 
the storm as "occurring in extreme south Florida on November 4th as a minimal 
hurricane with Miami's barometer reading 973 mb and winds of 75 mph."  Jarrell et 
al also noted this hurricane as a "Category 2 hurricane in southeast Florida with 
a 973 mb pressure."  Ho et al lists this storm as, "having a RMW of 10 nmi, a 
central pressure of 973 mb, and a landfall location of 25.9N, 80.1W."   "The total 
property loss in Miami and vicinity is estimated at $5,500,000. The total loss of 
life in Florida and Great Abaco Island is placed at 19" (MWR).

November 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26N, 84W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 24.9N, 83.5W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones 
indicate the center near 26N, 84W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a 
position northeast of HURDAT to be most accurate. Station highlights: 29 kt W 
and 1005 mb at Key West at 00 UTC (OMR). Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1004 mb 
at 24.9N, 84W at 10 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 26.6N, 83.5W at 17 UTC 
(MWR).  "In the east Gulf it formed an incomplete loop by first moving westward, 
then northward toward the Alabama coast, and finally eastward nearly to the 
central west coast of Florida" (MWR).

November 6: HWM analyzes an area of low environmental pressure, but not closed, 
near 25N, 85W with an approaching cold front from the northwest. Available 
observations disagree with this analysis and indicate that a circulation, however 
weak it appears (~1015 mb), is present around 25.5N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 26N, 86.3W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 
26.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly northeast 
of HURDAT to be most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1008 mb at 25.8N, 85.7W 
at 09 UTC (MWR); 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 26.6N, 85.7W at 13 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 
1009 mb at 27N, 86.2W at 17 UTC (MWR).

November 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 26N, 88W with a cold 
front propagating north of the circulation. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 28N, 86.9W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 28N, 86.5W at 
8 a.m. Available observations suggest a position slightly southwest of HURDAT to be 
most accurate. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 27.9N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (COA).

November 8: HWM analyzed a cold front stretching from southwest to northeast such 
that no circulation exists and barotropic characteristics that where once present 
are no longer apparent. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 27.6N, 
83.7W. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 85W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations suggest a position west of HURDAT to be most accurate. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "It did not 
reach this [west Florida] coast, but entirely disintegrated before 8 p. m. on 
November 8" (MWR).

Genesis is maintained for this hurricane on October 30th at 06 UTC.  Despite the 
HWM map series indicating a low pressure in association with an extended frontal 
boundary from the 25th to the 28th (but not on the 29th), a closed low could not 
be confirmed, as the structure observed is better described as a front or open 
trough.  An observation at Bermuda of 30 kt N and 1017 mb at 12 UTC on the 30th 
is consistent with the pre-existing 35 kt in HURDAT at that time.  Despite the 
Historical Weather Map showing the cyclone having frontal boundaries from the 
30th of October through the 1st of November, re-examination of the data indicate 
no significant temperature gradient, a relatively symmetric wind field, and 
strong winds near the center.  Thus the cyclone's status as a tropical cyclone 
for the 30th to the 1st of November is maintained.  Minor alterations were made 
to the track for every day of its existence.  On the 31st at 05 UTC, a peripheral 
pressure observation of 1000 mb was indicated along with 35 kt WSW winds.  This 
pressure implies at least 44 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship. 45 kt at 06 UTC is maintained.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb with 
simultaneous 60 kt E winds at 18 UTC on the 1st implies at least winds of 64 kt 
from the Brown et al north of 25N and at least 63 kt from the Landsea et al. north 
of 35N pressure-wind relationships. 70 kt at that time is maintained in HURDAT. On 
the 1st, the cyclone caused tropical storm force winds to occur along the North 
Carolina coast.  On the 2nd the storm's motion took an irregular path from west 
toward the Carolinas to south toward the Bahamas. A central pressure of 980 mb at 
06 UTC on the 2nd was observed from a ship indicating winds of 73 kt from the 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher 
than previously recorded. The hurricane was located north of the Bahamas on the 
3rd where several ship observations were available. A central pressure of 964 mb 
was reported shortly after 12 UTC on the 3rd, which implies winds of 91 and 95 kt 
from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and the subset relationship for 
intensifying systems.  90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 3rd, 20 kt 
higher than the original estimate, which is a major intensity revision.  No 
significant observations were available from the Bahamas, though it is likely 
that the hurricane made landfall over Great Abaco early on the 4th as a 
Category 2 hurricane.

Landfall for the cyclone occurred around 18 UTC on the 4th at 25.9N 80.1W at Miami, 
Florida. On the 4th, a central pressure of 973 mb was observed at 18 UTC in Miami 
indicating winds of 81 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 
86 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Highest observed 5 min winds 
were 65 kt SE at 1807 UTC in Miami after the eye passage. The small RMW of 10 nm 
estimated by Ho et al. is consistent with the description in MWR and is smaller than 
climatology (20 nm - Vickery et al) for this latitude and central pressure.  
Translational speed for the hurricane at landfall is about 11 kt, fairly close to 
climatology.  Thus, 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT. This new wind estimate is considerably 
higher than before (65 kt) but does confirm the Category 2 classification analyzed 
by Jarrell et al.  It is possible, given the uncertainties that this cyclone made 
landfall as a high end Category 1 (~80 kt), rather than a low end Category 2 (~85 kt).  
(Thus the intensity from 06 UTC on the 3rd through 18 UTC on the 4th had a major 
upward change.)  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests winds 
of 69 kt at 00 UTC on the 5th.  Given the transit over the Everglades, intensity at 
this time is analyzed to be 70 kt, 5 kt higher than originally listed. Minimal gale 
force observations (35 kt) were seen for the 5th at Key West (00 UTC) although a wind 
of east-northeast at 70 kt was noted by the S.S. Horn Shell at 17 UTC. 65 kt is 
maintained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 5th. The system continued to diminish in 
intensity through the 5th and 6th even though the cyclone had moved over the Gulf 
of Mexico, downgrading the hurricane to a tropical storm at 00 UTC on the 6th. 
On the 6th, several ship observations contained gale force winds but relatively weak 
pressures (1008-1011 mb) with the highest wind of 45 kt at 09 UTC. 50 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 6th, 5 kt lower than previously estimated. A single wind 
observation of 35 kt early on the 7th amidst several measurements in the Gulf of Mexico 
indicates the storm is continued to weaken. The storm became a tropical depression at 
18 UTC on the 7th (unchanged) and transitioned to extratropical at 12 UTC on the 8th.  
This extratropical transition was not indicated in HURDAT previously, but is supported 
by the large temperature contrast across the weakening system by 12 UTC on the 8th.  
While somewhat ambiguous, it appears that a closed circulation still existed at 12 UTC 
on the 8th.  Dissipation after 18 UTC on the 8th is unchanged from that previously 
indicated.

******************************************************************************

Storm 8, 1935

28066 11/03/1935 M=12  8 SNBR= 620 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
28066 11/03*340 615  30    0*345 605  30    0*350 595  30    0*356 583  35    0
28066 11/04*362 571  35    0*367 560  40    0*370 550  40    0*367 544  40    0
28066 11/05*362 541  40    0*356 539  40    0*350 540  40    0*342 548  40    0
28066 11/06*332 558  40    0*325 570  40    0*320 580  40    0*317 588  40    0
28066 11/07*317 596  40    0*317 603  40    0*315 610  40    0*309 616  40    0
28066 11/08*299 621  40    0*290 624  40    0*285 625  40    0*282 624  35    0
28066 11/09*281 622  35    0*280 619  30    0*280 615  30    0*280 609  30    0
28066 11/10*281 600  30    0*282 593  30    0*285 590  35    0*290 592  35    0
28066 11/11*295 597  40    0*299 605  40    0*300 615  40    0*296 622  40    0
28066 11/12*287 626  40    0*279 628  40    0*275 630  35    0*272 632  35    0
28066 11/13*270 634  35    0*269 636  30    0*270 635  30    0*275 631  30    0
28066 11/14*285 625  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
28066 TS 

This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for this 
system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and 
the Monthly Weather Review.

November 2:  HWM analyses a weak trough along 35N 55W to 25N 65W.  
No gale force winds or low pressures.

November 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 60W with a frontal 
system to the northwest of the storm stretching from northeast to southwest.  
Ship highlights:  30 kt N and 1010 mb at 36.2N 62.1W at 12 UTC (COA).

November 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 55W with the weak 
stationary front northwest of the system dissipating. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 
1006 mb at 37.0N 54.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 37.2N, 54.5W at 12 UTC 
(COA); 10 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 40.1N, 53.6W at 13 UTC (COA).

November 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 54W. The previous 
frontal system to the northwest has dissipated as indicated by HWM. Ship highlights: 
30 kt N and 1013 mb at 34.5N  59.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 33.4N, 
52.6W at 12 UTC (COA).

November 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33.5N, 58W. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32.5N, 64W. A second 
frontal system is approaching from the northwest although not yet affecting the storm.  
Ship highlights:  30 kt N at 30.2N 63.9W at 12 UTC (COA).  
Land highlights:  35 kt N and 1010 mb at Bermuda (HWM).

November 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 27.5N, 63.5W. The system 
has become elongated northwest to southeast as indicated by HWM. 
Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (COA).

November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 30N, 60W with a frontal 
system present to the north-northwest. No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 28N, 58.5W. The frontal 
boundary analyzed for the several days preceding has lifted off to the north causing 
the storm to become elongated northeast to southwest. No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 30N, 62W. 
Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1015 mb at 33.5N 62.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE 
and 1014 mb at 32.5N 64.5W at 04 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 32.5N 64.5W 
at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 31.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 15 kt N and 
1001 mb at 30N, 62.1W at 12 UTC (COA).

November 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 63W. 
Ship highlights: 5 WSW and 1006 mb at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt NNE 
and 1008 mb at 31.5N 64.5W at 04 UTC (COA).

November 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 63.5W. The 
system is weakening as the area of low pressure has becoming much broader than the 
previous days. Ship highlights: 20 kt N and 1006 mb at 24.8N, 67.5W at 00 UTC (COA).

November 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 61.5W which has 
become elongated northwest to southeast. HWM also indicates a third moderate frontal 
system is approaching from the north. Dissipation is said to occur by 00 UTC as 
no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this tropical storm began on the early morning of November 3rd where 
evidence shows a closed circulation. Temperatures are cool (~70F) but relative 
uniform across the cyclone's center.  It appears that the system became a tropical 
storm at 18 UTC on 3rd, based in part on 30 kt N winds observed at 12 UTC.  A 
peripheral pressure of 1001 mb was observed at 12 UTC on the 4th which suggests 
winds of at least 47 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship. 40 kt is chosen for the intensity, given the cyclone's large size 
and slow movement.   Observations on the 5th and the 6th were limited and 40 kt 
is maintained for the intensity.  On the 7th, a ship observed 30 kt N winds and 
Bermuda reported 25 kt N winds and 1010 mb pressure.  The intensity is maintained 
at 40 kt. While the observations are only moderately comprehensive on the 8th to 
the 10th, it does appear that the cyclone weakened.  It is estimated that it 
dropped to a tropical depression around 06 UTC on the 9th and remained at this 
status until late on the 10th.  The cyclone appeared to have a second peak in 
intensity as three 35 kt gales were reported on the 11th along with 1001 mb 
peripheral pressure.  Such pressure suggests winds of at least 42 kt from the 
Brown et al north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT 
as again the system is large and still slow moving.  On the 12th and 13th, the 
system again weakened and became very large (diameter of ~ 15 degrees north-south, 
~12 degrees east-west).  It likely became a tropical depression around 06 UTC on 
the 13th.  The system finally dissipated after 00 UTC on the 14th.  It is likely 
that such a cyclone monitored during the satellite era would have been characterized 
as a subtropical storm for much of its lifetime.  Additionally, the weakening 
apparent on the 9th of November and again on the 13th-14th suggests that it may 
have dropped below tropical cyclone status and have become a remnant Low on those 
dates.  The first usage of "Low" in the Atlantic best track is very recent - Arlene 
in 1987.  The key criterion that is utilized to differentiate tropical cyclones from 
remnant lows is the presence of organized deep convection.  Given that we are unable 
to examine this aspect in the pre-satellite era, it is not be appropriate to use the 
"Low" designation for this case.  

*******************************************************************************

1935 - Additional Notes:

1)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area formed 
in the northern Gulf of Mexico on 23 August 1935 and appeared to be a tropical 
cyclone in structure.  The system remained nearly stationary for the next four 
days without much change in intensity.  On the 28th, the system moved to the 
northeast and made landfall in the panhandle of Florida as a tropical depression. 
 \On the next day, it continued moving  toward the northeast and decayed over Georgia.  
Strongest observed winds were 30 kt from a ship on the 23rd (COA) and lowest observed 
pressure was 1008 mb from a ship on the 25th (HWM).  Thus available data indicate that 
this system was a tropical depression and is not included into HURDAT.  However, it 
is possible that it did obtain minimal tropical storm status.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 23  27N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 24  26N  89W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 25  27N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 26  28N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 27  29N  89W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 28  30N  87W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 29  32N  83W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

2)  September 23-26:  In the MWR article on storm #6, there is mention of a minor 
disturbance over the Caribbean Sea from September 23-26 (the article gives the month 
incorrectly) that eventually merged with the hurricane.  The report states this 
system caused local gales in Puerto Rico and southern Santo Domingo.  MWR, HWM, and 
COADS observations indicate that the system did not obtain a closed circulation and 
remained a tropical wave moving across the Caribbean before being absorbed by the 
hurricane.  Strongest observations obtained were 25 kt.  As it did not have a closed 
circulation and that the gale force winds were not confirmed, this system is not 
added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 23  ---   60W    Trough
Sep. 24  ---   64W    Trough
Sep. 25  ---   68W    Trough
Sep. 26  ---   71W    Trough

3) September 30-October 2:  The Monthly Weather Review, Historical Weather Maps, and 
COADS observations indicate a trough or possible tropical depression meandered near 
western Cuba from September 30 to October 2.  No winds greater than 25 kt were recorded. 
It is unlikely that this reached tropical storm intensity and is thus not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 30  22N  86W     Tropical Depression or Trough
Oct.  1  22N  85W     Tropical Depression or Trough
Oct.  2  23N  82W     Tropical Depression or Trough

4) October 2-5:  The HWM shows a low over the eastern tropical Atlantic on 2 October with 
pressures analyzed to be below 1005 mb.  The HWM analyze a nearly stationary and weakening 
low in this area for the next three days.  HWM, COADS, and MWR data indicate that the highest 
observed wind was 30 kt and lowest pressure was 1006 mb, both on the 2nd.  The system likely 
was at least a tropical depression and may have been a tropical storm.  But without direct 
evidence of tropical storm intensity, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 2     11N  22W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 3     11N  24W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 4     13N  24W     Tropical Depression?
Oct. 5     13N  24W     Tropical Depression?

5) November 24-25:  The Monthly Weather Review wrote:  "From the southwestern Caribbean Sea, 
there is a lone report of a localized storm lasting several hours, met on the 24th and 25th 
by the Dutch steamship Odysseus, Puerto Cortez toward Cristobal.  At the greatest intensity, 
the force was estimated as 11, lowest pressure 29.66 inches [1005 mb].  There is no further 
information at hand regarding this disturbance."  Obtaining the Historical Weather Maps, 
COADS ship data and the MWR information provides a somewhat ambiguous picture.  The western 
Caribbean was swept by a strong cold front on the 23rd and 24th of November, as the temperatures 
were 40 F in Tampa, 52 F in Progresso, Mexico, and 60 F in western Cuba on the 24th.  Strong cold 
air advection was occurring along the east coast of Central America on both dates, which in itself 
would suggest that a tropical cyclone did not occur.  However, the presence of a closed circulation 
on the 25th (and possibly the 24th) in the southwestern Caribbean and the 1005 mb/60 kt NNE 
observations from the ship suggest that some type of cyclonic system did exist.  However, none 
of the other observations ever indicated more than 25 kt occurred.  It is judged that the system was 
caused by a combination of forcing from cold air advection and funneling along the east coast of 
Central America.  Thus it is likely not a tropical cyclone (or a subtropical cyclone) and 
thus is not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 24  12N  80W  Non-tropical low
Nov. 25  12N  82W  Non-tropical low


*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 1 - Revised 2012

28380 06/12/1936 M= 6  1 SNBR= 625 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                           
28385 06/12*  0   0   0    0*163 875  35    0*180 871  35    0*194 868  35    0*
28385 06/12*181 873  30    0*189 866  35    0*197 864  40    0*204 865  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28390 06/13*206 866  40    0*216 865  40    0*225 865  40    0*234 864  40    0*
28390 06/13*211 866  40    0*221 867  40    0*232 867  40    0*239 865  40    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28395 06/14*241 862  40    0*246 859  40    0*250 856  40    0*255 850  40    0*
28395 06/14*243 864  40    0*247 862  40    0*250 860  40    0*254 853  40  998*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***      ***

28400 06/15*260 840  40    0*259 823  40    0*257 801  35    0*261 777  35    0*
28400 06/15*258 840  40    0*260 823  40    0*258 805  40 1002*261 782  40    0*
            ***              ***              *** ***  ** ****     ***  **

28405 06/16*271 751  35    0*288 721  35    0*305 692  35    0*321 670  30    0*
28405 06/16*271 757  40    0*281 730  40    0*295 702  40  996*311 675  40    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

28410 06/17*336 654  30    0*358 633  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28410 06/17*329 652  40    0*350 632  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **
28415 TS                                                                        

U.S. landfall:
6/15/1936 - 08Z - 25.9N, 81.7W - 40 kt

Major track changes but only minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, 
Monthly Weather Review, COADS ships database, Original Monthly Records, Weather 
Bureau operational advisories, the Mexican surface analyses, and Dunn and Miller.

June 8:  HWM indicates an open low near 15N 89W over Central America.  HURDAT 
does not list this system until the 12th.  MWR did not give a position estimate.  
No gales or low pressures.

June 9: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. MWR did not give 
a position estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt E at 12.6N, 92.6W (time unknown - MWR); 
988 mb pressure and 40 kt SSE at 12.6N, 92.6W at 13Z (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1000 mb 
at 13.3N 93.4W at 21Z; 50 kt SW at 13.3N 93.4W (time unknown - MWR). "It is 
worthy of note that on June 8 and 9, just prior to the appearance of the 
disturbance in the Bay of Honduras, a tropical cyclone was reported in the Pacific 
Ocean off Guatemala...This and other reports indicate that this cyclone was moving 
northeastward toward the coast of Guatemala on the 8th and 9th.  While there are 
no further ship reports in the Pacific that connect this storm directly with the 
disturbance which appeared on the 11th in the Bay of Honduras yet there were heavy 
rains on the 9th and 10th in Yucatan and British Honduras, with pressure and wind 
changes that indicate that this disturbance crossed to the Caribbean Sea" (MWR).  
"The pressure has decreased markedly in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, therefore in the 
case the central region of the United States becomes dominated by a nucleus of high 
pressure, there is the possibility that a tropical disturbance will develop" (Mexican).

June 10: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. MWR did not give a 
position estimate.  Ship highlights:  25 kt S and 1005 mb at 12.5N 92.5W at 12Z 
(HWM).  Station highlights:  10 kt E and 1005 at Tapachula, Mexico at 12Z (HWM); 
10 kt N and 1005 mb at Salina Cruz, Mexico at 12Z (HWM).  "A nucleus of high 
pressure of moderate intensity has invaded the central region of the United States 
and the possibility that a tropical disturbance will develop in the Gulf of 
Tehuantepec has increased, where the pressures will continue to decrease" (Mexican).

June 11: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low, but low pressure is 
depicted near 18N, 88.5W in Belize. MWR did not give a position estimate. Ship 
highlights:  10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18N 86W at 12Z (HWM).  Station highlights:  
10 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at Tela, Honduras (HWM); 10 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z 
at Payo Obispo, Mexico (Mexican).  "The central region of the United States has 
been invaded by a high pressure of moderate intensity, therefore there remains the 
possibility of a tropical disturbance to develop over the western portion of the 
Caribbean Sea" (Mexican).

June 12: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1005 mb near 
20.5N, 85.5W. HURDAT position is near 18.0N, 87.1W. No position estimate was given 
in MWR. Ship highlights: 1001 mb and NNW wind (no speed) at 19.8N, 86.4W at 12Z (COA). 
Station highlights:  10 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at Cozumel, Mexico (HWM, Mexican).  
"The pressure remains high across the western region of the United States and the 
pressures have decreased in the Yucatan peninsula, therefore there is the 
possibility of the formation of a tropical disturbance in the Gulf of 
Honduras" (Mexican).

June 13: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low but a low position was 
given near 22N, 86W. MWR Tracks of Lows position is near 21N, 87.5W. HURDAT positions 
the center near 22.5N, 86.5W. Station highlight: 10 kt NW and 1001 mb at Cozumel at 
06Z (MWR).  "The reports at hand do not show more definite cyclonic development 
until 8 pm EST of June 12 [01Z June 13], when the center was near the northeastern 
tip of Yucatan.  The report from Cozumel Island gave pressure 29.56 inches [1001 mb], 
wind NW, light" (MWR). "The barometric depression we have been observing in the Gulf 
of Honduras has been moving to the northwest, affecting the northeastern region of 
the Yucatan peninsula, situation that in the case of persisting, will keep the 
drought over the majority of the country, and it's probable to see a light frost in 
the southern part of the central plateau" (Mexican).

June 14: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a very broad closed low of no more than 
1010 mb roughly centered near 21N, 87.5W. HURDAT has the storm much farther north 
at 25N, 85.6W. The MWR Tracks of Lows position is around 24N, 85.5W. Ship highlights:  
998 mb at ~18Z (Ship "Cities Service Boston" - USWB Advisory); 10 kt E and 1002 mb 
at 12Z at 25.2N 85.9W (COA); 10 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.7N 87.1W (COA).  
Station highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

June 15: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a broad elongated closed low of no more than 
1005 mb near 24N, 81.5W. HURDAT positions the center near 25.7N, 80.1W. MWR Tracks of 
Lows position is near 26N, 81W. Ship highlights:  25 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 24.6N 
81.0W (COA); 20 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 15Z at 26.6N 73.9W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1002 mb 
at 12Z at 25.0N 80.3W (COA).  Station highlights: Calm winds and 1002 mb at Miami at 
1303-1323Z and max wind 42 kt NE at 1331Z (MWR, OMR); 999 mb at Fort Myers around 06Z 
(USWB Advisory); 26 kt at Naples around 06Z (USWB Advisory).  "The center crossed the 
Florida Gulf coast about 20 miles south of Fort Myers at 1 am EST [06Z], on June 15.  
The center passed directly over Miami with a lull in the wind from 8:03 am to 8:23 am 
[1303Z to 1323Z] of the 15th" (MWR).  "The highest wind velocity at Miami was 39 mph 
from the NE.  Wind velocities of 30 to 40 mph were estimated at points elsewhere on 
the mainland of extreme southern Florida.  No extensive damage was caused by the 
winds" (MWR).  "Place: Fort Myers, Miami, FL; Date: 15; Time: 8-8:30 am; Loss of life: 
1; Character of Storm: Torrential rains; Remarks: More than 8 inches of rain in places 
causing much flooding in lowlands near the storm path.  Highways flooded south of Fort 
Myers-Lake Okeechobee section, and several towns including Bonita Springs, Estero, 
Immokalee and La Belle were so badly flooded as to necessitate evacuation or removal 
to the second stories with consequent water damage to furniture and merchandise; 
livestock drowned; considerable damage to fields, gardens and highways.  Railroad track 
into Immokalee washed out and bridges near LaBelle down" (MWR).  
"S FL - minor (<74 mph)" (Dunn and Miller).

June 16: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 1000 mb near 
30N, 70W. HURDAT has the position near 30.5N, 69.2W and the MWR Tracks of Lows position 
is near 30N, 70W. A cold front is depicted extending southwestward from the low and 
into the Yucatan Peninsula. Ship highlights: 1001 mb at 07Z near 26N, 73W (MWR); 
35 kt W and 1003 mb at 08Z at 25.8N, 73.1W (MWR, COA); 35 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 
28.0N 70.0W (HWM); 15 kt SSW and 998 mb at 12Z at 30.5N 70.0W (HWM).  

June 17: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT does not give a 
position and intensity estimate for 12Z and loses the system at 06Z that day. A frontal 
boundary is depicted in HWM extending from Canada into the Bahamas. Ship highlights:  
35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 39.1N 55.9W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 35 kt S 
with 998 mb around 00Z on the 17th at Bermuda (MWR).  "[Around 00Z on the 17th] it was 
a short distance northwest of Bermuda, where barometer read 29.48 inches [998 mb] with 
wind south, force 8 [35 kt]" (MWR).

Major changes were considered for the genesis of this tropical cyclone.  Observations 
and analyses indicate that a tropical cyclone formed on the 8th of June in the northeast 
Pacific, intensified on the 9th, crossed Guatemala and Belize on the 10th and 11th as 
an area of low pressure, and emerged into the Caribbean Sea around 00Z on the 12th.  
However, the evidence is not enough to determine that a well-defined closed low (and 
tropical depression) crossed Central America.  It is also noted that a weak low/wave 
moving northwestward across the Caribbean Sea on the 9th and 10th may have either 
merged with the existing tropical cyclone or - alternatively - may have been the source 
of the tropical cyclone in the northwestern Caribbean on the 11th.  Thus because of the 
ambiguity of whether the system remained intact as a tropical cyclone moving across 
Central America, the dates back to the 8th are not added to this system.

Genesis is now begun at 00Z on the 10th, six hours earlier than originally shown in 
HURDAT.  A major northward track adjustment is implemented at 06Z on the 12th.  From 
the 12th - 14th, the cyclone moved northward, passing just east of Cozumel late on 
the 12th or near 00Z on the 13th.  No gales were recorded from the 12th through the 
14th.  Pressures of 1001 mb were recorded on the 12th and on the 13th, and a 998 mb 
likely central pressure was recorded from a ship in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 
14th.  This central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th.  A central pressure 
of 998 mb equals 47 kt according to north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 51 kt 
according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Since the cyclone did not contain 
a very tight inner-core and no gales were recorded on those days, a 40 kt intensity is 
analyzed from 12Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 14th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
made landfall near Naples, FL around 08Z on 15 June.  A 999 mb pressure was recorded at 
Fort Myers, and winds of at least 26 kt were recorded at Naples (both of those values 
may not have been the peak values observed).  The center is analyzed to have passed near 
Naples, not Fort Myers, but the central pressure was likely only perhaps 1-2 mb lower 
than 999 mb because the observations indicate a spread out center with a somewhat large 
area of lower than 1000 mb pressure (with the central pressure not being much below 
that).  Miami experienced the calm center for 20 minutes from 1303-1323Z on the 15th.  
The lowest pressure at Miami was 1002 mb, and the barometer was at about that value 
from at least 1030Z until likely around 1323Z.  Based on this data, a central pressure 
of 1002 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th.  The highest wind recorded at Miami, 
after adjusting downward with height to a 10m 1-min wind was 37 kt at 1331Z (just after 
the center passed).  The calm center was described by observers to be about 13 miles 
in diameter, which could mean that the RMW may have been about ~10 nmi.  This data 
seems to appear somewhat contradictory to the data around Naples/Fort Myers that 
indicated a broad center area.  The exact geometric center likely passed just south 
of the station at Miami as evidenced by the wind shifts.  The analyzed intensity at 
12Z (after the cyclone had been inland for 4 hours) is 40 kt due to the 37 kt at Miami 
at 1331Z.  The analyzed landfall intensity at 08Z on the 15th is also 40 kt.  After 
emerging into the Atlantic, the cyclone accelerated east-northeastward.  Ships on the 
16th between 05Z-12Z were very helpful at locating the center as well as the intensity.  
At 12Z on the 16th, a ship with 15 kt SSW winds and 998 mb pressure indicates the 
central pressure was approximately 996 mb.  This value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on 
the 16th and yields 50 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Even though the cyclone had a fairly fast forward motion, the system was embedded in 
very low environmental pressure and had a somewhat monsoon depression-like structure.  
Thus an intensity of 40 kt was maintained over the Atlantic on the 16th and early on 
the 17th - substantially lower than that suggested by the pressure-wind relationship 
but more consistent with the peak observed winds from ships and Bermuda of 35 kt.  
40 kt is also the peak intensity of the system while it was in the Atlantic basin 
(unchanged from original HURDAT).  At 00Z on the 17th, the cyclone bypassed Bermuda 
closely to the northwest.  Bermuda recorded a pressure of 998 mb and 35 kt winds 
around 00Z on the 17th.  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation (after 
06Z on the 17th) as the cyclone was absorbed by a frontal system.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 2 - Revised 2012

28420 06/19/1936 M= 4  2 SNBR= 626 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28425 06/19*  0   0   0    0*223 890  35    0*232 901  35    0*235 906  35    0*
28425 06/19*  0   0   0    0*223 904  30    0*227 908  35    0*232 911  40    0*
                                 ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

28430 06/20*238 912  35    0*242 919  35    0*246 927  35    0*250 937  35    0*
28430 06/20*238 914  45 1000*242 919  45    0*246 927  45    0*250 939  45    0*
                ***  ** ****          **               **          ***  **

28435 06/21*252 947  35    0*250 957  35    0*247 966  35    0*244 971  35    0*
28435 06/21*248 949  45    0*244 959  45    0*241 969  45    0*238 977  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28440 06/22*240 981  35    0*237 987  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28440 06/22*236 983  35    0*234 989  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** *** 

28445 TS                                                                        

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps, and Connor.

June 18: The HWM indicated a stationary front lying across the northwestern Caribbean Sea.  
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 20N, 89W (am) with 1009mb and 
at 21N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "On June 18 squally weather was reported a short distance north 
of Yucatan without, however, any definite cyclonic circulation" (MWR). "The pressures 
remain low in the northwest of the republic, starting to increase in the states of the 
northeast. In the southern region of the Yucatan Peninsula there is a weak area of low 
pressures and there is the chance that it will gain strength in the waters of the 
Gulf of Mexico" (Mexican).

June 19: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.2N, 90.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 21.5N, 92W (am) with 1008mb and at 23N, 
94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "Radio reports on the 19th indicated the presence of a tropical 
disturbance to the northwest of Yucatan" (MWR). "The weak disturbance that was located 
in the southern region of Yucatan, is now apparently to the north and close of the 
Triangulo (Triangle) Island, moving towards the northwest or north-northwest. The 
pressures will remain low across the northwest of the republic" (Mexican).

June 20: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 24.6N, 92.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 95W (am) and at 23.5N, 97W (pm). 
Ship highlights: center fix at 02Z at 24.0N, 91.6W with 1000 mb central pressure with 
5 kt variable winds (MWR); 35kt E with a pressure of 1005mb near 25N, 90W at 6Z (MWR); 
35 kt E with 1001 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, 94.0W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "The disturbance moved in a northwesterly direction until the evening 
of June 20, when it was located approximately at 25N, 95W, after which it turned 
toward the southwest, crossing the Mexican coast between Brownsville and Tampico, 
probably near Sota la Marina" (MWR). "During the 20th, storm warnings were hoisted on 
the Texas coast from Matagorda Bay to Brownsville. Although tides were somewhat above 
normal, the change in the path of the disturbance resulted in less severe conditions 
than had been anticipated" (MWR). "The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico is located 
approximately 300 km to the east-southeast of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, moving to the 
northwest or north-northwest. Its intensity remains moderate. The pressures remain 
weak in the country" (Mexican).

June 21: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT l
ists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 24.7N, 96.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24N, 97W (am). Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW 
with 1004 mb at 06Z at 23.8N, 96.6W (MWR).  Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico appears to be moving towards the extreme north of 
the state of Tamaulipas, and it's likely that it will move inland around midday producing 
heavy rainfall in the region" (Mexican).

June 22: HWM does not analyzed any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT's 
last position for this cyclone was at 06Z at 23.7N 98.7W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  
No gales or low pressures were observed.  "The tropical cyclone that after changing course 
towards the southwest became a threat to southern Tamaulipas and now appears to be 
dissipating, so the rainy season will establish across the country" (Mexican).

While there are some indications of a broad low pressure developing over Yucatan on the 
18th of June, timing of genesis at 06Z on the 19th is unchanged.  Observations on the 
19th indicate that a significant westward track adjustment  needs to be implemented on 
the 19th.  The cyclone moved northwestward on the 19th through early on the 20th until 
a ship recorded a central pressure of 1000 mb with 5 kt variable winds in the center at 
24.0N, 91.6W on the 20th at 02Z.  A central pressure of 1000 mb is added to HURDAT at 
00Z on the 20th, and this value yields 47 and 44 kt, respectively, according to the 
Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  A 45 kt intensity 
is chosen for HURDAT beginning at 00Z on the 20th.  Based on that central pressure and 
other data, the cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 12Z on the 19th 
(six hours later than originally).  Later on the 20th, ship data indicates that the 
cyclone was turning toward the west-northwest and then west.  At 18Z on the 20th, a 
ship recorded 35 kt with 1001 mb, and the center was placed 20 nmi from this ship.  
Although this would indicate the central pressure may have fallen a few mb from 
earlier in the day, the intensity is kept at 45 kt at 18Z as well.  The largest track 
change made on the 20th was only two-tenths of a degree.  On the 21st, the cyclone 
turned towards the west-southwest toward the coast of northern Mexico.  A 35 kt gale 
with a 1004 mb pressure from a ship at 06Z on the 21st confirmed that the system was 
still a tropical storm.  Based on that ship and other data, the positions on the 
21st are adjusted about six-tenths of a degree SSW of the original HURDAT positions.  
The cyclone made landfall at 18Z on the 21st with an analyzed position of 23.8N, 
97.7W.  This location is roughly halfway between Tampico, Mexico and Brownsville, 
TX, but is somewhat closer to Tampico.  Brownsville recorded winds of 21 kt from 
the NE and Tampico recorded west winds of 26 kt on the 21st followed by lighter 
winds from the southwest after the cyclone moved inland.  A 45 kt intensity is 
analyzed from 00Z on the 20th through the landfall at 18Z on the 21st (up from 35 kt 
originally at all times).  The landfall was adjusted in terms of the timing and the 
exact position of landfall from the original HURDAT.  After landfall, the cyclone 
continued moving inland toward the west-southwest.  No changes are made to the 
timing of weakening to a depression to the timing of dissipation.  The final point 
at 06Z on 22 June is 23.4N, 98.9W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  It should be 
noted that the intensity of the cyclone from the 20th up until landfall is quite 
uncertain due to the lack of inner core observations.  An alternative scenario - 
as depicted by the Mexican analyses - was that the cyclone dissipated over the 
Gulf of Mexico waters and did not make a Mexican landfall.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 3 - Revised 2012

28450 06/26/1936 M= 3  3 SNBR= 627 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
28455 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 955  35    0*
28455 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 955  40    0*
                                                                        **

28460 06/27*267 960  65    0*270 963  70    0*274 968  70    0*280 974  60    0*
28460 06/27*266 958  50    0*270 962  60    0*275 966  70  987*281 973  60    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***      *** *** ***

28465 06/28*286 980  35    0*291 985  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28465 06/28*286 980  45    0*291 986  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **          ***    

28470 HRATX1                                                                    
28470 HRBTX1
        *

U.S. Landfall:
6/27/1936 - 16Z - 27.9N, 97.0W - 70 kt - 987 mb - 1013 mb OCI - 150 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane which 
struck Texas.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, Connor (1956), Roth, Jarvinen et al. (1984), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Tannehill, Jarrell et al. (1992), and Ellis.

June 26: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A tropical 
storm of small diameter appears to have developed near the coast between Brownsville 
and Corpus Christi on the night of June 26 to 27" (MWR). 

June 27: HWM indicates an open low near 25N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 70kt winds at 27.4N, 96.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 27N, 96W (am). Ship highlights: 70-75 kt ENE (estimated) 
around ~0930Z (MWR); calm and 987 mb (central pressure) around ~1430Z (MWR); 990 mb 
(Roth). Station highlights: 70kt WNW (estimated) at Port Aransas (27.8N, 97.1W) at 1545Z 
(MWR); a pressure of 993mb at Port Aransas at 1600Z (MWR); 48 kt N (max w/1-min) at 
Corpus Christi (27.8N, 97.4W) around ~1630Z (OMR); 70 kt NW at Aransas Pass (27.9N, 97.2W) 
(MWR); 78 kt (either a measured gust or maybe an estimated wind) at Ingleside (27.9N, 
97.2W) (Roth, Ellis); ~47-56 kt NW at Rockpoint (28.0N, 97.1W) (Connor); 13 kt NW (min 
wind inside RMW) between ~1715-1730Z at Aransas Pass (MWR); 40 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 
Corpus Christi at 18Z (OMR); 1004 mb at Refugio (28.3N, 97.3W) (Connor). "The first 
indication of the disturbance was a rapid increase in the velocity of the wind from 
north by east at the Port Aransas coast Guard station about 8am, EST. Pressure at that 
time was approximately 29.70 inches. By 9:45am the wind had reached an estimated velocity 
of 80miles an hour from west-northwest. Lowest pressure was 29.32 inches at noon. From 
Port Aransas the storm moved northwestward over the southern portions of Aransas, Refugio, 
and Bee Counties and into Live Oak County, with diminishing force" (MWR).  "Place: Corpus 
Christi, TX, 20 miles north-northeast; Date: 27; Character of Storm: Tropical hurricane 
and thunderstorm; Remarks: Storm severe in areas to northeast and east; 40 to 60 percent 
of crops damaged over an area of 28 square miles.  This rainfall more beneficial than 
damage was harmful" (MWR).  "Place: Houston, TX; Date: 27; Character of storm: Hurricane; 
Remarks: Considerable scattered property damage to frame buildings, small boats, and 
crops.  The disturbance formed on the Gulf of Corpus Christi and was accompanied by 
torrential rains.  At Port Aransas and Ingleside it was estimated the wind reached a 
maximum velocity of 75 miles" (MWR).  "Port Aransas - minimal (74-100 mph) - $550,000 
damage" (Dunn and Miller).  "Cat 1 - 987 mb" (Jarrell et al.) 

June 28:  HWM analyzed no features of interest over either the Gulf of Mexico or 
Texas/Mexico.  No gales or low pressures.

No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical cyclone.  It is possible that system 
was trying to form southeast of a 15 kt NE ship at 26N 94W at 12Z on the 26th.  However, 
there were no ships south of 26N west of 89W.  Thus there is not evidence to conclude that 
the cyclone had formed by 12Z on the 26th. The ship Sea Gull, which had sailed about 
50 miles eastward from Corpus Christi, TX the night of the 26/27th of June, began 
experiencing tropical storm force winds around 04Z, and hurricane force winds commenced 
around 0830Z.  From this time, the winds on the ship fluctuated between Beaufort forces 
10 and 12 until the ship was in the calm center around 1430Z when a 987 mb central 
pressure was recorded.  Although the ship was located 50 miles east of Corpus Christi 
before the winds increased, it is unknown whether or how much the winds pushed the ship 
away from that location or if perhaps the ship tried to sail in some direction during 
the entire night and into the morning of the 27th.  Therefore, although this ship 
provided valuable information on the intensity, it is not weighted very heavily at all 
in the reanalysis of the track/position of the cyclone.  Based slightly on that ship 
but more upon the observations from coastal stations in Texas, the track from 00Z-18Z 
on 27 June is revised one to two tenths of a degree to the right of the original track.  
Since the ship measured a central pressure of 987 mb around ~1430Z, a central pressure 
of 987 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 27th.  This value yields 64 kt according to 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 66 kt for the intensifying 
subset.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z because data indicates that the cyclone 
was significantly smaller than normal, including a visual report from the ship in the 
eye that measured the 987 mb pressure that the area of complete calm was only about 
1.5 miles across.  Normally, this tiny size would warrant going 10 kt above the 
pressure-wind relationship, but since the cyclone was slow-moving, we only went 5 kt 
above the pressure-wind relationship.  Observations from the Texas coast indicate that 
the cyclone made landfall around 16Z on 27 June near 27.9N, 97.0W, or a few nmi NE of 
Port Aransas.  A 993 mb pressure was recorded at Port Aransas, and a minimum wind of 
13 kt inside the RMW was experienced at Aransas Pass with winds of 70 kt before the 
lull and 52 kt after the lull.  The analyzed landfall intensity is 70 kt, and the 
analyzed landfall central pressure is 987 mb.  HURDAT originally listed a Category 1 
impact for south Texas, but the hurricane made landfall in central Texas.  A 
Category 1 impact is added in for Central Texas (BTX1), and the Category 1 impact 
previously listed in HURDAT for South Texas (ATX1) is removed as the highest winds to 
occur on the barrier islands at the border between ATX and BTX are estimated to be 
60 kt.  The fastest-mile wind at Corpus Christi, which is in South Texas, was 48 kt at 
an anemometer height of 24m above ground.  This converts to a maximum 1-min 10m wind 
of 46 kt at Corpus Christi.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model to obtain 
the intensity after landfall yield 59, 45, and 34 kt at 18Z on the 27th, 00Z on the 
28th, and 06Z, respectively.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times 
are 70 kt around 18Z on the 27th, 5 kt at 00Z on the 28th, and no observations available 
at 06Z.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 60 kt at 18Z on the 27th (no change), 45 kt 
at 00Z on the 28th (up from 35 kt originally), and 30 kt at 06Z on the 28th (no change).  
Although Kaplan and DeMaria yields 34 kt for 06Z on the 28th, it is best not to make a 
5-kt change to HURDAT, especially considering the possibility that the cyclone weakened 
faster than normal due to its small size.  No change is made to the timing of dissipation.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 4 - Revised 2012

28475 07/26/1936 M= 2  4 SNBR= 628 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                                                      
28475 07/26/1936 M= 3  4 SNBR= 628 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                           
                    *   

28480 07/26*  0   0   0    0*233 845  35    0*238 860  35    0*244 876  35    0*
28480 07/26*  0   0   0    0*232 845  25    0*240 860  25    0*250 875  30    0*
                             ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

28485 07/27*257 890  35    0*270 897  40    0*284 901  40    0*315 894  30    0*
28485 07/27*260 890  35    0*272 897  40    0*284 901  40    0*295 902  40    0*
            ***              ***                               *** ***  **

The 28th is new to HURDAT
28487 07/28*304 902  35    0*311 899  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

28490 TS                                                                        

U.S. Landfall: 7/27/1936 - 16Z - 29.1N, 90.2W - 40 kt

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this U.S. landfalling 
tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Louisiana Climatological Data, 
Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

July 25: HWM indicates a spot low near 20N 80W.  HURDAT does not yet list this system 
on the 25th.  No gales or low pressures.

July 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in either the Gulf of Mexico or 
northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
23.8N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt with a pressures of 1010mb at 26.5N, 88W at 
23Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "From the ships weather 
observations taken at 7am, EST, on July 26, it was evident that there was tropical 
disturbance in the southeastern portion of the Gulf of Mexico; and by 7pm its position 
could be fixed, from ship reports, as being near latitude 26N and longitude 89W, with 
relatively slow movement in a northwesterly direction. At 5pm the S. S. Davanger near 
26.5N, 88W reported squally weather, wind force 8, barometer 29.82 inches" (MWR). 

July 27: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 28.4N, 90.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 90.5W (am) with a pressure of 
1008mb and at 30.5N, 90.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 1003mb at Delta Farms (29.6N, 90.3W) at 1830Z (MWR); 20 kt E (maximum wind 
for month) at New Orleans (Louisiana);  Port Eads maximum wind for the month was 23 kt 
SW on the 18th of July (Louisiana). "This depression moved on a north-northwesterly 
course during the next 12 hours, being located approximately 60 miles south of the 
coast of Louisiana, near the 90th meridian, at 8am EST of the 27th. At 7am the S. S. 
San Gil, at 28.3N, 89.5W, reported south-southeast winds of force 5 (Beaufort scale) 
with barometer reading 29.76 inches. During the early afternoon of the 27th, the 
disturbance moved inland over southern Louisiana. At Delta Farms, Lafourche Parish, 
the lowest pressure was 29.62 inches (corrected) at 1:30pm EST. This is the lowest 
barometer reading of record during the progress of the disturbance. It was accompanied 
by an estimated wind velocity of 50 miles per hour. At the New Orleans Weather Bureau 
Office, a short distance to the right of the path of the center, the lowest pressure 
was 29.74 inches, at 5pm on the 27th. Advancing farther inland with a recurve to the 
northeastward, the disturbance moved into Mississippi and dissipated on July 28" (MWR).  
"Louisiana - minor (<74 mph)" (Dunn and Miller).

July 28: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in either the Gulf of Mexico or 
over the southeastern United States.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the 
center at about 32N, 90W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone formed in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on 26 July, and there are 
no changes made to the timing of genesis.  It is possible that this cyclone originated 
from a tropical wave that can be tracked back to 13N, 48W on 18 July.  MWR p. 247 
mentions that this system produced a brief period of gales in the Mona Passage on the 
22nd, and the maximum wind recorded at San Juan that day was 29 kt S.  The COADS was 
obtained but there is not enough evidence to close off a circulation at any point prior 
to the genesis point as originally shown in HURDAT at 06Z on the 26th.  Observations on 
the 26th indicate the circulation is weak and the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical 
depression instead of a 35 kt tropical storm on the 26th at 06 and 12Z.  The cyclone 
moved northwestward, and by 12Z on the 27th was located at 28.4N, 90.1W.  The only ship 
highlight occurred at 23Z on the 26th - a 35 kt gale was observed.  35 kt at 00Z on the 
27th is retained.  Thus intensification to a tropical storm is delayed by 18 hours in the 
revised database.  The cyclone made landfall on 27 July at 16Z in southeastern Louisiana 
at 29.1N, 90.2W.  As the cyclone moved northward through the marshland, a 1003 mb pressure 
and winds estimated around 43 kt occurred at Delta Farms (29.6N, 90.3W) around 1830Z.  
The 1003 mb and the estimated peak winds may have been simultaneous observations, but 
this is unclear.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 1003 mb yields a wind speed 
of at least 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
It is also noted that Port Eads, Louisiana just to the east had peak winds less than 23 kt, 
as 23 kt was the maximum (5 min) wind recorded at that station - on the 18th - for the 
month of July.  Given the uncertainly of an estimated wind, 40 kt intensity is analyzed 
for the 16Z landfall and at 18Z (unchanged in HURDAT previously for the 12Z synoptic time 
before landfall).  HURDAT originally listed a final position for this cyclone at 18Z on 
the 27th as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 89.4W.  But at that time, the cyclone 
had just made landfall two hours earlier, and was instead located at 29.5N, 90.2W (a major 
track change of 2.1 degrees).  The new final position is at 06Z on 28 July as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 31.1N, 89.9W.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 5 - Revised 2012

28495 07/27/1936 M= 6  5 SNBR= 629 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
28495 07/27/1936 M= 6  5 SNBR= 629 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                                                          *

28500 07/27*  0   0   0    0*236 740  35    0*238 749  35    0*239 756  35    0*
28500 07/27*  0   0   0    0*236 740  30    0*238 749  30    0*240 758  35    0*
                                      **               **      *** ***

28505 07/28*241 764  35    0*244 776  40    0*247 787  45    0*249 793  50    0*
28505 07/28*242 767  35    0*244 777  40    0*247 787  45    0*249 794  50    0*
            *** ***              ***                               ***

28510 07/29*250 799  50    0*252 807  50    0*255 815  55    0*261 823  55    0*
28510 07/29*252 801  55  995*256 810  50    0*260 819  55    0*264 828  55    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28515 07/30*268 831  60    0*273 838  60    0*278 844  65    0*283 849  70    0*
28515 07/30*268 836  60    0*273 843  60    0*278 850  65    0*283 855  70    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

28520 07/31*289 854  75    0*295 859  80    0*301 864  80  973*307 869  65    0*
28520 07/31*289 859  80    0*295 862  85    0*301 865  90  964*308 869  70    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  *** ***      **

28525 08/01*313 873  35    0*318 877  25    0*323 880  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
28525 08/01*314 873  50    0*318 877  40    0*320 880  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***      **               **      ***      **

28530 HRAFL3
28530 HRAFL2                                                                    
        ****

U.S. Landfalls:
7/29/1936 - 02Z - 25.3N, 80.3W - 55 kt

7/31/1936 - 14Z - 30.4N, 86.6W - 90 kt - 964 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1013 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Florida Climatological Data, 
Jarrell et al., Ho et al., Dunn and Miller, Schwerdt et al., Connor, Barnes, Tannehill, Ray, 
Henning, and Kasper et al. 

July 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list 
a system on this day.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "A wave of subnormal pressure 
appeared over the Leeward Islands July 23d, drifted west-northwestward" (Florida Climatological 
Data).  "It was first seen north of the Turks Islands on July 26..." (Barnes).

July 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.8N, 74.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 23N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 24N, 76W (pm). Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The 
history of this disturbance is not clearly shown by the observations until the morning of July 27 
when a well-formed but weak cyclonic circulation was charted a short distance south of Cat Island, 
Bahamas" (MWR).  "...by 27th had developed a moderate cyclonic wind circulation around a center 
south of Cat Island, Bahamas" (Florida Climatological Data).

July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 24.7N, 78.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 24.5N, 78W (am) and at 25N, 80W (pm). Ship highlights: 40 kt S around 
~12Z near ~26.0N, 76.8W (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1007mb at 25.8N, 79.5W at 17Z (COA); 
40 kt ESE with 1007 mb at 23Z at 26.3N, 79.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 36 kt NW (max w/1-min)
at 2230Z at Key West, FL (OMR). "Progressing on a west-northwesterly course, with increasing 
intensity, the disturbance crossed Andros Island at 5am on the 28th. The S. S. Atenas passed 
through a calm area between the hours of 6:15pm and 7:15pm EST on this date, while in the vicinity 
of lat 25N and long 80W. The lowest barometer reported by this ship was 29.83 inches ...On the 
afternoon of the 28th the center of the storm was 75 miles southeast of Miami.  (MWR).  "On the 
morning of the 28th, the storm center was about 110 miles east-southeast of Miami, and the storm 
was increasing in intensity but not yet hurricane force" (Florida Climatological Data).

July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb 26N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 55kt winds at 25.5N, 81.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the 
center at about 25.5N, 83W (am) and at 26.5N, 84W (pm). Ship highlights: light winds ESE with a 
pressure of 995mb at 25.2N, 80W at 0Z (COA); 50kt NW with a pressure of 1003mb at 25N, 80.2W at 0Z 
(MWR); 40 kt NW with 998 mb at 00Z near 25.0N, 80.4W (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 24.3N, 
82.0W (COA). Station highlights: center fix at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) around 
0130Z (OMR); 994 mb at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse at 0030Z (Florida Climatological Data);  46 kt SE 
(max 1-min wind) at Miami around ~0225Z (OMR); center fix at Homestead, FL at 0240Z (OMR); 43 kt ESE 
(max w) G 57 kt at Miami Airport (MWR); 999 mb at Everglades City at 07Z (MWR, Florida Climatological 
Data). "At 7pm EST [on the 28th], the S. S Tiger, a short distance from the Atenas, reported a 
barometer reading of 29.48 inches with a northwest gale of force 9 (Beaufort scale), clear weather, 
heavy rough sea, and squalls. An hour later, this same ship, giving her position as off Molasses Reef, 
reported a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast, while the Miami Airport 
Station gave east-southeast winds of 49 miles an hour with gusts of 65 miles an hour. Between 9:30 
and 10pm EST, the storm center passed over Homestead and Florida City, maintaining a west-northwesterly 
course, with a progressive movement of about 10 to 12 miles an hour... The center then moved to the 
Gulf of Mexico; and at 8am EST of the 29th was located at approximately 26N, 82.3W... It crossed the 
extreme southern tip of Florida, passing into the Gulf south of Everglades City with wind estimated 
at 55 miles per hour.  After reaching the Gulf, the storm moved in a general northwestward direction.  
In the Boca Grande section the wind was estimated at 60 mph with little damage reported" (MWR).  "The 
storm center passed near Carysfort Reef Light about 7:30 p. m. [28th] with barometer reading 29.36 
inches [994 mb] and, crossing Key Largo, several hours later reached Homestead.  It crossed the 
extreme southern tip of Florida, passing into the Gulf south of Everglades City, where the barometer 
was 29.51 [999 mb] and the wind was estimated at 55 miles per hour.  The tide was 5.5 feet above mean 
low, and came up to a depth of 18 inches in the streets ... The property damage in south Florida was 
very small" (Florida Climatological Data).  "The center passed over Carysfort Reef Lighthouse, which 
is about 38 miles southward of Miami, between 8 and nine p.m., and over Florida City, Florida and 
Homestead, Florida, between 9:20 pm and 10:00 pm.  No damage of consequence was reported" (OMR Miami).

July 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 65kt winds at 27.8N, 84.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the 
center at about 28N, 86W (am) and at 29N, 86.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 1013 mb at 04Z at 
24.2N, 83.1W (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt E with 1012 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 13Z (OMR).  "The 
storm after reaching the Gulf increased to hurricane intensity, turned more to the northwest, and 
moved in a general northwestward direction across the Gulf during the 29th and 30th.  In the Boca 
Grande section, the wind was estimated at 60 miles per hour, but there was little damage" (Florida 
Climatological Data).

July 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 86.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 80kt winds at 30.1N, 86.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center 
at about 30N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 975mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 60-65 kt and 1003 mb at 11Z at Panama City (Connor); 996 mb (min p) at 1245Z and 54 kt N 
(max w/1-min) at 13Z at Pensacola (OMR); 964 mb (min p, and probable central pressure) at at 14Z Fort 
Walton Beach (30.4N, 86.6W) (Florida Climatological Data); 973mb (min p) at Valparaiso (30.5N, 86.5W) 
at 16Z (MWR). "At 11 o'clock EST on the morning of July 31, the storm had crossed the northwest Florida 
coast and was centered over Valparaiso, a community on the northern shore of Choctawhatchee Bay, 
situated about 45 miles east of Pensacola. Reports from Valparaiso at 9am gave a barometer reading of 
28.80 inches attended by east-northeast winds, estimated at 90 to 100 miles an hour. The barometric 
minimum, 28.73 inches, occurred there at 11am EST. The calm center was over Fort Walton and Valparaiso 
about 1 hour and 20 minutes. With rapidly diminishing intensity, after passing inland, the storm 
continued to move northwestward, and was centered just north of Pensacola at 8pm EST of July 31. It 
dissipated on August 1 over the southwestern portion of Alabama" (MWR).  "On the 31st winds were 60 
to 70 mph on the coast in the vicinity of Camp Walton.  In the Camp Walton-Valparaiso area damage was 
estimated at $100,000; Panama City area $5,000; Apalachicola and vicinity $8,000; Pensacola area 
negligible.  Damage to highways $10,000 to $15,000; telephone and telegraph companies $10,000.  Pears 
and pecans blown from trees; crop loss not estimated, probably total damage $150,000" (MWR).  "The 
center reached the coast in the vicinity of Camp Walton, on the morning of the 31st, and a lull 
lasted from 7:25 to 8:20 a. m., C. S. T., with lowest barometer 28.46 (corrected) [964 mb].  Preceding 
the lull, winds were estimated at 80 miles per hour, with gusts as high as 125.  Following the lull, 
winds were 60 to 70 miles per hour.  Hurricane winds occurred over Camp Walton-Valparaiso area and 
eastward to Panama City, and high tides from Camp Walton to St. Marks.  The tides to Valparaiso and 
Panama City were 6 feet above normal and at Apalachicola 4.2 feet above normal" (Florida 
Climatological Data).  "Cat 3 - 964 mb - NW FL" (Jarrell et al.).  "963.8 mb at Fort Walton Beach; 
landfall at 30.4N, 86.4W" (Ho et. al).  "NW FL - minimal (74-100 mph)" (Dunn and Miller).  "Landfall 
at 30.4N, 86.5W; 964 mb; 146 km/h (79 kt 10-min)" (Schwerdt et al.).

August 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 32N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a storm 
with 20kt winds at 32.3N, 88W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 
about 32n, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb. Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1017mb at 
24.1N, 81.8W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The storm continued its 
movement northwestward across Florida into Alabama and died out over central Alabama August 1st" 
(Florida Climatological Data).

A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed at 06Z on 27 July at 23.6N, 74.0W (no change to timing 
or location of genesis) except the intensity at that time is lowered from 35 to 30 kt based on 
sufficient data that the cyclone was not a tropical storm by that time.  Available observations on 
the 26th from HWM and COADS indicate that while there is a sharp trough near 25N 75W a closed 
circulation did not exist yet, the pressures are high, and the winds are weak.  Despite this, Barnes 
mentions that the system was first noticed north of Turks Island on the 26th.  The cyclone moved 
toward the west-northwest and the first gales from a ships were recorded on the 28th including a 
45 kt observation at 17Z.  As the system approached the coast of extreme southern FL (south of Miami) 
around 00Z on 29 July, several key observations were made by ships in the vicinity of 25N, 80W.  A 
995 mb central pressure was measured at 00Z at 25.2N, 80.0W with light ESE winds.  A 50 kt NW with 
1003 was observed at 25.0N, 80.2W at the same time.  The position was placed at 25.2N, 80.1W with 
another ship measured a 998 mb at 00Z and reported their position at 01Z to be 25.0N, 80.4W.  A 
central pressure of 995 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 29th.  This value yields 56 and 52 kt 
according to the southern and north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  
A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 29th (up from 50 kt originally).  The center passed over 
Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) early on the 29th, with a possible central pressure of 
994 mb recorded at 0030Z - matching quite well the ship at 00Z.  994 mb suggests an intensity of 58 kt 
from the south of 25N relationship and 53 kt from the north of 25 N relationship.  55 kt is also thus 
utilized as the intensity at landfall.  There are somewhat conflicting descriptions of the timing 
(01-02Z in Original Monthly Records Miami versus 0030Z in Florida Climatological Data).  Moving 
northwestward, the tropical storm made landfall near the northern tip of Key Largo (25.3N, 80.3W) 
at 02Z on 29 July.  After landfall, the center passed over Homestead and Florida City around 0240Z.  
(Given the ship observations around 00Z and the Homestead report, the 0030Z timing of the center 
over Carysfort Reef appears to be most reasonable.)  The highest wind recorded at the Miami Weather 
Bureau Office was 41 kt SE (adjusted to a 10m 1-min wind) around 0225Z and the minimum pressure there 
was 1006 mb with 31 kt E winds at 0200Z.  Miami Airport recorded a maximum wind of 43 kt ESE with a 
gust to 56 kt.  The 55 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z is also the landfall intensity at 02Z.  The 
cyclone passed near Everglades City, where a minimum pressure of 999 mb and estimated maximum winds 
of 48 kt NE were recorded around 07Z.  By 10Z, the cyclone had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.  A 
50 kt intensity is analyzed at 06Z while the cyclone was over Florida, by the analyzed intensity at 
12Z is back to 55 kt (no change from HURDAT at either time). While in the Gulf of Mexico, the 
cyclone gradually made a turn to the north-northwest.  

The cyclone made landfall at Fort Walton Beach, FL on 31 July at 14Z where a 964 mb pressure was 
recorded.  Since commentary states that they experienced calm there for a period of over an hour, 
the 964 mb pressure was likely a central pressure.  The minimum pressure recorded at Valparaiso was 
973 mb and likely was recorded about two hours after the 964 mb was recorded at Fort Walton Beach.  
The revised track indicates that Fort Walton Beach was in the center of the eye, whereas also 
Valparaiso experienced an extended period of calm as well, that city may have been further from the 
geometric center of the eye.  That combined with the fact that Valparaiso is farther inland and would 
have experienced their minimum pressure later, it makes sense that the minimum pressure at Valparaiso 
was higher than that at Fort Walton Beach.  The 973 mb pressure in HURDAT at 12Z on 31 July is replaced 
by a 964 mb central pressure, and this value is also the 14Z landfall central pressure.  A central 
pressure of 964 mb equals 91 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (and 95 kt 
for the subset of intensifying cyclones).  The system certainly intensified at some point while it 
was in the Gulf of Mexico, though there is no definitive evidence that it was still intensifying at 
landfall.  Although the RMW from Ho et al. (~20 nmi) is slightly smaller than the 23 nmi 
climatological value for this latitude and central pressure, the forward speed of the cyclone was 
a slow 7 kt.  A 90 kt intensity is chosen for landfall and for 12Z on the 31st (up from 80 kt 
originally).  This makes the hurricane a Category 2 for Northwest FL (AFL2), which is a downgrade 
by a Category from the original HURDAT (AFL3).  (Jarrell et al. [based upon Hebert and Taylor] 
called this a Category 3 based on a 964 mb landfall central pressure, which was the main criterion 
utilized in determining category before the advent of reliable aircraft reconnaissance winds measured 
in hurricanes beginning in 1990.)  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after landfall 
yield 70, 52, 41, and 32 kt, at 18Z on the 31st, and 00, 06, and 12Z on 1 August, respectively.  
Highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic times are 31 kt at 18Z on 31 July, 30 kt at 00Z on 
1 August, no data at 06Z, and 15 kt at 12Z.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 70, 50, 40, and 30 kt 
at 18Z on the 31st, and 00, 06, and 12Z on 1 August (all increases from 65, 35, 25, and 20 kt 
originally), respectively.  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation after 12Z on 1 August.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 6 - Revised 2012

28535 08/04/1936 M= 7  6 SNBR= 630 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28535 08/04/1936 M= 8  6 SNBR= 630 NOT NAMED   XING=0
                    *   

28540 08/04*  0   0   0    0*188 598  35    0*197 608  35    0*203 621  35    0*
28540 08/04*  0   0   0    0*188 600  30    0*197 612  30    0*205 623  30    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

28545 08/05*213 634  35    0*218 647  35    0*225 657  35    0*231 664  40    0*
28545 08/05*213 634  30    0*220 646  30    0*227 657  30    0*231 666  30    0*
                     **      *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  ** 

28550 08/06*236 669  40    0*242 675  40    0*248 680  40    0*258 687  40    0*
28550 08/06*234 674  30    0*237 681  30    0*242 688  30    0*251 695  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28555 08/07*269 693  40    0*278 696  35    0*286 698  35    0*294 700  35    0*
28555 08/07*261 700  35    0*271 704  35    0*280 705  35    0*286 703  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 


28560 08/08*301 700  35    0*309 697  35    0*316 691  35    0*323 683  35    0*
28560 08/08*291 700  35    0*296 696  35    0*301 691  35    0*308 684  35    0*
            ***              *** ***          ***              *** ***  

28565 08/09*330 674  35    0*337 665  35    0*344 655  35    0*354 643  35    0*
28565 08/09*316 676  35    0*325 668  35    0*335 659  35    0*347 648  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

28570 08/10E369 630  35    0E385 619  40    0E401 608  40    0E419 595  40    0*
28570 08/10E364 635  35    0E385 621  35    0E408 606  40    0E433 586  45    0*
            *** ***              ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

The 11th is new to HURDAT
28572 08/11E460 555  40    0E487 520  40    0E515 475  40    0E545 425  35    0*

28575 TS                                                                        

Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this minimal 
tropical storm.  A major change is to indicate an additional day to the end of 
lifecycle of this system.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 4: HWM does not indicate any features of interest near the Lesser Antilles.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.7N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 5: HWM does not show a closed low but it does show a circulation with a center 
at about 20N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 22.5N, 
65.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

August 6: HWM indicates a broad area of disturbed weather with now closed low. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at24.8N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 7: HWM indicates an area of disturbed weather with no apparent circulation. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.6N, 69.8W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 8: HWM indicates a circulation with a center at 30N, 70W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 31.6N, 69.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 67W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 34.4N, 65.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 10: HWM a closed low of at most 1005mb near 41N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as 
an extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 40.1N, 60.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35kt SSE with a pressures of 1001mb at 45.5N, 55.5W at 20Z (COA); 40 kt SSE with 
1001 mb at 21Z at 45.2N, 55.6W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 51N 49W with a secondary 
closed low of at most 1010 mb at 50N 60W with frontal boundaries interconnecting the 
two lows.  Ship highlights:  35 kt WNW with 1010 mb at 48.5N 48.5W at 12Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 54N 32W with frontal 
boundaries extending southeast and southwest of the cyclone.  No gales or low pressures.

Originally, HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed at 06Z on 4 August at 18.8N, 
59.8W traveling northwestward, attaining a peak intensity of 40 kt, recurving around 00Z 
on 8 August near 30N, 70W, becoming extratropical at 00Z on the 10th at 36.9N, 63.0W, 
and dissipating after 18Z on the 10th at 41.9N, 59.5W.  There are no gales or low 
pressures observed for the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this system.  
Observations do indicate that the wind circulation was closed, and thus this system 
was at least a tropical depression from 4-7 August.  Genesis at 06Z on the 4th is 
maintained, as a weak closed circulation appears to be evident the Historical Weather 
Map and COADS observations at 12Z on that date.  The cyclone is analyzed as a 30 kt 
tropical depression beginning at the genesis time in the original HURDAT (06Z on 4 
August).  The depression is analyzed to have intensified to a 35 kt tropical storm at 
18Z on 6 August.  At 00Z and 12Z on the 7th, there are two observations from separate 
ships of 30 kt winds, although these observations are somewhat far from the center, 
but could be considered close enough to be part of the tropical cyclone circulation.  
On the 8th, a weakening front, which had been approaching from the west collided with 
the tropical cyclone, and after that time, although a circulation remained (albeit more 
elongated and asymmetric), it is not certain whether this feature is due more to the TC 
or the front.  No change is made to the extratropical transition (at 00Z on the 10th) 
as originally shown in HURDAT.  The circulation became more pronounced, and the 
extratropical cyclone deepened briefly early on the 10th before weakening and dissipating 
by 00Z on the 12th.  Originally, HURDAT dissipated the cyclone after 18Z on the 10th.  
However, the system remained a closed low for an additional day before merging with 
another extratropical low to its west.  It is possible that this system never attained 
tropical storm intensity (though it was at least a tropical depression).  However, the 
data coverage does not seem sufficient to justify its removal.  

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 7 - Revised 2012

28580 08/07/1936 M= 6  7 SNBR= 631 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28585 08/07*  0   0   0    0*256 855  35    0*258 872  35    0*260 877  35    0*
28585 08/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*266 877  30    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

28590 08/08*263 883  35    0*266 890  35    0*269 896  35    0*272 900  35    0*
28590 08/08*269 881  30 1009*270 884  25    0*271 887  25    0*274 892  25    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28595 08/09*274 904  35    0*276 908  35    0*278 913  35    0*279 918  35    0*
28595 08/09*278 899  30    0*281 907  30    0*284 914  35    0*285 919  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

28600 08/10*280 923  35    0*280 927  35    0*278 931  35    0*273 937  35    0*
28600 08/10*283 924  35    0*281 929  35    0*278 933  35    0*274 937  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          ***

28605 08/11*267 943  35    0*263 946  35    0*258 949  35    0*253 952  35    0*
28605 08/11*268 941  35    0*263 946  35    0*257 952  35    0*251 958  35    0*
            *** ***                           *** ***          *** ***

28610 08/12*247 957  35    0*240 965  35    0*233 973  35    0*224 986  30    0*
28610 08/12*244 965  35    0*237 972  35    0*230 979  35    0*224 986  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***                   **

28615 TS                                                                        

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps.

August 6:  HWM shows no features of interest in the eastern Gulf of Mexico or the 
northwestern Caribbean Sea.  No gales or low pressures.

August 7: HWM shows an area of disturbed weather with not clear circulation. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 25.8N, 87.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 8: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26.9N, 89.6W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: calm with 1009 mb [central pressure] at 00Z at 27.0N, 88.1W [center fix] 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first definite sign of 
development of a cyclonic circulation, with light winds, appeared in the 7pm ship reports 
of August 8 about 200 miles west-southwest of Port Eads" (MWR). 

August 9: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 27.8N, 91.3W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 28.8N, 92.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. "During the 9th the winds became somewhat more vigorous with forces of 
4-5 (Beaufort scale), except that in one instance a moderate gale (force 7) from east 
occurred. This was radioed to the forecast centers by the S. S. E. R. Kemp (barometer 29.90) 
in 28.8N, 92.1W, and was the highest velocity reported during the life of the depression. 
At 7pm EST of the 9th the center of the disturbance was located near 28N, 92W, moving 
slowly in a westerly direction, accompanied by moderate to fresh winds" (MWR). 

August 10: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 27.8N, 93.1W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"The center, with little apparent depression of the barometer, continued to move westward 
until the morning observation of the 10th, at which time it was located near 27.5N, 94W. 
Thereafter, the course of the depression was south-southwest to southwest, unaccompanied 
by winds of known gale force, until, on the 12th, it entered the Mexican coast north of 
Tampico" (MWR). 

August 11: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 25.8N, 94.9W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico remains weak and located about 350 km to the east 
of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, with no definite movement. The rain has diminished across the 
country" (Mexican).

August 12: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 23.3N, 97.3W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10 kt S with 1008 mb at 
Tampico, Mexico at 12Z (HWM).  "The weak disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is apparently 
getting closer to the coast of Tamaulipas. The pressures have increased across most of 
North America, especially in the Atlantic" (Mexican).

Genesis is delayed by 12 hours, as the Historical Weather Map and COADS data suggest that 
the system was an elongated trough still at 12Z on the 7th.  The largest track change made 
for the lifetime of the system is at the first point (position moved 1.3 degrees WNW of 
original HURDAT position), and this is due to an unrealistically fast forward motion during 
the first six hours followed by a deceleration in the original HURDAT.  Sufficient 
observational coverage in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 7th and 8th indicates that the 
cyclone was only a tropical depression on those days.  At 00Z on the 8th, a ship at 27.0N, 
88.1W measured a 1009 mb pressure with calm winds.  The surrounding observations are 
consistent in that the center of the circulation should have been in the vicinity of that 
ship.  Therefore, a central pressure of 1009 mb is added to HURDAT at 00Z on 8 August.  
This value yields approximately 26 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The highest observed wind on the 7th-8th was 25 kt about 140 nmi east of the 
center at 12Z on the 7th, but this single observation was the only 25 kt observation.  A 
30 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z on the 7th through 00Z on the 8th, and a 25 kt intensity 
is analyzed from 06-18Z on the 8th because sufficient observational coverage on the 8th 
indicates a very weak tropical depression at that time.  On the 9th, continued abundant ship 
data allowed for an accurate position analysis, and a position of 28.4N, 91.4W is chosen for 
12Z on the 9th.  The cyclone had been moving west-northwestward since genesis a couple of 
days earlier.  A ship north of the center and likely about 50 nmi from the center recorded 
30 kt east winds with a 1013 mb pressure.  Other observations also indicate that the cyclone 
was beginning to strengthen on the 9th.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed at 00-06Z on the 9th, 
and the depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 9th.  
Late on the 9th and early on the 10th, the cyclone turned west-southwestward.  Observational 
coverage from ships was more sparse on the 10th - 12th as the system moved into the 
west-central Gulf of Mexico.  However, when the cyclone made landfall north of Tampico, 
Mexico on 12 August, the pressure at Tampico was 1007.8 mb at 12Z (a 1.3 mb pressure drop 
from 24 hours prior).  Landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 11Z about 50 nmi north of 
Tampico (23.1N, 97.8W).  A 35 kt intensity is analyzed.  A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for 
this tropical cyclone from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 10th.  Although there is some 
observational coverage, it is borderline for whether there is enough evidence that the 
cyclone was only a depression after that, so the 35 kt intensity is held from 12Z on the 
9th through landfall at 12Z on the 12th.  Dissipation occurred after 18Z on the 12th as 
the cyclone moved further into Mexico.  It is possible that this system never attained 
tropical storm intensity (though it was at least a tropical depression).  However, the 
data coverage does not seem sufficient to justify its removal.  

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 8 - Revised 2012

28620 08/15/1936 M= 5  8 SNBR= 632 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28620 08/15/1936 M= 6  8 SNBR= 632 NOT NAMED   XING=0
                    *  

28625 08/15*  0   0   0    0*204 870  60    0*212 872  50    0*221 875  35    0*
28625 08/15*  0   0   0    0*206 868  35    0*215 872  35    0*224 877  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

28630 08/16*229 881  40    0*236 890  55    0*242 899  65    0*246 907  65    0*
28630 08/16*233 883  50  999*237 892  55    0*240 901  60    0*243 910  65    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***

28635 08/17*248 914  65    0*248 929  70    0*246 942  70    0*243 946  70    0*
28635 08/17*245 919  65    0*245 928  65    0*244 937  65    0*243 945  65    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

28640 08/18*240 950  70    0*238 954  70    0*235 959  70    0*230 966  70    0*
28640 08/18*240 950  65    0*237 955  65    0*234 960  65    0*232 965  65    0*
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28645 08/19*226 972  70    0*224 977  65    0*221 981  65    0*218 984  45    0*
28645 08/19*230 970  65    0*228 974  65    0*225 978  65    0*222 984  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** 

The 20th is new to HURDAT
28647 08/20*220 989  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

28650 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps.

August 14:  HWM indicates a spot low near 12N 81W.  HURDAT did not list this cyclone on 
the 14th.  No gales or low pressures.

August 15: HWM does not indicate any features of interest in the western Caribbean or 
southern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 
21.2N, 87.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 
22N, 87W (am) and at 22.5N, 89W (pm). Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1011 mb at 12Z 
at 22.1N, 85.9W (COA); 20kt E with a pressure of 1001mb near 23.7N, 88.6W at 2350Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance appears to have 
originated over the extreme northwestern part of the Caribbean Sea on the 14th, but 
available reports during the day showed only gentle winds and little depression of the 
barometer. On the 15th the disturbed condition had moved northwestward, and at 6pm 
local time was centered in approximately 23N, 88W. A report received subsequently by 
mail showed that at this time the S. S. Cauto, Tampico to Baltimore, 23.7N, 88.6W, 
experienced a north wind, force 5, barometer 29.73; at 6:50pm (local time) the wind, 
of same force, had hauled to east, pressure 29.56. At 8pm, with rising barometer, the 
ship reported a southeast gale, force 9, thereafter diminishing" (MWR).

August 16: HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 24.2N, 89.9W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23.5N, 92W 
(am) and at 23.5N, 93W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt SE near or slightly ENE of 23.7N, 
88.6W at 1Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE at 1130Z at 24.5N, 90.0W (MWR). Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "The northwestward movement of the disturbance continued until 
the morning of the 16th with no increase in intensity so far as reports indicate. The 
highest wind during the day, according to mail reports, was of force 8 ESE during 
squalls experienced by the S. S. San Benito between 4 and 7am (local time) near 24.5N, 
90W, lowest barometer 29.83" (MWR). 

August 17: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 22.5N, 94W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 24.6N, 94.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 23.5N, 94W (am) and at 23.5N, 95W (pm). 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"The cyclone center, moving westward, was in approximately 24N, 93W, at 7am of the 17th, 
with winds of force 4-5 reported by ships at a considerable distance from the center. 
During the day the disturbance changed its course to southwesterly and at 7pm EST was 
centered near 23.5N, 95W. At this time the highest wind reported in connection with the 
disturbance was force 6, south, observed on the S. S. Agwistar, near 23N, 94.5W" (MWR).

August 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 23.5N, 95.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 97W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 22.5N, 
98W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1003mb at 22.5N, 96.5W at 12Z (MWR); 
35kt SSE with a pressure of 1007mb at 23N, 95W at 12Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. "The center continued to move southwestward until 7am of the 18th, at 
which time it was near 23N, 96W, and so far as reports indicated had meanwhile gathered 
energy. At this time the S. S. San Abrosia, near 23N, 95W, had a south-southeast wind of 
force 8, attended by rain squalls of hurricane force, barometer 29.73; while the S. S. 
Agwistar, near 22.5, 96.5W, had a west wind of force 7, barometer 29.62" (MWR). 

August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 22N, 98W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 22.1N, 98.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones showed the center at about 22N, 98W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt SW with a pressure of 
1000mb at Tampico (22.3N, 97.9W) at 14Z (MWR). "Thereafter the center moved toward 
west-southwest, then west, and passed inland a short distance north of Tampico on the 
morning of the 19th, accompanied by heavy rains" (MWR). 

August 20:  HWM indicates a broad low of at most 1010 mb over central Mexico near 23N 102W.  
No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally lists a first point for this cyclone on 15 August at 06Z centered over 
Cozumel, Mexico with a 60 kt intensity.  The original track for the next several hours 
takes the cyclone north-northwestward over the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula before 
emerging back over water in the Gulf of Mexico and weakening to a 35 kt tropical storm while 
over land.  The timing of genesis is not changed, and the position is not significantly 
altered either.  But the starting intensity in HURDAT of 60 kt at 06Z on the 15th appears 
incorrect and way too high.  In fact, this system may have still been an open wave on the 
15th, but it is possible it could have closed, so the 15th is kept in HURDAT.  The starting 
intensity is revised downward to 35 kt (down from 60 kt originally - a major change).  The 
revised track has the cyclone making landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on the 15th at 07Z, 
and the center emerged back over water into the Gulf of Mexico at 12Z on the 15th near 
21.5N, 87.2W.  The analyzed intensity at 12Z is also 35 kt (down from 50 kt originally).  
Three observations from the same ship within a 2-hour period around 00Z on the 16th were 
obtained and indicated a storm position at that time near 23.3N, 88.3W.  The first was 
1007 mb with 20 kt N, the next was 1001 mb with 20 kt E, and the last was 40 kt SE.  Based 
on this information, it is believed that the ship was inside the RMW at the 2nd of these 
3 observations, and a 999 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th using
 the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW.  A central pressure of 999 mb equals 49 kt according 
to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and a 50 kt intensity is chosen for 
HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th (up from 40 kt originally).  After that, the cyclone turned toward 
the west early on the 17th near 24.5N, 92W, and then the cyclone turned west-southwestward.  
After a 35 kt gale was recorded by a ship around 1130Z on the 16th, the next gale or low 
pressure was not recorded until 12Z on the 18th (by which time the cyclone was near 23.4N, 
96.0W).  A ship measured a 35 kt wind, and another ship measured 30 kt with 1003 mb.  It is 
unknown whether or not the latter was inside the RMW.  But this information indicates that 
the intensity of the cyclone on the 18th was probably at least 50 kt (at least as intense 
as it was on the 16th).  The cyclone continued west-southwestward and made landfall slightly 
north of Tampico, Mexico.  The landfall is analyzed at 22.5N, 97.9W on 19 August at 13Z.  
Tampico recorded SW winds of 25 kt with a pressure of 1000 mb at 14Z as the center passed to 
its north (MWR says that this was the max wind and min pressure experienced at Tampico).  
This peripheral pressure supports maximum winds of at least 47 kt according to the Brown et. 
al southern pressure-wind relationship.  Originally, HURDAT listed a 65 kt hurricane 
landfall with the center passing directly over Tampico.  The lack of observed or reported 
tropical storm force winds at Tampico indicate that the center either passed farther north 
of Tampico, or that the intensity was weaker.  The track of the cyclone is shifted a couple 
tenths north and the intensity is maintained as a 65 kt hurricane at landfall.

Although there is no data for the entire lifetime of this cyclone that indicates that it ever 
reached hurricane intensity, the original HURDAT lists a peak intensity of 70 kt from 06Z on 
the 17th through 00Z on the 19th.  Since data coverage on those days is average at best, there 
may not be enough evidence to lower the peak intensity to a tropical storm.  On the other hand, 
there is no source that indicates any evidence of hurricane intensity and it is quite possible 
that this system never reached hurricane intensity.  A compromise is decided upon, and a 
revised peak intensity of 65 kt is chosen from 18Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 19th.  After 
landfall, the cyclone continued inland.  Dissipation is analyzed 6 hours later than originally.  
The new final point is at 00Z on 20 August at 22.0N, 98.9W as a 30 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 9 - Revised 2012

28655 08/20/1936 M= 4  9 SNBR= 633 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
28660 08/20*  0   0   0    0*255 753  35    0*260 755  35    0*265 759  35    0*
28660 08/20*  0   0   0    0*255 763  25    0*260 767  25    0*265 771  30    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

28665 08/21*270 765  35    0*276 773  40    0*283 785  45    0*291 801  45    0*
28665 08/21*270 775  35    0*275 779  40    0*280 785  45    0*285 799  50    0*
                ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

28670 08/22*298 817  40    0*301 831  35    0*303 846  30    0*304 862  25    0*
28670 08/22*292 815  45    0*299 832  35    0*303 849  30    0*304 866  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***              ***

28675 08/23*304 881  25    0*303 891  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28675 08/23*304 883  25    0*303 900  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***              ***  **

28680 TS                                                                        

U.S. landfall:
8/21/1936 - 22Z - 28.9N, 80.8W - 50 kt

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that made 
landfall on the northeastern coast of Florida.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
Florida Climatological Data, and Dunn and Miller (1960).

August 19:  HWM shows a broad trough of low pressure over the Bahamas.  HURDAT does not 
list this cyclone on the 19th.  No gales or low pressures.

August 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26N, 75.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 24.5N, 77.5W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 26N, 
78W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "On the morning of August 20, slightly falling pressure, with cyclonic circulation, 
over and northeast of the northern Bahama Islands was evident on the weather map. B 7pm EST 
although no low center could yet be located, a more vigorous cyclonic circulation was 
established over the region between approximately 25-30N, 75-80W, with ships reports showing 
wind-forces of 4-6, on the Beaufort scale" (MWR). 

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 27.5N, 77W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 28.3N, 78.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 27.5N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28N, 
82W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 48kt W-SW with a 
pressure of 1002mb at Titusville (28.6N, 80.8W) at 22Z (MWR). "At 7am of the 21st, observations 
from a number of ships showed the development of a small cyclone center close to 28N, 78W, 
with accompaniment of fresh to strong winds, highest force 6, with lowest barometer 29.71 
inches" (MWR).  "NE FL - minor (<74 kt)" (Dunn and Miller).  "The center of a moderate 
tropical disturbance passed inland between Titusville and Daytona Beach at about 5 p. m. of 
the 21st...The pressure fell to 29.60 inches [1002 mb] at Titusville with winds from the west 
and southwest of 40 to 55 miles pre hour as the center passed.  Squalls of about 30 miles per 
hour occurred northward along the coast beyond Jacksonville...Nieth loss of life nor appreciable 
damage occurred in connection with this storm.  Apparently the winds were not strong enough to 
cause injury to fruits and other crops, after reaching inland to the citrus regions" (Florida).

August 22: HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 30.3N, 84.6W at 12Z. 
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 30N, 86W (am) with a 
pressure of 1010mb and at 31.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "Remnants of this disturbance persisted, 
corssed the northern part of the State, and were in the vicinity of Apalachicola the morning 
of the 22d" (Florida).

A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed at 06Z on 20 August (no change to timing of genesis).  
This system originated from a trough of low pressure over the Bahamas on the 19th.  It is possible 
that the system had attained a closed low (and thus became a tropical depression) on the 19th, but 
the observations are inconclusive.  On the 20th, the cyclone was very weak.  West winds on the 
south side were only about 5 to 10 kt.  Since there is sufficient observational coverage, a 
tropical depression intensity is analyzed on the 20th.  Westward position adjustments of 1 degree 
are implemented from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 21st due to evidence from observations.  
Due mainly to observations from Titusville later on the 21st, the depression is analyzed to have 
strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 21st (18 hours later than originally).  The cyclone 
made landfall in Florida north of Titusville on 21 August at 22Z at 28.9N, 80.9W.  Prior to 
landfall, the highest wind from any ship was 30 kt.  The minimum pressure recorded at Titusville 
was 1002 mb.  The maximum winds at Titusville were reported to range from 35-48 kt, which are 
likely to be visually estimated winds.  All available information indicates that the center passed 
between Titusville and Daytona Beach, and the 1002 mb is a peripheral pressure value.  A peripheral 
pressure of 1002 mb yields winds of greater than 40 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Given the quite weak impacts noted in the Florida Climatological Data 
report (and that the 35-48 kt report on the south [weak] side of the cyclone was likely a visual 
estimate), a 50 kt intensity is chosen for landfall and at 18Z on the 21st (up from 45 kt originally).  
The position of landfall was also significantly changed to a position about half a degree south of 
the original HURDAT landfall location.  After landfall, the cyclone turned toward the west-northwest 
and weakened.  It weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z on 22 August.  The depression moved due 
westward from the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd, and then it dissipated (no changes to the 
dissipation timing).

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 10 (Was #11) - Revised 2012

28710 08/28/1936 M=10 11 SNBR= 635 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28710 08/25/1936 M=13 10 SNBR= 635 NOT NAMED   XING=0
         **        ** **

The 25th - 27th are new to HURDAT

28712 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 255  30    0*
28713 08/26*136 270  30    0*139 285  35    0*142 300  35    0*145 315  40    0*
28714 08/27*149 330  40    0*153 345  45    0*157 360  45    0*161 375  50    0*

28715 08/28*  0   0   0    0*172 400  65    0*173 433  70    0*174 443  70    0*
28715 08/28*165 390  55    0*169 405  60    0*172 420  60    0*175 432  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28720 08/29*176 451  70    0*178 458  75    0*180 465  75    0*182 473  75    0*
28720 08/29*177 442  70    0*180 451  75    0*183 460  75    0*186 469  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

28725 08/30*185 480  80    0*188 486  80    0*193 493  80    0*200 502  80    0*
28725 08/30*189 478  80    0*192 487  80    0*196 496  80    0*202 505  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28730 08/31*208 512  85    0*215 520  85    0*222 528  85    0*231 538  90    0*
28730 08/31*210 514  85    0*219 523  85    0*228 532  85    0*236 542  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28735 09/01*241 549  90    0*251 558  90    0*261 566  90    0*274 576  95    0*
28735 09/01*244 552  90    0*253 561  90    0*262 570  90    0*272 577  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28740 09/02*287 585  95    0*294 588  95    0*301 589  95    0*315 585  95    0*
28740 09/02*282 583  95    0*292 583  95    0*302 580  95    0*315 573  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

28745 09/03*330 562  95    0*341 543  95    0*352 525  95    0*367 508  95    0*
28745 09/03*332 559  95    0*350 544  95    0*360 525  95    0*370 508  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***   

28750 09/04*382 492  90    0*396 476  90    0*409 460  85    0*418 450  85    0*
28750 09/04*380 492  95    0*391 476  95    0*402 460  95    0*412 443  90    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

28755 09/05*427 433  80    0*438 412  80    0*449 372  75    0*460 329  70    0*
28755 09/05*421 423  90    0*431 398  85    0*446 372  80    0*461 343  75    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

28760 09/06E472 278  65    0E486 220  60    0E500 162  60    0E520 146  55    0*
28760 09/06E476 293  70    0E488 233  60    0E501 175  60    0E515 125  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

28765 HR                                                                        

Minor track adjustments and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Major changes are made to the genesis.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 24: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the eastern Atlantic on this 
day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1004 
mb at 12Z at 8.7N, 15.3W (COA).

August 25: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day in the eastern Atlantic.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day in the eastern Atlantic.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 18Z at 14.5N, 
30.5W (COA).

August 27: HWM analyzes a spot low near 12N, 40W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this 
day.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 42W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 17.4N, 44.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt WSW 
with a pressure of 1005mb at 16.2N, 43.2W at 12Z (MWR); 50kt SSE at 19Z at 17.5N, 42W (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of this disturbance 
were contained in radio reports from ships in the vicinity of 15N, 45W on August 28. According 
to a report received by mail, the S. S. Van Rensselaer at about 9am (ships time ) on that date 
at 16.2N, 43.2W, had wind WSW, 5, with barometer reading 29.67 inches (corrected); at 4pm the 
highest wind, SSE, 10, was experienced on this ship at about 17.5N, 42W" (MWR). "Observations... 
on the 28th were received by radio... at 7 pm (EST) from the S. S. Van Rensselaer which was then 
at 17.5N, 41.3W, wind SE 5 (20 kt), with indications that a tropical storm had formed.  This 
is the farthest area to the eastward in the Atlantic in which the existence of a tropical 
disturbance has been received by radio reports to the Weather Bureau.  The previous record was 
the location of a disturbance on the morning of September 10, 1928, by a radio report from the 
S. S. Commack in 17N, 48.2W" (MWR).

August 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 47.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 18N, 46.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 19.3N, 49.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 22.5N, 53W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.2N, 52.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 24N, 54W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at 
24.9N, 54.6W at 12Z (COA).  "After August 28, observations were lacking in the vicinity of the 
disturbance until the evening of August 31, when ship reports definitely placed the center of a 
vigorous cyclone near 25N, 56W. It is not possible with available reports to locate the center 
of the disturbance prior to August 31" (MWR). 

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 26N, 56.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 90kt winds at 26.1N, 56.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 26N, 56W (am) and at 27N, 56.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt E with 
983 mb at 12Z at 26.5N, 57.0W (HWM); 60kt NW with a pressure of 982mb at 27.2N, 58.1W at 17Z (MWR); 
70 kt NW at 18Z near 27.2N, 58.1W (MWR); 70kt SE with a pressure of 1007mb at 28.5N, 55.5W at 20Z 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By September 1 the disturbance had attained 
full hurricane intensity. S. S. Pan America reported its lowest barometer reading, 29.01, at 9pm, 
ships time, at 27.2N, 58.1W, with wind NW, force 11, increasing to NW 12 at 2pm" (MWR). 

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 31N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 30.1N, 58.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 30N, 57W (am) with a pressure of 971mb and at 34N, 56W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 60 kt SSE with 1007 mb at 00Z at 28.5N, 55.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE with 1008 mb at 16Z at 
32.5N, 54.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE with 1003 mb at 22Z at 35.0N, 58.4W (COA). Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "The hurricane recurved to the eastward of Bermuda with center in long 
58W. Between 2 and 3am, ships time, on September 3, the S. S. West Lashaway at 35.4N, 54.2W, had 
full hurricane winds, ESE, barometer 28.71. Reports indicate that full hurricane intensity was 
maintained until the morning of the 5th near 42N, 39W where the S. S. Nike experienced wind WSW, 
force 10, barometer 28.32" (MWR). 

September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 35.5N, 52W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 winds with 95kt winds at 35.2N, 52.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 36.5N, 53W (am) with a pressure of 972mb and at 38.5N, 50W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 35kt NE with a pressure of 1003mb at 36N, 56.2W at 2Z (MWR); 70 kt ESE with 972 mb 
around ~0630Z at 35.4N, 54.2W (MWR); 40kt WNW with 988 mb at 35N, 53.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 970mb near 38.7N, 46.5W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 40.9N, 46W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 40N, 46W (am) and at 41.5N, 40.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 45N, 38W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 44.9N, 37.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 42N, 38W (am). Ship highlights: 50kt WSW with a pressure of 959mb at 
42N, 39W (MWR); 45 kt SSW with 1007 mb at 18Z at 43.5N, 31.5W (COA). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 50N, 16W. HURDAT lists this as an 
Extratropical storm with 60kt winds at 50N, 16W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW with 1002 mb 
at 06Z at 48.5N, 29.5W (COA); 35 kt W with 989 mb at 11Z at 48.0N, 21.3W (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 
988 mb at 12Z at 49.8N, 15.9W (COA); 45 kt W with 988 mb at 17Z at 49.5N, 12.5W (COA); 50kt W 
with a pressure of 999mb at 49.5N, 13.5W at 21Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
HURDAT originally began this tropical cyclone on 28 August at 06Z as a 65 kt hurricane.  Additional 
COADS data was obtained between that location and the African coast between 23-27 August.  Although 
it is possible that a closed circulation was attained shortly after the disturbance moved off the 
African coast on 24 August, there is not enough data on the 24th to say that with certainty.  
Observations - primarily from Ship #07043388 - indicate that the system had become a tropical storm 
by no later than 12Z on the 26th.  However, on the 25th, the observations at 12Z are ambiguous as 
to whether a closed low had yet formed.  Thus an 18Z on the 25th genesis time is estimated.  On the 
26th at 18Z, the first gale was recorded when a ship measured 35 kt ESE.  The tropical depression 
is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 06Z on 26 August.  The cyclone moved 
west-northwestward.  On the 28th, observations place the cyclone in the general vicinity of the 
original HURDAT positions with minor track alterations.  On the 28th, pressures of 1005 mb were 
recorded and a wind of 50 kt was recorded, but on the 29th and 30th there was no data near the 
cyclone.  On the 28th, the analyzed intensities of the intensifying cyclone are slightly below the 
original HURDAT values, but the HURDAT intensities on the 29th and 30th are not changed because 
there is no evidence to change HURDAT.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 18Z 
on 28 August (12 hours later than originally).  By 31 August, data indicates the cyclone was near 
23N, 53W but there were only one or two observations in the periphery that day that measured a 
1003 mb pressure.  Hurricane force winds were recorded on 1 September and the lowest pressure 
measured that day was 982 mb (with 60 kt simultaneous winds).  A peripheral pressure of 982 mb 
indicates a wind speed greater than 70 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  No changes are made to the 95 kt intensity in HURDAT.  The cyclone 
recurved east of 60W near 29N early on the 2nd.  The highest wind recorded on the 2nd was 60 kt.  
Observations indicate that the outer radius of the cyclone circulation expanded on the 2nd of 
September as compared with previous days of the cyclone's lifetime.  On the 3rd around ~0630Z, 
a ship recorded hurricane force ESE winds with a 972 mb simultaneous pressure.  A peripheral 
pressure of 972 mb yields winds of greater than 82 and 80 kt, respectively, according to the north 
of 25N Brown et al. (2006) and north of 35N Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationships.  
The 95 kt intensity in HURDAT is still not changed on the 3rd of September.  In fact, no changes 
are made to the HURDAT intensity from 29 August through 3 September.  Early on the 5th, a ship 
recorded a pressure of 959 mb with 50 kt WSW winds.  A peripheral pressure of 959 mb yields a wind 
speed of greater than 91 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The speed 
of the cyclone was about 20 kt, but the cyclone was very large.  Also, no hurricane force winds 
had been reported since the 3rd at 06Z.  A 90 kt intensity is chosen at 00Z on the 5th (up from 
80 kt originally) and an 80 kt intensity is chosen at 12Z on the 5th (up from 75 kt originally).  
It is possible, however, given the limited observations obtained that this system could have 
reached major hurricane intensity.  While having the system still tropical at 45N (at 12Z on the 
5th) is somewhat unclimatological, inspection of the available observations indicate no E-W 
temperature gradient over the inner core of the hurricane while retained a symmetric vortex.  
Thus, no changes are made to the timing of extratropical transition (00Z on the 6th). The 
intensity at that time is analyzed at 70 kt (up from 65 kt originally).  The cyclone accelerated 
early on the 6th, and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation (18Z on the 6th).  It is 
possible that the cyclone might have been absorbed six hours earlier, but there is not enough 
evidence to delete 6 hours from HURDAT.  However, observations indicate that the cyclone was 
definitely absorbed by the time indicated in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 11 (Was #10) - Revised 2012

28685 08/28/1936 M= 3 10 SNBR= 634 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28685 08/28/1936 M= 4 11 SNBR= 634 NOT NAMED   XING=0
                    * **

28690 08/28*  0   0   0    0*183 863  40    0*193 885  35    0*197 892  40    0*
28690 08/28*181 862  30    0*187 873  40    0*193 883  35    0*197 893  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***              ***  **

28695 08/29*202 903  45    0*208 918  55    0*214 933  65    0*216 946  70    0*
28695 08/29*202 904  30    0*208 916  40    0*214 929  50    0*216 941  60    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

28700 08/30*213 956  70    0*209 964  70    0*204 973  65    0*191 970  35    0*
28700 08/30*216 951  70    0*214 960  70    0*210 969  70    0*205 977  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

The 31st is new to HURDAT
28702 08/31*200 985  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

28705 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships 
database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican station observations and synoptic maps, and Connor (1956).

August 27:  HWM indicates an open low near 14N 87W over Central America.  No gales or low pressures.

August 28: HWM indicates a low near 18.5N, 91W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt at 
19.3N, 88.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 18N, 88W (am) 
with a pressure of 1011mb and at 19.5N, 90.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 3kt NNE with a pressure of 1005mb at Merida (21N, 89.5W) at 20Z (Mexican). "At 
the morning observation of August 28, conditions over the Yucatan Peninsula pointed toward the 
formation of a slight depression, with lower barometer, 29.74, at Payo Obispo. At 7pm of that date 
the suspicion was strengthened that a tropical disturbance was originating in the vicinity. Pressure 
at Merida had fallen to 29.68 inches, which indicated a northwestward movement of the depression" 
(MWR). "A disturbance of weak intensity is located over the peninsula of Yucatan and it is likely 
that it will intensify over the Gulf of Mexico after exiting by the coast of Campeche" (Mexican).

August 29: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt 
at 21.4N, 93.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 20N, 93W 
(am) and at 20.5N, 94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: a 
pressure of 1005mb at Merida at 0Z (MWR); 8 kt E with 1005 mb at 01Z at Merida (Mexican). "On the 
morning of the 29th, reports from ship and Mexican coast stations indicated the formation of a 
circulatory wind system with center in the Golf of Campeche. The S. S. Ceiba, near 20N, 92W, at 7am 
reported the lowest barometer, 29.70, with south wind of force 6. At 7pm EST of the 29th four ships 
in the southwestern Gulf, within the region 20-23N, 92-95W, clearly showed the existence of a 
moderate depression with center a little north of the 20th parallel and close to the 95th meridian. 
Three of the ships, at some distance from the center reported wind forces of 5-6, while the S. S. 
Amapala in 19.8N, 94.8W, had a moderate west gale (force 7), pressure 29.53 inches. The extreme 
wind reported by the Amapala was a force 8, south, at 8pm local time, of the 29th" (MWR).  "The 
cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico is located approximately 325 km to the ENE of Veracruz and it is 
moving towards the west. It is likely that it will affect the portion of the coast between 
Veracruz and Tuxpan, from today to midnight" (Mexican).

August 30: The HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 20.4N, 97.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 21N, 96W (am) and at 21N, 97W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt W with 
a pressure of 1000mb at 19.8N, 94.8W at 0Z (MWR); 35 kt S at 01Z near 19.8N, 94.8W (MWR); 40kt SE 
with a pressure of 1000mb at 21.7N, 97W in the morning (MWR); 60 kt E in the vicinity of 21.7N, 97.0W 
within a couple hours of the morning (MWR). Station highlights: 25kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb 
at Veracruz (19.2N, 96.1W) at 3Z (Mexican); 60 kt NE at Tuxpan (20.9N 97.4W) at 12Z (Mexican). "During 
the morning of the 30th the disturbance became locally of much increased energy, as indicated by a 
report received by mail from the S. S. Cayo Mambi. This ship, in 21.7N, 97W had a barometer reading 
of 29.52 inches, accompanied by a southeast gale of force 9. The maximum wind reported by the ship was 
from the east, force 11. The disturbance passed inland near Tuxpan on the morning of the 30th" (MWR).  
"The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is located ESE of Tuxpan, Veracruz. It is likely that it will 
be making landfall before noon to the south but close to the mentioned place producing rain in its 
path" (Mexican).

August 31:  The HWM shows no features of interest in the western Gulf of Mexico or over Mexico. "The 
cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico made landfall to the south but close of Tuxpan, Veracruz, yesterday 
in the morning, and therefore it is likely that there will be less showers over the eastern portion 
of the country and normal shower activity over the western areas" (Mexican).A tropical cyclone formed 
early on 28 August in the western Caribbean Sea near 18N, 86W.  Weather reports from ships and Central 
American stations suggest a trough existed at 12Z on the 27th in the northwestern Caribbean Sea.  
Observations from 06Z and 12Z on the 28th indicate that a closed circulation likely already existed 
before that time.  Therefore, genesis is analyzed to have occurred at 00Z on 28 August (6 hours earlier 
than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression at 18.1N, 86.2W.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward 
at a moderate speed.  There is not enough evidence to lower the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 06Z on 
the 28th, so there is no change made to the timing of when the system became a tropical storm.  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 28 August at 08Z on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula at 18.9N, 
87.6W as a 40 kt tropical storm.  A 1007 mb pressure was recorded at Payo Obispo (Chetumal) as the 
center passed to the north-northeast of there.  The cyclone was over landfall from the 28th at 08Z 
until the 29th at 01Z when it emerged into the Bay of Campeche.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 28th (down from 40 kt originally), and this 
30 kt intensity is held through 00Z on the 29th (down from 45 kt originally) since it was still over 
land.  Pressures of 1005 mb were recorded at Merida from 20Z on the 28th through 01Z on the 29th, but 
no strong winds were reported there.  In the Bay of Campeche, the cyclone continued west-northwestward 
early on the 29th, and then turned due west late on the 29th.  It continued moving westward until it 
made its final Mexican landfall around 12Z on 30 August.  There are no available observations near the 
cyclone on the 29th; thus no gales or low pressures were recorded that day.  On the 30th before 
landfall, two ships recorded gales and low pressures.  The first ship recorded a minimum pressure of 
1000 mb at 00Z on the 30th and maximum winds of 35 kt at 01Z.  The second ship recorded a minimum 
pressure of 1000 mb (simultaneous with 40 kt winds) and maximum winds of 60 kt probably around 12Z 
(just before the time of landfall).  At 12Z on the 30th - just before the time of landfall - Tuxpan, 
Mexico reported NE 60 kt winds (no barometer).  Thus landfall is now shown to have occurred at 20.8N, 
97.2W at 14Z on 30 August, just south of Tuxpan, consistent with the analyses from Mexico.  Due to 
the 60 kt observations from a ship and Tuxpan just before the time of landfall, and the lack of any 
other important observations near the center, there is no evidence to change the landfall intensity 
in HURDAT originally or the peak intensity of 70 kt.  Therefore, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed from 
00Z on the 30th through 12Z on the 30th including landfall (up from 65 kt originally at 12Z).  The 
30 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 29th is increased by 10 kt per 6 hr until 00Z on the 30th when 
the 70 kt intensity is held until landfall.  Therefore, minor downward intensity adjustments of 
10-15 kt are implemented on the 29th.  After landfall, runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay 
model yield 48 and 35 kt for 18Z on the 30th and 00Z on the 31st.  Intensities of 45 and 30 kt are 
chosen for those times.  Therefore, dissipation is delayed by 6 hours.  The southward dive in the 
original HURDAT position during the last 6 hours is unrealistic, and observations do not indicate 
that this occurred.  However, a slight turn to the west-southwest may have occurred.  The revised 
final position is at 00Z on 31 August as a 30 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 12 - Revised 2012

28770 09/07/1936 M= 2 12 SNBR= 636 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28775 09/07*  0   0   0    0*208 569  35    0*208 588  35    0*209 603  35    0*
28775 09/07*  0   0   0    0*208 578  35    0*209 593  35    0*210 607  35    0*
                                 ***          *** ***          *** ***

28780 09/08*212 620  35    0*214 628  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28780 09/08*211 620  35    0*212 632  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***              *** ***

28785 TS                                                                        

Minor track changes but no changes to the intensity are analyzed for this short-lived tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, 
and Monthly Weather Review.

September 6:  HWM shows no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles.  No gales or low pressures.

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 20.8N, 58.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 7am eastern standard time, September 7, the S. S. 
Chesapeake at 20.3N, 58.9W, with wind SW by S, barometer 29.77 (uncorrected) reported that there were 
indications of a tropical disturbance forming to the northward. Other observations from the vicinity 
at that hour placed the center at about 21N, 59W. Twelve hours later there was a mild cyclonic wind 
circulation over the Leeward Islands and the ocean to the northward, with center near 21N, 62W" (MWR). 

September 8: HWM analyzes an open trough/low pressure area in the general vicinity of 22N, 64W.  HURDAT 
last liststhis system at 06Z at 21.4N, 62.8W as a 30 kt tropical depression.  Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the morning of the 8th, the 
disturbance, which continued to be of minor intensity, appeared to have advanced toward the 
west-northwestward, but later observations failed to reveal any definite wind circulation" (MWR).

On 7 September a couple of ship observations indicate that a closed circulation might have possibly 
existed near 21N, 59W.  There was only one observation containing a westerly wind component- 15 kt 
SW with 1008 mb at 12Z on the 7th.  The lowest pressure recorded for the entire lifetime of this system 
was 1008 mb, and the highest winds recorded were 20-25 kt.  No intensity changes are made.  All position 
changes made are less than 1 degree.  On the 8th, observations indicate some partial cyclonic turning, 
but there are no observed west winds.  Therefore, no changes are made to the timing of dissipation.  It 
is possible that this system was not a tropical storm.  However, the data coverage is not sufficient to 
justify its removal.  

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 13 - Revised 2012

28790 09/08/1936 M=18 13 SNBR= 637 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
28795 09/08*  0   0   0    0*131 485  40    0*136 491  40    0*142 498  40    0*
28795 09/08*  0   0   0    0*131 485  30    0*136 491  30    0*141 498  35    0*
                                      **               **      ***      **

28800 09/09*146 504  40    0*150 510  45    0*154 517  45    0*160 525  45    0*
28800 09/09*146 504  35    0*150 510  40    0*154 517  40    0*160 524  40    0*
                     **               **               **          ***  **

28805 09/10*166 534  50    0*172 543  55    0*178 552  55    0*183 560  65    0*
28805 09/10*166 531  45    0*172 538  45    0*178 546  50    0*181 555  50    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

28810 09/11*187 568  65    0*193 578  70    0*199 587  75    0*202 591  80    0*
18810 09/11*184 563  55    0*187 572  55    0*190 580  60    0*193 586  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28815 09/12*204 593  80    0*208 595  85    0*212 598  85    0*215 601  85    0*
28815 09/12*196 591  65    0*199 594  65    0*202 596  65    0*206 599  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28820 09/13*217 604  85    0*223 610  85    0*229 617  85    0*232 620  90    0*
28820 09/13*211 601  70    0*217 603  70    0*224 605  70    0*231 607  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28825 09/14*234 623  90    0*236 625  90    0*238 627  95    0*242 631  95    0*
28825 09/14*237 610  75    0*244 615  80    0*250 620  85    0*253 624  90    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28830 09/15*248 636 100    0*255 643 100    0*262 650 100    0*269 657 105    0*
28830 09/15*256 629  90    0*259 634  95    0*262 640 100    0*268 649 105    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          ***          *** ***

28835 09/16*277 665 105    0*282 669 105    0*287 675 105    0*298 688 100    0*
28835 09/16*276 659 105    0*284 669 105    0*291 680 105    0*298 690 100    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***              ***

28840 09/17*310 701 100    0*317 712 100    0*324 723  95    0*335 734  95    0*
28840 09/17*307 702 100    0*316 714 100    0*324 725  95    0*332 734  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** 

28845 09/18*346 745  90    0*352 751  90    0*359 753  85  968*372 750  85    0*
28845 09/18*341 741  90    0*350 745  85  962*359 748  85  965*371 748  80  968*
            *** ***          *** ***  **  ***     ***      *** *** ***  **  ***

28850 09/19*386 740  85    0*402 721  80    0*417 690  80    0*429 651  75    0*
28850 09/19*383 730  80  969*394 721  75    0E412 690  75    0E422 654  75    0*
            *** ***  **  *** ***      **     ****      **     **** ***

28855 09/20*439 610  75    0*448 565  70    0*454 523  70    0*455 489  65    0*
28855 09/20E430 614  70    0E436 571  65    0E441 529  65    0E446 496  65    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  

28860 09/21*457 460  65    0E458 431  65    0E460 406  60    0E462 388  60    0*
28860 09/21E452 470  65    0E456 440  65    0E460 415  70    0E462 397  70    0*
           **** ***          *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

28865 09/22E463 373  55    0E467 359  55    0E472 346  50    0E478 337  50    0*
28865 09/22E463 382  65    0E467 361  60    0E472 346  55    0E479 337  55    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               **      ***      **

28870 09/23E486 329  45    0E500 315  45    0E513 303  45    0E518 298  40    0*
28870 09/23E488 329  50    0E500 322  50    0E512 314  50    0E518 305  50    0*
            ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

28875 09/24E521 292  40    0E524 286  35    0E527 281  35    0E529 277  30    0*
28875 09/24E521 296  50    0E524 290  50    0E526 283  45    0E527 277  45    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

28880 09/25E530 273  30    0E531 268  30    0E532 262  30    0E537 244  30    0*
28880 09/25E525 271  40    0E523 266  40    0E522 261  40    0E522 256  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

28885 HR NC2                                                                    
28885 HR NC1 VA1
         *** ***

U.S. Close approach: 
9/18/1936 - 10Z - 35.6N, 74.8W - 75 kt at the coast (85 kt offshore) - 964 mb - 
35 nmi RMW - 1016 mb OCI - 325 nmi ROCI - 11 kt speed

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that 
impacted portions of the North Carolina and Virginia coastlines.  Major changes are made 
to the timing of when the cyclone attained hurricane strength, and major changes are also 
made to the timing of extratropical transition.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, North Carolina and Virginia Climatological Data, Ho et 
al., Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarrell et al. (1992), Tannehill, 
Harris, Barnes, Cobb, and Roth.

September 7:  HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT does not list this cyclone on the 7th.  No gales or low pressures.

September 8: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 13.6N, 49.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "While the preceding 
disturbance was dissipating near the Leeward Islands on the 8th, there were signs of another 
disturbance to the eastward with center in the vicinity of 13N, 50W at 7pm, eastern standard 
time, of the 8th. At that time the S. S. West Selene was at 13.3N, 52.1W, and a long swell 
from the northeast was observed" (MWR). 

September 9: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 15.4N, 51.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The swell became 
heavier late on the 9th and on the 10th, with slowly falling barometer, when the vessel was 
about 250miles east of the Leeward Islands. The observing officers estimated the distance to 
the disturbance to be about 100 miles" (MWR). 

September 10: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 17.8N, 55.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35kt NE with a pressure of 1014mb at 20.3N, 52.2W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "Reports from other vessels on the 10th indicated the presence of a 
well-developed cyclone centered at approximately 18N, 55W" (MWR). 

September 11: HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 19.9N, 58.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18.5N, 59W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.2N, 59.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 62.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22.9N, 61.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 22N, 60W (am) and at 24N, 61W (pm). Ship highlights: 
50kt SE with a pressures of 1006mb at 23N, 59.5W at 12Z (COA); 30kt SSW with a pressures of 
993mb at 22.5N, 59.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 24.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 23.8N, 62.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 26N, 61.5W (am) and at 27N, 62W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt 
WSW with a pressure of 998mb at 24.5N, 62.5W at 8Z (COA); 50kt SSE with a pressure of 1001mb at 
25.5N, 61.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 25.5N, 64W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 3 hurricane with 100kt winds at 26.2N, 65W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 63W (am) and at 28.5N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: 
45kt WSW at 24.5n, 61.5W at 0Z (COA); 20kt S with a pressure of 1003mb at 25.5N, 61.5W at 8Z 
(COA); 35 kt SW with 1002 mb at 12Z at 24.7N, 62.5W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 29N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 28.7N, 67.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 29.5N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 968mb and at 30.5N, 70W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt N with 983 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 68.8W (COA); 65kt SSW with a pressure 
of 968mb at 29.4N, 68.7W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the 
morning of September 15 the hurricane was wide extent and marked intensity. On the 16th the area 
of winds of force 6 and higher (Beaufort scale) was about 1,000 miles in diameter. By that 
criterion it was one of the largest tropical cyclones of record" (MWR).

September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 32.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 32.4N, 72.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 32.5N, 72W (am) and at 34N, 74W (pm). Ship highlights: 50kt SSE with a 
pressure of 998mb at 29.7N, 68W at 0Z (COA); 45kt N with a pressure of 985mb at 34.4N, 75.1W at 12Z 
(COA). Station highlights: 42 kt N with 999 mb at 23Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (35.2N, 75.7W) (OMR); 
47 kt N around ~2330Z at Cape Hatteras (OMR).

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 35.9N, 75.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 36N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 972mb and at 39N, 72W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 70 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 02Z at 33.1N, 76.5W (MWR); 70 kt NE before 04Z in the vicinity 
of 35.6N, 72.0W (MWR); 50 kt SE with 968 mb at 04Z at 35.6N, 72.0W (MWR); 25kt E with a pressure of 
965 mb at 35.2N, 74.4W at 6Z (MWR); 10 kt E with 966 mb at 06Z at 35.2N, 74.4W (COA); 70 kt NE before 
10Z in the vicinity of 36.2N, 74.8W (MWR); 40 kt NE with 969 mb at 10Z at 36.2N, 74.8W (MWR); 70 kt 
N with 994 mb at 12Z in Chesapeake Bay (MWR); 70 kt NNE with 996 mb at 12Z at 37.3N, 76.1W (COA); 
25 kt NW with 972 mb at 12Z at 36.0N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt N with 990 mb at 15Z at 37.2N, 76.1W (MWR); 
70kt SW with a pressure of 977mb at 36.8N, 73.8W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: 79 kt NW (max 
w/1-min) with 978 mb (min p) around ~0645Z at Hatteras (OMR); ~78 kt at Manteo, NC (35.9N, 75.7W) 
(Barnes); 59 kt NW (max w/1-min) with 993 mb (min p) around ~1245Z at Norfolk, VA (36.8N, 76.3W) 
(OMR); 987 mb (min p) at Cape Henry (no time) (Virginia Climatological Data).  "As the hurricane 
center approached Hatteras it began recurving to northward and, after passing a short distance east 
of the Virginia Capes on the 18th, it turned northeastward at an increasing progressive rate" (MWR). 
"The S. S. El Occidente, in 35.2N, 74.8W, at 5am (ships time) of the 18th had lowest barometer 28.60 
inches, and reported light fog during the lull at the center about 6am" (MWR). "At Cape Henry the full 
force of the hurricane winds was not recorded; the anemometer cups and spindle were carried away by 
the wind at 11:37am (eastern standard time) of the 18th; one cup had previously been blown away. The 
wind was estimated at 75 miles an hour" (MWR).  "Place: North Carolina coastal region from Hyde County 
north to Virginia line.  Date: 17-18 September.  Value of property destroyed: $60,000.  Character of 
storm: Tropical storm.  Remarks: Loss to buildings, fishing equipment, and roads.  Slight damage to 
crops" (MWR).  Place: Chincoteague, VA.  Date: 17-18.  Loss of life: 5.  Value of property destroyed: 
$100,000.  Character of Storm: Tropical Storm" (MWR).  "Place: Northampton and Accomack Counties, VA.  
Date: 17-18.  Value of property destroyed: $250,000 [to crops and] $250,000 [to other things].  
Character of storm: Tropical storm.  Remarks: Oyster bed wrecked, 60,000 chickens lost, and late crops 
destroyed" (MWR).  "Place: Cape Charles, VA.  Date: 17-18.  Value of property destroyed: $25,000" (MWR).  
"Place: Norfolk, VA.  Loss of life: 2.  Value of property destroyed: $500,000 [to crops and] $500,000 
[to other things].  Remarks: In Norfolk area damage to business, residential, and marine property due 
to high wind and high tide" (MWR).  "Place: Eastern Shore.  Date: 18.  Loss of life: 7.  Value of 
property destroyed and remarks: $100,000 property damage in Ocean City, MD.  $50,000 damage to rural 
property and livestock.  $30,000 loss to fishing fleets.  $11,900 loss to transmition lines.  $83,000 
loss to crops" (MWR).  "[Closest approach] 36.1N, 75.4W; 966 mb [ob or cp?] at 35.2N, 74.6W; 90 kt 
(estimated) 1-min max wind [on coast?] (Schwerdt et al.).  "Cat 2 NC" (Jarrell et. al).

September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 41.5N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 41.7N, 69W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 41.5N, 69W (am) and at 44N, 61W (pm). Ship highlights: 5 kt SE with 970 mb 
at 00Z at 38.4N, 72.5W (MWR); 70kt SE with a pressure of 970mb at 39.2N, 71.8W at 7Z (MWR); 70 kt SSW 
with 993 mb at 16Z at 40.6N, 66.3W (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 0440Z and 44 kt N 
(max w/1-min) around ~0530Z at New York, NY (40.7N, 74W) (OMR); 1003 mb (min p) at 08Z and 40 kt NW 
(max w/1-min) around ~1030Z at Providence, RI (41.8N, 71.4W) (OMR); 37 kt N (max w/1-min) around ~1030Z 
at Boston, MA (42.4N, 71.1W) (OMR); 991 mb (min p) at 10Z and 47 kt N (max w/1-min) at 1240Z at 
Nantucket, MA (41.3N, 70.1W) (MWR, OMR). "Moving northeastward from the Virginia Capes, the hurricane 
center continued at sea, but gales were felt along the coast. At Nantucket the lower barometer reading 
was 29.27 inches at about 5am of the 19th with maximum velocity 45 miles (extreme 58) at 7:40am, EST" 
(MWR).  "Place: Long Island, NY (east portion).  Date: 18-19.  Character of storm: Tropical storm.  
Remarks: Many boats damaged" (MWR).  "Place: Block Island, RI.  Date: 18-19.  Time: 7 pm - 3 am.  Value 
of property destroyed: $4,700.  Character of storm: Tropical Storm.  Remarks: Loss mostly to marine 
equipment" (MWR).

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 44N, 52.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 45.4N, 52.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed the center at about 45.5N, 53.5W (am) with a pressure of 996mb and at 46N, 47.5W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 50 kt WSW around ~09Z in the vicinity of 42.3N, 56.5W (MWR); 30kt SSW with a pressure of 
987mb at 45.5N, 48.5W at 19Z (COA); 50 kt NW after 19Z in the vicinity of 42.5N, 50.4W (MWR); 45kt 
NNW with a pressure of 990mb at 45.4N, 48.4W at 23Z (COA); 10 kt SSW with 986 mb at 23Z at 45.3N, 
48.4W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 21: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 44N, 42.5W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 60kt winds at 46N, 40.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 
about 41N, 46W (am) with a pressure of 990mb and at 39N, 46W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt NNW around or 
after 00Z in the vicinity of 45.3N, 48.4W (MWR); 45kt S with a pressure of 994mb at 43.5N, 45.5W at 00Z 
(COA); 30kt SW with a pressure of 989mb at 45.5N, 42.1W at 12Z (COA); 70 kt NW after 16Z in the vicinity 
of 45.5N, 42.9W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 22: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 46.5N, 35W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 50kt winds at 47.2N, 34.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 
about 46.5N, 35W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 48N, 33W (pm). Ship highlights: 10kt NW with a 
pressure of 989mb at 45.5N, 38.5W at 0Z (COA); 50kt NE at 52.5N, 40.5W at 11Z (COA); 50 kt N around ~17Z 
in the vicinity of 52.2N, 41.1W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 23: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 51N, 30W, HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 45kt winds at 51.3N, 30.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 
about 52N, 31W (am) with a pressure of 995mb and at 53N, 29.9W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt with a pressure 
of 1001mb at 49.5N, 38.5W at 7Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1006 mb at 12Z at 47.9N, 36.2W (COA); 10kt W with a 
pressure of 991mb at 53.3N, 33.8W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 24: HWM indicates a low of at most 995mb near 52N, 30W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 52.7N, 28.1W at 12Z . The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed the center at 
about 54N, 26W (am) with a pressure of 999mb. Ship highlights: 45kt WNW with a pressure of 1006mb at 47.5N, 
33.5W at 6Z (COA); 20kt NNW with a pressure of 992mb at 52N, 36W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

September 25: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005mb near 50N, 25W. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 30kt winds at 53.2N, 26.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt NW with a pressure of 997mb at 53.8N, 
32W at 0Z (COA); 5kt WSW with a pressure of 992mb at 49.6N, 20.9W at 7Z (COA); 35 kt NE at 12Z at 55.0N, 
30.0W (HWM). Station highlights:  No gales or low pressures. 

September 26:  HWM indicates a frontal boundary extending east-west along 50N from the eastern Atlantic 
to Europe.  No gales or low pressures.

No changes are made to the timing or position of the genesis of this tropical cyclone, which is shown on 
8 September at 06Z.  Data was obtained between that location and the African coast between 2-7 September, 
but no closed circulation could be found prior to the 8th.  On the 8th and 9th, there are no observations 
that provide evidence to confirm or deny that a closed circulation existed on those days.  Therefore, this 
portion of the track is maintained in HURDAT.  The observation that was closest to the center on those two 
days is plotted on HWM on the 9th at 12Z - 10 kt N with 1011 mb about 100 nmi WSW of the analyzed center 
position.  On the 10th, observations of west winds south of the center confirmed the presence of a closed 
tropical cyclone.  The first gales were also observed on the 10th - two observations of 35 kt - both 
located approximately 200 nmi NE of the center.  On the 11th and 12th, as the cyclone slowed down while 
moving WNW to NW, there were enough observations in the periphery to have a reasonably accurate track 
analysis, but there were no observations close enough to the center to measure any gales or low pressures.  
The closest ship to the analyzed center location on the 11th was a ship about 115 nmi SSW of the center 
at 12Z.  The ship reported 10 kt WSW with 1010 mb.  On the 12th at 20Z, a ship located about 50 nmi NW of 
the interpolated analyzed center position recorded 25 kt NE with 1009 mb.  South-southeastward track 
adjustments of 1 degree were made from 12Z on the 11th - 18Z on the 12th based on the data.  Since none 
of the 6 observations within 115 nmi from the analyzed center position between 9 - 12 September were gales 
or low pressures (including the observation 50 nmi from center on the 12th), minor downward intensity 
adjustments are implemented from 06Z on 8 September through 12Z on 11 September, and some major downward 
intensity adjustments are implemented between 18Z on the 11th and 18Z on the 12th.  The cyclone is begun 
as a 30 kt tropical depression at 06-12Z on the 8th (down from 40 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have attained tropical storm intensity by 18Z on the 8th (12 hours later than originally).  The cyclone 
is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 12th (30 hours later than originally - a major change).  
A major downward intensity adjustment of 20 kt is implemented at 18Z on the 11th and again from 06Z - 18Z 
on the 12th.  The highest wind recorded on the 13th was 50 kt and the lowest pressure recorded that day was 
993 mb.  A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (with 30 kt) yields a wind speed of greater than 59 kt according 
to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 00-12Z on 
the 13th (down from 85 kt originally), and a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z (down from 90 kt originally).  
Eastward track adjustments of 1.3 degrees are implemented from 12Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 14th.  
Northeastward track adjustments exceeding 1 degree were implemented on the remainder of 14 September.  On 
the 14th and 15th, the cyclone resumed more of a northwestward course and was located about halfway between 
the Virgin Islands and Bermuda.  The cyclone continued on that course until it neared the Outer Banks of 
North Carolina on the 17th and 18th.  During the 14-15th, the highest observed wind was 50 kt, and the 
lowest pressure measured was 998 mb.  Ships on the 14th were closer to the center than on the 15th, and 
the data possibly indicates a slightly faster rate of strengthening around the afternoon of the 14th.  
By the 16th at 12Z, the cyclone was located near 29.1N, 68.0W.  At 12Z on the 16th, one ship measured 983 mb 
with 60 kt (~50 nmi from the analyzed center) and another ship reported hurricane force.  At 18Z that day, 
a ship reported 968 mb with 65 kt (~30 nmi from the analyzed center).  This peripheral pressure of 968 mb 
yields a wind speed greater than 87 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Since 
there is no evidence that any of the aforementioned observations were obtained inside the RMW which would 
provide an accurate central pressure measurement, the peak intensity of 105 kt shown in HURDAT from 18Z on 
the 15th through 12Z on the 16th is maintained.  However, the cyclone is analyzed to have first attained 
major hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 15th (12 hours later than originally).  At 18Z on the 16th (the 
time of the 968 mb peripheral pressure), the 100 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged.  On the 17th, no 
intensity changes are made to HURDAT with only miniscule track alterations.  The highest wind measured 
on the 17th was 50 kt and lowest pressure recorded was 985 mb.  

Numerous observations of hurricane force from ships and some from land were recorded on the 18th as the 
hurricane recurved just east of the North Carolina Outer Banks.  At 04Z, a ship recorded 50 kt with 968 mb, 
and at 06Z, one ship recorded 25 kt with 965 mb while another observation of 10 kt with 966 mb was 
reported.  The latter two observations are both analyzed to be inside the RMW.  A central pressure of 
962 mb is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 18th from this data, and this value agrees with Cobb.  This 
value yields wind speeds of 93 and 88 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationships, respectively.  Given the very large size of the cyclone, 85 kt is analyzed to be the 
intensity in HURDAT at 06Z on the 18th (down from 90 kt originally).  At 0645Z, Cape Hatteras, NC 
recorded its maximum wind and minimum pressure simultaneously.  The maximum wind at Cape Hatteras 
after converting to a 10m 1-min wind was 75 kt NW and the minimum pressure recorded at the same time 
was 978 mb.  According to the revised track, the closest approach to Cape Hatteras was about 45 nmi, 
and the RMW provided by Ho et al. is about 35 nmi.  At 10Z, a ship recorded a pressure of 969 mb with 
40 kt winds, and at 12Z another ship recorded 972 mb with 25 kt winds.  Both of these observations 
are analyzed to have occurred inside the RMW.  A central pressure of 965 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z 
based on this data, which agrees with Cobb, and this value yields 90 and 86 kt, respectively, according 
to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  
Based on the revised track, the hurricane made its closest approach to the United States coastline at 
10Z on 18 September with a central pressure is estimated to be 964 mb.  A central pressure of 964 mb 
yields 91 and 87 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N and Landsea et al. 
(2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  The ~35 nmi RMW from Ho et al. is larger than the 
climatological value of 29 nmi for this latitude and central pressure.  The analyzed OCI and ROCI are 
1016 mb and 325 nmi, respectively, and the speed of the cyclone was about 11 kt.  The 85 kt intensity 
in HURDAT at 12Z is not changed, and the estimated intensity at the closest approach at 10Z is 85 kt.  
According to the revised track, the closest approach of the storm to any part of North Carolina was 
about 30 nmi.  Assuming a symmetric RMW, then the RMW of the hurricane would have touched land around 
10Z on the coast near 35.6N, 75.5W.  A run of the Schwerdt et al. (1979) parametric wind model yields 
72 kt for the highest wind experienced on the North Carolina coast when the RMW was touching the coast.  
This model also yields 66 kt at Cape Hatteras when the cyclone made its closest approach to that 
location (~45 nmi); however, the maximum wind actually experienced at Cape Hatteras was 75 kt.  
Therefore, the 72 kt obtained farther up the North Carolina coast was too low, implying that the 
Schwedt model may somewhat underestimates the peak sustained wind along the North Carolina coast.  
However, given that North Carolina was on the likely weak side of the hurricane, it is possible that 
Cape Hatteras measured near the peak winds to occur along the U.S. coast.  Thus 75 kt is thus chosen 
to have impacted the coast of North Carolina, and a Category 1 impact for North Carolina is assessed 
(down from Category 2 originally).  The hurricane was moving due northward along 74.8W on the 18th 
from 10Z-18Z between 35.6N-37.1N.  The farthest west point that the hurricane attained may have been 
around 36.5N, 74.9W at 15Z.  Two ships located in southern Chesapeake Bay reported hurricane force 
winds.  The highest wind recorded at Norfolk after reducing to 10m 1-min was 54 kt NW observed 
simultaneously with the minimum pressure of 993 mb at 1245Z on the 18th.  MWR states that maximum 
winds at Cape Henry, VA were estimated near 65 kt.  The closest approach of the center of this 
hurricane to the Virginia coastline is analyzed to have occurred at 15Z on the 18th with the hurricane 
located near 36.6N, 74.9W.  This means the center was about 45 nmi from the Virginia coastline at 
closest approach.  A run of the parametric wind model from Schwerdt et al. (1979) yields 65 kt for 
winds on the coast of Virginia at the hurricane's closest approach to Virginia.  The intensity of the 
hurricane at this time is analyzed at 85 kt.  Thus this system is analyzed to have caused Category 1 
impacts in Virigina as well ("VA1").  At 19Z on the 18th, a ship in the Atlantic located ESE of the 
center reported 977 mb with hurricane force, and at 00Z on the 19th, another ship reported 970 mb 
with 5 kt.  Central pressures of 968 and 969 mb are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th and 00Z on the 
19th, respectively.  These suggest intensities of 84 and 83 kt, respectively.  Again due to the large 
size of the hurricane, analyzed intensities at both times are 80 kt (down slightly from 85 kt in the 
original HURDAT).  At 18Z on the 18th, the hurricane, which had been moving due north, abruptly 
turned east-northeastward and accelerated.  On the 19th at 07Z, a ship recorded 970 mb with hurricane 
force, which means the central pressure had dropped again to probably around 963 mb or lower.  Since 
the hurricane is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 19th (42 hours earlier than 
originally - a major change), the intensity is decreased to 75 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 19th for this 
very large cyclone undergoing extratropical transition. After converting to 10m 1-min winds, the 
following maximum wind values were recorded at coastal stations: 36 kt at New York City at 0530Z on 
the 19th; 34 kt at Providence, RI at 1030Z, and 44 kt at Nantucket, MA at 1240Z.  The cyclone became 
extratropical at 12Z on the 19th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact 
in the following states: Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York.  Rhode Island, Massachusetts, 
and perhaps even Connecticut received winds of tropical storm force; however, tropical storm impacts 
are not analyzed for these states as the cyclone was extratropical by the time it produced those 
winds.  Based on available data, southwestward track adjustments exceeding 1 degree are implemented 
from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 21st.  Ships reported hurricane force winds at 16Z on the 
19th and again after 16Z on the 21st.  In between those times, no hurricane force winds were 
recorded, but 60 kt was observed around 00Z on the 21st with numerous reports of 50 kt from the 
19th - 21st.  On the 20th, the observational coverage was decent.  A 5 kt downward intensity 
adjustment is implemented from 00Z-12Z on the 20th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have a 65 kt 
intensity from 06Z on the 20th - 06Z on the 21st.  Due to the hurricane force observation later on
 the 21st, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed at 12-18Z on the 21st (up from 60 kt originally).  On 
the 22nd, the cyclone decelerated dramatically and only moved a few hundred miles from the 22nd 
to the 25th.  Minor upward intensity adjustments ranging from 5 to 15 kt are implemented at all 
times from 12Z on the 21st through 18Z on the 25th because ship observations indicated that the 
intensity was higher than listed in HURDAT originally.  No changes are made to the timing of 
dissipation of this cyclone.  The final position at 18Z on the 25th is as a 35 kt extratropical 
cyclone.  After that, the low had become extremely large, broad, weak and elongated, and it no 
longer contained a closed circulation.
 
*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 14 - Revised 2012

28890 09/10/1936 M= 5 14 SNBR= 638 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
28890 09/09/1936 M= 6 14 SNBR= 638 NOT NAMED   XING=1
         **         *

The 9th is new to HURDAT
28892 09/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 940  25    0*190 941  25    0*

28895 09/10*  0   0   0    0*190 932  35    0*190 939  35    0*189 943  35    0*
28895 09/10*190 942  25    0*190 943  30    0*190 944  30    0*190 945  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

28900 09/11*190 946  35    0*192 947  35    0*196 947  35    0*201 946  40    0*
28900 09/11*191 946  35    0*193 947  35    0*196 947  35    0*201 946  40    0*
            ***              ***                                

28905 09/12*208 944  40    0*215 944  40    0*224 946  40    0*234 951  40    0*
28905 09/12*207 945  40    0*215 945  40    0*224 946  45 1001*234 951  45    0*
            *** ***              ***                   ** ****          **

28910 09/13*243 958  40    0*253 966  40    0*262 974  35    0*269 980  30    0*
28910 09/13*244 958  45    0*253 966  45    0*262 974  45  998*269 981  35    0*
            ***      **               **               **  ***     ***  **

28915 09/14*273 986  25    0*277 992  25    0*281 997  20    0*2861007  15    0*
28915 09/14*275 987  30    0*280 993  30    0*284 999  30    0*2881006  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *******  **

28920 TS                                                                        

U.S. impact: 9/13/1936 - 10Z - 25.9N, 97.1W - 45 kt (Center of cyclone made landfall on 
Mexican coast with 45 kt intensity about 5 nmi south of the U.S. border).

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that 
made landfall near the Mexico/Texas border.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Texas 
Climatological Data, Mexican synoptic maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956) and Ellis.

September 9:  HWM indicates no significant features were present over the tropical Atlantic.  
HURDAT does not list this cyclone on the 9th.  No gales or low pressures.  "A disturbance is 
noticed both in the southernportion of the Gulf of Mexico and in the Pacific between Cabo 
Corrientes andBaja California" (Mexican).

September 10: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 19.5N, 95W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19N, 93.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The tropical cyclone over the 
Gulf ofCalifornia appears to be moving over the state of Sonora, decreasing inintensity 
and will dissipate in the next 24 hours" (Mexican).

September 11: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 19.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.6N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 20N, 92W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 21.5N, 
93W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "Of only moderate intensity, this disturbance was first located by radio reports 
from the S. S. Tuxpan in 22N, 93W, at 1pm, EST , on the 11th, with ESE, force 7, barometer 
29.80, and indications that a tropical storm had formed" (MWR).  "The prevalent bad weather 
over the southernregion of the Gulf of Mexico has increased and strong thunderstorms are 
possible affecting the small boats in the Veracruz coast between Roca Partida and Punta 
Delgada" (Mexican).

September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 21N, 95W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 22.4N, 94.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 23N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 25N, 95W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 15kt E with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.5N, 94.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "The weather conditions remain unstable acrossthe 
southern region of the Gulf of Mexico likely causing strong thunderstormsacross the coasts 
of Veracruz and Tamaulipas" (Mexican).

September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 26.2N, 97.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 26N, 97W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 27N, 98W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 35kt SE around ~08Z in the vicinity of 26N, 95W (MWR). Station 
highlights: 30 kt E at Brazos Santiago Pass (26.1N, 97.2W - MWR); 24 kt W (max w) at 1248Z 
and 1000 mb (min p - no time) at Brownsville (MWR, Texas Climatological Data); 30 kt (max w) 
at 1730Z at Corpus Christi (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1001 mb at Matamoros, Mexico (Mexican). "The 
S. S. Nemaha, at 26N, 95W, reported that the highest wind experienced was southeast, force 8, 
with lowest barometer 29.77 at 3am EST, September 13" (MWR).  "Lower TX - minor (<74 mph)" 
(Dunn and Miller).  "A tropical disturbance of slight intensity passed inland over the Texas 
coast a short distance south of Corpus Christi on September 13th.  At Corpus Christi the 
maximum wind was 35 miles per hour from the east at 10:30 a. m. and the lowest barometer 
reading was 29.69 inches at 4 p. m.  No damage was reported (Texas Climatological Data).  
"The cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico is makinglandfall to the north of Brownsville, Texas" 
(Mexican).

September 14: HWM indicates no significant features were present near the Texas-Mexico border.  
HURDAT lists this as a storm with 20kt winds at 28.1N, 99.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones showed the center at about 28N, 100W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt SE with 1010 mb at 12Z at San Antonio (HWM); 
10 kt NW with 1006 mb at 12Z at Del Rio (HWM).  "The cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico, almost 
dissipated, is located over the interior of the state of Texas, to the east ofthe city of 
Del Río" (Mexican).

September 15:  HWM indicates no significant features were present near the Texas-Mexico 
border.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone is estimated to have formed in the Bay of Campeche, based on the Mexican 
observations and one ship likely indicating a closed low, at 12Z on 9 September (18 hours 
earlier than originally).  It is unclear as to the originating disturbance that lead to the 
development of this cyclone.  HURDAT's original first point was at 06Z on the 10th as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 19.0N, 93.2W.  The analyzed position at that time is 19.0N, 94.3W, indicating 
that the cyclone was drifting westward at 1 kt.  The highest observed wind on the 9th and 10th 
was 15 kt and the lowest pressure was 1010 mb.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z-18Z on 
the 10th (down from 35 kt originally).  On the 11th, pressures in the area were falling and 
winds were beginning to increase.  The first 20 kt wind was at 01Z on the 11th, and the first 
30 kt wind was at 18Z on the 11th.  The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to a 
tropical storm at 00Z on 11 September (18 hours later than originally).  Aside from the track 
changes analyzed at 06Z-12Z on the 10th, the largest track change made for the remainder of the 
cyclone's lifetime was only 0.3 degrees.  On 12 September at 12Z, with the cyclone located near 
22.4N, 94.8W, a ship measured a 1002 mb pressure with simultaneous 15 kt winds, and this 
observation occurred 8 nmi from the analyzed center and thus may have been in the RMW.  A 
1001 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th, and this value equals 45 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen 
for 12Z on the 12th (up from 40 kt originally).  At 08Z on the 13th, as the cyclone was 
approaching the coastline near the Texas/Mexico border, a ship recorded a 35 kt gale.  The 
lowest pressure reported by this ship was 1008 mb (with 30 kt winds).  

The cyclone made landfall at 10Z on 13 September at 25.9N, 97.1W (on the Mexican coast about 
5 nmi south of its border with Texas).  The cyclone was moving between NW and NNW at the time, 
and the data indicates that it passed in between Brazos Santiago Pass and Brownsville.  Brazos 
Santiago Pass, located about 25 nmi east of Brownsville, recorded 30 kt E winds (likely near the 
time of landfall).  Brownsville recorded a minimum pressure of 1000 mb at 12Z and maximum winds 
of 24 kt W at 1248Z.  The positions at the points before and after landfall are unaltered.  
Based on the Brownsville data, a central pressure of 998 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z.  Assuming 
a normal filling rate over land, it is estimated that the landfall central pressure at 10Z on 
13 September may have been around 996 mb.  Using this assumption, a 996 mb central pressure 
equals 54 and 50 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 
25N pressure-wind relationships.  The forward speed of the cyclone was 11 kt.  Given the slow 
forward speed, a 45 kt intensity is chosen for 06Z on the 13th (up from 40 kt originally) and 
landfall.  This 45 kt intensity is the analyzed peak intensity attained by the cyclone.  The 
original peak intensity was 40 kt from 18Z on the 11th through 06Z on the 13th.  The 45 kt winds 
are analyzed to have impacted Texas since the RMW likely occurred over the Texas/Mexico border 
at landfall.  At 1730Z on the 13th, 30 kt winds occurred at Corpus Christi.  The analyzed 
intensities at 12 and 18Z on the 13th are 45 and 35 kt, respectively (up from 35 and 30 kt 
originally).  On 14 September at 12Z, observations from San Antonio and Del Rio, Texas indicate 
the circulation was still closed.  The analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 14th is 30 kt.  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 14th (6 hr later 
than originally).  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation with the last point 
remaining at 18Z 14 September; however, the intensity at the last point is increased to 
25 kt (up from 15 kt originally).

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 15 - Revised 2012

28925 09/19/1936 M= 7 15 SNBR= 639 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
28925 09/18/1936 M= 8 15 SNBR= 639 NOT NAMED   XING=0
         **         *

The 18th is new to HURDAT
29827 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 597  30    0*

28930 09/19*  0   0   0    0*203 630  40    0*207 638  45    0*212 645  45    0*
28930 09/19*195 610  35    0*200 622  40    0*205 634  45    0*211 645  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          ***

28935 09/20*219 654  50    0*230 667  60    0*239 678  65    0*245 685  70    0*
28935 09/20*218 656  50    0*225 667  60    0*233 678  65    0*241 685  70    0*
            *** ***          ***              ***              *** 

28940 09/21*251 693  75    0*257 700  80    0*263 708  85    0*271 712  90    0*
28940 09/21*249 691  75    0*257 695  80    0*265 699  85    0*270 703  90    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

28945 09/22*278 711  90    0*283 707  90    0*287 702  95    0*292 696  95    0*
28945 09/22*275 707  90    0*279 707  90    0*283 702  90    0*290 697  90    0*
            *** ***          ***              ***      **      *** ***  **

28950 09/23*298 691  95    0*305 687  95    0*316 684  95    0*330 684  95    0*
28950 09/23*297 691  90    0*304 687  85    0*311 684  85    0*324 684  80    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

28955 09/24*348 684  90    0*367 685  85    0*386 686  80    0*405 681  75    0*
28955 09/24*343 685  80    0*363 688  75    0*382 690  75  983*402 680  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

28960 09/25E423 669  75    0E445 650  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
28960 09/25E422 660  65    0E445 638  60    0E483 598  55    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **     **** ***  **

28965 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the 
COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 18: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does 
not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 19: HWM indicates a circulation with a center near 20N, 61W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 20.7N, 63.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Reports from 
the Leeward Islands and vessels to the northward gave some evidence of cyclone formation 
at about 21N, 63.5W at 7am of September 19" (MWR). 

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 23N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 23.9N, 67.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 24.5N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 1013mb 
and at 24.8N, 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "Somewhat more definite cyclonic circulation was apparently 
centered at about 24N, 67.5W, at 7am of the 20th, with northwestward movement" (MWR). 

September 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 26.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.3N, 70.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 25.5N, 70W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb 
and at 26N, 70.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt WNW with a pressure of 1008mb at 26.7N, 70.6W 
at 12Z (COA); 50 kt WNW with 1008 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 69.5W (HWM); 35 kt W with 1010 mb at 
12Z at 26.8N, 70.3W (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 21st, 
very rapid development took place with recurve to the north-northeastward" (MWR). 

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 27.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 28.7N, 70.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones showed the center at about 27N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 980mb and 
at 29.5N, 69.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt W with 1000 mb at 01Z at 27.2N, 71.0W (MWR); 
45 kt SSW at 06Z at 27.5N, 70.5W (COA); 45 kt SSE with 997 mb at 12Z at 27.5N, 70.0W (COA); 
70kt SSW with a pressures of 977mb at 28.9n, 69.8W at 17Z (MWR). Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "As a fully developed hurricane of small diameter, it was centered 
close to 29N, 70W at noon on the 22nd . The S. S. Saramacca passed through the center of the 
disturbance on the 22nd at 28.9N, 69.8W with lowest barometer 28.86 at noon, ships time, and 
wind SSW, [force] 12" (MWR).

September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 30N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 31.6N, 68.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 32N, 68.5W (am) and at 35N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 
35kt with a pressure of 1010mb at 29.5N, 66W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "Near the point of recurve the hurricane moved slowly but its progressive 
speed increased on the 23rd" (MWR). 

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 38N, 69.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 38.6N, 68.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones showed the center at about 38N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 987mb and at 43N, 65W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 25 kt WNW with 986 mb at 12Z at 37.6N, 69.8W (HWM); 45kt N with a pressure of 
992mb at 41.5N, 67.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By 7pm of 
the 24th it was approaching Nova Scotia. During the night it merged with another disturbance 
approaching from the westward" (MWR).  

September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 49N, 59.5W.  A cold 
front is plotted extending from 44N, 64W southwestward to 30N, 80W.  HURDAT lists a final 
position at 06Z at 44.5N, 65.0W as a 70 kt extratropical cyclone.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 49N, 60.5W with a 996 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt SE with 996 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 63.6W (MWR); 45 kt SSW at 00Z at 41.6N, 64.6W (COA); 
35 kt WSW with 1002 mb at 08Z at 43.5N, 63.5W (MWR).  Station highlights: 30 kt SSW with 
999 mb at 12Z at 48.3N, 57.0W (HWM).

September 26:  HWM analyses a frontal boundary east of Canada extending from 42N 52W to 
southwest of 35N 60W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone is estimated to have formed on 18 September at 18Z (12 hours earlier than 
originally) near 19.0N, 59.7W.  A WNW wind at Dominica at 12Z on the 18th combined with other 
data on the 19th is evidence that a closed circulation existed on the 18th.  The cyclone is 
begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 18Z on the 18th (the highest wind on the 18th within 
a few hundred nmi of the system was 25 kt).  On the 19th, wind shifts at the northern Leeward 
and Virgin Islands indicate the passage of the cyclone well to the north.  Observations 
indicate that the cyclone steadily strengthened as it moved northwestward.  The cyclone recurved 
around 00Z on the 22nd near 27.5N, 70.7W.  All track changes implemented from the 19th - 22nd 
are less than 1 degree changes.  For intensity, no gales or low pressures were observed until 
21 September at 12Z when 50 kt was recorded with a 1008 mb pressure.  Despite this, HURDAT 
lists this system originally as having become a hurricane on the 20th at 12Z and reaching 
85 kt by the 21st at 12Z.  Given that there was abundant data coverage between 100-200 nmi 
from the center but no observations very close to the center on the 19th and 20th, there is 
no sufficient justification for revising the intensity downward.  The cyclone is analyzed to 
have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 19th (6 hr earlier than originally).  No 
intensity alterations are made from 06Z on the 19th through the 21st.  At 01Z on the 22nd, 
when the cyclone was at its recurvature point, a ship measured 50 kt with 1000 mb.  At 17Z 
on the 22nd, with the system located near 29.0N, 69.7W, the peak observation for the entire 
lifetime of the cyclone occurred.  A ship recorded a minimum pressure of 977 mb and recorded 
hurricane force winds.  There is some potential conflicting information, however.  First, 
the text says "28.86 inches" (977 mb), while the tables says "28.94 inches" (980 mb).  Not 
knowing which is correct, we will go with the deeper value.  MWR text states that the ship 
passed through the center.  It also states, along with the MWR gale chart, that hurricane 
force winds were blowing at the time of the minimum pressure. (It may be the MWR sometimes 
uses "center" to refer to the inner core area of a hurricane, not just the eye.)  A 
peripheral pressure of 977 mb yields a wind speed of at least 76 kt according to the Brown 
et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone was moving a little slower than 
normal; however, the size the of the cyclone appears smaller than average.  A 90 kt intensity 
is analyzed at 18Z on the 22nd (down from 95 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
first attained hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 21st (18 hours later than originally).  A 
90 kt intensity is the revised peak intensity of the cyclone from 12Z on the 22nd through 
00Z on the 23rd (original peak intensity was 95 kt from 12Z on the 22nd through 18Z on the 
23rd).  Late on the 23rd, the cyclone greatly accelerated and was located near 38.2N, 69.0W 
by 12Z on the 24th.  Therefore, the cyclone moved mainly due north since the 22nd.  After 
12Z on the 24th, the cyclone turned northeastward but maintained its fast forward velocity.  
The largest track change made from the 22nd - 24th was only six-tenths of a degree.  On the 
23rd, although there are about 10 observations less than 200 nmi from the center of the 
cyclone, the highest wind recorded was 35 kt observed simultaneously with 1010 mb (the lowest 
pressure measured for the day).  The cyclone is analyzed to have begun weakening on the 23rd.  
At 18Z on the 23rd, the analyzed intensity is 80 kt (down from 95 kt originally).  On the 24th 
at 12Z, a 986 mb pressure was recorded with winds of about 25 kt.  Since this observation is 
very near the analyzed position, it is believed that this observation occurred inside the RMW.  
A 983 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 24th.  This value yields 70 kt 
according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Since the 
cyclone was moving fast and was still rather small in size, a 75 kt intensity is chosen for 
12Z on the 24th (down from 80 kt originally).  At 21Z on the 24th, ships recorded winds of 
40-45 kt with simultaneous 992 mb pressures.  No changes are made to the timing that the 
cyclone became extratropical (00Z on the 25th).  The position at 00Z on the 25th is near 
42.2N, 66.0W with an analyzed intensity of 65 kt (down from 75 kt originally).  A ship at 
00Z on the 25th recorded 50 kt with 996 mb (simultaneous observation).  The revised track 
shows that the cyclone passed inland after becoming extratropical about 06Z on the 25th 
very near Halifax, Nova Scotia.  No 06Z observation is available from Halifax.  The 
analyzed intensity at 06Z on the 25th is 60 kt (down from 70 kt originally).  HURDAT 
originally listed a final position at 06Z on the 25th, but observations at 12Z indicate that 
the cyclone accelerated and was still closed, and the revised HURDAT is extended by 6 hours.  
The analyzed final position at 12Z on the 25th is 48.3N, 59.8W as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1936 Storm 16 - Revised 2012

28970 10/09/1936 M= 3 16 SNBR= 640 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
28970 10/09/1936 M= 3 16 SNBR= 640 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          
                                                                               *

28975 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 913  35    0*
28975 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*203 913  35    0*
                                                               ***

28980 10/10*196 915  35    0*197 916  35    0*198 919  35    0*192 928  35    0*
28980 10/10*202 915  35    0*200 917  35    0*198 919  35    0*192 923  35    0*
            ***              *** ***                               ***

28985 10/11*182 928  35    0*174 928  30    0*167 928  25    0*162 927  20    0*
28985 10/11*183 927  35    0*175 928  30    0*167 928  25    0*160 927  25    0*
            *** ***          ***                               ***      **

28990 TS                                                                        

Minor track alterations and minor intensity changes are implemented with this system.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Mexican synoptic maps.

October 9: HWM analyzes a cold front extending from 30N, 88W to 24N, 91W, and HWM also 
analyzes a spot low near 14.5N, 85.5W.  HURDAT first lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 19.3N, 91.3W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "Heavy rains were reported on the morning of October 9 at Payo 
Obispo and Cozumel Island. The 8pm map of October 9 showed a definite circulation over the Gulf
of Campeche and the pressure at Merida had fallen to 29.70 inches, representing a 24-hour pressure 
fall of 0.08 inch, while pressure had risen slightly on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. 
The reports at hand indicated that the disturbance was just forming and was probably central near 
Campeche" (MWR). "The pressures remain low over Yucatan and in the Pacific without a defined 
disturbance center" (Mexican).

October 10: HWM analyzes a stationary front extending from 30N, 87W to 22N, 92W, and HWM also 
analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 90.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
19.8N, 91.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1006 mb at 
01Z at Merida, Mexico (MWR); 1005 mb at 12Z at both Merida and Progreso (HWM); 25 kt WNW with 
1009 mb at 12Z at Coatzacoalcos, Mexico (HWM). "Observations from the vicinity of the disturbance 
are inadequate to determine the exact course of the center; it appears to have moved 
south-southwestward across the Bay of Campeche and inland a short distance east of Frontera on 
October 10" (MWR).  "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico, until now of moderate intensity, 
is located about 175 to 200 km to the northeast of Puerto Mexico moving to the west or 
west-northwest. Dangerous shipping situation for the coast of Veracruz" (Mexican).

October 11: HWM analyzes a stationary front extending from 27N, 84W to 23N, 89W to 20N, 91W, 
and HWM also analyzes a spot low near 14.5N, 90.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression 
with 25kt winds at 16.7N, 92.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 10 kt W with 1006 mb at Tapachula (HWM). "The cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico 
apparently dissipated near Campeche" (Mexican).

No changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone.  No changes are made to the 35 kt intensity 
at genesis, which occurred at 18Z on 9 October.  The position at genesis is moved a degree to the 
north of the original position, and this track change constitutes the largest track change made 
for the entire lifetime of the system.  A 1006 mb pressure at Merida, Mexico at 00Z on the 10th 
was 2.7 mb lower at that station than 24 hours earlier, which is one of the important pieces of 
evidence of the existence of this tropical cyclone.  On the 10th at 12Z, the original HURDAT 
position and intensity are not changed.  A ship observation of 1014 mb with a 15 kt SW wind at 
19.7N, 90.7W might be out of place or a bad observation (of either the wind or the pressure).  
If that is the case, then there is not definite evidence that a closed circulation existed.  
However, since there are not many observations on the Mexican coast at stations between Frontera 
and Merida, there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist, so the system is not 
removed from HURDAT.  Although there were no observed gales for the entire lifetime of the system, 
the pressure falls at Merida and other observations are enough to keep this system in HURDAT.  
The cyclone, which had started out moving southwestward, began to curve toward a southward motion.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 10 October at 22Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 
18.6N, 92.6W (near or just east of Frontera, Mexico).  The cyclone apparently accelerated due 
southward because there was a large 24 hour pressure fall at Tapachula on the Pacific coast from 
the 10th to the 11th.  Because of this, the original HURDAT track appears reasonable; there is no 
evidence to counteract the original HURDAT track.  The only intensity change made for the entire 
lifetime of the system is to raise the intensity from 20 to 25 kt at the final point in HURDAT- 
18Z on the 11th.  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, and the revised position at 
the final point.  It should be noted that the evidence for retaining this system as a tropical 
storm is somewhat slim, but the observations are not sufficient to demonstrate that it should 
be removed.

*******************************************************************************

1936 #17 - Addition in 2012:

28970 12/02/1936 M=15 17 SNBR= 641 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
28975 12/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E270 270  40    0E280 275  40    0*
28975 12/03E288 280  40    0E295 285  40    0E300 290  40    0E304 294  40    0*
28975 12/04E307 297  40    0E308 301  40    0E310 305  40    0E313 311  40    0*
28975 12/05*317 320  40    0*322 331  40    0*326 341  45    0*330 350  45    0*
28975 12/06*333 357  50    0*336 361  50    0*339 364  55    0*338 370  55    0*
28975 12/07*333 380  55    0*322 397  55    0E310 420  50    0E297 440  50    0*
28975 12/08E284 458  50    0E271 475  50    0E260 490  50    0E252 500  50    0*
28975 12/09E244 505  45    0E237 508  45    0E230 510  40    0E223 513  40    0*
28975 12/10E216 517  40    0E209 521  40    0E205 525  35    0E207 528  35    0*
28975 12/11E210 531  35    0E213 535  35    0E217 540  35    0E220 550  35    0*
28975 12/12E223 560  35    0E226 570  35    0E230 580  35    0E237 590  35    0*
28975 12/13E245 600  35    0E254 610  35    0E262 620  35    0E269 628  35    0*
28975 12/14E276 634  35    0E283 637  35    0E290 635  35    0E299 628  40    0*
28975 12/15E310 615  40    0E323 600  45    0E340 580  50    0E363 550  50    0*
28975 12/16E400 510  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

This is a new tropical storm added into HURDAT based upon observations from the Historical 
Weather Maps, COADS, and Monthly Weather Review.

November 28: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1015 mb near 29N 26W with a dissipating cold 
front extending east-northeast from the periphery of the low.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE 
and 1019 mb at 12Z at 35.7N 33.2W (COADS, HWM).

November 29: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 25N 36W.  Ship highlights:  
35 kt NE with 1017 mb at 10Z at 31.4N 42.4W (COADS); 35 kt NE with 1016 mb at 12Z at 
31.6N 41.8W (COADS, HWM).

November 30: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 23N 36W.  No gales or low pressures.

December 1: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N 40W.  No gales or low pressures.

December 2: HWM analyzed an open low near 24N 30W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt ESE with 1014 mb 
at 09Z at 30.5N 18.5W (COADS); 35 kt ESE at 12Z at 30.3N 18.8W (COADS); 35 kt ESE with 1012 mb 
at 21Z at 29.5N 19.5W (COADS).

December 3: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 27N 27W with a cold front approaching 
from the northwest.  No gales or low pressures.

December 4: HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 29N 29W with a dissipating cold front 
to its north.  Ship highlights:  35 kt E with 1015 mb at 12Z at 36.3N 25.9W (COADS); 35 kt ENE 
with 1007 mb at 18Z at 35.5N 30.5W (COADS).  "A disturbed condition, which appeared over the 
eastern Atlantic near the twenty-fifth meridian at about 30N, on December 4, pursued an unusual 
course and attained considerable force on the 7th in the mid-Atlantic" (MWR).

December 5:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 29N 32W.  Ship highlights:  30 kt W 
with 1000 mb at 18Z at 32.5N 35.5W (COADS); 35 kt NNE with 1005 mb at 18Z at 34.5N 35.5W (COADS); 
35 kt ENE with 1008 mb at 22Z at 34.5N 34.5W (COADS).  "A fairly well developed cyclonic wind 
circulation existed at 7 a. m. of the 5th" (MWR).  

December 6:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 32N 37W with a cold front approaching from 
the northwest.  Ship highlights:  50 kt SSW with 996 mb at 18Z at 33.0N 34.0W (MWR); 30 kt W with 
1003 mb at 02Z at 31.5N 36.5W (COADS); 35 kt ENE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 37.0N 33.2W (COADS).  
"Reports do not clearly show its movement from the 6th to the 7th (dotted portion of track [in chart 
XI]), and the center shown by observations on chart X may have been a fresh development.. Progressing 
in a northwesterly direction during the next 24 hours, this disturbance was centered near 33N and 
35 1/2W at 7 a. m. (e. s. t.) of December 6.  On the morning of that day, it appeared to be moving 
into a LOW trough which extended to the north-northwestward toward Julianehaab, Greenland; but due 
to the southwesterly trend of high pressure, which had overspread the northern portion of the 
Atlantic Ocean, its course was directed more to the westward" (MWR).

December 7:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1000 mb near 30N 47W with a stationary front just 
northwest of the cyclone's center.  Ship highlights:  40 kt NNW with 1004 mb at 1142Z at 32.7N 
49.4W (MWR); 45 kt N with 1013 mb at 12Z at 37.2N 48.2W (COADS); 30 kt SE with 1001 mb at 12Z at 
33.5N 46.3W (COADS).  "High winds accompanied by rain were also experienced on the 7th by vessels 
near the center of the disturbance at latitude 32N and 47W (chart X)" (MWR).

December 8:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1000 mb near 26N 50W.  Ship highlights:  50 kt NNE with 
1008 mb at 12Z at 26.0N 56.0W (MWR); 10 kt ENE with 1002 mb at 06Z at 23.4N 44.0W (COADS); 50 kt N 
with 1015 mb at 20Z at 25.5N 58.5W (COADS).  "The disturbance was then moving south-southwestward" (MWR).

December 9:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 22N 50W.  Ship highlights:  50 kt N with 
1016 mb at 00Z at 25.5N 57.5W (COADS); 35 kt NE at 12Z at 25.5N 52.8W (COADS); 30 kt N with 1000 mb 
at 15Z at 22.5N 51.5W (COADS).  "Its subsequent course to the south-southwestward carried it to low 
latitudes (apparently south of the twentieth parallel) on the 9th, after which it recurved and moved 
northwestward before dissipating on the 12th.  Pressure attending this disturbance was unusually low 
for the latitude and season; and the interruption of the trade winds over a considerable area was 
noted in many vessel weather reports.  During this time the Atlantic anticyclone was well developed, 
but lay north and east of its usual position...During the period of recurve on December 9 and thereafter 
until the disturbance dissipated on the 12th near 25N 53W, ships' reports do not indicate that there 
were any winds of gale force" (MWR).

December 10:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 21N 52W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt ENE with 
1017 mb at 08Z at 29.5N 53.5W (COADS); 35 kt ENE at 11Z at 30.5N 52.5W (COADS); 20 kt ESE with 
1000 mb at 07Z at 24.5N 49.5W (COADS).

December 11:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1005 mb near 22N 55W. No gales or low pressures.

December 12:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N 59W.  No gales or low pressures.

December 13:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 26N 62W with a cold front approaching 
from the northwest.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SW with 1002 mb at 00Z at 26.5N 59.5W (COADS).

December 14:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 29N 64W with a cold front reaching the 
northwest portion of the cyclone.  No gales or low pressures.

December 15:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 1010 mb near 34N 62W with a warm front extending northeast 
and a warm front south from the cyclone.  Ship highlights:  45 kt SW with 1013 mb at 12Z at 31.7N 55.5W 
(COADS); 35 kt S with 1020 mb at 12Z at 29.3N 55.2W (COADS, HWM).

December 16:  HWM analyzed a low of at most 980 mb near 50N 36W with a warm front extending southeast 
and a cold front extending south from the cyclone.

HWM and COADS indicate that a low existed from 2 - 16 December, and it traveled over a large portion of 
the Atlantic Ocean during its lifetime.  There were some indications that a broad low was present as 
early as 28-29 November, but this feature could not be analyzed on the 30th of November and 1st of 
December due either to lack of observations or that the system was simply not present on those dates.  
Genesis is begun at 12Z on the 2nd of December, as a cyclone was continuousl present from that time 
onward.  While initially the low did not possess strong frontal features; however, the low was a large 
occluded cyclone and thus is categorized as extratropical.  The initial motion of the system was toward 
the west-northwest as it gradually acquired more tropical characteristics.  There were 3 gales of 35 kt 
observed in association with the cyclone on the 2nd, and all are estimated to have occurred 400-500 nmi 
from the center of the low.  On the 4th of December, 4 gales of 35 kt were observed from 2 separate 
ships between 12Z - 22Z.  The last 2 of these were observed simultaneously with pressures of 1007 and 
1008 mb between 150-225 nmi from the analyzed position in an area of large synoptic pressure gradient.  
On the 5th and 6th, the low was smaller than on the previous days and it is analyzed that the system 
became a tropical cyclone around 00Z on the 5th.  (It is likely, if satellite imagery were present in 
1936, that this system would have been classified as a subtropical storm.  The first formal useage of 
the subtropical cyclone was begun in 1968.)  The low continued moving west-northwestward at a slower 
rate of speed, and late on the 5th, when located near 33N, 35W, 2 gales of 35 kt from the same ship were 
recorded at 18Z and 22Z about 125-150 nmi from the center.  The first of those gales was observed 
simultaneously with a 1005 mb pressure.  A separate ship somewhat closer to the center recorded winds 
of 30 kt with 1000 mb at 18Z.  1000 mb peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 44 kt from 
the Brown et al north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the slow forward speed at this time, an 
intensity of 45 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 5th.  At 18Z on the 6th, a ship reported 50 kt winds 
simultaneously with 996 mb pressure.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 50 kt from north 
of 25N pressure-wind relationship and an intensity of 55 kt is analyzed.  This is also the peak intensity 
of the cyclone.  A cold front, which had been approaching from the west, collided with the low on 
7 December around 12Z and the system is judged to have again become extratropical at that time.  On the 
8th, the cyclone again occluded and moved southwestward until the 19th, reacing 20N - a latitude quite 
far south for cyclones in December.  On the 8th through the 9th, several gales were observed but the 
were all 200-400 nm from the center - consistent with the system being an occluded low that is gradually 
spinning down.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward from the 10th to the 13th.  The highest winds 
observed in association with the cyclone on the 11th and 12th were 30 kt.  On 14 December, the low was 
turned north-northwestward due to the effects of a new approaching cold front from the west.  Ship 
observations do indicate that the cyclone reintensified some late on the 14th and 15th through 
baroclinic processes.  The low recurved on the 14th and 15th and rapidly accelerated toward the 
northeast. The cyclone became absorbed into a larger, more powerful extratropical low to the 
north-northeast after 00Z on the 16th.


*******************************************************************************

1936 additional notes:


1) The May MWR tracks of lows, HWM, and COADS indicate that a broad elongated trough/frontal zone 
was located in the west-central Atlantic on 8 May.  By 9 May, a closed low had formed, and although 
the temperature gradient across the low had weakened, the asymmetric wind structure indicates that the 
low still possessed frontal characteristics on the 9th and 10th.  By the 11th, the fronts dissipated, 
but the low had weakened by then, and the highest wind observed from the 11th onward was only 20 kt.  
There was one gale of 35 kt on the 10th about 10 degrees longitude east of the center; other than that, 
no gales or low pressures were observed for the entire lifetime of this low.  The data also indicates 
that this system likely was never a tropical or subtropical cyclone.  Thus, this system is not added 
to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
May 8		32N	63W	Elongated frontal zone
May 9		33N	66W	Extratropical
May 10		33N	68W	Extratropical
May 11		31N	69W	Weak low
May 12		27N	68W	Weak low/trough
May 13			        Dissipated


2) MWR P. 185, ships in the MWR May gale table, HWM, and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone formed 
late on 20 May east of 23N, 71W, which is the position on the 21st.  On the 21st at 00Z, 30 kt ESE was 
observed from a ship at 23.0N, 67.3W, while 40 kt NNE with 1010 mb was observed at 25.4N, 74.0W.  The 
00Z position on the 21st was likely near 22N, 70W.  The 40 kt ob, which occurred at 00Z ob the 21st, is 
the peak ob for the entire lifetime of this system but occurred about 290 nmi from the analyzed position 
in a region of high synoptic pressure gradient.  A few more gales of 35 kt were observed on the 22nd, 
but all were located to the north in the high synoptic pressure gradient region.  Available observations 
suggest that the cyclone may have made landfall in Cuba on the 22nd.  After that, the track of the 
system becomes somewhat less certain.  On the 23rd and 24th, the best tool for continuing to follow this 
system is looking at 24-hour pressure changes at stations and ships in similar locations.  On the 25th 
and the 26th, a circulation is detectable over the western Gulf of Mexico (on the 25th) and inland in 
Texas (on the 26th).  It is not certain that the system located near 23N, 71W on the 21st is the same 
low at the circulation inland in Texas on the 26th, but the analysis indicates it is likely the same 
system.  During the lifetime of this system, observations confirm a closed circulation exists on the 
21st and again on the 26th, but observation south of a possible center are lacking on most of the days 
in between.  Since the gales mostly occurred to the north in the high pressure gradient region between 
the cyclone and a high over the mid-Atlantic region of the US, this system is not added to HURDAT at 
this time.  If the 40 kt ship on the 21st would have been a little closer to the center, this would 
have been enough evidence to add this into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
May 21		23N	71W	Tropical depression
May 22		22N	78W	Tropical depression
May 23		21N	84W	Tropical depression
May 24		22N	92W	Tropical depression
May 25		24N	95W	Tropical depression
May 26		30N	98W	Tropical depression


3) HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a cyclone occurred in early June in the north-central Atlantic 
Ocean.  While the system occluded, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the system became 
a tropical cyclone.

June 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 40.5N, 44.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW at 00Z 
at 35.5N, 41.5W (COA); 35 kt S with 1004 mb at 06Z at 37.4N, 42.4W (COA); 50kt NE with a pressure 
of 1003mb at 42.7N, 42.6W at 20Z (MWR). 

June 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 39.5N, 41.5W. Ship highlights: 
50kt ENE at 41.3N, 42.3W at 6Z (COA).

June 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 39N, 41W. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a 
pressure of 1013mb at 40.7N, 44W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt NNE with 1007 mb at 14Z at 39.4N, 42.4W (COA).

June 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 36N, 44.5W. 

June 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 37N, 46.5W. 

An elongated, baroclinic low pressure system, which had occluded, was moving slowly eastward in the 
central Atlantic on the 2nd.  The system is begun as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 00Z on 2 June 
at 40.0N, 43.0W.  Temperatures on the 2nd and were rather cool and the structure was extratropical.  
At 20Z on the 2nd, a ship recorded a wind of 50 kt, and another 50 kt wind was recorded at 06Z on the 
3rd.  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 2nd, and a peak intensity (during the extratropical 
stage) of 55 kt is analyzed from 00-06Z on the 3rd.  The cyclone moved little on the 2nd and the 3rd.  
On the 3rd, there was still a front extending southward from the cyclone, but the front was weakening, 
and temperatures on the 3rd around the cyclone were warming and were becoming more isothermal.  By the 
4th, the wind structure was much more symmetric and the fronts were gone.  A few gales of 35 kt were 
the highest winds recorded on the 4th.  Although there was still a slight temperature gradient from 
north to south across this symmetric low, the system began to have some tropical characteristics around 
18Z on 3 June at 40.3N, 41.9W with a 50 kt intensity.  On the 4th, the cyclone moved very slowly 
southward, and on the 5th, the cyclone moved slowly southwestward.  The system steadily weakened from 
50 kt early on the 4th to 35 kt by 18Z on the 5th, and the analyzed position at 18Z on the 5th is 
37.3N, 43.5W.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to 30 kt at 12Z on the 6th and dissipated after 
18Z on the 6th with a final position of 37.0N, 46.2W.  

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Jun 2		40N	42W	Extratropical Low
Jun 3       	40N     42W     Extratropical Low
Jun 4       	39N     42W     Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone?
Jun 5       	38N     43W     Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone?
Jun 6       	37N     46W     Occluded Low/Tropical Cyclone?


4) The June MWR tracks of lows and COADS indicate that a weak low moved northward and then recurved 
northeastward in the western Atlantic from 6-8 June.  No gales were recorded, and the highest wind 
observed was 25 kt.  One low pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 12Z on the 6th.  Although this system 
could have been a tropical depression, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Jun 6		29N	70W	Possible tropical depression/weak low
Jun 7		34N	68W	Possible tropical depression/weak low
Jun 8		37N	65W     Possible tropical depression/weak low


5) MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical wave which moved through the Greater Antilles on 23-25 June 
caused more than 12 deaths along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic on 24 June.  MWR states 
that on June "24th vessels and airplanes south of the Dominican Republic reported squally conditions, 
but no cyclonic development was detected.  The chief of Meteorological Service at Santo Domingo 
reports that squalls were accompanied by heavy sea swells that caused the death of 12 fishermen in 
small boats.  A few lives were also lost at San Pedro de Macoris [Dominican Republic] as a result of 
heavy seas.  The British freighter Baron Ogilvy went aground at the mouth of the Nizao River and was 
a total loss" (MWR).  The COADS data reveals 3 observations of 35 kt gales with this system (from 2 
ships) between June 23 at 16Z - June 24 at 12Z.  There is only one observation with a westerly 
component- 5 kt SSW with 1015 mb at 16Z on the 23rd at 13.5N, 62.5W.  This observation is likely too 
far south of be considered part of the system and is not good enough for evidence of a closed 
circulation.  Since evidence of a closed circulation does not exist, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Jun 23		Tropical wave along 64W
Jun 24		Tropical wave along 69W
Jun 25		Tropical wave along 74W


6) MWR and Connor indicates that a tropical low traveled through the Bay of Campeche for over 36 hours 
moving west-northwest and moving inland over Mexico.  HWM did not indicate a closed low, but showed very 
low pressures to 1006 mb from a ship in the Bay of Campeche on the 12th, and the same reading from 
Tampico, Mexico on the 13th.  All sources including COADS contained no gales and agree that the lowest 
pressure was 1006 mb.  They do not agree, however, that this was a closed low.  Thus, this system will 
not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 		LAT LON 	STATUS
July 11 			Open trough?
July 12 	21N, 94W 	Tropical depression?
July 13 	22N, 98W 	Tropical depression?


7) A medium-sized, isolated extratropical low intensified in the northeastern Atlantic on 19-20 September.  
There were numerous gales of 35-45 kt observed and low pressures as well.  It is meandered moving little 
from the 19th - 22nd, temperatures gradually warmed into the lower 70s around the low as winds began to 
decrease and the system began to weaken on the 21st.  Even though there were still some gales observed 
after temperatures began to modify, this system never possessed the structure of a tropical cyclone and 
appears to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 		LAT LON	 STATUS
Sep 18		46N 37W	 Extratropical
Sep 19		37N 27W	 Extratropical
Sep 20		35N 30W	 Extratropical
Sep 21		36N 29W	 Extratropical
Sep 22		38N 25W	 Extratropical
Sep 23			 Absorbed


8) HWM and MWR indicate that a low, not necessarily closed at any point before the 29th, broke off of a 
weak, eastward moving cold front on the 26th in the Atlantic waters east of Florida.  The low slowly moved 
westward across the central Florida peninsula then turned north moving over the panhandle of Florida.  
After that, it accelerated northeastward emerging back into the Atlantic waters after passing over 
Delaware, clipping Nantucket Island, and passing through the Canadian Maritimes.  It became extratropical 
on the 29th, about the time of landfall on the Florida panhandle, when the next front came along, and an 
occluded front formed with the low embedded in the front.  There were no gales with this system and the 
lowest pressure before becoming extratropical was 1006 mb at Apalachicola, FL early on the 29th (MWR).  
Prior to that, Tarpon Springs, FL recorded winds of 30 kt in association with this cyclone (MWR).  
Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 		LAT LON STATUS
Sep 25 			Front
Sep 26 			Open low (still attached to front)
Sep 27 		28N 78W Tropical depression
Sep 28 		28N 83W Tropical depression
Sep 29 		30N 85W Extratropical
Sep 30 		34N 83W Extratropical
Oct 1  		40N 73W Extratropical


9)  An elongated low in the northeastern Atlantic associated with a frontal system moved southward on 
12 October and became less elongated.  It moved southwestward to 25N, 43W by 14 October and was no longer 
frontal.  On the 12th, it was definitely a closed low, but also definitely contained an extratropical 
structure.  Gales of 35 kt were observed on the north side on the 12th and 13th and on the northwest 
sides on the 14th associated with a strong synoptic pressure gradient.  By the time the system became 
less frontal on the 14th, it was an occluded low, and by the 15th, it become very elongated once again.  
This system never attained the structure of a tropical cyclone, and thus it is not added to HURDAT.  
Sources utilized for this suspect were HWM, COADS, and the MWR October table of gales.

DAY 		LAT LON	STATUS
Oct 12		32N 33W	Extratropical
Oct 13		29N 33W	Extratropical
Oct 14		25N 43W	Broad low/trough
Oct 15		26N 46W	Broad low/trough


10) HWM and MWR suggest that a tropical wave east of Florida became a tropical depression for a period 
of 12 to 24 hours late on the 23rd and early on the 24th before becoming extratropical and being 
carried off to the northeast by a front.  There were no gales associated with this system, and the 
lowest observed pressure was 1011 mb on the 24th.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 		LAT LON STATUS
Oct 22 			Open wave
Oct 23 			Open wave
Oct 24 		32N 74W Tropical depression
Oct 25 		36N 65W Extratropical


11) HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate that a cyclone occurred from 6-9 November, 1936 over the central Atlantic.

November 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT did not previously list 
this system.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE with 1016 mb at 12Z at 23.1N, 48.8W (COA, HWM); 35 kt ESE with 
1011 mb at 15Z at 21.5N, 48.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1009 mb at 19Z at 21.5N, 48.5W (COA); 35 kt ENE 
with 1007 mb at 23Z at 22.5N, 47.5W (COA).

November 7: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  Ship highlights: no gales or 
low pressures.

November 8 HWM analyzes an open trough with greatest isobaric curvature near 22N, 61W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

November 9: HWM analyzes an open trough with greatest isobaric curvature near 25N, 63W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt N with 1010 mb at 00Z at 22.4N, 64.5W (COA).

A ship, which moved from near 22.5N, 49.5W at 11Z on the 6th to near 18.5N, 44.5W at 23Z on the 7th 
reported wind speed, direction, and pressure every 4 hours for that 36-hour period.  The ship's pressure 
fell 7 mb in 12 hours, and four gales - all of 35 kt - were recorded from this ship between 11Z-23Z on 
6 November.  The lowest pressure recorded by this ship was 1007 mb (simultaneous with 35 kt winds at 23Z 
on the 6th).  The wind shifted, and then 10 kt southwesterlies eventually became 10 kt westerlies well 
after the ship passed near the disturbance.  The pressure rose 7 mb in a 20-hour period when the ship 
continued to move farther away from the system.  Data from this ship suggests that a tropical storm may 
have formed.  Although data near the center is lacking on the 7th and 8th, observations in the periphery 
are numerous enough to keep monitor the position of the system.  The cyclone moved rather quickly 
west-northwestward.  At 00Z on 9 November, a ship recorded 35 kt N with 1010 mb at 22.4N, 64.5W.  A 
short time series of the ship that produced the observation at 00Z on the 9th reveals that the system 
may still have possessed a closed circulation.  Observations at 12Z on the 9th indicate that the wind 
structure was beginning to become less organized and the cyclone was weakening.  Dissipation occurred 
after the 10th, as no further trace of the system was present after that date.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Nov 6  20N 45W Open Wave/Low?
Nov 7  21N 51W Open Wave/Low?
Nov 8  22N 61W Open Wave/Low?
Nov 9  24N 65W Open Wave/Low?

***************************************************************************************************

1937 Storm 1 - Revised in 2012

30175 07/29/1937 M= 5  1 SNBR= 665 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
30180 07/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 843  40    0*274 834  40    0*
30180 07/29*265 857  25    0*270 847  30    0*274 839  40    0*278 833  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

30185 07/30*284 824  40    0*293 813  40    0*301 801  35    0*313 789  35    0*
30185 07/30*283 825  45    0*292 813  40    0*301 802  35    0*311 792  35    0*
            *** ***  **      ***                  ***          *** ***

30190 07/31*326 778  40    0*333 772  45    0*342 764  45    0*360 744  60    0*
30190 07/31*321 783  40    0*331 774  50    0*342 765  55  997*360 744  60  996*
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **  ***              ***

30195 08/01*379 716  60    0*396 692  55    0*411 668  50    0*425 648  45    0*
30195 08/01E379 716  60    0E396 692  55    0E411 668  50    0E425 648  50    0*
           *                *                *                *         **

30200 08/02*438 643  40    0*452 645  35    0*465 652  30    0*471 661  25    0*
30200 08/02E438 643  45    0E452 645  40    0E465 652  35    0E476 659  30    0*
           *         **     *         **     *         **     **** ***  **

30205 TS                    

U.S. landfall: 7/29/1937 - 22Z - 28.1N, 82.8W - 55 kt - FL

U.S. close approach: 7/31/1937 - 15Z - 35.1N, 75.6W - 60 kt (max analyzed winds on NC coast 
60 kt while max intensity of TC also 60 kt as center passed just offshore Cape Hatteras) - NC

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed.  A major change is made to add 
an extratropical phase for the last two days of its existence.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
Florida and North Carolina Climatological Data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Connor (1956).

July 28: HWM analyzed a stationary front over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT does not 
yet list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of lows first shows a position in the evening 
(00Z 29th) near 25N, 85W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 29: HWM shows a stationary front that extends into the middle of the Gulf of Mexico with 
no signs of any closed circulation or low pressure center at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.2N, 84.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center near 
27N, 85W in the morning and over Tampa near 28N, 82.5W in the evening. Ship highlights: 52kt SW 
with 1003mb at 27.9N, 83.1W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: 44kt SW (max w) at Tampa (41 kt 
after converting to 10m 1-min) at 2334Z (MWR). "During July 29 radio reports from the eastern 
part of the Gulf of Mexico, off the Florida coast, indicated the existence of a minor tropical 
disturbance with gentle cyclonic circulation and slight barometric depression. A special report, 
however, later received by mail from American steamer Mariana, going from Tampa toward New Orleans, 
showed that some storm development had occurred during the morning of the 29th. As the disturbance 
moved toward the coast, an estimated wind velocity of 40 to 45 miles an hour occurred at Egmont 
Key, at the entrance of Tampa Bay, at about 3pm, barometer 29.85. The disturbance crossed the west 
Florida coast north of Tampa late in the afternoon, moving northeastward. The heaviest rainfall, 
8.88 inches in 24 hours, was reported at Clearwater."  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - July 29 - 
N of Tampa - Minor" ("Minor" has winds <74 mph, pressure >996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "Many stations 
reported rather heavy falls [of rain] the 29-30th in connection with the minor tropical disturbance 
which crossed Florida on those days.  This disturbance, in an initial stage of development crossed 
the west coast line over Pinellas and northern Hillsboro Counties during the late afternoon of the 
29th.  Barometer readings of 29.80 inches were reported from Tampa and Clearwater.  A maximum wind 
velocity of 50 miles per hour was recorded at Tampa, while estimates of 60 miles were reported from 
several other places in that area.  The storm was of small area and very brief, lasting about three 
hours.  Winds in excess of 30 miles per hour continued at Tampa from 5 p. m. to 7 p. m.  Clearwater 
reported a rainfall of 8.88 inches... Except for some road washing at Clearwater and a slight fruit 
loss in Pinellas County, very little damage resulted from the storm in Florida" (Florida 
Climatological Data).

July 30: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb embedded in a stationary front over the northeast 
coast of Florida near 29N, 81W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds 
at 30.1N, 80.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center near 29.5N, 80.5W with 1014mb in the 
morning and at 31.5N, 79W in the evening. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. "In crossing Florida, according to Gordon E. Dunn, forecaster 
on duty at the Weather Bureau office at Jacksonville, 'the storm speedily lost intensity in wind 
and rainfall passed into the Atlantic near Daytona Beach about 4am attended by about a 20-mile wind 
and very little rain.' No gales were reported during the day" (MWR).  The storm speedily lost 
intensity and passed into the Atlantic near Daytona Beach around 4 a. m. on the 30th, attended by 
about a 20-mile wind and very little rain" (Florida Climatological Data).

July 31: HWM indicates an extratropical low with extending warm and cold fronts and at most 1010mb 
centered near 35.5N, 75.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 
34.2N, 76.4W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 33.5N, 76.5W with a pressure of 999mb 
in the morning and an evening position of 38N, 71W. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE with 997 mb at 1330Z 
at 34.3N, 76.6W (MWR); N wind of unknown speed with 996 mb at 19Z at 36.1N, 74.1W (MWR); 60kt NNW 
with 1002mb at 36.8N, 73.9W at 20Z (MWR). Station highlights: 57kt NW (max w) (59 kt after converting 
to 10m 1-min) and 1000mb (min p) at Hatteras around ~14Z [max w not necessarily simultaneous with 
min p) (MWR). "At 7:30am, the storm was centered a short distance southwest of Hatteras, continuing 
northeastward at a speed of about 20 miles an hour, which was almost two times its progressive rate 
of the 30th. During the forenoon its center passed very close to Hatteras, where the maximum wind 
velocity, from the northwest, was at the rate of 65 miles an hour, lowest barometer 29.53 inches" 
(MWR).  "During the following night [30th] it redeveloped, and passed a short distance off Cape 
Hatteras during the forenoon of the 31st"(Florida Climatological Data).

August 1: HWM shows an extratropical low with an occluded front extending from it with a pressure 
of at most 1015mb centered near 41N, 67.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 50kt winds at 41.1N, 66.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning near 
41N, 77W with a pressure of 1007mb and an evening position of 44N, 65W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW 
with 1004 mb at 00Z at 37.7N, 70.8W with 40 kt recorded after that (MWR); 30kt NNW with 1001mb at 
41.5N, 67.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt W with 1004mb at 40.9N, 65.3W at 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance moved toward Nova Scotia, the coast of which it crossed 
late of August 1." 

August 2: HWM indicates an extratropical cyclone centered over Eastern Canada near 47N, 66W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt at 46.5N, 65.2W at12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows places the low in the morning near 46.5N, 65W with a pressure of 1011mb and an evening position 
of 47.5N, 69W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW with 1012 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 63.5W (COA); 35kt SW at 41.5N, 
64W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "...and [it] dissipated over the 
lower St. Lawrence Valley during the night of August 2-3" (MWR).

This cyclone likely formed as a partial result of some vorticity left over by a weakening stationary 
front located over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 12Z on 
29 July as a 40 kt tropical storm, but observations indicate that a weak closed circulation existed 
by 00Z on the 29th.  The cyclone is begun 12 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally, which is 
consistent with both the MWR tracks of lows and the track shown in Connor (1956).  The analyzed 
intensity at 00Z on the 29th is 25 kt.  At 1130Z on 29th, a ship recorded a 35 kt SE gale with a 
1011 mb pressure.  The analyzed position at 12Z is about 40 nm WSW of that ship, which is also more 
than 1.2 degrees NNE of the original HURDAT position.  The 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 12Z 
on the 29th is unchanged.  A 30 kt intensity is assigned for 06Z.  Therefore, no change is made to 
the timing that the cyclone became a tropical storm.  The cyclone moved in a direction between ENE 
and NE and approached the west coast of Florida.  Later on the 29th at 20Z, a ship located 
approximately 15 nm west of St. Petersburg/Clearwater recorded 52 kt (60 mph converted) SW with a 
simultaneous 1003 mb pressure.  A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb suggests winds of greater than 38 kt 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure wind relationship.  A 55 kt intensity is 
analyzed for 18Z (up from 40 kt originally).  The cyclone made landfall with an analyzed position of 
28.1N, 82.8W (near Palm Harbor north of Tampa) with a 55 kt intensity at 22Z on the 29th.  The lowest 
pressure recorded at Tampa was 1009 mb at 2325Z and the highest wind recorded there was 44 kt SE 
(41 kt max wind after converting to 1-min and 10m) at 2334Z.  The cyclone was responsible for 
9 inches of rain that fell in Clearwater, FL during a 24-hr period.  The cyclone moved northeastward 
and accelerated.  It was over Florida from 22Z on the 29th through 07Z on the 30th when it emerged 
into the Atlantic just north of Daytona Beach.  There were no gale force winds observed on the 30th 
from any land stations or ships, and commentary strongly suggests that the system weakened 
significantly while over land.  The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 00Z on the 30th is boosted slightly 
to 45 kt (given the system was over land for two hours from the 55 kt landfall intensity), and the 
06Z intensity is unchanged from the 40 kt originally.  At 06Z on the 31st, a ship recorded a 45 kt 
wind, and the analyzed intensity is 50 kt (up from 45 kt originally).  It is noted that the 
Historical Weather Maps analyzed the cyclone as frontal on the 31st (and 30th).  However, inspection 
of the temperature gradient across the system shows a weak (~5 F) temperature change near the center 
with a fairly symmetric wind/pressure structure.  Thus on the 30th and 31st the system is retained 
as a tropical cyclone.  At 1130Z, a ship recorded a 50 kt NW wind and two hours later, this ship 
record 5 kt SE with a 997 mb pressure.  This observation is analyzed as a center fix.  A central 
pressure of 997 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z.  A 997 mb central pressure equals 49 and 53 kt 
according to the north of 25N and north of 35N Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationships.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have made its closest approach to Cape Hatteras around 15Z on 31 July, 
where the minimum pressure was 1000 mb and the maximum wind was 57 kt NW (59 kt after converting 
to 1-min 10m).  The analyzed track shows the center passing less than 10 nm off the coast of Cape 
Hatteras.  Later, around 19Z, ship data indicates a central pressure of 996 mb, and a 60 kt wind 
was recorded by a ship at 20Z with a simultaneous 1002 mb pressure.  A 996 mb central pressure is 
added to HURDAT at 18Z, and this yields 55 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone, however, was small and fast-moving.  A 55 kt intensity is 
chosen for 12Z on the 31st (up from 45 kt originally).  A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z (no 
change to HURDAT).  A 60 kt intensity is also analyzed for the close approach to North Carolina, 
which occurred around 15Z, and 60 kt winds are analyzed to have occurred on the coast of the North 
Carolina Outer Banks.  (It is possible that the system was a hurricane at the time of the closest 
approach to North Carolina.  It may be that the strong winds in Hatteras on the normally weak side 
of the cyclone are an indication of extratropical transition going on.  Thus without explicit 
confirmation of hurricane intensity, the reanalysis peaks the intensity at 60 kt - the same as that 
shown originally in HURDAT.)  The cyclone continued northeastward, passing well off of Nantucket, MA 
on 1 August, but then it turned northward and made landfall in Nova Scotia after 00Z on the 2nd.  
No changes are made to the original HURDAT positions from 00Z on 1 August through 12Z on 2 August. 
No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity on the 1st from 00Z-12Z.  The peak intensity of 
60 kt from 18Z on the 31st through 00Z on the 1st is unchanged from HURDAT originally.  HURDAT 
originally never listed this cyclone as becoming extratropical; however, the cyclone is analyzed to 
have become extratropical at 00Z on 1 August with a 60 kt intensity.  The introduction of an 
extratropical phase is a major change.  After the extratropical cyclone made landfall in Nova 
Scotia with 45 kt winds, it made a turn to the NNW and dissipated after 18Z on 2 August (no change 
to timing of dissipation) while located over northern New Brunswick.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 2 - Revised in 2012
30210 08/02/1937 M= 7  2 SNBR= 666 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30210 08/02/1937 M= 8  2 SNBR= 666 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *

30215 08/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*228 735  35    0*
30215 08/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*228 755  25    0*
                                                                   ***  **

30220 08/03*238 761  35    0*244 764  35    0*251 767  35    0*259 769  35    0*
30220 08/03*236 759  30    0*243 762  30    0*249 765  30    0*256 767  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

30225 08/04*267 770  35    0*275 771  35    0*283 771  35    0*290 771  35    0*
30225 08/04*264 769  35    0*271 770  35    0*280 771  35    0*289 771  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

30230 08/05*296 771  40    0*303 770  40    0*312 768  40    0*323 763  45    0*
30230 08/05*298 771  35    0*307 770  35    0*317 768  40    0*326 762  40    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              *** ***  **

30235 08/06*335 755  45    0*345 747  50    0*354 738  50    0*364 731  50    0*
30235 08/06*335 752  45    0*344 743  50    0*354 735  50    0*361 729  50    0*
                ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

30240 08/07*374 723  50    0*390 710  50    0*406 688  45    0*416 674  45    0*
30240 08/07*371 722  55    0*385 712  55    0*399 694  55    0*410 678  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30245 08/08*422 662  40    0*427 650  40    0*429 639  35    0*435 605  35    0*
30245 08/08*418 664  50    0*424 651  45    0*426 637  40    0*426 623  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***
The 9th is new to HURDAT
30247 08/09*428 611  30    0*429 602  30    0*432 597  30    0*  0   0   0    0*

30250 TS

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
A major change is made to delay the time the cyclone first attained tropical storm 
intensity by one day.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review.

August 2: HWM does not yet show a closed low but suggests the presence of a weak trough 
near 75W just north of the Greater Antilles. HURDAT starts the system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 22.8N, 73.5W at 18Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening estimate of 
23.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "At 8pm (EST) observation of the August 2 evidence pointed to the existence 
of a slightly disturbed condition central near 24N, 76W"(MWR). 

August 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 25N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.1N, 76.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning position of 26N, 77W with a pressure of 1014mb and an evening 
position of 27N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1018 mb at 06Z at 26.0N, 74.2W (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "There was squally weather in the locality 
of the northern Bahamas on the morning of the 3d accompanied by a weak cyclonic circulation, 
and a slight depression of the barometer central east-northeast of Nassau" (MWR).

August 4: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 27.5N, 77W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 28.3N, 77.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows gives a morning position of 28N, 77.5W and a pressure of 1010mb and an evening position 
of 29.5N, 77W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 27.3N, 74.5W (HWM); 25 kt ESE 
with 1010 mb at 21Z at 30.5N, 75.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
"During the 4th the slow northward movement of the low continued, with the center approximately 
250 miles off the northeast Florida coast. Its intensity increased only slightly during the 
day, but the winds, though generally light, continued squally, with local winds of force 6, 
the highest reported" (MWR).

August 5: HWM shows a developing low with pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 32N, 76W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 31.2N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR's 
Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 31.5N, 76W with a pressure of 1010mb and in 
the evening at 34N, 75W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 1010 mb at 12Z at 32N, 76W (HWM); 
35 kt E around ~21Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of 
the 5th the low with center 175 miles east of the South Carolina coast, had contracted somewhat 
in size, but with little or no increase in general intensity" (MWR).

August 6: HWM shows an elongated closed low stretched northeast to southwest with a pressure of 
at most 1015mb centered near 33N, 76W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 
50kt winds at 35.4N, 73.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 35N, 74W and 
in the evening at 38N, 72.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE with 1010 mb at 01Z at 34.6N, 74.0W 
(MWR); 50 kt SE at 0730Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 6th, 
the disturbance, although continuing to be shallow, increased wind energy. The storm was 
centered at 8am (EST) of the 6th approximately 100 miles east of Hatteras, moving northeastward. 
At 8pm, it had reached a point about 200miles east of the Virginia Capes, covering a small area 
as a closed circulation, but strengthening the winds for a considerable distance in the direction 
of the high pressure area adjoining it to the eastward" (MWR).

August 7: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 38.5N, 70.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 40.6N, 68.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows gives a morning position of 40N, 69.5W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 41N, 
68W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE with 1009 mb at 0230Z at 37.6N, 71.4W (MWR); 50 kt SE with 1006 mb 
at 40.2N, 67.9W at 16Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of 
the 7th the center lay southeast of Nantucket, with no winds higher than force 7 reported from the 
regular observing hour" (MWR).

August 8: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 41.5N, 64W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 46.5N, 65.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
places the center in the morning at 42.5N, 64W with a pressure of 1007mb and in the evening killing 
the system at 44N, 61W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 41.2N, 65.8W at 04Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The lowest reported barometer in connection with 
this disturbance was 29.67 (1005mb), read on the American Steamer American Trader, wind 
south-southwest, force 9, at 11:30pm, of the 7th, at 41.3N, 65.8W. During the 8th the disturbance 
lost energy while passing to the east-northeastward south of Nova Scotia and had practically 
dissipated near Sable Island before the regular morning observation of the 9th" (MWR).

August 9: HWM analyzed a trough with lowest pressure in the vicinity of 43N, 60W.  HURDAT no 
longer lists a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW with 1010 mb at 06Z at 42.4N, 
59.1W (COA); 15 kt W with 1006 mb at 08Z at 42.4N, 60.4W (COA). 

A trough was present near/just north of the Greater Antilles near 70W on 1 August and near 75W on 
2 August.  Observations indicate that the timing of genesis of 18Z on the 2nd in HURDAT is 
reasonable and thus is retained.  The initial position at 18Z on the 2nd is moved 2 degrees 
west of the original position - a major change, and the HURDAT intensity at that time is reduced 
from 35 to 25 kt.  The intensity is analyzed at 30 kt from 00-12Z on the 3rd.  The cyclone moved 
northward through the Bahamas from genesis through early on the 4th until it moved north of the 
Bahamas.  On the 4th, although the highest observed wind is 25 kt and the lowest available pressure 
observation is 1010 mb, the wind structure appears much better defined on this day, and there are 
not many observations near the center, so it possible that the cyclone was stronger on the 4th.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on the 3rd (24 hr later than 
originally - a major change).  No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt at 
all times from 18Z on the 3rd through 18Z on the 4th.  By the 5th the cyclone was near 32N, 77W, 
and by the 7th was moving northeastward near 40N, 69W.  All track changes from the 3rd - 6th of 
August are half of a degree or less.  The largest intensity change made from the 3rd through the 
6th was just 5 kt.  The first gale in association with this system was around ~21Z on 5 October 
- a 35 kt E wind from a ship.  A ship recorded a wind of 50 kt at 0730Z on the 6th.  A 40 kt 
intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 5th and a 50 kt intensity is analyzed beginning at 06Z on 
the 6th (not changed from HURDAT originally).  On the 7th at 12-18Z, the position is moved about 
0.7 degrees SW of the original HURDAT position and the intensity is bumped up from 45 to 50 kt.  
On the 17th two separate ships observed 50 kt, neither being in the likely strong quadrant of 
the storm.  Intensity is boosted to 55 kt on the 17th, the new peak intensity for the system (up 
from 50 kt originally).  On 8 August, the cyclone turned toward the ENE and then toward the east 
south of Nova Scotia, so it never made landfall.  The cyclone did not accelerate either, and it 
did not become extratropical, in agreement with the original HURDAT.  A west-southwestward track 
adjustment of nearly 2 degrees was implemented at 18Z on the 8th in accordance with observations 
(HURDAT showed an unrealistic acceleration between 12-18Z).  HURDAT originally listed a final 
position at 18Z on the 8th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Observations indicate that although the 
low continued to weaken early on the 9th, moving slowly east-northeastward as a 30 kt tropical 
depression before dissipation occurred after 12Z on the 9th.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 3 - Revised in 2012
30255 08/24/1937 M=10  3 SNBR= 667 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     

30260 08/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 607  35    0*188 624  35    0*
30260 08/24   0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 610  30    0*182 621  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30265 08/25*193 637  35    0*198 646  35    0*203 655  35    0*208 665  35    0*
30265 08/25*189 631  35    0*196 641  35    0*203 651  35    0*208 662  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

30270 08/26*214 674  35    0*219 683  35    0*224 692  35    0*229 702  35    0*
30270 08/26*214 673  35    0*219 685  35    0*224 697  35    0*229 708  35    0*
                ***              ***              ***              *** 

30275 08/27*235 712  35    0*240 725  35    0*244 739  35    0*246 747  35    0*
30275 08/27*235 718  35    0*240 728  35    0*244 737  35    0*245 745  35    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***  

30280 08/28*247 753  35    0*247 769  35    0*250 781  40    0*253 782  40    0*
30280 08/28*245 752  35    0*245 759  35    0*245 765  40    0*248 771  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

30285 08/29*258 783  40    0*263 785  40    0*268 787  45    0*274 790  45    0*
30285 08/29*255 777  40    0*262 782  40    0*268 786  45    0*275 789  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

30290 08/30*280 793  50    0*284 797  50    0*288 805  50    0*292 817  45    0*
30290 08/30*281 792  50    0*286 797  55    0*290 805  60    0*293 817  50    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

30295 08/31*296 829  35    0*301 841  30    0*305 852  30    0*310 861  25    0*
30295 08/31*296 829  45    0*301 841  40    0*305 852  35    0*310 861  35    0*
                     **               **               **               **

30300 09/01*314 869  25    0*320 879  25    0*327 890  25    0*335 903  25    0*
30300 09/01*314 869  30    0*319 879  30    0*323 888  25    0*329 897  25    0*
                     **      ***              *** ***          *** ***

30305 09/02*343 913  25    0*348 919  25    0*353 925  25    0*359 932  25    0*
30305 09/02*336 906  20    0*342 913  20    0*348 920  20    0*355 927  20    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
30310 TS

U.S. landfall: 8/30/1937 - 14Z - 29.1N, 80.9W - 60 kt

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn 
and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Florida Climatological Data, and the Netherlands 
Antilles and Aruba Meteorological Service.

August 23: HWM does not analyze any features of interest near or east of the Lesser Antilles. 
 HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

August 24: HWM does not analyze a low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 18.3N, 60.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 20N, 
60W and in the evening at 20.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt S with 1012 mb at 16Z at 17.5N, 
60.5W (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 17.2N, 62.6W (HWM). "On the 
24th a depressed area, not yet established as an enclosed low, appeared northeast of the 
Leeward Islands in the morning and north of them at the evening observation, thus indicating 
it to have a west-northwest bearing" (MWR).  

August 25: HWM shows signs of a tropical wave in the vicinity of the northern Leeward Islands 
but with no closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds 
20.3N, 65.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 21N, 65W and in the 
evening at 21.5N, 68W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE with 1007 mb at 08Z at 21.5N, 62.5W (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

August 26: HWM does not analyze a low or trough. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 22.4N, 69.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning 
at 22N, 70W and in the evening at 23N, 72.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 25th and 26th the disturbed condition, 
still showing immature circulation and lack of strong winds, continued to advance toward the 
west-northwest, and by 8pm of the 26th was north of Turks Island" (MWR).

August 27: HWM shows signs of a tropical wave in the vicinity of the eastern Bahamas, but no 
closed low is analyzed at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 
24.4N, 73.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 24N, 74W and in 
the evening at 26N, 76W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1011 mb at 21Z at 25.6N, 74.1W (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At 8pm of the 27th it was over the eastern Bahamas, 
attended by winds no stronger than light to moderate squalls" (MWR).

August 28: HWM shows a broad closed low of at most 1010mb centered near the north coast of Cuba 
at 22N, 77W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 25.0N, 78.1W 
at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 24.5N, 78.5W with a pressure of 1009mb in the 
morning and an evening position being given at 25.5N, 79W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE with 
1005 mb [might possibly be biased ~2 mb too low] at 12Z at 24.9N, 75.5W (HWM); 35kt S near ~25.6N, 
74.3W around ~21Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 28th the 
weather continued squally as on the preceding day, though the disturbed area had widened over a 
region central near, but slightly north of Nassau, and with little evidence of cyclonic 
circulation to be observed" (MWR).

August 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 45kt winds at 26.8N, 78.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 27N, 79W 
and in the evening at 28.5N, 79.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 00Z in the general vicinity of 
~27N, 74W (MWR); 50kt SE with 1007mb at 23Z at 28.6N, 78.6W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. "On the 29th the disturbance, moving northwestward, was central at 8pm off the 
middle east coast of Florida attended by increasingly squally weather and a slight fall in 
barometer" (MWR).

August 30: HWM shows a trough at 12Z near north-central Florida. HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm with 50kt winds at 28.8N, 80.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning 
position of 29N, 80.5W with a pressure of 1006mb and an evening position of 30N, 83W. Ship 
highlights: 40 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 00Z at 28.5N, 78.7W (MWR); 40kt SE with 1009mb at 0930Z 
at 30.0N, 80.3W (MWR); 35 kt NE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 80.3W (COA). Station highlights: 
995mb at Daytona Beach (MWR, Connor); 43-52 kt at Ormond Beach (29.3N, 81.0W) (Connor). "At 
7:30am(EST) of August 30 the center of the disturbance then turning more toward the west was 
near the extreme northeastern Florida coast. The following description of the history of the 
storm as it affected the coast and mainland of Florida, is quoted from the report of Mr. Grady 
Norton, forecaster on duty at Jacksonville: The center of the storm passed inland on the east 
Florida coast moving in a northwesterly direction about 9am to 10am on August 30 in the 
vicinity of Ormond Beach, attended by gales of 50 to 60 miles per hour over a stretch of the 
coast extending roughly from New Smyrna to St. Augustine. The lowest pressure reported was 
29.38 inches (995mb), by the Coast Guard at the northern end of Daytona Beach and may not 
represent the lowest experienced. No lives were lost on this stretch of the coast, but 
considerable minor property damage occurred to communication lines and electric wires, and 
also to some buildings and other flimsy structures. A good many trees were blown down on 
wires and across highways, causing temporary delays in traffic. The storm was very small 
in diameter but rather intense for its size, and was remarkably persistent after passing 
inland. Although it gradually lost intensity, it caused some damage to power lines at Lake 
City, FL, more than 100 miles from where it entered land from the Atlantic, and heavy rains 
and squalls persisted on through the northwestern counties in Florida causing considerable 
damage by flooding and washing out of roads and bridges. As the storm went inland, exceptionally 
high tides were reported northward along the upper Florida and Georgia coasts" (MWR).  
"Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Aug 30-31 - Northeast coast - Minor - 15 sailors drowned Panama 
City" ("Minor" - winds <74 mph, pressure >996 mb - Dunn and Miller). "A tropical disturbance, 
very small in diameter, moved west-northwestward across the Florida coast about 9 a. m. of the 
30th in the vicinity of Ormond Beach, attended by gales of 50 to 60 miles per hour between 
New Smyrna and St. Augustine.  No lives were lost in this section, but considerable minor 
property damage occurred to communication lines and electric wires, and also some to buildings 
and flimsy structures.  Although this storm gradually lost intensity, it caused some damage to 
power lines at Lake City more than 100 miles inland from the Atlantic" (Florida Climatological 
Data).

August 31: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1015mb centered near 24.5N, 84.5W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical depression with 30kt winds at 30.5N, 85.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning position of 30.5N, 85.0W with a pressure of 1013mb and in the evening at 
31.5N, 87W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 24 kt S at 
Apalachicola, FL (MWR, Connor).  "Heavy rains and squalls persisted through the 31st in the 
northwestern counties, resulting in considerable damage by the flooding and washing out of 
roads and bridges.  It is indicated that these heavy squalls caused the sinking of the SS Tarpon 
off Panama City with the loss of possibly 15 lives" (Florida Climatological Data).

September 1: HWM analyzes a trough but not a closed low at 12Z near southern Louisiana and 
Mississippi. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 25kt winds at 32.7N, 89.0W 
at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 33N, 88W with a pressure of 1011mb and 
in the evening at 34N, 90W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no 
gales or low pressures. "In Alabama, on September 1, heavy rains over the southern part of the 
State caused damage to crop and other property estimated in reports as amounting to possible 
millions of dollars" (MWR).

September 2: HWM does not analyze a closed low at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
depression with 25kt winds at 35.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows only gives a morning 
position of 36N, 92W and a pressure of 1010mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 10 kt SE with 1011 mb at Memphis, TN at 12Z (HWM).

A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed on 24 August at 12Z (no change to the timing of 
genesis), as observations indicate that a closed low had formed near the Leeward Islands at that 
time.  Data was obtained from 21-23 August east of that location, but no closed circulation 
could be found.  It is possible that a weak closed circulation existed before that time, but even 
when the cyclone came into an area of more observational coverage on the 24th, it was weak.  
There were only a couple of observations with westerly wind components for the first four days 
from 24-27 August, though it is enough to keep the system in HURDAT those days.  The center is 
analyzed to have passed just north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 24th and 25th moving 
west-northwestward.  All track changes from the 24th through the 27th are 0.8 degrees or less.  
The intensity is lowered from 35 kt to 30 kt at 12-18Z on the 24th.  On the 25th, there were a 
couple of 30 kt observations and a 1007 mb pressure observed, so the 35 kt intensity listed in 
HURDAT originally is not changed.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 
00Z on the 25th (12 hours later than originally).  On the 26th and 27th, no changes are made to 
the intensities, though the limited observations available suggest that the system had weakened 
below tropical storm force intensity.  On the 28th, when the cyclone was in the Bahamas, it turned 
northwestward and moved in this direction before turning back to the west-northwest on the 30th 
right before it made landfall in northern Florida.  HURDAT originally showed a sharp 
north-northwestward turn on the 28th, but this kink is smoothed out, and the track adjustments 
are supported very well by observations.  The largest track adjustment implemented for the entire 
lifetime of the cyclone was a 1.6 degree east-southeastward adjustment at 12Z on 28 August.  After 
that, the cyclone is analyzed to have made a more gradual northwestward turn so that by 12Z on 
the 29th, there is virtually no change to the original HURDAT position.  On the 28th at 12Z, a 
ship plotted on the HWM map reported a 1005 mb pressure, but this pressure might be biased about 
~2 mb too low by analyzing its position relative to other ships on the August 27 and August 28 
HWM maps.  However, at 21Z on the 28th, the first gale was recorded in association with this 
cyclone - 35 kt.  The analyzed intensity of 25 kt at 12Z on the 27th is increased to the original 
HURDAT intensity of 35 kt at 06Z on the 28th.  Since a ship reported winds of 50 kt on the 29th 
at 23Z, no changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 06Z on the 28th through 00Z on the 30th 
(when a 50 kt intensity is shown).  

The cyclone made landfall at 29.1N, 80.9W, near Daytona Beach, FL at 14Z on 30 August.  The highest 
wind observed was in the range of 43-52 kt at Ormond Beach (29.3N, 81.0W) and the lowest observed 
pressure was 995 mb at Daytona Beach (29.2N, 81.0W).  Commentary and observations indicate that 
although the 995 mb value may not have been a central pressure, it was likely slightly above the 
actual central pressure.  A 995 mb peripheral pressure yields winds of at least 52 kt according 
to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Damage descriptions and impacts 
indicate that the cyclone was certainly a high-end tropical storm and might have been a minimal 
hurricane strength at landfall.  A 60 kt intensity is chosen for the 14Z landfall and for 12Z on 
the 30th (up from 50 kt originally).  A peak lifetime intensity of 60 kt is analyzed on 30 August 
from 06Z-14Z (an increase from the 50 kt peak in HURDAT originally from 00-12Z on the 30th).  
Although the cyclone came close to emerging over water into the Gulf of Mexico around 00-06Z on 
the 31st, it stayed over land.  Peak 5 min winds at Apalachicola were 24 kt S sometime on the 
31st and qualitative indications of heavy squalls continued on that date.  (Lowest pressure for 
the month at Apalachicola was 1011 mb on the 28th, not in association with this cyclone.)  Based 
upon the impacts over water, it now analyzed that the cyclone maintained tropical storm intensity 
through late on the 31st with these winds likely occurring only over the water.  Weakening to a 
tropical depression is now indicated for 18Z on the 31st, 18 hours after that shown originally.  
After that, the depression continued moving west-northwestward and then northwestward, traveling 
through southern Alabama, central Mississippi and Arkansas, where it was located on 2 September.  
The track is adjusted southeastward by slightly over half a degree from late on the 1st through 
the 2nd.  No intensity changes are made on the 1st, but the 25 kt intensity listed on the 2nd is 
lowered to 20 kt because the system was extremely weak and the highest observed wind that day was 
15 kt.  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on 2 September, 
as the low became a weak open trough after that.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 4 - Revised in 2012

30315 09/09/1937 M= 6  4 SNBR= 668 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30320 09/09*174 545  60    0*190 546  65    0*194 547  70    0*198 550  70    0*
30320 09/09*179 545  45    0*183 550  50    0*187 554  55    0*193 557  60    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30325 09/10*202 552  70    0*206 555  75    0*210 557  75    0*216 560  75    0*
30325 09/10*199 560  65    0*205 563  70    0*210 567  70    0*216 571  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***    

30330 09/11*223 565  80    0*230 570  80    0*238 575  80    0*248 580  80    0*
30330 09/11*223 575  80    0*231 580  80    0*240 585  80    0*251 591  80    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

30335 09/12*259 586  80    0*267 590  85    0*277 595  85    0*295 606  85    0*
30335 09/12*262 596  80    0*274 600  85    0*287 604  85    0*301 610  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

30340 09/13*315 620  80    0*332 631  75    0*350 640  75    0*374 647  70    0*
30340 09/13*316 619  75    0*332 629  70    0*350 638  65    0*374 646  60    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

30345 09/14*401 652  60    0*428 654  55    0*457 654  35    0*481 652  25    0*
30345 09/14*401 652  60    0E428 654  55    0E455 656  45    0E481 654  35    0*
                            *                **** ***  **     *    ***  **

30350 HR

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
A major change is made to add an extratropical phase at the end of the cyclone's lifetime.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database and Monthly Weather Review.

September 6-8: HWM does not analyze a closed low on any of these days.  HURDAT does not yet 
list a system on these days.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW with 1012 mb on the 6th at 12Z at 
12N, 46W (HWM); 25 kt NNE on the 6th at 23Z at 15.5N, 50.5W (COA); 20 kt S on the 7th at 03Z 
at 15.5N, 50.5W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1013 mb on the 7th at 18Z at 18.5N, 54.5W (COA).  
No ships in the area on the 8th.  "As early as September 6 disturbed conditions existed in 
the vicinity of 14N, 44W, but it was not until the 9th that a more positive development 
was reported" (MWR).

September 9: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb near 19.5N, 56.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds at 19.4N, 54.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives 
no position estimate because it is outside the map boundaries. Ship highlights: 30kt S with 
1004 mb at 19.0N, 55.0W at 12Z (MWR, HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 21.5N, 57W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 21.0N, 55.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows gives a morning position of 22N, 57W with a pressure of 997mb and in the evening near 
23N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with 1009mb at 20.5N, 53.5W at 00Z (COA); 50kt NNE 
with 995mb at 21.5N, 57.2W at 14Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 22Z at 24.4N, 57.3W (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

September 11: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 59W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 80kt winds at 23.8N, 57.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the 
center in the morning near 23N, 58W and in the evening near 26.5N, 58.5W. Ship highlights: 
45kt NE with 1008mb at 25.5N, 59.5W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1010 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 
59.7W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of 11th the storm 
center was approximately at 24N, 57.3W moving north-northwestward. During the remainder of the 
11th and through the 12th, on the night of which the storm passed east of Bermuda, little is 
known of the storm's intensity beyond that indicated by a few ships which reported moderate to 
fresh gales well outside the center. 

September 12: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 61W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 27.7N, 59.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the 
center in the morning near 29N, 59W and in the evening near 31N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt 
ENE with 1010 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 61.3W (COA); 30 kt ESE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 59.2W 
(HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

September 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered just north of Bermuda near 
34N, 64W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 75kt winds at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning estimate of 35N, 63W with 992mb and in the evening near 39.5N, 65W. 
Ship highlights: 40kt N with 992 mb at 33.8N, 63.3W at 07Z (MWR); 40kt SSE around ~18Z near 
~38.9N, 62.3W (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

September 14: HWM shows the system as an extratropical low with a short occluded front and 
extending warm and cold fronts with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 46N, 70.5W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 45.7N, 65.4W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 46N, 65W with a pressure of 998mb and an 
evening position of 51N, 66W and continuing the system northward for two more days until it 
reaches 70N where it reaches a minimum low pressure of 991mb off the eastern coast of central 
Baffin Island. Ship highlights: 50kt SSW with 992mb at 43.3N, 64.8W at 05Z (MWR); 35-40 kt 
NE at 07Z near ~42.5N, 65.8W (MWR); 30kt NNW with 992mb at 42.8N, 65.8W at 09Z (MWR). Station 
highlights: 998mb at Eastport, ME (44.9N, 67.0W) at 12Z (MWR). "During the 13th and 14th the 
storm, then progressing almost due northward, showed little change in depth. At 8am of the 
14th the center, after crossing western Nova Scotia, passed near Eastport, Maine, where the 
barometer read 29.48 inches (998 mb). Thereafter the disturbance moved rapidly northward 
across New Brunswick and at 8pm of the 14th lay over the lower St. Lawrence Valley" (MWR).

September 15:  HWM shows a large complex extratropical low pressure system covering eastern Canada.

A tropical cyclone formed from an easterly wave that may have been located near the Cape Verde 
Islands on 4 September.  HURDAT originally began this system at 00Z on the 9th as a 60 kt 
tropical storm.  Additional data was obtained between that location and the African coast from 
4-8 September.  Although there is some evidence that at least a wave tracked westward at about 
6 degrees/day from 4-8 September from the Cape Verde Islands to the location on the 9th, along 
with a 10 kt SSW wind on the 6th and/or 7th, there is not nearly enough evidence of a closed 
circulation prior to the first point in HURDAT to extend the genesis backward in time.  A time 
series of the ship that reported the 10 kt SSW wind indicates it had just crossed the ITCZ 
moving from north to south and was likely not close to where a cyclone would have been at that 
time.  However, at least 3 separate ships show significant wind shifts on 6-7 September within 
5 degrees or less of where a system could have been, so there clearly was at least a strong 
tropical wave.  There were no ships within several hundred miles of where the developing system 
would have been located on the 8th of September.  On the 9th, a ship's wind shifted from E at 
08Z with a 1006 mb pressure to 30 kt S at 12Z with a 1004 mb pressure.  Based mainly on that 
data, track changes as large as 0.8 degrees are implemented on the 9th.  A peripheral pressure 
of 1004 mb at 12Z on the 9th yields a wind speed greater than 39 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  The magnitude of the wind shift and pressure changes 
experienced by this ship during the 4-hour period indicates the ship was likely less than 1 degree 
from the center.  In fact, according to the path taken by the ship and the analyzed track, the ship 
passed about 20 nmi from the center at closest approach sometime between 08Z-10Z, and at 12Z, they 
are analyzed to be only 30 nmi apart.  Based on this, the HURDAT intensity is reduced by 15 kt 
from 00-12Z on 9 September.  A 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 9th (down from 70 kt 
originally).  The cyclone moved slowly north-northwestward from the 9th through the 11th, and 
it accelerated in the same direction late on the 12th and 13th.  It passed well east of Bermuda 
early on the 13th. On the 10th-11th, the positions are adjusted about 1 degree to the west of the 
original HURDAT positions, and on the 12th from 00-12Z, 1 degree northwestward track adjustments 
are implemented.  By the 13th, track changes are very tiny - 0.2 degrees or less.  The peak 
observation for the entire lifetime of the cyclone occurred on the 10th at 14Z - 50 kt NNE with 
995 mb from the ship Winamac at 21.5N, 57.2W.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields winds 
greater than 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The ship's wind 
shifted from NNE at 14Z to 40 kt SSW at 16Z.  The minimum pressure value experienced by Winamac
is unknown, but the wind shifts experienced suggest the ship passed close to the center.  An 
intensity of 70 kt is analyzed beginning at 06Z on the 10th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
become a hurricane at 00Z on the 10th (18 hours later than originally).  HURDAT originally 
indicated that the cyclone continued to slowly strengthen to an 80 kt intensity by the 11th.  
The highest observed wind on the 11th is 45 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1008 mb 
that day.  At 12Z on the 11th, 2 or 3 different ships reporting winds of 35-45 kt with a 
1008 mb pressure were located at distances of 75-105 nmi from the analyzed center.  A time 
series from one of these ships that reported once every 6 hours shows a rather large wind 
shift from ESE at 06Z to NE at 12Z to NNW at 18Z.  On the 12th, there are no observations 
of any gales or low pressures, and this is the day the original HURDAT shows the peak 
lifetime intensity of 85 kt.  The two ships on the 12th that recorded winds of 30 kt - one 
with 1010 mb and the other with 1014 mb - were 125 and 150 nmi from the analyzed center, 
respectively.  Because of the somewhat sparse nature of the observations, no changes are 
made to the intensity from 18Z on the 10th through 12Z on the 12th.  Thus the peak in intensity 
of 85 kt on the 12th is retained.  The next important observation occurred at 07Z on the 13th 
when a ship recorded 40 kt N with 992 mb at 33.8N, 63.3W.  A peripheral pressure of 992 mb 
indicates winds greater than 56 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
It is evident from observations on the 13th as well as on earlier days that this cyclone was 
small.  A 70 kt intensity is analyzed on the 13th at 06Z (down from 75 kt originally).  The 
hurricane is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 13th (6 hours earlier 
than originally).  On the 14th, the cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia at about 08Z; however, 
prior to landfall, ships south of there near the center recorded some important observations 
between 05Z-09Z.  The ship Darcoila recorded 50 kt SSW with 992 mb at 05Z at 43.3N, 64.8W and 
the Ship Cryus reported a max wind of 40 kt and a min pressure of 992 mb as the winds shifted 
from NE to NNW between 07Z-09Z near 42.8N, 65.8W.  Due to the system becoming baroclinic with 
well-defined frontal boundaries, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical at 06Z 
on the 14th.  HURDAT previously did not list an extratropical phase so the addition is a major 
change.  No changes are made to the positions or intensities on the 14th from 00-06Z.  At 12Z, 
the cyclone was located between Eastport, ME and Halifax, NS, but closer to Eastport, where a 
998 mb pressure was observed at 12Z.  The timing of dissipation (after 18Z on the 14th) is not 
changed as the cyclone either merged with a frontal system or elongated and was no longer 
closed after that time. 

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

30351 09/10/1937 M= 3  5 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
30352 09/10*  0   0   0    0*313 655  35    0*325 664  40    0*335 675  45    0*
30353 09/11*348 686  50    0*360 699  50    0*372 709  55    0*384 707  60    0*
30354 09/12E409 690  60    0E437 660  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30354 TS

HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the northwestern Atlantic from 10-12 September.

September 9: HWM analyzes an E-W frontal boundary along 31N between 57W-82W.  HURDAT does 
not list this system.  No gales or low pressures.  "On the evening of the 9th a moderate 
cyclonic circulation was indicated to the southwestward of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 10: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 33.5N, 65.5W with a warm front extending eastward from the low and a cold front 
extending southwestward from the low.  The MWR tracks of lows shows a 00Z position near 28N, 68W 
and a 12Z position near 31N, 67.5W with a 1006 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 16Z at 
35.5N, 64.5W (COA); 45 kt NE with 998 mb at 21Z at 35.5N, 68.5W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 
25 kt S with 1008 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM).

September 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N, 71W with an occluded 
front extending from the low to a triple point near 41N, 68W.  A warm front extends eastward from 
the triple point and a dissipating cold front extends southeastward from the triple point, and 
then southward.  HWM analyzes another closed low centered near 44N, 81W of at most 1000 mb.  The 
MWR tracks of low shows a 00Z position near 33N, 69W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 71W with a 
1002 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S with 997 mb at 00Z at 34.5N, 67.5W (COA); 45 kt N with 
994 mb at 12Z at 37.3N, 72.3W (COA); 50 kt W with 988 mb at 17Z at 36.4N, 70.8W (MWR); 50 kt SE 
with 990 mb at 21Z at 39.5N, 68.5W (COA).  "The center traveled first toward the north-northwest, 
then northward till by the morning of the 11th it was a well-developed low near the 70th meridian 
in the latitude of Cape May, N.J." (MWR).

September 12: HWM analyzes a single, closed, elongated low centered in the general vicinity of 50N, 
67W, suggesting that the two lows mentioned in the September 11 paragraph had merged.  This low had 
an array of occluded, stationary, warm, and cold fronts in its vicinity, according to the HWM analysis.  
The MWR tracks of lows shows a 00Z position near 42.5N, 69.8W and a 12Z position near 50N, 66W with 
a 992 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with 986 mb at 02Z at 40.3N, 67.6W (MWR); 40 kt SSE 
with 993 mb at 03Z at 41.6N, 66.2W (MWR); 35 kt S with 1002 mb at 04Z at 41.5N, 65.5W (COA).

Early on 10 September, a low originated from a dissipating frontal boundary, and it is estimated that 
a tropical cyclone formed at 06Z on 10 September south of Bermuda.  Data from a ship at 21Z on the 10th 
and 00Z on the 11th indicate the compact nature of the cyclone and that any temperature gradient across 
the low was less than 5 degree F.  This ship also measured winds of 45 kt coincident with a 997 mb 
pressure at 00Z on the 11th.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb yields winds greater than 49 kt according 
to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure wind relationship, and greater than 53 kt according to 
the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for 
06Z on the 10th increasing to 50 kt by 00Z on the 11th.  The tropical storm was moving northwestward 
from genesis until its recurvature point, which occurred at 12Z on 11 September south of New England.  
At 12Z on the 11th, a ship west of the center measured 45 kt N with 994 mb, and temperatures across this 
compact cyclone were still isothermal.  At 17Z on the 11th, a ship recorded 50 kt W with 988 mb.  A 
peripheral pressure of 988 mb yields winds greater than 65 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Since the highest wind recorded during the lifetime of this cyclone was 50 kt and since 
the structure was more of a subtropical cyclone and that it was in the process of becoming extratropical, 
a 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 11th.  As the cyclone moved northeastward, staying about 
100 nmi offshore of Nantucket, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 12th 
east of New England with a 60 kt intensity.  Another extratropical low approaching from the west quickly 
dragged the extratropical remnant of the tropical cyclone into its circulation on 12 September.  The 
analyzed final point for the cyclone before it was absorbed is at 06Z on 12 September as a 50 kt 
extratropical low at 43.7N, 66.0W.  If satellite imagery were available in 1937, it is likely that 
this system would have been classified as a subtropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 6 (originally Storm 5) - Revised in 2012

30355 09/13/1937 M= 7  5 SNBR= 669 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
30355 09/13/1937 M= 8  6 SNBR= 669 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0      
                    *  *                

30360 09/13*  0   0   0    0*163 560  40    0*170 570  40    0*173 573  45    0*
30360 09/13*  0   0   0    0*170 564  40    0*173 568  40    0*175 572  45    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

30365 09/14*176 575  50    0*179 578  55    0*184 580  65    0*191 583  70    0*
30365 09/14*178 575  50    0*182 578  55    0*187 580  65    0*193 582  75    0*
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  **

30370 09/15*198 583  75    0*204 582  80    0*210 578  85    0*214 567  85    0*
30370 09/15*200 579  90  969*207 577 110  951*214 574 110  955*217 567 110    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** ***     ***

30375 09/16*218 556  90    0*220 548  90    0*223 540  95    0*236 527  95    0*
30375 09/16*218 556 105    0*219 544 105    0*221 533 105    0*231 526 100    0*
                    ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

30380 09/17*252 522  95    0*264 521  95    0*277 520  95    0*292 519  95    0*
30380 09/17*247 521 100    0*263 518 100    0*277 515  95    0*292 512  95    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          ***              ***

30385 09/18*312 515  95    0*335 511  90    0*360 503  90    0*387 491  85    0*
30385 09/18*311 509  95    0*334 503  95    0*358 495  95    0*383 489  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30390 09/19*411 479  80    0*432 468  75    0E452 458  70    0E467 450  65    0*
30390 09/19*408 482  90    0*433 475  85    0*457 465  80  967E475 450  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **  *** ***      **

The 20th is new to HURDAT
30392 09/20E495 415  65    0E515 380  55    0E535 347  50    0E555 313  50    0*

30395 HR

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Major changes are also analyzed to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 12:  HWM shows a broad trough east of the Lesser Antilles.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 18N, 57W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 17.0N, 57.0W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows does not give an estimate on the system until the evening of the 
14th. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNW with 1011 mb at 12Z at 19.0N, 58.5W (HWM). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

September 14: HWM indicates with uncertainty that there is a closed low of at most 1010mb 
centered near 20N, 57.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65kt winds 
at 18.4N, 58.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening position estimate at 19N, 57W. 
Ship highlights: 35kt NE with 1007mb at 21.5N, 59.5W at 16Z (COA); 60 kt SE with 1001 mb at 
20.2N, 57.3W at 17Z (MWR); 40kt NE with 973mb at 20.0N, 58.0W at 23Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. "A tropical storm of near hurricane intensity when earliest 
reported appeared near midday of the 14th near 20N, 57W" (MWR).

September 15: HWM indicates a deepening system with at most 1005 mb near 21N, 56.5W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.0N, 57.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning estimate of 20.5N, 57.5W with a pressure of 958mb and in the evening 
at 22N, 57W. Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with 955mb at 5Z at 20.6N, 57.8W (MWR); 30kt NE with 
958mb at 21.5N, 57.5W at 11Z (MWR); 35 kt NE with 1005 mb at 22.0N, 58.0W at 12Z (HWM). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The storm appeared to be moving slowly during 
the [15th], at first in a northerly, then in a northeasterly to east-northeasterly direction." 

September 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 21.5N, 54.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 22.3N 54.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning position of 22.5N, 53W and in the evening at 24N, 52W. Ship highlights: 60kt NE with 
996mb at 22.5N, 54.0W at 12Z (MWR/HWM); 45kt SE with 1013mb at 27.0N, 47.5W at 12Z (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At the morning observation of the 16th no 
very low barometer was in evidence, but near hurricane winds continued. During the afternoon 
of the 16th the storm took a north-northeast course" (MWR).

September 17: HWM shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 28N, 51W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 95kt winds at 27.7N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows places the center in the morning at 27N, 51W and in the evening at 30N, 50W. Ship 
highlights: 60-70kt SE-NE-NW with 969mb at 26.8N, 51.7W at around 9Z (MWR); 40kt NE with 985mb 
at 27.5N, 52.0W at 12Z (MWR); 50kt SSW with 1005 mb at 25.8N, 49.1W at 12Z (COA); 35kt SE with 
1013mb at 27.8N, 45.7W at 18Z (COA); 35kt S with 1015mb at 30.5N, 45.5W at 23Z (COA). Station 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. "Early in the morning of the 17th, according to a 
report received at Bermuda, the Norwegian motorship Teddy passed very close to the center, 
in about 26 deg 50' N., 51 deg 40' W., with barometer 28.60  and winds of force 11 to 12 
shifting from southeast to northeast and northwest, with heavy rain and seas.  Later, at 
morning observation of the 17th, the French S.S. Carimare, near 27 ½ deg N., 51 ½ deg W., 
had a north wind of force 9, barometer 29.50, and close by to the eastward a ship (name 
not reported) had a gale of like force from the northeast, barometer 29.09.  The storm at 
that time was centered close by and moving rapidly northward" (MWR).

September 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 35N, 51W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 90kt winds at 36.0N, 50.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning position of 35N, 49.5W with a pressure of 966mb and in the evening near 40.5N, 48W. 
Ship highlights: 70kt NNW with 966mb at 34.2N, 50.0W at 9Z (MWR); 35kt W with 995mb at 33.8N, 
50.3W at 12Z (COA); 65kt SE with 1003mb at 35.5N, 47.9W at 12Z (COA/HWM); 45kt SE with 1007mb 
at 39.1N, 47.8W at 12Z (COA); 70kt SE with 1000mb around ~15Z in the vicinity of ~35.0N, 48.0W 
(MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 18th the cyclone appeared to 
have gathered energy. By night of the 18th the hurricane, then moving on a north-northeast 
course was centered near 40N, 49W" (MWR).

September 19: HWM shows a large system with a pressure of at most 985mb at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as an extratropical storm with 70kt winds at 45.2N, 45.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows gives a morning estimate of 44N, 45W with a pressure of 966mb and in the evening at 49N, 
41W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW with 985 mb at 12Z at 44.0N, 45.8W (HWM); center fix at 1337Z 
at 46.3N, 46.0W with 967 mb central pressure (MWR); 70 kt NW after 1337Z near ~46.3N, 46.0W 
(MWR); 50kt SSE with 992mb at 46.7N, 40.4W at 14Z (MWR); 50kt SE with 985mb [pressure biased 
~15 mb too low?] at 47.5N, 40.5W at 19Z (COA); 70kt SSE in the vicinity of ~47.5N, 40.5W at 
21Z (MWR); 25kt SSW with 980mb at 2230Z and 60 kt SW after 2230Z in the vicinity of ~47.5N, 
40.5W (MWR); 50kt WSW with 989mb at 47.5N, 40.5W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales 
or low pressures. "The intensity of the storm on the 19th is well shows by excellent special
reports furnished by the American steamer City of Newport News, Capt. Robert L. Wright, to the 
United States hydrographic Office, and the Dutch steamer Bilderdyk, Capt. CHP Coster, to the 
United States Weather Bureau. The SS City of Newport News, bound from Havre toward Norfolk, 
after encountering severe gales on the eastern side of the hurricane during the morning, ran 
into the calm center at 46.3N, 46W at 920am, barometer 28.65 (967 mb). 'We were treated,' said 
Captain Wright, 'to a perfect exhibition of the old story - eye of the storm- the wind dropped 
from force 11 to a dead calm, the sea suddenly lost its strength, and long and confused swells 
continued running from the south-southwest. At that time the sun came out blindingly -a sickly 
yellow- and occasional patches of blue sky appeared momentarily around its vicinity. This 
condition lasted for 18 minutes.' Thereafter, the storm passed rapidly into high northern 
latitudes and on the 22d was central near Iceland" (MWR).

September 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 54.5N, 38.5W with 
an occluded front extending from 53N, 37W to 49N, 33W, becoming a cold front at 46N, 34W, 
extending to 44N, 37W to 44N, 45W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day. MWR's tracks 
of low shows a 12Z estimate near 52N, 37W and an evening estimate near 56N, 30W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1003 mb at 03Z at 47.5N, 41.5W (COA); 25 kt E with 983 mb at 07Z 
at 53.5N, 37.1W (COA); 35 kt SW at 12Z at 53.5N, 34.2W (COA); 30 kt SSE with 978 mb at 18Z at 
56.5N, 30.2W (COA); 35 kt SW at 18Z at 53.5N, 30.0W (COA).

According to the original HURDAT, a 40 kt tropical storm formed on 13 September at 06Z east of 
the Leeward Islands.  Additional data was obtained between that location and the African coast 
from 7-12 September.  The data indicates that although the cyclone might have existed earlier, 
there is not enough evidence to extend the track back in time.  This cyclone traveled slowly from 
13-15 September and it recurved around 18Z on the 14th.  From the 15th to the 16th the cyclone 
moved east-northeastward, and after that it accelerated north-northeastward until it was located 
east of Newfoundland on the 19th.  The largest track change from 06Z on the 13th through 12Z on 
the 19th is only 0.8 degrees, and most of the changes are less than half a degree.  Observations 
indicate that the cyclone intensified on the 14th and early on the 15th.  The ship California 
Express, which reported an observation every 6 hours from 17Z on the 14th through 11Z on the 
15th, was inside the radius of maximum winds for 3 of its 4 reports - from 23Z on the 14th through 
11Z on the 15th.  The 4 reports (every 6 hours) from the ship were as follows): 60 kt with 1001 
mb; 40 kt with 973 mb; 40 kt with 955 mb; 30 kt with 958 mb.  No more reports are available from 
the ship after the last report.  The pressure drop of 46 mb in 12 hours along with stronger winds 
being reported with the higher pressure indicates that these pressure observations are real and 
are not likely to be biased.  (It is of note, though, that the MWR [pg. 333] mentions a ship (the 
Glendene) - supposedly within 0.5 degrees of the California Express - reported 1005 mb at the same 
time.  This is difficult to reconcile at face value.  However, navigational errors in the 1930s 
were still quite high, especially over the open Atlantic like the hurricane was for most of its 
lifetime.  Thus it is likely that one or both ships may be in position error by 50 or even 
100 nm.  If the ships are in actuality farther apart, then there is no discrepancy.)  Other 
ships on subsequent days (17th and 18th) reported pressures in the 960s with hurricane force 
winds, which further substantiate the reports from this ship.  It is assumed that the ship was 
located well inside the RMW and very near the center at all of the last 3 of its reports.  
The 10 kt per mb rule is used to determine the central pressures.  Central pressures of 969, 
951, and 955 mb are added to HURDAT at 00, 06, and 12Z on 15 September.  The central pressures 
of 969 and 951 mb equal 92 and 112 kt, respectively, according to the intensifying subset of the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Although the cyclone was moving slow, it may 
have been smaller than average.  Intensities of 90 and 110 kt are chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 
15th (up from 75 and 80 kt originally - a major change at 06Z).  No change is made to the time 
the cyclone became a hurricane (12Z on the 14th).  A 955 mb central pressure at 12Z on the 15th 
equals 106 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The analyzed peak intensity 
of 110 kt is maintained through 18Z on the 15th.  Major intensity increases of 25-30 kt are 
analyzed from 06-18Z on the 15th.  It is noted that despite the low pressures and possible 
very strong pressure gradients there are no reports of hurricane-force winds from the ships 
on 15 September.  On the 17th at 09Z, a ship recorded winds of 60-70 kt, and the minimum 
pressure experienced by the ship was 969 mb.  The observations and commentary suggests that 
this ship passed close to, but not through the center.  A 969 mb peripheral pressure yields 
winds greater than 86 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  24 hours 
later, a ship at 34.2N, 50.0W recorded hurricane force simultaneously with a 966 mb pressure, 
so the central pressure was likely somewhat lower.  A 966 mb peripheral pressure yields winds 
greater than 89 kt and greater than 85 kt according to the north of 25N Brown et al. and north 
of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  At all times on the 17th 
and 18th, the original HURDAT intensity is either kept the same or increased by 5 kt, and this 
is due to the gradual weakening shown in the revised intensity, which is supported by observations.  
HURDAT originally listed that cyclone become extratropical at 12Z on the 19th, but available 
observations indicate that the strongest winds were still located with the low pressure pretty 
close to the center, and there is little evidence of a temperature gradient by 12Z.  Extratropical 
transition is delayed by 6 hours to 18Z on the 19th.  A central pressure of 967 mb with calm winds 
was observed by a ship around 1320-1337Z on the 19th near 46.3N, 46.0W.  A central pressure of 
967 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th.  This value equals 85 kt according to the Landsea 
et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Hurricane force winds were observed by two 
different ships on the 19th - one around 14Z and the other around 21Z.  An 80 kt intensity is 
chosen for 12Z on the 19th (up from 70 kt originally), and a 75 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z 
(up from 65 kt originally).  HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on 19 September as 
a 65 kt extratropical cyclone.  Observations indicate that the cyclone was still closed on the 
20th, so the track is extended for 24 hours until 18Z on the 20th - a major change.  Although 
strong winds, low pressures, and a partial circulation were still present on the 21st, there is 
no evidence of a closed circulation on the northeast side; instead the system opened into a 
sharp trough.  The new final position at 18Z on 20 September is southeast of Greenland as a 
50 kt extratropical cyclone. 

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 7 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in 2012

30400 09/16/1937 M= 6  6 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
30400 09/16/1937 M= 6  7 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *

30405 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 928  35    0*224 929  35    0*
30405 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*231 942  35    0*235 937  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

30410 09/17*234 928  35    0*241 926  40    0*247 923  40    0*251 921  40    0*
30410 09/17*239 933  35    0*243 930  40    0*247 926  40    0*251 922  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

30415 09/18*255 919  40    0*261 915  40    0*266 911  40    0*270 907  40    0*
30415 09/18*255 919  45    0*261 916  45    0*266 913  50    0*270 909  50    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

30420 09/19*274 904  40    0*278 901  40    0*281 899  40    0*286 893  40    0*
30420 09/19*274 904  50    0*279 901  45    0*285 898  45    0*291 893  40 1002*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***         ****

30425 09/20*291 883  40    0*294 868  40    0*295 855  40    0*295 849  40    0*
30425 09/20*293 883  40    0*294 871  40    0*296 859  35    0*298 851  35    0*
            ***                  ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30430 09/21*296 843  35    0*300 834  30    0*303 826  20    0*297 818  15    0*
30430 09/21*299 843  30    0*300 834  25    0*301 826  20    0*301 818  20    0*
            ***      **               **      ***              ***      **
30435 TS

U.S. Landfalls:
9/19/1937 - 18Z - 29.1N, 89.3W - 40 kt
9/20/1937 - 16Z - 29.7N, 85.4W - 35 kt

Note: The TC made a 3rd landfall as a 30 kt tropical depression on 9/21/1937 at 04Z 
at 30.0N, 83.8W.

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960) and Connor (1956).

September 15: HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico on 
this date. HURDAT starts this system at 12Z on the 16th.  No gales or low pressures.

September 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT lists this system 
as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 21.0N, 92.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places 
the center in the morning at 21N, 93W and in the evening at 22N, 93W. Ship highlights: 
30 kt E with 1008 mb at 22Z at 25.5N, 93.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "Somewhat disturbed weather conditions occurred over the southwestern part 
of the Gulf of Mexico on September 16, with slight lowering of pressure and evidence of 
a cyclonic circulation. The center of the depression was near 21N, 93W in the morning 
and about three degrees farther north 12 hours later" (MWR).

September 17: HWM shows maritime tropical conditions at the end of a stationary front in 
the middle of Gulf of Mexico with no closed low in the area. HURDAT lists this system as 
a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 24.7N, 92.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the 
center in the morning at 23.5N, 92.5W and in the evening at 25N, 92.5W. Ship highlights: 
30 kt E with 1009 mb at 06Z at 25.5N, 93.5W (COA); 25 kt SSE with 1009 mb at 18Z at 
24.5N, 90.5W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance 
moved slowly in a north-northeasterly direction with little general change in energy 
during the 17th and at 6pm EST, was central at approximately 25.5N, 92W, but the 
weather was unsettled over much of the northwestern Gulf" (MWR).

September 18: HWM shows a broad closed low of at most 1010mb centered near 25N, 92.5W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 26.6N, 91.1W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 26.5N, 92W and in the evening at 
28N, 91W. Ship highlights: 50kt NE with 1007mb at 26.9N, 91.6W at 16Z (MWR/Connor); 
30 kt S with 1007 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 90.6W (COA); 20 kt S with 1006 mb at 23Z at 26.1N, 
90.3W (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

September 19: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb just south-southwest of the mouth 
of the Mississippi River near 27.0N, 91.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm with 40kt winds at 28.1N, 89.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position 
estimate of 28.5N, 90.0W and a pressure of 1005mb and in the evening near 29.5N, 89W. Ship 
highlights: 25 kt NE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 28.6N, 91.1W (COA); 35kt SE with 1006mb at 28N, 
89W at 1Z (MWR/Connor); 35 kt NE at 06Z at 28.5N, 92.5W (COA); 20kt SE with 1003 mb at 28.9N, 
89.1W at 12Z (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1005 mb at 22Z at 28.5N, 88.5W (COA). Station highlights: 
1008 mb at New Orleans at 12Z (MWR); 36kt (NNW?) with 1004mb at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) at 
2130Z (MWR). "On the 18th and 19th the region was more generally disturbed and several ships 
in the northern Gulf reported winds of force 7 on both dates. The wind at Port Eads on the 
19th veered from south at 7:30am through west at 1:30pm to the north at 4pm. An incomplete 
wind velocity record at Port Eads gives a 5-minute maximum of 34 miles per hour at 3:28pm 
and an extreme velocity of 41 at 3:32pm, both on the [19th]. Winds at Pensacola were highest 
on the 19th, with a maximum of 28mph from the south" (MWR).

September 20: HWM shows a closed isobar of 1010 mb near 27.5N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 29.5N, 85.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives 
a morning estimate of 30N, 87.5W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 30N, 85W. 
Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 29.3N, 88.6W (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1009 mb 
at 00Z at 28.2N, 87.9W (COA). Station highlights: Gale NE at Port St. Joe (29.8N, 85.2W) 
(Connor); 26 kt S (max w) at Apalachicola (29.7N, 85.0W) at 1028Z (MWR); 1009 mb (min p) at 
Apalachicola at 1930Z (MWR/Connor). "The depression moved in a general easterly direction across 
the extreme upper part of the eastern Gulf during the later 19th and the 20th" (MWR).  "Tropical 
Cyclones in Florida - Sep 20-21 - Apalachicola - Minor" ("Minor" - winds <74 mph, pressure 
>996 mb - Dunn and Miller).

September 21: HWM shows the west end of a cold front located near the northeast corner of Florida 
with no closed low analyzed. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression with 20kt winds at 
30.3N, 82.6W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30N, 82.5W with a pressure 
of 1010mb. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
"and [the system] disintegrated over northern Florida on the 21st. The average rate of movement 
along the entire track was about 9 miles per hour. No damage of importance resulted from the 
disturbance, although some injury was done to highways from the heavy rains south of Tallahassee" (MWR).

A tropical cyclone formed in the eastern Bay of Campeche on 16 September (no change to the timing of 
genesis in HURDAT).  Data was obtained for the 15th of September and there are some weak westerly 
winds from a ship and two Mexican stations, but there is not enough evidence that a tropical cyclone 
formed by then to begin the system earlier.  A major change in location to the northwest of the 
initial position is necessitated by available observations.  Measurements near the center are sparse 
on the 16th and the first 30 kt wind was observed early on the 17th along with evidence that the 
central pressure may have been around 1005 mb.  Therefore, there is not enough evidence to decrease 
the 35-40 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally on the 16th and 17th, so no changes are made to 
the intensity those two days.  The cyclone moved north-northeastward on the 16th and 17th.  It 
approached the mouth of the Mississippi River on 19 September.  While over the Gulf of Mexico, the 
largest track change from the 16th-18th other than at the first three points is only 0.4 degrees.  
Regarding the intensity changes, a 50 kt wind was recorded from a ship at 16Z on the 18th.  
Observations a day later indicate the intensity was weaker than 50 kt by the time it was near 
Louisiana.  A peak intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 18th to 00Z on the 19th (up from 
a peak intensity of 40 kt originally from 06Z on the 17th through 18Z on the 20th).  The original 
HURDAT track showed the center of the cyclone making an east-northeastward turn on the 19th, 
passing south of the southeastern tip of Louisiana and then heading just north of due east, staying 
just south of Apalachicola, FL on the 20th, and finally making its only landfall near the Big Bend 
of Florida early on the 21st.  Important changes have been made to this track.  Observations from 
Port Eads, LA on the 19th and Apalachicola, FL on the 20th indicate that the center of the tropical 
cyclone passed just north of both of those stations.  Therefore, the track is adjusted northward 
and it is analyzed that the center of the tropical storm made landfalls near Port Eads, LA and near 
Apalachicola, FL - both as a tropical storm.  Port Eads, LA recorded a maximum 1-minute wind of 
36 kt and a minimum pressure of 1004 mb (observations not necessarily simultaneous).  Observations 
from Port Eads as well as ship data from 6 hours before landfall indicate that the central 
pressure at the 18Z/19th landfall was 1002 mb +/- 2 mb.  This amount of certainty in the central 
pressure value is small enough to add in a central pressure of 1002 mb into HURDAT at 18Z on the 
19th.  A 1002 mb central pressure equals 40 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  A 40 kt intensity is analyzed for the landfall in Louisiana (no change 
to original HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 19th).  After the brief Louisiana landfall, the cyclone 
moved back over water.  It made its 2nd U.S. landfall on the 20th at 16Z at 29.7N, 85.4W (just west 
of Apalachicola) as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Port St. Joe, FL, which is located just NW and very 
near Apalachicola recorded tropical storm force winds from the NE on the 20th.  There is evidence 
that the center passed just north of Apalachicola, where a maximum wind of 26 kt S and a minimum 
pressure of 1009 mb were recorded.  This indicates the cyclone was weakening before landfall 
occurred.  A 35 kt intensity is analyzed for this landfall that occurred at 16Z on the 20th.  
A 35 kt intensity is analyzed from 12 and 18Z on the 20th (down from 40 kt originally at both 
times).  Still moving eastward, the cyclone briefly emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico around 
22Z on the 20th before making its final landfall near the Big Bend of Florida around 04Z on the 
21st.  There is evidence that the cyclone continued to steadily weaken from the 19th through the 
21st.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 21st (down from 35 kt originally), which is 
the point before this final landfall.  Therefore, the last landfall is analyzed to have occurred 
as a tropical depression.  The depression is analyzed to have dissipated near Jacksonville, FL 
after 18Z on the 21st (no change to the timing of dissipation).

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7) - Revised in 2012
30440 09/20/1937 M= 9  7 SNBR= 671 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30440 09/20/1937 M= 9  8 SNBR= 671 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

30445 09/20*  0   0   0    0*152 414  60    0*153 439  60    0*159 452  65    0*
30445 09/20*  0   0   0    0*152 433  65    0*155 445  70    0*163 456  70    0*
                                 ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30450 09/21*165 463  70    0*172 473  70    0*179 482  70    0*187 490  75    0*
30450 09/21*173 466  70    0*184 476  70    0*195 485  70    0*205 495  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

30455 09/22*196 498  75    0*208 509  80    0*220 520  80    0*230 528  80    0*
30455 09/22*214 504  75    0*222 513  80    0*230 521  80    0*236 527  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

30460 09/23*240 533  80    0*247 536  85    0*255 539  85    0*266 542  85    0*
30460 09/23*242 532  80    0*248 535  85    0*256 537  85    0*266 539  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

30465 09/24*278 546  85    0*288 550  85    0*300 555  85    0*315 563  85    0*
30465 09/24*278 542  85    0*289 548  85    0*301 555  85    0*315 564  85    0*
                ***          *** ***          ***                  ***

30470 09/25*332 575  85    0*347 587  85    0*363 600  85    0*385 612  85    0*
30470 09/25*332 576  85    0*349 589  85    0*366 602  85    0*388 615  80    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

30475 09/26E408 624  80    0E423 630  80    0E438 631  75    0E463 623  70    0*
30475 09/26*408 627  75    0E423 636  70    0E438 632  65    0E461 623  60    0*
           *    ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      ***      **

30480 09/27E488 587  65    0E505 565  60    0E522 542  50    0E544 520  40    0*
30480 09/27E484 596  55    0E510 565  50    0E540 530  45    0E575 495  40    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **     **** ***  **     **** ***  

30485 09/28E568 497  35    0E594 473  35    0E620 450  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
30485 09/28E600 475  35    0E622 465  35    0E640 460  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
30490 HR

Minor track changes (while a tropical cyclone) and minor intensity changes are analyzed 
for this hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review.

September 20: HWM shows no signs of a closed circulation at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm with 60kt winds at 15.3N, 43.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows does not have the 
system enter themap until the 23d. Ship highlights: 50kt SE with 1002mb at 18.1N, 44.2W at 12Z 
(MWR); 60kt SW with 998mb at 14N, 43W at 13Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 
"Radio reports from shipsin low latitudes early on the 20th showed the existence of an already 
well-developed storm of considerable extent with center in approximately 15N, 44W" (MWR).

September 21: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010mb with thunderstorms to the north of the 
system centered near 21.5N, 53W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 70kt winds 
at 17.9N, 48.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE with 1010 mb at 13Z at 23.0N, 49.0W (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

September 22: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb with thunderstorms on the eastern side of 
the system centered near 22N, 54W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 80kt winds 
at 22.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt NW with 988mb at 22.4N, 52.7W at 6Z (MWR); 35kt W 
with 1004mb at 21.5N, 54.0W at 12Z (MWR); 40 kt NW with 992 mb at 12Z at 22.5N, 52.5W (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 22d reports from the French 
steamer Marigot and another vessel, unknown, located the center with closer definiteness, and 
showed that the storm was moving in a northwesterly direction" (MWR).

September 23: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000mb at 26N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 25.5N, 53.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning 
position of 26N, 54W and in the evening at 27.5N, 55W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE with 1000 mb at 
00Z at 25.0N, 54.0W (MWR); 45kt ENE with 1002mb at 28.5N, 54.5W at 18Z (COA); 50kt ENE in the 
vicinity of ~28.1N, 54.5W late (sometime before 00Z on the 24th) (MWR); 986 mb (time and location 
unknown) (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 23d the storm continued 
to move slowly northwestward, accompanied by strong to whole gales, lowest reported barometer 
29.12, within the region 26-28N, 54W" (MWR).

September 24: HWM shows a closed low of at most 990mb near 30N, 56W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 30.0N, 55.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning estimate of 30N, 55W and in the evening at 34N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 40kt NE with 
992mb at 28.1N, 54.5W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt NNE with 998mb at 29.5N, 56.5W at 6Z (COA); 70kt NW 
with 993mb at 29.5N, 56.5W at 12Z (COA); 50kt E with 992mb at 31.6N, 54.8W at 13Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "On the 24th the disturbance moved with greater 
rapidity. During the day the storm passed at a distance of several hundred miles to the 
eastward of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 25: HWM shows a closed low of at most 995mb near 36N, 61W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a hurricane with 85kt winds at 36.3N, 60.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning estimate of 37N, 59.5W and in the evening at 41N, 62W. Ship highlights: 50kt ENE at 
39.5N, 60.5W at 12Z (COA); 45kt ESE with 982mb at 39.8N, 61.0W at 18Z (COA); 70kt SSW with 
998mb at 39.5N, 59.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "... and on 
the morning of the 25th [the storm] was northeast of [Bermuda], centered near 36.5N, 60W. At 
evening observation of the 25th the center had moved to about 40.5N, 62.5W, with lowest 
pressure 28.94 inches, and strong winds to gales of force 10 blowing over the surrounding sea" (MWR).

September 26: HWM shows a strong closed low of at most 980mb near 43.3N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as an extratropical storm with 75kt winds at 43.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning estimate of 43N, 64W with a pressure of 975mb and in the evening near 
47.5N, 61W. Ship highlights: 60kt NE near 42.4N, 63.2 before 06Z then at 06Z 50kt SE with 972mb 
at 42.4N, 63.2W (MWR); 35 kt WSW with 976 mb at 12Z at 42.7N, 65.0W (HWM); 50kt W with 990mb at 
42.7N, 63.0W at 12Z (COA); 50 kt SW with 1002 mb at 16Z at 42.3N, 59.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 
985 mb at Halifax, NS (MWR). "In crossing Nova Scotia during the 26th, the storm recurved into a 
northeasterly direction, crossed northern Newfoundland near the Strait of Belle Isle during the 
night of the 26th-27th, and by the 30th was over Iceland" (MWR).

September 27: HWM shows an elongated closed low of at most 995mb near 54N, 54W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as an extratropical cyclone with 50kt winds at 52.2N, 54.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 52.5N, 54.5W with a pressure of 993mb and in the 
evening near 57.5N, 49W. Ship highlights: 35kt SW with 1006mb at 45.6N, 56.5W at 7Z (COA); 
25kt S with 1000mb at 53.5N, 48.6W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

September 28: HWM shows an elongated closed low of at most 985mb centered over central Greenland 
near 64N, 47W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical cyclone with 35kt winds at 
62.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 63N, 42.5W with a 
pressure of 983mb and in the evening near 66N, 38W. Ship highlights: 20kt W with 995mb at 55.8N, 
37.5W at 6Z (COA); 35kt NW with 1017mb at 54.2N, 45.2W at 12Z (COA); 35kt W with 1012mb at 55.4N, 
38.4W at 18Z (COA); 45kt WNW with 1012mb at 55.0N, 42.3W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 
no gales or low pressures.

September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 66N, 25N, with a warm 
front extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending from a couple hundred 
nmi SE of the low extending south-southeastward from there.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on 
this day.  Ship/station highlights: Several gales and low pressures. September 30: HWM analyzes a 
closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 66N, 20W with a warm front extending through a somewhat 
elongated area to the north-northeast of the cyclone and the north end of a N-S cold front located 
a couple hundred nmi ESE of the low.  Ship/station highlights: 30 kt NNE with 984 mb at 12Z near 
66N, 24W (HWM).

This tropical cyclone likely formed from an African Easterly Wave that emerged off the African coast 
around 14-15 September.  HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 20 September as a 60 kt 
tropical storm in the central Atlantic.  Data was obtained from 15-19 September between that location 
and the African coast.  Substantial observational coverage near the African coast to 25W on 15-16 
September indicates that there was not yet any closed circulation in association with the wave.  
But as it traveled westward, there was no data near the system from 17-19 September, and genesis 
could have occurred on any of those days.  On 20 September around 12Z, a ship in the central tropical 
Atlantic recorded 50 kt SE with 1002 mb and another ship 260 nm to the south recorded 60 kt SW with 
998 mb.  The position of the cyclone is moved 1.9 degrees west of the original HURDAT position for 
the first point at 06Z on the 20th (HURDAT originally showed an unrealistic deceleration for the 
first couple of points).  The longitude at 12Z is moved west of the ships' longitudes since they both 
had southerly wind components.  From the 20th - 22nd, the cyclone moved northwestward, and it moved 
north-northwestward from the 23rd to the 25th.  Positions are adjusted north-northwestward by 1 to 2 
degrees from 06Z on the 21st through 12Z on the 22nd due to a combination of evidence from observations 
and smoothing between times when there was more data.  On the 21st, a ship that was reporting 30 kt 
with 1010 mb located more than 300 nm NNW of the original HURDAT position had its winds shift by 45 
degrees in a short period time, suggesting that perhaps the storm was somewhat closer.  At 06Z on the 
22nd, a ship measured 50 kt with a 988 mb pressure.  From the 23rd - 25th of September, the largest 
track change is only 0.4 degrees.  Regarding the intensity, the 998 mb peripheral pressure measured 
on the 20th suggests winds of greater than 51 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern 
pressure-wind relationship, and the 988 mb peripheral pressure on the 22nd suggests winds of greater 
than 67 kt according to the same relationship.  Due to the 60 kt observation on the 20th combined with 
the possibility that the observation may have occurred far away from the center, the cyclone is begun 
as a 65 kt hurricane rather than as a 60 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 20th, and the revised 
intensity is increased to 70 kt at 12Z on the 20th (up from 60 kt originally at 12Z).  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have become a hurricane at 06Z on the 20th (12 hours earlier than originally), although 
it may have been a hurricane prior to that.  After 5-10 kt intensity increases are implemented on the 
20th, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT from the 21st through the 25th.  The peak lifetime 
intensity of 85 kt is maintained from 06Z on the 23rd through 18Z on the 25th.  The lowest pressure 
measured on the 23rd was 986 mb, which suggests winds of at least 70 and 65 kt according to the 
southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  A hurricane force wind was 
recorded on the 24th and again on the 25th.  At 18Z on the 25th, a 982 mb peripheral pressure 
suggests winds greater than 71 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Because there is not enough information to estimate a central pressure at any time 
from the 20th - 25th, there is not enough evidence to change the original HURDAT intensity (other 
than on the 20th), although it is possible that this cyclone could have been a major hurricane at 
some point in its lifetime.  Extratropical transition is indicated at 06Z on the 26th, six hours 
after that originally indicated in HURDAT.  Early on the 26th, before the extratropical cyclone 
moved inland over Nova Scotia, a ship recorded 60 kt before 06Z and at 06Z a 972 mb pressure was 
recorded with simultaneous 50 kt winds.  The vigorous extratropical cyclone passed over Nova Scotia 
between 12Z-18Z on the 26th.  This extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have produced winds of 
hurricane force in that province of Canada.  The center passed several dozen nautical miles east 
of Halifax, where a minimum pressure of 985 was recorded.  The cyclone turned northeastward, 
rapidly weakened, and by 06Z on the 27th was located over northern Newfoundland.  Minor downward 
intensity adjustments of 5-10 kt are implemented from 18Z on the 25th to 12Z on the 27th.  No 
changes were made to the timing of dissipation, as the cyclone likely merged with another 
extratropical cyclone after 12Z on the 28th.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 9 (originally Storm 8) - Revised in 2012

30495 09/26/1937 M= 6  8 SNBR= 672 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30495 09/26/1937 M= 8  9 SNBR= 672 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

30500 09/26*  0   0   0    0*232 794  35    0*237 792  35    0*243 790  35    0*
30500 09/26*  0   0   0    0*232 794  30    0*237 792  30    0*243 790  30    0*
                                      **               **               **

30505 09/27*255 787  35    0*272 778  35    0*290 769  35    0*304 760  35    0*
30505 09/27*255 785  30    0*272 778  30    0*290 772  30    0*307 767  35    0*
                ***  **               **          ***  **      *** *** 

30510 09/28*318 752  40    0*341 736  40    0*364 719  40    0*377 705  40    0*
30510 09/28*324 762  35    0*337 750  40    0E354 732  40    0E371 713  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **

30515 09/29E390 690  40    0E405 672  35    0E420 650  35    0E435 627  35    0*
30515 09/29E390 693  45    0E403 672  40    0E413 650  40    0E423 625  35    0* 
                ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  

30520 09/30E450 599  35    0E465 570  35    0E480 530  35    0E488 499  35    0*
30520 09/30E435 595  35    0E453 565  35    0E475 530  40    0E495 499  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***      **      ***      **

30525 10/01E495 470  35    0E502 449  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30525 10/01E510 473  50    0E521 447  55    0E532 415  60    0E543 395  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

The 2nd-3rd are new to HURDAT
30527 10/02E554 375  65    0E572 365  60    0E590 356  55    0E602 348  50    0*
30528 10/03E606 347  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

30530 TS

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone. Major changes to the 
intensity while extratropical were made.  A major change is also introduced for the timing 
of tropical storm intensity onset, delayed by 36 hours.  A major change is also made to the 
timing of dissipation.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and the Original Monthly 
Record for Miami, FL available at NHC.

September 25:  HWM does not analyze any features of interest in the western Caribbean.  
HURDAT first analyzes this system at 06Z on the 26th.  MWR's Tracks of Lows begins tracking 
this system at 12Z on the 26th.  No gales or low pressures.

September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm 
with 35kt winds at 23.7N, 79.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate 
of 22.5N, 79.5W with a pressure of 1010mb and in the evening at 26N, 79W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt N at Miami (23 kt after converting to 
10m 1-min) (max wind) at 1446Z (OMR-NHC). "Slight evidences of a cyclonic circulation appeared 
between the central north coast of Cuba and the Bahamas on the morning of the 26th" (MWR).

September 27: HWM shows a cold front draped over the western Atlantic Ocean and North Florida 
but no closed low in the vicinity. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds 
at 29.0N, 76.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 29N, 78W with a pressure 
of 1010mb and in the evening at 31.5N, 75W. Ship highlights: 30kt SE with 1011mb at 31.4N, 75.1W 
at 18Z (COA). Station highlight: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbed condition moved 
north-northeastward as a very shallow depression, accompanied by light winds, and at 7pm, EST, 
of the 27th was central near 31.5N, 75.5W. Its course thereafter curved more into northeasterly" (MWR).

September 28: HWM shows a closed low of non-tropical characteristics with a pressure of at most 
1015mb near 35N, 74W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 36.4N, 
71.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 36N, 72W with a pressure of 1014mb 
and in the evening at 39.5N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE with 1010 mb at 09Z at 34.7N, 75.5W 
and 35kt NE after 09Z (MWR). Station highlights: 41kt NE at Nantucket (MWR). "On the morning of the 
28th the center lay at some distance east of the Virginia Capes, continuing shallow and poorly 
developed. At this time, however, with high pressure on the east, north, and west, the wind 
circulation became more energetic and winds of force 7 occurred on its west and north quadrants" (MWR).

September 29: HWM shows an extratropical low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 40N, 65W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 42.0N, 65.0W at 12Z. MWR's 
Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 42N, 65W and in the evening at 45N, 59W. Ship highlights: 
35kt N with 1022mb at 39.8N, 71.3W at 00Z (COA); 35 kt NE (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "Thereafter, the center of the depression continued at some distance from the coast 
until the 29th when it skirted Nova Scotia close to the southward" (MWR).

September 30: HWM shows an extratropical low of at most 1010mb near 47N, 52.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 48.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives 
a morning estimate of 48N, 54W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 51N, 48W. Ship 
highlights: 15 kt S with 1002 mb at 19Z at 47.4N, 47.4W (COA); 25 kt WSW with 1002 mb at 23Z at 48.5N, 
46.5W (COA); 35kt SSW with 1004mb at 48.5N, 42.5W at 23Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "On the morning of the 30th it crossed southeastern Newfoundland and late in the day merged 
with an extratropical cyclone in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic" (MWR).

October 1: HWM shows a closed low of a maritime polar airmass near 54N, 42W at 12Z. HURDAT kills this 
system at 06Z at 50.2N, 44.9W with 35kt winds as an extratropical storm. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning estimate of 54N, 39W with a pressure of 977mb. Ship highlights: 35kt WSW with 999mb at 48.5N, 
43.3W at 04Z then 50kt WNW later in the day from the same ship (MWR); 50 kt SSW at 06Z at 48.5N, 
37.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW with 977 mb at 12Z at 52.5N, 39.5W (COA); 60 kt WNW with 979 mb at 18Z at 
52.5N, 41.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW at 23Z at 48.5N, 40.5W (COA).

October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 60.5N, 33.5W with an occluded 
front extending from the low.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 45 kt 
NW with 998 mb at 00Z at 52.5N, 42.5W (COA); 30 kt ESE with 973 mb at 00Z at 55.4N, 34.3W (COA); 
45 kt W at 18Z at 56.3N, 31.6W (COA); 35 kt NW with 973 mb at 23Z at 59.5N, 35.5W (COA).

October 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb (the feature of interest), but with only 
1 closed contour, centered near 64N, 26W.  HWM analyzes another extratropical low of at most 985 mb 
centered near 52N, 43W.  Ship highlights relevant to the feature of interest: 45 kt W at 00Z at 56.4N, 
29.6W at 00Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 972 mb at 02Z at 59.5N, 35.5W (COA).

This tropical cyclone was listed in HURDAT originally to have formed at 06Z on 26 September just north 
of Cuba.  Data was obtained for the 25th.  It is unclear whether the disturbance that led to this 
tropical cyclone approached from the south or from the ESE from the 25th to the 26th.  Available 
observations do not warrant beginning this cyclone earlier than listed in HURDAT originally.  On the 
26th, sufficient evidence of a completely closed low is lacking; however, there are no observations 
south of the originally located center.  Moreover, there are some indications of a weak low circulation 
in the northwestern Caribbean on the 26th.  However, since there is evidence of a closed low on the 
27th east of Florida, the timing and position of genesis, at 06Z on the 26th, are unchanged from 
HURDAT originally.  Available observations on the 26th and 27th indicate that the cyclone was weak, 
and the intensity is analyzed as a 30 kt tropical depression from 06Z on the 26th through 12Z on the 
27th (35 kt at those times originally).  Therefore, the time that the cyclone became a tropical storm 
is delayed by 36 hours.  The cyclone moved north-northeastward, paralleling the east of the U.S., and 
by the 28th at 12Z it was about 120 nm east of Cape Hatteras.  On 27th, very small track changes are 
implemented, but on the 28th, observations warrant position adjustments over 1 degree WSW of the 
original HURDAT positions.  For intensity, 35 kt is first assigned at 18Z on the 27th due to an observed 
30 kt wind at that time from a ship.  Another 30 kt observation with a simultaneous 1010 mb pressure 
was observed by a ship - the Gulfhawk - at 09Z on the 28th.  A short time later, the Gulfhawk recorded 
35 kt.  Since this observation occurred on the left side of the cyclone and roughly 70 nm from the 
center, the 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT originally at 06Z and 12Z on the 28th are unchanged.  
HURDAT originally listed that the cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 29th at 39N, 69W.  
Available observations indicate that the cyclone already contained a warm front extending 
east-northeastward from the cyclone with a developing cold front extending SSW from the cyclone at 
12Z on the 28th.  The cyclone is analyzed as extratropical 12 hours earlier than originally - at 
12Z on the 28th.  However, given the sparse nature of observations near the cyclone's center, the 
timing of extratropical transition has an uncertainty of about plus or minus six hours.  According 
to this analysis, this cyclone was only a tropical storm for 18 hours from 18Z on the 27th through 
06Z on the 28th - attaining a peak intensity of 40 kt at 06Z on the 28th before it became 
extratropical at 12Z.  HURDAT originally listed this as a tropical storm for 66 hours.  The peak 
intensity of 40 kt during the tropical phase is unchanged from HURDAT originally.  (It is possibly, 
given the uncertainties in the reanalysis, that the cyclone was extratropical by the time it attained 
gale force winds.  If this were the case, then it may not have been a tropical storm.)  After the 
cyclone became extratropical, while the center remained well offshore, Nantucket, MA recorded a 
maximum 1-min wind of 41 kt as a direct result of the cyclone, while Block Island, RI and Cape 
Henry, VA recorded 33 and 31 kt, respectively.  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 28th 
and 00Z on the 29th (up from 40 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed to have turned 
east-northeastward for a day on the 29th before resuming a northeastward course on the 30th.  On 
the 29th, it passed well south of Nova Scotia, and on the 30th, the center is analyzed to have 
traveled over southeastern Newfoundland between about 10Z-12Z.  From 18Z on the 29th - 06Z on the 
30th, the analyzed intensity is down to 35 kt (unchanged from HURDAT originally).  HURDAT 
originally listed dissipation after 06Z on 1 October as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone east of 
Newfoundland.  Available observations, however, indicate that the cyclone began to re-intensify 
as an extratropical cyclone late on the 30th and early on the 1st.  Also, there were no other 
lows/cyclones in the region for this system to merge with.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
strengthened to 65 kt by 18Z on 1 October with a position of 54.3N, 39.5W at that time.  Winds 
as high as 60 kt and pressures as low as 972 mb were observed.  The last time that observations 
of wind direction confirm that the low is still closed is 02Z on 2 October.  At first, this is 
likely due to a lack of observations on the north side of the cyclone.  By the 3rd of October, 
another low quickly approached from SW, and by 12Z on the 3rd they were likely merged.  After 
00Z on the 3rd, the cyclone of interest had already begun to merge with the approaching cyclone, 
and the circulation is considered too elongated to still be considered a closed system after 
that time.  The dissipation is therefore delayed by 42 hours, and the new final position - 
at 00Z on 3 October - is at 60.6N, 34.7W as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 10 (originally Storm 9) - Revised in 2012

30535 09/29/1937 M= 6  9 SNBR= 673 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
30535 10/02/1937 M= 3 10 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    * **

The 29th through the 1st are part of a separate tropical cyclone of tropical depression peak 
intensity.  Thus the 29th through the 1st are removed from HURDAT for this system.  This separate 
tropical depression is included within the Additional Notes section.

30540 09/29*  0   0   0    0*173 855  35    0*188 855  35    0*193 855  35    0*
30545 09/30*198 855  35    0*203 855  35    0*208 855  35    0*213 855  35    0*
30550 10/01*218 856  35    0*224 857  35    0*231 860  35    0*238 869  35    0*

30555 10/02*245 880  35    0*251 891  35    0*256 897  35    0*268 909  35    0*
30555 10/02*245 877  35    0*249 886  40    0*261 897  40 1003*273 910  40 1002*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      ** **** *** ***  ** ****

30560 10/03*281 919  35    0*286 920  35    0*290 920  35    0*299 919  35    0*
30560 10/03*281 919  35    0*288 921  35    0*295 920  35    0*305 920  30    0*
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

30565 10/04*311 916  30    0*322 910  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30565 10/04*318 920  30    0*332 919  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***
30570 TS

U.S. landfalls:
10/3/1937 - 12Z - 29.6N, 92.0W - 35 kt
10/3/1937 - 14Z - 29.8N, 92.0W - 35 kt

Minor alterations to track and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical 
storm that made a U.S. landfall on the Gulf Coast.  A major change is made to show 
genesis occurring three days later.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
Louisiana Climatological Data, and Connor (1956).

September 28:  HWM shows no features of interest in the western Caribbean.  HURDAT 
first indicates this cyclone at 06Z on the 29th.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29: HWM shows an area of thunderstorms with no organized low pressure center. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 18.8N, 85.5W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows does no show the system until Oct 1. No gales or low pressures.

September 30: HWM does not show a closed low. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm with 35kt winds at 20.8N, 85.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "Slightly 
threatening conditions appeared over the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico and the 
west Caribbean Sea on the afternoon of September 30, with some evidences of cyclonic 
circulation centered a little south of the Yucatan Channel" (MWR).

October 1: HWM indicates a spot low of at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 85.5W at 12Z with a 
trough extending north of the low into the southeast Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 22.4N, 85.7W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
gives a morning estimate of 23.5N, 88W and in the evening at 25N, 89W. Ship highlights: 
25 kt SE with 1006 mb at 12Z at 21.4N, 84.4W (COA); 50kt in the general vicinity of 
~22N, 85W at 17Z (MWR). "At 6am, local time, of October 1 the center of the condition 
appeared to be at approximately 23.5N, 86W. No wind exceeding force 6 occurred there 
during the day. The center moved very slowly northwestward between 6am and 6pm, but 
with much greater rapidity from then until the morning of October 2, when it lay near 
27.5N, 91W" (MWR).  "On October 1, it may be mentioned further, a second low of some 
energy showed signs of developing in the Yucatan Channel, and at about noon, local 
time, the Honduran schooner Racer reported a gale of force 10 off the western end of 
Cuba.  This secondary low deteriorated rapidly, however, and later merged with the 
primary low to the northward" (MWR).

October 2: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 25N, 90W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.6N, 89.7W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 27N, 90W with a pressure of 1003mb and 
in the evening at 28.5N, 91W. Ship highlights: 35kt E with 1010mb at 28.0N, 87.5W at 
12Z (HWM); 35kt SE at 26.2N, 86.4W at 12Z (HWM); 5 kt W with 1004 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 
89.6W (COA); 35kt ESE with 1013mb at 26.6N, 88.2W at 13Z (MWR); 10kt SE with 1003mb at 
27.5N, 91.0W at 17Z (MWR). Station highlights:  29 kt (max wind) and 1008 mb (min 
pressure) at Port Eads (no time)(Louisiana). "The center of the low continued to move 
toward the northwestward until the night of the 2d, when it turned toward the north 
and entered the Louisiana coast at Atchafalaya Bay at about noon of the 3d" (MWR).

October 3: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 91.7W at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.0N, 92.0W at 12Z. MWR's 
Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 29.7N, 91.5W with a pressure of 1004mb and 
in the evening at 31.5N, 92W. Ship highlights: 15kt WNW with 1005mb at 26.6N, 91.7W at 
00Z (COA); 25 kt ESE at 06Z at 29.5N, 87.5W (COA); 10kt NW with 1004mb (looks too low) 
at 28.2N, 92.0W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.  "A 
tropical disturbance of slight intensity passed inland near Morgan City on the 3d.  
The highest wind recorded on the coast was 33 miles per hour at Port Eads on the 2d" 
(Louisiana).

October 4: HWM no longer shows a closed low.  HURDAT lists a final position for this 
system at 06Z at 32.2N, 91.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  MWR's tracks of lows 
shows a final position in the morning near 33.5N, 92.5W with a 1009 mb pressure.  
No gales or low pressures.

A tropical wave moved westward in the Caribbean during late September.  On the 26th it 
was located along 69W, on the 27th near 75W, and on the 28th near 80W.  The disturbance 
continued westward until the 29th.  HURDAT originally began this system as a 35 kt 
tropical storm on the 29th at 06Z in the northwestern Caribbean.  Sparse observations 
on the 28th show a circulation that is too weak and broad to be considered a tropical 
cyclone on that day.  On the 29th at 06Z, the system developed into a tropical cyclone 
with 25 kt intensity in the northwestern Caribbean based on observations.  The cyclone 
remained nearly stationary in the northwestern Caribbean on the 30th as a tropical 
depression.  This position is about 175 nm south-southwest of the existing HURDAT.  
Observations on the 1st suggests that the original cyclone may have been weakening 
in the northwestern Caribbean Sea near 18N 85.5W.  It is likely that this feature 
dissipated by the end of the 1st.  Also on the 1st, a separate cyclone appears to 
have been forming over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, which may have absorbed the 
earlier cyclone.  It is this system that then becomes the cyclone that eventually 
strikes the United States.  Genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 00Z on the 
2nd, which is three days later than originally indicated in HURDAT.  (At 18Z on the 
1st, an isolated report of 50 kt occurred.  However, the highest winds observed for 
the entire time from the 28th through the 1st within 5 degrees of that ship and within 
5 degrees of the original HURDAT position were only 30 kt.  The 50 kt observation 
appears somewhat suspect and/or perhaps associated with a transient feature.)  At 12Z, 
a ship analyzed to be 10 nm or less from the center recorded 5 kt W with 1004 mb, and 
at 18Z, a different ship about 10 nmi from the center recorded 10 kt SE with 1003 mb.  
Also on the 2nd, there were several 35 kt observations.  Central pressures of 1003 
and 1002 mb are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z, respectively, on the 2nd.  These central 
pressure values equal 38 and 40 kt, respectively, according to the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen on the 2nd from 
06Z-18Z (all up from 35 kt originally).  A 40 kt intensity is also justified due to 
several 35 kt ship reports.  A peak lifetime intensity of 40 kt is analyzed on 
2 October from 06Z-18Z (an increase from the original HURDAT peak intensity of 35 kt 
from 06Z on 29 September - 18Z on 3 October).  Observations from ships at 00Z on the 
3rd indicate the cyclone was weakening, and the intensity is reduced to 35 kt at that 
time (no change to HURDAT intensity on the 3rd at 00-12Z).  Observations from ships 
early on the 3 October as well as observations from the southern U.S. and Gulf Coast 
later on the 3rd and the 4th indicate that the center of the cyclone made landfall 
about 12Z on 3 October at 29.6N, 92.0W (near Atchafalaya Bay).  The cyclone then 
made its final landfall two hours later near 29.8N, 92.0W.  The analyzed intensity 
at 12Z on the 3rd (and both landfalls) is 35 kt (unchanged from HURDAT originally), 
although only limited coastal station observations are available currently available 
for the analysis.  Since the cyclone is analyzed to be well inland by 18Z, it is 
analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 3rd (6 hours earlier 
than in HURDAT originally).  No changes are made to the timing is dissipation, but 
the position at the final point is moved one degree NW of the original position.

*******************************************************************************

1937 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

30571 10/18/1937 M=4  11 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
30572 10/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E354 453  45    0E361 471  55    0*
30572 10/19*368 488  65    0*375 504  70    0*378 518  70    0*380 530  65    0*
30573 10/20*382 540  60    0*384 550  55    0*386 560  50    0*390 574  45    0*
30573 10/21*398 588  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30574 HR

HWM, COADS and MWR indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT 
occurred in the north Atlantic from 18-21 October.

October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1015 mb at the west-southwest 
end of a WSW-ENE front centered near 32N, 46.6W.  HURDAT did not previously list this 
system.  The MWR tracks of lows shows an evening position near 36N, 48W.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 03 UTC at 36.5N, 47.5W (COA); 40 kt NE at 35.2N, 
54.5W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 15 UTC at 37.5N, 45.5W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1011 mb 
at 18 UTC at 37.7N, 50.7W (COA).  A few other gales.  No low pressures.

October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.8N, 52.0W 
attached to the southwest end of a SW-NE front.  The MWR tracks of lows shows a morning 
position near 37N, 51W with a 1007 mb pressure and an evening position near 38N, 54W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 997 mb at 00 UTC at 37.9N, 50.3W (MWR); 70 kt N-NNE and 
995 mb at 05 UTC at 38.4N, 50.8W (MWR); 50 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 37.5N, 53.2W 
(COA); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 38.3N, 50.1W (COA).  A few other gales.  No 
other low pressures.  Regarding the intensity: "The lone report of hurricane strength 
(force 12) is connected with a storm between the Azores and Bermuda about the 17th to 
19th.  The vessel was the British steamship Ariguani, eastbound.  An unusually severe 
encounter with the same storm was reported in more detail by the westbound Italian 
liner Vulcania, which rated the storm as the worst met in 10 years.  Windows and 
portholes were smashed and four persons on board suffered injuries.  On the whole, 
but few reports relating to this storm have come in; it was apparently of rather 
short duration and small area, and did not advance far" (MWR).

October 20: HWM analyzes an open trough from 52W to 61W and 39N southward several 
hundred miles with a dissipating SW-NE stationary front extending northeastward from 
the trough.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  The MWR tracks of lows 
shows a final position in the morning near 39N, 56W with a 1012 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 37.4N?, 54.8W (COA).  No other gales.  
No low pressures.

October 21: HWM analyzes an open trough from 50W to 60W, south of 36N with a strong 
S-N cold front extending from 31N 71W to 43N 66W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.

On 16-17 October, a cold front moved westward through the central North Atlantic Ocean.  
The front weakened and a low formed along the southwest end of the dissipating front on 
18 October.  The low was somewhat elongated early on the 18th and the temperature gradient 
across the low at 12Z on the 18th was about 5F.  Thus the cyclone is begun as an 
extratropical low.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward, reaching a position of several 
hundred miles south-southwest of Newfoundland.  By early on the 19th, the structure had 
greatly improved, as it was much more symmetric, compact, no temperature gradient 
existed across the low.  Air temperatures were 68 to 70F at 12Z on the 19th with SSTs 
around 74F.  Thus tropical transition is estimated to have occurred by 00Z on the 19th.  
Regarding the intensity, a 45 kt wind was observed in association with the system nine 
hours prior to the analyzed genesis of the TC.  The highest winds recorded on the 18th 
between the time of genesis to the end of the day were 35 kt.  A 1005 mb ship at 12Z on 
the 18th is found to be biased 3 to 7 mb too low based on evidence from other ships 
very near that ship on other days.  However, by the 19th at 07Z, the tropical cyclone 
had rapidly spun up, and hurricane force winds were recorded with a simultaneous 
pressure of 995 mb.  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on the 18th, increasing to 
55 kt at 18Z and 65 kt at 00Z on the 19th.  A peak lifetime intensity of 70 kt is 
analyzed from 06-12Z on the 19th.  The cyclone continued moving west-northwest on the 
20th.  Although observations were sparse on the 20th, there is enough evidence to 
indicate that the cyclone was weakening.  By the 21st, there were no longer any signs 
of the system.  It either dissipated or was absorbed by a front approaching from the 
west after 00Z on the 21st.  The intensity is analyzed to have decreased by 5 kt per 
6 hr from 70 kt at 12Z on the 19th to 40 kt at 00Z on the 21st.  The final position 
at 00Z on the 21st is a few hundred miles southeast of Nova Scotia.

*******************************************************************************

1937 additional notes:

1) On 1 January, the SW end of a SW-NE front was located near 29N, 41W.  By the 2nd, 
the front moved away and a non-frontal cyclonic circulation was present in the area.  
The low drifted south-southwestward, and on the 3rd it reached its greatest intensity 
near 29N, 42W.  On this day, the central pressure was below 1005 mb and there was no 
temperature gradient across the low (isothermal air temperatures of 66-68 degrees 
surrounded the low).  The low was closed in a broad sense.  Although this system could 
possibly be classified as a subtropical cyclone on the 3rd, observations suggest that 
on the 2nd and again on the 4th and 5th that the low was too broad to be considered a 
tropical cyclone.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT at this time.

Note from Andrew to Andrew, Chris, and Committee: The COADS ship data has not been 
obtained for this suspect.  It is recommended that the COADS should be obtained to make 
sure that this system should not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 	LAT LON STATUS
Jan 2	32N 42W Broad low/trough 	
Jan 3   29N 42W Broad low
Jan 4   24N 43W Broad low/trough
Jan 5   21N 45W Broad low/trough


2) The MWR (page 210) mentions a former eastern Pacific system as a depression near 
Veracruz, Mexico on 27 May.  The COADS and HWM observations do support lowered pressures 
in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 26th through the 28th of May.  However, there 
is no indication that there was a closed circulation present.  

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
May 26   --- 98W Broad trough
May 27   --- 98W Broad trough
May 28   --- 98W Broad trough


3) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a low embedded in a frontal system traveled 
east from the coast of the Canadian Maritimes on the 19th.  It meandered in the Atlantic for 
several days.  Temperatures became isothermal across the low on the 22nd or 23rd, but the 
overall circulation became very large, and for most days, the strongest winds were not near 
the center.  The days with the best structure and closest to a tropical cyclone were on the 
26th and 27th.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Jun 19 --- --- Front
Jun 20 45N 53W Extratropical
Jun 21 44N 47W Extratropical
Jun 22 44N 43W Occluded low
Jun 23 40N 38W Occluded low
Jun 24 37N 37W Occluded low
Jun 25 34N 39W Occluded low
Jun 26 37N 37W Occluded low/Tropical storm?
Jun 27 37N 40W Occluded low/Tropical storm?
Jun 28 42N 41W Weakening low

June 19: HWM indicates a low of at most 1015mb near 43N, 62.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones show the center at about 41N, 68W (am) with a pressure of 1014mb and at 43.5N, 58W (pm). 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 20: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010mb near 44N, 50.5W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones show the center at about 45N, 52.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 45N, 48.5W (pm). 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 42.5N, 46W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

June 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 43N, 44.5W.  
Ship highlights: 10kt SW with a pressure of 1002mb at 43.6N, 43W at 7Z (COA).

June 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 38.5N, 38.5W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

June 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34.5N, 38W.  
Ship highlights: 5kt SE with a pressure of 1001mb at 37.4N, 36.7W at 12Z (COA). 

June 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 36W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

June 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35N, 38.5W.  
Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 1010mb at 37.8N, 40W at 12Z (HWM).

June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 35N, 40W.  
Ship highlights: 40kt SSE with a pressure of 1015mb at 39.3N 36.8W at 12Z (HWM). 

June 28: Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.


4) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed in the central Atlantic and moved slowly 
west for a few days before dissipating.  Warm air temperatures prevailed all around the low and to 
several hundred miles in all directions throughout the duration of the life cycle.  The highest wind 
observation found with this system was 20 kt and there were no low pressures. Thus, this system will 
not be added to HURDAT.

DAY   LAT LON STATUS
Aug 1 27N 40W Tropical depression
Aug 2 27N 41W Tropical depression
Aug 3 26N 42W Tropical depression
Aug 4 25N 45W Tropical depression
Aug 5         Open wave ~50W


5) HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical depression formed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved northwest 
to the northern Gulf Coast.  This system was tropical in nature for the duration of its life cycle.  
The 24 hour corrected mean pressure for New Orleans for the 29th was 1008 mb.  However, there were no 
gales or low pressures associated with this system.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 27 	       Open wave
Aug 28 27N 88W Tropical depression
Aug 29 28N 90W Tropical depression
Aug 30 29N 91W Tropical depression


6)  A tropical wave moved westward in the Caribbean during late September.  On the 26th it was located 
along 69W, on the 27th near 75W, and on the 28th near 80W.  The disturbance continued westward until 
the 29th.  HURDAT originally began this system as a 35 kt tropical storm on the 29th at 06Z in the 
northwestern Caribbean - originally storm #9.  Sparse observations on the 28th show a circulation that 
is too weak and broad to be considered a tropical cyclone on that day.  On the 29th at 06Z, the system 
developed into a tropical cyclone with 25 kt intensity in the northwestern Caribbean based on 
observations.  The cyclone remained nearly stationary in the northwestern Caribbean on the 30th as a 
tropical depression.  This position is about 175 nm south-southwest of the existing HURDAT.  Observations 
on the 1st of October suggests that the original cyclone may have been weakening in the northwestern 
Caribbean Sea near 18N 85.5W.  It is likely that this feature dissipated by the end of the 1st.  Also 
on the 1st, a separate cyclone (the second half of original storm #9, which is now storm #10) appears to 
have been forming over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, which may have absorbed the earlier cyclone.  
There were no 

DAY      LAT   LON  STATUS
Sep 29   18N   85W  Tropical depression
Sep 30   18N   86W  Tropical depression
Oct  1   18N   85W  Tropical depression
Oct  2   ---   ---  Absorbed


7) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed in the Atlantic and moved 
northward over a period of several days.  There is uncertainty as to whether the low was closed on the 
12th and 13th.  By late on the 13th, the system started to become extratropical.  On the 14th, when the 
system was extratropical, it was a definite closed low.  Although there are a couple of observations of 
30 kt with this depression during the first few days, no gales or low pressures could be found.  
Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 7 Open wave
Oct 8  18N 52W Tropical depression
Oct 9  18N 52W Tropical depression
Oct 10 23N 52W Tropical depression
Oct 11 26N 53W Tropical depression
Oct 12 29N 54W Tropical depression?
Oct 13 32N 53W Tropical depression?
Oct 14 34N 53W Extratropical


8) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a closed low north of the Canary Islands moved to the 
southwest for a few days before stalling on the 15th. This storm was at its most intense stage on the 
13th, when maximum sustained winds of the extratropical cyclone were 45 kts.  All of the observed 
gales with this system came while it was extratropical.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 12 42N 18W Extratropical
Oct 13 36N 17W Extratropical
Oct 14 35N 17W Extratropical
Oct 15 34N 23W Extratropical?
Oct 16 32N 23W Extratropical
Oct 17 34N 23W Tropical Depression?
Oct 18 35N 23W Tropical Depression?

October 12: HWM indicates a low near 39N, 21W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a at most 1010mb near 39N, 18W.  Ship highlights: 
45kt NE with a pressure of 1017mb at 39.5N, 25.5W at 18Z (COA); 15kt SW with a pressure of 
1003mb at 34.5N, 15.5W at 9Z (COA).

October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 20W.  Ship highlights: 
35kt ENE with a pressure of 1009mb at 39.1N, 18.4W at 19Z (COA); 20kt S with a pressure of 
1001mb at 32N, 13.4W at 12Z (COA).

October 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 31N, 26W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 24W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32N, 24W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 33N, 24.5W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.


9) Available HWM and COADS data suggest that a tropical depression formed in the Caribbean 
and stayed nearly stationary near 15N 75W for several days.  On the 30th and 31st there is 
no longer a definite closed circulation.  There were no gales associated with this system 
(in fact, nothing larger than 20 kt) and only one low pressure of 1004 mb on the 29th around 
15N, 77W (and no time history is available from this ship).  Thus, this system will not be 
added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 25 13N 76W Tropical depression
Oct 26 13N 77W Tropical depression
Oct 27 13N 78W Tropical depression
Oct 28 12N 77W Tropical depression
Oct 29 14N 77W Tropical depression
Oct 30 Open wave
Oct 31 Open wave


10) An area of marked cyclonic turning associated with a broad low or trough moved slowly 
westward in the southwestern Caribbean Sea from 2-5 November. Although there is some 
possibility that a closed circulation was present on 2-3 November, no gales or low pressures 
were found for the entire lifetime of the low, even after obtaining the COADS data to make 
sure.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	LAT LON STATUS
Nov 2   14N 77W Broad low/trough
Nov 3   13N 78W Broad low/trough
Nov 4   13N 81W Broad low/trough
Nov 5   12N 83W Broad low/trough


11) HWM suggests that a weak trough around 13N, 48W on 7 November may have progressed westward 
near the north coast of South America or the southern Windward Islands around 9 November.  
By 11 November, observations indicate cyclonic turning between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola and 
the disturbance may have moved northward in the eastern Caribbean.  What happens to the 
disturbance after that is ambiguous.  Observations on 13 November suggest there may have been 
a broad low in the vicinity of 22N, 57W, but there isn't much evidence for a closed circulation.  
On 15 November, there is likely a closed circulation near 33N, 54W, but there is a chance that 
this isn't the same system that was being tracked from 6-11 November.  No relevant gales were 
observed for the entire time from the 6th-15th.  Several low pressures of around 1004-1005 were 
recorded from ships in the eastern Caribbean on 10-11 November, but the observations indicate 
that there was a large area of 1004-1008 mb pressure engulfing most of the eastern Caribbean Sea.  
Sufficient observational coverage in the eastern Caribbean Sea indicates that there was not a 
tropical cyclone present.  Furthermore, there is not evidence of a closed circulation on nearly 
all of the days from 6th-15th.  This system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Nov 6    13N 43W Broad low/trough
Nov 7    13N 48W Broad low/trough
Nov 8    12N 55W Broad low/trough
Nov 9    10N 62W Broad low/trough
Nov 10   13N 64W Broad low/trough
Nov 11   17N 67W Broad low/trough
Nov 12   19N 65W Broad low/trough
Nov 13   22N 57W Broad low/trough
Nov 14   26N 56W Broad low/trough
Nov 15   33N 54W Broad low/trough


12 a and b) Two lows moved east-northeastward in the northeastern Atlantic between 16-20 November.  
HWM and COADS indicate that both of them were extratropical throughout their lifetimes.  
Thus, neither is added to HURDAT.

12a
DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Nov 16 32N 41W Extratropical
Nov 17 34N 27W Extratropical
Nov 18 40N 12W Extratropical

12b
DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Nov 18 28N 32W Extratropical
Nov 19 31N 25W Extratropical
Nov 20 33N 18W Extratropical


13) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows chart, MWR p 392-393, and Connor indicate that a cyclone, 
likely non-tropical, occurred in the Gulf of Mexico from 23-26 November and produced winds as high 
as 60 kt at 00Z on 25 November and pressures as low as 1010 mb, which pressures were 1030 mb or 
higher to the north over the north Gulf Coast.  The cyclone started out in the south-central Gulf 
and progressed northeastward, reaching near 27N, 89W on the 25th before making an eastward turn and 
decelerating.  Observations on the 24th through early on the 25th indicate the cyclone was quite 
intense during that time- and there is also very good evidence that it was extratropical, with a 
strong north-south temperature gradient and very cold temperatures noted in the north and western 
Gulf Coasts.  An analysis at 12Z on the 25th indicates that in the immediate vicinity of the center 
of circulation, air temperatures were in the low 70s accompanied by a cyclonic circulation with 
light winds; however, just a short distance north of the center, in the region with higher winds, 
there were also lower temperatures, and the data shows the cold air that was being advected strongly 
from the north.  On the 26th, the circulation continued to weaken.  This system is not added to 
HURDAT because it is analyzed as extratropical throughout its lifetime.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Nov 23   Broad low/trough in southwestern Gulf
Nov 24   24N 91W Extratropical
Nov 25   27N 89W Extratropical
Nov 26   28N 87W Extratropical


15) HWM indicates an area of cyclonic turning in the southwestern Caribbean from 24-25 November.  
After obtaining the COADS, there are no gales or low pressures for this system from all sources.  
Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Nov 24   12N 78W Broad low/trough
Nov 25   12N 81W Broad low/trough
Nov 26   Dissipated


16) A trough/broad low moved east-northeastward over the Atlantic from 29-31 December.  It was 
likely non-frontal during at least part of the time.  A few gales were observed on the 30th, but 
the structure is more of an occluded low with a large radius of maximum winds. Moreover, the 
temperature gradient across the system was about 5F south to north. The system elongated on the 
31st, but was exhibited a couple of gale force winds.  On January 1st, the system was absorbed 
into a frontal boundary. Thus while the cyclone exhibited some subtropical storm characteristics, 
it is judged to be more of an occluded low and not added into HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Dec 29   27N 61W Broad low/trough
Dec 30   28N 55W Occluded low/subtropical storm?
Dec 31   31N 47W Occluded low/subtropical storm?
Jan  1   Absorbed into a frontal boundary

************************************************************************************************

1938 Storm 1(new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

30571 01/01/1938 M= 6  1 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
30572 01/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E323 406  40    0E323 397  40    0*
30572 01/02E323 388  45    0E323 380  50    0E322 371  50    0E320 364  50    0*
30572 01/03E317 358  50    0E304 352  50    0E285 348  50    0*275 353  55    0*
30573 01/04*266 359  55    0*257 365  60    0*249 376  65    0*243 392  70    0*
30573 01/05*238 408  70    0*229 418  65    0*218 425  60    0*206 432  55    0*
30573 01/06*193 439  50    0*180 446  45    0*168 453  40    0*158 460  35    0*
30574 HR

HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred 
from 2-6 January in the central Atlantic.

January 1: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front from 31N, 46W to beyond 39N, 39W.  HURDAT did not 
previously list this system.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW with 1009 mb at 12Z at 30.5N, 39.5W (COA).

January 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 32N, 38W.  The SSW end 
of a front is plotted about 150 nmi NNE of the low extending north-northeastward.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt WSW with 1006 mb at 05Z at 31.0N, 37.4W (ship experienced max wind of 40 kt after 05Z) (MWR); 
45 kt WNW with 1018 mb at 11Z at 30.4N, 38.4W (COA); 45 kt NW with 1019 mb at 15Z at 29.5N, 38.5W 
(COA); 35 kt NNW with 1013 mb at 19Z at 31.0N, 38.1W (COA).

January 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27.2N, 33.8W.  Ship highlights: 
20 kt WNW with 1006 mb at 00Z at 31.5N, 36.5W (COA); 35 kt N with 1013 mb at 18Z at 31.3N, 38.5W (COA).

January 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.4N, 35.0W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NE with 1014 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 41.3W (COA); 20 kt WNW with 1010 mb at 12Z 
at 23.2N, 39.9W (HWM, COA).

January 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 42.5W.  Ship 
highlights: 30 kt WNW with 999 mb at 00Z at 23.6N, 41.1W (COA); 50 kt NE with 997 mb at 01Z 
at 23.7N, 41.0W (ship experienced max wind of hurricane force NE) (MWR); 35 kt ENE with 1008 mb 
at 12Z at 23.7N, 41.5W (COA, HWM).

January 6: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  Ship highlights: 10 kt NW 
with 1009 mb at 07Z at 14.5N, 45.5W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1016 mb at 19Z at 21.5N, 52.5W (COA).

An extratropical low formed along the southwest end of an eastward moving front in the central 
north Atlantic several hundred miles southwest of the Azores on 1 January.  As the cyclone moved 
eastward and then southeastward through 06Z on 3 January, temperatures on the west, south and 
east sides of the cyclone were in the 60s, but temperatures a couple hundred nmi north of the 
cyclone were in the 50s.  Also during that time, remnants of the front could be seen north of 
the cyclone.  The cyclone kept moving southward, and by 18Z on 3 January it is determined that 
the cyclone became tropical - a 55 kt tropical storm.  It should be noted, however, that the 
timing of tropical transition is somewhat ambiguous.  A southwestward motion commenced at 18Z 
on the 3rd.  Although gales were recorded every day through the 5th in association with this 
cyclone there was a lack of data near the center from around 12Z on 3rd until 01Z on 5th, when 
a ship recorded hurricane force winds near the center and a minimum pressure of 997 mb (with 
simultaneous 50 kt winds).  A time series of this ship reveals that it experienced a 115 degree 
wind shift in 1 hour.  The 997 mb pressure with simultaneous 50 kt winds suggests that the 
central pressure might have been around 992 mb, but it may have been lower than that.  A 992 mb 
central pressure would suggest 61 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind 
relationship.  A peak intensity is 70 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 4th through 00Z on the 5th 
due to the hurricane force wind observation.  The cyclone is analyzed to be a hurricane from 
12Z on the 4th through 06Z on the 5th.  The synoptic map at 12Z on the 5th shows temperatures 
in the 70s surrounding the cyclone.  The cyclone might have been subtropical on the 3rd and 
perhaps early on the 4th before transitioning to a purely tropical cyclone.  The last gale 
recorded in association with the cyclone was 35 kt at 12Z on the 5th.  The cyclone continued 
southwestward and observations on the 6th suggest the system was several hundred miles east 
of the Lesser Antilles.  Data obtained on the 7th shows that there is no longer evidence of a 
closed circulation.  The intensity was decreased by 5 kt per 6 hours from the time of the 
hurricane force observation, and a 35 kt intensity is reached at 18Z on the 6th.  This 
corresponds nicely with the time when observations no longer indicate a closed circulation, 
so the final point is at 18Z on the 6th as a 35 kt tropical storm.

There are at least four noteworthy analogs to this January hurricane.  Most recently, Tropical 
Storm Zeta attained its peak intensity of 55 kt and 994 mb on 3 January 2006 at 12Z in the same 
location as this 1938 hurricane achieved its peak intensity of 70 kt on 5 January at 00Z, 
albeit the genesis of Zeta was very different from this case.  A subtropical storm with a peak 
intensity of 40 kt occurred in January, 1978.  That system moved westward between 20-25N in 
the central Atlantic.  Hurricane Alice (December 1954-January 1955) was the only tropical 
cyclone that was a hurricane during the month of January besides the 1938 system.  Alice moved 
west-southwestward, similar to the 1938 system.  Zeta (2005-2006), the January 1978 system, 
and Alice (1954-1955) are all in HURDAT.  A fourth system, found during the reanalysis of the 
1951 hurricane season (not yet added to HURDAT) occurred during January 1951.  It attained a 
peak intensity of 55 kt just north of Puerto Rico.  It had been moving southwestward toward 
Puerto Rico and then it turned west-northwestward and northwestward at about 21N latitude.  
This 1938 January hurricane would be the only tropical cyclone on record that occurred 
entirely within the month of January that also became a hurricane during its lifetime.

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 2 (originally Storm 1) - Revised in 2012

30575 08/08/1938 M= 2  1 SNBR= 674 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                   
30575 08/08/1938 M= 2  2 SNBR= 674 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                   
                       *
30580 08/08*  0   0   0    0*174 623  60    0*180 633  60    0*184 648  55    0*
30580 08/08*  0   0   0    0*175 623  60    0*182 634  60    0*189 646  55    0*
                             ***              *** ***          *** ***

30585 08/09*185 666  50    0*187 681  35    0*196 717  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
30585 08/09*191 663  50    0*192 682  45    0*192 705  35    0*192 728  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
30590 TS

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Climatological Data 
for West Indies and Caribbean Service, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 8: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt 
winds at 18N, 63.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 18N, 
64W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and at 19N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 70 kt E near 21N, 64W 
sometime between 00Z-12Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min p) at 1744Z at Tortola (18.6N, 
64.6W) (MWR). "The first clearly defined tropical disturbance of the 1938 season appeared on the 
morning of August 8 among the islands to the eastward of Puerto Rico. Early in the day, the Am. 
S. S. West Isleta experienced heavy squalls of hurricane intensity and rough, heavy sea and 
swell from the east-southeast. The ship was then near 21N, 64W. During the 8th the center of the 
disturbance passed some distance to the northward of Tortola and caused some damage on the island 
of Anegada. The lowest barometer reading reported from Tortola was 29.58 inches at 1:44pm (local 
time) of the 8th" (MWR). "A slight tropical disturbance that was first observed between St. 
Martin and St. Thomas on the 8th moved west-northwestward with remarkable rapidity, causing 
squalls over the southern Bahamas and Florida Straits on the 9th" (Climatological Data).

August 9: HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 
19.6N, 71.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 20.5N, 72W 
(am) and at 22N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 08Z at 21.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt E before 
18Z [likely north of] 21.3N, 74.3W (MWR); 40kt E with a pressure of 1010mb at 22.2N, 74.4W at 
20Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 9th and 10th squally conditions 
progressed rapidly west-northwestward, along the northern coasts of Haiti and Cuba, and into the 
Florida Straits. Its progressive movement probably exceeded 20 miles an hour. However, no 
definite cyclonic circulation was charted after the 8th" (MWR). 

August 10: HWM indicates a wave/trough.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt E with 1013 mb at 03Z at 22.2N, 74.3W (COA).

On 8 August, observations from the northern Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, and ships indicate 
that a fast-moving tropical cyclone, likely of tropical storm intensity, was moving 
west-northwestward through the area that day.  The COADS data was obtained for the period 5-7 
August from that location eastward through the tropical Atlantic, but no closed circulation 
could be found due to lack to data.  It appears likely that the genesis of the cyclone was not 
captured by observational data, and it may have occurred some days earlier.  Observations at 
12Z on the 8th indicate that the circulation was closed.  No change is made to the timing of 
genesis.  There was a report of a ship that experienced easterly hurricane force squalls well 
north of the center sometime between 00Z-12Z on the 8th, but the minimum pressure experienced 
by this ship was 1013 mb, so it is believed that these winds were somewhat overestimated.  
The cyclone passed near the British Virgin Islands around 18Z on the 8th.  Tortolla (18.6N, 
64.6W) recorded a minimum pressure of 1002 mb.  MWR commentary states that the center passed 
north of Tortola and that there was damage reported on Anegada (18.7N, 64.3W).  Anegada is 
located ENE of Tortolla and was closer to the center than Tortola, if the storm passed to the 
north of Tortolla on a WNW course.  The original HURDAT track had the center passing south of 
Tortolla.  The track is adjusted to the right by about half a degree to show that the center 
passed about 0.3 degrees north of Tortolla and about 0.1 degree north of Anegada.  A peripheral 
pressure of 1002 mb suggests winds of greater than 43 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  There is evidence that the cyclone was small and it was 
also very fast moving.  The 55 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 8th is 
retained.  The 60 kt intensities shown in HURDAT earlier that day at 06Z and 12Z are also not 
changed.  The original HURDAT track had the center of the cyclone moving inland along the 
northern coast of Puerto Rico with a 50 kt intensity around 00Z on 9 August.  However, San 
Juan's maximum wind speed for the month was only 28 kt on the 7th.  The position is adjusted 
northward at 00Z on the 9th, in agreement with the northward track adjustments implemented 
late on the 8th.  After making a bend towards the west, the cyclone is analyzed to have made 
landfall on 9 August at 09Z in the Dominican Republic at 19.2N, 69.2W as a 45 kt tropical storm.  
The only intensity change made to HURDAT is to increase the intensity at 06Z on the 9th from 
35 to 45 kt since the system was over water the whole time up until landfall in Hispaniola.  
Observations at 12Z on the 9th, after landfall, indicate there is not much left of the cyclone, 
and it is rather difficult to locate a center of circulation at 12Z.  Because of landfall in 
Hispaniola just three hours previous, the intensity is adjusted upward to 35 kt at 12Z 
(originally 30 kt).  However, the 12Z position is adjusted eastward by 1.2 degrees as the 
original HURDAT showed an unrealistic acceleration during the last six hours.  The revised 
track indicates that the cyclone dissipated over Hispaniola with a final point at 18Z on the 
9th as a 35 kt tropical storm (six hours later than HURDAT).  Just before the time of 
dissipation, a ship recorded 35 kt E north of the system's center. The remnant of this 
cyclone was still associated with a tropical wave that continued to progress rapidly westward.  
The next day, on the 10th at 20Z, a 1002 mb ship observation at 23.3N, 83.4W appears to be 
a bad observation, as one hour and 35 nm apart from the 1002 mb ship, another ship - HO008166 
- reported 1016 mb, which fits in better with other observations.  It should be noted that 
Perez has this cyclone continuing until 00Z on the 11th, making landfall in Cuba as a 35 kt 
tropical storm on the 10th with a final position of 22.5N, 90.0W at 00Z on the 11th.  
However, observations on the 10th show that although some strong winds were observed along 
the wave axis, there was not a closed circulation present.

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 3 (originally Storm 2) - Revised in 2012

30595 08/10/1938 M= 6  2 SNBR= 675 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
30595 08/10/1938 M= 6  3 SNBR= 675 NOT NAMED   XING-1 SSS=1
                       *

30600 08/10*112 586  35    0*116 605  40    0*122 628  45    0*131 647  45    0*
30600 08/10*112 586  35    0*116 607  40    0*122 628  45    0*131 650  45    0*
                                                                   ***

30605 08/11*139 669  50    0*146 694  55    0*153 720  60    0*160 744  65    0*
30605 08/11*141 673  50    0*154 699  55    0*168 727  60    0*180 755  65    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

30610 08/12*168 768  70    0*176 791  75    0*184 813  80    0*192 834  80    0*
30610 08/12*187 781  70    0*190 800  80    0*191 817  85    0*196 831  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30615 08/13*200 850  85    0*209 863  85    0*219 875  85    0*230 888  85    0*
30615 08/13*204 844  85    0*214 857  85    0*225 870  80    0*236 884  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30620 08/14*241 900  85    0*252 911  85    0*263 919  80    0*274 925  75    0*
30620 08/14*247 900  75    0*258 914  70    0*269 923  65    0*282 929  60    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30625 08/15*290 929  65    0*303 936  35    0*315 949  20    0*330 960  20    0*
30625 08/15*295 933  65    0*310 936  35    0*330 932  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  **

30630 HR LA1
   

US landfall: 8/15/1938 - 01Z - 29.8N, 93.4W - 65 kt - (995 mb estimated central pressure) - LA1

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are made to this hurricane.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, US Weather Bureau 
observations, the Jamaica Weather Report, observations from NCDC, Mexican observations and 
synoptic maps from the Mexican meteorological service, Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell 
et al. (1992), Louisiana (1972), and Perez et al. (2000).

August 8:  "The activity is increasing in the Caribbean, a disturbance of moderate intensity 
is located close to Saint Martin (Lesser Antilles)" (Mexico).

August 9: HWM shows some area of disturbed weather near 12N, 62W. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The activity remains in the 
subtropical zone, and even though the disturbance located yesterday near Saint Martin (Lesser 
Antilles) has not become better defined, there are areas of strong showers to the north of 
Haiti and in the Gulf of Honduras" (Mexico).

August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 12.2N, 62.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It is not possible with reports at 
hand to trace the center of the disturbance with any assurance of accuracy beyond 14N, 67W, 
which was its approximate position at 7pm (EST) of the 10th" (MWR). "The weather remains 
unstable in the Caribbean Sea, which is likely to accentuate due to the great increase in 
pressures in the central and northern areas of the United States, and this indicates the 
movement of cold air to the equatorial areas" (Mexico).

August 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 15.3N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt ENE at 00Z at 
15.5N, 68.5W (COA). Station highlights: 24 kt SW (max winds) and 1011 mb (min P) at Kingston, 
Jamaica (18.0N 76.8W) at 2130Z (Jamaica). "Its rapid progressive movement westward and the 
subsequent appearance of a rapidly moving tropical cyclone in the western Caribbean Sea on 
the 12th, indicates the probability that it continued to move west-northwestward on the 11th 
and is identical with the latter" (MWR). "Evidence of a moderate tropical disturbance was, 
from local observation observed to be developing to the westward of Haiti in the afternoon of 
the 11th" (Jamaica).  "The weather remains unstable in the Caribbean Sea, an area of showers 
is present between Yucatan and Florida" (Mexico).

August 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 19N, 82W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 18.4N, 81.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones shows the center at about 19N, 82W (am) with a pressure of 996mb and at 20N, 84.5W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1012mb at 21.2N, 82.9W at 14Z (MWR); 35 kt 
SE with 1013 mb at 18Z at 21.1N, 82.6W (COA). Station highlights: 1006 mb (min p) at 0030Z 
and SE "gale" at 0030Z at Kempshot, Jamaica (18.4N, 78.1W) (NCDC, Jamaica); 1008 mb (min p) 
at 0200Z at Negril Point, Jamaica (18.3N 78.3W); 83 kt E (max w) at Grand Cayman before 12Z 
(MWR); 70 kt SE with 996 mb at Grand Cayman (19.2N, 81.4W) at 12Z (HWM). "On the morning of 
August 12 a disturbance of marked intensity was centered near Grand Cayman Island, where 
shortly before 7am (EST) the wind reached a maximum velocity of 95 miles an hour from the 
east" (MWR). "The storm moved on a track to the near north of Jamaica in a WNW course 
arriving at a short distance west of Grand Cayman in the forenoon of the 12th.  Some 
appreciable loss to cultivation along the northern section of Jamaica was experienced, high
winds were reported from several locations... At Grand Cayman...about nine houses were destroyed 
and the hurricane caused injury to several persons...The storm centre was very much nearer to 
Kempshot than when north of Kingston, about 25 miles, hence Kempshot's lower barometer...
Cayman Islands...In the early morning of August 12th there was a cyclone which lasted about a 
half an hour with wind velocity approaching hurricane force and followed by heavy rains.  
The centre passed within the vicinity of the Island" (Jamaica).  "An intense tropical cyclone 
is located to the south and near Grand Cayman, moving WNW, and it is a threat to the eastern 
coast and the Yucatan Channel in the next 36 hours" (Mexico).

August 13: HWM indicates a closed low near 21N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane 
with 85kt winds at 21.9N, 87.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center 
at about 22N, 87W (am) and at 23N, 90W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt E with a pressure of 1014mb 
at 22.2n, 85.2W at 3Z (MWR); 35 kt SSE (MWR); 35 kt SSE with 1015 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 87.3W 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Maintaining marked intensity , but with 
rather small diameter, the storm passed through the Yucatan Channel on the night of August 12-13, 
moved rapidly northwestward to the Central Gulf and thence north-northwestward into western 
Louisiana" (MWR).  "The Caribbean cyclone crossed last night the Yucatan Channel and it is 
located this morning about 200 nm to the NE of Progreso, moving WNW" (Mexico).  No entry is 
listed in the Cuban hurricane history for this cyclone (Perez et al.).

August 14: HWM indicates a closed low near 26n, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane 
with 80kt winds at 26.3N, 91.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at 
about 26N, 93W (am) and at 30N, 93W (pm). Ship highlights: 0kt with a pressure of 1003mb at 26.6N, 
92.1W at 10Z (MWR); 60kt S at 27.1N, 91.9W at 14Z (MWR); 40 kt S with 1010 mb at 20Z at 28.3N, 
91.7W (MWR).  Ten other gales between 35-50 kt. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
"The disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico will probably move inland between Galveston and New 
Orleans, United States" (Mexico).

August 15: HURDAT lists this as a 20kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 94.9W at 12Z. The MWR 
tracks of lows dissipated the cyclone prior to 12Z.  Ship highlights: 35kt S with a pressure 
of 1014mb at 27.8N, 91.8W at 1Z (COA). Station highlights: hurricane force (estimated) at 00Z 
at Grand Chanier (29.8N, 93.0W) (MWR); 48 kt SE (max w) gust 52 kt at 0110Z at Lake Charles, 
LA (30.2N, 93.2W) (OMR); 1001 mb (min p) at 0130Z at Lake Charles (MWR); 17 kt SE (max w/5-min) 
with 1007 mb at 0630Z at Leesville, LA (31.1N, 93.3W) (OMR); 1009 mb (min p) at 09Z at 
Shreveport, LA (32.5N, 93.8W) (OMR).  "The storm passed inland over Cameron and Calcasieu 
Parishes, during the evening of the 14th with the center a short distance west of Lake Charles 
at about 8:30pm (EST)" (MWR).  "A wind velocity of 50 mph with gusts to 60 mph were reported 
at Lake Charles while Grand Cheniere reported winds of hurricane force.  The lowest pressure 
recorded was 29.56 inches at Lake Charles" (Louisiana 1972).  "Tropical hurricane hit station 
at 7:10 pm CST with wind velocity 55 mph - gusts to 60 mph" (Lake Charles OMR).  "The tropical 
disturbance of the 14th caused much uneasiness and while no actual hurricane winds were 
experienced necessary precautions were taken.  Highest winds were 34 miles from the SE.  
Lowest barometer 29.73 inches.  No loss of life.  None injured" (Port Arthur, TX OMR).  "1938 
Aug. 14, W LA, Minor, Damage $243,000" (Dunn and Miller - "Minor" is equivalent to winds 
<64 kt and pressure >996 mb).  "Aug, LA 1, 985 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "The cyclone over
the Gulf of Mexico moved inland between Galveston and New Orleans, likely to dissipate over 
the interior of the United States" (Mexico).

The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical cyclone formed at 00Z on 10 August east of the 
Lesser Antilles as a 35 kt tropical storm and moved very rapidly west-northwestward across the 
Caribbean at eight to nine degrees per day.  Data was obtained for 9 August, but there the 
limited observations do not indicate an earlier genesis time.  Although there are no observed 
gales, low pressures, or west winds on 10th or 11th, available observations from the Windward 
Islands and ships on the 10th indicate the possibility that the circulation may have been 
closed, and the amount of data on the south side of the system on both days is quite sparse, 
so no changes are made to the timing and position of genesis.  From the 9th at 12Z to 10th at 
12Z, the pressure rose at Barbados and the winds on the 10th were from the south at 15 kt.  
This, combined with a ship observation near 13.7N, 64.8W, both indicate that no change should 
be made to the HURDAT position at 12Z on the 10th.  On the 11th, ships on the outer periphery 
indicate a position slightly west-southwest of the original position.  The forward speed of 
the cyclone was 25 kt.  On the 12th at 0030Z, Kempshot, Jamaica recorded a maximum wind of 
40 kt and a minimum pressure of 1006 mb.  The position at 00Z on the 12th is adjusted about 
1.4 degrees WNW of the original HURDAT position due to this data.  Observations from Grand 
Cayman indicated that this system was definitely a hurricane when it passed just south of 
them around or slightly before 12Z on the 12th.  Prior to 12Z, Grand Cayman recorded its max 
wind of 95 mph (83 kt) E, and at 12Z, the winds were hurricane force from the SE with a 996 mb 
pressure.  An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 12th based on the winds at Grand Cayman 
(up from 80 kt originally).  The position at 12Z on the 12th is adjusted to show the center 
passing closer to Grand Cayman.  On the 13th, the cyclone is analyzed to have moved through 
the Yucatan Channel with the hurricane force winds for this small system not impacting Cuba 
or Mexico.  This is consistent with both the Cuban and Mexican analyses for this cyclone.  
The system then entered the south Gulf of Mexico and made a northwestward turn.  On the 13th, 
the highest wind recorded was 40 kt and the lowest pressure of 1009 mb.  The forward speed of 
the cyclone continued to be above average as it moved north-northwestward toward the west 
Louisiana coast.  On the 14th at 10Z, a ship recorded calm winds with a 1003 mb pressure.  
It is possible that this value is a central value, but this possibility was dismissed due to 
a 60 kt wind from a ship at 14Z on the 14th and information that indicates a central pressure 
likely near 995 mb 14 hours later at landfall.  If the 1003 mb was a central pressure, it 
would indicate winds of 38 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  A 65 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 12th (down from 80 kt originally) 
due to the observed winds of 60 kt, and the 1003 mb value is not added to HURDAT as a 
central pressure.

The tropical cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall on 15 August at 01Z at 29.8N, 93.4W.  
The cyclone made landfall between Lake Charles, LA and Port Arthur, Texas, which are located 
only 45 nmi from each other.  An unofficial wind estimated at hurricane force near the beach 
at Grand Cheniere (29.8N, 93.0W) occurred at 00Z.  The highest official wind recorded on land 
was 48 kt (believed to be a 1-minute wind) SE at Lake Charles (30.2N, 93.2W) at 0110Z 
(anemometer height 8 m AGL).  The lowest pressure recorded on land was 1001 mb at Lake Charles 
20 minutes after their max wind.  Due to a lack of available hourly observations at Lake 
Charles, it is unknown if the RMW was experienced there.  Port Arthur, TX, located on the left 
side of the storm, did not experience tropical storm force winds and recorded a minimum 
pressure of 1007 mb at 0120Z.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb yields a wind speed of greater 
than 42 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
The analyzed track takes the center about 0.2 degrees west of Lake Charles, but the RMW is 
uncertain.  Assuming that Lake Charles could have been slightly inside the RMW, at the RMW, 
or outside the RMW.  The Schloemer equation was run assuming Lake Charles was at the RMW, and 
this yields a central pressure of 996 mb.  Since this occurred slightly inland, the Ho et al. 
inland-pressure decay model indicates a filling of 1 mb from the time of landfall until the 
1001 mb reading was recorded, so this yields a 995 mb landfall central pressure with a likely 
range between 992-996 mb.  A possible 995 mb central pressure (but not added into HURDAT 
because of the uncertainty) equals 52 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The ROCI of the cyclone was a tiny 100 nmi and the forward speed was 14 kt.  
One final note about the landfall is that a large, broad synoptic low pressure area was 
approaching from the west, so the winds on the west side at landfall were not particularly 
strong, but the gradient on the east side was stronger as 1019 mb pressures were located about 
250 nmi to the east.  Given the very small size, high environmental pressures, and estimated 
hurricane force winds on the coast, a 65 kt intensity is retained for landfall.  This keeps 
the system as a Category 1 hurricane.  Jarrell et al. listed this as a Category 1 for 
Louisiana with a 985 mb central pressure at landfall.  Jarrell et al. obtained the 985 mb 
value from Connor (1956), who listed 985 mb as the estimate of the lowest lifetime intensity 
of the cyclone.  Jarrell et al. apparently misinterpreted this as being the U.S. landfall 
intensity.  Since the peak observations during the lifetime of the cyclone occurred at Grand
Cayman, Connor likely was estimating a 985 mb central pressure on the 12th.  After landfall, 
observations over western Louisiana indicate that the cyclone turned north-northeastward 
after 06Z rather than northwestward, as shown in HURDAT originally.  Shreveport recorded a 
minimum pressure of 1009 mb at 09Z on the 15th and then the wind there changed to 
northwesterly.  HURDAT originally listed a final position at 18Z on the 15th near the 
Texas-Oklahoma border as a 20 kt tropical depression, but the revised final position is at 
12Z near the Louisiana-Arkansas border as a 20 kt tropical depression.  Dissipation is 
therefore shown to have occurred 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally.


*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 4 (originally Storm 3) - Revised in 2012

30635 08/23/1938 M= 6  3 SNBR= 676 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30635 08/23/1938 M= 7  4 SNBR= 676 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

30640 08/23*  0   0   0    0*141 723  60    0*150 750  60    0*156 763  65    0*
30640 08/23*  0   0   0    0*139 738  45    0*142 752  50    0*149 765  50    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30645 08/24*162 777  70    0*167 792  75    0*172 806  80    0*176 817  85    0*
30645 08/24*158 779  55    0*166 793  60    0*172 806  65    0*177 817  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

30650 08/25*180 827  85    0*184 838  85    0*189 848  85    0*196 861  85    0*
30650 08/25*181 827  75    0*186 837  85    0*191 848  95    0*196 859 105    0*
            ***      **      *** ***          ***      **          *** ***

30655 08/26*203 876  85    0*209 889  80    0*214 902  80  979*218 912  80    0*
30655 08/26*202 870 105    0*208 884  80    0*214 898  75  979*218 910  80    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***              ***  **          ***

30660 08/27*221 922  75    0*225 933  75    0*228 944  75    0*230 952  75    0*
30660 08/27*222 921  75    0*225 932  75    0*228 943  75    0*232 954  75    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

30665 08/28*231 960  70    0*231 971  60    0*230 987  55    0*2261003  35    0*
30665 08/28*236 964  75    0*239 974  75    0*241 984  55    0*241 994  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *******  **

The 29th is new to HURDAT
30667 08/29*2411004  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30670 HR                    

Minor track changes and major intensity alterations are made to the hurricane, which made 
two Mexican landfalls.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, Jamaican observations from NCDC, and Mexican observations from the Mexican 
meteorological service courtesy of Michael Rosengaus.

August 21:  HWM indicates no features of interest in the Caribbean.  HURDAT does not yet 
list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

August 22:  HWM indicates no features of interest in the Caribbean.  HURDAT does not yet 
list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 13.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 15N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 
1007 mb at 14Z at 16.2N, 75.6W (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt E at Morant Point, Jamaica 
(17.9N, 76.2W) either late on the 23rd or early on the 24th (NCDC). "Vessel reports showed 
disturbed conditions in the central Caribbean Sea on the morning of August 23 with some 
evidence of cyclonic circulation central about 250 miles southeast of Jamaica. On crossing 
Yucatan the storm was of full hurricane intensity" (MWR).

August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 80W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 17.2N, 80.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE 
with 1008 mb at 19.3N, 80.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 25 kt NE with 1009 mb at Grand Cayman 
at 12Z (HWM); 12 kt NNW with 1004 mb at Swan Island at 22Z (OMR).

August 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.9N, 84.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones show the center at about 19N, 85W (am) and at 20N, 87.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 
15 kt WNW with 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.6N, 87.1W (COA). Station highlights: 17 kt NW with 1003 mb 
at 02Z at Swan Island (OMR); 35kt SSE with a pressure of 1008mb at Grand Cayman (19.3N, 81.4W) 
at 12Z (HWM); 75 kt NE and 982 mb at Cozumel at 20Z (Mexico).  "The tropical cyclone in the 
Caribbean Sea is located this morning at about 220 km to the SE of Cozumel and it is likely 
that it will cross the Yucatan Peninsula tonight with hurricane-force winds near the center. 
Torrential rainfall is expected in Yucatan and the rain will increase across the eastern of 
the country" (Mexico).

August 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 22N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 21.4N, 90.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones show the center at about 21N, 90W (am) with a pressure of 991mb and at 21.5N, 92W 
(pm). Ship highlights: center fix around ~1137Z near 21.4N, 89.7W with 979 mb central 
pressure and calm winds with N hurricane force before and S hurricane force after with 
highest winds experienced estimated at 90 mph (78 kt) (MWR); 70 kt NE before 14Z at 22.0N, 
89.9W (MWR); 50 kt ENE with 990 mb at 14Z at 22.0N, 89.9W (MWR). Station highlights: 
79 kt NE with 964 mb at Cozumel at 01Z, 72 kt SE with 969 mb at Cozumel at 03Z (Mexico); 
50 kt S with 989 mb at Progreso (21.3N, 89.8W) 13Z (NCDC, Mexico); 30 kt S with 995 mb at 
Merida (21.0N, 89.5W) 13Z (NCDC, Mexico); 40 kt W with 997 mb at Campeche at 13Z (Mexico). 
"The Am. S.S. Agwistar was in the center on the morning of the 26th, while anchored 
7 miles north of Progreso. Winds of hurricane force were experienced from 4am to 7am 
(local time) but with a dead calm from 5:15 to 6am. Lowest pressure was 28.92in during the 
calm" (MWR). "The tropical cyclone that crossed last night the northern portion of Yucatan 
is moving rapidly toward the west and it is a significant menace to the coastline between 
Soto la Marina and Veracruz. Cloudiness and rain is expected over most of the country" (Mexico).

August 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb at 22N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 22.8N, 94.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones show the center at about 22N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 992mb and at 22.5N, 
96.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 78 kt (estimated max encountered) between 02Z-06Z likely 
within 1 degree of 22.5N, 93.5W (MWR); 991 mb (min p) at 09Z-10Z likely within 0.5 degrees 
of 22.5N, 93.5W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The ship Nic. M. S. 
Sama was very near the center at 4am of the 27th, at 22.5N, 93.5W, barometer 29.26 inches" 
(MWR). "The tropical cyclone continues to be of importance and it is moving toward the 
central portion of the Tamaulipas coast. The rain will be abundant in the northeast region 
of the country and will be increasing across most of the republic" (Mexico).

August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 23N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 23N, 98.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
show the center at about 22.5N, 98.5W (am) and at 23.5N, 100.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 
65-70 kt estimated near 24.8N, 97.7W (MWR). Station highlights: Estimated landfall point 
near 24.5N, 97.7W (MWR); 10kt SW with a pressure of 1001mb at Tampico (22.3N, 97.8W) at 12Z 
(HWM).  "The following is taken from the report of the official in charge of the Weather 
Bureau office at Brownsville, regarding the passage of the storm into Mexico and the damage 
resulting there: "Reports from Capt. Durst, Pan American Airways pilot, through Mr. Ronning 
their meteorologist, and from local fishermen who apparently were in the northern portion 
of the storm track, the center apparently went inland in the vicinity of Boca Jesus Maria 
[24.5N, 97.7W], and the width of path of damage on the beach was about 75 to 80 miles.  
The little village of La Pesca [23.8N, 97.8W] on the beach in the same latitude as Soto La 
Marina appears to have had winds strong enough to blow their palm-thatched huts down or 
badly damage them.  Fishermen, who happened to be on the beach or on an island some 20 miles 
north of Boca Jesus Maria, estimate the wind velocity around 75 to 80 mph from NW to N into 
the E.  The center reached the coastline probably shortly after midnight Saturday.  [In 
Brownsville and vicinity,] velocities in some of the squalls along the coast, according to 
Brazos Coast Guard personnel, were estimated at 45 mph... reports from at or near the beach 
at Del Mar, a resort on the beach a short distance south of Port Isabel [indicate] the water 
was very rough and swells occasionally swept entirely across Padre and Brazos islands in 
places, washing away a few inexpensive structures at Del Mar - the only damage as a result 
of the storm in the vicinity of which we have any knowledge'" (MWR).  "The tropical cyclone 
over the Gulf of Mexico moved inland to the north and close to Puerto de Tampico a bit after 
midnight, thus it is likely that rain will be found over most of the North of the country, 
and isolated over the southern half" (Mexico).

August 29: HWM no longer analyzes a closed low, but analyzed a spot low near 23.5N, 100.0W.  
HURDAT no longer lists the system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a final position (am) near 24N, 102W with a 1006 mb pressure.  Station highlights: 15 kt W 
with 1006 mb at 12Z at 23.8N, 102.0W (HWM).  "The tropical cyclone from the Gulf of Mexico 
dissipated over the interior of the country allowing for better weather conditions over the 
northeast states, and increasing clouds and rain over the rest of the republic" (Mexico).

The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical cyclone formed on 23 August at 06Z in the 
central Caribbean with a 60 kt intensity.  Data was obtained for the area and east of that 
location beginning on 21 August.  There is no evidence to change the timing of genesis; 
however, the timing of genesis is uncertain, and it may have occurred earlier.  Based on 
data from the 23rd, the position at 06Z on the 23rd is adjusted 1.5 degrees west of the 
original position, and this eliminates an unrealistic deceleration during the first 12 
hours in the original HURDAT track.  A 0.8 degree southward adjustment is implemented at 
12Z on the 23rd.  This cyclone moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean until it 
made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula in the vicinity of Cozumel around 00Z on the 26th.  
The largest track change from 18Z on the 23rd until the Yucatan landfall at 00Z on the 
26th is only 0.4 degrees.  The first observed west wind was from the north coast of South 
America on the 23rd at 12Z, and the first observed west wind from a ship was at 18Z on 
the 23rd.  On the 23rd, the highest observed wind was 30 kt and the lowest observed 
pressure was 1006 mb.  There were a decent number of ships surrounding the cyclone about 
100 nmi or less from the center that day, and it appears that the cyclone was not as 
intense on the 23rd as listed in HURDAT originally.  The intensities from 06-18Z on the 
23rd are lowered by 10-15 kt from the original HURDAT.  The first gale was recorded from 
Morant Point, Jamaica around 00Z on the 24th - a 35 kt east wind.  The minimum pressure 
at Kingston was 1008 mb around that time.  The cyclone is analyzed to be about 120 nmi 
south of Jamaica at that time with a 55 kt intensity (down from 70 kt originally at 00Z 
on the 24th).  Based on data from the 26th (discussed later) as well as from the 23rd 
through 25th, the cyclone is analyzed to have attained hurricane strength at 12Z on the 
24th (18 hours later than originally) when it was south of the Cayman Islands.  On the 
24th, ship data in the vicinity of the cyclone is lacking, and there were no gales or 
low pressures recorded from ships that day.  On the 25th, although observations 75-200 
nmi from the center allow for a more accurate placement of the position compared to the 
24th, there are also no observations close to the center.  Swan Island recorded 17 kt 
NW with 1003 mb at 02Z on the 25th with a significant wind shift as the cyclone passed 
about a degree northeast of the island.  A 35 kt gale was reported at Grand Cayman on 
the 25th well after the cyclone had passed well south of the island.  

The cyclone's center passed just to the south of Cozumel and made landfall along the 
Yucatan Peninsula at 02Z on the 26th at 20.4N, 87.4W.  Cozumel had peak synoptic 
observations of 79 kt NE with 964 mb at 01Z (but no recording of the peak wind or lowest 
pressure).  964 mb suggests an intensity of at least 97 kt from the south of 25N Brown et 
al. pressure-wind relationship.  105 kt is analyzed at landfall as well as the 18Z 25th/00Z 
26th before landfall, making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Mexico.  These are 
major changes from the 85 kt originally included in HURDAT at these times.  A run of the 
Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggests 74 kt at 06Z.  The hurricane made oceanfall 
over the Gulf of Mexico around 10Z on the 26th for about eight hours over land.  On the 
26th just before 12Z, a ship anchored off the coast from Progreso near 21.4N, 89.7W, 
recorded a central pressure of 979 mb with 45 minutes of dead calm in the eye.  Hurricane 
force winds began for this stationary ship at 1000Z followed by dead calm from 1115Z-1200Z.  
After that, hurricane force winds from the opposite direction were experienced until 1300Z 
when winds fell below hurricane force.  Maximum winds experienced by this ship were 
estimated at 90 mph (~78 kt).  The central pressure of 979 mb listed in HURDAT originally 
at 12Z on the 26th is retained, and this value equals 79 kt from the pressure-wind 
relationship.  Given that the hurricane had just moved back over water, the intensity at 
12Z is reduced slightly to 75 kt (from 80 kt) and the overland 06Z intensity is analyzed 
to be 80 kt (unchanged).  

From 26-28 August, the cyclone moved west-northwestward in the Bay of Campeche before making 
its final Mexican landfall.  In addition to the ship that recorded the center fix, two 
separate ships subsequently recorded hurricane force winds - one at 14Z on the 26th and the 
other on the 27th sometime between 02Z-06Z.  In the latter case, highest winds were estimated 
at 90 mph (~78 kt).  On the 26th and 27th, the largest position change is only 0.4 degrees; 
however, on the 28th, changes in excess of 1 degree are implemented around the time of 
landfall Mexico.  HURDAT originally showed landfall in Mexico occurring near latitude 23.1N.  
Commentary from MWR strongly suggests landfall occurred well to the north of that location - 
near 24.5N, 97.7W.  Hurricane force winds of 65-70 kt were estimated near 24.8N, 97.7W.  
Damage was reported as far south as 23.8N, 97.8W.  Because the pressure was 7 mb lower at 
Tampico than at Brownsville at 12Z on the 28th, a landfall point slightly south of that 
suggested by MWR, but still well north of the original HURDAT, is chosen.  The landfall is 
estimated at 24.1N, 97.7W on 28 August at 08Z.  Due to the effects of this cyclone on land 
described in MWR, the hurricane force winds were recorded by the hip on the 27th, and the 
hurricane force winds were estimated at landfall, a 75 kt intensity is chosen at 06Z on the 
28th (up from 60 kt originally) and for landfall.  No changes were made to the 75 kt 
intensity on the 27th, and it appears that the original HURDAT was interpolating the intensity 
downward between 12Z on the 27th and 12Z on the 28th.  Instead, the 75 kt intensity is now 
maintained until landfall, and it is possible that it could have been stronger, as this 
hurricane still produced a sizeable storm surge as far north as south Texas where a few 
homes were reported washed away.  No tropical storm force winds were recorded in Texas, 
and this hurricane is not analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in Texas (the 
maximum wind recorded at Brownsville was 26 kt).  After landfall, the cyclone moved due 
westward along 24.1N and weakened as it moved inland.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland decay model yield 56 and 42 kt for 12 and 18Z, respectively, on the 28th.  The 55 
and 35 kt intensities originally listed in HURDAT at those times are unchanged.  At 18Z on 
the 28th, the analyzed position is about 1.7 degrees NNE of the original HURDAT, which bent 
the track southwestward.  An inspection of the HWM map at 12Z on 29 August reveals a 24-hour 
pressure fall of 3.7 mb at the station near 23.8N, 102.0W, and a wind direction that changed 
from north on the 28th to west on the 29th.  Since there were no other areas of low pressure 
approaching Mexico from the west or north, this pressure drop is entirely due to the remnant 
circulation of the TC.  Although the cyclone is analyzed to have been a remnant low at 12Z 
on the 29th, the dissipation of the cyclone is analyzed to have occurred 6 hours later than 
the original HURDAT (now after 00Z on 29 August).  The final point at 00Z on the 29th is over 
Mexico as a 25 kt tropical depression before it weakened to a remnant low and thereafter dissipated.

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2012

30671 09/09/1938 M= 6  5 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
30672 09/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 460  25    0*135 471  25    0*
30672 09/10*140 482  25    0*145 494  25    0*150 505  30    0*155 516  30    0*
30672 09/11*161 528  30    0*166 539  30    0*172 550  30    0*179 561  30    0*
30673 09/12*186 572  30    0*193 584  30    0*200 595  30    0*205 607  30    0*
30673 09/13*209 620  35    0*211 632  35    0*214 643  35    0*219 651  35    0*
30673 09/14*225 657  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30674 TS

HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred during September in the tropical Atlantic.

September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16N, 22.4W.  
HURDAT did not previously list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 6: HWM suggests a tropical wave/trough from 20N, 21W to 12N, 25W.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 7: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N 21W.  Station highlight:  
25 kt NNW with 1013 mb at Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands at 12Z (HWM).

September 8: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 9: HWM shows two ship observations near 45W that suggest a possible weak 
vortex near 13N, 46W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 11: HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 12Z: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 59.0W.

September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb (not the feature of interest) 
near 29.6N, 64.7W.  A closed 1010 mb encompasses much of the area from 19-32N, 59-75W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1009 mb at 13Z at 21.4N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt SE with 
1011 mb at 19Z at 22.4N, 63.5W (COA).

September 14: HWM analyzes a closed 1010 mb isobar encompassing much of the area between 
22-36N, 64-74W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical wave emerged off the African coast around 4-5 September.  (It is noted that 
Sao Tiago in the Cape Verde Islands recorded a NNW 25 kt with 1013 mb at 12Z on the 7th 
and that HWM indicated a low east of there.  However, this appears to be a separate system 
from the new tropical cyclone being added to HURDAT here.  No further development of this 
second system apparently occurred.)  The tropical wave moved westward and a tropical 
depression is analyzed to have formed at 12Z on 9 September several hundred miles east of 
the Lesser Antilles.  The analyzed intensity at that time is 25 kt.  The intensity is 
increased to 30 kt on the 10th when a ship well north of the center reported a 25 kt wind.  
On the 11th, there was very little data near the system, but observational coverage on the 
12th and 13th was much better.  Observations on the 12th indicate a closed circulation 
continued at 12Z, but no tropical storm force winds had been observed by that point, so 
the 30 kt intensity is held through the 12th.  On the 13th, there were two gales of 35 kt 
recorded from the same ship six hours apart.  At 13Z, the ship recorded 35 kt E with 
1009 mb as the cyclone passed just south of the ship.  At 19Z, it recorded 35 kt SE with 
1011 mb and the cyclone was located farther from and WSW of the ship at that time.  West 
winds were also recorded south of the center on the 13th.  On the 13th, a separate broad 
area of low pressure or trough, which was located to the northwest of the cyclone, moved 
eastward so that they began to interact around 00Z on the 14th.  On the 14th, there are 
no longer any observations that show any signs of the tropical cyclone's whereabouts.  
A peak intensity of 35 kt is analyzed for a day from 00Z on the 13th to 18Z on the 13th.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 14th 
with a position a couple hundred miles north of Puerto Rico.  Dissipation is analyzed after 
00Z on the 14th.  It is noted that the evidence for including this new system into HURDAT 
is not definitive, but it is enough to conclude that a tropical storm did exist for 
about a day.

****************************************************************************************


1938/06 - 2008 REVISION:

29495 09/10/1938 M=13  4 SNBR= 653 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
29500 09/10*  0   0   0    0*142 215  35    0*144 238  35    0*146 250  35    0*
29505 09/11*148 262  35    0*149 274  35    0*150 285  35    0*152 297  35    0*
29510 09/12*153 310  40    0*154 324  40    0*155 337  40    0*156 348  40    0*
29515 09/13*157 358  40    0*158 371  45    0*160 383  45    0*161 394  50    0*
29520 09/14*162 406  50    0*164 419  55    0*167 432  55    0*169 445  60    0*
29525 09/15*172 457  65    0*174 468  70    0*176 478  75    0*179 490  80    0*
29530 09/16*183 502  80    0*186 516  85    0*189 530  85    0*192 540  90    0*
29535 09/17*194 550  95    0*197 563 100    0*200 575 105    0*202 586 115    0*
29540 09/18*204 596 120    0*207 607 125    0*210 620 125    0*213 636 130    0*
29545 09/19*217 656 130    0*223 678 135    0*232 700 135    0*241 716 140    0*
29550 09/20*250 727 140    0*259 736 140    0*267 743 135    0*280 748 130    0*
29555 09/21*298 749 120    0*322 744 110    0*352 731 100  938E390 730  85  940*
29555 09/21*298 749 120    0*322 744 110    0*352 731 100  938*390 730  85  940*
                                                              *

29560 09/22E434 731  70  967E453 735  45  988E473 770  35  987E454 791  35    0*
29565 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA3  

In the course of revising the Atlantic track book, a discrepancy was discovered 
between HURDAT and the existing (Neumann et al. 1999) track book map for 1938.  
The track map for that year showed 1938 #4 making landfall as a hurricane 
(NY3, CT3, RI3, MA3) and then becoming extratropical.  HURDAT had the hurricane 
becoming extratropical at 18Z on the 21st, prior to landfall.  The committee agreed,
pending any further reanalysis, to make HURDAT consistent with the track map by 
changing the 18Z position to tropical. 


1938 Storm 6 (originally Storm 4) - Revised in 2012

29185 09/10/1938 M=13  4 SNBR= 647 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
29185 09/09/1938 M=15  6 SNBR= 647 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *

(The 9th is new to HURDAT.)
29190 09/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*128 193  30    0*130 203  30    0

29190 09/10*  0   0   0    0*142 215  35    0*144 238  35    0*146 250  35    0
29190 09/10*132 213  30    0*134 233  35    0*136 243  40    0*138 253  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29195 09/11*148 262  35    0*149 274  35    0*150 285  35    0*152 297  35    0
29195 09/11*140 263  45    0*142 274  45    0*145 285  45    0*147 297  45    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

29200 09/12*153 310  40    0*154 324  40    0*155 337  40    0*156 348  40    0
29200 09/12*149 310  45    0*152 324  45    0*155 337  45    0*159 347  45    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      *** ***  **

29205 09/13*157 358  40    0*158 371  45    0*160 383  45    0*161 394  50    0
29205 09/13*164 357  45    0*169 367  45    0*172 377  45    0*173 388  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29210 09/14*162 406  50    0*164 419  55    0*167 432  55    0*169 445  60    0
29210 09/14*173 400  50    0*174 412  55    0*175 423  55    0*176 433  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29215 09/15*172 457  65    0*174 468  70    0*176 478  75    0*179 490  80    0
29215 09/15*177 443  65    0*178 453  70    0*179 463  75    0*181 473  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29220 09/16*183 502  80    0*186 516  85    0*189 530  85    0*192 540  90    0
29220 09/16*183 483  85    0*186 494  90    0*189 505  95    0*195 516 100    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** *** ***

29225 09/17*194 550  95    0*197 563 100    0*200 575 105    0*202 586 115    0
29225 09/17*205 527 110    0*210 538 115    0*212 550 115    0*213 565 115    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***          *** ***

29230 09/18*204 596 120    0*207 607 125    0*210 620 125    0*213 636 130    0
29230 09/18*213 580 120    0*214 596 125    0*217 615 125    0*222 635 130    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

29235 09/19*217 656 130    0*223 678 135    0*232 700 135    0*241 716 140    0
29235 09/19*228 655 130    0*235 675 135    0*242 695 135    0*248 711 140    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

29240 09/20*250 727 140    0*259 736 140    0*267 743 135    0*280 748 130    0
29240 09/20*252 724 140    0*258 734 140    0*267 743 135    0*280 748 130    0
            *** ***          *** ***                                   

29245 09/21*298 749 120    0*322 744 110    0*352 731 100  938E390 730  85  940
29245 09/21*298 749 120    0*322 744 120    0*352 731 110  940*393 729 105  940
                                     ***              ***  ******* *** ***  

29250 09/22E434 731  70  967E453 735  45  988E473 770  35  987E454 791  35    0
29250 09/22E434 731  60  969E465 745  40    0E477 773  35  987E470 778  35    0
                     **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***

(The 23rd is new to HURDAT.)
29252 09/23E450 770  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

29255 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA3    
29255 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2    
                     ***

Landfall:  
September 21 1945Z: 40.7N, 72.9W, 941 mb, 105 kt, 40 nmi RMW, 1011 mb OCI, 350 nmi ROCI, 41 kt forward speed

September 21 2040Z:  41.3N, 72.9W, 946 mb, 100 kt, 40 nmi RMW, 1011 mb OCI, 350 nmi ROCI, 41 kt forward speed

Major changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
Monthly Weather Review, Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the COADS ship database, 
Tannehill (1938), Pierce (1939), Wexler (1939), Myers and Jordan (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), 
Kaplan and DeMaria (2001), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1939).

September 9: HWM analyzes a trough extending west-southwest out of West Africa.  HURDAT does 
not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 14.2N, 21.5W.  Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 
13.6N, 24.3W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE with 1009 mb at 12Z at 15.5N, 24.3W (COA); 25 kt NE with 
1005 mb at 18Z at 14.2N, 26.7W (COA).  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures in Cape Verde Islands.

September 11: HWM analyzes an open trough located at 15N, 27W on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 
35 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 28.5W.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm 
was centered at 14.5N, 28.5W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S at 1 UTC at 12.5N, 25.2W (COA); 35 kt SW with 
1012 mb at 10 UTC at 11.5N, 27.5W.  Land highlights: No gales or low pressures in Cape Verde Islands.

September 12: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 15.5N, 33.7W.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 
15.5N, 33.7W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 13: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical 
storm at 16.0N, 38.3W.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 
17.0N, 33.7W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area.  "There 
was some evidence of cyclonic circulation central about 19N, 37W, on the morning of September 13, 1938, 
but the storm has not been definitely charted prior to the evening of September 16, when it appears to 
have become a full developed hurricane" (1938 MWR). 

September 14: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical 
storm at 16.7N, 43.2W.  Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 
17.2N, 42.3W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area.

September 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane 
at 17.6N, 47.8W.  Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 17.9N, 46.3W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures due to lack of ships in the area.

September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.5N, 50.0W.  HURDAT listed 
this as an 85 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 53.0W.  Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was 
centered at 18.9N, 50.5W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt NW with 1006 mb at 15Z at 18.9N, 50.6W (COA); 30 kt 
ENE with 1012 mb at 18Z at 23.8N, 51.5W (COA).  Regarding the intensity: "There was some evidence of 
cyclonic circulation central about 19N, 37W, on the morning of September 13, 1938, but the storm has not 
been definitely charted prior to the evening of September 16, when it appears to have become a full 
developed hurricane.  At about 9:30 p.m., ships time, on September 16 [September 17 at 0130 UTC], the 
Brazilian S.S. Alegrete was near the center in approximately 21 12 N., 52 46 W., barometer 28.31 
(uncorrected) [958 mb], wind force 12 [70 kt], shifting from east-northeast to east-southeast" (1938 MWR).  

September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 21.5N, 54W.  HURDAT listed this 
as a 105 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 57.5W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) 
shows a center near 21N, 55.2W at 12 UTC on this day.  Available observations suggest that the 115 kt 
hurricane was centered at 21.2N, 55.0W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE with 958 mb at 0130Z at 21.2N, 52.8W 
(MWR); 45 kt NE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 54.7W (HWM); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 16 UTC at 23.5N, 57.5W 
(COA); 45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 20 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA).  Regarding the intensity: "Early on the 
morning of September 17, the Netherlands S.S. Socrates encountered the storm while near 21N, 59W, and had 
increasing winds, backing from east-northeast to northwest and then to west-southwest, lowest barometer 
29.29 inches [992 mb]" (1938 MWR).

September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 21.5N, 61W.  HURDAT listed this as 
a 125 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 62.0W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows 
a center near 21.2N, 58W at 0 UTC.  The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows 
a center near 21.5N, 62W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the 125 kt hurricane was centered 
at 21.7N, 61.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 0 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA); 60 kt W with 992 mb 
at 0135Z at 20.6N, 59.3W (MWR); 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 8 UTC at 22.5N, 58.5W (COA); 35 kt NW-W and 1004 mb 
at 20 UTC at 21.2N, 66.3W (MWR Robin Goodfellow); 945 mb (time and location unknown) (MWR).  "The highest 
wind experienced [by British S.S. Socrates] was W-11 [60 kt] at 9:35 p.m. [September 18 at 0035 UTC], ships 
time, in latitude 20 38 N, longitude 59 17 W" (1938 MWR).  Regarding the intensity: "A vessel reporting by 
radio gave [a] barometer reading[s] below 28 inches, the British S.S. Corrales, 27.90 inches [945 mb] on 
the 18th" (1938 MWR).  

September 19:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 24.5N, 70W.  HURDAT listed this 
as a 135 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 70.0W. The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) 
shows a center near 21.8N, 65.5W at 0 UTC.  The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart 
IX) shows a center near 23.7N, 70.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the 135 kt hurricane 
was centered at 24.2N, 69.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 2 UTC at 28.4N, 69.3W (MWR Pan 
America); 35 kt W and 1001 mb at 9 UTC at 23.6N, 73.8W (COA); 50 kt NE and 988 mb at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 
70.0W (COA); 70 kt E and 982 mb at 14 UTC at 25.5N, 69.9W (MWR Gulfhawk); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 15 UTC 
at 24.3N, 72.7W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at 23.5N, 69.5W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 
21 UTC at 27.4N, 73.4W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 21 UTC at 27.0N, 73.0W (COA); 35 kt S with 1007 mb 
at 21 UTC at 25.6N, 72.8W (COA); 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22 UTC at 27.2N, 74.1W (COA).

September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 27.5N, 75W.  HURDAT listed this as 
a 135 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 74.3W.  The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 shows a center 
near 25.2N, 73W at 0 UTC.  The MWR Track of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center 
near 28.8N, 75.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the 135 kt hurricane was centered at 
26.7N, 74.3W.  Ship Highlights: 65 kt NE at 2 UTC at 26.3N, 74.2W (COA); 50 kt E and 986 at 5 UTC at 33.4N, 
74.4W (COA); 50 kt SW at 6 UTC at 26.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 9 UTC at 27.8N, 72.6W (MWR 
Jean Lafitte); 45 kt NE and 956 mb at 9 UTC at 27.1N, 73.9W (MWR Antigua); 70 kt E and 1005 mb at 9 UTC at 
27.4N, 72.4W (COA); 70 kt E and 953 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 74.6W (MWR Atlantida); 50 kt SE and 1008 mb at 
12 UTC at 27.6N, 72.6W (HWM); 60 kt S at 12 UTC at 25.6N, 73.9W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 
27.6N, 73.8W (COA); 60 kt SE and 980 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 72.5W (COA); 70 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 
27.8N, 72.5W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13Z at 27.4N, 72.4W (COA); 55 kt SE and 1009 mb at 13Z 27.0N, 
72.0W (COA); 70 kt S and 976 mb at 15 UTC at 27.6N, 74.0W (MWR Phobos); 70 kt ENE and 950 mb at 23 UTC at 
30.0N, 75.7W (MWR India Arrow); 943 mb (time and location unknown) (MWR). Several gales of 35 kt-45 kt 
observed.  Regarding the intensity: "a vessel reporting by radio gave a barometer reading below 28 inches...
the British S. S. Carinthia, 27.85 [943 mb] on the 20th" (MWR).

September 21: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 74.5W attached 
to a N-S cold front.  HURDAT listed this as a 100 kt hurricane at 35.2N, 74.4W.  The MWR Track of the 
Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 30.2N, 76.0 W at 0 UTC.  The MWR Track of 
the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 35.5N, 75.0W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 35.2N, 73.1W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 
1005 mb at 4 UTC at 30.5N, 72.5W (MWR); 70 kt W and 954 mb at 9 UTC at 33.4N, 74.4W (COA); 60 kt N and 
969 mb at 15Z at 36.2N, 74.6W (MWR); 70 kt SE and 952 mb at 17 or 18 UTC at 38.9N, 72.0W (MWR Birmingham 
City); 70 kt NW and 970 mb at 17Z or 18Z at 39.3N, 73.8W (MWR Stewart); 45 kt NW with 972 mb at 17 UTC at 
38.2N, 74.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 53 kt at 9 UTC at Hatteras, North Carolina at 35.3N, 75.6W (NCDC); 
53 kt W with 982 mb at 17 UTC at Atlantic City, New Jersey at 39.4N, 74.5W (NCDC, MWR); 40 kt SE at 17 UTC 
at Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 44 kt N at 17 UTC at New York City, New York at 40.8N, 
74.0W (NCDC); calm center from 1850Z-1950Z at Brentwood, Long Island,NewYork (40.8N, 73.2W) (MWR); 981 mb 
at 19 UTC at Newark Airport, New Jersey at 40.8N, 74.3W (NCDC); 45 kt SE with 995 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket, 
Massachusetts at 41.3N, 70.1W (NCDC); 946 mb at 1945 UTC at Bellport, Long Island, New York at 40.75N, 
72.9W (NCDC); 76 kt SW and 979 mb at 20 UTC at Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 95 kt 
(1-min/anemometer height unknown) at 2020Z at Fishers Island (41.3N, 72.0W) (Army Corps); 33 kt SE and 
996 mb at 21 UTC at Nantucket, Massachusetts at 41.3N, 70.1W (NCDC); 63 kt S and 985 mb at 21 UTC at 
Boston at 42.4N, 71.0W (NCDC); 40 kt SE with 979 mb (min p) at 22 UTC at Concord, New Hampshire at 43.2N, 
71.5W (NCDC); 40 kt S with 975 mb (min p) at 22 UTC at Albany, New York at 42.7N, 73.8W (NCDC).  "It was 
not until September 21 that the hurricane approached any coastal or island area close enough to be felt 
seriously.  At about 7:30 a.m. E.S.T. [1230 UTC] of that day, the center was about 75 miles east or 
slightly north of east from Cape Hatteras, where the barometer reading at that time was 29.30 and the wind 
velocity 50 miles an hour from the northwest.  With the center approximately the same distance east of 
Atlantic City, at about 1 p.m. [18 UTC], the hurricane caused a maximum wind velocity of 61 miles an hour 
from the west at 12:55 p.m. [1755 UTC], simultaneously with the lowest barometer reading, 28.99 inches.  
At Sandy Hook, the lowest reading was 28.71 inches, shortly after 2 p.m., maximum wind 56 N at 1 p.m.  
The calm center was felt at Brentwood, Long Island, between 1:50 p.m. and 2:50 p.m.  Drizzling rain was 
reported at intervals, with the sun shining during or three 5-minute periods.  The wind movement was so 
slight during that time that a cigarette could have been lighted in the open without difficulty.  Shortly 
before 4 p.m. the center reached the Connecticut coast passing between New Haven and Bridgeport; lowest 
pressure at New Haven was 28.11 at 3:50 p.m.  At Hartford the minimum pressure, 28.04, was reached at 
4:30 p.m.  Moving at a very rapid rate, the center crossed Vermont between 6 and 9 p.m., its course 
having changed from north by east to north by west, while crossing Massachusetts.  At Northfield the 
lowest barometer reading was 28.77 at 7:30 p.m. and at Burlington at 8 p.m." (1938 MWR).  "NY, CT, RI, 
MA - All Category 3 - 946 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.).  "Environmental pressure - 1015 mb, 
Estimated maximum sustained (equivalent 1 min) surface wind at landfall - 110 kt" (Schwerdt et al. 1979). 
"Sep. 21, 1938, 943 mb central pressure, 946 mb observed in Bellport, NY, RMW of 45 nmi, movement 48 kt, 
landfall at 40.7N, 72.9W, 'storm becoming extratropical'" (Ho et al. 1987).  "1938 Sep 21, All sections 
of New England, Extreme Intensity ["Extreme" being 948 mb or less, maximum winds 136 kt and higher]" 
(Dunn and Miller).  "F2/F3 damages observed from wind-caused impacts, Suggests boosting winds at 21st/12Z
from 100 to 110 kt, 18Z 85 to 110 kt, landfall at 20Z with 110 kt, 22nd/00Z from 70 to 90 kt, 06Z from 45 
to 60 kt" (Boose et al. 2001). "Suggest maximum sustained surface winds of 85 kt" (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).

September 22: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 47.5N, 75.5W attached 
to a stationary front.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 47.3N, 77.0W.  The MWR Track of 
the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 43.5N, 73W at 0 UTC.  The MWR Track 
of the Hurricane of September 16-22, 1938 (Chart IX) shows a center near 46.5N, 77W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered at 47.7N, 77.3W.  Land highlights: 41 kt 
S and 971 mb at 2330Z at Burlington, Vermont at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); 973 mb at 0 UTC at Burlington, Vermont 
at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); 995 mb at 0 UTC at Portland, Maine at 43.65N, 70.25W (NCDC); 996 mb at 0 UTC at 
Providence, Rhode Island at 41.8N, 71.3W (NCDC); 993 mb at 0 UTC at Boston, Massachusetts at 42,4N, 71.0W 
(NCDC); 982 mb at 0 UTC at Albany, New York at 42.7N, 73.8W (NCDC); 993 mb at 6 UTC at Burlington, Vermont 
at 44.5N, 73.2W (NCDC); several other gales and low pressures.  

September 23: HWM analyzes an extratropical closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 42.5N, 72.5W attached 
to a stationary front.  HURDAT does not list a position for this day.  The MWR Track of the hurricane of 
September 16-22, 1938 shows a center near 45.0N, 77.0W at 0 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the 
30 kt extratropical low was centered at 45.0N, 77.0W.

Genesis is begun 18 hours earlier, based upon land and ship observations on the 9th showing a closed low had 
developed just off of the West African coast.  Following a thorough examination of all available data and 
records for each day of the storm's existence, recommendations were made for moderate to major track 
modifications to the HURDAT database.  These include: 1) removal of unrealistic acceleration at the track 
beginning, 2) removal of speed problem on the 12th, 3) added a stairstep track on the 17th, 4) only minor 
changes to timing and position of landfall in New England, 5) added an additional 6 hr position for more 
realistic end of track.

Recommendations were also made for generally minor intensity alterations to the HURDAT database for the 10th 
to the 12th, the 16th and 17th, and the 21st and 22nd, with the exception of a major increase of 20 kt at 18Z 
on the 21st.  On the 10th at 18Z with the system located just southwest of the Cape Verde Islands, a 1005 mb 
peripheral pressure was recorded in association with the cyclone, and on the 11th at 01Z, a 40 kt wind was 
recorded.  The analyzed intensity at 00Z on the 11th is 45 kt (up from 35 kt originally).  (It is of note that 
the 40 kt S wind is listed as being in nearly the same spot as the 20 kt S wind.  However, given the rather 
poor navigational tools available in 1938, it is quite likely that the relative positions of the two ships 
with regards to the storm's center may be off by 30 or even 60 nm.)  After that, observations near the cyclone 
were lacking until 17 September at 0130Z, when the SS Alegrete recorded a peripheral pressure of 958 mb with 
hurricane force winds at 21.2N, 52.8W.  A 958 mb peripheral pressure reading suggests maximum winds of greater 
than 103 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship and greater than 105 kt 
for its intensifying subset.  Winds are boosted from 95 to 110 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th and adjusted upward 
accordingly on the 16th.  Additional ships encountered the storm during the days following this period.  On 
the 18th at 12Z, the hurricane was located a few hundred miles north of the Lesser Antilles.  On this day, 
the British S.S. Corrales recorded a pressure of 945 mb (it is uncertain whether this is a peripheral or 
central pressure).  The 945 mb pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 116 kt from the Brown et al. 
(2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 125 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th is not changed.  
On the 20th at 12Z, with the hurricane located northeast of the Bahamas, the Atlantida recorded a 953 mb 
pressure with simultaneous hurricane force winds, and at 23Z, the ship India Arrow recorded 950 mb with 
simultaneous hurricane force.  Those two ships did not experience 180 degree wind shifts.  The British S.S. 
Carinithia recorded a 943 mb pressure sometime on the 20th, but it is uncertain whether this is a peripheral 
or central pressure measurement.  The 943 mb pressure on the 20th suggests maximum winds of at least 112 kt 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 135 kt intensity in 
HURDAT at 12Z on the 20th is not changed.  No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensities from the 
18th through the 20th.  The peak intensity of 140 kt is retained from 18Z on the 19th through 06Z on the 20th.  
It is of note that the original HURDAT assessment of a 140 kt peak intensity is not directly supported by any 
data.  However, the current data is not sufficient to justify changing this, but considerable uncertainty 
remains as to the peak intensity obtained by this major hurricane.  A 938 mb central pressure value is listed 
in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 21st.  This value may be partially based on the work of Myers and Jordan in the 
July 1956 MWR.  They extrapolated the ship pressures and the observed pressure gradient to derive an estimated 
pressure of 27.75 in (939.8 mb) at 1200 EST (17Z) 21 September and this combined with the observed changes 
may have been used for the HURDAT value.  It is noted that they derive a similar central pressure for the 
afternoon of 20 September, which was not used in HURDAT.  Thus based upon the Myers and Jordan work, the 
central pressure value at 12Z on the 21st is changed to 940 mb.   At 12Z on the 21st, the hurricane was just 
east of North Carolina, and it was accelerating northward.  A 940 mb central pressure equals 115 kt according 
to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 103 kt according to the Landsea et al. 
(2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 21st (up from 
100 kt originally).  Ship data from prior to landfall as well as station data from landfall suggest that the 
940 mb central pressure in HURDAT 18Z on the 21st should be retained in HURDAT.

At landfall (1945Z on the 21st), a pressure of 946 mb likely with calm or light winds measured in Bellport, 
Long Island, New York (40.7N, 72.9W) was the lowest pressure recorded on land.  A landfall central pressure 
of 941 mb is analyzed here, which is in agreement with Jarvinen's analysis which used SLOSH.  This is close 
to Ho et al.'s (943 mb) and HURDAT's 18Z (940 mb) values and somewhat deeper than Jarrell et al. (946 mb), 
who apparently assumed that Bellport observed the central pressure.  The position at 1945Z was determined to 
be 40.7N, 72.9W, which is essentially over Bellport, Long Island.  As described in Myers and Jordan, the 
pressure center and the wind center for this hurricane were offset by about 15 nmi (with the wind center 
southwest of the pressure center) due to its extreme translational speed.  As is usually indicated in HURDAT, 
the best track positions here are based upon the wind (circulation) center.  Based on observations and 
commentary from primary and secondary sources, the wind center is analyzed to have made landfall essentially 
right where the 946 mb was recorded at Bellport, and the pressure center likely came through about 0.1 degrees 
east of that location (near 72.8W when it made landfall on Long Island).  Brentwood (40.8N, 73.2W) recorded 
calm or very light winds lasting for 1 hour.  941 mb suggests maximum winds of 103 kt from the Landsea et al. 
(2004) northern-pressure wind relationship.  The RMW of the hurricane at landfall is estimated to be 40 nmi, 
somewhat smaller than Ho et al.'s assessment.  This is slightly larger than the 30 nmi RMW which would be 
average given the central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000).  However, the speed of the hurricane 
was about 41 kt at landfall, which would significantly increase the winds on the right side of the storm.  
Another consideration is that extratropical transition had been well underway and was nearly complete at 
landfall, and the pressure-wind relationship is not valid for extratropical cyclones.  There are no available 
wind measurements from anemometers on Long Island to the right of the path of the center.  There were only a 
few wind estimates there in commentary from secondary sources.  

It is estimated that the central pressure filled slightly - to 946 mb - at the second landfall in Connecticut.  
The hurricane's second landfall was around 2040 UTC at 41.3N, 72.9W near New Haven.  A central pressure of 
946 mb equals 99 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) northern pressure-wind relationship.  At both 
landfalls the OCI and ROCI are analyzed at 1011 mb and 350 nmi, respectively.  From a pressure-wind 
relationship standpoint, the large size of the storm and the larger than average RMW are counteracted by 
the very fast speed of the cyclone.  Another consideration is that extratropical transition had been well 
underway and was nearly complete at landfall, and the pressure-wind relationship is not valid for 
extratropical cyclones.  The highest official reliable wind observation recorded on land that was not 
influenced by terrain effects was 95 kt (1-minute) at Fishers Island, NY (41.3N, 72.0W) at 2020Z.  An 
investigation into obtaining the height of this anemometer reveals that it was likely in the range of 10 
to 15 meters.  The observer at Fishers Island noted that the anemometer failed at 2020Z, right after the 
95 kt value was recorded.  The observer estimated a highest one-minute wind of 104 kt at 2035Z.  Estimated 
maximum velocity reported by the observer at the Watch Hill Coast Guard Station (41.3N, 71.8W) in Westerly, 
Rhode Island was 105 kt.  A secondary source states that the anemometer of a ship in the harbor at New 
London, CT at 41.35 degrees N, 71.1W recorded a value of exactly 87 kt before the anemometer blew away.  
The RMW of this hurricane was located between New London, CT and Westerly, RI.  At Block Island, RI (41.2N, 
71.6W), a maximum 5-minute wind of 71 kt SE (14 m) converts to a 10 m 1-min wind of 74 kt.  Block Island's 
fastest mile wind was measured at 79 kt, which converts to a 10m 1-min wind of 76 kt.  Block Island was 
located about 10 to 15 nmi outside of the right RMW.  Other stations' maximum winds, after converting to 
10m 1-min values are: Providence, RI: 68 kt; Boston, MA: 64 or 71 kt (depending whether you convert from 
5-min or from fastest mile).  It is estimated that the maximum surface sustained winds at the Long Island, 
NY landfall were about 105 kt, which is slightly below the Schwerdt et al.'s and Boose et al.'s value 
(110 kt) and significantly above that suggested by Kaplan and DeMaria (85 kt) and that shown originally 
in HURDAT (also 85 kt).  (Kaplan and DeMaria's analysis focused solely upon observed wind values, and did 
not utilize the Army Corps source where the 95 kt observation was found.  Other than the winds mentioned 
above, the wind data coverage on the right side of the hurricane was rather sparse.  The right RMW is 
analyzed to have crossed eastern Long Island.  This retains the hurricane as a Category 3 at the first 
(NY) landfall.  For the Connecticut landfall, winds are suggested to have dropped slightly to 100 kt.  
Category 3 winds are likely to have been felt along the immediate coast of eastern Connecticut and 
extreme western Rhode Island in a tiny area between 72.0W-71.8W.  However, Massachusetts impact was 
analyzed to be about Category 2, which is a downgrade from Category 3 originally estimated in HURDAT.  
An additional post-landfall central pressure was added for the 00Z 22nd HURDAT of 969 mb based on a 
971 mb reading from Burlington, Vermont.  This replaced a value of 967 mb originally in HURDAT. Following 
landfall, the peak observed winds within two hours of the 00Z and 06Z on the 22nd synoptic times were 
land-based observations of 60 kt from Boston, Massachusetts and 30 kt from Burlington, Vermont.  The 
Kaplan and DeMaria (2001) inland decay algorithm for New England suggested winds of 62 and 40 kt at 00Z 
and 06Z, respectively.  Consequently, winds in HURDAT were decreased from 70 to 60 kt at 00Z and from 
45 to 40 kt at 06Z.

An application of SLOSH for this hurricane was provided by Brian Jarvinen. For his run, he utilized the 
pressure center positions, which as mentioned earlier were about 15 nmi northeast of the wind center.  
Using central pressures of 941 mb at landfall in New York and 946 mb at landfall in Connecticut and an 
RMW of 26 nmi (from the pressure center), SLOSH's output closely matches the observed storm surges at 
Providence, Rhode Island and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts.  The SLOSH model gave maximum 1 min surface 
winds of 113 kt at the southern shoreline on eastern Long Island and 104 kt at the shoreline in 
Connecticut.  However, these values do not take into account any increases in stability due to the cool 
water near New England.  Thus the SLOSH model output is consistent with a large Category 3 at landfall.

One last consideration was whether the system was extratropical before or after landfall in New England.  
Oddly, it was listed as extratropical in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 21st (right before landfall), but the
track is shown in Neumann et al. (1999) as still retaining hurricane status until just after landfall.  
It has been officially considered a hurricane at landfall in Jarrell et al. and in the Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale designation in HURDAT.  Pierce (1939) considered it extratropical, as he even showed 
frontal boundaries when the system was as far south as 35N at 12 UTC on the 21st.  However, ship 
observations near the core of the system were lacking on the 21st.  While it is clear that the system 
was extratropical soon after landfall in New England (and was likely completely transitioned by 00 UTC 
on the 22nd), the lack of observations makes knowing its true character at landfall ambiguous.  Perhaps 
Ho et al.'s assessment of "becoming extratropical" at landfall is most appropriate.  Therefore, the 
1938 Great New England hurricane will be retained with hurricane status just up to landfall.

A final note is that the track for the 1938 New England Hurricane was extended an extra six hours on 
the 23rd to accommodate some Historical Weather Map data showing that the system was still in existence 
on this date and also to provide a more realistic velocity at its conclusion.

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 7 (originally Storm 5) - Revised in 2012

30750 10/11/1938 M= 7  5 SNBR= 678 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0 
30750 10/10/1938 M= 8  7 SNBR= 678 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
30755 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 875  30    0*
                    
30755 10/11*162 877  35    0*173 881  40    0*184 885  35    0*195 890  35    0*
30755 10/11*164 877  35    0*174 879  40    0*187 881  35    0*198 888  30    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

30760 10/12*207 896  35    0*215 900  35    0*222 902  35    0*236 905  35    0*
30760 10/12*208 896  30    0*218 900  35    0*228 902  35    0*238 903  35    0*
            ***      **      ***              ***              *** ***

30765 10/13*248 901  35    0*252 897  40    0*253 890  40    0*253 881  45    0*
30765 10/13*248 900  35    0*252 896  40    0*253 887  40    0*252 877  45    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

30770 10/14*253 872  45    0*251 861  50    0*250 851  50    0*253 847  50    0*
30770 10/14*251 869  45    0*250 860  50    0*250 851  50    0*253 848  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

30775 10/15*256 846  50  996*259 847  50    0*262 850  45    0*263 853  45    0*
30775 10/15*256 846  50  996*259 847  50    0*261 849  45    0*261 853  45    0*
                                              *** ***          ***

30780 10/16*265 860  40    0*269 878  40    0*273 897  40    0*276 909  35    0*
30780 10/16*261 861  40    0*262 876  40    0*264 891  40    0*270 907  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

30785 10/17*279 921  35    0*284 936  35    0*288 950  35 1006*293 969  30    0*
30785 10/17*277 921  40    0*284 934  40    0*292 947  40 1004*299 961  30    0*
            ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***

30790 TS                    

US landfall: 10/17/1938 - 13Z - 29.3N 94.8W - 40 kt - 1004 mb

Minor track changes and minor alterations to intensity are made to this tropical storm that 
made landfall at Galveston, TX.  Evidence for the changes comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and 
observations from NCDC, the State Monthly Climatological Data Summaries for Florida and Texas 
from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Connor (1956).

October 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over the eastern Pacific near 13N, 
90W and observations on HWM show cyclonic turning over the southwestern Caribbean near 13N, 
83W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  "The first evidence of unsettled 
conditions was noted on the evening of October 10, at which time a cyclonic circulation was 
centered a short distance to the southwest of Tela, Honduras, with a barometer reading of 
29.69 inches" (MWR). "The pressures remain high over the eastern portion of the United States 
and descending in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, therefore, clouds and rains will be increasing 
over the southern half of the country, especially in the Pacific south coast" (Mexico).

October 11: HWM indicates a closed low near 19N, 87.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 35kt winds at 18.4N, 88.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center 
at about 20N, 88.9W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE before 20Z and 20 kt SE with 1010 mb at 
20Z at 19.6N, 86.0W (MWR). Station highlights: 1005 mb around 00Z at Tela, Honduras (15.8N, 
87.5W) (MWR). "For the next 48 hours, while this depression pursued a north-northwest course, 
ship in the central and east Gulf regions experienced only moderate east and north winds" (MWR). 
"The pressures remain high over the eastern region of the United States and are rapidly 
decreasing in the Yucatan Channel, which likely means that a weak disturbance is to the north 
of the peninsula. Clouds and rain will decrease over most of the country" (Mexico).

October 12: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 23.2N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 22.2N, 90.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows the center at about 23.5N, 89.5W (am) and at 25N, 90W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE 
with 1014 mb at 10Z at 24.4N, 86.4W (COA); 10 kt NNW with 1008 mb at 22Z at 23.5N, 90.5W (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 7pm of the 12th, the center was located near 
25N and 90W. The disturbance recurved to the east-northeast during the evening of October 12" 
(MWR). "About 300 km to the north of Progreso, Yucatan, we find a weak disturbance moving to 
the northwest, which will allow for dry weather over most of the country with frosts over the 
central highlands" (Mexico).

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1005mb near 25N, 87.5W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 25.3N, 89W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 25N, 89W (am) and at 25.3N, 86W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NE with 1008 mb 
at 00Z at 26.5N, 90.8W (COA); 30 kt N with 1006 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 89.8W (COA); 45kt NE with a 
pressure of 1006mb at 26.1N, 87.6W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt E with 1005 mb at 23Z at 26.0N, 86.1W (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The S. S. El Estero at 11am of October 13, reported 
a fresh gale [35 kt] from the northeast accompanied by heavy rain, while near latitude 26N, and 
longitude 87W, barometer 29.71 inches. At 1pm of the same day the S. S. El Isleo giving her position 
as 25°05'N and 87°36'W, reported northeast wind, force 9, the highest thus far reported in 
connection with this disturbance" (MWR). "The disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is located about 
300 km to the north of Progreso, Yucatan. The system is of moderate intensity and appears to be 
recurving" (Mexico).

October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 26N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 25N, 85.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 25N, 84.5W (am) with a pressure of 994mb and at 27.5N, 87.5W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NE before 07Z and 25 kt S with 1003 mb at 07Z at 25.2N, 84.7W (MWR); 35kt NNE 
with a pressure of 1015mb at 27N, 90.4W at 12Z (COA); 25kt N with a pressure of 1000mb at 25.5N, 
85W at 18Z (COA); center fix at 23Z at 25.7N, 84.7W with 996 mb central pressure and calm winds 
(MWR). Station highlights: 1006 mb at Key West (MWR). "At 6pm of the 14th, the S. S. Wallace E. 
Pratt reported a "calm center" at 25.42'N and 84.42'W, pressures 29.41 inches, the lowest 
barometer reading of record in connection with this disturbance" (MWR). "The disturbance over 
the Gulf of Mexico is located about 300 km NNW of Havana, Cuba, and it's likely to move today 
across southern Florida. The weather will be generally dry over most of the country" (Mexico).

October 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 25.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 26.2N, 85W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows the center at about 26N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 27N, 86.5W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 30 kt NNE with 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.8N, 85.6W (COA); 15kt WSW with a pressure of 
1002mb at 25N, 85.5W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 23 kt NE (max 5-min wind) at both 
Apalachicola and Pensacola (climo). "The depression then moved in a northerly direction until the 
morning of the 15th with it again recurved, this time toward the west-northwest with an increased 
progressive movement, causing generally disturbed conditions over the northern Gulf" (MWR). "The 
disturbance over the Gulf of Mexico is slowly weakening to the west of south Florida, which will 
lead to an increase in clouds and rain over the country" (Mexico).

October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.3N, 89.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 27N, 89W (am) and at 27.5N, 91W (pm). Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE with 1005 mb 
at 01Z at 26.0N, 85.9W (COA); 30 kt ENE with 1010 mb at 10Z at 28.4N, 88.4W (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbance of moderate intensity is located about 
500 km north of Progreso, Yucatan. The rain will increase over the states in the SE and dry 
weather will dominate the rest of the country" (Mexico).

October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 29N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.8N, 95W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 29N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE with 
1010 mb at 06Z at 28.3N, 92.3W (COA). Station highlights: 37 kt E (max w/5-min/41m) (36 kt after 
converting to 1-min 10m) at 1145Z at Port Arthur, TX (29.9N, 94.0W) (MWR, Connor); 25kt NE with 
a pressure of 1005mb at Galveston, TX at 12Z (HWM); 37 kt (max w/1-min/12m/single register) at 
1211Z at Fort Crockett, TX (29.3N, 94.9W) (MWR); 1006 mb (min p) around ~1220Z at Fort Crockett 
(MWR); 1005 mb (min p) at 1220Z at Galveston, TX (29.3N, 93.8W); 9 kt (min wind inside lull) at 
1244Z at Fort Crockett (MWR); lull at 1310Z at Virginia Point, TX (29.3N, 94.9W) (MWR); 24 kt NE 
(max w/5-min/69m) at Dallas, TX (32.8N, 96.8W) (MWR). "The center passed inland a short distance 
to the southwest of Galveston, Tex., at about 7:45am of October 17" (MWR).  "Extracts from a 
report by the official in charge at Galveston, Tex., follow: 'Wind at the Galveston station and 
over the western portion of the city veered from northerly to southerly.  At the Galveston 
Municipal Airport, at the San Luis Coast Guard Station, and at Freeport, the wind backed from 
northeasterly to westerly.  Mr. Stearns, storm warning displayman at Seabrook, Tex., on his way 
to Galveston at the time, reported strong and increasing northeast winds south of Dickinson, 
Tex.  When nearing Virginia Point at the mainland end of the causeway at about 8:10 am, he 
encountered a distinct lull for a few minutes with the wind veering sharply to the south and 
increasing again.  At the Fort Crockett Airport, about 3 ¾ miles southwest of the Weather Bureau 
the wind velocity recorded from a single register shows a maximum velocity of 36 miles at 7:11 am 
and an extreme velocity at the same time of 42 miles, decreasing to 11 miles at 7:44 am and 
increasing to 26 miles at 8:04 am.  From the above it is believed that the center crossed the 
coast of Galveston Island at or very near Fort Crockett Airport at about 7:45 am EST, on the 
17th and moved toward the mainland near the causeway in a west-northwesterly direction reaching 
the mainland about 8 am EST.  The lowest sea level reading at the Weather Bureau was 29.68 inches 
about 7:20 am.  The reading at Fort Crockett at approximately the same time was 29.71 inches.  
The barograph at Fort Crockett is set to run with a high grade mercurial barometer in that office'" 
(MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Texas - Upper coast - Minor" (Dunn and Miller 1960 - "minor" 
indicates wind <64 kt and pressure >996 mb).  "The weak cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico moved 
inland this morning making landfall near Galveston, TX, and will be dissipating rapidly in the 
next 24 hours. A strong anticyclone is starting to move over the northwest of the United States 
and remain generally low across the aforementioned country" (Mexico).

October 18:  HWM analyzed a cold front reaching northern Texas, but with no closed low indicated.  
No gales or low pressures were present.

HURDAT originally began this cyclone at 00Z on 11 October as a 35 kt tropical storm just off the 
Honduras coast near Tela.  Data was obtained for the 10th.  While the observations obtained are 
ambiguous regarding genesis by 12Z on the 10th, a measurement from Tela, Honduras of a minimum 
pressure of 1005 mb around 00Z on the 11th (along with 1010 mb obs from that city at 12Z on the
10th and 11th) suggests genesis occurred before 00Z on the 11th.  Thus this cyclone's formation 
is now indicated to be 18Z on the 10th.  The cyclone promptly moved north-northwestward and made 
landfall at San Pedro, Belize on 11 October at 08Z as a 40 kt tropical storm.  It made landfall 
at 18.8N, 88.1W (on the mainland in Mexico north of Chetumal) four hours later, at 12Z as a 35 kt 
tropical storm.  This 12Z position on the 11th is a 0.4 degree shift from the original position, 
and this adjustment is warranted by land and ship observations at 12Z.  The cyclone moved 
north-northwestward over the Yucatan and was overland until 03Z on the 12th.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression while over land- shown from 18Z on the 
11th through 00Z on the 12th (down from 35 kt originally).  After the cyclone emerged back into 
the Gulf it strengthened back to a minimal tropical storm, and it moved on an erratic path 
through the Gulf of Mexico.  This erratic path shown by the original HURDAT is analyzed to be 
correct for the most part with only minor track changes.  No intensity changes are made from the 
12th at 06Z through the 16th at 12Z.  There was an observed wind of 45 kt with a simultaneous 
1006 mb pressure at 18Z on the 13th.  A ship was in the center of the cyclone at 23Z on the 14th 
and measured a 996 mb central pressure with calm.  The 996 mb pressure shown in HURDAT originally 
at 00Z on 15 October is retained, and this value equals 54 and 50 kt, according to the Brown et al. 
(2006) southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  The peak intensity 
of 50 kt shown in HURDAT originally from 06Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 15th is not changed.  
After the cyclone meandered in the eastern half of the Gulf for a few days it turned westward and 
then west-northwestward.  Very detailed observations from several stations on and near Galveston
Island indicate that the center of this tropical cyclone made landfall on Galveston Island near 
29.3N, 94.8W around 13Z on 17 October.  The strongest official winds recorded on land (after 
converting to 10m 1-min values) were: 37 kt at Fort Crockett (29.3N, 94.9W) and 36 kt at Port 
Arthur (29.9N, 94.0W).  The lowest pressures recorded were 1005 mb at the Galveston Weather Bureau 
and 1006 mb at Fort Crockett.  Based on all of the data, the landfall central pressure is analyzed 
at 1004 mb and the analyzed wind speed at landfall is 40 kt.  The 35 kt intensities originally 
listed in HURDAT from 18Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th are all increased to 40 kt.  A 
1004 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th which replaces the 1006 mb value 
listed there originally.  The position at 12Z on the 17th is also adjusted by 0.4 degrees, and 
this is based on good data, much of which is contained in MWR commentary above in the October 
17th paragraph.  After landfall, the cyclone continued west-northwestward, weakened to a tropical 
depression and then dissipated (no changes to the time of dissipation).

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 8 (originally Storm 6) - Revised in 2012

30795 10/17/1938 M= 4  6 SNBR= 679 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
30795 10/16/1938 M= 6  8 SNBR= 679 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
30800 10/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*320 640  25    0*324 636  25    0*

30800 10/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*327 634  35    0*316 651  35    0*
30800 10/17*327 633  25    0*330 632  25    0*329 636  25 1008*323 648  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

30805 10/18*306 666  35    0*297 679  35    0*289 691  35    0*283 700  35    0*
30805 10/18*310 664  30    0*297 681  30    0*288 698  30 1007*282 709  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

30810 10/19*278 710  40    0*272 722  40    0*262 749  40    0*260 767  40    0*
30810 10/19*276 720  35    0*270 738  35    0*265 758  35    0*265 770  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30815 10/20*263 779  40    0*274 788  35    0*283 787  35    0*299 781  30    0*
30815 10/20*267 780  35    0*273 788  35    0*279 787  35 1005*290 781  30    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              ***         **** ***   

The 21st is new to HURDAT
30817 10/21*300 776  30 1004*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30820 TS                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
A major alteration is to indicate genesis a day earlier than originally shown.  Another 
major change is made to the time that the cyclone attained tropical storm strength.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and Original Monthly Records.

October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N 65W.  HURDAT does not yet 
list this as a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 16: HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure from about 34N, 62W to SSW of 28N, 65W.  
HURDAT does not yet list as a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 30N, 64W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 32.7N, 63.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones shows a center at about 32N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 31N, 66W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 37.5N, 66.5W at 20Z (COA). Station highlights: 10 kt W 
with 1010 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM). "A rather weak cyclonic circulation, possibly not 
of tropical nature, was charted a short distance to the northeast of Bermuda on the 
morning of October 17. It moved in a general southwesterly direction toward the Bahama 
Islands for the succeeding 48 hours" (MWR). 

October 18: HWM shows no features of interest in the area.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 28.9N, 69.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center at about 29N, 69W with a  pressure of 1009mb and at 27N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: 
25 kt N at 06Z at 31.5N, 71.5W (COA); 15 kt S with 1009 mb at 12Z at 28.3N, 69.8W (HWM).  
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 19: HWM shows no features of interest in the area.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 40kt winds at 26.2N, 74.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a 
center at about 26N, 75W (am) and at 26N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt NE with 1011 mb 
at 00Z at 29.2N, 74.9W (COA); 25 kt ESE with 1008 mb at 21Z at 28.0N, 76.0W (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the 19th it crossed the northern part of Great 
Abaco Island and over the northeast portion of the Grand Bahama Island" (MWR). 

October 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 26.5N, 79W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.3N, 78.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones shows a center at about 27N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1007mb. Ship highlights: 
20 kt E with 1009 mb at 06Z at 29.0N, 78.2W (COA); 5 kt NE with 1006 mb at 12Z at 27.9N, 
79.0W (COA). Station highlights: 17 kt NW (max w) at Miami, FL at 1851Z (OMR); 1007 mb (min p) 
at 20Z at Miami, FL (OMR). "From that point it moved northwestward and was located near 28N 
and 79W at 7am of October 20. The disturbance then recurved to the north and northeast and 
merged with an extratropical low-pressure trough along the Atlantic coast" (MWR).

October 21: HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW occluded front extending from 39N, 66W to a triple point near 
36N, 69W.  A warm front extends southward from the triple point to 25N, 70W, and a cold front 
extends southwestward from the triple point to 32N, 75W to 28N, 83W.  HURDAT no longer lists a 
system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones had dissipated the system on the 20th 
after 12Z.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE with 1005 mb at 00Z at 30.3N, 77.5W (COA); 20 kt NW with 
1007 mb at 00Z at 28.1N, 79.7W (COA).

The original HURDAT indicates that a tropical storm formed at 12Z on 17 October east of Bermuda.  
Although it is somewhat difficult to trace the precise origin of the cyclone, it appears to have 
originated from a trough that was present in that same general area on 15 October.  Data was 
obtained back to 15 October, and the data indicate that there is no evidence of a closed 
circulation on the 15th.  However, ship and Bermuda observations at 12Z on the 16th are 
sufficient to indicate genesis had begun by that time, a day earlier than originally indicated.  
The cyclone moved west-southwestward for the next two and a half days, reaching just north of 
the Bahamas by 12Z on 19 October.  All track changes on the 17th and 18th are less than 1 
degree changes, but a 1.6 degree westward track adjustment is shown at 06Z on the 19th.  After 
that, the cyclone curved towards the northwest, reaching a farthest west point just east of 
south Florida at 06Z on the 20th before it recurved toward the north-northeast.  For intensity, 
sufficient observational coverage on the 17th and 18th suggests that the cyclone was only a 
tropical depression during those days.  At 12Z on the 17th, four observations near the center 
show light winds, suggesting a broad center.  A central pressure of 1008 mb is analyzed and 
added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th based on the ship observations near the center.  A central 
pressure of 1008 mb equals 28 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  A 25 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT (down from 35 kt originally).  
A COADS ship shows a 35 kt NE wind at 20Z on the 17th 340 nmi NNW of the center.  This 
observation is analyzed to be too far away and not directly part of the circulation.  
Furthermore, this observation may have possibly contained an error (wrong time or position) 
because another observation with the same ship identifier at the same time showed a position 
farther away with 20 kt winds.  On the 18th at 06Z a 25 kt N wind was observed 210 nmi WNW of 
the center, and this wind is the highest observed so far that is considered to be part of the 
system.  The depression is analyzed to have strengthened to 30 kt at 00Z on the 18th.  At 12Z 
on the 18th, observational coverage is really good near the center and all of the ships show 
weak winds.  A central pressure of 1007 mb is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th, 
and this value equals 30 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  On the 
19th and early on the 20th, observational coverage within 100 nmi of the center is not nearly 
as good as it was on the previous two days.  The first 30 kt wind considered to be part of the 
system was recorded at 00Z on the 19th 180 nmi WNW of the center.  A 35 kt intensity is 
analyzed beginning at 00Z on the 19th (down from 40 kt originally) since the observational 
coverage is not as good on the 19th and because a 30 kt wind was observed.  Therefore, the 
cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 36 hours later than originally - a major 
change.  Observational coverage is decent at 12Z on the 19th, and the weak winds surrounding 
the system suggest the intensity was still 35 kt rather than the 40 kt shown in HURDAT 
originally.  On the 20th at 12Z, a 1006 mb ship with 5 kt NE winds is analyzed to be inside 
the RMW, and the center is placed just east of central Florida - 0.3 degrees from that ship 
and 0.4 degrees south of the original HURDAT position.  Based on this ship and other data, a 
1005 mb central pressure is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 20th.  This value 
equals 34 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 35 kt intensity 
listed in HURDAT originally is not changed.  A peak lifetime intensity of 35 kt is analyzed 
from 00Z on the 19th through 12Z on the 20th (original peak intensity of 40 kt from 00Z on 
the 19th through 00Z on the 20th).  HURDAT originally listed the cyclone weakening to a 
tropical depression at 18Z on the 20th with a position of 29.9N, 78.1W.  No change is made to 
the timing of weakening to a depression, and the position is analyzed to be 0.9 degrees south 
of the original position.  The 20th is 18Z is also the last point shown in HURDAT originally 
for this system.  Around 00Z on the 21st, a cold front was emerging off the east coast of the 
United States and the tropical depression was likely getting sheared apart.  However, 
observations indicate that the weak circulation was still closed at 00Z on 21 October east of 
north Florida.  A 1004 mb central pressure is analyzed and added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st 
due to two ship observations very close to the center.  A 1004 mb central pressure equals 
36 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship; however, the environmental 
pressure was low in all quadrants, and 30 kt is analyzed.  Dissipation is analyzed to have 
occurred after 00Z on the 21st (six hours later than originally).  By 06Z on the 21st, the 
low was no longer closed on the north side and a new, separate baroclinic low was forming to 
the north in association with the frontal system.

Of note is that this system could have been a subtropical cyclone for part of all of its lifetime.  
Also of note is that there were no observed gales for the entire lifetime of this cyclone that are 
considered to be directly part of the circulation.  Given the 30 kt wind observed on the 19th at 
00Z, the sparse coverage on the 19th and early on the 20th, and the 1005 mb analyzed central 
pressure on the 20th, there is not nearly enough evidence that it never attained tropical storm 
strength to remove it from HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

1938 Storm 9 (originally Storm 8) - Revised in 2012

30850 11/06/1938 M= 5  8 SNBR= 681 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
30850 11/07/1938 M= 4  9 SNBR= 681 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
         **         *  *

(The 6th is removed from HURDAT.)
30855 11/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*172 704  40    0*

30860 11/07*183 713  35    0*195 725  40    0*208 737  50    0*219 747  60    0*
30860 11/07*  0   0   0    0*202 724  50    0*213 733  60    0*222 740  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

30865 11/08*228 755  60    0*237 766  60    0*239 776  55    0*238 782  55    0*
30865 11/08*229 750  60    0*235 760  55    0*239 771  50    0*238 782  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **               **  

30870 11/09*234 788  50    0*227 796  50    0*221 803  45    0*217 808  40    0*
30870 11/09*234 789  45    0*227 796  45    0*221 802  40    0*216 808  35    0*
                ***  **               **          ***  **      ***      **

30875 11/10*212 813  40    0*205 818  35    0*198 824  35    0*181 836  30    0*
30875 11/10*211 813  30    0*205 818  30    0*198 824  25    0*191 830  25    0*
            ***      **               **               **      *** ***  **
30880 TS                    

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the Daily 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original 
Monthly Records, and Perez.

November 6: HWM analyzes a W-E stationary front along 20N extending from 73W eastward to 
beyond 58W.  HURDAT first lists a system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 70.4W.  
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a 00Z position near 18.5N, 71W.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 19N, 72W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and 
at 20N, 73W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1009 mb at 23.2N, 67.8W at 20Z 
(MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Save for brief periods over limited 
areas the winds were not very intense, but two vessels, near the Bahamas, noted force 11" (MWR). 

November 7: HWM analyzes a W-E dissipating stationary front extending from  20N, 71W to east 
of 20N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 20.8N, 73.7W at 12Z. 
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 21N, 74W (am) with a pressure 
of 1003mb and at 23N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 50 kt E (highest wind 60 kt E) with 1005 mb 
at 09Z at 24.0N, 68.9W (MWR); 50 kt NNE with lowest pressure encountered 1004 mb (wind and 
pressure not simultaneous) near 24.0N, 74.0W [no time but wind might have occurred after 12Z 
with pressure occurring between 18Z and 23Z] (MWR); 60 kt N with 1006 mb at 18Z at 24.1N, 74.6W 
(MWR, COA); 45 kt ESE with 1008 mb at 18Z at 23.5N, 70.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE with 1003 mb at 
22Z ay 24.2N, 74.6W (MWR, COA). Station highlights: 43 kt at 1830Z at San Salvador (24.0N, 74.5W) 
(MWR); 30-43 kt at Antilla, Cuba (20.8N, 75.7W) (no time) (MWR); 1000 mb at Ragged Island 
(22.2N, 75.7W) (no time) (MWR).  "Indications of an organized wind circulation about a center 
were incomplete until the 6th when at the 7 pm EST [00Z on the 7th] observation, a center 
could be located, with some depression of the barometer, over west-central Haiti, with 
accompanying squalls at a considerable distance to the northward, along the southern edge of 
the strong anticyclone.  After the organization of the storm center on the 6th, the disturbance, 
increasing in extent, and with slowly falling central pressure, moved northwestward.  November 
7 was the stormiest day in connection with it.  During the day several ships east and southeast 
of the southern Bahamas, and to the north, northeast, and east of the storm center, reported 
gales of strength varying between force 8 and force 11.  Among these, the Dutch S.S. Bacchus, 
near 24N, 69W had a force 10 east gale, with squalls of force 11, lowest barometer 29.68, at 
4 am; the American S.S. Arizonan, near 24N, 74W experienced a force 10 gale from NNE, lowest 
barometer 29.65; while a short distance to the westward at 1 pm the Panamanian S.S. Maravi 
reported the severest gale of the storm, a north wind force 11, barometer 29.63" (MWR).  
"The following quotations are taken from the report of Forecaster Dunn, Jacksonville, FL: 
'During the passage of the storm...on the 7th...San Salvador Island reported a 50 mile 
velocity at their 1:30 pm observation.  While the strong winds reported during this 
disturbance were largely gradient winds and mostly north of the center, much less frequent 
but occasionally heavy squalls were reported south of the center.  The Cuban Telephone Co. 
reports damage to lines in the vicinity of Baracoa [20.4N, 74.5W] on the 7th, also a 35 to 
50 mile wind at Antilla [20.8N, 75.7W] and a heavy rainstorm at Caimaniera [20.0N, 75.2W] 
during the afternoon of the same day'" (MWR).

November 8: HWM indicates troughing from 25N, 76W to 21N, 80W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 23.9N, 77.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center at about 24N, 77W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 23.5N, 78W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 15kt SE with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.4N, 74.4W at 0Z (COA); 45kt E with a 
pressure of 1012mb at 25.3N, 74.3W at 0Z (COA); 35 kt E with 1006 mb at 06Z at 24.7N, 74.5W 
(COA); 40 kt E (no time or position given) (MWR). Station highlights: 25 kt NE (max w) at 
0856Z at Miami, FL (MWR); 16 kt NE with 1006 mb (min p) at 2000Z at Miami, FL (OMR); 1007 mb 
(mean pressure for day) at Key West (MWR).  "The following quotations are taken from the 
report of Forecaster Dunn, Jacksonville, FL: 'The lowest reported reputable pressure was 
29.54 inches at Ragged Island in the Bahamas'" (MWR).

November 9: HWM analyzes a warm front extending from 29N, 78W south-southwestward to 21N, 
82.5W, where it becomes a dissipating cold front which extends southwestward to Honduras.  
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 22.1N, 80.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 22.5N, 79.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb 
and at 21N, 80.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW with 1007mb at 01Z at 23.0N, 82.0W (COA); 
30 kt N with 1006 mb at 09Z at 24.4N, 81.4W (COA); 25 kt NE with 1008 mb at 13Z at 24.0N, 
80.0W (COA). Station highlights: 1005 mb at 12Z at Cienfuegos, Cuba (22.1N, 80.4W) (DWM); 
25 kt N at 12Z at Havana (HWM). 

November 10: HWM indicates a broad, closed low of at most 1010mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 19N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.8N, 82.4W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 19N, 81.5W (am) with 
a pressure of 1010mb. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNW with 1012 mb at 01Z at 21.4N, 84.7W (COA); 
20 kt NNE with 1012 mb at 13Z at 23.2N, 83.3W (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt NE with 
1008 mb at Nueva Gerona (Isle of Pines) at 12Z (HWM).

According to the original HURDAT, a tropical cyclone formed at 18Z on 6 November south of 
Hispaniola with a 40 kt intensity.  Observations near Hispaniola on the 6th at 12Z suggest 
that the system did not yet have a closed circulation.  Genesis is delayed 12 hours with the 
formation occurring off of the north coast of Hispaniola.  For the first few days of the 
cyclone's lifetime, there was synoptic high pressure located to the north, and there also may 
have been an E-W stationary front located east of the cyclone that extended almost to the 
cyclone on the 6th and 7th.  The strongest observed winds late on the 6th and early on the 7th 
occurred between 200-300 nmi north of the cyclone.  Beginning later on the 7th, this distance 
was reduced to between 100-200 nm.  Maximum winds of 35 kt were observed on the 6th, before 
genesis occurred.  This cyclone was likely subtropical for much of its lifetime - at least on 
the 7th and 8th.  At 06Z on the 7th when the cyclone formed off the coast north of Hispaniola, 
the intensity is begun at 50 kt (up from 40 kt originally).  During the morning of the 7th, 
60 kt winds were observed approximately 300 nm NNE of the center.  The center make landfall 
at 11Z on the 7th at Inagua Island in the Bahamas at 21.1N, 73.1W as a 60 kt tropical storm.  
At 18Z on the 7th, another ship recorded 60 kt winds about 120 nm NNW of the center.  At 
approximately the same time, yet another ship recorded 50 kt winds about 130 nm north of the 
center.  The cyclone made its next landfall at 19Z on the 7th at Crooked Island (22.3N, 74.2W) 
as a 60 kt tropical storm.  The lowest pressure recorded by a ship on the 7th was 1003 mb; 
however, there were important observations from land stations as well.  San Salvador recorded 
winds of 43 kt at 1830Z on the 7th.  Sometime late on the 7th or early on the 8th, Antilla, 
Cuba reported winds between 30-43 kt, and some damage was reported at a couple of locations 
in eastern Cuba.  Although the available ship observations south of the center show only 
weak west winds, the damage reports from Cuba suggest that tropical storm force winds existed 
on the south side of the cyclone as well - but also with a large RMW of perhaps 100 nmi or 
more.  The lowest pressure recorded for the entire lifetime of the cyclone was 1000 mb at 
Ragged Island in the Bahamas, and based on the revised track and intensity this likely 
occurred early on the 8th.  This pressure (likely peripheral) of 1000 mb suggests maximum 
winds of at least 47 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship.  
A peak intensity of 60 kt is analyzed for 18 hours from 12Z on the 7th through 00Z on the 8th 
(the original peak intensity of 60 kt for 18 hours was from 18Z on the 7th through 06Z on the 
8th).  The revised track is to the right of the original track on the 7th and reaches the 
same latitude peak of 23.9N at 12Z on the 8th, before the cyclone curved southwestward and 
made landfall in Cuba early on the 9th.  Although observational coverage near the center is 
not quite as good on the 8th compared to the 7th, there is good evidence that the cyclone 
began to weaken on the 8th.  After winds of 45 kt were observed at 00Z on the 8th, the 
highest wind recorded for the rest of the day was only 40 kt.  At Miami, the highest observed 
winds were 25 kt and the lowest pressure was 1006 mb on the 8th.  The highest winds to impact 
the Florida Keys and south Florida were likely about 30 kt, so a tropical storm impact is 
not analyzed for Florida.  As the cyclone weakened, it turned southwestward and make landfall 
in Cuba at 22.8N, 79.6W on 9 November at 06Z as a 45 kt tropical storm.  Perez does not 
classify this system as a tropical storm for Cuba, as the Cuban tropical cyclone record 
treats this more like a monsoon depression (like they did Nicole of 2010).  However, Perez 
estimated a central pressure of 1001 mb at Cuban landfall.  A 1005 mb pressure was observed 
at Cienfuegos, Cuba at 12Z on the 9th, and the analyzed position has the center passing 
about 0.1 degrees from that city.  Although the highest available observed wind from any 
ship or station on the 9th is 30 kt, the 1005 mb pressure at Cienfuegos along with the 
information from Perez suggest that the 45 kt intensity at 06Z on the 9th is appropriate 
(this is down from 50 kt in HURDAT originally).  The cyclone was over Cuba until 14Z on 
the 9th.  The cyclone continued moving southwestward and weakening.  It weakened to a 
tropical depression at 00Z on the 10th (18 hours earlier than originally) south of central 
Cuba.  The highest observed wind on the 10th was 25 kt at 00Z, and the circulation 
continued to weaken after that.  No changes are made to the timing of dissipation - 18Z 
on the 10th - but the intensity is lowered to 25 kt at the final point (down from 35 kt 
originally), and the position is corrected due to an unrealistic acceleration during the 
last 6 hours of the original HURDAT track.  Troughing apparent in the northwestern Caribbean 
Sea on the 11th and 12th may be a combination of the remnants of the cyclone along with a 
former frontal boundary.

*******************************************************************************

1938 additional notes:

1) HWM indicates a long-lived extratropical low moved across the Atlantic during mid-April.  
The system exhibited gale to storm force winds and central pressure below 987 mb.  While the 
cyclone may have gotten some of its energetics from convective processes, the system remained 
too baroclinic to have transitioned to a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone.  Thus the cyclone 
will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Apr    13 30N 64W Extratropical
Apr    14 31N 58W Extratropical
Apr    15 31N 56W Extratropical
Apr    16 29N 53W Extratropical
Apr    17 28N 43W Extratropical
Apr    18 38N 40W Extratropical
Apr    19 38N 32W Extratropical
Apr    20 37N 37W Extratropical
Apr    21 35N 30W Extratropical
Apr    22 33N 30W Extratropical
Apr    23 34N 25W Extratropical

2) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate a tropical depression formed around 00 UTC 
on the 2nd moving north-northwest and recurving around 12 UTC to the north-northeast.  This 
depression was extratropical by 00 UTC on the 4th.  On the 4th, there is no evidence that the 
low is still closed.  There were no gales or low pressures with this system.  Thus, this system 
will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 	LAT LON STATUS
Jun 1 	  Open trough
Jun 2   31N 66W Tropical depression
Jun 3   36N 63W Tropical depression
Jun 4 	  Open trough and extratropical

3) HWM, COADS and the MWR monthly gale chart indicate that a tropical depression formed in the 
southern Caribbean Sea and drifted west-northwestward for a few days until a much stronger 
documented tropical cyclone (original Storm #2) coming with speed from the east absorbed this 
depression into its circulation around 00 UTC on the 12th.  (Also of note is that original Storm 
#1 dissipated on the 9th near 19.2N, 70.5W.)  There is not clear evidence that the low was closed 
from 12 UTC on the 10th to the time of absorption.  This was probably a closed low for approximately 
36 hours.  There was one gale of 40 knots associated with this system either on the 6th or the 7th 
not far from 16N, 76W, however the lowest pressure from the ship that reported the gale was 1014 mb.  
Also, there is no evidence of a closed circulation at the time.  There were some 30 kt winds and 
some low pressures within 10 degrees latitude or longitude of this system at various times, but 
none were near the center at any time.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Aug 6 	   Open wave
Aug 7 	   Open wave
Aug 8    14N 79W Tropical depression?
Aug 9    14N 79W Tropical depression
Aug 10   16N 81W Tropical depression?

4) Observations from HWM, COADS, and MWR indicate a possible tropical cyclone located near 19N, 
53W on 18 August.  The observed shifts in wind direction from ships north of the center from 18 
to 19 August along with observed wind speeds and pressures suggest the possibility that a 35-40 kt 
tropical storm was moving in a direction between WNW and NW from 19N, 53W on the 18th to near 26N, 
63W on the 20th.  A 35 kt gale was observed on the 18th (MWR gale table) at 20Z at 20.5N, 55.2W, and 
this observation fits in with HWM and COADS observations that indicate a cyclone moving in the 
aforementioned direction.  There were no other gales or low pressures observed.  Also, there were 
only three observations south of the center with westerly wind components (although data was rather 
sparse) - two of which were 5 kt SW winds on the 18th.  This system is not added to HURDAT because 
there is only one piece of evidence.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Aug 18   19N 53W Possible tropical storm
Aug 19   23N 59W Possible tropical storm
Aug 20   26N 63W Tropical depression
Aug 21	   Dissipated

5) HWM, COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a low formed in association with a front on 
28 August off the North Carolina coast.  Although HWM still analyzes fronts attached to the low on 
the 29th, observations suggest that the frontal features may have disappeared on the 29th.  HWM's 
analysis on the 30th no longer has a front extending to the low center, and on the 30th the center 
was near 38N, 67W.  On the 31st, the low or cyclone became extratropical again near 42N, 58W as 
another approaching front reached the location of the low.  The extratropical low moved eastward 
until it dissipated or was absorbed on the 4th.  There are no gales or low pressures from any sources 
associated with this system from the 28th-31st.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Aug 28   36N 72W Extratropical 
Aug 29   36N 72W Tropical depression
Aug 30   38N 67W Tropical depression
Aug 31   42N 58W Extratropical
Sep 01   47N 45W Extratropical
Sep 02   52N 32W Extratropical
Sep 03   46N 19W Extratropical
Sep 04	   Dissipated

6) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and the MWR monthly gale chart indicate that a tropical wave 
east of Florida crossed the southern Florida peninsula on the 7th and continued westward across the 
Gulf of Mexico.  It may have become a tropical depression on the 9th or 10th and moved inland over 
Texas just after 00 UTC on the 11th.  There was a 35 kt gale associated with this system that occurred 
in the Florida Straits early on the 8th when the area of lowest pressure was just off the west coast 
of south Florida, however, the low was not closed at that time.  Port Arthur, TX recorded its maximum 
wind for the month of 37 kt E on the 9th (MWR).  However, this observation well north of the system 
occurred with a thunderstorm squall associated with the northern end of the tropical wave.  A sea 
level pressure minimum of 1008 mb was recorded with this system at 2230Z on the 10th in Corpus Christi 
(the lowest of any coastal Texas location), but with peak winds out of the N of only 17 kt. Thus, 
this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON  STATUS
Sep 7 	    Open wave near southeast coast of Florida
Sep 8 	    Open wave near southwest coast of Florida
Sep 9 	    Open wave in Gulf of Mexico
Sep 10   26N 94W  Tropical Depression
Sep 11   29N 100W Tropical Depression
Sep 12          Dissipated

7) An area of low pressure moving westward may have been located in the Bay of Campeche on the 9th 
and 10th before moving inland, but there were no gales or low pressure observed from ships or from 
any Mexican stations.  This feature may have been part of the tropical wave axis from suspect 
number 5 (above).  This system may have either been a small tropical depression or some funneling 
of the flow along the Mexican coast to enhance the Veracruz wind observations of 25 kt NW on the 
10th.  This is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Sep 9    19N 93W Wave/Tropical Depression?
Sep 10   19N 96W Tropical Depression?
Sep 11 	   Dissipated

8) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a tropical depression existed from the 12th 
through the 14th of September.  On the 11th of September, a stationary frontal boundary was located 
just south of Bermuda.  From the 12th through the 14th, a small closed low occurred after the frontal 
boundary had dissipated.  On the 15th, the system was absorbed into a frontal boundary.  Peak winds 
observed within the cyclone were 25 kt and lowest pressure of 1006 mb.  As there is no indications 
of gale force winds, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY 	  LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12    28N 68W Tropical Depression
Sep 13    30N 66W Tropical Depression
Sep 14    33N 65W Tropical Depression

9) HWM, COADS and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a trough of low pressure was located in the 
Gulf of Mexico with area of lowest pressure and some cyclonic turning noted near 25N, 88W on 
28 September. It moved inland on the Gulf coast of Florida sometime around 00Z on the 29th and 
appears to have become extratropical later on the 29th as it moved northeastward.  During the 
portion of its lifetime over the Gulf of Mexico, the structure was very asymmetric and it might 
have actually been frontal from the time of formation.  In addition, no gales or low pressures 
were observed from any sources on the 27th-28th during the time when it possibly may have been 
tropical.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Sep 27   23N 87W Broad low/trough
Sep 28   25N 88W Broad low/trough
Sep 29   32N 81W Extratropical
Sep 30   37N 73W Extratropical
Oct 1    47N 62W Extratropical
Oct 2		   Absorbed

10)  A tropical wave, a trough, or perhaps a closed low was located near 18N, 65W on 11 October.  
It moved westward to near 18N, 68W on the 12th.  Southerly winds on the east side, easterly winds 
on the north side, and northerly winds on the west side accompanied this potential system on the 
11th and 12th, but there was not much data near and south of where a center might have been.  
There was only one ship that reported a westerly wind component south of the possible center. 
 However, that ship wasn't very close to the system and a time series of that ship reveals that 
its reported wind directions are questionable.  The highest wind recorded with this system was 
30 kt E with 1013 mb at 18Z on the 11th at 19.5N, 64.5W.  COADS lists a ship with a 1005 mb 
pressure and 10 kt winds at 01Z on the 11th at 19.8N, 65.5W, but other observations in the area 
suggest that the 1005 mb is likely an error or the ship's pressure was biased too low.  The 
highest wind recorded at San Juan was 25 kt E on the 11th.  There are no gales or reliable low 
pressures associated with this system and there is not really evidence that the circulation was 
ever closed.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Oct 10	   Tropical wave/trough near eastern Caribbean
Oct 11   18N 65W Possible tropical depression
Oct 12   18N 68W Possible tropical depression
Oct 13	   Dissipated

11) 1938 Storm 7 - Removed from HURDAT

30825 10/23/1938 M= 3  7 SNBR= 680 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0    
30830 10/23*  0   0   0    0*238 939  35    0*248 924  35    0*258 904  35    0*
30830 10/23*  0   0   0    0E238 945  25    0E248 924  25    0E258 900  30    0*
                            *    ***  **     *         **     *    ***  **

30835 10/24*274 876  40    0*296 837  40    0E322 798  40    0E351 764  35    0*
30835 10/24E272 873  35    0E295 837  40    0E322 798  40    0E353 763  40    0*
           **** ***  **     ****                               *** ***  **

30840 10/25E385 731  35    0E424 695  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30840 10/25E390 720  40    0E425 680  45    0E485 630  50    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

30845 TS                    

This system was an extratropical cyclone and is thus removed from HURDAT.  Otherwise, minor track 
changes and minor intensity changes are recommended for this cyclone.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the Daily Weather Maps Series (DWM), 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller 
(1960) and Connor (1956).

October 23: HWM indicates a low near 19.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt 
winds at 24.8N, 92.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at about 24N, 
94W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 27.5N, 87W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NNW with a pressure 
of 1007mb at 25.9N, 89.6W at 23Z (MWR). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. "A very 
shallow low developed near 24N, and 93W on the morning of October 23" (MWR). 

October 24: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 32.5N, 80.5W with a warm front extending north-northeastward from the low and a cold 
front extending southward and then southwestward from the low.  HWM plotted another WNW-ESE warm 
front extending from 50 nmi east of the low east-southeastward.  HURDAT lists this as an 
extratropical storm with 40kt winds at 32.2N, 79.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows a center at about 32N, 79.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 38.5N, 77W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NNW with 1008 mb at 00Z at 26.0N, 89.5W (MWR); 25 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 06Z 
at 27.9N, 84.6W (COA); 25kt S with a pressure of 998mb at 36.3N, 75.3W at 20Z (MWR); 35kt S before 
21Z and 30 kt WSW with 1000 mb at 21Z at 34.6N, 75.7W (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt SW 
(max w/5-min/60 m) at 1145Z at Tampa (MWR); 37 kt SE (max w/5-min/15 m) at Cape Hatteras and 
1000 mb (min p) at Cape Hatteras [not simultaneous] (MWR); 37 kt N (max w/5-min/16 m) at Cape 
Henry, VA (MWR). "This depression moved northeastward and at 7pm of the same day [23rd] was 
centered about 225 miles south of Pensacola, Fla. At the same time, the S. S. Bertha Brovig near 
26N and 89.5W reported a fresh north-northwest gale, barometer 29.77 inches. Several other 
vessels in the vicinity reported encountering strong to high winds.  During the early morning of 
the 24th, the disturbance crossed the Florida coast line north of Tampa with a maximum wind 
velocity of 38 miles an hour at Tampa at 6:45am. During the evening of the 23rd and the morning 
of the 24th, disturbed conditions had overspread the northeast portion of the Gulf of Mexico and 
the area adjacent to the Georgia and South Carolina coasts. By 7pm of October 24, the disturbance 
had moved into a trough of low pressure over the New England States" (MWR).  "Oct 23-24, FL, 
N of Tampa, Minor" (Dunn and Miller 1960 - "minor" indicates pressure > 996 mb and winds < 64 kt).

October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low [not the feature of interest] of at most 975 mb centered 
near 57N, 65W with an occluded front extending from 61N, 62W to 63N, 57W to 61N, 53W to 58N, 54W, 
becoming a warm front at 54N, 58W, extending to 50N, 63W.  A cold front extends from this point 
southward to a triple point at 42.5N, 62.5W.  A warm front extends south-southeastward from this 
triple point, and a cold front extends south-southwestward.  HWM plots another occluded front 
extending from 50N, 66W southwestward to 43N, 78W.  HURDAT lasts this the system at 06Z as a 
30 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.4N, 69.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows the 
low of interest with a 12Z position near 47N, 63W with a 981 mb pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows another low at 12Z located near 53N, 67W with a 981 mb pressure.  
MWR indicates that by 00Z on 26 October, the 2 lows had merged and become one with a position 
of 59.5N, 60.5W at 00Z on 26 October.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE with 995 mb at 08Z at 42.5N, 
63.5W (COA); 50 kt S with 1004 mb at 12Z at 42.5N, 58.9W (COA).  Station highlights: 993 mb at 
Nantucket, MA (MWR); 20 kt W with 992 mb at 12Z at Halifax (HWM, MWR); 15 kt N with 984 mb at 
12Z at Anticosti Island, Quebec (~49.7N, 63.7W) (DWM, HWM).

HURDAT originally listed this cyclone as being tropical for 30 hours - from 06Z on the 23rd through 
06Z on the 24th.  A broad cyclonic circulation appeared in the western Gulf of Mexico on 23 October 
and it moved rapidly east-northeastward and then northeastward.  Observations from 12Z on the 23rd 
through 00Z on the 24th indicate that a warm front extended eastward from the low.  Temperatures 
were cool along the Gulf Coast.  The accelerating extratropical low made landfall near the big bend 
of Florida around 06Z or 07Z on the 24th, and by 12Z, it was centered just off the South Carolina 
coast.  Observations on the 24th beginning around 00Z indicate that a warm front and a cold front 
extended from the low.  At 18Z on the 24th, the cyclone was near Cape Hatteras.  The analyzed 
position at 12Z on the 25th is just north of Nova Scotia, Canada as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone, 
and it merged with another extratropical low shortly after 12Z on the 25th.  The baroclinicity, the 
asymmetry wind structure, and the temperature gradients never relaxed for the entire lifetime of 
the cyclone.  This cyclone never contained tropical characteristics; thus, it is removed from HURDAT.

11) Hector indicates that there may have been a low in the eastern Caribbean Sea south of Puerto 
Rico on 11-12 December.  HWM shows only a trough, but it also shows a 1006 mb ship on the 11th with 
20 kt NE winds at 15.0N, 70.5W.  MWR p. 431, the MWR December table of ship gales, HWM, and COADS 
data indicate that a low located in the central Caribbean on the 14th moved northward over Haiti 
on the 15th, continued moving northward, and "gained sufficient force on the 16th to cause whole 
gales over the waters east and northeast of the Bahamas" (MWR).  It is not certain whether the 
system mentioned by Hector is the same system discussed by MWR a few days later.  There is no 
evidence of a closed circulation from the 11th-14th.  On the 15th, observations indicate a broad, 
weak closed low or trough near Haiti and the eastern tip of Cuba.  The highest observed winds in 
the area of this potential system were 20-25 kt on the 11th-12th and only 15-20 kt on the 13th-15th.  
On the 15th, while this low was located near 19N, 75W, a complex frontal system to the north 
extended from 35N, 64W to 28N, 70W to 26N, 75W to 26N, 78W to 23N, 83W.  Observations suggest that 
a low may have been developing along this frontal system on the 15th near 26N, 78W.  While this 
low was intensifying, the low of interest moved northward from western Haiti, merging with the 
frontal low on the 16th.  After the two lows merged, the new low was located near 26N, 74W on the 
16th, and it was extratropical.  The first gales were recorded during the early morning on the 
16th, in association with the deepening baroclinic low.  All gales on the 16th occurred north of 
28N after the systems were merged and the new low was extratropical.  On the 17th, the combined 
extratropical low was very large and broad, extremely elongated, and covered a huge area of the 
western Atlantic.  By the 18th, this extratropical low was centered near 37N, 66W.  This suspect 
is not added to HURDAT and there is no evidence that it was ever a tropical cyclone.

DAY 	 LAT LON STATUS
Dec 11   14N 70W Open trough/spot low
Dec 12   13N 71W Open trough/spot low
Dec 13   13N 73W Open trough
Dec 14   14N 75W Open trough
Dec 15   19N 75W Broad low/trough
Dec 16 	   Absorbed

***********************************************************************************

Storm #1, 1939 - Revised 2012

29705 06/12/1939 M= 6  1 SNBR= 658 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
29705 06/12/1939 M= 7  1 SNBR= 658 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
                    *

29710 06/12*  0   0   0    0*176 880  35    0*186 871  35    0*193 870  35    0*
29710 06/12*  0   0   0    0*176 878  30    0*186 871  35    0*196 865  40    0*
                                 ***  **                       *** ***  **

29715 06/13*203 870  35 1003*217 870  35    0*231 870  35    0*242 870  40    0*
29715 06/13*207 860  45    0*219 858  55    0*231 858  55    0*242 859  55    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

29720 06/14*252 870  40    0*263 870  40    0*275 870  45    0*284 871  45    0*
29720 06/14*252 860  55    0*261 862  50    0*269 865  50    0*276 871  50    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

29725 06/15*288 874  45    0*284 890  45    0*281 881  40    0*285 877  40    0*
29725 06/15*282 878  50    0*286 884  50    0*283 884  50    0*286 881  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29730 06/16*291 876  35    0*298 878  35    0*304 880  35    0*315 887  30    0*
29730 06/16*291 879  50    0*296 877  50    0*302 876  50    0*312 881  35    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29735 06/17*331 899  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
29735 06/17*322 888  30    0*333 890  25    0*345 890  25    0*357 888  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
29735 06/18*369 883  20    0*382 873  20    0E395 855  20    0E408 833  20    0*

29740 TS                                                                        

U.S. Tropical Storm
-------------------
6/16 13Z - 30.3N 87.6W - 50 kt - AL

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  A major change is to introduce an additional 24 hr to the life cycle to this 
cyclone and to indicate an extratropical transition.  Evidence for these changes comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records, and Connor (1956).

June 10:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb over northern Venezuela near 11N 74W.  
HURDAT's first position is at 06Z on the 12th.  The MWR's Tracks of Lows first position is 
on the evening of the 12th.  No gales or low pressures.

June 11:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb over Nicaragua near 13N 87W.  
No gales or low pressures.

June 12: HWM indicates that there is a closed low of at most 1010mb centered over Central 
America near 19N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds 
at 18.6N, 87.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives an evening position estimate of 21N, 87W. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 21 kt SE Key West (strongest 
winds for month of June). "The first tropical disturbance of 1939 attained only moderate 
intensity, but moved in a rather unusual course from the Gulf of Honduras northward and 
north-northwestward to the east Gulf coast.  The earliest report of disturbed conditions in 
connection with this depression was received on the morning of June 12 through the Mexican 
weather service at Chetumal, placing the center near latitude 18.8N, 87W. During the afternoon 
of the same day, although no reports of strong winds were received, vessels in the area just 
east of the Yucatan Peninsula  reported squally weather conditions, with moderate to rough seas. 
The center of the depression, by evening of June 12, was near Cozumel Island, where there had 
been a fall in pressure from 29.88 inches, at the morning observation to 29.61 inches at 7pm 
(EST). During the period from the morning of June 12 to the evening of June 14 the disturbance 
moved slowly northward. (MWR)"

June 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 23N, 87W at 12Z. HURDAT  lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 23.1N, 87.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives 
a morning position estimate of 24N, 87W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 26.5N, 
86W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE with 1010mb at 25.0N, 85.3W at 18Z (COA). 40 kt SE at ~25N 85.5W 
at 17Z (MWR); 30 kt S with 999 mb at 22.3N, 84.7W at 07Z (MWR). Station highlights: 1003 mb at 
Cozumel at 00Z (MWR); 30 kt S at San Julian, Cuba ~06Z (MWR).

June 14: HWM shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 27.5N, 86W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 27.5N, 87.0W at 12Z. MWR's Track 
of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 27N, 86W with a pressure of 1001mb and in the evening 
at 29.5N, 87W. Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1001 mb at 27N 87W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt NE with 1004 
mb at 29.4N 86.5W at 15Z (COA); 35 kt ENE with 1003mb at 29.4N, 86.5W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt NE with 
1000 mb at 29.5N 87.6W at 23Z (MWR/COA). Station highlights: 33 kt E at Apalachicola (MWR). 

June 15: HWM indicates that there is a closed low of at most 1005mb just south of Mobile Bay near 
29N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 28.1N, 88.1W at 
12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 28N, 89W with a pressure of 1002 mb 
and in the evening at 29N, 87W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NNE with 1003 mb at 29.0N 88.5W at 06Z 
(COA); 35 kt SW at ~26.4N, 86.3W (no time) (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt NE (1 min) and 1005 mb 
at Pensacola, FL at 0030Z (MWR). "During the 24 hours following the evening of the 14th, the center 
of the disturbance described a small left-hand loop, the resumed a north-northwest movement on the 
night of June 15, which carried the depression inland over Mobile, AL, on the morning of the 16th. (MWR)"

June 16: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb making landfall near Mobile Bay at 29.8N, 87.5W 
at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 30.4N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR's 
Track of Lows gives a morning estimate of 30.5N, 88.5W with a pressure of 1004mb and in the evening 
at 32.5N, 89W. Ship highlights: 20kt S with 1005 mb at 28.2N, 85.5W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: 
48 kt SE (1 min - peak wind) at 1330Z and 1004 mb (minimum pressure) at 1130Z at Pensacola (MWR, 
OMR); 29 kt S (1 min - peak wind) at 23Z and 1005 mb (minimum pressure) at Mobile (OMR). "At Mobile, 
AL, at 9:37am (EST) of June 16, as the center moved inland, an abrupt wind-shift from north to south 
was observed. The wind was of only moderate force. At 7:30 (EST) of the 16th; its center lay to the 
southwest of Meridian, MS; and merged with an extra-tropical low pressure area" (MWR).  "Threatening 
all day, with a sudden change in wind direction at 9:37 A.M.  No increase in velocity until early 
in the afternoon, when fresh southerly winds with strong gusts began.  Heavy rain squalls, with the 
heavest between 7:45 pm. and 8:15 pm.  Streets flooded.  Many cars stalled.  Increasing south wind 
blocked Bay Bridge at noon to midnight.  Little damage by wind.  Mostly tree branches and small 
signs.  No damage along water front as tide was about a foot below top of Dauphin Street wharf.  
The center of the disturbance passed slightly east of Mobile about 9:30 A.M." (OMR Mobile).  "The 
maximum wind velocity of 54 miles per hour from the southeast on the 16th is the hightest of 
record for June and occurred in connection with the passage of a moderate tropical disturbance 
northward across the Gulf of Mexico to the Mobile-Pensacola area of the northern Gulf coast...
Damage in Pensacola from this storm was negligible" (OMR Pensacola).

June 17:  HWM indicates a trough over the southeastern United States with no frontal boundaries 
analyzed.  HURDAT's last position was 00Z at 33.1N 89.9W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  MWR's 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a morning position of 34.5N 89W with 1009 mb pressure.  
Station highlights:  25 kt SW at Meridian (peak wind for month of June) (MWR); 21 kt SW Vicksburg 
(peak wind for month of June) (MWR).  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 18:  HWM does not indicate a closed low, but does show a frontal boundary extending east-west 
just south of the Great Lakes.  MWR's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a morning position of 
40N 85.5W with 1008 mb pressure and an evening position of 41N 83.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

No changes are made to the timing of genesis at 06Z on the 12th, as observations around 12Z on that 
date show a weak closed low present in the Northwestern Caribbean at that time.  Minor track changes 
are introduced for all six days of the cyclone's duration.  It is worth noting that the 
counter-clockwise loop indicated in the HURDAT originally on the 15th is not possible to observe as 
there are almost no non-12Z observations available near the cyclone.  Additionally, the original 
loop had quite implausible 6 hourly motions indicated:  9 kt at 18Z on the 14th, 4 kt at 00Z on the 
15th, 14 kt at 06Z, and 9 kt at 12Z, and 5 kt at 18Z.  As the observations are not sufficient to 
remove the loop, instead the loops is reduced in size and the 6 hourly motions are realisitically 
smoothed.  The system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 06Z on the 12th (5 kt less than 
originally indicated) and intensified to a tropical storm with 35 kt (no change) at 12Z on the 12th.  
The first indications of tropical storm intensity were from the 1003 mb observation (no winds 
available) at 00Z on the 13th.  This suggests at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  This was shortly followed by 999 mb with 30 kt S wind at 07Z on the 
13th from the S.S. Oropesa with a subsequent peak wind of 35 kt SSW (no time).  This peripheral 
pressure suggests peak winds of at least 49 kt.  Intensity is analyzed to be 45 kt at 00Z and 
55 kt at 06Z on the 13th, the latter value now being the peak intensity for the cyclone (up from 
45 kt originally).  The 55 kt peak intensity is supported by the peripheral pressure measurement 
(giving an intensity greater than 49 kt) in conjunction with the near average forward speed, size, 
and environmental pressure.  The 55 kt now shown in HURDAT for 06 and 12Z on the 13th represent 
major adjustments upward to the original HURDAT, which had only 35 kt for those two time periods.  
While the 1003 mb observation was included in HURDAT originally, given the immediately subsequent 
measurements from the S.S. Oropesa, other ships later in the day, and the 30 kt observed on the 
western tip of Cuba, the track of the cyclone is to the east of that originally from late on the 
12th through early on the 14th, and thus the 1003 mb observed in Cozumel is a peripheral pressure 
reading and is removed from HURDAT.   30 kt N and 1001 mb ship observations at 12Z on the 14th 
suggest intensity of at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
50 kt is chosen at this time (up from 45 kt originally).  The S.S. Kofresi observed 1000 mb 
minimum pressure with maximum winds of NE 35 kt at 23Z on the 14th.  This peripheral pressure 
suggests winds of at least 44 kt.  Intensity at 00Z on the 15th is analyzed to be 50 kt (up from 
45 kt originally).  No observations were near the core on the 15th.  

The cyclone made landfall around 13Z on the 16th just southeast of Mobile, which experienced an N 
to S wind shift at 1437Z and minimum pressure of 1005 mb at 15Z.  Pensacola to the east of the 
landfall point experienced a peak 1 min wind of SE 48 kt at 1330Z and minimum pressure of 1004 mb 
at 1130Z, while Mobile only experienced a peak 1 min wind of S 29 kt.  Based upon the wind at 
Pensacola, the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 50 kt, up from 35 kt originally in HURDAT 
at 12Z.  After landfall, the cyclone weakened with no extratropical transition being noted.  A 
closed circulation was still noted in the 12Z Historical Weather Map on the 17th and the system is 
continued as a tropical depression on that date.  A closed low still remained in the 12Z Historical 
Weather Map on the 18th along a stationary frontal boundary just south of the Great Lakes.  A 
short extratropical stage is indicated late on the 18th with dissipation after 18Z on that date.

*******************************************************************************

Storm #2, 1939 - Revised in 2012

29745 08/07/1939 M=14  2 SNBR= 659 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
29745 08/07/1939 M=13  2 SNBR= 659 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1 
                   **                    

29750 08/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 639  35    0*
29750 08/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 639  30    0*
                                                                        **

29755 08/08*195 646  35    0*199 653  35    0*202 660  35    0*207 669  35    0*
29755 08/08*195 646  30    0*199 653  30    0*202 660  30    0*207 669  30    0*
                     **               **               **               **

29760 08/09*213 680  35    0*217 688  35    0*222 697  40    0*228 708  40    0*
29760 08/09*215 680  35    0*222 692  35    0*228 703  40    0*233 713  40    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29765 08/10*233 720  45    0*238 732  45    0*243 743  50    0*247 752  55    0*
29765 08/10*237 723  45    0*240 733  45    0*243 743  50    0*247 753  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

29770 08/11*252 761  55    0*259 775  60    0*267 790  65    0*272 800  70    0*
29770 08/11*252 763  55    0*257 773  60    0*262 783  65    0*267 793  65    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

29775 08/12*277 810  60    0*283 822  60    0*288 833  60    0*293 841  65    0*
29775 08/12*273 804  65    0*279 819  50    0*286 834  55    0*292 846  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

29780 08/13*297 849  70    0*301 857  60    0*305 863  60    0*307 867  50    0*
29780 08/13*298 856  65    0*304 864  65  985*310 871  50    0*314 875  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29785 08/14*310 870  35    0*313 873  30    0*315 875  25    0*318 876  25    0*
29785 08/14*316 878  35    0*318 880  30    0*320 880  30    0*323 880  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29790 08/15*320 877  25    0*323 878  25    0*325 878  25    0*328 877  25    0*
29790 08/15*326 879  30    0*328 878  30    0*330 878  30    0*331 877  30    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

29795 08/16*330 876  25    0*331 874  20    0*334 872  20    0*336 869  20    0*
29795 08/16*331 876  30    0*331 874  30    0*331 872  30    0*331 871  30    0*
            ***      **               **      ***      **      *** ***  **

29800 08/17*338 866  15    0*339 863  15    0*341 859  20    0*342 857  20    0*
29800 08/17*331 870  30    0*331 870  30    0*333 869  25    0*340 868  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29805 08/18*344 853  20    0*347 846  25    0*351 835  25    0*356 816  25    0*
29805 08/18*350 867  25    0*360 865  25    0*370 860  25    0*377 850  25    0*
            *** ***  **          ***          *** ***          *** ***

29810 08/19*364 800  25    0*375 784  25    0*385 774  25    0*392 766  25    0*
29810 08/19*382 830  30    0*386 805  30    0*390 774  30    0*392 740  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **

(The 20th is removed from HURDAT.)
29815 08/20*399 759  25    0*408 751  25    0*416 745  25    0*426 745  25    0*
29820 HRCFL1AFL1                                                                

U.S. Hurricane
--------------
8/11  23Z  27.2N 80.2W  65 kt  (987 mb)  100 nm ROCI  1012 mb OCI  CFL1
8/13  06Z  30.4N 86.4W  65 kt   985 mb   200 nm ROCI  1015 mb OCI  AFL1

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  A major change is to remove the last 24 hr at the end of the system's life cycle.  
Evidence for these changes come from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Florida Climatological 
Data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1993).

August 7: HWM shows an open low with a pressure of at most 1020mb centered near 19.5N, 62.5W 
at 12Z. HURDAT begins this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.3N, 87.0W at 18Z. 
Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

August 8: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 20N,66W 
at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 20.2N, 66.0W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows places the center at 19N, 66W in the morning and in the evening at 20N, 
68.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. "The first definite evidence of this disturbance was on August 8. During the day 
several ships in the general vicinity of 22N, 66W reported easterly winds of force 6 and 
rough seas" (MWR).

August 9: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010mb centered near 22.8N, 
69.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 22.2N, 69.7W at 
12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 21N, 70W and in the evening at 
22.5N, 72W. Ship highlights: 35kt ESE with 1010mb at 23.9N, 69.6W at 18Z (COA).  
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.  

August 10: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 23.5N, 
73.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50kt winds at 24.3N,74.3W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 23N, 74W with a pressure of 1008mb 
and in the evening at 24.5N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 40kt E at 23.5N,74W (MWR); 35kt ENE at 
24.9N, 74.3W (MWR); 35kt E with 1007mb at 23.5N, 70.5W at 00Z (COA); 35kt SSE with 1010mb at 
24.6N, 66.8W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "The disturbance 
moved west-northwestward during the next 3 days, crossing the Bahamas late on the 10th and 
early on the 11th" (MWR).

August 11: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N, 
78.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 26.7N, 79.0W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 26N, 79W with a pressure of 1002mb and 
in the evening at 27N, 81W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE with 1000 mb at 27.5N, 79.8W at 27.5N, 
79.8W at 21Z (COA/MWR); 35kt E at 28.3N, 78.7W (no time) (MWR). Station highlights: 46 kt and 
991 mb at Fort Pierce, FL (no time) (MWR); 1001 mb at West Palm Beach, FL (MWR); 1007mb at 
Melbourne, FL (MWR). "The center reached the east coast of Florida in the late afternoon of 
the 11th. Its progressive movement had increased gradually from about 10 miles an hour on the 
10th and 11th. Ship reports do not indicate that it was of more than moderate intensity in the 
Atlantic. The highest wind noted on shipboard was force 10. The American steamship Pan Amaco 
reported by radio at 7pm, August 11, when located at 27.6N, 79.6W, wind E, force 10, barometer 
1005mb (29.68 inches). On the east coast the lowest pressure and highest wind were recorded at 
Fort Pierce, 991.2 mb (29.27 inches) and 54 miles per hour" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 
1939 Aug. 11-13, Central and NW Florida, Minimal" ("Minimal" is 74 to 100 mph and 983 to 996 mb 
central pressure - Dunn and Miller).  Hurricane is not listed as having U.S. central pressure at 
landfall of less than 982 mb (Ho et al.).  "Aug, FL, 1SE, 1 NW, 985 mb central pressure" (Jarrell 
et al.).  "A tropical disturbance of moderate intensity crossed Florida from Stuart to Tarpon 
Springs on the afternoon of the 11th to the morning of the 12th, and reached the coast in the 
Apalachicola-Valpariso section during the afternoon and night of the 12th, then passing slowly 
northwestward into Alabama.  The lowest pressure on the east coast was 29.27 inches at Ft. 
Pierce, with a wind velocity of 54 miles per hour...Only minor damage resulted in peninsular 
Florida, such as uprooted trees, broken power and communication lines, windows, roofs, etc., 
and crop damage was negligible although some citrus was hurt and seed beds flooded.  A few 
small boards were beached and damaged" (Florida Climatological Data).

August 12: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 28N, 
83.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60kt winds at 28.8N, 83.3W at 
12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 29N, 84W and in the evening at
29.8N, 85.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt E with 1005mb at 27.6N, 79.6W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt ESE with 
1006 mb at 27.6N, 79.7W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 49 kt S (peak 1 min) around 10Z, 999 mb 
at 0735Z at Tampa (MWR); 50 kt NE (peak 1 min) at 2020Z, 991 mb at 2200Z, 44 kt S (secondary peak 
1 min) at 2247Z at Apalachicola (OMR). "In crossing Florida the rate of progression increased to 
about 18 miles per hour, while the intensity of the disturbance did not change materially. The 
center passed very close to Lakeland and Tarpon Springs and moved to the extreme northeastern 
Gulf on the 12th. At the Tampa Airport the highest wind was 62, south-southwest at 4:30am on the 
12th, the lowest pressure 998.6mb (29.49 inches). Late in the afternoon of the 12th the 
disturbance entered western Florida near Apalachicola, the center passing over Port St. Joe, at 
6pm, EST. At Apalachicola, the lowest pressure was 990.9 mb (29.26 inches) at 6pm, the highest 
wind 52, northeast at 4:18pm. A lull followed, with velocities averaging 26 miles per hour, after 
which the wind increased to 46 south at 6:45pm. The storm center also passed over Panama City and 
St. Andrews, the lowest reported pressure at the latter place being 988.5 mb (29.19 inches) at 
9:10pm" (MWR).  "...the moderate tropical disturbance which struck the Extreme Northwest Florida 
coast on the afternoon and night of August 12th-13th" (OMR - Pensacola).  "The winds came from 
the NE and NNE during the first half of the storm and reached an extreme velocity of 59 m.p.h. 
for one mile at 3:20 p.m. - maximum 52 NE at 3:18 p.m. ... A partial lull occurred from 3:50 to 4:10 
p.m. during which the wind averaged about 26 m.p.h. - slowest single mile 20 m.p.h.  During the 
lull the winds were mostly from the southeast.  The sun was dimly visible during most of the 
lull.. The lowest barometer reading of the storm occurred at 5:00 p.m. when the mercury fell to 
29.26 inches at sea-level.  At 5:10 p.m. the wind shifted to South and soon increased to about 
40 m.p.h.  The maximum velocity during the second half of the storm was 46 S, at 5:45 p.m. - 
extreme 52 m.p.h. at 5:47 p.m... .The winds gradually decreased to 30 m.p.h. by midnight, and to 
15 m.p.h. by sunrise.  No important structural damage occurred to any property... .no lives were 
lost... .Considerable damage was done to light, power, telegraph and telephone lines - all 
communications stopped by 4:00 p.m.  A few unguarded small boats were sunk, though most owners 
had taken boats to safe places.  The tide rose to 2.7 feet at 7:15 p.m. but was not high enough 
to do any damage... .The total damage which may be reasonably attributed to this storm, is by 
conservative estimate placed at $2500.00, in the immediate vicinity of Apalachicola" (OMR - 
Apalachicola).  "Over northwestern counties from about Tallahassee to Pensacola, considerable 
damage to crops by the wind and heavy rainds occurred.  Power and communication lines were 
badly disrupted.  Some small boats were sunk at Apalachicola and a warehouse at Port St. Joe 
received damage of about $2,000.  Heavy rains over a four day period resulting from this storm 
caused considerable flooding of rivers in extreme northwestern counties" (Florida Climatological Data).

August 13: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mobile Bay near 30.5N, 87.5W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 60 kt winds at 30.5N, 86.3W at 12Z. MWR's 
Track of Lows places the center in the morning at 30.5N, 87.5W and in the evening at 31N, 88W. Ship 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 988 mb at St. Andrews, FL at 0210Z (MWR); 
36 kt S with 1003 mb at Apalachicola, Fl at 00Z (OMR); 31 kt W (1 min peak) and 1006 mb at 0730Z at 
Pensacola (OMR).  "...and thence advanced northwestward to central Alabama where it remained nearly 
stationary until the 17th.  Also in connection with this tropical storm, fresh to strong southerly 
winds occurred in this section during the period 13th to 17th.  There was no damage, however, as 
all small craft had been secured in advent of the storm and so remained in ports along the 
Northwest Florida coast until the weather cleared" (OMR - Pensacola).

August 14: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical depression with 25 kt winds at 31.5N, 87.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
gives a position estimate of 32N, 89W throughout the day. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.

August 15: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
system as a tropical depression with 25 kt winds at 32.5N, 87.8W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
gives a position estimate of 32N, 89W throughout the day. Ship highlights: no gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. 

August 16: HWM shows a closed 1010 mb isobar centered near 32.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical depression with 20 kt winds at 33.4N, 87.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of 
Lows gives a morning position estimate of 32N, 89W for the entire day. Ship highlights: no 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 36 kt SW (1 min peak) at Pensacola, Fl at 23Z (OMR). 

August 17: HWM shows an open low near 33.5N, 86W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
depression with 20 kt winds at 34.1N, 85.9W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position 
estimate of 33N, 88W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 34N, 86W. Ship highlights: 
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 26 kt SW (peak 5 min - strongest for month) at 
Vicksburg, MS (MWR). 

August 18: HWM shows an open low over southern Indiana. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
depression with 25kt winds at 35.1N, 83.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position 
estimate of 35N, 84W with a pressure of 1006mb and in the evening at 37.5N, 80W.  Ship highlights:
no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "In Virginia, Maryland, 
Delaware, New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, and extreme southeastern New York, heavy rains 
attended the remnants of the storm while it was moving northeastward during the period from the 
18th to the 20th. At several places the records of rainfall in 24 hours were broken. Tuckerton, 
N.J., had 14.81 inches" (MWR).

The genesis for this system is unchanged from 18Z on the 7th, though the cyclone could have formed 
east of the Lesser Antilles before this date.  Minor alterations to the track of the cyclone were 
introduced on every day of its existence with major alterations made on the 18th and 19th, while a 
tropical depression over the United States.  Numerous ships near the center of the cyclone on the 
8th allow for its development into a tropical storm to be delayed by 36 hours to 00Z on the 9th.  
The first confirmation that the system was a tropical storm was from the S.S. Gulfwing (US164444 
in COADS) that observed 35 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 18Z on the 9th.  The cyclone gradually 
intensified as it moved west-northwestward on the 10th and 11th, reaching the northernmost 
Bahamas early on the 11th.  No observations were available of tropical storm winds in the Bahamas, 
but it appears likely that the northernmost islands experienced a high end tropical storm.

The cyclone made a Florida landfall around 00Z on the 12th, between Fort Pierce and West Palm Beach, 
near 27.2N 80.2W.  The former location recorded lowest pressure of 991 mb (at an unknown time) and 
the latter measured a minimum of 1001 mb (also at an unknown time).  Two ships - the El Estero at 
21Z on the 11th and the Pan Amoco at 00Z on the 12th - helped in the determination in the timing of 
landfall on the southeast Florida coast. No station anemometers were near the vicinity of the 
landfall (Melbourne to the north and Miami to the south were the closest available).  A 991 mb 
pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 58 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship and at least 60 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones.  Given a near-average 
speed of 10 kt, but a small cyclone with only a 100 nm radius of outer closed isobar and that it is 
not known whether the 991 mb was a central pressure or a peripheral pressure, a peak wind at 
landfall is analyzed to be 65 kt, which is slightly below the intensity before landfall originally 
indicated in HURDAT (70 kt).  This landfall intensity makes the system a Category 1 hurricane for 
southeast Florida, which is unchanged from the Jarrell et al. assessment.  After landfall, the 
hurricane continued west-northwestward across the Florida peninsula.  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria 
inland wind decay model suggests maximum winds of 45 kt at 06Z.  The cyclone made a close approach 
to Tampa, passing just north of the city with 999 mb minimum pressure observed at 0735Z on the 12th.  
Peak 1-min winds from Tampa were 49 kt S around 10Z, which adjusts to 43 kt after bringing the winds 
from the 60 m high anemometer down to 10 m.  The intensity at 06Z on the 12th is thus analyzed to 
be 50 kt (down from 60 kt originally).  By 12Z on the 12th, the cyclone reached the Gulf of Mexico 
and apparently began reintensifying.  

The system made a very close pass just 10-15 nm south of Apalachicola, as the Weather Bureau station 
experienced a 50 kt NE 1-min wind at 2020Z on the 12th, a distinct lull, then a secondary peak of 
44 kt S 1-min wind at 2247Z.  The station measured a minimum of 991 mb pressure at 22Z during the 
lull.  The cyclone's center then closely paralleled the Florida panhandle coast passing just south 
of Panama City and St. Andrews.  Both of these locations recorded a 988 mb pressure at 0210Z on 
the 13th and St. Andrews denoted a NE to SE windshift near the time of minimum pressure.  The 
system made a final landfall near Miramar Beach, FL at 30.4N 86.4W around 06Z on the 13th.  A central 
pressure of 985 mb is estimated, which is the same analyzed in Connor and Jarrell.  This pressure 
suggests winds of 66 kt and 69 kt, for the north of 25N and the subset of intensifying cyclones.  
The radius of maximum wind likely remained near the coast or just overland from Apalachicola until 
the final landfall, which would reduce the intensity implied by the pressure-wind relationship 
alone.  It is also noted that information obtained from the Florida Climatological Data indicate a 
bigger impact from the wind in the panhandle landfall compared to the peninsula landfall.  The 
intensity at landfall is thus reduced down to 65 kt, down from the 70 kt originally shown in HURDAT.  
This makes this also a Category 1 landfall, which is in agreement with the Jarrell et al. assessment 
for northwest Florida.  It is of note that the Ho et al. (1987) study did not include this system, 
which implies that it had a central pressure at U.S. landfall that was not lower than 982 mb - 
consistent with the analyses here.  Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 
48 kt from for 12Z on the 13th, 38 kt for 18Z, and 32 kt for 00Z on the 14th.  Little observations 
of wind were available near these times.  Intensities of 50 kt at 12Z (down from 60 kt originally), 
40 kt at 18Z (down from 50 kt), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 14th (same) are analyzed.  After landfall, 
the cyclone meandered slowly for four days, remaining over Alabama and Mississippi with intensity 
just below tropical storm strength. On the 16th when Pensacola reported increase winds for several 
hours peaking with a 36 kt SW wind at 23Z, which reduces to 31 kt when adjusting from the 56 m 
anemometer height down to 10 m.  Intensity on this date is boosted from 20 to 30 kt.  On the 18th 
and 19th, the system finally accelerated northeastward over the U.S. mid-Atlantic states.  
Observations from the Historical Weather Map indicate that the system was barely closed on 12Z 
on the 19th and was completely dissipated by 12Z on the 20th.  It is estimated that the system 
dissipated by 00Z on the 20th.  There were some tropical storm force winds reported late on the 
19th and early on the 20th in the mid-Atlantic states.  However, these were due to a developing 
extratropical low that absorbed the remnants of the cyclone by 00Z on the 20th.  It is of note 
that there are no observations of hurricane-force winds in this system at any time, and that its 
status as a hurricane is based almost entirely on measured or estimated central pressures.

*******************************************************************************

Storm #3, 1939 new storm - Added in 2012

28066 08/15/1939 M= 6  3 SNBR= 621 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
28066 08/15*314 620  30    0*317 625  30    0*320 630  35    0*323 633  35    0
28066 08/16*326 636  35    0*328 638  35    0*330 640  35    0*331 642  35    0
28066 08/17*331 644  35    0*332 646  40    0*335 645  45    0*341 641  50    0
28066 08/18*351 636  55    0*365 629  55    0*380 620  55    0*395 608  55    0
28066 08/19*410 593  50    0*425 575  45    0*440 555  40    0*460 535  40    0
28066 08/20E482 515  35    0E505 496  35    0E530 480  35    0E560 465  35    0
28066 TS 

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for 
its existence comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and 
the COADS ship database.

August 14:  HWM analyses a spot low near 30N 63.5W.  Ship and station highlights: no gale 
force winds or low pressures.

August 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 33N,63W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt S and 1014 mb at 15 UTC at 32.1N, 62.3W (MWR).  No other gales.  No low pressures.

August 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 34N, 62.7W.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 17: HWM analyzes an open trough on this day.  The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows 
a center near 32N, 63W with a 1013 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N,62.1W.  The MWR Tracks 
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 62W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1000 mb at 
18 UTC at 40.5N, 61.0W (COA/MWR).  No other gales.  No other low pressures.  "However, on the 18th 
a low which had been perceptible, but not energetic, for several days near Bermuda, gained 
considerably in strength as it moved toward the north-northeast, and was noted by the American 
liner Steel Scientist, which encountered a whole gale from the northeast.  The storm center was 
near 40N., 59 W., at sunset on the 18th (0 to 2 UTC on the 19th), and continued its course to 
pass close to southeastern Newfoundland late the following day, though by this time it was less 
vigorous.  It seems not to have gained strength again as it moved farther beyond the chief 
trans-Atlantic steamship lanes" (MWR).

August 19: HWM analyzes a spot low near 44N 56W with a cold front just to its northwest.  The 
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44.5N, 56.5W.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

August 20: HWM analyzes 3 fronts intersecting at one point, at 54N, 43W, a SW-NE oriented cold 
front going through the point, a southwestward looping cold front with the north end at the 
point, and a NW-SE oriented warm front with the northwest end at the point.  At 00 UTC, the 
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 49N, 52W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt E 
and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 53.7N, 47.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 15 UTC at 52.5N, 48.5W 
(COA).  No gales. Two other low pressures.

This new tropical storm was a well-defined cyclone by 12Z on the 15th, just east of Bermuda.  
Genesis is indicated to have occurred at 00Z on the 15th, though because of the spare amount of 
ship observations southeast of Bermuda, the system could have begun a day or so earlier.  On the 
15th and 16th, the cyclone moved slowly northwestward.  The ship Good Gulf reported 35 kt S winds 
with 1014 mb pressure at 15Z on the 15th.  This is the basis for analyzing the cyclone to have 
reached tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 15th.  Observations were somewhat limited on 
the 16th and the intensity is kept at 35 kt on this date.  On the 17th, the cyclone began to 
recurve and it accelerated toward the northeast on the 18th through the 20th.  Observations again 
were sparse on the 17th near the center of the system.  On the 18th, the ship Steel Scientist 
reported 50 kt NE winds with simultaneous 1000 mb pressure at 18Z.  This pressure suggests an 
intensity of at least 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
An intensity of 55 kt is analyzed for the 18th, which is also the peak intensity for the 
lifetime of the cyclone.  The intensities are thus interpolated on the 17th to show steady 
intensification.  The cyclone became embedded in a frontal boundary and it is estimated that 
it became extratropical around 00Z on the 20th.  The cyclone gradually weakened on the 19th 
and 20th and it is analyzed that the system dissipated by 00Z on the 21st.  

*******************************************************************************

Storm #4 (was #3), 1939 - Revised in 2012

29825 09/23/1939 M= 4  3 SNBR= 660 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
29825 09/23/1939 M= 5  4 SNBR= 660 NOT NAMED   XING=1   
                    *  *                        

29830 09/23*  0   0   0    0*187 937  35    0*192 934  35    0*197 932  35    0*
29830 09/23*193 942  35    0*195 941  35    0*197 940  35    0*200 937  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29835 09/24*203 928  35    0*210 923  35    0*218 918  35    0*227 914  35    0*
29835 09/24*203 933  35    0*207 928  35    0*212 923  35    0*221 920  35    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29840 09/25*237 911  35    0*247 909  40    0*257 908  40    0*268 909  40    0*
29840 09/25*232 918  35    0*244 917  40    0*255 915  40    0*266 912  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

29845 09/26*278 909  40    0*285 908  40    0*292 906  35    0*298 903  30    0*
29845 09/26*277 908  45    0*288 903  45    0*298 897  45    0*308 890  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 27th is new to HURDAT.)
29845 09/27*318 880  30    0*328 867  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

29850 TS                                                                        

U.S. Tropical Storm
9/26 08Z - 29.1N 90.2W - 45 kt - LA

Minor changes to the track, but no alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
originally storm #3.  Evidence for these changes come from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), 
and Dunn and Miller (1960).

September 22: HWM indicates a trough along 91W. HURDAT did not yet list this system, nor did the 
MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones show any low yet.  "Only one tropical disturbance was reported 
during September. There was unsettled weather over the extreme northwestern part of the Caribbean 
Sea early on September 23. It is probable that this disturbed condition moved northwestward across 
the British Honduras and Yucatan during the 23d and early 24th under influence of a tropical 
disturbance that apparently developed about 100 miles east of Vera Cruz, Mexico, between 
September 20-22" (MWR).

September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb was centered near 19.5N, 93.2W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 19.2N, 93.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones did not yet show this system.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW with 1009 mb at 
18.7N, 94.5W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt W with 1010 mb at 19.1N, 94.7W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1012 
mb at 19.4N, 94.8W at 18Z (COA). Station highlights: no gales or low pressures.  "A report received 
by mail from the American Steamer Aztec states that westerly winds of force 8 during squally weather 
were experienced from late of the 22d to early on the 24th in the southwestern part of the Gulf of 
Campeche and that there were heavy northwesterly swells" (MWR).

September 24: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.8N, 
91.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 21.N 91.8W at 12Z. 
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not yet show this system.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW 
with 1012 mb at 19.5N, 95.2W at 00z (COA); 35 kt WNW with 1013 mb at 19.8N, 95.6W at 06Z (COA). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "At 7pm (EST) of the 24th there was a fairly definite 
circulation, with slightly depressed barometer, near latitude 22N, 92W with winds force 3-5 reported 
by ships within the area 20-25N, 90-95W" (MWR).

September 25: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.8N, 
90.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40kt winds at 25.7N, 90.8W at 12Z. 
MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 26N, 91W with a pressure of 1004 mb and in 
the evening at 28N, 90.5W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE with 1004 mb at 26.1N, 94.8W at 13Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "During the 25th the central barometer had deepened 
somewhat and squally winds about the center showed local increased in force" (MWR).

September 26: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005mb centered near 30N, 89.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 29.2N, 90.6W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a 
morning position estimate of 30N, 89.7W with a pressure of 1005 mb and the system is analyzed to 
dissipate before the evening position estimate. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE with 1005 mb at 27.3N, 
90.3W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 43 kt (1 min) SW ~16Z at Pensacola (MWR, OMR); 15 kt N 
with 1005 mb (also min pressure) at New Orleans at 12Z (HWM, OMR); 20 kt SW and 1007 mb (also min 
pressure) at Port Eads at 12Z (HWM, OMR). "Quoting from the report of W.R. Stevens, forecaster on 
duty at the New Orleans office of the Weather Bureau, 'The disturbance moved inland south of New 
Orleans at a short distance west of Grand Isle the morning of September 26, with only fresh winds 
near the center. A passing squall caused a southwest wind of 49 miles per hour at Pensacola, FL, 
the morning of September 26 after the disturbance had moved inland. No report of damage or loss 
of life has been received.'" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - 
1939 Sep 26 - New Orleans eastward - Minor [less than 74 mph, greater than 996 mb] - Damage 
$1,743,550" (Dunn and Miller).  "Sep 26 1939 - Landfall near Grand Isle - Estimated Lifetime 
Lowest Central Pressure 1003 mb" (Connor).  "The southeasterly winds and high tide caused the Bay 
Bridge road to become flooded.  Traffic stopped from 10 am to 3 pm, but other than the inconvenience, 
no damage occurred" (Mobile OMR).  "Moderate gales occurred during the forenoon and early afternoon 
of the 26th in connection with the slight tropical disturbance which struck the Louisiana coast on 
that date, but no damage occurred locally, however" (Pensacola OMR).

September 27:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34N 83W with a warm frontal 
boundary extending to its east.  HURDAT no longer listed this system.  Ship and station highlights: 
no gale force winds or low pressures.

Genesis for this tropical storm is indicated to be around 00Z on the 23rd of September (six hours 
earlier than originally indicated) in the Bay of Campeche, due to a ship report from the S.S. Aztec 
of WNW 35 kt winds and 1009 mb.  Data were examined on the 22nd to determine whether the track 
could be extended back further, though the observations are sparse and too ambiguous to clearly 
indicate an earlier start.  Minor changes were made to the track of this system on all days of its 
existence and no changes to the intensity.  The S.S. Cubahama reported NNE 40 kt and 1004 mb at 13Z 
on the 25th.  This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 36 kt from the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  No change is made to the 40 kt indicated in HURDAT for 12Z 
on the 25th, which is also the peak intensity of the cyclone.  

The tropical storm made landfall in southeast Louisiana with 45 kt around 08Z on the 26th, a few hours 
earlier than that implied by HURDAT previously.  Neither New Orleans nor Mobile reported tropical 
storm force winds with this small system.  (New Orleans peak 5 min wind for the month was 15 kt NE 
on the 13th and Mobile's was 24 kt NW on the 30th.)  It is likely that the peak winds at landfall 
from this cyclone occurred just east of Port Eads, which did report 20 kt SW and 1007 mb at 12Z 
on the 26th.  (Note that Port Eads did not conduct hourly wind measurements typically.)  Later in 
the morning after landfall (~16Z), Pensacola observed a peak 1 min SW wind of SW 38 kt (adjusted 
from 43 kt at 56 m anemometer above the ground).  Given that winds of nearly gale force and stronger 
were blowing for several hours at Pensacola, these winds are considered part of the tropical storm 
and the system had a quite large radius of maximum wind.  A six hour delay is made in the timing of 
the system's transition to a tropical depression, now at 00Z on the 27th.  Despite the cyclone being 
analyzed as dissipating before 00Z on the 27th as shown in MWR, the system is extended twelve hours 
as a tropical depression at 00Z on the 27th, due to its still rather well-defined circulation 
apparent twelve hours earlier and impact in Pensacola just a few hours earlier.  The Historical 
Weather Map did analyze a low pressure center at 12Z on the 27th.  However, it does not appear that 
the system still had a closed circulation center and dissipation is indicated after 06Z on the 27th.  
Dissipation soon after landfall is consistent with the MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows for September.

*******************************************************************************

Storm #5 (was #4) - Revised 2012

29855 10/12/1939 M= 7  4 SNBR= 661 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
29855 10/11/1939 M= 8  5 SNBR= 661 NOT NAMED   XING=0   
         **         *  *                     

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
29860 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 625  25    0*177 625  25    0*

29860 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 634  35    0*
29860 10/12*180 626  30    0*183 627  30    0*187 629  35    0*191 633  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

29865 10/13*198 638  35    0*203 645  40    0*208 653  40    0*214 661  45    0*
29865 10/13*196 638  35    0*202 645  40    0*208 653  40    0*213 661  50    0*
            ***              ***                               ***      **

29870 10/14*220 669  45    0*225 674  50    0*231 679  55    0*240 684  60    0*
29870 10/14*216 669  60    0*219 674  70    0*223 679  80    0*231 681  90    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

29875 10/15*249 685  65    0*258 684  70    0*267 680  75    0*278 675  85    0*
29875 10/15*241 680 100    0*252 675 110    0*263 669 120    0*274 664 120    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

29880 10/16*289 668  90    0*300 661 100    0*311 652 105    0*325 642 115    0*
29880 10/16*285 659 120    0*296 654 120    0*308 649 115    0*322 640 115    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

29885 10/17*340 631 115    0*352 621 110    0*366 611 105    0*399 587  95    0*
29885 10/17*337 628 115    0*353 615 110    0*370 600 105    0*399 580  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

29890 10/18*439 556  80    0E470 536  65    0E502 510  60    0*  0   0   0    0*
29890 10/18E439 558  85    0E470 536  75    0E502 510  70    0E535 480  60    0*
           *    ***  **               **               **     **** ***  **

29895 HR   
                                                                     
Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), 
previously storm #4.  Another major change is to indicate genesis 30 hours earlier than originally 
shown.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1981).

October 7: HWM indicates a low with no closed contours near 12N, 60W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 8: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 13N, 61W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 9: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 16N, 62.5W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "It 
originated to the eastward of the Antilles, and its preliminary signs were evidence by unsettled 
weather and somewhat depressed barometer, with light winds, over the Leeward Islands during the 
afternoon of the 9th." (MWR).

October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 17.5N, 63W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1005mb near 18.5N, 62W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1000mb near 19.5N, 62W.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones shows the center at about 19N, 60.5W (am) and at 19.5N, 61.5W (pm). Station 
highlights: 15 kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at Antigua at 12Z (HWM). Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures.  "From the 9th to the 12th there was but little change in the situation, except 
for a slight fall in barometer over the Leewards" (MWR). 

October 13: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 1000mb near 21N, 65.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 20.8N, 65.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 20.5N, 63W (am) and at 22N, 64.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 20 kt W with 1005 mb 
at 12Z at 19N 65W (MWR); 35 kt NNE at 23.4N, 67.8W (no time given) (MWR); 25 kt NNE with 1004mb at 
23.4N, 67.8W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: 15 kt SW and 1006 mb at San Juan (HWM).  "By the 
morning of the 13th, cyclonic circulation  appeared to be developing northeast of Puerto Rico, with 
winds of force 5-6 reported by ship south and west of the center which, at 7am (EST) was in 
approximately 21N, 66W. The lowest known barometer at the time was 1005mb, wind west, force 5, 
reported by a ship near 19N, 65W "(MWR). 

October 14: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 995mb near 22.5N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical storm with 55kt winds at 23.1N, 67.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows 
the center at about 24N, 66W (am) and at 25N, 67W (pm). Ship highlights: 999 mb (no time, no location) 
(MWR); 30 kt NW at 17Z at 22.7N 69.6W (MWR); 20 kt NW with a pressure of 1000mb at 22.5N, 69.2W at 
18Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By 7am (EST) of the 14th, although there 
were no ships observations to the near eastward of the center, wind in other quadrants of the 
disturbance denoted the establishment of a cyclonic circulation. The American steamer Argentina, 
near 25N, 68W at that time gave a barometer of 1001 mb, wind east-northeast, force 6. At local noon 
of the 14th the Panamanian motorship Permian, in 22.34N, 69.33W, reported the earliest known gale, a 
northwest wind of force 7, barometer 1001.7 mb, observed in connection with the cyclone. Squally weather 
continued over a wide area throughout the day, with highest winds reported as of force 7, lowest 
barometers about 999 mb...From early morning on the 14th, the hurricane, which until then had been 
pursuing a generally north-northwesterly course, began curving into a north-northeasterly direction, 
under the influence of a strong anticyclone that was pressing seaward with crest over the Middle 
Atlantic States.  It was during this recurve that the storm rapidly entered its hurricane stage." (MWR). 

October 15: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 985mb near 26.5N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 26.7N, 68W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows the center at about 28N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 966 mb and at 28.5N, 66.5W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 70kt E with a pressure of 941 mb at 26.7N, 66.8W at 1150Z (MWR, HWM); 70 kt SW at 28N 
65.5W at 14-18Z (MWR); 70 kt NE and 994 mb at 30.2N 68.0W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "During the night of the 14th-15th, or very early on the 15th, rapid 
intensification set in. A report received by mail form the America steamship F. W. Abrams shows 
that at 1:50am, local time of the 15th, the barometer on ship had fallen to 988.5mb in 26 deg 54'N, 
66 deg 18'W, with wind east, force 8.  At 7:50 a. m., local time, in 26 deg 36'N, 66 deg 48'W, the 
wind was a hurricane from the east, with barometer down to 941.4 mb, the lowest pressure observed 
during the course of the storm. The center at 7am (EST) of that date was close to 27N, 67W. High wind
s covered a wide extent of the sea during the local afternoon hours of the 15th. At 2am, the 
southbound American steamship Borinquen in 28N, 65.30W had a barometer of 969.5 mb with northwest 
winds, force 10. Between about 10am and 2pm the ship encountered southwesterly gales of hurricane 
force, with rising barometer. Considerably to the northwestward, the Dutch steamship Telamon, near 
29N, 69W had a northeasterly gale of force 10 during the midday hours, and at local noon the American 
steamship Ponce had a force 8 gale in 32.30N, 71.45W. During the afternoon the Dutch southbound 
steamship Bacchus experience gale of force 10 to 12 from north to northeast, lowest barometer 993.9 
mb at 5m near 30N, 68W. In the same position, during the early morning hours of the 16th until about 
6am, the winds at the ship continued at a force 11 from north-northeast. The cyclone center at that 
time was a short distance south of Bermuda" (MWR). 

October 16: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 985mb near 31N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 31.1N, 65.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows the center at about 31N, 64W (am) and at 33N, 63W (pm). Ship highlights: 45kt SW with a pressure 
of 980 mb at 27.8N, 66W at 00Z (COA); 70kt NE with a pressure of 1000mb at 30.2N, 68W at 00Z (COA); 
NNE 60 kt at 30N 68W at 06Z (MWR). Station highlights: 87 kt ("steady"), 114 kt N ("gust") at Bermuda 
(32.4N, 64.7W) at 2240Z (MWR, Tucker) and 985 mb (no time) (Tucker). "For the 16th ship reports are 
lacking from near the center of the hurricane and, except for the force 11 gale experienced in the 
early morning by the Bacchus, no other vessel reported a wind higher than force 9. This was in 36.22N, 
66.55W, lowest barometer 1003mb, read on the Dutch steamer Hermes. At greater distances north and 
west of the storm center, there were moderate to fresh gales. Press reports form Bermuda show the 
islands to have been swept by hurricane winds for several hours during the afternoon of the 16th, with 
a maximum velocity of 131 miles an hour from the north at 6:40pm as the center of the hurricane passed 
close to the eastward. Here considerable damage was done to trees, boats, houses, and public utilities" 
(MWR).  "Striking in the same week of the year as did the 1926 storm, this was also a hurricane of major 
intensity.  Although in 1926 the centre had passed over Bermuda and in this present on the centre was 
estimated to pass 50 miles to the east, this 1939 blow was in reality worse.  The steady winds across 
the islands reached 100 miles per hour, with gusts of 131 m.p.h. from north northwest.  There was 
moderate to heavy rain for thirty hours, giving a total of 7.35 inches, the pressure fell to 29.08" 
[985 mb] and quite as much damage was done" (Tucker). 

October 17: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 975mb near 39N, 59.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 36.6N, 61.1W at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
shows the center at about 37N, 60W (am) and at 43N, 56W (pm). Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 967 mb at 
10Z and 70 kt W at 14Z at 36.6N 60.0W (MWR); 70 kt N and 987 mb at 16Z at 41.6N 61.2W (MWR); 70 kt NW 
and 962 mb at 20Z at 42.2N 59.3W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "During the 
greater part of the 17th the hurricane continued on a north-northeasterly course, with the center at 
7am (EST) at approximately 36 to 37N, 61W. Several ships were heavily involved. The Dutch steamship 
Palembang in 35.24N, 58.21W had lowest barometer 991.6 mb with a south-southeast gale of force 10...The 
Dutch steamship Ulysses, somewhat closer to the center, had a south-southwest wind of force 11, 
barometer 966.8 mb, at 6 a. m., local time in 36 deg 37'N., 60 deg 02'W.  At 10 a. m., the wind had 
arisen to force 12 from the west, with rising pressure...on the 17th, the American steamship Acadia was 
very close to the storm center at 4pm, with lowest barometer 961.7 mb wind northwest, force 12 near 
42N, 59W. For several hours thereafter this westbound vessel, hove to, continued in the grip of full 
hurricane winds" (MWR). 

October 18: HWM indicates a hurricane with at most 970mb near 50N, 51W. HURDAT lists this as an Extra 
Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 50.2N, 51W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the 
center at about 50N, 50W (am). Ship highlights: 70kt SSW with a pressure of 954 mb at 42N, 56.5W at 
00Z (MWR); 60 kt S with a pressure of 953 mb at 07Z and 70 kt SW at 09Z at 47.9N, 51.0W (MWR); 983 mb 
at 07Z and 70 kt S at 05Z at 45.6N, 47.5W (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt N and 985 mb at 12Z at 
Belle Island, Canada; 35 kt N and 981 mb at Fogo Island, Canada; 35 kt W and 993 mb at Cape Race, 
Canada.  "At 7 p. m. (E. S. T.) of the 17th the hurricane center was very close to 44N, 56W, as 
indicated by the report from an unnamed ship near 42N 56 1/2W, with a barometer of 954 mb, and a 
hurricane wind from south-southwest.  Storm to hurricane winds were met by several ships within the 
region 40-45N, 50-60W.  The storm center at 7am (EST) of the 18th was located close to 50N, 50W. 
There is no certainty as to its later movements or intensity owing to lack of reports, due to war 
situation" (MWR). 

October 19:  HWM indicated an extratropical cyclone with at most 960 mb pressure centered near 
60.5N 43W with an occluded frontal boundary extending east and south of the center.

Despite the Historical Weather Maps indicating a tropical storm existing as early as the 8th of October 
in the Lesser Antilles, the system likely did not have a closed circulation through the 9th.  It is 
possible the system had a closed circulation on the 10th, but the available observations are not sufficient 
to close it off.  On the 11th, continued pressure falls and stronger winds in the Leeward Islands, Virgin 
Islands, and Puerto Rico indicate that genesis began around 12Z.  The system is started as a 30 kt tropical 
depression, 30 hours earlier than originally indicated.  The track of the cyclone has minor alterations 
made for entire existing portion of the system from the 12th through the 18th.  1005 mb peripheral pressure 
measured in Antigua at 12Z on the 12th suggests peak winds of at least 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship.  However, given the environment low pressures on that date and the slow 
movement of the cyclone, the intensity is set at 35 kt. (HURDAT began at 18Z on the 12th as a 35 kt 
tropical storm).  The first gale force winds - 35 kt NNE - were observed late on the 13th.  No change to 
the 40 kt intensity at 12Z on the 13th is indicated.  No gales were observed on the 14th, though the data 
near the cyclone were sparse on that date.  However, on the 15th, a ship - the F.W. Abrams - observed 70 kt 
E simultaneous with 941 mb at 1150Z.  Two other ships also reported hurricane-force winds on this date.  
The 941 mb peripheral pressure suggests an intensity of at least 114 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship and at least 119 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones.  An intensity of 
120 kt is analyzed for 12Z on the 15th with some accommodation for the quite large size of the cyclone (up 
from 75 kt originally).  Based upon interpolation, the peak winds at 12Z on the 14th are estimated to be 
80 kt (up from 55 kt originally).  On the 16th after 00Z, no ships were near the center, but the hurricane 
made a close by-pass to the east of Bermuda, as peak sustained winds were 87 kt N and lowest pressure of 
985 mb.  It is estimated that peak winds of about 95 kt - high end Category 2 - likely occurred on Bermuda 
as the cyclone passed about 50 nm to the east of the islands.  The Bermuda hurricane history (Tucker) 
suggests that this cyclone was "worse" than the 1926 hurricane that struck the island as a Category 3 
hurricane.  However, the current hurricane was larger and moving quite a bit slower than the earlier 
system, which would cause more wind and rainfall impact in the 1939 hurricane than the faster, smaller 
hurricane with stronger winds (~105 kt in Bermuda) in the 1926 hurricane.  No change in the 115 kt 
intensity is indicated at 18Z on the 16th at the time of closest approach to Bermuda.  Major upward 
intensity changes were then made between 06Z on the 14th through 06Z on the 16th.  On the 17th, three 
ships again measured hurricane-force winds with the lowest pressure reported of 962 mb with simultaneous 
70 kt NW winds at 20Z from the ship Acadia.  The 962 mb suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the Landsea 
et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  95 kt intensity at 18Z on the 17th is retained.  The 
cyclone began extratropical transition on the 17th and likely completed it by 00Z on the 18th, six hours 
earlier than originally indicated.  (However, the very limited war-time observations preclude a separate 
00Z synoptic analysis).  The cyclone continued northeastward on the 18th as a very strong and large 
extratropical cyclone.  Three hurricane-force winds were reported by ships on this date with lowest 
pressure of 954 mb observed simultaneous with 70 kt SSW winds at 00Z by an unnamed ship.  954 mb 
peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 94 kt, however, the system had already undergone 
extratropical transition.  Intensity is analyzed to have been 85 kt at 00Z on the 18th, which is up 
5 kt from HURDAT originally.  The intensity is additionally boosted from 65 kt to 75 kt at 06Z on the 
18th.  By 00Z on the 19th, the cyclone is analyzed to have merged with another extratropical cyclone 
that was moving eastward over Canada.  Thus dissipation is delayed 6 hr compared to the original HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

Storm #6 (was #5), 1939 - Revised in 2012

29900 10/29/1939 M= 9  5 SNBR= 662 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
29900 10/28/1939 M=11  6 SNBR= 662 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
         **        **  *

(The 28th is new to HURDAT.)
29905 10/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 820  25    0*153 824  25    0*

29905 10/29*  0   0   0    0*158 820  35    0*166 837  35    0*171 845  35    0*
29905 10/29*156 828  30    0*159 832  30    0*162 835  30    0*166 838  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29910 10/30*177 847  40    0*184 846  40    0*189 842  45    0*190 839  45    0*
29910 10/30*172 841  35    0*179 844  35    0*185 845  35    0*189 842  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29915 10/31*191 836  55    0*192 832  55    0*192 827  65    0*192 818  75    0*
29915 10/31*191 836  45    0*192 832  55    0*192 825  65    0*192 818  75    0*
                     **                           ***          

29920 11/01*192 808  80    0*192 801  70    0*192 795  65    0*192 791  60    0*
29920 11/01*192 809  80    0*192 800  70    0*192 790  65    0*192 785  60    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

29925 11/02*191 787  60    0*191 782  55    0*191 778  55    0*191 775  50    0*
29925 11/02*193 782  60    0*194 780  55    0*194 778  55    0*192 775  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***      **

29930 11/03*191 772  50    0*193 767  50    0*195 763  45    0*198 760  45    0*
29930 11/03*190 772  55    0*188 768  55    0*189 765  55    0*192 762  55    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

29935 11/04*200 759  45    0*204 757  40    0*207 755  40    0*211 752  45    0*
29935 11/04*197 759  55    0*202 757  50    0*207 755  50    0*211 753  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **          ***  **

29940 11/05*216 749  45    0*221 746  50    0*227 742  50    0*239 732  50    0*
29940 11/05*216 752  50    0*221 752  50    0*227 750  50    0*239 742  50    0*
                ***  **          ***              ***              ***

29945 11/06*255 720  50    0*271 710  50    0*287 701  50    0E330 674  50    0*
29945 11/06*257 730  55    0*276 715  55    0*297 695  55    0E330 674  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
29945 11/07E370 650  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

29950 HR                                                                        

Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009), previously storm #5.  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
Perez et al. (2000), Jamacia Weather Report, and the Original Monthly Records for Swan Island.

October 26:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 11.5N 79W.  HURDAT did not yet 
start this system.  Ship/station highlights:  no gales or low pressures.

October 27:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N 79.5W.  HURDAT did not yet start 
this system.  Ship/station highlights:  no gales or low pressures.  "The fifth tropical depression 
of 1939 originated from a shallow low-pressure wave in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 27" (MWR).

October 28:  HWM shows a tropical storm with pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.5N 81.5W.  
HURDAT does not yet start this system.  Ship/station highlights:  no gales or low pressures.

October 29: HWM shows a small tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb was centered near 16N, 
83.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 35kt winds at 16.6N, 83.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: no gales or low pressures. "A slow 
north-to-northwest movement of the wave, with equally slow fall in barometer, occurred until 7pm (EST) 
of the 29th, when a cyclonic circulation became more developed, with center not far to the southward 
of Swan Island. (MWR)"

October 30: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 18.5N, 84.5W 
at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45 kt winds at 18.9N, 84.2W at 12Z. Ship
 highlights: 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 21Z and 35 kt W (no time) at 16.4N 83.9W (MWR).  Station 
highlights: 18 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 12Z and 19 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 18Z at Swan Island (MWR). 
"At the morning observation of the 30th the center was close to the westward of Swan Island...During 
the day of the 30th the disturbance curved into a northeasterly direction, the center passing to the 
north of Swan Island...Up to that time [late on the 30th] no gales had been reported in connection with 
this disturbance" (MWR).

October 31: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000mb centered near 19.5N, 82.2W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 19.2N, 82.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
40 kt NW at 21.3N 84.7W at 12Z (MWR); 35 kt N with 1010 mb at 20.9N 84.3W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt NNW with 
1007 mb at 19.9N, 85.2W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at Swan Island at 00Z (MWR); 
80 kt and 990 mb at 2030Z at Grand Cayman (MWR); 35 kt and 1007 mb at Negril Point at 20Z (Jamaica). 
"During the 31st the disturbance increased in intensity, and was locally of hurricane force as it passed 
over the Cayman Islands during the afternoon...Press reports indicate considerable damage on the islands, 
and the loss of four schooners. After leaving the Caymans, the cyclone took an east to east-by-south 
course toward Jamaica, and at 7pm (EST) of the 31st, while yet moderate to strong northerly gales were 
blowing at Grand Cayman, strong southerly gales were battering the western extremity of Jamaica" (MWR).

November 1: HWM shows a small tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000mb along a dissipating cold 
front centered near 19.3N, 79.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a hurricane with 65 kt winds at 19.2N, 
79.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows places this system at 19N, 79W for a 48 hour period. Ship highlights: 
35 kt NW with 1013 mb at 17.4N, 82.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt W with 1006 mb at Negril 
Point, Jamaica (Jamaica). "At 7am (EST) of November 1 the center lay close off the northwest coast of 
Jamaica, where there was heavy property damage, particularly at Montego Bay, according to press reports. 
Here the high waves forced scores of families to leave their homes, and one life was lost. Heavy rains 
also added materially to the damage done on the island. During the day a few ships reported northerly 
gales or fresh to strong force along the eastern slope of a high pressure are central over the extreme 
southern Gulf States" (MWR).

November 2: HWM shows tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 19.2N, 77.8W at 
12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 55kt winds at 19.1N, 77.8W at 12Z. Shiphighlights: 
10kt NNW with 1002mb at 14.4N, 77.2W at 12Z (COA); 25kt SE with 1005mb at 20.2N, 77.8W at 12Z (HWM). 
Station highlights: 36 kt SE (max wind) at 1215Z at Kingston (Jamaica); 993 mb (min pressure)at 14Z at 
Kempshot, Jamaica (Jamaica); 989 mb (min pressure) at 1310Z at Kempshot, Jamaica (Jamaica); 50 kt WNW 
(max wind) and 1001 mb (min pressure) at 12Z at Negril Point, Jamaica (Jamaica).  "During the 2d and the 
3d of November the storm center, of lessened energy except for local manifestations, moved very slowly 
and capriciously, but generally eastward, between Jamaica and eastern Cuba, accompanied by strong winds 
and torrential rains. Floods in the southern Cuba rivers resulted in damage to crops and livestock and 
the loss of one life. Even as far as Haiti some damage was done in coastal localities by the high seas" (MWR).  
"The storm pursued an easterly course between Cuba and Jamaica coursing around SE Cuba with diminished 
intensity toward the Atlantic Ocean near to Bermuda" (Jamaica).

November 3: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005mb centered near 19.2N, 76W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 45kt winds at 19.5N, 76.3W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
gives a morning position estimate of 19N, 79W and in the evening at 19.8N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt
ESE with 997 mb at 18.6N, 76.1W at 13Z (MWR); 45 kt with 998 mb at 18.7N 76.1W at 12Z (COA); 45 kt with 
1001 mb at 18.5N 76.0W at 15Z (COA). Station highlights: 1002 mb (min pressure) at 01Z at Kingston, Jamaica 
(Jamaica); 1004 mb (min pressure) at 12Z at Morant Point, Jamaica (Jamaica). "Cuba - Tropical Storm - 
Nov. 3-4" (Perez et al.). "Outside of the immediate area of the disturbance, in the eastern Gulf of 
Mexico, the Florida Strait, and off the southern Atlantic coast, there were strong northeasterly winds, 
but these were more related to the anticyclone over the United States than to the Caribbean disturbance" 
(MWR).  "The Montego Bay barometric pressure, nearest to the storm centre indicated about two-thirds of 
an inch [~22 mb] below the October normal of 29.869 inches [1012 mb].  It is quite evident that had the 
barometric pressure fallen one inche below the normal, the force of wind would very likely have attained 
hurricane force at that section of the Island.  Consequently, the disturbance as felt ashore may have 
attained a wind velocity of about 70 mile per hour at certain limited points along NW Jamaica...In Jamaica 
the damages arising from this storm to agriculture, particularly the banana cultivations, were immense, 
and as the wind may have reached high gale force along the north coast, several frail structures collapsed 
and huts of the peasantry in some areas were blow down.  A few large trees were uprooted.  Some small 
craft suffered.  A considerable portion of the damages to crops must be attributable to the excessive 
rainfall in most of the parishes" (Jamaica).

November 4: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20N, 76.3W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 20.7N, 75.5W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows 
gives a morning position estimate of 20.5N, 76W with a pressure of 1003mb and in the evening at 21N, 75.5W. 
Ship highlights: 40 kt SE at 19N, 76W at 00Z (MWR); 35 kt SE with 999 mb at 21.3N, 75.7W at 21Z (COA); 
25 kt NE with 997 mb at 20.9N, 75.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: Calm at 1004 mb at 12Z at Antilla, 
Cuba (HWM)."During the 4th the low center moved slowly northward across eastern Cuba" (MWR).

November 5: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 75.5W at 12Z with a cold front 
approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50 kt winds at 22.7N, 
74.2W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position of 22.5N, 75W with a pressure of 1002 mb and 
in the evening at 26N, 73W. Ship highlights: 10 kt WNW with 1003 mb at 20.5N 75.5W at 01Z (COA).  Station 
highlights: 30 kt WSW with 1000 mb at Ragged Island, Bahamas at 12Z (HWM). "Farther northward the high 
pressure was giving way, and by the morning of the 5th the disturbance was central over the southeastern 
Bahamas, with a shallow trough of low pressure extending northward to the New Jersey coast, where another 
low center had formed since the preceding night. The tropical center at 7pm (EST) of the 5th lay near 25N, 
72W, now moving north-northeastward with greatly increased rapidity" (MWR).

November 6: HWM shows a tropical cyclone with a pressure of at most 1000 mb just east of a cold front and 
was centered near 29N, 70W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm with 50 kt winds at 28.7N, 
70.1W at 12Z. MWR's Track of Lows gives a morning position estimate of 30.5N, 69.5W and in the evening at 
38N, 65W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW with 993 mb at 27N, 71W at 04Z (MWR). Station highlights: no gales or 
low pressures. "During November 6 ship reports were few from along all but the northernmost part of the 
through of low pressure extending from the eastern West Indies to New England, but the center of the 
southern disturbance at 7am (EST) could be located at approximately 29N, 70W from which point it continued 
to move north-northeastward, to the westward of Bermuda. By evening of the 6th, continuing at great speed, 
the storm center, so far as can be estimated from the few ships' reports, was in 39N, 64 or 65W" (MWR).

November 7: HWM shows a tropical storm located at 46N 56W embedded within a complex low of at most 995 mb 
which has a front extending to its south.  MWR Tracks of Low has a morning center at 47N 59W with 989 mb 
pressure and an evening center at 54N 56W.  Ship highlights:  40 kt S with 996 mb at 44N 55W at 13Z (MWR); 
60 kt W at 44N 55W at 14Z (MWR).  "During the night it traveled toward Newfoundland, and the center was 
close to the island at 7am (EST) of the 7th.  The cyclone was now displaying considerable energy...
Thereafter the storm, of considerable depth and intensity, continued its northward movement, crossed 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and on the morning of the 8th was central to the eastward 
of Labrador" (MWR).

Genesis for this late season Western Caribbean hurricane was begun at 12Z on the 28th of October, 18 hr 
earlier than originally indicated in HURDAT.  This was based upon 24 hr pressure drops of 3 mb at Swan 
Island and of 2 mb at Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua as well as a more well-defined circulation compared 
with the previous day.  Minor track changes were introduced for every day of this system's existence.  
The first observed gale was around 21Z on the 30th.  Transition to a tropical storm is introduced at 00Z 
on the 30th (the original HURDAT did not previously have a tropical depression stage).  Swan Island 
reported 1005 mb at 12Z on the 30th, which suggests maximum winds of at least 37 kt from the south of 
25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  Intensity is 35 kt at this time, due to low environmental 
pressures and slow translational speed.  The cyclone apparently underwent rapid intensification on the 
31st.  Grand Cayman observed 80 kt winds with 990 mb at 2030Z on the 31st.  This peripheral pressure 
suggests winds of at least 64 kt.  The 75 kt intensity at 18Z on the 31st is unchanged.  On the 1st of 
November, a cold front interacted with the hurricane, as cooler, drier air reached the periphery of the 
system.  However, this air mass moderated by the 2nd and the system continued as a tropical cyclone for 
a few more days.  Weakening of the hurricane was indicated in the original HURDAT from a peak intensity 
of 80 kt at 00Z on the 1st down to 55 kt at 06Z on the 2nd.  No inner core data was available on these 
dates and no changes to the intensity were made on these days.  On the 3rd, the S.S. Amapala reported 
50 kt ESE with 997 mb pressure at 13Z.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 53 kt.  55 kt is chosen 
for 12Z intensity (up from 45 kt originally), as the environmental pressure was low and the translational 
speed was slow.  The cyclone turned toward the northeast and made landfall in southeastern Cuba around 
03Z on the 4th near 20.0N 75.8 with an intensity of 55 kt (up from 45 kt in HURDAT originally at 00Z).  
A ship just north of southeastern Cuba observed 25 kt SE with 997 mb at 12Z on the 4th, right as the 
cyclone was making oceanfall back to the Atlantic Ocean.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of at 
least 53 kt.  An intensity of 50 kt is analyzed at this time due to the aforementioned low environmental 
pressure, slow motion, and interaction with land.  Late on the 5th, the cyclone began accelerating toward 
the northeast as it started interacting with a strong cold front and developing extratropical low over 
New England.  At 04Z on the 6th, a ship reported 993 mb with 40 kt SW winds.  This pressure suggests 
winds of at least 55 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt is 
analyzed at 06Z, up from 50 kt originally, as the cyclone's speed was faster and the environmental 
pressure had risen but tempered with the extratropical transition that the system was undergoing.  By 
late on the 6th, the cyclone had become extratropical, as the front had reached the system.  The 
cyclone then merged with the aforementioned extratropical low after 00Z on the 7th, 6 hr after than 
originally indicated in HURDAT.  An alternative solution suggested in the Monthly Weather Review 
with the system continuing across Newfoundland on the 7th and back to the high latitudes of the 
Atlantic on the 8th (as shown in MWR) does not appear valid.

*******************************************************************************

1939 additional notes:

1) HWM, MWR and COADS indicate that a tropical wave formed a closed circulation on July 7 in the Gulf 
of Mexico just off the coast of Florida and traveled west to Texas.  Available observations suggest 
that the lowmaintained a closed circulation throughout the time period from the 7th to the12th.  Peak 
ship observations were a 30 kt wind and 1006 mb pressure.  Over land, Houston reported a peak 5 min 
wind of 35 kt NE (and peak 1 min wind of 40 kt NE) on the 9th, but this was a very short lived wind 
event - likely a pre-frontal squall line.  On the 11th, Port Arthur reported a peak 5 min wind of 
32 kt E (and 1 min peak wind of 35 kt E) which was part of enhanced winds all day that may have been 
associated with this low which was centered about 200 nm to the southwest.  (However, stations closer 
to the center of the low - Houston, Galveston, Corpus Christi and Brownsville - did not report any 
tropical storm force winds on this date.)  With only one tropical storm force sustained wind associated 
(perhaps) with this system, that does not confirm it was a tropical storm and thus it is not added 
to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Jul  7 27N 84W Tropical depression
Jul  8 27N 89W Tropical depression
Jul  9 28N 91W Tropical depression
Jul 10 26N 94W Tropical depression
Jul 11 27N 96W Tropical depression
Jul 12 28N 98W Tropical depression


2) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed
very near where another storm (one that is being added to HURDAT) formed just
two days earlier.  This pocket of low pressure may have broken off of the
tropical storm around the 18th at 00 UTC.  It stayed close to Bermuda forming
a definite closed circulation on the 19th, and then moved north-northeast and
merged with a weak front on the 20th.  The only day that there is evidence of
a closed circulation is the 19th.  Furthermore, there were no gales or low
pressures associated with this system.  Thus, this system will not be added to
HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 17 Nothing- part of a new 1939 tropical storm
Aug 18 Open Wave
Aug 19 31N 66W Tropical depression
Aug 20 Open wave


3) Available HWM and COADS data indicate that a tropical depression formed
near Bermuda on the 25th, stayed nearly stationary for a few days, and then
rapidly moved to the northeast with an approaching frontal system.  Although
HWM analyzes a closed low on the 24th, there is no evidence to support their
analysis.  On the 28th, the depression became extratropical as it was absorbed
in the frontal system.  There were no gales or low pressures associated with
this system.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 24 Open wave
Aug 25 30N 65W Tropical depression
Aug 26 30N 65W Tropical depression
Aug 27 31N 63W Tropical depression
Aug 28 38N 58W Extratropical


4) Available HWM and MWR observations indicate a baroclinic system developed near North 
Carolina on the 28th of August.  The system moved slowly for two days while intensifying 
and three gale force ship reports were noted.  On the 1st of September, the baroclinic 
cyclone moved quickly off to the east-northeast for the next two days while occluding and 
weakening.  The system was clearly an extratropical cyclone throughout its lifetime.  
However, because of its proximity to the United States and occurring during the peak of the 
hurricane season, it is listed here in the Additional Notes section.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 28 34N 76W Extratropical
Aug 29 37N 74W Extratropical
Aug 30 38N 72W Extratropical
Aug 31 39N 71W Extratropical
Sep  1 40N 66W Extratropical
Sep  2 41N 54W Extratropical

5) The MWR mentions a disturbance in the southeastern Caribbean 29-31 August.  
However, COADS, HWM and and MWR observations do not indicate that a tropical cyclone existed.  
There was tropical wave on these dates with peak observations of 30 kt E and 1009 mb from a 
ship on 00Z 31 August at 12N 68W.  It is possible that the system was a tropical depression 
on the 31st, as southwest winds were reported in the Netherland Antilles.  With no evidence 
of it reaching tropical storm intensity, this is not added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Aug 29 --N 58W Tropical Wave
Aug 30 --N 63W Tropical Wave
Aug 31 --N 68W Tropical Wave/Tropical Depression?


6) Available HWM, MWR, and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression may have 
formed southeast of North Carolina on the 21st along a decaying frontal boundary.  The system 
quickly moved toward the northeast for the next two days without significant intensification.  
No low pressures or gale force winds were recorded in association with this system.  By the 
23rd, the cyclone had become extratropical over the high latitudes of the North Atlantic.  
As no gales/low pressures were recorded, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 21 30N 75W Tropical Depression?
Sep 22 37N 64W Tropical Depression?
Sep 23 43N 46W Extratropical


7) Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression
formed in the central Atlantic early on the 30th from an eastward moving front
that had dissipated.  It moved southeast for a few days and then looped south
before dissipating.  There is proof of a closed low with warm temperatures for
several days.  However, no gales or low pressures were associated with this
system.  Thus, this system will not be added to HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 30 32N 46W Tropical depression
Oct  1 30N 42W Tropical depression
Oct  2 28N 38W Tropical depression
Oct  3 26N 38W Tropical depression
Oct  4 Open wave


8) Available HWM, MWR, and COADS observations indicate that a tropical cyclone may have formed 
in the central Atlantic on the 4th of October.  Observations are sparse on the 4th and 5th, but 
do suggest a closed low with no baroclinic influences was present.  A single gale (35 kt SSW 
wind with 1011 mb pressure) was observed on the 5th.  The system apparently recurved on the 
5th and was absorbed by a large extratropical low on the 6th.  Given that there was only 1 
gale force wind, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct  4 22N 53W Tropical depression?
Oct  5 32N 57W Tropical storm?
Oct  6 Absorbed in extratropical cyclone

*******************************************************************************************


1940 Storm 1 - Revised 2012

30320 05/19/1940 M= 9  1 SNBR= 670 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
30325 05/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*211 719  35    0*219 719  35    0*
30325 05/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 710  35    0*227 713  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

30330 05/20*228 721  35    0*239 721  35    0*250 722  40    0*260 723  40    0*
30330 05/20*234 715  35    0*242 717  35    0*250 719  40    0*260 721  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

30335 05/21*270 723  45    0*280 723  45    0*289 724  50    0*298 725  50    0*
30335 05/21*270 722  45    0*280 723  45    0*290 724  50    0*301 725  50    0*
                ***                           ***              ***     

30340 05/22*306 727  50    0*326 729  45    0*343 728  40    0*347 723  40    0*
30340 05/22*315 727  55    0*335 728  55    0*350 728  55    0*356 726  55    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

30345 05/23*349 719  35    0*351 714  35    0*353 710  35    0*354 707  35    0*
30345 05/23*359 723  50    0*360 719  50    0*360 715  50    0*360 711  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

30350 05/24*355 701  35    0*356 699  35    0*357 698  35    0*362 692  35    0*
30350 05/24*359 707  40    0*357 703  40    0*357 698  35    0*362 692  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                       

30355 05/25*369 685  35    0*374 679  35    0*379 673  35    0*385 667  35    0*
30355 05/25*367 685  35    0*373 679  35    0E379 673  30    0E385 667  30    0*
            ***              ***             *         **     *         **

30360 05/26*392 662  35    0*397 657  35    0*402 652  30    0*411 643  30    0*
30360 05/26E391 662  30    0E396 657  30    0E402 652  30    0E411 643  30    0*
           ****      **     ****      **     *                *

30365 05/27*422 631  25    0*435 615  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
30365 05/27E422 631  25    0E435 615  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           *                *

30370 TS                                                                        

Minor changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  A major alteration 
is to indicate an extratropical stage on the 25th through the 27th.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original 
Monthly Records, and Monthly Weather Review.

May 18:  HWM indicates a spot low near 17.5N 72W south of Hispaniola.  HURDAT does not yet 
list this system.  The MWR tracks of lows does not yet show this system as a cyclone (first 
position is at 12Z on the 19th).  No gales or low pressures.

May 19: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 22N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 21.1N, 71.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
22N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 1007mb and at 23N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression originated a short 
distance to the southeast of Turks Island during the evening of May 18 and moved in a general 
northerly direction for a period of about 4 days; thereafter its progressive motion was toward 
the east and northeast, where its identity was lost in the area between Nova Scotia and 
Newfoundland on the morning of May 27. A slight fall in barometric pressure was charted in the 
region near Puerto Plata and Turks Island on the evening of May 18. At the time cloudy weather, 
gentle east winds, and a barometric reading of 1007.8mb where observed at Turks Island. However, 
during the next 12 hours the wind at that station shifted to the southwest, increasing to force 
5, while the barometer continued to fall gradually to 1007.1mb. On the morning of May 19, a 
rather well-defined cyclonic circulation was observed, with the center of low pressure near 
latitude 22.45'N and longitude 71.30'W. Winds of force 5-6 were noted in the northerly quadrant 
of the disturbance at this stage" (MWR). 

May 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 25N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 25N, 72.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 25N, 
72.5W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb and at 27N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 15kts NNW with a 
pressure of 1000mb at 23.5N, 79.2W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"During the next 36 hours the disturbance moved in a general northerly direction and reports from 
ships during that period indicate that strong to high winds were experienced over a considerable 
area" (MWR). 

May 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 29N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 28.9N, 72.4W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
29N, 72W (am) and at 31N, 72.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kts SE with a pressure of 1003mb at 30.2N, 
71W at 11Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Between 5am and 6am on May 21, 
the Belgian M.S. Good Gulf near latitude 30.12'N and long 71W reported a barometer reading of 
1002.7mb; wind southeast, force 8; heavy rain an very rough seas. The Belgian M.S. Lubrafol at 
midnight of the same day reported an easterly gale with a barometer reading of 995.6mb when near 
lat 32.21'N and long 71.52'W. This is the lowest barometer reading of record in connection with 
the disturbance. Several other vessels reported strong shifting winds and disturbed conditions 
on May 21" (MWR). 

May 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 995mb near 34.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 34.3N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
33.5N, 71W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 35N, 71W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kts E with at 
32.3N, 71.9W, no times given (MWR); 30kts NW with a pressure of 995mb at 12Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

May 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 995mb near 36N, 71.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 35.3N, 71W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 36N, 
71W (am) with a pressure of 995mb. Ship highlights: 30kts NNW with a pressure of 995mb at 36.5N, 
72.5W at 12Z (HWM); 35kts NNE at 37.8N, 74.3W no time given (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "At the morning observation of May 23, the disturbance was centered near lat 36.15'N, 
and long 71.15'W. The progressive motion was taken toward the east or slightly east-southeast, and 
on the following morning the center was at approximately 36N, and 69.45'W. From that point it moved 
toward the northeast for the next 3 days and apparently merged with an area of low barometric 
pressure to the southwest of Newfoundland" (MWR). 

May 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 35.5N, 69.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 35.7N, 69.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
35.5N, 70W (am). Ship highlights: 5kts SW with a pressure of 1003mb at 34.6N, 75.4W at 6Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

May 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 38N, 67.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 37.9N, 67.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
38N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 39N, 68W (pm). Ship highlights: 5kts NNE with a 
pressure of 1004mb at 39.1N, 69.5W at 0Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

May 26: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 40.5N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 40.2N, 65.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
40N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 42N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 25kts SW with a 
pressure of 1002mb at 39.2N, 67W at 0Z (COA); 35kt SE with a pressure of 1020mb at 39N, 59.5W at 
12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

May 27: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 43.5N, 62W. The MWR track of lows 
showed a center at 46N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 48N, 54W (pm). Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Despite HWM indicating a spot low on the 18th of May, observations do not indicate that a closed 
low had yet formed for this system south of Hispaniola.  Thus genesis for this pre-season tropical 
storm is unchanged from that originally shown in HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th.  Only minor alterations 
were made to the track for every day, except for the 27th when no changes were made to the positions.  
While the cyclone had a rather large size to it for most of its lifetime (and thus may have been 
analyzed as a subtropical storm in the satellite era), it did not contain any significant 
baroclinicity especially from the 19th until the 21st.  A peripheral pressure reading of 1003 mb 
on the 20th suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship and at least 38 kt from the north of 25N relationship.  40 kt is retained in HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 20th because of the rather low environmental pressure.  A 999 mb peripheral pressure 
reading on the 21st suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the north of 25N relationship.  50 kt 
is retained at 12Z.  Beginning on the 22nd through the 25th, substantial cool air was present 
west of the cyclone along the mid-Atlantic seaboard.  However, it appears that the frontal 
boundary (not shown in HWM, but may have occurred in actuality on the 22nd and 23rd) did not 
reach the inner core of this cyclone.  A 995 mb peripheral pressure accompanied by 30 kt NW wind 
was observed on the 22nd, which suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the Brown et al. north of 
25N relationship and at least 56 kt from the Neumann et al. north of 35N relationship.  55 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT at 12Z partly because of a fast forward velocity on that day, up from 40 kt 
originally.  On the 23rd, the cyclone nearly stalled and further expanded its size.  Another 
995 mb peripheral pressure with 35 kt NNW wind was observed on this date, but the winds at 12Z 
were chosen to be 50 kt due to the slower translational speed and the larger size.  By the 25th, 
the cold air on the western flank of the cyclone had reached the inner core of the cyclone and 
the wind and pressure field became symmetric.  Extratropical transition is estimated to have 
occurred at 12Z on the 25th.  Originally in HURDAT, extratropical transition was not indicated 
for this system.  No change is made for the cyclone's decay, except to indicate an extratropical 
cyclone stage rather than a tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1940 Storm 2 - Revised 2012

31190 08/02/1940 M=10  2 SNBR= 688 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
31190 08/03/1940 M= 8  2 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **

(The 2nd is removed from HURDAT.)
31195 08/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*305 795  35    0*301 801  40    0*

31200 08/03*296 810  35    0*289 822  35    0*284 833  35    0*281 842  35    0*
31200 08/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 831  25    0*281 841  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

31205 08/04*279 849  40    0*278 855  40    0*277 861  40    0*277 868  45    0*
31205 08/04*279 847  35    0*278 853  40    0*278 859  40    0*278 865  45    0*
                ***  **          ***          *** ***          *** ***

31210 08/05*277 875  50    0*277 881  50    0*278 887  55    0*279 894  60    0*
31210 08/05*279 872  50    0*280 877  55  995*281 882  60    0*282 887  65    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31215 08/06*280 900  65    0*281 905  65    0*282 908  70    0*285 915  70    0*
31215 08/06*283 892  70    0*284 897  70    0*286 904  75    0*288 911  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31220 08/07*288 920  70    0*290 926  70    0*293 930  70    0*296 934  70    0*
31220 08/07*290 919  80    0*292 926  85    0*294 932  85    0*296 938  85  972*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***

31225 08/08*299 937  70  972*301 938  65    0*303 940  60    0*307 944  55    0*
31225 08/08*298 943  65    0*301 945  50    0*305 945  45    0*309 945  45    0*
            *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31230 08/09*313 948  50    0*319 949  40    0*325 950  35    0*331 950  30    0*
31230 08/09*313 945  40    0*318 945  35    0*324 945  30    0*329 945  25    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31235 08/10*337 950  25    0*343 949  20    0*349 947  20    0*357 942  20    0*
31235 08/10*334 943  25    0*340 940  20    0*348 937  20    0*357 933  20    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              *** 

The 11th is removed from HURDAT
31240 08/11*366 935  15    0*377 925  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

31245 HRCTX2 LA2            
          
              
U.S. landfall:
8/7/1940 - 21Z - 29.7N, 94.1W - 85 kt - 972 mb - 1011 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI - 10 nm RMW

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that struck near 
the Louisiana/Texas border.  A major alteration is to delay genesis by 24 hours until after the 
system reached the Gulf of Mexico.  A major change is made to the timing that tropical storm 
strength was first attained.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Monthly State and Local Climatological 
Data Summaries from NCDC, the USWB Daily Weather Maps series, the USWB operational advisories, 
Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ellis (1988), Connor (1956), 
and Jarrell et al. (1992).

Aug 2: HWM indicates an elongated closed low of at most 1015mb along a cold front along 31.5N 
between 85W-77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30.5N, 79.5W at 12Z.  
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A wave 
developed on August 2, off Jacksonville, Fla., and moved southwestward across Florida into the 
northeast portion of the Gulf of Mexico by the 3rd, where a rather shallow LOW 1012.5mb with 
definite cyclonic wind circulation was charted" (MWR). 

Aug 3: HWM indicates an elongated closed low of at most 1015mb along a front between 27-31N, 75-85W. 
HURDAT lists this as Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 28.4N, 83.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows 
showed a center at 28N, 82.5W (am) with a pressure of 1012.5mb and at 28N, 84W (pm).  Microfilm at 
12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb near 27.5N, 83.3W (the feature of interest) with 
another closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 30N, 77.5W.  A front runs from just north of 
the first low through the second low.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 1010 mb (min p) at Tampa, FL (climo).

Aug 4: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 27.4N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.7N, 86.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
28N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 28N, 86W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.4N, 85.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW with a pressure of 
1010 mb at 26N, 88.1W at 21Z (MWR); 30 kt SW with 1008 mb at 22Z at 26.1N, 84.8W (COA). Station 
highlights: 1010 mb at 2230Z at Apalachicola and 1010 mb at 23Z at Pensacola (MWR). "The 
disturbance moved steadily west-southwestward with increased intensity during the next 24 hours 
and ships' reports indicate that it was centered on the morning of Aug. 4 near lat 28N, and long 
87W, from where it progressed in a slight curve to the right during the 4-5th" (MWR). 

Aug 5: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 28N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 27.8N, 88.7W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
28N, 88W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 28.5N, 89W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1004 mb centered near 28.2N, 88.3W. Ship highlights: 40-50 kt with 1004 mb at 0550Z 
at 26.8N, 88.1W and 60 kt S near same location just after 07Z (MWR); 20kt W with a pressure of 
997 mb at 27.9N, 87.7W at 08Z and 50 kt S after 08Z (MWR). Station highlights: 41 kt NE with 
1002 mb at 20Z at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) (advisories); 30-35 kt ENE with 1005 mb at 22Z at 
Burrwood (29.0N, 89.4W) (USWB). "Heavy rain squalls and fresh to strong shifting gales were 
encountered by vessels in the central and north central portions of the Gulf of Mexico on Aug 5, 
1940. At 12:50am of the 5th, the American S.S. Connecticut, near lat 26.45'N, and long 88.06'W 
reported a barometer reading 1004mb, strong gales and rough sea; the wind increased to force 11 
shortly after 2am. This is the highest wind record reported from any vessel in connection with 
this disturbance. At 7am on Aug 5, the center of the storm was charted about 110 miles southeast 
of Port Eads, La. The American motor vessel Rhode Island at 6:07pm, of the same day met 
south-southwest winds of force 9, with rough sea and very heavy rain" (MWR).

Aug 6: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 1005 mb near 28.3N, 90.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 90.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center 
at 28.5N, 90.5W (am) and at 29N, 91.5W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 
1004 mb centered near 29.0N, 90.5W.  Ship highlights: 50kts S after 00Z (MWR); 30 kt WNW with a 
pressure of 1005 mb at 27.5N, 90.4W at 01Z and 50 kt S after 01Z (MWR); 45 kt SSW with 1006 mb at 
18Z at 27.1N, 89.3W (COA). Station highlights: 997 mb at Port Eads (29.0N, 89.2W) (Connor); 996 mb 
at Burrwood (29N, 89.4W) at 08Z (MWR); 994 mb at Grand Isle (29.2N, 90.0W) at 11Z (Connor); 49 kt 
at Port Eads (Connor); 44 kt at Burrwood at 12Z (MWR); 52 kt SE at Grand Isle at 14Z (Connor); 
999 mb around ~21Z at Morgan City (29.7N, 91.2W) and 39 kt winds there [not necessarily simultaneous] 
(Connor). "The disturbance continued in a west-northwest direction during the 6th which carried the 
center south of the Louisiana coast toward Texas, where it passed inland on Aug 7, just east of 
Sabine. The storm at this point was of small diameter, with the path of hurricane winds about 
20 miles wide in Port Arthur-Sabine area" (MWR). 

Aug 7: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 94.1W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 70kt winds at 29.3N, 93W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 93W 
(am) with a pressure of 993mb.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 994 mb centered 
near 29.6N, 93.4W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW with a pressure of 1007 mb at 28.7N, 91.2W at 06Z (COA); 
35 kt S with a pressure of 1005 mb at 28.9N, 91.9W at 12Z (COA); 40 kt SSE with 1006 mb at 1830Z at 
29.2N, 93.0W (USWB).  Station highlights: 985 mb at 1110Z at Cameron (29.8N, 93.3) with maximum wind 
there of 61-70 kt NE (not necessarily simultaneous) (Connor); 999 mb (min p) at 1230Z and 43 kt E 
(max w) at 1430Z at Lake Charles (30.2N, 93.2W) (MWR); 71 kt (max w/5-min/41 meters) SE at Port Arthur 
(29.9N, 93.9W) at 1747Z (MWR/OMR); 978mb (min p) at Port Arthur at 1815Z (OMR); 61 kt NNW at Sabine 
(29.7N, 93.9W) (Connor) and 972 mb (central pressure) at Sabine (Connor, Ho). "During the evening of 
Aug 7, the storm recurved to the right with accompanying marked increase in rainfall over southwest 
Louisiana. At 7am of the 8th, it was centered a short distance northeast of Houston, TX with decreased 
intensity. For the next 48 hours the disturbance moved rather slowly in a north-northeasterly direction, 
dissipating on the evening of August 10 in north central Arkansas" (MWR). "There were no deaths or 
serious injuries during the storm of the 7th. Property damage in Jefferson County, principally in Port 
Arthur and suburbs, was estimated at almost $1,000,000. Estimates of crop damage in the same area were 
from $450,000 to $500,000. Heaviest property damage occurred at the refineries near Port Arthur, but a 
large per cent of the business and other structures suffered slight to considerable damage. Rice growers 
suffered the heaviest losses among the agricultural interests" (OMR).  "972 mb central pressure at 
landfall, observed from Sabine, TX, 11 nm RMW, 8kt forward speed, landfall point of 29.7N, 93.7W" (Ho).

Aug 8: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 30.5N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 30.3N, 94W at 12Z. The MWR tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 
94.5W (am) with a pressure of 1003mb.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb 
centered near 30.4N, 94.4W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE before 05Z and 15 kt SE with 1004 mb at 05Z 
at 29.0N, 93.5W (MWR); 25 kt WSW with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.0N, 94.0W at 06Z (COA); 45 kt S 
with 1009 mb at 28.9N, 92.5W at 19Z (COA). Station highlights: 999 mb at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) at 
00Z (OMR); 37 kt S with 994 mb at Port Arthur at 0030Z (OMR); 35 kt NE around ~2130Z at Shreveport 
(32.5N, 93.8W) (OMR). 

Aug 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 32.8N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 32.5N, 95W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 33N, 94W (am) 
with a pressure of 1007.8mb and at 34N, 93.5W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered near 32.4N, 94.3W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SW with 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.8N, 93.5W (COA). 
Station highlights: 35 kt N (max w) around ~0030Z at Dallas (32.8N, 96.8W) (OMR).

Aug 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 20kt winds at 34.9N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 34N, 93W (am) 
with a pressure of 1010.5mb.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 
34.3N, 93.2W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

A weak low began to form along a stationary frontal boundary just off of the Georgia coast on 1st and 
2nd of August.  As the circulation was not closed, it is judged the system remained a frontal low on 
these dates.  Thus genesis is delayed by 24 hours until the system reached the Gulf of Mexico.  There 
is sufficient observational coverage on the 3nd that indicates a weaker initial intensity, and 25 kt 
tropical depression is analyzed at 12Z (down from 35 kt originally).  On the 3rd, the cyclone was 
still somewhat asymmetric due to the interaction with the dissipating frontal boundary to the north, 
but by 4 August the cyclone became more symmetric and more truly a tropical cyclone.  It intensified 
from the 4th through the 7th as it moved west-northwestward, staying south of the coast until it made 
landfall near the Louisiana/Texas border on the 7th.  The first gale force wind was recorded at 21Z on 
the 4th from a ship (35 kt with 1010 mb) located about 130 nm SSW of the center.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have attained tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 4th (36 hours earlier than originally - 
a major change).  The analyzed intensity at 18Z on the 4th is 45 kt (no change to HURDAT originally) 
with a position of 27.8N, 86.5W.  A central pressure of 995 mb is added to HURDAT on the 5th at 06Z due 
to the analysis of a ship that reported 20 kt with 997 mb inside the RMW.  This value equals 52 kt 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Since a ship recorded a 
60 kt wind sometime after 07Z on the 5th, a 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 06Z and a 60 kt intensity 
is analyzed for 12Z on the 5th (a 5 kt increase at both times from HURDAT originally).  By 20Z on the 
5th, gales were being recorded on land at Port Eads and Burrwood because the cyclone was centered 40 nm 
due south of the southeastern tip of Louisiana by 00Z on the 6th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have 
become a hurricane at 18Z on the 5th (6 hours earlier than originally - mainly because the intensity 
is increased from the original HURDAT at all times from 06Z on the 5th through 18Z on the 7th).  
East-northeastward track changes of 0.8 degrees are made from 18Z on the 5th through 06Z on the 6th 
based upon available observations.  At 08Z on the 6th, Burrwood recorded its minimum pressure of 996 mb 
when the center was 35-40 nm from there, and at 11Z, Grand Isle recorded 994 mb with the cyclone 
located 40 nm from the station.  The highest wind recorded in Louisiana on the 6th was 52 kt at Grand 
Isle.  On the 7th at 1110Z, Cameron, LA recorded 985 mb and winds of 61-70 kt occurred there [time 
uncertain] according to Connor.

Although it is difficult to say exactly the point the center crossed the coastline, the best estimate is 
about 10 nm west of the Texas/Louisiana border.  The analyzed landfall occurred on 7 August at 21Z at 
29.7N, 94.1W.  A central pressure of 972 mb was recorded a Sabine, TX, and 972 mb is the analyzed landfall 
central pressure.  The 972 mb central pressure originally listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 8th is removed 
and this value is added at 18Z on the 7th instead.  A central pressure of 972 mb equals 82 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Ho et al. lists a landfall RMW of 11 nm, and available 
observations from Port Arthur support a small RMW in the ballpark of Ho's estimate.  This RMW is much 
smaller than the climatological RMW of 23 nm for this latitude and central pressure.  The speed of the 
cyclone was a slow 7 kt, and the OCI and ROCI are analyzed at 1011 mb and 225 nm, respectively.  The 
highest observed wind, after converting to 10m 1-min was 69 kt at Port Arthur at 1747Z.  Port Arthur 
recorded its minimum pressure of 978 mb at 1815Z, and there is no evidence that Port Arthur was inside 
the RMW.  Sabine reported winds of 61 kt and Cameron, LA had earlier reported winds of 61-70 kt.  A 
landfall intensity of 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT and the intensity at 18Z on the 7th (up from 70 kt 
originally).  A peak lifetime intensity of 85 kt is analyzed from 06-18Z on the 7th (original peak 
lifetime intensity 70 kt from 06Z on the 6th - 00Z on the 8th).  A Category 2 impact is analyzed for 
Louisiana and the north Texas coast (unchanged), and these Category 2 winds were likely confined to the 
immediate coastline between the landfall point and a point 15 nm east of there.  After landfall, the 
cyclone curved northward, moving into Arkansas early on the 10th.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland 
decay model yield 64, 49, 39, and 33 kt at 00, 06, 12, and 18Z on 8 August.  Highest winds within 2 hr 
of synoptic times were 41, 30, 35, and 45 kt.  Intensities of 65, 50, 45, and 45 kt are analyzed at the 
synoptic times on the 8th.  These are all decreased of 10-15 kt from the original HURDAT.  The cyclone 
is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 8th (6 hours earlier than originally).  
At 2130Z on the 8th, Shreveport recorded a 5-min max of 35 kt and a fastest mile wind of 49 kt from the 
NE.  The final gale was reported from Dallas at 0030Z on the 9th - 35 kt N (5-min) when the center was 
140 nm ESE of Dallas.  However, the gale in Dallas may not have been representative of the cyclone's 
circulation given its large distance from the center.  A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at 00Z on the 9th 
(down from 50 kt originally).  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 12Z 
on the 9th (6 hours earlier than originally) at 32.4N, 94.5W.  On the 10th, the depression weakened over 
Arkansas, but it accelerated slightly.  Eastward position adjustments up to 1 degree are made on the 10th.  
6-hourly USWB/NHC microfilm synoptic maps show the cyclone progressively weakening and eventually becoming 
a trough and dissipating after 18Z on the 10th.  By the 11th, the windfield was too elongated to still 
be considered a closed tropical cyclone.  The dissipation is now shown to be after 18Z on the 10th (12 
hours earlier than originally).  This is in agreement with the MWR Tracks of Low, which shows a final 
position of the tropical cyclone at 12Z on the 10th.

*******************************************************************************

1940 Storm 3 - Revised 2012

31250 08/05/1940 M=11  3 SNBR= 689 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
31250 08/05/1940 M= 9  3 SNBR= 689 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
                   **                                     *

31255 08/05*  0   0   0    0*182 622  35    0*186 635  40    0*189 648  40 1012*
31255 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*189 648  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **                  ****

31260 08/06*194 664  40    0*202 683  40    0*210 702  40    0*218 717  45 1003*
31260 08/06*191 664  40    0*198 682  40    0*206 700  40    0*216 714  40 1003*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  ** 

31265 08/07*225 728  45    0*230 734  50    0*235 738  50    0*244 740  55    0*
31265 08/07*220 726  40    0*225 734  45    0*232 737  45    0*243 738  45    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31270 08/08*254 741  55    0*263 741  65    0*270 741  65    0*274 741  70    0*
31270 08/08*253 739  50    0*262 738  55    0*271 738  55    0*279 738  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31275 08/09*278 742  70    0*282 743  75    0*286 746  75    0*288 750  80    0*
31275 08/09*284 738  60    0*289 742  65    0*292 748  65    0*294 753  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31280 08/10*290 756  80    0*293 762  80    0*296 768  80    0*301 774  80    0*
31280 08/10*295 759  70    0*296 764  75    0*299 769  80    0*303 774  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          ***

31285 08/11*306 780  75    0*313 786  70    0*319 793  70    0*322 802  65  975*
31285 08/11*307 779  85    0*313 785  85    0*318 793  85    0*321 803  85  972*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **  ***

31290 08/12*323 812  60    0*324 820  55    0*325 828  40    0*329 834  40    0*
31290 08/12*322 813  65  977*324 824  50    0*326 835  35  996*332 842  30 1003*
            *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  ** ****

31295 08/13*334 840  35    0*340 845  35    0*346 849  35    0*355 850  35    0*
31295 08/13*337 847  30 1005*343 848  30 1007*349 848  25 1008*355 848  25    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  ** **** *** ***  ** ****     ***  **

31300 08/14*365 849  35    0*376 839  35    0E376 829  35    0E370 818  35    0*
31300 08/14*360 846  25    0*364 839  25    0*368 829  25    0*370 818  25    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **     ****      **     *         **       

The 15th is removed from HURDAT

31305 08/15E364 808  35    0E360 800  35    0E357 792  35    0E356 783  35    0*

31310 HR GA2 SC2
31310 HR GA1 SC2
         ***         

U.S. landfall:
8/11/1940 - 2030Z - 32.1N, 80.8W - 85 kt - 972 mb - 25 nm RMW - 1014 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made 
landfall near Hilton Head Island, SC.  Major changes are made to the timing of dissipation 
24 hours earlier than analyzed and for the removal of its extratropical phase.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, 
Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, Monthly State Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, COOP observations, 
Caribbean station observations, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

Aug 5: HWM indicates a spot low near 16N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
40kt winds at 18.6N, 63.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 18N, 63.5W (am) 
with a pressure of 1011.2mb and at 19.5N, 67.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt E with 1012 mb 
at 21Z at 19.6N, 65.8W with max wind of 40kt E (no time given) (MWR). Station highlights: 
38kt at San Juan (18.5N, 66.1W) at 1404Z (MWR). "The morning charts of August 5 showed some 
indications of a slight disturbance centered between St. Martin and St. Thomas Islands. 
Severe squalls of 44miles an hour were recorded at 10:04 am at San Juan. By 6 pm of the 5th, 
the depression was located a short distance north of Mona Passage, having moved very rapidly 
in a west-northwestward direction during the preceding 10 hours. The Dutch motor vessel 
Pygmalion, near lat 19.36'N and long 65.48'W at 5pm of August 5, reported fresh easterly 
gales with barometric pressure 1012.5 mb" (MWR). 

Aug 6: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 21N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 21N, 70.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center 
at 20.5N, 70.5W (am) and at 21.5N, 72W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 26kt with a pressure of 1003mb at Turks [1003 mb and 26 kt not necessarily 
simultaneous obs] (21.5N, 71.1W) at 17Z (MWR). "Cloudy weather with high winds and moderate 
to rough seas was encountered by ships in the vicinity of the path of the disturbance as it 
continued to move in a west by north direction during the 6th. The center passed a short 
distance to the south of Turks Island at noon of Aug 6, with deepening pressure, 1003mb 
accompanied by winds of 30 miles an hour" (MWR). "The tropical storm of the 11th began as a 
slight disturbance on August 6th near the Virgin Islands" (OMR - Savannah).

Aug 7: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 22.8N, 75.9W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 23.5N, 73.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a 
center at 23N, 74W (am) and at 24N, 74.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE before 09Z and 
3 kt W with 1010 mb at 09Z at 22.5N, 74.4W (MWR); 30 kt SE with 1011 mb at 12Z at 24.0N, 
72.5W (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the next 3 days the 
disturbance showed little tendency to increase in intensity as it moved to the northward" (MWR). 

Aug 8: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 27N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 27N, 74.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a 
center at 26N, 74W (am) and at 27N, 74W (pm). Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE with 1011 mb at 14Z 
at 26.2N, 74.1W [ob looks bad] (MWR); 45kt (or 60 kt?) NNW at 27.9N, 74.2W at 1830Z (USWB). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Aug 9: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 28.6N, 74.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a 
center at 28.5N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 29.5N, 75W (pm). Ship highlights: 
25 kt SSE with 1008 mb at 09Z at 30.8N, 73.8W and 35kt SW after 09Z (MWR); 30kt S with a 
pressure of 1000 mb at 29N, 74.8W at 1230Z (USWB).  One other low pressure of 1003 mb. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It was located near lat 29.41'N and long 
74.15'W on the morning of Aug 9" (MWR).

Aug 10: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 995mb near 30N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 29.6N, 76.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a 
center at 30N, 76W and at 31N, 77W (pm). Ship highlights: 25kt W with a pressure of 1002mb at 
29N, 76.1W at 00Z (COA); 70kt ESE at 32N, 77.3W at 21Z (MWR); 60 kt ESE with 1005 mb at 23Z at 
32.0N, 77.3W (MWR).  7 other gales of 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At 4am of Aug 10, the American tanker Meton, near lat 
32.12'N and long 77.42'W recorded a barometer pressure reading of 1008.5mb with overcast 
squally weather, east winds of force 8, and high seas. The first indications that this storm 
had developed to hurricane intensity were received from the American S. S. Maine, giving her 
noon position as approximately 32.03'N and long 77.18'W. The ship's daily journal of Aug 10th 
shows that the vessel met east-southeast wind, force 10 increasing to full hurricane strength 
at 4pm (local ship's time), with very high and rough east-southeasterly sea, large heavy swell 
and poor visibility. The barometer fell very rapidly until about 8pm, when it became steady 
and began to rise slowly" (MWR).

Aug 11: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 995mb near 31N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 31.9N, 79.3W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a 
center at 31.5N, 79W with a pressure of 974.7mb and at 31.5N, 81.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 
50 kt E with 999 mb at 04Z at 31.0N, 77.0W (MWR); 70kt W with 1002 mb at 30.7N 79.4W (USWB); 
50kt ENE with a pressure of 993mb at 32.3N, 78.5W at 07Z, with a max wind of 70 kt ESE after 
07Z (MWR); 50 kt E with 996 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 78.7W (COA); 70 kt ESE with 994 mb at 16Z and 
70 kt SE with 996 mb at 1645Z at 32.0N, 79.4W (USWB).  17 other gales between 35-60 kt and 
10 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Station highlights: 56 kt N with 998 mb at 1735Z 
at Beaufort, SC (32.4N, 80.7W) (OMR); 1004 mb (min p) at 1930Z at Charleston, SC (climo, OMR); 
57 kt E (max 5-min wind, with fastest mile 63 kt- both at anemometer height 28 meters) at 
1945Z at Charleston, SC (climo, OMR); 63kt N (max 5-min wind, with fastest mile 78 kt- both 
at anemometer height 48 meters) at Savannah (32.1N, 81.1W) at 2005Z (OMR); 8 kt with 975 mb 
(min pressure) at Savannah at 2230Z (MWR, OMR).  About 20 other gales from Charleston, 
Savannah, and Beaufort, and at least two other low pressures. "The hurricane crossed the 
coast at about 4pm [21Z] of Aug 11, near Beaufort, S.C., where moving inland, its course 
curved to the westward, passing just north of Savannah, Ga., between 5 and 6pm [22-23Z] on 
the same day. During the afternoon of Aug 11, a sea-level pressure reading of 974.7 mb was 
recorded at Savannah, Ga. This is the lowest ever recorded at the Weather Bureau Office at 
that place" (MWR). "The outstanding feature of the weather for August was the hurricane, the 
center of which crossed the coastline near Beaufort, S.C. about 3:00pm EST on August the 11th. 
No lives were lost in the Charleston District, but property damage was estimated at about 
$2,000,000.00 in Charleston County alone. The storm caused wind of over 30 miles per hour 
from 1am of the 11th until 4:30am of the 12th, with winds of whole gale force from 11:30am 
to about 3:30pm of the 11th. The wind shifted gradually from NE as the storm approached, to 
easterly as it reached the highest velocity and to SE as the storm passed. The barometer 
began falling about 11:00pm on Saturday the 10th and fell gradually until 2:30pm of the 
11th when it stopped abruptly and rose rapidly until about 11pm" (OMR - Charleston).  "On 
[the 11th] the wind increased to gale force about noon and to a maximum of 73 miles per 
hour from the north at 3:05 pm [2005Z]; about 5:30 pm it dropped as low as 9 mph after the 
lowest pressure (28.78) was reached, then rose to high again when the pressure increased.  
Scores of buildings were leveled or damaged, trees uprooted or broken, windows smashed in, 
tin roofs, signs, and other debris sent flying through the air.  One person died from 
injuries due to flying glass and another from a heart attack due to the excitement of the 
storm.  Estimated damage was $850,000" (OMR - Savannah).  From the Beaufort, SC coop 
observer... "Aug 11 - Severe Hurricane" (Beaufort, SC coop observations).  From the South 
Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary... "Total crop damage in the state has been 
estimated around $3,000,000.  Property losses along the southern coast have been estimated 
at around $3,500,000.  Timber losses were around $113,000 throughout the state.  Thirty-four 
persons perished in the hurricane."  "The coastal area from Charleston southward was 
visited by a hurricane afternoon of 11th.  Property damage along the South Carolina 
southern coast was heavy, especially severe at Folly Beach near Charleston, Edisto Island 
Beach and City and County of Beaufort, including U.S. Marine corps base on Parris Island 
and Town of Port Royal, where water front buildings, communication and power lines were 
wrecked, many trees uprooted and high tides flooded street and ground floors of buildings.  
Over 200 houses in Beaufort County were totally wrecked and over 1,000 were damaged.  
Beaufort residents said it was the worst blow since 1893.  The extreme high tide at 
Charleston was accurately determined as 10.71 feet above mean low water.  Crop losses, 
including corn, hay, cotton and truck were severe in the coastal section of these two 
counties.  Trees and roofs were damaged to some extent 50 miles inland.  As a result of 
the hurricane 25 negroes perished on St. Helena Island, near Beaufort, with 8 other 
negroes on nearby Ladies Island and one person on Hunting Island" (August 1940 South 
Carolina climatological data).  

Aug 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 32.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 32.5N, 82.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
32N, 83W (am) with a pressure of 999.7mb and at 33.5N, 85W (pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE with 
1008 mb at 02Z at 31.6N, 79.0W with highest wind experienced 40 kt (MWR). Station highlights: 
48-49 kt S-SSW with 984 mb at 0030Z at Savannah (OMR); 49 kt SE around ~0130Z at Charleston (OMR); 
43 kt S around ~0230Z at Savannah (OMR); 34 kt SE at 06Z at Charleston (OMR); 19 kt NE with a 
pressure of 1000 mb at Macon (32.8N, 83.6W) at 12Z (HWM, OMR). "During the next 4 to 5 days, as 
the storm moved overland, it diminished rapidly in intensity and its progressive motion was 
rather erratic. Its positive identity was lost on August 15" (MWR). 

Aug 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 34.6N, 84.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 85W with 
a pressure of 1009.5mb and at 35.5N, 84.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Aug 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 82W. HURDAT lists this as an extra 
tropical storm with 35kt winds at 37.6N, 82.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 36N, 
83W (am) with a pressure of 1008.1mb and at 35N, 82W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Aug 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 34N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as an extra 
tropical storm with 35kt winds at 35.7N, 79.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 
80.5W (am) with a pressure of 1007.8mb. 

Genesis of this tropical cyclone is analyzed to have occurred at 18Z on 5 August (12 hours later 
than in HURDAT originally) just north of the Virgin Islands as a 40 kt tropical storm.  A 15 kt ENE 
wind at St. Kitts on the 5th at 12Z indicates that it was not yet a closed low at that time.  The 
1012 mb central pressure shown in HURDAT at 18Z on the 5th is removed because San Juan reported 
15 kt NNE with 1012 mb at that time, and the cyclone is analyzed to be centered about 75 nm ENE of 
San Juan at that time.  The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT originally at 18Z on the 5th is maintained 
because a ship reported a maximum wind of 40 kt late on the 5th about 40 nm NNW of the interpolated 
analyzed position.  The cyclone traveled west-northwestward, passing north of the Greater Antilles 
on the 6th.  It began a northward motion on the 7th just northeast of the southeastern Bahamas.  
It traveled to 29.2N, 74.8W on the 9th before resuming a west-northwestward course, which brought 
the cyclone to a landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border on the 11th.  All track changes 
from the 6th-8th are half a degree or less.  On the 9th, northward track adjustments of 0.6 degrees 
are implemented.  The rest of the track changes on the 10th and 11th for the over-water portion 
of the track are half a degree or less, with a track change of only 0.1 degree around the time of 
landfall.  For intensity, a 1003 mb minimum pressure was recorded at Turks Island on the 6th at 
17Z.  The maximum wind recorded at Turks Island was only 26 kt.  Commentary states that the center 
passed over Turks Island, and although there is not definitive evidence that it is a central 
pressure, the 1003 mb value is maintained in HURDAT as it was likely a central pressure.  This 
value equals 41 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship, and 
40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th (down from 45 kt originally).  Available observations 
on the 7th and 8th indicate that the cyclone was likely not as strong yet as indicated in HURDAT 
originally (the intensity is reduced by 5 to 10 kt on those days).  The first hurricane force wind 
was reported from a ship at 21Z on the 10th at 32.0N, 77.3W.  By the time this wind was recorded, 
the analyzed intensity is 80 kt (no change to HURDAT) on the 10th from 12Z-18Z.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 06Z on the 9th (24 hours later than originally 
- a major change).  On the 11th, as the hurricane was approaching landfall, two other ships 
reported hurricane force winds.  

The hurricane made landfall on Hilton Head Island, SC (32.1N, 80.8W) on 11 August at around 20Z 
moving on a course between west and west-northwest at a speed of 9 kt.  Complete records of wind 
and pressure are available from Savannah and Charleston, but not from Beaufort, as observations 
stopped there a few hours before the height of the storm.  The maximum wind at Savannah (32.1N, 
81.1W) was 68 kt N at 2005Z and at Charleston was 59 kt (after converting the fastest mile wind 
to a 10m 1-min value).  The minimum pressure at Savannah was 974.7 mb (inside the RMW).  The 
minimum wind at Savannah inside the RMW was 8 kt.  The time of the min pressure and min wind were 
likely very close.  Although Savannah experienced a 180 degree wind shift from north to south, 
the center is analyzed to have passed about 5 nm north of the station (the track was moved 0.1 
degrees closer to Savannah - originally it was shown passing slightly further north).  A good 
time series from Savannah reveals that the RMW of this hurricane was at least 22 nm (if Savannah
was in the geometric center).  Since Ho et al. listed a 27 nm RMW for this hurricane, a 25 nm RMW 
is selected as the landfall RMW after rounding to the nearest 5 nm.  A 974 mb central pressure is 
analyzed at 2230Z (two hours after landfall).  A run of the Ho et al. inland-pressure decay model 
yields 972 mb for landfall if the Florida decay rate is used (because of the swampy terrain in that 
region).  Using the Atlantic coast decay rate, which is valid north of the GA/SC border according 
to Ho et al., a 970 mb landfall central pressure is yielded.  Jarrell et al. lists a 970 mb central 
pressure for landfall.  A 972 mb landfall central pressure is selected because the Florida decay 
rate is more appropriate to use in this situation.  The 975 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on 
the 11th is replaced by a value of 972 mb.  A 972 mb central pressure equals 82 kt according to 
the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 25 nm RMW is near average.  The OCI is 1014 mb 
and the ROCI is 225 nm.  The speed of the cyclone is slightly slower than normal - about 9 kt.  
Examination of the SLOSH display program Maximum Envelope of Water data suggests that a Category 1 
hurricane would not normally caused the observed surge in Charleston, South Carolina, even if the 
RMW passed over the station.  Based upon all of the above, an 85 kt intensity is analyzed at 
landfall.  This retains the hurricane as a low end Category 2 impact for South Carolina.  The 
best track winds on the 11th were boosted by 10-20 kt with the largest change at 18Z just before 
landfall.  However, because the landfall just north of the Georgia-South Carolina border and the 
peak winds likely to the north of the landfall point (right front quadrant of the hurricane), 
Category 1 sustained winds likely were the peak to occur in Georgia.  Thus Georgia's impact is 
reduced from Category 2 to a Category 1.  

Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 65, 48 and 35 kt for 00, 06 and 12Z on the 12th.  
Highest observed wind within 2 hr of those synoptic times are 57, 34, and 25 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z, 
respectively.  Analyzed intensities are 65 (up from 60 kt originally), 45 (down from 55 kt) and 35 (down 
from 40 kt) at 00, 06, and 12Z, respectively.  The 65 kt intensity is selected for 00Z because of the 
cyclone's trek over marshy terrain during the first few hours of its landfall and because the 57 kt 
observed around 00Z from Charleston was likely well outside the RMW, so stronger winds could have still 
been occurring closer to the center.  Based on an analyzed central pressure of 974 mb at 2230Z and an 
observation of 984 mb with 48 kt from Savannah at 0030Z around the time of the back RMW there, a 977 mb 
central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 12th.  A 996 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 12th based on a Macon, GA observation of 1000 mb with 19 kt NE.  Westward track adjustments 
of 0.7-0.8 degrees are implemented from 12Z on the 12th - 00Z on the 13th due to the Macon data as well 
as evidence from other stations of a more westward position.  Central pressures of 1003, 1005, 1007, 
and 1008 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT from 18Z on the 12th through 12Z on the 13th.  The cyclone 
is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 12th while it was still located in 
Georgia, and this cyclone did not produce a tropical storm impact in any additional states (HURDAT 
originally listed this as a tropical storm through 06Z on the 14th - so that is a major change).  This 
tropical depression is analyzed to have degenerated into a trough over western Virginia after 18Z on 
the 14th.  The 15th is eliminated from HURDAT (a major change to the dissipation), which includes the 
removal of the extratropical phase for the last day and a half of the original HURDAT (another major change).

*******************************************************************************

1940 Storm 4 - Revised 2012

31315 08/30/1940 M= 5  4 SNBR= 690 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0         
31315 08/26/1940 M= 9  4 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *                               *   

The 26th-29th are new to HURDAT

31316 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 653  25    0*264 655  25    0*
31317 08/27*266 658  25    0*268 660  25    0*270 663  25    0*272 666  25    0*
31318 08/28*274 669  25    0*275 671  30    0*276 674  30    0*278 677  35    0*
31319 08/29*280 680  40    0*282 684  45    0*284 688  50    0*286 693  55    0*
            
31320 08/30*  0   0   0    0*275 693  60    0*289 711  60    0*301 721  65    0*
31320 08/30*289 698  60    0*294 704  65    0*301 711  75    0*308 720  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **
				
31325 08/31*310 729  65    0*316 735  70    0*323 740  70    0*330 744  70    0*
31325 08/31*315 728  80    0*320 733  80    0*324 737  85    0*330 739  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

31330 09/01*338 746  70    0*345 747  70    0*352 746  70    0*365 734  70    0*
31330 09/01*337 742  90    0*345 743  95    0*352 735  95    0*365 725  90    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31335 09/02*381 719  70    0*398 703  70    0*417 688  70    0*430 679  65    0*
31335 09/02*381 713  90  961*398 700  80    0*417 685  70    0*435 668  60    0*
                ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

31340 09/03*446 667  55    0*464 655  45    0*482 640  35    0*510 615  20    0*
31340 09/03E453 657  55    0E471 650  45    0E489 644  35    0E508 632  25    0*
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **

31345 HR                    

U.S. Tropical Storm Impacts:
9/2/1934 - 0830Z - 40.6N, 69.2W - 55 kt (55 kt winds occurred at Nantucket, MA while the 85 kt hurricane passed well offshore)

9/2/1934 - 2000Z - 44.1N, 66.4W - 40 kt (Eastport, Maine experienced 40 kt winds as the 70 kt hurricane passed to the east of Maine).

Mostly minor track changes but major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Another 
major change is to show genesis occurring 90 hours earlier than originally.  A final major change 
is to add in an extratropical phase for the final day of the cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather 
Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Boose et 
al. (2001), and observations/impacts from Environment Canada.

August 26: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system.  
The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.5N, 64.5W with a 1013 mb pressure.  Microfilm (USWB) 
at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1016 mb centered near 26.3N, 65.5W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW with 
1013 mb at 12Z at 25.5N, 65.5W (COA, USWB).

August 27: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system.  
The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 27.5N, 67W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1016 mb centered near 27.1N, 64.1W.  Ship highlights: Highest observed wind on this 
day was 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1015 mb.

August 28: HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough of low pressure near 23N, 70W.  HURDAT does not yet list a 
system on this day.  The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 28N, 67.7W.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an open trough but at 00Z had analyzed a closed low of at most 1016 mb near 28.3N, 
66.7W.  Ship highlights: highest observed wind on this day 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1015 mb.

August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 27.3N, 70.7W.  HURDAT does not yet list 
a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of cyclones shows a position in the general vicinity of 28.5N, 68.5W.  
Microfilm at 12Z shows an open trough from roughly 27N, 69W to 25N 70W.  Ship highlights: highest observed wind 
on this day 15 kt and lowest observed pressure 1014 mb.

August 30: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1015 mb near 29.1N, 70.4W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 60kt winds at 28.9N, 71.1W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 30N, 70.5W (am) and at 
31N, 71.5W (pm).  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1018 mb centered near 28.5N, 72.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 50kt ESE with a pressure of 979mb at 32.2N, 72.4W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "The first indications of probable origin of this hurricane appeared on the morning of August 
30, as a mild depression central about 225 miles off the Florida east coast. A slow progressive movement toward 
the north-northwest with rapid development, was indicated by the report of an unidentified vessel near 32.12'N, 
and 72.4'W at 5pm of that day, which recorded an east-southeast wind, force 10, with barometer reading of 
978.9mb" (MWR).

August 31: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb near 32.3N, 73.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 70kt winds at 32.3N, 74W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 72.5W (am) with 
a pressure of 989mb and at 33.5N, 73W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered 
near 32.3N, 73.3W. Ship highlights: 50kt NW with a pressure of 985mb at 32.2N, 72.4W at 06Z (COA); 45 kt S with 
989 mb at 12Z at 32.0N, 73.0W (COA, USWB); 40 kt NW with 999 mb at 18Z at 32.8N, 74.2W (MWR).  Ten other gales 
between 35-40 kt and four other low pressures between 988-1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"During the next day the disturbance was attended by severe squalls and strong shifting gales over a large area 
and by winds of hurricane strength near its center" (MWR).

September 1: HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000mb near 34.9N, 72.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 70kt at 35.2N, 74.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 35N, 73W (am) and at 38N, 
72W (pm).  No 12Z microfilm map is available, but microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1006 mb 
near 33.6N, 74.4W and at 18Z a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 36.8N, 72.8W.  Ship highlights: 50kt NNE 
with a pressure of 995mb at 35.8N, 73.8W at 13Z and 70 kt NNW after 13Z (MWR); 60 kt S before 20Z and 60 kt 
SSW with 995 mb at 20Z at 36.2N, 71.3W (MWR); 70 kt N with 1000 mb at 21Z at 37.8N, 72.8W (MWR).  13 other 
gales between 35-50 kt and 13 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "Shortly after the morning observation of September 1, the course of the disturbance seems to have 
change from north-northwest to north-northeast. The American S. S. Dungannon reported that she encountered 
north-northeast winds, force 10, at 8am of September 1, near 35.50'N, and 73.45'W with pressure reading 993mb 
and that the wind shifted to northwest and increased to force 12 shortly thereafter. During the evening of 
the same day, the tanker Franklin K. Lane, on a voyage from New York to Corpus Christi, reported that she met 
an east-southeast hurricane which shifted to west-northwest near 38.17'N, and 70.32'W. She also reported that 
a pressure reading of 965.1mb was noted during the passage of the hurricane. This is the lowest barometer 
reading of record in connection with the disturbance. Several other vessels reported winds of force 8 or 
higher, on the 1st" (MWR).

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 41.2N, 68.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 
hurricane with 70kt winds at 41.7N, 68.8W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 41.5N, 69W with a 
pressure of 993 mb and at 44N, 66W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered 
near 41.2N, 68.9W with a front 250 nm WNW of the cyclone extending north-northwestward and another front 400 
nm south of the cyclone extending west-southwestward. Ship highlights: 35kt W with a pressure of 965 mb at 
38.3N, 70.5W at 02Z [ship had 70 kt ESE before this and 70 kt WNW after this] (MWR).  One other gale of 35 kt 
and four other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb. Station highlights: 57kt (max 1-min wind at 27 meters - 
53 kt converted to 10m) at Nantucket at 0830Z and 993 mb (min p) at 0915Z (MWR, OMR); 41 kt NE (max 1-min 
wind at 26 meters - 39 kt converted to 10m) at Eastport, ME at 2024Z (MWR, OMR).  Several other hourly gales 
from Nantucket between 06Z-12Z. "The disturbance was centered at 7:30am, Sept 2, about 75 miles east-northeast 
of Nantucket, Mass., moving rapidly north-northeastward. The Weather Bureau office, Nantucket, Mass., recorded 
a maximum velocity, for a 5-minute period, of 57 miles an hour on Sept. 2. This exceeds all previous September 
wind records at that station. The storm moved inland a short distance to the northwest of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 
with rapidly diminishing intensity, during the evening of the 2nd, and apparently dissipated in the region north 
of Anticosti Island, Quebec, on Sept 3" (MWR).  "Sep 2 - Caused isolated F0 [35-49 kt] and F1 [50-68 kt] 
structural damage" (Boose et al. 2001).

September 3: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 48.9N, 65.2W with a warm front extending 
eastward from the center of the cyclone.  HWM also analyzes an approaching cold front from 57N, 68W to 52N, 
75W to 49N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 48.2N, 64W at 12Z. The MWR track of 
lows showed final position at 12Z at 49.7N, 66W with a pressure of 1008mb.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1002 mb centered near 45.5N, 64.3W and then the cyclone travels off the microfilm map. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 9 kt NW with 1005 mb at Eastport, ME at 0030Z 
(OMR). "Vessels experienced damage in southern Nova Scotia and one man was injured in a car accident during
the storm in New Brunswick" (Canada).

HURDAT originally began this cyclone on 30 August at 06Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 69.3W.  The MWR 
tracks of lows begins the system four days earlier (on the 26th) and there is observational evidence from 
microfilm maps and COADS that a closed low existed from the 26th at 12Z - the 27th at 00Z, the 27th at 12Z, 
the 28th at 00Z, the 28th at 18Z, and then on the 30th (there were no observations in the area on the 29th).  
The circulation on the 26th at 12Z was compact enough to be considered a tropical cyclone at that time.  
Genesis of a 25 kt tropical depression is now shown at 12Z on the 26th (90 hours earlier than originally - 
a major change) at 26.2N, 65.3W.  The highest observed wind from the 26th - 29th was 15 kt and the lowest 
observed pressure was 1013 mb.  On the 26th and 00Z on the 27th, there were observations within a degree or 
so from the center, but after that, there were no ships within 100 nm of the center through the 29th.  The 
cyclone moved slowly northwestward, and on the 30th at 22Z, a ship at 32.2N, 72.4W recorded a 979 mb 
pressure with simultaneous 50 kt winds.  A peripheral pressure of 979 mb yields winds greater than 74 kt 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  An 80 kt intensity is chosen 
for HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th.  The intensity is decreased by one T number per day backwards from 18Z on the 
30th.  There were no observations near the center on the 28th - early on the 30th that would indicate a 
weaker intensity than what was yielded.  The cyclone is now shown to have attained tropical storm strength 
at 18Z on the 28th (36 hours earlier than originally - a major change).  The cyclone is shown to have 
attained hurricane strength at 06Z on the 30th (12 hours earlier than originally) at 29.4N, 70.4W.  The 
only major track change analyzed for the existing portion of the HURDAT track is a 2.1 degree 
north-northwestward adjustment at 06Z on the 30th.  This hurricane recurved early on 1 September about 
75 nm ESE of Cape Hatteras, NC and it failed to produce tropical storm force winds there.  The original 
HURDAT track showed it passing slightly closer to Cape Hatteras.  Hurricane force winds were recorded 
from two ships on the 1st.  On the 2nd at 02Z, a ship recorded a pressure of 965 mb with 35 kt W winds 
inside the RMW at 38.3N, 70.5W.  The ship experienced ESE hurricane force before this and WNW hurricane 
force after this.  Based on the observations from that ship, a 961 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT 
at 00Z on the 2nd.  This value equals 89 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Observations indicate that the cyclone was smaller than average.  Because of 
the compact size and the system being near recurvature, a peak lifetime intensity of 95 kt is analyzed for 
06 and 12Z on the 1st (up from 70 kt originally at both  times - major 25 kt upward adjustments).  The 
original peak intensity was 70 kt from 06Z on the 31st through 12Z on the 2nd.  The cyclone passed about 
a degree southeast of Nantucket around 0830Z on the 2nd.  A maximum wind of 53 kt (already converted to 
10m and 1-min) and a minimum pressure of 993 mb were recorded at Nantucket (at 0830 and 0915Z, 
respectively).  The cyclone is analyzed to have produced winds of 55 kt in Massachusetts.  Later on the 
2nd, around 20Z, Eastport, ME recorded its maximum wind of 39 kt (already converted to 10m 1-min).  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have also produced a tropical storm impact in Maine with 40 kt winds being 
experienced there.  Impacts in Canada are relatively minor and at 21Z on the 2nd, the cyclone is analyzed 
to have made landfall in Canada as a 60 kt tropical storm at 44.3N, 66.3W (5 kt weaker than originally 
suggested in HURDAT).  The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical around 00Z on the 3rd (HURDAT 
originally did not list any extratropical phase), which is the same time the center made landfall in New 
Brunswick near 45.3N, 65.7W with a 55 kt intensity.  The cyclone continued north-northeastward and was 
absorbed by another extratropical low to its north-northwest after 18Z on the 3rd.  No changes are made 
to the timing of dissipation and the final point - 18Z on the 3rd - is 50.8N, 63.2W as a 25 kt 
extratropical cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1940 Storm 5- Revised 2012

31350 09/10/1940 M=10  5 SNBR= 691 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
31350 09/08/1940 M=12  5 SNBR=     NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **

The 7th - 9th are new to HURDAT
31352 09/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 473  25    0*
31353 09/08*154 484  25    0*157 495  25    0*162 505  25    0*167 514  25    0*
31354 09/09*172 523  30    0*177 532  30    0*182 541  30    0*187 550  30    0*

31355 09/10*  0   0   0    0*194 565  35    0*197 577  35    0*199 585  35    0*
31355 09/10*191 559  30    0*194 568  35    0*196 577  35    0*197 585  35    0*
            *** ***  **          ***          ***              *** 

31360 09/11*200 592  35    0*201 598  35    0*202 605  35    0*204 616  40    0*
31360 09/11*198 593  40    0*199 601  40    0*201 610  45    0*204 622  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

31365 09/12*206 629  40    0*209 642  45    0*212 655  55    0*216 668  65    0*
31365 09/12*207 633  50    0*211 644  50    0*215 656  55    0*218 669  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

31370 09/13*220 682  70    0*226 695  80    0*233 706  85    0*242 712  85    0*
31370 09/13*222 682  70    0*226 695  80    0*232 706  85    0*240 712  85    0*
            ***                               ***              ***

31375 09/14*253 715  85    0*265 712  85    0*277 706  85    0*288 703  85    0*
31375 09/14*253 715  85    0*266 712  85    0*278 706  85    0*290 701  85    0*
                             ***              ***              *** ***

31380 09/15*299 701  85    0*311 700  85    0*325 699  85    0*340 698  80    0*
31380 09/15*301 701  85    0*314 700  85    0*328 698  85    0*342 696  80    0*
            ***              ***              *** ***          *** *** 

31385 09/16*357 694  80    0*377 685  75    0*397 676  70    0*413 669  70    0*
31385 09/16*357 692  80    0*373 685  75    0*390 676  75    0*408 666  75    0*
                ***          ***              ***      **      *** ***  **

31390 09/17*428 660  65    0*447 642  55    0*465 624  45    0*474 611  40    0*
31390 09/17*430 657  75    0*452 647  65    0E465 635  60    0E474 620  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     *    ***  **

31395 09/18*478 596  40    0*480 574  35    0E481 552  35    0E479 530  30    0*
31395 09/18E477 603  60    0E479 583  55    0E480 560  50    0E481 534  40    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31400 09/19E478 507  35    0E480 463  30    0E488 420  30    0E500 370  30    0*
31400 09/19E482 505  35    0E484 467  30    0E488 420  30    0E495 370  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** 

31405 HR                    

U.S. Tropical Storm Impact:
9/16/1940 - 15Z - 39.9N, 67.1W - 40 kt (40 kt tropical storm impact analyzed for Massachusetts 
while center of 75 kt hurricane passed well offshore).

Minor track changes but major intensity changes (but only during the extratropical phase) are 
analyzed for this tropical cyclone.  Additional major changes are made to the genesis of this 
cyclone to begin it two and a half days earlier and transition to an extratropical cyclone a 
day earlier near the end of its lifecycle.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the CODS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the Monthly State Climatological 
Data Summaries from NCDC, the U.S. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps, and observations/impacts 
from Environment Canada.

September 7: Ship highlight: 15 kt WNW with 1015 mb at 17Z at 15.4N, 48.2W (COA).

September 8: HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system.  
Ship highlights: 20 kt S with 1013 mb (or 1008 mb as HWM has ship 5 mb lower in the 12Z obs) at 00Z at 13.8N, 47.8W (COA).

September 9: HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.3N, 56.1W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 19.1N, 58.9W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.7N, 57.7W at 12Z.  Microfilm at 12Z analyses a closed low 
of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.2N, 59.0W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 11: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 20N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 20.2N, 60.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 20.5N, 
59W (am) and at 20.5N, 61W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 
near 18.3N, 61.8W.  Ship highlights: 30kt WNW with a pressure of 1005mb at 18.8N, 63.6W at 19Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 7:30 am chart of September 11, 1940, there 
were some indications of a disturbance of slight intensity about 250 miles northeast of St. Thomas, 
moving in a west-northwesterly direction. During that afternoon, an unidentified vessel near lat 20N, 
and long 64W, reported cloudy weather, northwest wind, force 6, with a barometric pressure reading 1007mb" (MWR).

September 12: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 20.9N, 65.7W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 21.2N, 65.5W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
21N, 63W (am) with a pressure of 1001.7mb and at 22N, 67W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z suggests a closed 
low of at most 1006 mb centered near 21.2N, 65.1W.  Ship highlights: 30kt W with a pressure of 1005mb 
at 19.2N, 63.8W at 00Z (COA, USWB); 50kt [or 70 kt?] ESE with a pressure of 1002mb at 22.5N, 66.5W at 
1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression developed very rapidly 
during the 12th, causing moderate gales over a large area to the right of its path. At 7:30pm the 
center was near 22.30'N and 68W, from which point it continued to move in a west-northwesterly direction 
until the following morning" (MWR). 

September 13: HWM indicates a tropical cyclone of at most 995mb near 23.2N, 71.2W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 23.3N, 70.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
23N, 70W (am) and at 25N, 70.1W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1006 mb centered 
near 23.1N, 70.7W.  Ship highlights: 35kt SW with a pressure of 1008mb at 20.9N, 68.5W at 12Z (HWM, COA); 
35 kt SSW with 1008 mb at 1230Z at 22.0N, 68.3W (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"During the 13th it curved to the north and northeast attended by strong gales and continued falling pressure" (MWR).

September 14: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 28N, 71W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm 
front located 250 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 
27.7N, 70.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 27N, 70W (am) and at 30N, 70W (pm).  Microfilm 
at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1004 mb centered near 27.6N, 70.2W.  Ship highlights: 50kt E with a 
pressure of 1000mb at 29.5N, 68.5W at 18Z (COA); 70kt NNE with a pressure of 988mb at 30.4N, 71W at 22Z (MWR).  
Five other gales between 35-50 kt and two other low pressures between 1002-1003 mb.  Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "At the morning of Sept 14 the storm was central about 475 miles east-northeast 
of Nassau, moving at a rate of about 12 to 14 miles an hour. An observation from the S.S. Borinquen 
indicated that the disturbance developed to full hurricane strength during that day. The vessel met a 
north-northeast wind, force 12, at 5pm, near lat 30.24'N, and long 71W with barometer reading 988.3mb. 
Her daily journal from local noon to midnight of Sept 14 reads: 'Overcast, heavy rain, ship hove to; 
vessel laboring and shipping water.' The S. S. Coamo also became involved in the hurricane on the 14th, 
reporting that she encountered an east-northeast wend, force 11, at 11pm, near 30.14'N and 72W" (MWR). 

September 15: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 33.1N, 70.3W with the west end of a W-E 
warm front plotted 200 nm NNW of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds 
at 32.5N, 69.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 32N, 70W (am) and at 34N, 69.8W (pm).  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 992 mb centered near 32.6N, 69.3W. Ship highlights: 
60kt ENE with a pressure of 991mb at 30.9N, 69.8W at 00Z (COA, USWB); 60 kt ENE before 04Z and 50kt NW 
with a pressure of 990mb at 04Z at 30.2N, 72.2W (MWR); 50 kt NW with 999 mb at 0630Z at 30.5N, 70.8W 
(USWB).  Four other gales between 35-50 kt and six other low pressures between 993-1005 mb. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 16: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 39.3N, 67.9W with the west end of a W-E 
warm front plotted 150 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt 
winds at 39.7N, 67.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 39N, 68.5W (am) and at 43N, 64W 
(pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 994 mb centered near 38.7N, 67.3W. Ship 
highlights: 45kt N with a pressure of 995mb at 35N, 71.3W at 01Z (COA); 45 kt S with 1003 mb at 15Z at 
38.0N, 63.5W (COA, USWB).  Several other gales between 35-45 kt and several other low pressures of 
1001-1005 mb.  Station highlights: 43 kt N (max w/1-min/27 m) at Nantucket, MA around ~1530Z (OMR). 
"For the next 48 hours the storm moved rapidly in a north-by-east direction and was centered near 
39.30'N, and 68W at 7:30am of Sept 16, attended by moderate to heavy rain, in the vicinity of Nantucket, 
Mass., and by gales over a very wide ocean area" (MWR). 

September 17: HWM indicates a hurricane of at most 990mb near 46.5N, 64.8W with the NW end of a NW-SE 
warm front plotted 200 nm ENE of the cyclone.  A 2nd warm front extends from 53N, 71W to 52N, 67W to 
51N, 61W to 50N, 57W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 46.5N, 62.4W at 12Z. 
The MWR track of lows showed a center at 46N, 63W (am) with a pressure of 996.4mb and at 47N, 62W (pm).  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in the general vicinity of 46.7N, 
63.1W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25 kt NW with 993 mb (min p) 
at Eastport, ME at 0445Z (OMR, climo); 30kt ESE with a pressure of 999mb at Magdalen Islands (47.4N, 
61.9W) at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt NW with 1001 mb at 12Z at 46.9N, 68.0W (HWM).  "Around the Maritimes, 
reports included structural damage and uprooted trees.  In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, there was 
also flooding, higher tides, coastal damage to infrastructure and vessels, and damaged utilities; and 
in Nova Scotia there was much damage to the apple crop...Tides [in Nova Scotia] were 1.3 m higher than 
normal high tides...Chimneys blown down all over Saint John" (Canada).

September 18: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 47.9N, 56.9W with a W-E cold front 
plotted 150 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 
48.1N, 55.2W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 48N, 58W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb. 
Ship highlights: No gales low pressures. Station highlights: 52 kt (gust) at Yarmouth, Canada (Canada); 
60 kt (gust) at Lockeport, Canada (Canada); 70-74 kt (gust) at Lakeburn Airport, Canada (Canada); 
35kt N with a pressure of 1013mb at Magdalen Islands at 12Z (HWM). "Scattered ship reports indicate 
that thick weather, with rough seas, and heavy rain squalls were associated with the disturbance as 
it moved inland during the evening of Sept 18, a short distance north of Cape Race, Newfoundland" 
(MWR).  "Many small buildings blew over in Nova Scotia...High tides made Lockeport a temporary island...
Hundreds of boats in the Northumberland straight were set adrift or sunk" (Canada).

September 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 47N, 42W, where HWM analyzes a triple 
point.  A dissipating stationary front extends eastward from there, a warm front extends 
south-southeastward, and a cold front extends west-southwestward. HURDAT lists this as an extratropical 
storm with 30kt winds at 48.8N, 42W at 12Z.  Ship/station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally indicated genesis on 10 September at 06Z at 19.4N, 56.5W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  
However, COADS data indicates that a closed circulation was already present at 18Z on the 7th at 15.2N, 
47.3W.  Therefore, genesis is indicated at that time (60 hours earlier than originally - a major change) 
as a 25 kt tropical depression.  Data was rather sparse from that point until the 11th of September when 
the cyclone was passing north of the northernmost Leeward Islands.  Therefore, it is suggested that the 
depression strengthened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 10th (no change to timing of tropical storm 
strength in HURDAT).  The largest track change for the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this 
cyclone is only 0.7 degrees.  On the 11th at 19Z a ship recorded 30 kt WNW with a 1005 mb pressure.  
A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb yields greater than 37 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) 
southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 11th (up from 40 kt 
originally).  On the 12th at 18Z, with the cyclone near 21.8N, 66.9W, a ship recorded 50 kt with 
simultaneous 1002 mb pressure.  The 65 kt intensity shown in HURDAT originally at that time is not 
changed (thus, no change is made to the timing hurricane strength was attained).  The cyclone recurved 
at 00Z on the 14th, reaching a furthest west point of 25.3N, 71.5W.  The strongest wind and lowest 
pressure recorded during the lifetime of this hurricane was a ship observation at 22Z on the 14th of 
988 mb with simultaneous hurricane force winds.  A peripheral pressure of 988 mb yields greater than 
62 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 85 kt intensity shown in HURDAT 
originally is not changed.  No changes are made to the original HURDAT intensity from 12Z on the 12th 
through 18Z on the 15th.  Therefore, the peak intensity of 85 kt shown from 12Z on the 13th through 12Z 
on the 15th is not changed.  Decent observational coverage on the 16th indicates that the cyclone 
weakened a little faster than indicated in HURDAT originally as extratropical transition was underway.  
The highest observed wind on the 16th was 45 kt and the lowest observed pressure that day was 995 mb 
(with 45 kt simultaneously) at 01Z.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields greater than 52 and 56 kt 
according to the north of 25N and Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, 
respectively.  The original HURDAT intensities are decreased by 5-10 kt from 00Z on the 16th through 
06Z on the 17th.  Nantucket recorded a maximum wind of 40 kt (after converting to 10m/1-min) from the 
north around 1530Z on the 16th.  A 40 kt tropical storm impact is analyzed for Massachusetts as the 
75 kt hurricane was passing 150 nm offshore of Nantucket.  The minimum pressure at Eastport, ME was 
993 mb but the maximum winds there were only 29 kt from the north.  A tropical storm impact is thus 
not analyzed for Maine.  The hurricane maintained its intensity until landfall in Canada, as 
evidenced by the strong winds and significant impact to both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.  
Landfall is analyzed to be at 75 kt around 02Z on the 17th near 43.7N 65.4W (HURDAT originally had 
landfall as a 65 kt hurricane).  The cyclone is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 
17th (24 hours earlier than originally - a major change) at 43.0N, 65.7W.  Impacts in Canada on the 
18th indicate that the system maintained significant intensity on that date as an extratropical cyclone.  
Intensity significantly boosted late on the 17th and on the 18th.  The cyclone turned eastward on the 
18th near 48N, 56W, and by the 19th at 18Z, the analyzed position is 49.5N, 37.0W as a 30 kt 
extratropical cyclone.  The timing of dissipation is not changed because there is no data in the area 
to confirm or refute the timing of dissipation, which HURDAT lists after 18Z on the 19th.

*******************************************************************************

Storm 6 - Revised in 2012

30990 09/19/1940 M= 7  6 SNBR= 684 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
30990 09/18/1940 M= 8  6 SNBR= 684 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
         **         *   

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
30995 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 815  25    0*122 819  25    0*

30995 09/19*  0   0   0    0*121 826  35    0*132 834  40    0*140 841  35    0*
30995 09/19*124 824  30    0*127 829  35    0*132 834  40    0*140 841  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***                        

31000 09/20*148 848  35    0*155 854  35    0*163 860  35    0*171 870  40    0*
31000 09/20*148 848  30    0*155 854  30    0*163 860  35    0*171 867  40    0*
                     **               **                           ***

31005 09/21*180 880  40    0*188 888  35    0*196 896  35    0*206 906  35    0*
31005 09/21*179 874  45    0*186 882  40    0*194 890  30    0*202 900  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31010 09/22*217 916  35    0*229 926  40    0*240 936  40    0*249 944  40    0*
31010 09/22*210 910  30    0*219 920  35    0*230 930  40    0*242 939  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

31015 09/23*258 950  40    0*268 953  40    0*277 954  40    0*285 953  40    0*
31015 09/23*256 947  40    0*269 951  40    0*280 951  40    0*288 950  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31020 09/24*291 949  40    0*296 939  40    0*298 929  35    0*303 918  30    0*
31020 09/24*293 945  40    0*297 938  40    0*302 929  35 1004*308 918  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***         **** ***  

31025 09/25*308 905  20    0*320 885  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31025 09/25*314 905  20    0*320 885  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***         

31030 TS    
               
U.S. Tropical Storm
September 24 - 09Z - 29.8N 93.4W - 40 kt - LA
                                                    
Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm from that shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps from NCDC, 
USWB microfilm maps at NHC, the Louisiana Climatological Data, the Texas Climatological Data, 
Airways Weather Reports, and Dunn and Miller (1960).  

September 18:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13N 81.5W.  HURDAT did not yet 
list this system on the 18th.  Ship and station highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

September 19: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 13N 83.5W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 13.2N, 83.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A rather weak tropical disturbance, 
1006mb, formed on the morning of Sept 19, 1940, in the vicinity of Bluefields, Nicaragua" (MWR).

September 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 16.9N, 85.6W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 16.3N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "It progressed in a northwestward direction 
over the Gulf of Honduras during the next 24 hours and moved inland over Quintana Roo during the 
night of September 20" (MWR).

September 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010mb near 20.2N, 89W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 19.6N, 89.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center 
at 20N, 89W (am) and at 21N, 90.1W (pm). Ship highlights: 30kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at 
18.5N, 87W at 0030Z (USWB); 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1011mb at 19N, 83W at 12Z (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the afternoon of September 21 the depression had entered 
the Gulf of Mexico, northwest of Progresso, Yucatan, attended by winds of force 4-5 (Beaufort Scale)" (MWR).

September 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 22.8N, 93.2W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 24N, 93.6W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
23N, 91W (am) and at 26N, 94W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

September 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 27N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 27.7N, 95.4W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed a center at 
28N, 95W (am) and at 29N, 85W (pm). Ship highlights: 20kt WNW with a pressure of 1005mb at 27.5N, 
95.5W at 12Z (COA); 40kt NW at 28N, 96.7W at 11Z (USWB, MWR). Station highlights: 1006 mb at 
Galveston (no time, lowest pressure for the month). "The disturbance continued to move northwestward 
increasing slowly in intensity after passing into the Gulf of Mexico. On the morning of September 23, 
it was centered near lat 27.45'N and long 95.30'W. An unidentified vessel in the western portion of 
the Gulf of Mexico at 5am of the 23rd, encountered a fresh gale from the northwest. That afternoon, 
the depression moved very slowly and curved rather sharply to the northeast. The tanker Dannedaike met 
a fresh southwest gale near 28N, and 95W, at 7pm of the 23rd, with the lowest pressure reading of the 
storm, 1004mb" (MWR).  "Upper Texas coast, Minor, Center remained offshore" ("Minor" is defined as 
winds less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).

September 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm near 30N, 92W with a cold front approaching from the northwest. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 29.8N, 92.9W at 12Z. The MWR track of lows showed 
a center at 30N, 92W (am) and at 32N, 88W (pm). Ship highlights: 40kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 28N, 
95W at 00Z (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt N (max wind for month, no time), 1007 mb(minimum pressure for 
month, no time) at San Antonio, TX (Texas Climatological Data); 1003.4 mb (minimum pressure for month) with 
NE 8 kt at 1035Z at Lake Charles, LA (Louisiana Climatological Data, Airways Weather Reports);  1005 mb 
(minimum pressure for month, no time) at Vicksburg, MS (Louisiana Climatological Data). "During the early 
morning of September 24 the disturbance passed inland over southwestern Louisiana, a short distance to 
the west of Lafayette. Heavy rains were associated with this storm over southern Louisiana and along the 
upper coast to Texas, the heaviest amount reported being 7.10 inches at Cheneyville, La. The depression, 
decreasing in intensity after passing inland, continued to move northeastward and merged with a 
low-pressure trough which dominated the south-central and eastern portions of the US, during the evening 
of September 24...Maximum wind velocity reported - Force 8, southwest, Tanker Dannedaike.  Lowest barometer 
reported - 1,004 millibars Tanker Dannedaike.  Intensity - Not of hurricane intensity.  Remarks - No 
loss of life nor property loss" (MWR). "A slight tropical disturbance moved northeastward on the morning 
of the 24th, passing slightly west of Lafayette.  A squall evidently associated with the disturbance, 
occurred at 2 a.m. near Swords, in St. Landry Parish, unroofing a few houses and causing damage of about 
$200.  Farther on, a tornado developed near New Roads at 4:45 a.m., causing property damage of about 
$6000, and injuries to a child who later died" (Louisiana Climatological Data).

September 25:  HWM indicates a strong cold front extending from Maine to Louisiana with an extended 
area of low pressure along the front.  HURDAT's last position of this system was at 06Z at 32N 88.5W 
as a 15 kt dissipating tropical depression.  The MWR tracks of low indicates a new low of 1003 mb had 
formed farther north near 37N 81W (a.m.).  Ship and station highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

Genesis of this tropical cyclone occurred around 12Z on the 18th in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, 
about 18 hours earlier than originally indicated.  Minor track changes are introduced for the duration 
of the cyclone, the largest of which are on the 20th of just more than a degree to the south-southeast.  
The original HURDAT immediately began the cyclone as a 35 kt tropical storm just east of Nicaragua.  
The observational data do not confirm this, but are too sparse to warrant any changes before its first 
landfall in Central America.  The system made a first landfall around 14Z on the 19th with 40 kt, which 
is unchanged from the original HURDAT.  The intensity is lowered slightly to tropical depression status 
at 00 and 06Z on the 20th while over Nicaragua and Honduras to accommodate typical weakening while over 
land.  The cyclone emerged over the northwestern Caribbean Sea late on the 20th and reintensified, as 
confirmed by the 25 kt SW and 1000 mb ship observation early on the 21st.  The 1000 mb peripheral 
pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The intensity at 00Z on the 21st is analyzed to be 45 kt, because of the low 
environmental pressures.  This is the peak intensity for the system, which originally was 40 kt.  
The cyclone made a second landfall near the Belize-Mexico border around 03Z on the 21st near 18.2N 
87.8W with 45 kt intensity.  The system weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 21st, based 
upon typical decay rates.  The center emerged over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico by 06Z on the 22nd. 
Two ships reporting 40 kt of wind at 11Z on the 23rd and 00Z on the 24th corroborate the original 
intensity of 40 kt in HURDAT on those dates.  The system made a final landfall in western Louisiana 
around 09Z on the 24th near 29.8N 93.4W.  Peak observed winds were 35 kt N in San Antonio on the 24th, 
but these winds well removed from the cyclone's center were a transient event (likely a squall line) 
as prevailing winds on the 24th were quite weak.   A 1003.4 mb pressure with NE 8 kt wind at 1035Z on 
the 24th in Lake Charles supports a central pressure of 1002 mb, which is now included in the 12Z slot.   
1002 mb indicates a maximum wind of 40 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. A 40 kt 
intensity for landfall is analyzed (unchanged from that originally in HURDAT).  The system was absorbed 
by a cold front on the 25th and dissipated after 06Z (unchanged from HURDAT originally).

*******************************************************************************

1940 Storm 7 (new to HURDAT) - Addition in 2012

24596 09/22/1940 M= 7  7 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
24597 09/22*293 494  50    0*295 476  55    0*300 455  60    0*310 430  65    0
24598 09/23*330 400  75    0*352 368  80    0*370 340  85    0*376 315  85    0
24599 09/24*379 293  85    0*380 273  80    0*380 262  80    0*381 259  75    0
24597 09/25*383 260  70    0*385 265  65  984*387 275  65    0*389 286  60    0
24598 09/26*391 297  55    0*393 310  55    0*395 325  55    0*397 342  55    0
24599 09/27*398 362  50    0*399 382  45    0*400 400  40    0*401 410  35    0
24597 09/28*402 415  35    0*403 418  30    0E405 420  30    0*  0   0   0    0
24599 HR                    

Storm 7 is a new system, not previously documented in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for the addition 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

September 10-17: HWM indicates an open wave. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures

September 18: HWM indicates a ridge between 20-25N, near 61W. It also still shows an open wave. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures

September 19: HWM indicates a ridge from 25-30N, near 60W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures

September 20: HWM indicates a low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 30N, 55W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures

September 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb at 32N, 52W. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures

September 22: HWM indicates a hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 31.5N, 45.5W. 
Ship highlights: 45kt S with a pressure of 996mb at 29.5N, 46.5W at 07Z (MWR); 50kt SSW at 29.5N, 
46.5W (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A low of unusual interest was noted 
early on the 22nd, when the American steamship Otho, westbound, near 29.5N, 46.5W, met a south-southwest 
whole gale, the barometer dropping to 995.6mb. The wind shifted south to west-northwest" (MWR).

September 23: HWM indicates a hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 37N, 33W. Ship highlights: 
75kt SW at 36.6N, 33.2W at 12Z (HWM); 70kt SW with a pressure of 977mb at 36.5N, 33.7W at 13Z (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Late in the forenoon of the 23rd this storm was 
encountered by the Portuguese steamship Lobito, about 700 miles to east-northeastward of the Otho's 
position, the wind blowing with full hurricane force from the southwest, while the barometer was 977.0 
millibars. Later on the 23rd this storm was felt in the westernmost Azores" (MWR). 

September 24: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 38N, 26.5W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35kt SSE with a pressure of 991mb at Sao Miguel (37.7N, 
25.7W) at 12Z (HWM); a pressure of 984mb at Sao Miguel at 14Z (MWR). "The following extract is from a 
report kindly furnished to this office by the Meteorological Service of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, 
Terceira Island: The storm came over the Azores, passing south of Flores and Fayal...minimum pressure, at 
Horta 992mb at 4h. the 24th... and turning northeast passed over Sao Miguel... minimum 984mb at 13h. the 24th. 
(Hours herein are 30th meridian time.)" (MWR). "Many damages were caused to houses and crops, and some 
boats were taken by the heavy seas from the places where they had been pulled ashore. An uncommonly high 
swell was remarked at Angra do Heroismo, running from the southwest on the morning of the 24th. No lives 
lost" (MWR). 

September 25: HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 38.5N, 28W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: calm, with a pressure of 984mb at Terceira (38.7N, 27.2W) 
at 1030Z (MWR); 35kt N with a pressure of 994mb at Horta (38.5N, 28.6W) at 12Z (HWM); a pressure of 991mb 
at Faial (38.5N, 28.7W) at 2030Z (MWR). "It went then around, coming west-southwest to Terceira where the 
central cam was well felt near 7h. 30m. the 25th - minimum 984mb - passed again south of Faial - second minimum 
991mb at 19h. 30min - and it disappeared westward on the 26th, after being felt a second time at Flores Island.
Wind attained force 9 and sometimes 10 (Beaufort), stronger before the passing of the center. Maximum 
105 kilometers (65miles) per hour at 4h. 45min. on the 25th, from the north - a gust, not steady velocity" (MWR). 

September 26: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 39N, 34.5W. Ship 
highlights: 50kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at 40.1N, 31.7W at 06Z (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressures of 1007mb 
at 40.2N, 31.4W at 10Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Rain was unusually heavy from the 
22nd to the 26th. At Angra do Heroismo 333mm. (13.11 inches) of rain were collected, that is, one-third of the 
average total rain in a year" (MWR). 

September 27: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 39.5N, 42W. Ship 
highlights: 25kt NNE with a pressure of 1005mb at 41.1N, 44.1W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt E with a pressure of 1021mb 
at 40N, 27.7W at 02Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "By the latter part of the 27th this 
cyclone was within the southward extending trough of a large low area near southern Greenland, an it apparently 
thereafter drew away to the northeastward with lessening force" (MWR). 

September 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 38N, 43W. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

It is unknown when genesis occurred with this hurricane.  There is some evidence that the system might have 
had a closed low on the 19th and 21st, but it is not observed well enough to indicate a tropical cyclone.  
The first position included in the best track is 00Z on the 22nd, as definitive evidence of a tropical storm 
was available shortly thereafter.  After the cyclone was identified, it moved off to the east-northeast 
across the North Atlantic until reaching the Azores on the 24th.  Development of the cyclone into a tropical 
storm was confirmed from the observations on the 22nd from the steamship, the Otho.  The ship measured 996 mb 
and S wind of 40 kt (peak wind of 50 kt SSW).  996 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 50 kt 
from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt chosen for 06Z on the 22nd.  From these 
observations, it is estimated that the cyclone reached tropical storm strength around 00Z on the 21st.  On 
the 23rd, the cyclone was encountered by the steamship Lobito, which measured 977 mb and concurrent SW force 
12 (hurricane) winds.  977 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the northern (N of 
35N) pressure-wind relationship.  Winds at 12Z are estimated to be at 85 kt, with a significant contribution 
from the rather quick translational velocity.  This may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone.  On the 
24th and 25th, the cyclone impacted the Azores with quite significant damages noted in the Monthly Weather 
Review.  The cyclone nearly stalled over the islands for over a day, which may have contributed toward the 
impact.  A central pressure reading of 984 mb was obtained when the cyclone passed over Terceira, Azores on 
the morning of the 25th.  This suggests winds of 69 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship.  65 kt 
is chosen at 06Z on the 25th, due to the slow motion of the cyclone relative to average systems.  The cyclone 
moved westward and weakened slowly from the 26th until the 28th, when it was absorbed by a strong cold front.  

It is curious that this system was not included into the 1940 Monthly Weather Review "North Atlantic Tropical 
Cyclones of 1940" summary.  The cyclone was clearly non-baroclinic throughout most of its lifetime; numerous 
gale and hurricane observations were recorded in MWR, HWM, and COADS; significant impacts were produced in the 
Azores; and the Historical Weather Maps series even used tropical storm and hurricane symbols for this cyclone 
in their synoptic hemispheric analyses.  The lack of inclusion of this system in the 1940 MWR summary is likely
why it was never included in future compilations and HURDAT, despite it clearly being a hurricane.

*******************************************************************************

Storm 8 (was 7) - Revised 2012
                                                                    
31035 10/20/1940 M= 4  7 SNBR= 685 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31035 10/20/1940 M= 5  8 SNBR= 685 NOT NAMED   XING=0        
                    *  *                

31040 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*105 789  35    0*
31040 10/20*120 791  30    0*120 793  30    0*120 795  30    0*120 797  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

31045 10/21*110 792  35    0*114 794  40    0*118 796  40    0*122 798  45    0*
31045 10/21*121 799  40    0*121 801  45    0*122 804  50    0*124 806  55  993*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

31050 10/22*127 801  45    0*131 804  45    0*134 807  40    0*137 811  40    0*
31050 10/22*127 809  60    0*131 812  65    0*134 815  70    0*137 818  70    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31055 10/23*139 817  40    0*138 824  35    0*136 832  35    0*133 843  30    0*
31055 10/23*140 821  70    0*141 824  70    0*142 828  70    0*140 833  70    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
31055 10/24*137 839  50    0*133 846  35    0*128 853  25    0*  0   0   0    0*

31060 TS
31060 HR
      **
     
Minor track changes, but major intensity revisions are analyzed for this cyclone from that shown in McAdie et 
al. (2009).  Additionally, the intensity changes also boost the peak intensity from a 45 kt tropical storm to 
a 70 kt hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps from NCDC, and USWB microfilm maps at NHC.  

October 19:  HWM indicates a spot low near 11.5N 76W.  HURDAT does not yet begin this system.  
Ship and station highlights:  no gales or low pressures.

October 20: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 12.1N, 79.3W. HURDAT began the system at 18Z 
at 10.5N 78.9W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Ship and land highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The earliest 
indications of this disturbance were contained in an observation from the S. S. Cristobal during the evening 
of October 20. The vessel, which was a short distance north of the Canal Zone at that time, reported that she 
experienced cloudy weather with southwest wind, force 5 (Beaufort Scale) and a barometer reading of 1008mb" (MWR).

October 21: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 14N, 79.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 40kt winds at 11.8N, 79.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt NE at 12.6N, 80.6W no time given (MWR); 
15kt W with a pressure of 995mb at 12.6N, 80.6W at 21Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"The depression progressed in a northwesterly direction and was centered near lat 11.30'N, long 79.30'W, on 
the morning of the 21st. Later that day reports of high winds and gales, accompanied by moderate to heavy 
rains, were received from several vessels in the central Caribbean. The Honduran S. S. Contessa reported a 
barometer reading of 995.3mb and northeast gales, force 9, with very rough seas, near lat 12.35'N long 
80.25'W, during the afternoon of October 21" (MWR).

October 22: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1000mb near 13.6N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 40kt winds at 13.4N, 80.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt NNE with a pressure of 983mb at 12.8N, 
81.8W at 12Z (MWR); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 986mb at 14.1N, 81.6W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt NNW at 13.4N 83.1W 
(no time - MWR). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The lowest barometer, 982.7mb was read on 
the Hawaiian S. S. Contessa [typo:  ship should be "S. S. Castilla", which may be of Honduran registry 
instead of Hawaiian according to the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table] during the morning of the 22nd in 
lat 12.50'N, long 81.45'W. The disturbance continued to move in a northwesterly direction during the next 
36 hours, attended by fresh to strong gales" (MWR).

October 23: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005mb near 14.2N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt at 13.6N, 83.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. "At 7:30am on the 23rd, the center of the disturbance was located near 14.15'N, 82.45'W, 
from which point it curved to the west and southwest, passing inland a short distance to the south of Puerto 
Cabezas. A report received by the Standard Fruit Co. indicates that considerable damage occurred on the 
northern coast of Nicaragua" (MWR). 

October 24:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb near 14N 86W.  HURDAT's last position for this system 
was at 18Z on the 23rd.  Ship and station highlights:  No gales or low pressures.

Genesis for this system is begun at 00Z on the 20th of October- 18 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT -based 
upon the well-defined circulation already present in the 12Z analysis.  Minor track changes are introduced 
throughout the lifetime of this system, though the largest changes are late on the 20th, early on the 21st, 
and late on the 23rd.  Transition to a tropical storm is retained at 18Z on the 20th.  The ship "Contessa" 
(HO010169) reported 15 kt W and 995 mb at 21Z on the 21st suggests a central pressure of about 993 mb, which 
has been added to HURDAT in the 18Z slot.  This central pressure would indicate maximum winds around 59 kt 
from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The intensity is selected to be 55 kt at 18Z 
(10 kt higher than HURDAT originally), as the cyclone was moving very slowly toward the northwest. On the 22nd 
at 12Z, the ship "Castilla" (HO010317) reported 30 kt NNE winds with 983 mb pressure. (Note that the Monthly 
Weather Review writeup incorrectly attributed these observations to the Hawaiian S. S. Contessa.  Instead, the 
ship was the "S. S. Castilla".  To make things even more confused, this ship may have been of Honduran 
registry instead of Hawaiian according to the MWR Ocean Gales and Storms table.]  This peripheral pressure 
reading suggests at least 74 kt from the pressure-wind relationship.  70 kt (up from 35 kt originally) is 
analyzed to be the intensity at this time, making the system a hurricane (peak wind of only 45 kt previously).  
The cyclone continued westward and made landfall around 19Z on the 23rd in northern Nicaragua, near 14.0N 
83.4W as a 70 kt hurricane (previously in HURDAT as 35 kt in the last synoptic time before landfall).  This 
assessment is consistent with the impacts described in the Monthly Weather Review in northern Nicaragua.  
Major intensity increases are thus indicated between 06Z on the 22nd to 18Z on the 23rd.  Runs of the 
Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest intensities of 55 kt at 00Z on the 24th, 43 kt at 06Z, and 
34 kt at 12Z, though observations are not available for any meaningful comparison.  The intensities after 
landfall are selected to be 50 kt at 00Z on the 24th, 35 kt at 06Z and 25 kt at 12Z, as the mountainous 
terrain of Nicaragua would likely induce a quicker decay than the standard in Kaplan-DeMaria.  
Dissipation is indicated to be after 12Z on the 24th, 18 hours after that originally indicated in HURDAT.

*******************************************************************************

Storm 9 (was 8) - Revised 2012

31065 10/24/1940 M= 3  8 SNBR= 686 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
31065 10/24/1940 M= 6  9 SNBR= 686 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          
                    *  *                                                       *

31070 10/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 728  35    0*
31070 10/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 725  35    0*
                                                               *** ***

31075 10/25*222 727  35    0*235 721  40    0*248 710  40    0*260 697  40    0*
31075 10/25*225 722  35    0*235 717  40    0*250 705  40    0*267 680  40    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

31080 10/26*271 681  35    0*283 664  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31080 10/26*295 640  40    0E335 590  45    0E365 560  50    0E390 535  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 27th through the 29th are new to HURDAT.)
31080 10/27E410 520  60    0E430 510  65    0E450 500  70    0E465 496  70    0*
31080 10/28E472 494  70    0E477 493  65    0E480 490  60    0E483 480  55    0*
31080 10/29E486 465  50    0E488 448  45    0E490 430  40    0E492 410  40    0*

31085 TS

Major track changes but only minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm from that shown 
in McAdie et al. (2009).  Another major change is to indicate an extratropical storm stage that lasted for 
three and a half days that was previously not part of this system.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ships database, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 23:  HWM indicates an open low near 20N 71W.  HURDAT does not yet list this system, nor does the MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones.  No gales or low pressures.

October 24: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 20.8N, 71.5W with a warm front boundary 
north of the system extending from 24N 73W east-northeastward. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed
a center at 19.5N, 74W (am) with a pressure of 1010.5 mb and at 22N, 71.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of Oct 24, and area of low 
pressure was general in the vicinity of the Greater Antilles. Subsequent ships' reports of that day 
indicated that a slight disturbance, 1008 mb, with definite cyclonic wind circulation, had formed 
southeast of Inagua" (MWR).

October 25: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 25.9N, 68.5W with a frontal boundary 
extending SW-NE just to the northwest of the system. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40 kt winds 
at 24.8N, 71W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center at 25N, 70W (am) with a pressure
of 1007 mb and at 29.9N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE with 1013 mb at 27.5N 70.5W at 00Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The depression moved toward the north and north-northeast 
for a period of about 12 hours, then recurved sharply to the northeast and was centered near lat 25N, long 
70.30'W, on the morning of the 25th" (MWR).

October 26: HWM indicates a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb near 36N, 56W with four fronts 
extending from the center of this cyclone. HURDAT's last position for this system was at 06Z at 28.3N 66.4W.  
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center at 35N, 56W (am) with a pressure of 1002 mb and at 
39.5N, 47W (pm).  The track of lows also showed a new cyclone forming near 45N 66W with a pressure of 1009 mb 
(am) and near 44N 58W (pm). Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE with 1009 mb at 34.3N 59.6W at 00Z (COA); 20 kt SW 
with a pressure of 1000 mb at 33.4N, 57.5W at 12Z (COA); 35 kt SW with a pressure of 1002 mb at 33.2N, 57W 
at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the following day it moved very rapidly 
over the extra tropical waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, where, due to a lack of vessel reports, its 
identity was lost near 35N, 55W.  From reports at hand, indications are that no unusually low barometer 
readings were noted.  No reports of loss of life were received in connection with these disturbances 
[Storms #8 and 9], and it is doubtful if either developed to hurricane strength...Maximum wind velocity 
reported - Force 7 [30 kt], northeast, unidentified ship.  Lowest barometer reported - 1,008 mb.  
Unidentified ship.  Remarks - No loss of life, nor property damage" (MWR).

October 27:  HWM indicates a closed extratropical low of at most 985 mb near 45N 51W with a warm front 
extending east-northeast and a complex frontal feature extending southeast of the cyclone.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones showed a center of this cyclone near 44N 53W (am) with a second low indicated to be 
at 44N 53W with 992 mb pressure (am) and at 46N 50W (pm).  Station highlights:  25 kt ENE with 992 mb at 
Cape Race, Canada at 12Z (HWM).  Ship highlights:  35 kt W with 997 mb at 02Z at 39.3N 57.8W (MWR); 
NW 50 kt (no time) at 39.3N 57.8W (MWR); 35 kt SW and 989 mb at 40.5N 44.1W at 11Z (MWR); 70 kt SSW 
(no time) at 40.5N 44.1W (MWR).

October 28:  HWM indicates an occluding extratropical low centered near 48N 50W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones indicates t low near 48N 48W.  Station highlights:  30 kt NNW with 982 mb at Cape Race at 12Z (HWM).  
Ship highlights:  35 kt SW with 1003 mb at 40.5N 43W at 12Z (HWM); 30 kt NW with 982 mb at 47.5N 54.5W at 12Z (COA).

October 29:  HWM indicates an occluded extratropical low centered near 47.5N 44W with a developing extratropical
 low well to its northeast.  Station highlights:  20 kt NNW with 1003 mb at Cape Race at 12Z (HWM).  Ship 
highlights:  30 kt SW with 1001 mb at 43N 39.5W at 12Z (HWM).

While HWM indicates an "L" north of Hispaniola on the 23rd of October, there are no observations to support this.  
Instead a broad trough is evident centered around 71-72W.  Genesis timing for the system is unchanged, though 
sparse ship and island observations make the timing (and location) somewhat ambiguous.  The track of the system 
began slowly off toward the northeast late on the 24th and early on the25th before accelerating rather 
dramatically in the same direction late on the 25th and early on the 26th.  Track changes introduced are minor 
on the 24th and early on the 25th, but are large late on the 25th (more than a degree) and major (more than 
two degrees on the 26th).  The system never had a classic tropical cyclone structure to it as it was elongated 
NNE-SSW on the 24th through the 26th, and may have been a subtropical cyclone.  The strongest winds observed 
in the system between 18Z on the 24th until 00Z on the 26th were only two 30 kt reports.  The peak intensity 
as a tropical cyclone is retained as 40 kt on the 25th and early on the 26th, though it is possible that the 
system never attained tropical storm intensity.  However, given that the observations are sparse on this date, 
there is not enough evidence to remove the system from HURDAT.  Observations on 26th indicate that the system 
had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, as the asymmetry of the winds and pressures increased and 
frontal boundaries had developed with the cyclone.  It is estimated that extratropical transition was complete 
by 06Z on the 26th, though there are almost no observations available at that synoptic time.  After 
extratropical transition, the cyclone intensified and reached a peak of around 70 kt late on the 27th and 
early on the 28th as indicated by observations taken by the U.S.C.G. Sebago.  The extratropical cyclone moved 
north-northeastward on the 27th at a slower rate of speed, before turning eastward on the 28th and 29th.  
The lifecycle depicted here is very different from that originally indicated in the Monthly Weather Review as 
well as what was recorded in HURDAT.  The HURDAT data ended the cyclone after 06Z on the 26th as a weakening 
tropical depression.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows instead showed two separate cyclones:  the first 
being the extratropical portion of the tropical storm accelerating even quicker than indicated here off to 
the northeast with a second cyclone developing near New England and then moving eastward.  Synoptic analyses 
do not support either the HURDAT or the MWR scenarios, as the observations indicate that there was only one 
system which continuously merges the existing tropical cyclone with an extended extratropical phase.  Thus 
three additional days are added to the end of this cyclone's lifetime, which includes the extratropical 
intensification to a hurricane-force cyclone.

*******************************************************************************

1940 additional notes:

1) April 26-30: HWM, The April MWR tracks of lows, the MWR gale chart on p. 115, and COADS indicate that a low 
formed just east of Florida on 26 April.  It moved eastward and looped around the western Atlantic for a few days.  
It intensified until the 28th when the central pressure was 998 mb or possibly slightly lower.  It is possible 
that this could have been a subtropical cyclone on the 27th before becoming extratropical on the 28th.  There 
were no observed gales from any sources on the 26th or 27th while it may have been subtropical, although Bermuda 
reported a 30 kt wind in HWM at 12Z on the 27th.  There is one low pressure of 1004 mb in COADS at 00Z on the 
26th, but this may be dubious.  There is one other low pressure of 1004 mb - a reliable observation - in COADS 
on the 27th at 17Z at 32.4N, 64.5W.  There are several observed gales on the 28th, but the system was 
extratropical by then.  Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Apr 26 		29N	77W	Broad low/trough
Apr 27		32N	69W	Subtropical/Extratropical ? 30 kt
Apr 28		37N	63W	Extratropical Storm
Apr 29		35N	65W	Extratropical
Apr 30		34N	59W	Extratropical

2) June 7-11: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low pressure of 1005mb developed along a cold front 
near 40N, 60W on the 7th. The closed low then moved south and then made a turn to the east and northeast. The 
low then merged with a stationary front on the 11th. The Tracks of Lows map in the Monthly Weather Review also 
shows the low following a similar path to the one on the Historical Weather Maps. In the Tracks of Lows, the 
lowest pressure indicated was 1000mb on the 7th. This system is most likely an extratropical storm. However, it 
could have been a tropical storm on the 9th and 10th because of a gale found in the Monthly Weather Review and 
because the system became more barotropic (non-frontal). Highest winds observed were NNW 35kt on the 9th (MWR); 
they were observed by the ship Pontchartrain.  The COADS was also obtained, and there were no additional gales 
on COADS.  There were no low pressures after the 8th.  Because there is only 1 piece of evidence while this 
system may have possibly been tropical, it is not added to HURDAT.

Day		LAT 	LONG			STATUS
June 7		40N	60W			Extratropical Low		
June 8		37N	59W			Extratropical Low
June 9		36N	56W			Tropical Storm?			
June 10		38N	54W			Tropical Storm?		
June 11		40N	50W			Absorbed by front		

3) June 14-16: The MWR tracks of lows suggests a weak low moved inland into Texas in the vicinity of Galveston 
from the Gulf of Mexico on 15 June.  Climatological data indicates that the lowest pressure for month at 
Galveston was 1007 mb on the 15th.  Port Arthur had its lowest pressure for the month of 1008 mb on the 15th.  
HWM shows a front over the area on the 14th or 15th, and observations do not allow for the following of any 
closed low.  Furthermore, there are no observed gales or low pressures from any source in the ocean or on 
land.  Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT.  (There was a low indicated over the Gulf of Mexico by the 
Historical Weather Maps on the 17th, but it appears that this was an elongated north-south trough from the 
available observations which might have been related to the cyclone from the 14th through the 16th.)

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Jun 14				Over western Gulf
Jun 15		28	94	Tropical depression/weak trough
Jun 16				Over Texas
Jun 17 				Trough over western Gulf

4) July 7-9: HWM, the MWR gale chart and commentary on p. 195, and COADS indicate that a cyclone formed 
along a frontal boundary on the 7th and stayed rather potent there through 9 July.  There is a slight 
chance it was a tropical cyclone on the 7th, but it was more likely an extratropical cyclone.  It was 
definitely extratropical on the 8th and 9th.  There are three gales in association with the cyclone- all 
with simultaneous 1006 mb pressure- a 50 kt ob on the 7th, and 35 kt obs on the 8th and 9th.  It is 
judged that this cyclone was extratropical throughout its lifetime.  Thus, this system is not added to 
HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Jul 7		38N	58W	Extratropical/tropical Storm
Jul 8		40N	58W	Extratropical Storm
Jul 9		43N	57W	Extratropical

5) August 14-16: USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps suggest there may have been a low near 30N, 
58Z on the 14th at 00Z, and perhaps near 36N, 54W on the 14th at 12Z.  If there was a low there, it may 
have combined with a low forming along a frontal boundary to produce a single low near 40N, 55W at 12Z on 
the 15th.  There were no observed gales or pressures in COADS and there were no gales or low pressures on 
microfilm with the first system on the 14th.  However, there were gales on microfilm beginning on the 15th 
after it was extratropical.  This suspect is not added to HURDAT because there were no gales or low pressures 
observed prior to the time it became extratropical.  Also, there is not much evidence that a closed tropical 
cyclone existed on the 14th either.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Aug 14		36N	54W	?
Aug 15		40N	55W	Extratropical
Aug 16		44N	47W	Extratropical

6) September 2-7: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low of at most 1015mb developed near 
28N, 52W on the 2nd. It moved half a degree south on the 3rd and it then moved north-northeast. On the 
5th, the closed low had a pressure of at most 1010mb and it made a turn to the northwest. The low slowly 
continued its northwest track on the 6th and then merged with a stationary front on the 7th. There was one 
observed gale in the Monthly Weather Review: SW 35kt on the 4th, observed by the ship West Kebar, Am. S. S.  
There are no additional gales or low pressures found in COADS.  Since there is only one piece of evidence,
 this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

Day			LAT 	LONG			STATUS
September 2		28N	52W			Tropical Depression		
September 3		27N	52W			Tropical Depression
September 4		32N	50W			Tropical Storm?	
September 5		38N	55W			Tropical Depression
September 6		40N	53W			Tropical Depression
September 7		absorbed by stationary front

7) September 10-13:  This system began on the 10th with a front located around 35N, extending from about 
42W to 60W, according to the Historical Weather Maps. However, the front analyzed on the 10th to the 12th 
may not be real. On the 11th, it became a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb located near 39N, 
50W. The system pretty much remains stationary, moving only one degree to the east from the 11th to the 
12th and it then dissipated on the 13th near the same area. No gales were found in COADS, Monthly Weather 
Review or Historical Weather Maps. 

Day			LAT 	LONG			STATUS
September 10		35N	42W-60W			Trough		
September 11		39N	50W			Tropical Depression
September 12		39N	49W			Tropical Depression	
September 13		Dissipated	
		
8) September 18-22: Historical Weather maps indicated a wave around 25N, 78W on the 18th. On the 19th a 
more defined wave axis is observed near 86W. It moves slightly towards the west on the 20th and it then 
becomes a closed low on the 21st with a pressure of at most 1010mb located around 26N, 95W. The low is 
right off the coast of Texas on the 22nd (near 27N, 96W) and on the 23rd, it appears to have been absorbed 
by Storm 6 near the TX coast.  One gale was found in the Original Monthly Records in Port Arthur, TX at 
11pm on the 20th: NE 39 mph peak 5 minute winds, but these winds are not believed to be part of the system.  
There is not enough evidence that this was a tropical storm to add it to HURDAT.

Day			LAT 		LONG		STATUS
September 18	25N		78W		Trough	
September 19	25-30N   	86W		Trough
September 20	26N	    	90W		Tropical Storm?
September 21	26N		95W		Tropical Storm?		
September 22	27N		96W		Tropical Storm?

9) September 27-October 2: HWM and MWR p. 254, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS show that an interesting 
system formed from a frontal boundary east of the Florida/Georgia coast on 27 September.  It moved slowly 
northeastward through 2 October.  On the 27th, it was elongated and could still be considered an open trough.  
Three gales of 35 kt were observed on the 27th.  It was closed beginning on the 28th.  On the 28th and 29th, 
no gales or low pressures were observed from any source although there were many 30 kt observations.  There 
is a slight chance that one could argue that this might have been tropical on the 27th-29th, but it was 
definitely extratropical beginning on 30 September.  It is more likely that it was also extratropical from 
27-30 September as well.  The wind structure was fairly asymmetric and there was a decent temperature 
gradient across the low on the 29th, but by the 30th, both the asymmetry and the temperature gradient became 
more pronounced.  On the 30th, there were 3 low pressures of 1004-1005 mb observed, and there was one gale of 
50 kt with 1006 mb (in the MWR table).  Since there are no observed gales or low pressures on the 28th and 
29th - the only days when this system might have been both closed and tropical - this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Sep 27			Broad low/trough
Sep 28		29N	77W	Tropical depression/extratropical low
Sep 29		32N	75W	Tropical depression/extratropical low
Sep 30		32N	75W	Extratropical storm
Oct 01		35N	73W	Extratropical
Oct 02		39N	68W	Extratropical

10) HWM suggests a slight possibility there might have been a tropical cyclone located near 12.5N, 78W on 
3 October.  There is one 35 kt gale in HWM on the 3rd.  Moreover, there was a persistent area of low 
pressure in the western Caribbean for most of the first week of October.  The COADS was obtained, but no 
gales or low pressures could be found.  It is unknown where this potential system was the day before or the 
day after.  This suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Oct 03		12N	78W	Tropical depression/Tropical Storm?

11) October 7-10: On the 7th, Historical Weather Maps indicated a wide closed low pressure system (30-40N, 
45-65W) with at most 1015mb. On the 8th, the closed low becomes more defined and narrow and had a pressure 
of at most 1000mb. The low then moves towards the northeast on the 9th with a pressure of 1010mb and on the 
10th it pretty much remains stationary but the pressure goes up to 1015mb. There were no gales found in COADS, 
Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps. 

Day			LAT 	      LONG		STATUS
October 7		30-40N     45-65W 		Front	
October 8 		37N	     54W		Extratropical Low		
October 9		40N	     50W		Tropical Depression?		
October 10		40N	     49W		Tropical Depression			

12) October 14-16: HWM indicates a likely closed low near 27N, 74W, and observations indicate this could be 
classified as a tropical depression on the 14th.  On the 15th, it weakened, became less defined, and 
degenerated into a broad low/trough.  It stayed like this through the 16th.  There were 2 observed gales 
of 35 kt on the 16th from COADS ships off the North Carolina coast in an area of high synoptic pressure 
gradient.  This suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON	STATUS
Oct 14		27N	74W	Tropical depression
Oct 15		28N	77W	Broad low/trough
Oct 16		30N	77W	Broad low/trough
	
13) November 2-8: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low of at most 1010mb near 15N, 63W on the 3rd. 
The low doesn't appear again until the 7th near 20N, 76W and it moves to the northwest on the 8th, always 
with a pressure of at most 1010mb. No gales were found in COADS, Monthly Weather Review or Historical 
Weather Maps.  On 9 November, HWM shows something near 38N, 58W, and it is uncertain if the two systems are 
related.  COADS lists a 1005 mb low pressure on 11/9 at 18Z at 33.3N, 58.1W, but no gales from the 2nd 
through the 9th. 

Day			LAT 	 LONG			STATUS
November 2		--   	60W 			Trough	
November 3 		--	64W			Trough
November 4		--	68W			Trough	
November 5		--	70W			Trough	
November 6		--	71W			Trough
November 7		19.5N   76.5W			Tropical Depression
November 8		22N	71W			Tropical Depression


14)  November 14-16:  Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate the existence of 
a extratropical cyclone/possible subtropical storm.  The origins of this system were from a stationary 
frontal boundary east of Bermuda.  Three separate gale force winds were observed on the 13th, but it is 
not clear if the system had a closed circulation on that date, nor had it lost most of its baroclinicity 
by then.  On the 14th, the system had definitely developed a closed low and - despite the frontal boundary 
displayed in the Historical Weather Maps - was located in a minimally baroclinic environment.  Two separate 
gale force winds were observed on the 14th.  These are also the basis for the estimated peak intensity of 
only 35 kt, though observations are fairly sparse on the 15th as the tropical storm moved toward the 
northwest.  It is on the 14th and 15th that the cyclone came closest to becoming a subtropical storm.  
The system became extratropical on the 16th just east of New England as it merged with a cold frontal 
boundary and then became absorbed in a large extratropical cyclone.  Because of uncertainties of whether 
this system transitioned to a tropical (subtropical) status, the cyclone will not be added into HURDAT.
                 
Day			LAT 	 LONG			STATUS
November 14		32N  	59W 			Extratropical Low/Subtropical Storm?	
November 15 		34N	63W			Extratropical Low/Subtropical Storm?
November 16	    	41N	66W			Extratropical Low

November 13- HWM indicates a warm front extending from 28.5N, 58W to 32N, 39W. Ship highlights: 35kt NE 
with a pressure of 1024mb at 35N, 47.9W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

November 14- HWM indicates a warm front from 31N, 60W to 31N, 41W and a ridge between 30-35N, and 50-65W. 
Ship highlights: 35kt E with a pressure of 1020mb at 35N, 57W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt ESE with a pressure of 
1021mb at 34.8N, 56.6W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

November 15- HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 34N, 62W. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

November 16: A cold front is analyzed in HWM, starting from about 48N and extending almost directly southward 
and then southwestward until about 20N. Ship highlights: A pressure of 1003mb at 42.7N, 69.7W at 18Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 1 - Revised in 2013

31510 09/11/1941 M= 6  1 SNBR= 695 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
31510 09/11/1941 M= 6  1 SNBR= 695 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                                                    *

31515 09/11*  0   0   0    0*270 872  35    0*275 877  35    0*277 879  35    0*
31515 09/11*271 867  25    0*274 872  30    0*277 877  35    0*280 881  35    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***              *** ***

31520 09/12*279 882  35    0*280 884  35    0*280 888  35    0*279 895  35    0*
31520 09/12*283 885  40    0*283 888  40 1001*281 891  45    0*280 893  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31525 09/13*279 904  40 1003*280 912  40    0*281 918  40    0*283 922  40    0*
31525 09/13*279 896  50    0*280 899  45    0*281 902  45 1001*283 908  40    0*   
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  ** ****     ***  

31530 09/14*286 925  40    0*289 928  40    0*292 932  40    0*294 935  40    0*
31530 09/14*285 916  40    0*287 925  40 1002*291 932  35 1004*294 936  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***     **** ***      ** ****     ***  **

31535 09/15*296 938  40    0*297 940  35    0*298 943  35    0*299 949  35    0*
31535 09/15*296 940  30 1006*297 943  30 1007*298 945  25 1007*299 949  25 1007*
                ***  ** ****     ***  ** ****     ***  ** ****          ** ****

31540 09/16*300 957  25    0*300 964  20    0*299 972  15    0*296 979  15    0*
31540 09/16*298 956  25 1007*298 963  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***     **** *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31545 TS                    

US tropical storm impact:
9/13/1941 - 35 kt winds analyzed on coast of Louisiana between the mouth of 
the Mississippi River and the mouth of the Atchafalaya River.  (Cyclone 
weakened to a depression by the time of landfall.)

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this 
tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, the USWB operational advisories (advisories), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), and Connor (1956).

September 10: HWM analyzes a spot low (no closed isobars) near 25.5N, 89W.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of lows first 
shows a position near 26.5N, 86W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze any 
features of interest.  No gales or low pressures.

September 11: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 27N, 
89W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 27.5N, 87.7W 
at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 86W (am) with a 
pressure of 1012mb and at 28N, 87W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1011 mb centered near 28.1N, 87.7W.  Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: 33 kt around ~19Z at Port Eads, LA 
(29.0N, 89.2W) (advisories).  "The first tropical disturbance of the 1941 
hurricane season appeared in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the evening of 
September 11" (MWR).  "A Gulf disturbance of slight intensity appeared on the 
morning of September 11, and was centered at 7 am (times mentioned are in EST 
unless otherwise indicated) about 120 miles southeast of Port Eads, La. The 
center moved very slowly in a west-northwesterly direction toward the north 
Texas coast and moved inland, between Galveston and Port Arthur, the night of 
September 14-15, resulting in a series of squalls at Port Arthur" (MWR).  
"Date...Sept. 11-15.  Place where first reported...About 120 miles southeast of 
Port Eads, La." (MWR).

September 12: HWM indicates a tropical storm with a pressure of at most 1005 
mb near 26.6N, 88.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds 
at 28N, 88.8W at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 88W 
(am).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 28.2N, 
88.9W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW with 1005 mb at 0000Z at 28.6N, 88.5W 
(COA); 15 kt S with 1003 mb at 06Z at 28.5N, 88.9W (COA); 52 kt E with a 
pressure of 1005 mb at 28.3N, 88.5W at 1830Z (USWB).  Station highlights: 30 
kt NE with 1007 mb at 06Z at Burrwood, LA (29.0N, 89.4W).

September 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005 mb 
near 27.8N, 90.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 
28.1N, 91.8W at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 90W (am) 
and at 27N, 91W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 
mb centered near 28.1N, 90.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E with a pressure of 
1003 mb at 28.4N, 88.7W at 00Z (COA); 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1003 mb at 
28.2N, 88W at 0030Z (USWB); 20 kt N with 1003 mb at 12Z at 28.1N, 90.3W (ship 
experienced max wind of 35 kt ENE) (MWR).  Station highlights: 30 kt E with 
1005 mb at 06Z at Burrwood, LA (USWB); 35 kt SE at 1830Z at Grand Isle, LA 
(29.3N, 90.0W) (USWB).  "The lowest barometer reported during the short 5-day 
course of this storm, 1002.7mb accompanied by a force 8 wind (Beaufort 
scale), came from a ship near 28°06'N, 90°18'W, on September 13" (MWR).  "The 
storm was sufficiently threatening on the 13th for warnings to be issued to 
people in low-lying areas; but during the last 24 hours before it crossed the 
coast it decreased greatly in intensity and no property damage or injuries 
were reported" (MWR). "Maximum wind velocity reported...Force 8 ENE, a ship.  
Lowest barometer reported...1002.7 mb.  Coast lines crossed...Texas.  Place of 
dissipation...East Texas coast.  Intensity...Not of hurricane intensity.  
Remarks...No property damage or injuries reported" (MWR).

September 14: HWM indicates a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 
28.5N, 94.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 40 kt winds at 
29.2N, 93.2W at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 92W (am) 
and at 29N, 94W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 
mb near 28.9N, 93.0W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt N with 1008 mb at 00Z at 28.4N, 
92.4W (COA); 15 kt S with a pressure of 1003 mb at 28.4N, 92.2W at 0630Z 
(USWB).  Station highlights: 29 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Port Arthur (29.9N, 
93.9W) at 1430Z (OMR); 1008 mb (min p) at 2230Z at Port Arthur (OMR).  "On 
the coast the highest wind velocity registered was 31 miles per hour from the 
east at Port Arthur and the lowest barometer 1007.5mb at 4:30pm (CST) on the 
14th at the same station.  Rainfall for the 2-day period (14-15) at Port 
Arthur was 1.52 inches" (MWR). 

September 15: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010 mb 
near 29.2N, 94.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm with 35 kt winds at 
29.8N, 94.3W at 12Z.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 94.5W 
(am) with a pressure of 1007 mb.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of 
at most 1008 mb centered near 29.4N, 94.4W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.  Station highlights: 28 kt E (1-min) at Port Arthur at 0930Z 
(MWR/OMR).

September 16: HWM suggests a weak open trough near 29.5N, 96.5W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 29.9N, 97.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a thunderstorm symbol (but not a closed low) near 29.5N, 96.5W at 
12Z.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone is analyzed to have formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 
around 00Z on 11 September (genesis six hours earlier than originally).  A 25 
kt intensity is analyzed at that time.  The cyclone moved west-northwestward 
until it reached 28.3N, 88.5W at 00Z on the 12th.  Then it moved due westward, 
reaching 28.3N, 90.8W at 18Z on the 13th.  On the 11th and 12th, all track 
changes are half a degree or less.  The cyclone is analyzed to have attained 
tropical storm intensity at 12Z on the 11th (6 hours later than originally).  
The USWB advisory on this tropical cyclone issued at 20Z on the 11th stated 
that Port Eads, LA had recently reported winds of 38 mph [33 kt].  At 00Z on 
the 12th, a ship recorded 30 kt with a simultaneous pressure of 1005 mb.  A 
peripheral pressure of 1005 mb suggests winds of greater than 34 kt according 
to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Another ship at 
00Z on the 12th recorded the first gale (35 kt).  A 40 kt intensity is 
analyzed for 00Z on the 12th (up from 35 kt originally).  A 1001 mb central 
pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 12th based on a ship observation of 
1003 mb with 15 kt winds inside the RMW.  This pressure equals 42 kt 
according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  At 1830Z on the 
12th, a ship on the microfilm map at 28.3N, 88.5W reported a wind speed of 52 
kt (60 mph).  Connor mentions 64 kt ships SE of the mouth of the Mississippi 
River and estimates a lowest lifetime pressure of 996 mb for this cyclone.  
Due to the good observational coverage in the area of that 52 kt ship and 
throughout the whole area around the storm, a peak lifetime intensity of 50 
kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 12th - 00Z on the 13th (raised from the original 
peak lifetime intensity of 40 kt from 00Z on the 13th - 00Z on the 15th).  
Given the reports that Connor mentioned, it is possible that the cyclone was 
stronger, but with no additional substantiation, the system is not upgraded 
to a hurricane.  The 1003 mb central pressure originally listed in HURDAT at 
00Z on the 13th is removed because a ship observed 1003 mb simultaneously with 
45 kt at that time.  The largest track change for the entire lifetime of the 
cyclone is implemented at 12Z on the 13th - a 1.6 degree eastward adjustment.  
Observations at that time indicate a position of 28.1N, 90.2W with a central 
pressure of 1001 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 13th.  A 
1001 mb central pressure equals 42 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-
wind relationship.  At 1830Z on the 13th, a 35 kt gale was recorded at Grand 
Isle, LA when the cyclone was located about 45 nm south of the coast of 
Louisiana.  A ship located just a couple nm off the coast at 29.0N, 90.7W 
also recorded 35 kt at 1830Z on the 13th.  Based on these observations, 
Louisiana is analyzed to have received a 35 kt tropical storm impact on 13 
September on the coastline between the mouth of the Mississippi River and the 
mouth of the Atchafalaya River.  The cyclone, however, did not make landfall 
in the Louisiana coast.  On the 14th, it moved west-northwestward and weakened 
over water over the northwest Gulf of Mexico.  In fact, no more gales were 
observed after 1830Z on the 13th.  The last 30 kt wind occurred at 00Z on the 
14th.  Central pressures of 1002 and 1004 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT 
at 06 and 12Z on the 14th.  These values equal 39 and 35 kt, respectively, 
according to the weakening subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Intensities of 40 and 35 kt are chosen for 06 and 12Z on the 
14th.  After 06Z on the 14th, the largest track change is only 0.3 degrees.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 
18Z on the 14th (30 hours earlier than originally - a major change).  The 
cyclone made landfall at 03Z on the 15th at 29.6N, 94.1W - it passed between 
Galveston and Port Arthur.  The highest wind recorded on land, after 
converting to 10m 1-min was 27 kt at Port Arthur.  The lowest pressure from a 
land station was 1007.5 mb at Port Arthur.  The analyzed landfall intensity 
is 30 kt and the analyzed landfall central pressure is approximately 1006 mb.  
From 00Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 16th, central pressures of 1006, 1007, 
1007, 1007, and 1007 mb are analyzed and added to HURDAT.  The 1006 mb 
central pressure at landfall equals 32 kt according to the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  After landfall, the cyclone moved due west and 
the center passed over Houston around 22Z on the 15th with a 25 kt intensity.  
Dissipation is analyzed after 06Z on the 16th (12 hours earlier than 
originally) at 29.8N, 96.3W as a 20 kt tropical depression.

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 2 - Revised in 2013

31550 09/16/1941 M=10  2 SNBR= 696 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
31550 09/17/1941 M=11  2 SNBR= 696 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **

The 16th is removed from HURDAT
31555 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*257 836  35    0*255 845  35    0*

31560 09/17*252 854  35    0*250 863  35    0*247 871  40    0*246 880  45    0*
31560 09/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*237 880  25    0*246 885  30    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **

31565 09/18*248 889  50    0*254 895  60    0*259 896  65    0*260 893  70    0*
31565 09/18*253 890  30    0*257 895  35    0*259 896  35    0*260 893  40    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **               **               **

31570 09/19*260 889  70    0*258 886  75    0*256 883  75    0*253 881  75    0*
31570 09/19*260 890  45    0*258 888  50    0*255 886  55    0*252 885  55    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31575 09/20*249 880  80    0*245 878  80    0*241 876  80    0*234 876  80    0*
31575 09/20*248 884  55    0*245 882  60    0*241 880  60    0*236 877  60    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

31580 09/21*230 882  80    0*234 887  80    0*240 892  80    0*244 896  80    0*
31580 09/21*233 879  60    0*238 882  65    0*244 887  70    0*248 893  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31585 09/22*249 900  80    0*254 907  75    0*259 916  75    0*263 926  75    0*
31585 09/22*251 901  75    0*254 909  80    0*259 919  85    0*263 929  90    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31590 09/23*266 937  75    0*271 946  70    0*277 953  70    0*283 955  70    0*
31590 09/23*267 939  95    0*272 948 100    0*277 953 105    0*283 955 110    0*
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***              ***              ***

31595 09/24*290 955  60  977*298 954  55    0*316 947  45    0E343 927  35    0*
31595 09/24*290 956  85    0*298 956  65    0*315 949  40    0*335 932  35    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  

31600 09/25E369 909  35    0E395 882  35    0E422 855  30    0E445 828  30    0*
31600 09/25*360 911  35  989E388 887  35  988E424 859  40  985E449 826  50    0*
           **** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

The 26th and 27th are new to HURDAT
31602 09/26E476 789  55    0E503 747  50    0E530 705  45    0E556 675  45    0*
31603 09/27E582 660  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

31605 HRCTX3
31605 HRCTX3BTX2
            ****

U.S. Landfall: 9/23/1941 - 22Z - 28.8N, 95.6W - 100 kt - 958 mb - 1007 mb OCI 
- 250 nm ROCI - 20 nm RMW

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this 
hurricane that made landfall in Texas.  A major alteration is made with 
genesis, delayed for a day.  A major change is also made to the timing of 
dissipation, delayed for a day.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, monthly climatological data summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather 
Bureau operational advisories, Dunn and Miller (1960), Ellis (1988), Schwerdt 
et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992) and Connor (1956).

September 16: HWM indicates a spot low near 24N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical storm with 35kt winds at 25.7N, 83.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 17: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 25N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt winds at 
24.7N, 87.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 24.9N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 
65kt winds at 25.9N, 89.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 
25.5N, 89W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This hurricane was 
first noted as a disturbance of slight intensity about 180 miles south of 
Port Eads, La., on September 18. For 48 hours the center drifted gradually 
southward toward the Yucatan coast with winds increasing to gale force" 
(MWR).  "Date...Sept. 18-26.  Place where first reported...About 180 miles south 
of Port Eads, La" (MWR).

September 19: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 25N, 88.9N. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds 
at 25.6N, 88.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 88W 
(am) with a pressure of 1003mb. Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
mosr 999 mb centered near 25.5N, 89.0W. Ship highlights: 40kt SE with a 
pressure of 1003mb at 25.5N, 88W at 1230Z (USWB); 40 kt SE with 1000 mb at 
1830Z at 26.0N, 89.0W (USWB). Station highlights: No gales and low pressures. 

September 20: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 24N, 88.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds 
at 24.1N, 87.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 24.5N, 
88.5W (am) and at 23N, 88W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of 
at most 1002 mb centered near 23.9N, 88.4W. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a 
pressure of 1002mb at 24.9N, 87.7W at 20Z with a max wind of 50 kt E (MWR). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "During the night of September 
20-21 the storm turned, and moving northward retraced its path until, on the 
evening observation of the 21st, it was again near the regions where first 
detected" (MWR).

September 21: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 
24N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 24N, 
89.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 90W (am) and at 
24N, 91W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb 
centered in the general vicinity of 23.8N, 88.9W.  Ship highlights: 993 mb at 
09Z at 24.2N, 88.4W and 70kt at or near 09Z at or near 24.2N, 88.4W (USWB); 
45kt E with a pressure of 999mb at 25.3N, 87W at 1230Z (USWB). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures.  "Eastern Sun - (24.15-88.25) 4am - 
passed through center of storm - force 12 (no directions given) - barometer 
29.32 ([9]92[.]9mb)" (USWB).

September 22: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb near 
25.5N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 
25.9N, 91.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 92W (am) 
and at 26N, 94W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 
mb centered near 26.1N, 91.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NW with 991 mb at 21Z 
at 26.8N, 94.1W (MWR); 55kt W with a pressure of 999mb at 26.6N, 94.5W (no 
time given) (USWB); 70 kt NE before 2359Z in the vicinity of 27.1N, 93.7W 
(MWR). Station highlights: 22 kt NE with 1005 mb at 22Z at Corpus Christi NAS 
(27.7N, 97.3W) (OMR); 37 kt NE around ~2330Z at Port Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) 
(OMR). "A ship near 27°06' N, 93°42' W, on September 22 reported a northeast 
wind, force 12, and a low barometer reading of 985.8mb. On the coast, Texas 
City reported the highest recorded wind velocity, 83 miles per hour. 
Estimated winds up to 100 miles per hour came from several points nearer the 
storm center" (MWR). 

September 23: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 985mb near 
27.1N, 95.3W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 
27.7N, 95.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 95.5W 
(am) with a pressure of 985mb and at 29N, 95W (pm).  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 27.4N, 95.3W.  Ship 
highlights: 40 kt E with a pressure of 986mb at 27.1N, 93.7W at 00Z (MWR, 
USWB); 20kt WSW with a pressure of 986mb at 26.7N, 94.6W at 01Z (USWB); 70kt 
S with a pressure of 1000mb at 28.7N, 94W at 18Z (MWR). Station highlights: 
42 kt SE around ~1930Z at Galveston (OMR); 52 kt at Port Aransas (27.8N, 
97.1W) (Connor); 991 mb at Port Lavaca (28.6N, 96.6W) at 22Z (Connor); 977 mb 
at Matagorda (28.7N, 96.0W) at 2225Z (USWB). "It then took a northwestward 
course through the western Gulf of Mexico and moved inland on the Texas coast 
near Matagorda at 3:25pm (CST) on September 23" (MWR). "Recurving to the 
northeastward after crossing the Texas coast the storm center passed slightly 
west of Houston. The lowest pressure registered along the path of the 
hurricane, 970.5mb, was observed at Houston Airport at 11:08pm of the 23rd. 
The passage of the low pressure was accompanied by winds estimated at 75 
miles per hour; a recorded velocity becoming impossible because of power 
failure" (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Texas, Sept. 23, Matagorda, Minimal, 4 
killed, damage $6,000,000" (minimal is equivalent to winds of 74-100 mph and 
central pressure 983-996 mb - Dunn and Miller).  "Sept. 23 - Hurricane made 
landfall near Freeport with 90 mph winds, tide of 9.9', and barometer 28.31 
[958.7 mb].  Extremely high tides were reported along the entire coast from 
Matagorda to Galveston.  Four lives were lost, and property damage was 
estimated at $6.5 million" (Ellis).  "Sept. 23 - 1011 mb environmental 
pressure, 93 kt max sustained winds at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.).  "Sept. 
23 - 959 mb central pressure, 970 mb pressure at Houston, 21 nm RMW, 13 kt 
[speed] at landfall, landfall 28.8N, 95.6W" (Ho et. al).  "1941, Sep, TX 3N, 
958 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.).  "Sep. 23 - Center crossed coast 
near Matagorda.  Pressures: Houston 28.66" [971 mb], Galveston 29.26" [991 
mb], AOE 29.25" [991 mb], ship at 27N 97.3W 29.11" [986 mb], Port Aransas 
29.41" [996 mb], Corpus Christi 29.47" [998 mb], Port Lavaca 29.25" [991 mb].  
Estimated lowest 28.30" [958 mb].  Winds: Houston 75 mph [65 kt], Texas City 
83 mph [72 kt], ship 27N, 93.7W 75 mph [65 kt], NAS Corpus Christi NNW 58 mph 
[50 kt], Port Aransas 60 mph [52 kt], PAH SE 73 mph [63 kt], Grand Isle E 35-
40 mph [30-35 kt].  Tides: Matagorda 10.8 ft, Galveston 7.0 ft, Sargent 9.9 
ft, Port O'Connor 5.9 ft, Aransas Game Refuge 5.0 ft, Shell Island Reef 6.5 
ft, Frenier 5.6 ft, Cameron 5 ft, Sabine 5.7 ft, Anahuac 7.0 ft, LaPorte 8.0 
ft, Texas City 7.5 ft, Freeport 10.6 ft, Port La Vaca 6.4 ft, Ft. Point 5.6 
ft" (Connor).  "Maximum wind velocity reported...Force 12 NE., a ship, 83 miles 
per hour, Texas City, Tex.  Lowest barometer reported...970.5 mb, a ship.  
Coast lines crossed...Texas.  Place of dissipation...Southern Quebec Province.  
Intensity...Full hurricane.  Remarks...4 lives lost; $2,000,000 property damage; 
crop losses estimated in excess of $5,000,000" (MWR).  

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb 
near 31.8N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 45kt winds at 
31.6N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 94W (am) 
with a pressure of 982.4mb and at 36N, 92W (pm). Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 31.6N, 95.0W. Ship highlights: 
35kt SW with a pressure of 1001mb at 28.8n, 94W at 1230Z (USWB). Station 
highlights: 988 mb (min p) at Galveston Airport and 991 mb (min p) at 
Galveston WBO (29.3N, 94.8W) both at 04Z (OMR); 53 kt S (max w/1-min/35m) at 
Galveston at 0420Z (OMR); 72kt at Texas City (29.4N, 94.9W) likely around 
~04Z (MWR); 63 kt at Ellington Field (29.6N, 95.2W) (WB advisories); 52 kt E 
(max w/5-min/58 m) at ~0430Z and 970 mb (min p) at 0508Z at Houston (29.8N, 
95.4W) (MWR/OMR); 973 mb (min p) at 0510Z at Richmond (29.6N, 95.8W) 
(Connor); 975 mb at 0530Z at Alvin (29.6N, 95.3W) (Connor); 63 kt SE (fastest 
mile/41m) around ~0530Z and 996 mb (min p) at 0820Z at Port Arthur (OMR); 39 
kt S ( 5-min/41m) at Port Arthur around ~1130Z (OMR); 35 kt SE (max w/5-
min/69m) around ~1530Z and 990 mb (min p) at 1615Z at Shreveport (32.5N, 
93.8W) (OMR); 18 kt S with 992 mb at 1830Z at Shreveport; 991 mb (min p) at 
Little Rock, AR (34.7N, 92.3W) likely around 22Z or 23Z (climo). "The 
following excerpts from a report by G. P. Rusmisel, of the Galveston office, 
relate to conditions at that station during the approach and passage of the 
storm: By late afternoon of the 22nd the sky became completely overcast with 
low clouds of bad weather which predominated throughout the remainder of the 
storm. Tides became to rise on the 21st and more rapidly to a crest of 6.7 
feet at 8pm and 10pm CST on the 22nd, then falling to 5 feet at 1 pm of the 
23rd. Tides rose again thereafter to a crest of 7 feet at 9 and 10pm CST on 
the 23rd, after which they subsided rapidly. The sea was rather light at about 
10 swells per minute until the storm moved toward the Texas coast, after 
which an increase set in becoming very heavy and reaching 5 swells per minute 
at the height of the storm. Tidewater covered all of the Galveston Island 
beaches, much of the island beyond the seawall, and entered the lower 
residential and business sections as backwater from the bay. Tidewater also 
covered the municipal airport to a depth of approximately 1 to 3 ft and was 
about 6 inches deep on the floor of the airport administration building and 
in the C. A. A. communications station room, putting that office out of 
commission until after the water receded and power and telephone service was 
restored the evening of the 25th" (MWR). 

September 25: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb 
centered just SW of Grand Rapids, MI near 43N, 86W with fronts running 
through the low. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical cyclone with 30kt 
winds at 42.2N, 85.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 
42.5N, 86W (am) with a pressure of 987.3mb and a center at 48N 77W (pm). 
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb near the HWM 
position with fronts analyzed attached to the low.  Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: 15 kt W with 993 mb at 0030Z at Little 
Rock, AR (USWB); 36 kt SW (max w) at Evansville, IN likely around ~12Z (MWR); 
986 mb (min p) at Grand Rapids, MI likely around ~13Z (MWR); 44 kt W (max w) 
at Fort Wayne, IN likely around ~14Z (MWR); 15 kt NW with 986 mb at 1830Z at 
Alpena, MI (USWB); 56 kt SW (max w) at Buffalo, NY likely around ~20Z [but 49 
kt max w after converting to 10m 1-min] (MWR).  "Progressive movement of the 
storm increased rapidly as the center moved up the Mississippi Valley and 
passed over the Canadian boundary in the Lake region. Available sources 
estimate property damage at well over $2,000,000. The rice crop in the region 
affected was ruined, and has been estimated as a loss of $4,000,000. About 25 
to 30 percent of the cotton crop had been picked in this section. Half of 
that remaining in the fields has been reported lost. It is noteworthy that, 
so far as is known, only four lives were lost, either directly or indirectly, 
as a result of this storm which traversed a low-lying region where without 
warning thousands would have been left to the mercy of wind and tide" (MWR). 

September 26: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 985 mb centered near 
53N, 63.5W with fronts running through the cyclone.  HURDAT no longer lists a 
system on this day.  The MWR tracks of lows shows a position near 53N, 70.2W 
(am) and a position near 58N 66W (pm).  Station highlights: 30 kt W with 1004 
mb at Buffalo, NY at 0030Z (USWB); 25 kt W with 1002 mb at Toronto, Canada at 
0030Z (USWB); 15 kt SSE with 997 mb at Montreal, Canada at 0030Z (USWB); 15 
kt S with 1000 mb at Caribou, ME at 0630Z (USWB); 30 kt SW with 996 mb at 12Z 
at 48.4N, 68.6W (HWM); ~20 kt SE with 994 mb at 12Z at 53.7N, 57.1W (HWM).

September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 65N, 
60.5W with an occluded front extending from near the low southeastward to a 
triple point near 60N, 49W.  HURDAT did not previously list a system on this 
day.  The MWR tracks of low shows a final position near 63N, 65W with a 988 
mb pressure (am).  Station highlights: 40 kt NW with 986 mb at 12Z at 61.4N, 
64.9W (HWM).

A tropical wave or trough slowly began to form into a more concentrated area 
of low pressure on 15-16 September near the western tip of Cuba moving slowly 
north-northwestward.  Good observational coverage on the 16th and early on the 
17th indicates that a well-defined, closed circulation was not yet present.  
HURDAT originally began the cyclone at 12Z on the 16th in the eastern Gulf of 
Mexico.  Observations from the microfilm map at 12Z on the 17th indicate a 
possibility that the low might have been closed by then.  Therefore, genesis 
is now shown at 12Z on the 17th (24 hours later than originally) in the 
central Gulf.  Sufficient observational coverage provides evidence that the 
intensity was only a tropical depression at 12Z the 17th and the 00Z the 18th 
microfilm maps.  Data on the 18th at 00Z suggests a central pressure of at 
most 1008 mb which yields of wind speed of at least 30 and 28 kt, 
respectively, according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern and north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationships.  A 30 kt intensity is selected for 00Z on the 
18th (down from 50 kt originally - a major change).  Although the first low 
pressure was not observed until 00Z on the 19th with the first 35 kt gale 
observed at 06Z the 19th, the cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical 
storm at 06Z on the 18th (36 hours later than originally - a major change) 
because of the slightly sparser data coverage near the center of the 18th.  
For the track, the cyclone meandered slowly from the 18th - 21st in the south-
central Gulf of Mexico making a small clockwise loop on the 18th and 19th.  It 
was at 26N, 89W on the 19th at 00Z, and then it moved south to 23.3N, 87.9W by 
the 21st at 00Z.  From that point, it moved west-northwestward toward the 
Texas coast, where it made landfall late on the 23rd.  The largest track 
change for the entire existing portion of the track (17th-25th) is less than 1 
degree.  For the intensity in the Gulf of Mexico, major downward intensity 
adjustments of 20 to 30 kt are analyzed at all times from 00Z on the 18th - 
00Z on the 21st.  On the 19th at 00Z, a 1005 mb peripheral pressure suggests 
winds of greater than 37 and 34 kt for south and north of 25N, respectively; 
45 kt is analyzed (down from 70 kt originally).  At 12Z on the 19th, a 40 kt 
wind was observed.  Also at 12Z, a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb suggests 
winds greater than 47 and 44 kt for south and north of 25N.  This ship - 
which also measured 35 kt E - was about 30 nm northwest of the cyclone.  A 
second ship that observed 40 kt SE with 1003 mb at the same time was about 40 
nm east of the cyclone.  These observations are not consistent with a 75 kt 
hurricane as originally shown in HURDAT, but are consistent with around a 55 
kt tropical storm.  On the 21st, a 993 mb pressure was recorded around 09Z.  
It is uncertain whether this was a central pressure measurement.  The first 
hurricane force wind from a ship also occurred on the 21st sometime around 09Z 
(it is unclear whether the "force 12" report occurred at the same time as the 
993 mb pressure).  The cyclone is analyzed to have reached hurricane 
intensity at 06Z on the 21st (66 hours later than originally - a major 
change), based upon interpolation from the 55 kt at 12Z on the 19th and 
subsequent landfall as a 100 kt major hurricane two days later.  This is 
consistent with the available (but ambiguous) observations on the 21st.  On 
the 23rd at 00Z, with the cyclone 22 hours away from making landfall in Texas, 
a 986 mb peripheral pressure was recorded, suggesting winds of greater than 
65 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.

The hurricane made landfall on the Texas coast between Matagorda Bay and 
Freeport at 28.8N, 95.6W on 23 September at 22Z.  The landfall point is also 
the recurvature point of this hurricane (95.6W was the farthest west the 
cyclone reached).  The city of Matagorda (28.7N, 96.0W) recorded a pressure 
of 977 mb at either 2125Z or 2225Z but there is no wind data available for 
Matagorda so it is uncertain whether the RMW was experienced there.  Ho et 
al. lists a landfall RMW of 21 nm, and Matagorda was located about 25 nm west 
of the analyzed center at closest approach.  A run of the Schloemer equation 
utilizing the assumption that Matagorda was located about 5 nm outside of the 
RMW yields a central pressure of 953 mb, while assuming that Matagorda was 
about 10 nm outside of the RMW (with an RMW of 15 nm) yields 939 mb.  Seven 
hours after landfall, Houston recorded a 970 mb pressure at 0508Z on the 24th.  
Wind data from Houston indicates that the center passed about 20 nm west of 
the station and that the 970 mb value was not a central pressure and likely 
not inside the RMW, as no lull occurred at the time of the lowest pressure.  
(This is not certain, however, as the wind record from Houston is provided in 
hourly averages with peak 5 min winds to have occurred within the hour.  A 
lull that lasted less than an hour could have occurred but not recorded.)  
Runs of the Schloemer equation indicate a central pressure at that time 
(seven hours after landfall) of 948 mb assuming that Houston was at the RMW. 
(The 948 mb calculation is independent of the RMW size when the RMW equals 
the radius from the center of the pressure measurement in the equation).  If 
the central pressure was indeed that low several hours after landfall, the 
landfall central pressure would have been significantly lower.  Ho et al.'s 
inland pressure decay model for the Gulf coast would suggest a value close to 
900 mb at landfall and even a value of 935 mb by using the Florida decay 
model (which fills slower and may be somewhat reasonable to use given that 
the hurricane would have been paralleling Galveston Bay somewhat).  
Therefore, somewhat conservatively, a 942 mb central pressure is chosen for 
landfall.  A 942 mb central pressure equals 113 kt according to the Brown et 
al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 118 kt for its intensifying 
subset.  Climatological RMW for this central pressure and landfall latitude 
is 17 nm, so this system is close to average assuming an RMW of 20 nm.  The 
outer closed isobar of 1007 mb is substantially lower than usual with a 
rather large radius of 250 nm, while the hurricane was moving at a near 
average 12 kt.  Thus a 110 kt intensity is selected for landfall (somewhat 
below the pressure-wind relationship), maintaining this as a high end 
Category 3 for north Texas.  The highest observed winds were 78 kt at 
Freeport and 72 kt at Texas City.  Major upward intensity adjustments of 20-
40 kt are implemented from 00Z on the 23rd - 00Z on the 24th.  A peak lifetime 
intensity of 110 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 23rd through the 22Z landfall 
(original peak was 80 kt from 00Z/20th - 00Z/22nd).  A run of the parametric 
wind model suggests that 92 kt winds occurred on the coast at the border of 
Central Texas and North Texas (28.6N, 96.0W), which is very near where the 
left edge of the RMW passed.  Therefore, a Category 2 impact is added to 
HURDAT for Central Texas.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model 
yield 85, 63, 42 and 28 kt for 00, 06, 12 and 18Z on the 24th.  Highest 
observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are: 78 kt at 00Z, 72 kt at 06Z, 
37 kt at 12Z and 32 kt at 18Z.  Analyzed intensities are 85, 65, 40, and 35 
kt (originally 60, 55, 45, and 35 kt).  The center moved northeastward 
through northwestern Louisiana and Arkansas between 12Z on the 24th - 00Z on 
the 25th and it was accelerating.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become 
extratropical at 06Z on the 25th centered over southern Illinois.  A 35 kt is 
analyzed from 18Z on the 24th through 06Z on the 25th.  This cyclone produced 
tropical storm impacts in Louisiana and Arkansas.  Tropical storm impacts are 
not analyzed for Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, or Illinois 
because the strongest winds, located a short distance SSE of the center, were 
not experienced in any of those states while the system was still tropical.  
Maximum winds observed after converting to 10m 1-min were: 32 kt at 
Shreveport, 30 kt at Little Rock, 29 kt at Memphis, and 25 kt at Cairo, IL.  
After that, the cyclone reintensified as an extratropical system.  Damaging 
winds occurred across portions of the Upper Midwest and into western New 
York.  On the 25th, the following central pressure values are analyzed and 
added to HURDAT: 989, 988 and 985 mb at 00, 06 and 12Z.  A 986 mb pressure 
was recorded at Grand Rapids, MI.  After converting to 10m 1-min, the 
following winds were recorded on the 25th: 40 kt at Detroit; 44 kt at Fort 
Wayne, IN around 14Z; 42 kt at Dayton, OH; and 49 kt at Buffalo, NY around 
20Z.  The cyclone is analyzed to have reintensified to 50 kt by 18Z on the 
25th when the center was over Lake Huron reaching a peak of 55 kt at 00Z on 
the 26th.  HURDAT originally showed dissipation after 18Z on the 25th.  
Dissipation is delayed by 30 hours until after 00Z on the 27th - a major 
change, as the analyses from HWM indicate that the system continued moving 
northeastward.  This assessment is also consistent with the MWR Tracks of 
Lows analysis through 00Z on the 27th.  The final point at 00Z on the 27th is 
58.2N, 66.0W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone as the cyclone was absorbed by 
a larger extratropical system after that time.  

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 3 - Revised in 2013

31610 09/18/1941 M= 8  3 SNBR= 697 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
31615 09/18*  0   0   0    0*275 790  35    0*290 781  40    0*291 776  55    0*
31615 09/18*268 787  30    0*278 786  30    0*285 785  30    0*290 784  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31620 09/19*292 770  65    0*293 764  65    0*293 756  70    0*294 745  70    0*
31620 09/19*291 782  35    0*292 775  35    0*293 763  40    0*294 748  45  998*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  ***

31625 09/20*295 733  70    0*297 721  70    0*299 709  70    0*303 698  70    0*
31625 09/20*296 733  50    0*298 718  55    0*299 707  60  993*298 706  60    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***  **

31630 09/21*299 694  70    0*297 700  70    0*302 708  70    0*306 714  70    0*
31630 09/21*297 706  60  995*295 707  60    0*294 708  60    0*295 714  60    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

31635 09/22*309 719  70    0*313 724  70    0*316 728  70    0*324 732  70    0*
31635 09/22*299 724  65    0*304 733  70    0*312 738  70    0*321 735  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

31640 09/23*335 736  60    0*344 734  60    0*353 728  60    0*361 719  55    0*
31640 09/23*331 736  70    0*341 734  65    0*350 728  65  990*359 717  65    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **

31645 09/24*368 711  55    0*372 706  50    0*378 700  50    0*386 690  45    0*
31645 09/24*366 707  60    0*372 700  55    0*378 695  50    0*384 690  45    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** 

31650 09/25*393 681  40    0*397 675  40    0*402 669  35    0*415 650  30    0*
31650 09/25*390 685  40    0E396 677  40    0E402 669  35    0E410 660  30    0*
            *** ***         **** ***         *                **** ***  

31655 HR     

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this 
hurricane that stayed east of the United States.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps 
and Monthly Meteorological Summary.

September 17: HWM indicates that a spot low pressure system is located near 
25N, 74.5W. Micro shows a trough of low pressure over the NW Bahamas. No 
gales or low pressures. 

September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 28N, 77.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 29N, 78.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 79W (am) 
with a pressure of 1012mb (first position for system) and at 29N, 78W (pm). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 28.5N, 78.5W 
at 12Z. No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 18th, disturbed 
conditions and squally weather were observed over the Atlantic east of 
Florida, with indications of a center of circulation about 150 miles east of 
Titusville. During the 18th this disturbance moved in a direction slightly 
north of east with highest wind, force 7, reported in squalls" (MWR). 
"Date...Sept. 18-26, Place where first report...Off east central Florida coast, 
Coast lines crossed...None, Maximum wind velocity reports...Force 12 ESE, a ship, 
Lowest barometer reported...995 mb, a ship, Place of dissipation...Near 38N, 63W, 
Intensity...Full hurricane, Remarks...Caused considerable delay in North Atlantic 
shipping" (MWR).

September 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 29N, 76.8W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt 
winds at 29.3N, 75.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 
75W (am) with a pressure of 1006mb and at 29N, 73W (pm). Micro shows a closed 
low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 20kt SSW with a pressure of 1000mb at 28.7N, 74.3W at 1830Z 
(USWB); 25kt SSW with a pressure of 1001mb at 28.2N, 74.5W at 1830Z (USWB); 
25kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at 27N, 75.8W at 1830Z (USWB). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 28.9N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt 
winds at 29.9N, 70.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 
72W. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 29N, 71W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt ENE with a pressure of 1006mb at 06Z (USWB); 
20kt SSW with a pressure of 995mb at 30.0N, 70.1W at 11Z (MWR); 60kt E at 
30.5N, 70.7W no time given (MWR) but likely before 12Z; 50kt ENE with a 
pressure of 998mb at 29.7N, 70.4W at 22Z (MWR). Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. "It then curved sharply to the eastward and by the morning 
observation of the 20th appeared as a very large elongated low pressure area 
extending from the Bahamas to Bermuda with center along latitude 29°30'N, 
longitude 71°00'W. During the night the center executed a right-hand loop and 
headed northwestward toward the North Carolina coast. Along the path of this 
storm from September 20 to the 23 several ships reported winds force 11, with 
the lowest barometer observed, during this period, 995.3mb at 30°00'N, 
70°10'W on September 20. A ship bound from Curacao to New York had two 
encounters with this storm; first near 30°11'N, 71°45'W. On the morning of 
September 20, when at 4am a low barometer of 1006.4mb was recorded, and again 
2 days later near 34°13'N, 75°09'W, with the barometer falling to 1004.7mb at 
8pm on September 22. During the interval between these observations the 
center of the storm, which during the first encounter had been moving 
eastward south of the vessel, turned its track and overtook the ship from the 
southeast. Force 8 winds were encountered on both occasions" (MWR). 

September 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 30N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 
30.2N, 70.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 70W (am) 
and at 30.5N, 71W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1005mb near 29.8N, 69.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60kt ENE at 29.6N, 72W no 
time given (MWR); 15kt E with a pressure of 997mb at 29.5N, 70.7W at 00Z 
(COA); 50kt ENE with a pressure of 1002mb at 30.5N, 69.8W at 00Z (COA); 40kt 
ENE with a pressure of 1005mb at 31.7N, 70.9W at 18Z (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 31N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 70kt winds at 
31.6N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 72W (am) 
with a pressure of 1001mb and at 34N, 74.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure system of at most 996mb near 31.5N, 73.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
40kt SW with 987 mb at 30.7N 74.6W at 0630Z (USWB); 50 kt S with a pressure 
of 1000mb near 32.8N, 72.5W at 1830Z (USWB); 50 kt N with 996 mb at 17Z and 
60 kt N at 35.1N 74.4W no time given (MWR - observation date incorrect - 
likely valid on 23rd). Station highlights: 30kt N wind at Cape Hatteras, NC 
(MMS). "Late on the 22nd the storm recurved to the northeastward in about 
3330'N, 7400'W, passing about 150 miles east of Hatteras, and dissipated in 
the western North Atlantic on the 26th" (MWR). 

September 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 35.5N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds 
at 35.3N, 72.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 73.5W 
(am) and at 36N, 71W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at 
most 990mb near 35.5N, 73.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt SSE with a 
pressure of 998mb at 32.9N, 72.7W at 00Z (MWR); 35kt SW with a pressure of 
1008mb at 34N, 70.8W at 00Z (USWB); 5kt Variable with a pressure of 990 mb at 
35.2N, 73.1W at 1330Z (USWB); 15kt NE with a pressure of 1001mb at 35.6N, 
73.7W at 19Z (COA). Station highlights: 1006 mb at Hatteras Cape Hatteras, NC 
(MMS).  

September 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 37N, 69W with a frontal boundary just north of the cyclone. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 37.8N, 70W at 12Z. 
The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 37N, 69W (am) and at 38N, 68W (pm). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 996mb near 36.5N, 70W at 
00Z. Ship highlights: 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1012mb at 34.1N, 74.6W at 
00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 39.5N, 66.5W with a warm front just NE of the cyclone. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 40.2N, 66.9W at 12Z. The 
MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 39N, 66W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb 
(last position). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This storm did not develop hurricane 
intensity but was attended by strong winds and gales which caused 
considerable delay in North Atlantic shipping. Timely small craft warnings 
kept small boats along the coast out of danger. No destructive winds occurred 
on land" (MWR).

September 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 985mb 
near 53.5N, 63W with a cold front running through the system. No gales or low 
pressures.

Genesis is begun six hours earlier - 00Z on the 18th - than originally shown 
in HURDAT.  Minor (less than 120 nm) alterations to the position of the 
cyclone were made for the duration of its lifetime, though the largest 
changes were made on the 19th and 21st.  The original genesis intensity was 35 
kt.  However, numerous ship observations indicate that the cyclone began as a 
tropical depression and likely reached tropical storm strength around 00Z on 
the 19th.  The first significant measurements were a 20 kt SSW wind/1000 mb 
pressure ship report at 1830Z on the 19th.  This indicates a central pressure 
of around 998 mb, which has been added to HURDAT.  998 mb central pressure 
suggests maximum winds of 47 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-
wind relationship.  A strong gradient existed north of the cyclone on the 19th 
through the 21st, but on the 19th the system was moving about 12 kt toward the 
east (implying strongest winds on the south side of the vortex).  With these 
two factors somewhat counteracting one another, the intensity at 18Z on the 
19th is set at 45 kt, which is a major reduction from the 70 kt shown 
originally.  Correspondingly, major downward changes are shown to the 
intensity from 18Z on the 18th through 00Z on the 20th.  It is also of note 
that the structure of the vortex was elongated ENE-WSW from the 18th through 
the 21st and the system may have been characterized as a subtropical cyclone 
if satellite imagery were available.  On the 20th, a ship with 20 kt SSW 
wind/995 mb pressure at 11Z suggests a central pressure of about 993 mb, 
which is added into HURDAT.  This central pressure indicates an intensity of 
around 55 kt.  A separate ship measured a peak wind of 60 kt E, sometime 
before 12Z on the 20th.  Given the strong pressure gradient north of the 
cyclone and the reduced forward speed of the system on the 20th, an intensity 
of 60 kt would be consistent with going above the pressure-wind relationship 
as well as consistent with the observed 60 kt wind.  This is a 10 kt 
reduction at 12Z on the 20th, compared to the original HURDAT.  At 00Z on the 
21st, a ship measured 15 kt E wind/997 mb pressure suggesting a central 
pressure of 995 mb.  This central pressure indicates an intensity near 52 kt.  
Given the continued strong pressure gradient north of the cyclone and now a 
near stationary movement, the intensity is kept at 60 kt from the day before, 
which is a 10 kt decrease from original HURDAT.  During the 20th and 21st, the 
cyclone transcribed a clockwise loop, which is similar to that shown in 
HURDAT, though it occurs around 29.5N 71W, while HURDAT had the loop centered 
around 30N 70W.  At 0630Z on the 22nd, a ship reported 40 kt SW with 987 mb, 
as depicted on the microfilm.  If valid (which is not certain, as this 
measurement was not mentioned in any of the post-storm write-ups), the 
pressure would suggest maximum winds of at least 64 kt from the north of 25N 
Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  This supports hurricane intensity 
on this date and the 70 kt in HURDAT originally is retained.  This is the 
peak intensity for the cyclone (unchanged from that in HURDAT originally). 
(It is of note that the conclusion published in the September Monthly Weather 
Review summary was that the cyclone did not reach hurricane intensity.  This 
was updated in the seasonal summary in December to reflect "Full Hurricane" 
based upon one "Force 12 ESE" ship report, though this observation did not 
specify when or where.)  On the 22nd, a ship reported a minimum pressure of 
996 mb with simultaneous 50 kt N wind at 17Z and a peak wind of 60 kt N (no 
time).  However, comparison of these observations with numerous ships and 
North Carolina coastal stations indicate that the measurements could not have 
been made on the 22nd.  Instead, it is likely that the date for these 
observations was actually the 23rd.  A separate ship measured 5 kt variable 
wind with 990 mb pressure at 1330Z on the 23rd.  This ship along with the 50 
kt/996 report do suggest a central pressure of around 990 mb on the 23rd, 
which is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd.  This central pressure suggest 
maximum winds of 59 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship and maximum winds of 63 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Because of the improved symmetry of the cyclone 
on the 23rd and that there was an observed 60 kt N ship report on the weak 
side of the storm, the intensity on the 23rd is set at 65 kt, which is 5 kt 
higher than HURDAT from 00-12Z on the 23rd.  On the 23rd, the system began 
moving away from North Carolina.  Peak observed winds in the state were 30 kt 
N at Cape Hatteras on the 22nd.  The system is not analyzed to have been a 
tropical storm impact for the United States, but this is uncertain.  Steady 
weakening of the cyclone occurred on the 24th, as it moved at a relatively 
slow speed toward the northeast.  No changes to the intensity were made after 
06Z on the 24th.  However, the available observations become very sparse on 
the 24th and 25th.  An extratropical phase is added to the system beginning at 
06Z on the 25th.  The cyclone became absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone 
after 18Z on the 25th before the original cyclone reached Canada.  An 
alternative solution where the original cyclone is the dominant vortex that 
still remains on the 26th over eastern Canada as shown in the Historical 
Weather Map is likely not correct.  Thus the timing and general location of 
dissipation is unchanged from the original HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 4 - Revised in 2013

31660 09/23/1941 M= 8  4 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                  
31665 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 593  40    0*
31665 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*137 603  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

31670 09/24*140 612  40    0*140 631  45    0*140 650  45    0*140 663  50    0*
31670 09/24*137 619  35    0*138 635  40    0*138 650  45    0*138 663  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***  

31675 09/25*140 675  55    0*140 689  55    0*140 702  60    0*140 714  65    0*
31675 09/25*139 676  55    0*140 689  55    0*140 702  60    0*140 715  65    0*
            *** ***                                                ***  

31680 09/26*140 725  70    0*140 738  75    0*140 751  80    0*140 761  90    0*
31680 09/26*141 729  70    0*142 743  75    0*142 756  80    0*143 769  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

31685 09/27*140 772  95    0*140 787 100    0*141 804 105    0*145 824 105    0*
31685 09/27*143 782  95    0*144 796 105    0*145 810 115    0*147 825 115    0*
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

31690 09/28*151 842 100    0*155 855  95    0*159 868  90  992*161 881  80    0*
31690 09/28*150 840  90    0*154 853  75    0*158 865  70    0*163 877  75    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

31695 09/29*163 892  60    0*168 905  50    0*175 920  40    0*179 929  35    0*
31695 09/29*167 891  60    0*171 906  50    0*175 920  40    0*180 930  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  

31700 09/30*185 940  30    0*191 955  25    0*198 970  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
31700 09/30*186 938  30    0*193 945  30    0*200 950  25    0*208 953  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31705 HR 

Major track changes and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane 
that struck Central America.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and the Mexican synoptic 
maps.
                   
September 21: HWM indicates a spot low pressure is located near 12.5N and 
50.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures.

September 22: HWM indicates a spot low pressure is located near 12N and 53W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures.

September 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 12N, 60.2W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 14N, 59.3W at 18Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1008mb near 13.5N, 60.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This storm was first noticed 
as a very slight disturbance about 75 miles northwest of Barbados in the 
early afternoon of September 23. Moving almost due west it passed slightly 
south of St. Lucia and into the Caribbean Sea, where it quickly developed 
hurricane intensity" (MWR). "Storm...IV, Date...Sept, 23-30, Place where first 
reported...Between Barbados and St. Lucia" (MWR).

September 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 12N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds 
at 14N, 65W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1011mb near 15N, 64.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 25: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 13.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 
14N, 70.2W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1002mb 
near 14N, 71W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE at 15.1N, 69.2W at 12Z (COA); 
40kt ESE with a pressure of 1012mb at 14.1N, 69.2W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt S with 
a pressure of 1006mb at 13.9N, 69.6W at 12Z (HWM); 45kt SSE with a pressure 
of 1014mb at 13.8N, 69.7W at 18Z (COA, USWB). Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "On the morning of the 25th the hurricane-buffeted freighter m. 
s. Ethel Skakel flashed a 'sinking' message from 125 miles north of Aruba, 
Dutch West Indies, and later went down with her cargo of steel rails near 
14N, 70W. Of the crew of 33 men, only 13 were reported rescued, the other 20 
being presumably lost. Two other vessels sent distress signals from locations 
near the path of the storm, one of which was later reported lost with her 
entire crew of 27 men" (MWR). 

September 26: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 14N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80kt winds at 
14N, 75.1W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb 
near 14.5N, 75.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt E with a pressure of 1004mb 
at 15.5N, 76.1W at 16Z (USWB). 45kt E with a pressure of 1003mb at 15.4N, 
76.4W at 18Z (COA). 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1008mb at 16.0N, 76.2W at 23Z 
(USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 27: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 
15N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane with 105kt winds at 
14.1N, 80.4W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
996mb near 15N, 81.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 957 mb at 20Z at 15.0N 83.4W 
(MWR); 50kt E with a pressure of 1001mb at 15.8N, 81.6W at 1830Z (USWB); 45kt 
ENE with a pressure of 1001mb at 15.8N, 81.6W at 14Z (COA). Station 
highlights: Eye passage between 22 and 23Z at Boom, Nicaragua (14.9N 83.6W) 
(MWR); 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at 12Z at Cape Gracias, Nicaragua 
(USWB); 25kt W with a pressure of 1004mb at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua at 18Z 
(USWB); 999mb at Cape Gracias, Nicaragua at 18Z (USWB); 45kt NW with a 
pressure of 982mb at 2215Z from rural location in Nicaragua at 14.7N 83.3W 
(USWB). "Taking a course slightly north of west the storm then moved across 
the western Caribbean and by the morning observation of the 27th was centered 
in the vicinity of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua. Through the courtesy of Jose 
Carlos Millas, Director of the National Observatory at Havana, Cuba, the 
following report has been received: Today (October 1), we have been able to 
establish contact with Cape Gracias. The town was destroyed and our station 
is practically lost. As I had advised the Governor that the hurricane would 
pass through that place the day before, all the people fled, except 11, of 
which 3 were drowned. The observer stayed until 9:45am (of the 27th), at which 
time he sent his last message. The observation building also came down. The 
sea flooded the town, reaching a height of about 2 meters, wrecking 
everything there. The inhabitants have come back to what is left of the 
place" (MWR). "Coast lines crossed...Nicaragua, British Honduras, and Mexico, 
Maximum wind velocity reported...100 miles per hour (estimated), a ship, Lowest 
barometer reported...993 mb, a ship, Place of dissipation...Eastern Mexico, 
Intensity...Full hurricane, Remarks...47 lives lost at sea; 3 drowned at Cape 
Gracias; heavy crop and property damage in Central America, A late special 
report received from Mr. Albert Krog, Radio Operator of the Standard Fruit & 
Steamship Co., Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, states that on September 28, about 
20 miles up the Rio Coco from Cape Gracias, the barometer on the schooner 
Bravo fell to 28.25 inches [957 mb] (uncorrected), at about 3 p. m.  Farther 
inland from the Cape, at Boom, the central calm of the hurricane lasted from 
5 to 6 p. m." (MWR).

September 28: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb 
near 16N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 90kt winds at 
15.9N, 86.8W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
993mb near 15.8N, 86.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10kt E with a pressure of 
993mb at 16N, 86.8W at 13Z (USWB); 70kt NE at 16N, 86.8W no time given (MWR); 
60kt SE at 16N, 87.4W no time given (MWR). Station highlights: 30kt SSW with 
a pressure of 1004mb at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua at 00Z (USWB); 35kt NE with 
a pressure of 1010mb at Belize City, Belize at 12Z (USWB); 50kt N at Puerto 
Barrios, Guatemala at 14Z (USWB); 993mb at La Ceiba (15.7N, 86.9W) at 15Z 
(MWR). 40kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Belize City, Belize at 1715Z 
(USWB); "From Cape Gracias the hurricane moved with slightly increased speed 
across extreme northern Honduras, passing into the Gulf of Honduras, near La 
Ceiba, about 9 am (local time) of the 28th, with lowest barometer reported 
992.9mb, and still accompanied by winds of hurricane force. A vessel, located 
16 miles north of Ceiba, reported winds estimated at 100miles per hour, after 
passage of the center. The storm moved inland again over the coast of British 
Honduras, about 70 miles south of Belize, during the afternoon of the 28th, 
and 24 hours later emerged into the Bay of Campeche" (MWR). 

September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 17.5N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 17.5N, 92W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1005mb near 18N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt W with a pressure of 
1000mb at 16N, 88.5W at 00Z (MWR). Station highlights: 40kt E with a pressure 
of 1006mb at Belize City, Belize at 00Z (USWB); 25kt ENE with a pressure of 
1005mb at Frontera, Mexico (18.6N, 92.7W) at 12Z (HWM); 35kt NE at Ciudad del 
Carmen, Mexico at 12Z (Mexico); 35 kt NE at Teapa, Mexico at 12Z (Mexico); 
35kt NW with a pressure of 1013mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 18Z (USWB). 
"Continuing to move west-northwestward the disturbance decreased rapidly in 
intensity as it approached the Mexican coast, and moved inland, for the third 
time, as a weak depression near Vera Cruz on September 30" (MWR).

September 30: HWM indicates a low near 19N, 94W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 19.8N, 97W at 12Z. Micro shows a 
closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 21.8N, 97.2W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35kt NW with a 
pressure of 1007mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 0Z (USWB).

October 1: HWM indicates a spot low near 23N, 94W. No gales or low pressures.

October 2: HWM indicates a spot low near 28N, 92.5W. Micro shows a closed low 
pressure system of at most 1005mb near 28.7N, 91W. No gales or low pressures.

October 3: No organized low pressures are listed in HWM, Micro or MWR. No 
gales or low pressures.

No changes to the timing of genesis of this major hurricane.  While the 
Historical Weather Maps indicated a low east of the Lesser Antilles on the 
21st and 22nd, there are no supporting data for this possibility.  Track 
changes are introduced for every day of this system's lifetime.  The one 
major track alteration is at 12Z on the 30th, as the cyclone was weakening 
over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Observations late on the 23rd from the 
Lesser Antilles indicate that the cyclone was a tropical depression while 
moving across the islands.  Intensification to a tropical storm is delayed by 
six hours to 00Z on the 24th, after the system had moved into the Caribbean 
Sea.  The first observed gale, however, was not until 12Z on the 25th, when a 
45 kt ESE ship observation was taken.  There were reports on the 25th of two 
ships sinking and one other with distress signals, so the system may have 
become a hurricane earlier than the 18Z on the 25th as originally seen in 
HURDAT.  However, because of lack of observational confirmation, the 
intensities are kept as is on the 25th.  No observations were taken near the 
center of the hurricane on the 26th, so the HURDAT intensities - which appear 
reasonable - are retained on that date.  

By late on the 27th, the hurricane made landfall near the Honduras-Nicaragua 
border.  Around the time of landfall, a ship just inland in the Cocos River 
measured 957 mb around 20Z.  Between 22 and 23Z the eye was reported over 
Boom, Nicaragua (14.9N 83.6W).  A 982 mb with 45 kt NW report at 2215Z was 
from a radio operator in a rural part of Nicaragua near 14.7N 83.3W about 20 
nm south of Cabo Gracias.  (Notes on the microfilm indicate that "Radio 
operator stated:  leaving radio for safe place" after his 2215Z report.)  It 
is uncertain whether this was a minimum pressure report.  These three reports 
are not entirely consistent with one another and may be due to incorrect 
times of one or more of them.  Based upon all of this, landfall is estimated 
to have occurred at 14.8N 83.2W around 20Z just south of Cape Gracias.  The 
957 mb peripheral pressure (as the ship was north of the center by 10-15 nm) 
suggests maximum winds of at least 104 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship.  HURDAT originally had 105 kt before landfall.  
Based upon the pressure and the extreme destruction described in the town, 
the intensity at landfall is estimated to be 115 kt - making this a Category 
4 impact for both Honduras and Nicaragua.  The cyclone only remained over 
Honduras for 16 hours, while remaining close to the Caribbean Sea coastline.  
Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggested intensities of 81 kt 
at 00Z on the 28th, 60 kt at 06Z, and 54 kt at 12Z.  The intensities are 
analyzed to be 95 kt at 00Z (down from 100 kt originally), 75 kt at 06Z (a 
major downward change from 95 kt), and 70 kt at 12Z (another major downward 
change from 90 kt).  The values are higher than the Kaplan-DeMaria model due 
to the hurricane's center remaining very close to the Honduras coastline 
after landfall.  After emerging back over the Caribbean Sea around 12Z on the 
28th, the cyclone continued to produce hurricane force winds, as measured by a 
ship at 16N 86.8W (no time, but likely around 12Z).  Intensity in HURDAT 
reduced at 06Z on the 28th to 80 kt (down from 95 kt originally) and down to 
75 kt at 12Z (down from 90 kt).  A 992 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 28th is likely attributed to the 992.9 mb pressure observed in 
Ceiba, Honduras.  However, this was "still accompanied by winds of hurricane 
force" and thus was not a central pressure and is removed from HURDAT.

The hurricane then made a second landfall in Belize around 21Z on the 28th at 
16.5N 88.4W.  Landfall intensity is estimated at 75 kt, down slightly from 
the 80 kt in HURDAT, making this a Category 1 impact in Belize.  Runs of the 
Kaplan-DeMaria model give 58 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 43 kt at 06Z, 36 kt at 
12Z, and 36 kt at 18Z.  Peak observed winds were 45 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 35 
kt at 06Z, 35 kt at 12Z, and 40 kt at 18Z.  Additionally, an observation of 
1005 mb with ENE 25 kt at 12Z on the 29th suggests maximum winds of at least 
37 kt.  Intensities are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 00Z on the 29th, 50 kt at 
06Z, 40 kt at 12Z, and 40 kt at 18Z (all unchanged except up from 35 kt at 
18Z).  The cyclone again emerged over water into the Gulf of Mexico around 
21Z on the 29th.  There were two NW gales at Veracruz, Mexico late on the 29th 
and early on the 30th, but this location is susceptible to coastal funneling 
due to the high topography and these winds may not be representative of the 
circulation of the cyclone.  The cyclone weakened below tropical storm 
strength around 00Z on the 30th, same as that originally indicated.  
Observations along the Mexican coast at 12 and 18Z on the 30th and 00Z on the 
1st also indicate the cyclone did not make a Mexican landfall (as originally 
suggested by HURDAT) as the coastal stations never switched to a southerly 
wind component.  Instead, the system remained in the southwestern Gulf of 
Mexico until dissipation after 18Z on the 30th, six hours after that 
originally indicated.  It is also noted that the HWM series had an 
alternative scenario for this system.  The HWM continued the cyclone 
northward in the western Gulf of Mexico on the 1st of October until landfall 
on the 2nd in Louisiana.  However, observations on the 1st are extremely sparse 
with no definitive evidence that the cyclone was intact on that date. 
 
Additionally, HWM, microfilm, and COADS observations on the 2nd suggest the 
system was an elongated east-west trough with no northerly wind component on 
the western side of the supposed low.  Thus the HWM solution - while explored 
- was not adopted.  It appears that this trough on the 2nd was the result of a 
tropical wave that moved from the western Caribbean on the 30th and across 
Central America on the 1st into the Gulf of Mexico.  This is also discussed in 
the Additional Notes section.

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 5 - Revised in 2013

31710 10/03/1941 M=12  5 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
31710 10/03/1941 M=11  5 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **

31715 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*226 630  40    0*
31715 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*212 624  40    0*
                                                               *** ***

31720 10/04*229 644  50    0*231 658  55    0*234 672  65    0*236 689  70    0*
31720 10/04*222 640  50    0*228 656  55    0*234 672  65    0*236 689  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                                    **

31725 10/05*238 707  75    0*239 721  80    0*241 736  85    0*244 755  90    0*
31725 10/05*238 705  85    0*239 721  95    0*240 736 105    0*242 754 105  962*
                ***  **               **      ***     ***      *** *** ***  ***

31730 10/06*248 774  95    0*251 791 100    0*256 808 105    0*267 824  95    0*
31730 10/06*246 773  95    0*251 791  85    0*257 808  75    0*267 824  60  997*
            *** ***                   **      ***      **               **  ***

31735 10/07*281 839  80    0*292 846  75    0*303 847  60    0*314 845  60    0*
31735 10/07*280 837  70    0*292 846  80  982*303 846  70    0*314 841  60    0*
            *** ***  **               **  ***     ***  **          ***

31740 10/08*326 831  55    0*329 818  55    0*330 801  50    0*329 790  50    0*
31740 10/08*322 831  45    0*326 816  40    0*330 801  35 1004*329 790  40    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **               ** ****          **

31745 10/09*326 777  50    0*322 767  50    0*319 759  50    0*312 750  50    0*
31745 10/09*325 777  50    0*320 764  50    0*312 752  50    0*304 747  50    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31750 10/10*303 741  50    0*291 741  50    0*288 752  50    0*297 746  50    0*
31750 10/10*297 743  50    0*295 746  50    0*295 749  50    0*295 746  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

31755 10/11*297 736  50    0*295 722  50    0*293 706  45    0*293 689  45    0*
31755 10/11*297 736  50    0*295 722  50    0*293 703  45    0*293 685  45    0*
                                                  ***              ***

31760 10/12*294 671  45    0*295 656  40    0*297 641  40    0*304 618  40    0*
31760 10/12*294 671  45    0*295 656  40    0E297 641  40    0E304 625  40    0*
                                             *                *    ***

31765 10/13*313 592  40    0E321 575  35    0E331 557  35    0E348 527  35    0*
31765 10/13E315 607  40    0E331 587  35    0E350 565  35    0E370 540  35    0*
           **** ***          *** ***         **** ***         **** *** 

(October 14th was removed from HURDAT)
31770 10/14E367 498  35    0E381 474  35    0E395 450  35    0E418 413  35    0*


31775 HRCFL2BFL2AFL2  
31775 HRCFL2BFL1AFL1IGA1 
            ************ 

US LANDFALL SUMMARY
6th/10Z  25.5N 80.2W  85kt  Cat 2  980mb  10nm RMW  125nm ROCI  1015mb OCI
6th/11Z  25.5N 80.3W  85kt  Cat 2  980mb  10nm RMW  125nm ROCI  1015mb OCI
7th/09Z  29.9N 84.6W  80kt  Cat 1  982mb  20nm RMW  125nm ROCI  1015mb OCI

Major track changes (but only for the extratropical phase) and major 
alterations to the intensities are analyzed for this major hurricane.  
Another major change is to indicate dissipation 24 hours earlier than 
originally shown.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Florida and Georgia 
Climatological Data, Original Monthly Records, Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Ho et al. (1987).  

October 3: HWM indicates a low near 20N, 61.5W. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 23N, 63W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The first indications of this 
storm were observed over the Atlantic about 300 miles north of the Virgin 
Islands on the evening of October 3" (MWR). 

October 4: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 
23N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 65kt winds at 
23.4N, 67.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 24N, 68W (am) 
with a pressure of 1008mb and at 24.5N, 70.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure system of at most 999mb near 23.5N, 67.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35kt E with a pressure of 1014mb at 24.2N, 65.2W at 04Z (COA); 35kt SE with a 
pressure of 1007 at 24.2N, 68W at 16Z (USWB); 25kt SSW with a pressure of 
1005mb at 21.6N, 68.5W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "Morning observations of the 4th showed a definite circulation and 
established the center near latitude 23N, longitude 67W" (MWR). 

October 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 
24.5N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 85kt winds at 
24.1N, 73.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 74W (am) 
with a pressure of 1009mb and at 25.5N, 78W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure system of at most 999mb near 24.5N, 73.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35kt SE with a pressure of 1008mb at 23.8N, 69.2W at 00Z (COA). 35kt NW with 
a pressure of 1009mb at 23.6N, 64.4W at 12Z (USWB). Station highlights: 30kt 
NE with a pressure of 972mb at 1730Z at Cat Island, Bahamas (USBW). 15kt E 
with a pressure of 964mb at 1750Z at Cat Island, Bahamas (USBW). "Moving in a 
west-northwesterly direction, the storm crossed the Bahama Islands and passed 
a short distance south of Nassau on the evening of October 5, at which time 
it was determined to be a small but highly developed storm of hurricane 
force. The storm which broke about 7:35pm Sunday evening centered south of 
Nassau. The velocity of wind registered 102 miles per hour, averaging between 
70-75miles per hour. The barometer reached 29.12 inches (986.1mb). The wind 
velocity of 102 miles per hour, reported by Mr. McAndrews and registered by a 
Dines gust recorder, was the highest recorded on the islands during the 
passage of this storm. The lowest barometer 964.4mb was registered at The 
Bight, Cat Island. In addition to the islands of New Providence and Cat, 
damage resulted on Watling, Exuma, northern Andros, and islands of the Bimini 
group" (MWR). 

October 6: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 
26N, 81W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane with 105kt winds at 
25.6N, 80.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 26N, 81W (am) 
and at 27N, 84W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
999mb near 26N, 81.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt ENE with a pressure of 
1005mb at 25.7N, 77.2W at 00Z (MWR); 50kt NE with a pressure of 1007mb at 
25.5N, 79.2W at 0630Z (USWB); Station highlights: 65kt E (gust 90kt) with a 
pressure of 986mb at Nassau, Bahamas, no time given (MWR/CLIMA). 991mb at 
Carysfort Reef, no time given (CLIMA). 78kt (107kt gust) at Pan American 
Dinner Key (25.7N, 80.2W) no time given (MWR/CLIMA); 41kt NNE with a pressure 
of 1007mb at Fowey Rock Lighthouse at 06Z (USWB); a pressure of 992mb at 
Fowey Rock Lighthouse (25.5N, 80.1W) at 0930Z (MWR). 59kt NE with a pressure 
of 995mb at Miami at 0947Z (MWR/CLIMA). Calm at Goulds at 1045Z (MWR). 57kt 
SW with a pressure of 996mb at Everglades City, no time given (MWR/CLIMA). 
997mb at Punta Rassa, no time given (CLIMA). 52kt N with a pressure of 998mb 
at Sanibel Light, no time given (CLIMA). 38kt ENE with a pressure of 1000mb 
at Gasparilla Light, no time given (CLIMA). 1005mb at Egmont Key, no time 
given (CLIMA)."On October 6, 1941, a small tropical storm moving slightly 
north of west, passed over extreme southern Florida and into the Gulf of 
Mexico. Its center moved inland about 13 miles south of Miami at 5:30am; and 
at 5:45am, Goulds, Fla., a short distance inland, was in the calm area. The 
lowest barometer reading in Miami was 994.9mb at 5am on the 6th; and 991.5mb 
at Fowey Rock Lighthouse, located 12 miles east-southeast of Miami, at 
4:30am. The wind reached a velocity of 68 miles per hour at 4:47am. 
Velocities somewhat higher, no doubt, occurred during the next hour; however, 
due to interference of a taller building to the east of the station, these 
were not indicated on the register. At Pan American Dinner Key a peak 
velocity of 123 miles per hour was recorded, with a sustained velocity of 90 
miles per hour for 30 seconds" (MWR). "Continuing in a west-northwesterly 
direction the storm crossed the Everglades south of Lake Okeechobee and 
passed into the Gulf between Everglades City and Fort Myers about 11am of the 
6th. The lowest pressure, at Everglades City, 995.6mb, was accompanied by 
winds exceeding 65 miles per hour and a tide of 4.1 feet which flooded the 
town and surrounding low country to a depth of about 1 foot. Fort Myers was 
on the northern edge of the storm and suffered little damage from strong 
winds" (MWR). "Extreme south, Carabelle, Major, S Miami 123 mph" (Dunn and 
Miller (1960).  Ho et al. did not include the southeast Florida landfall in 
their compilation, suggesting that it did not have a central pressure lower 
than 983 mb in their opinion.

October 7: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 
30N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 30.3N, 
84.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 85W (am) and at 
33N, 84W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 999mb near 
30.3N, 84.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt NNW with a pressure of 995mb at 
29.8N, 85W at 0930Z (USWB). Station highlights: Calm winds and 982mb between 
0830Z and 0930Z at Carrabelle (MWR); 43kt NW with a pressure of 995mb at 
0920Z at Apalachicola, FL (OMR); 43 kt ESE with 999 mb at 1230Z and peak of 
56 kt ESE (between 12 and 18Z) at Tallahassee (OMR); 56 kt NW with 997 mb at 
1858Z and 33 kt NNW 996 mb at 1830Z at Albany (OMR). "Curving toward the 
north in the Gulf of Mexico the center moved up the west Florida coast, some 
distance off shore, causing strong winds at some of the outlying island 
stations. Edgemont Key at the mouth of Tampa Bay estimated the wind at 60 
miles per hour. The disturbance moved inland again at Carrabelle where the 
calm eye of the storm was experienced between 3:30 and 4:30am of the 7th. 
Winds of 65 to 75 miles per hour accompanied the storm at this point, with 
lowest barometer reported at 982.1mb. "Damage in Florida resulting from this 
storm has been estimated at $675,000, about equally divided between the 
northern and southern portions of the State. Five men were drowned near the 
small fishing village of Panacea, east of Carrabelle, and these added to 
three deaths reported from the Bahamas, bring the total of lives lost during 
this storm to eight. So far as is known seven injuries resulted, none of 
which could be directly attributed to the storm" (MWR).

October 8: HWM indicates a closed low near 33N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 50kt at 33N, 80.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 33N, 80W (am) with a pressure of 1004.7mb and at 32.5N, 78W (pm). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 33N, 80.2W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: 45kt ESE with a pressure of 1003mb at 32.2N, 77.5W at 
22Z (MWR). Station highlights: 35kt S with a pressure of 1006mb at Savannah, 
GA at 0900Z (USWB); 35kt SW with a pressure of 1008mb at Parris Island, SC at 
0900Z (USWB); 5kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at Charleston (Airport) 
(32.9N, 80W) at 1240Z (OMR). "Diminishing somewhat in intensity, but still 
accompanied by winds with gusts up to 75 miles per hour, the center moved 
northeastward across Georgia with considerable damage reported along its path 
as far north as Albany. North of that point little damage was caused by the 
diminishing winds that attended the storm into South Carolina, where it 
passed into the Atlantic in the vicinity of Charleston about 8am, October 8" 
(MWR). "1016 mb environmental pressure, 77 kt max sustained winds at landfall 
(Schwardt et al. (1979)) "981 mb central pressure, 982 mb at Carrabelle, 18 
mi RMW, 11 kt at landfall, 29.8N 84.7W landfall point" (Ho et al. (1987)

October 9: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 31N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 
31.9N, 75.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 75W (am) 
and at 30N, 74W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1008mb near 31.3N, 75.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50kt WNW with a pressure of 
1005mb at 32N, 78.1W at 0030Z (USWB); 30kt W with a pressure of 1004mb at 
31.3N, 76.3W at 0600Z (USWB); 30kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at 29.8N, 
74.5W at 1800Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 29.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 
28.8N, 75.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 75W (am) 
with a pressure of 1006mb and at 30.5N, 73.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure system of at most 1005mb near 29.5N, 75W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35kt ESE with a pressure of 1002mb at 29.7N, 74.6W at 17Z (COA); 25kt NW with 
a pressure of 999mb at 29.2N, 74.7W at 19Z (MWR). Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. 

October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of 1010mb near 
29N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 29.3N, 
70.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 30.5N, 71W (am) and 
at 30.5N, 68W (pm - last position). Micro shows a closed low pressure system 
of at most 1002mb near 29.4N, 70.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30kt W with a 
pressure of 1001mb at 29.3N, 74.1W at 00Z (COA); 30kt SW with a pressure of 
1003mb at 28.9N, 69.9W at 12Z (COA); 35kt SSW with a pressure of 1004mb at 
29N, 68.2W at 1830Z (USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"Although this storm increased somewhat in intensity after moving into the 
Atlantic, no ship along it later path reported winds higher than force 9. It 
was traced in a looping course eastward over the ocean until it passed south 
of Bermuda near latitude 30N, during the night of October 11-12" (MWR). 

October 12: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 
30N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 29.7N, 
64.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 
35.5N, 56.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
33.1N, 55.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 14: HWM indicates a frontal wave with intersecting fronts near 43N 
41W.  HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35 kt winds at 39.5N 
45.0W at 12Z.  No gales or low pressures.

"The first of these was a small storm of hurricane force, which moved 
westward from off the Atlantic through the Bahama Islands, and reached the 
coast with center about 13 miles south of Miami 5 to 6 am on October 6th. It 
crossed the Everglades and passed into the Gulf between Everglades City and 
Ft. Myers about 11 am of the 6th and then curved northward and passed some 
distance off shore until it reached the coast again at Carabelle about 4 am 
of the 7th. The center passed about 10 miles west of Tallahassee at 8:45 am 
and was near Albany, Georgia, at noon of the 7th. Thereafter, it lost force as 
it passed over southern Georgia an when it passed into the Atlantic again 
near Charleston, SC, at 8:00 am of the 8th, winds did not exceed 40 miles per 
hour. Over southern Florida the path of damaging winds was approximately 60 
miles in width, extending from Homestead northward beyond Ft. Lauderdale on 
the east coast, and from Punta Rassa to south of Everglades on the west 
coast. Over northern Florida damage extended from about the Apalachicola 
River eastward nearly to Perry and Madison, a distance of 80 to 90 miles. Due 
to timely warnings and emergency protective measures, damage to life and 
property were held to a minimum. Property and crop loss in southern Florida 
is estimated at about $325,000 with no loss of life. About $300,000 of the 
damage occurred to communities on the southeast coast, and the remaining 
$25,000 to communities on the west coast. Over north Florida damage was about 
$350,000, which includes the whole affected area from the Georgia line 
southward to the Gulf. In this area the greater losses were to timber and 
pecan orchards blown down, broken down and communication lines and some 
structural damage to buildings in the affected communities of Carabelle, St. 
Marks, Tallahassee, Monticello, Quincy, Chattahoochee and others. At Panacea, 
a fishing village east of Carabelle, five men were drowned when the waves 
washed them from a wooden footbridge. This was the only loss of life reported 
in connection with the storm in Florida. Five large Cuban fishing boats were 
grounded and lost at St. Teresa and other fishing and pleasure craft were 
damaged in the Carabelle-St. Marks area. A remarkable feature of this storm 
was the lack of rainfall in its passage over the Bahama Islands and southeast 
Florida. There was not enough rain to wash salt spray from vegetation that 
was blown inland over the southeast coast, and some damage from salt burning 
resulted to crops and shrubbery. Rainfall was not heavy until it reached the 
west coast and started recurving to northward." (Climatological Data Florida)

"Destructive winds attended the storm of the 7th and 8th through many southern 
and central counties, especially in and near Cairo, Pelham, Albany and 
Cordele. Great numbers of trees were blown down, a few buildings were 
unroofed or otherwise damaged; power and communication lines were badly 
damaged over a great area. At Norman Park Junior College, near Moultrie, a 
young lady student tripped over a live wire brought down by the wind and was 
killed. Large quantities of immature pecans were blown from the trees, 
involving heavy loses. Extensive rains occurred over a considerable area near 
the course of the storm center, many stations having from 4 to nearly 7 
inches of rain within 24 hours." (Climatological Data Georgia)

The timing of genesis for this system is unchanged at 18Z on the 3rd, as the 
sparse observations do not indicate a closed low yet was in existence by 12Z 
on the 3rd (nor on earlier dates either).  Minor track changes were made for 
every day of its existence as a tropical cyclone and major track alterations 
were introduced on the 13th while extratropical.  Intensity is unchanged for 
the first 24 hours, though limited observations were present.  
Intensification to a hurricane at 18Z on the 4th is retained.  Apparently, the 
cyclone underwent rapid intensification on the 5th, as 964 mb with E 15 kt 
winds were observed at Cat Island, Bahamas at 1750Z.  This indicates a 
central pressure of about 962 mb, which would support 100 kt from the 
intensifying subset of Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship 
and 97 kt for north of 25N.  Given the rapid movement and small size of the 
system, the intensity is analyzed at 12 and 18Z on the 5th to be 105 kt.  This 
is consistent with damages that occurred throughout the central and northern 
Bahamas.  105 kt is the peak intensity for this hurricane and is the same as 
that previously shown in HURDAT (but is listed as occurring a day earlier).

The hurricane quickly continued west-northwestward and made landfall in south 
Dade County on the 6th of October.  The first landfall was at Elliot Key 
around 10Z at 25.5N 80.2W, followed shortly thereafter east of Goulds at 
25.5N 80.3W.  The hurricane's small core was bracketed by minimum pressure 
readings of 991 mb to the south at Carysfort Reef lighthouse and 992 mb to 
the north at Fowey Rocks lighthouse at 0930Z.  Two runs of the Schloemer 
equation were performed.  Assuming a 10 nm distance from the hurricane's 
center to Fowey Rocks, a central pressure of 954 mb is obtained with an RMW 
of 5 nm.  A central pressure of 977 mb is obtained with an RMW estimate of 10 
nm.  Conservatively, 980 mb is estimated as the central pressure at landfall.  
Highest observed sustained winds were 78 kt at the Pan American Dinner Key 
base along with 997 mb pressure.  A central pressure of 980 mb suggests an 
intensity of 78 kt south of 25N and 75 kt north of 25N.  Given the fast 
forward speed (17 kt), small size (125 nm radius of outer closed isobar) and 
high environmental pressure (1015 mb outer closed isobar), landfall intensity 
is analyzed to be 85 kt - making this a Category 2 hurricane in Southeast 
Florida.  This is consistent with the previous categorization ("CFL2"), but 
is substantially lower than the 100 kt in HURDAT previously just before 
landfall.  The hurricane was over land for about six hours.  The intensity at 
12Z on the 6th (a couple hours after landfall on the southeast Florida 
mainland coast) is 75 kt, 10 kt decreased from the landfall intensity and is 
30 kt less than that in HURDAT originally.  The hurricane passed directly 
over Punta Rassa and Sanibel Lighthouse likely just before 18Z on the 6th, 
recording 997 and 998 mb, respectively.  A central pressure of 997 mb 
suggests 49 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the 
small size/fast movement/high environmental pressure, intensity at 18Z is 
estimated to be 60 kt, a large decrease from the 95 kt originally.  The 
cyclone emerged over water into the Gulf of Mexico at about this time and 
apparently reintensified.  

The hurricane made a final landfall around 09Z on the 7th of October over 
Carrabelle, at 29.9N 84.6W.  Carabelle measured a 982 mb pressure while in 
the eye between 0830Z and 0930Z.  This central pressure suggests maximum 
winds of 73 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones north of 25N.  At 
this landfall, the system still was small and embedded within high 
environmental pressure, but was moving at a slower rate of speed (11 kt).  
Thus the landfall intensity is estimated at 80 kt, making this a high end 
Category 1 hurricane for Northwest Florida ("AFL1").  This is consistent with 
the original HURDAT intensity at 06Z (75 kt originally), but is lower than 
the Category 2 assessment ("AFL2") originally.  After landfall, a series of 
runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model was performed.  These gave 
62 kt at 12Z on the 7th, 45 kt at 18Z, 36 kt at 00Z on the 8th, and 39 kt at 
06Z (just before it emerged over water again).  Highest observed winds within 
two hours of synoptic time were 56 kt (Tallahassee) at 12Z, 56 kt (Albany) at 
18Z, 35 kt at 00Z on the 8th and 40 kt at 06Z.  Intensities after landfall are 
thus estimated to be 70 kt at 12Z, 60 kt at 18Z, 45 kt at 00Z on the 8th, and 
40 kt at 06Z.  This is 10 kt higher, the same, 10 kt lower, and 15 kt lower, 
respectively, than the originally HURDAT.  The intensities of 70 kt at 12Z on 
the 7th and 60 kt at 18Z indicate that southern Georgia likely experienced 
Category 1 hurricane conditions, thus "IGA1" is now indicated.  This is 
consistent with the reports of damaging wind-caused impacts in northwestern 
Florida and southern Georgia.  At 12Z on the 8th, the cyclone crossed 
Charleston, which measured 5 kt SE and 1005 mb - thus allowing a central 
pressure estimate at that time of 1004 mb.  Around 12Z on the 8th, the cyclone 
again moved back over water, reaching the Atlantic Ocean.  The system 
slightly reintensified back to 50 kt by 00Z on the 10th.  A pressure of 999 mb 
with 25 kt NW was measured at 19Z on the 10th.  This peripheral pressure 
suggests an intensity of at least 45 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  50 kt is retained at 18Z on the 10th.  No intensity changes 
were made from the 00Z on the 9th onward.  Extratropical transition is 
estimated to have occurred around 12Z on the 12th, based upon ship and 
especially Bermuda's observations, which changed from 78F air temperature/75F 
dewpoint on the 11th to 68F over 58F on the 12th along with a wind change from 
SW 25 kt to NE 15 kt.  Observations on the 13th indicate major position 
alterations with the cyclone much farther northwest than originally shown.  
Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that the extratropical 
cyclone was absorbed into a larger baroclinic system by the 14th.  The 
system's dissipation is consistent with the very high pressures of the two 
nearby ships (1021 and 1022 mb) and Bermuda (1025 mb).  Thus the 14th is 
removed from HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1941 Storm 6 - Revised in 2013

31780 10/15/1941 M= 8  6 SNBR= 700 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
31785 10/15*  0   0   0    0*207 690  35    0*210 699  35    0*213 710  35    0*
31785 10/15*  0   0   0    0*207 690  25    0*210 699  25    0*213 710  25    0*
                                      **               **               **

31790 10/16*217 721  35    0*221 732  35    0*225 744  35    0*228 757  35    0*
31790 10/16*217 721  25    0*221 731  25    0*225 741  25    0*228 752  25    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31795 10/17*231 771  35    0*234 787  35    0*236 800  35    0*237 808  40    0*
31795 10/17*231 765  25    0*234 781  25    0*236 798  25    0*238 813  25    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

31800 10/18*239 817  40    0*243 826  40    0*248 834  40    0*255 840  40    0*
31800 10/18*242 826  25    0*247 834  25    0*252 840  30    0*258 844  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31805 10/19*261 842  40    0*268 843  45    0*274 843  45    0*281 842  45    0*
31805 10/19*265 845  35    0*272 844  40    0*277 843  45    0*279 842  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** 

31810 10/20*289 839  45    0*293 835  40    0*296 831  40    0*297 827  35    0*
31810 10/20*282 838  45    0*286 833  40    0*290 830  40 1004*294 830  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     **** *** *** 

31815 10/21*297 824  35    0*296 819  30    0*293 817  30    0*289 817  25    0*
31815 10/21*295 829  35    0*294 828  35    0*291 826  30    0*290 823  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

31820 10/22*285 818  25    0*281 821  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31820 10/22*288 821  25    0*284 820  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***

31825 TS

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall
-------------------------------------
10/20 14Z 29.2N 83.0W 40 kt FL

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this 
tropical storm that made landfall in Florida.  A major change was the delay 
of intensification to a tropical storm by almost four days from that 
originally shown in HURDAT.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

October 14: HWM indicates that a trough or tropical wave stretches from the 
Atlantic into the Caribbean across eastern Dominican Republic. An old frontal 
boundary is located the north of the eastern Caribbean across latitude 23N. 

October 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most1010mb 
near 21N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 21N, 
69.9W at 12Z. Micro shows a trough or tropical wave located along longitude 
68-70W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. 

October 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 23N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
22.5N, 74.4W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 
1011mb near 25N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 23.5N, 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds near 
at 23.6N, 80W at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized low pressure system. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "It had developed from a wave of low pressure and squally 
weather that moved across the southern Bahamas and through the Florida 
Straits a few days previously." (MWR). 

October 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb 
near 24N, 83.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 
24.8N, 83.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 26N, 85.5W 
(pm). Micro does not show an organized low pressure system. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"The first indications of a definite circulation in connection with this 
slight tropical disturbance were noted about 100 miles off the west Florida 
coast on the night of October 18-19" (MWR). 

October 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb 
near 28N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 
27.4N, 84.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 85W (am). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1005mb near 25N, 84.6W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt WSW with a pressure of 1002mb at 27.9N, 83.4W at 
12Z (MWR/USWB). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the 
morning of October 19, a ship, 50 miles west of Tampa, reported a west-
southwest wind of 45 miles per hour and a barometer reading of 1002.4mb." 
(MWR)

October 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 29N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 
29.6N, 83.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 84W (am). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1008mb near 28.9N, 83W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. "From this location the storm center then moved north-
northwestward and passed inland at Cedar Key, about noon of the 20th, where 
the lowest barometer reading was 1005.8mb." (MWR)

October 21: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1015mb 
near 29N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 30kt winds at 
29.3N, 81.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 82W (am). 
Micro shows a closed low pressure system of at most 1011mb near 29N, 82.5W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a pressure of 1009mb at Cross City at 0Z. 
35kt ENE with a pressure of 1010mb at Cross City at 06Z. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. "Available observations show no winds over 
moderate gale force (40 to 50 miles per hour) during the progress of this 
storm. Torrential rains (10 to 15 inches) occurred at several points near the 
center as the disturbance stalled and dissipated over northern Florida. A 
report from Ocala lists the death of a 6-weeks-old infant, hurled 100 feet 
from its basket, and injury to both parents when their home was demolished by 
high winds. This report indicates the formation of a small and short-lived 
tornado rather than any highly destructive winds resulting directly from the 
tropical disturbance. All other reported damage resulted from flooding due to 
the excessive rains" (MWR). 

October 22: HWM indicates a SW-NE trough over the Florida peninsula. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 28.1N, 82.1W at 06Z 
(last position). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014mb near 
27.5N, 82W at 12Z.

"The second disturbance was of slight intensity and formed over the Gulf west 
of Florida during the night of the 18-19th. It moved north-northeastward and 
passed inland at Cedar Key about noon of the 20th. Wind velocities in 
connection with this distance never exceeded 40 to 50 mph, and no damage of 
importance resulted from wind. The lowest barometer reading at Cedar Key was 
29.70 inches at time of passage of the center. After passing inland the 
disturbance stalled over northern Florida between Cross City and Gainesville 
and gradually died out, but in the process produced torrential rains of 10 to 
more than 20 inches over a broad belt extending from the Cedar Key-Cross City 
area eastward to St. Augustine and over the area east of the St. Johns River 
from Jacksonville southward to Titusville. These rains flooded highways, 
washed out small bridges, damaged streets and drainage systems of towns, and 
did extensive damage to recently plated truck crops and seed beds. It has not 
been possible to get a reliable estimate of the damage, but it will in the 
aggregate reach several hundred thousand dollars."

No changes to the timing of genesis of this tropical storm.  Minor track 
changes were introduced for all days of its existence except for the 15th when 
no changes were made.  HURDAT initially started the system as a 35 kt 
tropical storm.  However, numerous ship and land-based observations clearly 
indicate the cyclone was a tropical depression around 25 kt for the first 
three days of its existence.  The vortex was quite weak from the 15th through 
the 18th and it was not clear if a closed circulation was even present late on 
the 17th and early on the 18th.  Given the ambiguity of the observations, the 
system is retained as a tropical cyclone late on the 17th and early on the 
18th.  The system began intensifying and became better organized late on the 
18th and it is estimated that the cyclone reached tropical storm intensity 
around 00Z on the 19th.  This is 90 hours after development to a tropical 
storm as originally shown in HURDAT - a major change.  A ship measured 40 kt 
WSW with 1002 mb on the morning of the 19th.  This supports maximum winds of 
at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Intensity is retained at 45 kt at 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th.  
This was the previous peak in intensity for this cyclone, which is unchanged.  
During the 20th, the cyclone moved north-northeastward and made landfall near 
Cedar Key, Florida around 14Z at 29.2N 83.0W.  Cedar Key observed a minimum 
of 1006 mb with 20 kt SW at 15Z.  A central pressure of 1004 mb is thus 
derived, which suggests a landfall intensity of 36 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Peak observed winds at and after landfall were 
30 kt N with 1009 mb at 00Z and 30 kt ENE with 1010 mb at 06Z at Cross City, 
Florida.  Landfall intensity is thus estimated to be 40 kt.  Decay to 
tropical depression occurred around 12Z on the 21st (based upon these Cross 
City measurements), which is 18 hours after that shown in HURDAT originally.  
Dissipation after 06Z on the 22nd is unchanged.

********************************************************************************

1941 Additional Notes:

1.  September 30-October 2:  The Historical Weather Maps, microfilm, and 
COADS data indicate that a broad trough of low pressure occurred over the 
western Caribbean on the 30th of September.  This moved west-northwestward 
across Central America on the 1st of October and into the Gulf of Mexico on 
the 2nd.  The disturbance dissipated on the 3rd.  While the system was shown in 
HWM as a low on the 1st and 2nd and in the microfilm at 12 and 18Z on the 2nd, 
observations do not indicate that the system ever developed a well-defined 
closed low.  Additionally, the system did not have any low pressures or 
tropical storm force winds.  Thus this system is not added into HURDAT.  
(Note that on the 30th, while this system was over the western Caribbean, 
Storm #4 was weakening over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and then 
dissipated after 18Z on this date.  The HWM analysis mistakenly combined 
Storm #4 with this disturbance.)

Date		Location		Status
Sep. 30		85W			Trough
Oct. 1		90W			Trough
Oct. 2		92W			Trough



2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data depict a non-tropical low pressure 
system over the northeast Atlantic during the first week of November. The 
system is first detected on Nov 1 between Newfoundland and the Azores with a 
cold front stretching southwest of the center and a warm from stretching to 
the southeast. During the next few days it moves towards the southeast over 
warmer waters and begins to occlude. During this time ships in the area show 
pressures below 1000 mb but also air temperatures in the 50s and 60s. By 
November 4 it is a large system near 35N 33W, over 500 miles southwest of the 
Azores and gale-force winds are being reported in the islands. This indicates 
that the system was still non-tropical but the temperatures to its west are 
warmer as a ship reports 72F. On the 5th and 6th, the low pressure system 
stalls southwest of the Azores but there are no ships near the center. Later 
on the 6th it begins to move northeast and passes over the Azores on the 7th. 
The pressure in the city of Horta dropped to 985 mb and gusts of at least 62 
mph were reported in the Azores, according to the MWR. On the 8th the system 
moves away from the Azores farther into the NE Atlantic and it loses 
definition on the 9th near the coast of Portugal. While on the 7th, as the 
system passed through the Azores, it maintained a very large outer 
circulation consistent with an occluded low.  But the low pressure with 
strong winds at about the same time suggests that a mesoscale inner core had 
developed.  Unfortunately, the information available is not enough to 
determine if this system was a tropical or subtropical storm and therefore, 
it is not added to HURDAT. Possible similar storms that could be analogs are 
Tropical Storm Grace, 2009, and Hurricane Nicole, 1998.

"In the eastern North Atlantic a storm seems to have formed about the 1st and 
during the forenoon of the 2nd was indicated as having attained considerable 
strength, while central a short distance to west-southwest of the western 
Azores. The course was apparently to south-eastward during the next 3 days, 
then from the 5th to the 7th it returned northward and on the 7th was central 
over the island of Fayal. Afterward the movement was eastward, with 
apparently less intensity, and on the 11th the center was close to northern 
Portugal. Much of the information about this storm has been received from lt. 
Col. J. Agostinho, Director of the Meteorological Service of the Azores, who 
reports that gusts of 100 kilometers (62 miles) per hour or more were noted 
locally on the islands." MWR, pg 339.


DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov 1    40N  42W     Extratropical 
Nov 2    38N  34W     Extratropical 
Nov 3    36N  33W     Extratropical
Nov 4    35N  33W     Extratropical
Nov 5    33N  31W     Extratropical
Nov 6    33N  33W     Extratropical
Nov 7    38N  29W     Extratropical/Subtropical?
Nov 8    41N  21W     Extratropical
Nov 9    44N  11W     Extratropical
 
********************************************************************************

1942 Storm 1 - Added in 2013

37265 08/03/1942 M= 3  1 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED       XING=0 SSS=0                  
37265 08/03*162 852  30    0*163 860  30    0*165 870  35    0*170 883  35    0*
37265 08/04*176 898  30    0*183 914  30    0*190 930  30    0*197 944  35    0*
37265 08/05*204 957  45    0*211 969  50    0*218 980  40    0*225 990  25    0*
37265 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for its existence comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Mexican 
synoptic maps, and the Monthly Weather Review.

Storm 1

August 1: HWM indicates a low near 13N, 81W. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: 40kt NW with a pressure of 
1009mb at Puerto Cabezas (14N, 83.3W) at 12Z (HWM). 

August 2: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb 
near 11.5N, 81.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 3: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 16.5N, 86W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt NE and 
1009mb at Belize City, and 10kt SSW and 1008mb at Tela, Honduras. All 
observations from HWM.

August 4: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 19N, 94W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 25kt NNE 
and 1010mb at Veracruz at 12Z, and 10kt SW and 1009mb at Coatzacoalcos 
at 12Z. All observations from HWM.

August 5: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb 
near 22N, 97.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 25kt ESE with a pressure of 1004mb at Tampico (22.1N, 
97.8W) at 12Z (HWM). "HURRICANE HITS NEAR TAMPICO...Fear was felt here 
today for the safety of nine Texas people...who were caught at the 
Eighth Pass on the coast of Mexico yesterday by a hurricane which 
lashed the coast of Mexico from Tampico on north to the vicinity of 
the fishing pass...The party went to the Eighth pass last Saturday by 
plane, being flown there by De Leon, who is a regular operator of the 
plane in transporting both anglers and fish to and from the Eighty 
Pass area...De Leon said after flying over the area that there was an 
extremely high tide and water everywhere.  The center of the 
hurricane, according to sketchy reports received here, was believed to 
have hit at or near Tampico, extending far enough north to blast the 
little fishing village of La Pesca, near the mouth of the Soto La 
Marina river, and on north to the Eighth Pass.  Although there was a 
minor 'hurricane scare' in Brownsville yesterday, the only effect here 
was rain, which further damaged the grade of Valley cotton.  The 
valley had only a few gusts of wind" (The Brownsville Herald, 
Thursday, August 6th).

Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun at 00Z on the 3rd of 
August in the northwest Caribbean Sea.  It is possible, however, that 
the system had become a tropical cyclone as early as the 1st, as Puerto 
Cabezas observed 40 kt NW winds with 1009 mb at 12Z.  The evidence is 
inconclusive though whether a closed circulation was present at that 
time (or on the 2nd) as well as whether this wind was a transient more 
long-lived feature.  After genesis, the cyclone moved west-
northwestward toward Belize.  At 12Z on the 3rd, Tela, Honduras 
reported a 5 mb 24 hour pressure drop (down to 1008 mb with SSW 10 kt 
winds) and Belize City reported a 3 mb 24 hour pressure drop (down to 
1009 mb with NE 25 kt winds).  It is analyzed that the system had 
intensified to a minimal tropical storm (35 kt) at that time.  
Landfall then occurred around 17Z on the 3rd at 17.0N 88.2W in Belize 
with 35 kt intensity.  The system weakened some during its 12 hour 
trek across Central America and likely was a tropical depression at 00 
and 06Z on the 4th.  On the 4th at 12Z, numerous Mexican stations - but 
no ship observations - indicate that the system was in the 
southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  The cyclone continued moving west-
northwest and made a second landfall around 09Z on the 5th just south 
of Tampico, Mexico near 21.4N 97.4W.  Tampico recorded 1004 mb with 
ESE 25 kt winds at 12Z on the 5th, which was a 12 mb pressure drop in 
24 hours.  1004 mb peripheral pressure measurement suggests maximum 
winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-
wind relationship.  Additionally, the qualitative information from the 
Brownsville newspaper is consistent with at least a moderate tropical 
storm and - perhaps (as the newspaper implied) - a hurricane.  The 
intensity just before and at landfall is assessed conservatively at 50 
kt, which is also the peak intensity of the system for its lifetime.  
It is also worth noting that this determination of a tropical cyclone 
making landfall in Mexico is consistent with the Mexican 
meteorologists' synoptic maps which depicted the system as "Ciclon" at 
12Z on August 5th near Tampico.  The system likely continued west-
northwestward over the mountains of eastern Mexico and dissipated 
after 18Z on the 5th.  It is worth noting that because of the World War 
that there was not a single ship measurement available at any point in 
this system's lifetime.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 2 (previously Storm 1) - Revised in 2013

31830 08/17/1942 M= 7  1 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1  
31830 08/17/1942 M= 7  2 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1  
                       *
                   
31835 08/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*213 855  35    0*
31835 08/17*                                0*190 855  30    0*200 857  35    0* 
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  

31840 08/18*222 860  35    0*231 865  40    0*240 870  45    0*252 876  50    0*
31840 08/18*212 860  35    0*225 865  40    0*240 870  45    0*254 876  50    0*
            ***              ***                               ***

31845 08/19*265 883  55    0*274 893  60    0*279 903  65    0*280 908  70    0*
31845 08/19*265 883  55    0*274 893  60    0*279 901  65    0*280 908  70    0*
                                                  ***

31850 08/20*281 913  70    0*281 917  70    0*282 922  70    0*284 929  70    0*
31850 08/20*281 913  70    0*281 917  70    0*282 922  70    0*284 927  70    0*
                                                                   ***

31855 08/21*287 936  70    0*291 942  70    0*294 947  65    0*298 951  55    0*
31855 08/21*287 933  70    0*290 939  70    0*294 945  65    0*300 951  55    0*
                ***          *** ***              ***          ***    

31860 08/22*305 958  35    0*315 961  25    0*330 958  25    0*343 952  20    0*
31860 08/22*307 957  35    0*315 959  25    0*328 958  25    0*343 952  20    0*
            *** ***              ***          ***          

31865 08/23*357 938  20    0*368 927  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31865 08/23*357 938  20    0E365 918  20    0E370 875  20
                            **** ***  **     **** ***  **

31870 HRCTX1

U.S. Hurricane:
Aug 21st - 13Z - 29.5N 94.6W - 65 kt - Category 1 - 992 mb - 1010 mb 
OCI - 125 nm ROCI

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this 
hurricane that made landfall in the northern Texas coast.  
Additionally, an extratropical stage is now indicated for the last 12 
hours of its existence.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly 
Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Louisiana and Texas Climatological 
Data, Connor (1956), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).


Storm 2 (Old Storm 1) 

August 15: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 17.7N, 82.8W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 16: HWM indicates a closed low pressure of at most 1010mb near 
17.5N, 83W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 17: HWM indicates a closed low pressure of at most 1010mb near 
19.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
21.3N, 85.5W at 18Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 
1011mb near 18.5N, 85W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 24N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt 
winds at 24N, 87W at 12Z. Micro shows a low pressure near 23.5N, 88.5W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 27N, 90W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 
65kt winds at 27.9N, 90.3W at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized 
system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The disturbed conditions with 
squally weather and thunderstorms which prevailed along the Louisiana 
coast on the 19th, were doubtless associated with the northwestward 
movement of a wave formation which had been detected in the 
northwestern Caribbean on August 17" (MWR). "The moderate tropical 
disturbance experienced on the upper Texas coast the morning of August 
21st, 1942, was first noted off the Louisiana coast on August 19th, and 
reported in the "Conic" Advisory issued by the New Orleans office at 
4:20pm, EST, on the same day. It apparently moved in a west-
northwesterly direction until crossing the coast line near or over 
Gilchrist, Texas, on the Bolivar Peninsula, thence more northerly, 
with center passing very slightly west of High Island, and near or 
over Anahuac, Tex" (OMR).  "Disturbed conditions, first noted off the 
Louisiana coast about noon of August 19th" (Texas).

August 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 28N, 92W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 
70kt winds at 28.2N, 92.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 25N, 90W (am) and at 26N, 92W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure of at most 1011mb near 27.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 30N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane 
with 65kt winds at 29.4N, 94.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 29N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 30N, 95W 
(pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb near 29.7N, 
94.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 994 mb (no time given) at Gilchrist (MWR); 57 kt S and 997 
mb at High Island (no time given); 61kt SE (1 min wind) at Port Arthur 
(29.9N, 93.9W) no time given, but ~15Z (OMR); 35kt W at Galveston at 
14Z (5 min wind) (OMR); 42kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at Galveston 
(1 min wind) at 1315Z (OMR). "No definite characteristics of a 
tropical storm were observed until about midnight of the 20th. Moving 
west-northwestward toward the Texas coast, and giving few advance 
indications because of its small diameter, the disturbance passed 
inland over the Bolivar Peninsula near Gilchrist as a storm of near-
hurricane intensity" (MWR). "The weather [did not] disclose anything 
definite regarding a threat to this section of the coast (Galveston) 
until the night of August 20-21, when shortly before 1am a shift in 
the wind from east to northeast was accompanied by a steady fall in 
barometric pressure of about .04 of an inch an hour. This shift in 
winds was also accompanied by light to moderate intermittent 
precipitation, which continued until 4:35pm EST, of August 21st" (OMR). 
"Curving northward, after crossing the coast, the storm center 
traversed Chambers, Liberty, San Jacinto and Polk Counties with gale 
winds prevalent along the north Texas coast as far south as Galveston. 
The storm quickly lost intensity as it moved inland toward Palestine, 
where a wind of only 22 miles per hour was reported" (MWR). "The 
lowest pressure reported during the passage of the storm was 993.9mb 
at Gilchrist, and the maximum recorded wind velocity, for a 5-minute 
period, was 66 miles per hour (extreme 72) from the southeast reported 
form the Port Arthur Office at 9:20 am (CWT) August 21" (MWR). "The 
wind at Galveston backed, E, NE, N, NW, W, SW, and S, with a maximum 
velocity of 41 miles per hour from the southwest at 9:09am, EST, on 
the 21st. The lowest barometer reading occurred at 8:15am EST, when a 
pressure of 29.53 inches was reached. Inundation was mostly confined 
to beaches and very low uninhabited places" (OMR).  "...finally acquired 
the definite characteristics of a tropical storm about midnight of 
August 20th, and quickly moved in over the Bolivar Peninsula on the 
morning of August 21st.  The center apparently moved in a north-
northwestward direction, traversing Chambers, Liberty, San Jacinto, 
and Polk counties, with winds of gale force general over water front 
and immediately adjacent areas from Galveston County to Jefferson 
County.  Port Arthur reported a maximum wind velocity of 66 miles per 
hour from the southeast.  No known loss of life resulted from the 
storm. Winds damaged property to the extent of about $180,000, and 
crops in excess of $400,000, while high tides were responsible for 
damage amounting to about $21,000" (Texas).  "Aug. 20, 1942, Landfall 
near Galveston, Estimated lowest pressure 992 mb, Movement W to WNW 11 
kt" (Connnor). "1942 Aug TX, 1N, 992 mb" (Jarrell).

August 22: HWM indicates a low near 33N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Depression with 25kt winds at 33N, 95.8W at 12Z. The MWR 
Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 95W (am) with a pressure of 
1007.5mb and at 36N, 90.5W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of 
at most 1011mb near 33N, 96W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Wind damage 
to property has been estimated at $180,000 and to crops, principally 
rice, in excess of $400,000, while high tides were responsible for 
damage amounting the about $21,000. No loss of life or serious injury 
was reported" (MWR). "Only coastal reports were available on the 20th, 
and the storm was so small and had so little effect on its 
surroundings that its true character was not seen until the winds 
increased materially with its arrival on the coast" (MWR). "Damage to 
crops in Galveston County was negligible. Two shell barges and a tow 
boat capsized at redfish reef in Galveston Bay, and three oil derricks 
on Bolivar Peninsula were blown down. Otherwise, damage was confined 
mostly to small pleasure boats, and piers. As far as known, no lives 
were lost as a result of this storm" (OMR). 

August 23: HWM indicates a front near 37N, 87W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Depression with 15kt winds at 36.8N, 92.7W at 06Z (last 
position). The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 37.5N, 89W (am) 
with a pressure of 1012mb. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at 
most 1011mb near 37N, 87W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Genesis for this hurricane is begun at 12Z on the 17th of August, six 
hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT based upon ship and coastal 
data showing a closed circulation was then present (though the exact 
time of genesis is uncertain).  It is possible that the system formed 
as early as the 16th, however, data on that date (and many dates for 
this cyclone) was quite sparse.  (It is of note that the observations 
corroborating the system's existence during its first few days were 
quite sparse.  If the cyclone's best track were being put together 
from scratch, it is likely that the system would not have been started 
until the 19th.)  Minor track changes have been introduced for all 
dates of this system's existence.  However, the small alterations on 
the 19th and 20th were introduced simply to create a smoother track, 
rather than because of observations on those dates.  The cyclone is 
begun as a 30 kt tropical depression, though this is quite uncertain 
due to the lack of inner core measurements.  Likewise, as the track of 
the cyclone took it over the data void Gulf of Mexico, almost no 
intensity information was available from late on the 17th until just 
before landfall on the 21st.  Thus no changes were made to the 
intensities from 18Z on the 17th until 00Z on the 23rd.

The cyclone made landfall around 13Z on the 21st, just west of 
Gilchrist, Texas.  Peak observations were 61 kt SE at Port Arthur, 
Texas around 15Z, 994 mb at Gilchrist (no time available), and 997 mb 
with 57 kt S at High Island, Texas (no time available).  A central 
pressure of 992 mb was estimated by Connor and was also utilized by 
Jarrell et al.  This appears reasonable for this small hurricane, 
given the observations available.  (It is of note that Ho et al. did 
not list this hurricane, implying that the central pressure was higher 
than 982 mb.)  The central pressure of 992 mb suggests maximum winds 
of 56 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship 
(59 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones).  The system was a 
small hurricane with a radius of outer closed isobar of only about 125 
nm and an outer closed isobar of 1010 mb.  Given the small size of the 
cyclone, landfall intensity is estimated to be 65 kt - Category 1.  
Port Arthur's peak winds of 61 kt occurred about 60 nm from the center 
of the hurricane likely outside of the radius of maximum wind (no lull 
occurred in the hourly winds).  This also along with the impacts of 
the system along the coast supports Category 1 hurricane intensity at 
landfall.  Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggest an 
intensity of 47 kt at 18Z on the 21st and 35 kt at 00Z on the 22nd.  
Peak observed winds within two hours of synoptic time were 56 kt (at 
16Z) and 30 kt, respectively.  The intensity is assessed to be 55 kt 
at 18Z and 35 kt at 00Z - both unchanged.  After landfall the cyclone 
recurved to the northeast and gradually weakened.  Transition to a 
tropical depression occurred by 06Z on the 22nd, unchanged from HURDAT 
originally.  By 06Z on the 23rd, a cold frontal boundary had reached 
the cyclone's center and a transition to an extratropical cyclone had 
occurred.  (At 06Z on the 23rd, the only intensity change is made for 
the lifetime of this cyclone - 20 kt up from 15 kt originally.)  At 
12Z on the 23rd, the extratropical cyclone was still present and this 
last position is added into HURDAT.  Dissipation occurred after 12Z on 
the 23rd, six hours later than originally shown.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 3 (previously Storm 2) - Revised in 2013

31875 08/21/1942 M=11  2 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3       
31875 08/24/1942 M=9   3 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3              
         **        *   *

31880 08/21*  0   0   0    0*139 599  35    0*139 608  35    0*139 617  35    0*
31880 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31885 08/22*140 628  35    0*141 641  35    0*141 654  35    0*142 664  35    0*
31885 08/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31890 08/23*144 674  40    0*146 688  40    0*148 703  40    0*150 713  45    0*
31890 08/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*148 740  30    0*150 751  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31895 08/24*152 723  50    0*154 737  55    0*157 750  55    0*158 760  60    0*
31895 08/24*152 761  30    0*154 771  30    0*157 780  35    0*158 786  35    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **
 
31900 08/25*160 770  65    0*164 782  70    0*168 793  75    0*170 798  80    0*
31900 08/25*160 792  40    0*164 799  40    0*168 805  45    0*170 809  50    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

31905 08/26*172 803  80    0*175 811  85    0*179 819  85    0*184 827  90    0*
31905 08/26*172 814  50    0*174 818  50    0*176 822  55    0*178 828  55    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31910 08/27*188 835  90    0*191 841  90    0*194 846  90    0*198 854  90    0*
31910 08/27*180 835  60    0*183 841  70    0*188 846  80    0*194 854  90    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      

31915 08/28*204 863  90    0*213 876  85    0*222 888  90    0*229 896  95    0*
31915 08/28*203 863  90    0*212 876  70    0*222 888  80    0*230 896  90    0*
            ***              ***      **               **      ***      **

31920 08/29*236 905  95    0*245 917 100    0*255 928 100    0*265 938 100    0*
31920 08/29*238 905  95    0*246 917 100    0*255 928 100    0*263 939 100    0* 
            ***              ***                               *** ***

31925 08/30*274 947  95    0*284 958  70    0*293 970  60    0*300 978  45    0*
31925 08/30*271 950 100    0*279 961 100  950*288 972  85  952*294 986  65    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

31930 08/31*307 987  35    0*314 998  25    0*3221010  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
31930 08/31*3021000  45    0*3101014  40    0*3171025  35    0*3221036  35    0*


(September 1st is new to HURDAT)

31933 09/01*3231040  30    0*3251043  25    0*3301045  25    0*  0   0   0    0*


31935 HRBTX3CTX2

U.S. Hurricane:
Aug 30th - 09Z - 28.3N 96.6W - 100 kt - Category 3 - 950 mb - 1007 mb 
OCI - 250 nm ROCI

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that 
made landfall in the central Texas coast.  Additionally, a major 
alteration is to remove the first two days.  Also, one additional day 
is added at the end of the cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS 
ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, the Mexican 
synoptic maps, Texas Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Ho et al. 
(1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).


Storm 3 (Old Storm 2)

August 20: HWM indicates a spot low near 12.5N, 59.5W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 14N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt 
winds at 13.9N, 60.8W at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at 
most 1011mb at 12.5N, 61.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "The wave, 
from which this storm formed, passed over the Windward Islands near 
Santa Lucia on August 21, attended by heavy squalls but with no 
indications of organized circulation" (MWR). 

August 22: HWM indicates a spot low near 14N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 14.1N, 65.4W at 12Z. Micro 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011mb at 13.5N, 63.5W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No 
gales or low pressures.

August 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 76W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 14.8N, 70.3W 
at 12Z. Micro does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 24: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 16.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 15.7N, 75W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Micro shows a spot low at 
17.5N, 79.8W at 12Z. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"Moving rapidly westward through the central Caribbean Sea, the wave 
formation passed south of Jamaica during the night of the 24th, where 
its progress became slower and the first indications of development 
were noted" (MWR). "Carson from Navy - 11 pm 8/23/42. 'Ship 50-60 
miles S of SE tip Dominican Republic 1 am - Wind force 6 - pressure 
one inch below normal reading" (Micro).

August 25: HWM indicates a spot low pressure near 16N, 81.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 75kt winds at 16.8N, 79.3W 
at 12Z. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb at 17.4N, 
80.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Special 
plane report, 40-45 kt, 1000 mb at 18Z (USWB).  "Special Report from 
Navy.  Plane from Grand Caymen reports that at 2 pm - pressure was 
999.7 Mbs.  Wind 40 to 45 knots.  (From Carson by phone 11.15 pm)" 
(USWB).

August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 17N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane 
with 85kt winds at 17.9N, 81.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 17N, 79W (am) with a pressure of 1003.4mb and at 17.5N, 
80W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb at 
17.5N, 82W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 19N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 
90kt winds at 19.4N, 84.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 18N, 82W (am) with a pressure of 1003.4mb and at 19N, 86W 
(pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 18.5N, 
85W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 15kt W with a pressure of 1003mb at Swan Islands at 0Z 
(USWB); 25kt S with pressure of 1005 mb at 6Z at Swan Islands at 06Z 
(USWB); 40kt NNE with a pressure of 1004mb at 18Z near 20.5N, 86.9W 
(USWB); 40kt NE with a pressure of 996mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 21Z 
(USWB); and 35kt NNW at Cozumel, Mexico at 22Z (USWB). "It passed 
north of Swan Island as a moderate storm but with definite indications 
of rapidly increasing intensity, and crossed the tip of Yucatan 
Peninsula during the night of August 27, attended by full hurricane 
winds" (MWR). "A moderate tropical weather disturbance to the 
southward of Jamaica, moving to westward between the 24th and 25th 
causing heavy rainfall over the Island and considerable flood damages. 
The barometric pressure fell about 0.150 inch below the normal, also 
low pressure reported at Morant Point and Negril Point Lighthouses, 
Beyond a heavy rainsquall ay Kingston and Morant Point, there was no 
very severe damage, owing to gale winds over the island" (JAMAICA).


August 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 23N, 89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane 
with 90kt winds at 22.2N, 88.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 20.5N, 89.5W (am) with a pressure of 999.9mb and at 22N, 
91W (pm). Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 
22.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 10kt NNE with a pressure of 1002mb at Progreso at 
0Z (USWB); 989mb with 40 kt NE at Cozumel at 00Z (USWB); 10kt W with a 
pressure of 1005mb at Merida (21N, 89.8W) at 12Z (HWM); 20kt W with a 
pressure of 1004mb at Pregreso at 18Z (USWB). "Passing into the Gulf 
of Mexico, and moving northwestward in an almost straight line it 
reached the Texas coast, approximately two days later, as a large and 
severe storm attended by full hurricane winds over a path nearly 150 
miles in width" (MWR). "Evidence of this disturbance began to appear 
at Galveston the afternoon of the 28th. A bank of cirrus clouds began 
to appear on the southern horizon. The movement was slow and difficult 
to observe but appeared SSW or SW. These clouds had become at the tame 
of the 7:30pm EST observation. The Gulf of Mexico also presented 
evidence of disturbed conditions late on the 28th with the tide 
somewhat above normal and a moderately rough sea with a count of about 
8 swells per minute at the foot of 25th street." (OMR). 

August 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
995mb near 25.5N, 93W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 Hurricane 
with 100kt winds at 25.5N, 92.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 23N, 93W (am) and at 25N, 95W (pm). Micro shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1008mb at 25N, 93W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 24kt N with a pressure of 
1004mb at Corpus Christi Naval Air Station (27.7N, 97.3W) at 21Z 
(MAR); 40kt E at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) no time given (OMR); 40kt 
NNE at Foster Field (28.9N, 96.9W) no time given (OMR). 


August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 29.5N, 
98W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 29.3N, 
97W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 97W (am) 
with a pressure of 993.2mb and at 29N, 99.9W (pm). Micro shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 990mb at 29N, 97.5W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: A fairly 
complete calm with a pressure of 952mb at Seadrift (28.4N, 96.7W) at 
0955Z (MWR); A pressure of 983mb at San Antonio (Min P) at 1615Z 
(OMR); 64kt NE (1-min wind) at San Antonio at 16Z (OMR); A pressure of 
986mb at Corpus Christi (27.8N, 97.4W) at 0830Z (OMR). 77kt ENE at 
Kelly Field (29.4N, 98.5W) no time given (OMR); 74kt NNE at Foster 
Field (28.9N, 96.9W), no time given (OMR). "The lowest barometer at 
the Galveston airport, 5 miles southwest of the city office, was 29.49 
inches at 1:30am EST on the 30th. Winds were easterly at Galveston on 
the 28th, shifting to northeast most of the 29th except the last few 
hours which were east. Southeasterly winds prevailed on the 30th and 
most of the 31st. The maximum velocity of SE-50 occurred at 4:57am EST 
on the 30th and the extreme velocity was 61" (Galveston OMR). "Tides 
continued to increase throughout the 29th until a maximum of 7.6 feet 
on the U.S. Engineer gage at Fort Point was reached at 3am EST on the 
30th. The beach and a considerable portion of the Island west of the 
city was inundated. Tide water covered the Municipal Airport and 
entered the Administration Building.  Water covered the Galveston-
Houston highway at the "Y" on the mainland 10 miles from the city 
until late afternoon of the 30th, and since the Bolivar ferry service 
was suspended, the city was entirely cut off by highway" (Galveston 
OMR). "The barometer began to fall slowly during the afternoon of the 
28th and a rapid fall set in about 10am EST, on the 29th. The lowest sea 
level pressure at the city office was 29.53 inches at 12:55am EST on 
the 30th, and thereafter the barometer rose rapidly until 1 pm EST and 
more slowly thereafter" (Galveston OMR). "The tropical disturbance of 
August 29-30, 1942, was undoubtedly one of the most severe on record 
on the Texas coast with gales and hurricane winds over a path at least 
250 miles wide, and storm tides along the coast from near the central 
region of the path northeastward into southwestern Louisiana" 
(Galveston OMR). "Seadrift, in Calhoun County, where a fairly complete 
calm occurred, reported the lowest pressure along the coast, 951.6mb, 
August 30, at 4:55am. The highest wind at Seadrift was estimated at 
115 miles per hour. Hurricane winds accompanied the storm as far 
inland as Atascosa County. At San Antonio, 120 miles from the coast, 
the storm still retained great strength and caused considerable 
damage" (MWR). "Estimates of damage from the hurricane have been 
placed at $11,500,000 to property and $15,000,000 to crops" (MWR).  
"During the early morning hours of August 30, a tropical disturbance 
of hurricane proportions swept inland over the Matagorda Bay section, 
moved rapidly west-northwestward, and finally diminished over the 
Edwards Plateau region during the late afternoon.  Winds estimated in 
excess of 100 mile per hour occurred along the coast from Austwell to 
Matagorda, and hurricane proportions of the storm were retained as far 
westward as Atascosa County.  Winds of gale force extended well into 
the Edwards Plateau region, and covered a wide area on either side of 
the path of the storm center.  Eight deaths were attributed to the 
storm.  Damage estimated at $11,500,000 occurred to property, while 
crops, principally cotton and rice, suffered damage estimated at 
$15,000,000.  Due to the rain accompanying and following the storm, 
several thousand freshly shorn goats were lost in the Edwards Plateau 
region" (Texas).  "Landfall near Seadrift, estimated lowest pressure 
950 mb (just lower than the 952 mb observed in Seadrift), movement WNW 
13 kt" (Connor). "Aug TX, 3C, 950 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Aug. 30, 
1942, 951 mb central pressure at landfall, based upon observed 952 mb 
at Seadrift, 18 nm RMW, 14 kt motion, landfall point 28.5N, 96.2W" (Ho 
et al.)

August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 31N, 
103W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 20kt winds at 
32.2N, 101W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 
101W (am) with a pressure of 999.7mb and at 32N, 105W (pm). Micro 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 999mb at 32N, 103W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 15kt W with 
a pressure of 1003mb at Alpine (30.4N, 103.7W) at 12Z (HWM); 17kt S 
with a pressure of 1004mb at San Antonio (29.4N, 98.5W) at 03Z (OMR); 
15 kt NW and 1000 mb at Pecos (31.4N 103.5W) (USWB). "Much damage was 
done by the wind in the vicinity of San Antonio and southward to the 
coast from which came the storm. About $1,500,000 damage resulted from 
torn roofs, windows, sings, windmills, etc. Many trees were uprooted 
or broken by the wind. Many airplanes were destroyed due to lack of 
hanger space, although the planes were well anchored. Power lines were 
down over many sections of the city and southward to the coast" (San 
Antonio OMR). 

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 33N, 
105W. Micro shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb at 31.5N, 
104W at 0Z. Station highlights: 10kt S with a pressure of 1004mb at 
Alpine at 0Z (USWB); 10kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Roswell at 
0Z (USWB), and 10kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb at El Paso at 0Z 
(USWB).

Genesis for this major hurricane is delayed by more than two days.  As 
is commonplace during the 1942 hurricane season, almost no ship 
observations were available either in real-time or for the reanalysis 
efforts.  As the system crossed the Lesser Antilles, the observations 
are fairly conclusive that a closed low had not yet developed within 
the strong easterly wave.  Thus the positions on the 21st are removed 
from HURDAT (which began at 06Z on this date originally).  This 
revision is very consistent with the Monthly Weather Review writeup 
for the hurricane as well.  Knowing when genesis did occur over the 
next few days is problematic, as the system was traversing the open 
waters of the Caribbean.  The first indications that a tropical 
cyclone had formed - while still ambiguous - were a report on the 
night of the 23rd in the microfilm which indicated 25 kt winds south of 
Dominican Republic.  More substantial evidence is from Jamaica on the 
24th, which also is in agreement with the Monthly Weather Review 
writeup.  Thus the first entry into HURDAT is now at 12Z on the 23rd as 
a 30 kt tropical depression, though the exact genesis time remains 
uncertain.  Track changes were made for all of the remaining days of 
its existence.  Major track changes were introduced on the 23rd to the 
25th based primarily upon station observations.  A "special report" 
from a Navy aircraft at 18Z on the 25th indicated 1000 mb and wind 40 
to 45 kt (unknown whether this was a surface wind estimate or flight 
level estimate and also unknown if it was measured simultaneous to the 
1000 mb pressure).  This pressure indicates maximum winds of at least 
47 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
The intensity is reduced to 50 kt, a major reduction from the 80 kt 
originally.  (It is noteworthy that this was one of the first - if not 
the very first - set of quantitative aircraft observations taken 
within a tropical cyclone.)  The modification to the position on the 
26th put the cyclone's center 40 nm northeast of Swan Island around 00Z 
on the 27th.  Swan Island at that time only reported 1003 mb with 15 kt 
W winds.  Thus the intensity is brought down at that time to 60 kt, 
from 90 kt originally.  Likewise, the intensities now have major 
downward revisions from 12Z on the 24th through 06Z on the 27th.  The 
cyclone made landfall in the Yucatan of Mexico around 03Z on the 28th.  
While no specific observations showing hurricane conditions occurred 
in Yucatan, the Monthly Weather Review impacts do suggest a hurricane 
landfall.  90 kt is retained in HURDAT for the Mexican landfall, 
making this a Category 2 impact.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland wind decay model gave 69 kt at 06Z.  Intensity at this time is 
reanalyzed to be 70 kt, down from 85 kt originally.  The hurricane 
moved back over water to the Gulf of Mexico after just six hours over 
land.  No inner core measurements were then available until the 
hurricane made a second landfall in the United States nearly two days 
later.

The hurricane made landfall in Texas around 09Z on the 30th at 28.3N 
96.6W.  A likely central pressure of 952 mb was observed in Seadrift, 
Texas almost an hour later.  The central pressure at landfall may have 
been slightly deeper - 950 mb.  This is in agreement with the original 
Connor estimate of 950 mb, which was repeated in the Jarrell et al. 
tech memo.  950 mb suggests maximum winds at landfall of 105 kt from 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW of 
~20 nm is about the same as climatology for this latitude and central 
pressure (Vickery et al.).  The hurricane was moving at a near average 
12 kt at landfall, but had a rather large outer closed isobar of 1007 
mb with ROCI of 250 nm.  Thus the intensity at landfall is estimated 
to be 100 kt, making this a Category 3 landfall for central Texas 
("BTX3").  HURDAT originally had 70 kt at the 06Z slot, which makes 
this a major intensity boost.  A run of the Ho et al. parametric wind 
model suggests peak winds of about 90-95 kt at the western end of the 
north Texas coast (which starts east of Matagorda Bay).  Thus north 
Texas ("CTX") is listed as Category 2 impact from this hurricane.  
After landfall, the hurricane was able to maintain significant 
strength well-inland as noted by the 983 mb peripheral pressure 
observation and 64 kt 1 min NE wind around 16Z on the 30th at San 
Antonio.  This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 
69 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given its 
overland location, this would be equivalent to at least 60 kt given 
over land conditions.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay 
model suggest intensities of 74 kt at 12Z on the 30th, 50 kt at 18Z, 
and 33 kt at 00Z on the 31st.  Peak observed winds within 2 hr of 
synoptic time are 53 kt at 12Z, 64 kt at 18Z, and no tropical storm 
force winds at 00Z.  The intensities are reanalyzed to be 85 kt at 
12Z, 65 kt at 18Z, and 45 kt at 00Z (up from 60, 45, and 35 kt, 
originally).  (It should be noted that the Kelly Air Force Base, where 
a 77 kt wind was reported, is southwest of the San Antonio Airport and 
downtown San Antonio.  This would put it closer to the center than the 
San Antonio observation and supports the 85 kt at 12Z.)  Thus major 
intensity upgrades were also made at 12Z and 18Z on the 30th.  
Observations from HWM and the microfilm maps indicate that the cyclone 
continued west-northwestward through 12Z on the 1st of September as a 
weakening tropical cyclone.  In fact, Pecos, Texas recorded 1000 mb 
with NW 15 kt at 12Z on the 1st.  This peripheral pressure suggests 
maximum winds of at least 44 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Given that this is valid over a water 
exposure, a lower intensity value of 35 kt is analyzed at this time. 
The system weakened to a tropical depression - as no extratropical 
transition occurred - around 18Z on the 1st and continued through 12Z 
on the 2nd.  Thus an additional 24 hours are added to the lifetime of 
this system - another major change.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 4 (previously Storm 3)- Revised in 2013

31940 08/25/1942 M= 9  3 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
31940 08/25/1942 M=10  4 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **  *

31945 08/25*  0   0   0    0*275 625  65    0*286 630  65    0*302 635  75    0*
31945 08/25*  0   0   0    0*275 625  65    0*286 630  65    0*300 634  75    0*
                                                                   ***

31950 08/26*314 635  90    0*323 631  95    0*332 622  95    0*342 604  95    0*
31955 08/27*351 587  90    0*356 578  90    0*359 572  85    0*363 567  85    0*
31960 08/28*368 562  80    0*373 557  80    0*377 552  75    0*382 546  75    0*
31960 08/28*368 562  80    0*373 557  80    0*378 552  75    0*382 545  75    0*
                                                                   ***

31965 08/29*388 539  70    0*391 529  70    0*392 519  65    0*391 513  60    0*
31965 08/29*386 539  70    0*389 534  70    0*390 530  65    0*391 527  60    0*
            ***              *** ***              ***              ***

31970 08/30*389 509  55    0*385 507  55    0*381 506  50    0*377 507  45    0*
31970 08/30*391 524  55    0*390 522  55    0*390 520  50    0*388 520  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31975 08/31*373 510  45    0*370 514  45    0*367 519  45    0*365 522  45    0*
31975 08/31*385 522  45    0*382 526  45    0*380 530  45    0*378 532  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31980 09/01*364 525  40    0*362 530  40    0*360 537  35    0*357 545  35    0*
31980 09/01*376 534  40    0*373 536  40    0*370 540  35    0*364 547  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31985 09/02*355 555  30    0*353 567  30    0*352 579  25    0*352 595  25    0*
31985 09/02*360 552  35    0*356 565  35    0*352 579  35    0*348 592  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

(September 3rd is new to HURDAT)

31988 09/03*343 602  30    0*337 607  30    0*330 610  25    0*325 612  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31990 HR  

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane over 
the central Atlantic.  A major alteration is to add an additional day 
at the end of the cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps.

Storm 4 (Old Storm 3)

August 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 20N, 61W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 27N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 
65kt winds at 28.6N, 63W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 28N, 62W (am) and at 31N, 62W (pm). Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 33N, 63W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane with 
95kt winds at 33.2N, 62.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 33N, 61W (am) and at 35N, 59W (pm). Micro shows a closed low 
pressure near 33.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40kt NNW with a 
pressure of 1003mb at Bermuda at 06Z (USWB); 55kt and 1004mb at 
Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 07Z (MWR). 25kt NW with a pressure of 1004mb 
at 32.5N, 65.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "A storm, apparently of hurricane intensity and with gales 
over a wide area, passed a short distance east of Bermuda during the 
night of August 25. No previous history is available on this storm. 
Bermuda reported a maximum wind velocity of 64 miles per hour at 3am 
(EWT)" (MWR).

August 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 34N, 55.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 Hurricane 
with 85kt winds at 35.9N, 57.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 37N, 57W (am) and at 37.5N, 56W. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 36N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 
75kt winds at 37.7N, 55.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 38N, 55W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 29: HWM indicates Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 37N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 
65kt winds at 39.2N, 51.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 39N, 54W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 37N, 54W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 38.1N, 50.6W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 41N, 53W (am). Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 35.5N, 
55W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 36.7N, 
51.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 
55W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 36N, 
53.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 36N, 
58.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Depression with 25kt winds at 
35.2N, 57.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 33.5N, 
59.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

September 4: HWM indicates a spot low near 36N, 59W. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

No change to the genesis of this hurricane.  It is noted that the HWM 
shows this system as a tropical storm as early as 24 August.  While 
the HWM does not show a closed circulation, it does show two 
observations of northerly winds suggesting at least a trough near or 
northeast of the Leeward Islands.  However, without data showing a 
closed circulation (or strong winds or low pressures), providing an 
earlier genesis is not justified.  As was noted in the Monthly Weather 
Review, no observations for this system were available before it 
impacted Bermuda early on the 26th of August.  Thus while the cyclone 
is begun as a 65 kt hurricane at 06Z on the 25th (unchanged from 
original HURDAT), it is quite possible (or likely) that the system 
existed earlier and may have been a Cape Verde hurricane.  Minor track 
changes were introduced on all days of its existence, except no change 
on the 26th and 27th.  A frontal boundary was indicated in HWM southwest 
of the cyclone on the 26th and 27th (and again on the 31st and 1st of 
September), but the limited observations available do not suggest that 
the system was extratropical on those dates.  The only inner core data 
available throughout the lifetime of this hurricane was early on the 
26th, as the system passed about 90 nm east of Bermuda.  Bermuda's peak 
sustained winds were 55 kt at 07Z and lowest pressure of 1003 mb (with 
40 kt NNW wind) at 06Z.  HURDAT had 95 kt intensity at that time (peak 
intensity for the hurricane), which is unchanged by the reanalysis.  
Intensity is unchanged for all days except for a minor increase on the 
2nd, based upon winds at Bermuda.  Definitive observations of a closed 
circulation do not exist on the 3rd of September.  However, with 
Bermuda showing N 20 kt with 1012 mb (down from 1014 mb the day 
before), it is very likely that the system did continue as a tropical 
cyclone on the 3rd.  Thus an additional 24 hours is now indicated as a 
weakening tropical depression.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 5 (previously Storm 4)- Revised in 2013

31995 09/15/1942 M= 8  4 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
31995 09/15/1942 M= 9  5 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                  
                    *  *

32000 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*141 580  35    0*
32000 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 588  35    0*
                                                               *** ***

32005 09/16*143 603  35    0*146 620  35    0*148 637  40    0*151 651  40    0*
32005 09/16*133 605  35    0*140 621  35    0*145 637  40    0*149 654  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

32010 09/17*153 665  40    0*157 684  45    0*161 703  45    0*164 719  45    0*
32010 09/17*153 671  40    0*157 687  45    0*161 703  45    0*163 719  45    0*
                ***              ***                           ***

32015 09/18*167 733  45    0*170 745  45    0*172 755  45    0*173 763  45    0*
32015 09/18*164 733  45    0*165 745  45    0*165 755  45    0*165 763  45    0*
            ***              ***              ***              ***

32020 09/19*174 771  45    0*174 779  45    0*175 787  45    0*175 793  45    0*
32020 09/19*165 771  45    0*165 779  45    0*165 787  45    0*165 794  45    0*
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

32025 09/20*176 799  45    0*176 807  45    0*176 816  45    0*176 826  45    0*
32025 09/20*165 802  45    0*166 810  45    0*167 818  45    0*168 826  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

32030 09/21*176 835  45    0*175 843  40    0*175 850  40    0*174 856  40    0*
32030 09/21*168 834  45    0*168 842  40    0*168 850  40    0*168 858  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

32035 09/22*174 863  40    0*174 872  40    0*173 880  35    0*172 885  30    0*
32035 09/22*168 866  40    0*168 873  40    0*168 880  35    0*168 887  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

(September 23 is new to HURDAT)

32037 09/23*168 894  30    0*168 902  25    0*168 910  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32040 TS 

Minor track, but no intensity changes, are analyzed for this tropical 
storm that traversed the Caribbean.  A major alteration is to add an 
additional day at the end of the cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the 
COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps.

Storm 5 (Old Storm 4)

September 15: HWM indicates a spot low near 15.5N, 62.5W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 14.1N, 58.0W at 18Z. Micro shows a low 
pressure near 13N, 58.5W at 12Z. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "Between the 15th and the 22nd, a partially-developed wave 
moved westward through the Caribbean from the Windward Islands, near 
Santa Lucia, to British Honduras" (MWR). "Place where first reported: 
Windward Islands near Santa Lucia. Max wind velocity reported: 
Beaufort force 6. Lowest barometer reported: 1002.4mb in Swan Island. 
Place of dissipation: Central British Honduras. Intensity: Not of 
hurricane intensity. Remarks: No gales reported" (MWR). 

September 16: HWM indicates a spot low near 15N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 14.8N, 63.7W at 12Z. Micro 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb near 14.2N, 64.3W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
15kt NE and 1008mb at St Lucia at 0Z (USWB).

September 17: HWM indicates a spot low near 15N, 70W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 16.1N, 70.3W at 12Z. Micro 
shows a low pressure near 17.5N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 16.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
45kt winds at 17.2N, 75.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A moderate 
barometric depression passed to the far south about the 18th and 19th, 
causing heavy seas and rainsqualls with a 30 miles per hour easterly 
wind at Morant Point on the 18th and in the forenoon and afternoon of 
the 19th. The barometric pressure at Kingston at 7 am on the 19th read 
29.804 inches or nearly one-tenth of an inch below normal. No serious 
damages were reported" (JAMAICA).

September 19: HWM indicates a spot low near 17.5N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 17.5N, 78.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures.  Aircraft report: 35kt SE at 18N, 80W at 2322Z (USWB). 
"6 22 p - Surface wind 39 mph...Sct CB" (USWB).

September 20: HWM indicates a spot low near 17N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 17.6N, 81.6W at 12Z. Micro 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002mb near 16.8N, 82.8W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
15kt E with a pressure of 1002mb at Swan Island at 2030Z (MWR/USWB); 
15kt E with a pressure of 1005mb at Swan Island at 18Z (USWB). "At 
Swan Island, on the 20th, pressure fell to 1002.4mb but no wind higher 
than Beaufort force 6 was reported in any observation" (MWR). 

September 21: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 85W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 17.5N, 85W at 12Z. Micro shows a 
low pressure near 16N, 86W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: 20kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at 0Z 
(USWB); 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Belize City at 18Z (USWB).

September 22: HWM indicates a low near 16N, 88W. HURDAT lists this as 
a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 17.3N, 88W at 12Z. Micro shows a 
low pressure near 16.2N, 88.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at 
Belize City at 0Z (USWB); 1005mb at Tela, Honduras at 0Z (USWB).

September 23: Micro shows a low pressure near 17.5N, 90W at 12Z. 
Station highlights: 10kt SE with a pressure of 1005mb at Belize City 
at 0Z (USWB);

No changes to the timing of genesis for this tropical storm.  Minor 
track changes were introduced for each day of its existence, with the 
largest adjustments made late on the 15th and early on the 20th.  The 
track is consistently around a degree south of the original one, based 
upon observations from the Lesser Antilles (on the 15th and 16th), 
Jamaica (on the 18th), Swan Island (on the 20th), and Belize (British 
Honduras) (on the 22nd). No definitive evidence confirmed that it was a 
tropical storm while going across the Lesser Antilles.  However, the 
pressure dropped by 4 mb at St. Lucia in twelve hours (from 1012 to 
1008 mb at 00Z on the 16th), which is suggestive that it was a tropical 
storm at that time.  An intensity of 35 kt at that time is retained.  
It is of note that an aircraft provided estimated surface winds of 
about 35 kt SE north of the revised center late on the 19th.  1002 mb 
and 15 kt E wind was observed at Swan Island at 2030Z on the 20th.  
This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from the Brown 
et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained in 
HURDAT for the 19th, 20th, and 21st.  (No changes were made to the 
intensity at any time in the cyclone's lifetime.) 45 kt intensity is 
also the peak for the lifetime of the cyclone.  As the system 
approached Central America on the 22nd, pressures both at Belize City, 
British Honduras and Tela, Honduras actually went up slightly.  This 
would suggest that the cyclone was weakening before landfall and 
HURDAT showed the intensity dropping to 35 kt before landfall.  This 
too is unchanged.  The system made landfall around 15Z in southern 
British Honduras as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Observations indicate 
that the system continued as a closed low for an additional 18 hours 
through 12Z on the 23rd, before dissipating over Guatemala.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 6 (previously Storm 5)- Revised in 2013

32690 09/18/1942 M= 8  5 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0   
32690 09/18/1942 M= 8  6 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *
                
32695 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*301 658  35    0*306 660  35    0*
32695 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*350 650  35    0*344 652  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

32700 09/19*310 661  35    0*314 662  40    0*318 663  40    0*321 664  45    0*
32700 09/19*337 660  35    0*330 672  40    0*325 680  40    0*327 685  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 


32705 09/20*323 664  45    0*326 665  45    0*330 666  45    0*335 667  45    0*
32705 09/20*332 689  45    0*339 692  45    0*345 695  45    0*349 695  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

32710 09/21*340 668  45    0*345 669  45    0*350 670  40    0*359 670  40    0*
32710 09/21*352 692  45    0*356 689  45    0*360 685  40    0*367 681  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

32715 09/22*370 670  40    0*378 669  40    0E387 665  35    0E400 652  35    0*
32715 09/22E377 677  40    0E389 671  40    0E400 665  35    0E408 655  35    0*
           **** ***         **** ***          ***              *** *** 

32720 09/23E413 635  35    0E423 615  35    0E430 599  35    0E435 590  35    0*
32720 09/23E414 642  35    0E420 628  35    0E425 615  35    0E430 606  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

32725 09/24E439 582  35    0E443 573  35    0E448 563  35    0E457 549  35    0*
32725 09/24E437 597  35    0E445 588  35    0E455 580  35    0E470 569  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

32730 09/25*472 528  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32730 09/25E490 550  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** *** 

32735 TS

Major changes to the track but no changes at all to the intensity of 
this tropical storm over the Atlantic.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps.

Storm 6

September 17: HWM indicates that a cold front was located between the 
US East Coast and Bermuda, and a warm front along longitude 68W. 
HURDAT does not list this system. Ship highlights: 20kt W and 1011mb 
at 36.5N, 71.5W at 13Z (COADS).

September 18: HWM indicates a spot low near 30N, 68W. Also shows a 
cold front north of the low stretching from the US East Coast to 
northeast of Bermuda and a warm front stretching from the northeast of 
Bermuda to the central Atlantic. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 35kt winds at 30.1N, 65.8W at 12Z (first position). The MWR 
Tracks of lows showed a center at 30N, 66W (am). Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1014mb near 35N, 64W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

September 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 32N, 68W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt 
winds at 31.8N, 66.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 32N, 67W (am). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 
1008mb near 34N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt NNW with a pressure 
of 1004mb at 31.5N, 72.5W at 17Z (COA); 20kt NW with a pressure of 
1005mb at 31N, 71.1W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt NW with a pressure of 1005mb 
at 31.5N, 71.5W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt SW and 1008mb 
at Bermuda at 18Z (MICRO). "Don't know what this is or where it came 
from. Apparently has backed slowly Southwest. Bermuda shows pretty dry 
on Rasonde (rawinsonde?). Told Washington they could issue advisory if 
they thought necessary. G.N. [Grady Norton]"

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 34.5N, 
68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 33N, 
66.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 34N, 67W (am). 
Microfilm shows a spot low pressure of near 33N, 69W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 20kt NNE with a pressure of 1001mb at 33.5N, 72.5W at 01Z 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 36N, 
67W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 35N, 67W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 36N, 67W (am) and at 
37N, 67W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008mb 
near 36N, 68.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 40.5N, 
66.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
38.7N, 66.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38.5N, 
66W (am) and at 41N, 64W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
of at most 1005mb near 41N, 66W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000mb near 42N, 
60W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
43N, 59.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 43N, 60W 
(am) and at 44N, 58W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at 
most 1005mb near 41.5N, 62W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25kt NW with a 
pressure of 998mb at 41.5N, 61.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 
25kt E with a pressure of 1005mb at Sable Island, Canada at 12Z 
(USWB). 

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 46.5N, 
58W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
44.8N, 56.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 45N, 
55W (am) and at 47N, 52W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
of at most 1014mb near 44.5N, 55.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10kt SE 
with a pressure of 1005mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 16Z (COA). Station 
highlights: 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Sydney (46.1N, 60.4W) 
at 12Z (HWM). 

September 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 58N, 
48W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 47.2N, 
52.8W at 0Z (last position). Microfilm shows a spot low near 46N, 
55.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

Limited ship and station observations are somewhat suggestive that 
genesis occurred on the 17th, about a day earlier than originally shown 
in HURDAT.  However, without more definitive evidence genesis time is 
retained at 12Z on the 18th.  Major track changes are introduced for 
nearly every day of the system's existence, except for the 22nd and 
23rd. Despite the frontal boundaries being portrayed near the cyclone 
on the 18th [and 17th] observations suggest instead that no frontal 
features were in reality present.  At 01Z on the 20th, a ship reported 
1001 mb pressure with 20 kt NNE wind.  This peripheral pressure 
supports at least 42 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-
wind relationship.  45 kt is retained at 00Z on the 20th. Other than 
this observation, few measurements were available near the center of 
the cyclone and no changes were made to the intensity of the system at 
any time.  The peak intensity of this tropical storm is 45 kt from 18Z 
on the 19th through 06Z on the 21st, which also is not altered.  The 
original HURDAT had the cyclone becoming extratropical at 12Z on the 
22nd.  While the data are sparse, this appears to be somewhat late and 
extratropical transition is now listed as occurring at 00Z on the 22nd, 
12 hours earlier.  No changes are made to the dissipation timing of 
the cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 7 (previously Storm 6)- Revised in 2013

32740 09/27/1942 M= 4  6 SNBR= 717 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0       
32740 09/27/1942 M= 4  7 SNBR= 717 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0       
                       *

32745 09/27*  0   0   0    0*282 608  35    0*290 627  35    0*285 649  35    0*
32745 09/27*  0   0   0    0*298 635  35    0*300 640  35    0*302 645  35    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32750 09/28*287 665  35    0*297 677  40    0*306 682  40    0*314 682  45    0*
32750 09/28*304 650  35    0*307 655  40    0*310 660  40    0*315 663  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32755 09/29*322 680  45    0*330 676  45    0*339 671  40    0*348 664  40    0*
32755 09/29*322 666  45    0*330 669  45    0E339 669  40    0E348 664  40    0*
                ***              ***         *    ***         *

32760 09/30*355 655  35    0*364 641  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32760 09/30E356 655  35    0E364 641  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****             *

32765 TS   

Major changes to the track but no changes at all to the intensity of 
this tropical storm over the Atlantic.  A major alteration is to 
indicate an extratropical cyclone stage for the last day of its 
existence.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

Storm 7 (Old Storm 6)

September 26: HWM indicates a weak low at 27N, 62W with no data or 
observations nearby. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 27: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at 
most 1010mb near 30N, 64W and a weakening, stationary cold front to 
the north. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
29N, 62.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows no features of interest. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

September 28: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at 
most 1010mb near 30.5N, 66W and a strong cold front stretching off the 
US East coast. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 30.6N, 68.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at 
most 1005mb near 32N, 67.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: 35kt ESE with a pressure of 1012mb at 
Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 12Z (HWM). 

September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at 
most 1015mb near 34N, 66.5W and a stationary cold front just to the 
west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt 
winds at 33.9N, 67.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a spot low near 30.5N, 
68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35kt N with a pressure of 1023mb at 
33.5N, 73.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

September 30: HWM indicates a stationary front two degrees west of 
Bermuda. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 30kt winds at 
36.4N, 64.1W at 06Z (last position). Ship highlights: 35kt NE with a 
pressure of 1024mb at 35.2N, 73.1W at 12Z (HWM). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

October 1: HWM indicates a baroclinic low near 47N, 43W. 

No change is made to the timing of genesis for this tropical storm.  
Large position changes were made on the 27th and 28th, based upon ship 
and Bermuda observations, with smaller alterations on the 29th and 30th.  
A warm frontal feature indicated on the 27th very near the cyclone's 
center does not appear to actually occur.  35 kt ESE winds with 1012 
mb pressure at Bermuda at 12Z on the 28th confirm that the system was a 
tropical storm.  The intensity is kept at 40 kt at that time.  (It 
should be noted that ship #22002, which reported 1005 mb on the 28th 
and 29th was about 5 mb too low after comparison with the Bermuda 
observations.)  Like most systems in 1942, very few observations were 
available near the center of the cyclone throughout its lifetime.  No 
changes were made to the intensity at any point.  Thus the 45 kt peak 
intensity from 18Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th is not adjusted 
either.  On the 29th a strong cold front approached the cyclone from 
the west and it is estimated that the front reached the center of the 
cyclone around 12Z on the 29th.  An extratropical stage is then added 
beginning at 12Z on the 29th, which was not indicated previously.  No 
change is made to the dissipation of the system after 06Z on the 30th.  
It is noted that there was a baroclinic low near 47N 43W at 12Z on the 
1st of October, but the observations are too sparse to know if the ex-
tropical cyclone and this baroclinic low were the same system.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 8 (previously Storm 7)- Revised in 2013

32770 10/01/1942 M= 5  7 SNBR= 718 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0    
32770 09/30/1942 M= 6  8 SNBR= 718 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0    
      ** **         *  *

(September 30th is new to HURDAT)
32773 09/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 710  30    0*245 708  30    0*                             
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **
                 
32775 10/01*  0   0   0    0*231 719  35    0*250 700  35    0*255 694  35    0*
32775 10/01*250 706  35    0*255 704  40    0*260 700  45    0*266 691  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **


32780 10/02*265 684  40    0*278 670  40    0*291 656  40    0*304 642  45    0*
32780 10/02*272 680  45    0*281 668  50    0*291 656  55    0*302 644  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

32785 10/03*317 629  45    0*327 619  50    0*338 610  50    0*352 599  50    0*
32785 10/03*313 633  60    0*325 622  60    0*338 610  60    0*356 594  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

32790 10/04*367 587  50    0*382 577  45    0E397 566  40    0E417 550  40    0*
32790 10/04*376 576  50    0*397 556  45    0E420 540  40    0E441 530  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

32795 10/05E440 530  35    0E463 509  35    0E487 488  35    0E510 467  35    0*
32795 10/05E452 522  50    0E473 516  55    0E490 510  60    0E511 505  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32800 TS

Major changes to the track and minor intensity alterations (during the 
tropical cyclone stage) of this tropical storm over the Atlantic.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps 
Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

Storm 8 (Old Storm 7)

September 29:  HWM indicates an open low near 26N 72W with a cold 
frontal boundary extending from west of Bermuda to south Florida to 
the north and west of the open low.  Additionally, a tropical cyclone 
is indicated just northwest of Bermuda (storm #7) along the frontal 
boundary.  No low pressures or gale force winds.

September 30: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 24N, 71W and a weakening cold front to the northeast and 
southwest of the circulation. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
with a pressure of at most 1011mb near 27N, 70W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

October 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
995mb near 26N, 70W and a weakening cold front to the southwest of the 
circulation. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
25N, 70W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at 
most 1005mb near 26N, 70W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SE with a 
pressure of 991mb [996mb] at 25.5N, 69.5W at 17Z (COA); 25kt SSE with 
a pressure of 995mb [1000mb] at 26N, 69.2W at 12Z (HWM). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On October 1 a circulation 
developed northeast of the Bahama Islands, and moved northeastward as 
a storm of wide extent and considerable intensity" (MWR). 

October 2: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb 
near 30N, 65W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 29.1N, 65.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 
63W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1002mb near 29N, 65.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: 30kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at 
Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 18Z (USWB).

October 3: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 990mb 
near 36N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds 
at 33.8N, 61W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 33N, 
61W (am) and at 35N, 58.5W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
with a pressure of at most 1002mb near 34N, 61W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 50kt NE with a pressure of 995mb [1000mb] at 32.5N, 65.5W 
at 00Z (COA); 35kt NNW with a pressure of 999mb [1004mb] at 32.5N, 
65.5W at 12Z (COA); and 50kt S at 33.5N, 57.3W at 22Z (USWB). Station 
highlights: 40kt NE with a pressure of 1000mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 
64.7W) at 0Z (USWB); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at Bermuda 
(32.4N, 64.7W) at 06Z (USWB); 35kt NNW with a pressure of 1006mb at 
Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 12Z (HWM); and 35kt NNW with a pressure of 
1008mb at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 18Z (USWB). "It passed east of 
Bermuda during the night of October 2-3, attended by a large gale 
area, but with no available reports showing winds of hurricane force" 
(MWR).

October 4: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of 985mb near 
42.5N, 54W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt 
winds at 39.7N, 56.6W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 38N, 54W (am) and at 42N, 51W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low 
pressure with a pressure of at most 996mb near 39N, 55W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1012mb at 38N, 50W at 03Z 
(USWB); 40kt SSE with a pressure of 1010mb at 38N, 50W at 06Z (USWB); 
40kt NE with a pressure of 999mb at 44N, 55W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt ESE 
with a pressure of 992mb at 44.5N, 53.5W at 16Z (COA). Station 
highlights: 25kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Sable Island, Canada 
(USWB). 

October 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 960mb 
near 51N, 47W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 35kt 
winds at 48.7N, 48.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 47N, 49W (am). Ship highlights: 50kt W with a pressure of 993mb at 
46.5N, 51W at 12Z (HWM); 35kt SSE with a pressure of 972mb at 44.5N, 
54.5W at 00Z (COA); 45kt NW with a pressure of 977mb at 48.5N, 52.5W 
at 11Z (COA). Station highlights: 40kt W and 990mb at St. Johns at 12Z 
(HWM).    

October 6: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 980mb 
near 61.5N, 30W. Ship highlights: 20kt SSW with a pressure of 967mb at 
61.5N, 25.5W at 22Z (COA); 45kt NNE with a pressure of 1007mb at 
64.5N, 22.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

* Information in brackets [] is a corrected pressure adjusted for a 
5mb low bias in the original observation. 

A low pressure was indicated in HWM to be in place on the 29th of 
September, the data is too ambiguous to conclusively close the system 
off.  Genesis for this tropical storm is now indicated to be 18 hours 
earlier than originally shown in HURDAT based upon ship and land 
observations on the 30th of September.  While it is the case that a 
significant temperature gradient existed over Florida on this date, 
this temperature gradient and associated cold air advection did not 
extend to the vicinity of the cyclone.  The Bahamian observations and 
the couple of available ships show that the temperatures across the 
system were isothermal in the low 80s on the 30th.  Thus it is likely 
that the front did not reach the location of the cyclone and that the 
cold air advection remained substantially farther west.  It is also of 
note that the Bahamian pressures showed a 3-4 mb drop between the 29th 
and 30th, consistent with genesis occurring on the 30th. (It is noted 
here that the front in question the one that absorbed storm #7 on the 
same day.)  Major track changes were introduced on the 1st while the 
system was a tropical storm and on the 4th and 5th while the cyclone was 
undergoing extratropical transition.  Ship #59049 reported 991 mb 
pressure and 20 kt SE winds at 17Z on the 1st.  Comparison of this ship 
with subsequent other ship/land measurements suggest that its 
barometer was about 5 mb too low. (The bias for this ship was 
determined at 12Z on the 2nd with two very closely located ships and 
Turks and Caicos station.)   A 996 mb peripheral pressure suggests 
maximum winds of at least 54 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship and at least 50 kt from north of 25N.  
Given the slow movement of the cyclone and the rather low 
environmental pressures, a 45 kt intensity is estimated at 18Z, which 
is up 10 kt from HURDAT originally.  At 00Z on the 3rd, ship #22002 
reported 50 kt NE winds and a pressure of 995 mb.  As was seen from 
storm #7, this ship also had a bias of about 5 mb too low.  (The bias 
for this ship was determined by the average of multiple close 
observations from Bermuda at 00 and 12Z on the 2nd and 00Z and 12Z on 
the 3rd.)  At the same time, Bermuda reported 40 kt NE winds with 1000 
mb pressure.  The intensity is estimated at this time to be 60 kt, as 
the 50 kt NE wind report was on the weak side of the cyclone as the 
system was moving northeastward at about 15 kt.  This is a boost of 15 
kt from HURDAT originally and 60 kt is now the peak intensity for this 
cyclone.  Due to the lack of observations, it cannot be ruled out that 
this system became a hurricane.  The system underwent extratropical 
transition around 12Z on the 4th, which is unchanged from that 
originally shown.  On the 5th, ship and Canadian observations indicated 
that the cyclone deepened as an extratropical low.  The intensity is 
boosted to 60 kt on the 5th, a major upward shift from 35 kt originally 
shown.  The HWM and COADS observations indicate that this vigorous 
extratropical low continued northeastward across the North Atlantic.  
The low apparently merged with another baroclinic cyclone on the 6th 
and the last position is now given at 18Z on the 5th.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 9 (previously Storm 8) - Revised in 2013

32805 10/10/1942 M= 3  8 SNBR= 719 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
32805 10/10/1942 M= 4  9 SNBR= 719 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
                    *  *                            * 

32810 10/10*  0   0   0    0*292 705  35    0*300 720  35    0*304 727  35    0*
32810 10/10*  0   0   0    0*296 713  35    0*300 720  35    0*304 727  35    0*
                             *** ***                            

32815 10/11*310 735  35    0*315 742  35    0*323 750  35    0*333 754  35    0*
32815 10/11*310 733  35    0*318 739  40    0E330 745  40    0E339 750  45    0*
                ***          *** ***  **     **** ***  **     ***  ***  **

32820 10/12*343 757  25    0*350 759  25    0E358 762  25    0E365 770  25    0*
32820 10/12E346 754  45 1000E351 757  40    0E355 759  40    0E356 763  35    0*
           **** ***  ** ******** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(September 13th in new to HURDAT)
32820 10/13E354 768  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **

32825 TS 

Minor track and intensity (during the tropical cyclone stage) 
alterations were introduced for this tropical storm that made landfall 
as an extratropical cyclone in North Carolina.  Another major change 
is to indicate extratropical transition 24 hours earlier than 
previously shown in HURDAT.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly 
Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the 
Monthly Meteorological Summary, and the Climatological Data for North 
Carolina.

Storm 9 (Old Storm 8)

October 9: HWM indicates a low near 24N, 78W. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 10: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 27.5N, 71W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
35kt winds at 30N, 72W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 30N, 70W (am) and at 31.5N, 71W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low 
with a pressure of at most 1011mb near 28N, 71.5W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "This storm also formed northeast of the Bahamas, but 
moved north-northwestward to a position off the North Carolina Capes 
where its northward progress was blocked" (MWR). 

October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 33N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt 
winds at 32.3N, 75W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 
33N, 72W (am) with a pressure of 1006.4mb and at 34N, 74W (pm). 
Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1002mb near 
34N, 73.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb 
at 31N, 73.2W at 12Z (HWM); 20kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 
31.5N, 73.5W at 13Z (COA). Station highlights: 25kt NNE with a 
pressure of 1003mb at Cape Hatteras at 18Z (USWB). 

October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 36N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 
25kt winds at 35.8N, 76.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 35N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1006.4mb and at 36N, 77W 
(pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb 
near 35.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 40kt NE at Cape Henry (36.9N, 76W) no time given 
(MWR); 20kt NE with a pressure of 1002mb at Cape Hatteras at 00Z 
(USWB); 1001mb, no time given - likely between 00Z and 06Z (MMS) at 
Cape Hatteras, 15kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Cape Hatteras at 
06Z (USWB), 15 kt S with 1006 mb at Cape Hatteras at 12Z (USWB);  35kt 
NE at Cape Henry at 12Z (HWM); 36kt NE at Atlantic City (39.4N, 74.4W) 
no time given (MWR). "It then curved inland over the northeastern 
North Carolina coast and gradually dissipated on the 12th. Heavy 
rainfall was recorded over northeastern North Carolina and to the 
northward, but no damaging winds were reported" (MWR). 

October 13: HWM shows no feature of interest; a large, strong high 
dominates with NE winds over SE United States. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 36N, 77W (am) (last position). Microfilm shows a 
low pressure near 35.5N, 76.5W at 0Z. Ship highlights: No gales low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Maximum 
wind velocity reported: Gale winds near center. Intensity: Probably 
not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: No damaging winds reported, heavy 
rainfall over northeastern North Carolina" (MWR). 

No changes to the genesis timing at 06Z on the 10th of October.  The 
initial position is adjusted slightly northwestward for a more 
realistic motion.  Minor position alterations were introduced for all 
days in the short lifetime of the system.  As the cyclone approached 
the United States it moved into a significant baroclinic environment 
on the 11th.  This along with an elongated NE-SW stretching of the 
vortex indicates that the system became extratropical around 12Z on 
the 11th.  This is 24 hours earlier than previously indicated in 
HURDAT.  Peak observations were the following:  Cape Henry with 40 kt 
(5 min) early on the 12th (Z time), Atlantic City with 35 kt on the 
12Z, and Cape Hatteras with a minimum pressure of 1001 mb. The time 
series at Cape Hatteras suggest that the pressure there reached a 
minimum before the center passed through around 08Z.  This was likely 
due to the system filling rather quickly on the 12th.  A central 
pressure is thus estimated to be 1000 mb around 00Z on the 12th.  The 
wind measurements collectively indicate that the system retained gale 
force intensity on the 11th and the 12th, with peak intensity analyzed 
to be 45 kt at 18Z on the 11th and 00Z on the 12th.  The boost of 
intensity at 00Z on the 12th was a major increase (20 kt higher than 
the 25 kt originally shown).  Peak intensity as a tropical cyclone was 
40 kt at 06Z on the 11th just before extratropical transition (up 5 kt 
from HURDAT), but it was slightly stronger as an extratropical cyclone 
with 45 kt.  After landfall around 08Z on the 12th, the cyclone slowed 
and turned toward the west-southwest before dissipating after 00Z on 
the 13th.  This extended the lifecycle of this system an additional six 
hours beyond that shown in HURDAT originally.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 10 (previously Storm 9) - Revised in 2013

32830 10/13/1942 M= 6  9 SNBR= 720 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
32830 10/13/1942 M= 6 10 SNBR= 720 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
                      **

32835 10/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 761  40    0*
32835 10/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 769  30    0*202 764  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32840 10/14*217 763  35    0*230 763  40    0*242 763  45    0*249 763  45    0*
32840 10/14*212 761  30    0*225 760  35    0*237 760  35    0*246 760  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32845 10/15*253 762  45    0*259 762  45    0*264 761  45    0*272 757  45    0*
32845 10/15*250 760  35    0*254 761  35    0*260 761  35    0*267 759  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32850 10/16*282 752  45    0*289 747  45    0*297 741  45    0*308 734  45    0*
32850 10/16*274 754  40    0*282 748  40    0*290 741  45    0*300 734  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** 

32855 10/17*319 726  45    0*329 721  45    0*339 718  45    0*356 709  40    0*
32855 10/17*310 726  45    0*320 721  45    0*330 718  45    0*340 709  40    0*
            ***              ***              ***              ***        

32860 10/18*374 696  40    0*388 687  35    0*401 677  35    0E425 638  35    0*
32860 10/18*350 696  40    0*360 683  35    0*370 670  35    0E380 660  35    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

32865 TS      

Major changes to the track and but minor alterations to the intensity 
of this October tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, 
Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps 
and Perez et al. (2000).

Storm 10 (Old Storm 9)

October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 17N, 
74W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 16N, 75W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  

October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 17.5N, 79W. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 16N, 79.5W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 20.5N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
40kt winds at 19.3N, 76.1W at 18Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure near 
24N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 10kt SSW and 1006mb at Santiago de Cuba at 18Z (USWB). 
"Forming in the northern Caribbean this disturbance moved over eastern 
Cuba on the 13th and, after crossing the Bahamas, curved northeastward 
over the Atlantic passing some distance west of Bermuda on the 17th" 
(MWR). "October 13, Tropical Storm for Cuba" (Perez et al. (2000)).

October 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1010mb near 23N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt 
winds at 24.2N, 76.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 24N, 76W (am) with a pressure of 1009mb and at 26N, 76W (pm). 
Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1008mb near 
24N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 25kt WSW and 1008mb at Mayari at 0Z (USWB). 

October 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 27.5N, 75.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
45kt winds at 26.4N, 76.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 27N, 76W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28.5N, 75W 
(pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb 
near 26N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: 25kt W with a pressure of 1005mb at Eleuthera 
Island at 12Z. 

October 16: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of 1000mb near 
31N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 
29.7N, 74.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 34N, 
71W (am) with a pressure of 1011.5mb and at 36N, 70.5W (pm). Microfilm 
shows a low pressure near 28N, 74W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 17: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 33.5N, 71.5W with a warm front northeast of the cyclone. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 33.9N, 71.8W 
at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 70W (am) with a 
pressure of 1013.2mb and at 39N, 69W (pm). Microfilm shows a low 
pressure near 32.5N, 72W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 18: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 985mb 
near 39N, 66.5W with an approaching cold front to the west and a warm 
front to the northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 40.1N, 67.7W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 40.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1003.1mb and at 
42N, 63W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low with a pressure of at most 
999mb near 40.5N, 68W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20kt S with a pressure 
of 1001mb at 39.5N, 62.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 20kt NE 
with a pressure of 1003mb at Martha's Vineyard (41.4N, 70.6W) at 12Z 
(HWM); 33kt N at Block Island (no time given) (MWR); 28kt NE (no time 
given) at Boston (MWR); 29kt NE (no time given) at Nantucket, and 20kt 
NE with a pressure of 1001mb at Yarmouth, Canada at 18Z (USWB). "On 
the 18th it was absorbed into a stronger disturbance southeast of New 
England. This storm increased only  slightly in intensity after 
leaving the Bahama region and, so far as is known, did not attain 
hurricane intensity" (MWR).  

October 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975mb near 46N, 60W 
with a warm front to the east and cold fronts to the south and west. 
The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 44N, 59W (am) with a 
pressure of 989.7mb and at 47N, 55W (pm). Microfilm shows a closed low 
with a pressure of at most 990mb near 43N, 63W at 0Z [last available]. 
Ship highlights: 40kt W with a pressure of 992mb at 39.5N, 63.5W at 
00Z (COA); 15kt ENE with a pressure of 975mb at 46.5N, 60.5W at 12Z 
(COA). Station highlights: 25kt NE with a pressure of 993mb at 
Halifax, Canada at 0Z (USWB); 35kt W with a pressure of 990mb at Sable 
Island at 12Z (HWM). 

October 20: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
980mb near 49N, 54W with a warm front to the north and cold front to 
the south. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 50.5N, 53W (am). 
"Maximum wind velocity reported: No winds over strong (25-38mph). 
Intensity: Not of hurricane intensity. Remarks: No reports of damaging 
winds" (MWR). 

October 21: HWM shows a complex low with one low center at 54N, 42W, 
but there are no observations showing a closed low. 

It was considered to show genesis at 12Z on the 12th of October, 30 
hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT originally.  The observations 
on the 12th - primarily from land stations in the Caribbean - are 
somewhat suggestive that a closed low had formed by that date.  
Genesis is now shown at 12Z on the 13th, six hours earlier than that 
shown in HURDAT.  The key piece of evidence is the 1006 mb and 10 kt 
SSW in Santiago de Cuba at 18Z on the 13th, which indicates that the 
system was just making landfall a couple of hours before this time.  
Rather than showing the first point over Cuba, a position between Cuba 
and Jamaica is indicated at 12Z.  It is noted that the system still 
was somewhat elongated at 12Z on the 13th.  But given the evidence for 
a tropical cyclone (over Cuba) is strong at 18Z, genesis at 12Z on the 
13th appears to be the best solution given the uncertainties.  Another 
possibility is that the system became a tropical cyclone on the 14th 
over the Bahamas, instead of just south of Cuba on the 13th.  The 
system is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression.  Around 16Z on the 
13th, the cyclone made landfall in southeastern Cuba.  HURDAT 
originally had it making landfall as a 40 kt tropical storm.  Evidence 
to retain it as a tropical storm include the 4 mb pressure drop in six 
hours at Santiago de Cuba (1010 to 1006 mb between 12 and 18Z on the 
13th) as well the 25 kt W winds and 1008 mb pressure at Mayari at 00Z 
on the 14th.  However, the slow movement of the cyclone and the low 
environmental pressure suggest a weaker intensity.  The system is 
analyzed to have been a 30 kt tropical depression at landfall, which 
is a slight downgrade from that shown in HURDAT originally.  Position 
changes were introduced on every day of its existence and were all 
minor for the tropical cyclone portion, but were major for the last 
existing position in HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th when the system was 
extratropical.  Numerous observations in the Caribbean on the 14th and 
15th indicate that the cyclone was at most a minimal tropical storm.  
Tropical storm intensity is estimated to have been achieved around 06Z 
on the 14th, 12 hours later than that originally shown in HURDAT.  The 
intensity is brought down some from 45 to 35 kt on the 14th and 15th.  
On the 16th and 17th, virtually no observations were available (in both 
real-time and in the reanalysis) to determine the track and intensity.  
Intensity is thus kept at 45 kt on those dates, which is the peak 
intensity for the lifetime of the system as a tropical storm.  The 
microfilm maps clearly show a baroclinic low moving northeastward over 
the Carolinas on 16-17 October.  The data does not allow subsequent 
tracking until the 0600 UTC 18 October map, where the real-time 
analyses available in the microfilm suggested two lows were present - 
one just northwest of Bermuda and the other just south of New England.  
Indeed, the Monthly Weather Review summary suggested that the latter 
cyclone was a new development that absorbed the pre-existing tropical 
storm.  However, the original HURDAT instead indicated that the vortex 
near New England was a continuation of the existing tropical storm.  
The reanalysis concurs with MWR, although there remains significant 
uncertainty in the exact evolution of the system.  Absorption of the 
system after 18Z on the 18th is indicated (same as in HURDAT and MWR), 
but with positions on the 18th close to that suggested by the MWR.  
Major track changes are then introduced on all times on the 18th and 
extratropical transition is retained at 18Z.

********************************************************************************

1942 - Storm 11 (previously Storm 10) - Revised in 2013

32870 11/05/1942 M= 7 10 SNBR= 721 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
32870 11/05/1942 M= 7 11 SNBR= 721 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                      **

32875 11/05*179 651  35    0*199 682  40    0*211 700  40    0*221 718  45    0*
32875 11/05*218 720  35    0*222 722  40    0*225 725  40    0*228 733  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32880 11/06*227 735  50    0*230 747  60    0*229 758  65  997*225 773  70  994*
32880 11/06*230 745  50    0*230 757  60    0*227 768  65    0*223 778  70    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***        * *** ***        *

32885 11/07*220 787  60    0*214 799  60    0*207 810  60    0*199 820  60    0*
32885 11/07*218 791  60    0*211 804  60    0*203 817  65    0*196 829  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32890 11/08*191 830  65    0*185 841  70    0*181 853  80    0*179 866  85    0*
32890 11/08*190 840  75    0*184 850  80    0*179 860  85    0*178 870  95    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32895 11/09*178 878  85  992*179 887  65    0*182 895  55    0*187 902  50    0*
32895 11/09*178 881  95    0*179 889  65    0*182 897  50    0*186 902  40    0*
                ***  **    *     ***              ***  **      ***      **

32900 11/10*192 908  45  999*197 913  40    0*202 918  40    0*214 919  40    0*
32900 11/10*190 907  40    0*195 911  40    0*200 915  40    0*205 917  40    0*
            *** ***  **    * *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

32905 11/11*219 918  40    0*215 910  35    0*206 900  35    0*200 888  25    0*
32905 11/11*208 918  40    0*206 915  40    0*200 910  40    0*193 898  30    0*
            ***              *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32910 HR 

Major changes are introduced to the track, but only minor change to 
the intensity for this late season hurricane that struck both Cuba and 
Belize.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
the Mexican synoptic maps, and Perez et al. (2000).

Storm 11 (Old Storm 10)

November 4: HWM indicates two separate areas of low pressure, one 
located near 15N, 67.W and the other at 20.5N, 71W. No gales or low 
pressures. "A disturbance developed over the extreme southeast Bahamas 
in a katallabaric wave that had moved up from the West Indies during 
November 3 and 4"(MWR).

November 5: HWM indicates a low near 21N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 21.1N, 70W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
30kt NNE with a pressure of 999mb [1003mb] at 25.5N, 73.5W at 17Z 
(COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

November 6: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1005mb near 20.5N, 78W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane 
with 65kt winds at 22.9N, 75.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 22N, 75W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and at 21.5N, 78W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 10kt SE with a pressure of 1002mb at 26.5N, 
75.5W at 01Z (COA); 35kt NW at 23.5N, 79.5W at 17Z (COA). Station 
highlights: 40kt NE and 997 mb (no time given) at Georgetown, Bahamas 
(MWR); 61kt NE with a pressure of 994mb at Cay Paredon Grande (22.5N, 
78.2W) at 19Z (MWR); 40kt SSW with a pressure of 1000mb at Camaguey 
(21.4N, 77.9W) no time given (MWR). "The lowest pressure observed 
during its passage over the southern Bahamas was 997mb, accompanied by 
a northeast wind force 9, at Georgetown, Exuma Island ... Blocked from 
entering the Gulf of Mexico by a ridge aloft, the disturbance turned 
southwestward and, increasing to hurricane or near hurricane force, 
crossed the north coast of Cuba a short distance southeast of Cay 
Paredon Grande where, in the 2pm observation of the 6th, a wind of 70 
miles per hour from the northeast, and pressure 994mb, was reported. 
Camaguey, in the interior of south-central Cuba, recorded a low 
pressure of 999.7mb with gusts of wind up to 46 miles per hour from 
the south-southwest" (MWR). "November 6-7, Cat 1 for Cuba" (Perez et 
al. (2000).

November 7: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 19N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 
60kt winds at 20.7N, 81W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 21N, 81W (am) with a pressure of 1002mb and at 19N, 83W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 35kt NE at 23.5N, 79.5W at 01Z (COA). Station 
highlights: 15kt SSW with a pressure of 1002mb at Grand Cayman (19.2N, 
81.4) at 12Z (HWM). "The disturbance weakened somewhat as it crossed 
the mountainous region of Cuba, but still retained an active cyclonic 
circulation as it passed into the Caribbean" (MWR). 

November 8: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 
1000mb near 18N, 86W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 Hurricane with 
80kt winds at 18.1N, 85.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 18N, 85W (am) with a pressure of 1007.1mb and at 17N, 87W 
(pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 19N, 
89.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 18.2N, 
89.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: 47kt and 992mb at 01Z at Belize City, and 40kt E with a 
pressure of 999mb at Campeche (19.9N, 90.3W). All observations from 
the MWR. "Moving southwestward it regained hurricane intensity and, on 
approaching the Yucatan Peninsula, turned westward and struck inland 
over British Honduras between 6 and 8pm of the 8th ... The lowest 
pressure, throughout the history of the storm, was 991.5mb recorded at 
6 and 7pm of the 8th in the observatory at Belize, with winds ranging 
up to 54miles per hour. North of Belize [City] severe damage was 
reported from a coastal area 100 miles long and 40 to 50 miles deep. 
The center passed inland near or over the small village of San Pedro 
which was 90 percent destroyed. From Caye Corker came a report that a 
tidal wave had cut the island into three distinct parts carrying away 
everything in its path...Damage throughout the affected area of British 
Honduras has been estimated at four million dollars. Of this total, 
one million is listed as destruction to private property, dwellings 
and public buildings, and the remaining three million as damage to 
coconut and other plantations and possible losses to the mahogany and 
chicle industries. Nine lives were lost in the northern district, but 
as many small fishing boats were dashed on shore or driven out to sea, 
the total loss of life is still unknown...The center emerged into the 
Bay of Campeche on the 9th, with lowest pressure at Campeche 998.9mb 
and a highest wind of force 9 from the east. There is no evidence that 
the disturbance regained hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of 
Mexico" (MWR)."

November 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 
91.5W with a strong cold front over the northwest Gulf of Mexico. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 20.2N, 91.8W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: A pressure of 1004 at Campeche at 12Z (HWM). 

November 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 20N, 
91W with a vigorous cold front stretching across the southern Gulf of 
Mexico just a degree from the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 35kt winds at 20.6N, 90W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: 5kt SSE with a pressure of 1004 
at Campeche at 12Z (HWM). "On the 10th its northwest movement was 
blocked by high pressure at the surface and aloft and, being forced 
back southeastward, it reentered Yucatan and dissipated on the 11th in 
the interior of the peninsula" (MWR).

November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 
92W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.      

Genesis is retained at 00Z on the 5th as originally shown in HURDAT.  
However, the system may have begun on the 4th, but the data are 
inconclusive.  Major changes are made to the track on the 5th and minor 
alterations are introduced for the remainder of the cyclone's 
lifetime.  A ship at 17Z on the 5th measured 999 mb pressure and 30 kt 
NE winds.  In comparison with other observations, it appears that this 
ship's barometer recorded about 4 mb too low.  1003 mb peripheral 
pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et 
al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 38 kt north 
of 25N.  45 kt is retained as the intensity at 18Z on the 5th.  The 
small cyclone intensified to a hurricane on the 6th as it progressed 
through the Bahamas.  Georgetown at Exuma Island in the Bahamas 
observed 997 mb pressure with NE 40 kt winds (likely were simultaneous 
measurements) early on the 6th.  This peripheral pressure suggests an 
intensity of at least 53 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  60 kt at 06Z on the 6th is retained.  (This pressure 
value is removed from HURDAT as it was likely not a central pressure.)  
At 19Z on the same date, 994 mb pressure was measured with 61 kt NE at 
Cay Paredon Grande, Cuba as the cyclone was making landfall.  This 
peripheral pressure suggests intensity of at least 58 kt.  (Again this 
pressure value was not a central pressure and is removed from HURDAT.)  
The 70 kt originally in HURDAT is retained, making this a Category 1 
hurricane for Cuba.  This assessment agrees with that of Perez et al. 
in their atlas of Cuban hurricanes.  The hurricane moved west-
southwestward into the Caribbean Sea, about six hours after landfall 
in Cuba.  The cyclone continued moving in that direction and made a 
second landfall in Belize around 00Z on the 9th.  Belize City measured 
992 mb pressure along with 47 kt winds at that time.  This peripheral 
pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt.  (For a third time, a 
peripheral pressure measurement is removed from HURDAT.)  Given the 
severe impact of the hurricane within British Honduras (now Belize), 
the intensity is estimated to be a high end Category 2 (95 kt), though 
the system may have been significantly stronger.  This is a minor 
change to the 85 kt originally shown in HURDAT. It is worth noting 
that in the region where the cyclone formed, a portion of the track 
that it took, and the time of the year is similar to Hurricane Kate in 
1985. 

********************************************************************************

1942 Additional Notes:

May 12-14: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a closed low with a 
pressure of at most 1005mb formed near 21N, 94W on May 12. There was 
no indication of the low on the 13th but the low reappeared as a broad 
area of low pressure on the 14th near 22N, 96W. There were no gales in 
the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review or COADS to 
support the formation of a Tropical Storm. 

DAY		LAT	 LONG			STATUS
May 12		21N	 94W			Low?
May 13		21N	 95W			Low?
May 14		22N 	 96W			Low? 


June 2-5: Historical Weather Maps first indicated a low forming near 
24N, 85W on June 2nd. Starting on June 3rd, Historical Weather Maps 
indicated the storm with a Tropical Storm symbol located near 26N, 
87W. The storm then moved northward about two degrees on the 4th and 
then began its move westward on the 5th until it became Extratropical 
over NE Texas on June 6th. It is of note that the lowest pressure 
observed was 1006 mb at Lake Charles, LA on the 5th and that peak 5 min 
winds for the month were measured at Apalachicola on the 4th (E at 26 
kt) and at New Orleans on the 4th (E at 23 kt).  This system remained a 
Depression throughout its duration; there were no gales found in 
Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, Climatological Data 
or COADS. 

DAY		LAT	LONG			STATUS
June 2		24N	85W			Low
June 3		26N	87W			Tropical Depression
June 4		28N	88.5W			Tropical Depression
June 5		29N	92W		 	Extratropical 


September 11-13:  The MWR mentions a disturbance near the Bahamas on 
12 September.  The HWM shows a trough/tropical wave on the 11th, 12th, 
and 13th.  However, MWR, HWM, microfilm and COADS data indicate that 
there were no low pressures or gale force winds.

DAY		     LAT  LONG			STATUS
September 11         ---  77W                   Trough
September 12         ---  78W                   Trough     
September 13         ---  75W                   Trough 


October 14-18: Historical Weather Maps indicated a low formed near 
15N, 57.5W on October 14. On the 15th, the storm moved NW about 1.5 
degrees and Historical Weather Maps displayed it with a Tropical Storm 
symbol. There was a 4mb pressure drop between the 15th and 16th and the 
data indicate a closed circulation with a central pressure near 1008 
mb on the 16th.  From the 16th to the 18th, Historical Weather Maps 
indicated the storm as a closed low again and it moved northward until 
it dissipated in the Atlantic on the 18th. There were no gales found in 
the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, or in COADS.  

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
October 14		15N	57.5W			Low
October 15		16N	59W			Tropical Depression
October 16		18N	62W			Tropical Depression
October 17		20N	59W			Tropical Depression
October 18		26N	58W			Tropical Depression

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 1 - Revised in 2013

31850 07/25/1943 M= 5  1 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
31850 07/25/1943 M= 6  1 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2  
                    *                   

31855 07/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 877  50    0*
31855 07/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 877  35    0*
                                                                        **
            
31860 07/26*281 893  65    0*281 902  70    0*282 911  70    0*285 920  70    0*
31860 07/26*281 889  45    0*281 901  50    0*282 911  60    0*284 920  70    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               **      ***  

31865 07/27*288 929  75    0*290 936  75    0*293 941  75    0*295 947  75    0*
31865 07/27*286 927  80    0*289 934  90    0*292 940  90    0*295 946  90  967*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***

31870 07/28*298 952  55    0*300 957  50    0*304 962  40    0*306 967  40    0*
31870 07/28*297 951  75  975*299 956  50    0*302 960  40    0*305 964  40    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31875 07/29*310 970  35    0*315 973  25    0*320 974  25    0*325 974  15    0*
31875 07/29*309 968  35    0*314 971  30    0*320 974  30    0*325 977  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **          ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
31877 07/30*330 980  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

31880 HRCTX2  

U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir RMW   Central   States
                                   Wind Simpson      Pressure  Affected
1-7/27/1943    1800Z 29.5N  94.6W   90kt   2  15nm    967mb    CTX2

 
Minor alterations to the track, but major adjustments made to the intensity of Storm 1 as shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
microfilm maps at NHC, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly 
Record, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Fincher and 
Read (1997).

July 23:  HWM indicates no features of interest in the Gulf of Mexico.  No gales or low pressures.

July 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015mb near 28N, 89W. A dissipating stationary frontal 
boundary is indicated a couple hundred nm north of the low.  The microfilm map shows a low of at most 
1014 mb centered over southern Mississippi with an east-west extending front through the low.    Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

July 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 27.6N, 88.5W. A dissipating stationary frontal boundary is 
indicated a few hundred nm northwest of the low.  The microfilm map shows no significant features in 
the area.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "A 
partial circulation aloft had been noticed over the extreme southeastern portion of the United States 
and the eastern Gulf of Mexico as early as July 23, but no disturbed surface conditions were observed 
until the early afternoon of July 25, when wind shifts from southeast to northeast at Burrwood, New 
Orleans, and Biloxi indicated a disturbance south of Burrwood. Within a few hours heavy seas were 
reported on Mississippi Sound. The highest wind reported while the storm was moving westward south 
of the Delta was Beaufort force 7 (32-38 mph), recorded at Burrwood" (MWR). 

July 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 28N, 92W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 28.2N, 91.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 28N, 90.5W (am) and at 28N, 93W (pm). The microfilm map shows a closed low of at 
most 1011 mb near 29N 91W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. "The 26th was cloudy with middle and lower clouds moving from the northeast. During 
the late afternoon the low dark bank of clouds of the storm began appearing in the east" (OMR). "The 
sea presented some evidence of a storm swell on the 26th with a count of 8 swells per minute at noon 
which lowered to 6 1/2 per minute by 6pm. Although rough, the surf at Galveston never attained the 
mountainous size usually associated with tropical storms as the wind was mostly off shore" (OMR). 

July 27: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 29N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 29.3N, 94.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed 
a center at 29.5N, 94W (am) with a pressure of 1004mb and 29.8N, 96W (pm). The microfilm map shows 
a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 29N 94W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights:   980mb (minimum pressure) at 1845Z and 58 kt NW (maximum 1 min wind) at ~18Z at 
Galveston City office (OMR); 73kt at Houston Airport (29.8N, 95.7W) no time given (MWR); 64kt WNW 
with 988mb (maximum 1 min wind and minimum pressure) at Galveston Airport office (29.3N, 94.8W) at 
1845Z (OMR); 48kt W with a pressure of 982mb at Hitchcock (29.3N, 95W) at 21Z (MAR); 69kt WNW at 
Hitchcock no time given (MAR); 975 mb central pressure at Ellington Field (29.6N 95.2W), no time given 
(Ho).  ."The hurricane that passed inland over the Bolivar Peninsula, on the upper Texas coast during the 
early afternoon of July 27, was the most severe storm experienced in the Galveston Bay area since the 
hurricane of August 16-18, 1915. It was a storm of rather small area but unfortunately passed over the 
most densely populated and highly developed portion of the Texas coast" (MWR). "Flights through the 
earlier storm were made from the Instructor's School at Bryan Field, TX. On the first flight Col. Joseph P. 
Duckworth was accompanied by Second Lt. Ralph M. O'Hair, navigator, and on the second trip by First 
Lt. William H. Jones-Burdick, a pilot weather officer. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a plane 
has been intentionally flown through the center of a hurricane. The flights were made at altitudes 
between 4,000 and 9,000 feet. The following bird's-eye view description of the "eye" of a hurricane is 
quoted from Colonel Duckworth's report: 'As we broke into the "eye" of the storm we were, of course, 
contact, and could see the sun and the ground. Apparently the "eye" was like a leaning cone as 
observation of the ground had showed a considerable ground wind.' At another point in his report, 
describing flight conditions, he said: 'On the whole, neither flight through the hurricane was as 
uncomfortable as a good, rough thunderstorm. Rain had been encountered in thunderstorms which was 
heavier than the rain in the hurricane, to say nothing of much more severe drafts and choppy and 
bumpy air' " (MWR). "[At 1746] now flying in "eye" of storm. Ground clearly visible, sun shining through 
upper clouds to the west. Circling to establish position. Surface wind South. (This point was first thought 
to be Red Bluff on Galveston Bay south of the town of LaPorte, but a check flight in clear weather three 
days later established the position of the clear space 8 miles northeast, west across the bay from Double 
Bayou)" (Jones). "Between the hour of 1400 and 1900 two experimental trips were made (without 
landing, of course) in an AT-6 airplane, around and through the center of the hurricane. The observer on 
the first trip was 2nd Lt. Ralph M. O'Hair, navigator, and on the second trip 1st Lt. Wm. H. Jones-Burdick, a 
pilot-weather officer. Both trips were made at differing altitudes between 4000ft and 9000ft" 
(Duckworth). "On the first trip the hurricane was centered north of Galveston and both the Galveston 
and Houston radio ranges were operating. These two ranges were checked over in turn and upon 
reaching Galveston a northward course was flown through the "eye" of the storm. On the second trip 
the "eye" was found to be slightly west-northwest of its former position and this trip was made to the 
east of Houston over Galveston to 30 miles east of Galveston range and back west-northwest through 
the "eye" of the storm. No difficulties were encountered on either trip" (Duckworth). "A broadcast was 
sent out locating the center over Galveston Bay about ten miles southwest of the little settlement of 
Double Bayou" (Duckworth). "Rain began at 12:15 am CST, on the 27th and was continuous until 4:45pm 
CST on the 28th with a total of 13.16 inches recorded" (OMR). "The lowlands along Bolivar Peninsula and 
around High Island were flooded to a depth of several feet, however, and several hundred head of cattle 
are reported lost in that region. The lowest barometer reading at the Galveston City Office was 28.95 
inches at 12:45pm CST, on the 27th and at the same time the airport, five miles farther from the storm 
center to the southwest, recorded a low of 29.17 inches, and 15 minutes later the Pan American 
Refinery at Texas City, nearer the storm center recorded 29.09inches. These are all correct sea level 
readings. The maximum wind for 5 minutes at the Galveston City Office was 63 mph from the northwest 
at 10:35am CST but 63mph from the west was also recorded a short time later. The extreme velocity for 
one mile was 68, and peak gusts undoubtedly reached 80 to 90mph" (OMR). "Reports received later 
from outlying sections indicate that the calm of the storm center was experienced as it crossed the coast 
over Bolivar Peninsula from Rollover to within about 2 miles of Port Bolivar, a highway distance of about 
16 miles. Since the storm crossed the coast at an angle the diameter of the storm center was probably 
about 12 miles. The center probably crossed the coast between noon and 1pm CST. After crossing 
Galveston Bay the calm was experienced from a short distance north of Seabrook to north of La Porte. 
At Shoreacres (Houston Yacht Club), south of La Porte, a lull was experienced from 3:55pm to 5:40pm 
CST with practically a complete calm for over one hour of that time" (OMR). "During the next 2 days the 
disturbance increased rapidly in intensity and moving west-northwestward to the Texas coast passed 
inland over the Galveston Bay region, between noon and 1:00pm (CST) July 27, as a small intense storm 
accompanied by full hurricane winds" (MWR). "The calm center of the storm was felt over almost the 
entire length of the Bolivar Peninsula and reports say its passage required about an hour. Since, at this 
point, the storm was moving 12- 14 mph the calm center or "eye" was about 12 to 14 miles across as it 
passed inland" (MWR). "Since the storm crossed the coast at an angle the diameter of the storm center 
was probably about 12 miles. The center probably crossed the coast between noon and 1pm CST" 
(OMR). "On July 27th, a tropical disturbance of hurricane intensity over a small area near the center 
moved inland on the Texas Coast, across Bolivar Peninsular and Trinity Bay. The storm passed over 
Houston shortly before midnight of the 27th and continued on toward Navasota, losing its intensity 
rapidly. The bulk of the property damage occurred in Galveston and Harris counties, although 
considerable damage occurred in some areas of Jefferson, Chambers, and Brazoria counties. The highest 
wind velocity reported from the several Weather Bureau Offices was 63 miles per hour from the 
northwest at Galveston, although gust velocities exceeding 100 miles per hour were reported form 
several bayshore and adjacent localities. The lowest barometric pressure (reduced to sea-level) was 
28.95 inches at Galveston City Office. The loss of eighteen lives was attributed directly to the storm. 
Property loss in the entire area was conservatively estimated to be in excess of $15,000,000. Crops in 
areas where the full force of the storm was felt suffered considerable immediate damage from high 
winds and later damage from excessive rains accompanying the storm" (CD).  "1943, Jul, TX, 2N 969 mb'' 
(Jarrell et al.).  ''Jul 27 1943, Center crossed coast near Galveston, Estimated Lowest - 968 mb, 
Movement - WNW 9 mph" (Connor).  "Tropical Cyclones in Texas, 1943, July 27, Galveston, Minimal, 19 
killed, damage $16,500,000" ("Minimal" - Winds 64 to 87 kt, pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).  
"July 27th - 80 kt max sustained 1 min equivalent at landfall, 1014 mb environmental pressure" 
(Schwerdt et al.).  "July 27th - 975 mb observed central pressure at Ellington Field, TX, 16 nm RMW, 8 kt 
forward speed, Landfall 29.5N 94.6W" (Ho et al.).

July 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 30N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 40kt winds at 30.4N, 96.2W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 31N, 96.5W 
(am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 32N, 97W (pm). The microfilm map shows a closed low of at 
most 999 mb over eastern Texas.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 70kt NW 
with a pressure of 985mb at Houston at 0130Z (OMR); 48kt WNW at Hitchcock at 00Z (MAR); A pressure 
of 980mb at Houston at 0235Z (OMR). "Damage in Galveston storm warning district was confined mostly 
to Galveston and Chambers counties and the portion of Harris County in the vicinity of La Porte, 
Shoreacres and Seabrook. Very few buildings escaped some damage and many were unroofed or blown 
off foundations, and quite a number were totally destroyed. Many large trees were uprooted as a 
consequence of rain softening the soil, and others suffered loss of branches and defoliation. Shrubbery 
and other vegetation were badly whipped by wind" (OMR).   A paper on "The 1943 'Surprise' Hurricane" 
by Fincher and Read was presented at the 1997 National Hurricane Conference.  It reviews many of the 
details of the hurricane and its impacts in Texas, including the first aircraft flight into a hurricane.

July 29: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 32N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Depression with 25kt winds at 32N, 97.4W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 
97.5W (am - last position) with a pressure of 1005mb. The microfilm map shows a low of at most 1002 
mb over central Texas.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt WSW with a 
pressure of 1005mb at Waco (31.6N, 97.2W) at 12Z (HWM). "Wind damage [in Port Arthur] was light, 
only about $25,000. Water damage was at least $200,000 and probably considerably more. Hundreds of 
homes, 2,000 to 3,000 automobiles, and many industrials, and businesses were flooded when drainage 
facilities failed to discharge the water as fast as it drained into the lower sections of the city and 
surrounding area. One death resulted from the storm. A man attempting to save his chickens either 
fainted and was drowned or came in contact with a live wire in the waist deep water, probably the 
latter" (OMR). "Damage in connection with this hurricane has been estimated at $10,000,000 in the 
Galveston area, $6,250,000 in the Houston area, and $300,000 in the Port Arthur area, a total of 
$16,550,000. A large amount of the damage was caused by wind-driven rain. Nineteen persons lost their 
lives in the storm. The U.S. Engineer's dredge Galveston, dragging two anchors, struck the north jetty off 
the entrance to Galveston Bay and went down in 40 feet of water with the loss of 11 members of the 
crew. The tug Titan foundered at sea en route from Corpus Christi to Port Neches with the loss of 3 lives. 
Two deaths were reported in Houston, and 1 each in 3 cities of Galveston, La Porte, and Port Arthur" 
(MWR).

July 30:  HWM depicts a stationary front extending from Kansas eastward.  No gales or low pressures.
While there are some indications that a broad low pressure area was present by July 24th, a well-defined 
low did not develop until late on the 25th based upon the available observations.  Thus genesis for this 
cyclone is unchanged at 18Z on the 25th.  Minor position changes were made for all days of this system's 
existence.   The cyclone is begun as a minimal 35 kt tropical storm instead of a 50kt tropical storm as 
previously noted on HURDAT.  The intensity was also lowered significantly on the 26th, going from 65 to 
45kt at 00 UTC and from 70 to 50kt at 06 UTC, based upon observations that the system had not yet 
reached hurricane intensity.  Transition to a hurricane likely occurred around 18Z on the 26th, 18 hours 
later than originally indicated.

The hurricane made landfall around 18Z on the 27th near 29.5N 94.6W on the Bolivar Peninsula, TX.  
Peak observed 1 min winds were 73 kt at the Houston Airport.  Both Galveston (City Office) and Houston 
recorded 980 mb pressure minima, but both were peripheral pressure measurements.  A 975 mb was 
reported for Ellington Field, which did experience the eye around 00Z on the 28th.  Using the Ho et al. 
(1987) inland pressure decay model, this suggests 967 mb central pressure at landfall.  This is very close 
to the value previously estimated by Connor (1956 - 968 mb) and Jarrell et al. (1992 - 969 mb).  967mb 
gives 88kts from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 92kt from the intensifying 
subset of north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The hurricane had at landfall a radius of outer closed 
isobar of a near average 250 nm (1013 mb outer closed isobar), but an RMW of about 15 nm.  This is 
smaller (25 nm) than climatology for this landfall latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  
However, the cyclone was also fairly slow moving (7 kt) at landfall. Hence, 90kt was chosen as the 
landfall intensity which makes the system a Category 2 hurricane at landfall rather than a 75kt hurricane 
as previously noted in HURDAT.  (However, the landfall characterization - "CTX2" - of a Category 2 for 
the northern Texas coast remains unchanged.)  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay  wind 
model (1995) suggests winds of 58 kt at 00Z on the 28th, 44 kt at 06Z, 35 kt at 12Z, and 31 kt at 18Z.  
Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic times were 70 kt at 00Z, 43 kt at 06Z, less than 35 
kt at 12Z, and 35 kt at 18Z.  Given the higher winds observed at 00Z and 18Z compared with the model, 
winds are selected to be slightly higher than the model for HURDAT:  75 kt at 00Z (originally 55 kt), 50 kt 
at 06Z (unchanged), 40 kt at 12Z (unchanged), and 40 kt at 18Z (unchanged).  Minimal changes to track 
and intensity were made after landfall.  Given how vigorous the circulation of the cyclone remained at 
12Z on the 29th, it is unlikely that the system dissipated within 12 hours as shown in HURDAT originally.  
However, there is no indication of the system still being present at 12Z on the 30th.  Thus the dissipation 
is now analyzed to have occurred after 00Z on the 30th, six hours later than originally indicated.
 
This hurricane represents an historic milestone, as it was the first to ever be flown with the intent - and 
success - to fly into the eye of the storm.  This prompted the routine aircraft reconnaissance in support 
of hurricane analysis and forecasting by the U.S. Weather Bureau.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 2 - Revised in 2013                                          

31885 08/13/1943 M= 7  2 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31890 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*171 605  35    0*175 617  35    0*
31890 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*171 605  35    0*175 615  35    0*
                                                                   ***

31895 08/14*180 629  40    0*187 643  40    0*194 656  40    0*201 669  45    0*
31895 08/14*180 625  40    0*185 645  40    0*192 656  40    0*200 669  45    0*
                ***          *** ***          ***              ***

31900 08/15*209 681  45    0*218 693  45    0*228 704  45    0*237 710  45    0*
31900 08/15*209 683  45    0*219 697  45    0*230 710  45    0*240 717  45    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31905 08/16*245 713  50    0*252 716  50    0*258 719  50    0*266 723  50    0*
31905 08/16*248 720  50    0*255 721  50    0*262 722  50    0*270 723  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

31910 08/17*275 728  50    0*286 736  50    0*296 744  50    0*303 750  50    0*
31910 08/17*279 728  50    0*288 736  50    0*296 744  50    0*303 750  50    0*
            ***              ***

31915 08/18*310 754  50    0*318 754  45    0*327 748  45    0*338 737  40    0*
31920 08/19*348 725  40    0*358 713  40    0*367 700  35    0*383 679  30    0*
31920 08/19*348 725  40    0*358 713  40    0E367 700  35    0E383 679  30    0*
                                             *                *

31925 TS     

Minor track changes, but no intensity alterations are made to that shown originally in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  Additionally, it is now indicated that a short-lived extratropical cyclone stage occurred just 
before dissipation of the system, originally indicated to remain a tropical cyclone.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, NHC microfilm maps, the COADS ship 
database, and the Monthly Weather Review. 

August 12:  HWM and microfilm maps indicate no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 16N, 61W. Microfilm map indicates a 
closed low of at most 1012 mb near 15N 61W.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 
17.1N, 60.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "A disturbance of moderate intensity was first detected on August 13, near 17N and 60W" 
(MWR).

August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 19.5N, 65.5W. Microfilm map indicates 
a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 20.5N 65.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical storm with 40kt 
winds at 19.4N, 65.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. 

August 15: HWM indicates a low near 22.5N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds 
at 22.8N, 70.4W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 23N 71W.  The 
MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 23N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 24N, 72W 
(pm). Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 23Z at 24.0N 71.4W (micro). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

August 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 25.5N, 73W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 25.8N, 71.9W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a 
closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27.5N 72.5W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 27N, 
72.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 28N, 73W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.   Aircraft highlight:  26N 72.2W center fix with 
maximum estimated surface winds of 35 kt.  "From Col. Harrison, USAAF (Recd by phone 7:15 pm) 
Tropical disturbance at 1825Z located 26N Long. 72 deg  10' West.  Wind on northwest circumference at 
surface N-40 mph; at 8 thousand feet 325 deg - 37 mph.  This is a personal airplane observation.  
(signed) Col Carlwark 9th Reg. Control Officer" (micro).

August 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 28.7N, 75.5W. A dissipating warm front is analyzed 
between 35N-40N and 65W-73W, while a cold front extends from New England southwestward along 
the mid-Atlantic coast to the Carolinas.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 29.6N, 
74.4W at 12Z.  Microfilm map indicates at closed low of at most 1005 mb near 30N 74W.  The MWR 
Tracks of lows showed a center at 29.5N, 73W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 31N, 74W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 50kt S with a pressure of 1007mb at 34.5N, 71.5W at 17Z (COA); 35 kt S with a pressure 
of 1007 mb at 35.5N 71.5W at 21Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights:  45 kt SW at 29N 76W at 17Z (micro).  "Moving northwestward until the 17th, it then turned 
north and northeastward, passing about 200 miles east of Cape Hatteras. From this point it decreased 
rapidly in intensity and lost its intensity near 41N and 61W. It did not develop winds of hurricane force" 
(MWR).   "-From GSF- Left Banana River 1030 EWT [1430Z].  flew to 27 deg 50'N and 76 West arriving 
1230 EWT [1630Z].  Sctd to broken cloud en route.  Ceiling at 27 deg 50' and 76 1000 feet, winds SW 26 
knots.  Turned north along 76 West and encountered CB with rain and ceiling near 1100 feet.  
Encountered severe thunderstorms between 28 and 29 North at 1300 EWT [1700Z] with SWerly winds 
estimated at velocity 50 mph.  Everything to eastward bad.  Plane then returned to Banana River"  
(micro).

August 18: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 32.5N, 75W with a warm front 
extending east-northeast of the low and a cold front extending west-southwest of the low.  Micofilm 
map indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N 74.5W with a frontal boundary northwest of 
the low.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 32.7N, 74.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks 
of lows showed a center at 32N, 74.5W (am) with a pressure of 1005mb and at 34N, 73W (pm). Ship 
highlights: 40kt SSW at 36.5N, 67.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 19: HWM indicates a close low of at most 1010mb near 37N, 65W with a stationary front 
extending east-northeast of the low and a cold front extending west-southwest of the low. HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 36.7N, 70W at 12Z. Microfilm map indicates a closed low of 
at most 1008 mb near 36N 70W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35.5N, 70W (am) with a 
pressure of 1008mb and at 36N, 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. 

August 20: HWM indicates a stationary front and a warm front intersecting near 38N 65W.  The MWR 
Tracks of lows showed a center at 36.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 36.5N, 65W (pm).  
(The last position shown in the MWR Tracks of Lows was 21st (a.m.) near 37N 62W with 1009 mb 
pressure).  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
No alterations were made to the genesis or intensity of this tropical storm, due to lack of observations 
near the system's center for most of its lifetime.  Small alterations of the position were made from late 
on the 13th to early on the 17th.  Confirmation of its status as a tropical storm was obtained from one 
ship late on the 15th, as well as from the aircraft reconnaissance on the 16th and 17th.  A substantial 
northeastward adjustment of the track was considered from late on the 17th through the 18th to take 
into account the high wind measurements on the 17th.  However, it is likely that either these were due 
to the strong (for August) baroclinic system over the U.S. east coast or that the values were erroneous.    
Finally, a short-lived extratropical cyclone stage was added on the 19th as the system very likely would 
have reached and joined with a pre-existing frontal boundary.

This tropical cyclone was the very first to be flow by aircraft reconnaissance and reported back to the 
hurricane forecasters at the Weather Bureau during real-time operations.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 3 - Revised in 2013

                                                                   
31930 08/19/1943 M= 9  3 SNBR= 705 NOT NAMED   XING=0                 
31935 08/19*  0   0   0    0*135 555  50    0*141 562  55    0*146 566  60    0*
31935 08/19*  0   0   0    0*135 555  50    0*141 562  55    0*146 569  60    0*
                                                                   ***
          
31940 08/20*151 570  65    0*156 575  70    0*161 580  70    0*167 587  75    0*
31940 08/20*151 575  65    0*156 581  70    0*162 587  70    0*169 593  75    0*
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

31945 08/21*174 594  80    0*180 599  85    0*186 604  85    0*195 611  90    0*
31945 08/21*176 600  80    0*183 608  85    0*190 615  85    0*198 622  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31950 08/22*204 618  90    0*210 622  95    0*216 627  95    0*226 634 100    0*
31950 08/22*207 628  90    0*216 634  95    0*225 640  95    0*235 645 100    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31955 08/23*236 641 105    0*243 647 105    0*250 652 110    0*258 658 115    0*
31955 08/23*245 650 105    0*255 655 105    0*265 660 110    0*274 664 115    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

31960 08/24*268 663 115    0*283 668 120    0*300 673 120    0*317 675 120    0*
31960 08/24*282 667 115    0*290 670 120    0*300 673 120    0*313 675 120    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           ***

31965 08/25*334 674 120    0*347 671 110    0*360 665 100    0*378 652  90    0*
31965 08/25*328 676 120    0*343 676 110    0*360 672 100    0*378 657  90    0*
            ***              *** ***              ***              ***

31970 08/26*397 626  75    0*418 577  65    0E439 530  60    0E456 503  55    0*
31970 08/26E397 626  75    0E418 577  65    0E439 530  60    0E456 503  55    0*
           *                *

31975 08/27E474 475  50    0E497 448  45    0E520 420  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
31980 HR                     

Minor changes to the track, but no changes to the intensity of this Atlantic hurricane, as originally in 
McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ship database, NHC microfilm data, the Climatological Data for West Indies and Caribbean 
Section, and the Monthly Weather Review.  
 
August 17: HWM indicates a low near 11.5N, 52W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 18: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010mb near 13N, 57W. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 19: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with at most 1010mb near 14N, 58W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 14.1N, 56.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 
mb near 12.5N 59.5W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 14.1N 55.0W (time unknown - micro). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures.   "A tropical disturbance of moderate intensity was first observed 
on the 19th, some distance east of the Windward Islands, moving northwestward during the next two 
days without seriously affecting the eastern Caribbean Islands, except for squalls and heavy rains in the 
Windward and Leeward Islands.  This storm developed into hurricane intensity and covered a large 
area" (West Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data).

August 20: HWM indicates a low with at most 1010mb near 15.5N, 60W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 
1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 16.1N, 58W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
near 15N 59W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
Aircraft highlights:  16.7N 58.8W with 55 kt estimated maximum surface winds at 14Z (micro).  "This 
large and intense hurricane was first observed on August 20 in the area east of the Lesser Antilles. 
Moving in a parabolic course, it passed some distance west of Bermuda, joined with a storm that had 
moved off Labrador at about 51N and 42W, intensified, and moved rapidly northeastward across the 
Atlantic and north of Scotland" (MWR).  "Navy plane obs. 1000 EWT [1400Z] 16 deg 40' N 58 deg 50' W 
wind est. 60 mph frequent squalls large area" (micro).

August 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 18.5N, 62W. HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.6N, 60.4W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at 
most 1002 mb near 20N 61.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights:  estimated maximum surface winds 50 kt at 12Z (micro).  "50 knots 
(Navy plane) sea heavy" (micro).

August 22: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 24N, 64W. The 
MWR Tracks of lows first position was 22nd (p.m.) near 23N 63W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 
hurricane with 95kt winds at 21.6N, 62.7W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb 
at 23N 64.5W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
August 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 67W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 25N, 65.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed 
low of at most 1005 mb near 25N 65W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 25N, 64W (am) 
with a pressure of 999mb and at 26.5N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 24: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 30N, 68W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 4 hurricane with 120kt winds at 30N, 67.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low 
of at most 999 mb near 30N 67W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 28N, 67W (am) with a 
pressure of 999mb and at 33N, 65.5W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1013mb at 32.5N, 
64.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 45 kt SSE with 1002 mb at 21Z and 70 kt at 2230Z at Bermuda 
(32.4N, 64.7W - micro). "Winds of Beaufort force 12 (over 75mph) reported at Bermuda, August 24, 
while the storm center was estimated to be 100-150 miles west of that island, indicate the large area of 
hurricane winds that accompanied the storm. At 12 noon August 24, Bermuda reported a barometer 
reading of 1002mb" (MWR). 

August 25: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 36N, 67W with a cold 
frontal boundary 300 nm north of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 36N, 
66.5W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 996 mb near 36N 67W.  The MWR Tracks of 
lows showed a center at 34N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 38N, 63W (am). Ship 
highlights: 35kt SE with a pressure of 1013mb at 32.5N, 63.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 50 kt S 
and 1004 mb at Bermuda at 0030Z (Micro). 

August 26: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 43.5N, 53.5W with a 
cold front extending southwest of the cyclone and a warm front extending northeast of the cyclone. 
HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm at 43.9N, 53W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at 
most 993 mb near 44N 53W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 40.5N, 58W (am) with a 
pressure of 999mb and at 44N, 48W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 50kt NW at 46.5N, 48.5W at 
23Z (COA); 30kt ENE with a pressure of 987mb at 45.5N, 50.5W at 15Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. 

August 27: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 52N, 42W with a cold 
front extending south and a warm front extending east of the cyclone.  A secondary baroclinic low of at 
most 1005 mb was located northeast of the cyclone near 58N 32W.  HURDAT lists this as an 
Extratropical Storm with 45kt winds at 52N, 42W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15kt NE with a pressure of 
987mb at 53.5N, 42.5W at 11Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 28: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of 995mb near 55.5N, 28W with an occluded 
front extending east of the low.  An intersection of a warm front and a cold front is analyzed to be at 
48N 35W.  Ship highlights: 25kt WSW with a pressure of 996mb at 52.5N, 32.5W at 22Z (COA). Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 29: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of 1000mb at 54N, 18W with a warm front 
extending east and a cold front extending south of the cyclone.  A second baroclinic low of at most 1000 
mb is analyzed northeast of the cyclone at 59W 13W.  Ship highlights: 30kt N with a pressure of 995mb 
at 54.5N, 27.5W at 10Z (COA); 30kt WNW with a pressure of 1000mb at 54.5N, 25.5W at 14Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 30: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 995mb near 58N, 5E with frontal 
boundaries extending southeast of the low. Ship highlights: 15kt NW with a pressure of 998mb at 59.5N, 
3.5W at 12Z (COA).  Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 56N, 18E with a dissipating occluded 
front extending southeast of the cyclone. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

Genesis is retained at 06 UTC on August 19th as a 50kt tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles. 
Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low on the 18th, but the lack of observations near the low on 
that date did not allow for revisions of the original genesis date.  The position of the cyclone is 
unchanged at genesis with minor track changes were introduced from late on the 19th through late on 
the 25th.  The most significant alterations were late on the 21st to early on the 24th, where the position 
was shifted about a degree northwest. The adjustments on the 21st and 22nd are based upon Lesser 
Antilles observations, while those on the 23rd and 24th were made to keep it consistent with the speed 
and movement of the track on the days preceding and subsequent.   No changes were made to any of 
the intensities for this system, due to the lack of inner core observations.  Thus while measurements in 
Bermuda demonstrated that the cyclone was of hurricane intensity, it could not be confirmed that this 
system was a major hurricane.  HURDAT had the storm transitioning into an extratropical storm on 
August 26th at 12 UTC. However, after considering the Historical Weather Maps, microfilm maps and the 
few COADS observations, the map of August 26 clearly showed the system had likely already 
transitioned into an extratropical storm. The storm already had a 30 F temperature difference between 
its northern and southern extents, though no observations were available near the center and thus the 
inner core structure is uncertain. It was then determined that the transition into extratropical storm 
began at 00 UTC on August 26th, twelve hours earlier than originally. 

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 4 - Revised in 2013
                           
31985 09/01/1943 M=10  4 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31990 09/01*  0   0   0    0*235 584  60    0*253 599  70    0*264 609  75    0*
31990 09/01*  0   0   0    0*245 595  60    0*253 599  70    0*264 609  75    0*
                             *** ***                           

31995 09/02*276 616  80    0*288 620  80    0*300 622  85    0*306 622  85    0*
31995 09/02*276 616  80    0*288 620  80    0*300 622  85    0*306 624  85    0*
                                                                   ***

32000 09/03*310 622  90    0*314 621  95    0*318 619  95    0*321 616 100    0*
32000 09/03*310 624  90    0*314 628  95    0*318 628  95    0*322 625 100    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

32005 09/04*323 613 100    0*325 609 105    0*327 606 105    0*329 604 105    0*
32005 09/04*324 619 100    0*325 612 105    0*327 608 105    0*329 606 105    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***

32010 09/05*332 603 100    0*335 602  95    0*339 601  95    0*343 601  95    0*
32010 09/05*332 609 100    0*335 613  95    0*337 616  95    0*339 619  95    0*
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

32015 09/06*348 603  95    0*350 605  95    0*353 608  95    0*356 614  95    0*
32015 09/06*342 622  95    0*344 624  95    0*347 626  95    0*349 628  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32020 09/07*359 620  95    0*361 626  95    0*364 632  95    0*368 636  90    0*
32020 09/07*351 630  95    0*354 631  95    0*357 632  95    0*361 633  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  

32025 09/08*372 639  90    0*377 641  90    0*382 643  85    0*388 646  80    0*
32025 09/08*365 633  90    0*369 632  90    0*375 631  85    0*386 630  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

32030 09/09*401 645  75    0*422 633  70    0*442 620  60    0*470 592  55    0*
32030 09/09*401 625  75    0*422 617  70    0*445 608  60    0*468 575  55    0*
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

32035 09/10E495 555  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32035 09/10E495 540  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                *** 

32040 HR                                                                        

Major track changes, but no alterations to the intensity of storm 4 as originally seen in McAdie et al. 
(2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships 
database, the NHC microfilm synoptic maps, and the Monthly Weather Review. 

August 31: HWM indicates a low with a pressure of at most 1015mb near 18N, 60W. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 25N, 61W.  A 
dissipating cold front is analyzed a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane with 70kt winds at 25.3N, 59.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates no features of interest 
southeast of Bermuda.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures.

September 2: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 62W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 30N, 62.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a 
closed low of at most 1011 mb near 31N 63W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 61W 
(am) with a pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. "No previous charted history is available for the fully developed hurricane that 
appeared southeast of Bermuda on September 2" (MWR).

September 3: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 32N, 62W.  A 
stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 
hurricane with 95kt winds at 31.8N, 61.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb 
near 32N 63W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 29N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights:  40 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 09Z, 40 kt NNE 
and 1008 mb at 15Z, 40 kt N and 1006 mb at 18Z at Bermuda (micro).  "On the 3rd it passed about 125-
150miles east of Bermuda and then began to curve slowly northeastward. At his point its progress was 
retarded for several days by a strong high pressure area, after which its course was changed to 
northwestward, then north, and later to northeastward as it moved into Newfoundland on September 
9" (MWR). 

September 4: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 32.5N, 61.5W.  A 
stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 
hurricane with 105kt winds at 32.7N, 60.6W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 996 mb 
at32.5N 61.5W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 
1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 40 kt N and 1008 mb at 00Z, 40 kt 
NNW and 1009 mb at 06Z, 40 kt N and 1010 mb at 09Z at Bermuda (micro).

September 5: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 33.5N, 61W. A 
stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 
hurricane with 95kt winds at 33.9N, 60.1W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb 
near 33N 60W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 6: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 35.5N, 62.5W. A 
warm front is analyzed a few hundred nm northeast of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 
hurricane with 95kt winds at 35.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a close low of at most 1011 mb 
near 35N 59W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 35N, 59W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. 
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
September 7: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 35.5N, 63W. A 
dissipating warm front is analyzed a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 36.4N, 63.2W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at 
most 1002 mb near 36N 63W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 61W (am) with a 
pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 45 kt SW and 1010 
mb at 06Z at Bermuda (micro). 

September 8: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 34.5N, 62W. A 
stationary front is analyzed a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Category 
2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 38.2N, 64.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a close low of at most 1002 mb 
near 37N 63W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 38N, 61W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb. 
Ship highlights: 55kt SSE with a pressure of 1006mb at 38.5N, 61.5W at 00Z (COA); 35kt E with a 
pressure of 999mb at 38.5N, 61.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
September 9: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 44.5N, 61W. A 
dissipating cold front is analyzed a couple hundred nm west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 44.2N, 62W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 999 
mb near 45N 61W.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 45N, 60W (am - last position) with a 
pressure of 1000mb. Ship highlights: 15kt W with a pressure of 999mb at 43.5N, 61.5W at 12Z (COA); 
50kt SSE with a pressure of 1008mb at 46.5N, 56.5W at 12Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

September 10:   A complex low with centers near 63N 62W of at most 995 mb and near 60N 54W of at 
most 995 mb has an occluded front extending south-southeast of the low.  Ship highlights: 45kt SW with 
a pressure of 1000mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
No changes are made to the timing of genesis of this cyclone at 06 UTC on the 1st of September, as there 
virtually no observations available.  Significant track changes were introduced throughout the lifetime of 
the cyclone (except the 2nd to the 4th and the 7th) and major alterations were included on the 9th. The 
initial 6 hr motion of the storm was a 22 kt which then immediately slowed to 14 kt in the next 6 hr.  The 
initial position is adjusted for a realistic initial motion.  The revised track of this storm began with a 
north-northwestward motion and on the 4th bent back to the northeast. On the 5th the storm curved 
again slowly back towards the northwest and then continued its northward motion on the 8th until its 
dissipation. The winds at Bermuda are NE on the 3rd and 4th, N on the 5th, W on the 6th, and SW on 
the 7th.  The pressure there was a minimum of 1006 mb on the 3rd (09Z) with 1011 mb on the 4th, 5th, 
6th and 7th.  The cyclone then was clearly closest to Bermuda on the 3rd and likely about the same 
distance on the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th as it slowly moved toward the northwest.  Beginning late on the 
8th, the storm continued on a north-northeastward track, about two degrees east of the original 
HURDAT track at 00 UTC on the 9th - the only major position change.  (It is noted that the HWM 
incorrectly plotted a 35 kt E (40 mph) ship three degrees too far south on the 8th.)  No changes were 
made to the intensity at any time.  Peak winds of 105 kt on the 4th from 06 UTC - 18 UTC as shown in 
HURDATA were maintained, but due to lack of inner core observations were not confirmed.  A 999 mb 
peripheral ship pressure on the 8th suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  However, given the large distance (over 150 nm) from the center of the 
cyclone, this observation cannot be used to adjust the intensity, so the 90 kt in HURDAT is unaltered.  
The system became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 10th and dissipated shortly thereafter as it was 
likely absorbed by a larger baroclinic low.  Extratropical transition and dissipation are unchanged from 
that shown in HURDAT originally. 

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 5 - Revised in 2013


32045 09/13/1943 M= 5  5 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
32050 09/13*  0   0   0    0*282 739  40    0*294 736  40    0*301 736  45    0*
32050 09/13*260 778  30    0*268 778  35    0*280 775  40    0*295 765  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***              ***

32055 09/14*311 738  45    0*325 739  45    0*341 738  45    0*360 734  45    0*
32055 09/14*310 755  45    0*325 745  45    0*341 735  45    0*355 725  45    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

32060 09/15*378 724  45    0*391 709  45    0E405 689  40    0E422 665  40    0*
32060 09/15*368 715  45    0*383 705  45    0E400 692  40    0E418 670  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32065 09/16E440 641  40    0E455 621  35    0E471 601  35    0E490 573  35    0*
32065 09/16E435 648  40    0E452 625  40    0E471 601  40    0E490 573  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **                        

32070 09/17E512 538  35    0E540 490  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*               
32075 TS                                                                        

Major alterations to the track, but only minor changes to the intensity for storm #5 from that originally 
shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, NHC microfilm maps, New England and North Carolina Climatological 
Data, and the Monthly Weather Review.

September 12: Ship highlights:  HWM analyzes a warm front intersecting a dissipating cold front near 
31N 77W with both extending NE-SW.  No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. 

September 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 29N, 76W with 
a warm front extending northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 29.4N, 73.6W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 28N77W and an open 
low at 32N71W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
"A disturbance developing in the northern end of a trough of low pressure at about latitude 30N, 
longitude 72W was accompanied by gale winds as it moved northward and northeastward" (MWR). 

September 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 32.5N, 71.5W 
with a warm front analyzed extending east-northeast of the low.  HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm 
with 45kt winds at 34.1N, 73.8W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 35N 
72W with frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest of the center.  The MWR Tracks 
of lows showed a center at 35N, 70.5W (am) with a pressure of 1010mb and at 36N, 70.5W (pm). Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights:  
35 kt ENE at 37.2N 72.7W at 18Z, 35 kt E at 39.5N 73.5W at 19Z (micro).  "It passed about 150 miles east 
of Cape Hatteras on the 14th, skirted Nova Scotia, and reached Newfoundland on September 16" (MWR).  
"A storm of considerable force from off the southeastern shores of the country advanced toward New 
England during the early hours of the 14th, and veered somewhat toward the northeastward near 
Nantucket, accompanied by the heaviest shore rainfall of the month" (New England).

September 15: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 40N, 68W with 
a warm front extending east of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt winds 
at 40.5N, 68.9W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 40N 69W with frontal 
boundaries extending east and south of the center.  The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 40N, 
69W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 44.5N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 35kt ESE at 41.9N, 66.3W 
at 12Z (HWM); 35kt E at 42.5N, 66.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt N with a pressure of 1013mb at 40.5N, 71.5W 
at 13Z (COA); 35kt SE at 42.5N, 64.5W at 16Z (COA). Station highlights: 37 kt (5 min) NE at Nantucket (no 
time - New England).  "Lowest barometer readings developed on the 15th, and Nantucket reported a 
maximum wind velocity of 43 miles per hour for 5 minutes on the 15th.  Extraordinarily high tides 
accompanied this storm from Cape Cod northeastward" (New England).

September 16: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 46N, 60W with a 
cold front extending south and a warm front extending southeast of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as an 
Extratropical Storm with 35kt winds at 47.1N, 60.1W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center 
at 47N, 58W (am - last position) with a pressure of 998mb. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE with 1012 mb at 06Z 
at 43N 57W (micro); 35kt SE with a pressure of 1014mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 12Z (COA); 35kt ESE with a 
pressure of 1008mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 16Z (COA).  Station highlights:  40 kt S with 1001 mb at 06Z and 
10kt SW with 998mb at Sydney, Nova Scotia (46N, 60W) at 12Z (micro, HWM). 

September 17: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 990mb near 67N, 65W. A 
secondary trough of low pressure was analyzed to have intersecting frontal boundaries near 63N 45W.  
Ship highlights: 35kt SSW with a pressure of 1005mb at 48.5N, 54.5W at 00Z (COA). Station highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

Genesis timing is indicated to be six hours earlier than what is recorded in HURDAT, because of 
observations of a well-defined center over the northern Bahamas at 00Z on the 13th.  Major changes 
were made to the positions on the 13th with significant changes also introduced on the 14th and 15th.  
The track was moved three to four degrees to the west-southwest on the 13th due to available ship and 
coastal observations and continuity with the newly introduced position at 00Z on the 13th.  The cyclone 
is begun as a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 13th and brought up to a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z 
(originally 40 kt at genesis at this time) and then no further changes were made to the intensity while 
the system was a tropical storm.  No alterations were made to the track late on the 16th and on the 17th.   
Aircraft observations helped to confirm that tropical storm intensity was achieved by the 14th.  It is 
noted that fontal boundaries were depicted on every day of the cyclones existence in HWM and from 
the 14th at 12Z onward in the microfilm maps.  There was a cool airmass over the eastern United States 
which extended at least some distance over the western Atlantic Ocean on the 13th to the 15th.  
However, observations near the cyclone suggested that the system maintained a warm core until early 
on the 15th.  Thus it is not certain that the system was fully tropical in character, but without further 
information the system is retained as a tropical cyclone as originally shown in HRUDAT.  The storm 
became extratropical on September 15th at 12 UTC and dissipated on the 15th after 06 UTC, unchanged 
from that originally described in HURDAT.   (The cyclone did have numerous gale force measurements 
on the 15th and 16th, after the extratropical transition.)

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 6 - Revised in 2013

32080 09/15/1943 M= 6  6 SNBR= 708 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
32080 09/15/1943 M= 6  6 SNBR= 708 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                                                    *

32085 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 939  60    0*
32085 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 939  40    0*
                                                                        **

32090 09/16*246 940  65    0*255 942  70    0*265 945  75    0*270 947  80    0*
32090 09/16*250 943  45    0*262 947  55    0*270 950  65    0*276 953  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32095 09/17*273 950  80    0*273 954  85    0*269 957  85    0*266 957  85    0*
32095 09/17*278 954  80    0*277 954  85    0*274 953  85    0*269 951  85    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  

32100 09/18*264 953  80    0*267 948  75    0*272 944  75    0*274 942  70    0*
32100 09/18*266 948  80    0*267 945  75    0*271 941  75    0*275 938  70    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***    

32105 09/19*277 939  60    0*280 937  60    0*284 934  50    0*289 931  40    0*
32105 09/19*279 935  60    0*283 930  60    0*287 925  50    0*291 921  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32110 09/20*294 928  35    0*301 924  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32110 09/20*294 920  35    0*295 920  25    0*295 920  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

32115 HR                            

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 6 in the Gulf of Mexico from 
that originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Changes were also made to the dissipation of the storm, 
originally at 06 UTC on September 20, now suggested to have dissipated 6 hours later without making 
landfall in Louisiana. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the 
COADS ship database, the Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm maps, the Louisiana and Texas 
Climatological Data, the Original Monthly Records, Conner (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

September 14:  HWM indicates a trough over southeastern Mexico.  The first HURDAT entry is at 18 UTC 
on the 15th at 23.8N 93.9W as a 60 kt tropical storm.  Microfilm indicates no features of interest.  No 
gales or low pressures.  "From September 12th through the 14th winds aloft showed a partial circulation 
off the Gulf Coast of Mexico" (MWR).

September 15: HWM indicates a low near 25N, 95.5W. The first HURDAT entry is at 18 UTC at 23.8N 
93.9W as a 60 kt tropical storm.  Microfilm indicates a broad trough over the southwestern Gulf of 
Mexico.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. " By 
the 15th this circulation was evident in surface observation" (MWR). "At Galveston sea swells decreased 
from a rate of 8 per minute, during the late afternoon of the 15th, to 6 per minute at 6pm (CST) on the 
16th" (MWR). 

September 16: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 26.6N, 94.8W. 
An approaching cold front was located a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  Microfilm indicates a 
closed low of at most 1006 mb near 27N 95W.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt 
winds at 26.5N, 94.5W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no specific 
location. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 29.0N 93.7W at 18Z (micro). Station highlights: 46kt E (1 min) at Port 
Arthur (29.9N, 93.9W) at 22Z (OMR); 40 kt NE and 1010 mb at 2020Z at Freeport (micro); 40 kt NE and 
1010 mb at 2015Z at San Luis (micro); 33 kt NE at Galveston (peak for the month, no time) (Texas); 30 kt 
NE at Houston (peak for the month, no time) (Texas). "During the night of September 16th a high-
pressure area, centered over the northern Plains States, blocked the north-northwestward progress of 
the storm and forced it into a loop which was completed during the 17th. Evidence suggests that this 
storm was of a violent nature and extended over a wide area during September 16-17" (MWR). "The 
lowest barometer reading along the coast was 1010.5mb observed on September 16, at Freeport, TX" 
(MWR).   "A hurricane of considerable intensity approached the Texas coast about 150 miles south of 
Galveston on September 16th" (Texas).

September 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26.4N, 94.5W.  
A dissipating cold front was located just north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 
hurricane with 85kt winds at 26.9N, 95.7W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf 
with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 54kt NE at 
Freeport (29N, 95.4W) no time given (MWR), 43 kt NE with 1011 mb at Freeport at 0130Z (OMR);  43 kt 
(1 min) at Port Arthur at 14Z (OMR). "At this period of its existence the disturbance was at its height and 
while still approximately 80 miles from the coast caused a wind of 62mph and a tide of 4.5 feet at 
Freeport, TX. Galveston about 120miles distant from the center reported a wind of 38mph, and Port 
Arthur about 180miles removed experienced winds ranging as high as 47mph" (MWR).   "During the 16th 
and 17th, the storm described a complete loop, passing within 100 miles of Freeport, and returned to its 
original position south of Galveston late on the 17th" (Texas).

September 18: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 26.5N, 94W.  A 
warm front was located a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 
1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 27.2N, 94.4W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf 
with no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 35 kt N with 1012 
mb at 0915Z at San Luis (micro); 32 kt ENE (peak for the month, no time) at Lake Charles (Louisiana). 
"The storm decreased rapidly in intensity during September 18-19, and no winds in line with those that 
caused damage 2 days earlier were reported as the storm moved inland over the southwestern 
Louisiana coast" (MWR). 

September 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 26.5N, 93.5W. A 
warm front was located a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Storm with 50kt winds at 28.4N, 93.4W at 12Z. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with 
no specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. "Heavy rains that accompanied the storm were responsible for most of the damage. At 
Raceland Prairie, about 2 miles south of Raceland, a combination of heavy rain and backwater inundated 
an area of approximately 6 square miles to a depth of 3-5 feet, and water in Bayou False rose to within 
several inches of the top of the retaining levee. Although flood conditions required that numerous 
families be evacuated to higher ground no loss of life has been reported. In Jefferson County damage to 
property has been estimated at $15,000 and to crops $175,000. About 5 percent of the rice crop in this 
county was lost as a result of the storm. In the Galveston-Freeport area damage, mostly to buildings, 
amounted to about $5,000" (MWR).   "A tropical disturbance that had dissipated practically all of its 
wind force by the time it reached the Cameron-Vermillion Parish coast line on the 19th, in its north-
northeastward course, brought some of the heaviest rainfall of record to the extreme southern parishes 
during the 5-day period from the 16th to the 20th" (Louisiana).  "Due to persistent high pressure and cool 
air to the northward, the storm lost force and was deflected toward the Louisiana coast, where it passed 
inland with greatly diminished intensity late on the 19th.  Tides were moderately high along the Texas 
coast and gale winds, ranging upward to a gust velocity of 63 miles per hour at Freeport, were reported 
from Upper Coastal Stations.  Property losses, principally in the Port Arthur area, amounted to about 
$30,000; crops, mostly ride, were damaged to the extent of about $194,000 in the extreme eastern 
portion of the State.  The largest loss, however, was due to suspension of business, a loss impossible to 
calculate" (Texas).

September 20: HWM indicates an open low near 26.5N, 93.5W. A warm front was located a few 
hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. Storm indicated in Tracks of Lows to be in NW Gulf with no 
specific location. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Timing and location of genesis for storm 6 is unchanged at 18 UTC on September 15.  Minor position 
changes were introduced on the 16th through the 20th, with the most significant change late on the 19th.  
A counterclockwise loop is still indicated to have occurred on the 17th and 18th, with closest approach to 
Freeport, Texas around 00Z on the 17th (compared with 06Z on the 17th farther from the city in HURDAT 
originally) consistent with their peak observations.  The intensity at genesis time was lowered from 60kt 
to 40kt because there were not any observations to show it instantaneously became a strong tropical 
storm as originally described in HURDAT.   Given the lack of inner core data on the 17th during the time 
of peak intensity of 85 kt, this value is unchanged in HURDAT.   Transition to a hurricane is estimated to 
have occurred around 12 UTC on the 16th, 12 hours later than originally shown in HURDAT.  No specific 
confirmation of hurricane intensity was obtained, though the 54 kt NE wind at Freeport on the 17th likely 
outside of the inner core of the cyclone is suggestive that hurricane intensity was achieved.  A front 
along the Gulf coast on September 18 brought cool, dry air with it that may have contributed to the 
weakening of the storm. It also may have started extratropical transition on this day, but observations 
are not sufficient to indicate an extratropical stage at any point in its lifetime. HURDAT had this storm 
dissipating inland over the coast of Louisiana on the 20th after 06 UTC after making landfall as a minimal 
tropical storm. The Original Monthly Records were obtained for Lake Charles and Baton Rouge, LA as 
well as for Port Arthur, TX, as these were the closest stations to where the system is supposed to have 
made landfall.  The data are ambiguous as to whether a very weak system made landfall on the 19th.  
The data are somewhat more clear that the system was offshore over the Gulf of Mexico around 06 and 
12Z on the 20th - again very weak - based on the wind speeds and directions from the coastal stations. In 
addition to this, the MWR Track of Lows had a similar dissipation at the coast and Conner (1956) and 
Dunn and Miller (1960) both mentioned that the storm had remained offshore. All these observations 
indicated storm 6 dissipated after 12 UTC on the 20th and never made it inland.  One additional six hour 
period (12 UTC on the 20th) is added to HURDAT based upon observations of the curvature and speed of 
the winds in Louisiana and eastern Texas, suggesting that a weak closed low still existed offshore.  There 
was no trace of the cyclone in the Historical Weather Maps on the 21st.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 7 - Revised in 2013
                            
32120 09/28/1943 M= 4  7 SNBR= 709 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                          
32120 09/28/1943 M= 5  7 SNBR= 709 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                     
                    *

32125 09/28*  0   0   0    0*290 658  35    0*300 663  35    0*315 670  40    0*
32125 09/28*  0   0   0    0*290 658  35    0*300 663  35    0*315 667  40    0*
                                                                   ***

32130 09/29*327 677  40    0*338 685  45    0*346 693  45    0*352 701  50    0*
32130 09/29*327 671  40    0*338 675  45    0*346 682  45    0*352 692  50    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

32135 09/30*357 709  50    0*361 717  50    0*364 724  50    0*367 737  45    0*
32135 09/30*357 704  50    0*361 717  50    0*365 730  55    0*370 745  55    0*
                ***                           *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32140 10/01*378 750  35    0*388 757  30    0*398 763  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
32140 10/01*377 757  55  997*385 766  45    0*395 768  35    0*405 770  30    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 2nd is new to HURDAT)
32142 10/02*415 772  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

32145 TS                                                                        

U.S. Continental Tropical Storms:
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time  Lat    Lon    Max  State
                                   Wind Landfall
7-10/1/1943   0000Z 37.4N  75.6W   55kt  VA

Minor track changes and major alterations to the intensity of storm 7, as originally shown in McAdie et 
al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, Climatological Data, the Original Monthly Records, NHC microfilm maps, and the Monthly 
Weather Review.

September 27:  HWM shows a NE-SW oriented stationary frontal boundary near Bermuda.  Microfilm 
indicates an open low near 30N 65W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the low.  Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 28: HWM indicates an open low near 28.5N, 65.5W with a NNE-SSW oriented frontal 
boundary extending through it. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 35kt winds at 30N, 66.3W at 
12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Place where first 
reported: Near Bermuda. Coast lines crossed: Maryland and Virginia. Intensity: Not of hurricane 
intensity. Remarks: Estimated damage Norfolk-Cape Charles area, property $5,000, crops $15,000" 
(MWR). "Forming as a weak wave southwest of Bermuda on the 28th, this storm developed gale winds as 
it moved northwestward and passed inland over the coasts of Maryland and Virginia during the 
afternoon and evening of September 30" (MWR).

September 29: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm near 34.8N, 68.5W with a warm frontal boundary 
extending northeast from the center. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 34.6N, 
69.3W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates an open low near 30N 68W.  Microfilm indicates a low of at most 
1011 mb near 34N 68W with frontal boundaries extending east and south-southwest of the center.  The 
MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 32N, 69W (am) with a pressure of 1011mb. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "No damaging storms occurred 
during October except a storm of tropical origin which began on the night of September 29th and ended 
on October 1st. Gales and heavy downpours of rain caused considerable damage to crops in the Norfolk 
and Cape Charles areas, and high tides with the rain caused flooding of some streets in the downtown 
portion of Norfolk. One small ship and several small boats were sunk. Property damage was estimated 
to be $5,000 and crop damage about $15,000" (CD). 

September 30: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 34N, 74W.  A 
warm frontal boundary is analyzed to be a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists 
this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 36.4N, 72.4W at 12Z. Microfilm indicates a closed low of at 
most 1008 mb near 36N 73W with frontal boundaries extending east and south of the center.  The MWR 
Tracks of lows showed a center at 36N, 73W (am) with a pressure of 1001mb and at 37N, 75W (pm). 
Ship highlights: 40kt N with a pressure of 1004mb at 37.5N, 75.5W at 17Z (COA); 35kt NE with a pressure 
of 1004mb at 38.5N, 70.5W at 01Z (COA); 45kt NW at 36.5N, 74.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 
52kt E (5 min) and 61 kt E (1 min) at 23Z at Atlantic City (39.4N, 74.4W) (OMR); 48kt NW (5 min) and 56 
kt NW (1 min) at Cape Henry at 20Z (36.9N, 76W) (OMR). "On the night of September 30th gale winds did 
great damage along the Eastern Shore in the vicinity of Cape Charles. One ship was lost and several 
small boats were sunk at their moorings. One death was attributed to the storm" (CD). "In the early 
afternoon, Cape Henry, Va., reported a maximum wind velocity of 56mph (extreme 66) from a 
northwesterly direction. The lowest pressure recorded at that station, 1003.1 mb (29.62 inches) was 
registered about 8pm. Wind gusts of approximately 60mph were experienced during the afternoon at 
Norfolk Airport" (MWR). 

October 1: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb at 39N, 77W. A warm frontal 
boundary is analyzed to be a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm with 25kt winds at 39.8N, 76.3W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 
38N, 76.5W (am) with a pressure of 1008mb and at 41N, 76W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 50kt 
SE with a pressure of 1006mb at 38.5N, 73.5W at 01Z (COA); 5kt N with a pressure of 997mb at 37.5N, 
76.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: 1003mb at 01Z and 40 kt NW (5 min) at 00Z at Cape Henry 
(36.9N, 76W) (OMR); 49 kt NE (5 min) at 00Z at Atlantic City (OMR). "In the Norfolk and Cape Charles 
areas gales and heavy downpours of rain caused considerable damage to crops, and high tides with the 
rain caused flooding of some streets in the downtown portion of Norfolk. One small ship and several 
small boats were sunk. Property damage was estimated at $5,000 and crop damage at about $15,000" 
(MWR). 

October 2:  HWM analyzes a cold frontal boundary extending from New England down to the 
southeastern United States.   Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or 
low pressures.

No changes were made to the genesis position or location of this system at 06 UTC on the 28th of 
September. Minor changes were made to the track of the storm for all days of its existence, based upon 
ship and station observations.  The most significant alterations to position were made at 06 and 12 UTC 
on the 29th to the east of the original HURDAT.  No changes were made to the intensity on the 28th 
through 06 UTC on the 30th. 
 
Landfall is estimated to have occurred in Virginia around 00 UTC on the 1st of October near 37.7N 
75.7W.  A ship on October 1st near the time of landfall near or in Chesapeake Bay (the positions of the 
ship were rounded to the nearest 0.5 degree latitude/longitude) had a pressure of 997mb with only 5kt 
winds.   A 997 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53kt from Landsea et al. north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Highest observed 1 min winds were 61 kt E in Atlantic City and 56 kt NW at 
Cape Henry.  The Atlantic City anemometer is 52 m above the ground, while Cape Henry's is 16 m.  
These winds then adjust to 10 m values of 54 kt and 55 kt, respectively, for Atlantic City and Cape Henry.  
Landfall intensity is estimated to be 55 kt.  This is a major increase from the 35 kt originally shown in 
HURDAT at the 00 UTC 1st slot.  55 kt is also the peak intensity for the cyclone, which is an increase from 
the 50 kt originally shown in HURDAT.  The system dissipated after 00 UTC on October 2nd, 12 hours later 
than originally shown HURDAT.   It is of note that this system was associated with a non-negligible 
temperature gradient across the system on the synoptic scale as well as rather substantial pre-existing 
cold air advection along the U.S. Atlantic seaboard, as seen in the twelve hourly analyses conducted.  On 
the other hand, the cyclone came ashore with a sizable inner core increase in dewpoint and the inner 
core temperature gradient was small.  It is possible that the cyclone never obtained true tropical cyclone 
(or even subtropical cyclone) characteristics.  Given the ambiguity involved in this hybrid type system 
and the observational capabilities available at the time, the cyclone will remain as a tropical storm in 
HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 8 - Revised in 2013

32150 10/01/1943 M= 4  8 SNBR= 710 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
32150 10/01/1943 M= 3  8 SNBR= 710 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                    *         
    
32155 10/01*  0   0   0    0*263 583  60    0*278 608  60    0*288 622  60    0*
32155 10/01*  0   0   0    0*240 607  60    0*260 620  60    0*280 634  60    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

32160 10/02*303 636  60    0*323 649  60    0*343 659  55    0*364 660  55    0*
32160 10/02*300 650  55    0*320 666  50    0*343 675  45    0*370 675  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

32165 10/03*384 649  50    0*402 632  45    0*418 609  45    0E432 582  40    0*
32165 10/03*400 660  45    0E435 630  45    0E480 590  45    0E530 555  40    0*
            *** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***          *** ***

(The 4th is removed from HURDAT.)
32170 10/04E445 551  35    0E455 534  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

32175 TS                                                                        

Major track changes but minor alterations to the intensity, as originally shown in McAdie et al. (2009). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships 
database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

September 28: HWM indicates an open low near 11.5N, 52.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Winds of gale force probably developed at sea" 
(MWR).

September 29: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 14N, 52W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 30: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 19N, 54W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 1: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 25.5N, 59.5W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60tk winds at 27.8N, 60.8W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 29.5N, 62W (am) with a pressure of 999mb and at 31.5N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "This disturbance was first 
noticed some distance southeast of Bermuda, and after passing slightly west of that island on October 1-
2, curved to the northeastward and lost its identity in the North Atlantic near 45N and 55W. At 7:30pm 
(EST) on October 1, Bermuda reported a wind of force 7 (32-38mph)" (MWR). 

October 2: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 34N, 67W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm with 55kt winds at 34.3N, 65.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a 
center at 35N, 65W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 37N, 64W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 3: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 47.5N, 58.5W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 45kt winds at 41.8N, 60.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 39.5N, 58W (am - last position) with a pressure of 1002mb. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Genesis for this storm is unchanged at 06Z on October 1st, though the rather sparsely spaced 
observations suggest that a closed low east of the Lesser Antilles may have been present a day or two 
earlier.   The positions were altered significantly throughout the whole lifetime of the cyclone, with 
major shifts on the 1st, 3rd, and 4th of October.  In particular on the 3rd, the track was shifted considerably 
towards the north-northeast. The Historical Weather Maps provided notable station and ship 
observations that clearly demonstrated the storm was located just off the coast of Nova Scotia instead 
of over the ocean, nearly 400 nm away.  HURDAT begins the system as a 60 kt tropical storm, which 
certainly would not be reflecting its true genesis intensity (which would have been weaker and earlier in 
time).  60 kt is its peak intensity, which is unaltered due to lack of inner core observations on the 1st. 
Indeed, there were no observations confirming that the system was a tropical storm, due to the very 
sparse nature of ship measurements available.  The 12Z October 3rd analysis indicates that the cyclone 
had become embedded within a frontal boundary and was extratropical before making landfall in 
Canada.  (While the HWM map for the 3rd suggests that the cyclone was still in the warm sector south of 
the frontal boundary, the reanalyzed position is northwest of the HWM cyclone position placing the 
center essentially along the front.)  The time for extratropical transition is now estimated to be around 
06Z on the 3rd, 12 hours earlier than what was described in HURDAT.    Dissipation is indicated after 18 
UTC on the 3rd, twelve hours earlier than HURDAT, as the system was absorbed within the frontal 
boundary.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 9 - Revised in 2013

32180 10/11/1943 M= 8  9 SNBR= 711 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
32180 10/11/1943 M= 7  9 SNBR= 711 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                    *                               *

32185 10/11*  0   0   0    0*136 599  45    0*137 606  50    0*138 613  50    0*
32185 10/11*  0   0   0    0*127 605  45    0*127 610  50    0*128 615  50    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      

32190 10/12*138 622  55    0*138 633  60    0*138 643  65    0*138 650  70    0*
32190 10/12*128 620  55    0*129 625  60    0*130 630  65    0*132 635  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

32195 10/13*139 657  70    0*141 669  75    0*147 676  75    0*152 679  75    0*
32195 10/13*134 640  70    0*136 645  75    0*140 650  75    0*145 655  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

32200 10/14*158 680  75    0*166 681  80    0*175 682  80    0*181 682  80    0*
32200 10/14*151 660  75    0*157 665  80    0*165 670  80    0*175 675  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

32205 10/15*190 683  80    0*205 684  85    0*220 685  85    0*235 686  90    0*
32205 10/15*187 680  80    0*200 684  85    0*215 685  85    0*231 685  90    0*
            *** ***          ***              ***              *** ***    

32210 10/16*250 687  90    0*267 688  95    0*287 689  95    0*310 690  95    0*
32210 10/16*248 684  90    0*266 682  95    0*287 680  95    0*310 678  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***    

32215 10/17*336 688  60    0*370 684  45    0E405 680  40    0E446 665  35    0*
32215 10/17*336 675  60    0*370 670  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***              ***

(The 18th is removed from HURDAT.)
32220 10/18E480 670  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

32225 HR                                                                        

Major track and intensity changes from that originally shown in HURDAT in McAdie et al. (2009). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and the Monthly Weather Review, the Climatological Data for West Indies and Caribbean 
Section, Perez (1971), and Boose et al. (2004). 

October 10:  HWM indicates an open low near 13N 62W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 11: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 12.5N, 61.5W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 50kt winds at 13.7N, 60.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights:   35-45 kt at ~15Z at St. Lucia (West Indies and Caribbean 
Climatological Data). "A moderate disturbance that moved westward through the Windward Islands 
near Santa Lucia on the 11th, turned northward near longitude 68W, passed through Mona Passage, 
accompanied by hurricane winds, and continued on an almost straight northerly course to the Atlantic 
coast, where it passed inland near Maine-New Brunswick border with greatly decreased intensity. No 
gale winds were reported along the Maine coast" (MWR). "Place where first reported: East of Lesser 
Antilles. Maximum wind velocity reported: Beaufort force 8 (39-46 mph) from south at Bermuda on Oct. 
16 at 730pm EST. Intensity: Full hurricane. Remarks: No ship losses or damage reported" (MWR).   "...a 
tropical disturbance...first appeared in the vicinity of St. Lucia, on October 11th, passing a short distance 
to the south of that island before noon, with highest winds on St. Lucia, 40 to 50 miles per hour" (West 
Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data).

October 12: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1010mb near 12.9N, 64.6W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 65kt winds at 13.8N, 64.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
October 13: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 14N, 67W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 75kt winds at 14.7N, 67.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.   "the center of the disturbance 
apparently moved true west during the next 30 hours, becoming almost stationary on the 13th in 
approximately latitude 15N, longitude 68W.  The disturbance began recurvature on the 13th" (West 
Indies and Caribbean Climatological Data).

October 14: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 16.4N, 67W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane with 80kt winds at 17.5N, 68.2W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 1002mb at San Juan (18.5N, 66W) on Oct.15 at 00Z (Perez).  
"Hurricane of small size and intensity. First tropical cyclone covered by aircraft reconnaissance from the 
San Juan Hurricane Forecast area...Western Puerto Rico recorded 60mph winds, high seas, and flooding 
the night of Oct. 14th. Houses were unroofed at Cabo Rojo, Maygues, Aguadilla. Heavy rains after the 
passage of hurricane produced floods at Salinas, Ponce, Caguas, Bayamon. The coffee crop in central 
and western parts of Puerto Rico, that was ready for harvest, suffered great losses. No deaths in Puerto 
Rico, and no damages in eastern Puerto Rico. San Juan obs: Oct. 14th, 8pm: 1002mb (lowest barometer), 
wind S 12kt; maximum wind SE 23kt at 9:30am, rainfall 3.69". Rainfall readings Oct. 14-15: Yauco, 7.20", 
Coamo, 9.78", Aguirre, 10.53", Cidra, 11.16", Adjuntas, 11.27", Guayabal, 15.43", Toro Negro, 17.60". 
(Perez). "1943 Oct. 14. S. Calixto II, F1 maximum damage (50-68 kt sustained winds)" (Boose et al).   
"...with accelerated movement, move northward, passing through the middle of Mona Passage during 
the afternoon of the 14th into the Atlantic, east of the Bahamas" (West Indies and Caribbean 
Climatological Data).

October 15: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 22N, 67.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 22N, 68.5W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 21N, 66W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 25N, 66W (pm). Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
October 16: HWM indicates a Hurricane with a pressure of at most 995mb near 29N, 69.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 95kt winds at 28.7N, 68.9W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows 
showed a center at 30.5N, 67W (am) with a pressure of 1000mb and at 34N, 67W (pm). Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. "Bermuda reported a wind of 
force 8 (39-46mph) as the storm passed about 150 miles west of that island on October 16" (MWR).
 
October 17: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 41N, 67W with a 
dissipating cold front just west of the cyclone. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical Storm with 40kt 
winds at 40.5N, 68W at 12Z. The MWR Tracks of lows showed a center at 41N, 68W with a pressure of 
1000mb and at 47N, 67W (pm - last position). Ship highlights: 10kt SW with a pressure of 1000mb at 
43.5N, 70.5W at 17Z (COA); 45kt SW with a pressure of 1004mb at 41.5N, 71.5W at 21Z (COA). Station 
highlights: 35kt S at Bermuda (32.4N, 64.7W) at 0030Z (MWR).

October 18: HWM indicates a large extratropical low near 52N 82W with an occluded front extending 
east of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 15kt NW with a pressure of 1002mb at 42.5N, 71.5W at 01Z (COA). 
Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Time of genesis was maintained at 06 UTC on October 11th. Position changes were introduced for all 
days in HURDAT with major alterations made on the 13th and the 14th.  HURDAT showed an unrealistic 
storm track moving initially westward in a straight line and then making a sharp northerly turn on the 
13th. Utilizing available ship and land stations around the Lesser Antilles, the track was then changed to 
have a slower and more diagonal movement.  Intensity of 50 kt listed in HURDAT on the 11th while 
passing south of St. Lucia is consistent with observations from that island, so no alterations made to the 
maximum winds on that date.  Observations are too sparse on the 12th through the 14th to reliably 
assess the intensity, thus no intensity changes are made on those dates either.  While making a close by-
pass west of Puerto Rico around 00 UTC on the 15th, the intensity is listed in HURDAT of 80 kt originally.  
This is consistent with the impacts mentioned in Perez (1971) and the assessment by Boose et al. (2004) 
of Category 1 conditions to have affected the western coast of the island.  Thus no changes are made to 
the intensities on the 15th as well.  (According to the Perez (1971) report, this was the first tropical 
cyclone covered by aircraft reconnaissance within the San Juan Hurricane Forecast area, though no 
details were available on what the aircraft observed.)  After moving into the Atlantic, HURDAT originally 
showed the system peaking at 95 kt on the 16th.  While such an intensification while quickly accelerating 
to the north is not typical, there are not observations available to adjust HURDAT's intensities.  Thus no 
changes are made to the maximum winds for the remainder of the cyclone's lifetime on the 16th and 
17th as well.  Changes were also made to the dissipation of the system, originally becoming extratropical 
on October 17th at 12 UTC and dissipating after October 18th at 00 UTC.   It is noted that the HWM 
analysis at this time indicated the cyclone was east of Massachusetts (and a frontal boundary).  
However, a 25 kt south wind at Nantucket on the 17th at 12 UTC strongly suggests that the cyclone likely 
no longer had a closed circulation any longer.   Thus dissipation is now shown after 06 UTC on the 17th, 
with no extratropical transition, as the system remained in the warm sector of a large extratropical 
cyclone until dissipation.

********************************************************************************

1943 - Storm 10 - Revised in 2013

32230 10/20/1943 M= 4 10 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
32230 10/20/1943 M= 7 10 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
                    *

32235 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*155 803  35    0*
32235 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 810  25    0*162 814  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32240 10/21*160 809  35    0*164 816  40    0*167 824  40    0*171 835  40    0*
32240 10/21*164 819  35    0*166 824  40    0*167 830  40    0*167 837  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

32245 10/22*173 848  40    0*173 863  40    0*168 878  40    0*161 888  35    0*
32245 10/22*168 846  40    0*169 856  40    0*170 865  40    0*172 871  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32250 10/23*153 890  35    0*150 905  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32250 10/23*175 876  35    0*178 878  35    0*180 880  35    0*180 882  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 24th to the 26th are new to HURDAT.)
32252 10/24*179 883  35    0*177 880  35    0*175 875  35    0*174 870  35    0*
32253 10/25*173 864  35    0*173 857  35    0*173 850  35    0*175 843  35    0*
32254 10/26*177 836  35    0E180 828  35    0E182 820  35    0E183 810  30    0*

32255 TS                        

Major changes to the track, but minor alterations to the intensity of storm 10, originally shown in 
McAdie et al. (2009). A major change was made to the dissipation of the storm, originally dissipating in 
Belize on October 23 at 06 UTC, now suggested to have made a loop near the Belize coast and dissipated 
after 18 UTC on the 26th south of Cuba.  Another major alteration is indicating an extratropical phase on 
the 26th. Evidence for these alterations comes from Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, and the Monthly Weather Review.

October 18:  HWM indicates an open low near 17N 81W with a cold front just north of the low.  Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 19: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 16.5N, 81W with a 
dissipating stationary front a couple hundred nm northeast of the cyclone. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 20: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 15.5N, 81W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
October 21: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 16.5N, 83W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 16.7N, 82.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: 30kt NE with a pressure of 1004mb at Swan Islands (17.4N, 84W) at 
12Z (HWM). "During October 21 and 22 a tropical disturbance, of moderate gale force, moved through 
the western Caribbean south of Swan Island into the Gulf of Honduras, and dissipated near the east 
coast of Guatemala" (MWR). 

October 22: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 18N, 86W. 
HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 40kt winds at 16.8N, 87.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales 
or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

October 23: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 16.8N, 88W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt N with a pressure of 1005mb at Corozal 
(18.5N, 88.3W) at 12Z (HWM). 

October 24: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 18N, 86W. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt NW with a pressure of 1004mb at Belize 
City (17.5N, 88.3W) at 12Z (HWM). 

October 25: HWM indicates a Tropical Storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 19N, 84W.  A cold 
front is approaching the system a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: a pressure 
of 1004mb at 26.5N, 80.5W at 17Z (COA). Station highlights: 15kt SE with a pressure of 1004mb at Swan 
Islands (17.4N, 84W) at 12Z (HWM). "Three additional tropical disturbances developed during October, 
one in the Gulf of Mexico on the 1st-2nd, and two in the western Caribbean region on the 25th. They were 
apparently of slight intensity and are not included in the table or chart of tracks" (MWR). "Three 
additional tropical disturbances developed during October ...two in the western Caribbean region on the 
25th. They were apparently of slight intensity and are not included in the table or chart of tracks" 
(MWR). 

October 26: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 20N, 80W with a cold 
front extending southwest and a stationary front extending north-northeast of the cyclone. Ship 
highlights: no gales or low pressures. Station highlights: 10kt NNE with a pressure of 1004mb at Grand 
Cayman (19.3N 81.5W) at 12Z (HWM). 

October 27: HWM indicates a closed low with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 27N, 75W with a 
frontal boundary extending north-south through the low. Ship highlights: 15kt WNW with a pressure of 
1003mb at 28.5N, 80.5W at 01Z (COA). Station highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

Genesis was begun at 12 UTC on October 20, 6 hours earlier than originally described in HURDAT, 
because there are enough station observations to indicate a closed circulation.  Moderate position 
changes are made on the 20th to the 22nd and major changes on the 23rd.  The original track in HURDAT 
had the storm moving into Belize on October 22 and dissipating on October 23. However, the Historical 
Weather Maps and numerous ship observations clearly confirm that the storm actually made landfall in 
Belize briefly, made a minimal cyclonic loop and went back over the Caribbean.  Swan Island recorded 30 
kt ENE with 1004 mb pressure at 12 UTC on the 21st.  This suggests maximum winds of at least 39 kt 
from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  40 kt is retained in HURDAT, due to the 
low environmental pressures.  The tropical storm made landfall around 12 UTC on the 23rd near the 
Belize/Mexico border near 18.0N 88.0W.  Observations on the 24th indicate that the cyclone was back 
over the northwestern Caribbean and it maintained a closed circulation.  Belize City recorded NW 10 kt 
wind with 1004 mb pressure at 12 UTC on the 24th.  Swan Island measured SE 15 kt with 1004 mb 
pressure at 12 UTC on the 25th.  Intensity is estimated to be 35 kt on both days, which was maintained 
until just before the storm's dissipation. The storm continued an east-northeast track through October 
26.  Around 06 UTC on the 26th, a frontal boundary reached the cyclone and it is then that the system is 
estimated to have become extratropical.   The storm was completely dissipated after 18 UTC on October 
26th, as the cyclone became absorbed within the frontal boundary.  While the extratropical transition is 
rather unclimatological in latitude, the available data is supportive that the low observed on the October 
26th HWM along the frontal boundary is indeed the former tropical cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1943 Additional Notes:

1. June 5-7: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low with a pressure of at most 1010mb formed 
off the northwestern coast of Colombia, near 13N, 78W on June 5th. The low slowly moved towards the 
west for the next two days. It remained off the coast of Nicaragua and dissipated on June 7th. A 30kt 
peak was found in COADS. No gales were found in the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather 
Review or COADS. 

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
June 5			13N	78W			Low
June 6			12N	81W			Low
June 7			12.5N	81W			Low


2. June 23-27: Historical Weather Maps indicated a closed low with a pressure of at most 1015mb just 
off the southeast coast of Florida, near 27N, 79W on June 23rd.  The low - likely a tropical depression - 
drifted slowly northward for the next couple of days.  It went inland near the Florida/Georgia border late 
on the 26th/early on 27th and dissipated near 32N, 85W on June 28th. The Florida Climatological Data 
reported that Jacksonville had its lowest pressure for the month (1013 mb on the 27th) and peak 5 min 
winds (18 kt S on the 28th), but described no impacts nor other note of the system.  The Georgia 
Climatological Data reported that Savannah had its lowest pressure for the month (1011 mb on the 27th) 
and peak 5 min wind (27 kt E on the 27th), but again described no impacts nor other note of the system.  
(Note that while the central pressure of this system is rather high, so are the surrounding environmental 
pressures, especially to the east of the system.)  A peak of 25kt was found in COADS. No gales were 
found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review or COADS.  Thus with no indication of 
tropical storm intensity, the system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
June 23			27N	79W			Tropical Depression
June 24			28N	78W			Tropical Depression
June 25			29N	80W			Tropical Depression
June 26 		30N	81W			Tropical Depression
June 27			31N	83W			Tropical Depression

3. September 1-2:  The NHC microfilm maps indicated a weak low moved westward across the Central 
Caribbean on the 1st and 2nd of September.  The Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship database 
were obtained.  However, these additional data and analyses do not support that a tropical cyclone 
occurred on these dates.  Instead, a tropical wave is analyzed for both dates and thus this system is not 
added into HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
September 1		-----	65W			Tropical Wave
September 2		-----	73W			Tropical Wave

4. September 19-20:  The NHC microfilm maps indicated that a weak low moved across southeastern 
Mexico and Central America from southwest to northeast late on the 19th and 20th of September.  The 
Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship database were obtained.  However, these additional data and 
analyses do not support that a tropical cyclone occurred on these dates.  Instead, a weak trough is 
analyzed for both dates and thus this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
September 19		-----	92W			Trough
September 20		-----	88W			Trough

5. October 1-5: Historical Weather Maps indicated that a low formed in the Caribbean, south of the 
eastern tip of Cuba on October 1st. The low moved north on the 2nd with a pressure of at most 1005mb 
and moved slowly towards the northeast the next two days. It was then picked up by a front crossing 
Florida on the 5th. No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review. A peak 
wind of 25kt was found in COADS. 

DAY			LAT	LONG			STATUS
October 1		20N	85W			Low
October 2		25N	83W			Low 
October 3		27N	81W			Low
October 4		28N	78W			Low
October 5		25N	80W?			Front

********************************************************************************

"Minor" intensity changes are less than 20 kt
"Minor" position changes are less than 2 degrees

1944 - Storm 1 - 2013 Revision

31500 07/13/1944 M= 8  1 SNBR= 697 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31505 07/13*  0   0   0    0*196 679  35    0*207 688  35    0*217 698  40    0*
31505 07/13*  0   0   0    0*196 686  35    0*207 695  35    0*215 704  40    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***    

31510 07/14*226 708  40    0*234 718  45    0*243 728  45    0*251 737  50    0*
31510 07/14*223 712  40    0*231 720  45    0*240 728  45    0*251 735  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                  ***    

31515 07/15*259 744  50    0*274 755  55    0*289 762  60    0*296 762  60    0*
31515 07/15*262 741  50    0*274 746  50    0*285 750  55    0*294 753  55    0*
            *** ***              ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31520 07/16*302 761  65    0*309 758  70    0*314 755  70    0*318 752  75    0*
31520 07/16*302 755  60    0*309 756  65    0*314 755  65    0*318 752  65    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               **               ** 

31525 07/17*321 748  80    0*324 744  80    0*328 738  80    0*333 727  80    0*
31525 07/17*322 748  70    0*325 743  70    0*328 735  70    0*331 726  70    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

31530 07/18*339 715  70    0*345 703  70    0E351 692  65    0E360 676  60    0*
31530 07/18*333 716  65    0*336 706  65    0*340 695  65    0*350 680  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***   

31535 07/19E372 651  55    0E386 620  55    0E402 582  50    0E421 540  50    0*
31535 07/19E365 655  60    0E382 622  60    0E402 582  60    0E422 540  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      ***  

31540 07/20E442 498  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31545 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and minor changes to intensity were made on most days of this storm 
compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

July 12:
HURDAT does not list a storm on this day, and HWM shows a possible wave axis between 62 
and 65W, but no closed low.  Microfilm indicates a low with no isobars analyzed near 15N, 
65.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 13: 
HWM analyzes a low in an open trough near 22N, 63.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 20.7N, 68.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z center near 17.2N, 67W 
and a 12Z center near 20.5N, 69.3W.  Microfilm shows a closed low analyzed near 20.7N, 
69.1W.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 22.9N, 66.1W at 1230Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 23.0N, 
67.9W at 13Z (micro).

July 14:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1015 mb centered near 25.6N, 67.3W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.3N, 72.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
center near 22.2N, 71.4W and a 12Z center near 24.2N, 73.3W. Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 1015 mb centered near 23.5N, 73.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 15:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.8N, 73.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 76.2W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 
center near 27.2N, 73.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26N, 
74.3W and a 12Z position near 28.6N, 76.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 28.1N, 74.4W.  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt ESE at 29.0N, 74.0W at 0930Z (micro); 
40 kt SSW at 28.0N, 75.0W at 14Z (micro); 40 kt SE at 29.8N, 73.8W at 1550Z (micro).  Seven 
additional observations of gale force winds were found.

July 16:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.7N, 76.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 70 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 75.5W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 
center near 29N, 75W at 00Z and 31.2N, 75.5W at 12Z.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 30.3N, 76.1W and a 12Z position near 31.1N, 75.5W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.6N, 76.3W.  Ship highlight: 35 kt SSE and 996 
mb at 30.8N, 73.8W near ~00Z (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SSE at 31.1N, 75.1W at 
1410Z (micro); 45 kt WNW at 29.7N, 76.0W at 15Z (micro); 35 kt NE at 31.2N, 78.3W at 
1610Z (micro).

July 17:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 32.2N, 72.3W with a dissipating 
cold front a few hundred nm northwest of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane 
at 32.8N, 73.8W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 
74.8W and a 12Z position near 33N, 73W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 31.9N, 75W and a 12Z position near 32.4N, 73.9W.  Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 999 mb centered near 32.8N, 73.1W.  Aircraft highlights: 60 kt at ~32N 71W at 19Z 
(micro); 35 kt SW at 29.9N, 70.3W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt NW at 32.0N, 73.3W at ~14Z (micro); 
35 kt S at 33.5N, 70.0W at 19Z (micro).  "Pireps wind shift at 1840Z with drift change from 8 
right to 15 left on 90 degree course at 32N, 71W.  Max wind estimated 70 mph.  Sea relatively 
flat near center with spray in fine parallel bands.  Rvcd from WVI (Parrish)" (micro).

July 18:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.4N, 69.1W with stationary 
fronts indicated to the southwest and northeast of the cyclone, but neither analyzed to be 
extending into the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 35.1N, 69.2W.  
The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.8N, 70.5W and a 12Z 
position near 34N, 68.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.5N, 
71.5W and a 12Z position near 34.7N, 69W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered 
near 33.3N, 68.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 35.5N, 68.5W at 01Z (COA); 45 
kt SW and 1001 mb at 32.1N, 69.0W at 1045Z (micro); 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 33.5N, 65.5W at 
12Z (COA); 45 kt S and 1017 mb at 33.5N, 65.5W at 16Z (COA); 35 kt NE at 40.5N, 66.5W at 
20Z (COA).  Land highlight: 35 kt at Bermuda (MWR).  Aircraft highlight: 40 kt WSW at 
32.0N, 70.0W at ~1830Z (micro)  Regarding the position..."Bermuda reported winds of 
approximately 40 miles per hour as the center passed about 250 miles to the northwest of that 
station" (MWR).

July 19:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 42N, 56W with a warm front 
indicated to the northeast of the cyclone and a cold front southwest of the cyclone, but neither 
analyzed to be extending into the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 
40.2N, 58.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.6N, 65.3W and a 
12Z position near 40.2N, 58.2W.  Microfilm shows a center near 39.7N, 57.7W at 12Z with 
Beaufort wind force 11 (60 kt) analyzed to be near the center at 17Z.  Ship highlight: 35 kt NW 
and 992 mb at 39.0N, 59.0W at ~1830Z (micro).

A low pressure area associated with a tropical wave apparently moved northwestward from the 
eastern Caribbean Sea and became a tropical cyclone just north of the Dominican Republic at 
06Z on the 13th (no change in genesis).  Minor track changes to HURDAT are introduced on 
everyday of the cyclone's lifetime and are largest on the 15th and 18th as the position was 
adjusted over a degree on these days.  No changes are made to the original intensities on the 13th 
and 14th, as sparse observations available cannot justify any changes.  Late on the 15th the 
tropical storm's forward motion slowed down and turned toward the north-northwest, but 
strengthening continued.  It became a hurricane at 06Z on the 16th (six hours later than 
originally) and recurved on this date with a position a few hundred miles east of Georgia.  It 
remained a hurricane on the 17th and the 18th as it moved slowly off to the northeast.  Early on 
the 18th, the hurricane began to accelerate, and by 18Z on the 18th the intensity had weakened to 
a 60 kt tropical storm.  While there are no explicit observations of hurricane intensity, a peak 
intensity of 70 kt on the 17th (down from 80 kt originally) is retained as aircraft reconnaissance 
did estimate surface winds of 60 kt on the 17th.  On the 17th at 18Z, and again around the 18th at 
00Z, reconnaissance flew towards the center of the hurricane. On both occasions, there is no 
evidence that the plane reached the RMW. On the 17/18Z flight, the position given in the aircraft 
message was at least 1.5 degrees away from the analyzed lat/lon, and on the 18/00 flight, the 
positions are about 0.8 degrees away. Both times, the aircraft reported estimated surface winds 
reaching Beaufort force 11, but not hurricane force. Based on the fact that no hurricane force 
winds were reported, along with the uncertainty as to how close the plane actually got to the 
center, winds on the 17th are revised down from 80 kt to 70 kt.  70 kt is the peak analyzed 
intensity.  The cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 19th (12 hours later than originally) a 
few hundred miles south of Halifax, Canada.  The surface analysis at 12Z on the 18th indicates 
warm temperatures on the northwest side of the cyclone along the mid-Atlantic and northeast 
coast of the U.S.  Additionally, aircraft reconnaissance flights at 16Z on the 18th and again later 
on that evening state "winds of near hurricane force around center and force 8-10 elsewhere 
[extending] to over 200 mi. radius." It was also described as a "tropical storm" by in the aircraft 
recon message. The surface map and the aircraft message justifies delaying the time of 
extratropical transisiton by 12 hours.  By the 19th at 00Z, the somewhat sparse data that is 
available indicates it was likely extratropical by that time. On the 19th, the 50 kt intensity of the 
extratropical cyclone is raised to 60 kt due to Weather Bureau analysis of Beaufort force 11 near 
the center.  It was absorbed by a larger extratropical low around 06Z on the 20th.

This hurricane is historic in that these were the very first planned aircraft reconnaissance 
missions to occur with the flights from the 13th to the 17th of July.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 2 - 2013 Revision

31550 07/24/1944 M= 5  2 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31550 07/24/1944 M= 4  2 SNBR= 698 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                    *

31555 07/24*  0   0   0    0*114 561  35    0*117 584  40    0*123 610  45    0*
31555 07/24*  0   0   0    0*134 566  35    0*137 584  40    0*140 604  45    0*
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***

31560 07/25*130 630  50    0*141 643  55    0*151 656  55    0*158 671  55    0*
31560 07/25*143 622  50    0*147 639  55    0*151 656  55    0*156 673  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***

31565 07/26*162 686  55    0*163 702  55    0*162 721  55    0*161 744  50    0*
31565 07/26*161 690  55    0*164 707  55    0*166 725  55    0*166 744  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

31570 07/27*161 768  50    0*165 791  45    0*169 812  45    0*169 822  40    0*
31570 07/27*166 764  45    0*168 783  35    0*170 800  30    0*172 816  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 28th is now removed from HURDAT.)
31575 07/28*170 830  35    0*171 844  30    0*172 858  25    0*169 872  25    0*

31580 TS

Major track changes and minor intensity changes were made to this tropical storm, as originally 
shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps.

July 23:
HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 11.4N, 57.6W.  HURDAT does not list a system on 
this day.  There were no gales or low pressures

July 24:
HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 13.5N, 62W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 11.7N, 58.4W.  Microfilm shows a low approaching the southern Windward Islands by 
their 18Z map.  No gales or low pressures.

July 25:
HWM analyzes a low in an open wave near 15N, 65.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical 
storm at 15.1N, 65.6W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a center near 14.6N, 65.4W.  
Microfilm shows a small tropical storm at 00Z centered at 14.5N, 61.7W.  At 12Z, microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 15.2N, 65.4W.  Land highlight: 48 kt at Fort de 
France at 00Z (MWR).  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 16.0N, 65.8W at 17Z (micro); 40 kt E at 
16.9N, 67.0W at 18Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 15.0N, 65.8W at 19Z (micro); 45 kt SE at 17.0N, 
65.8W at 20Z (micro).

July 26:
HWM analyzes an open low near 16.7N, 72.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm 
near 16.2N, 72.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16N, 68.8W 
and a 12Z position near 17.5N, 73W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 
17.4N, 73.1W.  No definitive gales or low pressures.  Regarding the intensity, "...There were 
positive evidences that it was near the coast of Haiti not far south of Port Au Prince on the 
morning of the 26th.  A wind of 70 knots was encountered by an airplane near this point (exact 
location and elevation unknown), and the Port Au Prince soundings showed winds aloft of 
hurricane force, with squalls of 35 miles per hour at the surface.  Considerable damage was 
reported from the town of Jacmel on the coast south of Port Au Prince.  Indications are that the 
small center struck the high mountains of the Haitian Peninsula and were broken up.  It is not 
believed that winds of hurricane force accompanied the storm at the surface, but that velocities of 
about 60 miles per hour marked its entire course" (MWR).

July 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 79.6W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 16.9N, 81.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low in an open wave 
near 17.7N, 80.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 28: HWM analyzes a tiny tropical storm near 17.7N, 85.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 17.2N, 85.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a low (not closed) near 17.2N, 84.5W.  
Microfilm showed a low over Honduras at 18Z.  No gales or low pressures.

July 29: HWM does not contain any evidence of a tropical cyclone.  HURDAT ended the storm 
at 18Z on July 28.  No gales or low pressures.

This tropical storm formed east of the southern Windward Islands on the 24th apparently 
originating from a tropical wave.  It is possible that the cyclone was in existence farther east, but 
the very sparse observations do not allow for this determination.  Significant track changes - 2 
degrees farther north - were made on the 24th at the genesis of this storm.  On the 26th and 27th 
the storm tracked closer to Hispaniola and Jamaica than in the original HURDAT.  These more 
northerly positions are in agreement with microfilm and the MWR post-season track map, as 
well as available observations.  It reached a maximum intensity of 55 kt (unchanged from 
original HURDAT) in the eastern and central Caribbean on the 25th and 26th.  On the 26th at 12Z, 
the tropical storm passed south of the southern coast of Hispaniola at about its time of peak 
lifetime intensity.  An alternative scenario - one described by the Monthly Weather Review - 
was that the cyclone struck Hispaniola and considerably weakened.  However, the evidence 
available, though somewhat ambiguous, is best for a track south of the island.  On July 27th, 
available observations suggest the storm weakened rapidly, perhaps due to strong vertical wind 
shear. By 12Z on the 27th, it is estimated to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression (revised 
downward from 45 kt) at 17.0N, 80W.  On the 28th, available observations indicate a westward 
moving tropical wave, with the remnants of the cyclone apparently north of Honduras.  There is 
no evidence of tropical storm force winds.  The 28th is eliminated from HURDAT due to 
evidence from surface and aircraft observations that a closed circulation no longer existed. 
Dissipation is indicated after 18Z on the 27th. The elimination of a day of the original HURDAT 
constitutes a major change to HURDAT. 

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 3 - 2013 Revision

31585 07/30/1944 M= 6  3 SNBR= 699 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
31590 07/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*227 700  40    0*
31590 07/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*215 690  35    0*225 705  40    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** *** 

31595 07/31*237 725  50    0*246 737  55    0*256 749  65    0*269 767  75    0*
31595 07/31*234 722  45    0*243 738  50    0*262 752  55    0*272 761  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31600 08/01*283 771  75    0*296 779  75    0*310 781  80    0*326 782  80  990*
31600 08/01*282 767  65    0*293 772  65    0*305 777  70    0*320 780  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

31605 08/02*342 783  60    0*357 782  55    0*369 780  45    0*378 774  40    0*
31605 08/02*341 782  60  985*357 782  45    0*369 780  35    0*378 774  35    0*
            *** ***  **  *** ***      **               **               **

31610 08/03*385 762  35    0*392 745  35    0*398 728  35    0*403 710  35    0*                    
31615 08/04*408 694  35    0*413 679  35    0*419 665  30    0*423 654  30    0*
31615 08/04*408 694  30    0*413 679  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **               **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

31620 HR NC1                                                                    

Landfall:
8/1/1944 - 2300Z - 33.9N 78.1W - 985 mb - 70 kt - 12 nmi RMW - 1014 mb OCI - 175 nm 
ROCI

Minor changes to track and intensity were made, compared with that shown originally in 
McAdie et al. (2009).  Genesis is begun 6 hours earlier and dissipation occurs 12 hours earlier 
than originally indicated.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from 
NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), 
and Barnes (2001).

July 27:
HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT does not list the system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.

July 28:
HWM does not analyze a close low.  HURDAT does not list the system on this day.  No gales or 
low pressures.

July 29:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, near 16N, 66.5W located in a trough of low pressure.  
HURDAT does not list the system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

July 30:
HWM analyzes an open wave containing a low near 21.5N, 69.5W.  HURDAT first lists this 
system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.7N, 70.0W.  The MWR tracks for centers of 
cyclones shows a position near 24N, 74W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 31:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.4N, 75.1W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 74.9W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 27N, 77W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 26.3N, 
75.4W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.7N, 75.6W.  Aircraft 
highlights: 45 kt S at 26.6N, 74.5W at 11Z (micro); 45 kt SE at 28.0N, 74.2W at 1205Z (micro); 
35 kt S at 28.8N, 73.6W at 19Z (micro); 40 kt SE at 27.9N, 76.0W at 20Z (micro).  There were 
four additional gale observations.  Regarding the position..."The center was definitely located by 
reconnaissance about 175 miles northeast of Nassau at about 7 a.m. on the 31st" (MWR).

August 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.8N, 77.4W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 31N, 78.1W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 
position near 29.8N, 77.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28N, 
76.8W and a 12Z position near 30.6N, 78.2W.  Microfilm shows a center in the vicinity of 
30.4N, 77.8W.  Land highlights: 51 kt at ~21Z and 990 mb at 2330Z at Oak Island, NC (MWR).  
There was one other land gales and three other land low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt SE 
at 30.5N, 75.9W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt SW at 30.7N, 76.5W at 1520Z (micro).  Four other 
aircraft gales.  "The storm approached the North Carolina coast with slowly increasing intensity 
and moved inland south of Southport at about 7 p.m. on August 1.  The diameter of the storm 
was small but reports indicate that winds were of hurricane force" (MWR).  "A tropical 
disturbance of moderate energy passed over the Wilmington area on the 1st.  The center of the 
storm reached the coast about 30 miles south of Wilmington in the vicinity of Southport about 
7:00 pm.  The wind at Wilmington reached an extreme velocity (1-min) of 52 miles per hour at 
7:41 p.m., with velocity in gusts estimated as high as 72 miles per hour.  At the Wilmington 
station the barometer fell rapidly through the afternoon and early evening reaching the lowest 
point, 29.41 inches (sea level) at 6:55 pm.  Damage at Carolina Beach, 15 miles south of 
Wilmington, was extensive and due chiefly to the unusually hide tide and heavy seas washing 
over the beach and battering to pieces many of the dwelling houses and business places.  Two 
fishing piers were demolished.  Damage at Wrightsville Beach was less extensive than at 
Carolina Beach, but here also two fishing piers were partly wrecked and many roofs damaged.  
In the city of Wilmington many roofs were damaged, power and communication lines broken 
down, several plate glass windows smashed, and a few hundred large trees uprooted.  Total 
damage to the city and beach property and crops in four surrounding counties has been estimated 
at $1,600,000.  No fatalities resulted from this storm.  Several persons were injured, but only a 
few seriously (OMR)."  Regarding the damage..."On the beaches, particularly at Carolina and 
Wrightsville, many houses and cottages were destroyed or had their foundations undermined by 
high tides and extremely high seas.  Substantially built structures not subject to undermining by 
water action went through the storm without damage" (MWR).  Regarding the position...from 
the Wilmington OMR..."Cloud observations during the passage of the hurricane on the 1st: At 
6:00 am (10Z 1st) cloud arc indicated center of disturbance to lie slightly east of south.  At 6:00 
pm center of arc apparently slightly west of south.  7:00 pm, stratus from east, center of cloud arc 
southwest of station.  8:30 pm, cloud arc indicates center slightly north of west" (OMR).  
Regarding the damage... "The most extensive damage occurred at Carolina Beach.  Thirty-foot 
waves reportedly pounded the beachfront and totally destroyed the town's famed boardwalk.  
According to the Wilmington Morning Star, oceanfront homes were washed from their 
foundations.  Police officers who remained at Wrightsville through the storm reported that 'at 
one time, the water measured 18 feet by the City Hall.'  The total damage from the storm 
exceeded $2 million" (Barnes).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and 
Georgia: Aug 1 - N.C. - Minimal - Damage $2,000,000" (Dunn and Miller - "Minimal" has 
maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb).  "1944 Aug - NC1 - 
990 mb pressure" (Jarrell et al.).

August 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered inland over southeastern Virginia 
near 37.5N, 77.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 78W.  The MWR 
tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.0N, 77.8W and a 12Z position near 
37.5N, 77.7W with a central pressure of 1007 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
00Z position near 33.5N, 78.4W and a 12Z position near 36.2N, 78.2W.  Microfilm shows a low 
of at most 1008 mb centered near 37.2N, 77.8W.  Land highlights: 37 kt SE at Wilmington, NC 
at 00Z (OMR); 45 kt (1-min) at Wilmington, NC at 0041Z (OMR); 42 kt S at Wilmington, NC at 
01Z (OMR); 33 kt (1-min) E at Atlantic City, NJ at ~20Z (MWR, OMR).  "The center began a 
recurve to the northeastward, passed near Richmond and Washington about noon of the 2nd, and 
moved out to sea near Atlantic City where an extreme wind (1-min) of 38 miles per hour was 
recorded during the afternoon of the same day" (MWR).

August 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.8N, 73.2W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 39.8N, 72.8W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 38.9N, 75.5W and a 12Z position near 39.8N, 72W with a 1010 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 38.9N, 75.2W and 
a 12Z position near 39.8N, 72.4W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 39.8N, 
72.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  However, there were two 30-kt ship obs, both within ~150 
nm of the HURDAT position.

August 4:
HWM no longer shows a closed low but instead analyses a NE-SW trough axis from 42N, 68W 
to 37N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 41.9N, 66.5W.  The MWR 
tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41N, 69.4W and a 12Z position near 
42.5N, 65.7W with a central pressure of 1011 mb.  The MWR post-season track map has a 00Z 
position near 41N, 70.2W and a 12Z position near 42.4N, 66.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  
Two obs of 30 kt and 1010 mb are in the general vicinity of the HURDAT position.

Genesis of this cyclone is estimated to have occurred around 12Z on the 30th, 6 hours earlier than 
originally indicated in HURDAT.  Available observations from microfilm and COADS do not 
provide enough evidence that a closed low existed prior to 12Z on the 30th. However, westerly 
wind observations on the maps by 12Z provide evidence of a closed circulation by that time. 
Only minor track changes are made from genesis through the beginning of 2nd.  Thereafter, no 
track changes to HURDAT are made.  This system formed from a vigorous tropical wave evident 
as early as 27 July east of the Lesser Antilles.  The tropical cyclone formed around 12Z on the 
30th just north of the Mona Passage, and it strengthed to 40 kt a tropical storm at 18Z the same 
day.  By the 31st, there were numerous reports from aircraft of gale force winds near the center, 
but the system most likely attained hurricane status around 00Z August 1st (12 hours later than 
original HURDAT) once it was north of 30N. On 31 July, an abundance of aircraft observations 
and surface observations indicate that the cyclone had not yet reached hurricane strength that 
day. The observations indicate a 45-55 kt tropical storm with weak winds still on the southwest 
side.

The hurricane made landfall on Oak Island, North Carolina at 23Z (MWR).  Peak observed 
sustained winds were 51 kt from Oak Island before the anemometer failed.  Peak estimated 
winds at Oak Island after that were 60-70 kts at 2250Z. The minimum pressure at Oak Island was 
990 mb at 2330Z. "The wind veered from east through south to southwest, which indicates that 
the center passed west [of Oak Island]" (WB Report). There is no evidence as to whether the 990 
mb was a central pressure or whether it even occurred inside the RMW.  Since the wind shift was 
not 180 degrees, it is more likely that Oak Island was not in the eye. However, it may or may not 
have been in the RMW. From the limited information available, the central pressure at landfall is 
estimated to be 985 mb.  The 985 mb pressure suggests winds of 66 kt from the Brown et al. 
(2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the small (12 nmi) RMW compared with 
climatology for this pressure and landfall latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds at landfall are 
estimated to be 70 kt - Category 1.  This is a downgrade from the 80 kt in HURDAT originally 
just before landfall.  Category 1 at landfall in North Carolina is consistent with damage reports.  
(It is noted that both Schwerdt et al. 1979 and Ho et al. (1987) did not list this system in their US 
landfalling hurricanes, implying that the cyclone had central pressure of 982 mb or greater.)  
Using the Inland Decay Model from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the hurricane weakened to a 
62 kt tropical storm one hour after it made landfall (00Z 2nd).  The inland decay model weakens 
the storm to 46 kt at 06Z and 35 kt at 12Z.  Peak observed winds within two hours of synoptic 
times were 42 kt at 00Z and 36 kt at 06Z.  Given the sparse reports available, winds close to the 
Kaplan and DeMaria model were chosen for the reanalyzed HURDAT: 60 kt at 00Z (no change), 
45 kt at 06Z (down from 55 kt), and 35 kt at 12Z (down from 45 kt).  Since the storm reemerges 
over the Atlantic near Atlantic City, NJ around 06Z on the 3rd, and a 33 kt 1-minute sustained 
wind (30 kt after converting to 10m, 1-min) was observed at Atlantic City at 20Z on the 2nd, 
tropical storm status is maintained for the entire duration that this storm was over the US. The 
cyclone is analyzed to have produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, 
and New Jersey.  It is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression over the open Atlantic 
at 00Z on the 4th and it dissipated by 12Z a few hundred miles east of Cape Cod as a closed low 
was no longer evident.  This storm was tropical throughout its lifetime.  The final two 6-hour 
points are eliminated from HURDAT because the system is analyzed to have been dissipated by 
12Z on the 4th.  The cyclone may have degenerated to an open trough as early as 00Z on the 4th 
though the available observations are ambiguous, thus positions early on the 4th are retained.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 4 - 2013 Revision

31625 08/16/1944 M= 9  4 SNBR= 700 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31630 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 570  40    0*
31630 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*121 595  50    0*
                                                               *** ***  ** 

31635 08/17*125 587  45    0*127 598  45    0*129 608  50    0*132 622  55    0*
31635 08/17*121 605  60    0*123 615  65    0*127 625  70    0*133 635  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     ***  ***  **      *** ***  **

31640 08/18*136 638  60    0*142 652  65    0*147 666  75  973*152 680  80    0*
31640 08/18*140 645  80    0*147 655  85    0*152 666  90  973*155 678  90    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

31645 08/19*156 693  90    0*160 702  95    0*162 709 100    0*166 722 105    0*
31645 08/19*157 690  90    0*158 701  95    0*159 712 100    0*162 722 105    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

31650 08/20*170 733 105    0*174 744 105    0*178 756 105    0*181 771 105    0*
31650 08/20*167 732 105    0*174 742 105    0*179 753 105    0*183 766  90    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** *** ***

31655 08/21*184 785  70    0*186 798  70    0*188 811  75    0*191 827  75    0*
31655 08/21*186 782  75    0*188 797  75    0*190 811  75    0*192 827  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***

31660 08/22*194 843  80    0*199 859  80    0*204 875  80    0*206 885  65    0*
31660 08/22*194 843  80    0*197 860  80    0*200 877  80    0*202 893  65    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31665 08/23*208 895  55    0*209 911  50    0*209 928  45    0*209 942  45    0*
31665 08/23*204 907  55    0*206 920  50    0*207 933  45    0*208 946  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31670 08/24*209 953  40    0*208 971  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31670 08/24*207 958  40    0*206 970  35    0*205 982  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

31675 HR  

Major track changes and major intensity changes were implemented with this destructive 
Jamaican hurricane, compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally.   Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
Mexican synoptic maps and station data, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, a newspaper article provided by Mike Chenoweth, Connor (1956), and the 
Jamaican Meteorological Office (1945).

August 16:
HWM analyzes a wave axis between 55-60W, and a low at the southern end of the wave axis 
near 11.7N, 56.8W.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 57.0W.  
"This small intense hurricane was first noted east of Barbados on the 16th (MWR)."  No gales or 
low pressures.

August 17:
HWM analyzes two lows, both of at most 1010 mb.  The one near 14N, 64.2W shows a large 
area of below 1010 mb pressure extending from 11N, 68W northeastward to 17N, 63W where a 
wave axis, which extends northeastward to 22N, 59W, is plotted attached to the low.  The low is 
very small and located near 11.2N, 59.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 
12.9N, 60.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 12.3N, 58.9W and a 
12Z position near 12.5N, 62W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb near 13.2N, 62.7W.  
Aircraft highlights: Center fix: 13N, 62.5W at 1140Z (micro); 40 kt ESE at 14.4N, 62.9W at 
1430Z (micro); 35 kt SSW at 12.3N, 62.0W at 1630Z (micro).  Two other aircraft gales.  
"Passing south of Barbados and over the Grenada Islands during the night, it entered the 
Caribbean not far from St. Vincent about 8:30 am on the 17th" (MWR).

August 18: HWM analyzes a low in a trough with a wave axis extending from the low north-
northeastward for several hundred kilometers.  The position of the plotted low is near 14N, 
67.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 14.7N, 66.6W.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 00Z position near 13.3N, 64.6W and a 12Z position near 14.3N, 67.3W.  Microfilm 
shows a center near 14.5N, 67.5W.  Ship highlight: Calm and 973 mb at 15.2N, 66.7W (MWR).  
Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N at 15.2N, 68.3W, possibly at 1330Z (micro); 40 kt S at 14.3N, 67.0W 
at 1350Z (micro); 35 kt SE at 14.1N, 65.7W at 16Z (micro).  Three other aircraft gales.

August 19: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 16.8N, 72.3W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 16.2N, 70.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 14.8N, 69.3W, and a 12Z position near 15.8N, 71.3W.  Microfilm shows a center 
near 15.9N, 71.3W.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SSE at 16.5N, 70.8W at 18Z (micro); 45 kt SSW 
at 16.1N, 72.1W at 1830Z (micro); 35 kt N at 16.7N, 73.7W at 2340Z.  One other aircraft gale.

August 20: HWM analyzes a tropical storm approaching Jamaica near 17.6N, 75.2W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 17.8N, 75.6W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 16.4N, 73.3W and a 12Z position near 17.3N, 75.5W.  Microfilm shows a center 
near 17.7N, 75.4W.  Land highlights: 987 mb (min p) at 1530Z at Morant Point (17.9N, 76.2W) 
(Jamaica); 52 kt (max wind) WSW around 18Z at Kingston, Jamaica (MWR); 999 mb (min p) 
around 18Z Kingston, Jamaica (MWR); 45 kt W and 1000 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at ~1830Z 
(micro); 980 mb (min p) around 21Z at Harmony Hall, Duncans, Trelawny, Jamaica (18.5N, 
77.5W) (Jamaica); 984 mb (min p) around 2240Z at Montego Bay (18.5N, 77.9W) (Jamaica); 
1001 mb (min p) at 2345Z at Nergil (18.2N, 78.4W) (Jamaica).  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt S at 
17.5N, 74.3W at 15Z (micro); 50 kt ESE at 18.3N, 73.6W at 1530Z (micro); 40 kt SSW at 
17.3N, 75.4W at 1610Z.  Three other aircraft gales.  "The hurricane swept inland over the 
southeast coast of Jamaica, in the Boston Bay area, shortly before noon on the 20th and passed 
off the western coast near Montego Bay some hours later.  The storm lost much of its intensity as 
it crossed the island, for winds fell from an estimated 100 to 120 miles per hour on the east coast 
to 80 miles per hour in the vicinity of Montego Bay where damage was not serious.  Press photos 
show that on some of the large coconut plantations, in the more seriously affected areas, not a 
tree was left standing" (MWR).  Regarding the course over Jamaica... "It first struck the coast at 
Boston at about 11:30 am EST (1630 GMT) and moved in a west northwesterly direction, which 
took it along the coast to Annotto Bay, and then overland to some point between Falmouth and 
Montego Bay from whence it passed out to sea some time between 5:30 and 6:00 pm (2230 and 
2300 Z).  Its average speed over Jamaica was 18 mph, a high speed for such a destructive storm; 
but there is some evidence that its speed over the eastern half of the island was of the order of 15 
mph, gradually increasing to 20-22 mph in the western half.  The exact track of the center over 
the western parishes is rather difficult to determine" (Jamaica).  Regarding pressure observations 
in Jamaica during the storm... "No sequence of barometer readings from a station it the path of 
the storm is available, but the minimum pressure at one point on the path, Harmony Hall, 
Duncans, Trelawny was approximately 980 mb (28.84 inches).  A barograph record made at 
Montego Bay showed a minimum pressure of about 984 mb.  The center passed 2-3 miles north 
of Montego Bay, but the town appears to have experienced the outer part of the eye of the storm 
as a definite lull was reliably reported" (Jamaica).  Regarding the pressure recorded at Morant 
Point versus an estimation of the central pressure of the storm at 1530Z... "From 3 am (8Z), the 
pressure (at Morant Point) fell with increasing rapidity until after 9 am (14Z) the graph became 
almost a straight line, indicating a uniform rate of fall of 0.9 millibars per mile distance from the 
center (Morant being approximately 27 and 12.5 miles from the center at 9 (14Z) and 10:30 
(1530Z) respectively).  Assuming that this rate of fall was maintained to the boundary of the eye, 
that the eye was about 5 miles in diameter, and that the isobars were circular, the pressure at the 
boundary of the eye at 10:30 am (1530Z would be 10 * 0.9 = 9.0 mb less than at Morant where a 
minimum pressure of 987 mb was recorded at about 10:30 am (1530Z).  It can be assumed that 
there was no great change in pressure within the eye and that therefore the (central pressure) at 
this time was of the order of 978 mb" (Jamaica).  "From the above readings (and other readings 
not included) and remarks the following points may be noted: (a) The area of excessively large 
pressure gradient on the south side of the hurricane was comparatively small, being of the order 
of 30-35 miles radius.  The area was probably slightly greater on the north side.  (b) The 
minimum pressure at Vernam Field and Nergil are evidence in favor of the theory that filling up 
occurred in the western section of the landtrack, but that deepening was renewed once the 
hurricane passed out to sea.  (It had been over the sea some 1.5-2 hours when the Nergil 
minimum was recorded)" (Jamaica).  Regarding the wind speed... "No instrumental observations 
of wind force or direction are available from places in the path of the hurricane, but it is possible 
to make one fairly reliable estimate of the speed at Annotto Bay (18.3N, 76.8W) shortly before 
the center passed that town, and after the hurricane had traveled along the coast for some two 
hours.  Two railway vans , weighing 14.5 tons each, situated approximately 90 degrees to the 
wind direction, were overturned, from which fact it may be deduced that the wind speed was of 
the order of 100-120 mph.  The strongest winds occurred between Manchioneal (18.0N, 76.3W) 
and western St. Mary (18.4N, 76.9W)" (Jamaica).  Regarding the state of the sea... "Very heavy 
swell on the open seas was noted at Palisadoes (essentially Kingston) when the center was still 
70 miles distant, and appeared to be unchanged 2 hours later when the center was about 35 miles 
nearer.  Morant Point Lighthouse reported very heavy swell from an ENE direction when the 
center was over 50 miles distant" (Jamaica).  Regarding the damage... "Well over 30 people 
were killed (mostly due to the wind).  The main damage to buildings occurred in Portland, St. 
Mary, St. Ann, northern Trelawny, northern St. James, northern St. Andrews, northern St. 
Catherine and eastern St. Thomas, the first three suffering heavy destruction, and fourth one 
considerable damage to large buildings.  Small single or double roomed dwellings of light 
construction were either blown down or crushed by falling trees.  Larger dwellings, which were 
damaged, mostly remained intact until a shutter or window was blown open, after which the roof 
was easy prey for the wind.  In some cases, where the wind was able to get beneath a building, it 
was lifted bodily several yards.  Several large buildings, particularly churches, had their roofs 
completely removed and suffered much internal damage" (Jamaica).  Regarding the diameter of 
the eye... "The dimensions of the eye of the storm are of interest.  It has been assumed that the 
diameter was 5 miles before it struck the Island.  This was based on reports that the lull was of 
the order of 15-20 minutes in the extreme eastern districts.  East of Anotto Bay all the available 
reports come from coastal stations, and without exception report a lull.  West of Anotto Bay lulls 
of duration varying from 15 to 30 minutes are reported from the places situated in a belt 8-10 
miles wide.  It therefore appears that the eye was increasing in diameter in the west of the Island, 
and that this factor may be connected with the weakening of the storm" (Jamaica).

August 21: HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.3N, 81.1W.  HURDAT listed this 
as a 75 kt hurricane at 18.8N, 81.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near the western tip of Jamaica near 18.2N, 78.4W and a 12Z position near 18.7N, 81.1W.  
Microfilm shows a low centered near 19.2N, 81.1W of at most 1002 mb claiming that the 
maximum gusts reported by a source were 85 mph out of the ENE.  It is unclear whether this 
report is the maximum gusts encountered by a ship or plane, or whether it is the estimated 
maximum gusts of the storm.  Land highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Cayman Islands at 
12Z (micro); 40 kt ENE with maximum gusts to 78 kt and 1004 mb at Cayman Islands at 13Z 
(micro); 45 kt E and 1003 mb at Cayman Islands at 14Z (micro); 40 kt E and 1008 mb at 
Cayman Islands at 15Z (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt ENE at 19.5N, 81.5W at 1330Z 
(micro); 35 kt E at 20.2N, 80.7W at 14Z (micro); 35 kt NE at 19.5N, 83.8W at 14Z (micro).  
"The hurricane center passed near Grand Cayman Island on the 21st with winds of 80 to 90 miles 
per hour, in gusts" (MWR).

August 22: HWM analyzes a tropical storm inland over western Belize near 17.8N, 88.9W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 20.4N, 87.5W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 19.1N, 83.8W and a 12Z position near 20.1N, 87.6W.  Microfilm 
shows a low centered near 20.1N, 87.6W.  Ship highlight: 40 kt SSE and 108 mb 20.1N, 86.1W 
(micro).  Two other gales of 40 kt and one low pressure of 1005 mb.  Station highlight:  47 kt 
ENE (maximum 5 min wind - no time) at Cozumel (Mexico).  Regarding the track..."On the 
morning of the 22nd, the center moved inland on the coast of Yucatan a short distance south of 
Cozumel Island, and while it lost force in passing over the Peninsula, it emerged into the Gulf of 
Mexico intact and moved westward into Mexico a short distance south of Tuxpan.  According to 
press reports at least 12 deaths were caused inland in Mexico as a result of floods that 
accompanied dissipation of the storm" (MWR).

August 23: HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 20.2N, 94.1W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 92.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
00Z position near 20.6N, 90.4W and a 12Z position near 20.7N, 93W.  Microfilm shows a low of 
at most 1002 mb centered near 20.8N, 93.7W.  Land highlights: 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 01Z at 
Merida (21.0N, 89.7W) (micro); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 02Z at Merida (micro).

August 24: HURDAT last listed this at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.8N, 97.1W.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.7N, 95.6W moving just south of due 
west at about 265 degrees.  Microfilm shows a low at 12Z centered near 20N, 98.2W.  "A 
conservative estimate of fatalities resulting from this hurricane, taken from incomplete statistics, 
places loss of life at 216" (MWR).  Regarding the damage..."Estimates of property damage are 
incomplete but will total several million dollars.  Extremely heavy crop losses were suffered on 
Jamaica.  The most authoritative estimate of the number of coconut trees destroyed on the whole 
island is 41 percent, while banana trees which were concentrated in the stricken zone, were about 
90 percent destroyed" (MWR).

This tropical storm was first noticed east of Barbados due to the pressure falls observed at 
Barbados on the 16th.  The analysis indicates that it passed south of Barbados.  HURDAT started 
this storm at 18Z on the 16th, and no change is made to the timing of genesis.  It is possible that 
the cyclone existed east of the Lesser Antilles, but observations are very sparse over the open 
Atlantic.  A newspaper article describing the impacts in Grenada indicates that 150 houses were 
destroyed on that island and that over a dozen schooners and fishing vessels were capsized, 
destroyed or severely damaged. Based mainly upon this article (a secondary source), it is 
estimated that the cyclone was at hurricane intensity at its closest approach to Grenada at 06Z on 
the 17th.  A 65 kt intensity is assigned at that time (up from 45 kt originally - a major change). 
The largest track change is late on the 16th and early on the 17th, when the storm is analyzed to be 
substantially farther west (and a little bit farther south - showing a track closer to Grenada) than 
in the original HURDAT.  All other track changes are minor and were introduced throughout the 
lifetime of the cyclone.  It moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea.  The central 
pressure observation of 973 mb reported by a ship and reported by Monthly Weather Review the 
morning of the 18th is crucial in determining the intensity changes made to HURDAT.  The 
pressure of 973 mb equals 88 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The size 
of the storm is believed to be average or smaller than average at this time, because at this ship, 
the pressure fell 40 mb in 3 hours and then after the calm period, the pressure rose 40 mb in 3 
hours.  So an intensity of 90 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 18th, upgraded from 75 kt in the 
previous HURDAT.  Over the 30 hour period from 06Z on the 17th to 12Z on the 18th, the 
intensity is linearly increased by 5 kt per 6 hr from 65 kt at 06Z on the 17th to 90 kt at 12Z on the 
18th.  The cyclone became a major hurricane with 100 kt winds by 12Z on the 19th (unchanged) 
near 16N, 71W.  It struck Jamaica directly around 16Z on the 20th, as a 105 kt category 3 
hurricane- consistent with the impacts described in the report by the Jamaican Meteorological 
Office, and the storm weakened to a category 1 before emerging back over water.  (Note that the 
978 mb central pressure estimated based upon a 987 mb peripheral pressure measurement 
discussed in the report is likely substantially too high because of the small size of the hurricane.)  
Winds are reduced at 18Z on the 20th (from 105 to 90 kt), as the hurricane had been over Jamaica 
for a couple of hours at that point and no weakening had previously been indicated in HURDAT.  
The hurricane continued traveling towards the WNW passing south of the Cayman Islands, 
where hurricane force gusts were reported.  The hurricane struck the Yucatan Peninsula on the 
22nd at as category 1 hurricane.  It weakened to a tropical storm while over the Yucatan 
Peninsula, and it emerged into the Bay of Campeche intact.  The storm did not regain any 
strength over the Bay of Campeche and made its 2nd Mexico landfall as a tropical storm early on 
the 24th.  There were no changes to the intensity from late on the 21st until early on the 24th.  
Dissipation of the cyclone likely occurred around 18Z on the 24th - six hours later than originally 
indicated, as observations show that the system retained a closed circulation at 12Z.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 5 - 2013 Revision

31680 08/19/1944 M= 5  5 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31680 08/18/1944 M= 6  5 SNBR= 701 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
31682 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 850  25    0*209 856  25    0*

31685 08/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*228 877  35    0*
31685 08/19*213 862  30    0*217 868  30    0*220 875  30    0*223 883  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

31690 08/20*228 890  35    0*229 895  40    0*230 900  40    0*230 906  45    0*
31690 08/20*226 892  35    0*229 901  40    0*230 910  40    0*230 919  45    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***

31695 08/21*231 914  50    0*233 926  50    0*235 938  50    0*238 946  50    0*
31695 08/21*231 928  50    0*233 937  50    0*235 945  50    0*238 952  50    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

31700 08/22*240 954  50    0*243 964  50    0*247 973  45    0*250 982  45    0*
31700 08/22*240 958  50    0*243 964  50    0*247 971  50    0*250 978  50    0*
                ***                               ***  **          ***  **

31705 08/23*253 989  35    0*256 998  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31705 08/23*253 987  35    0*256 998  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***         

31710 TS                                                                        


Tropical Storm impact for S TX - 40 kt winds occurred near Port Isabel and South Padre Island

Minor track changes but no intensity alterations were made to this tropical storm in the Gulf of 
Mexico, compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally.  Genesis is begun 30 
hours earlier than originally indicated.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Mexican synoptic maps and station data, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC.

August 13: 
HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 12N, 61W to 18N, 55W in a trough of low 
pressure.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 14: 
HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 13N, 64W to 22N, 57W in a trough of low 
pressure.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 16N, 68W to 23N, 62W in a trough of low 
pressure.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 
1011 mb centered near 17.5N, 68.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 16:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, near 14.5N, 74W with a tropical wave axis 
extending from the low north-northeastward to 24N, 70W.  HURDAT does not list a system on 
this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 17:
HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 17N, 82W to 24N, 76W located in a sharp 
trough of low pressure.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 18:
HWM analyzes a tropical wave axis from 15N, 85W to 26N, 83W in a sharp trough 
of low pressure.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm shows a low in a 
trough located near 20.3N, 84.4W.  Aircraft highlights:  25 kts SSE at 15.7N, 83W and 25 kt S at 
14.5N, 83.5W around 16Z (micro).

August 19:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT initiates this storm at 18Z 
at 22.8N, 87.7W with an intensity of 35 kt.  No gales or low pressures.  "Development of a 
circulation and an increase in intensity was noted north of the Yucatan Peninsula, in an 
isallobaric wave that for some time had been moving westward through the Caribbean" (MWR).

August 20:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt 
tropical storm at 23.0N, 90.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
22.4N, 88.7W and a 12Z position near 22.5N, 90.3W.  Microfilm does not show a closed low.  
Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 24.7N, 86.8W at 0030Z (micro).  

August 21:
HWM analyzes a low with no closed isobars plotted near 24.7N, 95.5W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 50 kt tropical storm at 23.5N, 93.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 22.7N, 92.1W and a 12Z position near 23.1N, 93.8W.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at 
most 1011 mb centered near 23N, 94.5W.  Aircraft highlight: 35 kt E at 24.5N, 95.2W at 19Z 
(micro).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.3N, 96.6W just offshore 
of the Texas-Mexico border.  HRUDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 97.3W.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24N, 95.7W and a 12Z position near 
24.6N, 97.3W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 24.7N, 97.3W.  Land 
highlight: 39 kt (1-min) NE at Brownsville at ~1730Z (OMR).  "The disturbance continued a 
westward or west-northwestward movement and crossed the Mexican coast south of Brownsville 
about noon of the 22nd" (MWR).

August 23:
HWM does not show any features of interest over Texas or Mexico on this day.  HURDAT last 
lists this storm at 06Z inland at 25.6N, 99.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  At 06Z, microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.7N, 99.6W.  There was an inland observation 
of 1007 mb and 15 kt from the ESE at 26.0N, 99.2W at ~630Z (micro).  "The disturbance did not 
develop winds of more than moderate gale force" (MWR).

This storm formed from a strong tropical wave that can be tracked back to the eastern Caribbean 
Sea on 13 August.  The microfilm maps for 15-16 August show a low pressure area near Puerto 
Rico and Hispaniola with evidence of a sharp wind trough and possibly a closed circulation.  The 
HWM on 17 August shows a low just east of Jamaica.  However, a closed circulation could not 
be definitely assessed on the 15th through the 17th.  However, given the somewhat sparse data 
available on these dates, the possibility exists that either this cyclone began earlier or there was a 
separate, short-lived tropical cyclone on the 15th to the 17th.  It did attain a closed circulation 
around 12Z on the 18th as it was passing between Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula, based in part 
by the westerly winds observed in Belize City and along the northern coast of Honduras.  Thus a 
change was made to begin this system as a tropical depression 30 hours earlier than originally in 
HURDAT.  Minor track changes were introduced for every day in its lifetime.  It then 
strengthened to a 50 kt tropical storm (unchanged from original HURDAT) as it moved west-
northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico.  The storm made landfall around 18Z on the 22nd in 
Mexico about 70 miles south of Brownsville with an intensity of 50 kt, same as the peak 
intensity.  The peak observed winds for this tropical cyclone were the 39 kt 1-minute winds in 
Brownsville, which is consistent with a 50 kt landfall intensity.  This cyclone is analyzed to have 
produced a 40 kt tropical storm impact in Texas. It then weakened to a tropical depression over 
land and dissipated about 18 hours after landfall.  No changes were made to the dissipation phase 
of this tropical cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 6 - 2013 Revision

31715 09/09/1944 M= 3  6 SNBR= 702 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
31720 09/09*223 938  35    0*239 940  40    0*254 942  45    0*267 941  45    0*
31720 09/09*250 950  25    0*258 948  30    0*265 945  35    0*270 941  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

31725 09/10*277 933  45    0*283 921  40    0*289 908  40    0*300 896  35    0*
31725 09/10*272 935  45    0*277 926  45    0*284 915  50    0*291 896  55  992*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

31730 09/11*315 885  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31730 09/11*307 881  40    0*314 870  30    0*320 868  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
31735 TS

First landfall:
9/10/1944 1900Z 29.3N, 89.4W 992 mb 55 kt

Second landfall:
9/10/1944 2300Z 30.3N, 88.3W 1001 mb 50 kt

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to intensity were made for this tropical storm, 
compared with that shown in McAdie et al. (2009) originally.  Evidence of these changes comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the 
Louisiana and Alabama Climatological Data, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Conner (1956).

September 8:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, but it does indicate a stationary front lying 
across the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb attached to a WSW-ENE frontal boundary centered 
near 27.4N, 95.5W.  No gales or low pressures.  "A partial wind circulation, evident early in the 
afternoon on September 7, developed and within the next 36 hours isobars with cyclonic 
curvature covered the entire western Gulf, and suggested a complete wind circulation with center 
near latitude 23N, longitude 94W" (MWR).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a low near 25.5N, 94.3W at the southwest end of a SW-NE warm front, both of 
which lie in a pressure trough.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.4N, 94.2W.  
The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.5N, 94.1W and a 12Z 
position near 25.5N, 94.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
22.5N, 94.1W and a 12Z position near 25.5N, 94.6W.  Microfilm has a tropical storm symbol 
plotted on the 00Z map near 23N, 94W, and on the 12Z map microfilm shows a low of at most 
1005 mb near 27N, 94.5W with two boundaries extending from the low.  One boundary extends 
from the low east-northeastward, and the other boundary extends from the low south-
southwestward.  Both of there boundaries lie in pressure troughs.  No gales or low pressures.

September 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb just south of Louisiana near 28.7N, 92.3W at 
the west end of a W-E warm front.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.9N, 
90.8W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.3N, 93.8W and a 
12Z position near 29N, 92W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
27.7N, 93.7W and a 12Z position near 28.8N, 91.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 
mb near 29N, 92.5W with the same 2 boundaries analyzed as on the previous day.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt SSE at 27.5N, 88.5W at 18Z (COA); 30 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 29.0N, 89.4W 
at 1830Z (micro).  Land highlights: 47 kt at Pensacola, FL (MWR); 41 kt S at Pensacola, FL at 
~21Z (OMR); 1003 mb at 1945Z Mobile (OMR); 1003 mb at Pensacola, FL at 2120Z (OMR).  
"No important atmospheric phenomena, not easily susceptible of tabulation, occurred during 
month" (New Orleans OMR).  "On Sept. 9-10 a small tropical disturbance came northeastward 
along the coast line and passed south of Mobile about the middle of the afternoon.  Heavy rain 
and fresh winds in squalls continued from 1030pm of the 9th until 405pm of the 10th.  24 hour 
rain was the heaviest since 1937.  Damage to roads and bridges from the heavy rain was 
considerable and the streets of Mobile were flooded...The tide in the Mobile River reached a 
height of 3.8 ft above sea level, which was the highest tide since September 1, 1932.  The high 
tide occurred shortly before the regularly computed time of low tide under normal conditions" 
(Mobile OMR).  "The moderate tropical disturbance that moved inland between Mobile and 
Pensacola on the afternoon of the 10th was attended by continuous rain squalls during the day 
with extreme wind velocity at Pensacola reaching 47 mph from the SSE at 6.33 p.m. EWT.  
Tides were about one foot above normal.  Damage caused by the storm in Pensacola amount to 
about $500, mainly to roofs on frail dwellings in the southwestern part of the city" (Pensacola 
OMR).  "Sep. 10, Landfall near Grand Isle, Estimated Minimum Central Pressure 999 mb" 
(Connor).  "Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Sept. 10 - Mobile - 
Minor - 7 to 11 in. rain" ("Minor" - winds less than 74 mph, pressure greater than 996 mb- 
Dunn and Miller).

September 11: 
HWM analyzes no features of interest over the southeast United States or over the 
northern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z at 31.5N, 88.5W as a 30 kt 
tropical depression.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31N, 
87W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position just southeast of Mobile, AL near 
30.8N, 87.9W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 00Z near 31N, 87.5W with a 
boundary extending eastward from the low.  Land highlight: 35 kt S at Pensacola, FL at ~00Z 
(micro).

HURDAT listed this originally as being tropical throughout its lifetime and it was begun as a 
tropical storm at 00Z on 9 September.  However, both the Historical Weather Maps and the 
microfilm maps indicate a trough or a front was present in the vicinity of the cyclone through the 
short lifetime of this system.  Given that the most significant temperature and dewpoint gradients 
along this boundary were east of the cyclone, the system is retained as originating as a tropical 
cyclone at genesis around 00Z on the 9th.  It is noted that the wind shift south of Lake Charles, 
Louisiana observed from aircraft measurements late on the 10th likely reflected this trough (or 
front) structure.  The major track changes early on the 9th point to positions significantly 
northwest of the original HURDAT positions.  On the 10th, observations indicate positions 
slightly south and west of the previous HURDAT positions for all synoptic times on that day.  
For intensity, HURDAT starts this as a 35 kt tropical storm, but it is reanalyzed to have started as 
a 25 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 9th, becoming 35 kt by 12Z on the 9th (revised down 
from 45 kt), based upon numerous ship and coastal observations.  The cyclone was moving 
northeastwards, towards the north Gulf Coast.  The tropical storm made two landfalls, with a 55 
and 50 kt intensity respectively (the intensity was revised upwards from the original HURDAT).  
The first landfall occurred in southeastern Louisiana at 29.3N, 89.4W around 19Z on the 10th, 
and the second landfall was at the Mississippi/Alabama border around 23Z on the 10th.  A 992 
mb central pressure with 3 kt winds was recorded at Pilottown, LA. A 992 mb central pressure 
equals 56 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure wind relationship, so 55 kt was 
chosen for the first landfall. An observation at Pensacola of a 5-minute wind of 47 kt late on the 
10th suggests a maximum 1-minute wind of about 50 kt for the 2nd landfall.  Winds are boosted 
to 55 kt at 18Z on the 10th (up from 35 kt originally - a major change to HURDAT).  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical storm impact in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama 
and Florida.  HURDAT's original last point was at 00Z on the 11th as a 30 kt depression.  
Observations indicate it was still a 40 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 11th.  Available data 
maintains a tropical, closed circulation for an additional 12 hours after HURDAT's last position 
at 00Z.  The storm is analyzed to have weakened to a depression by 06Z on the 11th while over 
Alabama.  The last point in the revised HURDAT is a 25 kt tropical depression at 12Z.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 7 - 2013 Revision

31740 09/09/1944 M= 8  7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
31740 09/09/1944 M= 8  7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
                                                          *
31745 09/09*  0   0   0    0*208 580  65    0*212 597  70    0*216 610  70    0*
31745 09/09*  0   0   0    0*208 585  45    0*212 597  50    0*216 610  55    0*
                                 ***  **               **               **

31750 09/10*220 623  75    0*225 636  75    0*230 650  75    0*234 663  80    0*
31750 09/10*220 623  60    0*225 636  65    0*230 650  70    0*236 663  75    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      **

31755 09/11*239 674  85    0*242 681  90    0*245 687  90    0*247 692  95    0*
31755 09/11*243 674  80    0*250 681  85    0*255 687  90    0*257 692  95    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***

31760 09/12*249 697 105    0*252 703 110    0*256 711 115  943*263 723 120    0*
31760 09/12*258 699 105    0*259 706 110    0*262 715 115  943*266 728 120    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31765 09/13*271 735 120    0*278 742 115    0*285 748 110    0*297 755 105    0*
31765 09/13*270 740 120    0*276 747 120    0*285 751 125    0*297 755 125    0*
            *** ***          *** *** ***          *** ***              ***     

31770 09/14*312 760 100    0*327 761  95    0*344 757  90    0*371 747  85    0*
31770 09/14*312 757 120    0*327 757 115    0*345 754 110  940*371 747 100    0*
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  ***     *** ***

31775 09/15*399 732  75    0*421 715  65  966E442 685  35    0E460 637  35  982*
31775 09/15*399 732  90  954*420 710  70  966E442 685  55  982E460 637  50     *
                     **  *** *** ***  **               **  ***          **  ***

31780 09/16E478 582  30    0E499 526  30    0E520 470  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
31780 09/16E478 582  45    0E499 526  40    0E520 470  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **               **               **

31785 HR NC3 VA3 NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2      
31785 HR NC2 VA2 NY2 CT1 RI2 MA1 NJ1      
         *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

Landfall:
9/14/1944  13Z 35.2N  75.3W  90kt  15nmi-RMW 1010mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI  940mb
(Note:  hurricane passed just east of NC as 115 kt Cat 4, 90 kt are peak winds estimated to have 
impacted the NC coast)
9/15/1944  02Z 40.9N  72.2W   90kt  30nmi-RMW 1009mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI  954mb
9/15/1944  04Z 41.4N  71.6W   85kt  30nmi-RMW 1009mb-OCI 300nm-ROCI  957mb

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009) 
originally.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, Original Monthly Records from NCDC,  the COADS ship 
database, Tannehill (1952), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et 
al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), and Cobb (2004).

September 4:  
HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 44W.  HURDAT does not indicate a tropical 
cyclone until 06Z on the 9th.  No gales or low pressures.

September 5:  
HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 48W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 6:  
HWM analyzes a tropical wave near 52W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 7:  
HWM analyzes an open low near 13N 54W with a tropical wave extending from 
there northward.  No gales or low pressures.

September 8:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 57W with a 
tropical wave extending from there northward.  No gales or low pressures.

September 9: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 61.0W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt category 1 hurricane at 21.2N, 59.7W.  The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones for September 1944 (Chart IX) places the center at 20.5N, 59.5W at 12 
UTC on this day.  The center of the storm according to a reconnaissance flight reported in the 
Monthly Weather Review indicated a center located at approximately 21.0N, 60.0W sometime 
on the 9th.  Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 21.2N, 
59.7W due to a lack of data in the vicinity of the storm.  The intensity of the storm on this day is 
based on the following quote taken from the 1944 Monthly Weather Review, "strong disturbance 
existed in the vicinity."  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day.

September 10: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 24.0N, 64.8W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt category 1 hurricane at 23.0N, 65.0W.  The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones for September 1944 (Chart IX) places the center at 21.5N, 61.5W at  0 UTC 
on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 22.5N, 
64.5W at 12 UTC on this day.  Available observations suggest that the 70 kt category 1 hurricane 
was centered at 23.0N, 65.0W due to a lack of data in the vicinity of the storm.  Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures on this day.

September 11: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered at 25.2N, 68.2W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt category 2 hurricane at 24.5N, 69.0W.  The MWR Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 23.5N, 67.5W at 0 UTC on this day.  The 
MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 25.2N, 68.2W at 12 UTC on 
this day.  Available observations suggest that the 90 kt category 2 hurricane was centered at 
25.5N, 68.7W.  Ship highlights: 1001 mb and 20kt WNW at 12 
UTC at 24.5N, 70.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 17 UTC at 23.5N, 69.5W (COA).

September 12: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered at 26.0N, 71.5W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 115 kt category 4 hurricane with 943 mb central pressure at 25.6N, 
71.1W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 25.0N, 70.3W 
at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 
25.5N, 71.0W at 12 UTC on this day.  Available observations suggest that the 115 kt category 4 
hurricane was centered at 26.2N, 71.5W.  Ship observations: 1001 mb and 15 kt NW at 13 UTC 
at 24.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1000 mb and 35 kt W at 13 UTC at 24.5N, 73.5W (COA); 999 mb and 
45 kt SW winds at 17 UTC at 25.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1002 mb and 15 kt winds at 17 UTC at 
25.5N, 73.5W (COA).  Regarding the intensity: unable to track down a source for the 943 mb 
documented in HURDAT for 12 UTC on this day.

September 13: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered at 29.5N, 76.0W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 110 kt category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 74.8W.  The Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 27.5N, 73.5W at 0 UTC on this day.  The Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 28.0N, 74.5W at 12 UTC on this day.  
Available observations suggest that the 120 kt category 4 hurricane was centered at 28.5N, 
75.1W.  Ship observations: 1008 mb and 35 kt NE at 00 UTC at 28.5N, 76.5W (Hugh Cobb); 
1000 mb and 35 kt SSW at 01 UTC at 25.5N, 73.5W (COA); 1000 mb at 26.5N, 73.5W (COA); 
1005 mb and 17 kt NW at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 77.1W (HWM); 952 mb at 13 UTC at 29.5N, 
75.5W (COA); 933 mb at 17 UTC at 29.5N, 75.5W (COA); 1013 mb and 35 kt SE at 17 UTC at 
27.5N, 72.5W (COA); 1013 mb and 35 kt SE at 18 UTC at 27.5N, 72.5W (Hugh Cobb).  
Regarding the intensity: 952 mb central pressure at 12 UTC on this day; 933 mb central pressure 
at 18 UTC for this day. September 1944 MWR: "At about 9 pm [02 UTC] of the 12th, the storm 
was centered near the 75th meridian and the expected recurve to the northward became 
apparent."  "It was one of the most violent hurricanes of history; in fact, there is no definite proof 
of a more violent hurricane in the records. As it approached the northern Bahamas its central 
pressure was certainly below 27.00 inches [914 mb] (very probably about 26.85 inches [909 
mb]) and it was at that time a hurricane of large diameter" (Tannehill).

September 14: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 35.5N, 75.5W.  
HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt category 2 hurricane at 34.4N, 75.7W.  The Tracks of Centers of 
Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 31.0N, 75.5W at 0 UTC on this day.  The Tracks of 
Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 35.0N, 75.5W at 12 UTC on this day.  
Available observations suggest that the 110 kt category 3 hurricane was centered at 34.4N, 
75.2W.  Ship observations: 75 kt SW at 00 UTC at 29.5N, 
75.5W (Hugh Cobb); 986 mb and 60 kt N at 17 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 
997 mb and 40 kt NW at 21 UTC at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA)  Land observations: 
964 mb at 1230 UTC at 35.2N, 75.7W (OMR  Hatteras, NC); 947 mb at 
1320 UTC at 35.2N, 75.7W; 35 kt N (OMR  Hatteras, NC); 74 kt NW at 
1722 UTC at 36.9N, 76.0 W (Cape Henry, VA) (September 1944 MWR); 75 
kt NW at 1745 UTC at 36.9N, 76.0W (September 1944 MWR  Cape Henry, 
VA).  Edenton, NC: "A hurricane centered 100 miles south of 
Beaufort, NC at 0400 [0900 UTC], passed along the Eastern coast causing 
gusts up to 72 knots over this station.  Pressure reached a low of 985 mb."  
Harvey Point, NC: "Light rain began near 0400 [0900 UTC] and increased in 
intensity during height of storm, and gradually diminished in early afternoon 
after center passed.  Barometer fell sharply as center approached; became 
unsteady as it passed close to eastward.  Lowest pressure recorded at 1130 
[1630 UTC] with mercurial barometer of 981.5 mb. Winds increased 
steadily from NE to become 60-70 knots, gusty, during forenoon.  Highest 30 
sec. buzzer reading 66 knots, with higher gusts estimated to 80 knots."  
Wilmington, NC: "A tropical disturbance of great energy moved northward 
over the Atlantic Ocean some distance east of the North Carolina coast on the 
14th.  The center of the storm passed about 100 miles east of this station.  
The lowest barometer reading during the passage of the storm was 29.36 inches 
[995 mb] at 4:50 am [0950 UTC], and the highest wind velocity 27 miles per 
hour [23 kt] at 4:35 am [0935 UTC]."  Weeksville, Elizabeth City, NC: 
"Hurricane passed station before noon [17 UTC].  Winds reached highest gust of 79 knots from 
NNE, and averaged 45 to 50 knots during passage." Richmond, VA: "A tropical hurricane which 
passed along the coast of Virginia caused heavy rains and fresh winds at Richmond but no 
damage resulted on this immediate vicinity."  Norfolk, VA: "One of 
the most severe tropical hurricanes in the history of the Norfolk Weather 
Bureau Office, the records of which go back to 1871, struck this city and the 
entire coastal area of Virginia, on September 14, 1944.  Warnings regarding 
this storm were issued by the Weather Bureau as a much as four days in 
advance.  Its path was carefully charted and its westward and northwestward 
course plotted and closely followed throughout its journey from the time of its 
inception in the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean until it passed 
northward along the coast of the United States on September 14th, causing 
widespread disaster over all areas coming under its influence.  Definite 
effects of the approach of the storm were noticeable in the gentle to moderate 
easterly winds during the early morning hours.  These shifted to northeasterly,
with velocity increasing to 20 miles for the hour 6-7 am [11-12 UTC].  
The direction continued northeast for four hours, with velocities up to 36 
miles an hour.  This was followed by a further backing of the wind, which was 
mostly north until 1 pm, then north west until 4 pm [21 UTC], finally becoming 
west and southwest.  Velocities continued to increase rapidly until a sustained 
velocity of 56 miles an hour [49 kt] from the NW, for five minutes, occurred 
from 11:50 am [1650 UTC] to 11:55 am [1655 UTC].  During this interval the 
fastest single mile passed at the rate of 73 miles an hour [63 kt], from the 
north, beginning at 11:51 am [1651 UTC].  Velocities of 50 miles an hour [43 
kt] continued during the early afternoon but decreased rapidly thereafter to 
only 11 miles per hour [10 kt] at 6:00 pm [23 UTC].  The barometric pressure 
fell rapidly during the forenoon, reaching the lowest point at 11:45 am [1645 
UTC], when a sea level reading of 29.11 inches [986 mb] was recorded.  
The center of this storm did not pass directly over Norfolk, but was doubtless 
a few miles off the coast.  Virginia Beach and Cape Henry were doubtless not 
far from the center as it passed northward.  Winds were much stronger at the 
Cape Henry Weather Bureau Office where a velocity of 85 miles an hour [74 
kt] was sustained for a period of five minutes, beginning at 12:22 pm [1722 
UTC].  This wind was from the NW.  The fastest single mile of wind 
registered at the Cape Henry Office was at the rate of 134 miles an hour [117 
kt], from the NW at 1:13 pm [1813 UTC].  There were gusts for a moments 
duration, with velocities estimated to be as high as 150 miles an hour.  
These velocities exceeded all previous records at the Cape Henry Station.  The 
lowest pressure, reduced to sea level, recorded at the Cape Henry Station 
during the hurricane was 28.86 inches, at 12:10 pm [1710 UTC].  Fortunately 
for Norfolk and the entire Hampton Roads area, the peak of this hurricane 
came at low tide.  In spite of all the advance notice and warnings given by 
the Weather Bureau regarding this storm, considerable damage could not be 
avoided.  Many buildings were unroofed, hundreds of signs were blown down, 
and thousands of trees were uprooted.  Plate glass windows of many stores 
were blown in or broken by flying debris, and many chimneys were toppled.  There was no loss 
of life in this immediate vicinity, but two U.S. Coast Guard cutters dispatched 
from Norfolk in spite of the warnings, to aid another vessel in distress were 
sunk.  Other vessels caught in the storm, including a minesweeper, a destroyer 
and a lightship, also went to the bottom.  A total of 344 men lost their lives. 
The estimates of the value of property saved as a result of the Bureaus 
warnings run as high as $20,000,000, due largely to the removal of many 
extremely valuable airplanes, as well as other property to points of safety.  
Doubtless hundreds of lives would have been lost, in addition to those 
mentioned in the foregoing, had there been no warnings of the approach of 
this hurricane."  Washington, DC: "A tropical hurricane in its northerly course 
passed near to the Virginia Capes on the 14th and caused great damage along 
the Atlantic coast and in eastern sections of New England.  The barometer at 
this station fell from 29.83 inches at 10:30 pm [1530 UTC] of the 13th to 29.50 
inches at 3:00 pm [18 UTC], 14th.  The greatest velocities of the wind during 
the passage of the hurricane were as follows: 5-minute period: 17 NW at 1:43 
pm [1843 UTC]; extreme velocity 18-NW at 1:43 pm [1843 UTC]; Dines 
anemometer velocity 26-NW at 4:27 pm [2327 UTC]."  New York, NY: "The 
hurricane of September 14, 1944 will long be remembered for its violence, 
and takes its place among historic storms of the Northeastern States such as 
the hurricane of September 21, 1938 and the blizzard of March 12, 1888.  
With an extreme wind velocity of 99 mph [86 kt] and a maximum velocity of 
81 mph [70 kt] the all-time wind records of New York City are broken.  Twenty deaths in 
New York City and vicinity were attributed to the storm."  September 1944 MWR: "Moving 
almost due north, at a rate of 25-30 miles per hour, the center passed just east of Hatteras at 
about 9:20 am [1420 UTC] on the 14th."  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - 
Carolinas and Georgia - 1944 Sep 14 - Cape Hatteras - Major [equivalent to Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale 2 or 3] - Barometer 27.97 inches at Cape Hatteras" (Dunn and Miller).  
"108 kt maximum sustained [1 min equivalent] for winds at North Carolina impact.  1009 mb 
peripheral pressure in North Carolina" (Schwerdt et al.).  "944 mb central pressure at time
of closest bypass of North Carolina - 17 nmi RMW" (Ho et al.)."1944 - Sep - NC3, VA3 - 947 mb 
central pressure" (Jarrell et al.).

September 15: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 
44.5N, 68.0W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 44.2N, 
68.5W.  The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 
39.0N, 75.0W at 0 UTC on this day.  The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
(Chart IX) places the center at 44.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC on this day.  
Available observations suggest the 60 kt extratropical storm with 982 central 
pressure was centered at 44.2N, 68.5W.  Ship observations: 969 mb and 80 kt 
SE at 39.5N, 72.5W (COA); 990 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 66.0W (HWM).  
Land observations: 70 kt N at 0030 UTC at 40.7N, 74.0W (September 1944 
MWR  New York, NY); 960 mb at 35 SW at 0310 UTC at 41.2N, 71.6W 
(OMR  Block Island, RI); 962 mb at 0245 UTC at 41.3N, 72.0W (September 
1944 MWR  Fishers Island, NY); 71 kt SE at 0230 UTC at 41.2N, 71.6W 
(September 1944 MWR  Block Island, RI); 959 mb at Point Judith, 
Rhode Island (Ho et al.).  September 1944 MWR: "Then turning 
slightly to the northeastward it moved up the coast, at an accelerated 
speed of about 40 miles per hour, and crossed over eastern Long Island 
at about 10 pm [03 UTC on the 15th] of the same date.  Moving inland 
about an hour later near Point Judith, RI, the center crossed the 
State of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, passing a short distance southeast of 
Boston, and moved into Massachusetts Bay shortly after 1 am [06 UTC on the 
15th]."  Hartford, CT: "Weather of September 1944 was outstandingly marked 
by the passage of a hurricane along the North Atlantic Coast and across 
Southeastern New England on September 14th and 15th.Nevertheless, 
considerable damage was reported, due to hurricane winds and heavy rain of 
Thursday night, September 14, particularly to power lines, telephone lines, 
trees, fruit, tobacco and corn for Hartford and vicinity and throughout 
Connecticut.  Southeastern coastal areas of Connecticut, Rhode Island and 
Cape Cod were reported severely damaged by tidal waves and hurricane 
winds.  Eight known deaths due to the hurricane were reported in Connecticut 
as of September 22, 1944.  At 10:07 pm [0307 UTC on 15th] of the 14th gusts 
were clocked for 4 seconds duration at a rate of 109 mph [95 kt].  The lowest 
barometer reading had preceded this very shortly, being 28.94 inches [980 
mb] (reduced to sea level) at 9:50 pm [0250 UTC]."  "Tropical Cyclones in the
Middle Atlantic States - 1944 Sep 14-15 - Coast - Major [Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale 2-3 equivalent] - 63 killed, damage $22,500,000.  Tropical
Cyclones in New England - 1944 Sep 14-15 - Coastal areas - Extreme - 
[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 4-5 equivalent] - 390 killed - $100,000,000"
(Tannehill).  "95 kt maximum sustained [1 min equivalent] winds at
New England landfall.  1011 mb peripheral pressure at New England landfall"
(Schwerdt et al.).  "F2 structural damage [Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Scale 2 equivalent]" (Boose et al.).  "Sep 15 - 955 mb central pressure
at landfall - 29 nmi RMW - Landfall point 40.9N, 72.3W - Storm becoming
extratropical" (Ho et al.).  "The storm surge associated with this hurricane
was similar to that of the September 21-22, 1938 storm.  The peak surges
associated with this storm (1944) coincided very nearly with the normal
low tide, and the peak surges of the 1938 storm coincided very nearly
with the normal high tide.  Thus the observed tides of this storm were
lower and produced less damage" (Harris).  "1944 - Sep - NY3, CT3,
RI3, MA2" (Jarrell et al. 1992).

September 16: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered at 
50.2N, 45.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical storm at 52.0N, 
47.0W.  The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart IX) places the center at 
48.0N, 58.0W at 0 UTC on this day.  The Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
(Chart IX) does not list a location for 12 UTC on this day.  Available 
observations suggest the 30 kt extratropical storm was centered at 52.0N, 
47.0W.  Ship observations: 1003 mb at 00 UTC at 50.5N, 54.5W (COA); 
1004 mb at 00 UTC at 47.5N, 54.5W (COA); 993 mb at 11 UTC at 53.5N, 
44.5W (COA); 998 and 35 kt SSW mb at 14 UTC at 52.5N, 35.5W (COA); 
994 mb at 15 UTC at 53.5N, 44.5W (COA); 1000 mb at 22 UTC at 51.5N, 
36.5W (COA).  Providence, RI: "The Atlantic Hurricane passed over Rhode 
Island during the evening of September 14, 1944, causing great damage in 
various parts of the state.  Numerous houses were washed away along the 
beaches, but no loss of life resulted from the storm.  Total damage to the 
entire state was between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000.  During the height of the 
storm winds attained a maximum velocity at WBAS of 43 mph [37 kt] for 5 
minutes.  Extreme velocity of 49 SE for 1 mile, with gusts estimated up to 90 
mph [78 kt].  Lowest barometer at WBAS was 28.48 inches [964 mb], while 
at WBO the lowest reading was 28.56 inches [967 mb] at 11:20 pm [0420 
UTC on the 15th]."  Nantucket, MA: "The hurricane of September 14-15 was 
the most severe at Nantucket in recent years.  The maximum wind velocity for 
five minutes was 57-SW at 11:47 pm [0447 UTC on the 15th] on the 14th; 
extreme velocity was 79-SW at 12:46 am [0546 UTC] of the 15th.  Gust 
velocities were estimated at 90 mph.  The hurricane of September 21, 1938 
produced a maximum velocity of 52-SE and an extreme velocity of 57-SE.  
The severity of this storm exceeded that of the hurricane of September 21, 
1938 at Nantucket except in relation to hight [sic] tides.  Damage from this 
months storm was principally the result of high winds and tusts [sic], while 
unusually high tides, accompanying the 1938 hurricane, accounted for the 
greatest damage in that storm.  The tide did not rise to unusual heights during 
this months storm and the resulting water damage was not great."  East 
Boston, MA: "At Boston, lowest pressure occurred at 12:25 am [0525 UTC] 
on September 15, when the barometer reached a low point of 28.592 inches, 
station reading, 28.62 [969 mb] inches S.L.  Winds reached a maximum (5 
min.) velocity of 60 mph [52 kt] at 10:24 pm EST [0324 UTC], direction was 
NE.  Peak gusts of 98 mph [85 kt] were observed (60th mile contact) by 
buzzer, 10:18 pm [0318 UTC] to 11 pm EST [0400 UTC].  Extreme velocity 
recorded was 72 mph [63 kt] at 10:28 pm, EST, [0328 UTC] direction was 
NE."  Concord, NH: "The hurricane of September 14-15 caused little damage 
in the vicinity of the Concord, NH station.  A few small trees, and branches of 
large trees were blown down.  Portland, ME: The maximum at the airport was 40 NE with an 
extreme of 50 NE at 1:08 am [0608 UTC] on the morning of the 15th.  Observers noted the eye 
of the storm at 4:20 am [0920 UTC] when the wind dropped to moderate 
and the stars were visible.  Then the wind shifted to NW from NE.  Some 
places along the coast, notably Ogunquit the NW wind was an estimated 
velocity of about 70 and many trees were blown down and minor damage." 
September 1944 MWR: "A total of 390 lives were lost as a result of the 1944 
hurricane, a large proportion of them as a result of marine casualties.  The 46 
deaths listed as occurring along the coastal areas of the United States is less 
than 10 percent of the 494 fatalities resulting from the storm of 1938.  Heavy 
marine casualties were directly related to intensified patrol work and other 
exigencies resulting from war conditions.  Property damage has been 
estimated at approximately $100,000,000 or about one-third that estimated for 
the 1938 hurricane."

Despite the Historical Weather Map indicating a closed low existing on the 7th and 8th of 
September east of the Lesser Antilles, there are no observations that support such an analyses.  
No change is made to the time of genesis, though the cyclone certainly could have developed 
farther east a few or even several days earlier.  For genesis of this hurricane, the first position at 
06 UTC on the 9th was adjusted to the west for a more realistic initial speed.  Originally, 
HURDAT started this system at genesis as a 65 kt hurricane.  Intensity begun as a 45 kt tropical 
storm and reduced on the 9th and 10th.  Evidence for this alteration is based primarily upon the 
1944's Monthly Weather Review assessment.  The changes at 06 and 12Z on the 9th are major (20 kt) 
revisions downward.  

Minor track changes were introduced from the 11th through the 14th. No changes made to the 
intensity from the 11th and 12th, though observations near the center were sparse.  There was a 
943 mb central pressure listed for 12 UTC on the 12th, which could not be confirmed through 
available sources.   Given observations on the 13th, this central pressure value is likely valid.  A 
943 mb central pressure suggests winds of 118 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-
wind relationship and 112 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 115 kt retained 
in HURDAT.  At 17 UTC on the 13th, a 933 mb ship observation was recorded.  There was no wind information 
with this observation, and it is unknown whether or not it was a central pressure. A central pressure of 
less than or equal to 933 mb suggests winds of at least 121 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  125 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 13th, up from 105 
kt originally - a major change.  (There are no known observations with either the 909 mb central 
pressure suggested by Tannehill, nor the 943 mb in HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th.  Given that 
943 mb is already included into HURDAT and that it may be reasonable, this value is retained.  
Without corroboration of Tannehill's suggested 909 mb, this value is too suspect to incorporate 
into HURDAT.)

On the 14th, the hurricane turned to the north and clipped the North Carolina coast.  The original 
HURDAT took the center of the hurricane over the Outer Banks, but observations from Hatteras 
suggest that instead the hurricane passed just offshore around 13 UTC on the 14th.  This agrees 
with Ho et al.'s assessment that the hurricane did not make a North Carolina landfall.  Given the 
49 kt wind reported at the time of the 947 mb pressure at Hatteras and that Hatteras was just 
outside of the RMW, it is estimated that the central pressure was around 940 mb.  This is deeper 
than the Ho et al. value of 944 mb.  940 mb suggests winds of 115 kt from the Brown et al. north 
of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 103 kt from the high latitude (north of 35n) pressure-wind 
relationship.  Given the small size of the RMW (estimated ~15 nmi) given the climatological 
average of 25 nmi for that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), winds are estimated 
to be 110 kt during its close bypass of North Carolina and Virginia (up from 90 kt in HURDAT 
originally).  Peak 5 min observed winds for North Carolina and Virginia were 74 kt (Hatteras) 
(estimated) and 75 kt (Cape Henry), which are equivalent to about 80 kt 1 min winds.  (The 117 
kt fastest mile observation at Cape Henry is problematic.  This is about a 30 second average, 
which would convert to a peak 111 kt 1 min wind.  The anemometer height is 16 m above the 
ground, which slightly reduces to 109 kt 1 min wind at 10 m above the ground.  On the other 
hand, the peak 5 min wind of 75 kt converts to a peak 1 min wind of 80 kt and then to 78 kt 1 
min wind at 10 m above the ground.  Thus the two ways to arrive at a peak 1 min wind from 
other measurements do not agree.  It is possible that the 117 kt fastest mile observation was 
atypical of the circulation of the hurricane and thus the 78 kt value of the peak 1 min wind at 
Cape Henry is a better estimate.)  It is assessed that both North Carolina and Virginia 
experienced Category 2 sustained winds, which is a downgrade from Category 3 analyzed 
officially originally.  The downgrade from Category 3 to 2 for Virginia matches the assessment 
of Cobb (2004).  

The hurricane accelerated to the north-northeast and made landfall at the eastern tip of Long 
Island, New York around 02Z on the 15th near 40.9N, 72.2W.  The hurricane made a second 
landfall around 04Z on the 15th on the Rhode Island coast near 41.4N, 71.6W.  Lowest observed 
pressures were 959 mb at Point Judith, Rhode Island, 960 mb with 35 kt SW wind at Block 
Island, Rhode Island, and 962 mb at Fishers Island, New York.  Central pressure at landfall in 
Rhode Island is estimated to be 957 mb (slightly higher than Ho et al.).  Landfall pressure in 
New York is estimated to be 954 mb, slightly deeper than at Rhode Island.  Highest observed 5 
min winds at landfall were 70 kt N in New York City (anemometer height 138 meters AGL) and 
71 kt in Block Island.  These convert to about 75 kt 1 min peak winds.  A 954 mb central 
pressure suggests maximum winds of 94 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
(957 mb give 92 kt.)  The RMW (~30 nmi versus 32 nmi climatology for this latitude and central 
pressure) and forward speed (30 kt) were near average for this location.  However, the outer 
closed isobar was somewhat lower than average (1009 mb) and the cyclone was undergoing 
extratropical transition.  Thus 90 kt is estimated as the maximum sustained winds at landfall in 
New York and 85 kt at landfall in Rhode Island.  90 kt and 954 mb are also entered into 
HURDAT for 00 UTC on the 15th, the last synoptic time before landfall.  This is a significant 
increase compared to 75 kt originally.  (Winds from 12Z on the 14th to 00Z on the 15th had a 
major increase of 20 kt compared to HURDAT originally.)  New York, Connecticut, and Rhode 
Island are each analyzed as to having been impacted by Category 2 wind conditions, which is a 
downgrade from Category 3 originally in HURDAT.  Massachusetts is analyzed as being 
impacted by Category 1 winds, which is a downgrade from Category 2 originally.  New Jersey is 
added as a Category 1 hurricane impact, through a run of the parametric wind model from 
Schwerdt et al., which is consistent with the impacts observed.  Peak observed winds after 
landfall (within two hours of the synoptic time) were 61 kt at 06 UTC and 50 kt at 12 UTC.  A 
run of the New England wind-decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001) gives 63 kt and 40 kt at 
06 and 12 UTC, respectively. 70 and 55 kt were chosen for HURDAT, because of the latter 
observation and because the system went back out over the Atlantic after crossing 
Massachusetts.  Thus winds are substantially higher at 12 UTC on the 15th (55 kt) than 
originally indicated in HURDAT (35 kt).  The 982 mb central pressure originally listed as being 
an 18 UTC reading apparently comes from the 12 UTC Eastport, Maine observation.  This is 
now shifted to correctly being indicated at 12 UTC.  No change was made to the assessment that 
extratropical transition occurred around 12 UTC on the 16th, near the coast of Maine.  No 
change was made in the dissipation of this system.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 8 - 2013 Revision

31790 09/19/1944 M= 4  8 SNBR= 704 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31795 09/19*  0   0   0    0*193 838  60    0*200 842  65    0*206 849  70    0*
31795 09/19*  0   0   0    0*193 836  40    0*200 842  50    0*206 849  60    0*
                                 ***  **               **               **

31800 09/20*209 856  70    0*210 863  70    0*211 872  70    0*209 883  70    0*
31800 09/20*209 856  70    0*210 863  70    0*211 872  60    0*209 883  55    0*
                                                       **               **

31805 09/21*205 895  65    0*200 909  70    0*198 922  70    0*191 939  70    0*
31805 09/21*205 895  50    0*200 907  65    0*192 920  70    0*185 932  70    0*
                     **          ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

31810 09/22*179 947  60    0*166 944  35    0*151 940  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
31810 09/22*179 940  60    0*172 942  45    0*165 940  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***          *** ***  **      ***      **
31815 HR     

Minor track changes and major intensity changes were made to this hurricane, compared with 
that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes arises from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican 
Observations, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. 

September 18:
HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 81.7W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 19:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.3N, 83.9W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.0N, 84.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a center 
near 20.3N, 84.4W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 20:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 22.1N, 87W.  HURDAT listed 
this as a 70 kt hurricane at 21.1N, 87.2W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 00Z 
position near 20.7N, 84W and a 12Z position near 21N, 86.2W.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 00Z position near 21N, 85.6W and a 12Z position near 21.2N, 87.7W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 21.8N, 87.4W.  Land highlights: 50 kt W and 1000 
mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 08Z (micro); 45 kt WSW and 996 mb at Cozumel, Mexico at 10Z 
(micro); 35 kt SE at 21.3N, 88.2W at 18Z (micro); 19 kt E and 1002 mb at 20Z at Merida 
(Mexico).  Three other gales and four other low pressures at Cozumel.  "Forming from a wave in 
the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Channel, this storm quickly developed a small center with 
winds of about hurricane force and moved into northern Yucatan on the 20th" (MWR).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 18.9N, 92.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 
19.8N, 92.2W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones has a 00Z position near 21.2N, 88.9W 
and a 12Z position near 19.2N, 92W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 20.6N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 19N, 91.7W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 
mb centered near 19.2N, 92W.  Land highlights: 44 kt N and 1006 mb at 13Z and 61 kt N and 
1007 mb at 20Z at Coatazacoalcos (Mexico); 40 kt NE and 1002 mb at Merida at 00Z (micro); 
65 kt at Campeche, Mexico at ~05Z (MWR); 1001 mb at Campeche, Mexico at ~05Z (MWR); 
25 kt S and 998 mb at Carmen, Mexico at 1230Z (micro).  Seven other land gales and six other 
land low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 55 kt E at 19.5N, 92.3W at 1450Z (micro); 40 kt NW at 
18.5N, 93.5W at 1520Z (micro); 45 kt NE at 20.6N, 94.2W at 16Z (micro).  "Curving toward the 
southwest and passing south of Merida, it entered the Gulf of Mexico at Campeche about 
midnight of the 20th-21st.  Traversing a small extent of the Gulf the center reentered Mexico 
between Coatzacoalcos and Ciudad del Carmen in the late afternoon of the 21st.  Reports 
received from Yucatan and from aircraft indicate a very small center with winds of 75 miles per 
hour throughout the life of this storm" (MWR).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm well inland of at most 1000 mb 16.8N, 93.2W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 20 kt tropical depression 15.1N, 94.0W.  Land highlights: 51 kt E and 1001 mb at 03Z at 
Coatazacoalcos (Mexico); 35 kt N and 1007 mb at Veracruz, Mexico at 0030Z (micro).  "Press 
reports indicate that 200-300 persons drowned in floods that occurred in the Isthmus of 
Tehuanepec" (MWR).

A tropical storm developed on the 19th between the Cayman Islands and Cozumel, Mexico.  No 
changes were made to the genesis of this cyclone, as observations do not support the formation 
of the system on that date.  (It should, however, be noted that the HWM and microfilm analyses 
of a closed low on the 18th).  Aside from a change to the initial position for a more realistic 
translational velocity, no changes are necessary to the HURDAT positions for the first two days 
of the storm.  Minor changes to the track were introduced on the 21st and 22nd.  The most 
significant track change to HURDAT is the very last point on the 22nd.  The original HURDAT 
had the cyclone accelerating to 15 kt toward the south-southeast after the second Mexican 
landfall, reaching the Pacific at 12Z on the 22nd as a 20 kt tropical depression with dissipation 
thereafter.  The reanalysis shows a significantly slower movement - 8 kt, which is consistent 
with the cyclone dissipating over southern Mexico before reaching the Pacific.  This is consistent 
with the HWM and MWR observations and track analysis of the system not traveling into the 
Pacific.  For intensity revisions, HURDAT started this storm as 60 kt at 06Z on the 19th.  The 
highest available wind observation on the 19th is 30 kt, with a fair amount of data available.  
Therefore, the tropical cyclone is started as 40 kt (a major 20 kt decrease).  The intensity catches 
back up with HURDAT 24 hours later with the analysis agreeing with HURDAT with a 70 kt 
intensity for the first Mexican landfall.  Highest observed winds in the Yucatan were 50 kt and 
lowest pressure was 996 mb (with 45 kt winds).  This pressure suggests winds of at least 54 kt 
using the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  No change is made to the 70 kt 
at the 10Z/20th landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, in agreement with what was 
described in MWR.  HURDAT previously only had the hurricane weakening by 5 kt while 
traveling over the Yucatan Peninsula, but there are no available observations to support this lack 
of weakening.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 57 kt at 
12Z/20th, 48 kt at 18Z, and 38 kt at 00Z/21st.  Peak available winds within 2 hr of synoptic times 
were 45, 35, and 40 kt respectively.  Winds are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 12Z/20th (down from 70 
kt), 55 kt at 18Z (down from 70 kt) and 50 kt at 00Z/21st (down from 65 kt).  By 04Z on the 21st, 
the storm emerged in the Bay of Campeche.  During the next 14 hours, it strengthened back to a 
70 kt hurricane while it turned to the southwest.  While there were no specific observations of 
hurricane force (peak winds observed were 61 kt at Coatazacoalcos, Mexico), 70 kt is retained in 
HURDAT as the second landfall in mainland Mexico around 21Z on the 21st.  Like the first 
Mexican landfall, hurricane intensity is supported by the description in the MWR.  Runs of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggest winds of 56 kt at 00Z/22nd, 43 kt at 06Z, and 
40 kt at 12Z.  Highest observed winds were 35 kt (at 00Z), 51 kt (at 03Z), and no observed gales 
at 06Z and 12Z.  Winds are reanalyzed to be 60 kt at 00Z (unchanged), 45 kt at 06Z (up from 35 
kt originally), and 30 kt at 12Z (up from 20 kt originally).  The circulation likely weakened more 
than suggested by Kaplan and DeMaria at 12Z because of the impacts of the elevated terrain 
across Mexico.  No changes were made to the timing of the dissipation of this cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 9 - 2013 Revision

31820 09/21/1944 M= 8  9 SNBR= 705 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31825 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*171 415  35    0*172 435  35    0*
31830 09/22*174 456  35    0*177 477  35    0*182 497  40    0*190 514  40    0*
31835 09/23*198 527  45    0*213 541  45    0*230 551  50    0*244 557  55    0*

31840 09/24*258 559  55    0*274 559  60    0*292 558  65    0*311 555  70    0*
31840 09/24*258 559  55    0*274 559  60    0*292 558  65    0*312 555  70    0*
                                                               ***

31845 09/25*332 550  75    0*356 541  80    0*380 532  85    0*395 526  85    0*
31845 09/25*332 550  75    0*352 541  80    0*370 535  85    0*382 533  80    0*
                             ***              *** ***          *** ***  **

31850 09/26*409 522  85    0*422 516  80    0*432 512  75    0*459 498  70    0*
31850 09/26*392 533  75    0*402 532  70    0E415 530  60    0E435 520  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

31855 09/27*487 479  70    0*500 465  65    0E523 439  60    0E552 411  55    0*
31855 09/27E465 500  55    0E500 472  50    0E530 439  50    0E555 400  45    0*
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

31860 09/28E578 347  55    0E596 285  50    0E614 224  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
31860 09/28E578 347  45    0E596 285  40    0E614 224  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **               **               **

31865 HR                                                                        

Major track changes along with minor intensity changes were made to this recurving hurricane, 
compared with that shown originally in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these changes comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.

September 20:
HWM analyzes an open wave with a low plotted near 15.5N, 32.6W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 41.3W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 41.5W.  No available observations in vicinity.

September 22:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.4N, 49.8W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 49.7W.  No available observations in vicinity.

September 23:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 23.1N, 55.1W.  HURDAT listed this as 
a 50 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 55.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 24:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.3N, 55.7W, with a dissipating 
stationary front indicated a couple hundred nm to the hurricane's northwest.  HURDAT listed 
this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 55.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 25:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 38.2N, 53.1W.  HURDAT lists this 
as an 85 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 53.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 26:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 43.3N, 51.2W, with a cold front 
beginning a couple hundred nm southwest of the hurricane and extending southwestward.  
HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 43.2N, 51.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 40.5N, 
48.5W at 11Z (COA); 35 kt SSE at 39.5N, 48.5W at 15Z (COA).  Two other gales.

September 27:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 53N, 43.5W with a warm front north of the low 
extending eastward and a cold front south of the low extending south-southwestward.  HURDAT 
lists this as an extratropical cyclone with 60 kt winds at 52.3N, 43.9W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt 
NE and 999 mb at 53.5N, 44.0W (HWM); 25 kt W and 995 mb at 54.5N, 45.5W at 15Z (COA).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb with a cold front and a warm front intersecting at the 
low near 61.7N, 18.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 61.4N, 22.4W.  All 
six available observations in vicinity are not gales but have pressures between 999-1004 mb.

A low, likely associated with a tropical wave that emerged from Africa, is listed in HURDAT as 
becoming a tropical storm on the 21st.  There are no available observations anywhere remotely 
near this storm between the 21st and 24th, so no changes are made to the genesis, track or 
intensity in HURDAT during this time.  The cyclone moved west-northwest and then northwest 
through the Atlantic recurving around 56W longitude on the 24th.  The largest track changes are 
on the 25th and 26th.  The storm is analyzed to be slower and slightly to the left of the HURDAT 
track.  These changes are based on available observations from the two sources available for this 
storm.  As it turned towards the north-northeast, it intensified into a hurricane with a peak 
intensity of 85 kt on the 25th and 26th.  There are no observations near the inner core of this 
cyclone so it is difficult to confirm (or reject) this intensity maxima.  No changes are made to 
when it became a hurricane and to the peak intensity reached.  Based upon the increased 
temperature gradient, asymmetric structure of the pressure field, and winds in the southwestern 
quadrant responding more to forcing of a cold front, the cyclone is reanalyzed to have become 
extratropical around 12Z on the 26th - 24 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT.  
However, the exact timing of extratropical transition is more uncertain than usual due to the lack 
of observations near the center of the cyclone on the 26th and early on the 27th.  The only 
intensity changes are made after this storm is extratropical.  The maximum winds are analyzed to 
be slightly weaker than in the previous HURDAT on the 27th and 28th.  These changes are made 
based on the location and magnitude of the wind observations relative to the center for an 
extratropical cyclone.  The cyclone was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone late on the 
28th near Iceland.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 10 - 2013 Revision

31895 09/30/1944 M= 4 10 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=0
31896 09/30*331 441  35    0*338 443  35    0*345 445  40    0*352 447  40    0*
31897 10/01*359 448  45    0*367 449  45    0*375 450  45    0*385 449  45    0*
31898 10/02*395 445  40    0*405 435  35    0*415 415  30    0*426 393  30    0*
31899 10/03E438 370  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31960 TS         
  
HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred in the north-central Atlantic from 30 September to 3 October.

September 27:  
HWM indicates no features of interest in the central North Atlantic.  No gales or low pressures. 
HURDAT does not list this system.

September 28:  
HWM indicates an open low centered near 32N 45W with a dissipating warm 
front to its northwest.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.5N, 42W with a dissipating 
NNE-SSW warm front a few hundred nm off to the northwest.  No gales or low pressures.

September 30:
HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 47.5W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 
1004 mb at 34.5N, 44.5W at 15Z (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 34.5N, 45.5W at 23Z 
(COA).

October 1:
HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb near 36.5N, 44.5W, with a warm front analyzed a few 
hundred nm northwest of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 39.5N, 46.5W 
at 15Z (COA); 30 kt S 1011 mb at 37.5N 40.5W at 12Z (HWM).

October 2:
HWM indicates a trough in the general vicinity of 41N, 41W with an approaching mid-latitude 
cyclone a few hundred nm to the west.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 3:
HWM indicates that the mid-latitude cyclone (which was approaching on the 2nd) is the only 
dominant feature. 

On 28 and 29 September, a broad area of low pressure developed in a uniformly warm airmass, 
southwest of an analyzed frontal boundary.  The circulation was too broad on these days to be 
considered a tropical cyclone.  By 30 September, the low had consolidated, strong winds were 
located near the center, and the system remained within a uniformly warm airmass.  It is 
analyzed that the system became a tropical cyclone around 00Z on the 30th.  On that date, a ship 
observed a 35 kt SW wind and a 1003 mb pressure at 23Z about 100 nm from the center.  This 
peripheral pressure suggests winds of greater than 38 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The tropical cyclone is started at 00Z on the 30th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have reached a peak intensity of 45 kt on the 1st based upon the pressure-
wind relationship.  The system moved slowly north-northwestward after formation.  While there 
was only one observed gale for this cyclone, there were also three low pressures that suggest gale 
force winds existed.  This storm then made a turn to the northeast on the 2nd.  It is analyzed that 
the system weakened to a depression by 12Z on the 2nd and was absorbed by an approaching 
extratropical cyclone from the west around 00Z on 3 October.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 11 (previously Storm 10) - 2013 Revision

31870 10/01/1944 M= 3 10 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
31870 09/30/1944 M= 4 11 SNBR= 706 NOT NAMED   XING=0 
      ** **         * **                          

(The 30th of September is new to HURDAT.)
31872 09/30*  0   0   0    0*144 593  30    0*145 595  35    0*146 597  40    0*

31875 10/01*  0   0   0    0*150 570  40    0*158 584  40    0*166 588  40    0*
31875 10/01*148 599  40    0*150 602  40    0*153 607  40    0*158 611  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

31880 10/02*174 590  40    0*182 591  40    0*189 591  40    0*195 592  35    0*
31880 10/02*166 610  40    0*178 605  40    0*189 597  40    0*198 592  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***
31885 10/03*201 592  35    0*205 591  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
31885 10/03*203 590  35    0*205 590  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***              ***

31890 TS

Major track changes with no intensity changes were made for this tropical storm, as originally 
shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Genesis is begun 24 hours earlier than the original HURDAT.  
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. 

September 28:
HWM analyzed an open low near 12N 59W.  HURDAT does not list a storm on this date.  No 
gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzed an open low near 13N 61W.  HURDAT does not list a storm on this date.  No 
gales or low pressures.

September 30:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT does not list a storm on this day.  
Microfilm shows a closed low east of the Lesser Antilles.  Ship highlights: 40 kt at 14.0N, 
59.6W at 18Z (micro).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 60.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 15.8N, 58.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 
16N, 58.5W.  Microfilm shows a possible low with a center in the vicinity of 15.7N, 59.8W.  
Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SSW at 16.0N, 58.8W at ~17Z (micro); 40 kt WSW at 14.6N, 59.2W at 
1720Z (micro).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a small low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.3N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 59.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 17.2N 58.9W and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 59W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"Developing from disturbed and squally conditions that had been noted east of the Lesser 
Antilles, during the several days previous, this disturbance moved northward near the 60th 
meridian into a strong trough that existed east of Bermuda.  The storm did not develop hurricane 
winds and no reports of damage to shipping have been received" (MWR).

October 3:
HWM shows no features of interest near of north of the Lesser Antilles.  HURDAT lasts lists this 
at 06Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.5N, 59.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical cyclone formed east of the Lesser Antilles at 06Z on September 30th near 14.5N, 
59.5W based upon numerous ship and island observations and quickly reached tropical storm 
intensity.  This is 24 hours earlier than indicated originally in HURDAT.  (The analysis from the 
HWM of a low forming near the Lesser Antilles as early as the 28th is not substantiated.)  At the 
time of the first HURDAT position (06Z on October 1st), available observations suggest that the 
storm was located more than three degrees to the west of the HURDAT position.  These changes 
are also supported by the aircraft reconnaissance mission later on the 1st.  The tropical cyclone 
moved northwestward for a day a half followed by a turn toward the northeast for another day 
and a half.  The system weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on October 3rd and dissipated 
six hours later (unchanged from original HURDAT).  However, it is possible that the system 
continued northward as a tropical cyclone into the open Atlantic Ocean, given the very sparse 
observations available.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 12 (new) - 2013 Revision

31895 10/11/1944 M= 5 12 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=0
31896 10/11*355 404  35    0*355 402  35    0*355 400  40    0*355 398  45    0*
31897 10/12*356 396  50    0*357 393  60    0*360 390  70    0*366 386  70    0*
31898 10/13*375 381  70    0*383 374  60    0*390 365  50    0*397 353  50    0*
31899 10/14*404 335  45    0*410 295  45    0*415 255  45    0*412 230  45    0*
31899 10/15*405 210  45    0*397 195  50    0E390 180  55    0E385 160  55    0*
31960 HR

HWM and COADS indicate that a hurricane, undocumented in HURDAT, existed in the eastern 
north Atlantic during October 1944.  

October 7:
HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb along a cold frontal boundary that extends from 
40N 44W to 30N 48W to 27N 58W. HURDAT does not list this system.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 8:  
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 32N 43W along a frontal boundary that extends 
to the low's north and the low's southwest.  No gales or low pressures.

October 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 37N, 41.5W at the intersection of a warm front, 
which extends to the ENE and a cold front which extends to the SSW.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 10:
HWM analyzes an elongated low of at most 1010 mb near 35.5N, 40.5W with a dissipating cold 
front through the low and another cold front north of the low.  No gales or low pressures.

October 11:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.5N, 39.5W with a warm front 
extending from the low towards the ENE and a dissipating cold front extending from the low 
towards the SW and then W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1016 mb at 11Z at 36.5N, 42.5W 
(COA); 40 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 19Z at 36.5N, 40.5W (COA); 45 kt N at 23Z at 36.5N, 
41.5W (COA).  Three other gales.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.8N, 38.6W with the closest front 
located 4 degrees north of the center extending eastward from there.  Ship highlights: 65 kt S and 
1000 mb at 10Z at 35.5N, 37.5W (COA); 45 kt SE and 998 mb at 11Z at 36.5N, 39.5W (COA); 
70 kt S and 1010 mb at 14Z at 35.5N, 37.5W (COA).  Four other gales and a few other low 
pressures. 

October 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.5N, 35.7W with the west end of a 
dissipating warm front located a few degrees to the ENE of the low center.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered north of the Azores near 40.5N, 26W with a 
trough plotted extending from the low towards the south, then curving west.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.5N, 18.3W with a trough plotted 
extending from the low SW and then W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 09Z at 
38.5N, 20.5W (COA); 50 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 13Z at 39.5N, 20.5W (COA).  One other low 
pressure.

October 16:
HWM analyzes a small low of at most 1005 mb centered inland near the border of Portugal and 
Spain near 38.2N, 7W with a trough plotted extending towards the SW and mid-latitude fronts 
just a few degrees to the north.  Land highlights: 40 kt SW and 1010 mb at 12Z at Seville, Spain 
at 37.4N, 6.0W (HWM).

A broad low pressure area developed along a frontal boundary on the 8th and 9th of October in the 
central Atlantic.  On the 9th and 10th the system began to acquire tropical characteristics as it 
appears that the front boundaries had dissipated, but there is no evidence of a closed circulation 
on these days.  There are also no gales or low pressures on these days.  By 11 October, the 
circulation began to consolidate and the first observed gale was at 11Z this day.  Genesis 
occurred for this system around 00Z on the 11th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  (Note that the amount 
of data is minimal around 00Z on the 11th with only two ships within 200 nm of the center.  The 
reason for beginning the system at 00Z on the 11th is the very well developed cyclone apparent 
at 12Z.  Given the structural changes observed between 12Z on the 10th and 12Z on the 11th, the 
best estimate is that genesis occurred around 00Z on the 11th - about midway between the two 
better sampled times.)  On the 12th, there are seven observations of gale force winds, two of them 
being hurricane force winds.  Low pressures (down to 998 mb) are observed with these high 
winds, and these observations are all in close proximity of the cyclones center.  Peak intensity of 
a 70 kt hurricane is analyzed from 12Z on the 12th to 00Z on the 13th.  Very little movement of 
the cyclone was indicated on the 11th and 12th.  On the 13th and 14th observations indicated that 
the system weakened below hurricane force (down to 45 kt on the 14th), and the cyclone is 
analyzed to move quickly towards the east.  The cyclone apparently reintensified as two 50 kt 
gale observations were recorded on the 15th and 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12 and 18Z 
for this day.  An extratropical transition is  indicated to have occurred around 12Z on the 15th, 
consistent with a significant temperature gradient and a more asymmetric circulation occurring.  
With the system moving around 25 kt around 00Z on the 16th, a closed (earth-relative) 
circulation was no longer likely to have occurred and no observations could confirm a closed 
circulation (though measurements were sparse on the north side of the system).  The cyclone thus 
is indicated to have dissipated by 00Z on the 16th.  The extratropical remnants of the system did 
affect southern Portugal and southern Spain.  40 kt sustained winds were recorded at Seville, 
Spain at 12Z on the 16th.  

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 13 (previously Storm 11) - 2013 Revision

31895 10/12/1944 M=12 11 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                    L
31895 10/12/1944 M=13 13 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3  
                   ** **                                                       *                

31900 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 803  35    0*
31900 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 805  30    0*164 806  35    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***

31905 10/13*161 808  65    0*168 809  65    0*174 809  70    0*177 809  70    0*
31905 10/13*168 807  40    0*171 808  50    0*174 809  60    0*176 809  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** 

31910 10/14*179 808  70    0*182 807  70    0*185 806  75    0*188 806  75    0*
31910 10/14*178 808  80  976*179 807  80    0*180 806  80    0*181 806  80    0*
            ***      **  *** ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

31915 10/15*190 805  75    0*192 805  75    0*193 808  75    0*192 813  80    0*
31915 10/15*182 805  80    0*183 805  80    0*185 808  85    0*187 813  85    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

31920 10/16*192 817  80    0*193 821  80    0*194 824  85    0*196 827  85    0*
31920 10/16*190 817  90    0*192 821  90    0*194 824  90    0*195 827  90    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **      ***      **

31925 10/17*199 829  90    0*202 829  95    0*206 829  95    0*212 829 100    0*
31925 10/17*196 829  90    0*197 829  95    0*200 829  95    0*206 829 105    0*
            ***              ***              ***              ***     ***

31930 10/18*219 829 105    0*225 829 105    0*231 830 100    0*240 829 105    0*
31930 10/18*214 829 115    0*222 829 125    0*231 830 115  937*240 829 105  949*
            ***     ***      ***     ***              ***  ***              ***

31935 10/19*253 827 105    0*268 824  65    0*284 821  65  968*298 817  60  978*
31935 10/19*253 827 100    0*269 826  90  962*284 821  75  968*298 817  60  976*
                    ***      *** ***  **  ***          **                   ***

31940 10/20*312 812  50  983*323 808  45  987*335 801  40  992*352 785  35  996*
31940 10/20*312 814  55  980*324 810  50  985E337 805  50  988E354 790  45  993  *
                ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ******* ***  **  ******* ***  **  ***

31945 10/21E369 766  35  998E381 750  40  997E394 733  45    0E411 708  45    0*
31945 10/21E371 769  40  996E383 750  40    0E394 733  45    0E407 708  45    0*
            *** ***  **  *** ***          ***                  ***

31950 10/22E429 674  45    0E449 637  45    0E470 602  40    0E492 571  40    0*
31950 10/22E427 674  45    0E449 635  45    0E475 595  45    0E505 565  45    0*
            ***                  ***          *** ***          *** ***

31955 10/23E522 542  40    0E561 515  35    0E600 488  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
31955 10/23E540 540  45    0E570 520  45    0E595 500  50    0E615 470  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
31957 10/24E630 435  45    0E645 390  40    0E660 340  30    0*  0   0   0    0*

31960 HRBFL3DFL2            
31960 HRBFL3DFL1AFL1            
            ********

U.S. Landfalls 
10/18/1944 - 21Z - 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry Tortugas); 105 kt; 949 mb; 1010 mb OCI; 350 nmi 
ROCI; 30 nm RMW; 9 kt forward motion

10/19/1944 - 07Z - 27.2N, 82.5W; 90 kt; 962 mb; 1011 mb OCI; 375 nmi ROCI; 35 nmi RMW; 
15 kt forward motion

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are made to this powerful hurricane.  
Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 24 hours later than originally indicated.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), Schwerdt et al. 
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

October 11:
HWM analyzes an open wave containing a low near 16.7N, 79.7W.  HURDAT does not list this 
storm on this day.  Microfilm shows a very broad closed low of at most 1008 mb in the western 
Caribbean Sea.  No gales or low pressures.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm centered near 16.7N, 81.7W.  HURDAT does not list this 
system until 18Z with a 35 kt tropical storm intensity at 15.0N, 80.3W. No gales or low 
pressures.  Regarding the genesis, "First indications that this tropical storm was developing in the 
Caribbean Sea came when the motorship Silver Arrow, en route from Jamaica to Belize, stopped 
at Swan Island about 6:30 pm on October 12, and reported rough seas encountered about 100 
miles to the eastward" (MWR).

October 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 17.9N, 82.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt 
hurricane at 17.4N, 80.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 16.3N, 
80.9W and a 12Z position near 17.4N, 80.9W.  Microfilm shows a hurricane symbol on the 
0030Z map located near 17.1N, 80.5W.  On the 1230Z microfilm map, the hurricane symbol is 
vacant, and it just shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.2N, 80.5W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt E and 1005 mb at 17.2N, 80.5W at ~0030Z (micro); ~40 kt and 1005 mb at 17.0N, 80.0W 
at ~1230Z (micro); 40 kt SE and 1004 mb at 17.6N, 79.8W at ~1530Z (micro); 45 kt SSW and 
(996 mb?) at 17.6N, 80.7W at ~1830Z (micro); 50 kt SW at 21Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro); 50 kt 
SW and 981 mb at ~23Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro).  One other ship low pressure of 1005 mb.  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SSE at 17.7N, 79.3W at 1530Z (micro); 40 kt S at 17.5N, 81.1W at 16Z 
(micro).  Regarding the first signs of the storm at Grand Cayman Island, "At Grand Cayman 
Island, the first signs of the storm were noted during the forenoon of October 13.  Rain was 
continuous on Grand Cayman throughout the remainder of the day" (MWR).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 80.6W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 18.5N, 80.6W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 18.0N, 80.8W, and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 80.6W.  Microfilm shows a broad 
circulation in the general vicinity of the other sources locations.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 
979 mb at 00Z at 18.2N, 80.6W (micro); 35 kt SSE at 17.4N, 79.4W at ~0030Z (micro).  Land 
highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1005 mb at Cayman at 12Z (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N at 
17.8N, 81.8W at 1320Z (micro); 40 kt E at 18.9N, 81.1W at 1330Z (micro); 40 kt W at 16.5N, 
80.6W at 1350Z (micro).  Three other aircraft gales.  Regarding the conditions on Grand 
Cayman, "On the 14th surface winds had increased and the highest gust recorded was 58 mph.  
At about 5 pm on the 14th rapidly changing conditions evidenced the existence of a heavy 
individual squall within the main storm area.  At that time the wind changed suddenly without 
pause from moderate NNE to strong SE, and the heaviest rainfall of the entire storm period 
occurred.  After about 20 minutes the wind returned to NNE and lost much of its force." (MWR).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 18.7N, 80.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.3N, 80.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 18.9N, 80.7 and a 12Z position near 19.2N, 81.0W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 993 
mb centered near 19.1N, 80.9W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 990 mb at 18.8N, 80.4W at 
~0030Z (micro); 35 kt ESE and 992 mb at 18.6N, 79.8W at 1324Z (micro); 25 kt SE and 994 mb 
at 18.3N, 79.3W at 1715Z (micro).  Land highlights: 30 kt NW gust 52 kt and 1008 mb at Swan 
Island at 04Z (micro); 25 kt ENE gust 57 kt and 997 mb at Grand Cayman at ~1530Z (micro); 35 
kt NNW and 1010 mb at Cozumel at 17Z (micro); 48 kt E and 984 mb at Grand Cayman at 
2230Z (MWR); 40 kt ESE gust 83 kt and 986 mb at Grand Cayman at 23Z (micro); 83 kt 
sustained at Grand Cayman (MWR).  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt N at 17.8N, 82.2W at 1530Z.  
Seven other aircraft gales.  Regarding the conditions on Grand Cayman, "On the next day, 
October 15, shortly after 6:30 pm, the pressure at Grand Cayman Island reached its lowest point 
29.06 inches (984 mb).  The extreme gust for that station, 118 mph from the east, was registered 
at about the same time" (MWR).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 19.2N, 82.8W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 85 kt hurricane at 19.4N, 82.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 19.2N, 81.8W and a 12Z position near 19.4N, 82.7W.  Microfilm shows a hurricane of at 
most 987 mb centered near 19.2N, 82.6W.  Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1016 mb at 25.5N, 
80.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 83 kt E at 00Z at Grand Cayman; 40 kt ESE gust 103 kt and 
988 mb at Grand Cayman at 00Z (micro); 40 kt ESE gust 90 kt and 991 mb at Grand Cayman at 
02Z (micro); 30 kt NW gust 42 kt and 1001 mb at Swan Island at 08Z (micro).  Six more gales 
and low pressures at Grand Cayman with two more hurricane force wind gusts.  One more low 
pressure at Swan Island with a gale force wind gust.  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt N at 19.1N, 
83.0W at 1340Z (micro); 50 kt W at 18.3N, 82.8W at 1350Z (micro); 50 kt S at 18.2N, 82.0W at 
1410Z (micro).  Four other aircraft gales.  Regarding the damage from surge in Grand Cayman, 
"The hurricane center passed westward, south of the island and turned rather abruptly to the 
north along the 83rd meridian.  As the storm moved northward, hurricane winds on the right of 
the center sent a destructive storm tide lashing at docks, piers, and other shore installations on the 
south coast (of Grand Cayman), reducing many of the wooden structures to kindling" (MWR).  
"Storm warnings were ordered for the Keys the morning of the 16th" (10/1944 FL Climatological 
Data).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb located near 19.6N, 82.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 95 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 82.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 19.8N, 83W and a 12Z position near 20.5N, 83.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 987 
mb centered near 20N, 82.8W.  Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 19.8N, 80.2W at 16Z (micro).  Land 
highlights: 40 kt NW gust 50 kt and 1001 mb at Swan Island at 03Z (micro); 35 kt SSE and 997 
mb at Cayman at 12Z (micro); 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) at 1230Z 
(micro); 45 kt NE at Isle of Pines (21.8N, 82.8W) at 1830Z (micro).  A few other gales and a few 
other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt N at 20.1N, 83.9W at 14Z (micro); 50 kt W at 
19.2N, 83.2W at 1430Z (micro); 45 kt S at 20.4N, 81.8W at 1530Z (micro); 45 kt E at 21.7N, 
81.2W at 16Z (micro).  Eight other aircraft gales.  Regarding the track, "During the late 
afternoon of the 17th the storm center crossed the Isle of Pines" (MWR).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered near 23.1N, 83.6W, on the northwest 
coast of Cuba.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 83.0W.  The MWR tracks for 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21N, 82.3W and a 12Z position near 22.3N, 
82.2W.  The MWR post season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 83.1W and a 12Z 
position near 22.9N, 83W.  Microfilm at 06Z shows a low of at most 981 mb centered near 
22.3N, 82.8W, but the 12Z microfilm map is not available.  Ship highlights: 44 kt NE and 1006 
mb at 23.3N, 85.8W at 02Z (micro); 35 kt NNE and 995 mb at 25.5N, 85.5W at 18Z (COA); 964 
mb at 23.9N, 83.0W at 2130Z (MWR).  Three other low pressures and three other gales.  Land 
highlights: 937 mb central pressure measured in Cuba at 23.0N, 82.9E (no time) (Diario de la 
Marina, Oct. 24, 1944- Lixion's stuff, Perez); 70 kt SSE and 960 mb (min p) at Havana (Bautista 
Field) at 12Z (MWR); 965 mb (min p) at Havana National Observatory; 122 kt (fastest mile) at 
Havana National Observatory at 15Z (MWR); 104 kt E (1minute at 48 meters - converts to 92 kt 
at 10 meters) at Dry Tortugas at ~1830Z (MWR); 33 kt SE and 986 mb at Key West at 1950Z 
(lowest pressure at Key West) (MWR); 96 kt SE and 990 mb at 21Z and 100 kt SE at ~2330Z at 
Sombrero Light (note that the weather station was at the top of the lighthouse) MWR); 949 mb at 
Dry Tortugas at 22Z (uncorrected aneroid barometer) (MWR); 45 kt S gust 74 kt and 988 mb at 
Key West at 23Z (micro);.  Several other gale force winds.  Five other pressures below 1000 mb.  
Regarding the storm at the Dry Tortugas, "At the Dry Tortugas, 58 miles west of Key West, 
where an airway-type anemometer and windvane were exposed on top of the lighthouse, a wind 
velocity of 120 mph was recorded at 1500 of the 18th before the anemometer was blown away.  
The lowest pressure there was 28.02 inches (949 mb) at 1800 (22Z), with a calm period from 
1600 to 1800 (20-22Z).  All times EWT (Zulu minus 4 hours).  The wind direction was east 
immediately before the lull, and west after the center passed" (OMR).  Regarding the track, 
"Approaching Cuba from the south, the storm center crossed the island a short distance west of 
the Mariel-Majana line, the narrowest part of Cuba, and about 10 or 15 miles west of Havana.  
On the 18th, at a point about midway between the north coast of Cuba and Dry Tortugas, a vessel 
heavily involved with the storm reported passing through the eye of the hurricane where calm 
airs were observed for an hour between 1:40 and 2:40 pm (EST) (1840-1940Z).  Except during 
through the center, hurricane winds (Beaufort force 12) were encountered from noon to about 4 
pm (17-21Z)" (MWR).  "Hurricane warnings issued from Miami to Tampa the morning of the 
18th" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data).  "The storm was preceded by several tornadoes on the 
afternoon of the 18th, near Wauchula and Arcadia and in southeastern Polk County" (10/1944 FL 
Climatological Data).  "El Huracan de 1944- October 17-18 - Category 4 - 937 mb central 
pressure, peak observed gust of 141 kt, estimated 1-min maximum sustained wind of 121 kt - 5.5 
m storm surge - 300 deaths" (Perez et al.).  "El comandante Perez Medina nos manifesto que los 
vecinos del Central Merceditas han reportado una baja barometrica de 703 [mm Hg] (937 mb) al 
cruce del ciclon" (Diario de la Marina, Oct. 24, 1944).  "Oct. 18 - 949 mb central pressure from 
Dry Tortugas observation, RMW- 29 nm, Speed - 13 kt" (Ho et al.)

October 19:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered just east of Tampa, or near 28.2N, 
82.2W, with a warm front extending from the northeast periphery of the cyclone east-
southeastward.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 82.1W.  The MWR tracks for 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position between Key West and the Dry Tortugas near 24.6N, 
82.1W and a 12Z position just northeast of Tampa near 28.2N, 82W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 25N, 83W and a 12Z position near 28.2N, 82.5W.  
Microfilm shows a center in the vicinity of 28.2N, 81.8W.  Ship highlights: 986 mb at 26.5N, 
85.5W at 02Z (COA); 60 kt SE and 998 mb at 28.5N, 80.5W (COA); 50 kt NW and 998 mb at 
26.5N, 85.5W (COA).  Two other gales and three other low pressures.  Land highlights: 52 kt S 
and 993 mb at Key West at 0030Z (OMR); 50 kt ENE gust 74 kt and 993 mb at Naples at 01Z 
(micro); 60 kt (1-min sustained) at Miami at 0504Z (MWR); 87 kt S and 981 mb at Sanibel Light 
at 0530Z (MWR); 57 kt ESE and 984 mb at Fort Myers at 0530Z (MWR); 962 mb at Sarasota 
(probable central pressure) around ~0730Z; 50 kt N gust 90 kt and 968 mb at St. Petersburg, FL 
at 920Z (micro); 37 kt NE and 967 mb at Tampa at 10Z (MWR, OMR); 70 kt E at Lakeland 
(MWR); 969 mb at Lakeland (MWR); 54 kt ESE and 980 mb at Orlando at 1230Z (MWR); 75 kt 
NE (max w/1-min) at 1229Z at Jacksonville NAS; 71 kt (1-min sustained) SSE at Orlando at 
1405Z (MWR); 73 kt SE (5-min max) at 1502Z at St. Augustine; 5 kt SE and 980 mb at 
Jacksonville at 1944Z (MWR); 37 kt NE at Savannah at 2130Z (OMR).  Many other gales and 
low pressures.  Regarding the track, "The storm moved northward with the center passing inland 
south of Sarasota, near Nokomis, about 3 am EST on October 19.  A pressure of 28.42 inches 
(962 mb) was recorded at Sarasota.  Taking a course north-northeastward across Florida, the 
storm center skirted the east side of Tampa Bay, moved over Dade City and Ocala, and passed 
seaward a short distance south of Jacksonville" (MWR).  Regarding the storm structure, 
"Although the storm was traveling at 20 mph, the "eye" was reported to have lasted from 11:30 
am to 5:00 pm (at Jacksonville).  This exceptionally long period of time required for conditions 
characteristic of the "eye" of the hurricane to pass Jacksonville indicates an unusually large 
central core.  This central portion of the storm was apparently an elongated oval with its 
principal axis along the line of advance.  The central core extended at one time almost from 
Jacksonville to Ocala, a distance of about 70 air line miles" (MWR).  "The hurricane itself was 
very large, with the central core or area of light shifting winds from from 40 to 60 miles in 
diameter, requiring 2 to 4 hours to pass over towns directly in its path.  Dangerous winds 
extended fully 200 miles to the right or east of the center, and about 100 miles to the left or west, 
thus affecting all of Peninsular Florida.  Winds of hurricane or near hurricane velocity 
surrounded the central core, with gusts up to 100 miles per hour at Tampa and Orlando.  Tides 
were high from Sarasota southward on the Gulf, and from Melbourne northward on the Atlantic.  
Everglades City reported 8.2 ft, Naples 12 ft, Jacksonville Beach 12 ft., Mayport 7.8 ft, 
Fernandina 10.6 ft above mean low water.  Property damage in the state (Florida) totaled 
probably 10 to 13 million dollars...but the total crop losses were nearly $50,000,000.  Loss of 
life (for Florida), as reported by the Red Cross, totaled 18" (10/1944 FL Climatological Data).  
From the Georgia Climatological Data, "The important feature of the month was the movement 
up the Georgia coast of a tropical hurricane from which the winds and excessive rainfall caused 
moderate to severe damage on the coast and over other areas as far inland as Augusta, Dublin, 
and Alapaha, beyond which conditions were much more moderate (10/1944 GA Climatological 
Data).  Regarding the damage in Georgia, "A severe hurricane, after sweeping across the 
northern part of Florida on the morning of October 19, 1944, moved up the Georgia coast and 
crossed into South Carolina a short distance north of Savannah at about midnight of the same 
date (~20th 05Z).  Georgia was probably saved from enormous losses for two reasons: (1) the 
storm undoubtedly lost some of its violence in crossing the land surface of Florida, (2) the storm 
skirted the Georgia coast rather than following a more direct course through the state.  As a 
whole, property and other losses amounted to $250,000, possibly as much as $500,000.  High 
winds and heavy rainfall affected an area 50-100 miles inland, and unusually high and 
destructive tides occurred along all the immediate coastal area.  More detailed descriptions (of 
damage in Georgia) follow: Glennville: Highest wind occurred between 5 and 6 pm (22-23Z). 
Savannah Beach: Portions of roofing blown off, some entirely so; property losses not severe, 
estimated at only a few thousand dollars. Savannah: similar to others- moderate roof damage and 
trees and tree limbs down" (10/1944 GA Climatological Data).  "Landfall position south of 
Tampa, Estimated Minimum Central Pressure (not necessarily at US landfall) 948 mb" (Connor).  
"Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 18-19 - Peninsula - Major - 18 killed - damage 
$60,000,000" ("Major" - winds 101 to 135 mph, central pressure 949 to 982 mb - Dunn and 
Miller).  "Oct. 19 - 1012 mb environmental pressure, 102 kt 1 min maximum sustained wind 
estimate at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al.).  "Oct. 19 - 962 mb central pressure from Sarasota 
observation, RMW- 34 nm, Speed- 15 kt, Landfall point- 27.0N, 82.4W" (Ho et al.).  "In 
general, the storm surges associated with hurricanes and tropical storms rise and fall more 
rapidly than those associated with extratropical storms.  This effect is illustrated by the records of 
storm surges produced by this [Oct. 18-20] storm, which changed from tropical to extratropical 
characteristics as it crossed Florida... It is interesting... to observe that the peak high water 
marks, as the storm passed from land to sea near Jacksonville, are of nearly the same magnitude 
as the peak values near the original landfall of the hurricane" (Harris).  "1944 Oct - FL - 3SW, 
2NE - 962 mb central pressure" (Jarrell et al.).

October 20:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered over northeastern South Carolina 
near 34.4N, 79.8W, with a warm front extending eastward, a dissipating warm front extending 
southeastward, and a trough extending southward from the cyclone's center.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.5N, 80.1W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 30.6N, 80.5W and a 12Z position near 33.2N, 79.1W with a 992 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31N, 81.7W and a 12Z 
position near 34N, 80.4W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 990 mb centered near 34.1N, 
80.1W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W at 13Z (COA); 40 kt E and 
1004 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 25 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 37.5N, 76.5W at 21Z (COA).  One 
other gale and three other low pressures.  Land highlights: 20 kt WSW and 989 mb at 
Jacksonville at 0030Z (OMR); 15 kt NW and 986 mb at Savannah at 0455Z (MWR); 990 mb at 
Charleston, SC at 0730Z (MWR); 22 kt SE and 994 mb at Florence, SC at 1128Z (MWR); 17 kt 
NNE and 991 mb at Columbia, SC at 12Z (MWR); 35 kt S (1-min sustained) at Wilmington, NC 
at 1552Z (MWR); 17 kt N and 1000 mb at Greensboro, NC at 1830Z (MWR); 16 kt SW and 
1002 mb at Raleigh, NC at 20Z (MWR).  Six other low pressures.  Regarding the track, "After 
traveling a short expanse of ocean the center moved inland just north of Savannah.  Passing some 
distance inland through South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, it again reached the 
Atlantic off the eastern shore of Maryland" (MWR).  "The third tropical disturbance of the year 
moved inland southwest of Charleston, SC, and crossed over the southern border of North 
Carolina in Anson County.  The storm passed through the central portion of the state mostly as 
an ordinary severe storm with winds 30 to 40 mph over a 500-mile radius.  The estimated 
damage (to crops) was roughly $200,000" (10/1944 NC Climatological Data).

October 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 39.8N, 72.4W just south of Long Island, NY with 
a warm front attached to the low extending eastward and a cold front not quite attached to the 
center of the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 39.4N, 73.3W.  The 
MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near the NC/VA border near 36.7N, 
76.7W and a 12Z position near 38.8N, 73.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 36.8N, 77.7W and a 12Z position near 39.2N, 73.4W.  Microfilm shows two split 
lows, both of at most 996 mb, and both within a single 998 mb contour.  The low centered near 
39.1N, 73.7W does not have any fronts analyzed to be associated with it.  The low centered near 
40.5N, 71.2W has a warm front extending to the ESE and a cold front extending to the south.  
Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 997 mb at 41.5N, 71.5W at 17Z (COA); 40 kt W and 1006 mb at 
36.5N, 72.5W at 17Z (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 37.5N, 77.5W (COA).  Several other 
low pressures between 997-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 9 kt W and 998 mb at Richmond, VA at 
0015Z (MWR).  Regarding the track, "Moving northeastward with increasing speed, it passed 
between Cape Cod and Nantucket, and reached Nova Scotia late on the 21st" (MWR).

October 22:
HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 990 mb near 48.3N, 59.7W over western 
Newfoundland with a warm front and cold front intersecting at the center of the low.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 40 knot extratropical storm at 47.0N, 60.2W.  The MWR tracks for centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.8N, 66.5W and a 12Z position near 47.4N, 59.3W with a 
central pressure of 989 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 42.8N, 
68W and does not show a 12Z position.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 43.5N, 
63.5W at 00Z (COA); 5 kt NW and 998 mb at 42.5N, 71.5W at 01Z (COA); 30 kt WSW and 
1002 mb at 39.5N, 69.5W at 01Z (COA); 40 kt NW and 1012 mb at 42.5N, 69.5W at 13Z 
(COA).  One other gale and one other low pressure.  Regarding the intensity, "Gale winds of 
force 8 were observed over Newfoundland on (the 22nd)" (MWR).

October 23:
HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 955 mb centered near 59.7N, 50.8W southwest of 
Greenland, with a warm front extending eastward and a cold front extending southeastward from 
the cyclone's center.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 60.0N, 48.8W.  Ship 
highlights: 40 kt W and 955 mb at 58.8N, 51.1W at 12Z (HWM); 45 kt E and 967 mb at 61.5N, 
45.5W at 15Z (COA).  Two other low pressures of 973 and 981 mb.  Unknown highlights: 50 kt 
NNE and 983 mb at 60.0N, 43.0W at 12Z (HWM).

October 24:
HWM analyzes a large extratropical low of at most 975 mb centered near 66N, 33W along the 
southeast coast of Greenland, with an occluded front extending eastward from the cyclone's 
center.  HURDAT did not list the cyclone on this date.  No gales were observed on this date.

On 11 October, observations indicate that a disturbance was forming in the western Caribbean.  
At 12Z on the 12th, the disturbance had organized into a tropical depression based upon aircraft 
and surface observations, which is six hours earlier than analyzed in HURDAT originally.  There 
were a few minor track changes made to this storm.  On the 12th, the position is analyzed to be 
about a degree farther north than HURDAT's position, and on the 14th, the storm is analyzed to 
be south of the HURDAT position, indicating an even slower forward motion during that time.  
The analyzed position remains near on slightly south of the HURDAT position through the 17th.  
All recommended track changes for this storm between Havana, Cuba and Savannah, Georgia 
are three-tenths of a degree or less.  All track changes from the 20th through the 22nd are within 
one degree of the HURDAT position.  On the 23rd at 12Z, the position is analyzed to be 1.5 
degrees WSW of the HURDAT position.  In the original HURDAT, the winds from this system 
went from 35 kt at 18Z on the 12th to 65 kt six hours later at 00Z on the 13th.  Observations do 
indicate intensification to a hurricane, but at a more realistic rate - becoming hurricane force (70 
kt) at 18Z on the 13th.  This indicated a major downward adjustment of intensity from 65 kt to 40 
kt at 00Z on the 13th.  A 979 mb pressure with 30 kt of wind at 00Z the 14th indicates a central 
pressure of about 976 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of 83 kt from the south of 25N pressure-
wind relationship - 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT as the cyclone was very slow moving at the 
time, up from 70 kt originally.  Late on the 15th, the hurricane passed just south of Grand 
Cayman where peak sustained winds were 83 kt and lowest pressure was 984 mb.  Winds are 
boosted at 00Z the 16th from 80 to 90 kt.  Moving very slowly, the hurricane turned northward 
during the 16th and 17th along 83W.  On the 17th, the hurricane began to gradually accelerate as it 
passed over the western edge of the isle of Youth.  When the hurricane was located just west of 
Havana at 12Z the 18th, HURDAT listed the winds at 100 kt.  However, the Havana National 
Observatory recorded a fastest-mile wind of 122 kt (at 15Z) and Batista Field recorded a 
minimum pressure of 960 mb (at 12Z with 70 kt of wind) as the hurricane passed to the west of 
the city.  This 122 kt fastest-mile wind converts to about a 1-min wind of 115 kt.  A 937 mb 
central pressure was recorded in Cuba at Central Mercedilas Sugar Mill (23.0N, 82.9W) near the 
north coast of Cuba. However, landfall is estimated to have occurred 3 to 4 hours earlier, around 
08Z. Perez et al. (2000) indicates an estimated 937 mb central pressure at landfall in Cuba.  This 
pressure yields a windspeed of 124 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south 
of 25N, and 125 kt is chosen at landfall as the hurricane had developed a large circulation and 
was still moving slowly (~9 kt) at its landfall in Cuba.  The 125 kt category 4 impact in Cuba is 
consistent with that from Perez et al. and is a major (20 kt increase) in intensity at 06Z on the 
18th.  

The hurricane, still traveling northward, started to make a gradual turn to the north-northeast.  
The eye of the hurricane went directly over the Dry Tortugas, FL between 20 and 22Z on the 
18th.  While the lighthouse-top anemometer was disabled after recording 104 kt (92 kt after 
converting to 10m 1-min) at 19Z, a central pressure of 949 mb was observed at 22Z at the island.  
949 mb suggests sustained winds of 112 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N and 106 kt from 
the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  Additionally, one could make use of the 
weakening systems pressure-wind relationships (as the central pressure filled 12 mb in about 6 or 
7 hours), which would suggest 108 and 101 kt south and north of 25N respectively.  Ho et al. 
estimated an RMW of 29 nm, which is substantially larger than climatological for that latitude 
and central pressure (~16 nm).  Considering these and the earlier mentioned speed (~9 kt) and 
larger circulation, maximum sustained surface winds are estimated to be 105 kt.  This makes the 
hurricane a category 3 impact for the Florida Keys (BFL3), and is no change from that shown 
originally in HURDAT for 18Z on the 18th.

The hurricane began accelerating to the NNE and made landfall just south of Sarasota, FL at 07Z 
on the 19th.  A pressure of 962 mb was observed at Sarasota, and this pressure is analyzed to be 
the central pressure.  (It is not completely certain that the 962 mb is a central pressure, though 
this is consistent with other measurements.)  Brown et al.'s pressure wind relationship for north 
of 25N yields an intensity of 93 kt and 89 kt for north of 25N and weakening.  Although the 
storm was large by this time (in both RMW and radius of outer closed isobar), its forward speed 
has increased to 15 kt.  A 5 min wind of 87 kt was observed at Sanibel Island Lighthouse at 
0530Z on the 19th, which was on the right side of the storm.  Adjusting the 30 m measurement to 
10 m to a peak 1 min wind gives 85 kt.  With all of these considerations, 90 kt is chosen for 06Z 
on the 19th and landfall, which is a major increase from the 65 kt indicated in HURDAT 
originally.  The cyclone continued quickly toward the NNE and by 00Z on the 20th was located 
right on the southeast Georgia coast.  The Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was run for 
12Z and 18Z on the 19th.  For 12Z, the model yielded an intensity of 60 kt; however, at 1405Z, 
there was an observed 71 kt 1-minute wind at Orlando.  The analyzed 12Z intensity based on that 
observation is 75 kt (revised upward from 65 kt originally).  At 18Z, the Kaplan and DeMaria 
model yields a 49 kt intensity.  There was a ship observation of 60 kt at 17Z off the east coast of 
Florida.  The analyzed 18Z intensity is 60 kt (no change from original HURDAT).  A possible 
factor that could have caused the Kaplan and DeMaria model to be too low in this case is that the 
size of the storm was very large.  From a total kinetic energy standpoint, large storms have a 
tendency to weaken more slowly than small storms.  Based upon these winds at landfall and at 
the synoptic times, it is analyzed the hurricane was a Category 3 impact in the Florida Keys 
(BFL3), a Category 2 impact in southwest Florida (but still part of the "BFL" region, so overall 
BFL is listed at category 3), a Category 1 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL1), and a Category 1 
impact in Northeast Florida (DFL1).  The Southwest Florida impact is unchanged, the Northeast 
Florida is a downgrade from a Category 2 originally, and the Northwest FL is a new inclusion 
into HURDAT.  It was noted that in the original HURDAT that central pressure values were 
included after US landfall for each synoptic time from 12Z on the 19th to 06Z on the 21st.  Only a 
couple of these eight values could be confirmed from observations, thus it appeared that these 
were analyzed values rather than strictly based upon observations.  If the central pressure value 
could not be confirmed, but it looked reasonable based upon available peripheral readings and 
continuity, the value was left in (for 12Z on the 19th to 00Z on the 20th).  Three of the points (06Z 
and 12Z on the 20th and 00Z on the 21st), we could locate central pressure values different and 
lower than what was in HURDAT originally and these are now included.  Because of these 
changes, the central pressure of 996 mb at 18Z on the 20th did not look reasonable given the 
preceding and subsequent observations, and it was removed.  Despite the statement in MWR 
about the cyclone moving briefly into the Atlantic, our small track revisions on the 19th and 20th 
kept the track right along the northeast FL and Georgia coastline.  As the system continued 
moving north-northeastward on the 20th, it was gradually becoming more baroclinic and it is 
reanalyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 20th consistent with the HWM analyses, 
but 12 hours earlier than HURDAT originally.  The system did reintensify as an extratropical 
cyclone on the 23rd as it approached Greenland, based upon numerous ship and station reports.  
Additionally, the dissipation of the system was delayed 24 hours as it continued northeastward 
into the far North Atlantic Ocean.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Storm 14 (new) - 2013 Revision

31895 11/01/1944 M= 3 14 SNBR= 707 NOT NAMED   XING=0
31896 11/01*122 813  30    0*121 814  35    0*120 815  40    0*119 817  45    0*
31897 11/02*117 820  50    0*116 823  55    0*115 825  60    0*114 825  60    0*
31898 11/03*113 824  50    0*113 822  40    0*113 820  30    0*113 818  25    0*  
31960 TS

Monthly Weather Review indicates that a small, short-lived tropical storm (or perhaps even a 
hurricane) was located in the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea on 2 November.  
Observations form the Historical Weather Map Series as well as the COADS ships database are 
also utilized in analyzing this storm.

November 1:
HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT does not list this system.  No gales.

November 2:
HWM does not analyze a closed low.  Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 1002 mb at 1030Z at 11N, 
82.6W (MWR).  "On November 2 at about 5:30 am, a vessel, involved in a storm near latitude 
11N, 82.6W, sent a report of a 60 knot wind from the west, pressure 29.60 inches (1002.4 mb), 
seas mountainous, and vessel laboring heavily.  Similar conditions were reported for about 3 
hours, during which time the vessel called for assistance.  The storm dissipated or moved inland 
a short time later as aircraft reconnaissance early on the following day (3rd) failed to locate any 
disturbance.  Since it is impossible to trace a movement, from available reports, or to determine 
whether the ship was involved in a small hurricane or a very severe squall, this storm is carried 
as a matter of record, and it is not listed as a tropical disturbance of the past season" (MWR).

November 3:
HWM does not analyze a closed low.  Ship highlights:  SW (no speed) with 1005 mb at 9.5N 
80.5W at 01Z (COA); 5 kt E with 1005 mb at 12.5N 79.5W at 01Z (COA); 5 kt S with 1005 mb 
at 10.5N 80.5W at 13Z (COA, HWM).

This system is added into the HURDAT database based primarily from the above MWR text 
under November 2.  A 60 kt wind alone would not be sufficient evidence.  But a 60 kt wind with 
a 1002 mb pressure, along with the conditions reported by that ship persisting for 3 hours 
warrants the strong possibility that a small tropical cyclone was present.  The Historical Weather 
Maps and COADS are nearly completely lacking in ship observations during these three dates.  
However, station observations are consistent with a cyclonic circulation being present in the 
southwest Caribbean Sea on the 1st through the 3rd of November.  It is analyzed that the system 
formed early on the 1st as a tropical depression and became a tropical storm later that day.  It is 
analyzed as reaching a peak intensity of 60 kt on the 2nd, but it is possible that this was instead a 
hurricane.  A quick decay occurred on the 3rd with dissipation by 00Z on the 4th.  Only a short 
counter-clockwise motion of the cyclone could be analyzed without the system making landfall.  
It is to be noted that there is a very nice analog in HURDAT for this system.  Hurricane Martha 
in 1969 was located in nearly the same place and also occurred in November.

********************************************************************************

1944 - Additional Notes

1944 Suspect 1

A frontal low, which was nearly stationary over the north central Atlantic, was located on 1 May 
near 35.5N, 54W.  Moving very little, the low began to slowly occlude on 2 May and 3 May.  
There was a gale observed on both the 2nd and the 3rd.  On 4 May, the low was fully occluded 
and perhaps became subtropical.  There were no observed gales with this system after the 
occlusion.  By 5 May, there were no longer any fronts plotted with this low in HWM still located 
at nearly the same position as on the 1st.  On 5 May, there was a 25 kt north wind with a 1006 mb 
pressure west of the center.  This may have been a subtropical storm, but there is no evidence 
that there were any gale force winds.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 1		35N	53W		Extratropical low
May 2		33N	53W		Extratropical storm
May 3		34N	53.5W		Extratropical storm
May 4		35N	53W		Subtropical low
May 5		34N	53W		Subtropical low
May 6		34N	52W		Subtropical low
May 7					Dissipated


1944 Suspect 2

On 25 August, a strong tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles.  By 26 August, the wave 
was in the eastern Caribbean Sea.  This system may have been a tropical depression.  There were 
no observed gales and it is not clear if the center was closed.  However, on the HWM analysis 
for the 26 August, combined with other available observations, there is an east wind, a north-
northeast wind, a south wind, and a northwest wind in the locations that they should be for the 
low to be closed.  Pressures are not very low though.  The center was located somewhere near 
13.5N. 61.5W around 12Z on 26 August.  Thereafter, the wave became less defined as it moved 
toward the west or west-northwest, possibly because of sparse observations.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 25					Open wave 11N 58W to 18N 54W
Aug 26		13.5N	61.5W		Tropical depression
Aug 27					Dissipated


1944 Suspect 3

HWM analyzes that a low attached to the west end of a warm front on 23 August was located 
near 33N, 67W.  Available observations indicate that the front has probably dissipated by 12Z on 
23 August.  There were 30 kt wind observations near the low, but there were no gales.  
Observations indicate that there is a good chance the low was closed on this day.  Also, 
temperatures around the low were warm.  Therefore, this low may have been a tropical 
depression.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 23		32.5N	67.5W		Tropical Depression
Aug 24		40.5N	59.5W		Tropical Depression
Aug 25					Absorbed by frontal system


4) 1944 Suspect 4

A low in the northeastern Caribbean Sea on 18 September near the Virgin Islands was producing 
ominous conditions in that area.  The pilot of the aircraft investigating the system stated: 
"weather similar to that of last hurricane" (referring to the Great Atlantic Hurricane which struck 
the US east coast earlier that month.  There were no observed gales with this system, but the low 
was definitely closed from 18 September to 20 September.  By the 20th, it was located just north 
of Hispaniola, where pressures of 1009 mb were observed.  The low dissipated on the 21st.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 18		17N	64W		Tropical Depression
Sep 19		20N	67W		Tropical Depression
Sep 20		21.0N	70W		Tropical Depression
Sep 21					Dissipated


1944 Suspect 5

HWM, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and COADS indicate that a tropical depression 
formed as it approached the Lesser Antilles on October 13th.  It continued into the extreme 
northeastern Caribbean Sea and apparently passed between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on the 
15th.  The circulation seems to have dissipated late on the 16th near the southeast Bahamas.  
There were no gale observations, and the lowest observed pressures were 1008 mb.  There is 
sufficient evidence of a closed circulation, so this system was likely a tropical depression.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 13		14.5N	57.5W		Tropical Depression
Oct 14		16.5N	64.5W		Tropical Depression
Oct 15		19N	68W		Tropical Depression  
Oct 16		22.5N	72.5W		Tropical Depression; Dissipating


1944 Suspect 6

From 20 to 22 October, a low was located in the vicinity of 35N, 40W.  It was definitely closed, 
but there were no observed gales.  The highest observed wind was 30 kt and the lowest observed 
pressure was 1003 mb.  HWM plots this as a frontal low during all three days.  However, 
temperatures are warm, and on the 21st, the temperature gradient across the low was about 5 
degrees.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 20		37N	41.5W		Subtropical depression
Oct 21		38N	41.5W		Subtropical depression
Oct 22					Dissipated


1944 Suspect 7

From 24 - 26 October, there was a low over the western Caribbean Sea.  Available observations 
on the 25th suggest a closed circulation near 17N, 82.5W.  Winds were 20 kt and pressures were 
1008 mb.  The low apparently moved westward and disappeared on the 26th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 24					Open wave
Oct 25		17N	82.5W		Tropical Depression
Oct 26					Dissipated


1944 Suspect 8:

An area of low pressure began to develop along a frontal boundary on 24 October, and by the 
25th, this area of low pressure became better defined.  Although temperatures are rather warm, 
this system is judged to be baroclinic throughout its life.  There are several gales well removed 
from the center due to a strong pressure gradient to the northeast of the system on the 25th.  On 
the 26th, the low occluded, but there were no gales near the center and still a significant 
temperature gradient across the low.

DAY		LAT 	LON		STATUS
Oct 24					Open wave
Oct 25		33.5N	66W		Extratropical
Oct 26		37N	63W		Extratropical


1944 Suspect 9:

A low started to develop along the south end of a N-S frontal boundary on 2 November in the 
vicinity of 32N, 58W.  There are not sufficient observations to call this low closed until the 4th.  
There were several gales on the 2nd, but they are due to the strong pressure gradient north of the 
low.  The area of low pressure starts to break off from the front on the 3rd and gains its own 
identity forming a definite closed low on the 4th.  On the 4th, the low has a huge circulation with 
the structure of an extratropical cyclone.  Also, there is a rather large temperature gradient across 
the low, so this low is judged to be baroclinic.  Remaining nearly stationary, on the 5th, the low 
continued to display a very large circulation with pressure readings as low as 989 mb and highest 
winds of 35 kt, but still baroclinic due to the large circulation and the large temperature gradient 
across the low.  By the 6th, the low moves north and clearly becomes frontal in nature.

DAY		LAT 	LON		STATUS
Nov 2					Open
Nov 3					Open
Nov 4		35N	61W		Extratropical
Nov 5		38N	64W		Extratropical
Nov 6		45N	57.5W		Extratropical


1944 Suspect 10:

A low developed from the tail end of a frontal system in the central north Atlantic and moved 
slowly westward.  The circulation of the low is large early on without a tight inner core.  
Although there are a few gales on the 11th and 12th, they are all north of the low where the 
pressure gradient increase dramatically.  On the 13th, the low is not frontal at all and could be 
called subtropical, but there are no observed gales on this day.  Another frontal system quickly 
came in from the west and absorbed the low by the 14th. 

DAY		LAT 	LON		STATUS
Nov 11		35.5N	38W		Extratropical
Nov 12		35.5N	42W		Extratropical
Nov 13		33N	46W		Subtropical depression
Nov 14					Absorbed by frontal system


1944 Suspect 11:

An extratropical low on 4 December was in the western Atlantic.  On 5 December, it occluded 
and was located near 33.5N, 61.5W.  Several gales accompanied the storm on this day.  It started 
to acquire subtropical characteristics on 6 December, but it had a huge circulation on this day.  
Once the system started to become subtropical, there was only one observed gale after that, on 7 
December, but the low was still large, and it didn't contract enough on the 7th to be a tropical 
cyclone.  On 8 December, the low had contracted enough to be considered a tropical cyclone, but 
there were no gales.   Furthermore, temperatures were not very warm and the temperature 
decreased steadily northwest of the low.  The low persisted to 9 December and moved east-
northeast located near 38N, 49W on the 9th before dissipating.

DAY		LAT 	LON		STATUS
Dec 4		33.5N	61W		Extratropical
Dec 5		33.5N	61.5W		Extratropical
Dec 6		33N	61.5W		Extratropical
Dec 7		34N	56.5W		Extratropical
Dec 8		35N	51.5W		Extratropical
Dec 9		38N	49W		Extratropical


********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 1 - Revised in 2013

32725 06/20/1945 M=12  1 SNBR= 724 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1 
32725 06/20/1945 M=15  1 SNBR= 724 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1  
                   **                   
                    
32730 06/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 857  35    0*183 859  35    0*
32730 06/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 857  35    0*195 859  40    0*
                                              ***              ***      **
	
32735 06/21*192 861  35    0*203 862  35    0*214 863  40    0*222 863  40    0*
32735 06/21*200 861  40    0*206 862  40    0*214 863  40    0*222 863  40    0*
            ***      **      ***      **                               

32740 06/22*230 864  40    0*238 864  45    0*245 865  45    0*252 866  50    0*
32745 06/23*259 866  50    0*266 865  50    0*272 862  55    0*276 856 100    0*
32745 06/23*259 866  50    0*266 866  55    0*272 865  70    0*276 860  85    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **          *** ***

32750 06/24*280 846  95    0*285 835  80    0*290 824  70    0*298 813  60    0*
32750 06/24*280 850  80    0*285 835  70    0*290 820  50    0*298 810  60    0*
                ***  **               **          ***  **          *** 

32755 06/25*307 801  65    0*317 791  70    0*328 781  60    0*335 775  60    0*
32755 06/25*307 801  65    0*317 793  65    0*328 785  65    0*338 775  65    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **      ***      **

32760 06/26*343 768  50    0*358 753  45    0*373 738  50    0*383 725  55    0*
32760 06/26*346 767  65    0*358 755  65    0*373 738  65    0*384 723  65    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **      *** ***  **

32765 06/27*392 713  60    0*400 701  55    0*408 690  55    0*415 677  55    0*
32765 06/27*394 711  65    0E402 701  65    0E408 690  65    0E413 681  55    0*
            *** ***  **     ****      **     *         **     **** ***

32770 06/28*420 663  45    0E421 642  45    0E422 626  45    0E425 620  40    0*
32770 06/28E417 673  45    0E419 665  45    0E422 655  45    0E426 644  40    0*
           **** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

32775 06/29E429 613  40    0E434 607  40    0E441 600  40    0E467 570  40    0*
32775 06/29E431 632  40    0E438 617  40    0E448 600  40    0E459 583  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

32780 06/30E490 544  35    0E503 528  35    0E517 507  35    0E529 489  35    0*
32780 06/30E471 566  35    0E485 548  35    0E500 530  35    0E517 505  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32785 07/01E543 468  35    0E560 445  35    0E578 412  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
32785 07/01E536 475  35    0E558 442  35    0E578 412  35    0E593 390  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                          **** ***  **

(The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
32786 07/02E603 373  40    0E607 358  40    0E610 345  40    0E612 333  40    0*
32787 07/03E614 323  35    0E617 313  35    0E620 300  30    0E624 286  30    0*
32788 07/04E629 271  30    0E636 256  30    0E645 240  25    0*  0   0   0    0*

32790 HRAFL1

U.S. Landfalls:
6/24/1945 08Z 28.6N 82.7W 70 kt 985 mb 1011 mb OCI 200 nmi ROCI

6/26/1945 01Z 34.7N, 76.6W 60 kt (intensity in revised HURDAT is 65 kt, as the peak winds 
remained offshore)

Minor track (during the tropical phase) and major intensity changes are made to this early-season 
hurricane that made landfall in Florida.  Extratropical transition is now indicated to have 
occurred one day earlier than originally.  Three additional days were also introduced for this 
system during its extratropical cyclone phase.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the 
Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and 
Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

June 19:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

June 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 86W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 85.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 15.5N, 84.0W and a 12Z position near 17.4N, 85.7W.  Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 1008 mb centered near 18N, 85.5W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1004 mb (4 mb too low) 
at 19.5N, 83.5W (COA).  One other low pressure from same ship.  Land highlights: 10 kt E and 
1005 mb at 18Z at Cozumel, Mexico (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 14Z at 21.2N, 
83.8W (micro).  "A definite circulation was observed on the 20th when the disturbance was about 
100 miles WNW of Swan Island" (MWR).

June 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 86.2W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.4N, 86.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
position near 19.6N, 85W with a pressure of 1000 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb 
centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1004 mb (4 mb too low) at 
02Z at 18.5N, 83.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 30 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Cozumel, 
Mexico (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S at 16Z at 21.0N, 86.3W (micro); 35 kt SW at 1645Z 
at 20.0N, 87.0W (micro).  "The storm, attended by moderate gales and squalls, moved through 
the Yucatan Channel and into the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

June 22:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 87.4W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 85.5W and a 12Z position near 23N, 85W with a 999 mb 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT 
positions.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.5N, 85.9W.  Aircraft 
highlights: 40 kt ESE at 1345Z at 25.2N, 85.1W (micro).  Two other gales.  

June 23:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 87W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 27.2N, 86.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 25N, 85.3W and a 12Z position near 27N, 85.5W with a 999 mb pressure.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 86.4W, and a 12Z position near 
27.4N, 86.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.4N, 86.9W.  
Aircraft highlights: 100 kt N and 997 mb at 2015Z at 28.3N, 85.5W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1003 
mb at 1245Z at 27.5N, 86.3W (micro); Eight other gales.  One other low pressure.  "It moved to 
the vicinity of 27.5N, 86.5W where it turned sharply northeastward and developed winds of full 
hurricane force as it approached the Florida coast.  The crew of the reconnaissance plane which 
flew into the storm about 120 miles south of Apalachicola on the afternoon of the 23rd, estimated 
winds of 100 knots at two observation points near the center" (MWR).

June 24:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.1N, 81.8W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 82.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 27.9N, 83.6W and a 12Z position near 28.5N, 82W with a 999 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions very close to HURDAT's 
position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered in between the HWM and 
HURDAT positions.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1007 mb at 22Z at 29.5N, 79.5W (COA).  
Thirteen other gales between 35-40 kt.  Land highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 07Z at Tampa 
(micro); 52 kt at 08Z at Tampa, Florida (micro); 30 kt NNE and 1002 mb at 18Z at Jacksonville, 
FL (micro); 52 kt at 23Z at Tybee Island, Georgia (micro).  Eight other gales and ten other low 
pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SE at 23Z at 30.5N, 78.0W (micro).  One other gale.  "The 
storm diminished in intensity as it reached the west coast of Florida and passed inland between 
Brooksville and Dunellon at about 4:00 am June 24.  The circulation remained intact as the storm 
crossed the peninsula, attended by exceptionally heavy rains and winds of 45 to 55 miles per 
hour, moving into the Atlantic about noon of the 24th between Daytona Beach and St. Augustine" 
(MWR).  "At the (Jacksonville) city office, the wind changed from northeast through north to 
northwest, with a maximum of 33 mph from the north at 3:01 pm EST of the 24th and an extreme 
of 35.  The barometer did not register a decided rise until 6 pm.  The wind damage at 
Jacksonville was slight, a few trees, wires and awnings blown down but total loss was probably 
less than $500" (OMR).  "A 24-hour rainfall total of 10.42 inches at Tampa broke all previous 
records at that station" (MWR).  "Highest tide (at Tampa) was 5.2 feet about mean low water.  
The tropical storm was very beneficial to agriculture and caused only slight damage by wind and 
tides" (Tampa OMR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1945 June 24, N of Clearwater, Minimal 
("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph, and 983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and 
Miller).  "1945 Jun FL, 1NW, 985 mb" - Jarrell et al.).

June 25:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.5N, 79W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.8N, 78.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 30.7N, 80.7W, and a 12Z position near 32N, 79W with a 998 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.1N, 80.2W and a 12Z position 
near HURDAT's position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 33N, 78.9W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1007 mb at 01Z at 29.5N, 79.5W (COA).  Seven other gales.  
Land highlights: 57 kt ENE at 02Z at Tybee Island (32.0N, 80.9W) (micro); 35 kt NW and 1001 
mb at 12Z at Charleston, SC (32.6N, 80.1W) (micro); 999 mb at 1230Z at Sullivans Island, SC 
(micro); 15 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at Myrtle Beach, SC (micro); 15 kt NNE and 998 at 18Z at 
Wilmington, NC (micro).  Four other gales and six other low pressures between 998-1005 mb.  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NNW at 1645Z at 32.5N, 79.0W (micro).  Two other gales.  "Over the 
Atlantic it regained hurricane intensity, as indicated by reports of winds reaching 70 miles per 
hour in gusts at Tybee Island (Georgia) and Paris Island, while the center was moving 
northeastward some 60 miles offshore" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States 
- Carolinas and Georgia, 1945 June 25, N.C. Capes, Minor" ("Minor" indicates winds less than 
74 mph and pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).

June 26:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 38N, 73.3W with an approaching, 
but weakening cold front from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 
37.3N, 73.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34N, 76.6W 
and a 12Z position near 36.5N, 74W with a 998 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 35N, 76.1W and a 12Z position near 37N, 74W.  Microfilm shows a 
low of at most 996 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt N and 1003 mb at 
13Z at 37.5N, 76.5W (COA); 40 kt S and 994 mb at 23Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA).  Thirteen 
other gales and eleven other low pressures.  Land highlights: 25 kt WNW and 989 mb at 6Z at 
Cape Hatteras, NC (micro); 48 kt NW around 08Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR); 39 kt NE at 
2330Z at Nantucket, MA (OMR).  Six other gales and ten other low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights: 40 kt W at 1315Z at 36.0N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt SW at 14Z at 37.7N, 71.0W 
(micro).  Unknown highlights: 40 kt SSE and 997 mb at 38.2N, 69.6W (micro).  Three other 
gales and two other low pressures.  "It again lost force as it approached the North Carolina 
Capes, where the center passed over or very near Cape Hatteras about midnight of the 25th (5Z 
26th), accompanied by winds of about 50 miles per hour.  Indications are that for the third time, 
the storm regained hurricane intensity as it moved northeastward over the open waters of the 
north Atlantic" (MWR).

June 27:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 41N, 69W with no frontal 
boundaries plotted anywhere near the hurricane.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 
40.8N, 69.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39N, 71.2W, 
and a 12Z position near 40.5N, 68.5W with a 997 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 00Z position near 39N, 71.6W and a 12Z position near 40.8N, 69W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 990 mb centered near 40.5N, 67.5W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt SSW and 
997 mb at 1Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 991 mb at 02Z at 38.5N, 68.5W (COA).  
Dozens of other gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 59 kt (1-min) NE at 0731Z at 
Nantucket, MA (OMR); 45 kt NE and 997 mb at 08Z at Nantucket, MA (OMR).  Eleven other 
gales and three other low pressures at Nantucket.  "The center of the storm passed southeast of 
Nantucket during the night of the 26-27th, its forward movement considerably retarded.  Gale 
winds prevailed at Nantucket from 7:00 pm EST of the 26th to 7:00 am EST of the 27th.  Damage 
was mostly confined to the waterfront where high tides and northeast gales caused damage to a 
few small craft which were not adequately protected.  Some trouble was also experienced from 
falling branches; power and communication lines in some sections suffered damage.  The rainfall 
of 4.60 inches in 24 hours set a new record for June" (OMR).  "The storm center reached a 
position south of Nova Scotia on the 27th, and thereafter weakened and dissipated" (MWR).

June 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.9N, 66W with the western 
end of a W-E stationary front a few hundred miles east of the center.  HURDAT lists this as 
extratropical with a 45 kt intensity at 42.2N, 62.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 40.6N, 66.5W and a 12Z position near 41N, 64.5W with a 999 mb 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows this system at 00Z near 42.5N, 66.3W.  
Microfilm last shows this system at 06Z as a low of at most 999 mb with a position near 41N, 
65.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 06Z at 38.6N, 65.6W (micro).  Six other 
gales and two other low pressures.  Land highlights: 23 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 0030Z at 
Nantucket, MA.

June 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 45N, 60W with a front extending 
from the low eastward.  HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 40 kt intensity at 44.1N, 
60.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.4N, 62.9W and a 
12Z position near 42.8N, 60.6W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SSW and 1004 
mb at 12Z at 44.0N, 60.0W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 16Z at 41.5N, 55.5W (COA).

June 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 48.5N, 50.8W at the west end of a 
dissipating front.  HWM analyzes another low of at most 1005 mb embedded in a frontal zone 
near 53N, 50W.  HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 35 kt intensity at 51.7N, 50.7W.  The 
MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 45.2N, 57.3W and a 12Z position 
near 49N, 52W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA); 15 kt 
SSW and 1000 mb at 21Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA).

July 1:
HWM analyzes a large extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 57.5N, 37.5W.  
HURDAT lists this as extratropical with a 35 kt intensity at 57.8N, 41.2W.  Ship highlights: 20 
kt W and 993 mb at 06Z at 55.5N, 44.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 55.5N, 
44.0W (COA).  Eleven other low pressures.

July 2:
HWM analyzes an occluded, extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb centered near 61N, 33.5W.  
HURDAT does not list this system on this day.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 983 mb at 12Z 
at 61.0N, 33.7W (HWM).  Land highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 65.5N, 37.8W 
(HWM).

July 3:
HWM analyzes an occluded, extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 62.5N, 
28.5W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 990 mb at 12Z at 60.8N, 32.4W (HWM).

July 4:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb centered near 64N, 24W.  Land highlights: 
15 kt SSE and 993 mb at 12Z at 63.8N, 22.5W (HWM).

No changes were made to the timing of genesis of this system.  Minor track changes were made 
on all days of its existence as a tropical cyclone, except for no alterations on the 22nd.  The 
previous track had the storm center just barely clipping Cape Hatteras, but the new track is 
farther west, taking the storm along the mainland coast of North Carolina, exiting at the north 
end of the Cape.  Large alterations were made to the track on the 28th and 30th during the 
extratropical phase of the system.  The largest track change was made to the position on the 30th 
when the position was moved about 2.5 degrees to the southwest, as warranted by available 
observations from COADS and HWM.  Regarding the intensity, on the 20th, aircraft estimated 35 
kt winds.  Also on the 20th, Cozumel recorded 1005 mb with 10 kt E at 18Z with the analyzed 
position of the tropical cyclone being 80 nm southeast of Cozumel. At that time, Cozumel was 
just beginning to feel the influence of the outer circulation of the small tropical cyclone. Thus it 
is likely that the central pressure was at least a few millibars lower than 1005 mb, perhaps more.  
On the 21st at 12Z, Cozumel recorded 30 kt NW with 1005 mb while the estimated position was 
50 nm northeast of the island. The data indicates that the central pressure was likely 1002 mb or 
less on both days.  This corresponds to winds of at least 43 kt utilizing the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship. Intensity is boosted from 35 to 40 kt at 18Z on the 20th and kept at 40 
kt late on the 21st because wind information from aircraft did not show winds higher than 40 kt 
on that day. It is important to note that the original HURDAT had the intensity of this storm 
increasing from 55 kt at 12Z the 23rd to 100 kt at 18Z the 23rd, which is a change of 45 kt in 6 
hours.  There is no data to suggest that the TC was at hurricane strength until the afternoon of the 
23rd, when there were two aircraft visual estimates of 100 kt surface winds (micro). The next 
highest wind observation on that day was 50 kt.  There was a 997 mb pressure reported, but it is 
unclear whether that 997 mb pressure was reported at the same time as the 100 kt winds or was 
instead a central pressure.  These visual wind estimates are extremely uncertain and high biased 
for major hurricane winds (Hagen et al. 2012). Furthermore, data from landfall, which occurred 
only 12 hours later, does not indicate an intensity anywhere near major hurricane strength. It is 
reasonable to assume that the 100 kt visual wind estimates which then were placed into 
HURDAT are too high.  Therefore, 85 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 23rd (previously 100 kt), which 
is analyzed to be the peak intensity of the hurricane.  The 12Z intensity is boosted from 55 to 70 
kt. 

The hurricane made landfall around 08Z on the 24th, north of Tampa, FL around 28.6N, 82.7W.  
The system made landfall in a fairly data sparse portion of Florida, with lowest peripheral 
pressure observed of 1002 mb in Jacksonville, (after passed over the peninsula) and highest 
winds of 52 kt in Tampa.  Based upon the modest impacts observed, 70 kt is analyzed as the 
landfall intensity - retaining the system as a category 1 hurricane.  This is slightly weaker (80 kt) 
than originally indicated in HURDAT for the synoptic time intensity before landfall.  Using the 
Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for N of 25N to back out the pressure, this suggests a 
central pressure at landfall of 982 mb for all systems and 984 mb for those cyclones that are 
weakening.  Given the 985 mb central pressure reported in Jarrell et al., this value is retained as 
the landfall pressure.  (It is worth noting that Ho et al. did not include this hurricane on their U.S. 
landfalling hurricanes list, as their criteria was of less than 982 mb central pressure.)  Employing 
the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model, the intensity at 12Z yields a value of 52 kt, while 
highest observed within 2 hours of synoptic time was 40 kt from a ship.  50 kt is chosen for 12Z, 
which is a major intensity change downward from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT.  After 
oceanfall back to the Atlantic Ocean, the original HURDAT had the system reintensifying back 
into a minimal hurricane.  57 kt ENE wind at Tybee Island early on the 25th north of the system 
would support stronger winds near the center, so this restrengthening was retained.

A second US landfall occurred around 01Z on the 26th near Cape Lookout, NC near 34.7N, 
76.6W.  Highest observed winds were 48 kt NW at 08Z at Cape Hatteras and lowest pressure of 
989 mb with 25 kt WNW winds at 06Z.  This pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the 
north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship and at least 64 kt from the Landsea et al. 
north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  65 kt is analyzed as the intensity at the time of landfall 
and closest approach (06Z) to Cape Hatteras.  This is a significant increase from the original 50 
and 45 kt, respectively, in HURDAT.  However, because the cyclone's track had it skirting the 
coast, the strongest winds likely remained offshore.  Highest estimated winds along the North 
Carolina coast are estimated to be 60 kt - or just below hurricane force.  This is consistent with 
the assessment previously by MWR, Dunn and Miller, and Jarrell et al. that it was not a 
hurricane at the coast of North Carolina.  After moving past North Carolina, the system again 
traversed the Atlantic Ocean.  Two ship reports of 60 kt (with 991 mb pressure) and 65 kt (with 
997 mb pressure) early on the 27th indicate that the system still retained hurricane intensity on 
this date.  Winds are boosted from 60 to 65 kt at 00Z.  Early on the 27th, the system began 
transitioning to an extratropical cyclone and 06Z on the 27th is now indicated as the time of 
transition, which is 24 hours earlier than indicated previously in HURDAT based upon sufficient 
ship and coastal data.  It is of note that Nantucket, MA received 59 kt sustained winds at 0731Z 
on the 27th, after the system had become extratropical.  Hurricane-force winds as an extratropical 
cyclone were kept until 12Z on the 27th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have produced a tropical 
storm impact in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. A significant addition is 
made to the end of the storm during the extratropical phase.  Available observations indicate that 
the system could be tracked as a separate cyclone until 4 July, which adds an additional three 
days to the HURDAT track.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 2 - Revised in 2013

32795 07/19/1945 M= 4  2 SNBR= 725 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
32800 07/19*  0   0   0    0*255 924  35    0*260 925  40    0*265 926  40    0*
32800 07/19*  0   0   0    0*257 900  30    0*260 908  30    0*263 915  30    0*
                             *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

32805 07/20*270 928  45    0*275 931  45    0*279 934  45    0*282 939  45    0*
32805 07/20*266 922  35    0*268 928  35    0*270 934  35    0*273 939  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

32810 07/21*282 948  45    0*281 951  40    0*278 957  40    0*274 965  35    0*
32810 07/21*276 944  35    0*278 949  35    0*278 954  35    0*276 958  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  

32815 07/22*269 975  25    0*262 982  15    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32815 07/22*272 962  30    0*269 969  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      

32820 TS                    

U.S. Tropical Storms
7/21/12Z - No landfall.  35 kt tropical storm impact in Texas.

Major track changes but only minor intensity changes were implemented with this Gulf of 
Mexico tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps.

July 18:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 24.5N, 91.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26.7N, 
90.4W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.7N, 93.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 92.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
position near 24N, 93W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT 
position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered well north of the HURDAT 
position near 28N, 93.3W.  No gales or low pressures.  "This slight disturbance formed in the 
western Gulf of Mexico from a wave in the easterlies, and, through reconnaissance flights, a 
complete circulation was verified July 19" (MWR).

July 20: 
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.6N, 92.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
45 kt tropical storm at 27.9N, 93.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 25.9N, 92.7W and a 12Z position near 27.6N, 92.5W.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a broad low of 
at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 26.8N, 93.5W.  33 kt (max 5-min) with 
~1014 mb at Port Arthur around ~00UTC (OMR).  "Pilot balloon reports from stations along the 
coast later indicated that the circulation existed to at least 15,000 feet and probably extended to 
20,000 feet.  Despite this deep circulation, the disturbance remained weak throughout its 3-day 
history, and it is not likely that gales over 45 to 50 miles per hour were associated with it at the 
time of its greatest development" (MWR).
 
July 21
HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough near 27N, 94W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm near 27.8N, 95.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
28.2N, 93.6W and a 12Z position near 28.5N, 95W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
00Z position near 28N, 94.3W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows 
a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 27.3N, 95.1W.  No gales or low pressures.  "Occasional 
squalls and rough seas were encountered along the coast from Grand Isle, La., to Port Aransas, 
Tex." (MWR).

July 22:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb inland near 23.5N, 100W.  HURDAT last lists this 
system at 06Z as a 15 kt tropical depression at 26.2N, 98.2W.  The MWR post-season track map 
last shows this system at 00Z near 26.8N, 97.2W.  No gales or low pressures.  "By the time the 
center moved inland, the storm had dissipated to such an extent that only fresh winds and a few 
scattered squalls were reported" (MWR).

Genesis of this system was unchanged.  The original track of this tropical cyclone is an "n" shape 
between the 19th and 22nd.  On the 19th, the track displays a more northward motion, with a sharp 
turn to the west the 20th, southwest on the 21st, and south-southwest on the 22nd.  The revised 
track shows the storm starting farther east, with a slow west-northwestward motion followed by 
a 30 degree turn to left (a west-southwestward motion).  The change at 06Z on the 19th at the 
initial point constitutes the only major change to the track of the cyclone.  The remainder of the 
track changes are minor revisions.  There are no available observations of gale force with this 
storm even though these observations were apparently close to the center.  Development of the 
cyclone into a tropical storm is delayed 18 hours to 00Z on the 20th.  This is because aircraft 
observations on the 19th indicate a very weak circulation on that day - definitely below tropical 
storm strength.  Additionally, the 45 kt peak intensity is lowered to 35 kt on the 20th and 21st.  
The aircraft flight on the morning of the 20th failed to find any gale force winds, although the 
winds were slightly stronger than on the 19th. Additionally, Port Arthur recorded a maximum 5-
min wind of 33 kts (with 1014 mb) around 00Z on the 20th with the analyzed position of the TX 
about 215 nm SSE of Port Arthur. Therefore, the cyclone is kept as a tropical storm and it is 
analyzed that the system impacted Texas with tropical storm force sustained winds. In agreement 
with MWR Tracks of Lows, the revised HURDAT shows the cyclone dissipating before 12Z on 
the 22nd, just before landfall in Texas would have occurred.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 3 - Revised in 2013

32825 08/01/1945 M= 4  3 SNBR= 726 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0  
32825 08/02/1945 M= 3  3 SNBR= 726 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *
(The 1st is removed from HURDAT.)                   
32830 08/01*  0   0   0    0*121 563  35    0*127 572  35    0*131 577  35    0*

32835 08/02*136 583  40    0*141 589  40    0*145 597  40    0*150 607  45    0*
32835 08/02*136 583  35    0*141 589  40    0*145 597  40    0*150 607  45    0*
                     **

32840 08/03*156 620  45    0*161 633  50    0*166 647  50    0*169 662  50    0*
32845 08/04*172 675  50    0*176 687  45    0*180 698  35    0*184 709  25    0*
32845 08/04*172 675  50    0*176 687  50    0*181 700  50    0*187 713  30    0*
                                      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
32850 TS

Minor track and intensity changes are implemented with this tropical storm.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the 
Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

July 31:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 10N, 54.5W.  HURDAT does 
not list this system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.2N, 57.3W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.7N, 57.2W.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 1545Z at 15.0N, 
54.9W (micro).  Two other aircraft gales.  "The disturbance appeared east of the Lesser Antilles 
on August 1" (MWR).

August 2:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 60.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 14.5N, 59.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 
14.7N, 59.7W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 14.8N, 59.3W.  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 18Z at 15.5N, 58.5W (micro).  One other gale.  "...moved west-
northwestward between the islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica on the 2nd..." (MWR).

August 3:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.7N, 64.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
50 kt tropical storm at 16.6N, 64.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 15.8N, 62.5W and a 12Z position near 16.5N, 65.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
1005 mb near 16.5N, 65W.  No gales or low pressures.  "...and during the 3rd passed south of 
Puerto Rico." (MWR).

August 4:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18N, 69.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 
kt tropical storm at 18.0N, 69.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
17.5N, 67.8W and a 12Z position near 18.2N, 69.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 
mb centered near 18.6N, 69.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  "It crossed the southern coast line 
of the Dominican Republic west of Ciudad Trujillo on the 4th and dissipated as it moved inland.  
No winds over Beaufort force 9 (47 to 54 mph) accompanied the storm at any stage" (MWR).

August 5:  HWM analyzes an open low near 18N 74W over Haiti.  HURDAT no longer lists this 
system.  No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT started this storm at 06Z on 1 August.  In the microfilm maps, the solid wind vectors 
are flight level winds, while the dashed wind vectors are surface wind estimates.  While the 
system had a closed circulation at 7,000 to 10,000 ft above the ocean, at the surface the system 
was an open wave on the 11th.  The system appears to have become closed around 00Z on the 
2nd, which is now when genesis is indicated.  The cyclone at that time was accompanied by 35 kt 
winds, so the system is begun as a tropical storm.  The only track changes were made to the last 
two points, at 12 and 18Z on the 4th.  The position is shifted slightly to the northwest, close to 
and inland over Hispaniola, respectively.  Regarding the intensity, limited data from the Lesser 
Antilles indicates that the central pressure was likely below 1005 mb when the cyclone passed 
through between 18Z on the 2nd and 00Z on the 3rd. No change is made to the 45 kt winds listed 
in HURDAT at the time. Peak winds of 50 kt on the 3rd and 4th are unchanged.  The largest 
intensity change was 10 kt stronger, at 12Z on the 4th.  Santo Domingo received observed winds 
of at least 30 kt, and that city may have been close to the RMW around 14Z, but this is uncertain.  
The storm was still over water at this time, so a continuity of 50 kt up until landfall around 14Z 
on the 4th is employed instead of 35 kt, as indicated originally in HURDAT.  Dissipation after 
18Z on the 4th is unchanged from that in HURDAT originally, after the system made landfall.  
The remnants of the cyclone were in the vicinity of eastern Cuba on the 5th, but did not appear to 
have a closed circulation any longer.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 4 - Revised in 2013

32855 08/17/1945 M= 5  4 SNBR= 727 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
32860 08/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*174 553  35    0*
32860 08/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*174 535  35    0*
                                                                   ***
                  
32865 08/18*177 564  45    0*179 575  50    0*182 585  55    0*185 596  60    0*
32865 08/18*177 549  45    0*179 564  55    0*182 580  60    0*185 597  60    0*
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  

32870 08/19*189 608  60    0*194 624  55    0*200 642  50    0*205 657  50    0*
32870 08/19*188 615  60    0*192 633  55    0*196 650  50    0*201 667  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32875 08/20*210 672  45    0*215 688  40    0*219 705  40    0*225 723  35    0*
32875 08/20*206 683  45    0*211 699  40    0*214 718  40    0*216 738  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

32880 08/21*231 743  30    0*236 760  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32880 08/21*218 756  30    0*220 772  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***

32885 TS

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes were implemented with this storm.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

August 17:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 15N, 54.5W.  HURDAT first 
lists this system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.4N, 55.3W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"When first detected by aircraft reconnaissance on August 17, this storm was centered near 
latitude 17-18 N, longitude 53-54 W, and showed a circulation with highest winds of Beaufort 
force 7 to 8 (32 to 54 mph)" (MWR).

August 18:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 18N, 57.5W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 58.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
position near 18N, 58W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 18.5N, 58.5W.  
Aircraft highlights: 65 kt E at 1330Z at 19.3N, 58.2W (micro).  Five other aircraft gales.  "It 
reached its greatest development on August 18, when reconnaissance reported winds of 65 knots 
in the vicinity of latitude 19N, longitude 61W.  From this point, it began to lose intensity as it 
continued on a west-northwest course" (MWR).

August 19:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough of low pressure near 21N, 64.5W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20N, 64.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 19N, 61.4W and a 12Z position near 19.8N, 64.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 1005 mb near 20N, 65W.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E at 1345Z at 21.4N, 64.5W (micro).  
Two other gales.

August 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20.8N, 70.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 
kt tropical storm at 21.9N, 70.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
21N, 67.7W and a 12Z position near 22N, 71.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb 
centered near 21.4N, 71.1W.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt E at 2030Z at 23.1N, 72.8W (micro).  
One other gale.  "By the morning of the 20th, when the center reached the vicinity of Turks 
Island, the highest winds were only 35 to 40 mph" (MWR).

August 21:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, in fact it only analyzes a weak trough.  HURDAT last lists 
this system at 6Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.6N, 76.0W.  The MWR post-season track 
map last shows this at 00Z near 22.7N, 74.7W.  Microfilm also just analyzes a weak trough.  No 
gales or low pressures.  "Dissipation took place over the ocean between Cuba and the Bahama 
Islands during the night of August 20-21" (MWR).

No changes were made to the genesis of this cyclone.  Throughout the lifetime of this system, the 
track had minor adjustments made to it.  On the 19th through the 21st, the new track is to the 
south and west of the HURDAT track.  These changes were made mostly based on observations 
from microfilm and HWM.  The peak intensity of 60 kt is unchanged. Although aircraft 
estimated surface winds of 65 kt at one observation point on the 18th, this alone is not enough 
evidence to justify changing this from a tropical storm to a hurricane given the rudimentary 
methods for estimating wind speeds from reconnaissance during the mid-1940s. However, it is 
possible that the system briefly became a hurricane.  If so, a reasonable analog for this system is 
Hurricane Debby from 2000.  Weakening in accordance with HURDAT follows beginning on 
the 19th with no further changes because there are no additional wind speed observations higher 
than the HURDAT intensity.  No changes were made to the dissipation of this cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 5 - Revised in 2013

32130 08/24/1945 M= 6  5 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2  
32130 08/24/1945 M= 6  5 SNBR= 712 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                                                          *

32135 08/24*  0   0   0    0*194 940  60    0*209 947  60    0*216 952  65    0*
32135 08/24*205 944  40    0*213 947  45    0*220 950  50    0*226 953  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32140 08/25*224 957  70    0*234 961  75    0*243 964  80    0*249 966  85    0*
32140 08/25*233 956  60    0*240 958  70    0*247 960  80    0*253 962  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

32145 08/26*254 967  90    0*260 968  95    0*266 968 100    0*270 968 105    0*
32145 08/26*259 964  90    0*265 966  95    0*270 968 100    0*273 969 100    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** *** ***

32150 08/27*273 968 110    0*278 965 115    0*282 962 115  963*286 961 120  966*
32150 08/27*275 970 100    0*278 970 100    0*282 967 100  963*286 963  90  966*
            *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***  **

32155 08/28*291 960 120  968*295 960  65  980*299 961  50  987*306 964  40  993*
32155 08/28*289 961  75    0*294 960  65  980*299 961  50  987*305 963  40  993*
            *** ***  **  *** ***                               *** ***  

32160 08/29*310 966  35  998*315 971  30 1002*318 975  25 1006*321 979  20 1009*

32165 HRBTX2 
32165 HRATX1BTX3CTX1 
        ************

U.S. Landfall: 8/27/1945 ~12 UTC - 28.2N, 96.7W - 10 nm RMW - 963 mb - 100 kt - 1010 mb 
OCI - 150 nm ROCI

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, Monthly Weather 
Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps 
available via microfilm at NHC, the Daily Weather Map series, an unpublished U.S. Engineer 
Office report, the COADS ship database, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et 
al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 23:
HWM indicates an open low near 27N, 95W.  HURDAT does not start this system until 06Z on 
the 24th.  The MWR Tracks of the Centers of Cyclones does not begin this system until 12Z on 
the 24th.  No gales or low pressures.

August 24:
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 25N, 95W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Tropical Storm at 20.9N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and 
Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 21.8N, 94.9W (a.m.) and at 23.2, 95.5W (p.m.). Ship 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: 50kt at 21N, 93W at 1530 UTC (USWB). "The storm formed in an area of squalls 
which had persisted for several days over the Gulf of Campeche, near latitude 21.5N, longitude 
95W. It rapidly developed into a hurricane during the morning of August 24 and began a 
northward movement at a rate of 8 to 10 mph. This rate of forward movement continued during 
the 24th and the 25th" (MWR).

August 25:
HWM indicates a storm with a center at approximately 26N, 96W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 24.3N, 96.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes 
and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 24.8N, 96W (a.m.) and at 25.9N, 97W (p.m.). Ship 
highlight: 35 kt E with pressure of 1011mb at 24N, 92W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Station 
highlight: 39 kt NNE and 1006 mb at Port Isabel at 1830 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 75-
80 kt NW at 25N, 96.3W at 1140 UTC (USWB).

August 26:
HWM indicates a storm with a center at approximately 26.5N, 97W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 26.6N, 96.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes 
and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 27N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 28.3N, 96W (p.m.) Ship 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 72 kt NNE with pressure at 995mb at 
Corpus Christi at 2200 UTC (SWO). Aircraft highlight: 43 kt SE at 27N, 96.8W at 1745 UTC 
(USWB). "As the storm neared the coast on the 26th, the speed of translation dropped to about 5 
mph, a rate which was maintained until the center moved inland near Port Aransas" (MWR).  
"Estm. position storm at 25.7 96.4 intensity 105 mph" at 0030 UTC (USWB).

August 27:
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 28N, 97W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
Category 4 hurricane at 28.2N, 96.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes 
and Tropical Disturbances showed a center at 28.9N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 29.9N, 96.3W (p.m.) 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: 967 mb (possible central pressure?) 
at Camp Hulen, Palacios at 2000 UTC (SWO); 91 kt E-W at 1830-2030 UTC ("Anemometer 
cups blown away by wind registering 105 miles per hour", likely a gust) and 968 mb pressure 
(peripheral) at 16 UTC at Port O'Connor (MWR, DWM); 983 mb between 03-05 UTC at Port 
Aransas (DWM). Aircraft highlight: 48 kt SSE at 27.3N, 95.9W at 1400 UTC (USWB). "Winds 
accompanying the storm were estimated as high as 135 miles per hour at Seadrift, Port 
O'Connor, and Port Lavaca...  At [Port Aransas] a 20-minute lull in the wind between 1 a.m. and 
2 a.m. on the 27th indicated passage of the calm eye of the storm. On the 27th the center also 
passed a short distance south of Seadrift, Tex., at about 10 a.m., and slightly north of Port 
O'Connor about 11 a.m. Neither place experienced a calm, although they are only 19 miles apart" 
(MWR). "Also, the lowest reliable barometer reading was recorded at Camp Hulen, Palacios, 
Tex., on August 27 about 3 p.m. It was 28.57 inches (967.5 mb), only 0.02 inch higher than the 
low reported for Galveston in the disastrous hurricane of September 8, 1900" (MWR). "Three 
deaths were attributed directly to the hurricane: two men were drowned at Port Isabel when their 
small boat crashed into the jetties, and one person was killed about eight miles north-northeast of 
Houston in a small tornado that developed in the storm circulation on August 27" (MWR).  
"Tropical Cyclones in Texas - Aug. 26-27 - Middle Coast - Extreme [Category 4 or 5] - 3 killed - 
$20,133,000 in damage" (Dunn and Miller).  "Aug. 27 - 968 mb central pressure - 18 nmi RMW 
- 4 kt forward speed - landfall position 28.5N 96.2W" (Ho et al.).  "1005 mb environmental 
pressure - 80 kt maximum sustained surface wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al.).  "TX - Category 
2 - Central coast - 967 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.).  "Center crossed coast near 
Palacios, 967 mb minimum central pressure" (Connor).  "Reconnaissance flights by military 
planes into the vicinity of the hurricane while it was in the Gulf of Mexico greatly aided in 
determining the position and future movements of the storm.  Without the information obtained 
from these flights, it would have been difficult if not impossible to issue advisories as accurately 
and so far in advance as was the case with this storm.  Reconnaissance pilots located the storm in 
the Bay of Campeche and determined its dangerous character well before these facts would have 
been known otherwise" (Daily Weather Map series).  "[The hurricane] followed the Texas 
coastline for nearly 100 miles before it passed inland 5 or 6 miles west of Port Aransas on the 
morning of August 27" (U.S. Engineer Office).

August 28:
HWM indicates a small low near 29N, 96W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm at 29.9N, 
96.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances 
showed a center at 31N, 97W (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 97.5W (p.m.). Ship highlight: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlight: 976mb at Bay City between 3 and 4 UTC (MWR). Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Slow progression accounted for excessive precipitation 
along the coast and for a considerable distance inland. At Houston, for instance, 9.39 inches fell 
in a 6-hour period ending at 2:30 a.m., August 28. Rainfall along the coast, estimated as high as 
30 inches, added to the flooding and damage caused by the wind-impounded waters of the Gulf" 
(MWR).  "The storm decreased slightly in intensity as it moved inland, but winds of hurricane 
force were still reported over a small area near the center early on the 28th" (Daily Map Series).

August 29:
HWM indicates a closed low at approximately 31N, 98W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Depression at 31.8N, 97.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and 
Tropical Disturbances showed a center 32N, 98.5W (a.m.) and at 32.5N, 99W (p.m.). Ship 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. "Continuing a northeastward movement parallel to the 
coast, the storm began to recurve toward the northwest as it passed west of Matagorda and 
dissipated in the interior of Texas on the 29th" (MWR). 

Genesis begun six hours earlier (at 00 UTC on the 24th) to account for a well-developed vortex 
by the time aircraft reconnaissance reached the system around 14 UTC on the 24th.  This change 
also corrects for an unrealistically abrupt movement in the system's first six hours and for a more 
gradual spin-up than starting the system at 60 kt.  An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 23rd 
indicated that the system was an open trough.  Small track changes are introduced for all but the 
29th based upon aircraft reconnaissance and land station data.  (Due to World War II, few ship 
observations were available operationally or from COADS.)  Intensity originally was quickly 
brought up from a tropical storm on the 24th, to a Category 1 on the 25th, to a Category 3 on the 
26th, to a Category 4 on the 27th until landfall.  Aircraft observations - which were relying upon 
estimates of wind from visual assessments of the wind effects on the ocean - did suggest that 
hurricane force was reached on the 25th. However, the aircraft reconnaissance did not provide 
any central pressure readings, or any confirmation of Category 3 or 4 winds.  The most complete 
analysis of its intensity was at landfall, which was then used to adjust the maximum winds 
during the preceding day.  Intensity is unaltered from that shown in HURDAT late on the 25th 
and on the 26th, as data was quite sparse and the values shown appear to be reasonable.

Port Aransas was apparently inside the RMW early on 27 August with a pressure of 983 mb.  A 
20 min lull occurred at that city between 06-07Z, though the Daily Weather Map listed 03-05Z 
as the time of the 983 mb lowest pressure.  Perhaps because of this apparent disagreement, the 
MWR table did not list a time for the lowest pressure.  One possibility is that a lower pressure 
occurred during the lull during 06-07Z, though this value was not recorded.  Because of this 
uncertainty, the 983 mb pressure value is not considered a central pressure and is not added into 
HURDAT.  It is noted that the U.S. Engineer Office indicated that the center passed west of Port 
Aransas.  Unfortunately, there is no wind data from Port Aransas.  The closest wind observations 
early on the 27th were from Corpus Christi which clearly indicated a track well to the east of that 
location, as winds shifted from NE to NW during the day.  The track of the hurricane is moved 
considerably closer to the coast, just offshore (~5 nm) east of Port Aransas at 06Z. The hurricane 
made landfall at 28.2N 96.7W south of Seadrift and southwest of Port O'Connor, Texas around 
12 UTC on the 27th.  Despite numerous reports of estimated (visually) wind gusts of up to about 
120 kt, the highest observed winds were 91 kt at Port O'Connor (with the anemometer cups 
blowing away at that point with no further measurements available).  A possible central pressure 
of 967 mb was recorded at Palacios around 20 UTC, about four hours after landfall.  Utilizing 
the Ho (1987) inland pressure decay model, this suggests a central pressure of 963 mb using the 
Florida peninsula version (to account for the hurricane primarily passing over Matagorda Bay 
after making initial landfall on the Texas barrier islands.  963 mb is slightly lower than the Ho et 
al. and Jarrell et al. estimate of 967 mb, which essentially assumed that the Palacios reading was 
a landfall value.  963 mb suggests winds of 92 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-
wind relationship and 96 kt for the subset of intensifying systems.  The center apparently passed 
between Seadrift and Port O'Connor with neither station reporting a calm.  Seadrift and Port 
O'Connor are 17 nm apart, and if the reported lack of calm is correct the eye diameter was 
smaller than that.  In turn, that means the 18 nm RMW from Ho et al. is substantially too large.  
An RMW of 10 nm is now analyzed.  Given the slow speed of motion for this system at landfall 
(about 5 kt) and but the quite small RMW size (10 nm versus 20 nm climatologically from 
Vickery et al. 2000), 100 kt is chosen for the maximum sustained winds at landfall.  Category 3 
at landfall along the central Texas coast is an upgrade from the Jarrell et al. Category 2 
assessment, but requires a reduction in winds on the 26th and 27th.  Due to observed hurricane 
conditions along a large stretch of the coast because of the near-parallel track, Category 1 
impacts are also included for south Texas coast (south of Corpus Christi) and the north Texas 
coast (north of Matagorda Bay).  Peak observed winds after landfall were 91+ kt (likely a gust) at 
18 UTC on the 27th, 39 kt at 00 UTC on the 28th, 35 kt at 06 UTC, and below gale force at 12 
UTC.  Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model suggests winds of 69 
kt, 53 kt, 40 kt, and 31 kt, accordingly.  Because of the transit of the system over a partial water 
terrain for the first several hours after landfall, winds are chosen above the model, though at 00 
UTC the winds chosen are substantially lower than originally in HURDAT.  Additionally, 
keeping the system hurricane force through 06 UTC on the 28th agrees with the assessment 
described in the Daily Map Series.  No changes were made to the decay phase of the system.  
Unlike most hurricanes of its era, estimates had already been provided of the central pressure 
from just before landfall up until final dissipation.  All of these value looked reasonable 
(including the pre-landfall one which agreed exactly with our landfall central pressure), except 
for 00 UTC on the 28th which appears to be a few millibars too low.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 6 - Revised in 2013

32930 08/29/1945 M= 4  6 SNBR= 729 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
32935 08/29*  0   0   0    0*130 826  35    0*142 818  35    0*148 815  40    0*
32935 08/29*  0   0   0    0*136 823  35    0*142 818  35    0*148 815  40    0*
                             *** ***                            

32940 08/30*155 813  40    0*164 815  45    0*172 822  50    0*176 832  50    0*
32945 08/31*177 844  50    0*178 859  45    0*177 873  40    0*174 886  35  993*
32945 08/31*177 844  55    0*178 856  55    0*177 869  60    0*174 882  60  990*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  ***

32950 09/01*172 894  25    0*167 906  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
32950 09/01*172 894  40    0*171 904  30    0*170 913  25    0*170 920  25    0*
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32955 TS

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are introduced for this strong tropical storm 
that made a landfall at Belize City, Belize.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and 
NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps. 

August 29:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 82W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 
kt tropical storm at 14.2N, 81.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, in a trough near 16.8N, 82.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt 
tropical storm at 17.2N, 82.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 17.4N, 
82.2W.  Microfilm, although showing a closed low at 00Z, does not show a closed low, but a 
trough instead.  No gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance formed in the Caribbean Sea east 
of Belize on the 30th and moved westward into British Honduras" (MWR).

August 31:
HWM does not analyze a low, but does analyze a strong trough that is almost closed off.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.7N, 87.3W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 17.8N, 84.2W and a 12Z position near 18N, 87.3W.  Microfilm shows 
a low of at most 996 mb centered near 17.7N, 86.8W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E at 7Z at 20.0N, 
84.5W (micro).  Land highlights: Calm and 990 mb at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) around 1730 
UTC (MWR); 993 mb at 1930Z at Belize City (MWR).  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt E at 1530Z at 
17.7N, 87.4W (micro).  Three other gales.  "Belize, over which the center passed on the 31st, 
reported an almost complete calm at 12:30 pm and a low pressure of 29.33 inches (993 mb) at 
2:30 pm.  Winds of hurricane force did not accompany the storm at the surface, but it is believed 
that velocities of 60 mph marked its entire course.  Actual wind damage was slight, but excessive 
rains and high tides resulted in flooding portions of Belize 2 to 3 feet...Maximum wind velocity 
reported - 60 miles per hour reported from airplane east of Belize.  Lowest pressure reported - 
989.3 millibars (29.23 inches) at Belize" (MWR).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a low, not closed, located in a trough near 18N, 88.5W.  HURDAT last lists this 
system at 6Z as a 20 kt tropical depression at 16.7N, 90.6W.  The MWR post-season track map 
last shows this system at 00Z near 17.4N, 89.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb 
centered in the general vicinity of 17.3N, 90.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  Regarding the 
storm tide... "Disturbance inland.  Water over sea wall at Belize City.  Three feet of water in the 
street" (Sep 01 0030Z Microfilm).

There were no changes made to the genesis of this system.  The first position on the 29th was 
adjusted to provide a more realistic initial motion.  The other track changes introduced for the 
31st and 1st were near and after the time of landfall.  On the 31st, the 12Z and 18Z positions are 
shifted about half a degree to the east based on available observations from HWM and 
microfilm.  The system made landfall around 18Z on the 31st near Belize City.  There were 
observations of 50 kt at the surface from aircraft just prior to landfall, but a 990 mb central 
pressure was recorded at Belize City as the center passed overhead.  990 mb gives 64 kt from the 
Brown south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The size and speed of the storm are about 
average.  60 kt is chosen since damage reports indicate that wind damage was slight and the 
MWR text suggests that winds of hurricane force did not accompany this storm at the surface.  
However, this system may have been a minimal hurricane.  Major intensity changes were thus 
made at these 12 and 18Z times on the 31st.  The 12Z intensity is changes from 40 kt to 60 kt, 
and the 18Z intensity is changed from 35 kt to 60 kt.  A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay 
model suggests winds of 42 kt for 00Z on the 1st.  40 kt (up from 25 kt originally) is indicated at 
this point.  Dissipation of the system is delayed 12 hours to 00Z on the 2nd, as observations 
indicate that a closed circulation existed longer than originally listed.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 7 - Revised in 2013

32960 09/03/1945 M= 4  7 SNBR= 730 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0             
32965 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 840  35    0*
32965 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 846  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

32970 09/04*216 833  35    0*234 825  35    0*247 821  35    0*257 821  35    0*
32970 09/04*221 838  30    0*232 828  30    0*244 821  35    0*255 820  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** ***  **

32975 09/05*267 823  35    0*279 838  35    0*287 854  30    0*291 869  30    0*
32975 09/05*265 821  35    0*275 838  35    0*285 860  30    0*293 875  30    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

32980 09/06*295 883  30    0*303 896  25    0*311 908  20    0*319 919  15    0*
32980 09/06*300 888  30    0*307 898  25    0*313 908  25    0*319 919  20    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***      **               **
32985 TS

U.S. Landfall:
9/5/1945 - 0000Z - 26.5N 82.1W - 35 kt

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this minimal tropical 
storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from 
NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and Perez et al. (2000).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 82.5W.  HWM also analyzes a 
trough of low pressure extending from north of Honduras southward and westward into the east 
Pacific.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm does not plot a closed low.  No 
gales or low pressures (the one ship that reports low pressures is biased 4 to 5 mb too low).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 84.1W.  HURDAT first lists this 
system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 84.0W.  The MWR tracks for centers of 
cyclones has a 12Z position near 19N, 84W.  Microfilm shows a very broad low with a 1011 mb 
contour closed off over the western Caribbean and Yucatan Peninsula.  No gales or low 
pressures.

September 4:
HWM analyzes a large, elongated low of at most 1010 mb with the "L" plotted near 24.6N, 
83.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.7N, 82.1W.  The MWR tracks for 
centers of cyclones has a 00Z position near 21.6N, 82.9W and a 12Z position near 24.2N, 82W.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 83.9W and a 12Z position 
near the HWM position.  Microfilm shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Highlights: 
45 kt S (fastest mile/elevated at 68 m) at Miami at 1702Z (WB); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 18Z 
near Marathon, FL (micro); 40 kt S (elevated - likely Alligator Reef) and 1010 mb at 18Z near 
Islamorada, FL (micro); 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 25.1N, 80.2W (micro); 34 kt S (max 5-
min wind/elevated) at Miami at 1813Z (WB).  "A slight disturbance moved northward out of the 
Caribbean Sea, across western Cuba and into the Florida Peninsula near Fort Myers during 
September 3-4" (MWR).  This system is not listed as a tropical storm strike for Cuba (Perez).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb in the general vicinity of 29N, 86.5W, with the 
SW end of a SW-NE warm front almost touching the NE side of the 1010 mb isobar.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 28.7N, 85.4W.  The MWR tracks for centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 82.3W and a 12Z position near 28N, 86W.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows its last point at 00Z with a position near 26.4N, 82.8W.  
Microfilm shows a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 28N, 88W.  
Land highlights: 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.9N, 80.8W (micro).  "The lowest reported 
pressure (for this storm) was 29.77 inches, and the circulation about the center was not strong.  
However, squalls of tropical character, with winds reaching 40 miles per hour and gusts to 50 
miles per hour, prevailed among the Keys and along the southeast Florida coast northward 
beyond Miami.  The only damage reported was to small boats in Miami harbors" (MWR).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.2N, 90.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
20 kt tropical depression at 31.1N, 90.8W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 29N, 88.2W and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 90.3W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
Microfilm shows a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.5N, 90.2W.  No gales or low 
pressures.

No changes are made to the time of genesis, 18Z on the 3rd.  The position at 18Z on the 3rd was 
adjusted about a degree to the northwest.  The position adjustments are very minor around 
southern Florida as changes of a few tenths of a degree were made.  Later in the Gulf of Mexico, 
the track is shifted to the left of the HURDAT track, but then near landfall at the northern Gulf 
Coast, the track is very similar to the HURDAT track again.  There were no intensity changes 
larger than a 5 kt change.  The system is now begun as a tropical depression with tropical storm 
intensity achieved at 12Z on the 4th, north of Cuba.  This is consistent with Perez et al.'s 
assessment of the system being a tropical depression over Cuba.  There was an observation on 
microfilm of a 40 kt wind near or at Islamorada, FL at 18Z on the 4th, but this observation is an 
elevated observation from Alligator Reef Lighthouse. The peak lifetime intensity of 35 kt is 
unchanged from HURDAT originally.  The cyclone made a brief landfall in southwestern Florida 
at 00Z on the 5th at 26.5N, 82.1W near Sanibel Island with maximum winds of 35 kt.  Hourly 
observations from the Fort Myers (26.6N 81.8W) airport show that the center did not go east of 
that location.  However, at 00Z a ship reported north winds at 15 kt (20 mph) at a location of 
26.5N 82.3W - only ~10 nm offshore.  This is the main reason for showing a landfall for this 
minimal tropical storm in southwest Florida, which is consistent with the original HURDAT.  
The system made a second landfall early on the 6th near the border of Mississippi and Louisiana 
as a tropical depression, which is unchanged in intensity from originally indicated.  No change is 
made to the dissipation stage of this cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 8 - Revised in 2013

32990 09/10/1945 M= 3  8 SNBR= 731 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
32990 09/09/1945 M= 4  8 SNBR= 731 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0 
         **         *                           

(The 9th is new to HURDAT.)
32992 09/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*164 583  45    0*174 592  45 1009*

32995 09/10*183 603  35    0*194 610  45    0*204 616  50    0*219 632  50    0*
32995 09/10*183 600  45    0*191 608  45    0*201 618  50    0*213 632  50    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          ***

33000 09/11*236 649  50    0*246 655  50    0*258 661  45    0*275 667  45    0*
33000 09/11*226 649  50    0*240 661  50    0*255 670  45    0*270 673  45    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33005 09/12*294 671  40    0*313 671  40    0*332 671  35    0*351 667  30    0*
33005 09/12*286 674  40    0*303 673  40    0*322 671  35    0*345 667  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***             ****

33010 TS

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are introduced for this tropical storm that 
stayed out over the open waters of the Atlantic.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and 
NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a low in a trough located near 16.7N, 59.3W.  HURDAT does not list a storm on 
this day.  Microfilm locates a storm center by aircraft at 17.6N, 59.4W at 1915Z with sustained 
surface winds of 55 kt and minimum central pressure of 1009 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SE 
at 1630Z at 18.0N, 56.2W (micro).  "A slight disturbance was located east of the Leeward 
Islands on the 9th of September" (MWR).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a trough near the Virgin Islands.  HURDAT lists this system as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 20.4N, 61.6W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT 
position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.1N, 61.8W.  Aircraft 
highlights: 40 kt E at 22.5N, 63.4W at 2145Z (micro).  Two other gales.  "It moved 
northwestward during the 10th" (MWR).

September 11:
HWM does not analyze a closed low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 
66.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.6N, 61.5W and a 
12Z position near 24.7N, 63.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
23N, 64.6W and a 12Z position near 26N, 66.2W.  Microfilm shows a broad low of at most 1011 
mb centered in the general vicinity of 25.2N, 66.5W.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt ESE around 
~1230Z at 23.3N, 63.0W (micro).  "...turned to northward along the 67th meridian on the 11th..." 
(MWR).

September 12:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a cold front approaching a few hundred miles 
west of the HURDAT position.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 67.1W.  
The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 64W, and a 12Z 
position near 32N, 65.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 
67W and a 12Z position near 33N, 66.9W.  Microfilm does not show a closed low.  Aircraft 
highlights: 35 kt S at 0915Z at 30.7N, 66.0W (micro).  One other gale.  "...and began to 
dissipate as it passed about 100 miles west of Bermuda on the 12th.  The storm did not develop a 
well-defined circulation, although at the time it was centered northeast of the Leeward Islands 
reports from reconnaissance planes indicated winds of 60 miles per hour" (MWR).

September 13:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, but shows a frontal boundary off of the U.S. East coast.  
HURDAT's last position was at 18Z on the 12th.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
showed a final position at 00Z on the 13th of 36N 65W.  No gales or low pressures.

Two 6-hourly positions are added to the beginning of this storm.  HURDAT started this storm at 
00Z on the 10th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  At 1915Z on the 9th, an aircraft performed a center fix 
on the storm, located at 17.6N, 59.4W.  The aircraft visually estimated maximum surface winds 
of 55 kt 20 miles from the center.  However, the aircraft measured a minimum central pressure in 
the center of 1009 mb.  This pressure information hints that the maximum winds were 
overestimated by the aircraft.  1009 mb gives 29 kt according to the Brown pressure-wind 
relationship for south of 25N.  An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z splitting the difference 
between the aircraft wind estimate the winds given from the pressure-wind relationship.  On the 
10th and 11th, the track of the storm is shifted slightly to the left (southwest). On the morning of 
the 11th, aircraft observations indicate a latitude west of the original HURDAT latitude due to 
southerly winds as far west as 66.5W in the circulation of the TC.   On the 12th at 12Z, the storm 
is analyzed to be due west of Bermuda, a degree south of HURDAT's position.  The only 
intensity change made was the 00Z intensity of the 10th to reflect the earlier start time for this 
storm taking into account the given starting intensity.  The 35 kt is raised to 45 kt at that time.  
No changes were made to the timing of dissipation.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 9 - Revised in 2013

32255 09/12/1945 M= 9  9 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
32255 09/12/1945 M= 9  9 SNBR= 716 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                                                          *                     

32260 09/12*190 566  65    0*191 582  70    0*192 597  75    0*192 615  80    0*
32260 09/12*190 585  65    0*191 599  70    0*192 613  75    0*193 626  80    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***    

32265 09/13*194 633  85    0*195 649  95    0*199 665  95    0*204 683 100    0*
32265 09/13*195 638  85    0*198 649  95    0*202 662  95    0*206 680 100    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***      

32270 09/14*208 700 100    0*213 715 105  977*220 734 105    0*224 745 105    0*
32270 09/14*210 700 100    0*213 717 105    0*216 730 105    0*220 744 105    0*
            ***                  ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  

32275 09/15*230 760 105    0*236 773 110    0*242 785 115    0*249 796 120    0*
32275 09/15*226 758 105    0*234 772 110    0*242 786 115    0*251 800 115  949*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** ***  ***

32280 09/16*257 806 115  951*268 814 110  963*280 818  85  974*289 818  65  982*
32280 09/16*259 809 100  954*266 815  85  963*275 818  75  974*285 817  70  982*
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      ***      **      *** ***  **

32285 09/17*298 816  55  987*310 812  50  990*322 808  45  991*334 804  40  996*
32285 09/17*296 815  65  987*310 812  60  990*323 808  60  990*334 803  50  996*
            *** ***  **                       ***      **  ***     ***  ** 

32290 09/18*346 799  40 1000*358 793  35 1006*370 785  35 1012E386 772  30    0*
32290 09/18*344 799  50 1000*356 793  45 1006E368 785  40 1012E383 770  35    0*
            ***      **      ***      **     ****      **      *** ***  **

32295 09/19E406 753  25    0E427 727  25    0E441 694  25    0E451 655  25    0*
32295 09/19E403 750  30    0E423 724  25    0E441 690  25    0E451 650  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***              ***

32300 09/20E456 606  25    0E463 548  25    0E470 490  25    0E479 461  25    0*
32300 09/20E456 606  30    0E463 548  30    0E470 490  35    0E479 461  35    0*
                     **               **               **               **

32305 HRCFL3                                                                    
32305 HRCFL4BFL3DFL1                                                                  
        ************

U.S. Landfalls:  
9/15 1930Z  25.3 80.3  115 kt 949 mb RMW 10 nm  OCI 1011 mb  ROCI 125 nm
9/15 2000Z  25.4 80.4  115 kt 949 mb RMW 10 nm  OCI 1011 mb  ROCI 125 nm
9/17 1100Z  32.1 80.9   60 kt  990 mb OCI 1013 mb  ROCI 275 nm

Minor track and major intensity changes are made to this cyclone that made landfall in the 
Bahamas and Southeast Florida as a major hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor 
(1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. 
(1992).

September 12:
HWM shows a weak low pressure centered near 15.5 N 61W. HURDAT list this as Category 1 
hurricane at 19.2N 59.7W at 12UTC. The MWR tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical 
Disturbances showed a center at 19N 59.5W (am) and 19.5N 63.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 47kt 
NW at 20UTC at 18.9N 62.4W (NHC).  "It was first noted east of the Leeward Islands on 
September 11" (MWR).  

September 13:
HWM indicates a hurricane centered near 19.8 N 66.2W. HURDAT list this as a Category 2 
hurricane at 19.9 N 66.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical 
Disturbances showed a center at 20N 66W (am) 22N 69W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. Aircraft highlights: 48kt NNE at 
1200UTC at 21.0N 65.8W (NHC);  "105K at flight level, 120K at sfc etd" (NHC).  "This system 
was noticed moving west-northwestward passing north over Puerto Rico during the morning of 
the 13th" (MWR).

September 14:
HWM shows a hurricane centered near 23.5N 73.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 
hurricane at 22N 73.4W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical 
Disturbance showed a center at 22.5N 72W (am) 23.5N 75.5 (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressure. Station highlights: 91 kt (no time - fastest mile) and 1001mb at Clarence Town, 
Bahamas at 1900 UTC (MWR) and 977mb at Turks Islands at 0530UTC (MWR). Aircraft 
highlights: 52kt S at 0200UTC at 21.8N 71.8W (NHC), Center fix of 21.7N 73.7W at 1415UTC 
(NHC). "The storm began a gradual curvature to the northwest while passing over the Great 
Bahama Bank...Turks Island reported gusts reaching 150 miles per hour (estimated)."(MWR) 

September 15:
HWM shows a hurricane centered near 24.5N 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 at 
24.5N 78.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances 
showed a center at 24N 79.5W (am) 25.5N 81W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressures. Station highlights: 951mb at 2055UTC at Homestead, FL (Army base) (MWR). 107kt 
SW at Carysfort Reef Light at 1935 UTC (MWR). 953mb at Carysfort Reef Light at 1900 UTC 
(MWR). Aircraft highlights: 65kt SE at 1900UTC at 24.9N 80.0W (NHC).  "The hurricane 
struck inland on the south Florida coast over the northern end of Key Largo about 3:30pm on 
September 15th. Moving inland, the center passed almost directly over Homestead Army Air 
Base. After leaving the cities of the south coast, the hurricane traversed the swamplands of the 
Everglades for about 150 miles. La Belle, on Lake Okeechobee, was the only town to feel the 
full force of the winds in this area. Reports indicate that every house in town was damaged." 
(MWR)  "1009 mb environmental pressure, 101 kt max 1 min equivalent wind at landfall" 
(Schwerdt et al.).  "Landfall at 25.3N 80.3W, Central pressure at landfall 951 mb observed in 
Homestead, FL, RMW 12 nmi, Speed of motion 10 kt" (Ho et al.).  "FL, SE3, 951 mb central 
pressure" (Jarrell et al.).

September 16:
HWM shows a hurricane center near 27.8N 82W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane 
at 28.0N 81.8W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical 
Disturbances showed a center at 27N 83W (am) and 29.9N 82.9W (pm). Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressure. Station highlights: 985 mb at Ft. Myers, FL at 0500UTC (MWR), 70kt SE 
at Miami (CO) at 0000UTC (OMR), 70 kt E (fastest mile) at Moore Haven at 0730UC (MWR); 
70kt S (fastest mile) at Ponce De Leon light at 1900UTC (MWR). Aircraft highlights: 52kt SSE 
at 0330UTC at 23.5N 75.5W (NHC). "By the time the center reached the rich citrus belt of 
Florida the central pressure had filled approximately an inch, and winds had dropped to 
velocities only slightly in excess of 75 miles per hour, an intensity which was apparently 
maintained until the center reached the Atlantic, near St. Augustine, about 10:00pm"(MWR).

September 17:
HWM shows a tropical depression centered near 33N 80W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical 
Depression at 28.0N 81.8W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical 
Disturbances showed a center at 33N 81.5W (am) and 34.8N 80.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No 
gales or low pressure. Station highlights: 74 kt E (fastest mile - no time - MWR), 992 mb 
minimum pressure at 1145 UTC, 30 kt E (5 min) with 993 mb at 1130 UTC, 39 kt (5 min peak 
winds) at 0830Z with 1002 mb at Paris Island, SC at (SWO, MWR), 50kt E at 0845UTC and 
with pressure at 997mb at 1345UTC at Charleston, SC (WBO) (MWR). "MG 0410E E85-90" 
(Surface Weather Observations for Paris Island - Translation:  "Maximum gust 0410 Eastern 
time, estimated 85-90 mph").  "Skirting over the Georgia coast, the center again moved inland on 
the South Carolina coast near Paris Island, where winds of 80 to 90 miles per hour were reported.  
As the storm began to lose force over the Carolinas, excessive rain caused considerable flooding, 
with resultant crop losses running into millions of dollars. Serious floods occurred along the Pee 
Dee reaching the highest of record. The storm was traced as far as Nova Scotia where it 
dissipated on the 19th" (MWR). 

September 18:
HWM shows a weak low centered near 44.5N 66W. HURDAT list this as a weak low at 37.0N 
78.5W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances 
showed a center at 37N 79W (am) and 40.5N 75.5W (pm). Ship highlights: No gales or low 
pressure. Station highlights: No gales or low pressure. "Parts of Virginia as well as the 
Maryland/DC area are receiving great amounts of rain as the storm is steadily dissipating as the 
low continues north with a warm front leading the storm; it is constantly weakening with winds 
keeping steady between 20 and 40kt. The storm is now dissipating at a steady but fast pace as it 
approaches the Mason-Dixon Line bordering the New England states " (MWR).

September 19:
HWM shows a weak low centered near 44.5N 68W. HURDAT lists this as a weak low at 44.1N 
69.4W at 12UTC. The MWR Tracks of N. Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances 
showed a center at 44.3N 68.5W (am). Ship highlights: No gales or low pressure. Station 
highlights: No gales or low pressure.                                                               

No change to the genesis time of this cyclone.   The system was investigated as to whether it 
began farther east over the tropical North Atlantic.  However, no ship reports could be obtained.  
HURDAT originally started the system as a 65 kt hurricane at 00Z on the 12th.  Minor track 
changes are introduced throughout the lifetime of the cyclone.  Aircraft reconnaissance reached 
the cyclone late on the 12th and visually estimated the surface winds to peak around 50 kt.  It 
appears that the mission was a circumnavigation fix, not a penetration fix.  Therefore, the 50 kt 
surface winds estimated by the crew likely cannot be considered an intensity value, especially 
given the large radii that the aircraft flew around the cyclone.  The original intensity values from 
HURDAT are now retained.  The cyclone certainly existed east of the first position at 00Z on the 
12th, but without any observations this cannot be added.  The cyclone apparently intensified on 
the 13th and a second aircraft reconnaissance mission estimated maximum winds at flight level 
(1500') of 105 kt and estimated surface winds of 120 kt.  Unfortunately, neither of these 
measurements of the era were well-calibrated or reliable.  Additionally, no aircraft central 
pressure measurements were obtained for the lifetime of this cyclone.  The 100 kt intensity at 
18Z the 13th is retained in HURDAT.  On the 14th at 0530Z, the center of the hurricane came 
closer or perhaps went over Turks Island, which observed 977 mb  pressure.  This suggests 
maximum winds of at least 81 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south of 
25N.  Given the uncertainty, this 977 mb value is removed from HURDAT and the original 
intensity of 105 kt retained.  The hurricane also impacted the Bahamas with highest winds 
reported were 91 kt (fastest mile) from Clarence Town, sometime during the 14th.  This is 
consistent with the extreme damage that occurred over the Bahamas and the Category 3 
intensities already included for HURDAT during its passage over the islands of the Bahamas.

The hurricane made landfall in Southeast Florida around 1930UTC on the 15th at 25.3N 80.3W at 
Key Largo and at 2000UTC at 25.4N 80.4W on the mainland.  A 951 mb central pressure was 
observed at the Homestead Army base about an hour (2055UTC) after landfall.  Using the Ho et 
al. pressure-decay model with for the Florida peninsula stratification, this suggests that the 
central pressure at landfall was slightly deeper - 949 mb.  This central pressure suggests winds 
of 112 and 106 kt for the Brown et al. south and north of 25N, respectively.  Perhaps more 
appropriately, for the subset of intensifying tropical cyclones, 949 mb suggests winds of 114 and 
108 kt, respectively.  The hurricane had a small RMW (~10 nm) compared with climatology for 
that central pressure and landfall latitude (17 nm - Vickery et al. 2001).  The outer closed isobar 
of 1011 mb was near average, but the size was a tiny 125 nm radius.  The hurricane had slowed 
somewhat from its previously quick motion, but still made landfall with a forward speed of 11 kt, 
close to average speed.  The small size of the hurricane indicates winds above that from the 
pressure-wind relationship, so 115 kt is chosen as the landfall intensity for southeast Florida.  It 
is of note that the Carysfort Reef Light had a peak 5 min wind of 107 kt at 1936 UTC (which 
converts to a 1-min wind of 113 kt after multiplying by 1.06) and a fastest mile of 120 kt at 1937 
UTC [making this a 26 sec wind] (which converts to a 113 kt 1-min wind after dividing by 1.06.  
Reducing the elevated (~40 m above the ground) anemometer observation of 113 kt wind to the 
standard 10 m gives 102 kt, which is consistent with a landfall intensity of 115 kt.  An interesting 
aspect is that the strongest winds were from the southwest, which suggests the possibility the 
station did not sample the maximum wind of the northwestward-moving hurricane.  While the 
115 kt value for the landfall intensity is slightly less (120 kt) than that previously indicated in 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, it does boost the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale from a 
Category 3 to a Category 4 ("CFL4").  After landfall, the highest observed winds within two 
hours of synoptic times were:  75 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, 70 kt at 06 UTC, 39 kt at 12 UTC, 68 
kt at 18 UTC, and 66 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th.  (The 70 kt fastest mile wind reported at the 
Ponce De Leon light [roughly 40 m above the ground] at 19 UTC converts to 68 kt after 
adjusting to a peak 1 min 10 m wind.)   Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model 
suggests winds of 80, 59, 42, 36, and 39 kt, respectively.  Given the transit of the hurricane over 
the Everglades/Big Cypress as well as movement that kept the center of the hurricane not too far 
from the coast, substantially less decay to the winds may occur than suggested by the Kaplan-
DeMaria model.  Winds are selected to be 100 kt (a major change downward from 115 kt 
originally) at 00 UTC, 85 kt (down from 110 kt) at 06 UTC, 75 kt (down from 85 kt) at 12 UTC, 
70 kt (up from 65 kt) at 18 UTC, and 65 kt (up from 55 kt) at 00 UTC on the 17th in the 
reanalysis.  The winds selected better match the observed high winds on the 16th/early on the 17th 
as well as the reported extreme destruction at inland locations.  This also maintains the system as 
a hurricane all the way across the Florida peninsula until after it briefly reached the Atlantic 
Ocean.  Previously the cyclone was downgraded to a tropical storm at 00 UTC on the 17th just 
south of 30N over northeastern Florida.  Application of the Schwerdt et al. wind model suggests 
that Southwest Florida was impacted by Category 3 winds based upon the revised track and 
intensity.  Thus Southwest Florida is now indicated as experiencing Category 3 winds ("BFL3"), 
while previously HURDAT did not list the area as a hurricane impact.  Farther north in Florida, 
Northeast Florida is also now listed as a hurricane impact based upon the revised track and 
intensity, with Category 1 ("DFL1") conditions as confirmed by the observations along the coast.  

After reaching the Atlantic coast of Florida, the hurricane closely paralleled the Georgia coast 
until making a final landfall near the border of Georgia and South Carolina.  Landfall is 
estimated to have occurred around 11 UTC on the 17th near 32.1N 80.9W.  A 992 mb pressure 
(no wind provided) was recorded at Paris Island (now "Parris Island"), SC at 1145 UTC and 993 
mb with 30 kt E was observed 15 minutes earlier.  This indicates a central pressure of 990 mb, 
which replaces the 991 mb in HURDAT.  990 mb  suggests winds of 59 kt from the Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship.  The radius of the outer closed isobar had expanded to 275 nm and 
the forward speed had accelerated some to 14 kt, neither of which would one expect a large 
deviation from the pressure-wind relationship.  The MWR table had mistakenly indicated that 
Paris Island had a fastest mile wind of 74 kt E.  However, the original records from Paris Island 
show that these were gusts and the strongest sustained (5 min) winds were only 39 kt E at 0830Z.  
Maximum winds at landfall are analyzed to be 60 kt, a high end tropical storm.   The cyclone 
became extratropical around 12 UTC on the 18th, near the North Carolina-Virginia border, which 
is six hours earlier than indicated in HURDAT.  Winds were boosted on the 20th back to gale 
force while the system was still extratropical through available ship observations.  No changes 
were made to the dissipation of this cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 10 - Revised in 2013

33070 10/02/1945 M= 4 10 SNBR= 733 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0           
33070 10/02/1945 M= 6 10 SNBR= 733 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                     
                    *

33075 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 803  60    0*
33075 10/02*  0   0   0    0*155 810  40    0*156 815  50    0*158 820  60    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

33080 10/03*162 826  65    0*164 833  70    0*165 842  80    0*165 856  85  982*
33080 10/03*161 825  65    0*164 831  70    0*166 838  70  987*168 849  75  982*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  

33085 10/04*165 870  80    0*164 883  70    0*162 894  60    0*160 903  50    0*
33085 10/04*166 861  80    0*164 874  80    0*162 887  80    0*160 900  55    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***  **          ***  **

33090 10/05*158 912  35    0*157 922  25    0*155 932  20    0*154 937  15    0*
33090 10/05*158 913  35    0*157 926  30    0*155 940  30    0*155 957  30    0*
                ***              ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.)
33092 10/06*158 977  30    0*163 997  30    0*1701015  30    0*1801027  30    0*
33094 10/07*1931035  30    0*2101041  30    0*2301045  25    0*  0   0   0    0*

33095 HR

Major track and intensity changes are made to this hurricane that impacted Central America.  An 
additional two days were added to this system, as it remained a tropical depression in the 
Northeastern Pacific.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
Series, the COADS ships database, the Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps.

September 30:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16N 84W along the coast of Honduras.  
HURDAT does not list the system on this date.  No gales or low pressures.

October 1:
HWM analyzes a monsoon trough/ITCZ over Central America and the southwestern Caribbean 
Seas.  HURDAT does not list the system on this date.  No gales or low pressures.

October 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm inside a closed contour of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.3N, 
82.6W.  HURDAT firsts lists this at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 80.3W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 16N, 81.8W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
1008 mb centered near 16.2N, 82.4W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1002 mb at 16.2N, 81.6W 
at 18Z (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt SE at 16.0N, 80.4W at 2115Z (micro).  Five other 
gales.  "This disturbance was first detected in the western Caribbean near latitude 16N, longitude 
81-82W on October 2.  From this position, the storm moved west-northwestward and passed 
about 50 miles south of Swan Island.  Light sea swells, indicating a disturbance in the vicinity, 
were first noted during the afternoon of October 1.  They increased in magnitude during the night 
and following morning, and by noon of the following day were very distinct, having a frequency 
of 7 per minute.  Later the frequency dropped to 6 per minute at 4 pm (on the 2nd)" (MWR).

October 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.2N, 84.2W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 16.5N, 84.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 16.3N, 82.8W and a 12Z position near 16.5N, 84W.  Microfilm shows a position 
near the MWR position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 15.7N, 81.7W at 4Z (micro); 
55 kt SE and 1008 mb at 16.2N, 81.5W at 11Z (micro).  One other gale.  Land highlights: 1001 
mb at Swan Island at 1010Z (min pressure) (MWR); 38 kt E (1-min) at Swan Island at 1345Z 
(MWR).  Six other low pressures at Swan Island between 1001-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 85 
kt NE at 16.8N, 84.1W at 14Z (micro); 982 mb pressure estimated from aircraft (MWR).  Three 
other hurricane force wind obs.  Ten tropical storm force wind obs (35-60 kt).  "...and 5 per 
minute the following morning (referring to sea swell frequency on the morning of the 3rd), an 
indication that the storm was of considerable intensity.  A plane on reconnaissance came on the 
storm while it was centered south of Swan Island, and the crew estimated winds at 85 knots with 
a central pressure near 29.00 inches.  At Swan Island a maximum wind (5-min) of 39 mph from 
the east (extreme 1-min wind of 44 mph), was experienced at 8:45 am on the 3rd, with occasional 
gusts at 60 mph; the pressure was 29.57 inches at 5:10 am on that date.  Hundreds of coconut 
palms were uprooted on the island, and practically all banana trees were blown over.  Other 
damage was slight" (MWR).  Microfilm says that an aircraft reported the center at 1504Z to be at 
16.5N, 84.2W with a pressure of 987 mb (29.15 in) (micro).  Microfilm says that at 19Z, the 
center was at 16.9N, 85.1W.

October 4:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered inland near 14.9N, 88.9W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 89.4W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 16.6N, 85.7W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm shows a low of at most 993 mb centered near 16.7N, 88.2W.  Land highlights: 35 kt 
WSW and 1000 mb at 16.0N, 86.0W at 0Z (micro); 10 kt SW and 997 mb at Tela, Honduras 
(15.7N, 87.5W) at 9Z (micro).  Three other low pressures.  "Moving westward, the hurricane 
struck inland about 8 am, August 4, 60 to 80 miles south of Belize.  Press reports indicate that 
three-fourths of the houses in Punta Gorda were flattened and that 40 houses were destroyed at 
Livingston on the Guatemala coast.  Many were injured in towns along the coast, and one death 
was reported.  After passing inland the storm continued on a westward course and lost force over 
Guatemala and Mexico" (MWR).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15N, 93.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 20 
kt tropical depression at 15.5N, 93.2W.  No gales or low pressures.  "Reports indicate that a 
center, accompanied by heavy rain, was recognizable as far west as Acapulco on October 5, 
making this hurricane as one of the rare tropical storms that have succeeded in maintaining a 
circulation as they passed from one ocean to another over Central America and Mexico" 
(MWR).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 101.4W.  HURDAT 
does not list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 30 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 1Z at 14.5N, 
98.5W (COA); 25 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 3Z at 14.5N, 98.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 15 kt 
SSW and 1004 mb at Acapulco, Mexico (16.8N, 99.9W) at 12Z (HWM).

October 7:
HWM analyzes two closed lows in close proximity, both of at most 1005 mb.  The larger one is 
centered near 19.2N, 105W and the smaller one is centered near 15.6N, 105.7W.  HURDAT 
does not list a system on this day.  Highlights: none.

Low pressure covered the western Caribbean and Central America on September 30 and October 
1, but no closed circulation was present based upon observations that are available.  HURDAT 
started this storm at 18Z on 2 October as a 60 kt tropical storm.  However, it is chosen to start 
this storm 12 hours earlier at 06Z on 2 October based upon observations that the system 
underwent genesis at this time (or earlier).  At 08Z on the 2nd, there was a ship reporting 40 kt 
from the east along with 1004 mb pressure located north of where the center was thought to be 
located.  This strong wind accompanied by a low pressure gives some confidence that there may 
have been a closed low located to the south, although it is not definitive proof.  However, by 
12Z, there were observed west winds south of the center, and it was definitely closed at that time.  
35 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 2nd, but the winds may have been higher.  Minor track changes 
were introduced throughout the duration of the storm's existence, except for a major change 
westward on the original last position in HURDAT (at 18Z on the 5th).  (More about the decay 
phase of this cyclone is given below.)  An aircraft central pressure fix of 987 mb was measured 
at 15Z on the 3rd.  This suggests winds of 68 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship.  An 85 kt surface wind was visually estimated by aircraft at 14Z on the 3rd.  A 
second central pressure of 982 mb was observed by aircraft at 18Z of the 3rd.  The Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship for 982 mb is 75 kt.  70 kt is selected for 12Z and 75 kt is 
chosen for 18Z on the 3rd, as the visual estimated surface winds of the era were not well-
calibrated.  On the 4th, landfall of the hurricane at 16.1N, 88.8W near Punta Gorda, occurred 
around 13Z, which is a couple of hours later than in HURDAT.  HURDAT had the intensity of 
the hurricane increasing to 85 kt at 18Z on the 3rd and then decreasing to 60 kt at 12Z of the 4th, 
the time of landfall.  However, there is evidence to support that the hurricane did not weaken 
prior to landfall.  Tela, Honduras recorded a minimum peripheral pressure of 995 mb while the 
storm passed more than half a degree latitude to the north on the 4th.  It is possible - perhaps 
likely - that the system continued to intensify up until landfall.  Unfortunately, the Belize 
Meteorological Service has no further information about this hurricane.  Given the severe wind-
caused damage described in the Monthly Weather Review ("three-fourths of the houses were 
flattened"), indicating this hurricane at the high end of a Category 1 hurricane at landfall - 80 kt 
- is a reasonable solution in the absence of additional information.  Because of the mountainous 
terrain over Guatemala, a decay to a tropical depression is now indicated by 06Z on the 5th, 17 
hours after landfall.  HURDAT's original last position on this storm is at 18Z on the 5th over the 
Pacific Ocean.  However, there is evidence from HWM and COADS that the circulation 
remained intact as it crossed central America and extreme southern Mexico and then 
reintensified in the Northeastern Pacific.  The depression then turned towards the WNW, 
paralleling the coast of Mexico, perhaps staying just offshore for much of the time.  At 04Z on 
the 6th, a 30 kt west wind with a pressure of 1005 mb was observed south of the center of the 
storm.  At 12Z, Acapulco reported a pressure of 1004 mb.  1004 mb corresponds to 39 kt using 
the Brown pressure-wind relationship.  However, because of the monsoon trough environment of 
the northeastern Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic pressure-wind relationships are not as valid.  
Without explicit tropical storm force winds being observed, this system is designated a high end 
(30 kt) tropical depression while over the Pacific.  It is possible though that the cyclone did reach 
tropical storm force.  The system clearly moves inland later on the 6th over western Mexico.  The 
last position is given at 12Z on the 7th as a dissipating tropical depression near 23N, 104.5W.

********************************************************************************

1945 Storm 11 - Revised in 2013

33100 10/10/1945 M= 7 11 SNBR= 734 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
33105 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*131 779  30    0*144 788  30    0*
33105 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 779  30    0*149 780  30    0*
                                              ***              *** ***    

33110 10/11*155 795  35    0*167 800  35    0*178 803  45    0*188 803  55    0*
33110 10/11*158 789  35    0*168 798  35    0*178 803  45    0*188 803  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                               

33115 10/12*196 802  65    0*205 798  70    0*216 793  85 1000*229 786  80    0*
33115 10/12*196 802  65    0*205 798  75    0*216 793  85    0*229 786  80    0*
                                      **                  ****  

33120 10/13*244 774  65    0*258 760  65  982*272 738  65    0*285 710  65    0*
33120 10/13*242 772  80    0*256 758  75  982*272 738  70    0*285 705  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***

33125 10/14E299 680  65    0E312 642  55    0E324 605  40    0E335 567  30    0*
33125 10/14E299 680  65    0E312 642  55    0E324 605  40    0E332 575  35    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

33130 10/15E345 529  30    0E353 490  30    0E360 449  30    0E367 422  30    0*
33130 10/15E340 545  35    0E349 505  35    0E358 455  35    0E367 422  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

33135 10/16E372 400  30    0E378 377  30    0E383 350  30    0E390 322  30    0*                                 
33140 HR

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are implemented with this small hurricane that 
made landfall in Cuba and the Bahamas.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Perez et al. (2000), and the Monthly 
Weather Review's 1966 article by Fernandez-Partagas.

October 10:
HWM does not analyze a low on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 
13.1N, 77.9W.  A paper in the July 1966 MWR by Fernandez-Partagas (from now on referred to 
as "MWR 1966") had a center near the HURDAT position and tropical depression intensity.  
Land highlights: 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at Barranquilla, Colombia at 12Z.  "Strong evidence of 
a tropical depression- or perhaps a tropical storm- has been found over the southwestern 
Caribbean, north of Colombia and Panama, as early as October 10, 1945" (MWR 1966).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a trough with a WSW-ENE frontal zone from 21N, 91W to 27N, 78W and 
HWM analyzes a low in the trough near 23.3N, 87W.  HURDAT lists a 45 kt tropical storm at 
17.8N, 80.3W.  MWR 1966 shows a center near the HURDAT position and tropical storm 
intensity.  No gales or low pressures.  "It is believed that the storm reached hurricane intensity 
during October 11, while the storm was approaching the Cayman Islands and just in that vicinity.  
Little is known about the storm's passage over the Cayman Islands.  The reference available 
came from some Cuban fishermen who were taken by surprise at Cayman Brac; they merely said 
that 'rain and winds' were felt there.  The diameter of the storm was so small that the 
meteorological station at Grand Cayman, about 70 miles to the west, did not report any 
significant stormy weather" (MWR 1966).

October 12: 
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22.3N, 
86.1W along a complex SW-NE frontal structure extending from the Yucatan Peninsula to the 
low to Havana to the northwest Bahamas to beyond 28N, 71W.  HURDAT lists an 85 kt 
hurricane at 21.6N, 79.3W.  MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position with 
hurricane intensity.  Land highlights: 60-65 kt around 12Z at Tunas de Zaza, Cuba (21.7N, 
79.5W) (MWR 1966); 1000 mb around 12Z somewhere in the zone of Tunas de Zaza (MWR 
1966); 45-50 kt around 13Z at Sancti-Spiritus, Cuba (21.9N, 79.4W) (MWR 1966).  Regarding 
the storm in Cuba, "Based on observations received, the center of the storm moved ashore about 
7 am EST (12Z) on the 12th, and emerged on the northern coast about 11:30 am (1630Z).  While 
passing over Laberinto de las Doce Legunas (an archipelago off the southern coast of Cuba), the 
cyclone destroyed almost all the mangrove trees at Cayo Breton.  The center of the storm moved 
over Las Villas Province just east of Tunas de Zaza, near a place called Las Coloradas, where it 
also destroyed all the mangrove trees, and there the sea water advanced some distance ashore.  It 
then moved to the vicinity of the Jatibonico sugar-mill where a lull was reported for about 5 
minutes, and thereafter crossed over Mayajigua where a calm was reported for about the same 
period.  The minimum value (storm's central pressure) was felt at Jatibonico, where the storm 
was violently felt.  The storm emerged at the Bahamas Channel, west of Punta Alegre sugar-mill, 
and sea waters receded at that place."  Regarding the storm speed, "The 'unrecorded' hurricane 
of October 1945 was moving fairly rapidly, at an average speed of 16-17 kt, while crossing over 
central Cuba, and slightly over 20 kt when emerging from the Bahamas into the Atlantic Ocean" 
(MWR 1966).  Regarding the intensity, "Estimated winds over 100 mph as the storm moved 
across Cuba are in excellent agreement with those expected from the data available, if a vr1/2 = 
constant vortex with an inner radius of 4 miles or less is accepted.  Also under this reasoning, it 
is very likely that the minimum sea level pressure was around 975-980 mb in accordance with 
Fletcher's empirical formula (used in Fletcher 1955).  Therefore, hurricane force winds can be 
easily supported" (MWR 1966).  "Along the path south of Sierra de Jatibonico (rather low 
mountains in central Cuba), and about 20 km with, palm trees to the right of the center's path fell 
down toward the north, while those to the left did so toward the south.  The eastern sector or the 
storm was more severe than the western one.  Winds of 70 to 75 mph were reported at Tunas de 
Zaza.  The influence of the storm was clearly noticed in Sancti-Spiritus where winds reached 55 
mph and the barographic curve was typical of a tropical cyclone."  "Four persons died and 200 
were injured in the furious storm which struck Jatibonico and Sancti-Spiritus.  Damages are 
estimated at $2 million.  Strong winds affected Sancti-Spiritus and the outskirts of Tunas de 
Zaza, Guasimal, Zaza del Medio, and Taguasco from 9 to 11 am, the most affected being 
Guasimal."  The following is the only advisory released on this storm by a meteorological 
service: "National Observatory (Cuban Weather Service) October 12, 1945, 11 am.  A small 
tropical storm, a disturbance somewhat greater in size than a tornado or waterspout, hit the zone 
of Tunas de Zaza with pressure reading of 1000 mb, strong northeasterly winds, and intermittent 
showers at 7:30 am this morning.  The disturbance is moving northward; it is affecting places 
near its track and it is passing rapidly toward the northern coast."  The following three quotes are 
from El Pais (Havana, Cuba) evening issue, October 13, 1945:  "Mayajigua is without 
communications.  A severe storm struck this town and its outskirts yesterday morning.  Several 
buildings were seriously damaged."  "Zaza del Medio.  Between 8:30 am and 11 am, a storm 
passed over this town, and caused heavy damage to houses and tobacco-houses (flimsy 
constructions where tobacco is processed)."  "Guayos.  A tropical storm accompanied by 
torrential rain and strong northeasterly winds in gusts, affected this town in the morning hours 
yesterday; heavy damage was reported."  "The following quote is from Diario de la Marina, 
(Havana, Cuba), October 13, 1945:  'Many vessels have been torn away from their mooring at 
Tunas de Zaza because of the spout.'"  "1945, October 11-12, Category 1 hurricane for Cuba" 
(Perez et al.)

October 13:
HWM analyzes an extremely elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 26.5N, 70.7W along a WSW-ENE frontal boundary extending from the Yucatan 
Peninsula, through the low to beyond 30N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 
27.2N, 73.8W.  MWR 1966 shows a position near the HURDAT position with hurricane 
intensity.  Land highlights: 35-45 kt and 1005 mb (min p) at Nassau, Bahamas (MWR 1966); 
calm and 982 mb (uncorrected) at Eleuthera, Bahamas (25.0N, 76.3W) (MWR 1966); 60-80 kt at 
Eleuthera, Bahamas (MWR 1966); 40-45 kt and 1007 mb (uncorrected) at Andros Island, 
Bahamas (24.5N, 78.0W) (MWR 1966).  Regarding the storm in the Bahamas, "Although wind 
estimates in the vicinity of the path over the Bahamas have been found to be somewhat 
contradictory, most of the data available are also in favor of the existence of winds in excess of 
74 mph.  Unfortunately, it has not been possible to pinpoint an accurate track of the center over 
the Islands because of the lack of proper information.  However, unconfirmed calm reports have 
been stated by different persons who formerly lived in small villages on the southern tip of 
Andros and indications are that the center must have passed very close to Governor's Harbour 
(Eleuthera) where the minimum sea level pressure (982 mb, probably uncorrected) was recorded 
and where the heaviest damages were suffered.  An upper-air study of this case was initially 
considered, but data were not sufficient to make a serious attempt.  500 mb maps of the HWM 
series have been examined for the period concerned, and a fairly good agreement of the track 
with the prevailing pattern of circulation was detected.  Some slight warming was also noticed in 
the 500-mb radiosonde reports from southern Florida and Cuba on October 12, 1945.  Regarding 
the storm in the Bahamas, "According to press reports, the barometer read a minimum of 29.68 
in. (about 1005 mb.) at Nassau, New Providence, where 40-50 mph winds were felt."  
"Regarding Eleuthera, the Nassau Guardian published the following account on October 13: 
Storm damages small vessels.  Takes one life at Eleuthera.  Harbour Island experiences winds 
over 70 mph.  Harbour Island (Eleuthera), where a number of small boats are destroyed, reports 
that there was a wind force last night of between 70 and 90 mph.  No damage to houses was 
reported and crops also escaped.  Winds of an estimated gale force were reported to have raged 
over the whole length of Eleuthera, sending two vessels ashore and tearing others from their 
moorings.  It is understood that Governor's property as well as a number of privately-owned 
buildings have been very badly damaged, and that telephone lines are down and roads 
throughout the island are blocked...A severe north to northwest storm passed over the whole 
length of Eleuthera between 11:30 pm and 2 am (October 12-13).  The wind was estimated at 
gale force and was accompanied by rain.  Vessels were blown from their mooring."  "Some 
additional information on the storm's passage over Eleuthera is found in the 1945 Annual Report 
submitted to the Out Island Commissioner of the Bahamas by his colleague at the Governor's 
Harbour: 'Lowest reading: 29.00 inches.  From 11 pm on the 12th to 3 am on the 13th of October 
a severe hurricane passed over the district.'  Although it is not indicated in the report, it is 
obvious that the lowest barometer reading of 29.00 inches (982 mb) (probably uncorrected) must 
have been recorded at Governor's Harbour during the hurricane's passage.  There can be no 
possible confusion in this case, since no other hurricane directly affected the settlement in the 
whole year of 1945" (MWR 1966).  "The Commissioner at Mangrove Cay, Andros, gave the 
following account in his Annual Report for 1945: 'On the 14-15th night of September a storm 
with full hurricane force at the center came near the District, passing slightly to the south.  Again 
on October 12, a cyclonic storm with winds up to 50 mph struck the District!  It was during these 
storms that the barometer fell to 1007 mb (uncorrected).  The storm on October 12th struck the 
District with terrific force in sections.  Apparently, it was more like a cyclonic storm.  This 
brought greater destruction to farms and coconut trees.  Thousands of coconut trees which had 
not recovered from the shocks of the storm of September were twisted, uprooted, snapped and 
dashed to the ground'" (MWR 1966).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 31.2N, 60.6W with a cold front extending 
from the low towards the WSW to 26N, 75W and a warm front extending ESE from the low to 
29N, 52W.  Another front is located just a few hundred miles north and west of the low and the 
cold front.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 32.4N, 60.5W.  MWR 1966 
shows a position near the HURDAT position as an extratropical storm.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 35.8N, 45W with a cold front extending 
southwestward from the low to 26N, 59W, and a warm front extending southeastward from the 
low to 28N, 38W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 36.0N, 44.9W.  MWR 1966 
shows a position near the HURDAT position as extratropical.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 
1002 mb at 34N, 52W at 3Z (COA).  One other low pressure.

October 16:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb centered near 38.5N, 35.5W with an 
occluded front extending down to a triple point with a warm and cold front near 34N, 34W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.3N, 35.0W.  MWR 1966 shows a position 
near the HURDAT position as extratropical.  Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 6Z at 
42.0N, 37.0W (COA).  Six other low pressures.

No changes were introduced for the genesis of this system.  Track changes for this storm are 
minor and are introduced on all dates of the cyclone's lifetime except for the 12th and 16th.  The 
35 kt SW wind with 1012 mb in Barranquilla occurred 180 nm southeast of the analyzed 
centered position at 12Z on the 10th.   Given the relatively high pressure, it appears that this 
observation likely is not directly related to the circulation of the cyclone and/or was a transient 
event.  The system is retained as a tropical depression on the 10th.  The cyclone made landfall 
around 12Z on the 12th in southern Cuba.  The estimated minimum pressure of the storm at 
landfall in Cuba was 975-980 mb based upon the Fletcher relationship applied to a 1000 mb 
peripheral pressure reading.  Although the central pressure may have been around 980 mb, this 
value is not added to HURDAT because of the uncertainty in what the central pressure was.  
Assuming the central pressure was in the neighborhood of 980 mb, this value yields a wind 
speed of 78 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  There was lower than usual 
environmental pressure (~1010 mb outer closed isobar), and the storm was moving at an average 
forward speed of about 11-12 kt.  These arguments for going with a lower wind speed are 
counteracted by the extremely small RMW of this hurricane.  Despite the Perez et al. (2000) 
assessment of a Category 1 for Cuba, there is not enough evidence to change the original 
HURDAT wind speed of 85 kt at Cuban landfall.  Therefore, the 85 kt Category 2 hurricane is 
retained in HURDAT and for Cuban landfall.  Since Eleuthera reported a 982 mb central 
pressure early on the 13th, the analyzed intensity is kept stronger than HURDAT through the 
hurricane's passage through the Bahamas.  982 mb equals 75 kt using the Brown pressure-wind 
relationship for south of 25N and 70 kt for N of 25 N.  80 kt is chosen for 00Z, 75 kt is chosen 
for 6Z, and 70 kt is chosen for 12Z, all higher than the constant 65 kt in HRUDAT.  From late on 
the 14th through the 15th, during the extratropical stage, the intensity is analyzed to be slightly 
stronger than in HURDAT as well, due to available observations from HWM and COADS.  
There was no change to the extratropical transition phase or to the dissipation of this hurricane.

References:

Fernandez-Partagas, J. J., 1966: The "Unrecorded" Hurricane of October 1945. Monthly Weather 
Review, 94, 475-480.

R.D. Fletcher, 1955: Computation of Maximum Winds in Hurricanes. Bulletin of the American 
Meteorological Society, 36, 6, pp. 346-350.

********************************************************************************

1945 Additional Notes:

1) A large occluded low was located over the north central Atlantic on 23 May.  There was one 
observed gale with this system (35 kt) at 00Z on 23 May, and the lowest observed pressure was 
1008 mb also on 23 May.  On this day, the system was baroclinic and had a very large 
circulation.  On the 24th and 25th, the temperature gradient began to relax, but there was no 
observed gales or low pressures.  By the 26th, the circulation opened up into a trough, and 
pressures were rising.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 23		37N	53W		Extratropical
May 24		37N	50W		Extratropical
May 25		36.5N	46.5W		Subtropical
May 26					Open trough


2) A general area of low pressure prevailed in the central Caribbean Sea between 24 May and 29 
May.  It is not certain that there was a closed circulation at any point during these days.  The 26th 
and 27th are the days that the system is closest to attaining a closed circulation.  But the wind 
barbs indicate a very elongated low, almost frontal in nature (although there is no temperature 
gradient across the low). Also, there were no gales at all with this system, and the lowest 
pressure observed was 1007 mb.  The highest wind was 30 kt on the 26th.  This was likely a 
broad area of low pressure that stayed over the Caribbean for several days.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 24					Open wave
May 25					Open wave
May 26		14.5N	77W		Broad low
May 27		16.5N	77.5W		Broad low
May 28		17N	77.5W		Broad low
May 29					Open wave


3) A low associated with the tail end of a front moved into the extreme northeastern Gulf of Mexico 
on 18 August.  Pressures as low as 1009 mb were recorded by ships as well as by land stations 
such as Apalachicola, FL.  The low moved inland over the big bend area of FL on 19 August, 
and continued northeast.  Microfilm and HWM both were consistent in showing this low.  The 
low never seemed to fully detach from the front, however.  Temperatures were very warm 
surrounding the low.  The highest wind recorded (30 kt) was off the Atlantic coast east of 
Jacksonville during the afternoon of the 19th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 17					Open
Aug 18		29.5N	84.5W		Low			
Aug 19					Open


4) Microfilm indicates that a low formed in the central Gulf of Mexico on 29 August.  At 00Z on 30 
August, a NW wind of 30 kt along with an 1006 mb pressure was recorded by a ship at 24.8N, 
93.2W (micro).  The low continued westward, and six hours later there were wind observations 
from the south on the east side of the low.  Therefore, there is a good chance that this system was 
a tropical depression at 00Z on 30 August.  When this system was close to making landfall in 
northeast Mexico, at 12Z on 30 August, the center was located near 25N, 97W.  Aircraft 
observations at this time show that the circulation center was closed and well-defined, 
confirming the existence of a tropical depression.  Winds of 20 to 30 knots accompanied this 
depression from 18Z the 29th through landfall, which occurred between 12Z and 18Z on the 30th.  
But there were no observed gales.  Dissipation occurred shortly thereafter as the depression 
moved inland over Mexico.  The highest wind at Brownsville, TX was 30 kt from the east 
around 14Z (OMR).  The winds shifted at Brownsville from NE to E to SE between 12Z and 16Z 
(OMR).  One-minute winds of 25 kt or higher occurred at least once in each hour in Brownsville 
for 6 consecutive hours from 14Z to 20Z (OMR).  0.19" of precipitation fell at Brownsville with 
this depression.  It is interesting to note that a rainbow was observed at Brownsville at 12Z on 
the 30th (OMR).  The pressure at Brownsville at 12Z was 1011 mb, but the minimum pressure at 
Brownsville, which likely occurred a couple of hours later, is unknown.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 29					Open
Aug 30		25.2N	97.2W		Tropical depression
Aug 31					Dissipated


5) An extratropical low on 3 September was located over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.  This low 
moved south, then drifted around and moved eastward.  Subtropical characteristics were 
gradually attained, but there were no observed gales at any point with this system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 3		46N	23W		Extratropical
Sep 4		41N	25W		Extratropical
Sep 5		39N	25W		Extratropical
Sep 6		40.5N	17.5W		Subtropical
Sep 7		43N	16.5W		Subtropical
Sep 8					Dissipated


6) A small low formed from a dissipating stationary front on 8 September just off the North 
Carolina coast.  This low remained stationary through 10 September.  On the 11th, it moved 
northward to east of Nantucket.  There were no observed gales associated with this system.  The 
highest wind was 30 kt from the SSE, which occurred on 10 September at 15Z at 36N, 70W.  
There were not any pressures of 1005 or lower until the 11th north of 40N, and these low 
pressures were accompanied by 20-25 kt winds on that day.  The lowest pressure was 1004 mb at 
11Z of the 11th.  At this time, the small low was in the warm sector of an approaching 
extratropical cyclone, so environmental pressures were low.  The pressure-wind relationship of 
1004 mb = 36 kt is assumed to be invalid for this case.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 8		35.5N	73.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 9		35N	74W		Tropical depression
Sep 10		36N	73W		Tropical depression
Sep 11		41N	68.5W		Tropical depression


7) A low may have broken off from the tail end of a dissipating stationary front in the eastern Bay 
of Campeche on 15 September.  From the 15th to the 16th, the pressures along the Mexican coast 
of the western Bay of Campeche dropped as much as 7 mb.  There is not enough evidence to 
know for sure if there was a closed low, but there is enough evidence to make a rough guess of 
the position if the low was indeed closed.  The highest observed wind was 10 kt and the lowest 
pressure was 1010 mb.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 15		15	93.5		Low
Sep 16		16.5N	97W		Low
Sep 17					inland in central Mexico and dissipated


8) An extratropical low formed along a front on 26 September near 40N, 37.5W.  The low broke off 
from the front and attained either subtropical or tropical characteristics on the 27th.  On the 27th, 
the highest observed wind was 25 kt and the lowest pressure was 1010 mb.  A new approaching 
cold front from the west merged with the low and provided the low with renewed baroclinicity.  
A wind speed of 65 kt from the north was recorded at 21Z on the 28th, and several other gales 
were recorded.  These winds are all associated with the frontal passage, and the temperatures 
drop significantly behind the front.  On the 30th, the same low is still left behind, with no fronts 
plotted on HWM, but there is still a temperature gradient across the low, and there are no 
observed gales on the 30th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 26		40N	37.5W		Extratropical
Sep 27		38.5N	40.5W		Subtropical depression
Sep 28		36N	34.5W		Extratropical
Sep 29		37.5N	35W		Extratropical
Sep 30		41.5N	33.5W		Extratropical


9) A small, closed area of low pressure developed on 26 September in the area of the Caribbean Sea 
just north of Honduras.  Pressures fell in the area as the low deepened a few millibars from the 
26th to the 28th.  On the 28th, the low moved just inland on the coast of Honduras, but maintained 
itself as a closed low through the 30th.  The lowest observed pressure was 1004 mb, but there 
were low environmental pressures.  The highest observed wind was 25 kt.  It is interesting to 
note that HWM plots a tropical storm symbol on the 27th.  This low was likely a tropical 
depression because the wind observations support a small, closed low, but there were no gales.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 26		17.5N	85.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 27		17.5N	86W		Tropical depression
Sep 28		15.5N	86W		Tropical depression
Sep 29		15N	85W		Tropical depression
Sep 30		15.5N	86W		Tropical depression


10) A low began to form in association with a front on 4 October in the northeastern Atlantic.  The 
low was closed by 5 October, but it was attended by weak winds near the broad circulation 
center.  The low was mostly occluded by 6 October, and there was not a large temperature 
gradient across the low on the 6th or 7th.  The circulation was very broad, and there were no 
observed gales through October 8th.  The lowest observed pressure was 1012 mb through the 8th.  
By the 8th, baroclinicity returned, and the extratropical low moved off slowly to the northeast.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 5		36N	33W		Extratropical
Oct 6		36N	33W		Extratropical
Oct 7		36.5N	29.5W		Subtropical
Oct 8		42.5N	27.5W		Extratropical


11) A closed low formed on 19 October near Miami and the Bahamas, possibly associated with a 
front.  On the 19th, the temperature gradient across the low from the Bahamas to Tampa was 13 
degrees.  On the 20th, the baroclinicity may have lessened, and this system may have been a 30 kt 
tropical depression.  On both the 19th and 20th, the circulation was very tight and compact like a 
tropical system, which is why this system is analyzed as a tropical depression on both the 19th 
and 20th.  There were several 30 kt wind observations on the 20th, but there were no gales at any 
point.  On 21 October, the circulation began to get larger and the low was becoming extratropical 
as it moved quickly off to the northeast.  It should be noted that this low is tracked in the MWR 
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones October 1945 map from the 19th to the 22nd.  The positions on the 
MWR map follow the positions in HWM fairly closely.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 19		24.5N	78W		Tropical depression
Oct 20		29.5N	72.5W		Tropical depression
Oct 21		34.5N	62.5W		Becoming extratropical		
Oct 22		39N	51W		Extratropical

********************************************************************************


1946 Storm 1 - Revised 2014

33145 06/13/1946 M= 4  1 SNBR= 735 NOT NAMED   XING=1
33145 06/13/1946 M= 4  1 SNBR= 735 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
                
33150 06/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*270 855  35    0*
33150 06/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 865  25    0*278 868  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33155 06/14*279 862  35    0*283 868  35    0*286 875  35    0*287 886  35    0*
33155 06/14*281 872  30    0*284 876  35    0*286 880  35    0*287 887  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***              ***

33160 06/15*287 897  35    0*288 905  35    0*288 912  35    0*288 922  35    0*
33160 06/15*287 895  35    0*288 903  35    0*288 910  35    0*289 917  35    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

33165 06/16*291 930  35    0*296 935  35    0*302 940  35    0*308 945  25    0*
33165 06/16*291 924  30    0*294 931  30    0*297 938  25    0*301 948  20    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33170 TS 

Minor changes to both track and intensity were made to this minimal tropical storm. 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps,
and Dunn and Miller (1960).  The system made landfall in the United States as a
tropical depression, but likely caused minimal (~35 kt) tropical storm conditions
in parts of coastal Louisiana.  

June 13:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT first lists this
storm at 18Z at 27.0N, 85.5W with a 35 kt intensity.  Microfilm plots a tropical
storm symbol at 12Z near 27.8N, 87.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

June 14:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a
35 kt tropical storm at 28.6N, 87.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position
near the HURDAT position.  No gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance, accompanied
by a small area of squally weather with winds of 25-35 mph, was first detected near
latitude 29.0N, longitude 86.5W, about 110 miles south of Valparaiso, FL" (MWR).

June 15:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a
35 kt tropical storm at 28.8N, 91.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a tropical storm symbol plotted inside a
closed low of at most 1014 mb near 28.5N, 91.0W.  No gales or low pressures.  "The
highest wind velocity recorded was 36 mph at Grand Isle, LA, on June 15, at 1:30 am
(0630Z).  No damage or loss of life was reported, although the sea was very rough
in Mississippi Sound as the disturbance, traveling westward, moved across the Gulf
to the south" (MWR).

June 16:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a
35 kt tropical storm at 30.2N, 94.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
position near 30.1N, 93.7W.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1016 mb near 
29.5N, 93.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  "The center moved west-northwestward during
its 3-day life span, and passed inland on the Texas coast near Port Arthur on the 
16th, attended by winds of gentle to moderate force" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in 
Texas - 1946 - June 16 - Port Arthur - Minor ("Minor" - Maximum winds less than 
74 mph, Minimum central pressure above 996 mb.)" (Dunn and Miller 1960).

A tropical depression formed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico at 12Z on 13 June with
25 kt maximum sustained winds (HURDAT originally started this at 18Z as a 35 kt (tropical
storm).  Because the circulation was very well defined by 18Z, and there were 10 kt west
winds south of the center at 12Z, the low is analyzed to be closed at 12Z.  At 18Z, there
are many observations close to the center, and the highest observed wind was 25 kt.  
HURDAT's 35 kt intensity is thus revised downward to 30 kt.  The largest track change to
this storm was made at 18Z on the 13th.  The depression is analyzed to be about 1.5 
degrees to the NW of the HURDAT position based on aircraft observations from the 1830Z
microfilm map.  The depression moved very slowly to the northwest on the 13th and early
on the 14th, and made a westward turn during the morning of the 14th, paralleling the 
Louisiana coast with the center not far offshore.  The forward motion only increased 
slightly on the 14th.  The highest sustained wind observation available is 31 kt at Grand
Isle, LA at 0630Z on the 15th, suggesting that perhaps this was indeed a tropical storm.  
The depression is analyzed to have become a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 14th (18Z 
on the 13th originally) before it began to parallel the Louisiana coastline.  The 
intensity remained at 35 kt until 00Z on the 16th (12Z the 16th originally), when it
weakened back to a tropical depression and was located off the coast of Lake Charles, LA.
The depression then made a northwestward turn and made landfall as a 25 kt depression at 
12Z on the 16th at the Texas/Louisiana border.  It had originally made landfall as a 35 kt
tropical storm a little farther east and a couple of hours earlier.  Although the only 
direct landfall of this system was as a tropical depression, it is possible that the coast
of Louisiana felt tropical storm force winds when the storm traveled just offshore.  No 
changes were made to the timing of inland dissipation of this system.

It should be noted that there were no observed tropical storm force winds with this system.
In addition, neither the MWR nor the Louisiana Climatological Data mention any significant
wind or tide impact from this system despite its proximity to the Louisiana coast.  Therefore,
it is possible that this was only a 30 kt tropical depression.  However, given the 31 kt wind
from Grand Isle, there is not enough evidence to change the status of this system from a 
tropical storm to a tropical depression.

********************************************************************************


1946 Storm 2 - Revised 2014

33175 07/05/1946 M= 6  2 SNBR= 736 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
33180 07/05*  0   0   0    0*290 790  35    0*318 796  40 1006*327 793  40    0*
33180 07/05*  0   0   0    0E314 793  30    0E320 792  30    0E326 789  35    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

33185 07/06*334 789  40    0*340 784  40    0*346 777  40    0*354 767  45    0*
33185 07/06*332 786  40    0*337 783  45    0*344 780  45 1005*351 770  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***     **** *** ***

33190 07/07*361 754  55    0*363 738  60    0*365 723  65    0*367 708  70    0*
33190 07/07*358 756  45    0*368 736  55    0*378 721  65    0*382 706  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

33195 07/08*370 693  70    0*375 677  70    0*380 660  70    0*385 645  70    0*
33195 07/08*382 691  70    0*381 676  70    0*380 660  70    0*380 642  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***

33200 07/09E390 630  65    0E396 616  60    0E404 601  55    0E414 582  50    0*
33200 07/09E384 622  65    0E391 602  60    0E400 585  55    0E410 572  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33205 07/10E427 560  45    0E442 538  40    0E448 515  40    0E460 497  35    0*
33205 07/10E421 560  45    0E433 550  40    0E448 540  40    0E465 530  35    0*
            ***              *** ***              ***          *** ***

33210 HR   
  

U.S. Landfall:
Jul. 6th - 08Z - 33.9N 78.2W - 45 kt - NC

Major track changes and minor changes to intensity were implemented with this hurricane.
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and NHC
microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

July 3:  HWM analyzes a trough near 75W from 15N-25N as well as a stationary frontal 
boundary over the Georgia and Carolina coasts.  HURDAT did not list this system on this date.
No gales or low pressures.

July 4:  HWM analyzes no features in the tropics, but does indicate a cold front just
offshore of Georgia to the Carolinas.  HURDAT did not list this system on this date.
No gales or low pressures.

July 5: HWM plots a low (not closed) near 31.8N, 77W located just east of the intersection
of a warm front, which extends to the northeast, and a cold front, which extends southward 
and then westward.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 31.8N, 79.6W.  The MWR
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position (first position provided) near 32.3N, 79.3W
with a pressure of 1016 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position (first position
provided) near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1017 mb near
32.8N, 79.7W located on a SW-NE frontal boundary.  No gales or low pressures.  "A small 
tropical disturbance moved north-northeastward along the coast of South Carolina during 
July 5" (MWR).

July 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34.3N, 77.5W, with a dissipating warm front
plotted extending from the low northeastward and a dissipating cold front plotted extending
from the low southwestward.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 34.6N, 77.7W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 78.4W, and a 12Z 
position near 34.3N, 77.4W with a 1006 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z
position near 33.3N, 78.9W and a 12Z position near 34.9N, 77.6W.  Microfilm shows a low of at
most 1008 mb near 34.3N, 78.1W at 12Z.  Land highlights: 39 kt (1-min; max wind) S at Cape 
Hatteras, NC at 2130Z (OMR); 37 kt SSW and 1005 mb (min pressure) at Cape Hatteras, NC at 22Z 
(OMR); 40 kt sustained gusting to 45-50 kt at Wrightsville Beach, NC (MWR).  "At 6 am (11Z) 
on the 6th... moved inland over North Carolina in the vicinity of Wilmington.  At 5:50 am on the 
6th (1050Z), during the passage of the center over Wilmington, the barometer there reached a 
low of 29.71 inches (1006.1 mb).  A maximum wind velocity of 30 mph (with gusts estimated at 
45 mph) was recorded at Wilmington at 1 am, some 5 hours before the passage of the center.  
Reports for Carolina and Wrightsville beaches indicate that winds reached 45 mph (50-60 mph 
in gusts) in that area.  Little damage was reported to beachfront property.  In and near 
Wilmington wind damage was limited to plate-glass breakage and a short interruption of power 
and communication services.  However, considerable crop damage (15 to 20 percent in some areas) 
resulted from the heavy rainfall.  At Manteo, NC (35.9N, 75.7W) rainfall measuring 7.84 inches 
fell in less than 24 hours.  This was the greatest 24 hour rainfall ever to have been recorded 
since the beginning of records at Manteo in 1905.  As the storm moved seaward on July 6, 
between Cape Hatteras and Elizabeth City, NC, it showed marked signs of greater intensity.  
During the next 4 days the center moved northeastward some distance off the coast" (MWR).

July 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 37.3N, 71.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt
hurricane at 36.5N, 72.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
36.4N, 75.5W and a 12Z position near 37.2N, 72.3W with a 1005 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season
track map shows a position similar to the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows the storm centered 
near 37.7N, 72.5W at 12Z.  Land highlights: 35 kt (1-min) W around 0230Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR).

July 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 37.3N, 67.6W with a W-E cold front just one or two
hundred nm north of the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.0N, 66.0W.  The MWR
post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a broad closed
low of at most 1011 mb.  No gales or low pressures.

July 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb located near 39N, 62.5W located near the intersection of
a warm front and cold front.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt extratropical storm at 40.4N, 60.1W.
The MWR post-season track map shows a position similar to the HURDAT position.  No gales or low
pressures.

July 10:
HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1015 mb near 44N, 53.5W.  HURDAT lists this as
a 40 kt extratropical storm at 44.8N, 51.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position
near 45.1N, 51.5W.  Microfilm shows a tropical storm symbol near 44.8N, 53.8W, located within
a closed low of at most 1017 mb.  No gales or low pressures.  "By the morning of the 10th, it
reached a point southeast of Newfoundland" (MWR).

The cyclone developed from the interaction of a west-northwestward moving tropical wave and a
frontal boundary that had pushed off of the Carolina coast.  The original HURDAT indicated that
the system originated as a tropical storm at 06Z on the 5th of July.  However, it appears - though
data away from the coast is sparse - that the cyclone was still extratropical on the 5th.  
Tropical transformation is now indicated to have occurred around 00Z on the 6th.  A large track
change was introduced at the initial position. This is due to an unrealistic forward speed in the
first 6 hours followed by an immediate drastic deceleration shown in the original HURDAT.  
Only minor adjustments were made throughout the remainder of the lifetime of the system as a 
tropical cyclone.  The cyclone reached gale force, while still extratropical, by 18Z on the 5th 
(12 hours later than originally) as it moved northward, and then north-northeastward towards the 
Carolina coast.  

The tropical storm made landfall at 08Z on the 6th, just west of Oak Island, NC.  The track 
changes made at the time of landfall are very minor (four-tenths of a degree or less).  
Wilmington, NC recorded a pressure of 1006 mb with 10 kt of wind at 12Z, which means that 
the central pressure was about 1005 mb.  This value is added into HURDAT.  The Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship for 1005 mb gives 34 kt N of 25N and the Landsea et al. pressure-wind
relationship suggests 40 kt N of 35 N.  However there is an observed 40 kt wind at Wrightsville 
Beach. Based on that, a landfall intensity of 45 kt is analyzed.  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed 
at 06Z and 12Z as well (up from 40 kt originally). As the storm turned towards the NE, a 1005 mb 
pressure with 37 kt of wind was observed at Cape Hatteras at 22Z.  The Brown et al. pressure-wind
relationship for 1005 mb gives 34 kt N of 25N and the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship 
suggests 40 kt N of 35 N.  45 kt is analyzed to be the intensity for 00Z on the 7th (down from 55 
kt originally).  As the cyclone moved over the Atlantic, some larger track changes were made on 
the 7th, 9th, and 10th.  The cyclone made an eastward turn on the 7th, but this eastward turn is 
analyzed to have occurred farther north than in HURDAT based upon ship and coastal observations. 
It then turned back towards the northeast around 00Z on the 9th, but the turn is analyzed to have
occurred farther east that in HURDAT.  On the 10th, the position is analyzed well west of the 
HURDAT position, a major change in location.  HURDAT strengthened this tropical storm to a 
hurricane at 12Z on the 7th when the cyclone was located between 150-200 nm east of the Virginia
coastline and maintained hurricane strength until extratropical transition at 00Z on the 9th. 
The last observed gale was at 0230Z on the 7th at Cape Hatteras.  After that, the observations
became very sparse, and therefore, no changes are made to HURDAT's intensity from 12Z on the 8th
throughout the remaining duration of its lifetime.  On the 9th and 10th there were three ship 
observations (the same ship #43986) with pressures below 1000 mb.  It appears, but is not certain,
that based upon comparison of the ship at 12Z on the 9th with coastal station data, that these 
pressures may be 5 to 10 mb too low.  There are no changes to the timing of extratropical transition,
which occurred at 00Z on the 9th.  The storm dissipated around 18Z on the 10th (no change to timing
of dissipation) as a 35 kt extratropical storm a short distance from the eastern tip of Newfoundland.
July 11th was checked using HWM and COADS to see if the storm still existed on that day, but it was
found that the low was no longer closed on the 11th.

********************************************************************************


1946 Storm 3 - Revised 2014

33215 08/25/1946 M= 2  3 SNBR= 737 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33220 08/25*205 932  35    0*211 950  35    0*214 960  35    0*219 978  35    0*
33220 08/25*210 940  35    0*212 948  35    0*215 960  35    0*220 976  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***                

33225 08/26*225 999  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
33225 08/26*225 995  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  

33230 TS     

Mexico Landfall:
25th/19Z - 22.1N, 97.8W - 35 kt

Minor track and no intensity changes are analyzed for this short-lived tropical
storm that struck near Tampico, Mexico.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather
Review, and the New Orleans Weather Bureau operational advisories.

August 25:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 21.4N, 96.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  No gales or low pressures.  "Although the lack of a 
trade inversion over Swan Island, West Indies, during the several days previous 
indicated that conditions were favorable for the formation of a tropical disturbance
in that vicinity, no development was detected until the morning of August 25, when
reconnaissance flights located a well-defined circulation east of Tampico" (MWR).

August 26:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT last lists this system at
00Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 99.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"The disturbance moved west-northwestward and passed inland a short distance south
of Tampico, Mexico, dissipating rapidly during the night as it reached the mountains
west of Tampico" (MWR).  From the New Orleans Weather Bureau advisory... "New Orleans 
Advisory Number two, 9:45 pm est (25th) (0245Z- 26th).  The tropical storm has moved
inland near Tampico Mexico and is central near latitude 22.2N, longitude 98W or a 
short distance west of Tampico.  The highest wind reported at Tampico was 60 mph" 
(Weather Bureau).

A tropical storm formed in the Bay of Campeche around 00Z on 25 August.  HURDAT 
starts this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 00Z on 25 Aug at 20.5N, 93.2W.  There are
not very many available observations around 00Z, but the 00Z position is adjusted 
to 21.0N, 94.0W to show a more consistent storm speed between 00Z and 12Z on the 25th.
The storm moved towards the west-northwest for its entire lifetime of 1 day and only 
minor changes were made to the track of the cyclone.  The storm made landfall just 
south of Tampico around 19Z on the 25th near 22.1N, 97.8W.  The New Orleans Weather 
Bureau advisory stated that Tampico reported a wind of 60 mph.  However, it is unknown
whether this was an estimate, a gust or a sustained wind.  Without further information
(and detailed observations from Tampico are not available), the original HURDAT 
intensity of 35 kt is retained both for the peak intensity as well as at the time of 
landfall.  The tropical storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 
26th as it moved rapidly inland over the mountainous terrain.  No changes are made 
to the timing of dissipation.


********************************************************************************


1946 Storm 4 - Revised 2014

33235 09/12/1946 M= 6  4 SNBR= 738 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33240 09/12*  0   0   0    0*238 796  50    0*249 792  55    0*256 788  60    0*
33240 09/12*235 790  35    0*240 792  40    0*245 787  50    0*252 780  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33245 09/13*264 779  65    0*272 768  75  994*284 750  85    0*301 735  85  975*
33245 09/13*260 772  65    0*269 763  75    0*278 752  85    0*292 738  85  975*
            *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***    

33250 09/14*318 720  80    0*334 709  80    0*350 700  75    0*368 688  75    0*
33250 09/14*308 725  80    0*327 713  80    0*348 702  75    0*369 690  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

33255 09/15*387 675  70    0*407 660  65    0E427 642  60    0E448 620  55    0*
33255 09/15*390 675  60    0E410 660  55    0E430 642  50    0E448 615  50    0*
            ***      **     ****      **      ***      **          ***  **

33260 09/16E470 589  50    0E487 542  50    0E497 494  45    0E498 464  45    0*
33260 09/16E465 585  50    0E487 542  50    0E497 504  45    0E501 468  45    0*
            *** ***                               ***          *** ***

33265 09/17E499 432  45    0E500 391  45    0E510 350  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
33265 09/17E504 432  45    0E508 391  45    0E515 350  40    0E525 305  35    0*
            ***              ***              ***             **** ***  **

33270 HR   

Bahamas Landfalls:
9/12/17Z - 25.0N 78.2W - 55 kt
9/12/23Z - 25.9N 77.3W - 65 kt

Minor changes to both track and intensity were implemented with this hurricane. 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps.

September 10:
HWM and microfilm (at 18Z) do not analyze any features of interest on this day.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 11: 
HWM and microfilm do not analyze any features of interest on this day at 12Z, 
but microfilm at 18Z indicates a sharp trough from the Bahamas to Cuba. HURDAT 
does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25.5N, 79W.  HURDAT lists this as a
55 kt tropical storm at 24.9N, 79.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 19N, 79.6W, and a 12Z position near 22.2N, 79.2W.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 78.8W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1011 mb near 24.9N, 78.8W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SW at 18Z at 25.9N, 77.1W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt S at 15Z at 25.6N,
78.5W (micro); center fix near 25.5N, 78.2W with max winds of 55 kt (micro).  
"On the 11th of September an area of falling pressure was noted over the Bahama
Islands, with a minimum pressure over Andros Island.  By 7:30 am of the 12th there
were evidences of a weak cyclonic circulation, and reconnaissance flights were 
arranged for the forenoon and afternoon.  The afternoon flight located a definite 
center with an "eye" about 8 miles in diameter, surrounded by a 5-mile wide ring of 
winds with speeds up to 55 knots.  At 4 pm of the 12th the area of high winds was 
about 20 miles in diameter, with the center located about 125 miles east of Miami, 
FL, and 90 miles northwest of Nassau" (MWR).  At 20Z, the aircraft estimated 55 kt 
winds within 5 miles of the eye and 15-20 kt winds extended outward to 19 miles from 
the eyewall edge (micro).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 28.4N, 73.8W located within a closed low of at 
most 1005 mb.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 75.0W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.2N, 77.8W, and a 12Z 
position near 28N, 76W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
26.9N, 77.8W, and a 12Z position near 29.0N, 75.2W.  Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 996 mb centered near 28.2N, 74.9W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 85 kt near 16Z at 
28.7N, 74.8W (micro, MWR); 50+ kt NW and (988 mb?) 1730Z at 29.2N, 73.8W (micro?).  
Land highlights: 55 kt W gust to 75 kt and 995 mb at 0520Z at Hopetown, Bahamas 
(26.6N, 77.0W) (micro, MWR).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 27.9N, 75.2W at 
1315Z with 80 kt max winds (micro); 85-90 kt around 18Z in the vicinity of 29.2N, 
73.8W (MWR); 975 mb central pressure at 1830Z at 29.2N, 73.8W (MWR).  "The center 
passed over Great Abaco Island, Bahamas, about midnight (05Z on the 13th).  
Hopetown reported a west wind of 65 miles per hour; gusts of higher velocity; 
and a low pressure at the center of 29.38 inches (994.9 mb).  Continuing a 
northeastward movement over the Atlantic, the disturbance soon developed full 
hurricane force.  A reconnaissance plane flew into the center at about 1:30 pm 
of the 13th, near latitude 29.2N, longitude 73.8W, and encountered winds of 85 to 
90 knots.  On this flight the central pressure was reported as 28.80 inches (975.3 mb).
Several hours earlier the S. S. St. Cloud was involved in the hurricane near latitude 
28.7N, longitude 74.8W, and reported winds of 100 mph" (MWR).  On the same flight 
around the same time that the 975 mb central pressure was reported (the plane is 
believed to be flying at about 2,000 feet), "the wind structure of the hurricane as 
reported by pilot passing thru storm + eye on NE course (the following ranges are 
distance from the center in miles from SW to NE across the center, and then estimated 
surface wind speed in knots): 60-45 miles SW of center - 30-40 kt winds; 45-33 miles 
SW of center- 40-50 kt winds; 33-24 miles SW of center - 50-60 kt winds; 24-8 miles 
SW of center- 60-70 kt winds; 8 miles SW to 8 miles NE of center- 70-90 kt winds were 
the highest (implying the RMW was less than 8 miles); 8 to 23 miles NE of center- 60-70 
kt winds; 23-40 miles NE of center- 50-60 kt winds; 40-55 miles NE of center- 40-50 kt 
winds; 55-70 miles NE of center- 30-40 kt winds" (micro).

September 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 34.7N, 70.9W located within a 1005 mb closed contour.
HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 35.0N, 70.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.2N, 74W, and a 12Z position near 33N, 71W.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.1N, 72.9W, and a 12Z position 
near 35.0N, 70.4W.  Microfilm shows a closed low centered near 34.7N, 70.2W at 12Z.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1005 mb around 08Z at 32.7N, 72.2W (micro).  Aircraft 
highlights: 40 kt SSW at 1445Z at 35.1N, 69.3W (micro); > 40 kt NW (85 kt at flight 
level of 1300 feet) at 1530Z at 36.3N, 69.6W (micro).  Six other gales.  "During the 
14th and 15th the forward movement of the storm increased at a rapid rate as it moved 
northeastward some distance off the Atlantic coast" (MWR).

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 43.4N, 62.9W near the intersection of a W-E 
warm front and a NNE-SSW cold front.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm 
at 42.7N, 64.2W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 38.1N,
66.7N, and a 12Z position near 42.6N, 62.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a closed low centered near 43.4N, 
63.9W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1012 mb at 12Z at 41.0N, 65.0W (HWM); 35 kt S 
and 1006 mb at 18Z at 43.9N, 60.0W (micro).  One other gale.  Land highlights: 25 kt NE 
and 1005 mb at 18Z at Sydney, Prince Edward Island (near 46.1N, 60.2W) (micro).  "It 
skirted Nova Scotia on the 15th and, diminishing in intensity, passed into Newfoundland 
accompanied by winds reduced to gale force" (MWR).

September 16: 
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 49N, 47.5W, located at the intersection of a 
warm front, which extends east-southeastward from the low, and a cold front, which extends 
southwestward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 49.7N, 49.4W.  
The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.5N, 56.7W, and a 12Z 
position near 49.4N, 51.5W with a 998 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows 
a position at 00Z near 47N, 58.4W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 
44.2W (COA).  Land highlights: 30 kt NW and 1003 mb at 00Z at Sydney, Nova Scotia (46.1N, 60.2W) 
(micro); >25 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 47.3N, 54.7W (HWM).  One other low pressure.

September 17:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 51.2N, 34.2W with an occluded front 
extending east-southeastward from the low to a triple point with a cold front and warm front.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 51.0N, 35.0W.  The MWR tracks for centers 
of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 51.2N, 47W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 993 mb 
at 6Z at 52.0N, 39.4W (COA).  Three other gales of 35 kt, and several other low pressures 
between 997-1005 mb.

A tropical storm formed at 00Z on 12 September (6 hours earlier than originally) apparently 
from the northern portion of a tropical wave which was moving westward.  The disturbed weather 
associated with the tropical wave was tracked back to 10 September using microfilm and HWM 
when it was located farther east.  At 00Z on the 12th, available observations indicate a closed 
low.  The highest observed wind at 00Z is 30 kt (from Nassau, Bahamas), and it is reasonable 
to assume that this was a 35 kt tropical storm by that time (originally begun as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 06Z).  As soon the tropical storm formed, it began moving northward and immediately 
turned towards the northeast.  At 20Z on the 12th, aircraft estimated 55 kt surface winds and 
provided a location of the center.  The 18Z (12th) intensity is revised downward from 60 to 55 kt.  
Although there was certainly some uncertainty in aircraft wind speeds in the mid-1940s, there was 
less uncertainty for tropical storm strength systems near land because navigation was more accurate 
for these cases. Additionally, all available data on the maps and from all sources indicates the 
cyclone was likely slightly weaker on the 12th than in HURDAT originally. The intensities at 06Z 
and 12Z on the 12th are also lowered to allow for a steady strengthening between 00Z and 18Z on 
the 12th.  On the 12th and early on the 13th, the analyzed track is slightly to the right of the 
previous HURDAT track.  The tropical storm center passed over parts of the northwest Bahamas as a 
category 1 hurricane (the storm is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 13th- no 
change from previous HURDAT).  There were no observations available from Great Abaco Island, 
where the center of the hurricane passed around 5Z of the 13th.  The only land observation available 
from the Bahamas is at Hopetown (a small island next to Great Abaco) where a 55 kt wind with a 995 mb
pressure was recorded at 0520Z on the 13th.  A message on a microfilm map indicates that 55 kt west 
winds were observed with a simultaneous pressure of 995 mb at 0520Z.  Therefore, the eye was not 
over Hopetown at the time. During the afternoon of the 13th, aircraft estimated surface winds of 
85-90 kt and measured a central pressure of 975 mb.  A central pressure of 975 mb gives 79 kt using 
the N of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  But this hurricane had a small radius of maximum winds, 
so 85 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18Z on the 13th.  No changes were made to intensity from 00Z 
the 13th to 12Z the 14th.  The hurricane reached its peak intensity of 85 kt from 12-18Z on the 
13th, and it started to slowly weaken on the 14th as it continued to move northeastward about 
halfway between the NC coast and Bermuda.  The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened below 
hurricane strength at 00Z on the 15th (12 hours earlier than in the original HURDAT). At the time, 
observations no longer supported hurricane force winds, so the intensity was lowered to 60 kt 
(down from 70 kt originally).  Microfilm shows a large temperature gradient across the storm on its 
12Z map (15th).  Observations are more sparse on the 00Z map on the 15th. In addition, the aircraft 
data from the 14th at 18Z indicate that the wind structure of the low was already becoming more 
frontal by that time. Given the data available on the 06Z microfim map, there is enough evidence 
that the cyclone was extratropical by 06Z on the 15th. Therefore, the timing of extratropical transition 
is analyzed to be 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally. On the 15th, the storm passed over Nova 
Scotia and Newfoundland.  Track changes of one degree or less were made on the 15th and 16th.  On the 
15th, the intensity was lowered slightly as the available observations indicated a weaker storm.  
HURDAT previously ended this storm at 12Z on the 17th at 51.5N, 35.0W as a 40 kt extratropical storm.  
A 00Z/18th map was plotted with available observations to check if the extratropical storm had been 
absorbed at that point by another system.  By 00Z, it had already been absorbed, but the data suggests 
that it was probably not absorbed yet at 18Z on the 17th, so one extra 6-hour point is added to HURDAT 
for the end of this storm.

********************************************************************************


1946 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2014

33271 10/01/1946 M= 6  5 SNBR= 738 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33271 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*325 365  30    0*327 363  35    0*
33271 10/02*330 360  40    0*332 354  45    0*335 345  50    0*337 333  50    0*
33271 10/03*339 318  50    0*342 303  50    0E345 295  55    0E350 292  60    0*
33271 10/04E356 292  65    0E363 292  70    0E370 295  75    0E377 297  80    0*
33271 10/05E382 297  80    0E388 295  75    0E395 290  70    0E405 283  65    0*
33271 10/06E417 275  60    0E430 265  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
33271 TS   

HWM, COADS, and the 20th Century Reanalysis indicate that a tropical storm, 
previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the northeastern Atlantic in 
early October.  Additionally, after extratropical transition, it intensified 
to a hurricane-strength cyclone and caused severe damage to the Azores.  
This analysis was assisted through newspaper articles about the impacts provided 
by Vince (last name?) from Portugal.  

September 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 40N, 41W with a warm front 
extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward 
from the low.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 30:
HWM analyzes a trough near 37W with a cold front extending from 33N, 36W to 40N, 20W.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 1:
HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.5N, 35W with a warm 
front extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward 
from the low.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

October 2:
HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 26W, with a warm front 
extending ENE and a cold front extending SW of the low.  HWM analyzed another closed 
low of at most 1005 mb near 43N, 22W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 
33.5N, 35.0W (COA); 45 kt N and 1007 mb at 06Z at 32.7N, 36.5N from the same ship (COA). 

October 3:
HWM analyzes a very large closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36.5N, 26W with a warm front 
extending to the ENE and a cold front extending to the south of the low.  No gales or 
low pressures.

October 4:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 38N, 28.5W with an occluded front 
extending from the low NE to a triple point at 40N, 25W, with a warm front extending 
to the ENE and a weak cold front extending to the SE of the triple point.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 35.2N, 33.2W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1005 mb 
at 18Z at 40.4N, 33.5W (COA).  Land highlights: 30 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at an island 
in the Azores near 37.8N, 25.7W (HWM).  

October 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb near 39.5N, 28.5W with a dissipating occluded front 
wrapped around part of the low.  Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 40.2N, 
33.5W (COA); 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 33.2W (COA); 20 kt N and 1002 mb at 
12Z at 40.7N, 33.0W (COA); 15 kt NE and 1001 mb at 40.9N, 32.7W (COA).  Land highlights: 
30 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 39.3N, 30.6W (HWM); unknown wind speed SW and 991 mb at 12Z 
at 38.5N, 28.2W (HWM).  Regarding the storm in the Azores... "One hundred and 20 fishermen
were reported missing today at the island of Santa Maria in the wake of a 98 mile-an-hour 
typhoon which destroyed 12 fishing vessels, two port tugs and several launches.  Four 
fishing boats were missing.  Reports from San Miguel and Santa Maria Island said the winds 
did 'catastrophic' damage yesterday, destroying crops, ruining homes, smashing pineapple 
hot-houses and wrecking communications.  Latest reports said the American-built airfield 
in the Azores was practically destroyed" (newspaper article).

October 6:
HWM analyzed a large low of at most 990 mb near 50N, 28.5W, with a cold front extending 
to the south of the low and another extratropical low approaching closely from the west.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 40.9N, 33.9W (COA); 30 kt NW and 1002 mb 
at 00Z at 41.0N, 32.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 06Z at 40.4N, 35.2W (COA); 30 kt NNW 
and 1002 mb at 12Z at 41.2N, 31.7W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 42.1N, 22.0W (HWM); 30 kt S 
and 1005 mb at 45.0N, 17.2W (COA).

A tropical depression formed around 12Z on 1 October southwest of the Azores.  The HWM 
analysis of the system as a frontal cyclone is incorrect, as shown by additional ship 
observations from COADS.  It appears that no frontal boundaries were in the vicinity of 
the system on this date and instead the cyclone was surrounded by uniformly warm air.  
Moving slowly towards the east-northeast, the depression became a tropical storm later 
on the 1st.   Early on October 2nd, a tight circulation was observed with gales and 
relatively low pressures.  The first observed gale occurred at 00Z on the 2nd- a 35 kt SE 
wind at 33.5N, 35W.  This observation occurred with a 1004 mb peripheral pressure measurement.  
The same ship reported 1019 mb 24 hours earlier, a 15 mb drop in one day.  Six hours later 
at 06Z on the 2nd, there was an additional observation from the same ship of 45 kt N wind 
with an 1007 mb pressure - about 100 nm west-southwest of the previous observation.  A time 
series analysis and comparison of this ship - #43938 - with its neighboring ships indicates 
that both the winds and pressures have little to no bias.  For 00Z, 06Z, and 12Z on the 2nd, 
40, 45, and 50 kt are analyzed for intensity.   50 kt is also the highest intensity achieved 
by this system as a tropical cyclone.  It is of note that the October 2nd HWM analysis also 
has significant errors.  A single ship observation plotted at 35N 28W was instead supposed 
to have been at 45N 28W, as indicated by COADS.  A revised synoptic analysis for that date 
indicates that a cold frontal boundary was approaching the tropical storm from the north.  
Around 12Z on the 3rd, it appears that the frontal boundary had reached the cyclone's center 
(though the data are sparse near the cyclone at this time) and extratropical transition is 
suggested to have occurred then.  From the 3rd to the 5th, the now extratropical cyclone 
underwent a structural transformation becoming very large in size (reaching a diameter of 
about 900 nm on the 5th) with moderate baroclinicity.  There were no available observations 
of gales on the 3rd, but on the 4th and 5th, the cyclone hit the Azores with strong winds 
and caused significant damage, according to the newspaper article from the Azores newspaper.  
Although the newspaper reports that 98 mph winds struck the Azores, it is unknown whether 
this was a gust or sustained wind, and it is unknown how this wind was measured or if it 
was estimated (though a specific value of "98 mph" would suggest a measured, rather than 
an estimated wind speed).  The article says that the airfield was "practically destroyed", 
which would be consistent with sustained hurricane force winds.  The lowest pressure 
recorded on the 5th was 991 mb, a peripheral value.  Despite the large size, a strong 
pressure gradient was established primarily in the system's northeast semicircle due to 
the combination of the cyclone's low pressure and a subtropical high to its northeast.  
This situation led to the severe impact in the Azores.  80 kt is chosen for the maximum 
intensity attained by this cyclone (obtained during its extratropical phase), during 18Z of 
4 October to 00Z of 5 October, based primarily upon the impacts in the Azores.  The storm 
moved northward away from the Azores late on the 5th, and at 00Z on the 6th, a 50 kt wind 
from the NNW with an 1003 mb pressure was recorded by a ship some distance west of the center.  
An intensity of 60 kt is analyzed for 00Z on the 6th, decreasing to 55 kt at 06Z.  At 12Z 
on the 6th, the cyclone had merged with another strong, extratropical low to its north, so 
06Z is analyzed as the last position in HURDAT north of the Azores.  This evolution of the
cyclone is supported by the 20th Century Reanalyses, available from the NOAA ESRL laboratory.  

********************************************************************************


Storm 6 1946 (was storm 5) - Revised 2014

33275 10/05/1946 M=10  5 SNBR= 739 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1 
33275 10/05/1946 M=10  6 SNBR= 739 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1    
                       *                 
     
33280 10/05*  0   0   0    0*180 872  35    0*184 867  40    0*186 865  45 1005*
33280 10/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*182 875  35     *
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

33285 10/06*188 862  55    0*191 860  60    0*196 856  65  993*203 851  75    0*
33285 10/06*188 867  45    0*194 860  55    0*200 852  65  993*207 845  75    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

33290 10/07*213 846  85    0*223 841 100    0*237 836 110    0*254 832 115  979*
33290 10/07*215 841  80    0*225 838  80  977*237 836  85    0*254 833  80  979*
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***  ***         ***          *** *** 

33295 10/08*270 828  65    0*286 826  40    0*303 824  35    0*319 821  35    0*
33295 10/08*270 829  75  980*286 825  65    0*308 821  55    0*325 817  50    0*
                ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33300 10/09*335 816  30    0*346 807  30    0E353 794  25    0E358 778  25    0*
33300 10/09*335 816  40    0E340 813  35    0E343 806  30    0E347 788  30    0*
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33305 10/10E361 762  25    0E363 746  25    0E362 729  25    0E359 702  25    0*
33305 10/10E353 768  30    0E359 750  35    0E362 733  40    0E359 710  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

33310 10/11E353 672  25    0E345 650  25    0E338 635  25    0E332 627  25    0*
33310 10/11E353 677  35    0E345 650  35    0E338 635  30    0E332 627  25    0*
                ***  **               **               **    

33315 10/12E326 621  25    0E321 617  25    0E315 614  25    0E304 612  25    0*
33320 10/13E292 613  25    0E281 620  25    0E272 629  25    0E266 640  25    0*
33325 10/14E264 650  25    0E263 658  25    0E262 667  25    0E262 677  25    0*
33325 10/14E262 652  25    0E258 665  25    0E255 680  25    0E253 695  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33330 HRBFL1AFL1                                                                    

Cuba landfall:  10/7/04Z - 22.2N 83.9W - 977 mb - 80 kt

US Landfall: 10/8/1946 at 02Z at 27.5N, 82.6W; 75 kt; 980 mb; 35 nmi RMW; 
1009 mb outer closed isobar; 325 nmi radius of outer closed isobar

Minor track changes and major changes to intensity are analyzed with this
hurricane that made landfall in Cuba and Florida.    Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, Conner (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), 
and Perez et al. (2000).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 18.4N, 86.7W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 86.7W.  Microfilm does not show a closed 
low, and the lowest pressure observation on microfilm is 1005 mb.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 86.9W (COA, micro).  
Land highlights: 10 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) 
(micro).  Two other low pressures.  "Late on October 5 a poorly defined cyclonic 
circulation passed northeastward from Guatemala into the Caribbean Sea.  
The forward movement of this low pressure area slowed to about 12 mph as it 
moved out over the waters of the Caribbean" (MWR).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.2N, 84.7W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a position at 12Z near 20.2N, 83.3W with a pressure of 1000 mb.  
Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 20.2N, 85.5W at 12Z.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 989 mb at 1830Z (mirco); > 50 kt S-SSE and 995 mb 
around 15Z at 20.5N, 84.8W (micro); 75 kt E at 21Z at 21.4N, 84.5W (micro).  
Five other ship obs of 45 kt or greater and numerous other gales.  Four other 
ship obs of 995 mb or less, and numerous other low pressures below 1005 mb.  
Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Belize City (17.4N, 88.2W) (micro); 
25 kt N and 1001 mb at 9Z at Cozumel (20.5N, 86.9W) (micro); 15 kt S and 1005 mb at 
Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Army Pirep Center fix at 
1515Z at 20.5N, 85.0W (micro); 85 kt maximum sustained winds east of center around 
18Z reported by the Navy (micro); center fix at 20.6N, 84.4W with maximum sustained 
winds of storm 85 kt (micro).  At least five other aircraft gales.  
"Between 1:30 pm of the 5th and 7:30 am of the 6th, the central pressure fell from 
1005 mb to 993 mb, with winds increasing to over 50 mph.  During the late afternoon 
of the 6th winds of 85 mph were measured from aircraft and surface vessels" (MWR).  
From the weather office in Key West... "Tropical disturbance formed south of Yucatan 
Channel during early morning.  It was reported to be increasing in intensity and 
would move over Western Cuba and Fla. Straits giving winds of hurricane force.  
Hurricane warnings deployed 5:00 pm" (OMR).  "A Navy destroyer about 40 to 50 miles 
south of the extreme western tip of Cuba reported a maximum wind of 85 knots at 
5:30 pm (2230Z) of the 6th.  During the night the center crossed extreme western 
Cuba and the station at San Julian reported winds in gusts of 112 mph" (10/1946 FL 
Climatological Data). 

October 7:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm near 24.9N, 83.2W located inside a closed 995 mb 
contour.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 83.6W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22N, 83.6W, and a 12Z 
position near 24N, 83.3W with a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 21.7N, 84.9W, and a 12Z position near 23.7N, 84.4W.  
Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 996 mb centered in the general vicinity 
of 24N, 84W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 75 kt NW and 990 mb at 1530Z at 24.0N, 
84.9W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 985 mb at 20Z at 25.2N, 83.6W (micro).  Three other 
ships obs of at least 50 kt and numerous other gales.  Several other ships obs 
between 988-1000 mb.  Land highlights: 43 kt SSE and 982 mb (min P) at San Juan y 
Martinez, Cuba (Perez); 97 kt SSE peak gust at San Juan y Martinez (no accompanying 
sustained wind) at 03Z (Perez); 985 mb at 0600 and 0630Z at La Fe (not known if this
is minimum pressure) (Perez); 45 kt SE and 991 mb at 4Z at 22.3N, 83.8W (Cuba) (micro); 
73 kt (fastest mile; max w) S and 995 mb at 1730Z at Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) 
(micro, MWR).  Several other gales and low pressures reported across western Cuba, 
South Florida, and the Keys.  Aircraft highlights: 68 kt S at 1230Z at 24.4N, 83.0W (micro); 
center fix at 1310Z at 24.0N, 83.4W (micro); 115 kt at 24.1N, 83.6W (MWR); 110 kt W at 
1630Z at 23.9N, 84.5W (micro); 50 kt N and 994 mb at 1915Z at 26.5N, 83.9W (micro); 
979 mb at 26.1N, 83.7W (MWR); center fix (~19-21Z) at 26.3N, 83.2W with 979 mb central 
pressure and estimated maximum sustained surface winds of 85 kt (micro).  Numerous 
other gales and two other low pressures.  "The center crossed extreme western Cuba, 
with the station at San Julian, Cuba, reporting gusts reaching 112 mph.  Moving into the Gulf, 
the center passed a short distance west of Dry Tortugas, which, at 12:30 pm on the 7th, 
recorded an extreme wind velocity (~1-min sustained wind) of 84 mph from the south.  
Several ships west of the island reported winds of 80-100 kt, and a reconnaissance plane 
flying into the center estimated a wind of 115 kt (132 mph).  After passing the latitude 
of Dry Tortugas, the storm began to lose intensity, as indicated by reports from a 
plane that flew into the storm at 4:18 pm, while it was centered about 100 miles WSW 
of Fort Myers; no winds greater than 85 kt (98 mph) were reported" (MWR).  From the 
weather office in Key West... "Tropical hurricane continued to move northward and passed 
about 130 miles west of Key West during the day.  By night fall all danger was passed.  
Hurricane warnings lowered at 4:00 pm.  No damage reported" (OMR).  From the FL 
Climatological Data "A reconnaissance plane estimated highest wind at 115 knots, 
but there is some question about the accuracy of this estimate" (10/1946 FL Climatological 
Data).  Regarding the forward motion, "the forward movement accelerated rapidly from 
14 mph when leaving Cuba to 33 mph while passing over Florida and southeastern Georgia. 
The rapid acceleration doubtless contributed to loss of force, however, winds were nearly 
as strong over northeastern Florida as on the west coast where it first struck" (10/1946 
FL Climatological Data).  "No name - 1946 - October 7 - Category 1 (no track changes recommended)" 
(Perez et al. 2000).

October 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 31N, 82.2W with a warm front extending from 
just northeast of the low northeastward for several hundred miles.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.3N, 82.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 00Z position near 26.5N, 83.4W, and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 82.4W with a 996 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a 
low of at most 990 near 31.2N, 81.9W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 
24.9N, 83.5W (COA).  Two other low pressures of 1004 mb.  Land highlights: 50 kt (1-min, max w) 
ESE at 0127Z at Fort Myers (26.6N, 81.9W) (MWR); 56 kt (1-min, max w) SSE at 0145Z at Okeechobee, 
FL (27.2N, 80.8W) (MWR); 980 mb (min p) at 0330Z at Cortez, FL (27.5N, 82.7W) (MWR); 65 kt 
(1-min, max w) SSE at 04Z at Punta Gorda (27.0N, 82.1W) (MWR); 985 mb (min p) around 0515Z at 
Lakeland, FL (28.0N, 82.0W) (micro); 57 kt SSE (max w) and 993 mb (min p) at 08Z at Daytona Beach 
(29.2N, 81.1W) (MWR, micro); 35 kt SE and 989 mb (min p) at 1615Z at Savannah, GA (32.1N, 81.2W) 
(OMR, MWR).  Several other gales and low pressures.  "As the storm approached the Florida coast, 
the ring of hurricane-force winds, which probably never exceeded 50 miles in width, was destroyed 
at the surface, leaving a poorly defined and relatively flat central area surrounded by a broad 
circulation of gale-force winds.  Some Florida stations directly in the path of the storm reported 
winds which gradually decreased from 40-50 mph down to 15-20 mph, and gradually increased again, 
without any relative calm period intervening.  Others reported a complete calm for periods as 
long as 1 hour.  However, a short distance above the surface, there seemed to be little disruption 
of the hurricane-force winds.  Several stations reported very rapidly moving low clouds at the 
height of the storm, with only fresh surface winds; and one observer stated that while small trees 
were being gently swayed by the wind at the peak of the storm, the tops of the taller pines in 
the same field were being violently twisted and sheared.  Along the west Florida coast the maximum 
winds reported were 75 mph.  These high velocities were reported from stations to the right of 
the center of the storm, in the Fort Myers-Punta Gorda section.  Tampa, over which the calm center 
passed about midnight (5Z the 8th), reported a highest wind of only 47 mph" (MWR).  From the Tampa
weather office... "A tropical disturbance passed about directly over the station on the night of 
October 7-8, 1946.  Lowest pressure was 29.14 sea level.  No damage in the vicinity of the station" 
(OMR).  Regarding the storm in Jacksonville... "the center passed west of Jacksonville during the 
morning of the 8th.  The maximum (5-min) wind was 33 (mph) South at 7:00 am EST, with extreme 
(1-min) the same.  The airport reported 39 (mph) ESE at 4:33 am, with gusts up to 60 mph.  The 
lowest barometer, 29.21 inches (sea-level) occurred at both the airport and the city office at 
5:50 am (1050Z).  There was only minor damage reported in the city, mostly from water.  The Red 
Cross estimated the total losses in the neighborhood of $8,111.00" (OMR).  Regarding the damage on
the Georgia coast (from Savannah weather office)... "There was no damage from the tropical storm in
this area.  Unusually high tides were not high enough to do any damage at Savannah Beach.  High 
tides in the Brunswick area did considerable damage to piers and beach installations and the water 
came up to around several houses.  It did not get high enough to come above the doors" (OMR).  The 
tropical storm passed to the west of Savannah on the 8th (Savannah OMR).  From the Columbia, SC 
weather office... "The tropical storm entered South Carolina in the vicinity of Augusta, GA.  The 
center passed a short distance west of Columbia during the mid-afternoon of the 8th.  The lowest 
sea-level pressure, 29.29 inches..." (OMR).  From the Charleston, SC weather office... "The maximum 
wind velocity (5-min) was 36 mph on the 8th, at which time the hurricane was passing to the west 
of the station, with greatly diminished intensity" (OMR).  From the Greenville, SC weather office... 
"Remnants of the tropical storm that moved up from Florida hit us on the 8th and high winds with 
one gust up to 79 mph was recorded.  No property damage was reported" (OMR).  Regarding the forward 
motion of the storm.. "The forward movement of the hurricane accelerated rapidly during the 7-8th, 
from about 14 mph upon leaving Cuba to 33 mph when passing over Florida and southeastern Georgia.  
Coming to an abrupt stop between Columbia, SC and Augusta, GA on the 8th, it continued to lose force" 
(MWR).  Regarding the high tides in Florida, "tides on the Florida coast were unusually high and 
caused much of the damage reported.  The town of Everglades (City) was inundated to depths ranging 
1.5 to 3 feet.  Parts of Punta Gorda and Ft. Myers were also flooded as well as low beaches and 
islands from Tampa Bay to the Keys.  Slight damage was also reported along the Atlantic Coast from 
around Titusville, FL to Charleston, SC, mostly from high tides" (10/1946 FL Climatological Data).  
"1946 - Oct - FL, 1SW - 980 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "Tropical Cyclone in Florida - 1946 - Oct. 
7-8 - West Coast - Minimal - Tides high, damage $5,200,000" (Dunn and Miller 1960).  

October 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 34.5N, 80W with a dissipating warm front 
somewhat wrapping around the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 
35.3N, 79.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.6N, 
81.9W, and a 12Z position near 35.1N, 81.3W with a 999 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
999 mb centered near 33.8N, 85.7W.  Land highlights: 31 kt NE and 995 mb at 0010Z at 
Greenville, SC (34.8N, 82.4W).  Ten other low pressures between 999-1004 mb across parts 
of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.  "Heavy rains spread over the Carolinas 
and Virginia, with diminishing winds.  After remaining stationary for about 18 hours, 
the weak low-pressure system moved over the North Carolina Capes and into the Atlantic" (MWR).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb near 36N, 72.8W with no fronts in the vicinity.  
HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 36.2N, 72.9W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.9N, 76.9W, and a 12Z position near 
36.5N, 73.6W with a 1002 mb pressure.  Microfilm shows a broad low of at most 1005 mb 
in the general vicinity of 36.8N, 73.6W, with frontal structures extending from the low.  
Ship highlights: 10 kt E and 1003 mb at 06Z at 37.7N, 73.7W (COA).  Four other low pressures.  
Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1002 mb (min p) at 0445Z at Hatteras, NC (35.2N, 75.6W) (OMR); 
35 kt NE and 1010 mb at Atlantic City, NJ (39.4N, 74.4W) (micro).  One other low pressure.

October 11:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 35N, 63W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt 
extratropical low at 33.8N, 63.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 36.6N, 70.2W, and a 12Z position near 32.4N, 64.7W with a 1008 mb pressure.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 31.8N, 61.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt 
extratropical low at 31.5N, 61.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a 
position at 00Z near 31.3N, 62.4W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a larger low of at most 1005 mb in the general vicinity of 27.3N, 63W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 27.2N, 62.9W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a large low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 26.2N, 67W with 
a stationary front located a couple hundred miles to the west of the low.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 25 extratropical low 26.2N, 66.7W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm formed at 18Z on 5 October (12 hours later than originally) in the extreme 
western Caribbean Sea just off the coast of the Belize/Mexico border.  The tropical storm 
apparently originated from a trough of low pressure over northern Central America.  The 
tropical storm moved slowly at first to the northeast on the 5th and 6th, intensifying to 
a hurricane at 12Z on the 6th (no change to the time hurricane strength was attained).  
Then the hurricane accelerated and moved more in a NNE direction, crossing extreme western 
Cuba on the 7th.  Minor adjustments were made to the track for all days of this tropical 
cyclone, except for no changes on the 12th and 13th when it was an extratropical cyclone.  
For intensity, Belize City recorded a peripheral pressure of 1004 mb at 18Z on the 5th.  
According to the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship, the tropical storm 
should have maximum sustained winds of at least 39 kt.  However, the storm was moving slow 
and the environmental pressure was low, so 35 kt is chosen for the start of this tropical 
cyclone at 18Z on the 5th (revised downwards from 45 kt at 18Z).  MWR indicated that the 
central pressure on the 6th at 12Z was 993 mb.  This value yields 59 kt using the south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship.  However, by 18Z, aircraft had estimated maximum surface 
winds of 85 kt, and there was a 989 mb pressure along with 30 kt of wind from a SHIP.  
989 mb (not a central pressure) yields greater than 65 kt maximum winds.  Considering the 
above information including the aircraft estimate of 85 kt winds, the intensity at 12Z on 
the 6th is kept at 65 kt and at 18Z the intensity is kept at 75 kt.  Winds are accordingly 
ramped early on the 6th starting from the 35 kt at 18Z on the 5th.   

The hurricane made landfall in western Cuba around 04Z on the 7th of October near 22.2N 
83.9W.  Observations from San Juan y Martinez (982 mb minimum pressure with 43 kt SSE wind 
at 05Z) indicate a landfall central pressure of around 977 mb.  This central pressure 
suggests maximum winds of 81 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
80 kt is selected as the Cuban landfall intensity - high end Category 1 hurricane, which 
matches the assessment by Perez et al., and winds are slightly reduced at 00Z from 85 to 
80 kt.  The hurricane moved into the Florida Straits around 08Z on the 7th.    During midday 
on the 7th, when the hurricane was passing west of the Dry Tortugas, aircraft estimated 
maximum surface winds of 115 kt.  This was likely an overestimate, because approximately 
4 hours later around 20Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 979 mb.  979 mb yields 
79 and 76 kt for south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively.  The highest direct wind 
observation available from a ship is 75 kt, although MWR text states that several ships 
west of Dry Tortugas reported winds of 80-100 kt.  Observations from the Dry Tortugas station 
recorded a fastest mile wind of 73 kt at 1730Z, as the hurricane passed just to the west of 
the islands. This converts to a maximum 1-min wind of 72 kt.  Taking all of the information 
into account, 85 kt is chosen as the intensity of this storm at 12Z (which is now analyzed 
to be the peak lifetime intensity of the system) and 80 kt at both 06Z and 18Z (originally, 
the values were 100, 110, and 115 kt, respectively for 06, 12, and 18Z).  The changes introduced 
for the winds at these three times are major revisions. The hurricane is analyzed to have made 
landfall near Cortez, FL around 02Z on 8 October. The revised positions around the time of 
landfall are within half of a degree of the previous HURDAT positions.   Cortez reported a 
central pressure of 980 mb.  This suggests maximum winds of 73 kt from the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.   The highest wind observation on the Florida Peninsula was 65 kt at 
Punta Gorda, FL at 4Z on the 8th, indicating a large RMW.  Additional factors are the somewhat 
fast forward speed (16 kt), but large size (35 nm RMW and 325 nm radius of outer closed isobar). 
Taken together, this suggests a maximum wind of 75 kt at landfall in southwest Florida (Category 1). 
The storm continued quickly after landfall northward through northern Florida, eastern Georgia, 
and into South Carolina by 00Z on the 9th.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model for 
06Z, 12Z and 18Z on the 8th yields intensities of 60, 46, and 35 kt respectively.  Peak observed 
winds (within 2 hr of synoptic time) were 65, 35, and 63 kt, respectively.  One surprising observation 
from Greenville, SC was a 1-minute wind of 63 kt around 18Z on the 8th.  However, it is likely that 
this wind was enhanced due to local topography effects.  Surrounding observations make it hard to 
believe that the observation at Greenville is representative of the winds not influenced by terrain. 
 65, 55, and 50 kt are chosen for the 06, 12, and 18Z on the 8th (up from 40, 35, and 35 kt originally).  
The first two are major changes upward in the intensity.  Additionally, as the cyclone is still a 
hurricane at 06Z, it is also considered a Category 1 impact for northwest Florida. The system weakened 
below tropical storm intensity at 12Z on the 9th (12 hours later than originally) and became extratropical 
around 06Z on the 9th (6 hours earlier than originally).  

On the 9th, the cyclone turned eastward in North Carolina and emerged off of the Atlantic 
coast between 00 and 06Z on the 10th moving due east.  The extratropical low made a large loop 
during the next 4 days (in HURDAT and confirmed in the reanalysis).  Moving eastward near 36N, 
74W on the 10th, it turned towards the ESE and SE on the 11th, southward on the 12th (near 32N, 
61W), southwestward on the 13th (near 27N, 63W), and westward on the 14th (near 26N, 67W) before 
dissipating.  Observations indicate that it briefly regained gale force on the 10th and 11th as 
an extratropical cyclone.


********************************************************************************


Storm 7 1946 (was storm 6) - Revised 2014

33335 10/31/1946 M= 4  6 SNBR= 740 NOT NAMED   XING=1                          L
33335 10/31/1946 M= 4  6 SNBR= 740 NOT NAMED   XING=1
                                                                               *

33340 10/31*  0   0   0    0*200 710  35    0*206 720  35    0*219 735  35    0*
33340 10/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*219 735  30    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

33345 11/01*230 750  40    0*239 765  40    0*248 780  40    0*258 793  40    0*
33345 11/01*230 753  35    0*239 765  40    0*246 778  40    0*258 793  40 1002*
                ***  **                       *** ***                      ****

33350 11/02*268 803  35    0*277 812  30    0*285 818  25    0*302 820  25    0*
33350 11/02*268 803  35    0*277 812  30    0*285 818  25    0*291 820  25    0*
                                                               ***

33355 11/03*317 810  20    0*323 799  20    0*330 788  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
33355 11/03*297 818  20    0*309 807  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

33360 TS                       

Bahamas Landfalls:
Nov. 1st - 03Z - 23.4N 75.8W - 35 kt
Nov. 1st - 12Z - 24.6N 77.8W - 40 kt

U.S. Landfall:
Nov. 1st - 22Z - 26.6N 80.1W - 40 kt - 1002 mb

Major track changes and minor intensity changes were analyzed for this minimal 
tropical storm that made landfall at Palm Beach, FL.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Simpson (1948).

October 31:
HWM analyzes a trough axis from 24N, 69W to a low located near 14N, 77W.  HURDAT 
lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 72.0W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a position close to the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
1011 mb near 20.7N, 71.5W.  No gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance developed 
from a wave formation in the pressure field which was noted moving westward north 
of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on October 31" (MWR).  "Early on the 31st, it became 
apparent that the (tropical wave) axis had rotated into a forward or westward 
inclination.  At the same time deepening began to occur and there was some evidence 
of a closed circulation as low as 7,000 feet.  On the afternoon and evening of 
October 31st, rapid deepening occurred with 24-hour katallobaric centers over the 
wave crest increasing on three successive six-hourly maps from 1.5 to 5.0 millibars" 
(Simpson 1948).

November 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 76.5W with a trough extending 
south-southwestward from that low to another broad low in the Caribbean.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.8N, 78.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21N, 76.4W, and a 12Z position near 23.8N, 
76.2W with a 1008 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 24.2N, 
77.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 1830Z at 27.5N, 79.5W (micro).  
One low pressure of 1005 mb at an unknown location at 2045Z.  Land highlights: 
35 kt E and 1006 mb at 1830Z at 26.7N, 79.0W (micro); 10 kt SE and 1004 mb at 
23Z at West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) (micro).  Two other low pressures of 1005 mb 
at West Palm Beach.  "Early on November 1, a rather concentrated fall in pressure 
was noted as the wave moved through the Bahama Islands.  During the morning, 
aircraft reconnaissance located signs of a forming cyclonic circulation, which 
was, however, still weak and poorly defined.  The highest wind reported from 
the Bahamas area was Beaufort force 8 (39-46 mph), at West End, Grand Bahama 
Island, and aboard two ships north of that island.  From the Bahamas the center 
moved northwestward and passed over the Florida coast near Palm Beach at about 
4:30 pm (2130Z) on the 1st of November.  Wind velocities over Florida at no time 
exceeded 40 mph, although squalls and winds between 30-40 mph were reported from 
near Miami to Daytona Beach" (MWR).  "Circulation rapidly developed at the 
surface and extended vertically to 30,000 feet by the morning of November 1st.  
The tropical cyclone which formed did not attain hurricane force before moving 
inland over South Florida" (unknown source).  "Tropical Cyclones in 
Florida - 1946 - Nov. 1-2 - Palm Beach - Minor - Damage several millions 
("Minor" - Maximum winds less then 74 mph, Minimum central pressure above 996 mb) - 
(Dunn and Miller 1960).

November 2:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb near 28.8N, 80.4W.  HURDAT lists this as
a 25 kt tropical depression at 28.5N, 81.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.9N, 80.1W, and a 12Z position near 27.9N, 
81.6W with a 1005 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1006.5 mb in the 
general vicinity of 28.5N, 81.4W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z 
at 26.4N, 80.0W (micro).  Land highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 0830Z at 
Melbourne, FL (28.1N, 80.6W) (micro); 5 kt E and 1004 mb at 1830Z at Ocala, FL 
(29.2N, 82.1W) (micro).  At least six other low pressures of 1005 mb on the 
Florida peninsula.  "Moving more slowly and continuing a northwestward movement, 
the center reached a location between Lakeland and Orlando, FL by 7:30 am on November 2.  
Thereafter the disturbance deteriorated rapidly with the remnants finally drifting 
into the Atlantic near Jacksonville.  In Florida, no wind damage occurred, but 
heavy rains that accompanied the disturbance flooded crops from Lake Okeechobee 
to the coast, with damage amounting to 50-75 percent (several million dollars) 
of early fall plantings" (MWR).

November 3:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 31.8N, 77.8W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 15 kt tropical depression near 33.0N, 78.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 30.5N, 82W.  The MWR post-season 
track map last shows a position at 00Z near 29.8N, 81.9W.  Microfilm does not 
show a low.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical depression with 30 kt winds formed on 31 October at 18Z near 21.9N, 
73.8W from a westward moving tropical wave.  HURDAT originally started this 
cyclone at 06Z on the 31st as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Observations do not 
indicate a closed low at 06Z or at 12Z.  Furthermore, text from Simpson indicates 
that the low was closed down to 7,000 feet, but not down to the surface the
morning of the 31st.  The starting intensity is revised downward because there 
are no observed gales on the 31st.  The depression moved between WNW and NW and 
became a tropical storm at 00Z on 1 November (18 hours later than originally).  
The first observed gale occurred at 1830Z on the 1st at Grand Bahama Island.  
This 35 kt wind was observed along with a pressure of 1006 mb.  The tropical 
storm made landfall with a 40 kt intensity at Palm Beach, FL (26.6N, 80.1W) at 
22Z on the 1st of November.  Although the lowest pressure at West Palm Beach was 
1004 mb with 10 kt of wind, there was a ship just off the coast that recorded a 
pressure of 1003 mb with 15 kt of wind.  Using these to obtain a 1002 mb central 
pressure at landfall suggests a maximum wind of 40 kt using the Brown et al. 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The highest observed wind was 35 kt. 
An intensity of 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z (unchanged) and landfall, and
35 kt is retained at 00Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 1002 mb was added 
in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st.  On the 2nd, the cyclone turned north through 
the Florida Peninsula.  It weakened to a depression at 06Z on the 2nd (unchanged).  
Track changes from genesis through 12Z on the 2nd were very minor.  Larger track 
changes were made after the depression passed Orlando, FL.  From 18Z on the 2nd 
through 06Z on the 3rd, a much slower forward motion and a track to the right of 
the previous track are analyzed.  Originally, HURDAT dissipated this depression 
after 12Z on the 3rd at 33.0N, 78.8W, but reanalysis does not find a closed low 
at 12Z, and dissipates the depression after 06Z at 30.9N, 80.7W.

********************************************************************************


1946 Additional Notes:


Suspect 1

Between 15-20 May, there were several observations of low pressures and gales
along the coasts of Louisiana and Texas, and low pressure also prevailed along 
the upper Mexican coast.  We looked to see whether these high winds and low 
pressures were due to a frontal passage, but there were no indications of a 
definite frontal passage.  The HWM maps indicate that the entire area was in 
a general area of low pressure starting on the 15th, but late on the 18th and 
into the 19th, a possible trough-like feature that may have come from the 
Rocky Mountains region could have enhanced the area of the low pressure and 
produced some high winds and low pressures on the 19th.  It is still possible 
that a tropical or subtropical storm struck near Port Arthur late on the 19th, 
and this possibility should not be ruled out.  The COADS data was obtained for 
this period, but there were few ships in the entire area of the western Gulf 
during this time in the COADS database.  If more data in the western Gulf of 
Mexico becomes available in the future, this should be evaluated again.  The 
following are highlight observations from OMR from coastal stations during 
this period:

Shreveport, LA: lowest pressure 1003 mb at 22Z on the 17th; highest wind 41 kt 
at 0430Z on the 19th.  

Port Arthur, TX: very strong winds on the 15th and again on the 19th; highest 
wind 47 kt E on the 19th; lowest pressure 1001 mb at 2230Z on the 19th.

Galveston, TX: Highest wind 33 kt N at 2030Z on the 19th; lowest pressure 1005 mb 
at 0030Z on the 20th.

Corpus Christi, TX: lowest pressure 1002 mb at 22Z on the 19th; S wind 25 kt on 
the 19th, NE wind 25 kt on the 20th.


DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
No positions provided


Suspect 2

An area of low pressure, which originated from a trough over the eastern United 
States, was nearly stationary over the NC coast during 9 and 10 July.  On the 
11th and 12th, the area of low pressure moved into the Atlantic Ocean.  On the 
13th, HWM analyzes the low near 40N, 60W.  The first observed gales and low pressures 
associated with this low also occurred on the 13th.  HWM plots a cold front coming 
from the west that is getting very close to the low by 12Z on the 13th.  To the east 
of the low, there is a south wind of 40 kt along with a pressure of 1008 mb.  Right 
at the position of the analyzed low in HWM, a ship in COADS reported 20 kt winds from 
the SSE with a 999 mb pressure.  The pressure readings from this ship are not reliable, 
as the ship recorded a pressure of 1020 mb just six hours later with no indication of 
an increase in its winds.  One observation west of the supposed "center" is a WSW wind, 
and this wind is responding to the front.  So we do not know if the low is closed at 
the time of our first gale (12Z).  Furthermore, by this same time (12Z on the 13th), 
a significant temperature gradient exists across the low, even entirely ahead of the 
front so this system may not have been tropical at this time.  Quotation from Grady 
Norton's "Forecaster's Report on Tropical Disturbances, July, 1946":  "The second 
disturbance had its genesis in the Foehn area east of the mountains in North Carolina.  
The bubble was first noted near Charlotte on the morning map of the 9th.  It moved 
slowly over eastern North Carolina and passed into the Atlantic near Elizabeth City 
on the morning of July 11th, with only about two circular isobars about it.  It gained 
force and became a near hurricane as it moved eastward and northeastward over the Atlantic 
during the next 2 days.  This is the first observed case in the writer's experience of a 
vortex of hurricane proportions developing and moving eastward from the Piedmont Foehn 
area of the Carolinas.  However, on two other occasions, retrograde movement of heat 
bubbles southwestward from this area, has formed hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico that 
moved westward into Texas... No formal advisories were issued by this office in connection 
[with this storm]."


DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
July 11		34N	73W		broad low/trough
July 12		36N	71W		broad low/trough
July 13		40N	61W		extratropical storm (maybe closed)
July 14					Absorbed by larger extratropical low


Suspect 3

HWM shows a low with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a 
cold front extending from the low west-southwestward moved off the east coast of the US 
and into the western Atlantic on 16 July.  Observations from HWM along with COADS confirm 
the existence of a broad, closed low on the 16th, but not quite a tropical depression.  
The system continued northeastward on the 17th and 18th.  On the 17th, there are no 
observed west winds south of the low, so a closed circulation could not be confirmed.  
The temperature gradient across the low was small on the 16th and 17th, but there are 
no observed gales or low pressures for the duration of this system.  On the 19th, the 
low merged with another extratropical low.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
July 16		34N	73W		broad low
July 17		35N	68W		broad low/trough
July 18		39N	62W		Extratropical
July 19					Absorbed


Suspect 4

A weak low appeared to have formed on 9 September in the area of the Caribbean north 
of Honduras and east of Belize.  HWM indicates a small, weak trough at 84W on the 8th, 
so it is possible that the low may have formed from a tropical wave.  Microfilm 
observations indicate a closed low at 12 and 18Z on the 9th.  By the 10th, this low is 
gone, and it is unclear whether the low dissipated or moved inland into Central America.  
There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
September 8				Trough along 84W
September 9	17N	86W		Tropical depression
September 10				Dissipated


Suspect 5

The Monthly Weather Review wrote:  "Tropical Disturbance - Storm developed off the South
Carolina coast and moved inland near North Carolina border on the night of the 19th, 
then moved northeastward, leaving the State in the vicinity of Northampton County on the 
night of the 20th.  Rains of 8 to 12 inches were general over the tidewater counties from 
the South Carolina border northward to the Pamlico River.  Roads flooded; telephone service 
interrupted to some beach resorts due to high winds."  The system was clearly a baroclinic 
cyclone with well-developed frontal boundaries and cold air advection.  It is thus not 
added into HURDAT, but is mentioned here because of the notation of "Tropical Disturbance" 
in MWR.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
September 17	31N	77W		Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone?
September 18	32N	76W		Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone?
September 19	33N	78W		Frontal Boundary/Extratropical Cyclone?
September 20	35N	80W		Extratropical Cyclone
September 21	39N	76W		Extratropical Cyclone


Suspect 6

HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb on 22 September near 23N, 90W.  There were no 
observed west winds south of the center on this day from HWM and COADS.  On 23 September, 
HWM shows the closed low has moved westward to near 24N, 96W.  Brownsville, TX recorded 
a minimum pressure of 1002 mb at 1730Z of the 22nd, but the highest wind on this day was 
19 kt from the SE, and there was not much of a wind shift.  The highest wind on the 23rd 
was 21 kt, but Brownsville may have been influenced by the tail end of a cold front 
during the evening of the 23rd.  There were no observed gales with this system, and the 
time of the minimum pressure at Brownsville is not consistent with HWM's position of the 
low.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
September 22	23N	90W		Broad low/Trough
September 23	24N	96W		Broad low/Trough
September 24				Dissipated


Suspect 7

A broad low was noted in HWM in the central Caribbean Sea on 16 October.  It moved 
westward for the next day and then became stationary near 80W as the low appeared to 
become part of a trough (tail-like feature) extending all the way down from the 
mid-latitudes from a low in the central Atlantic.  The area of low pressure persisted 
in the western Caribbean for the next few days.  There were no observed gales or low 
pressures with this area of low pressure.  There is no evidence that the low is closed 
at any time.  On the 19th, there are south winds, east winds, and north winds, but 
there are no west winds south of the center.  Instead, there is a light east wind south 
of the center.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
October 16	15N	72W		Broad Low/Trough
October 17	17N	80W		Broad Low/Trough
October 18	18N	80W		Broad Low/Trough
October 19	16N	80W		Broad Low/Trough
October 20	15N     79W		Broad Low/Trough


Suspect 8

A trough accompanied by gale force winds was evident late on 2 November according to 
available microfilm maps and COADS just off the coast on North Carolina in the area 
between Wilmington and Hatteras.  There were five observations of E to ESE 35 kt winds 
from 20Z on the 2nd to 00Z on the 3rd.  After 00Z on the 3rd, there were no more observed 
gales.  It is difficult to close off the low at 00Z due to insufficient observations 
south of where the center is believed to be.  A definite closed low is found at 06Z on 
the 3rd.  Due to the gales observed at 00Z, and the closed circulation at 06Z, it is 
reasonable to believe that the low was closed by 00Z on the 3rd.  It moved northward, 
and made landfall in North Carolina southwest of Cape Hatteras around 05Z on the 3rd 
with peak winds of about 35 kt.  Continuing towards the north, the cyclone weakened to 
a sub-gale force extratropical cyclone by 12Z on the 3rd.  The cyclone continued 
weakening and began being absorbed by a frontal boundary after 00Z on the 4th.  The 
reason for not including this system into HURDAT is because of the moderate baroclinicity - 
both temperatures and dewpoints - while of gale force on the 3rd.  While no frontal 
boundaries were indicated in the NHC microfilm on 00 and 06Z on the 3rd, they were 
shown at 12 and 18Z on the same date.  Given the moderate (~5 deg F) surface temperature 
and dewpoint gradients across the system indicated early on the 3rd while it was 
strongest, this indicates that the cyclone was extratropical.  

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
November 3	36N	76W		Extratropical 
November 4 	---	---		Dissipated

November 2:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  
Microfilm does not show a closed low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE-E and 1013-1015 mb at 
35.5N, 75.5W at 20Z, 21Z, 22Z, and 23Z (COA).

November 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 37N, 73.5W.  Microfilm at 00Z shows a 
tiny closed low near 34.3N, 75.6W with 35 kt east winds just north of their analyzed center.  
Microfilm at 12Z plots a low, not closed, near 37N, 75.5W, with developing trough or frontal 
features extending from the low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E gust 50 kt and 1013 mb at 00Z at 
34.6N, 75.4W.  Land highlights: 33 kt SE (1-min) and about 1012.5 mb around 00Z at Hatteras, 
NC (35.2N, 75.6W) (OMR).  The wind direction at Hatteras, NC, changed 180 degrees from east 
to west, through south between ~2330Z on the 2nd to ~0930Z on the 3rd, a period of 10 hours.  
Hourly averaged winds higher than 20 kt were observed between 22Z on the 2nd and 01Z on the 
3rd at Cape Hatteras (OMR). 

November 4:
HWM plots a closed low at 12Z of at most 1005 mb near 42.5N, 65W embedded within frontal 
features; however, according to the analysis, this low may be a combination of the remnants 
of the this suspect and another developing baroclinic low that approached from the continent.  
The last available microfilm image is at 00Z, and it shows an elongated closed low of at most 
1014 mb in the general vicinity of 37.5N, 73.5W with a frontal feature extending to the east 
from the low and another frontal feature extending to the SSW from the low.  No gales or low 
pressures.


Suspect 9

A low, which likely originated from a mid-latitude system over New England, became evident 
in the Atlantic Ocean on 10 November in the general area near 31N, 58W.  On the 11th, the 
low strengthened and occluded.  There were a few observed gales on the 11th including a 40 kt 
NNW wind along with a 1006 mb pressure west of the center.  This storm had a large circulation. 
On the 12th, the circulation became much larger and moved southward.  There were not any gales 
near the center on the 12th.  On the 13th, the low continued to be very large and broad, 
covering an area from 15-35N, and at least 48-68W.  It had a central pressure of about 997 mb, 
but the strongest observed winds were 30 kt.  On the 14th, the low consolidated somewhat, 
but the radius of strongest winds were still well removed from the center.  Also on the 14th, 
a frontal system was approaching from the west and it was very close to the low by 12Z on the 
14th.  By the 15th, the low was likely absorbed by the frontal system and pushed up north along 
the front towards the extratropical cyclone associated with the front.  The highest observed 
wind with this system was 40 kt on the 11th and the lowest observed pressure was 990 mb on the 
14th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
November 10	31N     58W		Broad Low/Trough 
November 11	33N	54W		Extratropical storm
November 12	25N	56W		Extratropical
November 13	27N	56W		Extratropical
November 14	35N	57W		Extratropical
November 15				Absorbed


Suspect 10

A low formed north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola on 5 December.  The low was closed, but elongated 
SW-NE.  This low is analyzed as extratropical on the 5th due a moderate temperature gradient across 
the low.  HWM analyzes a warm front extending to the ENE from the low, and this analysis appears 
to be accurate.  There is a strong pressure gradient to the NW of the low producing two 30 kt wind 
observations.  The lowest observed pressure on the 5th is 1010 mb.  On the 6th, the system has a 
similar structure as on the 5th, except on this day there were several observed gales where the 
strong pressure gradient was in place.  On the 6th, the low appears even more elongated than on 
the 5th.  The highest wind on the 6th is 40 kt and the lowest observed pressure is 1008 mb.  On 
the 7th, the system began to pull northward and it appears as it there are two different 
circulations associated with the frontal system, but the circulations are ill-defined and it 
may not be closed on the 7th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
December 5	23N	68W		Extratropical low
December 6	28N	64W		Extratropical storm
December 7	30N     58W		Broad Low/Trough


Suspect 11

HWM tracks a low from the southwestern Caribbean Sea to the coast of Alabama between 11-20 December 
with steady progression.  On certain days, it is somewhat unclear whether the low is the same system 
as the previous day.  Also, on certain days, the low is closed and on other days, the low appears 
to not be closed.  By the time the supposed low reaches the coast of Alabama, it is located in a 
strongly baroclinic environment with cold, winter temperatures.  There are no observed gales or 
low pressures with this system until it reaches the Alabama coast, and it is unclear whether the 
strong winds observed along the Alabama coast were from this system or from a separate baroclinic 
system.  From the Mobile, Alabama OMR, "Dec. 20 Sand Island light house reported winds to 50 mph.  
A local disturbance covering small area around Hollingers Island (30.5N, 88.1W)...occurred about 0300 
(8Z 20th) with minor damage to homes...strong winds grounded tugs and cast barges adrift" (OMR).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
December 11	14N	80W		open trough
December 12	15N	81W		open trough
December 13	19.5N	83.5W		low (maybe closed)
December 14	22N	81.5W		low (closed, but not a TD)
December 15	22.5N	80.5W		low (closed, but not a TD)
December 16	22N?	79.5W?		open trough
December 17	?	?		open trough
December 18	24.5N	81W		open trough
December 19	25.5N?	84.5W?		low?
December 20	30.5N 	88W		extratropical low


********************************************************************************


1947 Storm 1 -  Revised 2014

33365 07/31/1947 M= 3  1 SNBR= 741 NOT NAMED   XING=1        
33365 07/31/1947 M= 3  1 SNBR= 741 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                                                    *
                   
33370 07/31*  0   0   0    0*195 920  35    0*202 938  35    0*206 947  35    0*
33370 07/31*  0   0   0    0*195 936  30    0*202 938  35    0*210 940  35    0*
                                 ***  **                       *** ***

33375 08/01*211 953  35    0*226 958  35    0*241 962  35    0*250 967  35    0*
33375 08/01*220 943  35    0*230 947  35    0*241 954  35    0*249 963  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

33380 08/02*256 973  40    0*260 982  40    0*263 990  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
33380 08/02*256 973  45    0*260 981  40    0*261 985  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **          ***          *** ***  **

33385 TS                                                                        

Mexico landfall:
August 2/00Z - 25.6N 97.3W - 45 kt - (also 40 kt impact in Texas)

Minor changes to both track and intensity are implemented with this tropical 
storm that struck Mexico not far from its border with Texas.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships 
database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly 
climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
Mexican observations, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

July 31:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 94.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 93.8W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a broad, closed 
low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 20.5N, 93W.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "A weak tropical disturbance formed in the southwest Gulf of 
Mexico on July 31, moved westward and then north-northwestward across the western 
Gulf of Mexico, and passed inland on the Gulf Coast a short distance south of 
Brownsville, Tex" (MWR).

August 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 23.5N, 94.1W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.1N, 96.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb 
centered in the general vicinity of 23.7N, 94.8W.  Land highlights: 10 kt S and 
1005 mb at 18.3N, 94.5W (micro); 1002 mb (min p) at 2320Z at Brownsville, TX (OMR).  
"The strongest wind reported was 44 mph at Port Isabel, Tex.  Heavy rains caused 
some damage to the cotton crop.  Among the recorded heavy amounts of precipitation 
which fell in Texas during the passage of the storm are: Raymondville, 9.78 inches; 
Falfurrias, 8.11 inches; and Brownsville, 4.41 inches" (MWR).  "Preliminary estimate 
of damage to cotton crop, about $2,000,000, caused by heavy rain..." (MWR).  "A weak 
tropical storm moved inland just south of Brownsville during the early night.  The 
lowest pressure recorded was 29.56 inches at 6:30 pm.  No damage was done" 
(Brownsville OMR).  "Tropical Cyclones in Texas - Aug. 1 - Lower coast - Minor - 
Rain damage $2,000,000"  ("Minor" indicates winds less than 74 mph and central 
pressure above 996 mb- Dunn and Miller).

August 2:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26N, 98.7W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 99.0W.  The MWR post-season track map 
last shows a position at 00Z near the 00Z HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a 
closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.2N, 98.6W.  Ship highlight: 40 kt 
ESE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 26.5N, 97.0W (micro).  Land highlights: 25 kt ESE and 
1001 mb at 00Z at Port Isabel, TX (26.1N, 97.2W) (micro); 38 kt at 06Z at Port 
Isabel, TX (micro).

HWM indicates a trough east of Yucatan on the 29th and west of Yucatan on the 30th, 
but there is no evidence of a closed low on these days.  It is possible, however, 
that a closed low (and a tropical depression) developed late on the 29th before 
moving over Yucatan.  A tropical depression formed in the Bay of Campeche at 06Z 
on 31 July with a 30 kt intensity.  No changes were made to the timing of genesis, 
except that HURDAT started this as a 35 kt tropical storm.  However, the initial 
position at 06Z is adjusted westward for a more realistic initial motion (much too 
fast originally).  From genesis until landfall, there are only a few ship or aircraft 
observations near the center.  The cyclone is brought up to tropical storm intensity 
(six hours after that indicated originally in HURDAT) by 12Z of the 31st.  After that, 
the storm is analyzed to have moved towards the NNW, instead of NW and then NW as 
in HURDAT, so a track to the right of the previous HURDAT position is analyzed up until 
just before landfall.  Landfall occurred on the Mexican coastline around 00Z on 2 August, 
30 miles SSE of Brownsville at 25.6N, 97.3W.  Port Isabel, TX recorded a pressure of 
1001 mb simultaneously with 30 kt of wind at 00Z on the 2nd.  Using the Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship for N of 25N, a 1001 mb peripheral pressure yields an 
intensity of greater than 42 kt, and for south of 25N, greater than 45 kt.  No changes 
were made to the timing or position of landfall, but the intensity at landfall is 
raised from 40 to 45 kt.  It should be noted that there was not a substantial amount 
of observations near the center at landfall, so if the cyclone actually tracked 
equatorward of this track, the cyclone may have been substantially stronger.  Also, 
the highest ship observation was 40 kt, and this came six hours after landfall.  For 
06Z, the HURDAT intensity of 40 kt is maintained due to the 06Z ship observation of 
40 kt.  At 12Z on the 2nd, HURDAT's 35 kt intensity is lowered to 30 kt and the cyclone 
is analyzed to be a half degree east of the previous position.  There were no changes 
made to the timing of dissipation, and 12Z on the 2nd is maintained as the last point 
in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


1947 Storm 2 - Revised 2014

33390 08/09/1947 M= 8  2 SNBR= 742 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33395 08/09*  0   0   0    0*137 746  35    0*138 755  35    0*139 764  35    0*
33395 08/09*  0   0   0    0*127 755  25    0*130 762  25    0*133 769  25    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33400 08/10*141 773  35    0*145 782  35    0*150 790  35    0*155 796  35    0*
33400 08/10*137 776  25    0*141 783  25    0*145 790  25    0*150 797  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

33405 08/11*160 801  35    0*166 805  35    0*172 810  40    0*179 820  40    0*
33405 08/11*155 804  30    0*160 812  30    0*165 820  30    0*172 830  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33410 08/12*187 834  45    0*193 850  50    0*197 866  50    0*200 881  55    0*
33410 08/12*181 842  35    0*191 854  40    0*197 866  45    0*200 879  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

33415 08/13*203 896  60    0*206 911  60    0*210 925  70    0*214 936  70    0*
33415 08/13*203 893  40    0*206 907  45    0*208 919  50    0*208 929  60    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33420 08/14*216 943  80    0*217 948  85    0*218 953  90    0*219 958  90    0*
33420 08/14*208 938  70    0*211 944  80    0*216 950  90    0*219 958  90  977*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***                       ***

33425 08/15*220 964  95    0*220 972  95    0*220 980  60    0*220 986  55    0*
33425 08/15*220 966  95    0*219 972  95    0*216 978  85    0*213 983  65    0*
                ***                   **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33430 08/16*220 990  50    0*220 995  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
33430 08/16*210 986  45    0*203 988  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33435 HR                                                                        

International Landfall:
8/12/16Z - 19.9N 87.5W - 45 kt - Mexico
8/15/10Z - 21.7N 97.5W - 95 kt - Mexico

Minor changes to track and major intensity changes are documented for this storm 
which struck the Yucatan Peninsula as a tropical storm and then made a second 
Mexican landfall as a Category 2 hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather 
Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Mexican observations, and Connor 
(1956).

August 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 14.4N, 71.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
35 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 75.5W.  Microfilm shows a very broad closed low of 
at most 1011 mb between 8-16N, 74-81W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 77.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
35 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 79.0W.  Microfilm does not show a closed low at 12Z.  
No gales or low pressures.

August 11:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 18.5N, 81W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 17.2N, 81.0W.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 
1012 mb near 16.3N, 82.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 85.9W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 50 kt tropical storm at 19.7N, 86.6W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
1005 mb near19.9N, 86.3W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 06Z at 
20.2N, 85.7W (micro); 40 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 0830Z at 20.3N, 85.4W (micro).  
Aircraft highlights: three obs of 35 kt SE-SSE all near 20Z between 20-21N, 
86.5-87.5W (micro).  "On August 12 a tropical storm formed over the northwestern 
Caribbean Sea and then moved on a westerly course over the Yucatan Peninsula" (MWR).

August 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 90.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
70 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 92.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb near 20.5N, 
92.4W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 999 mb at 20Z at 21.7N, 93.4W (micro); 
40 kt E and 997 mb at 22Z at 21.9N, 93.0W from the same ship (micro).  One 
other gale.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt ESE at ~21Z at 22.7N, 94.4W (micro).  
One other gale.

August 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 22N, 94.7W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 90 kt hurricane at 21.8N, 95.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb 
centered near 21.7N, 94.8W.  Ship highlights: 65 to 70 kt NNE and 972 mb around 
12Z at 21.7N, 95.0W (micro).  Two other gales and one other low pressure.  
Aircraft highlights: 65 kt E around 00Z at 20.8N, 95.0W (micro); center fix at 
1717Z at 22.1N, 95.8W with a 977 mb central pressure and maximum surface winds 
of 100 kt (micro).  Seven other gales.  Land highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1007 mb 
at both 22Z and 2330Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.8W) (micro).  "From Army Recon- Tropical 
cyclone definitely hurricane; winds northern quadrant 100 knots; precipitation heavy; 
turbulence moderate to severe at 400 feet.  Surface pressure at center 977 mb; 
diameter of eye 20 NM; 1717Z position of center 22.1N, 95.8W; movement of center 
WNW 7 knots.  Radius of squally weather in west and northwest quadrants 80 to 100 NM" (micro).  
"Navy plane estimates storm center at 21.9N, 95.9W at 1930Z" (micro).

August 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 21.9N, 98W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 98.0W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 
996 mb centered near 21.8N, 97.7W.  Land highlights: 96 kt (max wind) at Tampico 
(22.2N, 97.8W) (MWR); gust to 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 0935Z at Tuxpan (21.0N, 97.4W) 
(micro); 70 kt ENE gust 80 kt and 1005 mb at 12Z at Tampico (micro).  Two other 
observations of hurricane force winds at Tampico at 1435Z and 1635Z (micro).  
Six other gale observations at Tampico and Tuxpan.  "After developing hurricane 
force winds while passing over the southern Gulf of Mexico, it moved inland 
on the Mexican east coast a short distance south of Tampico.  On the morning 
of August 15, winds as high as 110 mph were reported at that city.  There were 
19 deaths from this hurricane, one in Tampico and 18 in the oil fields to the south" (MWR).

August 16:
HWM analyzes an open trough between 20-23N, 97-100W.  HURDAT last lists this 
system at 06Z as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 99.5W.  The MWR post-season 
track map last shows a position at 00Z near 22.0N, 98.7W.  Microfilm last shows
a closed low at 06Z of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 98.5W.  Land highlight: 
40 kt E at 0030Z at Tampico.

HURDAT originally started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 9 August in the 
central Caribbean Sea.  There are no changes to the timing of genesis; however, a 
25 kt tropical depression is analyzed instead of a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 
the 9th.  The analysis keeps this a depression for nearly three days and does not 
bring it to tropical storm strength until 00Z on the 12th.  From the 9th to the 11th, 
there were several observations within 200 nmi of the center including a couple of 
observations within 100 nmi of the center. Of all these observations, the strongest 
observed wind was 15 kts. In addition to having no gales or low pressure observations 
from the 9th to the 11th, the above quote by MWR on 12 August which states that a 
tropical storm formed on August 12 adds further evidence for delaying the attainment 
of tropical storm intensity.  At this time, the intensity in the original HURDAT had 
increased to 45 kt.  Track changes during the first 3 days keep the cyclone to the 
southwest (or left) of the original HURDAT track by about one degree.  By 00Z on the 
12th, the storm had already passed to the north of Swan Island and was beginning to 
approach the Yucatan Peninsula.  The storm is analyzed to have made landfall as a 
45 kt tropical storm (50 kt originally) at 16Z on the 12th in the Yucatan Peninsula 
south of Cozumel, or about halfway between Cancun and the border with Belize.  HURDAT 
originally had this tropical storm strengthening from 50 to 60 kt while over the 
Yucatan Peninsula.  There are no observations that support this unusual behavior, 
and the storm is analyzed to have weakened from 45 kt to 40 kt while crossing the 
Yucatan Peninsula.  It emerged back over water in the Bay of Campeche between 00Z 
and 06Z on 13 August moving westward.  HURDAT originally had this becoming a hurricane 
at 12Z on the 13th located at 21.0N, 92.5W.  It is analyzed that at this time, 
the storm's intensity had increased to only 50 kt and was located at 20.8N, 91.9W.  
Observations from the ship Sheldon late on the 13th were helpful in the analysis.  
The peak observation from this ship was 40 kt E and 997 mb at 22Z at 21.9N, 93.0W.  
From the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for south of 25N, a 997 mb peripheral 
pressure yields an intensity greater than 53 kt.  Also, an aircraft estimated 
surface winds of 65 kt around 00Z on the 14th.  70 kt is chosen as the intensity 
at 00Z on the 14th (down from 80 kt originally).  On the 14th around 12Z, a ship 
near the center reported a pressure of 972 mb with 65 to 70 kt of wind.  This 
would suggest that the central pressure was at most around 965 mb.  A 972 mb peripheral 
pressure yields at least 88 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  However, five hours later, at 1717Z, an aircraft reported a central 
pressure of 977 mb.  A 977 mb central pressure yields a wind speed of 81 kt from 
the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  This aircraft also 
reported information that suggests that the RMW of the hurricane was about 12 to 
15 nm at the time.  The climatological RMW for this location/central pressure 
(Vickery et al. 2000) is 18 nm, so the hurricane was a smaller than average.  
An average of the 977 mb central pressure with a central pressure of at most 965 mb 
from the ship yields 971 mb around the 12-18Z time frame on the 14th.  This value 
yields exactly 90 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship 
for intensifying systems.  90 kt is chosen for both 12Z and 18Z on the 14th 
(both unchanged from HURDAT).  A 977 mb central pressure (from the aircraft 
observation) is added in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th.  

Landfall is analyzed to have occurred on the Mexican coast near 21.7N 97.5W about 
40 nmi SSE of Tampico at 10Z on the 15th.  The closest approach of the center to 
Tampico may have been 35 to 40 nmi since the storm was moving slightly south of 
west at the time.  The previous HURDAT had landfall closer to Tampico, at 22.0N 
latitude (Tampico is at 22.2N).  The peak observed wind at Tampico was 96 kt (MWR). 
The 96 kt value may have been a gust because the strongest sustained wind according 
to an hourly report on NHC microfilm was 74 kt with a gust to 87 kt. In addition, 
the pressure observations from Tampico were rather high and not indicative of a 
major hurricane with an RMW near Tampico.  A landfall intensity of 95 kt is analyzed 
(unchanged from HURDAT originally). Therefore, 95 kt is chosen as the intensity at
06Z (no change to original HURDAT) and at landfall.  This storm is analyzed to have 
intensified by 55 kt in the 54 hour period from 00Z on the 13th to 06Z on the 15th, 
while the previous HURDAT showed an intensification of 35 kt during this period.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 77 kt for 12Z on the 
15th, 55 kt for 18Z, 42 kt for 00Z on the 16th, and 32 kt for 06Z.  Highest observed 
winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were:  gust to 96 kt around 12Z (but likely 
at time of landfall), 74 kt at 1635Z, 40kt around 00Z on the 16th, and less than gale 
force around 06Z.  Revised winds in HURDAT are 85 kt at 12Z on the 15th (up from 60 kt 
originally), 65 kt at 18Z (up from 55 kt), 45 kt at 00Z on the 16th (down from 50 kt), 
and 30 kt at 06Z (down from 45 kt).  The values chosen are about 8 to 10 kt above the 
Kaplan-DeMaria model at 12 and 18Z due to the observed 74 kt sustained wind at Tampico 
at 1635Z.  After landfall, the storm is analyzed to have been making a turn towards 
the SW with a motion towards the SSW until dissipation, while the original HURDAT kept 
the cyclone on a westward course through Mexico.  The east-southeast winds at Tuxpan 
at 0030 UTC on 16 August support this more southerly track after landfall.  However, 
both HURDAT and this analysis agree that the cyclone moved inland slowly after landfall 
and did not reach the higher terrain of Mexico until around 00Z on the 16th.  The winds 
chosen at 00Z and 06Z on the 16th are below Kaplan-DeMaria because of the impact of 
the higher terrain in quickening the tropical cyclone's weakening.  No changes were 
made to the timing of dissipation, and 06Z is maintained as the last point in HURDAT.


********************************************************************************



1947 Storm 3 - Revised 2014

33440 08/18/1947 M=10  3 SNBR= 743 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
33445 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 800  35    0*
33445 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*233 820  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **    

33450 08/19*241 815  35    0*241 823  40    0*242 831  40    0*243 840  45    0*
33450 08/19*230 827  30    0*230 833  35    0*234 839  40    0*241 844  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

33455 08/20*243 849  45    0*244 856  45    0*245 862  40    0*246 867  35    0*
33455 08/20*241 854  45    0*242 863  45    0*244 870  40    0*246 873  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***  **

33460 08/21*248 872  35    0*251 879  40    0*254 887  45    0*257 893  50    0*
33460 08/21*252 875  40    0*260 877  40    0*268 880  40    0*277 884  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33465 08/22*260 898  55    0*263 902  60    0*265 906  65    0*269 912  70    0*
33465 08/22*283 892  40 1004*286 898  40    0*289 902  40    0*294 908  35    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33470 08/23*272 917  70    0*275 921  70    0*278 925  70    0*281 931  70    0*
33470 08/23*290 913  35    0*284 917  40    0*279 923  45    0*280 929  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33475 08/24*284 936  70    0*287 939  70    0*290 943  70    0*292 948  70    0*
33475 08/24*283 935  60    0*286 939  65    0*289 941  70    0*291 945  70  984*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***          *** ***      ***

33480 08/25*295 953  60    0*298 958  60    0*302 962  60    0*305 966  55    0*
33480 08/25*293 950  65    0*296 955  50    0*300 960  35    0*304 965  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33485 08/26*308 970  35    0*310 973  25    0*314 975  20    0*318 977  20    0*
33485 08/26*308 970  30    0*312 973  25    0*316 976  20    0*320 979  20    0*
            ***      **      ***              *** ***          *** ***

33490 08/27*323 978  15    0*333 979  15    0*340 979  15    0*350 979  15    0*
33490 08/27*324 981  20    0*330 980  20    0*338 979  15    0*350 979  15    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***                 

33495 HRCTX1                                                                    

Landfalls: 
8/22/1947 14Z, 29.1N 90.3W, 40 kt
8/24/1947 22Z, 29.2N 94.9W, 70 kt, 984 mb, 1010 mb oci, 75 nmi radius oci

Major track and intensity changes are both analyzed for this storm.  In addition 
to the category 1 hurricane landfall near Galveston on the 24th, an additional 
landfall is analyzed in Louisiana as a 40 kt tropical storm two days earlier.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from
NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather 
maps, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 18:
HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 26N, 76W to 16N, 86W.  HURDAT first lists 
a system at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 80.0W.  Microfilm first shows
a closed low at 12Z of at most 1014 mb centered near 24N, 81W.  Highlight: 35 kt SE 
and 1017 mb at 12Z at 24.8N, 79.1W (micro).  "This disturbance formed in an easterly 
wave that moved westward through the Florida Straits on August 18" (MWR).

August 19:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 23.6N, 84.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 83.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24N, 
83.7W.  Land highlights: 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 12Z at Dry Tortugas (micro).  "Navy 
recon 23.5N, 83.8W at 1330Z: Passed through front.wind shift.no definite center; area 
of bad weather 24N - 84W" (micro).  "By the morning of the 19th a circulation had formed
some 150 miles west-southwest of Key West, Fla.  During this stage of development the 
highest wind reported was about 45 mph in squalls at some points along the Florida Keys" (MWR).  
"Navy recon 23.5N, 83.3W at 1330Z: Passed through front with wind shift.  No definite center; 
area of bad weather 24N-84W" (micro).

August 20:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 86.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt 
tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 23.7N, 83.6W, and a 12Z position near 23.8N, 86.1W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at 
most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 24N, 87.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
ESE and 1008 mb at 14Z at 25.5N, 84.2W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 16Z at 26.5N,
84.9W (micro).

August 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 25.6N, 89.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 25.4N, 88.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 24.4N, 87.8W, and a 12Z position near 24.9N, 89.6W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near the HURDAT position and a 12Z position near 25.2N, 
88.4W.  The MWR post-season track map also shows the position of a second tropical 
storm at 12Z near 27.3N, 87.7W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered 
near 25.7N, 88.7W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 08Z at 26.9N, 88.6W (micro).  
Two other gales.  Aircraft highlights:  Center at 28.1N 88.8W at 2145Z with central 
pressure of 1004 mb and peak surface winds of 40 kt (micro).  "The disturbance moved 
slowly westward to the middle Gulf, where on the 21st it was so weak that its path could 
not be followed with certainty" (MWR).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 28.6N, 90W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt 
hurricane at 26.5N, 90.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 26.7N, 89.7W, and a 12Z position near 27.9N, 90.7W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a position near the HURDAT position.  The MWR post-season track map also shows a 
position of the second tropical storm located at 00Z near 28.2N, 88.8W and at 12Z near 
29.2N, 90.1W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 28.8N, 90.6W.  
Land highlights: 37 kt SE and 1014 mb at 14Z at Grand Isle (29.2N, 90.0W) (micro).  
"A tropical storm moving westward across the Gulf was near enough to cause showers on 
the coast from the 22-24th, and squalls on the southeast coast on the 22d" (Louisiana 
Climatological Data).

August 23:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 28.6N, 91.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt 
hurricane at 27.8N, 92.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 28.7N, 92.6W, and a 12Z position near 27.7N, 94.2W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 91.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.3N, 92.4W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1002 mb near 27.8N, 92.3W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb 
at 15Z at 28.2N, 92.0W (micro); 35 kt S and 1008 mb at ~17Z at 28.2N, 92.6W (micro).  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt SSW at 2215Z (micro).

August 24:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 28.7N, 93.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt 
hurricane at 29.0N, 94.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 26.7N, 95.3W, and a 12Z position near 27.1N, 96.6W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 27.8N, 93.2W, and 12Z position near 28.7N, 94.2W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.9N, 94.3W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt NNE 
and 994 mb at 0030Z at 27.8N, 94.0W (micro); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 08Z at 28.4N, 
93.0W (micro).  Land highlights: 52 kt NW and 1001 mb at 2136Z at Galveston (29.3N, 94.8W) 
(micro); 992 mb (min pressure) at Galveston at 2145Z (also approximate time of landfall) 
(MWR, OMR, climo data); 63 kt (fastest mile or ~1-minute wind, max wind) E at ~2230Z at 
Galveston (OMR, MWR).  Five other observations of winds at Galveston between 35-57 kt.  
"It redeveloped and moved into Texas in the vicinity of Galveston on the 24th, as a 
storm of small diameter accompanied by winds of near-hurricane force.  The lowest observed 
pressure, 992.2 mb. (29.30 inches), reported by the Galveston office, occurred at 4:45 pm (2145Z).  
There was little evidence of a storm tide until shortly before the approach of the center: 
the rise of 0.6 foot, from 3.4 to 4.0 feet, took place on August 24 between 3 and 4 pm.  
Total damage from the storm was estimated at $200,000.  In the city of Galveston, it was 
confined mainly to roofs, signs, plate glass, and the interiors of dwellings, for the 
most part caused by the wind-driven rain.  In Galveston County, outside the city, property 
damage was estimated at $150,000 and crop damage at $32,500" (MWR).  "A tropical storm, 
the first to visit this section of the Gulf Coast since July 1943, passed inland on the 
24th with a maximum wind velocity of 66 mph from the east at 5:04 pm" (Galveston OMR).  
"On August 23rd, a small tropical storm developed from an area of squall about 150 miles 
southeast of Galveston and moved inland over Galveston about 4:45 pm, August 24.  The total 
damage was estimated at $757,000; of this amount $500,000 was to buildings and improvements 
and the remainder to crops" (Texas climo data).  "Tropical Cyclones in Texas, 1947 
Aug. 24 - Galveston - Minimal - 1 killed, damage $757,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 
74 to 100 mph, and 983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and Miller).  "Estimated lowest 
pressure  - 992 mb" (Connor).  "1947 Aug TX, 1N - Cat 1 - 992 mb" - (Jarrell et al.).

August 25:
HWM shows a low of at most 1010 mb near 30N, 96W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical 
storm at 30.2N, 96.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
28.8N, 96.5W, and a 12Z position near 29.6N, 97.9W with a 1011 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 95.3W and a 12Z position near 
29.7N, 96.3W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 29.8N, 96W.  
Land highlights: 59 kt SE and 1000 mb at 0030Z at Galveston (OMR); 39 kt (1-minute wind, 
max wind) E at ~0430Z at Houston (29.7N, 95.2W) (OMR).  One other gale at Houston.

August 26:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day, but instead analyzes a cold front located 
within a trough over east-central Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression 
at 31.4N, 97.5W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.4N, 
98.9W, and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 98.6W with a 1008 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
1011 mb centered near 31.8N, 97.8W apparently with an approaching frontal system very near 
the low.  No gales or low pressures.

August 27:
HWM does not analyze a closed low associated with the tropical depression, but does analyze 
a closed low of at most 1015 mb well to the north, over Nebraska with a cold front 
extending northeastward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression 
at 34.0N, 97.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.9N, 
98.9W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1014 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.5N, 98.1W, and a 12Z position near 
33.8N, 98.3W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1014 mb near the HURDAT position.  
No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm formed from a westward moving tropical wave in the Florida Straits at 18Z 
on 18 August (no changes to timing of genesis).  Available observations show evidence of 
a closed low despite an aircraft that could not locate a definite center at 12Z on the 19th.  
Observations from Cuba also indicate that the cyclone made landfall as a tropical depression 
in Cuba before 00Z on the 19th and then moved back over the Gulf of Mexico around 06Z.  
This necessitated a major track change at the initial point (18Z on the 18th) west-southwestward 
of that shown originally.  Development to a tropical storm is delayed 12 hours until the time 
when the cyclone emerged back over the Gulf.  Between 18Z on the 20th and 12Z on the 21st, it 
is analyzed that the center quickly moved or underwent a reformation to the north of its 
previous position.  At 18Z the 20th, the analyzed position is 24.6N, 87.3W (24.6N, 86.7W 
originally), and at 12Z on the 21st, the analyzed position is 27.6N, 87.6W (25.4N, 88.7W 
originally).  The revised positions late on the 21st and early on the 22nd are supported 
by an aircraft reconnaissance mission, which also estimated 40 kt maximum surface winds 
and 1004 mb central pressure.  (This central pressure is now added into HURDAT.)  After 
the storm reformed, it moved towards the WNW until making landfall in southeastern Louisiana 
at 14Z on the 22nd at 29.1N, 90.3W.  An intensity of 40 kt is maintained from 00Z on the 
21st until landfall.  Ship and Grand Isle station observations confirm this 40 kt intensity.  
However, it is noted that the pressures were significantly higher over Louisiana than that 
reported by the aircraft reconnaissance 16 hours previously, thus it is likely that the 
cyclone had a small inner core.  Moreover, it is quite possible that the central pressure 
filled some before landfall, which would be more consistent with a 1014 mb peripheral 
pressure observation at Grand Isle at the time of landfall.  The Monthly Weather Review 
assessment was that a second tropical cyclone made landfall in Louisiana, with the original 
system continuing very slowly over the central Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT, however, had no 
indication of a second system.  (See more discussion below in the final paragraph.)  At 12Z 
on the 22nd, when the re-analyzed tropical storm was nearing the Louisiana coastline at 28.9N 
90.2W with 40 kt winds, HURDAT originally had the cyclone at 26.5N, 90.6W well south of 
Louisiana as a 65 kt hurricane.  If there was a hurricane at HURDAT's position, the system 
would likely have been located some distance to the east or east-southeast on the 21st.  However, 
upon looking at the 8/21 1230Z (previous day's) microfilm map, sufficient observations between 
24-27N, 83-90W indicate no presence of any significant circulation.  On the 22nd, there are only 
a few available observations near the location of HURDAT's position, and none of these observations 
indicates the possibility of the existence of a tropical cyclone at HURDAT's position.  All of 
the evidence is indicative of only one cyclone in existence though with a substantially different 
track and intensity on the 21st and 22nd of August.  

After landfall in Louisiana, the tropical storm moved about 30 miles inland by 18Z on the 22nd, 
but at this time, the storm is analyzed to have made a turn back to the southwest, and the 
tropical storm re-emerged back into the Gulf of Mexico around 22Z on the 22nd, 8 hours after 
it made landfall in Louisiana.  The storm is analyzed to have maintained tropical storm 
intensity while over Louisiana (35 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 22nd while over Louisiana, 
and 40 kt is reached again by 06Z on the 23rd after the storm emerged back over the Gulf of 
Mexico).  During the time that this weak tropical storm is analyzed over southern Louisiana, 
HURDAT has this storm about 2.5 degrees to the SSW as a hurricane.  After re-entering the Gulf 
of Mexico, the storm is analyzed to have kept moving to the southwest or south-southwest until 
around 12Z on the 23rd, when it again turned back to the original west-northwesterly direction.  
Although there is not an abundance of available observations on the 23rd at 00Z and 06Z, 
enough evidence exists at both of those times to show the analyzed southward motion from 18Z 
on the 22nd to 12Z on the 23rd.  At 12Z on the 23rd, a ship observation with a 1004 mb pressure 
along with a 35 kt SE wind was very helpful for determining a position at this time.  By 12Z 
on the 23rd, the analyzed position is close to the HURDAT position for the first time since 
18Z on the 20th.  The intensity is analyzed to have increased slightly to 45 kt by 12Z on 
the 23rd (but still substantially lower than the 70 kt originally in HURDAT).

After 12Z on the 23rd, the cyclone continued on a reasonably straight path until landfall 
near Galveston, which occurred at 22Z on 24 August.  Analyzed intensities during this time 
are 55 kt at 18Z of the 23rd, 60 kt at 00Z of the 24th, 65 kt at 06Z, and 70 kt at 12Z and 
18Z.  HURDAT previously had 70 kt for all of these times.  The positions from 8/23 12Z to 
8/25 12Z are all very near the HURDAT positions, but are all shifted a few tenths of a 
degree to the southeast.  Key observations from Galveston help locate the time and location 
of landfall which is analyzed to have occurred just a few miles SW of Galveston (one-tenth 
of a degree).  Galveston recorded a 52 kt wind at 2136Z, just 9 minutes before its minimum 
pressure of 992 mb (2145Z).  This indicates that the center of the storm likely did not pass 
directly over Galveston.  On the other hand, during those 9 minutes, the pressure at Galveston 
dropped from 1001 mb to 992 mb.  It is possible that this hurricane had a small RMW, and 
that maybe the winds were calm when the pressure was 992 mb, but there is no available wind 
speed data at the exact time that the lowest pressure was recorded.  The maximum wind of 
63 kt (1-minute) at Galveston was recorded 45 minutes after the time of the lowest pressure 
(this converts to 58 kt after adjusting from the 35 m anemometer height down to 10 m).  
From the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N, a 992 mb peripheral 
pressure would produce winds greater than 56 kt, and for the relationship for intensifying 
systems, it produces winds greater than 59 kt.  This storm was significantly smaller than 
average; however, it was slow-moving.  70 kt is chosen for landfall, which agrees with 
HURDAT and the Jarrell et al. characterization of a Category 1 hurricane.  A category 1 
hurricane is also consistent with the damage that occurred.  The 992 mb central pressure 
reported in Jarrell et al. (originally from Connor), however, is judged likely to be 
instead a peripheral pressure with an estimate instead of 984 mb central pressure at 
landfall in Texas.  The analyzed landfall time is about 3 hours later than originally 
in HURDAT.  After landfall, the cyclone continued moving very slowly towards the NW 
and gradually weakened over land.  The Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model was 
run for 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z on the 25th.  For 00Z, the inland decay model yields 
59 kt, and the highest observed wind around this time is also 59 kt at Galveston, and 
65 kt is chosen (up from 60 kt originally) as the intensity two hours after landfall 
because the area of strongest winds on the right side of the cyclone might have still 
been occurring over Galveston Bay.  For 06Z, the inland decay model yields 45 kt, and 
the highest observed wind is 36 kt at Houston, and 50 kt is chosen for 06Z (down from 
60 kt originally).  For 12Z, the inland decay model yields 36 kt and there were no 
observed gales, so 35 kt is chosen (down from 60 kt originally) for this time.  For 
18Z, the inland decay model yields 29 kt and there were no observed gales, so 30 kt 
is chosen (down from 55 kt originally) for this time.  After weakening to a depression 
at 18Z of the 25th, it is analyzed that this depression maintained itself as a closed 
low through 18Z the 27th as shown in HURDAT.  Positions during this time are all analyzed 
to be within three-tenths of a degree of the HURDAT position, and there are no changes to 
the timing of dissipation.

In summary, it is noteworthy that on the 21st and 22nd, the MWR post-season track map 
showed two separate tropical cyclones separated by just 2 degrees latitude.  The southern 
cyclone, storm 3, formed (according to MWR) in the Florida Straits on the 19th and 
continued on a straight line and at a very slow speed all the way to landfall in Galveston 
as a category 1 hurricane.  The northern cyclone formed (according to MWR) around 12Z 
on the 21st about 2 degrees north of storm 3, made landfall in Louisiana on the 22nd, 
and then dissipated.  If the MWR post-season track map was correct, there would have 
been a Fujiwara Effect between the two tropical cyclones, but that is not what is 
analyzed to have occurred.  By the time the more northern circulation was evident 
from observations, the more southern circulation was already ill-defined and weak,
and probably no longer a closed low.  This strongly suggests that the storm reformed 
to the north.  It is clearly evident from observations that a tropical storm made 
landfall in Louisiana.  It is also clear from observations that at 12Z on the 23rd, 
the storm was located again well to the south of the southwestern Louisiana coastline, 
and then continued towards Galveston.  500 mb maps show high pressure located to the 
north over the United States, which explains the westward motion of the storm, but does
not explain the erratic motion that occurred.  In addition to the MWR post-season track 
map being incorrect, the previous HURDAT is likely incorrect as well.  The previous 
HURDAT shows one tropical cyclone on a path through the central Gulf that stays well 
south of Louisiana and makes landfall in Galveston.  One reason why this scenario is 
unlikely (in addition to observations at several times that indicate there is likely 
no closed low on the more southern route) is because this storm was very slow-moving 
throughout much of its lifetime.  Slow-moving tropical cyclones tend not to move in 
straight lines for prolonged periods of time and often have erratic paths.  

When performing the reanalysis for this storm, there were three scenarios considered.  
In scenario number one (the most unlikely scenario), the storm that developed in the 
Florida Straits went on a straight path through the Gulf to hit Galveston, and a 
second storm developed on the 21st two degrees north of the first storm and this 
second storm hit Louisiana.  In the 2nd scenario (slightly more likely than the 1st 
scenario, but still unlikely), the storm that developed in the Florida Straits reformed 
to the north on the 21st and made landfall in Louisiana and dissipated inland in 
Louisiana, while a second storm developed on the 23rd in the west-central Gulf and 
hit Galveston as a category 1 hurricane.  In the third scenario (the most likely 
scenario, which was used for this reanalysis), only one tropical cyclone occurred.  
It formed in the Florida Straits, reformed to the north on the 21st, made landfall 
in Louisiana, dipped back southward over the Gulf of Mexico, and then turned towards 
the WNW and strengthened into a category 1 hurricane making landfall in Galveston.


********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014

32740 09/04/1947 M=18  4 SNBR= 728 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
32745 09/04*  0   0   0    0*145 201  45    0*143 215  50    0*142 228  60    0*
32745 09/04*  0   0   0    0*145 201  30    0*143 215  30    0*142 228  30    0*
                                      **               **               **

32750 09/05*141 240  65    0*140 250  65    0*140 261  70    0*140 271  70    0*
32750 09/05*141 240  35    0*140 250  35    0*140 261  40    0*140 271  40    0*
                     **               **               **               **

32755 09/06*141 282  70    0*142 293  70    0*143 304  75    0*143 315  75    0*
32755 09/06*141 282  45    0*142 293  45    0*143 304  50    0*143 315  50    0*
                     **               **               **               **

32760 09/07*143 326  75    0*142 337  75    0*140 348  75    0*137 360  80    0*
32760 09/07*142 326  50    0*141 337  50    0*140 348  50    0*139 360  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **      ***      **

32765 09/08*133 372  80    0*128 385  80    0*124 398  80    0*121 410  80    0*
32765 09/08*138 372  50    0*137 385  50    0*136 398  50    0*135 410  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

32770 09/09*119 420  80    0*117 429  80    0*116 438  85    0*116 448  85    0*
32770 09/09*134 420  50    0*133 429  50    0*132 438  50    0*132 448  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

32775 09/10*117 457  85    0*120 467  85    0*123 476  90    0*127 486  90    0*
32775 09/10*133 457  50    0*135 467  50    0*138 476  50    0*141 484  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

32780 09/11*132 497  90    0*137 505  95    0*142 514  95    0*151 529  95    0*
32780 09/11*144 490  50    0*148 498  50    0*152 510  50  999*157 525  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

32785 09/12*161 547 100    0*172 567 100    0*182 586 105    0*189 600 105    0*
32785 09/12*163 545  65    0*169 565  75    0*176 584  85  977*186 603  90    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

32790 09/13*195 614 110    0*203 629 110    0*210 643 115    0*215 653 115    0*
32790 09/13*196 622  95    0*206 640 100    0*214 654 105    0*220 664 110  952*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***      ***

32795 09/14*220 662 120    0*225 672 120    0*230 682 125    0*236 695 125    0*
32795 09/14*226 674 115    0*232 684 120    0*237 694 125    0*242 704 125  938*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

32800 09/15*243 711 125    0*251 722 130    0*258 733 130    0*262 742 135    0*
32800 09/15*248 716 125    0*254 728 125    0*260 737 120    0*265 745 115    0*
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

32805 09/16*264 749 135    0*265 754 140    0*266 760 140    0*267 768 140    0*
32805 09/16*267 752 110  951*268 757 110    0*269 762 105  956*267 769 105  954*
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***     *** ***  ***

32810 09/17*267 776 140    0*266 785 140    0*265 795 135  947*263 804 130    0*
32810 09/17*266 778 105    0*265 786 110    0*263 795 115    0*261 804 105  951*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

32815 09/18*261 812 120    0*261 818  85    0*263 825  85    0*269 838  80    0*
32815 09/18*262 813  90    0*265 823  85  970*268 834  85    0*272 845  90    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  **

32820 09/19*277 856  80    0*289 877  80    0*300 897  80  966*304 910  75  970*
32820 09/19*277 857  95    0*284 873  95    0*294 890  95  966*301 907  80  970*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

32825 09/20*308 922  60  984*316 937  35  987E327 952  30  994E341 959  25  996*
32825 09/20*308 922  60  981*316 937  40  987*327 952  35  994*337 959  30  996*
            ***      **  *** ***      **     *         **     *         **

32830 09/21E354 946  25  997E364 933  20  999E374 920  20 1000*  0   0   0    0*
32830 09/21*350 950  25  997*364 933  20  999E380 915  20 1000*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***         *                 *** ***

32835 HRCFL4 LA3 MS3BFL2                                                        
32835 HRCFL4 LA2 MS2BFL2                                                        
             *** ***

International Landfall:
9/16 19Z - 26.7N 77.1W - 105 kt - 954 mb - Bahamas

U.S. Landfall:
9/17 1630Z 26.1N, 80.1W, 943 mb, 115kt, RMW 15 nmi, OCI 1010 mb, ROCI 275 nmi 
9/19 14Z 29.6N, 89.5W, 966 mb,  95kt, RMW 25 nmi, OCI 1010 mb, ROCI 250 nmi

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. 
Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, the COADS ship database, 
Tannehill (1952), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998).  Credit for the reanalysis 
of this major hurricane goes to Donna Strahan, Daniel Gladstein, and Andrew Hagen.

September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 17W.  HURDAT 
does not mention a storm on September 3. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. 
Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures.

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 21W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Tropical Storm at 14.3N, 21.5W 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. "The Pan American Airways station at Dakar, F. W. A., 
had reported that a low pressure area had developed over French West Africa on 
September 2 and had moved westward across the coast line. Over the water the 
depression deepened, and on September 4 gave Dakar 3.36 inches of rain" (MWR).

September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 26W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.0N, 26.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 30kt NNW with pressure of 1003mb at 
20.2N, 24.2W at 1800 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 30.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 30.4W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures.

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 14N, 35W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.0N, 34.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures.

September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 12N, 39.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12.4N, 39.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures.

September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 11N, 44W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 11.6N, 43.8W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures.

September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb near 11N, 48.5W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12.3N, 47.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

September 11: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 14N, 51.8W. HURDAT 
lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 14.2N, 51.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 15.5N, 
51.5W (a.m.) and at 17.5N, 54.9W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures.
 Ship highlights: 35kt NE with pressure of 1011mb at 15.1N, 49.1W at 1600 UTC (USWB). 
Aircraft highlight: 45kt maximum surface wind estimate, central pressure of 999mb at 
15.5N, 51.4W at 1500 UTC (USWB). "The first indication that a well developed tropical 
storm had formed over the Atlantic came in a report from the S.S. Arakaka, radioed 
during the night of September 10 from a position near latitude 15N, longitude 49W" 
(MWR). 

September 12: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 18N, 58.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 18.2N, 58.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North 
Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 18N, 59W (a.m.) and 
at 19.5N, 61.5W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 
65kt NW at 18.0N, 59.0W at 1200 UTC (HWM); 61kt SE with 1000mb at 18.0N, 58.0W at 
1200 UTC (HWM). Aircraft highlight: 125kt surface wind estimate, central pressure of 
977mb at 17.8N, 59.3W at 1345 UTC (USWB).

September 13: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 21N, 66W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 4 hurricane at 21N, 64.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North 
Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 21N, 64W (a.m.) 
and at 22N, 67W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 100kt surface wind estimate, central 
pressure of 952mb at 22.3N, 66.6W at 1930 UTC (USWB).

September 14: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 23.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic 
Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 23.5N, 69W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 
71W (p.m.). Station highlight: No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 74kt NW with 
pressure of 1000mb at 23.5N, 68.5W at 1200 UTC (HWM). Aircraft highlight: 110kt at 
24.1N, 69.3W at 1530 UTC (USWB); 95kt SW with pressure of 997mb at 25.0N, 68.2W at 
1600 UTC (USWB); 938 mb central pressure at 24.2N, 70.6W at 2027 UTC (USWB).

September 15: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 26.5N, 73.5W. HURDAT lists 
this as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC.   The MWR Tracks of North 
Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 26N, 73W (a.m.) and 
at 26.5N, 75W (p.m.). Station highlight:  35kt N with pressure of 1009mb at Abaco at 
2030 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 43kt NNW at 26.1N, 76.2W at 2030 UTC (USWB). Aircraft 
highlight: 80kt NNW at 25.5N, 74.0W at 1240 UTC (USWB); 100kt with pressure of 951mb 
at 26.6N, 74.8W at 2108 UTC (USWB). "From the time of the storms detection on September 10, 
reconnaissance planes of the Army and the Navy followed it on a west-northwesterly course 
until it reached a position east of Abaco Island in the Bahamas on the 15th. Here it came 
to a virtual standstill for about 24 hours and then moved west-southwestward over that 
island and on to the Florida east coast at Fort Lauderdale on the 17th." (MWR) 

September 16: HWM indicates a storm of at most 1000mb near 27.5N, 77W. HURDAT lists this 
as a Category 5 hurricane at 26.6N, 76W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of North Atlantic Hurricanes 
and Tropical Depressions showed a center at 27N, 76.5W (a.m.) and at 27N, 80.5W (p.m.). 
Station highlight: 83kt NW with pressure of 983mb at Hopetown at 1430 UTC (USWB); 954mb at 
Hopetown at 1830 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 39kt W with pressure of 1002mb at 26.0N, 
76.2W at 1230 UTC (HWM); 3kt WSW with pressure of 997mb at 25.4N, 77.8W at 1730 UTC (USWB). 
Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 956mb at 26.5N, 77.0W at 2045 UTC (USWB).  
"Hopetown, on Abaco Island, recorded a highest wind speed of 160mph when the center passed 
near the observatory" (MWR). 

September 17: HWM indicates a strong storm of at most 985mb near 26.7N, 78.8W. HURDAT 
lists the storm as a category 4 hurricane with winds of 155mph and a central pressure 
of 947mb. MWR tracks of lows show the hurricane being at 26.5N, 79.5W (am) and at 26.5N, 
80.5W (pm). Station highlight: 105kt with pressure of 947mb at Hillsboro Lighthouse, 
26.3N, 80.1W, at 1625 UTC for lowest pressure and 1457 UTC for highest wind measurement 
(MWR); 945 mb (min pressure) at Lighthouse Point, 26.3N 80.1W (just north of Hillsboro 
Lighthouse) at ~1645Z (book -  Magnificent Mile: A History of Hillsboro Beach); 951 mb 
(min pressure) at two locations, Hopkins Marine Supply and the Fort Lauderdale Coast 
Guard Station, at, 26.1N 80.1W, at ~1610Z (newspaper). Ship highlights: 43kt SE with 
pressure of 1006mb at 25.1N, 75.1W at 0030 UTC (USWB); 29kt NW with pressure of 999mb 
at 25.3N, 80.3W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight:  No gales or low pressures. 
"The highest wind recoded by a reliable instrument in Florida was 155mph, at Hillsboro 
Light near Pompano at 12:56pm on the 17th, at which time the lowest reliable pressure 
reading of 947.2mb (27.97 inches) was also recorded. Wind of 100mph or over were experienced 
generally along the Florida east coast from the northern portion of Miami to well north of 
Palm Beach, a distance of about 70miles, while winds of hurricane force prevailed from 
approximately Cape Canaveral to Carysfort Reef Light, a distance of about 240 miles. The 
great expanse of coast subjected to hurricane force winds, from this storm that moved 
inland at right angles to the coast line, classes it as one of the great storms on record. 
It was fortunate that in Florida the most destructive portion of the storm passed inland 
between the large communities of Miami and Palm Beach. As it was, the less heavily populated 
area between Fort Lauderdale and Lake Worth bore the brunt of its violence. Pompano, Deerfield, 
Boca Raton, and Delray Beach were in the path of the strongest winds. Moving on a westward 
course across the State at about 10mph, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, with the 
center passing a short distance north of Naples at about 10pm on the 17th. It had passed over 
swamplands of the Everglades and the Big Cypress, with little damage resulting. The section 
around Lake Okeechobee was swept by the highest winds, but the dikes held and there was no 
flooding of rich farm lands and pastures. The loss to crops, especially sugarcane, was estimated 
at several million dollars, and a considerable number of livestock were lost. When it reached 
Florida's west coast communities, the storm retained much of its intensity. The strongest wind 
reported was observed at Sanibel Light, where gusts of 120mph were recorded. At Fort Myers 
the highest wind was estimated at 90mph, with gusts to 110mph. Heavy damage occurred along 
the west coast from Everglades City to Sarasota, with greatest damage in the Ft. Myers-Punta 
Gorda area. Everglades City was inundated to a depth of 2 feet by tidewater which rose 5.5 feet 
above normal. At Naples the lull was felt for an hour between 9 and 10pm on the 17th, with 
the wind dropping to 12mph at 9:45pm. North of Naples strong offshore winds resulted in 
below-normal tides" (MWR). 

September 18:
HWM shows the hurricane as being below 990mb centered around 26.5N, 83.5W. 
HURDAT lists the system as a category 2 hurricane with winds of 100mph at 12UTC. 
MWR tracks of lows shows the system at 26.5N. 83W (am) and at 27.5N, 85.5W (pm). 
Station highlight: 87 kt (5-min, max wind) at Naples at 0100Z, lull from 02-03Z
with 10 kt at 0245Z (climo), and 975mb at Naples at 0245Z  (MWR, climo). Ship highlight: 
35kt SSE with pressure of 1007mb at 24.9N, 80.2W at 0630 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. "When the storm reached the west coast communities it still 
retained much of its violence. The strongest winds at a west coast point were reported
from Sanibel Light where gusts of 120 mph were noted. The official in charge at Fort 
Myers estimated highest sustained wind at that place at about 90 mph, with gusts to 
110, while at Naples 105 mph was recorded on good instruments but with rather poor 
exposure. The lull was felt for an hour at Naples from 9 to 10 p.m., and the wind 
dropped to 12 mph at 9:45 p.m., with shift from northwest thru west to south. This 
leads us to conclude that Naples was near the southern edge of the calm. Heavy damage
was done in the west coast communities from Everglades City to Sarasota, with greatest 
damage in the Ft. Myers-Punta Gorda area. The town of Everglades City was inundated by 
about two feet of tidewater when it rose 5½ feet above normal. North of the center, 
however, strongest winds were offshore and low tides resulted" (FL Climatological Data).

September 19:
HWM indicates the system making landfall with pressures of at most 990mb near 34.2N and 
89.2W. HURDAT lists the storm as a category 1 hurricane with 90mph winds and 966mb 
central pressure at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows shows the storm at 34.5N and 89.5W (am).
Station highlights: 981 mb at Burwood (min p) at 1240Z (S19M&L); 974 mb (min p) at Buras
at 1345Z (S19M&L); 967 mb (min p) at St. Bernard Village at 1515Z (S19M&L); 970 mb (min p)
at 1543Z at NO Airport (S19M&L); Pressure of 969mb at New Orleans at 1600 UTC (MWR); 57kt
NW at Burrwood at 1028UTC (MWR); 85 kt N (max w) with 967 mb (min p) at Moisant Airport at
1600Z (S19M&L); 83 kt E (max w) at Baton Rouge at 2010Z (S19M&L); 984 mb (min p) at
Lafayette at 2328Z (S19M&L). Ship highlight: 35kt WNW with pressure of 1005mb at 25.7N,
87.5W at 0000 UTC (COA).Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. "...[the storm] 
swept on to the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts during the morning of September 19. 
By 5 a.m. winds of hurricane force were being felt over the Chandeleur Islands as far 
northward as Chandeleur Light. The highest tide, 14 feet above normal high tide, was 
recorded at Chandeleur Light. Along the Mississippi coast, from Pearlington to Pascagoula, 
winds reached hurricane force at about 6:30 a.m. of the 19th. Similar winds reached 
New Orleans at 7:30 a.m. and an hour later extended to the Moisant Airport, just west 
of the city. These coastal communities experienced the strongest winds of the storm and 
the greatest duration of hurricane force winds. From Pearlington, which endured 5.5 hours 
of these winds, an observer reported that at 3 p.m. he noticed that a south wind was 
carrying water back into the Pearl River. At 4p.m. the bayous near Pearlington and the 
Pearl River at Logtown were overflowing and inundating the land up to the floor level 
of the Logtown Post Office, with the river flowing upstream at a rate of about 15m.p.h. 
Tides along the Mississippi coast rose to 12 feet at Biloxi, Bay St. Louis, and Gulfport, 
and to about 9 feet at Pascagoula and in the Lake Catherine-Chef Menteur area. The calm 
center, which passed directly over the business district of New Orleans and the city of 
Baton Rouge, was estimated to be about 25 miles in diameter as it passed over New Orleans. 
Moisant Airport was flooded to a depth of 2 feet, and during the height of the storm part 
of the roof of the Administration Building gave way, forcing employees to run to another 
building in the area. Baton Rouge was not seriously menaced by high winds until about noon, 
by which time the hurricane was dissipating rapidly. Hurricane force winds did not reach 
any section west of Melville, LA., where the highest wind was estimated as 75m.p.h., occurring 
between 3:30 and 4:00p.m. In Mississippi and Louisiana it was estimated that 90 percent of 
the damage was caused by water. In Mississippi most of the severe water damage was limited 
to a section within 2 blocks of the water front. Homes there are built practically to the 
edge of the water, and there is no sea wall for protection. Minor flooding occurred in one 
section of New Orleans due to a break in the Industrial Canal levee, and more severe flooding 
occurred in Jefferson Parish because of breaks in the embankment or overflowing in sections 
not protected by embankments" (MWR). 

September 20:
HWM indicates the system with a closed low of at most 1000mb near 32.9N, 94W. HURDAT lists 
the storm as an extratropical storm with 994mb and 35mph winds at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows
did not track the storm inland. Station highlights: 48 kt (max w) at 0000Z at Alexandria 
(S19M&L); 39 kt (max w) at Elizabeth at 0230Z (S19M&L); 35kt NE with a pressure of 1007mb 
at Pine Bluff, 34.2N, 92.0W at 0630 UTC (USWB); 21kt SW with pressure of 990mb at Lafayette
at 0030 UTC (USWB); 994 mb (min p) at 1005Z at Shreveport (S19M&L). Ship highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. 

September 21:
HWM indicates the storm was completely absorbed by the front. HURDAT lists the storm as an 
extratropical storm of 1000mb and 25mph winds at 37.4N, 92.0W at 12UTC. MWR tracks of lows 
did not track the storm inland. Station highlight: 13kt E with pressure of 999mb at Fort Smith 
at 0030 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: No gales 
or low pressures. 

No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane.  Small to moderate track alterations 
were introduced for all days except for the 4th through the 6th based upon available ship 
and land-based observations.  In the original HURDAT, the system was quickly brought up to
hurricane status on the 5th just south of the Cape Verde Islands.  However, the COADS, HWM,
and other sources (including Monthly Weather Review in 1947) provided no evidence that 
hurricane intensity was attained that far east.  (Observations, as is usual for the 
eastern tropical North Atlantic in this era, were quite sparse from the 4th until the 10th.)  
Indeed, both the 1947 MWR and Tannehill showed this system starting on the 11th near 50W, 
so it is unclear on what evidence was used to call this a hurricane originally in HURDAT 
on the 5th near the Cape Verde Islands.  Fortunately, aircraft reconnaissance found a central 
pressure of 999 mb and maximum estimated surface winds of 45 kt around 15Z on the 11th.  
999 mb central pressure suggests winds of 49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 
50 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z.  This is down from 95 kt originally, quite a drastic 
reduction.  Given the aircraft fix that suggests it was not a hurricane near 50W, the 
intensity is adjusted downward accordingly on the 4th to the 11th and it is carried across 
the Atlantic as a 50 kt tropical storm. The system was investigated again by aircraft at 
1345Z on the 12th, which found 977 mb central pressure and estimated maximum sustained 
surface winds of 125 kt.  (It is to be noted that aircraft of this era did not have reliable 
flight-level winds and relied upon visual inspection of the sea state for their surface 
wind estimates.  These, while likely helpful up to Category 1 hurricane conditions, would 
not be well-calibrated for winds above about 70-80 kt.  Thus not much weight is placed 
upon this 125 kt surface wind value.)  977 mb central pressure suggests winds of 81 kt 
from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  85 kt is chosen for HURDAT as the system 
was quickly (20 kt) moving toward the west-northwest, which is down from 105 kt originally.  
Aircraft monitored the hurricane again on 1930Z on the 13th with a central pressure of 
952 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt.  This pressure suggests winds of 
109 kt from the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are chosen for 
HURDAT to be 110 kt (down from 115 kt originally).  Although a 6 nmi diameter eye was 
reported by reconnaissance, a 30 nmi outer eye was also reported, so it should not be 
assumed that this hurricane had a small RMW. On the 14th, aircraft reported a central 
pressure of 938 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 110 kt.  This pressure suggests 
winds of 123 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  125 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th (no change).  Aircraft reconnaissance measured 951 mb central 
pressure at 2108Z on the 15th and estimated surface winds of 100 kt. A 951 mb central 
pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th  951 mb pressure suggests winds of 
110 kt and 104 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships, accordingly.  110 kt chosen for HURDAT (down from 135 kt originally).  
Around 12 UTC on the 16th, aircraft measured a 956 mb central pressure and 
estimated surface winds of 100 kt. A 956 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 16th.  The 956 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt and 
99 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships - 
105 kt is chosen for HURDAT (down from 140 kt originally).  Hopetown, Bahamas 
reported a minimum pressure of 960 mb with 52 kt winds (inside the RMW) at 1930 
UTC on the 16th. That observation was reported by a newspaper article from the 
Bahamas.  Another source (USWB/NHC Microfilm) reported that Hopetown experienced 
a minimum pressure of 954 mb at 1830 UTC, which was confirmed with obtaining 
the barograph trace from that station.  While it is unknown whether this was 
a central pressure (as there was no accompanying wind data), the central pressure 
likely was at or just below 954 mb, especially given the 956 mb aircraft central 
pressures at two separate fixes, one at 12Z and the other at 2030 UTC.  A central
pressure of 954 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 16th. A 954 mb pressure suggests 
winds of 107 kt and 101 kt from the Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  105 kt chosen for HURDAT at 18Z, down from 140 kt originally.  

After passing through the northern Bahamas, the hurricane made landfall in southeast Florida near
Ft. Lauderdale at 26.1N, 80.1W around 1630 UTC on the 17th.  Lowest pressures recorded were 956 mb
in Ft. Lauderdale (which experienced a "1-hr lull"), 951 mb at the Fort Lauderdale Coast Guard station
(which likely was along the coast northeast of the airport), 945 mb at Lighthouse Point (just north 
of Hillsboro Light), and 947 mb in Hillsboro Light (which experienced a short lull).  These somewhat 
contradictory datapoints make ascertaining the central pressure problematic. However, based on hourly 
wind and pressure observations from Hillsboro Light, which indicates that the winds only lulled a little
 bit inside the RMW, a landfall central pressure of 943 mb is analyzed for the 1630Z landfall.  
Jarrell et al. lists a central pressure of 940 mb.   It is noted that both Ho et al. and the 12Z 
listing in HURDAT use the 947 mb value as a central pressure, though this does not appear to be 
the case. Nevertheless, the 947 mb value was measured at 1625Z, closer to 18Z than to 12Z, and 
so is not rounded to the nearest synoptic time; thus this value is removed from the 12Z time 
slot, as the 943 mb pressure is for the landfall at 1630Z and the pressure inland at 18Z is 
estimated to have been 951 mb. A 943 mb central pressure equals winds of 118 kt from the 
southern pressure-wind relationship and 112 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  Given an analyzed RMW of 15 nmi, which is near the 16 nmi RMW from climatology 
for this pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.), 115 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained 
surface winds at landfall. Note that Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 27 nmi, but numerous wind 
and pressure observations from Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties indicate that 
Ho et al.'s assessment of the RMW was too large. Observations taken are somewhat contradictory, 
but may represent an eyewall mesovortex as it appears that the lowest pressure observed was 
not in the center of the calm eye.  Note that Hillsboro Light observed peak winds of 105 kt 
5 min maximum and 135 kt fastest mile.  A conversion of the 5 min wind to 1 min (Powell et 
al. 1996) gives 111 kt. Since the anemometer at Hillsboro Light was 43m above ground level, 
multiplying 111 kt by 0.895 yield a 10m/1-min wind of 100 kt.  If one chooses to convert 
the 135 kt fastest mile wind, a fastest mile of 155 mph is equivalent to a 24-sec averaged 
wind. Dividing 135 kt by 1.06 yields a 1-min wind of 127 kt. Multiplying this value by 
0.895 yields a 10m/1-min wind of 114 kt.  While the 114 kt value is significantly different 
than the 100 kt value, a landfall intensity of 115 kt is chosen primarily upon the pressure-wind 
relationship but this is also supported by this wind data. A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland 
decay model suggests winds of 95 kt at 18Z on the 17th and 67 kt at 00Z on the 18th.  
Naples observed a peak 5 min wind of 87 kt (converts to 92 kt 1 min) 0100Z. However, 
the anemometer was elevated.  Given the much higher observed winds compared to Kaplan/DeMaria, 
105 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 130 kt) and 90 kt is chosen for 00Z (down from 120 kt). 
Thus, the Category 2 conditions appearing in Jarrell et al. (2006) for Southwest Florida are 
unchanged - "BFL2". The hurricane moved into the Gulf of Mexico around 05Z on the 18th, 
near Naples. According to Climatological Data, Naples was in the southern part of the eye 
for one hour between 02 and 03 UTC. According to the MWR, the lowest pressure at Naples 
was 975 mb at 0445Z. However, all other data suggest that this time is a typographical 
error and that the pressure coincided with the lull in the winds (to 10 kt) at 0245 UTC.
Nevertheless, the pressure value at Naples appears to be reasonable and is consistent 
with the center of the eye passing between Fort Myers and Naples. Sanibel Light recorded 
a pressure of 971 mb at 04 UTC, and Captiva Island measured 970 mb (unknown time) 
(Ho et al. 1987). The 970-mb value was likely a central pressure and is added as a 
new value at 06 UTC in HURDAT. A central pressure of 970 mb suggests a wind speed 
of 84 kt and 81 kt, respectively, for the steady and weakening subsets north of 25N 
(Brown et al., 2006). However, Climatological Data listed 5-min and 1-min winds 104 
kt at Sanibel, while the MWR listed the 104 kt as estimated. Whether the Sanibel 
observation(s) was estimated or elevated is uncertain. Thus the original 85 kt is 
retained at 06 and 12 UTC on the 18th in HURDAT. To account for the timing of the 
minimum pressures at Fort Myers and Sanibel Light, the center's passage between Naples 
and Fort Myers, and the location of the Sanibel Light observation, west-northwestward 
position adjustments are implemented on the 18th at 06Z. To maintain a more realistic 
translational velocity, adjustments are also made to the positions at 12 and 18Z on the
18th. No reconnaissance aircraft was available in the Gulf of Mexico.  

The hurricane accelerated toward the northwest and made a second U.S. landfall around 14Z on the
19th at 29.6N 89.5W southeast of New Orleans.  New Orleans Moisant Airport observed a 969 mb central
pressure at 1547Z.  However, this was not the minimum pressure observed there.  The minimum pressure 
at New Orleans Moisant Airport was 967 mb two hours earlier. The eye also passed over the Belle Chasse
Naval Air Station southeast of New Orleans (974 mb), St. Bernard Village east of New Orleans (967mb),
and the New Orleans Weather Bureau Office (969 mb).  This data suggests about a 966 mb central pressure
at landfall.  This is in agreement with the assessment by Ho et al. and what was listed in HURDAT at
12Z.  A 966 mb pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship
for tropical cyclones north of 25oN.  Given the faster than normal forward speed (about 18 kt), 
maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated to be 95 kt. Thus winds in HURDAT are boosted 
accordingly on the 18th and 19th.  This makes the impact a Category 2 for Louisiana, which is 
lower than previously indicated in HURDAT.  Based upon an application of the simplified wind model
in Schwerdt et al., it is estimated that Mississippi also received Category 2 hurricane conditions, 
which is a reduction from Category 3 shown originally. After landfall, Baton Rouge recorded a 1-min 
wind of 83 kts at 2010 UTC. However, based on all the observations in southeast Louisiana, there is 
strong evidence that there may have been eyewall mesovorticies occurring.  The maximum observed winds 
were 83 kt within 2 hr of 18Z, 48 kt near 00Z on the 20th, and 35 kt near 06Z.  Application of the 
Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 66 kt, 49 kt, and 40 kt, respectively.  Thus winds 
are increased to 80 kt at 18Z (up from 75 kt), 60 kt at 00Z (no change), and bumped up (from 35 kt) to
40 kt at 06Z.  While the system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have become extratropical by 
12Z on the 20th over northeastern Texas, observations indicate that a frontal boundary was well to 
the northwest of the system at that time.  Extratropical transition is now indicated to have 
occurred around 12Z on the 21st.  It is of note that the aircraft reconnaissance report of concentric
eyewalls with diameters of 6 and 30 nm may be the earliest known case of concentric eyewalls in an 
Atlantic hurricane.

********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 5 - Revised 2014

33600 09/07/1947 M= 2  5 SNBR= 745 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
33600 09/07/1947 M= 3  5 SNBR= 745 NOT NAMED   XING=1  
                    *  

33605 09/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*279 850  40    0*
33605 09/07*277 856  25    0*279 861  25    0*282 867  30    0*285 873  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33610 09/08*290 866  40    0*295 873  40    0*300 880  35    0*307 890  30    0*
33610 09/08*290 876  40    0*295 877  50    0*300 880  45    0*307 887  35    0*
                ***              ***  **               **          ***  **

(The 9th is new to HURDAT.)
33612 09/09*315 895  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

33615 TS               

U.S. Landfall:
Sep. 8th - 14Z - 30.3N 88.2W - 45 kt

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical 
storm which made landfall in Mississippi just west of its border with Alabama.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 28.2N, 85.6W.  HURDAT firsts lists 
this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 27.9N, 85.0W.  No gales or low 
pressures.  Land highlights: 32 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) E at ~2030Z at Mobile 
(30.7N, 88.0W) (OMR).  "During the afternoon of September 7 a small tropical storm 
formed over the northeast Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb near 29.5N, 87.8W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.0N, 88.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a position near 29N, 87.4W with a 1014 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NW 
at 0630Z at 30.2N, 88.1W (micro); 35 kt SE at 10Z at 30.2N, 87.2W (micro).  Land 
highlights: 1006 mb (min pressure) at Mobile (MWR); gust to 44 kt sometime between 
07Z-10Z at Pensacola (MWR).  Aircraft highlights:  50 kt S wind (flight level) and 
25 kt S wind (surface) at 1600' at 1430Z at 30.3N 87.3W (micro).  "Moving northwestward, 
it passed over the Gulf coast between Mobile, Ala., and Biloxi, Miss., on the afternoon 
of the 8th.  Gusts of 45 mph were reported at Mobile and 51 mph at Pensacola, Fla.  
Two ships went aground in Mobile Bay during the morning of September 8, but were refloated 
early in the afternoon.  No other damage was reported" (MWR).  "Tropical Cyclones in 
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Sept. 8 - Biloxi-Mobile - Minor" ("Minor" indicates 
winds less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb (Dunn and Miller).

September 9:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 30.7N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 32.6N, 89.9W with 
a pressure of 1014 mb.  No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally started this system as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 7 September 
at 27.9N, 85.0W.  A 00Z ship observation from microfilm (northwest wind) on the 7th 
along with observations later that day suggest that there was a closed low at 00Z on 
the 7th, so this cyclone is started as a 25 kt tropical depression at 00Z on the 7th 
at 27.7N, 85.6W - 18 hours than originally indicated in HURDAT.  However, there is some 
uncertainty with this change due to the high central pressure implied by the 1015 mb 
ship report, as well as the subsequent lack of data near the center on this date.  The 
track adjustments for this storm over the Gulf of Mexico on the 7th and early on the 
8th are based on the new (earlier) genesis location and a smoothing out of forward speed 
discontinuities in the original HURDAT.  The depression is analyzed to have attained 
tropical storm intensity of 35 kt by 18Z (40 kt originally) and the new 18Z position is 
28.5N, 87.3W, which constitutes a major track change.  As this tropical storm moved 
towards the north-northwest and approached the north Gulf Coast, observations indicate 
that it intensified.  A 45 kt observed wind at 06Z on the 8th from a ship along with two 
other gale observations around the storm suggests that the maximum winds at that time 
were about 50 kt (up from 40 kt originally).  Although the storm is not analyzed to have 
made landfall until 14Z, the intensity is brought down to 45 kt at 12Z (consistent with 
original HURDAT bringing down the intensity from 40 to 35 kt during this time), two hours 
prior to landfall because sufficient spatial coverage of observations at this time 
indicates the storm was likely slightly weaker than at 06Z.  No change is made to the 
HURDAT positions at 12Z on the 8th and there are no changes to the timing or location of 
landfall, which occurred on the Mississippi coast just west of its border with Alabama at 
14Z on the 8th as a 45 kt tropical storm.  This is 10 kt higher than that originally 
implied for landfall in HURDAT.  After landfall at 18Z, the intensity is analyzed to be 
35 kt (up from 30 kt originally).  One six-hour point is added to end of this cyclone's 
lifetime at 00Z on the 9th with a position of 31.5N, 89.5W with a 25 kt intensity.


********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014

33620 09/20/1947 M= 6  6 SNBR= 746 NOT NAMED   XING=1      
                     
33625 09/20*  0   0   0    0*186 781  35    0*189 787  35    0*192 794  35    0*
33625 09/20*  0   0   0    0*192 777  35    0*195 787  35    0*197 794  35    0*
                             *** ***          ***              ***   

33630 09/21*196 800  35    0*200 806  40    0*205 812  40    0*213 820  40    0*
33630 09/21*199 800  35    0*202 806  40    0*205 812  40    0*211 820  45    0*
            ***              ***                               ***      **

33635 09/22*222 828  40    0*230 834  40    0*238 834  45    0*247 837  45    0*
33635 09/22*220 828  45    0*230 833  45    0*238 834  45    0*247 834  50  993*
            ***      **          ***  **                           ***  **  ***

33640 09/23*257 836  45    0*267 834  50    0*277 832  50    0*285 830  50    0*
33640 09/23*257 834  50  994*267 834  50    0*276 832  55    0*285 829  55    0*
                ***  **  ***                  ***      **          ***  ** 

33645 09/24*294 827  50  989*312 821  45    0E330 812  35    0E341 802  30    0*
33645 09/24E294 826  50  987E307 821  45    0E324 812  40    0E336 802  40    0*
           *    ***      *******              ***      **      ***      **

33650 09/25E351 788  25    0E360 769  20    0E370 750  15    0E377 735  15    0*
33650 09/25E346 788  35    0E356 769  35    0E366 748  40    0E373 723  35    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 26th is new to HURDAT.)
33655 09/26E380 683  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

33655 TS      
     
International Landfall:
Sep 21 - 22Z - 21.6N 82.6W - 45 kt - Cuba
Sep 22 - 03Z - 22.5N 83.1W - 45 kt - Cuba

U.S. Landfall:
Sep 23 - 22Z - 28.9N 82.7W - 55 kt

Minor track changes are made to this tropical storm that made a landfall on the 
Gulf Coast of Florida.  Major intensity changes are made, but only during the 
extratropical portion of this cyclone's lifetime.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological 
summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Connor (1956), Dunn 
and Miller (1960), and Perez et al. (2000).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a wave axis from 16N, 38W to 8N, 41W.  HURDAT does not list a system 
on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 9N, 45W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 8.8N, 48.7W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 54.4W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  Aircraft highlights: 30 kt W at 1745Z at 8.5N, 53.4W (micro).

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 11.8N, 60.4W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 17:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 13N, 63.1W.  HURDAT does not list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 18:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb at 14.8N, 67W.  HURDAT does not list a system
 on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 19:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 16.2N, 74W.  HURDAT does not list a system 
on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 20:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 19.3N, 78.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 18.9N, 78.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 
the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 19N, 
79W.  No gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance developed in the eastern Caribbean 
south of Cuba on September 20 from an easterly wave" (MWR).  "The tropical disturbance of 
September 20-25, formed in the Caribbean south of Cuba on the 20th from an easterly wave" 
(Florida climo data).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.8N, 81.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 81.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 18.3N, 80.9W with an 1005 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 00Z position near 19.6N, 79.8W, and a 12Z position near 20.6N, 81.2W.  Microfilm shows 
a low of at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 20.8N, 81.1W at 12Z.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 1725Z at 22.7N, 79.4W (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt 
and one low pressure of 1005 mb.  Land highlights: 43 kt (max wind) SW at ~17Z at Grand 
Cayman (19.3N, 81.4W) (micro); 15 kt and 1002 mb at 2130Z at the Isle of Youth (21.8N, 82.8W) 
(micro).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N, 83.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
45 kt tropical storm at 23.8N, 83.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 21.3N, 82.4W, and a 12Z position near 23.3N, 83.0W with a 1003 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows 
a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.5N, 83.4W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: NE wind and 
994 mb at ~1830Z at 24.6N, 83.5W (micro); 20 kt S and 1001 mb at ~1830Z at 24.3N, 82.7W 
(micro).  One other low pressure.  Land highlights: 35 kt SE and 997 mb at 1830Z at Dry 
Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) (micro); 20 kt S and 996 mb at 2230Z at Dry Tortugas (micro).  
Several other gales of 35 kt and low pressures between 996-1005 mb in the Keys and extreme 
south Florida.  Aircraft highlights: Center fix with a 996 mb pressure at 2249Z at 26.0N, 
83.1W (micro).  A few gales of 35 kt.  "Moving northwestward, it crossed western Cuba 
during the night of the 21st without becoming a well-defined circulation, although it 
was preceded by an area of squalls with winds up to 40-50 mph for a distance of 200 miles 
or more to the northward" (MWR).  "September 22 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al.).  
"Duck Special locates center at 2249Z at 2601N, 8305W.  Central pressure 995.5 mb (29.40 inches)- 
(micro).  "2330Z- unconfirmed tornadoes 12 miles E (of the coastline near 27.9N, 82.7W)" (micro). 

September 23:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 27.9N, 83.0W with a WSW-ENE 
stationary front located just a couple hundred nm to the northwest of the cyclone.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 27.7N, 83.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclone 
shows a position near the HURDAT position with a 994 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb 
centered near 27.3N, 83.1W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 0630Z at 27.2N, 
79.8W (micro); 25 kt NE and 994 mb at 1330Z at 28.3N, 82.9W.  One other low pressure.  Land 
highlights: 50 kt SSE (27 meter elevation?) and 991 mb at 1330Z at Egmont Key (27.6N, 82.8W) 
(micro); 40 kt SE gust 52 kt and 994 mb at 1751Z at Tampa (28.0N, 82.4W); 49 kt S (1-minute wind, 
max wind) at ~18Z at Tampa (OMR); 30 kt NNW gust 35 kt and 990 mb (min pressure) at 2230Z at 
Cedar Keys (29.1N, 83.0W) (micro, MWR); 990 mb at St. Leo (28.3N, 82.3W) (MWR).  Numerous other 
gales and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W surface estimate at 1845Z at 28.0N, 83.6W 
(micro).  Two other gales.  The highest winds experienced in Florida were estimated to be around 
60 mph (~52 kt) (MWR). "After it entered the Gulf of Mexico, west of Havana, it slowly increased 
in intensity and thereafter had a fairly well-defined center as it moved up the Florida west 
coast and passed inland between Tampa and Cedar Keys, between 5 and 6 pm (22 and 23Z) on the 23rd.  
Winds of about 60 mph were reported along the west Florida coast from Sarasota northward to near 
Cedar Keys, and squalls of 40-60 mph were quite general over the entire peninsula.  The lowest 
pressures reported were 989.8 mb. (29.23 inches) at Cedar Keys and 989.5 mb (29.22 inches) at Saint 
Leo, and the center passed inland between these two communities.  Rainfall was heavy throughout 
the state.  There was some damage along the beaches from Bradenton to Tarpon Springs and slight 
damage to power and communication lines.  Total damage was estimated at $100,000" (MWR).  From the 
Tampa OMR... "The center passed west of St. Petersburg at 10:00 am September 23.  Highest wind at Tampa 
was 43 mph at 12:45 pm September 23rd.  Lowest pressure 29.37 MSL at 11:40 am 23rd.  Small tornadoes 
were reported in this section of the state during the evening of the 22nd.  Tides were abnormally 
high during afternoon of September 23, but no loss of life or important property damage" (Tampa OMR).  
"Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sept. 23 - N of Clearwater - Minor - St. Leo bar. 29.22 in." ("Minor" 
indicates winds less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).

September 24:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.6N, 82.2W with a cold front extending to the 
SW from the low and another front extending to the ENE from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
extratropical storm at 33.0N, 81.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 29.5N, 82.8W, and a 12Z position near 32.1N, 81.7W with a 1002 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 82.6W, and a 12Z position near 32.6N, 81.4W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1001 mb centered near 32.3N, 81.4W with a front extending to the south and 
southwest from the low and another front extending from the low towards the northeast.  Ship highlights: 
40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 1230Z at 30.7N, 80.1W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 1830Z at 31.7N, 
79.5W (micro).  One other gale.  Land highlights: 25 kt ESE and 991 mb at 0030Z at Gainesville 
(29.6N, 82.4W) (micro); 37 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) NE at ~0530Z at Charleston (32.8N, 79.9W) 
(OMR); 35 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) SW at ~1730Z at Wilmington (34.2N, 77.9W) (OMR).  Numerous 
other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.  "The storm lost force rapidly as it moved northeastward.  
It passed west of Jacksonville during the night of the 23rd and on the following morning was located 
west of Savannah and Charleston" (MWR).  From Jacksonville OMR... "The tropical storm crossed northern 
Florida from the Gulf into Georgia, its center passing only a short distance west of Jacksonville, 
near midnight 23-24.  The lowest barometer reading was 29.45 at 11 pm of the 23rd, and the maximum 
wind was 30 mph from the south at 12:27 am of the 24th.  The rainfall was very heavy, and 9.44 inches 
fell in 48 hours.  The storm was accompanied by several local squalls or tornadoes on the forenoon of 
the 23rd.  Several houses lost chimneys and some roofing, and sustained other damage, one house in 
Arlington was moved off its foundations, and in all sections affected by these local storms power 
and telephone lines went down" (Jacksonville OMR).  From Charleston, SC OMR... "Winds reached near 
gale force during the passage of a storm on the 24th" (Charleston OMR).

September 25:
HWM analyzes an elongated, but still closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.5N, 75W with 
a cold front extending southward from the low and a warm front extending eastward from the low.  
HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt extratropical low at 37.0N, 75.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclone shows a 00Z position near 34.5N, 78.9W and a 12Z position near 36.1N, 74.9W with a 
1009 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 35.0N, 78.5, and a 
12Z position near 36.8N, 74.7W.  Microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 36N, 75W with a front extending southward and southwestward from the low and another 
front extending northeastward from the low.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 14Z at 39.5N, 
73.5W (COA).  Five other ships gales between 35-40 kt.  Land highlights: 37 kt (max wind) N at ~15Z 
at Cape Henry (36.9N, 76.0W) (OMR).  Two other gales of 35 kt N at Cape Henry between 1430Z and 
1530Z.  "Its remnants moved off into the Atlantic between the North Carolina and the Virginia Capes 
on the morning of the 25th" (MWR).

September 26:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 37.8N, 68.3W, and a 12Z position near 39.5N, 62.5W with a 1013 mb pressure.  The last microfilm 
image of this system is the 00Z image, and it shows an elongated closed low of at most 1011 mb centered 
in the general vicinity of 37.5N, 70.0W with a front extending from the low southward, and another front 
extending from the low to the NE.  No gales or low pressures.

The easterly wave that spawned this cyclone can be traced back to 40W longitude on 12 September via HWM.  
Aircraft observations on the 15th indicate the possibility that the low may have been closed on the 15th 
in the vicinity of 10N, 54W, but observations on subsequent days fail to show a closed low.  Genesis just 
northwest of Jamaica is unchanged at 06Z on the 20th as shown in HURDAT, though it is possible that it 
may have formed on the 19th or earlier on the 20th as the observations were somewhat sparse over the 
Caribbean.  Although all track changes for the whole lifetime of the cyclone are minor, for nearly the 
entire storm the new analyzed track is about half of a degree to the right of the previous HURDAT track, 
based upon aircraft reconnaissance, ships, and coastal stations.  Moving towards the west-northwest, 
the storm passed to the northeast and north of the Cayman Islands, where a maximum wind of 43 kt from 
the SW was recorded around 17Z on the 21st.  The storm then started to make a turn towards the north.  
By the time the storm reached the Isle of Youth, it was moving northwestward; by the time it reached 
the north coast of Cuba, it was traveling north-northwestward, and when it passed by the Dry Tortugas, 
it turned towards the north-northeast.  No intensity changes are made from 06Z on the 20th through 12Z 
on the 21st as the cyclone traveled slowly past the Cayman Islands.  However, at 18Z on the 21st, a 45 kt 
intensity is analyzed (40 kt originally) due to the 43 kt wind at Grand Cayman at 17Z.  The tropical storm 
crossed over the Isle of youth between 22Z on the 21st and 00Z on the 22nd as a 45 kt tropical storm.  
It then crossed over western Cuba between about 03Z and 06Z on the 22nd, maintaining its 45 kt intensity.  
The cyclone passed just a little to the west of the Dry Tortugas around 18Z on the 22nd.  A central 
pressure of 993 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd due to a ship observation inside the RMW at 18Z 
of 15 kt NE and 994 mb.  A 993 mb central pressure yields 59 kt from the S of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship and 55 kt from the N of 25N relationship.  By this time, the pressure field of this cyclone 
was broad as both the RMW and radius of outermost closed isobar are larger than average, gales extended 
outward far from the center, and the cyclone was moving slowly.  An intensity of 50 kt is chosen for 18Z 
on the 22nd (45 kt originally).  The tropical storm continued slowly northward, and by 12Z on the 23rd was 
located just west of Tampa Bay.  At 1330Z, a 50 kt wind was recorded at a 27m elevation along with a 
pressure of 991 mb at Egmont Key.  A 991 mb peripheral pressure yields an intensity of greater than 58 kt 
from the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 55 kt is chosen for 12Z the 23rd 
again lower than the wind from the pressure-wind relationship because of the large size and slow motion of 
the cyclone (up from 50 kt originally).  

The cyclone made landfall along the west coast of the Florida peninsula late on the 23rd. 
The 55 kt intensity is maintained until landfall, which occurred at 22Z at 28.9N, 82.7W.  The lowest observed
pressure was 990 mb at both Cedar Keys and St. Leo, although the center did not pass over either of these locations.  
The Cedar Keys pressure of 990 mb came along with a 30 kt wind, and a 987 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT 
for 00Z on the 24th.  A central pressure of 987 mb yields 64 kt from the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship, but 55 kt is chosen for landfall due to the large size of the storm, its slow (~9 kt) motion, 
and that the highest observed winds were 50 kt (both at the elevated location in Egmont Key, and at Tampa, which 
was a non-elevated location).  The storm had already begun extratropical transition prior to landfall, and it is 
analyzed that extratropical transition was complete by 00Z on the 24th, just two hours after landfall (12 hours
earlier than originally).  Continuing towards the north-northeast and then northeast, the storm stayed inland 
west of Jacksonville, Savannah, and Charleston, but finally passed seaward north of Cape Hatteras between 06Z 
and 12Z on the 25th.  The original HURDAT weakened the storm considerably while over land, and kept it weak 
after emerging over water, but observations indicate that it did not weaken as much as shown in HURDAT.  
From 12Z on the 24th to 18Z on the 25th, the intensity changes are as follows: 40 kt (35 originally), 40 kt 
(30 kt originally), 35 kt (25 kt originally), 35 kt (20 kt originally), 40 kt (15 kt originally), and 35 kt 
(15 kt originally).  At 18Z on the 25th the track is shifted over a degree to the east-southeast.  18Z on the 
25th was HURDAT's last position.  At 00Z on the 26th, although the low was elongated and frontal in nature, it 
is analyzed to be closed, so an additional point is added to HURDAT with a 35 kt intensity.



********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 7 - Revised in 2014

33660 10/06/1947 M= 3  7 SNBR= 747 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
33660 10/05/1947 M= 5  7 SNBR= 747 NOT NAMED   XING=1
         **         *

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
33662 10/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E250 785  25    0*

33665 10/06*  0   0   0    0*220 770  45    0*260 778  45    0*288 789  45    0*
33665 10/06E259 781  30    0E268 780  35    0E278 781  35    0E288 786  45    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

33670 10/07*304 803  40    0*309 827  35    0*308 833  30    0*301 848  30    0*
33670 10/07*302 800  50    0*309 821  45    0*306 849  30    0*303 860  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

33675 10/08*293 838  25    0*306 828  25    0*321 826  20    0*336 823  20    0*
33675 10/08*296 845  25    0*300 838  25    0*312 834  20    0*325 832  20    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(The 9th is new to HURDAT.)
33677 10/09*335 830  20    0*340 826  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

33680 TS  

U.S. Landfall:
Oct. 7th - 04Z - 30.8N 81.5W - 50 kt

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed with this tropical storm that
 made landfall in Georgia.  A large change to the genesis of this system is also introduced
 with the cyclone beginning as an extratropical storm, which transitioned into a tropical 
cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly
 climatological summaries from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

October 5:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 2130Z
 of at most 1008 mb near 25.5N, 78.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.6N, 78.2W with a warm front 
extending eastward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 77.8W.
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 21.3N, 77.2W and a 12Z position
near 25.8N, 77.1W with a 1007 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 28.0N, 8.0W.  Microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 
28.3N, 77.8W with a front extending southward from the low and another front extending eastward 
from the low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 0630Z at 28.0N, 78.5W (micro); 35 kt NE 
and (1005 mb?) at 1825Z at 30.6N, 79.8W (micro); 40 kt at ~21Z (MWR).  Land highlights: 33 kt 
(max wind) NE at ~2130Z at Jacksonville (30.3N, 81.8W) (OMR).  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NE 
surface wind estimate at 1945Z at 30.8N, 80.2W (micro).  "A moderate and partly developed 
easterly wave disturbance had its inception over the Bahama Islands and Florida Straits on 
October 6.  It advanced northward and then northwestward and moved inland near Brunswick, GA., 
during the night of October 6-7.  Highest winds reported were Beaufort force 9 (47-54 mph) from 
ships off the Georgia coast during the afternoon of the 6th.  The strongest wind along the coast 
was about 50 mph" (MWR).  "At Fernandina high winds lasted from 5:30 pm to 10:45 pm of the 6th, 
with highest estimated at 60 mph." (Florida climo data).  "Winds of 50 to 60 mph occurred along 
the coast" (Florida climo data).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.2N, 82.6W with a warm front extending 
eastward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 30.8N, 83.3W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.8N, 79.5W, and a 12Z position near 30.8N, 
84.3W with a 1010 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.4N, 80.2W, 
and a 12Z position near 30.5N, 84.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 30.4N, 
84.4W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 0030Z at 31.4N, 79.8W (micro).  Three other gales 
and two other low pressures.  Land highlights: ~43 kt (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 0330Z at 
Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W) (micro).  One other low pressure.  

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.8N, 83.1W with a warm front extending 
from 100 nm NE of the low eastward from there.  HURDAT lists this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 
32.1N, 82.6W.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position with 
a 1010 mb pressure.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1011 mb centered near 31N, 83.7W with a front 
extending from about 100 nm NE of the low east-northeastward from there.  No gales or low pressures.

October 9:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks for centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 33.6N, 82.6W and a 12Z position near 34.6N, 82.2W with a 1014 mb pressure.  Microfilm last shows a 
closed low at 00Z of at most 1011 mb centered near 33.5N, 82.8W with a front extending from the low 
east-northeastward.  No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT previously started this at 06Z on 6 October as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 77.0W.  The 
new analysis starts this at 18Z on 5 October as a 25 kt extratropical low in the vicinity of 25.0N, 
78.5W.  The extratropical nature of this low can be seen from the wind field structure on some of 
the microfilm maps on the 5th and 6th.  In the new analysis, by 06Z on 6 October, the low is still 
extratropical, although the intensity had increased to 35 kt and the analyzed position is near 26.8N, 
78.0W (nearly 5 degrees north of the previous HURDAT position at this time, making this a major 
change in track).  HURDAT has the cyclone moving northward at a speed of 40 kt between 06Z and 12Z, 
which is an unrealistic speed.  By 12Z, the HURDAT position is 2 degrees south of the analyzed position.  
The extratropical storm then turned towards the northwest (towards the SE US coastline).  The remainder 
of the track changes introduced are minor.  It is analyzed that this low finally became a tropical 
cyclone by 00Z on the 7th with a 50 kt intensity (40 kt at this time originally).  Evidence for it to 
have become a tropical cyclone were the more symmetric structure of the pressures and winds and having 
the strongest winds near - 50 to 100 nm - the center.  However, there did still exist a moderate temperature
gradient across the center at 00Z on the 7th.  In the upper levels, a pronounced trough was present to the 
southwest of the surface center.  If satellite imagery were available, then this system would likely have 
been considered a subtropical cyclone.  (The use of "subtropical cyclone" status is begun in 1968, at the 
advent of routine satellite imagery availability.)  The increase in winds is due to a 45 kt ship report 
and a 43 kt station report from Brunswick early on the 7th.

Landfall occurred just four hours after transitioning to a tropical storm, at 04Z on the 7th along the 
Georgia coast at 30.8N, 81.5W as a 50 kt tropical storm.  The tropical storm accelerated westward and 
started a loop towards the southwest with a new 12Z position of 30.6N, 84.9W (30.8N, 83.3W originally).  
It also weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression by 12Z on the 7th (unchanged).  The depression moved as 
far west as 86.0W at 18Z, at which time it moved south over the Gulf of Mexico before looping towards 
the southeast, and then northeast by 06Z on the 8th.  The depression moved back inland into Florida 
around 06Z on the 8th near 30.0N, 83.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  At 12Z on the 8th, the depression 
is analyzed to have weakened to 20 kt (unchanged) with a position more than one degree southwest of the 
previous HURDAT position.  HURDAT last listed this depression at 18Z on the 8th, but the microfilm 
analysis from 00Z on the 9th still shows a closed low, and a 20 kt tropical depression is maintained 
with a position at 00Z of 33.5N, 83.0W.  There is still a closed low at 06Z on the 9th- a 20 kt tropical d
epression at 34.0N, 82.6W, which is now the last position before dissipation.  It is noted that there 
are similarities between this system and Tropical Storm Tammy of 2005

********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 8 (new) - Added in 2014

33685 10/08/1947 M= 4  8 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED   XING=0  
33690 10/08E347 428  40    0E351 425  45    0*355 422  50    0*359 419  50    0*                                                       
33691 10/09*363 417  50    0*367 415  50    0*370 410  50    0*374 402  50    0*                                                       
33692 10/10*377 392  50    0*380 380  50    0*383 368  50    0*386 355  50    0*                                                       
33693 10/11E391 340  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*                                                       
33734 TS

HWM, COADS, and microfilm indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed
 in the north Atlantic from 00Z 8 October to 00Z 11 October, 1947.

October 7:
HWM analyzes a NE-SW stationary front from 35N, 33W to west of 25N, 60W, with a cold front extending
northeastward from the NE end of the stationary front.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35N, 42.5W, with a warm front extending 
eastward from the low to 35N, 27W, and a cold front extending southward from the low curving to 
westward to beyond 25N, 51W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 36.5N, 44.0W (COA); 
15 kt SE and 1005 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 42.9W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 36.4N, 43.6W (HWM); 
45 kt N and 1013 mb at 12Z at 36.9N, 43.2W (COA).  One other gale.

October 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36N, 42W, with an occluded front extending 
from the low northeastward to a triple point at 39N, 37W.  A warm front extends from the triple point 
eastward and then southeastward to 35N, 25W, and a cold front extends from the triple point wrapping 
around the east side of the low and then fading off to the southwest to beyond 29N, 38W.  No gales or 
low pressures.

October 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.5N, 37.5W with no fronts attached to this 
low, but with a strong frontal system approaching from the northwest.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 
1001 mb at 18Z at 38.7N, 34.4W (COA).

October 11:
HWM shows that the low has been absorbed by a larger, extratropical low.  HWM shows that this extratropical 
low of at most 1000 mb is centered near 51.5N, 26.0W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt WSW with 1010 mb at 38.0N 
35.5W at 00Z (COA).

A 40 kt cyclone developed at 00Z on 8 October.  It originated from a frontal system and thus it is begun 
as an extratropical storm, though these fronts are reanalyzed to have dissipated by 12Z on the 8th 
(which is different from the Historical Weather Map analysis).  A tropical transition is then indicated 
with tropical storm status begun at 12Z on the 8th.  Twelve hourly analyses and time series from two 
ships indicate that from late on the 8th until late on the 10th, while the system existed in relatively 
cool air and sea surface temperatures, there did exist strong winds simultaneous with lowest pressures 
in an isothermal environment with no fronts nearby.  By 12Z on the 8th, it was located near 35.5N, 42.2W, 
with an intensity of 50 kt.  It moved slowly towards the northeast on the 8th and 9th, and east-northeast 
on the 10th, retaining its 50 kt intensity.  Since there were no observed gales or low pressures on the 
9th, it is possible that the system had weakened from the previous day.  However, on the 10th at 18Z, 
an observed 1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of greater than 47 kt using the Landsea et al. 
pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N, so a steady 50 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 8th to 18Z 
on the 10th.  At 18Z on the 10th, the storm was located near 38.6N, 35.5W.  On the 11th, the tropical 
storm was absorbed by an extratropical low.  The last point is given at 00Z on the 11th as an extratropical 
storm with a 45 kt intensity.

********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 9 (was storm 8) - Revised in 2014

33685 10/09/1947 M= 8  8 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2  
33685 10/08/1947 M= 9  9 SNBR= 748 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2  
         **         *  *

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
33688 10/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*135 823  25    0*
                   
33690 10/09*  0   0   0    0*154 820  35    0*160 822  35    0*165 825  35    0*
33690 10/09*142 825  25    0*149 827  30    0*156 830  30    0*164 833  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

33695 10/10*170 827  40    0*175 829  40    0*180 830  45    0*197 835  50    0*
33695 10/10*172 835  40    0*181 837  40    0*191 840  45    0*201 841  50 1000*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     ****

33700 10/11*207 837  55    0*223 837  55    0*230 832  60    0*241 823  65    0*
33700 10/11*211 839  55    0*221 837  55    0*232 834  60    0*243 829  75  983*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

33705 10/12*251 814  70    0*258 806  75    0*266 798  75  991*273 787  75    0*
33705 10/12*252 818  80  975*258 805  70    0*266 795  70    0*273 785  65    0*
            *** ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***  **

33710 10/13*281 775  70    0*293 758  70    0*305 746  70    0*314 746  70    0*
33710 10/13*281 772  60    0*293 758  60    0*306 750  65    0*316 749  70  982*
                ***  **               **      *** ***  **      *** ***      ***

33715 10/14*319 757  65    0*318 764  65    0*318 771  65    0*318 776  65    0*
33715 10/14*321 756  70    0*323 764  75    0*321 771  75    0*319 776  80  975*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **  ***

33720 10/15*319 782  70    0*320 795  75    0*319 810  75  973*318 823  65    0*
33720 10/15*317 784  85  966*316 795  90    0*318 811  90    0*316 831  55    0*
            *** ***  **  *** ***      **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

33725 10/16*317 834  50    0*318 842  40    0*322 850  35    0*325 858  25    0*
33725 10/16*313 839  40    0*311 845  30    0*318 852  25    0*325 863  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***

33730 HR GA2 SC2CFL1                                                            
33730 HR GA2 SC2BFL1CFL1
                ****                                                            

International Landfall:
10/11th - 07Z - 22.2N, 83.6W - 55 kt - Cuba

U.S. Impacts:
Close Approach:  10/11/1947 - 19Z - 24.5N 82.8W - 75 kt - 983 mb - 1010 mb OCI - 275 nm ROCI
Landfall: 10/12/1947 - 02Z - 25.4N, 81.2W - 80 kt - 975 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI 
Landfall: 10/15/1947 - 11Z - 31.8N, 80.9W - 90 kt - 965 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI

Minor changes to both track and intensity are made to this hurricane that made two landfalls- one
in Florida and one in Georgia.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, The Miami Herald, 
Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al., Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and 
Perez et al. (2000).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.7N, 74.7W with trough/wave axis drawn 
through the low from 11N, 75W, northward to 22N, 72W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 79.5W.  HURDAT does not list 
a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 81.6W with the ITCZ axis extending 
from 9N, 76W to 12N, 79W to 11N, 83Wto 10N, 87W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 81.5W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"It was first spotted as a tropical low deep in the Caribbean off the coast of Nicaragua on October 8" (Barnes).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.0N, 83.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 16.0N, 82.2W.  The MWR post season track map shows a position near 15.4N, 82.6W 
at 12Z.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.4N, 83.2W at 12Z.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "This storm was first noted as it developed on the intertropical convergence zone 
which had moved north of the Isthmus of Panama.  On the 9th the storm was centered off the coast 
of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua" (MWR).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.2N, 83.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 18.0N, 83.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 17.6N, 
82.9W with a pressure of 1003 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.0N, 
83.5W and a 12Z position near 18.7N, 84.1W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 
19.0N, 84.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1003 mb at 15Z at 19.9N, 84.1W (micro).  Land highlights: 
20 kt NW and 1003 mb at 03Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro).  One other low pressure at Swan 
Island.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 19.6N, 84.4W with 1000 mb central pressure and 
45-55 kt maximum sustained winds (micro); center fix at 1808Z at 20.2N, 84.2W with 1000 mb central 
pressure and 50 kt maximum sustained winds (micro).  At least three other aircraft gales between 
35-40 kt between 18-19Z.  "Army Recon Plane at 10/1530Z reports tropical storm located 19.6N, 84.4W; 
highest wind 45-55 kts; lowest pressure 1000 mbs" (micro).  "Synopsis of Navy flight: Tropical storm 
centered at 2013N, 8415W at 1808Z.  50 knot winds radius 30 miles north of center.  40 knot winds 
60 miles north of center.  35 kt winds south of center.  Eye approximately 15 miles in diameter and 
circular: central pressure 1000 mbs.  Heavy squalls extend from storm center to Miami" (micro).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.4N, 82.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt 
tropical storm at 23.0N, 83.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the 
HURDAT position with a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the 
HURDAT position as well.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 23.4N, 83.2W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 986 mb at 1715Z at 24.3N, 82.8W (micro); at least 50 kt NNE at 20Z 
at 24.8N, 82.8W (micro).  Two other ships obs of 40 kt NNE-NE and 996 mb near 24.5N, 83.0W between 
18-19Z (micro).  Land highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at the Isle of Youth (21.5N, 82.7W) 
(micro); 73 kt (1 min. wind) at 1737Z at the Dry Tortugas (24.6N, 82.9W) (highest value before 
being disabled MWR); 993 mb (min p) at 19Z at the Dry Tortugas (climo data); 57 kt (1-minute wind, 
max wind) SSE at 2001Z at Key West Airport (Boca Chica) (24.6N, 81.7W) (climo data); 35 kt (1 min, 
max wind) SW and 999 mb (min pressure) at 2230Z at Key West city office (OMR).  Numerous other 
gales and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1716Z at 24.2N, 82.9W with central 
pressure of 983 mb (micro); apparently, a 993 mb peripheral pressure along with 80-85 kt surface 
winds at 1910Z at 24.2N, 83.0W (micro).  At least five other gales.  "During the night of the 10th 
it crossed Cuba a short distance west of Havana as a moderate storm, with the strongest winds reported 
as gusts of 57 mph at Batista Field.  After entering the Gulf of Mexico, and within a short period 
of 3 to 4 hours, the storm's winds rapidly increased to hurricane force.  At Dry Tortugas the anemometer 
became inoperative at 12:30 pm on the 11th, while the instrument was registering 84 mph, and the 
observer reported that higher winds were experienced during the hour following this reading" (MWR).  
"It slowly drifted northward with little increase in strength until the morning of the 11th, when it 
passed over western Cuba.  At that point, it turned toward the northeast and intensified rapidly, 
growing from tropical storm to hurricane strength in the few hours prior to its landfall in Florida.  
Weather Bureau reports indicated that the anemometer at the Dry Tortugas 'froze at 84 mph due to 
friction from lack of oil.'  Observers at that station watched the wind increase until it reached 
an estimated 150 mph" (Barnes).  From the Key West OMR... "A hurricane of moderate intensity crossed 
western Cuba on the night of Oct 10-11.  The storm decreased in strength while crossing land but on 
the morning of the 11th a rapid restrengthening took place and by early afternoon the hurricane center, 
55 miles west of Key West, was attended by winds in excess of 100 mph.  While due west of Key West 
its course altered somewhat from NNW to N to NNE to NE.  When about 40 miles NW of Key West the highest 
velocity occurred.  This was 37 mph from the SW and 5:23 pm.  No damage reported in this area [note that 
this 5 min peak of only 32 kt was from the Key West City Office]" (Key West OMR).  "Navy radar bearing 
from Key West- center 280° and 65 mi at 20Z; bank of clouds 5-10 mi north of center moving 15-18 mph. 
(At 2130Z?) Navy radar bearing 305° and 50 mi from Key West; center 20 mi diameter; speed 18 mph heading 
NNE.  Navy radar rpt 2200Z- bearing 310° from Key West; center now well defined by cloud formations.  
Storm continuing in a more easterly direction than former position at 18 mph.  Navy radar fix 2300Z- 
center 39 mi from Boca Chica still holding course 070°; speed 18 mph; well defined center.  Navy radar 
fix 2330Z; Bearing 350° and 40 mi from Boca Chica; still steady at 070° moving 18 mph" (micro). "October 
11 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al.)

October 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 26.2N, 78.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.6N,
79.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 82.0W, and a 12Z position near 
26.9N, 79.1W with a 996 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.8N, 81.2W 
and a 12Z position near 26.2N, 79.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.8N, 79.2W.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 0330Z at 25.7N, 79.3W (micro).  One other low pressure.  Land 
highlights: 62 kt (1-minute wind, max wind) S at 0548Z at downtown Miami (25.8N, 80.2W) (Miami Herald); 
994 mb (min pressure) at 0540Z at Miami (KMIA- 25.8N, 80.3W) (Miami Herald); 43 kt S and 996 mb at Miami 
(OMR); 982 mb with pressure still falling at 07Z at Fort Lauderdale (26.1N, 80.2) (Miami Herald); 80 kt 
(1-minute wind, maximum wind) at 0730Z at Hillsboro Lighthouse (elevated observation) (26.3N 80.1W) 
(climo data); 991 mb (min pressure) at 0745Z at Hillsboro Lighthouse (MWR, climo data); 30 kt SSW and 
996 mb at 1530Z at west end, Grand Bahama Island (26.7N, 79.0W) (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center 
fix over Cape Sable at 0130Z (micro); 35 kt ENE surface winds at 17Z at 26.3N, 78.5W (micro).  "During 
the night of October 11-12 the hurricane passed over the extreme southern portion of the Florida Peninsula.  
Although at this stage, the storm was accompanied by a small center of hurricane winds, there was little 
wind damage as it passed over swamplands from the time it entered the west coast north of Cape Sable until 
it reached the east coast communities between Miami and Palm Beach.  The Weather Bureau Office in downtown 
Miami recorded 62 mph for the fastest wind speed at 12:23 am, and a low pressure of 998.0 mb (29.47 inches) 
as the center passed a short distance to the northwest.  At the Airport Station, about 7 miles closer to 
the storm center, the lowest pressure recorded was 995.3 mb (29.39 inches).  In moving off the east coast 
into the Atlantic the center passed directly over Hillsboro Lighthouse, near Pompano, where the calm center 
was experienced between 3:30 am and 4:30 am on the 12th.  The strongest winds recorded were 86 mph averaged 
for 5 minutes, and 92 mph for the fastest mile of wind, both registered at 2:30 am.  The lowest pressure, 
991.2 mb (29.27 inches), occurred at 2:45 am" (MWR).  From Florida's Hurricane History... "The storm center 
apparently turned just after passing the Dry Tortugas and struck the Florida coast near Cape Sable.  The 
Weather Bureau reported that 'as the storm passed over Florida it was preceded by spectacular thunderstorm 
activity and heavy rainfall.  Bargrams show a double minimum, a weak one at the time of the thunderstorm 
with a short recovering before the minimum of the storm center itself.'  Witnesses reported seeing an almost 
continuous display of lightning around the eye, which some local meteorologists noted was among the most 
vivid they had ever seen.  Winds of 95 mph buffeted the area around Cape Sable, where the hurricane came 
ashore.  At the Miami airport, winds were sustained at 80 mph, and the Hillsboro Lighthouse recorded maximum 
winds of 2 mph" (Barnes).  "Navy radar report (0130Z?)- center 35° and 54 miles from Boca Chica; center over 
Cape Sable.  At 0220Z, Rarep center bearing 37° dist 70 miles from Key West; course 65°, speed 24 mph. Rarep 
0320Z: center bearing 035° dist 85 miles from Key West; course 30° moving 12-15 mph.  WBAS 2935 0540Z; MM 2947 
0605Z" (micro).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 12 - S Fla. - Minimal 5 to 13 in. rain" ("Minimal" 
indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).  "1947 Oct FL, 1SE" 
(Jarrell et al.).

October 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of a most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 74.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane 
at 30.5N, 74.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.5N, 76.5W and a 12Z position 
near 29.8N, 74.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.7N, 76.8W and a 12Z position near 
30.7N, 75.3W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 73.3W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW 
and 1007 mb at 11Z at 27.9N, 74.5W (micro); 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 12Z at 30.0N, 73.3W (HWM).  Land highlights: 
38 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) N at 1145Z at Ponce De Leon light (elevated observation?) (29.1N, 80.9W) (climo data). 
Aircraft highlights: center fix at ~18Z at 31.5N, 74.9W with 60 kt surface winds in the SW quadrant (micro); 
center fix at 20Z at 32.1N, 75.1W with a 982 mb central pressure and 70 kt winds in the NE quadrant.  At least 
six other gales.  "The most unusual feature however, was the apparent dissipation of the original center about 
100 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, and the formation and rapid development of a secondary center 180-200 miles 
southwest of the original.  This secondary developed hurricane force and moved westward with the center reaching 
the coast a short distance south of Savannah about 7 am of the 15th..." (Florida climo data).  "0700Z- navy radar reports 
posit 2907N, 7502W, no eye apparent in storm area.  0740Z- hrcn posit 2949N, 7548W, course 042°, spd 15, no eye apparent 
in storm so far" (micro).  Army plane located center (1705Z or 1905Z?) at 31.5N, 74.9W; highest winds in SW quadrant 
are 60 knots and extend outward 30 miles from the center.  Navy plane located center 20Z at 32.1N, 75.1W; diameter of 
eye 12 miles; winds 70 knots within 40 miles of center in NE quadrant; lowest pressure in center 982 mb" (micro).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 31.6N, 76W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 
31.8N, 77.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.4N, 74.3W, and a 12Z position near 
32.5N, 76W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.3N, 77.0W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 
993 mb centered near 32.2N, 76.6W with trough or frontal-like features beginning to develop with a trough extending 
southward from the low and another trough extending east-northeastward from the low, and another trough extending 
southwestward from the low just for 100-200 nm.  Ship highlights: 45? kt E and 1007 mb at 00Z at 34.0N, 73.0W (micro); 
35 kt NNW and 994 mb at 12Z at 31.8N, 78.3W (micro); 40 kt NNW and 995 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 78.5W (micro); 35 kt NNE 
and 991 mb at 18Z at 32.3N, 77.5W (micro); 40 kt N and 986 mb at 21Z at 31.8N, 78.2W (micro).  Numerous other gales 
and low pressures.  Land highlights: 1004 mb (min pressure) at Wilmington (34.2N, 77.9W) (climo data).  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix at 06Z at 32.3N, 76.7W with 70-80 kt winds at flight level of 5000 feet (micro); center fix 
at 2137Z at 31.7N, 77.7W with central pressure of 975 mb and maximum winds of 80 kt (micro, MWR).  "After leaving 
Florida the hurricane was followed by aircraft as it moved on a northeastward course over the Atlantic, although 
insufficient observations during the night of October 13-14 made its movement uncertain during that time.  A 
reconnaissance plane entered the storm area during the early hours of the 14th, and highest winds were estimated 
at 50 to 55 knots.  During the afternoon the storm gained force, and when another plane flew into the center at 
about sunset, winds were estimated at 80 knots" (MWR).  "Recon weather reports: 14/0330Z- storm not definitely 
located.  Frontal lines starting 65 miles south of Cape Lookout extending 200 miles eastward and curving south.  Radar 
plane #6L36 at 0510Z reports accumulation of thunderstorms at 3340N, 7520W- seems to indicate general position of storm;
unable to get definite center.  Plane #9L36 at 0705Z- posit (of plane?) 3355N, 7555W; course 045, speed 130, hurricane 
not definitely located yet.  0950Z- 3525N, 7503W- mdt turbulence and heavy rain within 100 miles of storm.  Info received 
by phone from (Navy Weather?) at 1130Z- Navy radar officer on recon flight out of Miami ran into separate center at 
32°20'N, 76°40'W at 06Z with 70-80 knots at 5000'; the other center at about 34°35'N, 74°03'W.  1830Z- in eye of storm; 
diameter of eye 12 miles, highest winds 50 to 55 kt north of center.  Eye of storm located by Navy Hurricane plane at 
2137Z at 31.7N, 77.7W, 80 knot winds 10 miles radius of eye in NE and NW quadrants; winds 40 knots within 60 to 75 miles 
of eye in NE and NW quadrants; diameter of eye 12 miles; lowest pressure recorded 975 mbs; (gale?) winds extend 180 miles 
in SW quadrant" (micro).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered close to Savannah, GA, near 32.1N, 81.0W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 75 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 81.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 77.8W 
and a 12Z position near 32.2N, 80.5W with a pressure of 971 mb.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 
the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 981 mb centered near 31.8N, 81.3W.  Ship highlights: at least 
50 kt WSW and 982 mb at 00Z at 32.0N, 78.0W (micro); 966 mb reported in eye by ship at 0230Z at 31.6N, 78.6W with 50 kt 
SE winds before the eye and 50 kt SW winds after the eye (micro); 70 to 80 kt NE and 971 mb at 0645Z at 31.9N, 79.4W 
(micro); 35 kt ESE and 978 mb at 0705Z at 31.9N, 79.4W (micro).  Several other gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 
996 mb (min pressure) at 0830Z and 47 kt NE (1 minute wind, maximum wind) at 0855Z at Charleston (32.8N, 79.9W) (climo 
data); 984 mb (min pressure) at 0945Z at Parris Island (32.4N, 80.7W) (OMR); 74 kt (1-minute wind, maximum wind) NE with 
estimated gusts to 83 kt and 974 mb (minimum pressure) at 12Z at Savannah (32.1N, 81.3W) (MWR, OMR); 30 kt SW and 994 mb 
at (~14Z?) at Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W) (micro); 43 kt NW (1-minute wind, max wind) at 1510Z and 984 mb (min pressure) at 
1630Z at Alma (31.5N, 82.5W) (climo data); 33 kt (max wind) at 2129Z at Jacksonville (climo data).  Several other gales 
and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0520Z at 31.4N, 79.3W (micro).  "Moving on a westward course, the 
center moved over Georgia at about 7 am (12Z) of the 15th, a short distance south of Savannah.  The lowest pressure at 
Savannah was 973.9 mb (28.76 inches) at 7 am, and the strongest wind was estimated at 85 mph at 6:59 am, with gusts estimated 
as high as 95 mph.  The area of hurricane winds was small, probably about 40 miles in width.  The city of Savannah and its 
vicinity experienced the worst part of the hurricane when the center passed inland about 15 miles to the south.  Damage in 
the Savannah area was estimated at approximately $2,000,000, while in all other areas of Georgia damage did not exceed $500,000.  
Some structural damage occurred in Savannah, with many roofs damaged either by direct action of the wind or by falling trees. 
Window glass was extensively broken while signs, ventilators, chimney tops, awnings, and like objects were blown down.  
High tides along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts ranged from 12.0 feet above mean low tide at Savannah Beach, Ga., 
and Parris Island, SC., to 9.0 feet at Charleston, SC, and 9.6 feet at St. Simons Island, near Brunswick, Ga.  The lower portions 
of Charleston were flooded to a depth of about 1 foot, while low-lying beaches and islands in the area also suffered considerable 
damage.  Salt-water flooding damaged the rice crop.  Some small communities as far north as Cape Hatteras were partly or wholly 
inundated by tides" (MWR).  From Savannah OMR... "The hurricane of the 15th did very little crop damage except where rains were 
heavy.  It blew off about 90% of the pecan crop and damaged many trees.  It also blew down sugarcane.  Total damage in this 
hurricane has been estimated at $2,725,000 in Chatham County.  The bulk of this was in roofs and frame houses, though there was 
considerable commodity damage in warehouses where blowing rains and high tides did the most of it.  Many trees were blown down.  
Much shrubbery was destroyed or damaged.  The wind was estimated at 95 mph in gusts, 85 mph extreme mile, and 77 mph 5-minute 
velocity from the northeast at about 0655-0700.  This exceeded the old October record of 57 and the 71 miles record for all months.  
The sea-level barometer established a new low of 28.77 inches at 0700 in the 15th" (Savannah OMR).  "The storm...struck Savannah 
Beach on the Georgia coast at about 6:00 am (11Z) on the 15th...high winds at Savannah Beach were estimated at 100 mph.  Exceptionally 
heavy damage was sustained at Savannah and Savannah Beach; some structures were practically demolished, and extensive destruction 
included roofs blown off or badly lashed..." (Georgia climo data).  Total damage along the South Carolina coast totaled to around $185,000 
(South Carolina climo data).  "Center located at 31:25N, 77:52.5W, pressure 975 mb (~00Z?).  Tanker (SHIP) reports the center of 
hurricane at 0230Z at latitude 31°35'N and long 78°35'W, pressure in center 28.54 (966 mb), winds SE force 10 to SW.  Special Navy 
Recon plane reports radar fix on hurricane at 0240Z- 31.5N, 78.6W; well defined eye 20 miles diameter; heavy weather surrounding eye 
to a distance of 55 miles.  Recon plane located center at 0520Z at 31°27'N, 79°20'W.  S.S. Rhode Island reports center passed south 
of position (31.9N, 79.4W) at 0645Z, wind NE 80-90 mph, barometer 28.66 (970 mb); at 0705Z, wind ESE force 8 (35 kt) with barometer 
28.88 (978 mb).  SH special 1030Z- gusts NNW 62 (mph), Barometer 29.20 (989 mb); 1100Z- wind steady 60 mph, barometer 29.10 (985 mb), 
gust recorders out.  NOTAM SH 15/1035Z- Savannah Airport control tower abandoned; all facilities inoperative 1035Z.  TSV about 
1130Z- Ventilators and other solid objects being blown from Fed. Building, estimated gusts to 100 mph, severe lightning north of 
station" (micro).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - Oct. 15 - Savannah - Minimal - Damage 
$3,000,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - Dunn and Miller).  "Oct 15, 1947 - 1013 mb 
environmental pressure - 85 kt 1 min wind equivalent" (Schwerdt et al.).  "Oct. 15, 1947 - 968 mb (from 974 mb observed at Savannah) - 
13 nm RMW - 17 kt speed - 31.9N, 81.1W landfall" (Ho et al.).  "1947 Oct GA, SC, 2 - Cat 2 - 974 mb" (Jarrell et al.).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.7N, 83.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 85.0W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT position with a pressure of 1005 mb.  Microfilm shows a 
low of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 30.5N, 87.5W (COA).  
Several other pressures of 1005 mb.  Land highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 00Z at Albany (31.5N, 84.2W) (micro).  Three other 
low pressures.

October 17:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.0N, 87.9W and a 12Z
position near 36.6N, 88.4W with a pressure of 1010 mb.  Microflim no longer plots a closed low at 00Z.  No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally started this on 9 October at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm.  There is evidence that there was a closed low in the
western Caribbean Sea as early as 18Z on the 8th, and this is analyzed as the time of genesis with a 25 kt intensity.  By 06Z on the
9th, the depression had strengthened to 30 kt (down from 35 kt originally).  There is not an abundance of data available on the 9th, 
but the depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 18Z on the 9th (12 hours later than originally) when it was near 16.4N, 
83.3W.  Also, a peripheral pressure of 1003 mb from Swan Island at 03Z on the 10th suggests that the storm intensity was greater than 41 
kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship. 40 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 10th (no change), as the environmental 
pressures were low.  The track changes introduced throughout the lifetime of the system are all minor.  From genesis up until landfall 
in Cuba, which occurred around 07Z on the 11th, the new track is generally to the left (west) of the previous HURDAT track by less than 
one degree.  At both 1530Z and 1808Z on the 10th, aircraft reconnaissance made center fixes providing the location, central pressure, 
and estimated maximum surface winds.  Based on this information, a central pressure of 1000 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th.  
1000 mb equals 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  45 kt is chosen for 12Z and 50 kt is chosen for 
18Z (no change to either).  The tropical storm then made landfall in Cuba around 07Z on the 11th near 22.2N, 83.6W as a 55 kt tropical storm.  
This is in agreement with Perez et al.'s assessment of a tropical storm in Cuba.  It is analyzed to have exited the north coast of Cuba 
around 11Z near 22.9N, 83.4W.  In this analysis, the intensities are kept unchanged at 06Z (55 kt) and 12Z (60 kt).  When the storm reached 
the Florida Straits it began a turn more towards a northeasterly direction and it intensified into a hurricane before passing perhaps 10 nm to 
the southeast of Dry Tortugas at 19Z on the 11th.  The Dry Tortugas recorded peak 1 min winds of 73 kt at 1737Z before being disabled 
(these reduce to 65 kt after adjusting the 48 m height of the anemometer above the ground down to 10 m) and aircraft reconnaissance measured 
a central pressure of 983 mb at 1716Z.  A central pressure of 983 mb is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 11th.  983 mb equals 74 kt using the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 69 kt for N of 25N.  For intensifying systems, this value equals 74 and 72 kt respectively.  
Dry Tortugas likely experienced the maximum winds in the NW quadrant, but the winds in the NE quadrant could have been higher.  75 kt is chosen 
for the 18Z intensity on the 11th (up from 65 kt originally).  A land-based radar on Boca Chica easily tracked the center of the hurricane from 
20Z on the 11th to 0320Z on the 12th, so the position was known with good accuracy.  

The hurricane made landfall on the extreme southern part of the west coast of Florida, northwest of Cape Sable, near 25.4N, 81.2W at 02Z
 on the 12th.  Since there are no land observations available on the southwest coast of mainland Florida where the hurricane made landfall, 
the landfall intensity was estimated based on observations from the previous day as well as observations from the southeast Florida metro 
areas when the storm passed that area a few hours later.  At 18Z the previous day, 8 hours before landfall, the assigned intensity was 75 kt.  
Just an hour later, at 1910Z, an aircraft estimated 80-85 kt maximum surface winds, keeping in mind that aircraft estimates during this era 
could be off by 15 kt with a high bias more often than not.  When the storm reached the east coast of Florida, the strongest sustained wind 
recorded was 80 kt at Hillsboro Lighthouse (elevated site).  MWR notes that the lowest pressure there was 991 mb at 2:45 am, but the calm 
center passed there from 3:30 am to 4:30 am.  The 991 mb observation is therefore not treated as a central pressure in the analysis because 
it occurred 15 minutes after the maximum wind and 45 minutes before the beginning of the calm period.  A barometer in Fort Lauderdale 
confirmed this suspicion by registering a reading of 982 mb at 07Z.  The barometer was reported to be still falling at the time of this 
measurement, thus this is not a central pressure reading either.  A run of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model using 982 mb (and 
1009 mb outer closed isobar) suggests at most 976 mb at landfall in southwest Florida seven hours earlier.  Thus a rounded value of 975 mb 
central pressure at landfall is reanalyzed, which is consistent with some deepening after the 983 mb central pressure observation by 
aircraft reconnaissance about nine hours before landfall.  975 mb suggests winds of 82 kt from the intensifying subset of Brown et al. 
north of 25N.  An intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 12th and landfall (up from 70 kt originally).  This makes the hurricane a 
high end Category 1 at landfall in Southwest Florida (BFL1), which is now added into HURDAT (the system was inexplicably not counted as a 
Southwest Florida hurricane originally).  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yields a value of 61 kt for 06Z, and highest 
observed winds within two hours of 06Z were 54 kt (aside from the Hillsboro Lighthouse measurement).  Taking into consideration the observed 
pressure at Fort Lauderdale and the fact that the hurricane was traveling over the swampy Everglades, an intensity of 70 kt is analyzed for 
06Z (down from 75 kt originally).  This confirms considering the system to be a hurricane for Southeast Florida (CFL1).  The hurricane emerged 
over the Atlantic Ocean around 09Z on the 12th.  (The 991 mb central pressure listed in HURDAT originally comes from the Hillsboro Lighthouse 
measurement, which has been determined to have been a peripheral pressure and is removed.)

A 12th/19Z aircraft fix along with the 09Z center fix over Hillsboro Light allowed for the 12Z and 18Z positions to be interpolated.  The new 
positions are only a few tenths of a degree east of the previous HURDAT positions.  There is some evidence that weakening occurred on the 12th
and 13th as the cyclone moved towards the northeast over the Atlantic.  Around 07Z on the 13th, with the storm in the vicinity of 29.3N, 75.8W, 
aircraft radar did not show an eye.  It is clearly evident that a degradation of the storm structure took place from the time it exited Florida 
(09Z on the 12th) to 07Z on the 13th.  In addition, the highest available observed wind during this 22-hour period was only 35 kt.  It is 
analyzed that the hurricane weakened to a 60 kt tropical storm by 00Z on the 13th. The reanalyzed intensities from 12Z on the 12th to 06Z 
on the 13th are as follows (with original HURDAT values in parentheses): 70 (75); 65 (75); 60 (70); 60 (70).  On the 13th, the cyclone began 
an unusual, rather sharp turn in its forward motion from northeast to north to northwest to west, and by the 14th, it was evident that this 
cyclone was going to make landfall on the SE coast of the US.  The revised track has this turn occurring slightly farther west than in HURDAT 
previously.  At 20Z on the 13th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 982 mb with estimated maximum winds of 70 kt.  A central pressure of 
982 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 13th.  982 mb equals 70 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 73 kt 
for intensifying systems.  70 kt is chosen for 18Z (unchanged) and 65 kt is chosen for 12Z (6 hours previous) (down from 70 kt originally).  So, 
after weakening to a tropical storm at 00Z the 13th, it strengthened back to a hurricane at 12Z on the 13th.  From the 13th until landfall in 
Georgia, which occurred at 11Z on the 15th, several center fixes were made.  The largest track change made during the time period is about a half 
degree.  It is of note that the conclusion in the Florida Climatological Data of the dissipation of the original center and rapid development of 
a new center is not supported by the available observations.  Several gales and low pressures as low as 985 mb were observed between late on the 
13th and late on the 14th.  At 2137Z on the 14th, a central pressure was reported by aircraft of 975 mb along with 80 kt estimated surface winds.  
Five hours later, at 0230Z on the 15th, a ship reported venturing through the eye of the hurricane with calm winds and a central pressure of 966 mb.  
Ten minutes later, at 0240Z, an aircraft reported a center fix just one-tenth of a degree from the ship location of the eye.  The 966 mb value was 
likely accurate because another ship recorded a 971 mb pressure along with winds of 70 to 80 knots at 06Z on the 15th.  A central pressure of 975 mb is 
added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th, and a central pressure of 966 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 15th, with the hurricane moving westward, 
located at 31.7N, 78.4W.  975 mb equals 79 kt according to the Brown et al. N of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 82 kt for intensifying systems, 
and 80 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 14th.  966 mb equals 89 kt and 93 kt, respectively.  90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06Z on the 15th.  From 18Z on 
the 14th until landfall at 12Z on the 15th, the previous HURDAT intensity is increased by 15 kt at each point.

The hurricane continued westward and made landfall a few miles south of Savannah Beach, GA at 11Z on the 15th as a 90 kt hurricane.  The station at 
Savannah, which is located inland from the coast, recorded its maximum wind and minimum pressure at the same time around 12Z.  These values are 
74 kt and 974 mb, respectively.  There were three sources that contained that information, and one of the sources said that the 74 kt one-minute 
sustained wind at Savannah was estimated, but the other two sources did not indicate that the observation was estimated.  The central pressure was 
966 mb at 0230Z  based upon the ship's eye observation several hours before landfall.  The landfall central pressure is estimated at 965 mb, based 
upon with the 974 mb accompanied by hurricane force winds measured in Savannah - which supports a 90 kt intensity at landfall.  This 965 mb is, 
however, too uncertain to include into HURDAT as an observation.  90 kt at landfall is a Category 2 hurricane for Georgia and South Carolina, 
confirming the original HURDAT estimate.  From the analyzed positions, it appears that the hurricane moved relatively quickly between 06Z and 18Z 
on the 15th compared to before and after that time.  After landfall, the cyclone moved quickly inland towards the west-southwest, but after 18Z,
its forward motion slowed once again.  Around 06Z on the 16th, with the cyclone located over southwestern Georgia, it made a turn towards the northwest, 
and dissipated after 18Z the 16th, 31 hours after landfall.  The 12Z 15th intensity 90 kt value is analyzed to be the same as at landfall an hour 
before (11Z), as the location of the maximum winds may have still been at the coast at that time.  The Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was 
run for 18Z on the 15th (seven hours after landfall) through 06Z on the 16th (19 hours after landfall) yielding values of 54 kt, 38 kt, and 29 kt 
respectively.  The highest wind observations within two hours of the synoptic times are 43 kt, 33 kt, and 20 kt respectively, though as is typical 
there were few observations available near the cyclone's center after landfall.  55 kt, 40 kt, and 30 kt are chosen for HURDAT (down from 65 kt, 
50 kt, and 40 kt originally).  25 kt and 20 kt are chosen for 12Z and 18Z on the 16th respectively (down from 35 kt and 25 kt originally).  There 
was no longer a closed low evident at 00Z on the 17th, so no changes were made to the timing of dissipation.

This hurricane may have been the first that was operationally monitored by land-based radar.

It is also noteworthy that a cloud seeding experient was conducted by U.S. military research aircraft in a effort to determine whether the release 
of a certain chemical could help to weaken the hurricne. The experiment was conducted while the cyclone was centered several hundred miles east of
 Jacksonville on a northeastward course. After this mission was completed, the hurricane made an abrupt westward turn and then made landfall in 
Savannah, GA. The cloud seeding experiment was publicized in the media. After the hurricane, the public and media blamed and heavily criticized the 
scientists for changing the course of the hurricane.  500 mb maps indicate a strong high to the north just off the northeast U.S. coast.  In reality, 
the cloud seeding experiment was not at all responsible for the westward turn.

********************************************************************************

1947 Storm 10 (was storm 9) - Revised in 2014

33735 10/16/1947 M= 7  9 SNBR= 749 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
33735 10/17/1947 M= 6 10 SNBR= 749 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
         **         * **  

(The 16th is removed from HURDAT.)
33740 10/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*174 624  35    0*

33745 10/17*184 639  50    0*190 653  60    0*197 666  65    0*204 678  70    0*
33745 10/17*190 632  35    0*195 647  40    0*200 662  45 1000*207 675  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

33750 10/18*210 687  75    0*218 696  75    0*228 702  80    0*237 705  85    0*
33750 10/18*214 687  60    0*221 696  65    0*228 702  70  990*237 704  80  981*
            ***      **      ***      **               **  ***     ***  **  ***

33755 10/19*247 705  85    0*261 702  90    0*277 697  95    0*289 690  95    0*
33755 10/19*247 705  85    0*259 702  90    0*273 699 100    0*286 692 105    0*
                             ***              *** *** ***      *** *** ***

33760 10/20*301 681 100    0*314 669 105    0*327 657 105    0*337 645 105    0*
33760 10/20*299 681 105    0*313 669 105    0*327 657 100    0*337 651 100  961*
            ***     ***      ***                      ***          *** ***  ***

33765 10/21*348 632  95    0*361 614  85    0*375 590  65    0E388 566  60    0*
33765 10/21*348 640  95    0*361 614  90    0*375 590  85    0*384 566  85    0*
                ***                   **               **     ****      **

33770 10/22E400 541  55    0E415 500  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
33770 10/22*390 520  80    0E395 470  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **      *** ***  **

33775 HR                             

Major track changes and intensity changes are analyzed with this major hurricane that recurved
in the Atlantic near 70W and then affected Bermuda.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, Macky (1947 - provided by Kimberly Zuill of the Bermuda Weather Service), 
and Tucker (1995).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 15.8N, 59.0W with a wave axis running 
through the low from 18N, 55W to 12N, 61W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Ship 
highlight: 15 kt E and 1005 mb at 12Z at 17.7N, 51.2W (HWM).

October 15:
HWM analyzes an open trough with a wave axis inside the trough running from 19N, 58W to 11N, 63W.  
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm shows a low near 17.5N, 55.8W, but aircraft 
claims to have found a cyclonic circulation further south.  No gales or low pressures.  "Cyclonic 
circulation of light intensity, lowest pressure 1008 mbs, area covered by CB with moderate rain; 
easterly wave evident north of center; swells easterly entire flight (15°20'N, 58°10'W) (micro).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.4N, 63.7W at 12Z.  HURDAT first lists 
this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.4N, 62.4W.  Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 
1011 mb near 16N, 59.5W at 12Z.  Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 20Z at 20.7N, 61.5W (micro).  
"The last storm of the season was first noted east of the Leeward Islands as an easterly wave.  
This wave developed into a closed circulation on the 16th north of the Virgin Islands and moved on a 
broad curving path over the Atlantic" (MWR).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20N, 66.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt 
hurricane at 19.7N, 66.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near 19.9N, 
65W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 18.5N, 63.2W and a 12Z position 
near 19.4N, 66.8W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 20.0N, 66.2W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 12Z at 21.8N, 66.6W (micro); 35 kt NE and (1005 mb?) at 1830Z 
at 21.6N, 68.4W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1150Z at 20.0N, 66.2W with 1002 mb 
lowest measured pressure and maximum winds of 30 kt (micro); center fix at 1739Z at 20.9N, 67.3W 
with central pressure 1004 mb and 35 kt maximum winds (micro).  "It reached hurricane intensity 
during the night of the 17th when it was some distance northeast of Turks Island" (MWR).  "It had 
first been detected by the Bermuda Meteorological Office on Friday 17th through wireless messages 
of various ships just north and east of the Leeward Islands" (Tucker).  "Navy plane reports at 
1150Z- complete circulation 20.0N, 66.2W, highest wind 30k, lowest pressure 1002 mbs.  19.8N, 
66.4W, 12Z, center diffuse, 10 miles in diameter, wind calm in eye.  Army B17 5654 report storm 
20.9N, 67.3W, winds 35 knots, pressure 1004, sudden wind shift from 170 to 350 degree (17/1739Z).  
Duck special 2: storm center at 20.4N, 66.9W at (1947Z)?  Definite eye 30 miles across, three small 
twisters on NW side" (micro).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.4N, 68.8W.  HURDAT lists this as 
an 80 kt hurricane at 22.8N, 70.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
21.2N, 68.1W, and a 12Z position near 22.7N, 69.7W with a 981 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 00Z position near 20.9N, 68.4W, and a 12Z position near 22.1N, 70.3W.  Microfilm shows a 
low of at most 996 mb near 22.6N, 70.1W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE at 00Z at 21.4N, 68.4W (micro); 
40 kt SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 21.1N, 68.2W (micro); 50 kt SE and 998 mb at 23Z at 24.3N, 69.2W (micro).  
A few other gales and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1310Z at 22.6N, 70.2W with 
central pressure 990 mb and maximum winds 85 kt (micro); center fix at 1925Z at 23.8N, 70.4W with 
central pressure 981 mb and maximum winds 100 kt (micro).  A few other gales.  "By Saturday afternoon 
(the 18th) it had approached the Turks Islands where it recurved in a more northerly direction, and 
it was definitely established that the centre was of full hurricane intensity, with gales extending 
from it in all directions for about 150 miles" (Tucker).  "Hurep from recon plane: Hurricane centered 
18/1310Z at 22.38N, 70.15W.  Maximum winds approx 5 miles from center east 65 knots.  North 85 knots.  
Northwest 85 knots.  West 80 knots.  SW 70 knots.  South 55 knots.  SE 60 knots.  Very tight center 
with lowest pressure 990 mbs.  Southeast side very weak.  Vicious turbulence encountered on west side 
of storm.  Center weather broken STCU based 1200 tops 3500.  AVC altostratus based 1500 feet" (micro).  
"Recon from AWXAN: Eye of hurricane located at 23.8N, 70.4W at 1925Z, highest wind 100 knots, lowest 
pressure 981 mbs" (micro).

October 19:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.2N, 67.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt 
hurricane at 27.7N, 69.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a position near the HURDAT 
position.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.5N, 70.5W and a 12Z position near 
27.2N, 69.5W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 987 mb with a radar center fix at 27.8N, 69.3W at 1430Z 
and a 1440Z position of 27.8N, 69.8W which is "more accurate than the previous position."  Ship highlights: 
At least 50 kt SE and 996 mb at 14Z at 28.3N, 68.7W (micro); at least 50 kt ESE and (970 mb?) at (17Z?) 
at 28.2N, 69.0W (micro); at least 50 kt NW and 994 mb at 20Z at 27.8N, 69.3W (micro).  A few other gales 
and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1515Z at 27.7N, 69.2W with maximum winds of 125 kt 
(micro); center fix at 1633Z at 28.5N, 69.3W with 90 kt maximum winds (micro); center fix at 2215Z at 
29.8N, 69.0W with maximum winds of at least 87 kt (micro).  Several other gales.  "The latest report received 
Sunday night (night of Oct 19) by the "Royal Gazette", from the Meteorological Station, based on a radar 
"fix" taken by a Hurricane Hunter aircraft from Kindley AFB, stated that the hurricane's position was about 
280 miles S.W. of Bermuda, moving north-northeast at about 15 miles per hour.  A B-17 weather reconnaissance 
aircraft made two flights into the hurricane from Bermuda on Sunday, October 19, penetrating the eye of the 
storm on each occasion and gathering weather data.  Winds of over one hundred miles per hour were reported" 
(Tucker).  "Radar plane report: Storm center 25.41N, 69.54W at 0520Z.  Fix by radar accurate within five miles.  
0745Z- center 26.28N, 70.17W- fix by radar.  This is my third hurricane position report: center position 26.36N, 
70.08W, course 045, speed 11 knots; the 0745Z and 0830Z positions determined by definite radar fixes..." (micro).  
"Duck hurep high three- high by radar 27.8N, 68.8W at 1440Z; this position more accurate than previous position.  
Position of center at 1515Z 27.40N, 69.10W; winds estimated 125 kts near center, 100 kts within 40 miles of 
center, 75 kts within 80 miles of center, 45 kts within 140 miles of center; lightning in NW quad; moderate 
to heavy rain in northern semicircle; moderate to heavy turbulence.  DH4 says "sight of hurricane 28.5N, 
69.3W at 1633Z...90 knots surface winds."  DH5 says "radar...at 28.4N, 69.3W at 1722Z."  Hurricane special- eye 
of storm found at 2215Z at 29.8N, 69.0W (by Army plane).  Winds estimated in excess of 100 mph.  Eye by radar 
at 2355Z (29.9N, 68.6W)" (micro).

October 20:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 32.7N, 65.4W with a SW-NE frontal system approaching 
about 500 nm to the NW of the hurricane.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 32.7N, 65.7W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.0N, 68.1W and a 12Z position near 31.8N, 66.1W with 
a 970 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows 
a low of at most 978 mb centered near 32.4N, 65.9W.  Ship highlights: (87 kt?) NNE and 991 mb at (16Z?) at 
34.4N 66.4W (micro).  Seven other gales and two other low pressures.  Land highlights:  78 kt SW (max 15 min 
wind), 110 kt gust 1600-1615Z at Fort Georges, Bermuda (Macky), 990 mb (min p) at 15Z at Hamilton, Bermuda (Macky), 
990 mb (min p) at 1530Z at St. Georges, Bermuda (Macky).  Several other gales and low pressures at Bermuda.  
Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1615Z (location unknown) with maximum winds of 112 kt and gusts to 125 kt (micro); 
center fix at 2038Z at 34.3N, 65.1W with central pressure 961 mb and maximum winds at least 100 kt (micro).  
A few other gales.  "Its curving path brought the center to a point slightly west of Bermuda, where during the forenoon 
of the 20th winds in excess of 100 mph were reported" (MWR).  "Throughout the night (early on the 20th) about 12 
ships in the path of the storm provided valuable meteorological data by radio, so that by 4 A.M. (local time) (08Z?) 
it was exactly located as 150 miles SW of the islands and moving NE.  Between 8 and 10 A.M. of Monday the 20th it 
curved past Bermuda, just 40 miles to the west, now moving at the rate of 25 miles per hour and causing winds to lash 
the islands at a velocity of over 100 miles an hour.  By 8 A.M. winds blew across the islands of hurricane force and so 
continued until 10 o'clock, by which time the centre had passed within 40 miles to the north and was still moving ENE.  
The Meteorological Office reported it as 'only an average disturbance for this type of storm."  And by 6 P.M. the local 
winds had decreased to 45 miles per hour.' (Tucker).  "Hurricane eye positions by radar: 0640Z- 31°15'N, 66°48'W; 
0715Z- 31°35'N, 66°30'W.  Hurep 1615Z- west quad 82 kt, gusts to 110 kt; east quad 112 kt, gusts to 125 kt.  Blue sky 
to SE.  Position of eye at 2038Z at 3420N, 6506W...(120 knot?) winds 30 miles radius, 100 knot winds 60 miles radius, 
65 knot winds extend 130 miles from eye in NW and SW quadrants, 40 knot winds extend 250 miles in NW and SW quadrants; 
lowest pressure 961 mb; eye diameter estimated 15 miles" (micro).  "After 9.00 p.m. [local time 19th] a more rapid fall 
of pressure set in and continued until the centre was at its closest about twelve hours later.  During the night the wind 
continued to increase and slowly veer, reaching gale force about midnight, while there was intermittent rain...By dawn the 
wind had reached 55 m.p.h. from the south southeast...Hurricane force was reached about 9.00 a.m. from the south southeast, 
when rain became continuous and the pressure reached its lowest level of 990.2 mbs (29.24") at Hamilton.  It rose slightly 
to 990.0 at 10.00 a.m., but fell again to 990.2 at 11.00 a.m., after which it began to rise unsteadily.  At St. George's 
a minimum of about 990 mbs occurred at 11.30 a.m...the Dines anemometer record at Fort George (8 ½ miles north east of Hamilton) 
shows that after 9.00 a.m. the wind continued to veer but remained about 75 m.p.h. until 11.00 a.m. when it decreased fairly 
rapidly to be 55 m.p.h. in a brief lull at 11.30 when the rain stopped.  Wind speed increased rapidly again until noon, when 
for a bout a quarter of an hour a mean speed of 90 m.p.h. from the southwest, with one gust to 126 m.p.h. gave the highest 
winds recorded during the storm.  After this the wind backed to south southwest and fell to 40 m.p.h. for three-quarters of 
an hour before veering to the southwest and increasing to near hurricane force again by 1.20 p.m.  Between 11.30 and 1.30 
the lower cloud cover broke, and for about an hour the sun was visible through a cloud layer, which was, apparently, thin 
alto stratus...Rain commenced again with the veer to southwest, and was continuous from shortly after 2.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.  
Pressure also began to rise fairly steadily at 1.30 p.m...The wind remained about 55-65 m.p.h. and continued to veer until it 
was west by north about 5.00 p.m., after which there was little change in direction, and the speed gradually decreased and 
was below gale force shortly after midnight...There was considerable amount of damage done by the wind; branches were broken 
off many trees and a great many crops of vegetation were damaged - tomatoes and bananas in particular being flattened in 
many places.  Power and telephone lines were blown down and it was several days before normal services were restored even 
in Hamilton.  A number of roofs were blown off, but in general, very little damage was done to buildings of normal Bermuda 
construction" (Macky).

October 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 38.8N, 57.6W with a complex SW-NE frontal structure beginning to 
interact with the low.  Also, a trough is plotted extending southward and then southwestward with the north end of the trough 
about 200 nm south of the low center.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 37.5N, 59.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.6N, 62.4W and a 12Z position near 36.9N, 58.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 38.0N, 58.9W with an approaching 
mid-latitude low of at most 993 mb near 47.5N, 61W, with a front extending southwestward from the mid-latitude low.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt ESE and 998 mb at 00Z at 36.0N, 63.0W (micro); 40 kt N and (992 mb?) at 06Z at 36.8N, 62.5W (micro); 45 kt SW and 999 mb at 
12Z at 33.7N, 57.9W (COA); 45 kt W at 21Z at 36.2N, 54.3W (micro); 85 kt S and 992 mb at 2140Z at 38.3N, 51.0W (micro); 75-85 kt SW 
and 989 mb at 2250Z at 37.8N, 51.5W (micro).  Several other gales and low pressures.  Land highlights: 15 kt W and 1004 mb at 00Z 
at Bermuda (micro).

October 22:
HWM shows one large, intense, occluded low (the TC and the mid-latitude low had already combined before 12Z) of at most 970 mb 
centered near 50N, 44.5W with an occluded front wrapping around from just north of the low to a triple point located at 52N, 
37W, a warm front extending from the triple point southeastward to 45N, 30W, and a cold front extending from the triple point 
southwestward for a great distance.  HURDAT last listed this system at 06Z as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 41.5N, 50.0W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 39.7N, 51.2W and a 12Z position near 43.8N, 40W.  Microfilm 
last shows this system at 00Z as a low of at most 975 mb centered near 39.3N, 51.8W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 987 mb at 
00Z at 38.8N, 53.8W (micro); 40 kt SE and 962 mb at 12Z at 49.3N, 41.1W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 975 mb at 18Z at 49.7N, 38.7W 
(COA); 60 kt (MWR); 958 mb (MWR).  Numerous other gales and low pressures.  "A report from the Danish S. S. Astra indicated 
that winds of Beaufort force 11 (64-75 mph) and a low barometric pressure of 958.4 mb (28.30 inches) were experienced near 
the center of this storm as far north as latitude 42.5N" (MWR).  "The last Bermudians heard of the storm itself was on Wednesday, 
October 22nd, when it was charted as 1800 miles NE of Bermuda (46.5N, 37W), heading towards Iceland and the north of Scotland, 
but gradually dispersing and losing its velocity.  In the meantime, Bermuda was appraising its casualties - widespread secondary 
damages but no disaster of a major character, except one death - that of an Electric Light Company's linesman who fell from a 
pole while attempting to fix broken wires.  Kindley AFB looked deserted, barren, stripped of its accustomed aircraft.  Gibbs Hill 
Lighthouse had swayed visibly - and sufficiently to spill the mercury from the trough in which the revolving light is set.  Some 
of the hotel in more elevated positions had the appearance of bombed-out areas.  The total damage to property was estimated at 
thousands of pounds; that it was mostly of secondary nature was entirely due to the very adequate warnings received" (Tucker).  
From the Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau- advisory issued 11/22 at 16Z: "The Atlantic hurricane still maintains its intensity and 
was centered near lat 46.5N, long 37.0W or about 750 miles east of Cape Race, Newfoundland at 1600Z moving east-northeast with a 
tendency towards northeast at about 50 mph.  Hurricane winds are still being experienced near and about 100 miles south of the center..." 
(Washington DC Weather Bureau advisory).

This tropical cyclone likely formed from an easterly wave.  On 14 October, there was a ship ob of 15 kt E and 1005 mb around 
52W longitude, likely north of where the disturbance was at that time, but that is the only available observation in the vicinity 
on that day.  On the 15th, the low looks closed according to available aircraft observations around 56W, but on the 16th, sufficient 
observations show that there is not a closed low.  HURDAT starts this at 18Z on the 16th at 17.4N, 62.4W with an intensity of 35 kt.  
At 00Z on the 17th, there is a reliable west wind (although only 10 kt), so the new analysis starts this system at 00Z on the 17th 
(6 hours later than HURDAT) at 19.0N, 63.2W (less than 1 degree northeast of the HURDAT position at that time) with an intensity of 3
5 kt (down from 50 kt originally).  At 12Z on the 17th, a center fix and a complete circulation were reported by an aircraft at 20.0N, 
66.2W, about half of a degree northeast of the HURDAT position.  The maximum estimated surface winds and minimum surface pressure 
encountered by the aircraft were 30 kt and 1002 mb respectively; however, the 1002 mb observation was a peripheral observation with 
15 kt winds, believed to be in the RMW.  Using the 10 kt equivalent to 1 mb inside the RMW rule, 1000 mb central pressure is added 
into HURDAT at 12Z.  A central pressure of 1000 mb equals 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 
45 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th (down from 65 kt originally).  The intensity changes introduced on the 17th were major downward 
adjustments.  A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 18th due to a ship observation of 50 kt with a few other 45 kt observations 
and peripheral pressures below 1000 mb.  On the 18th, the cyclone turned towards the north after 12Z.  From 12Z on the 18th to 12Z on 
the 21st, most of the new positions are very close to the HURDAT position and all changes are less than one degree adjustments.  At 
1310Z of the 18th, there was an aircraft center fix at 22.6N, 70.2W, with estimated maximum surface winds of 85 kt and a central pressure 
of 990 mb.  According to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, 990 mb equals 64 kt, and 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 
12Z (down from 80 kt originally).  A central pressure of 990 mb is added into HURDAT for 12Z.  This cyclone is analyzed to have reached 
hurricane intensity by 06Z of the 18th (18 hours later than originally).  Another center fix at 1925Z of the 18th was reported by 
aircraft at 23.8N, 70.4 with a central pressure of 981 mb and estimated surface winds of 100 kt.  According to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship, a central pressure of 981 mb equals 76 kt, and 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT (down from 85 kt originally), 
keeping in mind that aircraft surface wind visual estimates were usually accurate to within 15 to 20 kt.  A central pressure of 981 mb 
is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 18th.  The next center fix (by aircraft radar) came at 0520Z of the 19th at 25.7N, 69.9W, but no 
aircraft intensity estimates were available at night.  More center fixes at 0745Z and 0830Z confirm that the 06Z HURDAT position need 
only minor adjustments.  There were four center fixes between 12Z and 18Z on the 19th, with max wind estimates ranging from 90 kt to 
125 kt, but no central pressures.  At 17Z, a ship reported winds of at least 50 kt along with a pressure of 970 mb.  The hurricane is 
analyzed to have reached its peak intensity of 105 kt at 18Z on the 19th and is analyzed to have maintained this intensity through 06Z 
on the 20th.  HURDAT previously had 105 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 20th.  Tucker (1995) claims that the center passed 40 miles from 
Bermuda at closest approach and no changes are made to the position of the hurricane at that time.  The lowest pressure observed from 
Bermuda was 990 mb, both at Hamilton and St. Georges around 15-16Z, as peripheral pressures, which was the closest approach by the 
hurricane.  As a lull was experienced at St. Georges at the same time, Bermuda was inside of the RMW.  The strongest wind observed at 
Bermuda (Fort Georges) was 78 kt 15 min, which is equivalent to ~87 kt 1 min.  High end Category 2 hurricane conditions in Bermuda are 
consistent with the moderate wind-caused impacts on the island.  An aircraft reported a central pressure of 961 mb at 2038Z of the 20th.  
According to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 25-35N, 961 mb equals 94 kt, and it equals 89 kt for north of 35N from the 
Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship.  The center fix occurred at 34.3N, 65.1W, and 120 kt max winds were estimated.  The 15 nm 
diameter eye suggests an RMW of about 10-15 nm.  Climatological RMW from a central pressure of 961 mb at 32N indicates an RMW of 24 nm.  
The hurricane was moving at about 15 kt.  However, the outer closed isobar was a somewhat low 1008 mb.  The combination of the above 
suggests going a bit higher than the pressure-wind relationships.  Since this aircraft center fix occurred at 2038Z, 100 kt is chosen 
for 18Z and 95 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 21st (down 5 kt at 18Z and unchanged at 00Z).  The 961 mb central pressure is added into 
HURDAT for 18Z on the 20th.  The hurricane gradually turned towards the east-northeast after 12Z on the 21st.  The position at 12Z on 
the 21st is unchanged.  For intensity, later on the 21st, two ship reports (same ship, different times) reported 85 kt winds roughly 
100-150 nm southeast of the center.  It is likely that the RMW had expanded from the tight center on the day before.  85 kt is chosen 
for the intensity at 12Z and 18Z (up from 65 and 60 kt respectively), and 80 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 22nd (up from 55 kt originally).  
The intensity changes between 12Z on the 21st until 00Z on the 22nd are major upward adjustments.  At 00 and 06ZZ on the 22nd the 
positions have major changes to the southeast of the original locations, in part because of the aforementioned ship measurements.  
HURDAT originally had this hurricane becoming extratropical at 18Z of the 21st, but available observations indicate that it did not 
become extratropical until 06Z on the 22nd.  A 65 kt intensity is analyzed for 06Z on the 22nd (up from 50 kt originally).  Shortly 
after that time it was absorbed by a large, powerful extratropical low.  This low produced pressures as low as 944 mb later that day 
but much farther to the north and east.  It should be noted that in an advisory by the Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau office, issued 
on the 22nd at 16Z, not only did it say that hurricane force winds were still being experienced, but their wording also implies that 
the system was still a hurricane at that time (see above quote in October 22 paragraph).  This was considered, but not included into 
HURDAT, as it appears that the original cyclone was indeed absorbed by this separate, large extratropical cyclone.

********************************************************************************

1947 Additional Notes:

Suspect 1

A weak low formed between the southeastern US and Bermuda from the remains of a front on 7 June.  
It moved northeastward until it was absorbed by the next frontal system between 00Z and 12Z on the 10th.  
There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system until the time it was merging on the 10th.  
From the 7th to the 9th, there were uniform temperatures around the low.  It is possible that the low was 
a tropical depression, but it was likely a broad area of weak low pressure instead.  It should be noted 
that this suspect is in Jack Beven's list highlighted in yellow- the 2nd mostly likely color to be added 
into HURDAT.  However, the additional data obtained does not warrant inclusion into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 7		29.5N	72.5W		Broad low
Jun 8		33.0N	69.0W		Low			
Jun 9		35.0N	65.0W		Low			
Jun 10					Absorbed


Suspect 2

A possibly closed low (either tropical depression or trough) moved westward into Belize from the Caribbean 
Sea late on 12 June.  On 13 June, the system was located along the southeast Mexico coast near the Bay of 
Campeche.  There were no observed gales with this system, but of note are two land station based observations 
of 1003 mb and 1005 mb respectively at 12Z the 13th.  However, no strong winds were observed nor was there 
confirmation that the system had a closed circulation on either the 12th or 13th.  By the 14th, the system 
either dissipated or perhaps was pulled quickly northward ahead of an advancing cold front as a weak low near 
29N 87W.  Without evidence of a closed circulation and tropical storm force winds on the 12th and 13th, this 
system is not considered a tropical storm and thus not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 12		17.5N   87.0W		Tropical depression?/Trough?
Jun 13		18.5N	91.0W		Tropical depression
Jun 14					Dissipated or weak low near 29N 87W


Suspect 3

An area of low pressure formed at the tail end of a front just off the SE coast of the US late on 31 August
or early on 1 September.  On 1 September, this may have been a tropical depression, and temperatures were warm 
all the way around the low.  There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system.  By 12Z on 2 
September, this low had moved north and merged with a larger frontal system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 1		32.0N	75.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 2					Absorbed


Suspect 4

HWM and microfilm indicate that a low broke off of an exiting front sometime around 9 September and stayed near 
the SC-NC coast until 14 September.  On the 10th and 11th, the low may have been closed, but this was not likely 
a tropical depression.  The low opened up back into a trough on the 12th, lingering around the same location.  
There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 8					Open trough 37N, 70W to 35N, 75W to 33N, 77W
Sep 9					Open trough 36N, 73W to 33N, 76.5W to 31.5N, 79W
Sep 10		33.0N	78.5W		Low
Sep 11		33.0N   80.5W		Low
Sep 12					Open trough 35N, 75W to 31N, 81W
Sep 13					Open trough 34N, 77W to 30N, 80W
Sep 14					Open trough 35N, 74W to 31N, 78W


Suspect 5

HWM indicates that a disturbance emerged off of Africa on the 15th and then was lost for several days as it likely 
traveled west-northwestward through the Atlantic until the 22nd, reaching a point near 24.0N, 53.5W.  At this point, 
the movement became slow and erratic as it meandered staying over the central Atlantic through the end of the month.  
There were no observed gales or low pressures associated with this system, but it may have been a tropical depression.  
It should be noted that there is a possibility that the low seen on the 23rd, which is more clearly evident on the 
25th and 27th, may not have originated from Africa on the 15th.  It may have originated from the remnants of a frontal 
boundary on the 22nd and 23rd.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 15		13.0N	22.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 16		14.0N	27.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 17		15.0N	32.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 18		16.0N	37.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 19		18.0N	41.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 20		20.0N	45.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 21		22.0N	49.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 22		24.0N	53.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 23		24.5N	52.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 24		26.0N	50.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 25		27.5N	47.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 26		27.0N	49.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 27		26.5N	52.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 28		29.5N,  52.5W		Tropical depression
Sep 29		31.0N	48.0W		Tropical depression
Sep 30		32.5N	43.0W		Extratropical low
Oct 01					Merged with front


Suspect 6

On 21 September, a low developed along a front in the central north Atlantic.  It moved off to the northeast by the 22nd
 with increasing baroclinicity.  Early on the 21st, in the first few hours after the low became closed, the temperature 
gradient across the low may not have been very large.  But by 12Z on the 21st, the temperature gradient across the low 
along with the wind structure near the low indicate that the low was likely extratropical by this time.  The only observed 
gale associated with this system was at 18Z on the 22nd, and the low was clearly extratropical.  On the 21st, there were 
no observed gales or low pressures, so this system is not added to HURDAT.  By the 23rd, the low was gone and a ridge of 
high pressure dominated in the region.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 21		35.5N	49.5W		Extratropical low
Sep 22		40.0N	46.0W		Extratropical storm
Sep 23					Dissipated


Suspect 7

HWM and MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones indicate that a low developed along a frontal system on 29 September 
in the western Atlantic west of Bermuda.  There were four observed gales on the 29th, all between 31.3-32.0N, 71.1-76.5W 
from COADS.  But the low was not closed by 12Z on the 29th.  By the 30th, the low was closed, and there was not much of 
a temperature gradient across the low.  Furthermore, there was one gale of 35 kt and one low pressure of 1003 mb on the 
30th associated with this system, both from HWM.  The only thing holding this back from being added into HURDAT is the 
large size of the low and the elongated wind structure, not typically associated with a tropical cyclone.  Also, the gale 
is located in an area of a strong environmental pressure gradient on the NW side of the low.  By 1 October, the low is 
certainly extratropical, as the temperature gradient across the low is large.  The extratropical low continued moving 
rapidly northeastward, and it combined with another extratopical low late on the 3rd between Greenland and Iceland.

Of all the suspects for 1947 that were not added to HURDAT, this was the one that was closest to being added in.  This 
was a difficult call, and it may have been a tropical storm on the 30th with the very small temperature gradient, gales, 
and low pressures.  Ultimately, the size and wind structure led to the decision not to add it into HURDAT.  

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 29	   				Open trough/front 32N, 67W to 31N, 71W to 25N, 80W
Sep 30		31.5N	67.5W		Extratropical
Oct 01		45.0N	59.5W		Extratropical
Oct 02		54.5N	49.0W		Extratropical
Oct 03		62.5N	32.5W		Extratropical
Oct 04					Absorbed


Suspect 8

A low formed in the northeastern Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores Islands on 3 October.  At first, 
the low was associated with a weak front, and the low was large and elongated on the 3rd.  Then the front dissipated, 
the temperature gradient became more uniform (although temperature were in the 60s), and by the 4th, the low had shrunk 
down in size.  It appears as if this was an occluded low, but it could have been a depression.  A 40 kt gale in HWM on 
the 5th appears to be dubious since the highest wind speed in COADS on that day is only 20 kt.  On the 6th, the low moved 
further east towards the Iberian Peninsula, but weakened and dissipated as it did so.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 3		40.0N	19.0W		Frontal low
Oct 4		40.0N	18.0W		Occluded low
Oct 5		40.0N	14.5W		Occluded low
Oct 6		37.5N	12.5W		Occluded low
Oct 7					Dissipated


Suspect 9

A small area of low pressure developed on 12 October in the vicinity of 28N, 60W.  It probably separated from the tail 
end of an occluded front.  The low grew in size, and was not definitely closed until the 14th.  On the 14th, there was 
not a temperature gradient across the low, but it was large and weak, likely an occluded low.  There were no low pressures 
associated with this system until 12Z on the 15th and no observed gales until 18Z on the 15th.  By 12Z on the 15th, the 
low had moved to near 43N, 42W with a large frontal system approaching from the west.  Although there are no observations 
north or west of the center within a couple hundred miles of the low at this time, other surrounding temperature observations 
along with the wind structure indicate that this low was extratropical by 12Z on the 15th.  Therefore, this system is not 
added to HURDAT.  On the 16th, it merged with a frontal system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 12					Open with lowest pressure near 27.5N 60.0W		
Oct 13					Open trough 37N 50W to 28N, 59W
Oct 14		34.0N	49.5W		Occluded low
Oct 15		43.0N	42.0W		Extratropical storm
Oct 16					Merged with frontal system


Suspect 10

A low developed either from a trough or a decaying front on the 25th near 24.5N, 57.0W.  Although there are not enough 
observations to definitely close the low on the 25th, a south wind at 06Z (probably east of the center) changed within 
six hours to a westerly wind at 12Z (probably south of the center), so the system may have been a tropical depression on 
this day.  Another front approached, and by the 26th, the low was extratropical.  There was one observed gale associated 
with this system of 35 kt at 12Z on the 26th.  There was also one low pressure of 1005 mb at 18Z of the 26th, both after 
the low was extratropical.  By the 27th, the front had completely absorbed the low and the observed wind structure was 
frontal in nature.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 24					Open trough 33N, 56W to beyond 17N, 68W
Oct 25		24.5N	57.0W		Tropical depression
Oct 26		29.0N	49.0W		Extratropical storm
Oct 27					Absorbed by front


Suspect 11

On 25 October, an area of low pressure developed along a NE-SW trough in the Caribbean Sea.  On the 27th, a front 
approached from the west and carried the low towards the northeast.  Although the temperature gradient across the 
low was not significant at any portion of its lifetime, the low never attained the wind structure if a tropical cyclone.  
The wind structure showed a weak and elongated system for its duration, and this system is not analyzed to definitely 
be a closed low at any point in its lifetime.  The first observed low pressure occurred at 00Z on the 31st, and the 
only gale observed with this system came at 18Z of the 31st.  By early on November 1st, winds become extremely light 
near the area of the low, and there was clearly no TC on this day.  The system became even less impressive by 12Z on 
the 1st, and was clearly a remnant trough by then.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 25		14.0N	71.0W		(not closed)	Open trough 22N, 60W to 10N, 77W
Oct 26		15.5N	69.0W 		(not closed)	Open trough 22N, 58W to 13N, 73W
Oct 27		19.0N	67.5W		(not closed)
Oct 28		19.0N	60.5W		(not closed)
Oct 29		23.0N	53.0W		(not closed)
Oct 30		27.5N	49.0W		elongated low
Oct 31		32.5N	42.0W		elongated low
Nov 1					Open trough 40N, 26W to 33N, 35W


Suspect 12

A weak low, possibly a tropical depression, was first noted near the Lesser Antilles on 28 November. It moved westward, 
then turned northwestward, passing near the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic.  Early on 1 December, it was absorbed 
by a front in the vicinity of 23N, 69W.  There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 28		15.0N	61.0W		Tropical depression
Nov 29		16.5N	67.0W		Tropical depression
Nov 30		21.0N	69.0W		Tropical depression
Dec 01					Absorbed


Suspect 13

MWR, Key West OMR, Florida November Climatological Data, HWM, COADS, Jack Beven's packet of suspects, and Lixion Avila's 
book containing advisories issued from various Weather Bureau offices indicate that a strong disturbance along a 
quasi-stationary front moved generally from west to east, or WSW to ENE across the Florida Keys on 28 November.  Jack Beven 
had this suspect highlighted in orange.  Orange is for "systems that are not likely to be added (to HURDAT) but need more 
work to be sure."  Winds weakened somewhat over the Keys on the 29th, but were still brisk that day.  On 29th, gales were 
reported in the western Bahamas according to observations mentioned in advisories issued by the Miami Weather Bureau Office.

At Key West, the minimum pressure and maximum temperature were recorded at 1735Z (1007 mb and 79 degrees respectively).  
Before that time, there were gales from the E at Key West.  By 1801Z, 26 minutes after the minimum pressure at Key West, 
their maximum wind of 50 kt from the NW occurred.  By 1815Z, the temperature at Key West had dropped to 67 degrees.  
Because the temperature dropped from 79 to 67 degrees in 40 minutes, and because this temperature drop was marked by a 
wind shift from E to NW, this system is not considered a tropical cyclone and is not added into HURDAT.  Further evidence 
for the extratropical nature of this system is that temperatures at 12Z on the 29th in central and northern Florida were 
in the 40s (Tampa 47, Jacksonville 43).

There were still some more notable highlights with this system.  At 18Z, Boca Chica recorded 56 kt NE, 1008 mb, and 
79 degrees.  Boca Chica's minimum pressure (1008 mb) occurred at 1810Z, 35 minutes after Key West's minimum pressure, 
and Boca Chica recorded a temperature of 79 degrees at 18Z.  It seems as if the front passed Key West at 1735Z and 
passed Boca Chica at 1810Z.  At Key West, after the front passed, the winds increased and the temperature decreased, 
and this likely occurred at Boca Chica as well.  The strongest wind recorded was 65 to 70 kt from the N at Sombrero 
Key Lighthouse (24.6N, 81.1W), which is an elevated observation, sometime after 21Z.  Earlier, at 21Z, the "center" 
was reported to be over Sombrero Key.  Miami reported 35 kt gales from the NE around 2030Z on the 28th and again around 
06Z on the 29th.  From the Florida November 1947 climatological data... "On the 28th, a small belated tropical storm 
struck Key West doing damage estimated at $25,000.  The maximum wind for a 5-minute period was 54 (mph) NW, extreme 
(1-min) 58 (mph).  Sombrero Light, 65 miles ENE has winds 75 to 80 mph" (Florida climatological data).  Given the 2.13" 
24-hour rainfall that occurred on the 27th-28th of November, the system had substantial convection in addition to the 
very strong winds.  It is noted that this system may have been a hybrid of a frontal nature.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 28		24.5N	83.0W		Extratropical
Nov 29		24.5N	78.0W		Extratropical
Nov 30					Front 30N 65W to 22N, 78W


Suspect 14

A low developed in the eastern Atlantic on 16 December.  It occluded, became very large in size, and eventually was 
absorbed and swept away by a front late on 21 December.  There were both gales and low pressures observed with this 
large low, but the gales were only on the side of the low with the largest pressure gradient.  Temperatures throughout 
much of the lifetime of this low were in the upper 60s on the NW side to the lower 70s on the SE side.  This low was 
not a tropical cyclone due to the very large, broad nature of the low throughout its lifetime.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 16		20.0N	32.0W		Weak low
Dec 17		30.0N	32.0W		Occluded low
Dec 18		33.0N	33.5W		Occluded low
Dec 19		29.0N	35.5W		Occluded low
Dec 20		30.0N	35.0W		Occluded low
Dec 21		32.5N	34.5W		Occluded low
Dec 22					Absorbed


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 1 - Revised in 2014

33780 05/22/1948 M= 7  1 SNBR= 750 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33780 05/22/1948 M= 8  1 SNBR= 750 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                    *

33785 05/22*  0   0   0    0*160 750  35    0*182 731  35    0*194 722  35    0*
33785 05/22*  0   0   0    0*171 732  30    0*182 731  30    0*193 730  30    0*
                             *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

33790 05/23*205 715  35    0*214 709  35    0*224 703  35    0*235 697  35    0*
33790 05/23*204 729  30    0*214 727  30    0*224 723  30    0*234 716  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

33795 05/24*246 692  35    0*259 687  40    0*269 684  40    0*276 682  40    0*
33795 05/24*244 706  30    0*254 696  30    0*263 690  35    0*272 688  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33800 05/25*283 681  45    0*290 680  45    0*297 680  45    0*301 680  45    0*
33800 05/25*281 687  40    0*289 689  40    0*294 690  45    0*297 690  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

33805 05/26*303 680  45    0*307 680  45    0*310 680  45    0*313 680  40    0*
33805 05/26*297 689  45    0*295 688  45    0*295 686  45    0*297 684  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33810 05/27*315 680  40    0*318 680  40    0*320 680  40    0*328 680  40    0*
33810 05/27*301 682  40    0*306 681  40    0*313 680  40    0*320 682  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

33815 05/28*337 680  35    0*343 680  30    0*350 680  30    0*379 680  25    0*
33815 05/28*328 685  35    0*337 688  30    0*346 690  30    0*354 690  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

(The 29th is new to HURDAT)
33817 05/29*361 690  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
33820 TS   

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm 
which occurred in the month of May.  A major change is also made to the time that this 
system became a tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ships database and Monthly Weather Review.

May 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 11.3N, 75.4W, with a trough or wave 
axis extending northward from the low to near 21N, 73W.  HURDAT does not list a system 
on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

May 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 16.2N, 80.8W with a trough or wave 
axis extending north-northeastward from the low to near 25N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 73.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 18.3N, 73.6W.  No gales or low pressures.  "Originating in a widespread low-pressure 
area southwest of Hispaniola, this storm began a northeastward movement and by 7 am on 
May 22 was centered over southwestern Haiti accompanied by widespread heavy rains.  These 
rains caused floods throughout much of Hispaniola.  Press reports from the Dominican Republic 
indicate that 80 persons were drowned in floods associated with this disturbance." (MWR).

May 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb near 22.2N, 73.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 70.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 21.2N, 75.7W with a 1006 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a position just west of the HURDAT position near 22.4N, 70.6W.  No gales or low pressures.

May 24:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 26.8N, 69.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
40 kt tropical storm at 26.9N, 68.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 22.9N, 73.0W, and a 12Z position near 24.8N, 70.8W with a 1008 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 24.6N, 69.7W, and a 12Z position near 
26.9N, 68.9W.  No gales or low pressures.

May 25:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb near 29.7N, 69.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
45 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 68.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 26.3N, 69.6W, and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 69.0W with a 997 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.2N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position near 
29.5N, 68.7W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z 30.4N, 72.0W (COA); 30 kt WSW and 
1004 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 69.3W (COA); 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 18Z at 30.7N, 71.5W (COA).  
Aircraft highlights: 45 kt (MWR).  "The storm moved north-northeastward and by May 25 was 
centered near latitude 30N, longitude 69W where it remained practically stationary for two days.  
The highest winds reported were about 50 mph observed from a reconnaissance plane which was 
flown through the storm on the 25th" (MWR).

May 26:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 29.8N, 68.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical 
storm at 31.0N, 68.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 
68.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.3N, 68.7W, and a 12Z position 
near 31.0N, 68.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

May 27:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 30.6N, 68.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 32.0N, 68.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 
69.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 68.8W, and a 12Z position 
near 32.3N, 68.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  "During the afternoon of the 27th it began moving 
northward more rapidly and became an extra-tropical storm" (MWR).

May 28:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 34.5N, 69.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical 
depression at 35.0N, 68.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
32.2N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position near 33.9N, 69.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 33.7N, 68.9W, and a 12Z position near 35.3N, 68.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

May 29:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb near 38.3N, 67.4W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this 
day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.7N, 69.3W, and a 12Z 
position near 37.3N, 68.9W with a 1010 mb pressure.  No gales or low pressures.

An early-season tropical cyclone formed on 22 May in the north-central Caribbean Sea.  It formed 
in association with an easterly wave.  The wave continued moving off towards the west, but the 
vortex of the newly formed tropical cyclone moved towards the north or north-northeast across 
western Haiti and into the Atlantic Ocean.  No changes were made to the timing of genesis.  The 
initial position is adjusted east-northeastward to account for an unrealistically fast initial 
motion.  This system was started as a depression and is not analyzed to have reached tropical 
storm strength until 24 May (two days later than originally), when it was located in the vicinity 
of 26N, 69W.  The position was altered two degrees to the west on the 23rd - a major change - when 
it is was in the vicinity of the Turks and Caicos Islands based upon ship and station observations.  
By the 24th, the structure had improved enough to assign a 35 kt intensity (revised downward from 
40 kt originally).  There were no gales observed for the duration of this cyclone's lifetime, but 
on the 25th, there were low pressures observed simultaneously with 30 kt winds.  Furthermore, the 
structure of the system indicated that it was a tropical cyclone.  1004 mb was observed by a ship 
at 12Z on the 25th with 30 kt of wind.  The 1004 mb peripheral pressure implies a maximum sustained 
wind of at least 36 kt using the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  HURDAT's 
intensity of 45 kt is retained at 12Z on the 25th.  This is consistent with the estimated surface 
winds of 45 kt from aircraft reconnaissance on the 25th.  The storm was still moving generally 
towards the north, but its forward motion slowed to a crawl from the 25th through the 27th.  
HURDAT's intensity of 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt is retained at 12Z each day from the 25th through 
the 27th.  On the 26th and 27th, the revised positions are adjusted substantially north-northwestward 
based upon ship and station data.  On the 28th, the cyclone was passing well to the east of the US 
mid-Atlantic coastline.  HURDAT originally showed the storm weakening to a depression at 06Z on 28 
May, but tropical storm strength is retained for 18 more hours.  HURDAT's final position is at 18Z 
on the 28th at 37.9N, 68.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  The analysis indicates that it was 
still a depression on the 29th at 00Z, and it is analyzed with a 25 kt intensity for that time.  
The original final position at 18Z on the 28th had an unrealistic northward acceleration.  The 
analyzed position at 00Z on the 29th (the final position) is at 36.1N, 69.0W.  This dictated a 
large change in position at 18Z on the 28th to the south-southwest of the original HURDAT position, 
which also corrected the original unrealistic accelration.  After early on the 29th, the low was 
no longer closed as it degenerated into an open trough which moved towards the north until it was 
picked up by an extratropical system.


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 2 - Revised in 2014

33825 07/07/1948 M= 5  2 SNBR= 751 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
33830 07/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*263 906  35    0*
33830 07/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 894  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

33835 07/08*272 900  35    0*276 896  35    0*280 892  35    0*287 881  35    0*
33835 07/08*276 894  30    0*277 894  30    0*280 892  30    0*285 888  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

33840 07/09*296 869  35    0*302 862  35    0*308 859  35    0*313 858  30    0*
33840 07/09*292 882  35    0*302 874  35    0*308 869  35    0*313 866  30    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***

33845 07/10*317 858  30    0*322 858  30    0*327 859  25    0*333 860  25    0*
33845 07/10*318 866  30    0*323 865  30    0*327 863  25    0*333 863  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

33850 07/11*340 861  20    0*346 863  20    0*352 866  15    0*355 868  15    0*
33850 07/11*340 865  20    0*346 866  20    0*352 866  15    0*358 866  15    0*
                ***              ***                           *** ***

33855 TS                                                                        

U.S. Landfall:
07/09/1948 - 07Z - 30.3N, 87.3W - 35 kt

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this minimal tropical storm that 
struck Florida's panhandle between Pensacola and Florida's border with Alabama.  A major 
change was made to the time that the cyclone attained tropical storm strength.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries 
from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

July 7:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 26.3N, 90.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 27.3N, 87.9W.  Microfilm shows a 12Z position near 28.0N, 89.6W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"This disturbance formed in an area of unsettled weather in the northern Gulf of Mexico during 
the afternoon of July 7" (MWR).

July 8:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a weak SW-NE trough from the west-central Gulf 
of Mexico to the SE US, and HWM analyzes a W-E cold front over the SE US.  HURDAT lists a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 28.0N, 89.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
29.1N, 88.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.5N, 90.4W, and a 12Z 
position near 28.5N, 89.2W.  Microfilm shows a SW-NE trough extending from the west-central Gulf 
of Mexico to the SE US, with a frontal feature extending from NW of the trough, southeastward 
through the SE US, and then eastward to the GA/SC coast.  No gales or low pressures.

July 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31.7N, 88.2W with a cold front extending from 
the low eastward into the Atlantic.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 85.9W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.0N, 87.6W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.7N, 87.8W, and a 12Z position near 
30.9N, 86.9W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered at 12Z near 30.9N, 87.1W 
with a W-E frontal feature extending from 100 nm east of the low eastward into to Atlantic.  Land 
highlights: 1007 mb (min p) with 30 kt SE (max w) at 0620Z at Pensacola, FL (OMR, climo); 32 kt S 
(max w/1-min) ~0930Z at Apalachicola, FL (OMR, climo).  "It moved northeastward and passed inland 
over Pensacola, Fla., during the night of July 8.  A highest wind of 35 mph was observed during a 
thunderstorm at the Pensacola station.  This disturbance caused heavy rains over extreme northern 
Florida, southern Alabama, and southern Georgia.  Little damage has been reported" (MWR).  From the 
Pensacola OMR... "A minor tropical disturbance that moved inland between Mobile and Pensacola on the 
night of July 8th-9th was attended by strong winds and heavy to excessive rains at Pensacola.  
Extreme (1-minute) wind velocity was 35 mph from the southeast.  7.50 inches of rain fell during the 
storms, establishing new July records for greatest precipitation for 5, 10, and 15 minutes and 2 hours
and 24 hours at Pensacola" (Pensacola OMR).  From the July, 1948 Florida Climatological Data summary... 
"Night of 8-9th, Pensacola, minor tropical storm moved in from the Gulf, causing winds up to 32 mph, 
heavy rain, and damage by water to extent of $500" (Florida Climatological Data).  "On July 9th a 
disturbance, which had developed off the coast, moved northward along the Alabama-Georgia line with 
very heavy rain in its path.  Maximum 24-hour amounts averaged around 7 inches near the border from Lee 
County southward through Houston County.  Heavy rain from this storm was, however, confined mostly to 
the eastern portion of the state east of the Alabama and Coosa Rivers, and there were areas in the 
northwest and west portions where little or none was recorded at that time" (Alabama Climatological 
Data).

July 10:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 32.7N, 85.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.0N, 87.1W, and a 
12Z position near 33.1N, 86.7W with a 1013 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 31.8N, 86.4W, and a 12Z position near 32.7N, 86.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low at 
12Z of at most 1011 mb centered near 32.6N, 87.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

July 11:
HWM analyzes a weak trough of low pressure over Tennessee with a NW-SE warm front extending through the 
trough from NW to SE.  HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 35.2N, 86.6W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.3N, 86.2W, and a 12Z position near 35.4N, 
85.6W with a 1013 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
The microfilm analysis is similar to the HWM analysis.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical depression formed in the northern Gulf of Mexico at 18Z on 7 July (no change to timing of 
genesis).  The starting position is analyzed to be about a degree and a half northeast of the previous 
HURDAT position based upon available ship and coastal observations.  Additionally, a moderate westward 
adjustment was made early on the 9th before landfall.  The remainder of the lifecycle of this tropical 
cyclone had very minor position adjustments.  The depression moved slowly northeastward and became a 
tropical storm at 00Z on the 9th (30 hours later than originally).  The tropical storm made landfall 
near Pensacola, FL (more than 1 degree west of where HURDAT's previous track showed landfall) around 
06Z on the 9th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  (The 32 kt 1 min maximum wind at Appalachicola was within 
an hourly averaged wind of only 17 kt, so it may have been a convective gust.  It is possible that 
the system may have been a high end tropical depression, rather than a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall.)  
It weakened to a tropical depression 12 hours after moving inland (no change to HURDAT) but the 
analyzed track was still slightly to the left (west) of the previous track.  The depression moved 
north through eastern Alabama and dissipated in Tennessee after 18Z on the 11th (no change to timing 
of dissipation).  Although there were no gales or low pressure observations with this system, a 1-minute 
peak sustained wind of 32 kt at Apalachicola and a 1007 mb pressure at Pensacola warrant keeping this 
system a tropical storm in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 3 - Revised in 2014

33860 08/26/1948 M=10  3 SNBR= 752 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33860 08/26/1948 M=11  3 SNBR= 752 NOT NAMED   XING=0 
                   **                          

33865 08/26*  0   0   0    0*195 589  50    0*209 610  65    0*218 626  70    0*
33865 08/26*204 606  55    0*213 616  60    0*222 626  65    0*230 636  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

33870 08/27*228 641  75    0*238 655  80    0*248 667  85    0*256 676  90    0*
33870 08/27*238 645  75    0*247 654  80    0*255 663  85    0*263 672  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33875 08/28*261 684  95    0*265 690  95    0*270 697 100    0*276 704 105    0*
33875 08/28*268 681  95    0*272 689  95    0*276 697 100    0*281 706 105    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

33880 08/29*282 712 105    0*286 719 105    0*291 725 100    0*297 734 100    0*
33880 08/29*286 715 105    0*289 723 105    0*291 731 100    0*295 739 100    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

33885 08/30*303 743  95    0*308 750  95    0*313 754  90    0*320 754  85    0*
33885 08/30*300 745  95    0*306 749  95    0*312 752  90    0*319 753  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33890 08/31*328 751  80    0*334 746  75    0*341 736  70    0*353 716  70    0*
33890 08/31*326 749  80    0*333 744  75    0*342 733  70    0*353 716  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***           

33895 09/01E370 687  65    0E390 651  60    0E410 618  60    0E429 594  55    0*
33895 09/01*370 687  65    0*390 651  60    0E410 620  60    0E429 594  60    0*
           *                *                     ***                   **

33900 09/02E448 578  50    0E485 553  45    0E517 528  45    0E528 514  40    0*
33900 09/02E450 574  55    0E480 560  55    0E510 540  50    0E528 520  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

33905 09/03E538 500  40    0E549 475  40    0E560 450  35    0E570 430  35    0*
33905 09/03E538 500  50    0E549 478  50    0E560 455  50    0E570 435  50    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

33910 09/04E580 410  35    0E589 391  35    0E598 372  35    0E612 348  35    0*
33910 09/04E580 418  45    0E589 400  45    0E598 382  40    0E606 358  40    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
33912 09/05E613 325  35    0E619 280  35    0E625 230  30    0E630 170  30    0*

33915 HR                                                                        

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this major hurricane 
that recurved before it reached the east coast of the US.  (It is noted that the genesis 
of this tropical cyclone is not explicitly included above, as it formed east of the 
Lesser Antilles in the data sparse tropical North Atlantic.)  An additional day was 
added into HURDAT at the end of this system's lifetime as an extratropical cyclone before
 it was absorbed.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records 
from NCDC, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

August 25:
HWM analyzes a SW-NE trough or wave-like feature extending from 12N, 64W to 23N, 51W.  
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  "Existence [of 
1948 storm 3] had been well established by other reports [before August 26th]" (AWS).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a low inside in open trough located near 22N, 62W, with the trough axis 
extending southwestward from the low to beyond 16N, 71W.  HURDAT lists a 65 kt hurricane 
at 20.9N, 61.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.0N, 
62.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.9N, 61.3W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 22.0N, 62.1W, although at 06Z, microfilm 
analyzes a low of at most 993 mb.  Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 03Z at 21.4N, 
59.7W (micro); 40 kt N and 997 mb at 0330Z at 20.7N, 61.4W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 
Seven gales between 35-45 kt between 1330Z and 1700Z between 21.5-24.0N, 61.3-64.0W 
(micro); 90 kt at 1500 feet at 1634Z 15 miles NE of center (AWS); 35* kt E at 1915Z at 
24.5N, 62.8W (micro).  "This storm was first reported during the night of August 25-26 
by the S.S. Virginia and the S.S. Petrakis Nomikos when they encountered winds of Beaufort 
force 9 and other signs of a hurricane forming near latitude 20.5N, longitude 60.5W" (MWR).  

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 25.2N, 67.7W.  HURDAT lists this as an 
85 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 66.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 24.0N, 64.2W, and a 12Z position near 25.2N, 66.7W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 22.5N, 64.2W, and a 12Z position near 24.7N, 67.0W.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.8N, 67.5W.  Aircraft highlights: 
center estimate at 1325Z at 24.9N, 67.7W with 100 kt estimated max surface winds (micro); 
40 kt SW at 1330Z at 24.4N, 67.1W (micro); center fix at 1852Z at 26.7N, 67.4W (AWS); 
40 kt W at 1945Z at 26.2N, 67.5W (micro).  "40 kt (wind) radius is 70 miles" (aircraft 
on 1325Z center fix at 24.9N, 67.7W- micro).  "Airforce plane reported center at 1500E 
(2000Z) at 27.0N, 67.7W on course of north northwest 18 knots.  Airplane reported center 
at 1445E (1945Z) at 26.5N, 67.7W.  These obs corrected in post flight to read 26.8N, 
67.4W at 1440E (1940Z) and 27.1N, 67.9W at 1640E (2140Z)" (micro).

August 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb near 28.1N, 69.8W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 100 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 69.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 26.6N, 68.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.8N, 69.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 00Z position near 25.7N, 68.5W, and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 70.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 28.2N, 70.4W.  Aircraft highlights: radar 
center fix at 1410Z at 28.0N, 70.0W with 110 kt estimated maximum sustained winds (micro); 
center fix at 1634Z at 28.3N, 70.7W with estimated maximum sustained winds of 100 kt (micro, 
AWS); center fix at 27.8N, 71.1W (AWS).  Eight other gales, two of which are hurricane force.  
"A highest wind of 120 mph was estimated from reconnaissance aircraft which reconnoitered the 
storm on August 28 and 29" (MWR). The AWS tech report stated that the lowest observed pressure 
for this storm by aircraft was 985 mb.  It is unknown what day that occurred and it is unknown 
whether it was a central pressure of a peripheral pressure.   "Storm center 0647Z 27.3N, 
69.0W- navy radar.  Storm center 0804Z 27.6N, 69.4W- navy radar" (micro).  "Intense area of 
storm has radius of 50 miles.  Plane swept through edge of eye after center located by radar 
showing a diffused eye eight miles in diameter centered 28N, 70W at 1410Z.  Max winds (encountered) 
260 degrees 110 knots" (micro).  "Duck report.  Airforce plane reports center 28.3N, 70.7W at 
1134E (1634Z).  Winds near center estimated 100 knots" (micro).  "Post flight summary...Hurricane 
center located at 28.3N, 70.7W at 1634Z.  Estimated wind near center in excess of 100 knots; wind 
within 70 mile radius 60 knots.  Moderate to light intermittent turbulence with light to moderate 
continuous rain and showers near center.  Continuous instrument flight near center in the base 
of clouds 400 feet; tops unknown" (micro).  "Post flight summary... In area of NW quadrants experienced 
wind of over 100 knots with heavy rain at 28.2N, 71.5W.  Experienced this condition 13 minutes... intense 
area of storm has radius 50 miles.  Estimated movement in WNW direction.  Dead reckoning positions 
confirmed by loran in southeast and northwest quadrants" (micro).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 72.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt 
hurricane at 29.1N, 72.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.8N, 
71.2W, and a 12Z position near the HWM position.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 
28.8N, 72.9W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 1230Z at 27.8N, 71.7W (micro).  Aircraft 
highlights: (992 mb peripheral surface pressure) with strong west wind at 13Z at 28.4N, 72.7W (micro); 
85 kt (possibly flight-level wind) W at 28.6N, 73.1W (micro); center fix at 2230Z at 29.3N, 73.3W (AWS).  
At least 18 other reported aircraft gales.  "Here is message we received from plane: 1300Z position 
28.5N, 72.6W.  Estimated eye position from dead reckoning.  Radar fix 28.7N, 72.5W at 13Z when 10 miles 
from eye.  Wind 270 degrees 85 knots plus; pressure 992(?) mbs" (micro).  "Post flight summary storm 
center located at 29.8N, 74.3W at 2130Z.  All fixes used in computing location of center were checked 
by loran" (micro).  Interesting discussion from Aug. 29 20Z microfilm... "We have been digesting, assimilating, 
and perhaps disgorging the replotted inflights from our plane this morning.  
The following points will be of interest to you: 1. The observer, Barron, is experienced at the business.  
2. The reports along the top of the storm, all reporting 1013 pressure are the good ones for position; that is, 
they were all based on loran fixes and should be on the button. 
3. The other reports are based on dead reckoning and subject to the usual potential error, but have been checked
and rechecked until the worst busts are eliminated I think.  
4. I deduce from them that we could move the position of the eye up about 20 miles without distorting the reports
as plotted.  We would move that 85 knot along with it.  5. The longitude looks to be correct judging from the 
winds on both sides.  6. Does this report mean what it looks like?  7. The worst weather was encountered in the 
SW quadrant rather than the E and NE.  Lt. Ryner reminds me that this was a characteristic of the storm last year 
which curved into Savannah.  He made the last two hops on it.  That is the gist of our deductions.  Anyone got 
anything to throw in our grist mill as a result of this flight?  -Harding" (micro).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 30.7N, 75.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 
31.3N, 75.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.5N, 73.8W, and a 12Z position 
near 31.6N, 74.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes 
a low of at most 993 mb centered near 31.6N, 75.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1010 mb at ~1230Z at 31.4N, 
72.5W (micro); 40 kt WSW and 1003 mb at ~1830Z at 30.0N, 73.7W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W (may be a 
flight-level wind) at 1245Z at 30.0N, 74.8W (micro); 40 kt N at (13Z?) at 30.4N, 75.5W (micro).  "The hurricane 
moved on a west-northwesterly course to a point about 250 miles south of Cape Hatteras when the forward movement 
slowed and a turn to the northeast began.  This trajectory was some distance east of Hatteras and no dangerous 
winds occurred on land.  Tides, however, were high on the North Carolina coast and justified evacuations and other 
precautions which were taken in the area" (MWR).  "Navy radar fixes: 0406Z- 30.5N, 74.5W; 0435Z- 30.6N, 74.6W; 
0615Z- 30.8N, 75.0W.  This latter reading corrected to read 30.8N, 75.6W about 0930Z.  (Eye was slightly diffused 
according to report from plane)" (micro).  "Loran fix at 1329Z at 31.1N, 74.6W" (micro).  "Hurricane positions as 
reported by navy radar 2032Z position- hurricane eye 32.2N, 75.2W; 2140Z position hurricane eye 31.9N, 75.4W 
(position based on gadget bearings and loran; 2252Z hurricane eye position 32.3N, 75.2W based on loran (land 
bearings poor)" (micro).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 34.4N, 73.6W with a stationary front partially wrapped 
around the cyclone a couple hundred miles to the west and several hundred miles to the north of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 34.1N, 73.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 33.0N, 74.9W, and a 12Z position near 34.1N, 72.7W with a 962 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 75.5W, and a 12Z position near 34.1N, 74.0W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 34.3N, 73.8W with a frontal feature located to the west and 
the north of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: At least 50 kt ENE and 996 mb at 1830Z at 36.1N, 71.8W (micro).  
At least 30 other gale observations between 35-50 kt, and at least 10 other low pressure observations between 
996-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 1004 mb (min pressure) at 1045Z At Cape Hatteras (OMR); 20 kt N and 1005 mb at 
12Z at Cape Hatteras (HWM, micro).  Aircraft highlights: 45* kt N possibly along with a 994 mb surface pressure 
at 1615Z at 35.2N, 73.2W (center fix at 1645Z was at 35.1N, 72.1W) (micro); 76 kt SW at 1500 ft at 1658Z at 
34.2N, 70.5W (AWS); at least 50 kt (possibly 70 kt?) WSW at 17Z at 34.3N, 75.5W (micro).  At least 4 other gales 
between 35-40 kt.  "Hurricane eye 0030Z 32.6N, 74.9W from good land fix" (micro).  "D-7 center 1540Z 34.8N, 72.1W; 
D10 center 1645Z 35.1N, 72.1W" (micro).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb near 41.1N, 61.2W with a cold front extending from the low towards the SSW 
curving towards the WSW to beyond 33N, 75W, and a warm front extending from the low eastward to beyond 42N, 46W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 41.0N, 61.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 36.5N, 69.1W, and a 12Z position near 40.7N, 63.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position close to the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 981 mb centered near 40.7N, 62.3W with 
the NE end of a NE-SW frontal feature located about 300 nm SW of the low.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 995 mb 
at 08Z at 40.4N, 66.7W (COA); 30 kt NNE and 992 mb at 10Z at 40.8N, 64.3W (micro).  At least 23 other gales between 
35-45 kt.  At least seven other low pressures between 992-999 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt WSW(?) and 992(?) mb 
at 17Z at 41.1N, 59.8W (micro); 20 kt W and 983 mb at 1830Z at 42.9N, 58.8W (micro); center fix at 1830Z at 44.8N, 
58.8W with 60 kt estimated max winds (AWS).  Two other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1002 mb.  
According to AWS, this cyclone was extratropical on 1 September.


September 2:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 990 mb near 50.5N, 54.1W, with an occluded front extending from the low 
southeastward to a triple point near48N, 50W, with a cold front extending from the triple point southward and 
then south-southwestward to beyond 34N, 56W, and a warm front extending from the triple point east-southeastward 
to beyond 45N, 38W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 51.7N, 52.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.0N, 57.3W, and a 12Z position near 49.9N, 55.0W with a 978 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 993 mb at 12Z at 52.5N, 52.5W (COA, HWM); 35 kt SE and 986 mb at 18Z at 52.5N, 51.5W 
(COA).  Five other gales between 35-45 kt, and six other low pressures between 989-1000 mb.  Land highlights: 
40 kt WSW and 996 mb at 0630Z at 46.5N, 53.2W (micro); 35 kt WNW and 994 mb at 12Z at 48.5N, 57.5W (HWM).

September 3:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 985 mb centered near 56.0N, 45.5W with an occluded front extending from the 
low, wrapping around on the east side southward to beyond 50N, 33W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical 
storm at 56.0N, 45.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 53.2, 51.8W, and a 12Z 
position near 56.1N, 47.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 997 mb at 00Z at 49.5N, 49.0W (COA); 30 kt NNW and 991 mb 
at 12Z at 54.3N, 51.5W (HWM); 45 kt SSW and 992 mb at 12Z at 53.5N, 44.5W (COA, HWM).  Two other gales and one other 
low pressure below 1000 mb.  Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1016 mb at 12Z at 60.5N, 45.5W (HWM).

September 4:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 995 mb near 59.8N, 37.8W with a cold front extending from the low towards the 
NE for a short distance, then becoming an occluded front and extending towards the east, southeast, and then south to 
south of 52N, 21W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 59.8N, 37.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 58.8N, 42.4W, and a 12Z position near 61.6N, 35.5W with a 998 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 30 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 57.4N, 35.7W (COA); 35 kt SW and 996 mb at 18Z at 56.4N, 32.5W (COA).  Ten 
other gales of 35 kt, and 12 other low pressures between 997-1000 mb.  Land highlights: 10 kt NNE and 999 mb at 12Z at 
60.8N, 46.0W (HWM).

September 5:
HWM analyzes an occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 62.0N, 21.5W, with an occluded front extending from the low 
wrapping around to southwest of 50N, 10W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SE 
and 1002 mb at 06Z at 63.5N, 15.5W (COA); 10 kt SE and 998 mb at 10Z at 63.5N, 19.5W (COA); 15 kt SSW and 998 mb 
at 12Z at 60.0N, 20.0W (HWM, COA); 15 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 62.3N, 33.0W (HWM).  Seven other low pressures 
between 998-999 mb.  Land highlights: 15 kt ENE and 998 mb at Reykjavik, Iceland (64.1N, 21.9W).

A tropical storm was first noticed in the Atlantic Ocean a couple hundred miles north-northeast of the Leeward and 
Virgin Islands early on 26 August when winds as high as 40 kt and pressures as low as 997 mb were measured from two 
ships.  HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on the 26th at 19.5N, 58.9W with a 50 kt intensity.  The new 
analysis starts this tropical storm six hours earlier (at 00Z) at 20.4N, 60.6W based on the two ship observations on 
the Aug 26th.  All sources were utilized to check for observations during the several days prior to the 26th, but 
neither a closed low nor any gales or low pressures could be found due to a lack of data.  The actual genesis of this 
event began earlier, perhaps substantially before 00Z on the 26th.  The 997 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 26th 
suggests winds of at least 53 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  This 997 mb was recorded 
simultaneously with 40 kt winds.  55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 26th.  The HURDAT position for 06Z 
on the 26th is too far east, and HURDAT's initial forward speed is too fast.  The 06Z position on the 26th is shifted 
more than 2 degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position (a major track change) based upon ship and 
subsequent aircraft observations.  After that, all remaining track changes to this cyclone are minor, with only one 
moderate position change at 12Z on the 2nd to the west-southwest based upon ship and Canadian observations.  The cyclone 
strengthened to a hurricane at 12Z on the 26th (no change).  From 12Z on the 26th until 12Z on the 1st, no intensity 
changes are made to HURDAT.  The main reason for the lack of intensity alterations is because there were no available 
central pressure observations and the few inner core surface wind estimates are highly uncertain.  From the 26th to the 
29th, the cyclone moved in a general direction between west-northwest and northwest.  The revised track is slightly to 
the right and north of the previous HURDAT track on the 27th and 28th.  On the 28th, the forward motion slowed down, 
and this slow motion continued on the 29th.  At 1325Z on the 27th, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt.  
HURDAT's intensity of 85 kt at that time is maintained since it is within 15 kt of the aircraft estimate and there is 
no other information to indicate that HURDAT's intensity should be adjusted upward.  On the 28th around 14Z, aircraft 
estimated maximum surface winds of 110 kt.  HURDAT's intensity of 100 kt at the time was not changed, especially since 
another aircraft estimated only 100 kt maximum surface winds around 1630Z on the same day.  The peak intensity of 105 kt 
is maintained from 18Z on the 28th to 06Z on the 29th.  On the 29th at 12Z, the hurricane was located in the vicinity of 
29N, 73W, still moving towards the west-northwest and the intensity had decreased to 100 kt.  Still moving slowly, the 
hurricane recurved on the 30th between 75-76 W and 31-32N.  An aircraft report early on the 30th that the eye was slightly 
diffused is consistent with the slow weakening indicated in HURDAT.  The hurricane made its closest approach to Cape 
Hatteras early on the 31st when Cape Hatteras recorded a minimum pressure of 1004 mb, but all of the dangerous weather 
remained offshore.  By 18Z on the 31st, the hurricane was located at 35.3N, 71.6W with a 70 kt intensity (no changes to 
HURDAT), and it had already begun to accelerate in a northeasterly direction.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become 
extratropical at 18Z on 1 September (18 hours later than originally).  On the September 1st 18Z microfilm map, there appears 
to be an aircraft observation of 85 kt flight-level winds at 1500 feet, but it is unclear whether that value is the correct 
wind speed.  Furthermore, the cyclone is extratropical and in the westerlies at that time, so the winds at 1500 feet could 
be much stronger than at the surface.  For those two reasons, this observation was discounted in the intensity analysis.  
The cyclone continued to accelerate on the 1st and it made landfall in New Foundland, Canada as a 55 kt extratropical storm 
around 04Z on the 2nd of September.  The new intensity on the 2nd though the 4th is revised upward by between 5 and 15 knots 
at each point (all minor adjustments).  Track changes through 18Z on the 4th were very minor.  At that time, the cyclone was 
located between southern Greenland and Iceland.  18Z on the 4th is the last point in HURDAT, but HWM and COADS show evidence 
that the cyclone was not absorbed until after 18Z on the 5th.  The analyzed position at 12Z on the 5th is 62.5N, 23.0W, at 
which time the intensity had decreased from 35 to 30 kt.


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014

33920 08/31/1948 M= 2  4 SNBR= 753 NOT NAMED   XING=0  
33920 08/30/1948 M= 3  4 SNBR= 753 NOT NAMED   XING=0  
         **         *

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
33922 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*129 554  50    0*
                        
33925 08/31*135 530  50 1009*137 555  50    0*138 570  45    0*139 581  40    0*
33925 08/31*131 566  50    0*133 578  50    0*135 590  45    0*137 602  40    0*
            *** ***     **** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

33930 09/01*140 593  40    0*141 612  35    0*142 630  30 1007*143 655  25    0*
33930 09/01*139 613  40    0*141 623  35    0*142 631  30 1007*143 640  25    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***

33935 TS                                                                        

International Landfall
8/31/22Z 13.8N 60.9W 40 kt - St. Lucia

Major track changes but no changes to intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that passed through 
the Windward Islands.  (It is noted that the genesis of this tropical cyclone is not explicitly included 
above, as it formed east of the Windward Islands in the data sparse tropical North Atlantic.)  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 9.5N, 51.2W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 21Z at 14.0N, 55.8W (micro).  "The first indication of the 
existence of this storm came from the S.S. Benjamin H. Grierson, which transmitted the following report 
during the afternoon of August 30: 'Position 2100 (30th) G.C.T., 14N, 55.8W; vessel hove to; barometer 
29.80; wind ESE 10 (50 kt); very high easterly seas; stratocumulus clouds.'" (MWR).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1015 mb in the general vicinity of 12.5N, 58.7W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 57.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
13.7N, 54.1W, and a 12Z position near 13.8N, 57.3W.  Microfilm at 18Z shows a closed low of at most 
1005 mb near 14.1N, 60.1W.  No gales or low pressures.  "From the above position this storm, of small diameter, 
advanced westward passing between St. Lucia and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles during the early evening of 
August 31" (MWR).  "Benjamin H. Grierson position at 13Z (31st) 13.2N, 52.2W, wind SE 10 with 1018 pressure 
and a moderate ESE swell.  Vessel experienced force 9 to 10 winds with high seas.  Hove to from 2000Z Aug 30 
until 0300Z Aug 31.  Lowest pressure 29.80 after 0300Z" (micro).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 15N, 63.3W, located in a trough of low pressure with a trough or 
wave-like axis plotted from the low extending northeastward to 20N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt 
tropical depression at 14.2N, 63.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 13.9N, 59.5W, 
and a 12Z position near 14.1N, 62.1W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 14.2N, 63.0W.  
Aircraft highlights: 15 kt WSW at 13Z at 13.8N, 63.9W (micro); center fix at 1340Z at 14.2N, 63.3W with a 
lowest pressure of 1007 mb and maximum winds of 28 kt (micro).  From the Sep 01 0400Z Weather Bureau Advsiory... 
"It is a very small storm with the lowest pressure about 1006 mb (~00Z on the 1st)" (San Juan Weather 
Bureau advisories).  "At 8:40 am on September 1, a reconnaissance plane located the center at latitude 14.2N, 
longitude 63.3W with lowest pressure 1007 millibars (29.74 inches) and highest wind 28 knots.  Subsequent 
reconnaissance failed to locate the center.  This storm was minor in character, and it apparently weakened 
from the time of the report from the S. S. Grierson until it dissipated near latitude 15N, longitude 66W.  
No reports of property destruction or loss of life from the storm have been received.  Resulting heavy rains, 
especially on the island of Puerto Rico, were very beneficial to crops and water supply and more than offset 
minor damage caused by floods" (MWR).  "Navy report: Position of eye 14.2N, 63.3W at 1340Z.  Highest winds 28 kt.  
Lowest pressure 1007 mb.  Definite eye (18?) miles in diameter" (micro).  Regarding the storm in Dominica... 
"Continuous rain yesterday (September 1) for more than eight hours followed by heavy westerly squalls marked the 
eighteenth anniversary of the last hurricane here.  Telephone communication has been disturbed.  Small craft 
were removed to safety but a small yacht ruined its moorings and was wrecked" (The West Indian- a newspaper 
from September 2, 1948)

September 2:
HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 12.5N, 71.5W at the SW end of a SW-NE trough/tropical wave that extends 
to beyond 21N, 65W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Microfilm shows a trough or tropical wave 
extending from12N, 71W to beyond 20N, 64W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm was first noticed in the Atlantic when the ship SS Benjamin H. Grierson reported winds up 
to 50 kt, pressures down to 1009 mb, and rough weather from 20Z on 30 August until 03Z on the 31st.  At 20Z 
on the 30th, when the rough weather and high winds commenced aboard the ship, the ship was located at 14.0N, 
56.0W.  At 21Z, the ship was located at 14.0N, 55.8W and was recording ESE winds of 45-50 kt with a concurrent 
pressure of 1009 mb (the 1009 mb central pressure in HURDAT is removed).  The ship was moving east-southeastward, 
and by 03Z on the 31st, when the rough weather ended, the ship was located in the vicinity of 13.7N, 54.5W.  
HURDAT starts this system at 00Z on the 31st, but the ship observations display enough evidence that a tropical 
storm existed at least six hours before that, so this storm is begun at 18Z on the 30th as a 50 kt tropical storm.  
The ESE wind of 50 kt from the ship at 21Z on the 30th indicates that the storm was probably located near 56W at 
that time.  The starting position for this storm at 18Z on the 30th is at 12.9N, 55.4W, and the new 00Z position 
is 13.1N, 56.6W (a major adjustment of over 3 and a half degrees to the west-southwest of the previous HURDAT 
position for that time).  In fact, major track alterations were made to all of the positions at all synoptic times 
on the 31st (all westward adjustments).  Genesis was not captured with this storm, and the storm could have formed 
before the time shown in the analysis.  Moving with a moderate forward speed in a direction between west and west-northwest, 
the center of the cyclone passed over St. Lucia around 22Z on the 31st.  Although the microfilm map from 00Z on the 
1st does not show any high wind or low pressure observations from the islands, sources indicate that this was a small 
cyclone.  At 1340Z on the 1st, an aircraft located the center of the cyclone at 14.2N, 63.3W with estimated maximum 
surface winds of 28 kt and a minimum central pressure of 1007 mb.  The 1007 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT 
for 12Z on the 1st.  These aircraft observations indicate that the position and intensity at 12Z on the 1st need not 
be changed.  The storm weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression at 12Z on the 1st in accordance with HURDAT and with 
the aircraft information.  The last point given for this system is at 18Z on the 1st (no change to timing of dissipation).  
However, the position of the last point is adjusted a degree and a half to the east.  After 18Z on the 1st, the cyclone 
degenerated into an open tropical wave.  This moderately strong to vigorous tropical wave can be traced with microfilm 
and HWM all the way across the Caribbean Sea to September 6th when HWM shows it near 81W.  The strongest observed winds 
and lowest observed pressure with the wave between the 3rd and the 6th were 20 kt and 1007 mb respectively.  However, the 
system apparently did not regenerate before reaching Central America on the 7th of September.  It is noted that this 
system may have been a fast-moving open wave without a well-defined center.  But given that the observations are ambiguous, 
the tropical storm is retained in HURDAT.

The following quotes should be noted from the Air Weather Service Tech report on the 1948 hurricane season regarding this 
cyclone: "Storm [4] (31 August to 2 September) was apparently a strong easterly wave instead of a true tropical storm.  It 
was first discovered at 14N, 58W... a closed center was reported at 14N, 63W by Navy Reconnaissance.  This cell, if existent, 
moved in a WNW direction and filled and dissipated near 16N, 71W over a water area" (AWS).  The AWS tech report goes on to 
mention that all environmental conditions were favorable for further development of this wave.  Then, the report says... 
"Since the storm failed to develop in spite of the above favorable conditions, it is believed that the stage of closed 
circulation never occurred.  Although an "eye" had been reported with winds of 28 knots, a closed investigation revealed 
that no northwest or west winds were reported in this circulation and the isobars could have been drawn without a closed 
center.  This "false" center was likely the result of a squall which formed on the wave and gradually dissipated in showers.  
A popular theory at the Air Force Hurricane Office is that every easterly wave is potentially capable of developing into a 
hurricane.  Squalls develop along these waves which in turn causes periods of brief duration when minute cells of closed 
circulation develop and move along the axis of the wave in a northeast direction.  The majority of these cells dissipate 
in shower activity and no further development occurs unless the wave passes under a stationary or westerly trough.  It is 
therefore concluded by the Air Force Hurricane Office that Storm [4] never existed as a tropical cyclone and it is not 
further discussed in this report" (AWS).

The Air Weather Service tech report lists information with regards to each tropical cyclone in 1948.  If a piece of information
contains a high degree of uncertainty, a question mark will follow the piece of information.  One of the pieces of information 
listed is the number of days each system existed as a tropical storm.  The AWS lists Storm 4 as having possibly been a tropical 
storm for 2 days with a question mark.  Other information listed is that the maximum observed wind by reconnaissance was 55 mph.


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 5 - Revised in 2014

33940 09/01/1948 M= 7  5 SNBR= 754 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
33940 09/01/1948 M= 6  5 SNBR= 754 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
                    *

33945 09/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 947  35    0*
33945 09/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 948  25    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

33950 09/02*244 944  40    0*247 939  45    0*250 935  50    0*252 932  55    0*
33950 09/02*243 948  30    0*243 948  30    0*243 947  35    0*243 943  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33955 09/03*253 930  60    0*255 928  60    0*258 926  65    0*266 919  70    0*
33955 09/03*245 938  40    0*251 932  45    0*259 926  50  998*269 919  60  990*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  *** ***      **  ***

33960 09/04*277 911  70  990*288 905  65  989*299 900  55    0*311 896  50    0*
33960 09/04*279 913  65    0*289 906  70  983*299 900  60  986*311 894  45    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***          **  ***     ***  **

33965 09/05*323 893  45    0*334 891  40    0*345 890  35    0*354 890  30    0*
33965 09/05*323 891  35    0*335 891  30    0*348 892  25    0*358 893  25    0*
                ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

33970 09/06*363 889  30    0*373 887  25    0*390 883  25    0*402 875  20    0*
33970 09/06*365 893  25    0*375 891  25    0*388 886  20    0*400 876  20    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

(The 7th is removed from HURDAT.)
33975 09/07*413 864  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

33980 HR LA1                                                                    

U.S. Landfall:
9/4/1948 - 07Z - 29.1N 90.5W - 70 kt - 983 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed with this hurricane that made landfall in southeastern Louisiana.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories, Connor (1956), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Dunn and Miller 
(1960).

August 31:
Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1008 mb near 25.2N, 94.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  "On August 29, 1948 
weather conditions became disturbed with an apparent partial circulation in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico" (Louisiana 
Climatological Data).

September 1:
HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25.8N, 92.7W with the W end of a W-E cold front located a few 
hundred miles north of the low.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.8N, 94.7W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a large closed low of at most 1011 mb in the general vicinity of 25.2N, 93.4W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.4N, 92.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 25.0N, 93.5W.  
Microfilm analyzes a large closed low of at most 1008 mb in the general vicinity of 23.5N, 94.8W.  Aircraft highlights: 35* kt 
SE at 1645Z at 24.1N, 92.7W (micro).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.4N, 92.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.8N, 92.6W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.7N, 93.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 25.6N, 92.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.0N, 92.6W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1005 mb 
at 0030Z at 23.0N, 95.0W (micro); 35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 1830Z at 28.0N, 91.5W (micro).  Two other ship gales of 35 kt.  Aircraft 
highlights: calm and 998 mb (center fix) at 1515Z at 26.4N, 92.6W (micro); 40 kt S at 1615Z at 25.9N, 91.0W (micro); eye ¾ formed 
at 2043Z at 27.3N, 91.4W with 993 mb the lowest surface pressure encountered (micro); center fix at 2054Z at 27.3N, 91.8W with 
990 mb central pressure (AWS).  Ten other gales and at least six other low pressures between 992 and 1000 mb.  "This hurricane 
developed in an area of unsettled weather that had prevailed for several days in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Aircraft 
reconnaissance reported development of a complete circulation with an ill-defined center on the morning of September 3" (MWR).  
"Special reports from surface ships were obtained and flights were made through the area by reconnaissance airplanes daily thereafter 
(after August 29th) without showing any definite developments until the morning of September 3rd.  Reports that morning indicated an 
ill-defined hurricane center" (Louisiana Climatological Data).  "Shortly before attaining hurricane strength, recon reported an eye 
diameter of 30 miles" (AWS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 90.3W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located over 
central Alabama.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 29.9N, 90.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 28.2N, 91.8W, and a 12Z position near 30.5N, 90.3W with a 991 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 30.2N, 89.7W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE 
and 996 mb at 00Z at 27.8N, 91.2W (micro).  Six other gales and three other low pressures.  Land highlights: 55 kt (max wind) SSE at 
07Z and 990 mb (min pressure) at 08Z at Grand Isle, LA (29.2N, 90.0W) (MWR); 68 kt gust NNE (max wind) at 0950Z at New Orleans Airport 
(30.0N, 90.3W) (MWR, OMR); 56 kt (max wind, 1-minute) at 1050Z at the top of the Huey Long Bridge in New Orleans (29.9N, 90.2W) (OMR); 
989 mb (min pressure) with 12Z NW at 1217Z at New Orleans City Office (30.0N, 90.1W) (MWR, OMR); "Tropical storm (hurricane) eye 
passed over this station at 0540 CST"; 987 mb with 20 kt NW at 13Z at New Orleans Naval Air Station (SWO).  Seven other gales and 
about 20 other low pressures.  "From a position near 25N, 92.5W, the storm moved north-northeastward and crossed the Louisiana coast 
line a short distance west of Grand Isle.  The lowest pressure at Grand Isle was 990.2 millibars (29.24 inches) at 3 am and the highest 
winds 63 mph from the south-southeast at 2 am on September 4.  Passing over a sparsely settled coastal area, the center reached New 
Orleans early on the 4th of September, with a highest wind velocity of 78 mph from the north-northeast recorded at Moisant Airport at 
3:50 am.  At Huey Long Bridge a low pressure of 989.2 millibars (29.21 inches) was recorded from 6:15 to 6:20 am with maximum winds of 
64 mph at 4:50 am (the center of the hurricane did not pass over either of these 2 points).  Continuing with decreasing intensity, 
(the storm) passed over Picayune, Purvis, and reached Hattiesburg, Miss., at 2 pm on the 4th when the lowest pressure was 29.67 inches 
(1005 mb) with highest winds 40 mph from the northeast.  Thereafter, it decreased steadily in intensity, but the circulation was maintained 
as it passed near Memphis, Tenn., and Cairo, Ill., reaching Lafayette, Ind., at 6 pm on the 6th" (MWR).  From the New Orleans Weather 
Bureau advisory issued September 4th at 1115Z... "Strongest winds reported so far 65 mph at Moisant Airport at New Orleans with gusts to 
85 mph" (Weather Bureau Advisories).  Regarding the high tides... "Tides at the Mississippi River at New Orleans rose from 2.0 feet on 
September 3 to 4.7 feet on September 4 and at Reserve from 2.2 feet on September 3rd to 4.7 feet on September 4th.  The highest tide along 
the Mississippi coast was about 6 feet.  At Mobile, Ala., it reached 5.3 feet and at Pensacola, FL., 3.4 feet" (MWR, Louisiana Climatological 
Data).  "At Buras, Port Sulphur and Chandeluer Island, LA the tide reached 4-5 feet early on September 4th...at Pensacola Fla. It reached 
3.8 feet" (Louisiana Climatological Data).  Regarding the damage... "In section along Mississippi River below New Orleans, fall truck was 
inundated by heavy rains and high tides, and orange crop suffered considerable damage (by high winds).  In the region north of Lake Pontchartrain, 
fall bean crop destroyed by heavy rains and high winds; pecan and tung nut crops in this area and in southeastern Mississippi suffered 
considerable damage; possibly the heaviest damage to pecans.  Sugarcane and corn blown down by high winds, aided by torrential rain in Terrebonne, 
La Fourche, Jefferson, and St. Charles Parishes.  In New Orleans Parish damage was confined to small boats, signs, trees, and power and 
communication lines, with damage estimated at $100,000.  The heaviest damage occurred near Grand Isle when immovable oil-drilling rigs and 
equipment in the Gulf of Mexico were demolished by heavy seas.  Total property and crop damage was approximately $900,000 divided among the 
four states affected as follows: Louisiana $660,000; Mississippi $140,000; Alabama $88,000; and Florida $12,000" (MWR).  From the New Orleans 
OMR... "The center of a small tropical storm of near hurricane intensity passed over the City of New Orleans on September 4, 1948.  The lowest 
pressure, 29.21 inches (sea-level) occurred at 6:17 am CST; the highest wind velocity recorded at the City Office was 34 mph from the 
northeast with an extreme (1-min) velocity of 37 (mph) from the north at 3:28 am.  These wind velocities are reduced by nearby obstructions, 
and the maximum wind of 64 mph (average for one minute) at 4:50 am, recorded atop the Huey P. Long Bridge (29.9N, 90.2W) has been accepted 
as the official maximum wind.  The estimated 80 mph from the north-northeast at Moisant International Airport (30.0N, 90.3W) based on 
instantaneous velocity of 78 mph when the instrument failed is too high, since it does not represent a one minute average" (New Orleans OMR).  
"No loss of life was directly attributable to the hurricane (but there was at least one indirect death)" (Louisiana Climatological Data).  
"Center crossed coast near Grand Isle, LA, Estimated lowest (lifetime) pressure - 987 mb, Lowest observed pressure - 989 mb New Orleans, 
Highest observed winds - 78 mph N "MSY", Movement NNE 15 mph" (Connor 1956).  "Sep, LA, 1, 987 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "Tropical cyclones 
in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 4, E La. Eastward, Minimal, Damage $888,000" ("Minimal" indicates winds of 74 to 100 mph, and 
983 to 996 mb central pressure- Dunn and Miller).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34.8N, 89.8W with the NW end of a dissipating NW-SE warm front about 100 nm NE of the low.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 34.5N, 89.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 89.4W, 
and a 12Z position near 35.0N, 90.2W with a 1004 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.0N, 89.0W, and a 
12Z position near 34.1N, 89.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34.9N, 89.1W.  Land highlights: 35 kt E and 1007(?) 
mb at 0030Z at Birmingham, AL (33.5N, 86.8W) (micro); 999 mb (min pressure) at 0012Z at Meridian, MS (32.4N, 88.7W) (OMR).  At least six other 
low pressures.

September 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.3N, 89.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 39.0N, 88.3W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 89.0W with a 1007 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 00Z position near 36.4N, 89.3W, and a 12Z position near 38.7N, 88.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1009 mb centered near 
38.6N, 89.0W.  Land highlights: 10 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Bloomfield, MO (36.9N, 89.9W).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a very elongated, but closed low of at most 1010 mb in the Great Lakes region at 12Z with a cold front extending south and 
west from the low and a warm front extending from the low towards the ENE.  HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 20 kt tropical depression 
at 41.3N, 86.4W.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z at 41.1N, 86.7W.  Microfilm at 00Z shows a small closed low 
of at most 1008 mb near 40.9N, 87.7W with a front approaching from the west.  No gales or low pressures.

This tropical cyclone originated from an existing area of low pressure that was present in the western Gulf of Mexico since 28 August.  
While there are some indications that the system may have undergone genesis on 31 August or early on 1 September, the evidence is not 
definitive.  Genesis is thus unchanged from that shown in HURDAT originally.  The cyclone was nearly stationary for the first day of 
its lifetime.  The first observed surface gale was at 1645Z on 2 September by aircraft visual estimate.  It is analyzed that the 
tropical depression strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm 18 hours later than originally- by 12Z on the 2nd (revised down from 50 kt 
previously for this time).  Also, at 12Z on the 2nd, the analyzed position is over 1 degree southwest of the previous HURDAT position 
based upon aircraft and ship observations, and this position places the storm in nearly the same location it was at the time of genesis.  
A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb suggests an intensity of at least 37 kt according the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
40 kt is chosen for intensity since there is no indication that the storm had strengthened yet and environmental pressures were somewhat low.  
This is a major intensity change at 00Z on the 3rd (down from 60 kt originally) and is the only point for this storm when a major intensity 
change was made.  At 1515Z on the 3rd, an aircraft in the center measured a central pressure of 998 mb.  998 mb equals 47 kt using the 
pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 51 kt for south of 25N.  This central pressure value of 998 mb is added into HURDAT for 12Z 
on the 3rd.  At 2054Z on the 3rd, aircraft observed a central pressure of 990 mb, and it is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 3rd.  990 mb 
equals 59 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  50 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 3rd and 60 kt is chosen for 
18Z.  These values have been lowered from the original HURDAT values of 65 and 70 kt for those times.  The cyclone is analyzed to have reached 
hurricane status at 00Z on the 4th, 12 hours later than originally.  At this time, the cyclone was continuing to move towards the northeast 
and was approaching the southeast Louisiana coastline.  The peak intensity for the lifetime of the cyclone is retained at 70 kt.

Landfall occurred about 20 nm west of Grand Isle, Louisiana at 07Z on the 4th.  The lowest pressure measured was 987 mb with 20 kt NW winds 
at 13Z at the New Orleans Naval Air Station (with the eye passing over around 12Z).  Additionally, 989 mb at New Orleans City Office was 
measured simultaneously with 12 kt NW winds just after 12Z on the 4th.  Given that these sites were only about 5 nm apart, the combination 
of them suggest a central pressure at 12Z of around 986 mb.  Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model, it is estimated that the central 
pressure at landfall was 983 mb.  This is slightly deeper than the analysis of Jarrell et al. (1992), who came up with a central pressure of 
987 mb at landfall (and was likely derived directly from Connor 1956).  A central pressure of 983 mb equals 69 kt using the Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 72 kt for his intensifying subset.  The speed of the storm was 12 kt, which is about average.  
The size of the storm was near average as well, but environmental pressures were lower than average.  The highest reliable observed 1-minute wind 
was 56 kt in New Orleans at the Huey Long Bridge at 1050Z on the 4th.  55 kt was the maximum observed wind at Grand Isle at 07Z on the 4th.  70 kt 
is chosen for the intensity at 06Z and at landfall (07Z).  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 57 kt for 12Z on the 4th, 
43 kt for 18Z, and 31 kt for 00Z on the 5th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times were: 56 kt around 12Z on the 4th, 35 kt 
around 18Z, and 35 kt around 00Z on the 5th.  Revised winds in HURDAT are 60 kt at 12Z on the 4th (up from 55 kt originally), 45 kt at 18Z (down 
from 50 kt originally), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 5th (down from 45 kt originally).  Track changes on the 4th and 5th were all very minor (all 
less than half of a degree), and weakening occurred as the cyclone traveled northward through eastern Mississippi and extreme western Tennessee.  
The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 5th (12 hours earlier than originally).  The circulation stayed 
closed through the 6th of September as it moved through Illinois.  HURDAT previously held this cyclone through 00Z on the 7th, but observations 
indicate that by 00Z on the 7th, the low was no longer closed so one 6-hourly point is removed from HURDAT.  The final point of this tropical 
cyclone was at 18Z on the 6th at 40N latitude near the Illinois-Indiana border with a 20 kt intensity.

********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014

33985 09/04/1948 M=13  6 SNBR= 755 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
33985 09/04/1948 M=14  6 SNBR= 755 NOT NAMED   XING=0      
                   **                     

33990 09/04*  0   0   0    0*143 197  50    0*142 208  55    0*142 218  60    0*
33990 09/04*  0   0   0    0*143 202  35    0*142 213  40    0*142 224  40    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

33995 09/05*143 230  65    0*144 243  65    0*145 255  70    0*146 268  70    0*
33995 09/05*143 236  40    0*144 248  40    0*145 260  45    0*146 273  45    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

34000 09/06*147 280  70    0*149 291  75    0*150 300  75    0*151 309  75    0*
34000 09/06*148 287  45    0*150 301  45    0*152 315  50    0*155 329  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34005 09/07*151 318  75    0*152 329  80    0*153 341  80    0*154 354  80    0*
34005 09/07*160 343  50    0*166 357  50    0*170 370  50    0*172 383  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34010 09/08*156 368  80    0*158 384  85    0*160 400  85    0*163 415  85    0*
34010 09/08*173 396  50    0*173 408  50    0*173 420  50    0*173 432  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34015 09/09*166 430  85    0*169 445  90    0*172 460  90    0*176 473  90    0*
34015 09/09*173 443  50    0*173 454  50    0*173 466  50    0*173 479  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34020 09/10*180 485  90    0*183 496  95    0*187 508  95    0*194 523  95    0*
34020 09/10*174 492  50    0*176 505  50    0*180 518  50    0*185 531  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34025 09/11*200 538 100    0*206 549 100    0*213 561 105    0*222 581 105    0*
34025 09/11*194 545  55    0*204 559  65    0*216 574  80    0*229 590  90    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

34030 09/12*233 602 105    0*242 616 110    0*254 628 110    0*270 638 110    0*
34030 09/12*240 610 100    0*246 620 105    0*254 628 110    0*268 636 110    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***                       *** ***

34035 09/13*287 646 115    0*301 654 115    0*316 658 115    0*330 658 110    0*
34035 09/13*285 644 115    0*298 652 115    0*310 658 115    0*323 658 110    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

34040 09/14*344 655 105    0*357 649 100    0*370 640  95    0*385 626  85    0*
34040 09/14*337 655 105    0*351 649 100    0*365 640  95    0*385 626  85    0*
            ***              ***              ***            

34045 09/15*403 604  80    0*423 574  75    0*446 534  70    0E469 488  65    0*
34045 09/15*403 604  80    0E420 574  75    0E446 534  70    0E471 488  65    0*
                            ****             *                 *** 

34050 09/16E498 442  60    0E533 400  55    0E567 350  45    0E583 329  40    0*
34050 09/16E498 442  60    0E530 400  55    0E563 350  55    0E583 290  55    0*
                             ***              ***      **          ***  **

(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
34052 09/17E600 220  60    0E615 140  60    0E625  60  60    0*  0   0   0    0*

34055 HR                                                                        

Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane.  In addition, one day was added 
to the end of this system during the extratropical phase.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories, Macky (1956), and Tucker (1995). 

September 3:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT does not list a cyclone on this day.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "This hurricane, which had an unusually long history, was first reported on September 3 
when it moved off the African mainland near Dakar.  It followed a westerly course during the next several 
days" (MWR).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a low within a trough (almost a closed low) near 15.3N, 19.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt 
tropical storm at 14.2N, 20.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 14.5N, 26.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt 
hurricane at 14.5N, 25.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 30.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt 
hurricane at 15.0N, 30.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 34.3W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt 
hurricane at 15.3N, 34.1W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1007 mb at 1830Z at 19.5N, 40.0W (micro).  "On 
Tuesday, September 7th, there was an unofficial report that a hurricane was in existence one thousand miles S.E. of the colony (Bermuda)" (Tucker).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.6N, 39.5W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt 
hurricane at 16.0N, 40.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.1N, 45.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt 
hurricane at 17.2N, 46.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.7N, 46.2W.  Microfilm 
shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 17.5N, 47.3W (at 15Z).  Aircraft highlights: center fix 
at 1508Z at 17.5N, 47.3W (micro, MWR); 35-40 kt at 1940Z at 19.0N, 48.4W (micro).  "On September 9, it was 
detected by aircraft reconnaissance near latitude 17.5N, longitude 47W.  Thereafter, it moved on a broad 
curving path over the Atlantic..." (MWR).  From the San Juan, Puerto Rico Weather Bureau Advisory issued 
September 9th at 2000Z... "A tropical storm of moderate intensity was located by aircraft reconnaissance at 
1500Z September 9 at latitude 17.5N, longitude 47.5W" (Weather Bureau Advisories).  From the advisory issued 
September 10th at 0100Z... "At 2100Z (on the 9th) it was attended by winds of 40 to 45 mph near the center and 
30 to 40 mph with a radius of 125 miles from the center" (Weather Bureau Advisories).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 51.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt 
hurricane at 18.7N, 50.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.8N, 48.6W, and a 12Z 
position near 19.0N, 51.4W.  No gales or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1900Z at 18.5N, 
53.5W (Weather Bureau Advisories)

September 11:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 56.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt 
hurricane at 21.3N, 56.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.1N, 59.5W.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 20.3N, 54.3W, and a 12Z position near 21.6N, 56.9W.  
Microfilm at 18Z plots a hurricane of at most 999 mb near 23.9N, 60.7W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 
1011 mb at 12Z at 23.5N, 56.0W (HWM); 35 kt ESE and 1018 mb at 1830Z at 26.5N, 59.2W (micro).  Two other 
gales.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 2030Z at 23.5N, 60.5W with 75-100 kt estimated maximum 
sustained winds (micro); 40 kt WSW and 999(?) mb at 23.8N, 60.3W (micro).  Four other gales and two other 
low pressures.  "At 3:30 pm on Saturday (September 11th), the preliminary storm warning No. 1 was hoisted.  
Though a matter of general interest, No. 1 does not really affect the ordinary public, since it merely shows 
that a storm exists within eight hundred miles, whose direction and movements are still uncertain" (Tucker).  
"Note: Army recon reported center at 23.5N, 60.5W at 1530 EST (2030Z).  Weather extends 100 miles to south 
and 250 miles to north of center.  75-100 kt winds near center, 50 kt winds extend 100 miles to south and 
150 to north; 30 to 40 kt winds 200 miles to north.  Center of storm showed on radar...to be approximately 
10 miles from the position 23.7N, 60.3W, diameter (of eye) 20 miles..." (micro).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 25.3N, 63.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane 
at 25.4N, 62.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 61.7W, and a 12Z 
position near 26.7N, 63.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 25.3N, 63.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SE 
and 1019 mb at 1230Z at 25.9N, 58.8W (micro); 40 kt E and 1010 mb at 1830Z at 29.4N, 63.0W (micro).  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix at 1310Z at 25.2N, 62.8W with 120 kt estimated max winds (micro); center fix at 21Z at 
27.6N, 64.2W with estimated max winds greater than 100 kt and lowest pressure encountered 992 mb (micro).  
At least eleven other aircraft gales between 35-45 kt and one other reported low pressure.  "By Sunday, 
September 12, ZBM was broadcasting the warning to the whole island.  And by Monday, September 13th, the 
"Royal Gazette" was running the banner headline.  'Hurricane may hit this afternoon', with the additional 
caution that one-hundred-and-fifty-miles-per-hour winds were reported.  At 4 pm on Sunday, September 12th, 
the hurricane's 'translation' movement had slowed from eighteen to twelve miles an hour, while its rotatory 
winds had a velocity of at least one hundred and forty miles per hour within a hundred miles of its centre" 
(Tucker).  "Inflight 121433Z- hurricane center estimate 1310Z position 25.0N, 62.8W, maximum winds 120 knots, 
radius of 60 knot wind 70 miles, radius 40 knot wind 120 miles (later corrected to 1310Z position 25.2N, 62.8W)" 
(micro).  "Airforce reported hurricane at 2100Z at 27.6N, 64.2W, track 330, speed 18 knots, lowest pressure 
(encountered) 992 mb, winds estimated in excess of 100 knots" (micro).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 64.5W, with a dissipating WSW-ENE warm 
front located about 300 nm NW of the storm and a WSW-ENE cold front extending from the dissipating warm front 
continuing east-northeastward.  HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 31.6N, 65.8W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.7N, 64.8W, and a 12Z position near 31.3N, 65.6W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 28.0N, 64.5W, and a 12Z position near 31.9N, 66.1W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered in the general vicinity of 30.9N, 65.0W.  Ship highlights: at least 
50 kt S and 990 mb from Navy ship at 1815Z near/at Bermuda (micro); Land highlights: At least 60 kt SE and 
996 mb at 1730Z at Bermuda (micro); at least 60 kt S and 994 mb at 1930Z at Bermuda (micro); 50 kt SSW and 
998 mb at 2330Z at Bermuda (micro); at least 87 kt (max wind) at Bermuda (MWR estimate); 994 mb (min p) at 
19Z and 20Z and 87 kt S (highest wind at the top of the hour, likely to be fastest mile) at 20Z at Kindley 
Air Force (Bermuda); 69 kt (max 10 min wind) at Fort George (Macky).  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NW and 
989(?) mb at 2130Z at 32.1N, 66.0W (micro).  Regarding the hurricane at Bermuda... "...passing a short distance 
west of Bermuda on the 13th.  Winds at Bermuda exceeded 100 mph, and damage was reported as heavy" (MWR).  
"By midmorning (13th), winds were lashing across the islands at 80-100 miles an hour, with gusts up to one 
hundred and thirty-five miles.  At 3 o'clock, the centre passed fifty miles to the west of Bermuda, and by 
3:30 the barometer, which had fallen to 29.23 began to rise again.  A rainfall of 4.85 inches for twelve 
hours was recorded.  Owing to the rigid battening down, in the main only superficial damages were suffered.  
True it was that fifteen hundred telephones were put out of action, that all electric current was cut off, 
that St. George's was isolated by both a block in the Causeway and the breakdown of the Barge Bridge, that 
the streets were littered with fallen branches, torn shutters, broken glass and trailing wires.  No major
disaster and no deaths were suffered anywhere" (Tucker).  "Army Duck located hurricane at 2230Z(?) 32.8N, 
65.9W, wind 120 knots moving NNW at 17 knots" (micro).

September 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 37.0N, 64.1W with an approaching cold front about 
300 nm to the NW of the storm.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 64.0W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.0N, 66.0W, and a 12Z position near 37.0N, 64.8W with 
a 977 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 34.4N, 65.7W, and a 12Z position 
near 37.0N, 64.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb with a hurricane symbol plotted near 37.0N, 
64.2W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 999 mb at 11Z at 35.5N, 62.3W (micro); At least 50 kt SE and 1002 mb 
at 1230Z at 37.3N, 62.7W (micro); 50 kt S and 998 mb at 14Z at 35.0N, 62.0W (micro); 50 kt SSW and 1002 mb 
at 17Z at 34.8N, 62.1W (micro); 85 kt SW and 998(?) mb at 1830Z at 37.3N, 62.4W (micro).  Several other gales 
and a few other low pressures.  Land highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 0030Z at Bermuda (micro); 35 kt SW 
and 1004 mb at 0130Z at Bermuda; 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0630Z at Bermuda.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb near 45.1N, 52.6W with a frontal system starting to interact 
and surround the storm.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 44.6N, 53.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 40.6N, 60.3W, and a 12Z position near 44.3N, 55.1W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 40.5N, 61.0W, and a 12Z position near 44.4N, 53.6W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a low of at most 984 mb centered near 44.7N, 53.2W.  Ship highlights: 113 kt W at 0030Z at 37.2N, 62.8W (micro); 
50 kt NW and 1002 mb at 0030Z at 38.0N, 58.8W (micro); 35 kt NNE and 986 mb at 09Z at 42.7N, 59.4W (micro); 
45 kt N and 997 mb at 12Z at 46.0N, 56.0W (COA); 40 kt W and 995 mb at 1230Z at 41.6N, 53.7W (micro); 30 kt NW 
and 982 mb at 1230Z at 44.9N, 57.5W (micro); 40 kt SW and 994 mb at 43.6N, 48.4W (micro).  Twelve other gales 
and nine other low pressures.  Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 1230Z at St. George's, Newfoundland 
(48.5N, 58.5W) (micro); 25 kt ENE and 992 mb at 1230Z at Cape Race, Newfoundland (46.6N, 53.1W) (micro).  
"After passing Bermuda the hurricane continued its broad curve over the North Atlantic, passing south of Cape 
Race, Newfoundland, on the 15th.  It is notable that for the second year in a row a hurricane has been traced 
to a point of origin over West Africa" (MWR).

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb near 56.7N, 34.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 
56.7N, 35.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 50.8N, 45.3W, and a 12Z position 
near 56.5N, 35.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 985 mb at 04Z at 52.5N, 43.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 983 mb at 
12Z at 56.0N, 34.0W (COA); 50 kt SW and 992 mb at 12Z at 53.9N, 33.4W (COA); 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 
56.2N, 27.9W (COA).  Fifteen other gales between 35-50 kt, and fourteen other low pressures between 987-999 mb.

September 17:
HWM analyzes a frontal low of at most 985 mb centered near 62.8N, 5.5W with a warm front extending southeastward 
from the low and a cold front extending from the low southward and then westward.  HURDAT does not list a system 
on this day.  Ship highlights: 985 mb at 60.0N, 20.0W at both 00Z and 03Z from the same ship (COA); 50 kt SW and 
993 mb at 06Z at 58.7N, 16.5W (COA); 70 kt W at both 12Z and 16Z at 58.7N, 3.2W (COA); 50 kt WNW at 20Z at 
58.7N, 3.2W (COA).  Twelve other gales between 35-50 kt, and fourteen other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.

HWM indicates that a wave of low pressure within or near the ITCZ trough emerged off of the African coast on 
the 3rd and 4th and became a closed low on the 5th after it passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands.  
HURDAT started this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 4 September at 14.3N, 19.7W.  A 25 kt N wind along 
with a 1010 mb pressure at a station in the Cape Verde Islands and south-southeast winds from ships along 
the African coast are enough to justify keeping HURDAT's genesis time for this cyclone.  As the tropical 
cyclone moved westward through the tropical Atlantic, there were no observed gales from pre-genesis until 
September 9th, when the cyclone had moved far west enough for aircraft reconnaissance flights.  Even then, 
the aircraft only found maximum winds of 35 to 40 kt on the afternoon of the 9th near 19.0N, 48.4W, at 
which time HURDAT indicates an intensity of 90 kt.  Major track changes are made from late on the 6th until 
the 8th.  The positions are adjusted more than two degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT 
positions those days.  These alterations are based on a ship observation at 18Z on the 7th (see September 
7th paragraph above).  The first indication that this cyclone was beginning to increase in intensity 
(stronger than a 40 kt tropical storm, which was indicated in the 9th and 10th) was on the 11th when 
the advisory issued at 1715Z by the San Juan Weather Bureau mentioned that the storm "is increasing in 
intensity" and "strongest winds near the center are 65 to 70 mph."  By the time of the aircraft reconnaissance 
flight on the afternoon of the 11th, the storm was a hurricane, and it was apparently too strong to fly 
into the eye.  Aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 75-100 kt at 2030Z on the 11th.  The next day, 
12 September, aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 120 kt at 1310Z and "in excess of 100 kt" at 21Z.  
By late on the 12th, the hurricane had begun to turn to the northwest and north-northwest in the area near 
25-30N, 60-65W.  The reconnaissance  data on the 9th until late on the 11th indicates that the cyclone 
had not yet reached hurricane intensity and thus major changes are required to HURDAT's winds from genesis 
up until the 11th.  At 12Z each day from the 4th to the 11th, the following adjustments were made to intensity: 
4th- 40 kt (down from 55 kt originally), 5th- 45 kt (down from 70 kt originally); a 50 kt intensity is carried 
from the 6th through the 10th (a decrease in intensity from 95 kt to 50 kt on the 10th- a very large intensity 
change); 75 kt on the 11th at 12Z (down from 105 kt originally).  When aircraft estimated 75-100 kt winds at 
2030Z on the 11th, 85 kt is the analyzed intensity for 18Z on the 11th (down from 105 kt originally).  At 12Z 
on the 12th, the HURDAT intensity of 110 kt is unchanged due to the aircraft surface wind estimates that day.  
The HURDAT intensity also remains unchanged for the duration of the tropical phase of this cyclone's lifetime 
(through the 15th of September).  Minor track alterations were made on the 9th through early on the 12th to 
adjust the position to the west.  On the 13th and 14th the track was shifted about half a degree to the south 
of the previous HURDAT positions.

The hurricane recurved and passed just west of Bermuda moving close to due north at the time of closest approach, 
which was around 18Z on 13 September.  Fastest mile winds were 87 kt S (but may have been strongest between the 
hourly observations) at Bermuda (Kindley Air Force Base) and the lowest pressure recorded near/at Bermuda was 
990 mb (U.S. Navy ship).  It is analyzed that the center of the hurricane passed about 50 nautical miles to 
the west or west-northwest of the island at closest approach (about the same distance from the island as in 
HURDAT previously).  The 110 kt originally in HURDAT at 18Z on the 13th is unchanged and it is analyzed that 
sustained Category 2 conditions impacted Bermuda.  After passing Bermuda, the hurricane turned towards the 
north-northeast and northeast on the 14th.  This system is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on 
the 15th (12 hours earlier than in the original HURDAT).  It passed a short distance southeast of the southeastern 
tip of Newfoundland on the 15th on a course between northeast and east-northeast.  At 12Z on the 16th, the 
intensity is revised upward to 55 kt (45 kt originally).  Meanwhile, the cyclone was rapidly accelerating 
towards the east-northeast.  HURDAT's last position was at 18Z on the 16th, which showed an unrealistic 6 h 
acceleration at this final point.  The system remained in existence as a separate extratropical cyclone 
through 12Z on the 17th, based upon twelve hourly synoptic analyses.  After 12Z on the 17th, the system 
merged with another extratropical low.  This led to the addition of eighteen additional hours to HURDAT 
(from 00Z on the 17th through 12Z on the 17th). 

The following quotes from the Air Weather Service tech report should be noted: "During [Storm 6's] early history, 
its movement and size were constant, about 15 mph and small in size and intensity.  This condition changed rapidly 
(overnight, 10-11 September) from a small tropical storm to a full fledged hurricane and deepened rapidly" (AWS). 
According to the AWS report, the estimated peak intensity of this cyclone was 135 mph and 940 mb, the latter was 
likely measured, but the former was likely visually estimated.
********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 7 (new to HURDAT) - Added in 2014

34060 09/07/1948 M= 4  7 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED   XING=0                  
34065 09/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E360 580  40    0*358 600  45    0*
34066 09/08*360 615  45    0*363 625  50    0*368 632  50    0*373 637  55    0*
34067 09/09*379 640  55    0*385 640  50    0*391 639  45    0*401 634  45    0*
34068 09/10E413 623  40    0E425 610  40    0E440 585  40    0E460 550  35    0*
34105 TS                                                                

HWM, COADS, MWR, and microfilm indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed in 
the northwestern Atlantic from 7 September to 10 September, 1948.

September 5:
HWM analyzes a trough with a SW-NE cold front extending from 30N, 65W to a low at 44N, 48W.  HURDAT does not 
list this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.2N, 56.8W with a 1015 mb 
pressure.  The 12Z microfilm shows an elongated, closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 34.2N, 57.8W with 
fronts attached.  No gales or low pressures.

September 6:
HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the vicinity of 32N, 58W with a cold front 
extending from the low towards the west-southwest to 28N, 68W, and a warm front extending from the low towards 
the east-northeast, becoming a cold front, which extends to another low further northeast.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.6N, 57.9W, and a 12Z position near 34.6N, 59.3W.  The 12Z microfilm shows 
an elongated, closed low of at most 1014 mb centered in the general vicinity of 33N, 55W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 7:
HWM analyzes a now more compact closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 57.5W with a cold front extending 
southward and westward from the low to 28N, 63W and a warm front extending east-northeastward from the low to beyond 
50N, 38W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.0N, 59.0W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 
59.5W with a 1005 mb pressure.  The 12Z microfilm shows a closed, but not circularly symmetric low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 36.5N, 56.5W with a cold front extending southwestward from the low and a warm front extending eastward 
from the low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NW at 12Z at 35.2N, 60.4W (micro); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 18Z at 35.5N, 62.0W 
(COA); 35 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 58.8W (micro); 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 39.1N, 62.1W (micro).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.2N, 62.8W, and there are no longer fronts attached to 
the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.3N, 61.2W and a 12Z position near 37.8N, 
62.8W with a 1002 mb pressure.  The 12Z microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 36.8N, 63.9W, 
and there are no longer fronts attached to the low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 60.6W (micro); 
30 kt SE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 38.5N, 63.5W (COA, micro); 25 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 35.3N, 62.6W (micro); 40 kt E 
and 1001 mb at 16Z at 37.4N, 62.7W (micro); 45 kt E and 993 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 63.1W (micro).  Five other low pressures.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.7N, 62.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 39.1N, 64.4W and a 12Z position near 40.7N, 64.0W with a 996 mb pressure.  The 12Z microfilm shows a 
closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.5N, 64.0W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 39.4N, 60.5W (COA); 
30 kt WSW and 997 mb at 06Z at 38.2N, 62.8W (micro).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.0N, 58.5W with a mid-latitude cyclone and associated fronts 
approaching from the west (the cyclone of interest is located in the warm sector of the approaching mid-latitude cyclone).  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.7N, 62.4W and a 12Z position near45.0N, 59.7W with a 
1003 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z shows a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 44.5N, 58.9W.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt SW and 1001 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 59.7W (COA); 35 kt W and 1007 mb at 12Z at 41.9N, 58.9W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb 
at 18Z at 43.3N, 56.2W (COA).  Five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.

September 11:
HWM no longer analyzes the feature of interest.  HWM analyzes the mid-latitude cyclone mentioned on September 10th as a 
closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 53.5N, 58W with a cold front extending south-southwestward from the low to 
beyond 37N, 72W and a warm front extending eastward from the low to 50N, 41W.  Extending from the warm front is an awkwardly 
plotted decaying front which wraps around from 50N, 41W to 52N, 33W to 55N, 34W to 56N, 45W to 60N, 69W.  The former low 
(former feature of interest) either begins to go off the microfilm map around 00Z or is already absorbed.

On 5 September, a front extended southwestward from a mid-latitude cyclone at 44N, 47W to 30N, 67W.  A low began to develop 
along the front on the 5th in the general vicinity of 34N, 57W.  On the 6th, the low was still elongated and there is not 
enough evidence that it was closed.  On the 7th, the low consolidated and became much less elongated.  A well-defined, closed 
cyclone had developed by 12Z on the 7th.  A moderate temperature gradient still existed, and the wind structure suggests that 
the cyclone was extratropical at 12Z on the 7th.  The highest observed wind around 12Z on the 7th is 35 kt.  This system is 
started at 12Z on the 7th as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 36.0N, 58.0W.  The cyclone continued to lose baroclinicity, and 
by 18Z on the 7th, this system is analyzed to be a tropical cyclone at 35.8N, 60.0W (today this may have been designated a 
subtropical cyclone at this time).  The lowest observed pressure around 18Z is 1003 mb.  This observation was reported with 
30 kt winds at the same time.  A peripheral pressure of 1003 mb corresponds to a wind speed of at least 44 kt using the Landsea 
et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N, and at least 38 kt using the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for 
25-35N.  The highest observed wind around 18Z was 40 kt.  An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 7th.  The cyclone, 
which had been moving westward on the 7th, moved northwestward early on the 8th and turned northward late on the 8th.  At 18Z 
on the 8th of September, a 993 mb pressure was observed simultaneously with at least 45 kt winds.  A 993 mb peripheral pressure 
corresponds to at least 59 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The highest observed wind is the 45 kt just 
previously mentioned.  The size of the cyclone is still significantly larger than normal; however, the strongest winds around 
18Z on the 8th were observed in close proximity to the center, which indicates that this cyclone may have lost any hybrid 
characteristics by this time.  55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 8th with a position of 37.3N, 63.7W.  By 12Z on 
the 9th, the tropical storm had moved northward to 39.1N, 63.9W.  The analysis and observations indicate that the intensity of 
the tropical storm had weakened to 45 kt by 12Z on the 9th, and it was beginning to undergo extratropical transition as it moved 
northward.  This cyclone is analyzed to have remained tropical through 18Z on the 9th, and became extratropical with 40 kt 
intensity by 00Z on the 10th.  Around 00Z on the 10th, the cyclone turned to the northeast.  The center of the cyclone missed 
Nova Scotia, but it was headed in the direction of New Foundland later on the 10th.  At 12Z on the 10th, the 40 kt extratropical 
storm is analyzed to have been located at 44.0N, 58.5W.  The final point before the system was absorbed by another extratropical 
cyclone is at 18Z on the 10th with a 35 kt intensity.

In summary, this cyclone is analyzed to have been a tropical storm from 18Z on the 7th through 18Z on the 9th.  It attained a peak 
intensity of 55 kt around 18Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th.  The lack of baroclinicity and the symmetry of the cyclone, as well as 
its track, were the several factors taken into consideration when determining that this cyclone attained tropical cyclone status.  
The westward motion on the 7th and 8th followed by the turn to the north on the 9th (recurvature) and turn to the northeast on 
the 10th indicate that the direction of motion taken by this cyclone is typical of recurving tropical cyclones.  The starting latitude 
where the westward motion took place (~36N) is a little further north than usual, but this cyclone occurred during the peak of the 
season in early September.  It is possible that at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone would have been designated as a 
subtropical storm during the satellite era.  But without the satellite imagery to examine the convective structure, this system is 
classified as a tropical cyclone.


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 8 (was Storm 7) - Revised in 2014

34060 09/18/1948 M= 8  7 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
34060 09/18/1948 M= 9  8 SNBR= 756 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
                    *  *                                  *

34065 09/18*  0   0   0    0*182 788  50    0*182 798  55    0*183 804  60    0*
34065 09/18*  0   0   0    0*182 792  40    0*182 798  50    0*183 804  60  994*
                                 ***  **               **                   ***

34070 09/19*185 808  65    0*188 811  70    0*191 814  75    0*195 816  80    0*
34070 09/19*185 808  70    0*188 811  80    0*192 815  90    0*196 819 105  951*
                     **               **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  ***

34075 09/20*201 818  85    0*208 819  85    0*215 819  90    0*221 819  95    0*
34075 09/20*200 822 110    0*205 823 110    0*212 823 110    0*219 823 110    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

34080 09/21*228 820 100    0*235 819 100    0*243 817 105    0*250 815 105  963*
34080 09/21*226 821 110    0*233 819 100    0*240 817 105    0*247 815 105  955*
            *** *** ***      ***              ***              ***     ***  ***

34085 09/22*256 812 100    0*262 807  85    0*268 802  75  964*273 797  80  965*
34085 09/22*254 814 115    0*260 812 115  940*265 808  85    0*273 801  80  965*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **  ***     ***    

34090 09/23*277 790  80    0*285 776  85    0*298 756  90    0*314 736  90    0*
34090 09/23*279 789  80    0*285 776  85    0*296 757  90    0*310 736  90    0*
            *** ***                           *** ***          *** 

34095 09/24*332 716  85    0*351 695  75    0E371 669  65    0E398 623  60    0*
34095 09/24*330 716  85    0E351 695  75    0E371 669  65    0E393 620  60    0*
            ***             *                                  *** ***

34100 09/25E420 570  55    0E433 528  50    0E446 486  45    0E469 432  40    0*
34100 09/25E415 575  55    0E433 528  50    0E446 486  45    0E460 437  45    0*
            *** ***                                            *** ***  **

(The 26th is new to HURDAT.)
34102 09/26E475 390  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

34105 HRBFL3CFL2                                                                
34105 HRBFL4CFL2                                                                
        ****

International Landfalls
9/20 22Z 22.3N 82.1W - 110 kt - Cuba
9/21 01Z 22.7N 82.0W - 110 kt - Cuba

U.S. Landfalls:
9/21/1948 - 17Z - 24.6N, 81.6W - 105 kt - 955 mb - 10 nmi RMW - 1008 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI
9/22/1948 - 05Z - 25.8N, 81.3W - 115 kt - 940 mb - 10 nmi RMW - 1007 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI  


Minor track changes and major changes to intensity are analyzed for this major hurricane that 
made two landfalls in Cuba and two landfalls in southern Florida.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, Ho et al. (1987), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez 
et al. (2000), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Barnes.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.8N, 61.9W with a wave axis extending 
northeastward from the low to 18N, 57W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm at 
18Z shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 10.8N, 59.6W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a trough or wavelike axis extending from 11N, 68W to 20N, 62W.  HURDAT does not list 
a system on this day.  Microfilm does not analyze a closed low on this day.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
E and 1012 mb at 18Z at 17.5N, 60.7W (COA).

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low (not quite closed) located in a trough in the general vicinity of 13.6N, 72.0W 
with a wave axis extending from the low northeastward to 22N, 64W.  HURDAT does not list a system 
on this day.  Microfilm does not analyze a closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

September 17:
HWM analyzes a low (not closed) near 17N, 75W with a wave axis extending to beyond 16N, 71W.  HURDAT 
does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1009 mb in 
the general vicinity of the western Caribbean Sea.  No gales or low pressures.

September 18:
HWM analyzes a slightly elongated closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.2N, 78.8W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 79.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 19.1N, 79.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17.2N, 80.8W.  "The most 
destructive hurricane of 1948 developed in the western Caribbean between Jamaica and Grand Cayman 
Island on September 18.  It formed from an easterly wave that had been under observation since it passed 
through the Lesser Antilles on the 14th" (MWR).  Ship highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 2130Z at 17.7N, 
80.3W (micro).  Land highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 12Z at Kingston, Jamaica (HWM, micro); 30 kt NNE 
and 1005 mb at 1830Z at Grand Cayman (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1815Z at 18.7N, 80.5W 
with 60 kt estimated maximum winds and 994 mb pressure (maybe central pressure?).  "Note: Navy Hurep #8.  
Storm centered at 18.7N, 80.5W at 1815Z, lowest pressure 994 mbs, max winds SE 60 knots.  Pilot said perfect 
eye about 15 miles in diameter.  Wind about hurricane force in gusts.  Position checked by radar from Cayman" 
(micro).

September 19:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 19.5N, 81.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt 
hurricane at 19.1N, 81.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 19.3N, 80.9W, 
and a 12Z position near 19.6N, 81.8W with a 997 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 18.3N, 81.4W, and a 12Z position near 19.1N, 81.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb 
centered near 18.9N, 81.4W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 1830Z at 18.2N, 81.1W (micro).  Two 
other low pressures of 1001 mb and 1002 mb.  Land highlights: 40 kt E (55 kt was the maximum 1-mintue wind 
for the previous hour) and 997 mb at 12Z at Grand Cayman (HWM, micro); 45 kt SE (65 kt was the maximum 1-minute 
wind for the previous hour) and 998 mb at 1430Z at Grand Cayman (micro).  Aircraft highlights: radar center 
fix at 1611Z at 19.5N, 81.8W with estimated maximum winds of 100 kt (micro); center fix at 2030Z at 20.0N, 82.8W 
with 951 mb central pressure (micro).  Six other gales.  "Navy 15- 1611Z- Radar storm fix 19.5N, 81.8W, max wind 
south 100 knots.  Eye only 5 miles in diameter.  Hurricane force winds about 60 miles in diameter.  Strong 
easterlies to E and NE of storm seem to be independent of storm circulation" (micro).

September 20:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.3N, 82.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt 
hurricane at 21.5N, 81.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.7N, 82.3W, 
and a 12Z position near 21.9N, 82.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 19.8N, 82.0W, 
and a 12Z position near 21.4N, 82.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1004 mb at 20Z at 24.3N, 83.6W (micro).  Land highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1000 mb 
at 03Z at Grand Cayman (micro); 35 kt NE G 40 kt and 995 mb at 2330Z at 22.9N, 82.6W (micro).  Eleven other gales 
and 26 other low pressures between 995-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 21.4N, 82.3W at 1428Z 
with 85 kt estimated maximum winds (micro); 45 kt E and 1002 mb at 23.6N, 81.0W (micro).  At least six other gales 
and at least two other low pressures.  Other highlights: 45 kt SE and 998 mb at 14Z at 21.8N, 81.0W (micro); 35 kt 
SSW and 995 mb at 2130Z at 21.8N, 81.0W (micro).  Six other gales and eight other low pressures.  "After a center 
developed on the 18th, it moved very slowly, turned to a northerly direction, and passed over western Cuba with the 
center moving between Havana and Matanzas on the 20th.  At this time it was a fully developed hurricane, with winds 
well over 100 mph, and reports indicate that the city of Matanzas suffered extensive damage.  Some damage occurred 
at Havana where the wind reached 90 mph from the north and some damage occurred.  Press reports indicate that 10 
persons were killed by the storm in Cuba and that property damage reached 'several million dollars'" (MWR).  "Navy 
at 10:15 am, EST (1515Z) hurricane center at 9:28E (1428Z) at 21.4N, 82.3W.  Max winds at 85 kt" (micro).  Station 
969 (23.0N, 82.6W) reported NE 9- gusty to 70 knots, squally, at 2030Z" (micro).  "'El Huracan de Matanzas' - 
Sep 20-21 - Category 3" (Perez et al. 2000).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 24.3N, 81.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane 
at 24.3N, 81.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 23.7N, 82.5W, and a 12Z position 
near 24.7N, 82.0W with a 964 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.8N, 82.0W, and 
a 12Z position near 23.8N, 81.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near 23.8N, 81.4W.  
Ship highlights: 65 kt SE and 997 mb at 1230Z at 24.4N, 80.7W (micro).  One other gale and five other low pressures.  
Land highlights: 78 kt N (max wind) at Havana (MWR); 50 kt NNW and 988 mb at 0630Z at Havana (micro); 68 kt (max wind, 
1-minute) at 1558Z and 988 mb (min pressure) at 16Z at Dry Tortugas, FL (MWR, climo); 963 mb (min pressure) at 1615Z 
at Boca Chica (MWR, OMR); 973 mb (min pressure) at 1630Z and 65 kt NW (max wind, 1-minute) at 1708Z at Key West (MWR, 
climo, OMR); 104 kt (elevated) SE (max wind, 1-minute) and 986 mb (min pressure) at 18Z at Sombrero Key (MWR, climo); 
96 kt NW and 980 mb at 1830Z at Boca Chica (OMR); 66 kt SE (1st max wind, 1-minute) at 1943Z at downtown Miami (OMR, MWR).  
At least 88 other gales and at least 43 other low pressures below 1000 mb.  Other highlights: 50 kt E and 992 mb at 1030Z 
at 24.5N, 81.4W (micro); 85 kt NE at 1230Z at 24.5N, 81.4W (micro).  Nine other gales and seven other low pressures.  
"Leaving Cuba the hurricane crossed the Florida Straits and by noon of the 21st the center was very close to Key West 
and due east of the station.  The lowest barometric pressure recorded in the Keys was 963.4 millibars (28.45 inches) 
observed at the Boca Chica Airport, 8 miles east-northeast of the Key West city office.  The wind speed at the same 
station reached 122 mph (estimated) before the anemometer was blown away.  This was the highest reported in the hurricane 
but undoubtedly higher winds were experienced.  Boca Chica was in the western portion of the calm center for a period of 
15 minutes beginning at 11 am, September 21" (MWR).  "Its forward speed was less than 8 mph as it drifted over the Cuban 
countryside on the night of September 20.  Winds of 100 mph caused widespread but moderate damages just east of Havana.  
Over the next few hours it made the short journey to Key West, where its ten-mile wide eye passed over Boca Chica airport.  
Even though the wind howled, tides at Key West only reached six feet above mean low water" (Barnes).  "Radar fixes from 
Key West.  0500Z- (center) 180 degrees and 78 miles (from Key West) movement north 4 mph.  0700Z- 180 degrees 70 miles, 
horseshoe effect shows axis running almost due N-S moving about 4 mph.  0800Z- 180 degrees 66 miles moving 4 mph.  
Indications show forward part of horseshoe diminishing slightly while southern part seems to be closing in.  0900Z- 190 
degrees 60 miles, movement north 6 mph.  Seems to have picked up speed.  1000Z- 190 degrees 54 miles, north motion about 
6 knots.  Definitions excellent.  Diameter about 20 miles outer fringe of heavy wind area about 10 miles from Key.  
Circulation about ¾ complete.  1100Z- hurricane center bears 185 degrees true distance 48 miles from Boca Chica, course 
northerly, speed 6 knots, diameter of eye 20 miles, definition excellent.  1200Z- storm center bears 180 degrees 42 miles 
moving northerly 6 knots.  1300Z radar report #12 from Boca Chica.  Hurricane center bears 180 degrees true distance 36 miles 
course north, speed 6 knots.  1400Z report from Key radar position 180 degrees 26 miles moving due north.  1500Z hurricane 
center bearing 170 degrees true distance 16 miles from Boca Chica, (movement) accelerated to 10 knots, diameter of eye 10 miles.  
1600Z hurricane center bearing 165 degrees true distance 10 miles.  Remarks instruments carried away 1615Z, gusty 165 mph.  
1700Z hurricane center 60 degrees true distance 7 miles from Boca Chica.  Course NNE, speed 10 knots, western edge of eye 
passed Boca Chica.  1800Z hurricane center bearing 45 degrees true distance 14 miles from Boca Chica, (movement) NNE 6 knots, 
eye 20 miles diameter" (micro).  "9/21/1948 - 935 mb central pressure, based upon 963 measured at Boca Chica Airport, FL, 
7 nm RMW, 8 kt movement" (Ho et al. 1987).  "9/21/1948 - 1010 mb environmental pressure, 111 kt 1 min surface wind estimate" 
(Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Sep - FL - 3SW, 2SE, 963 mb" (Jarrell et al.).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 985mb centered near 26.8N, 80.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 
26.8N, 80.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.9N, 81.9W, and a 12Z position near 
27.0N, 80.8W with a 964 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.8N, 81.6W, and a 12Z 
position near 26.7N, 81.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 972 mb centered near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 
70 kt and 988 mb at 16Z at 26.4N, 79.4W (micro); 985 mb at 1845Z at 26.4N, 79.2W (micro).  Five other gales and seven 
other low pressures.  Land highlights: 104 kt NNW (max wind, 1-minute) at Everglades City (MWR, climo); 95 kt NE and 
958 mb at 0430Z at Everglades City (micro); at least 85 kt and at most 948 mb at 0515Z at Everglades City (micro); 83 kt 
ENE (max wind, 1-minute) at 1004Z at Clewiston, FL (MWR, climo); 50 kt ENE G 85 kt and 964 mb at 1030Z at Clewiston (micro); 
965 mb (central pressure) at 1730Z at Stuart (MWR); 71 kt and 976 mb at 20Z at Melbourne (micro).  At least ten other 
hurricane force winds, and at least 25 other low pressures below 980 mb.  Other highlights: 50 kt WSW at 0330Z at 25.2N, 
80.6W (micro); 45 kt S and 983 mb at 1830Z at 26.7N, 78.7W (micro).  It should be noted that according to the Air Weather 
Service tech report, the lowest observed pressure during the hurricane was 951.6 mb from Everglades City, and the highest 
observed wind was 122 mph from Everglades City (AWS).  "After leaving the Keys the center moved onto the mainland a short 
distance east of Everglades City, crossed Lake Okeechobee between Clewiston and Belle Glade and passed into the Atlantic 
at Jenson Beach near Stuart.  By the time the Lake Okeechobee section was reached, wind velocities had been reduced to 
about 90 to 95 mph, while on the Atlantic coast where the center passed to sea readings were slightly below hurricane force 
for sustained velocities, but with gusts above hurricane force" (MWR).  "It will be noted that the strongest wind recorded 
was 122 mph (estimated) at Boca Chica Airport near Key West.  The anemometer was blown down at this place, but it is believed 
this velocity is about correct for sustained wind.  A gust recorded showed an extreme of 160 mph, but we believe this reading 
is open to considerable doubt as to accuracy.  The anemometer at Everglades City was blown down after recording about 100 mph, 
and it was estimated that the maximum at that place was about 120 mph, which seems logical.  Lowest pressure 28.45 inches at 
Boca Chica and 28.47 at Clewiston" (Florida Climatological Data).  "An unusual feature of this hurricane was the number of calms 
and lulls reported from widely separated points.  Several stations in the Lake Okeechobee area reported two distinct "eyes" with 
blue sky and calms in each, spaced several hours apart.  Such widely separated places as Tavernier, Boca Chica, Okeechobee City, 
and Stuart reported lulls.  These stations lie 40 to 80 miles apart on an east-west axis.  These reports appear to be substantiated 
by actual records and leave little doubt that the central vortex was distorted, or even divided into several partially or fully 
developed centers.  Mr. Grady Norton, meteorologist in charge of the Miami Office has written a descriptive account of this phase 
of the hurricane which is quoted below: "When the hurricane was in Cuba, a news writer called it "a blind behemoth" but we believe 
a more descriptive character comes from mythology in Cyclops, the one-eyed giant.  To carry the simile further, Cyclops must have 
encountered Ulysses in Cuba, because something happened to his eye!  When he came out into the Florida Straits, the eye was distorted 
and elongated, and to some extent broken up, and it reminded us of Argus, otherwise known as Panoptes, for when it came over Florida 
on the 21st and 22nd there was an eye for everybody!  There were so many eyes reported at so many widely separated places, and the 
movement was so slow (about 8 to 10 mph), we were reminded of an oxcart.  So Oxcart Panoptes made his leisurely way up through the 
Florida Everglades ogling every community in the southeastern part of the State" (Norton)" (MWR).  "When the storm came out into the 
Florida Straits, the "eye" was distorted and elongated, and to some extent broken up, and when it came over Florida on the 21st and 
22nd there seems to have been several centers.  Since it was over the sparsely settled Everglades, it was very difficult to keep 
accurate track of the main center during the hurricane's progress..." (Florida Climatological Data).  "A summary of casualties and 
estimated damage for Florida follows: deaths, 3; injuries requiring hospital care, 45; homes destroyed, 39; homes damaged severely, 
1,161; buildings other than homes destroyed, 40; buildings other than homes damaged, 237; people sheltered in 213 Red Cross shelters, 
38,323; property damage (all kinds), $5,000,000; crop damage (all kinds), $6,500,000; power and communications, $300,000; highways, 
streets, and bridges, $200,000; total for Florida, $12,000,000"(MWR).  "Property damage in Florida will approximate $5,000,000 
divided somewhat as follows: Key West and Keys about $1,000,000; Greater Miami and other Dade County communities, around $2,000,000; 
all other areas about $2,000,000" (Florida Climatological Data).  Regarding the flooding... "Heavy rainfall, which amounted to a total 
of 10 to 11 inches in places and averaged about 8 inches for the entire Everglades-Okeechobee area, caused considerable flooding 
throughout the area.  In addition, there was apparently some spillage of water through canal locks at the Lake, and as a result 
some towns were inundated, as well as the farm and pasture lands.  Clewiston was flooded to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, La Belle was 
under water for several days, while Everglades City got its usual bath of salt water from the Gulf.  Flooding of pastures caused 
loss of some cattle, and required the extensive evacuation of herds to higher ground.  In the lower east coast Indian River areas 
there was considerable loss to citrus and other tropical fruits as well as to fall truck crops" (MWR, Florida Climatological Data).  
"The flooding, together with the hurricane winds, caused rather heavy damage to sugarcane, and practically all early fall truck crops 
were destroyed" (Florida Climatological Data).  "Hours after its arrival in Key West, the storm struck the mainland near Everglades 
City.  It passed inland through sparsely populated portions of Collier County, moved just below Belle Glade, and eventually emerged 
over the Atlantic near Jupiter on the morning of September 22" (Barnes).  Regarding the multiple lulls reported... "some meteorologists 
at the time suggested that the storm had several distinct centers; other theorized that the lulls were pockets of dry air between 
approaching rainbands" (Barnes).  "In Miami winds reached 90 mph, and almost 4.5 inches of rain fell.  High tides covered portions 
of the bayfront, and large breakers pounded the shore.  The tide was 4.5 feet above mean low water.  Boats and small craft were battered 
by waves; some broke their moorings and were bashed against their docks.  Docking facilities at Coconut Grove were badly damaged, and 
piers and boat houses around the bay suffered from the rising tide.  At Miami Beach the ocean road approach to Haulover Bridge was 
washed away.  Palm trees littered the area around Lummus park, and homes and businesses had shattered windows and torn awnings" (Barnes).  
"SS Morvana 1230Z- 27.4N, 79.5W- SE 70- sea 7- Barometer 29.3- squalls.  SS Georgia 1230Z- 26.5N, 79.5W- Barometer 29.22- SE (force) 12- 
Heavy Sea" (micro).  "SS Georgia- a hurricane from the west apparently going to N or NE from latitude 26.4N, 79.3W...reported 1600Z, 
barometer 988 mb and falling, wind force 12, more at times.  South sea rough, heavy swells and torrential rains.  S.S. Georgia located 
26.3N, 79.2W.  Eye of hurricane passed overhead NNE, barometer 29.08 1845Z" (micro).  "By telephone at 2022Z: on auto trip from Stuart 
to Lake Okeechobee- wind SE at Stuart 60 to 70 (mph) estimated; 7 or 8 miles from lake a calm; right at lake wind SW 70 to 80 mph; on 
return trip one hour later at lake SW 60 or 70 mph; at Indian town calm; at Stuart SE 60 or 70 mph pressure 28.92; above confirmed by 
another resident" (micro).  Stuart and Jensen Beach...center for 25 minutes between 1735Z and 1800Z.  Wind before lull SE 50 (mph) sharp 
increase to NW 60 (mph) after lull passes.  During this same period, winds at Fort Pierce backed from S around thru N to NW" (micro).  
Telephone at 2020Z: Fellesmere (17 miles NW of Vero Beach)- No high winds of signs of center up to 2000Z; Melbourne wind 82 mph baro. 
28.82 rising at 2000Z" (micro).  "9/22/1948 - 963 mb central pressure, based upon 965 mb measured at St Lucie Lock, FL, 16 nm RMW, 
11 kt movement (exiting the coast)" (Ho et al. 1987).  "9/22/1948 - 1007 mb environmental pressure, 87 kt 1 min surface wind estimate 
(exiting the coast)" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Tropical cyclones in Florida, Sept. 22, Southern portion, Major, Key West bar. 28.45 in., 
wind 122 mph" (Major is equivalent to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3, Dunn and Miller).

September 23:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 30.1N, 76.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 75.6W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.1N, 79.4W, and a 12Z position near 30.4N, 76.1W with a 
968 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.6N, 78.6W, and a 12Z position near 29.5N, 76.0W.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 963 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 00Z at 
26.0N, 78.4W (micro); at least 50 kt NW at 01Z at 27.8N, 79.5W (micro); 35 kt SE and 970(?) mb at ~00Z to 03Z at 28.1N, 77.7W 
(micro); 50 kt S and 979 mb at 06Z at 28.2N, 76.3W (micro); 50 kt ENE and 968 mb at 12Z at 30.1N, 76.1W (micro).  At least nine 
other gales, and at least 19 other low pressures below 1000 mb.  Land highlights: At least 50 kt SW and 984(?) mb at 00Z at 
West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro); 35 kt W and 994 mb at 0030Z at Jupiter, FL (OMR); 45 kt S and 990 mb at 06Z at Great 
Abaco Island (micro); 998 mb (min pressure) at 2010Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (OMR).  One other gale and six other low pressures.  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt W and 979 mb at 16Z at 29.8N, 65.8W (micro).  Three other gales of 40 kt and one other low pressure 
of 981 mb.  "There was some intensification of the hurricane after it moved northeastward between Hatteras and Bermuda, finally 
reaching a point south of Newfoundland on September 25" (MWR).  Navy estimated position of storm center at 1630Z to be 30.0N, 
74.2W (good loran fixes)" (micro).

September 24:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 36.5N, 66.9W with the NE end of a NE-SW cold front located about 150 nm SW of 
the low, and the W end of a W-E warm from located  about 200 nm north of the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical storm 
at 37.1N, 66.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.1N, 72.7W, and a 12Z position near 36.5N, 67.6W 
with a 969 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 71.6W, and a 12Z position near 37.1N, 67.4W.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 981 mb centered near 36.8N, 67.7W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship 
highlights: 50 kt ESE and 977 mb at 04Z at 34.5N, 70.1W (micro); at least 50 kt NNE around ~12Z at 36.8N, 69.3W (micro).  About six 
other gales of at least 50 kt, and about eight other low pressures below 990 mb.  Land highlights: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 
Bermuda (micro).  Aircraft highlights: At least 50** kt SSW at 06Z at 34.0N, 65.1W (micro); 45 kt SW and 980 mb at 2045Z at 37.8N, 
61.0W (micro); at least 50** kt SSW at 2115Z at 37.9N, 59.1W (micro).  "Radar recon reported indefinite center at 0500Z- estimated 
center position 34.6N, 70.3W" (micro).

September 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 44.0N, 48.3W with a cold front extending from a few hundred nm SSW of the 
low southwestward to beyond 35N, 62W.  Another cold front extends from several hundred nm ENE of the low northeastward to several 
hundred nm south of another low (the other low is of at most 980 mb and is located near 55N, 35W), and a warm from extends from the 
NE end of that cold front southeastward to 46N, 26W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 44.6N, 48.6W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.7N, 58.7W, and a 12Z position near 45.7N, 49.6W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 42.2N, 57.2W, and a 12Z position near 44.2N, 48.9W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
984 mb centered near 44.0N, 49.5W.  Ship highlights: At least 50 kt SSW and 987 mb at 00Z at 40.3N, 55.0W (micro); 45 kt SW and 984 
mb at 06Z at 40.9N, 52.9W (COA); 45 kt W and 997 mb at 12Z at 40.0N, 52.2W (COA); 40 kt NW and 987 mb at 18Z at 43.3N, 47.3W (micro).  
Six other gales of 40 to 50 kt and about 20 other relevant low pressures below 1000 mb.

September 26:
HWM analyzes three closed lows- two of at most 975 mb located near 54N, 36W and 51N, 27W respectively, and one of at most 970 mb 
located near 57N, 21W.  These three closed lows are all encircled by a single 980 mb isobar.  An occluded front extends from the 3rd 
low towards the east, and then wraps around to the south and south-southwest to 48N, 16W.  A cold front is plotted from 45N, 27W to 
west of 36N, 49W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 
48.0N, 39.3W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 979 mb at 00Z at 45.9N, 40.4W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.

HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 18 September (no change to timing of genesis).  This system was tracked as an 
easterly wave from 14 September when it crossed the Lesser Antilles.  Aircraft reconnaissance first investigated the wave on the 
16th, and they did not find a closed low.  As the system moved westward into the central to western Caribbean, there were no flights 
on the 17th.  There is a chance that the low that spawned this hurricane could have been closed by the 17th, but there are no observed 
west winds that day.  Observations from Jamaica and the Cayman Islands at 12Z on the 18th suggest that the timing of genesis in HURDAT 
is good.  The intensity at the first point (06Z on the 18th) is revised downward to 40 kt (from 50 kt originally).  The largest track 
change for this storm between the 18th and the 21st of September is only half of a degree.  Aircraft center fixes as well as the 
land-based radar at Boca Chica were important for the track changes made.  At 1815Z on the 18th, aircraft performed a center fix.  
A central pressure of 994 mb was measured and maximum surface winds of 60 kt were estimated.  A 994 mb central pressure corresponds 
to a 58 kt intensity using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 60 kt previously in HURDAT at 18Z the 18th is 
maintained, and a central pressure of 994 mb is added into HURDAT.  On the 18th through the 19th, the tropical cyclone rapidly 
intensified.  On the morning of the 19th, Grand Cayman recorded a 1-minute sustained wind of 65 kt.  A couple of hours later, aircraft 
estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt.  Apparently, forecasters and the aircraft reconnaissance crew did not realize how quickly 
this system was intensifying, because an aircraft decided to fly into the eye at 2030Z on the 19th (usually they would not fly into 
the eye of major hurricanes).  The aircraft measured a central pressure of 951 mb inside the eye.  It should be noted that this 
value of 951 mb obtained from the aircraft center fix is  the 2nd lowest central pressure observation from any aircraft between the 
years 1944-1948.  The lowest was 938 mb in 1947 Storm #4.  A central pressure of 951 mb corresponds to an intensity of 110 kt using 
the southern pressure-wind relationship, and 112 kt for intensifying systems.  105 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 19th (up from 80 kt 
originally), and 110 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 20th (up from 80 kt originally).  Major upward intensity revisions were made from 
18Z on the 19th through 12Z on the 20th.  A central pressure of 951 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 19th.  By 00Z on the 20th, 
the slow-moving hurricane had made a gradual turn towards the north and was located between the Cayman Islands and the Isle of Youth.  
The hurricane passed just to the east of the Isle of Youth around midday on the 20th.  It made its first landfall in Cuba at 22Z on 
the 20th at 22.3N, 82.1W with an intensity of 110 kt (a category 3).  The cyclone made a 2nd Cuban landfall about three hours later 
(01Z on the 21st) at 22.7N, 82.0W, also with an intensity of 110 kt at 00Z the 21st (100 kt originally).  The highest wind recorded 
at Havana was 78 kt from the N, but the hurricane passed well to the east of Havana.  The analysis here of a category 3 at Cuban 
landfall is consistent with the analysis of Perez et al. (2000).  The hurricane moved off the northern coast of Cuba and into the 
Straits of Florida around 04Z on the 21st.  The hurricane may have weakened to a category 2 while it traversed Cuba, but by 06Z on 
the 21st, it is analyzed that the hurricane had re-intensified over water to 100 kt (no change to HURDAT).  On the 21st, the hurricane 
moved in a direction just east of due north towards the lower Florida Keys.

The hurricane made its first Florida landfall in the lower Florida Keys approximately seven miles east-northeast of Boca Chica around 
17Z on the 21st.  The lowest pressure recorded in the Keys was 963 mb at Boca Chica at 1615Z but the wind speed at Boca Chica at the 
time of the lowest pressure is not known.  The distance of the closest approach of the center of the eye to Boca Chica was probably 
around six nautical miles.  The landfall RMW is analyzed to be 10 nautical miles.  Text (above in the September 21st paragraph) 
indicates that Boca Chica Airport was in the western portion of the "calm center" for 15 minutes.  Although the analysis indicates 
that Boca Chica experienced the RMW, the analysis does not indicate that Boca Chica experienced the calm eye.  The 963 mb observation 
at Boca Chica is not treated as a central pressure.  Since Boca Chica was inside the RMW, it is estimated that the central pressure at 
the time was near 955 mb. A central pressure of 955 mb equals 106 kt south of 25N and 100 kt north of 25N, and 105 kt is chosen for 18Z 
on the 21st (no change from HURDAT originally). The highest measured wind from the Keys was 104 kt (1-min) from Sombrero Key Lighthouse,
 but this reduces to about 93 kt at 10m.  After passing through the Keys, the hurricane continued north-northeastward and made landfall 
just a few nautical miles southeast of Everglades City, FL around 05Z on the 22nd.  A note on the 0530Z microfilm map from September 22nd 
indicates that at 0515Z, Everglades City recorded a pressure of less than 948 mb along with a wind speed of more than 100 mph.  While there 
is no observational evidence that Everglades City was inside the RMW, it had to have been near the RMW because it reported a pressure of 
948 mb. A landfall central pressure of 940 mb is analyzed since winds were at least 85 kt at the time of the 948 mb pressure. Everglades 
City was likely at, very near, or possibly inside the RMW on the left (weak side of the storm).  (See next paragraph for more on why 940 mb 
was chosen as the central pressure.)  A central pressure of 940 mb is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 22nd.  A central pressure of 940 mb 
equals 115 kt north of 25N and 120 kt S of 25N.  Although the forward motion of the hurricane was still slow, the RMW was smaller than 
average, and the storm may have been intensifying before landfall.  An intensity of 115 kt is analyzed for landfall.  An intensity of 115 kt 
is analyzed for both 00Z and 06Z on the 22nd (up from 100 and 85 kt originally; the latter is a major intensity change).  Although 06Z on the 
22nd is about one hour after landfall, part of the RMW is still analyzed to be over water, so the landfall intensity of 115 kt is kept at 06Z 
on the 22nd as well.  At 12Z on the 22nd, the center of the hurricane is analyzed to be located at 26.5N, 80.8W (26.8N, 80.2W originally), or 
just south of Lake Okeechobee.  The cyclone is analyzed to have emerged into the Atlantic at 18Z on the 22nd near Stuart, FL.  A run of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model for 12Z on the 22nd yields an intensity of 68 kt.  The highest reliable observed wind within two hours 
of the 12Z synoptic time is 83 kt, and 85 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (up from 75 kt originally).  The MWR text indicates that the 
maximum winds were 90 to 95 mph when the cyclone was in the Lake Okeechobee region (around 12Z), so the intensity of 85 kt is slightly above 
that.  It is not appropriate to run the Kaplan and DeMaria model to obtain the intensity at 18Z on the 22nd since the center was crossing the 
coastline of eastern Florida at that time.  The highest observed wind within two hours of the 18Z synoptic time is 71 kt.  However, a 965 mb 
central pressure was observed at Stuart, FL at 1730Z.  A central pressure of 965 mb equals 90 kt using the north of 25N relationship and 86 kt 
for weakening systems.  Using a combination of the 71 kt observed wind speed, the pressure-wind relationship, and consideration that the 
cyclone was beginning to emerge off of the coast, 80 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 22nd (unchanged from HURDAT).

The observation from Everglades City of the pressure lower than 948 mb found on microfilm was surprising.  Off all the sources utilized, 
microfilm was the only source to contain any pressure observations from Everglades City.  Microfilm shows that the pressure decreased at 
Everglades City from 972 mb (and 85 kt NE winds) at 0315Z to 958 mb (and 95 kt NE winds) at 0430Z to less than 948 mb (and winds above 85 
kt) at 0515Z.  It was uncertain whether a central pressure of 940 mb was a good estimate (or too high since the observation on microfilm 
precisely said that "Pressure less than 28 in. wind 100+") because it was uncertain whether Everglades City was inside the RMW at the 0515Z 
observation.  Since there is a central pressure observation from Stuart at 1730Z, the Ho et al. Inland Pressure Decay Model was run to 
determine whether a central pressure of 940 mb was too high for the central pressure at landfall.  A value of 947 mb was obtained for 
landfall using the model which is in the same ballpark, so it was decided to keep to the 940 mb central pressure for the mainland Florida 
landfall.

After the hurricane emerged into the Atlantic, it accelerated and moved northeastward.  Again, on the 23rd, only very small track changes 
are made.  At 12Z on the 23rd, a ship observed a pressure of 968 mb with 50 kt winds.  A peripheral pressure of 968 mb corresponds to a 
wind speed of at least 87 kt using the north of 25N relationship.  The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT is unchanged.  The cyclone passed about 
halfway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda on its northeastward course.  It is analyzed that this cyclone became extratropical around 06Z 
on the 24th (6 hours earlier than originally) while the analyzed intensity of 75 kt is unchanged for that time.  On the 25th, the largest 
track changes are only half of a degree and the only intensity change made was to raise the 18Z intensity by 5 kt.  HURDAT's last 6-hourly 
position is at 18Z on the 25th.  Observations indicate that the cyclone was not absorbed until after 00Z on the 26th, so one six-hourly point 
is added to HURDAT at 47.5N, 39.0W with a 45 kt intensity.


********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 9 (was Storm 8) - Revised in 2014

34110 10/03/1948 M=14  8 SNBR= 757 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
34110 10/03/1948 M=14  9 SNBR= 757 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
                       *

34115 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 818  40    0*
34115 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*167 835  30    0*174 843  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34120 10/04*168 839  50    0*181 850  55    0*194 851  65    0*204 845  75    0*
34120 10/04*181 847  35    0*188 850  45    0*195 852  55    0*202 850  70  991*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

34125 10/05*214 838  90    0*222 833 105    0*233 825 115    0*244 814 110  975*
34125 10/05*212 842  90    0*223 833 110    0*235 823 105    0*247 812  90    0*
            *** ***                  ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

34130 10/06*257 801  90  979*267 786  85    0*277 772  75    0*287 756  75    0*
34130 10/06*258 802  80  979*268 792  85    0*277 779  85    0*287 764  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

34135 10/07*297 738  80    0*306 716  85    0*314 690  90    0*319 660  90    0*
34135 10/07*297 747  85    0*307 728  85    0*314 700  90    0*319 670  90    0*
                ***  **      *** ***              ***              ***

34140 10/08*322 630  85    0*325 601  80    0*327 572  75    0*325 543  70    0*
34140 10/08*324 636  90  971*325 601  80    0*324 566  75    0*321 532  70    0*
            *** ***  **  ***                  *** ***          *** ***

34145 10/09*322 513  70    0*320 485  60    0*319 463  60    0*319 447  60    0*
34145 10/09*318 510  65    0*314 492  60    0*310 475  55    0*310 458  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34150 10/10*319 433  60    0*320 420  55    0*321 408  55    0*321 400  50    0*
34150 10/10*312 441  50    0*315 424  50    0*318 410  45    0*318 400  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***  

34155 10/11*320 393  50    0*318 387  50    0*315 382  45    0*310 380  45    0*
34160 10/12*306 382  45    0*303 385  45    0*302 390  45    0*302 396  40    0*
34165 10/13*302 403  40    0*302 407  40    0*303 413  40    0*305 426  40    0*
34165 10/13*303 403  40    0*305 407  35    0*308 413  35    0*312 426  40    0*
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      *** 

34170 10/14*309 439  40    0*316 452  40    0*326 464  40    0*337 472  40    0*
34170 10/14*316 439  45    0*321 452  50    0*326 464  55    0*334 470  60    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **      *** ***  **

34175 10/15*348 478  40    0*357 480  40    0*367 480  40    0*385 479  35    0*
34175 10/15*344 475  60  989*354 478  55    0*364 477  55    0*380 479  50    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

34180 10/16*415 466  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34180 10/16*407 466  50    0E437 430  45    0E465 375  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***      **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

34185 HRCFL2                                                                    
34185 HRBFL2CFL2                                                                    
        ****

International Landfalls:  
10/5/1948 - 07Z - 22.4N 83.2W - 110 kt - Cuba
10/7/1948 - 22Z - 32.3N 64.9W - 90 kt - 971 mb - Bermuda

U.S. Landfalls:
10/5/1948 - 18Z - 24.7N 81.2W - 90 kt - (963 mb) - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI - 13 nmi RMW
10/5/1948 - 20Z - 25.1N, 80.9W - 90 kt - (963 mb) - 1009 mb OCI - 225 nm ROCI - 13 nm RMW

Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this October hurricane that
 made landfall in Cuba, Florida, and Bermuda.  A major change additionally was to add 
a transient extratropical phase on the 8th and 9th of October.  A final major change is 
to indicate an extratropical stage at the last 12 hr of its existence.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, monthly climatological 
summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Tucker (1995), Perez 
et al. (2000), and Barnes (1998).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a very large, weak, elongated closed low along the ITCZ of at most 1010 mb 
with the "L" plotted near 13N, 70.5W with a trough or wavelike axis extending from the 
low northeastward to beyond 19N, 58W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  
Microfilm does not analyze a closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

October 2:
HWM analyzes a large, weak closed low of at most 1010 mb along the ITCZ centered in the 
general vicinity of 13.4N, 76.6W with a trough or wavelike axis extending northeastward 
to 17N, 74W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  Microfilm does not analyze a 
closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

October 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16.5N, 81.8W with a trough or wavelike 
axis extending north-northeastward from the low to 23N, 79W.  HURDAT first lists this 
system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 81.8W.  Microfilm shows a trough in 
the western Caribbean, but no closed low at 12Z.  No gales or low pressures.

October 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb centered near 19.7N, 83.8W with a cold 
front well north of the low extending from 26N, 93W to 27N, 82W to 29N, 78W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.4N, 85.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 18.9N, 85.1W with a 1006 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 19.0N, 85.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb 
centered near 20.1N, 85.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 995 mb at 1830Z at 20.0N, 85.2W 
(micro); 40 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 1830Z at 19.7N, 85.9W (micro).  Three other low pressures 
between 996-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 20Z at 21.8N, 84.8W (micro).  
Aircraft highlights: 50 kt NE at 1545Z at 20.6N, 85.6W (micro); center fix at 1730Z at 20.1N, 
85.2W with 992 (central?) pressure.  Two other gales and one other low pressure.  "Forming 
in the western Caribbean Sea this hurricane was first reported as an organized storm at 
10:45 am on October 4, near latitude 19.6N, longitude 85W" (MWR).  "It must be assumed that 
previous to this time the disturbance may have been an easterly wave from the Windward Islands.  
This disturbance was estimated to contain winds of 40 to 50 mph in squalls within 60 miles of 
the center.  It was expected to move northward over western Cuba during the night.  As soon as 
a reconnaissance plane reached the spot it was found the storm was very small and intense, 
containing winds of 90 mph at the center.  It was still moving northward at 12 mph at 1:15 pm 
and was expected to increase in intensity and forward speed.  By 5:30 pm of the 4th, it was 
definitely determined that the storm was of full hurricane strength.  At this time, the storm 
was near lat 21 and lon 85, still moving northward at 12 mph" (Key West OMR).  "Navy reports 
fix on center 1645Z 20.2N, 85.2W.  Ship reports 1730Z passed through center at 20.1N, 85.2W.  
Winds force 4.  Confused seas.  Barometer 992.5 mb" (micro).  From the Miami Weather Bureau 
Advisory issued at 1815Z, October 4... "The tropical disturbance in the northwestern Caribbean Sea 
has intensified rapidly to full hurricane force.  Aircraft estimated highest winds near center 
at about 90 mph" (Weather Bureau Advisories).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 81.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 115 kt hurricane at 23.3N, 82.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 21.2N, 83.8W, and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 81.8W with a 977 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position close to the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a 
tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 23.7N, 82.4W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 995 mb 
at 1230Z at 23.5N, 82.1W (position uncertain) (micro); 40 kt N and (992?) mb at 1230Z at 23.0N, 
84.2W (micro).  Three other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  Land highlights: 
105 kt SSE at 1026Z at Havana (micro); 975 mb (min pressure) at 1815Z at Sombrero Key (24.6N, 81.1W) 
(MWR); calm and 975 mb (central pressure) at ~2250Z at Homestead, FL (micro); 63 kt SE at ~2330Z 
at downtown Miami (OMR).  Ten other winds of between 60-100 kt (although many of them are estimated 
or uncertain), and 27 other low pressures between 979-1000 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SW G 
60 kt and 990 mb at 1430Z at 23.1N, 80.9W (micro).  At least three other gales and at least five 
other low pressures.  According to the Air Weather Service tech report, the highest wind observed 
during this hurricane was 126 mph at Havana and the lowest observed pressure was 975 mb at Havana 
(AWS).  "It increased rapidly in intensity during the night and moved northeastward across Cuba 
with the center passing a short distance west of Havana at 6 am of the 5th.  The highest wind at 
Havana was 132 mph.  Considerable damage resulted in the city and crop losses were heavy in Havana 
and Pinar Del Rio provinces.  There were 11 deaths and 300 injuries in Cuba, with property damage 
estimated at $6,000,000.  By noon the 5th the center was over the Keys.  At Bahia Honda Bridge and 
Marathon a lull of about 45 minutes occurred.  Winds were well over 100 mph in this area of the 
Keys" (MWR).  "The hurricane moved up to the Keys, where winds were estimated at around 100 mph" 
(Barnes).  "By 11:00 pm (4th, 4Z the 5th) it appeared to be at a standstill indicating a turn to 
the northeastward.  By 6:15 am of Oct. 5th, it was known that this was a very severe storm; Havana 
reported over 100 mph winds and gusts to 130 mph.  As the storm passed Havana near 6 am winds of 132 mph
occurred.  The storm was at this time entering the Florida Straits just west of Havana and on a 
northeast course which would pass near Key West and impinge on the Florida coast in the Miami area.  
At 8:30 am, the storm was 60 miles south-southwest of Key West.  At noon, the storm was nearest Key West
and the 12:30 pm advisory stated that at noon the storm was 18 miles ESE of Boca Chica; this would place
it about 26 miles ESE of Key West.  It was continuing to move rapidly northeastward.  By 2:30 pm it was
apparently over the Keys.  At Marathon, Fla., a lull of some 45 minutes occurred near 2:30 pm.  The storm
continued to move northeastward and was over and west of Homestead at 5:30 pm, over Miami between 8 and 9 pm
and passed off the coast near Pompano between 9 and 10 pm.  Highest winds at Miami were 82 mph from the NW 
with gusts to 90 mph.  Subsequently, the storm moved rapidly northeastward into the Atlantic passing over Bermuda"
(Key West OMR).  From the Key West OMR... "The highest wind velocity for a 5-minute period (at the city office) was 
45 mph, true, at 12:12 pm.  This wind was from the north.  Previous to that time and at 11:35 am, 43 mph true was 
recorded and during the passage of a squall then, the extreme velocity (1 mile) occurred and was 56 mph, true, from 
the northeast.  The lowest pressure was at noon and from the barograph trace it appears to have been 29.25 inches 
(city office), sea-level.  At Boca Chica Airport station, the highest wind was estimated to have been 85+ mph from 
the north at 12:25 pm.  During the progress of the storm gusts were estimated at 120 mph.  The only recorded in 
operation at the station was a Selsyn, untested for some time.  This instrument records velocity up to 80 mph and 
the needle of the instrument was seen to pass this point on occasions.  The lowest pressure at Boca Chica was 
29.16 inches, sea-level, and this occurred at or near 12:25 pm.  The maximum and extreme velocities occurring were 
recorded by a 3-cup anemometer.  The velocities cited before as being true would therefore have been 48 mph and 60 mph 
respectively, both uncorrected.  By a 4-cup anemometer they would have been 55 mph and 72 mph, respectively, both 
uncorrected.  The path of the hurricane was nearest Key West about noon when it bore approximately southeast from the 
station and distant some 25 miles.  The storm passed over Pinar del Rio province of western Cuba and then moved off 
the northern Cuban coast a short distance west of Havana at which place a velocity of 132 mph from the south was reported.  
From the position just mentioned the storm moved in a nearly straight line, passing over Miami and off the coast in the 
vicinity of Pompano.  The hurricane was situated west of Havana about 5:00 am; it was near Key West at noon, over Miami 
between 8 and 9 pm and off the coast about 10:30 pm.  The approximate forward speed of the disturbance therefore was 16 
to 18 mph, unusually fast for this locality, a fact which materially reduced the damage.  The storm in question was 
undoubtedly a very severe, small hurricane; the area of hurricane winds scarcely covered a diameter of 50 miles.  The 
center probably contained winds well over 100 mph until it struck the southern tip of the mainland (FL peninsula).  By 
barometric and wind indications at the city office at 10:00 am, it was determined that the center would pass some distance 
eastward and would cross the line of Florida Keys in the vicinity of the Bahia Honda bridge.  The center passed over Bahia 
Honda bridge; at Marathon a few miles east of the center when the storm was over Bahia Honda, a lull of 45 minutes occurred.  
The distance from Bahia Honda bridge to Marathon is approximately 10 miles and so it seems that this was the true area of 
the path.  On Cudjoe and Big Pine Keys the wind was severe.  At Big Pine Key there is conflicting testimony as to whether 
a calm period existed or not; however we believe it did exist although it must have been rather brief.  From Cudjoe Key and 
keys to the westward, heavy winds began to from the east but backed thru north and west and continued from the west and southwest.  
Reports from the vicinity of Marathon, Big Pine, Cudjoe and Sugar Loaf Keys indicate this storm was fully as intense as its 
predecessor two weeks ago with the difference that the former storm was slow moving and gales lasted many hours.  This storm, 
the intensity built up rapidly, was of short duration and subsided even faster than it grew and had moved from the area all 
within the period of a day.  As we receive delayed reports from the area, we conclude that this storm was fully as great as 
the hurricane of September 21st although in the presently mentioned storm the most violent winds were from the north and 
northwest.  Heavy northeasterly gales were experienced prior to the storm; in the disturbance of two weeks previous, heavy 
gales began from the northeast and intensified from the east and southeast" (Key West OMR).  "Winds were well over 100 mph 
in this area of the Keys (referring to the area near Bahia Honda bridge)" (Florida Climatological Data).  Regarding the 
hurricane in Cuba... "heavy rains caused flash floods that swept away homes and cattle" (Barnes).  "The storm surge in Biscayne 
Bay matched that of the September storm- about 4.5 feet above mean low tide.  Rainfall at the Miami Airport exceeded 9.5 inches, 
and once again streets and alleyways around Miami were submerged under deep standing water.  Streets in Homestead, Miami Springs, 
Hialeah, and portions of Miami Beach were turned into flowing streams.  In Hialeah, so troubled by floods in recent years, 
Mayor Henry Milander reported that the depth of standing water in many streets surpassed 3.5 feet.  In Miami the Southeast 
Second Avenue bridge, near the mouth of the Miami River, was damaged when it was rammed by a banana boat during the height 
of the storm.  Numerous airplanes were flipped over and damaged by high winds at the Tamiami airport.  And two tornadoes were
reported- one at Fort Lauderdale and another near Opa-Locka, where numerous cars were overturned and considerable damages were
inflicted at the Royal Palm dairy farm" (Barnes).  "Radar report #12- 052130Z- storm center bears 40 degrees true distance 
66 miles from Boca Chica, course 10 degrees true speed 8 knots.  Scope of definition: poor.  Storm appears to be losing form.  
This is the last radar report from Boca Chica Field.  Unable to track due to poor definition" (micro).  "Florida City fire 
(department?) reported at 6 pm (23Z) calm between 5:40 - 5:50 pm (2240-2250Z)- wind changed from SSE to SW and W.  Barometer 
dropped to 28.94 and is back to 29.00.  Wind east 40 mp" (micro).  "Homestead 2316Z- W 30 (mph), barometer 28.92; calm from 
2240Z - 2300Z.  Richmond, FL calm center at 2315Z" (micro).  "10/5/1948 - 963 mb central pressure, based upon 975 measured at 
Sombrero Key, FL, 13 nm RMW, 16 kt movement, 24.8N, 81.0W landfall point" (Ho et al. 1987).  "10/5/1948 - 1010 mb environmental 
pressure, 74 kt 1 min surface wind maximum estimate" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Oct, FL, 2SE, 975 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992). 
"'Sin Nombre' - Oct 5 - Category 3" (Perez et al. 2000).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida, Oct. 5, S Fla., Minimal, Miami bar. 
28.92 in., wind 86 mph" (Dunn and Miller - "Minimal" has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.8N, 75.2W with a separate mid-latitude cyclone centered 
near 38N, 73W, with a cold front extending from that low down to 31N, 73W, and a warm front extending from that low to 
beyond 33N, 62W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 77.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 26.1N, 79.8W, and a 12Z position near 27.7N, 77.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 26.0N, 80.3W, and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 77.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 984 mb centered near 
27.8N, 77.5W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 998 mb at 11Z at 26.8N, 74.7W (HWM, micro); 15 kt SE and 1005 mb at 23Z at 30.9N, 
73.4W (micro).  Land highlights: 3 kt N and 979 mb (central pressure) at 0030Z at Miami (OMR, micro); 75 kt NW (max wind, 1-minute) 
G 78 kt at 0205Z at downtown Miami (MWR, OMR); 981 mb peripheral pressure at 08Z at West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro); 57 kt 
(max wind) G 75-80 kt at West End, Grand Bahama Island (micro).  Five other winds of between 50-78 kt (one of these was estimated), 
and 14 other low pressures between 979-998 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 40 kt NW and 995(?) mb at 19Z at 28.5N, 77.0W (micro).  
Five other gales and one other low pressure.  "By 7:25 pm (5th- 0025Z 6th) the calm center was over Miami.  The Miami Airport 
Station was apparently very near the center of the storm, with lowest pressure 979.3 millibars (28.92 inches) with the wind dropping 
to 3 mph.  At the airport the lull lasted from 7 pm to 7:35 pm and at the City Office 7 miles to the east, from 7 pm to 7:45 pm.  
However, at the City Office the wind did not drop below 19 mph and the lowest pressure was 980.7 millibars (28.96 inches).  Because 
of a better exposure the highest wind, 86 mph, from the northwest with several gusts of 15 seconds above 90 mph, occurred at the City 
Office.  Over Florida the hurricane moved at a fairly rapid rate of about 18 to 20 mph until it passed into the Atlantic in the Fort 
Lauderdale-Pompano area about 9:30 pm of the 5th.  Since the lull lasted 35 to 45 minutes at Miami, the center of the storm was about 
15 miles in diameter.  The sky remained overcast with low stratus clouds during the passage of the center.  Three tornadoes were 
reported along the advancing edge of this hurricane; one at Opa Locka destroyed several houses, another at Fort Lauderdale caused 
minor damage, and a third at Pompano destroyed about 25 houses, many of which were occupied at the time.  A characteristic tornado
dip and recovery in pressure recorded on barograph traces from the Keys to Hillsboro Lighthouse seems to indicate that a single tornado 
may have dipped to earth at several places as it progressed northeastward in advance of the hurricane vortex.  An unusual occurrence during 
this storm was reported from a small summer colony situated on Cudjoe Key.  A home was unroofed during the September hurricane and the roof 
blown or floated northwestward for a distance of about 200 yards.  Two weeks later, during the October hurricane, the same roof was floated 
back across the highway and came to rest in almost the exact location in which it had been originally constructed.  No deaths or critical 
injuries have been reported from Florida as a result of this hurricane.  It is extremely unusual for a hurricane of such intensity to pass 
over heavily populated areas without loss of life.  A summary of casualties and estimated damage (for Florida) follows: deaths, none; 
injured, 42; homes destroyed, 36; homes damaged severely, 638; buildings other than homes destroyed, 45; buildings other than homes damaged, 
50; persons sheltered in 143 Red Cross shelters, 21,663; property damage (includes flooding), $3,500,000; crop damage, $1,500,000; power 
and communications, $400,000; highways, streets, etc., $100,000; total, $5,500,000.  After leaving Florida there was an acceleration in the 
forward movement of the hurricane as it passed north of Grand Bahama Island, with West End reporting winds of near hurricane force" (MWR).  
"This is the first hurricane in Florida history, to my knowledge, in which there was no loss of life" (Grady Norton quoted in Florida 
Climatological Data).  "Once the storm left the Florida coast, it steered out to sea, but not before taking over Grand Bahama Island with 
gusts estimated near 110 mph" (Barnes).  "Miami airport center of hurricane over station.  Lowest pressure 979.3 mb 0006Z" (micro).  
"Received from observer westend, (Grad Bahama Island).  The hurricane passed over Grand Bahama about 3 am EST (08Z).  Highest winds 65 mph 
gusts 85-90 mph.  Lowest barometer pressure 28.96 lowest mercurial reading 29.02.  No damages in the area of westend" (micro).  "Army 
reported center of storm 28.9N, 76.3W at 1930Z" (micro).  "DH10- Storm apparently enlargening and intensifying.  SE quad appears to be 
most violent sector.  Severe turbulence made drift readings impossible at times" (micro).  "10/6/1948 - 977 mb central pressure, based 
upon 979 mb measured at Miami, FL, 16 nm RMW, 13 kt movement (exiting the coast) - (Ho et al. 1987).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.6N, 70.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 69.0W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 73.8W, and a 12Z position near 30.7N, 69.2W with a 971 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 74.7W, and a 12Z position near 31.9N, 68.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
low of at most 987 mb centered near 31.6N, 68.5W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 994 mb at 13Z at 31.0N, 68.5W (micro); 45 kt S and 
994 mb at 20Z at 32.0N, 64.4W (COA).  Three other low pressures of 1003-1004 mb between 02-04Z between 30.5-31.7N, 73.4-74.8W (micro).  
Land highlights: 50 kt SSW and 981 mb at 2130Z at Bermuda (micro); 976 mb at 2145Z at Bermuda (micro); 972 mb at Bermuda (Tucker); 
at least 87 kt at Bermuda (MWR estimate); 25 kt NW and 976 mb at 2230Z at Bermuda (micro). Seven other gales at Bermuda between 35-65 kt 
and five other low pressures at Bermuda between 990-1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 50** kt NNE and (996?) mb at 1740Z at 32.8N, 66.5W 
(micro); at least 50** kt NE and (997?) mb at 1745Z at 32.5N, 67.6W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 1915Z at 31.0N, 66.3W (micro); 
50 kt S and 1005 mb at 1930Z at 31.8N, 64.7W (micro).  Four other gales.  "Continuing a rapid northeastward and later eastward movement, 
the center passed almost directly over Bermuda during the later afternoon of the 7th, where winds in excess of 100 mph were experienced.  
The storm later dissipated in mid-Atlantic in the vicinity of latitude 32N, longitude 48W" (MWR).  "A vicious storm struck the islands 
between 5 and 7 o'clock on Thursday.  A ship report was turned in that the transit movement of the hurricane had tuned up from 22 to 
40 miles an hour - which in all probability meant that its course had recurved.  The barometer began to fall rapidly.  At 2:40 pm 
No. 5 Warning was hoisted; by 5:30 the barometer registered 28.70 inches (972 mb).  The storm blew by, its centre skirting the 
islands' coastline extremely closely, heading east north-east.  By five o'clock, Bermuda was getting winds of 65 miles per hour, 
and after the lull during which winds dropped to 12 mph, the winds blew from the north with tremendously increases velocity, 
gusts being registered at 110 mph.  Though these high winds raged for a comparatively brief time, the damage done was much greater 
than in the September storm.  Driving down the North Shore Road at any time during the next few days, one could not but be aware of 
the dreadful number of houses partly or wholly unroofed.  And all the public utility services suffered severely" (Tucker).  "It 
tracked toward Bermuda, which would become its last victim.  On October 7, it raced over the island with winds that topped 100 mph 
and a forward speed that approached 30 mph.  It then went on for over a week, carving a large clockwise loop in the open Atlantic 
before finally dissipating over cooler waters" (Barnes). "Recon report 0621Z storm at 31.0N, 73.1W" (micro).  "Navy fix at 1610Z 
(Loran fix) lat 31.8N, long 68.5W.  Eye 30 miles in diameter (later said 10 miles south of this position)" (micro).  "Edge of 
center of hurricane observed by Air Force Bermuda Weather Station at 2145Z.  Barometer beginning to level off at lowest pressure 
of 28.81 inches.  Wind shifting from SSE to SSW to SW.  Sky condition overcast at estimated 200 feet.  Light rain is falling" (micro).  
"Associated press reported that the center was at Bermuda at 5:00 pm.  ½ hour calm, hurricane winds for 45 minutes.  Highest winds 
estimated 110 mph" (micro).  "Air force plane put center at 32.4N, 64.8W at 22Z moving NE at 32 mph" (micro).

October 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 57.6W with a trough axis plotted extending from the low southwestward to 
beyond 23N, 69W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 32.7N, 57.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 32.2N, 63.4W, and a 12Z position between the HURDAT and HWM positions.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
32.4N, 64.0W, and a 12Z position just west of the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered 
in the general vicinity of 32.5N, 56.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1009 mb at 1830Z at 29.4N, 57.4W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1008 mb 
at 21Z at 34.0N, 53.0W (COA).  One other gale.  Land highlights: 30 kt NNE and 996 mb at 0030Z at Bermuda (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 
at least 50** kt WSW at 31.2N, 65.5W (micro).  "By 10 am on Friday, October 8th, the hurricane was 500 miles away in a north-easterly 
direction petering out across the Atlantic.  Thankfully, there was no loss of life (at Bermuda) to record" (Tucker).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.7N, 45.8W with a trough axis extending from about 100 nm SW of the low 
southwestward to beyond 25N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 31.9N, 46.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.1N, 52.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 32.6N, 53.0W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 34.0N, 52.0W (COA); 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 03Z at 35.0N, 34.0W (COA).  Two other gales 
of 35 kt.

October 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.9N, 40.7W with the NE end of a NE-SW trough axis located just south of the 
low center.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.1N, 40.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1006 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 
41.8W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 36.6W (HWM).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.6N, 37.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 31.5N, 38.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.3N, 39.7W and a radius of outer closed isobar of at least 1015 mb 
with radius of 1015 isobar about 325 miles.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 30.2N, 39.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.5N, 40.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 30.3N, 41.3W.  
No gales or low pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.3N, 47.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 32.6N, 46.4W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 46.2W (HWM); 45 kt N and 998 mb at 18Z at 33.0N, 48.2W (COA): 35 kt NW and 
992 mb at 18Z at 32.9N, 47.7W (COA).  One other low pressure.

October 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.0N, 48.5W with a mid-latitude low pressure system (with associated warm and 
cold fronts) closely approaching from the west.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 36.7N, 48.0W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.3N, 47.0W, and a 12Z position near 36.4N, 48.1W with a 993 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 25 kt SE and 992 mb at 00Z at 33.9N, 47.2W (COA); 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 46.7W (COA).  Two other gales 
and two other low pressures.

October 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 46.8N, 37.6W with a warm front extending from the low east-southeastward, 
and a cold front extending from the low west-southwestward.  This cold front becomes a stationary front, continuing west-southwestward 
to a baroclinic low of at most 1000 mb centered near 42N, 55.5W.  There is also a cold front extending from this baroclinic low 
southward to beyond 31N, 55W.  HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 41.5N, 46.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.6N, 45.3W, and a 12Z position near 46.5N, 36.6W with a 997 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt N 
and 997 mb at 12Z at 46.7N, 38.5W (COA, HWM); 35 kt S at 12Z at 46.2N, 35.7W (COA).

A tropical cyclone developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 3 October.  HURDAT previously began this system at 18Z on the 
3rd as a 40 kt tropical storm.  However, evidence exists that there was a closed low by 12Z on the 3rd, and a 30 kt tropical 
depression is analyzed at 12Z on the 3rd.  There is evidence that the cyclone remained a depression on the 3rd, so a 30 kt 
depression is maintained for that time (down from 40 kt originally).  Observations also indicate that the position of the tropical
 cyclone at 18Z on the 3rd was well northwest of the original HURDAT position at that time, about three and a half degrees 
northwest of the previous HURDAT position (a major track change).  The new position has the depression centered a short distance
 northwest of Swan Island at 18Z on the 3rd.  This track change is the only major track adjustment for the entire lifetime of the
 cyclone.  A moderate westward shift was introduced early on the 7th based upon aircraft and ship observations and a moderate 
southwestward shift was made late on the 8th based upon ship measurements.  The remainder of the track had minor changes introduced
 to the positions.  The cyclone moved slowly towards the north-northwest until 12Z on the 4th when it reached its westernmost point 
of 19.5N, 85.2W.  Then it turned towards the northeast.  It is analyzed that the cyclone strengthened to a 35 kt tropical storm at 
00Z on the 4th (50 kt originally at 00Z; reached tropical storm intensity 6 hours later than originally shown).  Later on the 4th, 
at 1730Z, an aircraft measured a central pressure of 992 mb.  Another aircraft observation estimated that maximum surface winds 
were about 80 kt.  At 1830Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds along with a pressure of 995 mb.  A central pressure of 991 mb is added 
into HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th.  A central pressure of 991 mb corresponds to an intensity of 62 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone was small (based on the reconnaissance report), its forward motion was 13 kt, and 
it was also intensifying.  Taking all of the above information into consideration, an intensity of 70 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 4th 
(down from 75 kt originally).  HURDAT originally had this becoming a hurricane at 12Z on the 4th, but it is analyzed that the cyclone 
reached hurricane strength at 18Z.  The hurricane made landfall on the south coast of western Cuba at 07Z on 5 October at 22.4N, 83.2W.  
The hurricane continued northeastward and passed a short distance west of Havana.  The highest sustained wind at Havana was 105 kt 
from the SSE at 1026Z on the 5th.  Some sources claim that Havana's highest wind was 115 kt, but this observation is believed to be 
a gust since one of the sources said that it was a gust and that wind speed is much too high for the pressures observed.  110 kt is 
the analyzed intensity for 06Z on the 5th (up from 105 kt originally) and for landfall (07Z).  This is in agreement with the assessment 
of Category 3 landfall in Cuba by Perez et al.  In the 24-hour period from 06Z on the 4th to 06Z on the 5th, it is analyzed that the 
tropical cyclone rapidly intensified from 45 kt to 110 kt (55 kt to 105 kt originally).  The peak intensity for the lifetime of the 
hurricane is reduced slightly from 115 kt to 110 kt.  The hurricane reached the Gulf of Mexico north of Cuba around 11Z.  The analyzed 
intensity for 12Z on the 5th is 105 kt (down from 115 kt originally) allowing for some weakening during its four hours over land.

Only several hours later, the hurricane made a U.S. landfall around 1820-1830Z (~18Z rounded to the nearest hour) on the 5th at the 
location where the Seven Mile Bridge stands today in the Florida Keys.  Sombrero Key Lighthouse (24.6N, 81.1W) measured a pressure 
of 975 mb (the lowest pressure for that station) at 1815Z.  This station recorded its maximum wind (87 kt S estimated and elevated) 
at 1800Z (just 15 minutes before the minimum pressure was recorded).  Moving at 15 kt, the cyclone could have traveled 4 nautical 
miles in 15 minutes.  The RMW was analyzed by Ho et al. (1987) to be 13 nautical miles, which looks reasonable in the analysis.  It 
is also analyzed that the center of the eye was somewhere between 6 to 8 nautical miles west-northwest of Sombrero Key at 1815Z 
(closest approach/time of lowest pressure).  Since there is no available wind observation at the time of the lowest pressure, and 
since the hurricane force maximum winds occurred just 15 minutes before the minimum pressure, the 975 mb minimum pressure recorded 
at Sombrero Key Lighthouse is not treated as a central pressure.  Another reason to believe that the 975 mb observation is not a 
central pressure is due to the 105 kt winds observed at Havana eight hours earlier.  Ho et al. (1987) determined in his analysis 
that the central pressure at landfall in the Keys was 963 mb, and this value is chosen as the central pressure at landfall in the 
Keys as it is reasonable given the information available.  However, because of the uncertainty in the value, 963 mb is not added 
into HURDAT, but the 975 mb originally in the database has been removed at 18Z on the 5th.  For weakening systems, 963 mb corresponds 
to intensities of 95 and 88 kt for south of 25N and north of 25N, respectively.  The RMW was smaller than normal (13 nmi vs. 17 nmi 
climatology for given location and central pressure).  The highest reliable, non-estimated, non-elevated, sustained wind observed in 
the Florida Keys was 74 kt at Boca Chica at 1637Z.  Undoubtedly, higher winds occurred farther east near the center.  An intensity of 
90 kt is analyzed for 18Z and landfall in the Keys, a major change downward from the 110 kt indicated in HURDAT originally.  Next, the 
hurricane made landfall on southern tip of the mainland Florida peninsula just east of Flamingo near 25.1N, 80.9W at 20Z.  The 90 kt 
intensity is maintained for this landfall (there were no central pressures or other data in the Everglades).  The eye passed over 
Homestead, which recorded calm and 975 mb at 2250Z.  The eye then passed over Miami International Airport, which recorded 3 kt N and 
979 mb at 0006Z on the 6th, so the 979 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th is retained.  The highest reliable observed wind 
in mainland Florida was 75 kt at the downtown Miami weather office at 0205Z on the 6th.  The intensity at 00Z on the 6th is analyzed to 
be 80 kt (down from 90 kt originally).  Both southwest Florida (BFL) and southeast Florida (CFL) are analyzed to have received Category 
2 winds from this hurricane, as the landfall point in the Keys was just west of the dividing line between the two regions.

Early on the 6th, the hurricane moved into the Atlantic Ocean east of southern Florida on a northeastward course.  The cyclone then 
accelerated and turned towards the east-northeast and east with the center apparently staying just north of the islands of the northern 
Bahamas.  At 08Z on the 6th, West End, Grand Bahama Island recorded a minimum pressure of 981 mb, which may or may not be a central 
pressure.  The wording in the microfilm text does not suggest strongly enough that this was a central pressure, so it is not treated 
as a central pressure in the analysis.  A 981 mb peripheral pressure corresponds to winds of at least 71 kt using the Brown et al. 
wind-pressure relationship for north of 25N.  The HURDAT intensity of 85 kt is retained for 06Z on the 6th.  Thus the northern Bahamas 
received low-end Category 2 hurricane impacts.  The analyzed intensity of 85 kt is maintained through 06Z on the 7th, so some minor upward 
intensity adjustments were made to HURDAT late on the 6th and early on the 7th.  On the 7th, the positions are adjusted slightly to the west.  
The cyclone approached Bermuda, and the eye passed over the portions of the islands of Bermuda around 22Z on the 7th.  The lowest pressure 
recorded at Bermuda was 972 mb, and it is analyzed that the central pressure was 971 mb.  971 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure 
at 00Z on the 8th.  A central pressure of 971 mb corresponds to an intensity of 83 kt using the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  
The forward motion of the hurricane was 25 kt, but the hurricane had grown somewhat in size from a few days before.  90 kt is chosen as the 
analyzed intensity for 00Z on the 8th (up from 75 kt originally).  By 12Z on the 8th, the wind and temperature structure of the cyclone suggests
that it developed some extratropical characteristics for about a day.  However, as no frontal boundaries are apparent, the system is retained as 
a tropical cyclone on the 8th and 9th.  One reason why the cyclone may have displayed this behavior is because a weak occluded low, which had 
been located to the northwest of the hurricane, may have been absorbed by the circulation of the hurricane on the 8th.  This could have caused 
the hurricane to increase in size and weaken somewhat.  It may also have caused the map analysts in 1948 some confusion.  (More details about 
this extratropical or occluded low can be found in note 14 of the additional notes section.)  On the 9th, the system weakened to a tropical 
storm around 06Z, the same as originally shown in HURDAT.  The tropical storm then greatly slowed its forward motion, and it did a small 
clockwise loop between the 9th and the 14th of October as indicated in HURDAT (with minor track changes each day except for no alterations 
on the 11th and 12th).  On some of those days, although observations are sparse, there are enough observations to be confident that the cyclone 
remained closed throughout the period indicated in HURDAT and to make the appropriate track alterations.  On the 14th at 18Z, a ship measured a 
peripheral pressure of 992 with 35 kt winds.  On the 15th at 00Z, a ship measured a minimum peripheral pressure of 992 mb with a lull of 25 kt 
winds.  Based upon these observations, at 00Z on the 15th, it is analyzed that the central pressure is 989 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT.  
989 mb equals 61 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The highest observed winds around that time were 45 kt at 18Z on the 14th 
and 50 kt at 06Z on the 15th.  60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th (both up from 40 kt originally- major 
intensity changes).  After the cyclone performed a loop, it moved northward on the 15th.  The final position listed in HURDAT is at 00Z on the 
16th at 41.5N, 46.6W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The analysis indicates that HURDAT's position for 00Z on the 16th is reasonably accurate, and 
that the cyclone is still a tropical storm at that time.  However, the intensity is raised from 35 kt to 50 kt at 00Z on the 16th.  After 00Z 
on the 16th, it is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical, but was still closed.  Two 6-hourly points are added as an extratropical 
cyclone.  The new final point is at 12Z on the 16th at 46.5N, 37.5W as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone.  After this time, it is analyzed that 
the cyclone became absorbed within a larger extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1948 Storm 10 (was Storm 9) - Revised in 2014

34190 11/08/1948 M= 4  9 SNBR= 758 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
34190 11/08/1948 M= 4 10 SNBR= 758 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
                      **

34195 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*246 633  60    0*
34195 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*258 660  45    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

34200 11/09*254 668  60    0*259 688  65    0*263 708  70    0*273 724  70    0*
34200 11/09*262 678  50  996*266 695  50    0*271 712  55    0*278 728  60  994*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

34205 11/10*288 736  70    0*301 744  65    0*314 747  60    0*331 745  60    0*
34205 11/10*289 739  65  990*301 744  65    0*314 748  65    0*336 750  60    0*
            *** ***  **  ***                      ***  **      *** ***  

34210 11/11E352 739  55    0E368 725  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34210 11/11*357 739  55  994E368 725  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****          ***          **

34215 HR                 

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this November hurricane.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

November 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.5N 59W.  HURDAT does not yet 
list this system.  Ship/station highlights:  No low pressures or high winds.

November 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.3N, 65.6W.  HURDAT first lists 
this at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical storm at 24.6N, 63.3W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1000 mb 
at 21Z at 26.4N, 67.0W (COA); 30 kt NNE and (1003?) mb at 23Z at 27.8N, 68.6W (micro).  "A 
tropical disturbance was detected on the afternoon of November 8 over the Atlantic, in the 
vicinity of latitude 26N, longitude 67.5W.  At that time it had a small area of winds of about 
hurricane force.  Estimates made from reconnaissance planes indicated highest winds of about 60 
to 70 knots which were maintained during the next 2 days as the storm moved on a curving course 
to the northwest and north" (MWR).

November 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 71.4W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 70 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 70.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 24.8N, 67.5W, and a 12Z position near 27.2N, 71.7W with a 1004 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.6N, 67.5W, and a 12Z position near 
26.6N, 71.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HWM position.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 00Z at 26.5N, 67.4W (COA); 45 kt E and 1004 mb at (1145Z?) 
at 28.2N, 71.2W (micro); 40 kt W and (1000?) mb at 2030Z at 28.2N, 73.5W (micro); 15 kt NNW and 
992 mb at 21Z at 28.4N, 73.5W (micro).  One other gale and four other low pressures. Aircraft 
highlights: center fix at 1815Z at 27.8N, 72.8W with 65 kt estimated max winds and 994 mb (central?) 
pressure (micro); center fix at 22Z at 29.1N, 73.5W with 65 kt estimated max winds and 990 mb 
(central?) pressure.  Two other gales and two other low pressures.  "Navy recon plane 1815Z storm 
position 27.8N, 72.8W, max winds by quadrants: SW- 45 kt, E- 65 kt, NE- 60 kt, S- 55 kt.  Min pressure 
994 mbs" (micro).  Air force plane reported: center (22Z) 29.1N, 73.5W.  Min pressure 989.9 mb, 
strongest winds south of center 38 kt; strongest wind N and NE of center 65 kt; hurricane winds 20 miles 
across; storm winds 100 miles N-NE-E of center; very little S and SW" (micro).

November 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 32.2N, 77.0W with a N-S cold front 
approaching a few hundred nm to the west of the storm.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm 
at 31.4N, 74.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.4N, 74.1W, and 
a 12Z position near 31.8N, 75.4W with a 994 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 28.8N, 73.6W, and a 12Z position near 31.6N, 75.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm 
of at most 996 mb centered near 32.2N, 75.2W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 1630Z at 32.1N, 
74.4W (micro).  Five other gales between 35-45 kt, and one other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix at 1355Z at 31.8N, 74.9W with 70 kt estimated max winds (micro); 75-80 kt estimated 
max winds and a 994 central pressure at 2130Z (micro).  Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and one other 
low pressure of 994 mb.  "By the late afternoon of the 10th the organized center began to disintegrate 
and the wind rapidly lost force, so that by the time it passed east of Hatteras it had dissipated into 
an area of squalls to the east of the original center.  No damage has been reported in connection with 
this storm" (MWR).  "Navy fix 31.8N, 74.9W at 1355Z, max wind 70 knots" (micro).  "The flight aerologist 
said that the storm is somewhat similar to yesterday except that the weak side on the SW is even weaker 
today insofar as the radar picture is concerned.  The bad weather and heavy squalls are concentrated on 
the NE and E side.  There was a fairly well marked wind shift out the SW side, as though a cold front 
might be trying to form in there.  However, the cloud structure hadn't followed through as of yet.  The 
eye was about 20 miles across, but not well formed on W and SW side.  No evidence of frontal structure 
in E or NE quadrants" (micro).  (Late on the 10th): Post flight summary (transmitted at 0215Z on the 11th): 
Entered through SE quadrant, left through NE quadrant.  Estimate maximum winds in NE quadrant 75 to 80 knots.  
Pressure in eye 994 mb.  Storm has well defined eye with...low scattered cumulus and high scattered cirrus.  
NE quadrant has stronger winds, more turbulence, more precipitation, and lower ceilings than SE quadrant.  
Pressure gradient not exceptionally strong near eye" (micro).  "Duck position of storm 2130Z 34.8N, 74.2W" 
(micro).

November 11:
HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW cold front extending from north of 49N, 60W, to SW of 29N, 78W.  HURDAT last lists 
this at 06Z as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 36.8N, 72.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 35.4N, 74.4W, and a 12Z position near 41.6N, 68.3W with a 1001 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map last shows this system at 00Z near 35.3N, 74.0W.  The microfilm analysis is similar to the HWM analysis.  
Ship highlights: 20 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 66.4W (COA); 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12Z at 40.7N, 64.0W (COA).  
One other low pressure.

A sharp trough existed in the Atlantic in the area northeast of Puerto Rico on 7 November.  The lowest pressure 
was 1009 mb, the highest wind was 30 kt, and there was a 10 kt SW wind at 12Z.  However, there is not enough 
evidence to close off the low on the 7th.  There are not any consistent indications of a closed low or the existence 
of a tropical storm until 21Z on the 8th.  Three observations from COADS ship #1413 at 18Z on the 8th, 21Z, and 
00Z on the 9th, respectively, indicate that the ship passed through or near the center of a tropical storm.  HURDAT 
starts this tropical storm at 18Z on the 8th with an intensity of 60 kt.  Although no changes are made to the timing 
of genesis, the true genesis may not have been captured (i.e. this system may have been a tropical storm or tropical 
depression earlier).  45 kt is the new analyzed starting intensity at 18Z on the 8th (down from 60 kt originally).  
The ship previously mentioned was inside the RMW at 21Z on the 8th.  At 21Z, the ship recorded 35 kt N winds with a 
pressure of 1000 mb.  The reason why it is assumed that this observation is inside the RMW is because three hours later, 
the ship recorded 45 kt winds with a higher pressure- 1006 mb.  A central pressure of 996 mb is added into HURDAT for 
00Z on the 9th.  A central pressure of 996 mb corresponds to an intensity of 54 kt (50 kt) using the Brown et al. pressure 
wind relationship for south of 25N (north of 25N).  50 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 9th (down from 60 kt originally).  A 
major track adjustment was made at the first point at 18Z on the 8th based upon ship #1413 and other nearby ships.  The 
position is shifted about 3 degrees to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position.  This change also corrected 
the unrealistically fast initial movement originally shown in HURDAT.  On the 9th, the positions are also shifted to the 
north and west of the previous HURDAT positions, but the changes are all minor.  The first aircraft center fix was at 1815Z 
on the 9th at 27.8N, 72.8W.  The aircraft estimated maximum surface winds of 65 kt while measuring a central pressure of 
994 mb.  994 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure for 18Z on the 9th.  A central pressure of 994 mb equals 53 kt 
using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 9th (down from 70 kt 
originally).  At 22Z on the 9th, there was another aircraft center fix at 29.1N, 73.5W.  The aircraft measured a central 
pressure of 990 mb and maximum surface winds of 65 kt were estimated.  990 mb is added into HURDAT as a central pressure for 
00Z on the 10th.  990 mb equals 59 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  65 kt is chosen for the intensity 
at 00Z on the 10th (down from 70 kt originally).  The next day, an aircraft performed a center fix at 1355Z on the 10th at 
31.8N, 74.9W and estimated maximum winds of 70 kt.  There was another aircraft center fix on the 10th at 2130Z at 34.8N, 
74.2W with a central pressure of 994 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 75-80 kt.  A central pressure of 994 mb is 
added into HURDAT for 00Z on the 11th.  A 994 mb central pressure corresponds to an intensity of 53 kt using the Brown et 
al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 58 kt using the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
65 kt is analyzed for the intensity at both 12 and 18Z on the 10th (both up from 60 kt originally), and 55 kt is the analyzed 
intensity at 00Z on the 11th (no change).  Previously, HURDAT analyzed the peak intensity of this hurricane to be 70 kt from 
12Z on the 9th through 00Z on the 10th.  This analysis has the peak intensity at 65 kt from 00Z on the 10th though 18Z on the 
10th.  Track changes on the 10th were all very minor (the largest factor in the track adjustments were the aircraft center 
fixes).  Early on the 11th, as the storm moved towards the north-northeast off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, 
a strong cold front approached from the west and began to absorb the cyclone.  HURDAT previously had the cyclone becoming 
extratropical at 00Z on the 11th, but the analysis indicates that it did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 11th.  The 
final point in both HURDAT and in this analysis is at 06Z on the 11th at 36.8N, 72.5W as an extratropical storm.  HURDAT's p
revious intensity of 50 kt is adjusted down to 40 kt for the last point at 06Z on the 11th.  Shortly thereafter, the low became 
extremely elongated, and it was completely absorbed into the powerful frontal system.

The following quotes from the Air Weather Service tech report should be noted regarding this cyclone: "[Storm 10 
(was Storm 9)] (7-11 November 1948) originated on an easterly wave passing under a westerly trough near 28N, 72W.  
It moved NW with no change in intensity into a frontal structure off the coast of Cape Hatteras and rapidly dissipated 
due to the introduction of cold polar air into the system" (AWS).  The AWS tech report claims that this storm "deepened 
to near hurricane force" and in the table at the end of the report, the AWS claims that this was a hurricane for one 
day and a tropical storm for 4 days.

********************************************************************************

1948 Additional Notes:


1) In January, a small low was noted in HWM starting on the 16th which formed from a westward moving trough 
on the 15th.  The low was pretty far south.  There is no doubt that the low had a closed circulation from 
the 16th to the 18th.  On the 16th, both air temperatures and sea-surface temperatures were in the upper 60s.  
On the 17th and 18th, they were in the 70s.  There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system, 
although the data was rather sparse.  The highest observed wind was 25 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 
1008 mb from HWM, MWR, and COADS.  It is possible that this system could have been a tropical cyclone on the 
17th and 18th, but it is not added into HURDAT since there are no observed gales or low pressures.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jan 15					Open trough 26N, 42W to 18N, 46W 
Jan 16		24N	48W		Extratropical low
Jan 17		24N	50W		Occluded Low/Tropical depression?
Jan 18		23N	56W		Occluded Low/Tropical depression?
Jan 19					Dissipated

2) A low developed north of The Dominican Republic on 19 February.  It moved generally eastward through the 
24th of February.  The designation of a tropical depression may be generous.  On the 19th and 20th, while the 
low was probably closed, it appears very weak.  On the 21st through the 23rd, it might not have had a closed, 
compact circulation typical of a tropical cyclone.  Temperatures were in the lower to middle 70s and there was
a slight temperature gradient across the low, but it still may have been a tropical depression.  On the 24th, 
a combination of HWM and COADS observations indicates that it was probably closed on that day.  There were no 
observed gales or low pressures associated with this system between the 19th and 24th.  The first low pressures 
are observed on the 25th and the first gales are observed on the 26th, but it is analyzed that the low became 
extratropical by the 25th.  The extratropical low continued moving northeastward until 29 February when it was 
absorbed by another extratropical low.  There were no observed gales or low pressures during the tropical portion 
of the low's lifetime.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Feb 19		20N	68W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 20		23N	63W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 21		24N	61W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 22		23N	58W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 23		20N	52W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 24		20N	50W		Low/Tropical depression?
Feb 25		25N	49W		Extratropical
Feb 26		27N	46W		Extratropical
Feb 27		38N	33W		Extratropical
Feb 28		39N	26W		Extratropical
Feb 29					Absorbed

3) A quite long-lived cyclone existed in the central Atlantic for much of April.  A search of observations from 
HWM, MWR, and COADS was performed.  A weak broad low developed on 5 April that was associated with a trough that 
extended on the 5th from 22N, 51W to 5N, 58W.  HWM shows that the low moved northeastward for the next few days, 
but there is no evidence of a closed low and there were no gales or low pressures for the first several days.  
From the 8th to the 11th, the low slowed down and moved slowly towards the north, but it still could not be closed 
off.  On the 12th, the low ran into a weak, dissipating front which had approached from the west.  The weak front 
may have provided some fuel for the low, which spun up and was closed from the 12th through the 17th.  On the 13th 
at 12Z, there were two separate highlight observations.  One was a gale of 35 kt and another was a low pressure of 
1004 mb.  But the low was clearly extratropical on this day.  The low began to occlude on the 14th and may still be 
considered an occluded low on the 15th or perhaps a tropical depression.  From the 15th to 17th, it may have been a 
tropical depression.  There was one more low pressure observation of 1005 mb on the 15th (the only highlight 
observation for this system's lifetime when it may have been a TC) but without another piece of information, this 
system cannot be added into HURDAT.  From the 18th to the 24th of April, HWM shows that the low meandered around the 
Atlantic, but observations do not indicate that the low was closed these days.  On the 24th, the low merged with a 
front and attained extratropical characteristics, and it was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone on the 26th.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Apr 5		13N	55W		Broad low/trough
Apr 6		16N	50W		Broad low/trough
Apr 7		19N	46W		Broad low/trough
Apr 8		22N	42W		Broad low/trough
Apr 9		23N	41W		Broad low/trough
Apr 10		26N	41W		Broad low/trough
Apr 11		28N	42W		Broad low/trough
Apr 12		33N	46W		Extratropical low
Apr 13		32N	48W		Extratropical storm
Apr 14		27N	48W		Occluded low
Apr 15		24N	45W		Tropical depression
Apr 16		26N	44W		Tropical depression
Apr 17		26N	44W		Tropical depression
Apr 18		26N	43W		Broad low/trough
Apr 19		22N	46W		Broad low/trough
Apr 20		23N	51W		Broad low/trough
Apr 21		26N	54W		Broad low/trough
Apr 22		27N	51W		Broad low/trough
Apr 23		30N	44W		Broad low/trough
Apr 24		34N	44W		Broad low/trough
Apr 25		40N	40W		Extratropical
Apr 26					Dissipated

4) The MWR post-season Atlantic tropical cyclone summary and track map, Tannehill (1952), the Charleston, 
SC May 1948 OMR, the South Carolina May climatological data summary, and Jack Beven's list of suspects 
indicate that a possible tropical storm may have made landfall on either the Georgia coast or the lower 
South Carolina coast on 12 May.  HWM and COADS were utilized as well to analyze this suspect.  A low (or 
possibly just a trough) was found on 10 May near the Bahamas.  It moved northwards very near the east coast 
of Florida on the 11th, and moved inland on the 12th.  Charleston, SC recorded a 1-minute sustained wind of 
35 kt from the SE around 0830Z on the 12th.  The winds at Charleston were under the influence of the 
circulation of the low from approximately 01Z on the 12th to 18Z on the 13th.  Hourly averaged winds at 
Charleston of over 20 mph were experienced every hour from 05Z on the 12th through 13Z on the 12th.  The South 
Carolina May climatological data summary shows that the eastern half of South Carolina received a lot of 
precipitation on the 11th through the 13th of May (although some of the precipitation on the 13th could have 
been more associated with an approaching front).  There were no observed pressures lower than 1012 mb associated 
with this system until well after landfall when it was extratropical.  The delta p between the cyclone and the 
environment appears to be 3 to 4 mb, but the central pressure of the cyclone is not really known.  The only gale 
was the one gale observed at Charleston.  The HWM map from May 12th clearly shows that the low was closed and 
that the low displayed a compact circulation- typical of tropical cyclones.  There was barely any temperature 
gradient across the low.  Since there was only one observed gale and no observed low pressures, this system is 
not added into HURDAT since two pieces of evidence are needed to add a suspect into HURDAT.  The cyclone moved 
northward and became extratropical on the 13th.  It moved northeastward and continued as an extratropical cyclone 
until it merged with another extratropical cyclone on 17 May.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 10					Open trough
May 11		26N	79W		Open trough
May 12		32N	81W		Tropical storm???
May 13		39N	78W		Extratropical
May 14		41N	73W		Extratropical
May 15		44N	62W		Extratropical
May 16		49N	47W		Extratropical
May 17					Absorbed

5) HWM shows that a tropical wave moving westward through the Caribbean Sea on 27 and 28 July started to develop 
a circulation that turned northward into the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 29th and 30th.  By the 31st, a tropical 
depression had formed, and it persisted through August 1st, with a well-defined, closed, warm-core circulation.  
It dissipated on August 2nd, and a detailed analysis was not performed to determine whether it moved inland as a 
tropical cyclone late on the 1st or early on the 2nd.  There were no gales or low pressures observed with this system 
after a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS.  However, the July, 1948 Florida climatological data summary indicates that 
on the 31st of July, Tampa, FL recorded a maximum 5-minute averaged wind of 34 mph (30 kt) from the south (with the 
cyclone located west of Tampa on that day).  An alternative scenario for the evolution of this system is that it moved 
inland (Atlanta, Georgia reported 33 mph SE winds on August 1), instead of remaining over the Gulf of Mexico.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 27	   	21N, 73W to 11N, 77W	Broad low/trough
Jul 28	   	21N, 83W to 13N, 85W	Broad low/trough
Jul 29	   	26N, 85W to 22N, 88W	Broad low/trough
Jul 30		27N	86W		Weak low/trough
Jul 31		28N	86W		Tropical depression
Aug 01		29N	86W		Tropical depression
Aug 02					Dissipated

6) An area of troughiness appeared in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 11 August.  It moved across northern Florida
and was located in the Atlantic off the coast of Georgia on the 12th.  It continued to move quickly northeastward, and 
likely attained a closed circulation on the 13th when a pressure of 1003 mb was observed by a ship at 12Z on the 13th.  
The temperatures around the low were very warm on the 13th, and the low was likely a tropical cyclone on this day.  The 
highest winds observed on the 13th were only 25 kt, and the 1003 mb observation was the only low pressure observation on 
that date based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS.  At 06Z on the 14th, a ship reported 25 kt SW winds and a pressure 
of 995 mb with a temperature of 60 degrees.  It is estimated that the system became extratropical around 00Z on the 14th, 
while south of Canada.   As the system only had one low pressure observation and no high wind measurements before 
extratropical transition, this cyclone is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 11		28N	85W		Broad low/trough
Aug 12	        32N	78W		Broad low/trough
Aug 13		37N	69W		Tropical depression/storm
Aug 14		47N	61W		Extratropical
Aug 15		54N	54W		Extratropical
Aug 16		58N	42W		Extratropical
Aug 17					Absorbed

7) A low apparently developed along a frontal boundary on 16 August off the coast of South Carolina.  It moved northeastward, 
staying off of the United States coast.  On the 17th, although there was not much of a temperature gradient across the low, 
the wind structure was still asymmetric and frontal in nature.  On the 18th, the wind structure was more circularly symmetric, 
but the temperature gradient across the low increased and was too great to be considered a tropical cyclone.  After that, it 
accelerated in the mid-latitude westerlies.  There was one observed gale of 35 kt with this system at 12Z on the 18th and there 
was one observed low pressure of 1004 mb at 06Z on the 19th based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. Although it is possible 
that this system may have been a tropical depression for a short time late on the 17th and early on the 18th, this system is not 
added into HURDAT as there is little to no evidence that this system was a tropical storm.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 16		33N	75W		Broad low/trough; extratropical
Aug 17		35N	70W		Extratropical
Aug 18		41N	63W		Extratropical
Aug 19		45N	53W		Extratropical
Aug 20					Absorbed

8) Two different newspaper articles - provided by Mike Chenoweth, both from The West Indian, indicate the possibility that a 
disturbance progressed westward across the southern Caribbean Sea from 29 August to 1 September.  The newspaper describes bad 
weather in Trinidad on 29 August.  The newspaper also describes "a hurricane" that sunk a ship in the southwestern Caribbean 
on 1 September.  HWM, COADS, and microfilm were utilized to search for indications of a tropical cyclone.  A single west wind 
(10 kt W with 1002 mb) was recorded from a ship at 13N 74.5W at 00Z 31 August.  However, earlier and subsequent measurements 
in that vicinity show only east winds and high pressures, so this observation may be suspect.  There were no observed gales or 
no additional low pressures from any of the sources, and a closed circulation was not found either.  Thus, this suspect is not 
added into HURDAT.  The following are quotes from the newspaper articles: Regarding the suspect disturbance in Trinidad... "When 
the worst squall to hit Trinidad in thirteen years, according to reports, bore down on Port of Spain harbour last Sunday morning 
(August 29, 1948) the Grenada schooner Elody F...sank as she was being towed out from alongside Queen's wharf jetty by a launch.  
Other schooners...fought a strong southwest wind to take refuge in the open harbour and most of them got clear.  A Government launch 
and three lighters were sunk while several other small craft sustained damage.  Landslides occurred in various parts of Trinidad, 
houses were damaged in some districts and there were losses in livestock and poultry in resulting floods brought on by rains 
accompanying the squall" (The West Indian from Wednesday, September 1, 1948).  On September 1st, a small ship which had been 
enroute from Cuba to Cartagena, Colombia sunk approximately "130 miles off the Colombian coast, 200 miles from Panama, and about 
30 hours from port" (The West Indian from September 9th).  "A tiny Circus ship was swallowed up by a hurricane which swept the 
Caribbean in the dark morning of September 1.  Forty-four of the number of persons aboard and thirty-nine trained animals are 
missing and are feared to be lost.  The Norwegian motor vessel 'Caribe' radioed yesterday that she had picked up twelve survivors 
in a lifeboat, 770 miles south of Miami.  Naval experts in Havana piecing together bits of information in by the 'Caribe' said 
that they thought the Circus ship, a 140-foot Honduran motor vessel 'Euzkera' probably capsized in heavy seas because she was 
overladen.  The 'Euzkera' was carrying the Razzore Circus from Cuba to Cartagena, Colombia.  There were fifty-six persons aboard, 
forty-six of them passengers.  Circus officials, performers, and labourers with their wives and families.  There also were fifty-nine 
trained animals- lions, tigers, monkeys, horses and dogs.  Those rescued by the 'Caribe' were three crew members and nine passengers" 
(The West Indian from September 9th).  "The 'Caribe' arrived yesterday with twelve survivors of the Circus ship 'Euzkera' which were 
down in a storm off Columbia, September 1st.  All twelve survivors had been injured and had gone without food or water for a week.  
The crew member said he was told that the 'Euzkera' broke her steering cable, went out of control, and capsized because of a heavy 
deck load; she sunk stern first" (The West Indian from September 9th).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 28		11N	58W		Open wave
Aug 29		11N	63W		Open wave
Aug 30		11N	68W		Open wave
Aug 31		12N	73W		Open wave
Sep 01		12N	79W		Open wave
Sep 02		13N	85W		Open wave

9) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, and microfilm indicate that a low developed off the Georgia coast on 2 
September associated with a frontal boundary and moved east-northeastward and then northeastward at a rapid pace.  Observations indicate 
that this low may have possibly become a tropical cyclone from approximately 12Z on the 3rd through 06Z on the 4th before becoming 
extratropical again.  The first observed gale occurred at 00Z on the 4th, during the period of time when the cyclone was closest to being 
a tropical cyclone based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS.  At 12Z on the 4th, another gale was observed, but the cyclone appears to 
be extratropical again by 12Z on the 4th.  The lowest observed pressure during the time it may have been tropical is 1008 mb, and 1006 mb 
was observed at 12Z on the 4th.  Since there is only one piece of evidence (the one gale of 35 kt at 00Z on the 4th) during the time that 
this cyclone may have possibly been tropical, this system is not added into HURDAT.  Even though the wind and temperature structure indicates 
that this cyclone may have been a tropical cyclone for a short period of time, the fast forward motion in an east-northeasterly direction is
 a more typical motion for an extratropical cyclone rather than a tropical cyclone.  Thus, the analysis indicates that this system never did 
attain tropical status.  It is worth mentioning that the one new storm which was added into HURDAT in 1948 (1948 Storm 7) started to develop 
its circulation on 5 September along the cold front that extended southwestward from the extratropical cyclone mentioned here.  At 12Z on the 
5th, the developing circulation of 1948 storm 7 was located about 700 nautical miles southwest of this extratropical cyclone along the cold 
front.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 02		31N	77W		Extratropical
Sep 03		32N	70W		Extratropical
Sep 04		34N	62W		Extratropical
Sep 05		43N	47W		Extratropical
Sep 06		52N	33W		Extratropical
Sep 07					Absorbed

10) The microfilm map from 12Z on September 8th indicates that a Navy Aircraft intercepted extremely bad weather at 17Z on the 8th near 
14.1N, 81.8W.  The following is a text from microfilm: "081702Z: Report from Navy Plane: Extremely bad weather.  Wind to 50 kt in gusts.  
High Sea.  Visibility zero.  14.1N, 81.8W" (micro).  HWM, MWR, and COADS indicate the lowest pressure on the 7th through the 9th is 
1008 mb and strongest wind is 20 kt, with no indication of a closed low within the Caribbean and Central America.  It is suspected that 
the aircraft encountered a squall line embedded within a tropical wave.  Thus, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 7           ----    72W		Open Wave
Sep 8		----	81W		Open Wave
Sep 9		----    90W             Open Wave

11) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, the MWR September river section (p 208, paragraph 4), the September 1948 
Louisiana climatological data summary, microfilm, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that a low formed along a frontal boundary 
in the western Gulf of Mexico on 11-12 September and moved northeastward to the Louisiana coast on 13 September.  It made landfall in 
Louisiana just after 12Z on the 13th before stalling and dissipating over extreme southern Louisiana by the afternoon of the 14th.   It 
is uncertain from the analysis whether the system became a tropical cyclone or stayed extratropical.  There were no observed gales at any 
point with this system, although there were three 30 kt wind observations and one low pressure of 1003 mb, all on the 13th based upon a 
search of HWM, MWR, and COADS. The following is a quote from the Louisiana climatological data summary: "...Rainfall was 3.26 inches above 
normal (for the month).  This excess resulted from unusually heavy rains in the southeast (part of the state) on the 3rd-4th and on the 
12th-13th (of the month); the first in connection with the hurricane on the 4th, and the latter in connection with squalls of tropical 
origin; 8.00" were recorded at Morgan City and 7.47" at Houma during the 24 hours ending at 7:00 am on the 13th" (September, 1948 Louisiana 
Climatological Data).  Regarding the flooding in Louisiana.. "Atchafalaya Basin: Light flooding occurred on the Atchafalaya River at Morgan 
City, LA on the 13th due to strong south and southeast winds caused by the passage of a small cyclonic disturbance over southwestern Louisiana.  
These winds caused the water to back up the river to slightly above bank-full stage from 6:15 am to 2:50 pm.  No damage was reported" (MWR).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 11					Broad low/trough
Sep 12		27N	95W		Extratropical?
Sep 13		29N	93W		Extratropical/tropical depression/storm ?
Sep 14					Dissipated

12) On 15 September, a trough of low pressure was located in the Gulf of Mexico.  A 35 kt gale from the ESE was observed at 18Z on the 
15th from a ship at 27.9N, 91.3W, but there was not a closed low at that time.  A closed low formed from the trough on the 16th, but 
since there are no gales or low pressures on the 16th, a tropical depression is analyzed for this day.  On the 17th, the depression 
quickly dissipated as environmental conditions quickly became unfavorable.  Even if the low was closed when the gale occurred, this 
system cannot be added into HURDAT with only one piece of evidence based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 15	    28N, 92W to 23N 94W		Broad low/trough
Sep 16		26N	94W		Tropical depression	
Sep 17					Dissipated

13) HWM, the MWR September tracks of centers of cyclones, microfilm, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects show that a low, which 
was first apparent on 24 September in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, moved slowly across the northern Yucatan Peninsula and into the 
eastern Gulf of Mexico.  After that, it moved northward and made landfall between 00Z and 06Z on the 28th in the Florida Panhandle close 
to Apalachicola.  The highest observed wind with this system from any source is 25 kt.  There was one observed low pressure of 1005 mb 
at 18Z on the 27th when the system was approaching the Florida Panhandle.  Pressures of 1006 mb were observed on the 24th and again on 
the 27th at 12Z.  This system never appeared to attain the structure of a tropical cyclone.  It may have become extratropical as soon 
as it was a closed low.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 24		18N	86W		Broad low/trough
Sep 25	    	19N	86W		Broad low/trough
Sep 26		21N	88W		Broad low/trough
Sep 27		26N	86W		Extratropical
Sep 28		34N	87W		Extratropical
Sep 29		36N	89W		Extratropical
Sep 30		43N	87W		Extratropical
Oct 01					Absorbed

14) A westward moving tropical wave appeared near the Lesser Antilles on 25 September in both HWM and microfilm.  When the wave had 
reached the central Caribbean on the 27th, aircraft flew the wave and found that it was a moderately strong wave with wind gusts to 
45 kt and heavy squalls, but a closed circulation was not found.  However, there was one aircraft observation that day of 1005 mb with 
estimated surface winds of 35 kt.  But the first relevant wind with a westerly component does not appear until 12Z on the 28th (15 kt SW), 
but this appears not to be enough to call it a closed low yet.  On the 29th, when it had reached the northwestern Caribbean Sea, an aircraft 
reconnaissance investigation found the following: "Complete search of area shows well-organized circle of storm but open to west and northwest;
 wind SE 30 (mph)" (micro).  The same plane measured a lowest surface pressure of 1004 mb.  Given some westerly winds from the aircraft, this 
system may have been a tropical depression or close to being a depression on the 29th.  On the 30th, the disturbance moved into the northern 
Yucatan Peninsula, and on 1 October it moved slowly north into the southern Gulf of Mexico.  Available wind observations indicate very light 
winds and an ill-defined circulation on the 30th and 1st, and it is possible that the land interaction with the Yucatan Peninsula disrupted 
the circulation.  By the 2nd of October whatever was left of the weak area of low pressure started to elongate and open into a trough.  On 
the 3rd and 4th, cold air moving southward over the central/eastern part of the United States along with the formation of a hurricane in the 
western Caribbean Sea acted to prevent any opportunity for redevelopment of this system as a tropical entity.  The area of disturbed weather 
apparently moved northeastward across the northern Florida Peninsula and it deepened as an extratropical cyclone on the 5th as it moved along 
the coastlines of North Carolina and Virginia producing strong gales.  Several ships and US cities reported sustained winds of between 35-50 kt 
along and near the mid-Atlantic coast between 12Z on the 5th and 00Z on the 6th, but this cyclone was clearly extratropical on the 5th.  On the 
6th, it turned eastward but slowed down, and by the 8th, it had either dissipated or was absorbed by the circulation of storm 9, which was a 
hurricane moving eastward by Bermuda at the time.  The system indicated here from September 25th through October 8th may not have been one 
coherent system.  On the 1st or 2nd of October, the system may have dissipated altogether and it is possible that a new trough appeared and 
became the extratropical cyclone that plagued the east coast on the 5th.  Another scenario is that the remnants of the system in the northeastern 
Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd combined with a separate trough to generate the extratropical cyclone on the 5th.

There were no observed gales with this system between 28 September and 4 October based upon a search of HWM, MWR, and COADS.  The system was not 
closed until the 29th of September.  It was extratropical on the 5th of October.  The only time this system could have possibly been a tropical 
storm is on the 29-30th before landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula, but the evidence is not strong enough so this system is not added into HURDAT.

Highlights/recap:
27th Aircraft ob of 35 kt and 1005 mb but not a closed low
28th: Ship with SW wind 15 kt (first relevant westerly wind component) 
29th: Aircraft- 1004 mb; aircraft report implies it may be a closed TD
Last observed gale in Caribbean Sea: 9/27 18Z  (not yet closed)
Next observed gale: 10/05 ~1030ZZ (extratropical)

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 25		13N	58W		Open wave
Sep 26		14N	64W		Open wave
Sep 27		15N	70W		Open wave
Sep 28		16N	76W		Open wave
Sep 29		18N	84W		Tropical depression
Sep 30		21N	88W		Tropical depression
Oct 01		24N	90W		Tropical depression
Oct 02		26N	87W		Tropical depression
Oct 03		28N	85W		Broad low/trough
Oct 04		30N	81W		Broad low/trough
Oct 05		35N	76W		Extratropical storm
Oct 06		38N	73W		Extratropical
Oct 07		38N	71W		Broad low
Oct 08					Dissipated or absorbed by the hurricane (storm 9)

15) A closed low formed just off the southeast coast of the United States on 23 October.  At 12Z on the 23rd, the temperature southwest of 
the low in Jacksonville, FL was 51 degrees and the temperature east of the low from a ship with 69 degrees with a south wind.  Therefore, 
this low was likely extratropical from the time it formed on the 23rd.  HWM and the MWR October tracks of centers of cyclones were utilized 
to track this cyclone.  The combination of this cyclone and a strong pressure gradient from high pressure over the Great Lakes region produced 
a 5-minute maximum wind of 50 kt at Block Island on the 24th.  MWR p 236 states that Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, Cape Cod, and southern Rhode 
Island experienced gales and rain from 10Z on the 24th to 04Z on the 26th.  Regarding the storm in eastern MA and RI... "Northeast storm of 
unusually long duration, accompanied by winds of gale force and resulting high seas, caused moderate damage to small craft and shore property, 
and electric power failures in southeastern Massachusetts and the Narragansett area of Rhode Island.  Heavy rain interrupted traffic and 
caused numerous highway accidents throughout eastern Massachusetts" (MWR).  On the 26th, the extratropical cyclone moved eastward and away from 
the United States.  It continued moving slowly (for an extratropical system) eastward through the Atlantic and turned northeastward on the 29th.  
It was absorbed on 3 November over the far northeastern Atlantic.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 23		33N	74W		Extratropical
Oct 24		37N	70W		Extratropical
Oct 25		37N	70W		Extratropical
Oct 26		37N	66W		Extratropical
Oct 27		37N	58W		Extratropical
Oct 28		37N	54W		Extratropical
Oct 29		39N	53W		Extratropical
Oct 30		42N	48W		Extratropical
Oct 31		47N	41W		Extratropical
Nov 01		52N	32W		Extratropical
Nov 02		58N	20W		Extratropical
Nov 03					Absorbed

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 1 - Revised in 2014

34220 08/21/1949 M= 8  1 SNBR= 759 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
34220 08/21/1949 M=10  1 SNBR= 759 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                   **

34225 08/21*  0   0   0    0*213 626  60    0*223 647  65    0*232 663  70    0*
34225 08/21*212 615  55    0*219 632  60    0*226 649  65    0*233 666  70  993*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

34230 08/22*243 678  75    0*249 693  80    0*254 707  85    0*260 723  85    0*
34230 08/22*240 683  75    0*247 700  75    0*254 716  80  984*262 731  85  974*
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***      ***

34235 08/23*265 739  85    0*274 752  85    0*286 759  90    0*297 762  90    0*
34235 08/23*272 743  85    0*282 753  85    0*292 761  90    0*302 766  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34240 08/24*309 762  95    0*326 760  95    0*343 757  95  977*355 745  95    0*
34240 08/24*315 767  95    0*329 766  95    0*343 761  90  977*357 745  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***  **      ***      **

34245 08/25*365 729  90    0*376 685  85    0*378 642  75    0*385 598  65    0*
34245 08/25*367 717  85    0*374 677  85    0E382 613  80  963E396 567  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***  **  ******* ***  **

34250 08/26E402 555  65    0E422 519  65    0E442 493  65    0E460 470  60    0*
34250 08/26E413 540  70    0E430 519  65    0E447 500  65    0E461 475  60    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              *** ***          *** ***

34255 08/27E477 447  60    0E495 423  60    0E512 400  60    0E530 376  55    0*
34255 08/27E474 450  60    0E492 425  55    0E512 400  50    0E528 378  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

34260 08/28E547 353  50    0E565 326  45    0E584 300  45    0E600 274  40    0*
34260 08/28E542 357  50    0E560 330  45    0E580 300  40    0E600 274  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***      **    

(The 29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.)
34262 08/29E615 247  50    0E629 219  45    0E640 190  40    0E650 160  40    0*
34263 08/30E660 130  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

34265 HR NC1    

US Landfall (closest approach): 
8/24/1949 12Z - 34.3N, 76.1W - 70 kt - 977 mb - 1016 mb OCI - 175 nmi ROCI
(note that 70 kt is estimate of peak 1 min winds along NC coast - stronger winds remained offshore)

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are introduced for this August hurricane 
that passed close to the Outer Banks of North Carolina.  30 hours is added to the end of 
this system during the extratropical phase, as it was not yet absorbed.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather 
maps, Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau operational 
advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

August 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 12N, 44.5W.  HURDAT did not previously 
list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 47W.  HURDAT did not previously 
list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures.

August 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 10N, 51.5W.  HURDAT did not previously 
list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures.

August 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15N, 54.5W.  HURDAT did not previously 
list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures.

August 21:
HWM analyzes an open trough with a "T" plotted near 21.5N, 62.5W.  "T" probably stands 
for "Tropical."  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 22.3N, 64.7W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.3N, 65.9W with a 1012 mb pressure.  
Microfilm shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 66.7W at 12Z.  Ship 
highlights: 70 kt (no time or location - MWR); 45 kt WNW and 1005 mb around ~21Z at 23.6N, 
67.9W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 50 kt E at 24.2N, 66.8W (micro); center fix at 17Z at 
23.2N, 66.4W with estimated surface winds of 80 kt and lowest pressure of 993 mb [probably 
a central pressure, but not certain that plane flew inside eye; treated as central pressure] 
(micro).  "Note: Army post flight report from storm center.  Estimate hurricane winds 35-40 miles 
radius from center.  Precipitation and turbulence heaviest in northern quadrants.  Lowest 
pressure 993.4 (mb).  Center at 23.2N, 66.4W at 12 EST [17Z], wind velocity 80 knots, no direction 
given" (micro).  "The first disturbance [of the season] was discovered on August 21, 300 miles 
north of San Juan, Puerto Rico, moving WNW at 18 mph.  Six hours after discovery the storm was 
well developed with winds of 80 mph reported by surface vessels in its path" (MWR).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.8N, 71.0W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt 
hurricane at 25.4N, 70.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.8N, 
68.9W, and a 12Z position near 25.7N, 71.9W with a 984 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 00Z position near 24.2N, 67.7W, and a 12Z position near 25.6N, 71.2W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1008 mb near 25.8N, 72.0W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1006 mb 
at 01Z at 25.3N, 69.1W (micro); 45 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 23.9N, 69.5W (COA); possible center 
fix at 19Z at 26.3N, 73.3W with 974 pressure [probably central pressure; treated as central pressure] 
(micro).  At least four other gales; 2 other low pressures from same ship that encountered the 974 mb. 
Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1515Z at 25.6N, 72.0W with 984 central pressure and 70 kt winds on 
the weak side (micro); center fix at 2107Z at 26.4N, 73.6W with estimated max winds of at least 75 kt 
(micro).  At least eight other gales and one other low pressure.  "Navy 1015E (1515Z) location: center 
25.6N, 72.0W - well-defined eye 25 miles in diameter; strongest wind on weak side 70 kt"(micro).  "Lowest 
pressure was 984 mb and it stayed that way all through the eye.  They stayed in it for better than half an 
hour taking pictures.  The rain was so intense in western part they couldn't get through it with radar to 
fix the eye.  Heavy rain all around.  Coming out of eye to south they hit some very heavy rain and severe 
turbulence, which is when they hauled out to the 1013 mb isobar and went around.  Sully figures they might 
have had around 80 - 90 knots just south of the eye, but the turbulence makes it hard to estimate.  The 
navigator hit the overhead twice.  Otherwise that 70 knots in western quadrant was estimate of highest wind. 
The squall lines around the eye were characteristic and well formed all around the storm.  The SW sector was 
about as strong as the others so far as precip was concerned" (micro).  "Air Force gives center at 2107Z at 
26.4N, 73.6W.  Max wind [encountered] 35 miles from the center was 75 kt" (micro).  "Camche [a ship] believes 
it passed thru center at 1900Z at 26.3N, 73.3W.  Winds... shifting from NNE to W and SW in 20 minutes.  
Barometer fell from 29.3 at 1500(Z) to 28.75 at 1900(Z), rising to 29.50 at 2000(Z)" (micro).  [I believe 
they may have meant 29.3 inches at 1800Z instead of 15Z.]

August 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.6N, 75.6W, with a SW-NE stationary front over 
the southeastern United States a few hundred miles northwest of the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt 
hurricane at 28.6N, 75.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.1N, 74.2W and 
a 12Z position near 28.8N, 75.9W with a 996 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 26.3N, 74.0W and a 12Z position near 28.0N, 75.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered 
near 29.0N, 75.8W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 90 kt SW and 999 mb at 1630Z at 29.9N, 75.9W (micro); 68 kt S and 
999 mb at 18Z at 29.8N, 75.9W (micro).  Four other gales.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0439Z, 
0725Z, and 0830Z between 27.2-27.8N, 75.2-75.4W (micro); center fix at 1420Z at 29.3N, 75.8W with max winds 
estimated 100 kt (micro); 80 kt (max wind observed on flight 25 miles west of eye) N and 1005 mb at 1421Z at 
29.4N, 76.2W (micro); center fix at ~1845Z at 30.5N, 76.8W (micro).  At least 13 other gales and five low pressures. 
 "Navy position 1420Z 29.3N, 75.8W; eye 28 miles diameter; max winds estimated 100 knots" (micro).  "Navy 10 
notes: max wind observed at 29.4N, 76.2W at 1421Z- 80 kt N with lowest pressure [encountered] 1005.1 mb 25 miles 
west of eye" (micro).  "Air Force plane found hurricane winds 40 miles from center in NE quadrant and 30 miles 
from center in other quadrants.  Estimate maximum velocity at 85 knots.  Encountered only moderate rainfall and 
turbulence" (micro). "Duck at 1345E  (1845Z) reports: Passed thru light squall line (box pattern completed).  
Center is at 30.5N, 76.8W.  Duck 11 at 30.5N, 77.3W 'over the Sun [a ship]'" (micro).  "The hurricane moved WNW 
from the point of discovery to the position 27.5N, 75W, where it began to curve northward" (MWR).

August 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.8N, 75.7W with a dissipating SSW-NNE stationary 
front located just to the west.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.3N, 75.7W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.4N, 76.6W and a 12Z position near 34.8N, 76.5W with a 980 mb 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.0N, 76.0W, and a 12Z position near 33.8N, 
76.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 34.7N, 75.8W with a frontal boundary 
located just to the west.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 33.0N, 77.0W (micro); 40 kt NW and 
999 mb at 10Z at 33.0N, 77.0W (micro); 45 kt SW at 18Z at 34.0N, 74.1W (micro).  At least five other gales.  Land 
and station highlights: 100 kt ESE at Diamond Shoals Lightship [35.2N, 75.3W] (WB advisories); 60 kt NNE and 993 mb 
at 1430Z at Cape Hatteras (min pressure at Cape Hatteras was 992 mb) (micro, climo); 977 mb (central pressure) and 
calm at 1445Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (MWR); 977 mb (min pressure) during lull at 1445Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship 
(micro); 63 kt NNW (max wind; 1-minute) and 996 mb at 1530Z at Cape Hatteras (climo, micro); 100-105 kt NW and 986 mb 
at 1545Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (micro).  Two other gales and two other low pressures at Cape Hatteras.  Aircraft 
highlights: 3 good radar center fixes between 0416Z - 0620Z (micro); radar center fix at 21Z at 36.3N, 73.3W (micro).  
"From Norfolk: Diamond Shoals Lightship 1045E (1545Z) NW 115-120 mph and 29.12 inches (986 mb) (barometer) rising 
rapidly; storm lull at 0945E (1445Z)" (micro).  "Moving at a speed of 15 to 18 mph, the hurricane passed over Diamond 
Shoals Lightship located off Cape Hatteras, NC.  As the eye of the storm passed over the Lightship, a 15-minute calm 
and a minimum pressure of 977.3 mb were recorded.  Shortly afterward, the storm curved northeastward and finally eastward 
in the Atlantic" (MWR).  "The first hurricane of this season passed close to the North Carolina coast on the morning of 
the 24th bringing heavy rain and violent winds to the outer banks, but had almost no effect a few miles inland.  The 
hurricane inflicted a considerable amount of damage particularly to forests on the outer banks.  One man was drowned and 
an estimated $50,000 damage was inflicted on housing in Buxton." (August 1949 North Carolina climatological data).  "As 
the eye of the hurricane passed over the Lightship, a 15-minute calm was reported with a minimum pressure of 980.7 mb" 
(back of Oct. 31 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Map).  "Aug 24, bypass hurricane, 977 mb central pressure 
at 35.1N, 75.2W measured at Diamond Shoals Lighthouse, NC, 24 nmi RMW, 22 kt translational speed" (Ho et al. 1987).  
"Aug - NC 1 - 980 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 
1949 Aug. 24, NC coast, Minimal, Center off coast" (Minimal has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 
to 996 mb, Dunn and Miller).

August 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.3N, 62.2W, with a WSW-ENE frontal system located on the 
NW side of the low interacting with the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 64.2W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.4N, 72.4W and a 12Z position near 38.3N, 62.3W with a 994 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 72.5W, and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 64.2W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 38.0N, 63.0W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 35.4N, 
71.1W (micro); 50 kt E and 997(?) mb at 12Z at 38.2N, 63.0W (micro); 74 kt NE and 1007(?) mb at 12Z at 40.2N, 58.8W (micro);
963 mb (min pressure encountered for ship Marseille with short interval of almost calm winds) at 12Z at 38.0N, 60.3W (MWR); 
55 kt NW and 1001 mb at 21Z at 39.8N, 57.8W (micro).  14 other gales and five other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt 
WSW and 1001 mb at 14Z at 37.3N, 61.3W (micro).  Four other gales.  "2300 E [0400Z] radar fix on land 36.7N, 70.1W.  0020E 
[0520Z] radar fix on land 36.7N, 69.4W" (micro).  "By 1:30 am, the center had already moved away from the North Carolina coast 
after having passed close to Cape Hatteras" (back of Oct. 31 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Map).  "The French 
ship Marseille passed through the center of this hurricane on August 25 at 1200 G.M.T.  At this time the ship was at 38.0N, 
and 60.3W, and the lowest pressure recorded on the ship's barograph was 962.6 mb.  The captain of the ship reports as follows: 
'At first we experienced extremely strong southwest winds, overcast skies and rough seas.  Next these winds brought heavy rain 
reducing the visibility to almost zero.  Afterwards, there was a short interval of almost calm, a small clearing at the zenith, 
and an enormous confused swell.  Finally, the wind shifted to the northeast, blew with practically the same force, and gradually 
became a northwest wind'" (MWR).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 45.2N, 49.5W with a cold front extending from the low southward and 
then southwestward, and a warm front extending from the low northeastward to another low located near 58N, 39W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.2N, 49.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.0N, 
52.4W, and a 12Z position near 44.4N, 49.6W with a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z 
near 39N, 52W.  Microfilm at 00Z shows a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 40.5N, 52.5W, but by 12Z, the low is moving 
off the edge of the microfilm map.  Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 986 mb at 06Z at 42.2N, 51.8W (micro); 55 kt SSW and 994 mb at 
18Z at 45.0N, 45.0W (COA).  15 other gales and 15 other low pressures.

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 51.5N, 40.1W with a cold front extending from the low southward to beyond 
33N, 42W, and a warm front extending from the low northeastward to another low centered near 58N, 32W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt 
extratropical storm at 51.2N, 40.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.9N, 45.6W, and a 12Z position 
near 50.7N, 40.1W with a 989 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 991 mb at 00Z at 46.2N, 44.4W (COA); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 
12Z at 46.4N, 39.5W (HWM, COA); 5 kt SSE and 992 mb at 18Z at 53.2N, 37.9W (COA); 45 kt W and 1013 mb at 18Z at 45.4N, 41.5W (COA).  
Two other gales and 23 other low pressures.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.1N, 29.5W with a cold front extending southward from the low and a warm 
front extending northeastward, becoming a cold front extending to another low near 61.5N, 24W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical 
storm at 58.4N, 30.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 54.9N, 35.6W, and a 12Z position near 58.4N, 28.5W 
with a 990 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 992 mb at 00Z at 52.7N, 35.5W (COA); 45 kt W and 1019 mb at 00Z at 44.8N, 42.8W (COA); 
35 kt W and 1002 mb at 06Z at 52.7N, 35.5W (COA).  17 other low pressures.

August 29:
HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 995 mb centered near 62.5N, 20.0W with an occluded front extending from the low 
northeastward to a triple point near 66N, 13W, with a warm front extending from the triple point eastward and then southeastward 
to beyond 63N, 8E, and a cold front extending from the triple point southeastward and then southward and south-southwestward to 
beyond 52N, 8W.  HURDAT did not previously list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 995 mb at 11Z at 63.5N, 16.5W 
(COA); 40 kt WNW and 1022 mb at 18Z at 49.5N, 21.6W (COA).  13 other low pressures.  Land highlights: 15 kt N and 994(?) mb at 64.0N, 
22.6W (HWM); 10 kt SSE and 996 mb at 12Z at 65.2N, 13.8W (HWM).

This tropical cyclone apparently formed from a westward moving tropical wave in mid-August.  Due to the lack of ship data in the 
tropical Atlantic, genesis was not captured.  HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on 21 August at 21.3N, 62.6W.  However, 
HWM first plots a closed low on 17 August at 12.5N, 44.5W.  All available ship observations over the eastern and central Atlantic 
were obtained from the 17th to the 20th of August.  There are no observed gales or low pressures before the first position noted 
in HURDAT, and there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation to extend the track back in time more than six hours.  This system 
is started at 00Z on 21 August (originally started at 06Z on 21 August) as a 55 kt tropical storm.  Around midday on the 21st, an Army
aircraft reported a pressure of 993 mb in the storm center, and a central pressure of 993 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st.  
The maximum wind velocity reported on that flight was 80 kt.  A central pressure of 993 mb equals 59 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  Additionally, the MWR reported 70 kt winds from ships on the 21st, but did not specify the location 
or time.  The 70 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st is unchanged, based upon a blend of the pressure-wind relationship value and the 
estimated surface winds from the aircraft reconnaissance and is consistent with the ship reports.  From the 21st to the 23rd the hurricane 
moved west-northwestward.  Then it recurved, passing very near the Outer Banks of North Carolina on 24 August.  All track changes for this 
portion of the track (through the 24th) are minor.  On the 22nd, with the cyclone passing well north of the Turks and Caicos Islands, aircraft 
measured a central pressure of 984 mb in the eye at 15Z.  At 19Z, a ship "believed" that they passed through the center and their wind reports 
are consistent with this, and a pressure of 974 mb was measured (treated as a central pressure in the analysis).  A central pressure of  974 mb 
is added at 18Z on the 22nd.  A central pressure of 984 mb yields wind speeds of 73 and 72 kt respectively for the southern and north of 25N 
subsets of the pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems.  The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT is lowered 5 kt to 80 kt at 12Z on the 22nd.  
A central pressure of 974 mb yields wind speeds of 86 and 84 kt respectively for the southern and north of 25N subsets of the pressure-winds 
relationship for intensifying systems.  The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd is unchanged.  On the 23rd at 1420Z, an aircraft 
estimated maximum winds of 100 kt and measured winds of 80 kt with a pressure of 1005 mb 25 miles west of the eye at 1421Z.  There was also a 
90 kt ship observation at 1630Z, and another aircraft max wind estimate of 85 kt later the same day.  It is known that this last plane did not 
penetrate the center, but it is not known how close it flew to the RMW.  The intensity in HURDAT at all times on the 23rd is unchanged.  On the 
24th, the hurricane approached the vicinity of Cape Hatteras from the south.  Diamond Shoals Lightship, located not far offshore from Cape Hatteras 
measured 100 kt ESE before the center passed and 100-105 kt NW with 986 mb after the center passed.  The height of the anemometer was unknown 
during this analysis.  Diamond Shoals recorded a minimum pressure of 977 mb.  MWR states clearly that a 15 minute calm was observed as the center
passed, and this was also the time when the minimum pressure of 977 mb was recorded.  A central pressure of 977 mb - already in HURDAT - equals 76 kt 
according to the pressure-wind relationship for 25-35N and 76 kt for north of 35N.  The 95 kt intensity in HURDAT is lowered to 90 kt at both 12 and 
18Z on the 24th even though Diamond Shoals observed 100 kt winds because the anemometer is probably elevated.  During this time, it is analyzed that 
the OCI was 1016 mb and the ROCI was 175 nmi.  The center of the eye did not make landfall on the coast.  However, the positions from 18Z on the 23rd 
to 12Z on the 24th are adjusted slightly westward (closer to the coast).  Since Cape Hatteras recorded a 1-minute maximum wind of 63 kt it is very 
likely that 1 min Category 1 winds occurred nearby along the North Carolina coast, the Category 1 impact for North Carolina is maintained.  On the 25th, 
the cyclone turned to the east-northeast and accelerated.  At 12Z on 25 August, a ship ventured into the eye and recorded a central pressure of 
963 mb at 38.0N, 60.3W.  This location is 3.9 degrees east of the HURDAT position.  However, going directly with this position leads toward an unrealistic 
acceleration and deceleration.  Thus assuming that the ship's longitude may have been somewhat uncertain, the HURDAT position at 12Z on the 25th is 
moved from 37.8N, 64.2W to 38.2N, 61.3W (a major track change).  At 18Z on the 25th, the analyzed position is 2.9 degrees east of the previous HURDAT 
position (still a major track change).  A 963 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th.  It is also analyzed that this cyclone became 
extratropical at this time, 12 hours earlier than in HURDAT previously.  By 18Z on the 25th, a 19 degree temperature gradient is separated by just 3 degrees 
of longitude across the low.  While the 963 mb would support 88 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, this may provide too high a wind 
estimate as the cyclone had become extratropical.  The highest observed wind on the 25th is 74 kt (from a ship) at 12Z.  The 75 kt intensity in HURDAT is 
increased to 80 kt at 12Z on the 25th.  Both the 74 kt wind observation and the 963 mb observation support some increase in intensity.  Observed winds of 
55 kt occurred at 21Z on the 25th and again at 18Z on the 26th.  Due to these observations, the 60 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th is unchanged.  
The 80 kt analyzed intensity at 12Z on the 25th is analyzed to have decreased to 60 kt by 18Z on the 26th.  Only minor track changes are analyzed on the 
26th, and by 12Z on the 26th, the cyclone was located at 44.7N, 50.0W.  On the 27th and 28th, the cyclone moved northeastward.  All track changes on the 
27th and 28th were less than 1 degree changes.  Sufficient observational coverage on the 27th suggests that the HURDAT intensity should be decreased 
slightly since the highest observed wind on the 27th is 45 kt.  The 60 kt intensity at 12Z on the 27th is lowered to 50 kt.  A 45 kt wind was also observed 
at 00Z on the 28th, and the 50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 00Z on the 28th is maintained.  At 06Z on the 28th a gale of 35 kt was recorded.  The next 
observed gale (40 kt) does not occur until the 29th at 18Z, and that gale may not have been considered part of the cyclone.  Again, since there were many 
ships in the area, the HURDAT intensity of 45 kt at 12Z on the 28th is decreased to 40 kt.  The final position listed in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 28th at 
60.0N, 27.4W.  Evidence shows that this cyclone was not dissipated or absorbed until after 00Z on the 30th, and 30 hours are added into HURDAT at the end 
of this system as an extratropical cyclone.  The position at 12Z the 29th is 64.0N, 19.0W (over Iceland) with a 40 kt intensity.  A 35 kt intensity is 
analyzed for 00Z on the 30th.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 2 - Revised in 2014

34270 08/23/1949 M= 9  2 SNBR= 760 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
34270 08/23/1949 M=10  2 SNBR= 760 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4                     
                   **                                     *

34275 08/23*  0   0   0    0*182 600  50    0*184 620  50    0*186 631  50    0*
34275 08/23*  0   0   0    0*180 600  50    0*182 614  50    0*185 627  55    0*
                             ***              *** ***          *** ***  **

34280 08/24*189 643  55    0*194 656  55    0*200 669  55    0*207 681  60    0*
34280 08/24*190 642  60    0*197 658  60    0*205 673  65    0*213 686  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34285 08/25*214 693  60    0*227 711  60    0*234 730  65    0*237 740  70    0*
34285 08/25*221 698  70    0*230 711  75    0*236 724  75    0*240 737  80    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34290 08/26*240 750  85    0*246 764 100    0*252 778 115    0*261 790 130    0*
34290 08/26*242 750  90    0*246 764 100    0*252 778 110    0*259 790 115    0*
            ***      **                               ***      ***     ***

34295 08/27*268 801 130  954*276 812 100  965*283 822  65  974*293 827  55  982*
34295 08/27*266 801 115  954*273 812  85  965*282 822  65  974*291 828  65  980*
            ***     ***      ***     ***      ***      **      *** ***  **  ***

34300 08/28*303 829  50  987*315 829  45  992*330 827  40  996*346 820  40 1000*
34300 08/28*303 829  65  984*318 829  65  988*332 827  55  996*347 822  50 1000*
                     **  *** ***      **  *** ***      **      *** ***  **

34305 08/29*364 808  40 1002*384 789  40 1000*408 761  35 1000E438 719  35    0*
34305 08/29*364 806  50 1002*386 782  50 1000*408 766  50  998E438 725  45    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  ** ****     ***  **

34310 08/30E472 676  35    0E499 653  30    0E522 628  30    0E541 587  30    0*
34310 08/30E468 682  45    0E495 649  45    0E522 625  45    0E541 592  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

34315 08/31E548 547  25    0E548 510  25    0E549 472  25    0E547 436  25    0*
34315 08/31E548 547  35    0E548 510  35    0E549 469  35    0E547 420  35    0*
                     **               **          ***  **          ***  **

(The 1st is new to HURDAT.)
34317 09/01E540 350  40    0E535 250  45    0E532 190  50    0E530 170  50    0*

34320 HRCFL3                                                                    
34320 HRCFL4BFL1AFL1DFL1 GA1
        ********************                                                                    

US Landfall: 
8/26/1949 23Z - 26.6N, 80.0W - 115 kt - 954 mb - 20 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 225 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this major hurricane that 
made landfall just south of West Palm Beach, FL.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps, state monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, local 
monthly climatological summaries from NCDC, Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather 
Maps, U.S Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, newspaper reports from the Nassau (Bahamas) 
Guardian provided by Wayne Neely, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. 
(1992), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Barnes et al. (2007).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.6N, 60.9W.  HURDAT does not 
list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 23: 
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16.8N, 61.7W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 50 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 62.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first 
shows a position at 18Z near 19.6N, 62.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1005 mb near 18.7N, 61.7W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt and 1008 mb at 2050Z at 19.3N, 
62.8W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 40* kt SE and 1530Z at 19.5N, 61.1W (micro); 50* kt 
SE at 1615Z at 19.0N, 61.4W (micro).  From ship Mataroa at 2050Z... "Mountainous seas. 
Pressure 1007.8 and falling.  Very long, heavy swells" (micro).  "The Delray Beach hurricane, 
as weather observers would later call it, most likely began as a tropical wave from the Cape 
Verde region" (Barnes).  "This hurricane was discovered in its formative stages on August 23 
about 125 miles northeast of St. Martin, Leeward Islands, at latitude 19N, longitude 61.5W.  
It moved on a west-northwestward course for a time as a partially developed easterly wave, 
and some characteristics of the wave could be observed until the storm moved into the Bahama 
Islands two days later (the 25th).  "The first Weather Bureau advisory for this storm was 
issued from San Juan, Puerto Rico at 4:00 pm EST, August 23rd, locating the center at 19.0N, 
62.5W.  The Air Force and the Navy sent hurricane reconnaissance aircraft to scout the storm 
and report its location and movement" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau 
Daily Weather Maps).

August 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 20.1N, 67.0W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 55 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 66.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 19.8N, 63.8W, and a 12Z position near 20.9N, 67.2W with a 990 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a position near the HWM and HURDAT positions.  Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 12Z centered near 20.5N, 67.4W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 21.1N, 67.7W (HWM, micro); 65 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 15Z at 
21.0N, 67.3W (micro); 50 kt E and 998 mb at 18Z at 21.6N, 68.6W (COA, micro).  14 other gales 
and one other low pressure.  Aircraft highlights: 40* kt SW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 20.5N, 
68.4W (micro); 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 2045Z at 22.3N, 68.3W (micro).  At least three other 
gales and one other low pressure.  "Duck eight: storm center 21.8N, 69.1W (2010Z).  Very light 
winds SW and S of center" (micro).  "Duck 14 reports scattered showers and overcast entire
course to... Winds very light 110 miles SW of storm" (micro).

August 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.8N, 71.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 65 kt hurricane at 23.4N, 73.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 22.2N, 69.6W, and a 12Z position near 23.5N, 72.0W, with a 986 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 21.4N, 69.0W, and a 12Z position 
near 23.5N, 71.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 23.7N, 
72.9W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 01Z at 22.5N, 68.3W (micro); 45 kt ESE and 
1001 mb at 21Z at 25.5N, 72.6W (micro).  Five other gales.  Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 
995 mb at 21Z at San Salvador (24.1N, 74.5W) (micro); 45 kt NE and 1003 mb at 22Z at Cat 
Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (micro); 45 kt SSW and 998 mb at 23Z at San Salvador (micro).  Two 
other gales and four other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 55 kt SE and 1000 mb at 1415Z 
at 23.7N, 72.6W (micro); center fix at ~1422Z at 23.7N, 72.8W with maximum surface winds 
encountered of 75 kt NE (micro); center fix at 2045Z at 24.3N, 74.0W with estimated maximum 
winds of 100 kt and lowest pressure encountered of 993 mb (not central pressure) (micro); 
993 mb with 800 ft flight level winds of 80 kt SSE at 21Z at 24.7N, 73.8W (micro).  At least 
five other gales and three other low pressures.  "On August 25th, the storm...passed north of 
San Salvador and then across southern Eleuthera on the evening of August 25th.  The highest 
winds reported by San Salvador were 50 miles per hour from the South-South-West at 6:30 p.m. 
on the 25th" (Nassau Guardian).  "By August 25th at 1:30 am, the center is shown about 200 miles 
north of Puerto Rico moving NW at 12-15 mph.  At this time, it was estimated that gales extended 
over an area of 150 miles north and east of the center with winds at 75 mph near the center" 
(Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  "It moved rapidly 
toward the northwest but did not reach hurricane strength until the twenty-fifth, when it entered
the Bahama Islands.  It stayed on a course with a steady forward speed of almost 20 mph and 
threatened the Florida coast on the morning of the following day" (Barnes).  "The eye situation 
is odd.  He started around the eastern side of the storm as per reports you have.  He came on 
around the north side, intending to circle into the center from the NW quadrant.  As he reached 
that report with the 75 NE he was breezing along according to the book, when he hit a wind shift 
to NW 50.  Report 8 I think the shift was even very noticeably on the water surface with waves 
blowing into each other from these converging winds.  He put the wind on his plane to head in 
and didn't get any change.  He flew SE from that number 8 report with the NW 50 and kept getting 
the same wind in part where he expected the eye.  The lowest pressure was at the wind shift where 
he turned toward the supposed center.  He went back almost to where he had S to SE winds and gave 
up the ghost and came home.  There was no visual evidence of an eye, nor would radar show one.  
The ceiling was good all the way, and he said it was exceptionally smooth all the way.  Visibility 
was good, and there were some thunderheads in the NW flow which he did not enter.  He was very 
definite about the 75 knots.  This was his first hurricane flight, and the pilot of plane thought 
they were above this.  He is old timer.  Aerologist kept them 75 to keep us from getting alarmed.  
I imagine that personally, from above... I theorize that the thing is still in a formative stage 
from the original strong easterly we had in Lesser Antilles.  The wave is easily followed to the 
south, and that wind shear he hit is probably the remnants to the wave north of the eye which is 
trying to form.  There was lots of rain but no turbulence.  Rain was in south side.  Also, those 
cumulonimbus in NW quadrant apparently not so pronounced as the first hurricane (storm 1)" (micro).  
"Position of storm at 2045Z (1545E) at 24.3N, 74.0W, accurate within 15 miles, established by visual 
fixes- north quadrant roughest with pressure 993 and winds estimated 100 kts" (micro).  "Airforce 
plane reports located storm east of Salvador Island.  Winds in excess of 90 knots.  Lowest pressure 
(encountered) 989.3 mb" (micro).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.1N, 77.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt 
hurricane at 25.2N, 77.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 24.6N, 
74.7W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 982 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position just east of the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 987 mb centered near 25.3N, 77.6W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 999(?) mb at 18Z at 
26.2N, 79.4W (micro).  Two other gales and one other low pressure.  Land highlights: 70 kt ENE and 
995 mb at 00Z at Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (micro); 96 kt NNE (max wind, may be gust) and 987 mb 
(min pressure) at Cat Island at 0230Z (Nassau Guardian, WB maps); 70 kt S and 1003 mb at 06Z at Cat 
Island (micro); 982 mb (min p) at 1015Z at Nassau (25.1N, 77.4W) with no lull (center passed to NE 
of Nassau) (climo); 104 kt (may be gust) at Little Whale Cay, Bahamas at 11Z (Nassau Guardian); 974 mb 
(min p) at 1930Z at Bimini (25.7N, 79.4W); 85-95 kt (max wind; 1-minute) ESE at 2120Z at West End, Gand 
Bahama Island (26.7N, 79.0W) (climo); center fix with calm winds at Del Ray Beach, FL (26.5N, 80.1W) at 
~2307Z (micro); 969 mb (min pressure, uncorrected pressure) at 2330Z at Hillsboro Light, FL (26.3N, 
80.1W); 133 kt NE (max wind; 1-minute; elevated observation) at 2333Z at Jupiter Light (26.9N, 80.1W) 
(climo).  Seven other hurricane force wind obs and three other pressures below 1000 mb.  "The worst of 
the storm came shortly after 5.30 o'clock on Friday [26th] morning after the centre of the hurricane 
had passed directly north of New Providence.  The highest winds recorded during the period by the 
Meteorological Office at Oakes Airport were 85 miles per hour and the island was afterwards lashed for 
several hours with winds of hurricane force...Bimini reported that it felt the full fury of the storm, 
with winds up to 120 miles per hour...A dispatch received in Nassau this afternoon by the Meteorological 
Officer from a ship near Little Whale Cay, states:  'Yesterday [26th] at 6 a.m. winds of 120 miles per 
hour were reported at Little Whale Cay.  The centre of the hurricane passed near the Cay between 6 and 
7 a.m.  The wind recorder was blown down at 6:20 a.m....The [???] station at Harbour Island reported winds 
of 75 miles per hour from the East-South East at 4:30 a.m. on August 26th.  The lowest barometer reading 
was 29.31.  The storm centre passed a few miles north of Nassau at 5.15 a.m. yesterday morning moving 
West-North-West at 18 miles per hour.  Winds of 40 to 50 miles per hour were recorded with gust up to 
75 miles per hour.  Before the passage of the storm centre the lowest barometric pressure was 28.90 at 
5.15 a.m.  As the storm centre moved West-North-West the winds backed from North-West to Southwest and 
increased from 50 to 60 miles per hour.  The maximum gust recorded after the passage of the centre was 
85 miles per hour at 8.00 a.m.  The hurricane is believed to have crossed the extreme north tip of Andros 
and passing to the north of Bimini and entering the Florida peninsula near Delray Beach.  At 11.30 a.m. 
yesterday, Cherokee Sound, Abaco, reported winds up to 86 miles per hour and Hope Town, Abaco, had winds 
up to 75 miles per hour" (Nassau Guardian).  "By August 25th at 7:30 pm EST, the winds were 95 mph.  Surface 
winds in southern Florida changed from NNE 5 mph to ENE 25 mph between 06Z the 25th and 00Z the 26th.  The 
high north of the Great Lakes eventually moved southeastward to a position immediately off the North Carolina 
coast.  This action blocked any recurving to the north of this hurricane while it was over the ocean.  A 
continued WNW movement would carry it inland near West Palm Beach.  The winds at Miami, Key West, and Havana 
were influenced by the approaching hurricane.  The wind at Miami at 700 mb was ENE 25 mph at 10 am EST on 
the 25th indicating low pressure to the SE of Miami.  There was already a steady increase in the wind velocity 
at all levels over the Florida peninsula as the hurricane moved closer.  Later reports showed that winds at 
the three stations mentioned above all backed from ENE through N to NW and later to W or SW as the hurricane 
moved inland to the north of Miami" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  
At 11 pm EST on the 25th, the hurricane was centered near 24.5N, 75.7W and was moving WNW at 12-15 mph.  The 
weather station at Cat Island in the Bahamas reported winds of 95 mph.  Aircraft estimated winds in the center 
over 100 mph.  At this time, the area of hurricane winds was small, but was increasing in size and intensity.  
By 1:30 pm EST on the 26th, the hurricane had moved close enough to the Florida coast to cause coastal winds 
up to 45 mph.  Winds in the NW quadrant of the hurricane were onshore and added the danger of high tides to 
the danger of high winds.  Winds at Cat Island previously reported at 95 mph had increased to 110 mph.  The 
hurricane moved over the Florida east coast at Delray Beach, about 20 miles south of West Palm Beach, where 
the winds diminished rapidly from hurricane force to calm at 23Z on the 26th.  Winds were reported up to 125 mph 
with gusts to 150 mph at Stuart.  In many cases, wind instruments were blown down and maximum winds could not 
be recorded." (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  "The storm was 
well-developed by the time its center passed a short distance north of Nassau at about 5 am of the 26th.  It 
was over West Palm Beach Airport from 6:37 to 7:57 pm (2337Z 26th to 0057Z 27th), and a calm was experienced 
for 22 minutes from 7:20 pm to 7:42 pm (0020Z to 0042Z on the 27th).  The lowest sea-level pressure was 28.17 
inches recorded at the Weather Bureau Airport Station, West Palm Beach.  The wind instrument was blown down 
when the velocity reached 110 mph with gusts of 125 mph.  The official in charge at the station estimated the 
highest wind at 120 mph with gusts to 130 mph.  A privately owned anemometer on Palm Beach, the accuracy of 
which is unknown, recorded gusts of 155 mph.  The strongest wind occurred, as usual, some distance to the 
right of the center in the vicinity of Jupiter and Stuart, Florida.  The anemometer failed at Jupiter Lighthouse 
after reaching a velocity of 153 mph.  The observer reported that winds were somewhat stronger thereafter, but he 
felt unable to make a reliable estimate of the peak strength" (MWR).  'It swept inland at Delray Beach" (Barnes).  
"It crossed the coastline near Delray Beach at 6:00 pm on August 26 (23Z) and delivered vicious winds and tides to 
much of the coast from Miami to the Georgia line" (Barnes).  "Prior to the arrival of the eye at the airport (West 
Palm Beach), northeasterly gusts of 125 mph destroyed the tower's anemometer, so the highest winds at that location 
were never recorded.  Several higher readings were reported, including a one-minute maximum of 153 mph measured at 
Jupiter Lighthouse just before the wind instrument was also carried away.  Earlier, the same instrument had recorded 
a 5-minute maximum of 132 mph.  Unofficial reports included a gust of 155 mph at a residence in Palm Beach and a 
reading of 160 mph at a fire station in downtown Stuart.  Neither of these instruments survived the storm either" 
(Barnes).

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 28.2N, 82.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 
82.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.5N, 80.3W, and a 12Z position near 
28.4N, 82.0W with a 987 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 28.3N, 82.5W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 00Z 
at 24.4N, 81.2W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 29.2N, 80.3W (COA); 50 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 30.4N, 
80.6W (micro).  Six other gales.  Land highlights: center fix with calm and 954 mb (central pressure) at 0026Z at 
West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) (micro, climo); 955 mb (min p) at 0045Z at Lake Worth Inlet (26.8N, 80.0W) (climo); 
956 mb (min p, central p(?)) at 02Z at Canal Point (26.9N, 80.6W) (climo); 87 kt NNW (max wind; 1-minute) at 0205Z 
at Belle Glade (26.7N, 80.7W) (climo); 960 mb (min p) with lull at 0330Z at Okeechobee (27.3N, 80.9W); 68 kt SE 
(max wind; 1-minute) at 0812Z at Melbourne (28.1N, 80.6W) (climo); 970 mb at 0950Z and 13 kt at 1000Z at Lakeland 
(28.0N, 81.9W) (both obs inside RMW) (climo); 986 mb (min p) at 1137Z and 36 kt W and 12Z at Tampa (climo); 983 mb 
(min p) at 1845Z at Cedar Keys (29.2N, 83.0W) (climo); 60 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) gust to 75 kt SE at 2226Z at 
Jacksonville Airport (climo).  Many other gales and low pressures.  "After leaving the coast of Florida, the center 
of the storm crossed the northern part of Lake Okeechobee during the early part of the night of the 26th.  The storm 
was the worst felt in that section since the disastrous hurricane of September 1928.  The highest winds registered 
around the lake ranged from 100 to 126 mph on instruments of the U.S. Army Engineers.  The water of the lake rose 
12 feet or more at places on the southeast and east side of the lake (Belle Glade and Clewiston), but the levees held 
and there was no flooding from the lake.  After leaving the Lake Okeechobee area, the center passed northwestward 
through the heart of Florida's main citrus belt, where much fruit was destroyed, and upon reaching the west coast 
north of Tampa it turned northward" (MWR).  "The general path of this storm was almost the same as the great disaster 
of 1928.  As the storm carved northward through the peninsula, its wide swath spread winds of at least 50 mph over 
much of the state.  Extreme winds of hurricane force were felt as far south as Miami Beach and as far north as 
St. Augustine" (Barnes).  The deluge (rainfall) at Belle Glade measured 8.18 inches, Okeechobee City 7.10 inches, 
and 9.51 inches fell at St. Lucie Lock near Stuart.  The storm remained powerful as it turned across the central 
portion of the state and curved northward above Tampa Bay.  Pressure readings on the east side of the storm remained 
below 29.00 inches as far north as Levy County, above Cedar Key.  Winds gusted to 75 mph in Clermont, and other 
communities in central Florida experienced significant wind damage.  The storm's forward speed slowed as it churned 
through the state" (Barnes).  Regarding the damage... "At Palm Beach, Jupiter, and Stuart, high winds and high waters 
tested every structure.  In some areas, the trunks of palm trees were snapped off just a few feet above the ground, 
leaving boulevards lined with sticks and stumps.  Hundreds of apartments, homes, stores, and warehouses lost their 
roofs, their windows, and in some cases their furnishings, which were sucked out into the street by the force of 
the winds.  In Stuart, officials estimated that 40% of the residential and commercial buildings were severely damaged 
and 90% were in need of at least some repair.  The city's black neighborhoods were especially devastated, with many 
homes leveled by the ferocious winds.  Among the landmarks that were totally destroyed were the Macedonia Baptist 
Church, the Little Dixie baseball park, and the Olympia Ice Company.  The storm's incredible winds carried large timbers 
through the air like missiles.  At a car dealership in West Palm Beach, automobiles were overturned inside the showroom 
after winds smashed the building's plate glass windows.  Large airplanes were toppled at the nearby airport, and in some 
locations, utility poles were carried upward onto second-story balconies.  The roof of the Stuart City Hall was peeled 
away by the wind and scattered in the streets across town.  High tides lifted piers and fish houses off their pilings 
and tossed them onto the shore.  At Palm Beach the storm surge carried sand into the streets and left wreckage piled 
high.  Heavy rains across the region added to the flooding problems, and many portions of Palm Beach and Martin Counties 
were under water following the storm.  Days afterward, residents reported finding snakes in their homes, and the plague 
of mosquitoes that swarmed over the area was said to have been 'the worst infestation ever witnessed.'  Heavy damages 
were reported to citrus crops, and in many groves, up to a third of the trees were uprooted.  Total agricultural losses 
in Florida were estimated at $20 million, which included the estimated loss of 14 million boxes of fruit.  Property 
damages were placed at $25 million, most of which occurred within a few hours of landfall.  Damages totaling another 
$7 million were reported in states that endured the remnants of the storm, placing the total cost of the disaster at 
$52 million.  Even though dozens of injuries were reported, only two deaths resulted, both of which occurred in Florida. 
 In Miami, damages were limited to downed trees and power lines" (Barnes).  "Damage to the four southeastern states- FL, 
GA, SC, NC was set at $52,350,000 by reports summarized by the American Red Cross.  Of this, $45,000,000 occurred in 
Florida.  A breakdown of the damage follows: property damage: $18,000,000; crop damage (including 14,000,000 boxes of 
citrus fruits): $20,000,000; power and communication: $4,000,000; highways, bridges and city streets: $500,000; other 
damage: $2,500,000.  Of the remaining $7,350,000 damage, $4,000,000 occurred in Georgia.  The Carolinas were far enough 
north to be spared the full force of the hurricane winds.  In all, 265 dwellings were destroyed and 24,338 other damaged.  
There were also deaths to livestock, with 112 cattle reported killed and poultry deaths placed at 2,000" (Back of 
Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  "The hurricane diminished in intensity after its 
center moved inland.  Further curving to the north was noted as the hurricane moved over the Florida peninsula.  The 
hurricane had moved on the coast with a forward movement of 12-15 mph, and increased to about 17 mph over Florida and 
Georgia.  The course of the hurricane changed from WNW to a NW direction later curving north into Georgia.  The center 
took a course that kept it east of the Appalachian Mountains, and so insured a supply of warm, moist air in its journey 
up the coast.  As the storm moved northward, it diminished in intensity and lost its identity as a hurricane.  It then 
assumed more and more of the characteristics of an extra-tropical cyclone" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather 
Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  "The 700 mb conditions, for 03Z on the 27th...Miami reported a wind at this level with a 
direction of 220 degrees and a velocity of 40 to 45 mph.  Tampa reported a wind from 50 degrees with a velocity of 55 to 
60 mph, while the wind at Key West was 280 degrees at 25 to 30 mph.  At this time, a cyclonic circulation of the winds at 
300 mb was present.  Also at this time, 03Z on the 27th, the hurricane was located between Miami and Tampa.  Winds at Miami 
at all levels were from the SW at approximately 50 mph, while those over Tampa were from the NE at 55 to 60 mph" (Back of 
Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  "Augsut 27th 0630Z: center was over central Florida near 
Lake Placid, SE of Tampa.  Precipitation near the center of the hurricane was very heavy, with several stations reporting 7 
to more than 9 inches of rain.  A sectional chart of the southeastern US placed the center just east of Tampa at 0930Z on 
the 27th.  Winds had already diminished somewhat, now being 75 mph as the hurricane approached the west coast of Florida.  
Of interest is the barometric tendency recorded at Tampa, FL, showing a fall of 9.9 mb during the previous 3 hours.  The 
central pressure at this time (0930Z on the 27th) was 969 mb, as contrasted to the central pressure of 954 mb as the hurricane 
passed over West Palm Beach earlier.  The lowest pressure for the storm ws 953.9 mb at West Palm Beach.  The highest winds 
were recorded to the right of the center of the eye" (Back of Oct 31-Nov 1 Washington, D.C. Weather Bureau Daily Weather Maps).  
"8/27/1949 - 1011 mb OCI, 95 kt equivalent 1 min max wind at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Aug 27, 954 mb central 
pressure at landfall based upon 954 mb measured at West Palm Beach, FL, 23 nmi RMW, 14 kt translational speed, landfall 
point - 26.9N, 80.0W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Aug - FL - SE3, 954 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida: 
1949 Aug. 26-27, Extreme, 2 killed, damage $45,000,000" ("Extreme" is equivalent to 136 mph and higher, 948 mb or lower, 
Dunn and Miller).

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 33.3N, 82.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm 
at 33.0N, 82.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.2N, 82.8W, and a 12Z position near 
33.2N, 82.7W with a 992 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.2N, 82.9W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1011 mb 
at 00Z at 28.8N, 80.2W (COA); 55(?) kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 80.4W (micro).  Two other gales.  Land highlights: 
986 mb (min p) at 0428Z at Alma, GA (31.5N, 82.5W); 65 kt SE (max wind; 1-minute) at 05Z at Brunswick (31.2N, 81.5W); 
40 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 12Z at Augusta, GA (33.5N, 82.0W (micro); 41 kt S at Wilmington, NC (climo).  Four other gales 
and 17 other low pressures.  "It moved through Georgia and the Carolinas as a weakened disturbance" (MWR).  "It finally 
passed into Georgia as a storm tropical storm around 8:00 pm on August 27, just over 24 hours after it had made landfall.  
In Georgia and the Carolinas, heavy rains overfilled rivers and caused widespread flooding.  At least four tornadoes touched 
down in central North Carolina, causing millions of dollars in damages" (Barnes).  Regarding the storm in North Carolina... 
"Heavy rain fell on the 28th as a dying hurricane moved across the State accompanied also by destructive tornadoes...On the 
28th, the remnants of a hurricane that had lashed Florida earlier moved across the State [North Carolina].  The center of 
the storm moved in a northeasterly direction passing near Charlotte and Winston-Salem.  Heavy rain amounting to 3 or more 
inches fell over the central part of the State.  All rivers rose sharply at the end of the month as a result of the heavy 
rain produced by the hurricane.  Even the Tar River, which floods infrequently, overflowed its banks in the upper portions 
of its channel.  The Neuse, Cape Fear and Catawba Rivers reached the highest stages since November, 1948.  The Neuse rose 
to a crest about 6 feet above flood level at both Smithfield and Goldsboro.  The Cape Fear River reached 41 feet at 
Fayetteville or 6 feet above flood level and went 11 feet above flood level at Elizabethtown.  At Catawba the Catawba River 
crested at 18 feet on the 29th or 10 feet above its banks at that point.  Flood stages on a number of streams in the extreme 
western part of the State were the highest since August, 1940.  While crests well above flood stage were reached in Virginia, 
flood levels were only slightly exceeded, if at all, in North Carolina.  A considerable amount of crop damage was inflicted 
by these floods, but it is believed that very little other property damage resulted.  The hurricane caused considerable damage 
in the central part of the State.  Winds with gusts up to 40 and 50 mph accompanied the storm and evidence indicates that several 
small tornadoes developed in various parts of the eastern Piedmont.  These twisters totally or partially destroyed many farm 
buildings, including a few residences, but no one was killed.  Much damage was done to communication and power lines and the 
heavy rain severely damaged smaller roads and caused considerable field erosion" (August 1949 North Carolina Climatological 
Data).  "Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia: 1949 Aug. 28, Interior sections, Minor, 
Overland from Fla." (Minor indicates winds less than 74 mph and a central pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.6N, 75.7W with an approaching cold front very near the low 
and already starting to interact with the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 40.8N, 76.1W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.9N, 80.6W, and a 12Z position near 41.4N, 76.0W with a 1000 mb 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.1N, 81.0W, and a 12Z position near 41.1N, 76.0W.  
Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 41.0N, 75.8W with an approaching front close to the low.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 33.6N, 77.5W (micro); 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 12Z at 36.9N, 74.7W (COA).  
Six other low pressures.  Land highlights: 20 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 06Z at Washington, D.C. (micro); 15 kt SSW and 1001 mb 
at 12Z at Harrisburg, PA (micro); 15 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 18Z at Burlington, VT (micro); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 18Z at 
Nantucket, MA (micro).  Six other low pressures.  "Another twister was spawned in the Tidewater region of Virginia.  The 
decaying storm tracked through Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, where damaging floods ended an extended 
drought" (Barnes).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 52.0N, 62.8W with a warm front extending from the low towards 
the ESE and a cold front extending from the low towards the SSE-S-SSW.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone 
at 52.2N, 62.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 47.5N, 68.4W, and a 12Z position near 
52.7N, 62.3W with a 992 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 47.0N, 67.0W.  
By 12Z, the low is off the microfilm map, but at 06Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 
59.4N, 65.9W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low towards the S-SSW.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1009 mb at 12Z at 47.4N, 61.9W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 52.5N, 52.5W (COA). 
One other gale of 35 kt.  Land highlights: 40 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at Harbour Island (47.3N, 61.9W) (micro); 15 kt NNE 
and 995 mb at 06Z at 49.0N, 64.7W (micro).  Three other low pressures.

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 55.1N, 45.7W with a warm front extending from the low 
southeastward and a cold front extending from the low towards the SSE-S-SSW.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt extratropical 
cyclone at 54.9N, 47.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 54.5N, 55.7W and a 12Z 
position near 56.3N, 45.4W with a 992 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 06Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA); 
30 kt WSW and 999 mb at 53.5N, 49.5W (COA).  Five other low pressures.

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 52.3N, 20.2W with a warm/occluded front extending from the 
low wrapping around southward to a triple point near 47N, 19W.  From the triple point, a warm front extends southward 
and then southeastward to southeast of 43N, 17W, and a cold front extends southwestward and then westward to west of 
44N, 41W.  HWM also analyzes a separate extratropical low of at most 990 mb centered near 61N, 19.5W.  HURDAT no longer 
lists a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 1011 mb at 06Z at 48.2N, 29.1W (COA); 20 kt NE and 992 mb at 
12Z at 53.7N, 18.7W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1011 mb at 12Z at 48.4N, 26.7W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 18Z at 45.0N, 16.0W 
(COA).  Several other gales of 35-40 kt and several other low pressures of 992-1005 mb.

HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 23 August as a 50 kt tropical storm at 18.2N, 60.0W.  No changes were made to timing 
of the beginning of this system in HURDAT.  However, the genesis of this cyclone was not captured.  Available data on the 
21st and 22nd is sparse.  This cyclone moved west-northwestward passing just north of the northern Virgin Islands late on 
the 23rd and through the Bahamas on the 25th and 26th.  It made landfall as a category 4 hurricane in Palm Beach County, FL 
around 23Z on the 26th.  On the 27th and 28th, the cyclone moved through Florida and northward through the eastern United States.  
The largest track change from the 23rd through the 28th of August was only about six-tenths of a degree at various times from 
the 23rd to the 25th.  Some intensity changes were also made.  At 2050Z on 23 August, a ship in the storm area reported an ESE 
wind of 55 kt.  The HURDAT intensities at 18Z on the 23rd and 00Z on the 24th are each raised by 5 kt because of the ship 
observation.  On the 24th at 15Z, a different ship recorded a wind of 65 kt from the ESE.  The HURDAT intensity at 12Z and 18Z 
on the 24th is increased by 10 kt to 65 and 70 kt respectively.  From the 23rd at 2050Z until the 24th at 18Z there were six 
different observations of winds between 50-65 kt from five different ships.  This cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane 
by 12Z on the 24th (12Z on the 25th previously), which is 24 hours earlier than in HURDAT previously.  On the 25th at 2045Z, 
maximum winds of 100 kt were estimated by aircraft reconnaissance, and the plane did not fly into the center.  The hurricane 
passed very near Cat Island in the Bahamas, where hurricane force winds were experienced from 00Z on the 26th until at least 06Z, 
with a highest reported wind of 96 kt (though this may be a gust).  The peak wind (likely a gust) observed was 104 kt in Little 
Whale Cay.  Regardless, the winds in HURDAT are boosted on the 25th due to the combination of the aircraft estimate along with 
the Cat Island observations.  HURDAT previously showed a quick increase in the winds on the 26th, but observations from the Bahamas 
indicate that this hurricane likely did not intensify as rapidly as indicated in HURDAT.

The hurricane made landfall in Palm Beach County, Florida around 23Z on the 26th at 26.6N, 80.0W between Boynton Beach 
and Lake Worth.  The highest official wind observation at standard observing height was 110 kt with a gust to 130 kt at 
Lake Worth (26.8N, 80.0W) (time unknown and the instrument failed at the time of the 110 kt measurement).  The highest 
official elevated wind observation was 133 kt (1-minute wind) from the northeast.  This observation occurred at Jupiter 
Lighthouse (26.9N, 80.1W) at 2333Z on the 26th.  Converting this wind down to the standard measuring height of 10 m for 
a 1 min peak wind yields a value of 112-122 kt (the uncertainty is due to whether the anemometer was at 35 m or 45 m, 
as well as whether the wind was a fastest mile or 1 min).  Hillsboro Lighthouse (26.3N, 80.1W) recorded a maximum 1-minute 
elevated wind of 120 kt from the west at 2347Z on the 26th.  Adjusting for anemometer evelvation above the ground, this 
reduces down to 101-109 kt, again due to the uncertainty in the actual height.  The lowest pressure of 954 mb was measured 
at West Palm Beach (26.7N, 80.1W) on the 27th at 0026Z with simultaneous calm winds.  West Palm Beach recorded 22 minutes 
of calm winds from 0020Z to 0042Z on the 27th.  Del Ray Beach (26.5N, 80.1W) recorded 15 minutes of calm winds from 2300Z 
to 2315Z on the 26th, but Del Ray Beach did not report a pressure value.  It is possible that the central pressure at 
landfall at 23Z was less than the measured central pressure at West Palm Beach at 0026Z, which was more than 1 hour after 
landfall.  Del Ray Beach experienced the left part of the calm eye and West Palm Beach experienced the right portion of 
the calm eye an hour later as the hurricane moved northwestward at about 13 kt.  954 mb is the analyzed central pressure 
for landfall and for 00Z.  A central pressure of 954 yields an intensity of 109 kt and 104 kt respectively using the 
Brown et al. southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships for intensifying systems.  The analyzed RMW is 20 nmi, 
which is near the climatological value of 18 nmi for this location and central pressure.  115 kt is chosen for the 
landfall intensity and the intensity at 00Z on the 27th based primarily on the Lake Worth, Jupiter Lighthouse, and Hillsboro 
Lighthouse readings.  HURDAT previously listed a 130 kt intensity at 18Z on the 26th and 00Z on the 27th.  A combination of
factors including the numerous wind and pressure observations at landfall, accounts and descriptions of the damage, and analyses
of this storm in previous publications all support reducing the winds previously listed in HURDAT.  From 12Z on the 26th through 
00Z on the 27th, intensities of 110, 115, and 115 kt are analyzed (down from 115, 130, and 130 kt respectively).  This hurricane 
was previously listed as a category 3 hurricane landfall for Florida, but it is increased to a category 4 hurricane for southeast 
Florida.  The new track around the time of landfall is about one to two-tenths of a degree to the left of the previous track.  
After landfall, the cyclone moved towards the north-northwest, passing over the northeastern edge of Lake Okeechobee and moving 
towards the Gulf coast near Cedar Keys.  By the time it reached the shoreline near Cedar Keys, the cyclone turned towards the 
north and moved further inland again over the southeastern U.S.  A second U.S. landfall is not analyzed since there is not 
evidence that the center moved into the Gulf of Mexico.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model after landfall in 
Palm Beach County yield 71 kt for 06Z on the 27th, 56 kt for 12Z, 55 kt for 18Z, 36 kt for 00Z on the 28th, and 29 kt for 06Z 
on the 28th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times were 84 kt (Vero Beach official observation) around 06Z on 
the 27th, 50 kt around 12Z, 50 kt around 18Z, 60 kt around 00Z on the 28th, and 65 kt around 06Z on the 28th.  Revised winds in 
HURDAT are 85 kt at 06Z the 27th (down from 100 kt originally), 65 kt at 12Z (no change to HURDAT), 65 kt at 18Z (up from 55 kt), 
65 kt at 00Z the 28th (up from 50 kt), and 65 kt at 06Z the 28th (up from 45 kt).  A category 1 impact is analyzed for southwest 
Florida, northeast Florida, and northwest Florida.  At 06Z the 28th, the cyclone (still a hurricane) is analyzed to be located at 
31.8N, 82.9W (31.5N, 82.9W originally).  The central pressures listed in HURDAT from 00Z to 12Z on the 27th of 954, 965, and 
974 mb are unchanged.  The central pressures listed in HURDAT from 18Z on the 27th to 06Z on the 28th were changed based on 
observations.  The new analyzed pressures for these times are 980 mb at 18Z on the 27th (982 mb originally), 984 mb at 00Z on 
the 28th (987 mb originally), and 988 mb at 06Z on the 28th (992 mb originally).  For 12Z on the 28th, the highest observed 
wind within 2 hr of synoptic time is 55 kt from a ship about 50 nmi offshore of Savannah, GA.  Compared to nearby observations, 
it is possible that the 55 kt ship observation may be biased slightly too high. However, a wind of 49 kt was observed at Charleston, 
SC, so 55 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 28th (up from 40 kt originally).  Later on the 28th, 45 kt was observed at Greenville, NC, 
and 41 kt was observed at Wilmington, NC.  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 28th (up from 40 kt originally).  The 
pressures listed in HURDAT from 12Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th are unchanged.  After passing through Georgia and the 
Carolinas on the 28th, the cyclone moved through Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, northern New Hampshire, 
and Maine on the 29th.  Late on the 28th and early on the 29th the new track is slightly to the right of the previous track, 
but later on the 29th, the new track is slightly to the left of the previous track.  The largest track change on the 29th was 
seven tenths of a degree.  The intensity is analyzed to have remained at 50 kt through 12Z on the 29th (up from 35 kt originally 
at 12Z the 29th).  The central pressure listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th of 1000 mb is changed to 998 mb.  No change is 
made to the timing of extratropical transition, which occurred at 18Z on the 29th with the center located in the Vermont/New 
Hampshire area, and the analyzed intensity for that time is 45 kt (35 kt originally).  On the 30th, the cyclone moved northeastward 
through eastern Canada and then made a turn towards the east along 55N around 00Z on the 31st.  By 18Z on the 31st, it was in 
the vicinity of 55N, 43W.  The largest track change on the 30th through the 31st was about 1 degree at 06Z on the 30th.  The last
point in HURDAT previously was at 18Z on the 31st as 25 kt and extratropical, but the analysis indicates that the cyclone was not 
absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on 1 September, so 24 hours are added to this system as an extratropical cyclone.  By 12Z
on 1 September, the cyclone was centered near 53.2N, 19.0W, and it was rotating counterclockwise in conjunction with another, 
separate, closed extratropical low located near 61N, 19W.  The two cyclones finally merged after 18Z on 1 September.  After a 
40 kt observation at 12Z on 30 August, there were no more observed gales associated with this cyclone until an observation of 
45 kt at 06Z on 1 September.  However, there were several 30 kt observations from 12Z on the 30th through 12Z on the 31st.  On 
the 31st, there was very sparse data coverage on the right (south) side of the cyclone.  The intensity on the 30th is analyzed 
to be 45 kt at all times (an increase of 10 to 15 kt from HURDAT previously), and on the 31st intensities of 40, 40, 35, and 
35 kt are analyzed (25 kt at all times originally).  The analyzed intensities on 1 September are 40, 45, 50, and 50 kt respectively.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 3 - Revised in 2014

34325 08/30/1949 M= 5  3 SNBR= 761 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34330 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*119 558  35    0*
34330 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*119 558  30    0*
                                                                        **

34335 08/31*122 569  40    0*124 577  45    0*127 587  45    0*129 594  45    0*
34335 08/31*122 565  30    0*126 573  35    0*130 581  35    0*133 590  40    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34340 09/01*134 605  45    0*138 613  45    0*142 620  40    0*147 632  40    0*
34340 09/01*136 600  40    0*139 610  40    0*142 620  40    0*147 632  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                       

34345 09/02*150 644  40    0*152 651  35    0*153 657  35    0*153 666  30    0*
34345 09/02*150 644  40    0*152 652  40    0*153 660  40    0*153 669  30    0*
                                 ***  **          ***  **          ***       

34350 09/03*153 677  25    0*153 684  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34350 09/03*153 680  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***          *** ***  **

34355 TS      

International Landfall:
Sep. 1st, 06Z, 13.9N 61.0W, 40 kt, St. Lucia

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, and U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories.

August 30:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT first lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z at 11.9N, 
55.8W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1008 mb at 18Z at 8.6N, 56.8W (COA).  "This storm was discovered by 
reconnaissance aircraft early on the afternoon of August 30" (MWR).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 11.7N, 58.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm 
at 12.7N, 58.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 12.0N, 56.5W and a 12Z position near 12.7N, 
58.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered near 12.5N, 59.5W, although it is on the edge of the map 
so it is difficult to tell.  Land highlights: 10 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 13.8N, 60.9W (micro).  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 13.1N, 58.5W (micro).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.7N, 62.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 
14.2N, 62.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 14.0N, 60.3W and a 12Z position near 14.5N, 
62.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 14.7N, 63.1W.  Land 
highlights: 15 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z at 14.0N, 61.0W (micro); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 18Z at Montserrat (16.7N, 62.2W) 
(Caribbean obs).  Aircraft highlights: 35* kt S at ~18Z at ~14.5N, 61.9W (micro).  From the aircraft flight... "Hurep Duck 
Note: 13.8N and 63.0W wind shift to 220 degrees.  Sea calm, wind constant in direction and velocity to present location.  
Lowest pressure (encountered) 1008.2 mbs... no indication of hurricane" (micro).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.3N, 66.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm 
at 15.3N, 65.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 15.1N, 64.2W and last shows a position at 
12Z near 15.5N, 65.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.6N, 65.6W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt E and 1011 mb at 14Z at 20.5N, 67.5W (COA); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 20Z at 22.5N, 68.5W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: 
40 kt ESE (at the surface) and 40 kt ESE (at flight level of 1,000 feet) at 1230Z at 16.0N, 64.5W (micro); 60 kt SE (at 
flight level of 1,000 feet) (max wind encountered by aircraft on flight) at 1315Z at 16.0N, 62.9W (micro).  From the 
aircraft flight... "Turning SE parallel to diffused easterly wave.  Max wind 145 degrees, 60 kt in squall area 180 miles 
wide." (micro).  From the next flight... "Calm 60 miles west of forecast storm center position.  No storm evident.  Winds 
calm, sea calm.  Entered line of cumulus 2035Z, calm in area, no swell or sea" (micro).  "Although aircraft encountered 
winds as high as 50 to 60 knots at 1,000 feet and estimated surface winds as high as 45 to 50 knots in the eastern 
semicircle of the storm, no surface winds were reported higher than 31 knots recorded at Caravelle, Martinique.  
Aircraft reported the location of the eye of this storm on several occasions, but apparently it never was well developed.  
Winds in the western semicircle never were very strong, and on the afternoon of September 2 there no longer appeared to 
be a definite center.  The storm, having weakened considerably, moved westward as part of the easterly wave" (MWR).

September 3:
HWM no longer shows any features of interest on this day pertaining to storm 3, but instead analyzes a closed low of 
at most 1005 mb pertaining to storm 4 centered near 19.3N, 66.6W.  HURDAT last lists 1949 Storm #3 at 06Z as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 15.3N, 68.4W.  No gales or low pressures associated with storm #3.  "[Storm 4] apparently 
formed on the same easterly wave with which the storm of August 30 - September 2 was associated.  On the night of 
September 2 when the storm in the Caribbean had apparently weakened into an area of squalls, indications of a closed 
circulation north of the Virgin Islands began to appear.  After passage of the wave the surface wind in the islands 
gradually veered to south-southwest and increased in velocity to Beaufort force 5 to 7.  At 8:30 pm of September 2 
(0130Z September 3) the surface winds at San Juan was easterly but shifted to light westerly 3 hours later.  The upper 
air at this time had westerly winds at all levels up to 25,000 feet" (MWR).

A tropical cyclone formed from an easterly wave on 30 August at 18Z near 11.9N, 55.8W, according to HURDAT.  The 28th 
and 29th were searched, but a closed low was not found.  There was not much data available on the 30th, despite having 
an aircraft reconnaissance mission on this date.  In part because of this, no change is made to the timing of genesis or 
the initial location of the tropical cyclone.  The track is moved slightly to the ENE at 12Z and 18Z on the 31st due to 
second aircraft missions that provide a center fix on the 31st at 1530Z.  This second aircraft mission confirmed the 
existence of a closed low, and this confirmation is supported by observations from the Windward Islands as the cyclone 
passed through the islands early on the 1 September.  There are three observations of 1005 mb pressures from 18Z on the 
31st of August to 06Z on the 1st of September.  1005 mb peripheral pressure suggests peak winds of at least 37 kt from 
the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  There was one 30 kt wind observation from a ship at 00Z on 
the 1st.    The first tropical storm force winds reported were at 18Z on the 1st, when 35 kt winds were recorded at 
Montserrat and from aircraft.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed from genesis at 18Z on 30 August and at 00Z on 31 August 
(down from 35 and 40 kt, respectively).  Intensification to a tropical storm is reanalyzed to have occurred at 06Z on 
the 31st and reaching 40 kt by 18Z at the time of the first 1005 mb pressure measurement.  The low end tropical storm 
continued moving westward at about 8 kt, and on the 2nd of September, aircraft flying at 1000 feet reported 40 kt surface 
winds with flight-level winds as high as 60 kt between 12Z and 15Z.  Due to the numerous reports of 40 kt winds from aircraft, 
the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT is changed to 40 kt on the 2nd at 06Z and 12Z.  The intensity of 40 kt from 18Z on the 31st
through 12Z on the 2nd is the peak for the cyclone, down slightly from 45 kt originally from 06Z on the 31st through 06Z 
on the 1st.  The microfilm map from 12Z on 2 September indicates that the precipitation around this storm was extremely 
asymmetric, and the system was likely experiencing strong, westerly shear.  This shear prevented any further organization 
or strengthening and likely contributed to the quick demise of this tropical cyclone.  The tropical storm is analyzed to 
have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 2nd (no change to HURDAT intensity) as it continued slowly westward.  
By 00Z on the 3rd, the winds around the circulation had significantly weakened, and a closed low barely existed.  The last 
point in HURDAT (06Z on the 3rd) is eliminated from HURDAT.  Even though the observations at 06Z are sparser than at 00Z, 
the extremely weak circulation at 00Z continued to weaken, and it is analyzed that a closed low no longer existed by 06Z.

It should be noted that genesis of 1949 storm 4 occurred very close in space and time to the dissipation of 1949 Storm 3.  
There are three scenarios regarding Storms 3 and 4.  Scenario 1 is that Storm 3 dissipated on the 3rd well to the south of 
where the genesis of storm 4 occurred the same day, and they are two separate storms, as in HURDAT.  Scenario 2 is that 
Storm 3 and Storm 4 are actually the same storm.  In this scenario, Storm 3 would have moved northwards on September 2nd 
06Z from 15.2N, 65.1W to the Storm 4 genesis location on September 3rd at 06Z (18.4N, 65.0W).  Scenario number 3 is that 
the center of Storm 3 underwent a reformation, and although it was actually the same storm, analysts at the time thought 
that a new storm had developed.  

Analyses were performed to determine which scenario is correct.  Within the Historical Weather Maps are contained 12Z 
500 mb observations and analyses.  These indicated NE 15 kt winds at San Juan on the 1st, E 10 kt on the 2nd, and WNW 
20 kt on the 3rd.  These observations along with the six hourly microfilm surface maps are consistent with there being 
two separate tropical cyclones for storm #3 and storm #4 - scenario 1, as in HURDAT.  Storm 3 maintained its own identity 
through its lifetime, moving almost due west on the 2nd.  Although Storm 4 formed from the same easterly wave as Storm 3, 
there is no evidence that a reformation of the center of Storm 3 took place.  

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 4 - Revised in 2014

34360 09/03/1949 M= 9  4 SNBR= 762 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34365 09/03*  0   0   0    0*184 650  35    0*195 663  55    0*209 666  65    0*
34365 09/03*185 654  30    0*189 659  40    0*198 663  55    0*210 666  70  987*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              ***      **  ***

34370 09/04*220 668  70    0*228 669  75    0*235 670  80    0*243 670  80    0*
34370 09/04*221 668  65    0*230 670  60  995*235 672  60  994*241 674  60  994*
            ***      **      *** ***  **  ***     ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

34375 09/05*251 670  85    0*256 669  90    0*258 667  95    0*259 662  95    0*
34375 09/05*247 674  65    0*252 672  70    0*256 670  75    0*259 667  80  982*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***

34380 09/06*260 657 100    0*260 653 105    0*261 650 105    0*263 648 105    0*
34380 09/06*260 664  90  974*260 659  95    0*261 653 100    0*263 649 100    0*
                *** ***  ***     *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34385 09/07*265 646 100    0*267 645 100    0*272 644  95    0*284 642 100    0*
34385 09/07*265 647 100    0*267 645 100    0*272 644 100    0*284 644 105    0*
                ***                                   ***          *** ***

34390 09/08*297 640 100    0*307 638 105    0*317 635 110    0*330 630 110    0*
34390 09/08*297 643 110    0*307 641 110    0*317 638 110    0*330 632 110    0*
                *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

34395 09/09*344 621 110    0*360 610 105    0*378 598  95    0*399 587  85    0*
34395 09/09*344 621 110    0*358 610 105    0*376 598  95    0*399 587  85    0*
                             ***              ***             

34400 09/10*424 572  75    0E455 551  65    0E489 530  60    0E533 509  55    0*
34400 09/10*424 578  75    0E450 563  65    0E489 532  60    0E533 509  60    0*
                ***          *** ***              ***                   **
 
34405 09/11E568 488  50    0E587 477  45    0E605 472  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
34405 09/11E568 488  60    0E587 477  50    0E610 469  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **               **      *** ***  

34410 HR

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather 
Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, and Tucker 
(1995).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.3N, 66.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt 
tropical storm at 19.5N, 66.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 
66.9W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map first shows a position for this storm at 
12Z near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1008 mb near 19.7N, 66.3W.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt and 1001 mb at 18Z at 21.2N, 67.0W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2025Z 
at 21.7N, 67.1W with a 987 mb central pressure and estimated maximum winds of 65 kt (micro).  From the 
aircraft flight... "Navy Hurep- 2025Z: Max wind 65 kt near center.  Position of center is 21.7N, 67.1W.  
Eye diameter 26 miles.  Lowest pressure 987 mbs ( treatedas central pressure).  Position reliable.  
Conservative wind estimate.  50 kt winds within 25 miles of center" (micro).  "This storm apparently 
formed on the same easterly wave with which the storm of August 30 - September 2 was associated.  On 
the night of September 2 when the storm in the Caribbean had apparently weakened into an area of squalls, 
indications of a closed circulation north of the Virgin Islands began to appear.  After passage of the 
wave the surface wind in the islands gradually veered to south-southwest and increased in velocity to 
Beaufort force 5 to 7.  At 8:30 pm of September 2 (0130Z September 3) the surface wind at San Juan was 
easterly but shifted to light westerly 3 hours later.  The upper air at this time had westerly winds at 
all levels up to 25,000 feet.  The storm rapidly developed to hurricane force and by late afternoon, 
September 3, aircraft estimated winds of 75 mph" (MWR).  "Spotted early on Saturday morning, September 3rd, 
the hurricane was believed to have originated 250 miles due north of San Juan" (Tucker).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.7N, 67.2W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane 
at 23.5N, 67.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.1N, 67.9W and a 12Z 
position near 24.0N, 68.0W with a 992 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 
22.2N, 66.9W and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 67.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb near 24.0N, 
67.2W.  Ship highlights: center fix at 07Z at 23.3N, 67.1W with calm winds and a 995 mb central pressure 
(micro); 70 kt (max w encountered) at ~07Z at ~23.3N, ~67.1W (micro); 15 kt SSE and 996 mb at 15Z at 23.9N, 
67.2W (micro); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 18Z at 23.7N, 66.9W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1257Z 
at 24.2N, 67.2W with a 994 mb central pressure and 80 kt max (flight level of 700 ft?) winds (micro); center 
fix at ~1502Z at 23.8N, 68.2W with a 992 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds (micro); center fix at 2022Z 
with 996 mb central pressure (micro).  From ship... "Position 0700Z 23.3N, 67.1W.  Pass about 20 miles closed 
center.  Hurricane moving NNW about 16 knots with winds force 12 near center.  Absolutely calm in the hurricane 
center.  Heavy rain and winds force 10 thirty miles to eastern side.  Barometer lowest pressure 994.6 mbs" 
(micro).  From aircraft... "Navy 6- lowest pressure at 1257Z 994 mbs.  Position 24.2N, 67.2W.  Max winds 80 knots" 
(micro).  From aircraft... "Navy: Entered eye from west side at 23.8N, 68.4W at 1500Z.  Middle of eye diameter 
20 miles.  Light variable winds.  Surface pressure 992 mbs.  Max NW winds 80 knots..." (micro).  From aircraft... 
"Entered eye 2020Z.  Position 24.3N, 67.9W, wind and sea calm, low pressure 995.5.  Left eye 2025Z, enter CB, 
winds in south quadrant less than 40 kt" (micro).  "Rapid intensification continued as the storm moved 
north-northwestward on the 4th and 5th to about latitude 26N, longitude 67 to 68W, where it remained at nearly 
a standstill for 2 days, probably with a slow eastward drift" (MWR).  "By Sunday night (the 4th), it was 
500 miles SSW of [Bermuda]" (Tucker).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.3N, 67.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 
25.8N, 66.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.4N, 68.6W and a 12Z position 
near 26.7N, 67.9W with a 982 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 25.0N, 
67.0W and a 12Z position near 25.8N, 66.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 25.6N, 
67.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 1005 mb at 00Z at 24.4N, 68.5W (micro).  At least seven other gales 
(all of 35 kt) and at least five other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fix 
from Navy plane [storm position estimate; no penetration] at 1513Z at 25.8N, 66.9W with strongest winds encountered 
of 90 kt [13 miles west of center or eye edge?] and lowest pressure encountered [peripheral] of 982 mb (micro); 
center fix by Air Force at 2124Z at 26.2N, 65.8W with 974 mb central pressure simultaneously with winds of between 
0 to 8 knots, and the maximum winds encountered by the aircraft were 100 kt 40 miles south of center (micro).  
At least 12 other gales and at least nine other low pressures.  From the Navy plane... "Unable penetrate storm.  
Circled west since due to 90 knots wind.  Severe turbulence, no radar and common sense.  Life raft door carried away.  
Life raft protruding.  Within 13 miles of eye at 1510Z 25.8N, 67.3W.  Some storm!  Cleared storm 1532Z.  Lowest 
pressure [encountered] 982 mb at 1513Z.  SW side of storm no longer soft.  Estimate center of storm at 1513Z 25.8N, 
66.9W" (micro).  "Received dispatch from Air Force plane saying 'We are in eye of the storm 2124Z 26.2N, 65.8W.'  
At 2130Z, Duck Hurep in the eye at 26.2N, 65.8W.  Highest measured wind (in eye) 8 knots.  Forty miles to south 
wind as high as 100 kt.  Diameter of eye 20 miles.  NE and SE quadrants have most activity" (micro).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.1N, 65.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 
26.1N, 65.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.2N, 66.7W and a 12Z position 
near 26.6N, 65.8W with a 970 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.2N, 65.7W 
and a 12Z position near 26.6N, 64.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 26.0N, 65.3W.  
Ship highlights: At least 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 20Z at 25.6N, 64.0W (micro).  At least seven other gales between 
35-45 kt and at least 12 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt W (65 kt WSW at 
flight level of 800 feet) and 989 mb at 1330Z at 25.2N, 65.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (did not penetrate 
center) at 1340Z at 26.0N, 65.2W (below average position accuracy) with max winds of 100 to 120 kt (micro); center 
fix at 2105Z at 26.6N, 65.0W with max winds of 80 kt and max gusts of 100 kt (micro).  At least nine other gales 
and at least three other low pressures between 993-994 mb.  "0225Z Air Force radar fix (based on Loran) on center 
26.3N, 66.8W" (micro).  "Duck special: Center at 1340Z 26.0N, 65.2W located by drift.  Some storm winds 100/120 
knots" (micro).  "Duck four: Storm center 26.4N, 64.8W at 2105Z; max winds 80 kt, gusts 100 kt.  Duck five: position 
(of aircraft), winds (flight level?), and pressure (surface) follow (between 2215Z and 2245Z)- 27.2N, 65.0W, NE 74 kt, 
993 mb; 26.1N, 65.6W, NNW 60 kt, 993 mb; 25.7N, 64.4W, SW 74 kt, 994 mb.  Duck six remarks: correct storm center to 
26.6N, 65.0W at 2105Z (replot from loran)" (micro).  "By Tuesday [September 6th], the Miami Weather Bureau had estimated 
that the eye of the hurricane would pass as close as fifty miles to the west of Bermuda with a hurricane radius of more 
then a hundred miles and a velocity of 175 mph near the center" (Tucker).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.7N, 64.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 
64.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 26.3N, 65.0W and a 12Z position near 27.4N, 
64.9W with a 994 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.2N, 64.4W and a 12Z 
position near 28.2N, 64.0W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 64.0W.  Ship highlights: 
60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 00Z at 25.2N, 64.7W (micro); 40-65 kt at 01Z at 27.8N, 62.8W (micro); 50-65 kt at 12Z at 
28.0N, 62.3W (micro, HWM); at least 50 kt ESE and 1000-1001 mb around 18Z from three ships at 29.3N, 62.3W, 29.9N, 
62.6W, and 29.7N, 63.0W (micro); at least 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 20Z at 28.7N, 62.5W (micro).  At least seven other 
gales and at least five other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 2000Z at 28.4N, 64.3W and 28.6N, 
64.5W (micro); 120 + kt and 988 mb at ~ 20Z at 28.4N, 63.3W (micro).  From ship Sharf & Mead... "Whole gale hurricane 
force 0100Z" (micro).  From Air Force plane... "Duck 3- hurricane located by radar and loran fix estimated at 26.2N, 
64.6W at 0540Z.  Max error 20 miles.  Diameter of eye 50 miles" (micro).  "Air Force plane center 28.6N, 64.5W at 
2000Z.  Wind estimated 120 knots plus on east side.  Heavy turbulence east and southeast" (micro).  "Message at 2005Z: 
Storm center at 1910Z approximately 250 miles due south of Bermuda.  Message at 2037Z: Storm center 28.6N, 64.5W at 1930Z.  
Estimated winds 120 knots plus on east side.  Heavy turbulence from 50 miles southeast to 150 miles north" (micro).  
"By afternoon of September 7 it had become a hurricane of great size and severity, and a north to north-northeastward 
movement was resumed" (MWR).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 985 mb centered near 31.6N, 64.2W.  HWM anlso analyzes a weak extratropical cyclone 
located several hundred miles to the northwest of the tropical cyclone near 39N, 71W with a warm front extending 
eastward from the extratropical low to beyond 41N, 56W and a cold front extending southwestward from the 
extratropical low to beyond 36N, 75W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 31.7N, 63.5W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 29.8N, 64.8W and a 12Z position near 31.8N, 64.7W with a 988 mb 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 29.2N, 63.9W and a 12Z position near 31.5N, 
63.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position with an extratropical low 
analyzed well northwest of the tropical cyclone similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 996 mb 
at 12Z at 30.2N, 65.8W (HWM).  At least four other gales of 35 kt and at least six other low pressures between 999 
and 1004 mb.  Land highlights: 55 kt NE and 990 mb at 1630Z at Bermuda (micro).  Aircraft highlights: (Eye edge or 
center fix?) at 0104Z at 29.8N, 64.4W (micro).  "Entered eye 0104Z at 29.8N, 64.4W" (micro).  "Radar center fix 
1320Z near 31.8N, 63.8W" (micro).  "The center passed 60 to 70 miles east of Bermuda about 11 am of September 8.  
Bermuda experienced strong gale winds but escaped hurricane force, since hurricane winds did not extend very far 
west of the center" (MWR).  "The 'Royal Gazette' of Thursday, September 8th carried flaring headlines: HURRICANE 
WITH 140 MPH WINDS TO STRIKE BERMUDA EARLY TODAY and the colony entered its fifth day of hurricane tension.  The 
hurricane had indeed changed course and when 400 miles due south of Bermuda had become almost stationary.  The 
hurricane passed 65 miles to the east (of Bermuda) at 11:30 am on Thursday (September 8th) and not only was the 
colony unscathed but, as the Meteorological Station commented: 'We hardly had a gale'.  At the dockyard, the floating 
dock had been submerged... 250 telephones were out of operation owing to salt spray, but not a single tree had fallen 
and only one house had lost one tile" (Tucker).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 60.0W with a complex frontal system approaching from the 
west located from 31N, 73W to 33N, 69W to 37N, 67W to 41N, 64W to 45N, 59W to 46N 55W to east of 45N, 49W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 59.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
34.1N, 63.0W and a 12Z position near 37.7N, 60.1W with a 988 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
00Z position near 33.9N, 61.6W and a 12Z position near 37.5N, 59.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 978 mb 
centered near 38.2N, 59.6W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt N and 993 mb at 18Z at 40.1N, 61.2W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1013 mb 
at 18Z at 32.1N, 57.4W (COA).  At least 31 other low pressures between 993-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 30 kt WNW and 
1003 mb at 0130Z at Bermuda (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 0704Z at 36.0N, 60.7W (micro); 45 kt SW 
(50 kt WSW at flight level of 9,500 feet) and 1001 mb at 22Z at 38.6N, 56.2W (micro); 991 mb at 2215Z at 40.1N, 55.5W (micro); 
radar center fix at 2230Z at 41.8N, 56.7W (micro).  "Air Force: storm center located by radar 0704Z 35.9N, 60.6W" (micro).  
"Radar fix 0704Z 36.0N, 60.7W" (micro).  "Position given by Navy radar ship at 1200Z 38.3N, 59.0W" (micro).  "Duck 7 reports 
center at 2230Z at 41.8N, 56.7W by radar" (micro).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 975 mb centered near 49.4N, 51.6W with a WNW-ESE warm front extending from 49.5N, 
48W to 45N, 36W and a cold front extending from 48N, 51W to southwest of 36N, 57W.  Also, another cold front is 
approaching several hundred miles to the west.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 48.9N, 53.0W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 42.3N, 57.1W and a 12Z position near 49.7N, 53.2W 
with a 970 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 42.5N, 57.4W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a large low centered just off the map, but probably in the vicinity of 48.5N, 52.5W of at most 990 mb with 
a front to the west.  Ship highlights: 40(?) kt W and 984 mb at 00Z at 42.1N, 60.0W (micro); 55 kt S and 980(?) mb 
at ~06Z at 44.3N, 56.3W (micro); 20 kt N and 979 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt E and 993 mb at 18Z at 
55.5N, 46.5W (COA).  At least four other gales and at least 19 other low pressures below 1000 mb. Land highlights: 
40 kt WNW and 1007 mb at 18Z at 47.3N, 61.9W (micro).  At least 3 other low pressures between 987-998 mb.  "Hurep 
Duck received 1117Z: hurricane center 41.8N, 54.7W at 2230Z (9th?) by radar" (micro) [maybe they meant 0330Z on the 
10th].  "SS Tabinta- 0800Z: 44.2N, 55.7W [position of ship].  High SSW swell.  992.3 mbs.  Wind WNW, force 8" (micro).  
"North-northeast movement continued and the center passed very near Cape Race, Newfoundland, on the early morning of 
September 10, but by this time the storm had lost much of its force and it was becoming extratropical in character.  
There were no reports of damage" (MWR).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 61.2N, 47.0W with an occluded front wrapping around from the 
low well to the east and then south connecting to a triple point near 55N, 34W.  A warm front extends from this
triple point south-southeastward to 51N, 33W, and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 50N,
40W.  Another cold front extends from a couple hundred miles south of the low southward to beyond 45N, 48W.  Another 
low of at most 995 mb is plotted near 75N, 40W.  HURDAT last lists this at 12Z as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 
60.5N, 47.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 57.2N, 48.1W and a 12Z position near 
64.3N, 41.5W with a 988 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 986 mb at 00Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA); 60 kt S 
and 998 mb at 00Z at 55.5N, 44.5W (COA).  About 20 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least eight other low pressures 
between 987-1000 mb.  Land highlight: 25 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 61.6N 49.6W (HWM).  "SS Woenodrecht - 10370 - 35503 
- 1111 046/32 - course 230 degrees.  Storm probably 2 or 3 points starboard bow.  Wind veering southward force 7.  
Overcast with heavy rain.  Barometer is at lowest point" (micro).

September 12:
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 
68.3N, 33.0W.

This storm apparently formed from the same easterly wave as 1949 storm 3.  HURDAT starts this storm on 3 September 
at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm just east of Puerto Rico.  Available observations indicate that a low was 
beginning to form near eastern Puerto Rico at 18Z on the 2nd.  Sufficient evidence from ships and Puerto Rico/Virgin 
Islands exists that a closed circulation was present by 00Z on the 3rd at 18.5N, 65.4W, so genesis is analyzed to 
have occurred 6 hours prior to genesis in HURDAT as a 30 kt tropical depression.  The cyclone moved north-northwestward 
and the analysis indicates that it rapidly intensified from a 30 kt tropical depression to a 70 kt hurricane from 00Z 3 
September to 00Z 4 September.  The previous HURDAT position at 06Z on the 3rd is too far to the southeast by about 1 
degree.  No change is made to the timing that this cyclone attained tropical storm strength (35 kt by 06Z on the 3rd). 
At 12Z on the 3rd, a ship reported a 35 kt gale with a 1003 mb pressure (the ship was analyzed to have a low bias of 1 
to 2 mb).  A peripheral pressure of 1004-1005 mb corresponds to a wind speed of greater than 37 to 39 kt according to 
the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 55 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd is not changed.  
Later on the 3rd, at 2025Z, a Navy aircraft performed a center fix and measured a central pressure of 987 mb, which 
corresponds to 68 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship.  65 kt maximum winds were estimated on the flight.  
A central pressure of 987 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd, and 70 kt is analyzed for the intensity in HURDAT 
at 18Z on the 3rd, up from 65 kt originally.  At 07Z on the 4th, a ship was in the center and measured a central pressure 
of 995 mb with calm winds, and the ship also reported maximum winds of force 12 (hurricane force) near the center 
(force 12 is treated generally as 70 kt in the reanalysis).  A central pressure of 995 mb equals 56 kt using the southern 
pressure-wind relationship, and the 995 mb central pressure value is added into HURDAT at 06Z on the 4th.  65 kt is chosen 
for 00Z and 60 kt for 06Z on the 4th (70 kt and 75 kt originally).  There were also three aircraft center fixes later on 
the 4th, and central pressures between 992-996 mb were reported with each fix along with maximum winds of 80 kt.  Central 
pressures of 994 mb are added into HURDAT at both 12Z and 18Z on the 4th.  The latter value was determined by taking an 
average of the 992 and 996 mb central pressures reported at 1502Z and 2022Z respectively.  The intensity is analyzed to be 
60 kt at 12 and 18Z on the 4th, down significantly from 80 kt originally.  The cyclone decelerated on the 4th, and its 
forward motion slowed to about 3 kt by the 5th with the storm located near 25-26N, 67W.  There were two aircraft center 
fixes on the 5th.  The in-flight summary message from the first fix (1513Z) says that the lowest pressure encountered by 
the aircraft was 982 mb at 1513Z, but it does not say the location of the aircraft at that time.  It is unclear whether 
the aircraft penetrated the center on this fix, but - given the subsequent pressure measurement in the eye - the 982 mb is 
likely a central pressure value and is treated as such.  982 mb suggests winds of 76 and 74 kt from the south and north of 
25N intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  Given the subsequent small inferred RMW size, the 
intensity is analyzed to be 80 kt at 18Z on the 5th.  The next center fix on the 5th was made by an Air Force plane at 2124Z. 
This plane clearly penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 974 mb.  A central pressure of 974 mb is added 
into HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th.  A central pressure of 974 mb from the 2124Z fix on the 5th yields a wind speed of 83 kt using 
the north of 25N and intensifying relationship.  The aircraft estimated maximum winds at this time of 100 kt.  The climatological 
RMW for this case is 20 nmi, and the radius of the eye was reported to be 9 nmi, which means that the RMW was likely less then 
the climatological value.  90 kt is chosen for the intensity at 00Z on the 6th (down from 100 kt originally).  The HURDAT 
intensity is decreased by between 10 - 20 kt all times between 12Z on 4 September and 06Z on 6 September.  No more central 
pressure values were reported after the 974 mb at 2124Z on the 5th.  There were, however, several more center fixes and a 
few more maximum wind estimates.  The peak maximum wind estimate occurred at the fix on 7 September at 1930Z at 28.6N, 64.5W.  
Maximum winds were estimated in excess of 120 kt along with an eye radius of 22 nmi.  HURDAT lists a peak intensity of 110 kt 
for this storm, and there is no evidence to change the value of the peak intensity in HURDAT.  However, the time of the peak 
intensity is changed due to the previously mentioned wind estimate from aircraft.  The peak intensity of 110 kt is now listed 
from 00Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th (previously 12Z on the 8th to 00Z on the 9th).  On the 7th, after the storm had moved 
very slowly for 3 days, it accelerated towards the north-northeast, passing east of Bermuda on the 8th.  It passed far enough 
to the east of Bermuda that gale winds were barely felt there.  The largest track change between the 4th and the 9th of September 
was only seven-tenths of a degree (at 00Z on the 6th).  There were no intensity changes made from September 8th at 12Z through 
the 10th at 12Z.  On the 9th and 10th, the hurricane accelerated towards the north-northeast.  The cyclone became extratropical 
at 06Z on the 10th (no change to timing of extratropical transition) with a 65 kt intensity (no change to HURDAT intensity).  The 
cyclone made landfall in extreme eastern Newfoundland around 10Z on the 10th as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone on a track shifted 
slightly to the west of the previous HURDAT track.  As the cyclone continued moving rapidly towards the north-northeast, the HURDAT 
intensity is raised slightly from 18Z on the 10th to 06Z on the 11th due to ship observations of higher winds.  Just before the 
cyclone was absorbed, it made its final landfall on the southern coast of Greenland at 12Z on 11 September with a 45 kt intensity.  
No changes are made to the timing of when this cyclone was absorbed, and 12Z on the 11th is the final point in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 5 - Revised in 2014

34415 09/03/1949 M= 3  5 SNBR= 763 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
34420 09/03*  0   0   0    0*237 890  40    0*242 890  40    0*248 893  40    0*
34420 09/03*  0   0   0    0*237 890  35    0*242 890  40    0*250 893  45    0*
                                      **                       ***      **

34425 09/04*259 896  40    0*276 901  40    0*293 906  40 1008*303 908  40    0*
34425 09/04*263 898  50    0*278 902  50    0*293 906  50    0*303 908  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               ** ****         

34430 09/05*313 906  40    0*325 901  40    0*337 891  35    0*357 879  30    0*
34430 09/05*313 906  35    0*323 901  30    0*334 894  25    0*348 885  20    0*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34435 TS                                                                 

U.S. Landfall:
09/04/1949 - 12Z - 29.3N, 90.6W - 50 kt

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that made landfall in Louisiana.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, Surface Weather Observations, monthly (state and local) climatological data 
summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Conner (1956), and Dunn and Miller (1960).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22.5N, 88.5W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 89.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 4:
HWM analyzes a more compact closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.0N, 89.6W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 29.3N, 90.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 26.5N, 90.3W and a 12Z position near 28.0N, 90.6W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT positions.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered near 28.9N, 90.5W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 27.2N, 89.5W 
(micro).  Two other gales.  Station highlights: 37 kt (max wind) ESE and 1005 mb at 12Z at Grand Isle 
(micro, climo); center fix around ~14Z at Houma, LA (29.6N, 90.7W) with calm winds (max winds at Houma 
were estimated to be 50-60 kt from the east before the arrival of the center) (micro); 35 kt SE (maximum 
wind) and 1002 mb (minimum pressure) at New Orleans Airport Station (SWO); 13 kt NNW and 1007 mb (min 
pressure) at Baton Rouge (SWO).  Four other gales and two other low pressures between (1004-1005 mb).  
Aircraft highlights: 45 kt S (flight-level gust 80 kt) at 1345Z at 28.7N, 89.1W (micro).  One other gale 
of 40 kt.  "The following reports were taken about 0630Z... Reports from Grand Isle... [oil] rig 36 [wind] 
east 35 mph, 10 ft waves; [oil] rig 40 [wind] east 50 mph, 15 ft waves; [oil] rig 38 [wind] ENE 34 mph 
shifted from SE about 1130 [pm central time- 0530Z].  Radar reports [likely from the New Orleans area]: 
Line of strong echoes 130 deg 40 mi to 105 deg 60 mi to 110 deg 30 mi (5 mi wide).  Line of strong echoes 
45 deg 40 mi to 60 deg 55 mi to 80 deg 10 mi.  Area of moderate echoes 55 deg 30 mi, 85 deg 70 mi (20 mi 
wide).  Area of moderate echoes 320 deg 20 mi, 205 deg 50 mi, 150 deg 55 mi, 130 deg, 70 mi, 140 deg 40 mi, 
90 deg 15 mi, 20 deg, 29 mi" (micro).  "50 mi frontal system located between 89-90 W oriented N-S, 
Torrential rains.  Average winds 55 knots, gusts 80 knots in severe squalls.  Request instruction" (micro).  
"Severe squall line located between 89-90 degrees west extending north and south between 29N and 26N.  
50 miles wide north limit, 10 miles wide south limit.  Winds east-northeastern portion 60 knots with 80 knots 
in heavy squalls.  Weather west of this squall line scattered showers; winds south-southwest to southwest 
25 to 30 knots, gusts 45 knots.  Weather east of this squall line is overcast with moderate rain and moderate 
squalls.  Winds south to southeast 35 to 45 knots with gusts to 55 to 65 knots in squalls.  Moderate squalls 
extend to 30 north, 88 west.  No alignment of squalls evident.  Secondary weak squall line 10 miles side 
arranged northeast-southwest from position 28.6N, 90.5W" (micro).  "About 1120 [Z, local am, or local pm?] 
or earlier Texas Co. at Houma reported wind had become calm.  Had been easterly estimated at 60 to 70 mph" 
(micro).  "Lowest S. L pres 1001.7 mb at 1000C Max wind SE 40+ mph gusts to 58 at 1000C Mdt to hvy wind 
squalls from 0455 to 1310C" (New Orleans SWO). "This storm originated in the Gulf of Mexico on the night 
of September 3-4.  It took a northerly course and its center passed inland to the west of New Orleans on 
September 4 and to the east of Vicksburg, MS on the night of September 4-5.  The highest wind reported 
was 45 mph about 10 am September 4 at Bay St. Louis, MS.  Damage was reported in both Louisiana and 
Mississippi but it was small, probably less than $50,000.  No lives were lost" (MWR).  "The tropical 
disturbance which moved inland near Grand Isle during the night of September 3rd-4th moved northward into 
central Mississippi on the 5th and eastward into Alabama on the 6th before dissipating entirely.  It 
formed rapidly in an area of squally weather located just off the coast and developed as it moved inland, 
as evidenced by the .08 inch lower pressure at New Orleans than Grand Isle.  It was attended by a small 
area of high winds and an extensive area of rain, much of it heavy.  The winds which accompanied this 
disturbance reached a speed of 42 mph at Grand Isle and 40 mph at New Orleans (Moisant Airport).  The tide 
rose at Grand Isle to a height two feet above mean low water.  It moved across both ends of the island, 
rendering the highway to the mainland impassible for several hours.  A few beach cottages were damaged but 
the beach itself suffered considerable erosion from wave action.  There were some reports of damage to sugar 
cane in Terrebonne parish but it was mostly negligible.  Total damages have been estimated at not to exceed 
$12,500" (Louisiana climatological data).  "The wind on the Mississippi coast reached 45-50 mph in the Bay 
St. Louis-Pass Christian area.  High tides and winds damaged or destroyed several piers in this area and 
there was some damage to the pecan and tung crops in the southwest [Mississippi] coastal counties.  The 
heavy rains ruined considerable cut hay in eastern Mississippi and caused some deterioration in quality 
of open cotton.  Altogether, it is not believed that damages exceeded $12,500.  Heavy rains attending this 
disturbance resulted in sharp rises in the Pearl, Leaf, Chickasawhay and Pascagoula Rivers" (Mississippi 
climatological data).  From the Meridian, MS local climatological data... "By far the greatest amount fell on 
the 4-5th when excessive rain at the rate of 2.50 inches in 24 hours occurred.  We had 3.26 inches in 17 hours.  
Some of the smaller streams overflowed their banks but no damage was reported" (Meridian, MS local climatological 
data).  "Sep 4, landfall near Grand Isle, estimated lowest (lifetime) pressure 29.65 inches (1004 mb)" (Connor 1956).  
"Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Sept. 4, Louisiana, Minor" ("Minor" indicates winds 
less than 74 mph and central pressure above 996 mb) (Dunn and Miller 1960).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Mississippi near 33N, 90W with an approaching 
cold front extending from central Indiana to southwestern Illinois to southwestern Missouri to southwestern 
Oklahoma.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 33.7N, 89.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 91.1W and a 12Z position near 33.4N, 91.1W with a 1008 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near HURDAT's 00Z position but it shows a 12Z position 
near 33.2N, 89.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 33.3N, 90.0W at 12Z.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 6:
HWM analyzes an open trough over Mississippi, Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, which may have been 
the remnants of the tropical cyclone with the frontal system approaching very near the trough.  HURDAT 
no longer lists this tropical cyclone on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 34.5N, 89.1W and a 12Z position near 34.4N, 87.0W with a 1013 mb pressure.  No gales or 
low pressures.

A tropical storm formed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico on 3 September at 06Z, according to HURDAT.  
On the 3rd, there are no observations of gales, low pressures, or west winds south of the center, so it 
is possible that genesis occurred later than indicated in HURDAT.  Although a tropical cyclone could not
be confirmed on the 3rd, a tropical storm was confirmed on the 4th.  Since there is little data in the area 
on the 3rd, no changes are made to the HURDAT track on the 3rd.  On the 4th at 00Z a ship reported a wind 
of 45 kt.  The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 4th is raised from 40 kt to 50 kt, and the position is moved 
slightly to the north-northwest of the original position based on that observation along with a few other 
ship observations in the area.  The cyclone moved north-northwestward and made landfall 30 to 35 nmi west 
of Grand Isle, LA at 12Z on the 4th.  The 1008 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th is removed 
since there are several observations of lower pressures both prior to and following landfall.  Peripheral 
pressure observations suggest that the central pressure at landfall was not higher than 1000 mb, but a precise 
central pressure value for landfall cannot be determined.  Within a couple of hours after landfall, the center 
of the cyclone passed directly over Houma, LA (the only center fix for this storm).  No pressure was reported 
from Houma, and winds prior to the arrival of the center were estimated at 50 to 60 kt from the east.  The 
highest official measured wind from a land station was 40 kt from the east-southeast at Grand Isle at 12Z with
 a pressure of 1005 mb.  The lowest sea-level pressure observed from a land station was 1002 mb at New Orleans 
Airport Station at 1602Z with 35 kt SE winds.  50 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity and for 12Z (up from 
40 kt originally).  The position at landfall (12Z) is unchanged.  50 kt is also the new peak intensity of the 
tropical storm from 00Z to 12Z on the 4th, up from 40 kt originally.  The storm moved northward and weakened as 
it moved inland.  The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 5th is lowered from 40 kt to 35 kt, and at 06Z on the 5th, 
the intensity is lowered from 40 kt to 30 kt.  The previous HURDAT shows no weakening for the first 18 hours 
after landfall, but observations clearly show that the winds had significantly weakened.  There are no changes 
made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 18Z on the 5th, but the position at that time is adjusted 
a degree to the southwest and the intensity is lowered from 30 kt to 20 kt.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 6 - Revised in 2014

34440 09/05/1949 M= 7  6 SNBR= 764 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34440 09/05/1949 M=12  6 SNBR= 764 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                   **

34445 09/05*  0   0   0    0*273 404  35    0*283 412  35    0*292 421  35    0*
34445 09/05*  0   0   0    0*273 404  35    0*283 412  35    0*292 420  35    0*
                                                                   ***

34450 09/06*302 430  40    0*316 442  40    0*329 447  40    0*337 447  40    0*
34450 09/06*302 428  40    0*316 435  40    0*329 437  40    0*340 435  40    0*
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

34455 09/07*344 444  40    0*350 438  40    0*355 432  40    0*358 426  40    0*
34455 09/07*343 427  40    0*344 417  40    0*345 410  40    0*347 410  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34460 09/08*360 420  40    0*361 415  40    0*360 410  40    0*355 407  40    0*
34460 09/08*350 410  40    0*353 410  40    0*355 410  40    0*355 407  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              

34465 09/09*348 407  40    0*341 419  40    0*344 433  40    0*348 438  40    0*
34465 09/09*350 407  40    0*345 419  40    0*342 433  40    0*343 438  40    0*
            ***              ***              ***              ***

34470 09/10*352 442  40    0*355 445  40    0*359 447  40    0*367 448  40    0*
34470 09/10*344 442  40    0*346 445  40    0*352 445  40    0*360 446  40    0*
            ***              ***              *** ***          *** ***

34475 09/11*375 446  40    0*383 442  40    0*390 438  40    0*416 420  40    0*
34475 09/11*371 446  40    0*383 442  40    0*396 438  40    0*414 430  45    0*
            ***                               ***              *** ***  **

(The 12th to the 16th are new to HURDAT.)
34475 09/12*436 411  55  996E460 390  55    0E478 375  55    0E485 370  55    0*
34476 09/13E484 372  60    0E480 382  60    0E474 395  60    0E467 405  60    0*
34477 09/14E459 413  65    0E452 419  65    0E447 422  65    0E442 418  65    0*
34478 09/15E437 408  65    0E432 394  55    0E428 380  45    0E428 368  40    0*
34479 09/16E430 358  35    0E437 349  35    0E450 340  35    0E465 332  30    0*

34480 TS 
 
         
Major alterations are made to the track, but only minor alterations to the intensity 
for this storm.  Also, major changes are made to the end of this cyclone's lifetime, 
with five days added primarily as an extratropical cyclone.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

September 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28N, 41W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.3N, 41.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 33N, 45W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 40 kt tropical storm at 32.9N, 44.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 
06Z at 32.2N, 43.7W (COA).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35N, 42W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.5N, 43.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 8:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.8N, 41.3W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 36.0N, 41.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 42.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 34.4N, 43.3W.  Ship highlight: 30 kt N and 1010 mb at 
12Z at 35.0N, 44.3W (COA).  No gales or low pressures.

September 10:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 35.5N, 44.2W with a NNE-SSW cold front 
approaching, but still several hundred miles away extending from north of 46N, 51W to 
40N, 53W to 35N, 58W to southwest of 32N, 62W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 35.9N, 44.7W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z at 35.9N, 45.2W (COA).  
No gales or low pressures.

September 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N, 43.8W, with a cold 
front now only about 100 nautical miles away from the low extending from a separate 
extratropical low (1949 Storm #4), near 44N, 45W, southward and then southwestward 
from the extratropical low to 40N, 45W to 38N, 46W to 35N, 50W to southwest of 32N, 
54W.  HWM also analyzes another cold front just behind the aforementioned cold front.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 39.0N, 43.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 46.1W and a 12Z position near 40.6N, 
43.7W with a 1010 mb pressure.  No gales or low pressures.

September 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 48N, 37.1W with a dissipating 
warm front extending from just northwest of the low, at 49N, 38W, northeastward to 55N, 
36W to east-northeast of 60N, 25W.  HWM also analyzes a warm/stationary front from 46N, 
34W eastward to 46N, 25W and a cold front from 46N, 34W southward and then southwestward 
to 40N, 34W to 35N, 38W to southwest of 33N, 42W.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.1N, 41.2W and a 12Z 
position near 47.6N, 36.8W with a 993 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1000 mb 
at 00Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 03Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA); 40 kt W 
and 1003 mb at 18Z at 46.8N, 38.6W (COA).  Twenty other gales between 35-45 kt.

September 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 48N, 38.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 50.1N, 36.7W and a 12Z position near 49.7N, 39.7W 
with a 982 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 45.0N, 41.3W (COA); 
at least 40 kt WNW and 984 mb at 46.5N, 40.0W (HWM); 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.0N, 
41.4W (COA); 45 kt W and 986 mb at 18Z at 46.6N, 41.2W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 998 mb at 21Z 
at 44.3N, 41.9W (COA).  26 other gales between 35-50 kt, and one other pressure of 995 mb.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 45.5N, 41.2W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 47.5N, 40.1W and a 12Z position near 45.4N,
41.2W with a 989 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 998 mb at 00Z at 44.7N, 41.7W 
(COA); 35 kt SSW and 985 mb at 06Z at 45.9N, 41.2W (COA); 50 kt NW and 988 mb at 09Z at 45.2N, 
42.7W (COA); 45 kt NE and 991 mb at 18Z at 44.8N, 41.8W (COA).  24 other gales between 35-50 kt 
and 16 other low pressures between 987-999 mb.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.3N, 38.2W.  HWM also analyzes a WNW-ESE 
cold front extending from 40N, 33W to ESE of 36N, 21W and a cold front extending from 40N, 
33W to 33N, 36W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.4N, 
40.1W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 38.4W with a 987 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt E 
and 998 mb at 00Z at 45.5N, 40.0W (COA); 35 kt N and 990 mb at 18Z at 43.2N, 38.8W (COA).  
Four other gales between 35-40 kt and five other low pressures between 995-999 mb.

September 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 47.5N, 32W with an occluded front 
extending from the low wrapping around to a triple point at 45N, 23W.  A warm front extends 
from the triple point to south-southeast of 36N, 20W, and a cold front extends from the triple 
point to 41N, 26W where it becomes a warm front that extends to 41N, 32W, and a continued complex 
frontal system extends from this southward to another low near 31N, 40W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 44.3N, 36.9W and a 12Z position near 46.5N, 35.1W 
with a 1001 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 00Z at 42.2N, 35.0W (COA); 20 kt 
NW and 998 mb at 06Z at 43.3N, 36.9W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 42.3N, 35.7W (COA, HWM); 
25 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 34.1W (COA); 20 kt W and 1000 mb at 18Z at 44.5N, 34.0W (COA).  
Nine other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  No gales on this day.

September 17:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 48.7N, 32.3W.

A tropical storm formed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on 5 September near 27N, 40W.  No 
changes are made to the timing of genesis, and no changes are made to the track or intensity 
on the 5th.  The storm moved northwest until the 6th, when it reached a location near 33N, 
44W.  From the 7th to the 10th, the cyclone completed a small, clockwise loop during which 
time the cyclone moved very slowly.  This loop is shown both in the analysis and in the 
original HURDAT, but is more irregular in the revisions.  Minor changes to the positions are
made on the 5th-6th and 8th-9th, but major alterations are introduced on the 7th due to ships 
indicating the position was well east-southeast of the original HURDAT.  No changes are made 
to the intensity through the 10th.  On September 10th at 18Z, a pressure of 1007 mb was observed 
simultaneously with a 30 kt N wind.  A peripheral pressure of 1007 mb yields a wind speed of 
at least 35 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N.  The HURDAT intensity 
of 40 kt is unchanged.  The HURDAT position at 18Z is half a degree east and nearly one degree 
north of that observation, so the HURDAT position is moved southward a bit.  After completing 
the clockwise loop on the 10th, the cyclone assumed a north-northeastward course on the 11th 
near 39N, 44W.  The final position listed in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 11th as a 40 kt tropical 
storm.  HURDAT is extended five days through the 16th of September (a major change to HURDAT) 
as analyses show that the cyclone remained a closed low and did not combine with any other system. 
This cyclone is analyzed to have remained a tropical storm until after the 12th at 00Z (6 hours 
later than originally).  On the 12th at 00Z, a detailed analysis was performed to locate the center.  
Just north of the center, a ship recorded a 35 kt E wind with a pressure of 1000 mb.  An analysis 
of the ship track observations reveals a high likelihood that this observation occurred near or inside 
the RMW.  This suggests a central pressure of about 996 mb, utilizing the rough 10 kt ~ 1 mb rule. 
A central pressure of 996 mb yields a wind speed of 55 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
A wind of 55 kt is chosen and a central pressure of 996 mb is added into HURDAT.  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 12th.  The cyclone was still moving towards the north-northeast, 
and the analyzed position at 12Z on the 12th is 47.8N, 37.5W as a 55 kt extratropical storm.  At that time, 
the north-northeastward motion came to an abrupt halt since high pressure to the northeast of the cyclone 
prevented it from moving farther in that direction.  From the 12th to the 15th, the cyclone traveled in a 
counterclockwise loop, reaching its peak extratropical intensity of 65 kt from 18Z on the 13th through 
00Z on the 15th.  By the 14th of September, the temperature gradient had disappeared, and it is analyzed 
as an occluded low on the 14th.  On the 15th, the occluded low started to weaken, and the winds were down 
to 45 kt by 12Z on the 15th with an analyzed position of 42.8N, 38.0W.  On the 16th, the low moved towards 
the northeast and continued to weaken, but it was still closed.  The position at 12Z on the 16th is 45.0N, 
34.0W, with an intensity of 35 kt.  The final position before dissipation is at 18Z on the 16th.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 7 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014

34485 09/11/1949 M= 4  7 SNBR= 765 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34486 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E310 728  40    0*
34487 09/12E320 725  40    0E327 730  40    0*332 740  40    0*336 751  45    0*
34488 09/13*339 763  40    0*342 776  35    0*344 787  30    0*345 791  25    0*
34489 09/14*349 791  25    0*353 787  25    0*358 780  25    0*366 773  25    0*
34489 TS 

U.S. Landfall:
9/13/1949 08Z - 34.3N, 77.8W - 35 kt

HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate 
that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 11 September to 
14 September and made landfall near Wilmington, NC on 13 September as a 35 kt tropical 
storm.  This new storm was also noted in Jack Beven's list of suspects.

September 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.8N, 76.9W with a stationary 
front extending eastward from the low to 31N, 65W and a cold front extending from the 
low southwestward and then west-southwestward to 28N, 80W to 27N, 83W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 77.8W with a 1010 mb pressure.  
Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but instead analyzes a weak low located 
in a trough with some fronts analyzed.  No relevant gales or low pressures.

September 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.7N, 72.6W with a warm front 
extending from the low eastward to 30N, 64W and a cold front extending from the low 
southwestward and then westward to 26N, 76W to 25N, 83W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclone shows a 00Z position near 30.1N, 74.7W and a 12Z position near 30.4N, 72.0W with a 
1010 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 
30.5N, 71.6W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E 
and 1016 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt E and 1014 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 72.4W (micro).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33N, 74.5W with an occluded 
front plotted from 33.5N, 75W to 34.5N, 74W to a triple point at 35N, 73W.  A warm front 
extends southeastward from this triple point to 31N, 63W and a dissipating cold front 
extends from the triple point to 32N, 71W to 28N, 72W to 26N, 74W to 23N, 79W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 32.2N, 71.8W and a 12Z position 
near 33.6N, 73.9W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1011 mb centered near 32.3, 74.5W with a front extending from 32N, 75W to 34N, 73W to 
31N, 68W and another front extending from 32N, 75W to 30N, 73W to 27N, 74W to 24N, 80W.  
Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.7N, 75.2W with 
an occluded front extending from the low to 35N, 73W to a triple point at 32N, 70W.  One 
front extends southeastward from the triple point and another front extends southwestward 
from the triple point.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z at 34.0N, 72.8W 
(COA, micro); 40 kt ENE at 18Z at 35.1N, 75.3W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 
33.9N, 75.5W (micro); 30 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 34.7N, 74.1W (micro).  Nine other 
gales of 35 kt.  Lowest pressure was the 1008 mb (mentioned above).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.2N, 78.1W with a warm 
front plotted extending from the low to 37N, 76W to 37N, 71W to 36N, 68W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 34.7N, 76.0W and a 12Z position 
inland in North Carolina near 34.8N, 78.0W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 00Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.5N, 75.8W with a front extending 
from the low to 36N, 75W to 37N, 73W to 36N, 71W to 33N, 69W.  Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 33.5N, 77.0W with no fronts analyzed.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1009.5 mb centered near 34.3N, 78.6W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 00Z at 32.8N, 75.9W (COA, micro); 35 kt N and 
1010 mb at 00Z at 33.6N, 77.5W (micro); 35 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z at 36.6N, 74.2W (COA); 
25 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 33.8N, 75.0W (COA, micro).  Two other gales of 35 kt.  
Land/station highlights: 30 kt SSW at 06Z at 34.5N, 76.9W (micro); 10 kt NE and 1006 mb 
at 06Z at 34.3N, 77.9W (micro); 15 kt E and 1009 mb at 06Z at 34.9N, 76.8W (micro).

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 36.1N, 77.8W located in a 
warm sector with a cold front approaching from the west.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 35.0N, 79.6W and last shows a position at 06Z near 
34.5N, 80.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 36.0N, 
77.4W with a frontal analysis somewhat similar to the HWM analysis.  No gales or low 
pressures.

On 10 September, a broad area of low pressure formed associated with a frontal system 
just off the southeast coast of the U.S.  A closed low formed by 18Z on 11 September.  
This system is started as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 31N, 73W at 18Z on 11 September, 
as the cyclone's structure was still frontal on that date.  It is analyzed that this 
system became a 40 kt tropical storm by 12Z on 12 September near 33N, 74W, as the frontal 
features had dissipated.  Also, stronger winds observed simultaneously with the lowest 
observed pressures were observed not far from the center.  One of these is a 35 kt gale 
from the west-northwest with 1008 mb about 40 nmi south of the analyzed position of the 
center at 00Z on the 13th.  The peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed at 18Z on 12 September.  
Several gales were observed within 100 nmi of the center.  The cyclone moved towards the 
west-northwest and made landfall in North Carolina near Wilmington at 08Z on the 13th as a 
35 kt tropical storm at 34.3N, 77.8W.  After landfall, the storm weakened to a tropical 
depression by 12Z on the 13th.  By 18Z on the 13th, the analyzed position is 34.5N, 79.1W 
as a 25 kt tropical depression.  The depression then turned to the north-northeast but moved 
very slowly.  The last point is at 18Z on the 14th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 36.6N, 
77.3W, which is inland near the NC/VA border.  After that, the circulation was absorbed by 
a front as it was dissipating.  While satellite imagery is not available to confirm the 
convective structure, it is likely that today this system would have been classified as a 
subtropical on the 12th and early on the 13th.  By the time of landfall, the cyclone 
contained many characteristics of a true tropical cyclone at landfall, including strong 
winds with low pressures near the center, no temperature gradient across the low, and the 
substantial symmetry to the wind field.  The mid-level evolution supports this life cycle 
as well as seen from the 12Z 500 mb observations/analyses from the Historical Weather Maps:  
11th - mid-level trough perhaps cut off low centered off of the Carolinas, 12th - mid-level 
low is more distinct, troughing has dissipated, 13th - mid-level low is stronger and is located 
just southeast of the surface center, and 14th - mid-level low weakens and is south of the 
surface center.  From the 12th through the 14th, the Greensboro rawindsonde 500 mb temperature 
rose from -9C, to -6C, to -4C as the system approached, suggesting that it was warm-core 
in the middle levels.  

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 8 (was Storm 7) - Revised in 2014

34485 09/13/1949 M= 5  7 SNBR= 765 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34485 09/13/1949 M= 5  8 SNBR= 766 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                       *       ***

34490 09/13*  0   0   0    0*155 337  35    0*170 331  35    0*178 329  35    0*
34490 09/13*  0   0   0    0*160 320  35    0*170 326  35    0*178 329  35    0*
                             *** ***              ***            

34495 09/14*188 326  40    0*200 323  40    0*211 320  45    0*220 319  45    0*
34495 09/14*188 326  40    0*200 325  40    0*211 323  45    0*218 321  50    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***  **

34500 09/15*229 318  45    0*237 317  50    0*245 315  50    0*254 313  50    0*
34500 09/15*227 318  50    0*236 317  50    0*245 315  50    0*254 313  50    0*
            ***      **      ***                                    

34505 09/16*264 310  45    0*276 306  40    0*287 301  40    0*294 298  35    0*
34510 09/17*300 297  30    0*305 297  30    0*310 297  25    0*315 297  25    0*
34510 09/17*300 297  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34515 TS  
 
Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm in the 
eastern Atlantic Ocean.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ships database, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and McAdie et al. (2009).

September 11:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT did not previously list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 12:
HWM plots a spot low (not closed) near 10N, 33W located in a trough.  HURDAT did not previously 
list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 32.7W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.0N, 33.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 32.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 21.1N, 32.0W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NW at 18Z at 20.5N, 33.7W (COA).

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 31.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt
tropical storm at 24.5N, 31.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 21.3N, 34.0W (micro)

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.4N, 29.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt 
tropical storm at 28.7N, 30.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 17:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.3N, 29.9W with an approaching cold front 
extending from 40N, 28W to 35N, 31W to 30N, 36W to west-southwest of 31N, 43W; however, the portion 
of the cold front southwest of 33N, 33W is analyzed as a dissipating cold front.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.0N, 29.7W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm formed, according to HURDAT, at 06Z on 13 September in the eastern Atlantic at 15.5N, 
33.7W.  The 11th and 12th of September were searched.  Although a closed circulation was not found, 
it is possible that there could have been a closed circulation on the 11th and/or the 12th, but data 
in the area is sparse.  No changes are made to the timing of genesis.  However, some track changes 
are made on the 13th.  The position at 06Z on the 13th is moved about 1.8 degrees to the east-northeast 
of the previous HURDAT position.  Also, climatological tracks for mid-September indicate that the 
north-northeastward motion for the beginning of the track in this location is a significant outlier 
in the entire HURDAT database from 1851-2006 inclusive (McAdie et al. 2009).  Therefore, an initial 
motion in a north-northwest direction is shown with a slight curve to the north-northeast by 18Z on the 
13th.  The HURDAT position at 18Z on the 13th is unchanged.  The track changes from the remainder of this 
system's lifetime were all less than half of a degree.  A number of observations by the same ship between 
06Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th confirmed the existence of this tropical storm.  At 18Z on the 14th, 
the ship recorded 45 kt winds with an unknown pressure, and at 00Z on the 15th, 45 kt winds with a 1004 mb 
pressure was recorded.  Since a central pressure of less than 1004 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 
39 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and the highest observed wind was 45 kt, 
the 45 kt intensity in HURDAT is increased to 50 kt at both 18Z on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th.  It is 
possible that this storm could have been a hurricane, but observations were limited, and there were no 
observations of the peak intensity of the storm.  The extremely minor track change at 18Z on the 14th pushes 
the storm slightly closer to the ship observation at that time.  No more track or intensity changes are made 
for this storm after 06Z on the 15th since data are sparse.  The cyclone continued to move north-northeastward, 
and by the 17th, observations of pressures near 1020 mb with weak winds near the HURDAT position indicate 
that the low had likely dissipated.  Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT 
previously.  The reanalyzed final position is at 00Z on the 17th, with the HURDAT track and intensity unchanged.  
Hurricane Fred of 2009 is perhaps a decent analog for this storm.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 9 (was storm 8) - Revised in 2014

34520 09/20/1949 M= 7  8 SNBR= 766 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34520 09/20/1949 M= 7  9 SNBR= 767 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                       *       ***

34525 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 920  35    0*266 923  35    0*
34525 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 918  35    0*264 923  35    0*
                                                  ***          ***

34530 09/21*269 930  40    0*268 933  40    0*266 935  45    0*263 940  45    0*
34530 09/21*266 928  40    0*266 933  45    0*266 935  50    0*266 940  55    0*
            *** ***          ***      **               **      ***      **

34535 09/22*260 950  50    0*267 952  50    0*271 941  55    0*263 940  55    0*
34535 09/22*262 944  55    0*258 945  55    0*256 945  55    0*255 943  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

34540 09/23*255 940  60    0*248 943  60    0*240 946  60    0*230 949  70    0*
34540 09/23*253 940  55    0*248 941  55    0*240 942  60    0*228 946  60    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

34545 09/24*222 952  75    0*220 955  80    0*219 959  85    0*217 961  85    0*
34545 09/24*222 952  65    0*220 957  65    0*219 961  70    0*219 965  75    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

34550 09/25*216 961  85    0*214 961  80    0*210 960  80    0*206 958  75    0*
34550 09/25*216 967  80    0*212 968  80    0*209 966  80    0*206 964  75    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***              ***  

34555 09/26*203 958  65    0*197 959  55    0*188 962  35    0*181 965  20    0*
34555 09/26*203 962  65    0*197 963  55    0*190 963  35    0*181 965  20    0*
                ***              ***          *** ***     

34560 HR                                                                        

International Landfall:
9/26 - 08Z - 19.5N 96.3W - 55 kt - Mexico

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane in the western 
Gulf of Mexico.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Cry et al. 
(1959), and Tannehil (1956). 

September 19:
HWM analyzes an 'L' in a trough (not a closed low) near 25.5N, 92.0W.  HURDAT does 
not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm does not analyze a closed low.  Aircraft 
highlights: 35* kt SE (30 kt at flight level) and 1010 mb at 23Z at 23.9N, 90.9W (micro).  
From aircraft late in the day... "Passed through heavy rain area 10 miles wide near 24.7N, 
89.5W" (micro).  "A weak wave passed from the extreme northwest Caribbean Sea into the 
Gulf of Mexico during the morning of September 18, moving west-northwestward.  Reconnaissance 
flights on September 19 and 20 found no evidence of a closed circulation" (MWR).

September 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.2N, 93.4W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 92.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 23.9N, 93.0W and a 12Z position near 25.7N, 93.6W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.7N, 92.5W at 12Z.  Aircraft 
highlights: 35* kt N (30 kt at flight level of 1000 feet) at 15Z at 27.9N, 93.4W (micro); 
40* kt S (35 kt at flight level of 600 feet) at 17Z at 24.7N, 91.1W (micro).  Two other 
flight-level gales of 35-40 at 1000 feet.

September 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.4N, 94.8W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.6N, 93.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 00Z position near 26.0N, 95.0W and a 12Z position near 24.8N, 95.3W with a 1002 mb 
pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z is not sure where the tropical cyclone is but at 18Z puts 
the position near 26.6N, 94.1W inside a low of at most 1002 mb.  Ship highlights: No 
gale force winds or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 1758Z at 
26.6N, 94.1W (micro); 50 kt SE (not sure whether surface wind or flight level wind) 
and 998 mb at 1758Z at 26.8N, 94.0W (micro).  From aircraft... "Entered storm NE side; 
[wind] to 50 knots from 140 degrees.  [1758Z] lat 26.8N, [lon] 94.0W.  Radar eye 
estimated 26.6N, 94.1W.  Engine out; departing [for] Corpus Cristi.  Lowest pressure 
[encountered] 998 mb (1758Z)" (micro).  "Reconnaissance flights on September 21, however, 
placed the center at latitude 26.4N, longitude 94.0W at noon.  The seas were rough along 
the Louisiana and Texas coasts and heavy squalls occurred locally along the Texas coast 
September 21-23.  The highest wind reported at a coastal station was 51 mph (44 kt) at 
Port Isabel.  Tides along the Texas coast were generally 2 to 2.5 feet above normal" (MWR).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.6N, 95.5W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 27.1N, 94.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 26.7N, 94.6W and a 12Z position near 27.5N, 95.0W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.0N, 93.5W and a 12Z position near 
26.5N, 94.1W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 27.0N, 93.6W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 00Z at 22.3N, 95.8W (COA); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb 
at 22Z at 25.8N, 92.4W (micro).  From post flight report of Air Force in the western Gulf 
(likely late afternoon on the 21st or around 00Z on the 22nd)... "Just talked to weather 
man from ship that flew Gulf.  He says that the furthest west position they went to was 
94W and that west of them the sky appeared to be clearing and that nothing showed on 
their radar scope to the west from there.  He also says that he wanted to investigate 
the area south of their course about 92 to 94 west but it was too dark.  True enough 
that the sun was high in the heavens but that under the clouds and rain it was dark 
as pitch.  Awfully sorry they didn't get out there earlier.  They seemed to think 
that the radar was slightly confusing as at one time they had two centers on their 
scope- one to north and one on course.  Flew through one of these and no wind shift 
no nothing seemed to think that radar not too useful with all the interference from 
clouds, rain, etc.  More weather and rain than he has seen before ever.  Also seems 
to think that most likely place for storm to be is somewhere near 25 or so.  But 
could be a degree any way from that except north" (micro).  "[0530Z or 0830Z?] Navy 
Radar: No hurricane indications visible.  Crescent shaped storm indications only 
lying 030 true approximately 150 miles long varying 10-50 miles thick.  Best 
approximation of geographical center of storm 27N, 94W.  Indications not solid.  
Contains heavy thunderstorms.  No estimate winds.  Will remain in area to obtain 
whether further information is possible" (micro).

September 23:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb near 26.0N, 94.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt 
tropical storm at 24.0N, 94.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z 
position near 28.4N, 94.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low (maybe because 
they did not know where the storm was located).  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1009 mb at
00Z at 27.6N, 92.4W (COA); 45 kt NNW and 1024 mb at 18Z at 19.4N, 95.5W (should we throw 
out this ob completely, or is the 45 kt believable?) (COA).  Aircraft highlights: 50* kt 
(45 kt at flight level of 9,500 feet) probably around midday at some point on a straight 
line path from 26N, 97.5W to 19N, 92W (micro).  "0515Z: Extensive squalls erratic in pattern 
covering area approximately 150 mile square.  Approximate center 27.5N, 93.2W.  No indication 
of cyclonic formation at present.  0640Z: No definite radar confirmation of a cyclonic disturbance.  
Entire area appears to be under influence of frontal activity.  0835Z: Radar reconnaissance... 
area reveals no actual hurricane circulation.  Presence all necessary weather less circulation 
indicates storm did not deepen or form.  Actual weather squalls, fronts, rain are present in 
area with no definite center" (micro).  On a flight from Brownsville, TX (26N, 97.5W) to 19N, 
92W on a straight line path... "SE 50 mph (45 kt) at 9,500 feet.  Surface [wind] estimated 60 mph 
(50 kt)" (micro).  "2215Z: Squall line E to W 100 miles either direction (24.6N, 94.3W)" (micro).  
"On September 23 reports by radar and by plane indicated that this hurricane had dissipated" (MWR).

September 24:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.7N, 95.4W.  HURDAT lists this as an 
85 kt hurricane at 21.9N, 95.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a separate system from 
the system it showed on the 22nd.  It shows a 00Z position near 21.8N, 94.9W and a 12Z position 
near 22.4N, 95.4W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 
21.7N, 95.6W, and at 12Z, microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 
the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: At least 50 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.0N, 96.0W (HWM); 
60 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z at 22.1N, 96.5W (COA).  Three other gales between 35-45 kt and one other 
low pressure of 1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0012Z at 21.8N, 95.7W with highest 
measured winds of 52 kt (assume at flight level), estimated max (surface or flight level?) winds 
of 65 kt, and lowest pressure encountered 997 mb (at the edge of the eye?) (micro); radar center 
fix at 0733Z at 21.9N, 95.8W (micro); radar center fixes around ~18Z at 22.0N, 96.3W (position 
approximate) and 22.0N, 96.0W (maybe more accurate) with max wind encountered (assume flight level?) 
75 kt from the SE (micro); 40 kt NW at 2315Z(?) at 21.6N, 96.9W (micro).  Three other gales of 40 kt 
between 1715Z-1745Z between 22.2-22.7N, 95.5-96.8W (micro).  "Storm definitely fixed by radar at 
21.8N, 95.7W at 0012Z.  Center 20 miles across.  Highest measured winds 52 knots (but max) estimated 
to 65 knots.  Pressure on [rim?] of eye 997 mbs.  Moderate rain and light turbulence" (micro).  From 
Navy radar plane... "0600Z: Only widely scattered indications remaining of storm covered last two nights.  
Proceeding to new storm area.  Plan to land and standby.  0840Z: Center of storm 0733Z 21.9N, 95.8W. 
Has appearance of forming hurricane.  Eye not completely formed.  Storm diameter approximately 100 miles 
but still irregular in shape.  60 miles to NW turbulence and precipitation.  Winds undetermined" (micro).  
"Estimate center bearing 65 degrees and 68 miles from Cape Rojo, Mexico (Cape Rojo is located at 21.6N, 
97.3W).  Estimate center 20 miles southwest of closest penetration which was 22.2N, 95.8W.  Rain moderate 
to occasionally heavy.  Max winds encountered 140 degrees 75 knots" (micro).  "This hurricane developed 
within an easterly wave which had been stagnant over the western Gulf for the previous 3 days.  A center 
was definitely located by airborne radar at 6 pm September 24 [or 6 pm September 23?] at latitude 21.8N, 
longitude 95.7W and a wind of 52 knots was reported" (MWR).

September 25:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.8N, 95.9W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt 
hurricane at 21.0N, 96.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 22.0N, 96.3W 
and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 
999 mb centered near 21.1N, 96.3W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 999 mb at 00Z at 20.7N, 96.7W 
(micro); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 06Z at 21.7N, 96.4W (COA); 70 kt SW and 998 mb at 06Z at 20.4N, 96.7W 
(MWR, micro); 40(?) kt WSW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 20.4N, 96.2W (micro).  Three other ship gales between 
35-50 kt and two other low pressures of 1001 and 1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 35 kt WNW at 18Z at 
Nautla, Mexico (20.3N, 96.8W) (micro); 35-50 kt at Nautla, Mexico for many hours on the 25th (MWR).  
Aircraft highlights: 40* kt S at 0030Z at 21.5N, 95.4W (micro); 40* kt SW at 01Z at 20.7N, 95.4W (micro);
radar center fix at 0531Z at 20.8N, 95.8W (micro); radar center fixes at 0620Z and 08Z at 20.8N, 96.0W 
(micro); radar center fix at 2251Z at 20.2N, 96.2W (micro).  "Navy radar plane: First report...	 fix estimated 
eye 20.8N, 95.8W at 0531Z.  Storm is well-developed.  Second report... aircraft radar fix over Cape Rojo.  
Eye of storm at 20.8N, 96.0W at 0620Z.  Believe this fix is accurate.  Third report... radar fix eye 0800Z 
20.9N, 96.0W.  Estimated radius of storm extends from eye to NW 70 miles, NE 90 miles, SE 60 miles, SW 65 miles.  
Including outer wall, there are 44 well-defined miles extending from the eye.  Final report storm tonight.  
Believe position of (ship) P. Llano to be one degree too far west" (micro).  "Storm located by radar 2251Z 20.2N, 
96.2W.  Definitely 20 miles across.  North quadrant appears strongest; west [quadrant] weakest" (micro).  
"During the night of the September 24 the SS Potrero del Llano reported winds as high as 80 mph.  The storm 
weakened during the 25th.  Winds at Nautla, Mexico during a large part of September 25 were 40-60 mph (35-50 kt)" 
(MWR).

September 26:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.8N, 
96.2W.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 20.0N, 95.9W.  Microfilm at 06Z 
shows a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 19.9N, 96.2W and by 12Z microfilm no longer shows 
the deep, compact, closed low that it showed previously.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 0550Z at 
19.8N, 96.3W (micro); center fix around ~0815Z at 19.7N, 96.3W (position approximate) (micro).  No gales 
or low pressures.  "0550Z: Storm position 19.8N, 96.3W.  Eye not complete; probably partly over land; 
approximately 15 miles diameter.  Weather 45 miles north of storm- moderate rain and turbulence.  Weather 
[extends?] to north and northeast approximately 150 miles.  Will investigate to south.  [Sent at 0815Z]: 
Storm becoming too confused to obtain accurate fix on eye.  Believe it has moved approximately 5 miles SSW.  
Eye flattening out and almost completely over coastline.  Rest of storm very irregular in shape and [cloud] 
density.  No indication storm recurving or reforming.  Cannot accomplish anymore tonight- departed for base" (micro).  
"By the morning of the 26th its remains had passed inland between Nautla and Vera Cruz, Mexico.  Nautla was the
only coastal station that reported high winds" (MWR).

This system was interesting in that all publications prior to Cry et al. (1959) including the Monthly 
Weather Review list this as two separate storms.  The earlier publications show the first of these storms 
forming on 20 or 21 September near the location where HURDAT shows this storm forming.  That system is 
shown to have moved towards the Texas coast by 22 September, dissipating on that date.  The earlier 
publications also show another storm developing in the southern Gulf of Mexico on the 23rd or 24th making 
landfall in southern Mexico as a hurricane on the 26th.  Publications since Cry et al. (1959) including HURDAT 
show this as one system.  HURDAT does not show that this storm moved very near the Texas coast.  The track 
shows a southward motion from the 22nd through landfall on the 26th.  Upon conducting the reanalysis for this 
storm, it was found that while there was a distinct trough in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 21st and 
22nd, there is not enough evidence to discredit the scenario in HURDAT that there was only one tropical cyclone.

The presence of a trough was apparent in the central Gulf of Mexico on 19 September.  This trough became 
a closed low and a tropical storm at 12Z on 20 September (no change to timing of genesis or intensity at 
genesis).  The cyclone moved slowly westward at first early on the 21st in the west-central Gulf of Mexico.  
HURDAT previously showed a clockwise loop in the track from the 18Z the 21st to 12Z the 22nd.  The HURDAT 
position on the 22nd at 12Z is too far north, and is adjusted 1.6 degrees to the south-southwest of the 
previous position (the largest track change analyzed for this storm).  Therefore, the loop indicated in 
HURDAT appears unrealistic and is eliminated.  The new track shows a turn to a southerly direction by 00Z 
on the 22nd, and the cyclone is analyzed to have continued in a general southerly direction until landfall 
on the 26th.  An important observation that somewhat supports the one storm scenario (described above) is 
a ship observation at 22Z on the 22nd of 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 25.8N, 92.4W.  This observation, along with 
the commentary on the 22nd suggest the existence of a tropical cyclone on the 22nd and 23rd well to the south 
of where other sources such as MWR showed the first storm approaching the Texas coast.  It is still possible 
that the circulation on the 21st moved towards Texas and that a new circulation developed and moved south, 
but there is not enough evidence to support this scenario.  (It is noted, however, that this ship late on the 
22nd was not entirely consistent with the limited aircraft reconnaissance data obtained at about the same time.)  
Because of the observation at 22Z on the 22nd, the HURDAT position at 00Z on the 23rd is unchanged.  A Navy 
aircraft performed a center fix at 1758Z on the 21st, but it did not fly into the center.  It flew to the 50 kt 
isotach before circumnavigating the storm.  A surface pressure of 998 mb with 50 kt winds from the SE was 
measured on this flight while flying at an altitude of 1000 feet at 26.8N, 94.0W at 1758Z on the 21st.  The 
aircraft at this location was 13 nmi from the center of the eye, as seen on the plane radar.  The Scholemer 
equation was used to obtain the central pressure [using the assumption that the RMW was 12 nmi].  This yields 
a value of 991 mb for the central pressure.  Due to the uncertainty in the exact central pressure value, the value 
of 991 mb is not added into HURDAT.  However, there is enough information to increase the HURDAT intensity at 18Z 
on the 21st.  A 991 mb central pressure would yield a wind speed of 58 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind 
relationship for north of 25N.  The RMW is less than 13 nmi while the climatological RMW for this latitude and intensity 
is 20 nmi.  However, the storm was slow-moving.  An intensity of 55 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 21st (up from 45 kt 
originally).  The strongest observed wind on the 22nd was 45 kt with a pressure of 1007 mb from a ship at 22Z.  There 
is very little data available near the cyclone on the 23rd as there was no aircraft reconnaissance sent out because 
the Weather Bureau did not realize that a tropical cyclone still existed on that day.  At 0012Z on the 24th, aircraft 
located the cyclone (now a hurricane, or at least a strong tropical storm) at 21.8N, 95.7W, and this was confirmed by 
several more center fixes later the same day.  Therefore, the cyclone is analyzed to have moved towards the south on 
the 23rd.  The aircraft reconnaissance crew and the meteorologists at the U.S. Weather Bureau believed that this was 
a new hurricane, and advisory number one was issued on this hurricane at 0230Z on the 24th.  HURDAT indicates that 
this hurricane is still the same cyclone that existed on the 22nd, as first published by Cry et al. (1959).  On the 
flight on the 24th at 0012Z, a maximum (flight level?) wind of 52 kt was measured and maximum surface winds of 65 kt
were estimated.  The aircraft measured a lowest peripheral pressure of 997 mb very close to the eye, likely near the RMW. 
Moderate rain and light turbulence were reported.  The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 24th is decreased from 75 to 65 kt.  
The maximum wind encountered by an aircraft on a midday flight on the 24th was 75 kt 25 miles from the eye.  A pressure 
of 1005 mb was measured at this time/location.  The HURDAT intensity at 18Z on the 24th is lowered from 85 to 75 kt.  
Ships reported winds of 50 kt at 12Z on the 24th, 60 kt at 18Z and 00Z on the 25th, and 70 kt at 06Z on the 25th.  There 
is no evidence that any of these observations occurred at or inside the RMW.  The 70 kt was observed simultaneously with 
a 998 mb pressure.  On the 24th, the cyclone meandered slowly westward, but it resumed a slow southward course on the 25th 
and made landfall on the 26th at 08Z at 19.5N, 96.3W (between Nautla and Veracruz).  On the 25th, the track is shifted about 
half a degree to the west of the previous track.  The highest observed wind from a coastal station in Mexico was 50 kt at 
Nautla late on the 25th, while the cyclone was still over water.  The analyzed closest approach of the cyclone to Nautla 
(around 00Z on the 26th) was about 30 nmi (Nautla was on the right side of the storm).  The landfall point at 08Z on the 
26th is about 20 nmi from Veracruz (Veracruz was on the left side of the storm).  No strong winds or any damage was 
reported from Veracruz (MWR).  Therefore, the cyclone likely began weakening prior to landfall, which is consistent 
with what HURDAT showed originally.  The maximum intensity for this cyclone listed in HURDAT previously was 85 kt 
from the 24th at 12Z through the 25th at 00Z.  The revised maximum intensity is 80 kt on the 25th at 00Z and 06Z.  
The largest downward intensity adjustment for this storm is 15 kt (on the 24th), and the largest upward intensity 
adjustment for this storm is 10 kt (on the 21st).  Descriptions from the aircraft radar are consistent with the 
existing weakening shown in HURDAT before landfall, going from 80 kt at 06Z on the 25th to 55 kt at 06Z on the 26th, 
which are unchanged.  The analyzed landfall intensity in Mexico is 55 kt, also unchanged from original HURDAT.  Available 
information indicates that the cyclone rapidly weakened after landfall over mountainous terrain, and the HURDAT intensities 
at 12 and 18Z on the 26th of 35 and 20 kt respectively are unchanged.  The last point in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 26th at 
18.1N, 96.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression, and no changes to the position, intensity, or timing of dissipation were made 
at 18Z on the 26th.  The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 26th.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 10 (was storm 9) - Revised in 2014

34565 09/21/1949 M= 2  9 SNBR= 767 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34565 09/20/1949 M= 3 10 SNBR= 768 NOT NAMED   XING=0 
         **         * **       ***
   
(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)               
34568 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*142 608  40    0*147 618  45    0*

34570 09/21*  0   0   0    0*162 625  60    0*164 653  65    0*169 666  70    0*
34570 09/21*152 629  50    0*158 641  60    0*164 653  65    0*171 666  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***                           ***

34575 09/22*173 678  70    0*178 688  70    0*182 699  65    0*185 720  35    0*
34575 09/22*175 676  70    0*178 686  65    0*182 695  55    0*185 706  35    0*
            *** ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***

34580 HR  

International landfall
Sep. 22nd, 15Z, 18.4N 70.0W, 55 kt, Dominican Republic

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the 
COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
the U.S Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Surface Weather Observations, and 
Local Climatological Data, and Perez (1971).

September 19:
Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 16N, 60W south-southwestward 
to 10N, 63W.  No gales or low pressures.  From aircraft... "Passed through strong easterly 
wave near Antigua.  Encountered severe squalls" (micro).

September 20:
HURDAT does not yet list this as a system on this day.  Microfilm at 12Z shows a low, 
not closed, near 15.5N, 59.5W with several easterly aircraft gales north of the low and 
a trough or wave axis extending from 18N, 59W to 11N, 64W.  Microfilm first shows a closed 
low at 18Z of at most 1008 mb near 15N, 62W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 
00Z at 18.5N, 56.3W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: several observations of 40 kt E-ESE 
and 1014-1015 mb between 1230-1530Z between 16.4-19.0N, 58.3-61.4W (micro).  A couple of 
other gales.  From aircraft... "Crossed extensive squall line 40 miles long, 2 miles wide 
at 16.6N, (58-59W).  Severe line squall near (~16.4N, ~59.3W).  Heavy rain and turbulence 
but no drop in pressure; max [flight-level?] wind 55 knots.  No evidence of circulation; 
strong winds and severe squalls throughout" (micro).  "Recon reports strong easterly wave 
centered (near 15.2N, 61.3W) with a 1007 mb surface pressure at 1815Z" (micro).  "On 
September 20 a rather strong easterly wave was crossing the Lesser Antilles.  Two 
reconnaissance flights searched for suspicious areas for a possible tropical storm but 
no closed circulation was found that day" (MWR).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.9N, 64.4W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.4N, 65.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 
11Z at 16.5N, 64.5W (COA); 51 kt WSW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 15.7N, 64.0W (micro, MWR, COA); 
40 kt SE and 1010 mb at 15Z at 15.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 14.5N, 
63.5W (COA).  Three other gales from the same ship.  All 7 ship gale observations on this 
day were from the same ship.  Land/station highlights: 40 kt E and 1011 mb at 06Z at Ponce, 
Puerto Rico (18.0N, 66.6W) (micro); at least 65 kt (max w, likely to be estimated gust) at 
St. Croix (17.7N, 64.7W) (Perez); 40 kt E (max w) with 1008 mb (min p) at 2224Z (max gust 
of 55 ktt E at 2324Z) at Aguadilla, Ramey Air Force Base (18.5N, 67.1W) (SWO, Perez); 36 kt 
E (max gust) at San Juan, Puerto Rico (Perez).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1406Z at 
16.4N, 65.6W with max surface winds of 45 kt and surface gusts to 65 kt and a 1006 mb peripheral 
pressure reported (micro); center fix at 1728Z at 17.1N, 65.9W with 65 kt winds (surface or 
flight level?) NW of center with max winds estimated at 75 kt (surface or flight level?) at 18Z 
at 17.7N, 65.6W with an 1009 mb pressure at this location (micro).  About eight other gales.  
"Navy recon: center 1406Z 16.4N, 65.6W.  Lowest pressure 1006 mbs (I would have assumed central 
pressure, but ship data says cp is lower).  Squalls to NE and E of center.  Surface wind gusts 
to 65 kt; average surface winds 45 kt.  No strong winds W-SW-or NW-center.  Torrential rain NNE 
and E" (micro).  "Navy position (of aircraft) 17.5N, 65.1W at 1445Z.  Surface gusts to 60 knots 
N and E sector.  Average (flight level) winds 65 knots with gusts to 80 kt" (micro).  "Hurricane 
center 1728Z 17.1N, 65.9W.  Estimate winds 65 kt NW of center.  1800Z: aircraft position 17.7N, 
65.6W winds estimated 75 knots" (micro).  "[This cyclone] formed the night of September 20 from 
an easterly wave in the Caribbean some 150-200 miles southeast of St. Croix.  [It] passed a short 
distance south of St. Croix on the 21st, moved west-northwest at 12 mph and passed 50 miles off 
the south coast of Puerto Rico from 4:00 pm to 10:00 pm on Sept. 21st [21Z 21st to 03Z 22nd], 
much closer to Cabo Rojo, and dissipated in the mountains of central Dominican Republic on the 
22nd.  St. Croix experienced hurricane force winds and great damages.  Highest winds were in 
southern and southwestern Puerto Rico, and Ramey AFB recorded winds east 64 mph (55 kt).  
San Juan recorded winds east at 38 mph (33 kt) at 10:00 pm (September 21st/03Z 22nd); lowest 
bar. 29.83 (1010 mb) at 4:30 pm (21st/2130Z 21st).  Most rivers were in flood, including the 
rivers of northern Puerto Rico.  Damages were reported in Yabucoa, Santa Isabel, Ponce, Guayanilla, 
Cabo Rojo, Mayaguez, Cidra, Jayuya, and Toa Alta.  Ponce experienced high gusts.  Damages were minor.  
San Juan rainfall, 1.41 inches; max wind east 41 mph.  48 hour rainfall, Sept. 21-22: Yauco 8.70 
inches; Coamo 7.55 inches; Santa Rita 9.07; Carite 9.81; San Lorenzo 13.56" (Perez 1971).  
"During the night of September 20-21 a closed circulation centered about 100 miles south-southeast 
of St. Croix, Virgin Islands, developed on the wave.  This followed a report from the U.S.S President 
Adams, at 15.7N, and 64.0W indicating a surface wind of 51 knots from 250 degrees.  Aircraft flying 
in the storm area on September 21 reported hurricane winds in the northeast quadrant; but no strong 
winds, other than those by the aforementioned vessel, were reported in the western quadrants" (MWR). 
"A small tropical hurricane passed South of Puerto Rico September 21, 1949 causing heavy precipitation 
and strong winds over the Western part of the Island during passage of this storm; there was no loss 
of life but some property damage and crop losses" (LCD).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 69.2W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 65 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 69.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 17.4N, 
67.6W and a 12Z position near 18.5N, 69.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered in the general vicinity of 16.4N, 69.9W, and also a trough or wave axis extending from 
20N, 68W through the low south-southwestward to 12N, 72W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE at 13Z at 
17.0N, 67.8W (micro); 35 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 15Z at 15.7N, 69.3W (micro).  Three other gales of 
35-40 kt.  Land/station highlights: 33 kt at San Juan, Puerto Rico at 03Z.  Aircraft highlights: 
40* kt E and 1004 mb at 2145Z at 16.9N, 70.7W (micro).  Two other gales of 40 kt and 2 other low 
pressures of 1003 and 1005 mb.  "Plane at 17.2N, 69.1W around ~2230Z: Radar continuously indicated 
worse weather to south of [forecast?] track in Caribbean" (micro).  "This small hurricane moved 
west-northwestward to the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic and dissipated as it moved 
inland in the vicinity of Ciudad Trujillo.  The storm caused damages to the extent of $1,000,000 
in Puerto Rico although the center did not pass over the island.  The damage was mostly to the coffee 
industry and to buildings.  No lives were lost in Puerto Rico.  In the Dominican Republic only 
$12,000 damage was reported but 15 lives were lost" (MWR).

September 23:
HWM analyzes a wave axis from 26N, 76W to 14N, 75W and a closed low of at most 1010 mb located in
the ITCZ near 13N, 75W.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  Microfilm no longer analyzes a closed 
low on this day but analyzes a general large area of troughiness over the west-central Caribbean Sea.  
No gales or low pressurs.

September 24:
HWM analyzes a wave axis from 28N, 77W to 14N, 82W with a closed low of at most 1010 mb located in 
the ITCZ near 11.5N, 81W.  Microfilm analyzes a general area of weak troughiness over the western 
Caribbean Sea.  No gales or low pressures.

September 25:
HWM analyzes a wave axis from 27N, 80W to 15N, 85W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a low, not closed, 
near 16.5N, 82.5W within a general area of troughiness.  No gales or low pressures.  From 9/25 18Z 
microfilm... "Duck-7 remarks: 18.2N, 85.9W.  No evidence of closed circulation in this area" (micro).

A tropical storm formed from a strong easterly wave near the Leeward Islands on 20 September.  
HURDAT starts this system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 21st.  Available observations 
first indicate a closed low at 12Z on the 20th, with an east wind near Dominica and a weak 
west-southwest wind near Barbados.  Numerous easterly gales of between 35 and 45 kt were observed 
two to four degrees north of the analyzed position at 12Z on the 20th, and the pressures with those 
gales were three to four mb higher than the pressure of the observation closest to the analyzed center.  
Although 12Z on the 20th is the first time for which evidence of a closed low was found, and genesis 
may have been captured, it is possible that genesis occurred east of the Lesser Antillies on an earlier 
date.  This system is started at 12Z on the 20th (18 hours before HURDAT originally) as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 14.2N, 60.8W.  The tropical cyclone moved west-northwestward and intensified.  Positions were 
analyzed at 18Z on the 20th and then again at 12Z on the 21st.  Interpolating the analyzed positions 
for 06Z on the 21st would indicate a position at that time about a degree and a half west of the 
previous HURDAT position (the largest track change made to HURDAT for this storm).  Although aircraft 
reconnaissance performed two center fixes on the 21st, no central pressure values were reported.  
Estimated maximum winds of 65-75 kt were reported at the 1728Z fix.  St. Croix reported maximum winds 
of 65 kt on the 21st as the storm passed to the south of the island, though this was likely to be a 
visually estimated gust.  No ship reported a wind stronger than 51 kt during this storm.  No changes are 
made to the HURDAT intensity on the 21st.  The cyclone passed south of Puerto Rico, and on a west-northwest 
course, it was headed towards Hispaniola.  A ship observation at 05Z on the 22nd of 1010 mb with 25 kt of 
wind located very close to the HURDAT position indicates either that the system had weakened or that the 
HURDAT position was in error.  From the analysis on the 22nd, it was difficult to determine whether the 
storm had weakened by 06Z and 12Z or whether the HURDAT position was in error.  Perhaps the storm was 
breaking up as it approached Hispaniola.  Because of the uncertainty in the analysis on the 22nd, only 
slight changes are made to HURDAT.  For 06Z on the 22nd, the position is moved two-tenths of a degree 
further away from the observation of 1010 mb with 25 kt, and the intensity is also reduced in HURDAT from 
70 to 65 kt.  In the original HURDAT, the cyclone made landfall in the Dominican Republic around 15Z on the 
22nd.  However, by 12Z on the 22nd, the strongest observed winds and the lowest available pressures were 
quite a distance south of the HURDAT position.  It is highly uncertain whether this cyclone made landfall 
in the Dominican Republic, but there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation further south where 
the higher winds and lower pressures are located, so no large changes are made to HURDAT.  The 65 kt intensity 
in HURDAT at 12Z on the 22nd is reduced to 55 kt since the highest observed wind (including the winds that may 
not be directly associated with the circulation) is 50 kt.  If the HURDAT position (and the analyzed position) 
is correct, then the intensity may have been much weaker.  The cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall in 
the Dominican Republic at 15Z on the 22nd as a 55 kt tropical storm.  The intensity at 18Z on the 22nd of 35 kt 
in HURDAT is unchanged, but the position at that time is analyzed to be 1.4 degrees east of the previous 
HURDAT position.  The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 22nd, and there are no changes to the timing of 
dissipation.  It should be noted that the easterly wave associated with this disturbance can be followed 
to the western Caribbean through 25 September, and this wave may have possibly played a role in the 
formation of 1949 storm 10 (now storm 11- see metadata for more details).

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 11 (was Storm 10) - Revised in 2014

34585 09/27/1949 M=10 10 SNBR= 768 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
34585 09/27/1949 M=11 11 SNBR= 769 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   ** **       ***                                             

34590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*125 895  35    0*133 901  35    0*134 902  35    0*
34590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*132 900  30    0*133 901  30    0*134 902  30    0*
                             *** ***  **               **               **    

34595 09/28*135 902  35    0*137 902  35    0*140 902  35    0*142 903  35    0*
34595 09/28*135 902  30    0*137 902  30    0*140 902  30    0*142 903  30    0*
                     **               **               **               **

34600 09/29*144 905  35    0*146 907  35    0*150 911  35    0*156 909  35    0*
34600 09/29*144 905  30    0*146 907  30    0*150 911  30    0*155 909  30    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      **

34605 09/30*163 909  35    0*168 908  35    0*173 906  40    0*179 905  40    0*
34605 09/30*160 909  30    0*165 908  30    0*170 906  30    0*175 905  30    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

34610 10/01*185 905  40    0*188 907  45    0*191 912  45    0*195 918  50    0*
34610 10/01*180 907  30    0*186 915  30    0*191 920  35    0*195 923  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

34615 10/02*200 925  50    0*206 932  55    0*213 938  60    0*220 943  65    0*
34615 10/02*200 927  50    0*206 935  55    0*213 939  60    0*220 943  65    0*
                ***              ***              ***               

34620 10/03*227 946  75    0*235 949  85    0*245 952  95    0*260 955 100    0*
34620 10/03*227 946  75    0*235 950  85    0*247 954  95    0*263 955  95    0*
                                 ***          *** ***          ***      **
         
34625 10/04*276 956 110    0*291 954 115    0*303 950  60    0*310 946  55    0*
34625 10/04*278 956  95    0*291 956  95  965*301 952  55  982*310 950  40    0*
            ***     ***          *** ***  *** *** ***  **  ***     ***  **

34630 10/05*316 941  50    0*323 936  45    0*330 931  40    0*339 925  35    0*
34630 10/05*316 948  35  998*321 944  30    0*330 939  25    0*341 929  25    0*
                ***  **  *** *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

34635 10/06*354 917  35    0*375 907  30    0*396 896  30    0*422 884  25    0*
34635 10/06*354 917  25    0E377 907  25    0E398 896  25    0E419 886  25    0*
                     **     ****      **     ****      **     **** ***  

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
34637 10/07E439 875  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

34640 HRCTX2                        
34640 HRCTX2BTX1                        
            ****

U.S. Landfall:
10/04/1949 - 05Z - 28.8N, 95.6W - 95 kt - 965 mb - RMW 15 nmi - OCI 1009 mb - ROCI 200 nmi - speed 11 kt


Minor changes to track, but major alterations to intensity are analyzed for this major hurricane that 
struck Texas just west of Freeport.  A major alteration is also made to indicate that intensification 
into a tropical storm is delayed by four days (no longer showing it as a tropical storm for four days 
over Central America).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Texas 
monthly climatological data summary for October, 1949 from NCDC, Surface Weather Observations, the U.S. 
Weather Bureau Operational Advisories, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Connor (1956), Jarrell 
et al. (1992), Dunn and Miller (1960), Wiggert et al. (1986), Cry et al. (1959), and Tannehil (1956).

September 26:
HWM analyzes the westward moving tropical wave which had been responsible for spawning storm 9 [now 
Storm 10] from 25N, 81W to 16N, 87W.  HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  
[Of note is that storm 8 (now storm 9) was dissipating inland on the 26th near 19N, 96.3W.]

September 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.9N, 89.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 13.3N, 90.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in 
the general vicinity of 20.0N, 91.5W.  No gales or low pressures.  "On 27 September 1949, a weak low 
pressure area began to develop off the Pacific coast of El Salvador.  The area moved northward, across 
Guatemala and into the Gulf of Mexico" (Wiggert et al. 1986).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14N, 90W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 14.0N, 90.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 15.5N, 86W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.5N, 91W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 15.0N, 91.1W.  Microfilm does not analyze a closed low on this day but instead analyzes a trough 
over southern Mexico and northern Central America.  No gales or low pressures.  "Pressure had been 
abnormally low over Yucatan, Honduras, and Guatemala for 2 or 3 days prior to October 1" (MWR).

September 30:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.7N, 90.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 17.3N, 90.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 17.3N, 90.5W.  Land/station highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 14.9N, 92.4W (HWM).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19N, 91W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm 
at 19.1N, 91.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 91.3W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 91.3W.  Ship highlights: Land/station highlights: 20 kt S 
gust 30 kt and 1004 mb at 12Z at Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico (18.7N, 91.8W) (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1005 mb 
at 18Z at Campeche, Mexico (19.8N, 90.6W) (micro).  "During the night of September 30-October 1 a low pressure 
center passed into the Gulf of Mexico near Carmen, Mexico" (MWR).  "By October 1, the low intensified into a 
tropical storm just off the Yucatan Peninsula" (Wiggert et al. 1986).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 94.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical 
storm at 21.3N, 93.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 20.0N, 93.3W and a 
12Z position near 21.2N, 93.8W with a 1007 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position 
near 19.8N, 92.8W and a 12Z position near 21.1N, 93.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb 
centered near 21.1N, 93.9W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt W and 1000 mb at 07Z at 20.7N, 94.0W (micro).  Two other 
low pressures between 1002-1004 mb from same ship.  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt SE (55 kt SE at flight level 
of 1100 feet) and 1004 mb at 1345Z at 21.3N, 93.8W (micro); center fix at 1410Z at 21.2N, 93.9W with estimated 
(max surface?) winds of 70 kt (micro); Navy center fix at 2338Z at 22.8N, 94.7W with highest winds encountered 
50 kt and lowest pressure 990 mb (likely a peripheral pressure; treated as a peripheral pressure in the analysis) 
(micro).  Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 992-1001 mb.  "It increased 
to hurricane intensity by 10:45 am, October 2.  This hurricane moved from Yucatan almost directly northward" (MWR).  
"By noon [the 2nd], it was classified as a hurricane" (Wiggert et al. 1986).  "Remarks Navy: Weak squall line 
oriented north-south thirty miles long" (micro). "Note: Eye diameter 30 miles 21.2N, 93.9W (1410Z center fix) 
wind velocity estimated 70 knots [surface or flight level?  Assume surface since they used the word 'estimated.'] 
west side.  Climbing for radar pictures" (micro).  "Moving NNW about 13 knots around 18Z" (micro).  "Note from 
Navy recon: Eye indicated by radar at 2338Z at 22.8N, 94.7W.  Maximum winds SW 50 kt.  Min pressure 990 mbs.  Eye 
diameter 20 miles.  All quadrants appear closed" (micro).  [They probably only flew to the 50 kt isotach and measured 
a minimum pressure of 990 mb at the 50 kt isotach.]

October 3:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 24.8N, 95.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 
24.5N, 95.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.7N, 94.7W and a 12Z position 
near 25.1N, 95.3W with a 997 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a shows a 00Z position near 
22.6N, 94.2W and a 12Z position near 24.4N, 94.9W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 
25.2N, 95.6W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 08Z at 25.9N, 93.9W (micro); 30 kt SE and 1005 mb at 
10Z(?) at 26.3N, 93.2W (micro).  Three other gales between 35-45 kt.  Land/station highlights: 30 kt E and 
1005 mb at 12Z at Port O'Connor, TX (28.4N, 96.6W) (micro); 20 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 12Z at Port Isabel, TX 
(26.1N, 97.2W) (micro).  Three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar 
center fix at 0855Z at 24.2N, 95.5W (micro); 80 kt N (probably a flight level wind) and 981 mb at ~1345Z at 
25.1N, 95.8W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1348Z at 25.0N, 95.6W with 100 kt max (flight level?) winds 
encountered and 981 mb lowest pressure encountered (micro); 90 kt W (flight level?) at ~1354Z at 24.7N, 95.7W 
(micro); 100 kt S (flight level?) at ~14Z at 24.8N, 95.4W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1730Z at 25.9N, 
95.5W (micro); navy radar center fix at 1815Z at 26.4N, 95.2W (micro).  Seven other gales between 35-45 kt.  
Four other low pressures between 990-1000 mb.  "Navy radar 0855Z: Storm center 24.2N, 95.5W.  Fix believed good; 
eye well defined.  0925Z present fixed continued 0855Z fix" (micro).  "Navy radar 1348Z: center at 25N, 95.6W at 
1348Z.  90 kt west [quadrant], 100 kt south [quadrant].  Remarks around ~1415Z: Squall line arranged N-S at 25.3N, 
96.2W.  It has surface gusts 65 kts.  Remarks around ~1445Z: Surface gust 60 kt in squalls (~24.9N, 93.6W).  
Navy at 1513Z: Hurricane center located at 1348Z at 25N, 95.6W.  Max winds 80 kt N 12 miles WNW of eye; 90 kt W 
20 miles SSW of eye; 100 kt S 20 miles SSE of eye.  Lowest pressure [encountered] 981 mb 12 miles WNW of eye.  
Squall line 50 miles NW of center has surface gusts of 65 kts.  Hurricane winds extend 30 miles NW of center, 
60 miles SW of center, and 75 miles ESE of center.  1730Z Navy radar fix: 25.9N, 95.5W.  This fix believed to be 
accurate within 5 miles.  1815Z Navy radar fix: Storm position 26.4N, 95.2W- believed to be somewhat more accurate 
than the 1730Z position.  Will continue reporting positions" (micro).  "1750Z Freeport, TX radar (29.0N, 95.4W): 
3 concentric arcs around center- 180 degrees, 180 miles (implies center at 26.4N, 95.4W).  Possible circulation 
around center.  1830Z Freeport, TX radar: 3 concentric arcs about center- 180 degrees, 165 miles (implies center 
26.6N, 95.4W).  Movement arc indicates eye 30 miles in diameter.  Movement toward north.  2145Z Freeport, TX radar: 
Heavy band points- 250 degrees, 40 miles (28.8N, 96.0W); over station (29.0N, 95.4W); 100 degrees, 40 miles (28.9N, 
94.8W); 125 degrees, 20 miles (28.8N, 95.2W) (5 miles wide west to east).  Moderate bands- from 225 degrees, 70 miles 
(28.3N, 96.2W) through 140 degrees at 170 miles (27.1N, 93.6W).  Broken moderate bands (10 miles wide) from 200 degrees, 
100 miles (27.6N, 95.8W) through 180 degrees, 80 miles (27.8N, 95.4W) through 150 degrees, 120 miles (27.5N, 94.5W).  
Heavy band 15 miles wide from 190 degrees, 110 miles (27.4N, 95.7W) through 180 degrees, 105 miles (27.5N, 95.4W) 
to 170 degrees, 120 miles (27.3N, 95.1W).  Eye at 180 degrees, 110 miles.  2315Z Freeport, TX radar: series of sharp 
spiral bands are centered at 180 degrees, 95 miles (27.6N, 95.4W) moving from south at 18 to 20 mph" (micro).

October 4:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.0N, 95.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 
30.3N, 95.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 27.4N, 95.3W and a 12Z position near 
30.2N, 94.8W with a 992 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 27.5N, 95.3W and a 
12Z position near 30.2N, 94.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.1N, 95.2W.  Ship highlights: 
40 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 28.2N, 94.3W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 91.5W (COA).  Land/station 
highlights: hurricane force ENE and 978 mb at 0540Z at 5 miles west of Freeport, TX (29.0N, 95.4W) (MWR); 87 kt SE 
(max wind; 1-minute) and 982 mb at 06Z at Freeport coast guard station (MWR, micro); 58 kt SE (max wind) with 1001 mb 
at 0502Z and 34 kt SSE with 997 mb (min pressure) at Galveston City Office (SWO); 20 kt SSW and 986 mb (min pressure) 
at 1028Z at Houston WBAS (SWO).  "The center passed between the [Houston] airport and the city office.  The lowest 
pressure at the city office was 29.17" at 4:50 am [1050Z].  The lowest pressure at the airport was 29.12" at 4:28 am 
[1028Z]" (SWO).  "The center moved inland near Freeport, TX during the night of October 3-4, and passed between the 
airport and city offices of the Weather Bureau at Houston, TX during the early morning of October 4.  Winds were 
estimated at 135 mph 5 miles west of Freeport by the Brazos River Engineers.  High tides were reported as follows: 
Velasco, 11.0 feet; Matagorda, 8.0 feet; Anahuac, 9.0 feet; Harrisburg (in Houston ship channel), 11.4 feet.  The 
heaviest (rainfall) reported was at Goodrich, TX, (65 miles north of Houston) where 14.50 inches fell during the storm.  
Two lives were lost in this hurricane.  The total damage reported amounted to $6,700,000, of which more than four-fifths 
was to crops.  The remainder was mainly to roads and oil rigs" (MWR).  "It headed northward and made landfall between 
Matagorda and Freeport, Texas, about 11:30 pm on October 3rd (0530Z October 4th assuming 11:30 pm CST).  Lowest reported 
pressure was 978 mb at Freeport, which also had maximum sustained winds of 100 mph and peak wind gusts estimated at 
135 mph.  Total storm damage was estimated at about $8M.  Of this, an estimated $1M was property damage, including 
$800,000 damage to oil rigs off the Texas coast.  Crop damage was about $6.7M" (Wiggert et al. 1986).  US landfall RMW 
was 20 statute miles according to Wiggert et al. (1986).  US landfall delta p (difference between central pressure and 
environmental pressure) was 50 mb according to Wiggert et al. (1986).  From the October, 1949 Texas climatological data 
summary... "A Gulf hurricane entered the State near Freeport October 3-4th and traveled northeastward over Houston, causing 
severe damage to rice and moderate damage to cotton and other property.  A tropical hurricane hit the Texas coast at 
Freeport on the evening of the 3rd and moved north-northeastward toward Lufkin.  The inflow of humid tropical air 
continued all week, bringing effective rains over most of the State.  The total [October] rainfall at Houston of 
17.64 inches during the month was the highest ever recorded in one month in the Houston record.  A hurricane moved 
inland near Freeport during the night of October 3-4th and passed between the City and Airport Offices at Houston 
during the early morning of the 4th.  The highest wind reported at Houston Airport was 90 mph from the east, and from 
the City Office, Houston, 70 mph from the east.  The low barometer reading at the Houston Airport was 29.12 (986 mb) 
[incorrect according to microfilm] and at the City Office 29.17 (988 mb).  Crop damage in Texas was $5,250,000 to 
rice and $250,000 to cotton.  Other property damage including roads and oil rigging off the Texas coast amounted to 
$1,000,000.  Total damage for the storm in Texas and Louisiana was $6,700,000.  Excessive rains which occurred in the 
lower Trinity River watershed in connection with the hurricane on the 3rd and 4th caused a rapid rise on the Trinity 
at Liberty, where rainfall exceeded 10 inches during this storm" (climo).  "Freeport radar 0045Z: Spiral band around 
open area 180 degrees, 70 miles moving north.  Northern edge of open area... at 180 degrees, 50 miles.  Freeport radar 
02Z: Center of spiral bands located at range 45 to 50 miles.  Azimuth indefinite 182 degrees.  Wind gusts interfering 
with antenna sweep.  Communications difficulties at Freeport.  Radar now shut down" (micro).  "From Freeport at 0515Z: 
Wind taking southerly component; has changed direction from 80 degrees to present direction 120 degrees..." (micro).  
"Oct 4 - 1007 mb OCI, 90 kt equivalent 1 min max wind at US landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Oct 4, 963 mb central 
pressure at landfall based upon 978 mb measured at 5 mi SW of Freeport, TX, 20 nm RMW, 11 kt translational speed, 
landfall point - 28.9N, 95.4W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Oct 4, landfall near Freeport, 28.70 in. (972 mb)" (Connor 1956).  
"Oct, TX, N2, 972 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).  "Tropical Cyclones in Texas: 1949 Oct. 3-4, Freeport, Major, 2 killed, 
damage $6,700,000 ("Major" - 101 to 135 mph, 949 to 982 mb)" (Dunn and Miller 1960).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33N, 93.7W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal system 
located just a couple hundred miles north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.0N, 93.1W. 
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 31.8N, 93.9W and a 12Z position near 32.8N, 92.5W with 
a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 31.5N, 94.2W and a 12Z position near 33.0N, 
93.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 32.9N, 93.8W with a frontal system located several 
hundred miles north of the cyclone.  Land/station highlights: 10 kt SSE and 999 mb at 00Z at Lufkin (31.5N, 94.8W) (micro); 
25 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Shreveport (32.4N, 93.8W) (micro).  Five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.

October 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40N, 90W with the west end of a W-E warm front located due east 
of the cyclone at 87W and an approaching cold front located several hundred miles west of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 39.6N, 89.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
35.6N, 90.7W, and a 12Z position near 39.8N, 89.3W with a 998 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z
position near 35.2N, 91.9W and a 12Z position near 39.2N, 89.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered 
near 40.3N, 89.7W with analysis features similar to HWM's analysis.  Land/station highlights: 15 kt S and 998 mb at 12Z 
at Springfield, IL (39.8N, 89.7W) (micro); 25 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z at Fort Wayne, IN (41.1N, 85.2W) (micro).  Six 
other low pressures between 999-1005 mb.

October 7:
HURDAT does not list a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 
43.6N, 87.7W.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 44.4N, 87.0W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44N, 87.5W with the aforementioned warm front and cold front impinging 
much closer on the cyclone.  Land/station highlights: 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at Muskegon, MI (43.2N, 86.3W) (micro); 
20 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 00Z at Fort Wayne, IN (micro).

An area of lower than normal pressure persisted over Central America and southern Mexico for several days from the 
25th to the 30th of September.  The tropical wave associated with 1949 Storm 9 (now Storm 10), which moved westward
from the Caribbean Sea into Central America on the 25th and 26th of September, likely contributed to the low pressure
in the region.  Also, the remnants of 1949 Storm 8 (now Storm 9) also likely contributed to the low pressure in the 
region.  The genesis of this cyclone, 1949 Storm 10 (now Storm 11) is somewhat obscure.  HURDAT lists a tropical 
storm forming in the eastern Pacific on the 27 September, crossing over land from early on the 28th to early on 
1 October (maintaining storm strength the entire time), and emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on 1 October.  There 
are no observed high winds or pressure gradients to confirm the existence of a tropical storm until 1 October in 
the southern Bay of Campeche (all available observations over a wide area were utilized from September 26-30).  
However, due to a lack of data, there is not enough evidence to remove the beginning portion of the track from HURDAT.  
The little data available suggests a closed low (at least in a broad sense) beginning on 28 September, but no strong 
winds are observed between the 27th and 30th.  Evidence of a closed low was much more concrete by late on the 29th 
and early on the 30th.  Cry et al. (1959) was the first publication to include the 27th to the 30th in a track book, 
and this portion of the track has been included in the official Atlantic hurricane records thereafter.  Tannehil 
(1956) does not include this portion of the track, and shows 1 October as the first day of this storm.  Cry et al. 
does not offer an explanation as to why the track was extended back to 27 September.  As it is implausible for a 
tropical storm to maintain storm strength for 3 days over Central America and Mexico, the system is instead indicated 
to be a tropical depression from genesis through 06Z 1 October.  There were no changes are made to the HURDAT track 
from genesis (27 September 06Z) through 30 September 06Z, except to make a more physically consistent initial position 
and first 6 hourly translational velocity.  The cyclone moved into the Bay of Campeche before 12Z on 1 October.  
A station on the Mexican coast of the Bay of Campeche recorded 20 kt S with a pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z on the 1st. 
This observation indicates that the HURDAT position is too far east.  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb yields a wind 
speed of at least 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 35 kt is chosen for 
the intensity at 12Z on the 1st (45 kt originally) due to the large size, slow movement of the cyclone, and that it
had just moved back over water.  The cyclone moved towards the northwest on the 1st and 2nd of October.  At 06Z on 
the 2nd, a ship reported a pressure of 1002 mb simultaneously with 20 kt NW winds.  A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb 
suggests at least 43 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 55 kt intensity in HURDAT is maintained 
at 06Z on the 2nd.  A Navy reconnaissance aircraft located the center of the cyclone on radar at 2338Z of the 2nd but 
did not fly into the center.  The lowest pressure measured by the aircraft was 990 mb, but this value is not a 
central pressure.  A central pressure of less than 990 mb yields an intensity of greater than 64 kt using the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The HURDAT intensity of 75 kt at 00Z on the 3rd is maintained.  By the 3rd, the hurricane 
was turning northward towards the Texas coast.  On the 3rd at 1348Z, a Navy aircraft did not penetrate the center, but 
measured a lowest pressure of 981 mb 12 miles WNW of the eye.  A central pressure of 970 mb was obtained using the 
Schloemer (1954) equation using values of 15 nmi for the RMW and 1009 mb for the environmental pressure.  A central 
pressure of 970 mb equals 91 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems and 88 kt 
using the N of 25N relationship for intensifying systems.  Due to the smaller than average RMW, 95 kt is maintained 
as the HURDAT intensity.  A central pressure of 970 mb is not added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd because there is 
too much uncertainty in the variables used in the calculation to be confident enough in an accurate enough central 
pressure value.

The hurricane made landfall on the Texas coast just west of Freeport at 05Z on 4 October at 28.8N, 95.6W, which is 
slightly west-northwest of the previous interpolated HURDAT track by 2 tenths of a degree.  The lowest observed 
pressure from a land station was 978 mb, and this observation occurred simultaneously with estimated winds of 117 kt, 
which were the highest measured or estimated winds during the storm.  This observation of 978 mb and 117 kt estimated 
at 0540Z occurred on the right side of the hurricane, probably very close to or at the RMW.  The highest official 
measured wind was 87 kt at 06Z, and this occurred simultaneously with a pressure of 982 mb, but this observation was 
5 nmi east of the other observation, and thus farther outside of the RMW on the right side of the storm.  The Scholemer 
equation was again used to obtain the central pressure assuming that the 978 mb observation was located at the RMW, 
and that the RMW was 15 nmi (Wiggert et al.).  An environmental pressure of 1009 mb was used.  This yields a central 
pressure of 960 mb at landfall.  This central pressure is supported by Wiggert et al., which lists a delta p of 50 mb 
at landfall.  Alternatively, a landfall central pressure can be estimated from the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model.  
A central pressure of 982 mb about 5 hours after landfall was obtained from the Houston WBAS station which had 20 kt 
SSW and 986 mb (min pressure) at 1028Z at this inland location.  The Ho et al. inland pressure-decay model suggests a 
970 mb central pressure at landfall.   The combination of the Scholemer equation result (960 mb) and the Ho et al. 
decay model (970 mb) along with the previous estimates (Wiggert et al. - 960 mb, Connor/Jarrell et al. - 972 mb, Ho 
et al. - 978 mb) leads to an analysis of 965 mb.  965 mb central pressure at landfall suggests maximum winds of 90 kt 
from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 94 kt from the subset of intensifying systems. The climatological 
RMW in this case according to Vickery et al. is 22 nmi and the analyzed RMW is about 15 nmi.  Given a near average speed, 
but slightly smaller RMW than climatology and a slightly lower environmental pressure than average, a 95 kt intensity 
is analyzed at landfall.  This is a major reduction in the HURDAT winds from 115 kt, but retains this is as a Saffir-Simpson 
Category 2 for Texas on the U.S. landfalling hurricanes list.  The category 2 impact for north Texas is retained and a 
category 1 impact is added into HURDAT for central Texas.  95 kt is also now indicated to be the peak intensity for the
hurricane, down from 115 kt previously.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 57 kt for 12Z 
on the 4th, 41 kt for 18Z, and 33 kt for 00Z on the 5th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times 
were 40 kt around 12Z on the 4th, 30 kt around 18Z, and 25 kt around 00Z on the 5th.  Revised winds in HURDAT are 
55 kt at 12Z on the 4th (down from 60 kt), 40 kt at 18Z (down from 55 kt originally), and 35 kt at 00Z on the 5th 
(down from 50 kt originally).  By 12Z on the 5th, a 25 kt intensity is analyzed (down from 40 kt originally).  After 
landfall, the cyclone turned towards the north-northeast and traveled through eastern Texas, Arkansas, southeastern 
Missouri, and Illinois as it weakened.  From 12Z on the 4th to 18Z on the 5th, a track slightly to the left of the 
HURDAT track is analyzed.  By 06Z on the 6th, the low is analyzed to have become extratropical as it was entering an 
environment with colder air being advected from the north.  Extratropical transition is 12 hours earlier than shown 
in HURDAT previously.  HURDAT originally ended this system as a tropical depression at 18Z on the 6th.  There is evidence 
that the low is still closed at 00Z on the 7th, and one extra point is added into HURDAT as an extratropical low before 
the cyclone is absorbed by a front shortly after 00Z on the 7th.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 12 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014

34645 10/02/1949 M= 6 12 SNBR= 770 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34646 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 568  35    0*
34647 10/03*250 568  35    0*259 567  35    0*265 565  40    0*268 563  40    0*
34648 10/04*268 561  45    0*269 558  45    0*272 550  50    0*280 536  50    0*
34649 10/05*288 518  50    0*297 498  50    0*305 480  50    0*308 465  50    0*
34649 10/06*310 455  45    0*315 444  45    0*320 430  45    0*325 416  40    0*
34649 10/07*330 402  40    0*335 388  35    0E340 370  35    0E348 345  30    0*
34649 TS                                                                        

HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate that a tropical storm, 
previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 2 October to 8 October in the central Atlantic.

September 28:
HWM analyzes a trough with a wave axis from 5N, 39W to 16N, 41W.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a trough with a wave axis from 5N, 45W to 17N, 46W.  Ship highlights:  20 kt E with 1014 mb at 13N 
47.5W at 12Z (HWM).

September 30:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 18N, 45W with a trough 
axis extending from the low southward to 10N, 45W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 1:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 22N, 53W with a trough 
axis extending from the low southward to south of 12N, 55W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1012 mb at 26.3N, 53.4W (micro).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.2N, 55.7W with a trough axis extending from the 
low south-southwestward to beyond 13N, 60W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 25.7N, 56.0W (COA, 
micro); 30 kt S and 1008 mb at 18Z at 24.2N, 55.4W (COA).

October 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.0N, 57.0W with a warm front extending from the 
low east-northeastward to 29N, 51W, and a trough extending from 25N, 59W to south of 13N, 64W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.7N, 56.3W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z 
at 26.2N, 55.7W (COA, micro, HWM).

October 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 56.8W with a stationary front extending from 
the low eastward to 31N, 34W, and a trough extending from 25N, 60W to 16N, 70W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 
1014 mb at 18Z at 30.2N, 54.1W (COA, micro).  From an Air Force flight... "1215 E (1715Z) Hurep Duck Four- Max 
winds near center of 45 knots.  Center located 27.3N, 60.6W.  Center estimated 60 miles diameter.  Moderate 
turbulence and rain encountered NW quadrant and NE quadrant.  Winds of 40 knots extend 100 miles from center 
and to 60 northwest [quadrant]" (micro).  [The Air Force investigation was significantly west of the analyzed 
position, so the above commentary probably does not pertain to this new tropical storm.]

October 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 30.9N, 48.2W with the intersection of a warm front 
and a cold front located at the low.  The warm front extends from the low eastward to 30N, 36W and the cold front 
extends from the low southward and then westward to 29N, 51W to 29N 55W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt WSW and 1008 mb 
at 12Z at 30.2N, 48.0W (HWM).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.0N, 41.0W, with a warm front extending eastward 
from the low to 31N, 34W, and a cold front extending southward from the low and then westward to 26N, 46W to 
26N, 52W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 00Z at 29.9N, 43.9W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 29.7N, 44.1W (COA).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.9N, 37.5W with an occluded front extending from 
the low to a triple point at 34N, 37W.  A warm front extends from this triple point east-southeastward to 31N, 
26W, and a cold front extends from the triple point to 33N, 36W to 30N, 36W to 27N, 40W to 26N, 43W.  No gales 
or low pressures.

October 8:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low with this system, but the area of partial cyclonic turning and lowest pressure 
associated with the remnants of this system may have been located near 41N, 24.5W.  An occluded front extends from 
this point southeastward to and then southward to a triple point near 34N, 27W.  A dissipating warm front extends 
southeastward from the triple point to 31N, 25W.  A cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 29N, 
32W.  A larger, deeper extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb is analyzed by HWM to be centered near 43.5N, 37W.  
No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm, new to HURDAT, is analyzed to have formed around 12Z on 2 October with an 18Z position on the 
2nd at 24.0N, 56.8W and a 35 kt intensity.  HWM indicates that this storm originated from an easterly wave, first 
plotted by HWM on 28 September along 40W.  On the 28th and 29th, there are no observed gales, low pressures, or 
west winds south of where a center might be.  On the 30th, as the wave continued towards the west, there were 
still no observed gales or low pressures, but a southwest wind of 15 kt and 1014 mb was observed at 19.7N, 49W.  
This single observation alone is not enough to indicate genesis on the 30th of September.  On 1 October, a broad 
low started to form, and the first 40 kt gale was observed.  However, there was not yet evidence of a complete or 
compact circulation.  On 2 October, pressures as low as 1007 mb were observed with 30 kt winds.  Three important 
ship observations at 18Z on the 2nd give enough evidence of the existence of a tropical storm by that time.  A 
south wind of 30 kt with a 1008 mb pressure (east of the center), an east wind of 30 kt with a 1007 mb pressure 
(north of the center), and a north wind of 15 kt with a 1009 mb pressure (west of the center) are enough to start 
this tropical storm at 12Z on the 2nd.  There were no observed gales or winds with a westerly component on the 2nd.  
However, the system is analyzed to be closed and compact enough to be considered a tropical cyclone at 18Z 
2 October as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The temperatures of the three aforementioned observations were all between 
78-81 degrees.  On 3 October, the cyclone moved northward.  On the 3rd at 12Z, a 35 kt south wind with a 1007 mb 
pressure from a ship 60 nm east of the center was an important observation for determining the position of the 
storm on that day.  The position on the 3rd at 12Z is analyzed at 26.5N, 56.5W with a 40 kt intensity.  On the 4th, 
the forward speed of the storm increased, and the cyclone turned to the northeast.  On the 4th between 15Z to 18Z, 
the Air Force flew between 27-31N, 60-64W and provided observations with estimated surface winds speeds as high as 
45 kt.  However, the analyzed position of this tropical storm at the time of the flight is near 53W (about 7 degrees 
east of the furthest east position that the aircraft surveyed).  Therefore, the aircraft commentary is not taken 
into account as being relevant to the analysis of this tropical cyclone.  All of the plotted aircraft wind observations 
were easterly and there were no observed pressures below 1010 mb in that area.  The highest observed wind during the 
lifetime of this storm was 50 kt from the east-northeast at 18Z on the 4th (from a ship), and this observation occurred 
about 150 nmi north of the analyzed center at that time with a pressure of 1014 mb.  At 12Z on the 5th, a different ship 
observed a 45 kt WSW wind with a 1008 mb pressure (18 hours after the 50 kt wind was observed).  The center of the storm 
at 12Z on the 5th is analyzed to be about 20 nmi north of that observation.  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed on the 4th 
and 5th, and this is the peak analyzed intensity for this tropical cyclone.  The analyzed position at 12Z on the 5th is 
30.5N, 48W.  On the 5th, the storm moved eastward for a short while before resuming a course towards the northeast on 
the 6th.  The last observed gale directly associated with this tropical storm occurred at 06Z on 6 October - a 35 kt 
wind from the southwest with a 1011 mb pressure about 100 nmi from the center.  A 45 kt intensity is analyzed on the 6th 
with a 06Z position in the vicinity of 31.5N, 44.4W.  It is analyzed that the cyclone became extratropical by 12Z on the 
7th due to the presence of a temperature gradient across the cyclone.  The analyzed position at 12Z on the 7th is 34N, 37W.  
The system is estimated to have weakened to 35 kt by 12Z on the 7th since observed winds on the 7th were substantially weaker 
(although there were no observations near the center closer than the 1011 mb isobar at 12Z).  12Z on the 7th is the last
time that there is still evidence of a closed low for this system.  The last point is analyzed at 18Z on 7th as a 30 kt 
extratropical low.  The low dissipated before 00Z on the 8th.  To summarize, four key ship observations indicate gale force 
winds relatively close to the center:  12Z 3rd - 35 kt S about 60 nm from center, 18Z 4th - 50 kt NE about 150 nm from center, 
12Z 5th - 45 kt WSW about 20 nm from center, and 06Z 6th - 35 kt SW about 100 nm from center.  Moreover, while fronts were 
shown in HWM and in some of the microfilm maps, the analyses indicate a fairly symmetric vortex, with maximum winds near 
the center (with most being on the southern semicircle), with almost no baroclinicity from the 3rd to the 6th.  Thus the 
evidence shows that the system was a tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 13 (was Storm 11) - Revised in 2014

34645 10/12/1949 M= 8 11 SNBR= 769 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34645 10/13/1949 M= 9 13 SNBR= 771 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
         **         * **       ***

(The 12th has been removed from HURDAT.)
34650 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*181 786  35    0*189 769  35    0*

34655 10/13*198 756  35    0*206 745  40    0*215 738  45    0*222 733  50    0*
34655 10/13*  0   0   0    0*208 745  30    0*215 741  30    0*222 735  35    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **          ***  **

34660 10/14*229 728  55    0*235 723  60    0*242 719  65    0*250 714  70    0*
34660 10/14*229 729  40    0*235 724  50    0*242 719  60    0*250 714  65  995*
                ***  **          ***  **               **               **  ***

34665 10/15*259 710  75    0*268 705  75    0*276 700  80    0*289 694  85    0*
34665 10/15*259 710  70    0*268 705  75    0*276 700  80    0*292 696  80    0*
                     **                                        *** ***  **

34670 10/16*306 688  85    0*324 683  90    0*341 677  90    0*350 665  85    0*
34670 10/16*309 692  80    0*326 687  80    0*345 680  80    0*355 669  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34675 10/17*357 655  65    0*363 645  60    0*369 636  55    0*373 629  55    0*
34675 10/17*359 658  65    0*363 647  60    0*367 636  55    0*371 629  55    0*
            *** ***              ***          ***              ***

34680 10/18*378 625  50    0E385 622  50    0E393 620  50    0E400 621  45    0*
34680 10/18*372 627  55    0*373 626  55    0*378 625  55    0*389 625  55    0*
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

34685 10/19E407 622  45    0E415 622  45    0E421 619  45    0E436 596  45    0*
34685 10/19*400 624  50    0E412 622  50    0E421 619  50    0E430 610  50    0*
           **** ***  **               **               **      *** ***  **

(The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.)
34686 10/20E430 600  45    0E425 602  40    0E415 608  35    0E417 605  35    0*
34689 10/21E425 590  35    0E435 560  35    0E447 510  35    0E450 450  35    0*

34690 HR  

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane.  Major changes were 
made to both the timing of extratropical transition and the timing of dissipation.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the U.S. Weather Bureau 
operational advisories, and Perez et al. (2000).

October 12:
HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) near 18.3N, 78.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 18.1N, 78.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in 
the general vicinity of 19.0N, 79.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  "Disturbed conditions were 
observed  in the western Caribbean Sea on October 11 and 12, and these moved over extreme western 
Cuba during the night of the 12th without any evidence of a center" (MWR).

October 13:
HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) near 21.6N, 74.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical 
storm at 21.5N, 73.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z 
near 22.0N, 73.6W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 00Z and 12Z positions near the HURDAT 
positions.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.0N, 74.8W, another 
closed low of at most 1008 mb center near 23.7N, 79.3W and a third closed low of at most 1009.5 mb 
centered near 27.1N, 72.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  "But on October 13 a closed circulation 
began forming over the extreme southeastern Bahamas in the vicinity of Great Inagua and Mayaguana.  
The strongest winds at this time were only 30-35 mph" (MWR).  "Sin Nombre, 1949, Octubre 13, 
tormentas tropicales" (Perez et al. 2000).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 72.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
65 kt hurricane at 24.2N, 71.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
22.9N, 73.2W and a 12Z position near 24.1N, 72.9W with a 1005 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 00Z position near 22.9N, 72.6W and a 12Z position near 24.3N, 71.6W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 24.9N, 71.8W.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt SSE (fl 
40 kt S at 1300 feet) and 1006 mb at 14Z at 25.2N, 70.7W (micro); loran center fix at 1547Z at 
24.8N, 71.3W with 75 kt max winds (sfc or fl?) with gust to 80 kt and 995 mb lowest pressure (probably 
central pressure or close to central pressure since it appeared they flew all the way in) (micro); 
50 kt ESE (60 kt ENE at fl of 600 feet) and 999 mb at 21Z at 25.1N, 71.5W (micro); center fix at 
2115Z at 24.9N, 71.4W (position not as accurate as 1547Z center fix) with 70 kt (+?) max winds and 
lowest pressure encountered 998 mb to NE of center (micro); 65 kt ESE (sfc or fl?) and 1000 mb at 
2145Z at 25.4N, 71.2W (micro).  Two other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 
1003-1005 mb.  "Passed through weak squall line 1435Z; wind decreased slowly and shifted to 90 degrees
at 8 kts.  Passed through weak squall line 1441Z; wind shifted to 350 degrees at 12 kts.  Pressure rose 
1 mb across squalls.  Mostly clear skies ahead.  No center located at recon position.  Turning SE" (micro). 
"From Navy Recon: Passed through storm 1547Z.  Loran position 24.8N, 71.3W.  Lowest pressure 995 mbs.  
Wind shifted NW 45 kts through S to SE.  Max wind 120 degrees 75 kts with gusts to 80 kts on east side.  
No center located on radar.  Climbed to 5,000 feet for radar search.  No eye formed... Complete circulation 
found.  Wind 45 kts 60 miles from center eastern semicircle" (micro).  "Approximate position of storm 
at 2115Z at 24.9N, 71.4W moving north.  Max winds 70 (plus?) knots.  Storm small in area.  Lowest 
pressure (encountered) 998.3 mb to NE" (micro).  "This center moved in a north-northeast direction and 
increased in intensity, and at noon of October 14 aircraft reconnaissance indicated a very small center 
of hurricane force" (MWR).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.3N, 70.1W with a mid-latitude trough/frontal 
system approaching from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.6N, 70.0W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 25.4N, 71.4W and a 12Z position near 26.9N, 70.0W 
with a 1004 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 26.1N, 70.7W and a 12Z 
position near 27.9N, 69.8W.  Microfilm shows a low of at most 996 mb centered near 27.7N, 69.3W.  Ship 
highlights: 30 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 70.3W (COA, micro); 40 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 2130Z at 
29.7N, 69.1W (micro).  One other low pressure of 1003 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 
1545Z at 27.6N, 68.4W (position uncertain) with 75 kt max flight level winds around 500 feet (micro); center 
fix at 22Z at 31.1N, 69.4W with 80 kt estimated winds and 997 mb lowest pressure (may be a central pressure 
or close to a central pressure) (micro).  Four other gales of 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb. 
"Navy at 1545Z: Radar fix center of hook-shaped center 27.6N, 68.4W.  South and southwest sides clear.  Max
wind 75 knots.  Hurricane force 40 miles SE and 25 miles NE, and 35 miles NW of center of 'hook'" (micro).  
"Many errors in ship reports in the Atlantic hurricane area- also recon reports in error.  Coordinates given 
in this advisory (#9 issued at 1630Z the 15th) evidently in error by a degree or more in light of later reports 
from ships" (micro).  "Aircraft at 1515Z: 27.1N, 67.8W (location of aircraft).  Wind S 65 knots (at the surface
wind S force 9), gusts to 74 knots" (micro).  "SS Puerto Rico at 1530Z: force 6 east, barometer 1005.8 and falling 
with rain squalls (30.2N, 70.5W)" (micro).  "Hurep duck 10 eight: storm area located at 2200Z to be 31.1N, 69.4W.  
Large dome-shaped cloud to NW with tops extending to 20,000 feet and covering over 120 degrees of horizon.  CS 
clouds at 25,000 feet.  Estimated winds 80 knots.  Ceiling 500 feet or less.  Lowest pressure 996.8 mb" (micro).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.9N, 68.4W with a NE-SW frontal system now very 
close to the low and approaching from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 34.1N, 67.7W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 30.5N, 69.1W and a 12Z position near 34.0N, 
67.9W with a 1003 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 30.9N, 68.9W and a 
12Z position near 34.3N, 67.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 34.6N, 67.6W 
with a NE-SW frontal system very near the low, extending from east-northeast of 41N, 60W to 39N, 68W to 38N, 
70W to 34N, 73W to southwest of 30N, 75W.  Ship highlights: 35-45 kt W-WNW and 999-1000 mb at 00Z at 30.5-30.6N, 
69.5W (micro, COA); 55 kt SW and 994 mb at 21Z near ~35.0N, 66.2W (micro).  Four other gales between 35-45 kt 
and four other low pressures between 998-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0835Z at 33.2N, 
68.5W (position uncertain) (micro); center fix at 1345Z at 34.6N, 67.8W with 84 kt measured winds, 100 kt 
estimated max winds, and 993 mb lowest pressure encountered 5 miles from the edge of the eye (micro).  Four 
other gales and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  "Ship Brazil- 0300Z: ship position latitude 31.3N, longitude 
69.9W; baro 100; NW - force 8; temp 77; overcast and squalls" (micro).  "Navy radar plane 0835Z: Storm penetration 
vague and indefinite.  Possible eye 30 miles in diameter.  Changing to indefinite possible location 33.2N, 68.5W.  
Much weather extends SE 60 to 70 miles.  Believe storm weathering.  What suggestions?  No indications in 0600Z 
predicted position" (micro).  "Duck 2: Penetrated to within 5 miles of eye.  Highest winds 100 knots.  Duck 3: 
Position of storm 34.6N, 67.8W.  Post flight report: position at 1345Z at 34.6N, 67.8W.  Strongest measured wind 
84 knots 5 miles east of inside edge of eye.  Lowest pressure (encountered) 992.6 mb.  Diameter of eye 30 miles.  
Moving NNE at 15 knots" (micro). [The RMW at 1345Z is 18 to 20 miles ~ 16 to 18 nmi].  "The north-northeastward 
movement carried the center some 200 miles west of Bermuda by October 16" (MWR).  "The strongest winds were 
estimated at 80 to 90 mph over most of the path [of the lifetime of this cyclone] but reached 100 mph about the 
time it reached latitude 35N on October 16.  No damage was reported as the strong winds occurred over the ocean" (MWR).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.0N, 63.2W with another low of at most 1015 mb 
centered near 33N, 72W with a stationary front extending from the 2nd low to 36N, 70W to 38N, 66W to east of 
38N, 50W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 36.9N, 63.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 36.1N, 65.7W and a 12Z position near 37.1N, 63.8W with a 1007 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 36.5N, 65.3W and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position. 
 Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1001 mb centered near 37.3N, 62.4W with the west end of a front 
plotted near 36N, 58W extending eastward and the northeast end of another front plotted near 39N, 66W extending 
southwestward to beyond 36N, 71W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 36.5N, 63.7W (micro); 45 kt NE 
and 1004 mb at 15Z at 38.2N, 63.1W (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center 
fix at 0325Z at 36.1N, 65.3W (micro).  "From Navy radar plane: radar fix places eye at 37.0N, 64.2W.  Inner edge 
of outer wall extends 30 miles all directions.  At 36.1N, 65.3W another area presented picture similar to storm. 
Believe associated weather now as we closed to 40 miles and are getting southerly winds.  Squalls exist between 
two areas.  Second radar report: Radar fix near first report on eye.  Eye now 36.8N, 65.3W now believed to be storm.  
Other indication is two separate squalls oriented NE-SW.  No signs of orientation.  Fix accurate within 10 miles.  
Departing area for base at 0235Z.  Third report radar fix eye well-defined 36.1N, 65.3W.  Diameter of eye 20 (or 30?) 
miles.  Outer squall 40 miles west of eye oriented NE-SW.  Mild turbulence- 0325Z" (micro).  "When several hundred 
miles north of Bermuda, it was blocked by high pressure and moved very slowly during the following 2 days" (MWR).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.9N, 63.5W with a stationary front extending 
east-southeastward from the low to 35N, 56W.  HWM analyzes another low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37N, 
72W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 37N, 70W.  A warm front extends from 
the triple point east-southeastward to 36N, 65W and a cold front extends from the triple point to 35N, 68W to 
30N, 68W to southwest of 27N, 70W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 39.3N, 62.0W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 37.8N, 62.6W and a 12Z position near 38.3N, 61.7W with 
a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z position near 37.8N, 62.0W and a 12Z position near 
39.0N, 61.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.3N, 63.0.  Microfilm analyzes 
another low of at most 1011 mb centered near 37.5N, 72.0W with an occluded front extending from 38N, 73W to a 
triple point near 37N, 71W.  A warm front extends from this triple point to 38N, 66W and a cold front extends 
from this triple point southward to 31N, 70W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 38.8N, 63.1W (micro); 
20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 18Z at 38.6N, 62.3W (micro).  Four other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures 
between 1004-1005 mb.

October 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 42.5N, 61.9W.  The closest front is the north end 
of a cold front plotted near 40N, 60W which extends southward and southwestward.  A warm front is plotted 
from 38N, 56W extending southeastward to beyond 33N, 53W.  The west end of another front is plotted near 45N, 
54W extending eastward.  Another low of at most 1010 mb is centered near 37.5N, 69W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
45 kt extratropical storm at 42.1N, 61.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 
39.8N, 61.5W and a 12Z position near 41.3N, 60.7W with a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 00Z position near 40.0N, 61.6W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 61.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at 
most 996 mb centered near 42.3N, 61.7W with another low/frontal system to the southwest of the feature of interest.  
Station highlights:  40 kt E and 1007 mb at 18Z at Sable Island (micro).  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 988 mb 
at 12Z at 42.7N, 61.4W (HWM, micro); at least 35 kt NW and 993 mb at 12Z near ~42.0N, ~63.5W (HWM); 45 kt and 1005 mb 
at 18Z at 42.9N, 63.5W (COA).  One other gale of 40 kt and five other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb.  
The storm was located "a short distance south of Sable Island on October 19.  During this time it took on extra-tropical 
character and began to spread out and dissipate" (MWR).

October 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.1N, 59.0W with an occluded front extending from 
the low wrapping around to 42.5N, 57W to 42N, 55W to 40N, 53W to a triple point near 37N, 53W.  A warm front 
extends from this triple point southeastward to southeast of 34N, 49W and a cold front extends from the triple 
point southwestward to beyond 28N, 65W.  The northeast end of another NE-SW cold front is plotted near 36N, 65W 
extending southwestward to southwest of 31N, 74W.  The west end of a west-east stationary front is plotted near 
42N, 48W extending eastward to east of 42N, 37W.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 43.2N, 59.3W and a 12Z position near 42.9N, 61.2W with a 998 mb pressure.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 63.7W.  Five other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb.

October 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.0N, 60.8W with an occluded front extending 
east-northeastward from the low to 44N, 47W and a cold front extending from the low through another low at 
29N, 68W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 41.8N, 57.2W and a 12Z position 
near 44.3N, 49.8W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 45.6N, 50.5W 
(COA); 15 kt SW and 1000 mb at 18Z at 37.3N, 43.3W (COA).  About six other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb.

October 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43.2N, 47.5W with a stationary front extending from 
the low to 45N, 33W, a cold front extending from the low to southwest of 32N, 60W, and a dissipating occluded 
front extending from the low southwestward to 40N, 58W.  The stationary front that extends east of the low turns 
into a cold front which connects to another closed low of at most 1010 mb near 48N, 25W.  This low also contains 
a warm front that extends from this low east-southeastward to beyond 47N, 16W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 46.0N, 37.8W and a 12Z position near 45.0N, 30.3W with a 1006 mb pressure.  
Highlights: Not applicable.

October 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.6N, 35.6W with a dissipating occluded front 
extending from the low southwestward to 43N, 40W, a warm front extending eastward from the low to 43, 24W, 
and a cold front extending from the low to 40N, 35W to 36N, 40W to west of 35N, 48W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z at 46.6N, 21.1W.  Highlights: Not applicable.

A broad area of low pressure in the northwestern Caribbean Sea existed at 12Z on 12 October near 18N, 79W.  
HURDAT started this as a 35 kt tropical storm at that time which had then made landfall into Cuba 12 hours 
later.  Perez et al. (2000) had called this cyclone a tropical storm for Cuba.  However, examination of the 
available data suggests that a well-defined closed circulation did not exist until around 06Z on 13 October, 
after the system had moved north of Cuba.  Sufficient spatial coverage of observations on the 13th indicates 
that the system was not initially of tropical storm intensity.  An intensity of 30 kt is used initially at 
06Z on the 13th (revised down from 40 kt) as the winds surrounding the circulation were quite weak.  At 18Z 
on the 13th, a 30 kt wind was observed as well as two pressure readings below 1007 mb so the intensity is 
raised to 35 kt at 18Z on the 13th (down from 50 kt).  The reanalysis therefore shows this cyclone becoming 
a tropical storm 30 hours later than originally shown.  At this time, the tropical cyclone was passing 
through the Bahamas (but not making a landfall) on a continued northeast course.  Aircraft on the 14th fixed 
the center twice (at 1547Z and 2115Z).  At 1547Z, the aircraft recorded a central pressure of 995 mb.  This 
value is added into HURDAT for 18Z on the 14th.  A central pressure of 995 mb yields an intensity of 56 kt 
using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for intensifying systems and 54 kt using the north 
of 25N relationship.  On the same day, aircraft reported that the storm was small in area.  The aircraft at 
1547Z reported max winds of 75 kt and the flight at 2115Z reported max winds of 70 kt and no central pressure.  
60 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 14th and 65 kt is chosen for 18Z (a decrease of 5 kt from HURDAT at both times).  
Therefore, it is analyzed that this cyclone became a hurricane 6 hours later than originally.  Of note is that 
the first time a ship reported a gale with this cyclone was the 15th at 2130Z.  Track changes on the 14th through 
the 17th were mostly less than half of a degree.  On the 15th and 16th the hurricane passed well to the west of 
Bermuda moving north-northeastward.  There were two flights on the 15th, and center fixes were obtained at 1545Z 
and at 2200Z.  Maximum winds on each flight were estimated at 75 kt and 80 kt respectively.  The later flight 
encountered a lowest pressure of 997 mb, but neither flight reported central pressures.  It is analyzed that the 
hurricane strengthened to 80 kt by 12Z on the 15th (no change to HURDAT).  On the 16th at 1345Z, an aircraft 
located the center at 34.6N, 67.8W.  The center was not penetrated; the lowest pressure encountered was 993 mb.  
It is known that the aircraft penetrated to within five miles of either the RMW or the eye's edge, so it is 
assumed that the 993 mb was measured at the time of closest penetration to the center since it is clear the 993 mb 
was the minimum pressure encountered by the aircaft.  From the aircraft information, it is estimated that the RMW 
was about 16 to 18 nautical miles.  The Schloemer equation (Schloemer 1954) was used to calculate the central pressure.  
In this case, there were two different scenarios since the aircraft message was unclear about whether the aircraft 
was 5 miles outside the RMW or whether it was at the RMW and 5 miles outside the eye.  The equation yields central 
pressure values of 985 mb if the plane was at the RMW and 981 mb if the plane was 5 miles outside the RMW at 1345Z 
on the 16th.  Using the lower central pressure value of 981 mb to attain a wind speed from the pressure-wind relationship 
yields a wind speed of 71 kt using the Brown et al. north of 25N relationship.  This is well below the 90 kt listed 
in HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th.  Another factor to consider is that the aircraft reported highest measured (flight level) 
winds of 84 kt, and estimated maximum surface winds of 100 kt.  80 kt is chosen for 12Z and 18Z on the 16th as a 
compromise of the data, but leaning more heavily towards the central pressure value of 981 mb.  The analyzed central 
pressure value of 981 mb is too uncertain to add into HURDAT for 12Z on the 16th.  The peak intensity of this hurricane 
is analyzed as 80 kt from 12Z on the 15th to 18Z on the 16th (originally 90 kt from 06Z on the 16th to 12Z on the 16th).  
The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm on the 17th as it moved northeastward between Bermuda and Nova Scotia.  
On the 17th at 12Z, a 1001 mb peripheral pressure was observed simultaneously with 45 kt winds.  A peripheral pressure 
of 1001 mb yields an intensity of greater than 47 kt using the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The HURDAT 
intensity of 55 kt for 12Z the 17th is unchanged.  Later on the 17th, the cyclone slowed down and turned towards the 
north, and it continued moving slowly towards the north on the 18th and early on the 19th to a location near 42N, 62W 
on the 19th.  It is analyzed that the cyclone slowed down even more than shown in HURDAT, and the position at 12Z on 
the 18th is analyzed to be about 1.6 degrees to the SSW of the previous HURDAT position.  HURDAT has this cyclone 
becoming extratropical at 06Z on the 18th.  Available observations indicate that the cyclone maintained a small core 
of high winds near the center and warm temperatures surrounding the cyclone for one more day.  It is analyzed that the 
cyclone did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 19th (24 hours later than originally).  The HURDAT intensities 
are increased slightly on the 18th and 19th due to ship observations of higher winds.  At 12Z on the 19th, no changes 
are made to the HURDAT position, and HURDAT lasts lists this cyclone at 18Z on the 19th, with a northeast motion in 
the final six hours.  On the 20th, the cyclone combined with a separate, but much weaker cyclone [see #13 in additional 
notes section] and HURDAT is extended for two more days through the 21st.  By the 20th at 12Z, it had moved slightly 
southeast from its position on the 19th at 12Z.  By 12Z on the 21st, it accelerated towards the east-northeast to near 
44.7N, 51W with 35 kt winds.  The new final point is at 18Z on the 21st.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 14 (was Storm 12) - Revised in 2014

34695 10/13/1949 M= 5 12 SNBR= 770 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34695 10/13/1949 M= 5 14 SNBR= 772 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                      **       ***

34700 10/13*  0   0   0    0*218 492  35    0*221 501  35    0*225 509  35    0*
34705 10/14*229 516  35    0*233 522  40    0*240 527  40    0*251 533  45    0*
34705 10/14*229 516  35    0*233 521  40    0*240 523  40    0*252 525  45    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***

34710 10/15*263 539  50    0*275 546  50    0*288 553  50    0*304 562  50    0*
34710 10/15*268 530  50    0*281 540  50    0*291 550  50    0*302 562  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

34715 10/16*321 571  50    0*336 572  45    0*350 566  40    0*361 558  35    0*
34715 10/16*321 569  50    0*336 567  45    0*350 557  40    0*361 546  35    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

34720 10/17*371 536  30    0*378 515  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34720 10/17*372 531  35    0*380 512  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34725 TS

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ships database, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a dissipating W-E warm front and an associated area of troughiness which 
extends from 27N, 52W to east of 27N, 37W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this 
day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) located within an area of troughiness near 21N, 
51.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.1N, 50.1W.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a spot low (not closed) located within an area of troughiness near 23N, 
52W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 52.7W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt E at 23Z at 32.3N, 49.9W (COA).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.3N, 57.2W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 28.8N, 55.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 28.3N, 53.8W and a 12Z position near 29.2N, 55.0W with a 
1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered in the 
general vicinity of 28.8N, 55.3W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 35.0N, 56.0W.  HWM analyzes 
storm 11 as a closed low of at most 1005 located near 33.9N, 68.4W.  A NE-SW frontal 
system extends from 36N, 71W to 40N, 61W to 42N, 56W to northeast of 44N, 53W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 35.0N, 56.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.1N, 57.8W and a 12Z position near 35.2N, 57.0W 
with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered 
near 34.0N, 54.4W with a trough or frontal feature extending southward from the low to 
32N, 54W to 29N, 56W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 53.7W (COA).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 47.0W, now completely 
embedded within the frontal system.  The same front extends from the low to the west 
(north of storm #13) and to the northeast.  HURDAT last lists this system at 06Z as a 
25 kt tropical depression at 37.8N, 51.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 00Z position near 37.7N, 53.6W and a 12Z position near 38.0N, 48.5W with a 1011 mb 
pressure.  Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1005 mb at 06Z at 46.1N, 38.2W (COA); 15 kt SW 
and 1004 mb at 06Z at 46.0N, 37.8W (COA); 35 kt S and 1019 mb at 06Z at 36.0N, 44.9W 
(COA); 35 kt SW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 36.1N, 46.5W (COA).

October 18:
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 00Z position near 38.0N, 41.0W.

HURDAT shows genesis of this tropical cyclone occurring on 13 October at 06Z in the 
central Atlantic near 22N, 49W with an intensity of 35 kt.  There were only a few 
available observations for much of the cyclone's lifetime, so few significant changes 
were made.  Available observations indicate that the cyclone was slightly east of the 
previous HURDAT track from the 14th to dissipation on the 17th.  The cyclone moved 
north-northwestward on the 14th and 15th, and it recurved early on the 16th near 33N, 
56W.  The peak intensity of 50 kt in HURDAT is maintained.  The 17th is the only day 
for which intensity changes are analyzed.  The intensity of 35 kt at 18Z on the 16th 
is held at both 00Z and 06Z on the 17th due to two observations of 35 kt winds.  No 
changes are made to the timing of dissipation (06Z on the 17th).  The cyclone was absorbed 
by a front and was no longer closed before 12Z on the 17th.  The tropical cyclone did 
not become extratropical before dissipation.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 15 (New to HURDAT) - Added in 2014

34645 11/01/1949 M= 6 15 SNBR= 773 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
34646 11/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 455  35    0*250 465  40    0*
34647 11/02*241 477  40    0*233 490  40    0*225 510  45    0*218 536  45    0*
34648 11/03*212 560  45    0*208 580  45    0*205 600  45    0*208 620  45    0*
34649 11/04*215 640  40    0*224 653  35    0*235 660  35    0*250 662  30    0*
34649 11/05*267 660  30    0E290 650  30    0E318 635  30    0E360 630  30    0*
34649 10/06E415 630  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34649 TS 
                                                                       
HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate 
that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred from 1 November to 
7 November in the Atlantic Ocean.  This new storm was also noted in Jack Beven's list 
of suspects.

November 1:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general vicinity of 
26N, 43W with a trough/wave axis extending south-southwestward from the low to 15N, 47W.  
An east-west stationary front is plotted along 28N, just north of the low.  HURDAT did 
not previously list this system.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW and 993 mb [ship pressure 
biased 8 to 10 mb too high] at 18Z at 24.9N, 48.5W (COA); 30 kt N and 1004 mb at 18Z at 
26.2N, 48.0W (COA).

November 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23N, 52W with a trough/wave 
axis extending from the low southwestward to at least 16N, 56W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
low just off the east edge of the map at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1004 mb 
at 06Z at 22.5N, 53.9W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 53.2W (COA); 15 kt N 
and 1002 mb at 12Z at 22.4N, 52.9W (COA); 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 22.0N, 51.9W (COA); 
25 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 23N 56.5W at 18Z (micro - appears to be several millibars too low).  
Aircraft highlights: 40 kt E (50 kt E at fl of 10,900 ft) at 2030Z at 27.2N, 54.7W (micro).  
35 kt E and 1008 mb at 2315Z at 23.5N, 55.2W (micro).  At least 3 other aircraft gales well 
north of the center.

November 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 60.0W with a trough/wave 
axis extending from the low south-southwestward to south of 12N, 67W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 60.6W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm 
analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 21N, 
60W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 03Z at 21.8N, 55.9W (micro - appears to 
be several millibars too low); 30 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 15Z at 22.5N, 58.3W (micro); 35 kt SE 
and 1004 mb [pressure biased 3 to 4 mb too low] at 18Z at 18.9N, 57.5W (micro); 40 kt SE at 
1830Z at 25.2N, 58.8W (micro).  Two other gales of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.

November 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.2N, 66.2W with a trough/wave 
axis extending from 22N, 66W to south-southwest of 14N, 71W.  HWM also analyzes a cold front 
approaching the low from the west from north of 38N, 69W to 30N, 71W to 27N, 73W to 25N, 76W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 22.1N, 63.9W and a 12Z position 
near 23.6N, 66.1W with a 997 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of (but perhaps 1 degree west of) the HWM position at 
12Z.  Microfilm analyzes a front approaching the low extending from north-northeast of 31N, 
70W to 28N, 72W to southwest of 26N, 74W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 
25.7N, 68.4W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt NE [may be a flight level wind] at 1252Z at 
25.2N, 63.6W (micro); 30 kt SW (55 kt at flight level) and 1011 mb at 13Z at 24.9N, 64.0W (micro).  
From aircraft reconnaissance flight... "Lowest pressure 1008.5 millibars at 1243Z at 25.0N, 64.1W.  
Surface winds calm [at that location?].  Heavy squalls circle area.  Max wind 050 degrees 35 knots 
at 1252Z at 25.2N, 63.6W.  Winds backed west through south from 1225Z.  Avg 12 knots" (micro).

November 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.3N, 63.4W with a warm front 
extending from the low northeastward to 39N, 60W and a cold front extending from the low 
southward and then southwestward to 30N, 64W to 24N, 69W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 00Z position near 28.0N, 65.9W and a 12Z position near 34.2N, 63.3W with 
a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 
near 31.5N, 65.1W with an approaching front located only about 100 nmi west of the low.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 31.3N, 63.7W (COA).

A broad, area of low pressure was first noted in the central Atlantic on 1 November near 
26N, 45W.  It moved west-southwestward on the 1st and 2nd, westward on the 3rd (20.5N, 60W), 
and turned northward on the 4th (23.5N, 66W).  On the 1st, the wind structure was slightly 
asymmetric on the northeast side of the cyclone, but from the 2nd to the 4th, the cyclone 
was clearly symmetric and non-frontal.  It is important to note that this cyclone never 
contained a significant temperature gradient across the low from 1 November to 4 November.  
This cyclone is analyzed to be a tropical cyclone from 12Z on 1 November to 00Z on 5 November, 
and it is therefore added into HURDAT.  On the 1st, there were only three relevant observations 
of winds with a westerly component south of the center.  However, a time series of a ship from 
06Z on 1 November to 12Z on 2 November reveals that the ship experienced a pressure drop of 
12 mb during a 12 hour period followed by a pressure rise of 14 mb over the next 18 hours.  
This ship is analyzed to contain a low pressure bias of 8 to 10 mb.  The minimum pressure 
recorded by the ship was 993 mb (likely to actually be 1001-1003 mb) at 18Z on the 1st with 
a 30 kt NNW wind.  By 00Z on the 2nd, the wind shifted to 30 kt ENE and the pressure rose 4 mb.  
Unfortunately, the 6 hour time resolution of the observations from this ship may have prevented 
an observation of the highest wind or lowest pressure that was actually experienced by the ship.  
The first gales were observed on 2 November at 00Z and 06Z (35 kt for both observations) but those
observations are analyzed to have occurred too far from the center to be included directly in the 
circulation of the cyclone.  The gale at 00Z occurred approximately 430 nmi from the analyzed center 
and the gale at 06Z occurred 550 nmi from the analyzed center, and those gales were observed with 
pressures of 1017 and 1018 mb respectively.  The first gale close enough to the cyclone to be 
considered part of the system occurred at 12Z on the 2nd, and this 35 kt gale (observed along with 
a pressure of 1012 mb) occurred about 280 nmi north-northwest of the analyzed center.  Also by 12Z 
on the 2nd, four pressure observations of between 1001-1005 mb had been observed since the 1st, 
three of which were observed along with winds of 30 kt.  On the 2nd, the closest observation to the 
center that contained a wind with a westerly component occurred at 18Z.  This observation was 
10 kt NW and 1006 mb and it occurred about 220 nmi southwest of the analyzed center.  (Note that 
a ship - the Nyborg - measured 1003 mb with 25 kt NE at 14Z on the 2nd, 1001 mb with 25 kt NNE at 
18Z, and 1001 mb with 15 kt SE at 02Z on the 3rd.  However, it appears based upon comparison with 
other nearby ships, that the barometer was perhaps several millibars too low.)  Six hours later,
at 00Z on the 3rd, a 10 kt southwest wind was observed with a pressure of 1007 mb about the same 
distance away, but southeast of the center.  During the afternoon of the 2nd, aircraft 
reconnaissance flew this system and estimated surface gales of 35-40 kt at several locations 
north of the center.  One of the 35 kt gales was reported along with a pressure of 1008 mb about 
150 nmi north of the interpolated analyzed storm position at 2315Z on the 2nd.  The reconnaissance
mission, however, did not go far enough southeast to reach the center.  As the cyclone traveled 
westward on the 3rd, more gales of 35-40 kt and low pressures of 1001-1005 mb were observed, but 
not simultaneous measurements.  Although there were not many gales observed within 300 nmi of the 
center on the 3rd, the data coverage was sparse at 06Z, 12Z and 18Z.  On the 4th at 12Z, the 
circulation remained well-defined, and was located near 23.5N, 66.0W.  Ship winds as high as 30 kt 
were observed and aircraft surface winds were estimated to 35 kt.  By 18Z on the 4th, a cold front 
was approaching the cyclone from the west.  18Z on the 4th is also when the cyclone is analyzed to 
have reached its farthest west point as it was recurving (25.0N, 66.2W).  By 18Z on the 4th the storm 
is analyzed to have weakened to a 30 kt depression.  The cyclone is analyzed to have become 
extratropical at 06Z on the 5th as the baroclinicity of the cold front induced a 14 degree temperature 
gradient across the low.  The last point before the cyclone was absorbed by the frontal system is at 
00Z on the 6th as a 30 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.5N, 63.0W.  While differentiating between tropical 
cyclones and subtropical cyclones before satellite imagery(which could provide the convective structure) 
is problematic, it is likely that this system today would be considered a subtropical cyclone from the 
1st until the 5th.  It is possible that the system never attained tropical (or subtropical) status 
and remained a broad (occluded) low throughout its lifetime.  However, the balance of the evidence
is that the system was a tropical storm and is thus included into HURDAT.
********************************************************************************

1949 Storm 16 (was Storm 13) - Revised in 2014

34730 11/03/1949 M= 3 13 SNBR= 771 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
34730 11/03/1949 M= 3 16 SNBR= 774 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
                      **       ***

34735 11/03*  0   0   0    0*178 820  50    0*178 832  50    0*172 836  50    0*
34735 11/03*  0   0   0    0*180 825  35    0*180 832  45    0*175 836  55  993*
                             *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **  ***

34740 11/04*167 839  45    0*163 841  40    0*158 842  35    0*143 839  30    0*
34740 11/04*170 839  50    0*163 841  45    0*158 842  40    0*152 839  30    0*
            ***      **               **               **      *** 

34745 11/05*145 826  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
34745 11/05*145 836  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***
34750 TS
                   

International Landfall
Nov. 4th, 14Z - 15.6N 84.1W - 40 kt - Honduras

Minor changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm that 
made landfall in Honduras.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Weather Bureau Operational Advisories.

November 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low along a dissipating front of at most 1010 mb centered near 
17.2N, 80.9W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm does not 
yet analyze a closed low, but it analyzes a sharp trough in the western Caribbean.  
No gales or low pressures.  "The pressure began falling in the northwestern Caribbean 
Sea on November 2..." (MWR).

November 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18N, 83.5W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 83.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.0N, 83.1W with a 1005 mb pressure.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.4N, 
83.8W.  Ship highlights: Three obs of 35-40 kt N-NW and 1012 mb between 17-18Z 
between 19-20N, 85.9-86.5W (micro).  [Those gales may be related to a frontal passage.]  
Land/station highlights: 15 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) 
(micro).  Aircraft highlights: At least 40 kt S and 1002 mb at 19Z at 17.6N, 83.3W 
(micro); Navy center fix sometime between 1930Z-2055Z at 17.3N, 83.4-83.6W with a 
993 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum winds (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt.  
"Note from Navy at 2055Z (fix occurred sometime between 1930Z-2055Z): Small circular 
storm centered 20 miles east of Swan Island (17.3N, 83.6W).  Closed circulation.  
Average winds 40 knots.  NE sector 50 knots.  Central pressure 993 mb.  Accurate 
pressure check over Swan Island.  Definite eye visual and radar.  Criss-crossed high 
and low levels.  Departing area" (micro).  "Navy postflight summary: Sully just came 
in off the hop.  Anybody got any hot questions they would like to ask?  While you are 
thinking up some 64 dollar questions here is some of the dope he passed on to us.  The 
center is very well-defined and is small in area.  But here is the hot one.  It is a 
very shallow storm with vertical extent to only 3000 feet.  The pressure in the center 
is 993 mbs and is accurate as they checked in with the Swan Island bunch by radio while 
orbiting the island and set their barometer while there.  They then flew east from there
and the pressure dropped off very rapidly.  The maximum wind was 55 knots on the northeast 
side.  The southeast side it was 50 knots and on the southwest side it was 35 knots.  
On the northwest side it was 40 knots.  On the north side it was 45 knots.  The storm is 
almost concentric in appearance.  The center is 25 miles from Swan due east with the 
diameter 30 miles in both north/south and east/west directions.  That is about all I can 
get from him unless you want to ask something I have not thought of" (micro).  "By the 
morning of November 3 low pressure had become concentrated in the vicinity of Swan Island.
A reconnaissance plane located a small center about 50 miles in diameter, perfectly formed 
with a well defined eye, about 30 miles east of Swan Island.  The highest wind was estimated 
at 50 knots, and the lowest pressure 992.9 mb.  It was described as very shallow in its 
organization.  Earlier on November 3 a TACA airliner en route from San Jose to Havana had 
flown over the storm at 9,000 feet and described it very much as the reconnaissance plane 
had done.  From this elevation, the entire system could be seen; the active part extended 
only 4,000 feet" (MWR).

November 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.0N, 83.9W with a front along 
20N approaching the TC.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.2W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 18.4N, 84.5W and a 12Z 
position near 18.3N, 85.6W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 00Z position near 17.2N, 83.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 15.7N, 83.8W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 18.8N, 82.6W (micro).  
Land/station highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Swan Island.  "Navy: recrossed front 
at 18.6N, 83.9W - wind shift.  070 degrees 8 knots to 030 degrees 20 knots - ENE SW" (micro).  
"1335Z: Pirep arrived 1218 direct route overhead Swan clear up to Cape Gracias.  High overcast 
low overcast tops 7000 (ft) with thunder-heads protruding tops 20 to 25,000 (ft) avoidable.  
Little turbulence around CBs extending on a line NE/SW.  Rain area to 120 miles north of Swan 
not bad then hi overcast, low broken, ocnl overcast tops 6 to 8,000 (ft) to south Cuba then clearing.  
Winds practically calm all the way" (micro).  "During the night of November 3 it drifted 
south-southwestward into the northeastern tip of Honduras and dissipated.  No damage was reported" (MWR).

November 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 81.8W with a WSW-ENE 
stationary front just northwest of the low extending from 16N, 89W to 17N, 85W to 19N, 
81W to 20N, 76W to beyond 22N, 72W.  HURDAT last lists this at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 14.5N, 82.6W.  Microfilm at 00Z shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 14.9N, 83.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical storm developed in the western Caribbean Sea on 3 November from a trough/area of 
low pressure, which was evident on 2 November.  No changes were made to the timing of genesis, 
which was at 06Z on 3 November.  At the genesis time, the position was shifted half a degree
to the west-northwest (18N, 82.5W).  The storm traveled slowly in a westward direction before 
making a southwestward turn later on the 3rd.  Swan Island recorded a pressure of 1005 mb at 
12Z on the 3rd, and several gales from ships and aircraft were recorded later on the 3rd.  
Around 20Z on the 3rd, a Navy aircraft performed a center fix, locating the center about 20 
to 25 miles east of Swan Island.  A central pressure of 993 mb was measured by the aircraft 
at that location, and that value is added into HURDAT.  A central pressure of 993 mb yields 
a wind speed of 59 kt using the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Although 
the cyclone was described as "small" in the Weather Bureau operational advisories, the 
forward speed of the storm was slow.  The aircraft observer estimated maximum surface winds 
in the tropical cyclone of 55 kt.  The HURDAT intensity of 50 kt at 18Z on the 3rd is raised to
55 kt, which is the new peak intensity for the lifetime of this cyclone.  Going back to the 
intensity at genesis, sufficient observational coverage in the area on the 2nd and early on 
the 3rd shows that a 50 kt intensity at 06Z on the 3rd is probably too high.  An intensity of 
35 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 3rd and 45 kt is chosen for 12Z.  The HURDAT positions around 
the time of the center fix on the afternoon of the 3rd are only adjusted a few tenths of a degree.  
On the 4th, the storm turned towards the south and made landfall around 14Z on the 4th on the north 
coast of eastern Honduras near 15.6N 84.1W (no change to the 12Z position on the 4th).  The HURDAT 
intensities at 00Z, 06Z, and 12Z on the 4th are raised by 5 kt, showing an identical rate of 
weakening to the previous HURDAT prior to landfall.  There were no peak intensity observations on 
the 4th and the landfall occurred in a sparsely populated area, and 40 kt is analyzed as the 
intensity at landfall.  The tropical storm weakened to a depression by 18Z on the 4th and no 
changes were made to the timing of dissipation, which was after 00Z on the 5th.  Available 
observations warranted a few track changes, which were made at the end of the track.  The changes 
keep the TC inland in Central America until dissipation rather than moving erratically back over 
water.
********************************************************************************


1949 Additional Notes:

1) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS indicate that a low, which originated 
from a frontal system, developed just off the southeast coast of the U.S. on 
2 June.  Numerous low pressure observations of 1004-1005 mb and numerous gales 
of 35-45 kt were observed between 08Z on 2 June and 09Z on 3 June.  The gale 
that contained the lowest pressure was 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z on 2 June at 
32.5N, 77.8W (COA).  Two low pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb contained wind speeds 
of 30 kt on the 2nd.  On the 2nd, there was a moderate temperature gradient and 
a large moisture gradient across the low, and the wind structure looks frontal.  
On the 3rd, there was no longer a temperature gradient across the low, and there 
was a moderate moisture gradient across the low, but some of this may have been 
a natural moisture gradient.  On the 3rd, although the wind structure appears less 
frontal than on the 2nd, the strongest winds were located well north of the center.  
From the 1st to the 6th, the low meandered around between 30-33N, 75-79W.  There 
were no observed gales or low pressures from 10Z on the 3rd through 23Z on the 5th.  
On the 4th and the 5th, the low remained closed and continued to lose its frontal 
characteristics, but sufficient observational coverage indicates that the low was 
very weak on these days.  The only highlight from the 3rd at 10Z through the 6th 
occurred at 00Z on the 6th.  The observation was a 30 kt SW wind with 1004 mb at 
32.7N, 75.5W, and this was the closest available observation to the center of the 
low around that time.  On the 5th and 6th, available observations indicate that the 
low was closed, and there were minimal temperature and moisture gradients across the 
low.  However, this one piece of evidence is not enough justification to add this 
system into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 1					Open trough/front/too elongated
Jun 2		33N	75W		Extratropical
Jun 3		30N	76W		Extratropical
Jun 4		32N	78W		Extratropical
Jun 5		33N	79W		Weak low
Jun 6		33N	76W		Weak low- extratropical?


2) HWM shows a low near the Texas coast on 9 June.  Available data shows no west 
winds south of the center.  Also, the lowest pressure was not below 1010 mb and 
the highest wind was only 20 kt.  This may have been a tropical depression, but 
that is not confirmed by available data.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 9		27N	96W		Spot low
Jun 10					Dissipated


3) HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate 
that a low, possibly of tropical origin, became defined on 13 June near Florida.  
This low was closed from 13 June to 20 June and traveled from 28N, 81W to 37N, 73W 
during that time.  From the 13th to the 20th of June, there were no temperature or 
moisture gradients across the low, and temperatures were warm the whole time.  Also 
from the 13th to the 20th, there were a total of three observed gales of 35 kt and 
one low pressure of 1004 mb, all of which occurred on 16 June when the low was 
centered near 31N, 78W.  However, none of the gales were within 200 nmi of the center.  
The gale with the lowest simultaneously observed pressure occurred at 00Z on the 16th, 
and the pressure value was 1014 mb.  This observation occurred about 250 nmi (but 
perhaps as close as 200 nmi) northeast of the center.  The low moved inland into North 
Carolina on the 17th, and it moved eastward back over water on the 19th.  There are no 
observations of gales from any U.S. coastal station after a search of all stations, 
including HWM, MWR, state Climatological Data, and local records.  The highest observed 
winds at the coast were 28 kt E early on the 16th at Charleston, SC and 27 kt SE early on 
the 17th at Hatteras, NC.  Thus there is not enough evidence to include this system in as 
a new tropical (subtropical) storm.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 13		28N	81W		Spot low
Jun 14		28N	80W		Low
Jun 15		28N	80W		Subtropical Depression???
Jun 16		31N	78W		Subtropical Storm???
Jun 17		34N	77W		Subtropical/tropical depression/storm???
Jun 18		36N	77W		Low
Jun 19		36N	74W		Weak low
Jun 20		37N	73W		Weak low


4)  HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and COADS indicate that a surface trough over the northeastern 
Gulf of Mexico was located at the southwest end of a SW-NE frontal system on 1 July.  This trough 
broke off from the front and may have become a closed low by 2 July.  The low moved westward in 
the northern Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd and 3rd, and it may have moved inland in Texas or Louisiana 
as a weak low.  The highest observed wind after the low may have become closed (from the 2nd onward) 
is 25 kt and the lowest observed pressure is 1011 mb based upon a search of HWM, MWR, COADS, state 
Climatological Data and local stations.  Although temperatures were warm surrounding the low on the 
2nd and 3rd, since there is no definitive evidence that it was closed, and since there are no gales 
or low pressures, this system cannot be added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 1		28N	87W		Trough
Jul 2		27N	91W		Spot low
Jul 3		28N	94W		Spot low
Jul 4					Dissipated


5)  A westward moving tropical wave was first analyzed by HWM on 4 August from 7N, 53W to 16N, 50W.  
It entered the Caribbean Sea on 7 August and reached the western Caribbean on 9 August.  The wave 
spawned a broad area of low pressure in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on 11 August (also indicated 
in the MWR tracks of lows beginning on 11 August) that was essentially stationary through 14 August.  
By the 14th, there is definitive evidence of a closed, more compact circulation located on the coastline 
of the western Florida panhandle.  The low dissipated by the 15th.  Although this may have been a 
tropical depression, based upon observations from HWM, MWR, COADS, state Climatological Data, and 
local stations, the highest observed wind was 32 mph from the NNW at New Orleans on the 14th (though 
even this was clearly a thunderstorm wind event) and the lowest observed pressure was 1010 mb associated 
with this system.  Thus, it cannot be added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 11		29N	85W		Trough
Aug 12		28N	84W		Trough
Aug 13		29N	84W		Trough
Aug 14		31N	86W		Tropical depression
Aug 15					Dissipated


6)  HWM and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a low began to develop along a front on 16 August 
just off the southeast coast of the U.S.  On the 16th and 17th, the wind structure was still elongated 
and frontal in nature.  On the 18th, the low started to become better organized while located off the 
North Carolina coast.  On the 19th, the low rapidly deepened and accelerated northeastward.  Once the 
low started to obtain a structure slightly more similar to a tropical cyclone (18th around 18Z) there 
were no more observed gales until 12Z on the 19th, when a 50 kt SW wind with a pressure of 985 mb and 
a temperature of 75 degrees was observed just southeast of the center.  Since temperatures in the low 
60s were observed just a couple of degrees north of the center, it is analyzed that this system was 
extratropical by 12Z on the 19th.  It is possible that this could have been a tropical storm sometime 
between 18Z on the 18th and 06Z on the 19th, but there were no observed gales during that time.  However, 
there were several low pressures below 1000 mb and several 30 kt winds at 00Z and 06Z on the 19th.  
Although the structure looked more tropical late on the 18th and early on the 19th, it is analyzed that 
the system never attained both the wind structure and temperature structure simultaneously to be 
considered a tropical cyclone.  Therefore, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 16		33N	77W		Broad low/trough (35 kt/1014 mb)
Aug 17		34N	76W		Broad low/trough (35 kt/1010 mb)
Aug 18		35N	71W		Broad low (35 kt/1001 mb)
Aug 19		41N	64W		Extratropical Storm (55 kt/980 mb)
Aug 20		51N	63W		Extratropical Storm (971 mb)
Aug 21		51N	58W		Extratropical low
Aug 22					Merged with another extratropical low


7)  HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps and Jack Beven's list of 
suspects indicate that a tropical wave, which had been moving westward in the tropical Atlantic 
since the 22nd, may have formed a complete circulation by the 26th, although there are no north, 
northwest, or west winds near the low then.  There are no observed low pressures during the 
lifetime of this system, and there were two gales.  The first gale was a east wind of 35 kt on 
the 22nd, but there is not nearly enough evidence to consider closing off a low until 26 September.  
The second gale was a 45 kt E wind with a 1018 mb pressure on the 26th only 2 degrees northeast of 
the center.  Such a strong wind with a high pressure may be reasonable, as the environmental pressures 
are very high.  On the 27th, a combination of observations from HWM and COADS confirm that the low is 
closed, but there were no more observed gales or low pressures for the remainder of the lifetime of 
this system.  By 12Z on the 28th, there is no longer evidence the low is closed and it likely 
dissipated around that time.  With only one gale while a closed low, this is not enough evidence 
to add the system into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 22					Open wave along 44W between 9N ? 19N
Sep 23					Open wave along 47W between 10N ? 22N
Sep 24					Open wave along 50W between 11N ? 22N
Sep 25					Open wave along 53W between 13N ? 24N
Sep 26		30N	59W		Spot low	
Sep 27		29N	62W		Spot low
Sep 28		34N	64W		Spot low
Sep 29					Dissipated


8)  On 25 September, microfilm analyzes a small low with a closed 1008 mb isobar near 19N, 82W.  
Aircraft investigated the system during the afternoon of the 25th, and reported that they found 
"no evidence of a closed circulation near 18.2N, 85.9W."  Although it appears that the aircraft
was searching too far west, there are no observed west winds near the feature of interest near 
19N, 82W.  The highest wind was 20 knots from the east on the north side and the lowest pressure 
was 1008 mb.  This area was also located in an area of low environmental pressure, and it was 
likely part of a tropical wave.  This was likely the same tropical wave that spawned storm 9 
(now storm 10).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 25		19N	82W		Open wave


9)  Microfilm indicates the presence of a low in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from 28 September 
at 18Z to 29 September at 00Z.  The highest observed wind with this system was 30 kt and the lowest 
observed pressure was 1004 mb.  There were at least five separate reliable observations of 1004-1005 mb.  
The wind structure of this system appears to be frontal.  Although there appears to be some slightly 
cooler air to the northeast of the low, the temperature gradient across the low is not large.  
Apparently, a plane enroute from Havana, Cuba to New Orleans, LA reported flight level winds with 
this system as high as 35 kt and surface winds of about 30 kt near 25N, 85W.  This report came after 
a report of heavy rain from the aircraft between 23-25N, 83-85W.  Due to the extremely disorganized 
wind structure, this system is not added in to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 28 18Z	27N	87W		Extratropical
Sep 29 00Z	27N	87W		Extratropical


10)  HWM and COADS indicate that a low with gale force winds existed in the northeastern Atlantic 
during 29-30 September.  On the 29th, there were signs that the fronts analyzed by HWM were somewhat 
accurate.  The gales on the 29th as high as 45 kt were observed west of the low (and maybe also west 
of a front).  However, the wind structure displayed a well-defined center, which is typical of 
tropical cyclones, on the 29th and 30th.  The frontal structure on the 29th was much less evident 
on the 30th, and the fronts may have partially dissipated.  The is only a slight temperature gradient 
across the low on the 30th.  Furthermore, absolute temperatures increased from the lower 60s on the 
29th to the upper 60s on the 30th.  However, on the 30th, there are no west winds observed south of 
the center.  The last observed gale associated with this system on the 30th was at 06Z, but it was 
observed simultaneously with a pressure of 1022 mb.  Due to the cold temperatures, lack of observed 
gales near the center, and partial frontal structure, this system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 29		38N	34W		Extratropical
Sep 30		37N	33E		Extratropical


11)  A broad low appeared in the north-central Atlantic on 2 October.  A front was approaching from 
the west and the low was absorbed by 00Z on 3 October.  On the 2nd, there were no observed gales and 
only one low pressure of 1005 mb observed with this system.  The low was probably too broad to be 
considered a tropical depression.  This system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 2		35N	41W		Broad low
Oct 3					Absorbed


12)  HWM, microfilm and reconnaissance records indicate that a tropical cyclone - perhaps a tropical 
storm - existed on 4 October northeast of the Lesser Antilles.   From an Air Force flight... "1215 E 
(1715Z) Hurep Duck Four- Max winds near center of 45 knots.  Center located 27.3N, 60.6W.  Center 
estimated 60 miles diameter.  Moderate turbulence and rain encountered NW quadrant and NE quadrant.  
Winds of 40 knots extend 100 miles from center and to 60 northwest [quadrant]" (micro).  Aircraft and 
ship observations do confirm a closed circulation on the 4th, though some of the winds may be due more 
to the synoptic environment (strong high to the north) than to the cyclone itself.  Also at the same 
time storm #12 (new) was located only about 300 nm to the east of this suspect.  Data were sparse on 
the 5th and 6th, but do suggest at least a trough in the same vicinity.  On the 7th, the system - if it 
is the same as earlier - moved quickly toward the east-northeast and on the 8th was absorbed in a frontal 
boundary.  With only one report of gale force winds (from aircraft) which may be due at least in part to 
the large-scale gradient and no measurements of low pressures, this is not sufficient to add the system 
in as a new tropical storm.  

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 4		27N	61W		Tropical Storm?
Oct 5		27N	63W		Trough?
Oct 6		28N	62W		Trough?
Oct 7		29N	54W		Low
Oct 8		-----	-----		Absorbed in a front


13)  HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a weak low was located in the area north of Puerto Rico and 
Hispaniola from 9-12 October.  There were no observed gales or low pressures with this system.  Although 
it never attained the compact wind structure of a tropical cyclone, the time when it is closest to perhaps 
being classified as a tropical depression is around 00Z on the 10th.  The system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 9		20N	67W		Broad low/trough
Oct 10		22N	67W		Broad low/trough
Oct 11		25N	69W		Broad low/trough
Oct 12					Dissipated


14)  HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, microfilm, and COADS indicate that an elongated low developed along a 
frontal boundary on 16 October off the southeast coast of the U.S.  The low only moved northward to offshore 
of the mid-Atlantic coast by the 18th.  This low maintained frontal features for much of its lifetime.  
From the 16th through the 18th at 12Z, the strongest winds were too far from the center and the organization 
was not good enough for the low to be a tropical cyclone.  From 18Z on the 18th through some of the 19th,
the organization improved with more gales closer to the center.  However, during this time, a 10 degree 
temperature gradient existed across the low.  This low is analyzed to have been extratropical for the duration 
of its lifetime and thus it is not added into HURDAT.  However, if the structure would have been slightly less 
frontal on the 18th or slightly less of a temperature gradient on the 19th, this system could have been added 
into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 16		30N	76W		Extratropical
Oct 17		33N	73W		Extratropical
Oct 18		36N	71W		Extratropical
Oct 19		37N	70W		Extratropical
Oct 20					Absorbed by Storm 11 (now Storm 13)


15)  HWM and COADS indicate that a weak low formed off the east coast of northern Florida on 10 November.  
This low moved eastward through 13 November.  On the 14th through the 16th, HWM still analyzes a trough to 
the east of the position on the 13th, but available observations indicate that the low/trough became less 
organized/pronounced by the 14th, and it was gone totally by the 17th.  There was one 35-kt gale observed 
with this system at 05Z on the 10th, but there were no low pressures.  Since there is only one piece of 
evidence, and since the gale occurred on a day when the low looked elongated and trough-like, this system 
is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 10		30N	79W		Broad low/trough
Nov 11		32N	69W		Broad low/trough
Nov 12		28N	62W		Broad low/trough
Nov 13		25N	57W		Broad low/trough
Nov 14					Dissipated


16)  HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate an area of interest
in the central to western Atlantic from 12-19 December.  HWM and COADS indicate that two enhanced areas 
of cyclonic turning associated with a front were present on 12 December in the central Atlantic.  
The area of cyclonic turning located further north was near 32N, 50W on the 12th.  HWM analyzes a warm 
front extending east-northeastward from this low and a dissipating quasi-stationary front extending from 
this low southward to the other area of cyclonic turning near 22N, 53W.  On the 13th and 14th, the frontal 
features dissipate and the two areas of cyclonic turning seem to merge into one very large, broad area of 
low pressure.  From the 14th through the 16th, this non-frontal, broad, closed low moved slowly westward.  
The tail end of the next approaching frontal system appears to have interacted with the broad low from the 
17th through the 19th.  Although the low does not appear to be completely absorbed by the front, the 
interaction with the front may have caused the low to begin dissipating on the 17th.  By the 20th, HWM no 
longer analyzed a closed low, and the low is completely dissipated by that date.

There were several observed gales and low pressures associated with this system.  Most of the gales occurred
outside the 1015 mb isobar and were well removed from the center.  Most of the low pressures had very weak 
winds over an area of several hundred miles; however, there were a few instances of low pressures observed 
with winds above 20 kt.  There was one observation at 06Z on the 14th of a 35 kt south wind with a 1003 mb 
pressure.  This was the only observation of a gale with a low pressure.  This system was very large, and 
inspection of the 500 mb analysis in HWM reveals that this was likely an occluded low.  This system is not 
added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 12		32N	50W		Extratropical
Dec 13		26N	55W		Broad low, occluded
Dec 14		27N	60W		Broad low, occluded
Dec 15		25N	59W		Broad low/trough
Dec 16		23N	63W		Broad low/trough
Dec 17		23N	62W		Broad low/trough
Dec 18		22N	61W		Broad low/trough
Dec 19		22N	64W		Dissipating
Dec 20					Dissipated


17)  HWM indicates a low broke off from the tail end of a front in the northeastern Atlantic on 23 December.  
The low began moving southward, and from the 14th through the 17th, there was no temperature gradient across the low.  
Gales were observed a few hundred miles from the center and were directly associated with this low on the 24th and 25th.  
During this time, absolute temperatures were in the upper 60s.  By the 26th, the low became even broader and the strong 
winds weakened and spread out.  However, HWM shows that on the 27th, an east gale was observed about 200 to 300 nmi north 
of the center.  On the 28th, the low is picked up and moved northward, expanding and becoming extratropical again as it 
does so.  The low merges with another extratropical low on the 29th.

In summary, on the 23rd, there were several gales and low pressures observed with this system, but it was extratropical 
and absolute temperatures were cold.  The time when available observations indicate that this system was closest to being 
a tropical cyclone was from about 12Z on the 24th to 12Z on the 25th.  Before 12Z on the 24th, the system was extratropical.  
After 12Z on the 25th, there were no more observed gales within 300 nmi of the center.  But late on the 24th and early on 
the 25th there were a few observed gales within 300 nmi of the center.  The observation of 35 kt NW with 998 mb and 67 degrees 
at 00Z on the 25th at 30.9N, 35.9W (COA) suggests that there is chance that this may have been a subtropical cyclone.  
However, there is not enough evidence for this to be added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 23		37N	28W		Extratropical
Dec 24		32N	28W		Occluded low
Dec 25		28N	35W		Broad low
Dec 26		25N	33W		Broad low
Dec 27		28N	28N		Broad low
Dec 28		36N	20W		Extratropical
Dec 29		44N	17W		Absorbed
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 1 (Able)

34755 08/12/1950 M=11  1 SNBR= 772 ABLE        XING=0                           
34755 08/12/1950 M=13  1 SNBR= 772 ABLE        XING=0                           
                   **

34760 08/12*165 545  35    0*171 555  40    0*177 570  45    0*184 583  50    0*
34760 08/12*171 555  35    0*177 563  40    0*182 574  45    0*190 586  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34765 08/13*191 595  50    0*201 611  55    0*210 625  65    0*216 632  70    0*
34765 08/13*200 600  50    0*207 611  50    0*213 622  55    0*220 632  55  997*
            *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **  ***

34770 08/14*222 637  70    0*230 646  70    0*236 653  70    0*240 658  75    0*
34770 08/14*227 638  60  995*231 646  60    0*234 654  60  995*239 660  65  989*
            *** ***  **  *** ***      **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

34775 08/15*244 662  75    0*248 667  75    0*252 672  80    0*255 677  80    0*
34775 08/15*244 662  65    0*248 665  65    0*252 668  70  987*255 675  75    0*
                     **          ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***  **

34780 08/16*257 683  85    0*258 688  90    0*257 692  90    0*256 697  95    0*
34780 08/16*257 681  80    0*257 687  80    0*255 693  80  980*254 698  85    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

34785 08/17*254 704 100    0*253 714 105    0*253 724 110    0*255 732 115    0*
34785 08/17*254 706  90    0*254 715  95    0*255 726 100  962*259 733 100    0*
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

34790 08/18*261 738 120    0*268 744 120    0*275 749 120    0*282 754 120    0*
34790 08/18*267 739 100    0*273 744 100    0*279 749 100  958*284 753 105    0*
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

34795 08/19*289 758 120    0*299 761 120    0*310 762 120    0*319 760 120    0*
34795 08/19*291 755 105    0*299 755 105    0*307 755 105  953*317 755 110    0*
            *** *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

34800 08/20*328 757 120    0*345 748 115    0*365 729 110    0*379 714 105    0*
34800 08/20*328 752 110    0*344 743 105    0*360 727 100    0*376 710  90    0*
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

34805 08/21*394 695  90    0*418 670  65    0*442 643  35    0*460 620  30    0*
34805 08/21*393 694  80    0*412 673  70    0*433 650  65    0*455 626  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34810 08/22*479 596  30    0*498 568  25    0*518 540  25    0*536 507  25    0*
34810 08/22E479 598  35    0E500 568  30    0E520 538  30    0E536 507  30    0*
           *    ***  **     ****      **     **** ***  **     *         **

(The 23rd and 24th are new to HURDAT.)
34810 08/23E547 477  35    0E553 448  35    0E553 418  35    0E545 377  30    0*
34810 08/24E535 337  30    0E525 303  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*


34815 HR   

U.S. Tropical Storm impacts:
8/20 06Z - 34.4N 74.3W - (closest point of approach) - 35 kt impact - NC
8/21 06Z - 41.2N 67.3W - (closest point of approach) - 40 kt impact - MA

International landfall:
8/21 16Z - 44.6N 63.7W - 65 kt - Canada

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Major alterations are also made by including an extratropical stage as well as the 
timing of dissipation, 36 hours later than originally indicated.  Evidence for 
these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, Local and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries 
from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service 
(post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public 
advisories. 

August 7:
HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.  "On 9 August, 
the following message was received from Martinique: 'Meteo Dakar advised no 
cyclonic center located Monday the 7th at 0200Z by 14N, 25W'" (AWS).

August 8:
HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.  "'AINMP's 
EIN confirm existence of this center on the 8th at about 0300Z toward 15N, 30W.'  
The EIN AINMP's were expanded and clearly indicated the existence at the 11,000 
foot level of a cyclonic vortex centered near 15N, 30W at 080300Z.  The two 
positions given in the Dakar message indicated a WNW movement of approximately 
11 knots" (AWS).

August 9:
HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

August 10:
HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

August 11:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day except for hinting at 
the possibility that a trough/wave might exist along/near 55W due to the kink 
in the 1015 mb isobar.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.  "Reconnaissance flights were sent out on the 11th and 12th but 
found no indication of a storm.  The flight on the 11th reported easterly winds 
with some indication of cyclonic curvature around 50W" (AWS).

August 12:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 17.7N, 57.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 00Z 
position near 17N, 54W, and a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "The first hurricane of the season was suspected on the afternoon 
of August 12 from general conditions several hundred miles northeast of the Leeward 
Islands" (MWR).  "Duck special observations: Passed through mass CBs 16N, 59W at 
1300Z.  Sea calm with slight swell.  Radar report... CB in area" (micro).  "The flight 
on the 12th reported wind shifts which indicated a vortex to the north of the flight 
track" (AWS).

August 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 62.3W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 62.5W.  The AWS best track lists 
a 0030Z position at 20.5N, 59.2W with max winds of 30 kt and central pressure 1000 mb.  
The AWS best track lists a 1230Z position at 21.8N, 62.1W with max winds of 40 kt 
and central pressure 998 mb.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 20.2N, 62.2W with a 1002 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.1N, 61.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SE and 1012 mb at 06Z at 22.0N, 59.9W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 23.2N, 
63.6W (micro); 20 kt NE and 994 mb at 2030Z at 22.3N, 63.4W (micro); 50 kt NE and 
998 mb at 2045Z at 23.0N, 62.8W [ob suspicious] (micro); center fix at 22Z at 22.8N, 
63.2W with winds variable at 10 kt, pressure 996 mb, and blue sky overhead (micro).  
One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1003 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 
35 kt S (40 kt SSW at flight-level of 700 ft) and 1008 mb at 21.2N, 61.5W (micro, 
ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 2045Z at 22.2N, 63.5W with 
997 mb central pressure and max observed winds of 45 kt (micro, AWS).  One other 
gale and one other low pressure.  "A reconnaissance plane located the developing 
hurricane on the morning of the 13th near 21N, 62W.  It soon increased to hurricane 
force..." (MWR).  "Computing from the 08/0300Z position to the position at which Storm 
Able was located on 13 August, a movement of WNW at slightly less than 15 knots is 
obtained.  This [along with other information] indicates fairly conclusively that Storm 
Able developed from the cyclonic vortex reported by Dakar 150 miles south of the Cape 
Verde Islands on 7 August" (AWS).  "The Navy flight on the morning of the 13th reported 
a cyclonic wind shift from 190 degrees at 40 kt to 20 degrees at 12 kt over an 85 miles 
track but did not investigate the area.  The Air Force flight approximately six hours 
later reported an eye with a central pressure of 997 mbs and a maximum winds of 45 kt" 
(AWS).  A description of the eye from the Air Force flight... "13/2045Z: diameter of eye 
10 nautical miles.  Calm area with circular clouds around us as reported by radar" (AWS).  
From microfilm... "Duck #8 2045Z: 22.2N, 63.5W.  Eye at this position.  Just after crossing 
center of eye wind SE 45 kt" (micro).  From the ATS report... "This flight was dispatched 
from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico to investigate an easterly wave lying just to the east of the 
Lesser Antilles.  The area of squally weather was encountered at 1141Z near 18N, 61W.  
Penetration on an easterly heading was made and the wind backed across the squall zone.  
Plain language was appended to 'Navy three: Passed through moderate squall line at 1144Z- 
position 18.1N, 60.6W.  Wind backed 200 degrees at 20 kts to 170 degrees at 20 kts.  
Turned north at 1150Z.'  Squall line was about 25 miles wide.  At 1217Z, and squall line 
was again penetrated.  Penetration was made to about the center of squall at 1234Z.  At 
1305Z position 20.4N, 60.1W, radar showed off to the east of track a severe squall, banana 
shaped with good curvature to the NW, and with a series of light squalls to the W.  At 1315Z,
course was set to WNW but no significant weather was encountered so departure was set for 
Ramey AFB" (ATS).  From microfilm... "S.S. P. Lincoln passed center at 2200Z at 22.8N, 63.2W.  
Wind variable 10 kt.  Blue sky overhead.  Lowest barometer 995.8 mb" (micro).

August 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.6N, 66.0W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.6N, 65.3W.  The AWS best track has a 0030Z position 
at 22.5N, 64.0W with max winds of 50 kt and central pressure of 997 mb and a 12Z position 
of 23.3N, 65.5W with max winds of 65 kt and central pressure 995 mb.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.0N, 66.0W with a 995 mb pressure.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyses 
a low of at most 996 mb centered near 23.2N, 65.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1002 mb 
at 00Z at 22.5N, 63.4W (COA, micro).  At least three other low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix (low-level penetration; DR confirmed by loran) at 1208Z at 23.3N, 
65.5W with central pressure 995 mb and max flight-level winds encountered of 65 kt at 
500 ft (micro, ATS); Air Force center fix (low-level penetration) at 1935Z at 24.0N, 
66.2W with 989 mb central pressure (AWS, micro).  Four other surface gales and seven 
other low pressures reported.  "During the [14th and 15th] it decelerated, turned to 
a more northerly direction and intensified" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the 
Navy flight... "14/1245Z: N-5: Eye diameter 20 nmi.  Symmetrical but ragged.  The eye 
was well defined in all respects except for relative dryness on the west side" (AWS).  
Regarding the Air Force flight... "Center of storm by penetrating 24N, 66.2W at 1935Z.  
Low pressure 989.1 mb...SE corner of eye and SE sector winds not over 50 kt.  Sea rough.  
NE sector winds over 75 kt.  Gale force to 80 miles from center in NE direction.  
Sea very high.  Heavy rain with continuous lightning.  Storm moving NW at about 15 kt.  
Winds north sector 75 degrees 80 kts, west sector 310 degrees 55 kt, south sector 260 
degrees 45 kts" (micro).  From the ATS report... "This flight was destined to find the 
first hurricane of 1950.  The tropical disturbance had been classified as a storm on 
13 August with winds near 45 knots.  The storm was approached from the southwest side 
until a position west of the center was attained.  Penetration to the eye was then 
effected in the standard Navy 'low-level - wind on the port beam' manner.  Highest 
wind encountered on entry was 65 knots.  Central pressure of 995 mb was established 
and the center DR position confirmed by Loran.  Departure was taken through the southwest 
quadrant and the storm was then circumnavigated to show its exten" (ATS).  From 
microfilm (Navy flight)... "N-4: In eye.  DR fix 1208Z 23.4N, 65.5W.  Climbing for loran.  
N-9: Wind backing to west" (micro).  "Note: PAA flight San Juan-LaGuardia reported 
wind 348 degrees 22 kt at about 24.5N, 68.1W at 8500 feet.  Hurricane position (estimated?) 
24.8N, 67.5W at 2315Z" (micro).

August 15:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.4N, 67.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as an 80 kt hurricane at 25.2N, 67.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 24.4N, 66.4W with max winds of 85 kt and central pressure 987 mb and a 1230Z position 
at 25.2N, 66.9W with 90 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 67.3W with a 987 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.4N, 67.0W.  Microfilm analyses 
a low of at most 987 mb centered near 25.3N, 67.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1005 mb 
at 12Z at 24.9N, 68.4W (HWM); 45 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 26.1N, 66.1W (COA, micro); 
80 kt N (estimated) [not necessarily max w] and 996 mb [probably not min p] [both obs 
not necessarily simultaneous] around 16 to 22Z at 26.2N, 67.0W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy center fix (low-level penetration, DR) at 1304Z at 25.3N, 66.8W with 987 mb central 
pressure (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1955Z [?] at 26.7N, 67.7W with 100 kt 
max winds reported.  At least seven other surface gales reported, at least two other 
flight-level hurricane force winds reported, and at least three other low pressures below 
1000 mb reported.  "By the afternoon of the 15th, it reached a minimum speed estimated at 
4 kt.  At this point, it made an abrupt turn to the left and accelerated along a track 
slightly south of wes" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye 
diameter 20 nmi.  Eye well defined.  West and south side defined poorly on radar due to 
relative dryness" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "This was the second Navy flight into 
Hurricane Able, as the flight on the previous day had definitely established the storm as 
a hurricane with a fairly well-defined eye.  It was decided [today] to go directly to the 
storm and establish a fix on the eye by going up to the west side, since the west side 
had been reported relatively dry and weak.  Departure was taken from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico 
on a northwesterly heading.  The wind was kept on the port bow until 70 knots from the ENE 
was reached, then put on the beam and the eye was entered on the western side at 1304Z.  
Plain language appended to 'Navy seven: Highest winds encountered at 1253Z at aircraft 
position of 25.6N, 66.9W.  NNE 80 knots.  45 kt winds extend 55 miles to west of eye.  
Entered eye on west side.  Navy eight: Entered eye at 1304Z- 20 mile radius.  Well defined.  
Position [of eye] 25.3N, 66.8W.  Circling in eye at 5,000 feet.'  After having spent one hour 
and seventeen minutes inside the eye trying to obtain a Loran fix, it was decided to return 
to base as circumnavigation was impractical due to fuel limitations" (ATS, micro).  Regarding 
an afternoon Air Force flight... "Air Force: Eye located 25.7N, 67.7W at 1955Z.  Winds 100 kt 
in NE quadrant" (micro).  From a ship report... "Rebecca Boone Ship: estimated position 26.2N, 
67.0W.  Hurricane definitely changed course northerly.  Was hoved to on fast rising barometer 
1600Z.  Started to fall at 2200Z 29.40 [inches] (996 mb).  Wind north force estimated 90 mph 
(80 kt).  Visibility ½ mile.  Sea very high and confused" (micro).

August 16:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.4N, 69.1W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 90 kt hurricane at 25.7N, 69.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 25.7N, 67.9W with max winds of 105 kt and central pressure 984 mb and a 1230Z position 
at 25.5N, 69.3W with max winds 120 kt and central pressure 980 mb.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 69.2W with a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 69.0W.  Microfilm analyses a closed low of at most 
996 mb centered near 25.7N, 69.4W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 990-999 mb at 04Z at 25.7N, 
66.9W (micro); 40 kt W and 1001 mb around 18Z at 24.3N, 70.4W.  Six other gales between 35-45 kt
and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Hurricane force S (80 kt S at 
flight-level of 500 ft) and 997 mb at 1145Z at 25.3N, 68.5W (ATS); hurricane force NNE (100 kt 
NNE at flight-level of 700 ft) and 985 mb at 1230Z at 26.1N, 69.8W (ATS); Navy center fix 
(low-level penetration, but with loran) at 1305Z at 25.4N, 69.4W with 980 mb central pressure 
and 850 mb height of 4250 feet (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (boxing method) at 
2003Z at 25.2N, 70.1W with 80 kt max winds encountered [they may not have been anywhere near 
the RMW when they hit 80 kt since this center fix was not obtained by penetration].  
Two other hurricane force surface winds reported, three other hurricane force flight-level 
winds reported, and two other low pressures below 1000 mb reported.  "Twenty-four hours after 
discovery of the storm, the AF flight reported winds to 80 kt [on the 16th]" (AWS).  A description
of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye diameter 20 nmi.  Eye well defined at 5,000 [feet] by precip 
pattern, not well defined at low level between 230 and 280 degrees" (AWS).  From the ATS report... 
"Flight departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 16/0924Z to reconnoiter the two day old hurricane, first 
of the 1950 season, expected to be located near 26N, 68W.  At 1256Z, the eye was entered with maximum 
winds from the north at 75 knots on this new approach for penetration.  After circling in the eye for 
34 minutes, the following was observed: (a) Loran fix of eye at 16/1305Z was 25.4N, 69.4W; (b) Lowest 
pressure 980 mb; (c) Diameter of eye 20 miles; (d) Eye well defined at 5,000 feet by precipitation 
pattern; and (e) Eye not well defined at low levels between true bearings of 230 and 280 degrees.  
Departure of eye was taken at 1329Z in a west southwest direction and course was altered ay 1345Z to 
return to Ramey AFB" (ATS).  "Note: PAA 525 at 1005Z- Flying at 7500 [feet] in south edge of hurricane 
at 24.0N, 68.3W" (micro).  "Hurep Duck 16 Aug located eye at 2003Z at 25.2N, 70.1W by boxing procedure" 
(micro).  "Gull special eleven 2330Z: At 24.5N, 71.7W reports they are first out of eye of storm" (micro).

August 17:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of most 1000 mb centered near 25.6N, 72.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt 
hurricane at 25.3N, 72.4W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.3N, 70.8W with a 130 kt 
max winds and 971 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 25.5N, 72.7W with 130 kt max winds and 
962 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.9N, 
73.0W with a 962 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 72.5W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 987 mb centered near 25.5N, 72.8W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt 
SE at 00Z at 25.9N, 70.7W (micro); 40 kt S and 996 mb at 00Z at 24.3N, 69.8W (micro); 45 kt E and 
1006 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 73.8W (micro).  At least four other gales and one other low pressure.  
Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 00Z at 25.3N, 70.7W with max 10,000 ft 
winds encountered 72 kt in NE quadrant, 977 mb pressure from dropsonde, and 700 mb height in eye of 
9,380 feet (AWS, micro); 90 kt W at flight-level of 1000 ft and 983 mb at 1330Z at 25.4N, 72.7W (AWS); 
Navy center fix (low level penetration/DR) at 1335Z at 25.6N, 72.8W with 962 mb central pressure and 
max flight-level (~1000 ft) winds of 120 kt encountered upon departure of the eye around 1405Z (AWS, micro); 
Air Force center fixes (by low-level boxing method) at 1955Z and at 2000Z at 26.0N, 73.2W and at 26.2N, 
73.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 2245Z at 27.1N, 73.8W with estimated max 
intensity of storm 130 kt, 969 mb pressure measured from dropsonde, and 700 mb height of 9,450 feet (AWS).  
Six other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and three other low pressures.  
"Corrected location of eye at 0000Z by two loran fixes at 10,000 feet.  Maximum measured wind in NE 
quadrant 72 kt" (micro). "Gull special 17 Aug located eye at 0000Z at 25.3N, 70.7W.  This center was 
found by penetrating eye at 10,000 feet and obtaining two 3 station loran fixes in the eye of the storm.  
Storm position excellent reliability" (micro).  "Post flight summary Aug 17: DR position of eye 25.6N, 
72.8W at 1335Z considered excellent.  Lowest pressure observed 962 mb.  Departed eye to northwest with 
maximum winds encountered 120 kt extending 12 mi from edge of eye.  Observed at least two spiral bands 
of heavier weather on western side of storm" (micro).  "Hurep Duck Special: Center of hurricane located 
26.0N, 73.2W at 1955Z.  Hurep Duck Special: Second position of storm located by low-level boxing method 
26.2N, 73.8W at 2000Z.  Storm moving WNW at 11 kt.  AF Gull flight: center 27.1N, 73.8W at 2245Z" (micro).  
"The wind was estimated [by aircraft] to have reached 130 kt.  This was the highest estimate reported and 
was reported on the 17th.  It is believed that winds of this intensity persisted at least until the 18th" 
(AWS).  A description of the eye from the first Air Force flight... "Eye diameter 25 nmi by radar" (AWS).  
A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "Eye diameter 25 nmi.  Edge of eye not well defined, 
considerable blue sky observed while circling in eye.  Departed eye on NW heading, winds increased 
gradually rather than with the usual abrupt jolt" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the last Air 
Force flight on this day... "Eye diameter 30 nmi" (AWS).  "By 17/1530Z, a major trough formed in the 
Mississippi valley in the midst of the ridge which had been there.  This indicated the beginning of 
a new turn to the north which was confirmed by aircraft fixes" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "This was 
the first hurricane reconnaissance in this storm flown from Miami, and showed the storm to be still 
deepening with central pressure down to 962 mbs.  Low level penetration was made until 70-knot winds were 
encountered west of the center, then commenced circumnavigation.  Wind increased steadily to 90 kt SSE of 
center, so decision was made to enter the eye rather than get into the extreme conditions of the east and 
northeast sectors.  Highest winds immediately prior to entry were 110 knots.  Eye was rather poorly defined 
but about 25 miles in diameter.  Stayed in eye from 1335Z until 1400Z, then departed on a NW heading.  Wind 
increased gradually rather than with the usual abrupt jolt, and 120 knots was found in this sector with severe 
turbulence and heavy rain.  Hurricane winds extend 40 miles from center, and 45 kt winds [extend] 90 miles 
[from center]" (ATS).

August 18:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 120 kt 
hurricane at 27.5N, 74.9W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.6N, 73.9W with max winds 
of 130 kt and central pressure 960 mb and a 12Z position at 27.9N, 75.0W with max winds of 130 kt and 
central pressure 958 mb.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 75.7W 
with a 958 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.6N, 74.8W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 28.0N, 75.1W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 29.5N, 70.7W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 29.5N, 72.7W (COA).  Aircraft 
highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0200, 0230, 0700, 0800, and 0920Z between 27.0-27.7N, 73.7-74.9W (micro); 
Navy center fix (low-level penetration with loran) at 1315Z at 28.0N, 75.0W with central pressure 958 mb and 
max flight-level gusts of 110 kt [max flight-level wind was at least 95 kt at 400 ft] (AWS, ATS, micro); Air Force 
center fix (700 mb penetration) at 2039Z at 28.7N, 75.4W with a 967 mb pressure from dropsonde and 700 mb height of 
9125 ft (AWS, micro); Navy radar center fixes at 2040Z, 2159Z, and 2358Z between 29.0-29.2N, 74.8-75.5W [loran aided 
on at least the first two of these three fixes] (micro).  Seven other surface gales, three other flight-level 
hurricane force winds, and four other low pressures between 968-995 mb.  "Navy aircraft penetrating the south 
and west sides of the storm on the 18th and 19th estimated maximum winds of 110 kt in these sectors.  This 
would indicate winds of at least 125 kt on the east side" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the Navy 
radar flight... "18/0700Z: center poorly defined (on radar)" (AWS).  A description of the eye from Navy 
flight... "18/1315Z: Eye well defined; extremely hazy" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the Air Force 
flight... "18/2039Z: Diameter of center of storm as observed by radar 50 miles; eye almost complete circle.  
Surface winds [in eye] estimated as variable at 17-20 kt with moderate to rough sea" (AWS).  From the 
ATS report... "Direct penetration of the eye was agreed to by pilot and aerologist.  Consequently, approach 
was made from Miami to a point WNW of the center.  Winds gradually increased from 50 knots to 95 knots 
3 miles outside the eye boundary with severe, continuous turbulence lasting for approximately 20 minutes.  
Heavy rain was encountered as squall lines were crossed.  Gusts were estimated to 110 knots.  Eye was 
well defined with central pressure of 958 mb located at 28.0N, 75.0W at 1315Z, loran fix.  Remained in 
eye for 58 minutes.  Departed eye south, spiraling out on SE side.  Previous intention to circumnavigate 
was abandoned and flight returned to Miami (ATS).

August 19:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 centered near 30.3N, 75.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 120 kt 
hurricane at 31.0N, 76.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.0N, 75.6W with 125 kt 
max winds and 955 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.7N, 75.5W with max winds 125 kt and 
central pressure 953 mb.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 75.9W 
with a 953 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.2N, 75.9W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 31.0N, 75.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S 
and 1008 mb at 06Z at 27.6N, 73.7W (COA).  One other gale of 35 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar 
center fixes at 0059, 0200, 0300, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0755, 0844, 1005Z between 29.2-30.4N, 75.1-75.7W (micro); 
Navy center fix (low-level penetration- DR and loran) at 1307Z at 30.8N, 75.4W with 953 mb central pressure, maximum 
flight-level winds encountered 110 kt on the west side, and 5000 ft pressure of 810 mb (AWS, micro, ATS); radar 
center fix at 18Z at 31.7N, 76.1W (estimated position) (micro); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration) at 
2015Z with 972 mb pressure by dropsonde and a 700 mb height in the eye of 9040 feet (AWS, micro); center fix 
(penetration, radar, and loran) at 2058Z at 32.2N, 75.2W with max flight-level winds encountered 120 kt from 
the south (micro).  Three other surface gales, one other flight-level hurricane force wind, and three other 
low pressures reported.  "It moved slowly on a variable northwesterly course which brought the center a 
short distance east of Cape Hatteras during the night of the 19th" (MWR).  "Navy 4- entered eye position 
30.7N, 75.5W at 1252Z.  Navy 5- In eye.  Loran position excellent at 1307Z 30.8N, 75.4W.  Diameter 
well-defined 35 miles- open in SW quadrant.  Max wind 110 kt west side 12 miles [from center]; 
90 kt 30 miles [from center].  6000 ft pressure 810 mb.  Surface pressure 953 mb.  N-6: 29.9N, 76.5W 
(aircraft position) surface winds NW 45 kt" (micro).  "1800Z: Hurricane estimated 31.7N, 76.1W.  Center 
completely dissipated from scope during last hour.  Correct previous hurricane course and speed to 351 
degrees at 4 kt" (micro).  "Post flight summary: Departed Miami and encountered long low swell from the NE 
about 100 miles ENE of Miami.  Swells increased rapidly to heavy with increasing northwesterly winds, 
causing a cross state of sea and sharper crests.  Entered eye of hurricane at 1252Z and obtained an 
excellent loran fix at 1307Z position 30.8N, 75.4W.  Diameter of eye measured 35 miles and open at 
the top vertically.  Radar indicated lack of precipitation in southwest quadrant.  Surface pressure 953 mbs.  
Pressure at 5,000 feet 810 mbs.  Strongest winds encountered west side estimated 110 knots at a distance of 
12 miles from the center wall [from edge of eye.  This implies an RMW of approximately 30 miles].  Winds of 
90 knots extend west and southwest to 30 miles" (micro).  "Hurep Duck: In eye 10,600 feet.  Eye 30 by 30 miles 
moving NE 11 kts.  Dropsonde at 2045Z - surface pressure 972.5 mbs, wind across eye S to N 140/80 kts" (micro).  
"2058Z: Radar plus loran fix 32.2N, 75.2W.  Wind last leg into eye 190 degrees 140 mph" (micro).  "During the 17th, 
18th and 19th the storm made a gradual recurve to the northeast passing 100 miles off Hatteras..." (AWS).  
"This was the last direct observation of the central pressure (the 953 mb ob); however, it is considered to 
be near the minimum developed by the storm since it had completed recurvature by this time and had begun to 
accelerate toward the NE" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the Navy flight... "19/1252Z: Eye diameter 35 nmi.  
Eye well defined, radar shows lack of precipitation in SW quadrant, open at top vertically" (AWS).  
A description of the eye from the Navy radar flight... "19/1500Z: Broken center poorly defined.  19/1700Z: 
Center determination becoming difficult with apparent increasing clouds in center and fading side definition" 
(AWS).  A description of the eye from the Air Force flight... "19/2015Z: Eye diameter 30 nmi.  Wind 
across eye at flight level 10,000 feet 140 degrees 80 kt, eye clear above 5,000 feet to well above 25,000 feet, 
topped by cirrus type overcast.  Temperature at 25,000 feet -10C, dropped to -27C on way out of storm.  
Air very moist (over 90% [RH?]) up to 25,000 feet on dropsonde from this level" (AWS).  From the ATS report...
"The flight departed Miami at first light and proceeded to an area approximately 350 miles northeast of Miami 
with plans to penetrate the center of the storm from the west quadrant.  This was accomplished very satisfactorily 
and excellent loran fixes in the center verified the DR track within 3 miles accuracy.  "Entered eye 1252Z.  
Diameter well defined 35 miles.  Open SW quadrant.  Max winds 110 knots west side 12 miles, 90 knots 30 miles.  
5000 ft pressure 810 mbs, surface pressure 953 mbs" (ATS).

August 20:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.2N, 73.0W with a dissipating cold front 
extending from 34N, 76W to 32N, 80W to 31N, 84W, a warm front extending from 40N, 76W to 43N, 73W, 
and a cold front extending from 46N, 75W to 42N, 78W to 38N, 82W to 37N, 84W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 110 kt hurricane at 36.5N, 72.9W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.1N, 74.8W with 
120 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.0N, 72.6W with 110 kt max 
winds and 969 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
36.5N, 73.5W with a 955 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position close to the 
HWM and HURDAT positions.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 981 mb centered near 36.2N, 
72.7W with a front located from 40N, 75W extending northeastward to beyond 43N, 72W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 34.3N, 72.3W (micro); 60 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z at 34.8N, 71.4W (micro); 
55 kt S and 1003 mb at 15Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA); 65 kt ESE and 986 mb at 17Z at 37.5N, 70.2W (micro).  
Nine other gales between 35-55 kt and four other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Land/station/land 
radar highlights: 50 kt NE and 998 mb at 06Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.0N, 75.2W) (micro); 
30-35 kt NNW and 1000 mb at 06Z at Cape Hatteras (micro); center fixes from Norfolk, VA land radar 
at 0805, 0829, and 0900Z around between 35.2-35.4N, 74.0-74.3W [may not be as accurate as aircraft fixes] 
(micro); max 1-minute winds from Able at Cape Hatteras, Cape Henry, and Nantucket were all 32 kt and 
occurred sometime during the day of the 20th (between 20/05Z - 21/05Z) (climo).  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy radar center fixes at 0125 ("excellent"), 0200 ("excellent"), two fixes at 0300 (one "good" 
and the other with loran), 0400, 0500 ("good"), 0700, 0800, 0900, 1000, and 1400Z between 33.2-37.0N, 
72.4-75.2W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1939Z at 36.8N, 71.0W with estimated max winds of 
100 kt (micro, AWS); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration, loran) at 2030Z at 38.1N, 70.0W with 
100 kt max winds and 700 mb height in eye of 9095 feet (AWS, micro).  "On the afternoon of the 20th, 
the Air Force flight estimated maximum winds at 100 kt" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the 
Navy radar flights... "20/0200Z: Eye open SW quadrant.  20/0400Z: Eye diameter 45 nmi.  Eye open S quadrant.  
20/1000Z: Eye breaking up.  Storm assuming extratropical characteristics.  20/1100Z: Impossible to 
determine center of storm.  20/1420Z: Storm circular formation 80 miles diameter.  No defined eye.  
20/1443Z: Storm diameter increasin" (AWS).  A description of the eye from the Air Force flight on the 
afternoon of the 20th... "Eye large and indefinite" (AWS).  "20/1420Z: Navy hurricane position 37.0N, 72.4W.  
Course [of storm] 035 [degrees], speed [of storm] 20.  Radar fix 1400Z: Plane position 35.7N, 74.9W" (micro).  
"D-4: Surface winds estimated at 60 kt" (micro).  "At 2030Z, storm was at 38.1N, 70.0W based on loran fix in 
eye at ten thousand ft and loran aided box at low level.  Eye is large and indefinite.  The eye is elliptical 
in shape 65 by 55 miles.  Maximum estimate winds 100 kt.  Radius of hurricane winds NE quadrant 120 nmi, 
SE quad 100 nmi, NW quad 100 nmi, SW quad 80 nmi" (micro).  Riverdale in Prince George's County measured 
a 24-hour rainfall of 5.65 inches on the 20th (Delaware-Maryland-D.C. climatological data).  The southern 
coastline of New Jersey suffered $1,000 in property damage.  "Damage was caused by high tides and accompanying 
towering waves which destroyed cottage porches.  Heavy rains caused flood conditions at some coastal towns and 
cities, but little permanent damage resulted" (climo).  In Massachusetts, "heavy surf, induced by the hurricane 
swell, cost two bather's lives at Duxbury and Plymouth" (climo). 

August 21:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 43.3N, 64.8W.  An occluded front extends 
from 59N, 66W to 58N, 60W to 56N, 58W to a triple point near 55N, 57W.  A warm front extends from 
this triple point south-southeastward to 50N, 54W to 47N, 52W to 45N, 50W.  A dissipating stationary 
front extends from the triple point to 50N, 63W to 46N, 68W to 41N, 69W becoming a cold front there 
and continuing to 38N, 71W to 35N, 74W to 34N, 80W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 
44.2N, 64.3W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 39.6N, 68.9W with 95 kt max winds and 
977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.3N, 64.8W with 80 kt max winds and 983 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.6N, 65.4W 
with a 967 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.9N, 64.3W.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 42.6N, 64.4W.  Ship highlights: 100 kt 
NW 990-999 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 71.0W (micro); 50 kt W and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.0N, 66.2W.  12 
other gales between 35-45 kt and seven other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Land/station 
highlights: 55 kt NE and 995 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 69.9W (micro); 978 mb (min p) around ~16Z at 
Halifax (44.6N, 63.6W) (AWS); 40 kt sustained winds with gusts to 65 kt reported over Nova Scotia 
(AWS).  One other gale of 35 kt and four other low pressures between 988-998 mb.  "It moved 
northeastward into Nova Scotia on the 21st.  It caused strong winds on Cape Hatteras and Cape 
Cod, but hurricane force was not experienced on land, except in parts of Nova Scotia" (MWR).  
The storm accelerated "along a straight track passing over Halifax, Nova Scotia on the 21st..." (AWS).  
"The storm center passed over Halifax, Nova Scotia, which reported a minimum [pressure] near 
978 mbs" (AWS).  "As the storm passed over Nova Scotia on the 21st, winds of 40 kt with gusts 
to 65 kt were reported" (AWS).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 51.8N, 54.0W.  A cold front extends 
from 48N, 50W to 45N, 52W to 42N, 56W to 39N, 62W.  Another weak low is centered near 65N, 58W, 
and a dissipating occluded front extends from this low southward to 59N, 56W to 56N, 54W, 
becoming a warm front at 54N, 51W continuing southeastward to 52N, 48W to 46N, 43W.  Another 
occluded front is approaching the feature of interest from the west, and this feature is plotted 
from 58N, 70W to 54N, 69W to 51N, 70W to 48N, 72W to 46N, 76W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 51.8N, 54.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 47.3N, 60.2W 
with 60 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 51.7N, 54.0W with 55 kt 
max winds and 991 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 52.3N, 54.4W with a 996 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 11Z at 53.5N, 
56.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 48.5W (COA).  Three other low pressures of 1005 mb.  
Land/station highlights: 15 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 51.7N, 55.3W (HWM).  The storm moved 
"off Newfoundland into the North Atlantic on the 22nd" (AWS).

August 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 55.8N, 37.5W with an occluded front 
extending from the low southward to a triple point near 50N, 36W.  A warm front extends southeastward 
from the triple point to 45N, 33W, and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point to
43N, 45W.  HURDAT no longer lists the system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 56.0N, 37.7W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 1004 mb 
at 00Z at 53.5N, 47.5W (COA); 35 kt E and 1010 mb at 06Z at 57.5N, 48.5W (COA).

August 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.2N, 26.1W with an occluded front 
extending from 53N, 25W to 49N, 24W to 45N, 27W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 52.3N, 26.5W with a 1003 mb pressure.  No gales or low pressures.

The first tropical cyclone of 1950 (Able) formed from an African easterly wave which emerged off 
of Africa around 5 August.  It is possible that Able existed as a tropical depression or even a 
tropical storm a few days prior to the genesis time shown in HURDAT.  In particular, the Air Weather 
Service report mentions aircraft observations suggesting that at least a mid-level circulation was 
present on the 8th, but these actual reports are unavailable.  With the ship observations being quite 
sparse (typical for that part of the Atlantic), there is not enough evidence to change the timing of 
genesis in HURDAT (00Z on 12 August).  The 35 kt HURDAT intensity for the genesis point is also retained, 
but the position is shifted to 17.1N, 55.5W (over one degree to the west-northwest of the previous HURDAT 
position).  By 06Z on the 13th, the position was adjusted slightly northward of the previous HURDAT position.  
The track changes on the 12th and early on the 13th are based on ship observations.  The first observed gale 
also occurred at 06Z on the 13th.  Later on the 13th, there were several ship observations of less than 1000 mb 
as well as an aircraft central pressure report of 997 mb at 2045Z obtained via low-level penetration and this 
value is added into HURDAT for the 18Z slot.  997 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53 kt from the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt is the intensity analyzed at 18Z, down significantly 
from 70 kt originally in HURDAT.  A 995 mb central pressure was added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 14th due to a 
22Z ship report of 10 kt with 996 mb likely located inside the RMW.  A 995 mb central pressure yields 56 kt 
according to the pressure-wind relationship.  The eye radius at the time was reported to be 5 nmi.  The highest 
wind from a ship on the 13th was 50 kt at 2045Z.  60 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 13th (down 
from 70 kt originally).  On the 14th and 15th, Able, which had been moving northwestward well north of the 
Greater Antilles and well east of the Bahamas, slowed down and turned towards the west.  On the 16th, Able 
continued at a crawling pace and turned towards the west-southwest near 25.7N, 68.7W at 12Z.  On the 17th, Able 
accelerated again as it turned back towards the west-northwest with a 17/12Z position near 25.5N, 72.6W.  
All track changes made from the 14th through the 17th are less than half a degree and are based on several 
aircraft fixes as well as ship observations.  Aircraft measured a central pressure of 995 mb at 1208Z on the 
14th via low-level penetration.  This indicates that no deepening had taken place during the previous 18 hours.  
The intensity is analyzed to have remained steady at 60 kt through 12Z on the 14th (down from 70 kt 
originally at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 14th).  A 995 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 14th.  
At 1935Z on the 14th, a central pressure of 989 mb was measured by aircraft via low-level penetration, and 
this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th.  A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 and 63 kt respectively 
for south and north of 25N making use of the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships.  
65 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 14th (down from 75 kt originally).  Able is analyzed to have attainted hurricane 
intensity at 18Z on the 14th (30 hours later than originally- a major change to HURDAT).  The next intensity 
information available is a 987 mb central pressure obtained by Navy Aircraft via low-level penetration at 
1304Z on the 15th.  A 987 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th.  A ship estimated winds 
of 80 kt during the afternoon of the 15th.  An aircraft central pressure of 980 mb was measured at 1305Z on the 
16th via low-level penetration, and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th.  On the 17th at 1335Z, 
an aircraft measured a central pressure of 962 mb via low-level penetration, indicating significant 
intensification had taken place.  A 962 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th.  A 987 mb 
central pressure yields wind speeds of 68 and 64 kt respectively for south and north of 25N.  A central pressure of 
980 mb yields 78 and 76 kt respectively for south and north of 25N using the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind 
relationship.  A central pressure of 962 mb yields wind speeds of 100 and 97 kt respectively for south and north of 
25N using the intensifying subset.  The revised intensities at 12Z each day from the 15th through the 17th are 70, 
80, and 100 kt (down from 80, 90, and 110 kt originally).  On the 18th and 19th, Able began to slowly accelerate, 
and it recurved, passing 85 nm east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, NC around 06Z on the 20th.   Although all track 
changes to HURDAT from the 18th through 06Z on the 20th were less than seven-tenths of a degree, and the revised 
track is consistently to the right of the previous HURDAT track.  These track changes were based primarily on the 
numerous aircraft fixes because no ships ventured near the center.  The Navy aircraft was used on the 18th through 
the 20th to provide hourly radar center fixes at times, but this aircraft was rarely used for intensity estimates.  
On the 18th at 1315Z, the other Navy Aircraft (PB4Y-2) measured a central pressure of 958 mb, and on the 19th at 
1307Z it recorded a central pressure of 953 mb, both by low-level penetration.  In addition, observations of 
700 mb heights from Air Force penetrations at 700 mb on the 18th and 19th are consistent with the central pressures 
obtained by low-level penetration.  The central pressure values of 958 and 953 mb obtained by the Navy aircraft are 
added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 18th and 19th respectively.  A central pressure of 958 mb yields a wind speed of 
97 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and a central pressure of 953 mb yields a wind speed of 
102 kt using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW (obtained by multiplying the aircraft reported 
eye radius by 1.5) increased from 22 nmi at 2245Z on the 17th to 37 nmi by 2040Z on the 18th, but decreased again 
to 27 nmi by 1307Z on the 19th.  The climatological RMW on the 18th is 20 nmi and 22 nmi on the 19th.  The speed 
of the storm increased from 8 kt on the 18th to 11 kt on the 19th.  Intensities of 100 and 105 kt are chosen for 
12Z on the 18th and 19th (down from 120 kt originally on both days).  The 20 kt intensity change on the 18th is 
a major downward adjustment to HURDAT.  As the center of Able passed east of the outer banks of North Carolina, 
tropical storm force winds occurred on the barrier islands, but no hurricane force winds were observed on land.  
On the 20th, Able accelerated as it moved north-northeastward off the mid-Atlantic coast.  The final aircraft 
intensity information received was at 2030Z on the 20th.  An Air Force aircraft reported a 700 mb height of 9095 ft 
implying a central pressure somewhere between 947-965 mb, although it is highly likely that the central pressure was 
near the high end of that range because the eye was described as becoming much less organized and larger on the 20th.  
The RMW was about 45 nmi at 2030Z on the 20th (the climatological value is 30 nmi).  The speed of the storm had 
increased substantially and was now in excess of 25 kt.  The peak analyzed intensity of 110 kt is analyzed to have 
occurred from 18Z on the 19th to 00Z on the 20th (down from 120 kt at those times) because the eye was contracting 
from 18/2040Z to 19/2015Z and the lowest 700 mb height was recorded at 2015Z on the 19th.  HURDAT previously listed 
a peak intensity of 120 kt from 00Z on the 18th to 00Z on the 20th.  By 18Z on the 20th, 90 kt is chosen for the 
intensity (down from 105 kt originally) due in part to the high latitude and to the much larger eye size indicating 
extratropical transition was beginning.  Early on the 21st, tropical storm force winds of around 40 kt brushed the 
easternmost portions of the Massachusetts capes.  Later on the 21st, Able made landfall in Nova Scotia at 16Z as a 
65 kt hurricane.  The center passed directly over Halifax around 16Z.  A continuous (hourly) temperature record at 
Halifax is available, and it indicates that the temperature did not drop after the passage of the cyclone.  In fact, 
the temperature after the cyclone passage was a few degrees warmer than before the cyclone passage (likely due to solar
radiation in the afternoon).  This temperature record along with all other available observations indicate that Able 
was still tropical at landfall in Nova Scotia.  Although only winds of tropical storm force were observed, a 978 mb 
minimum pressure was observed at Halifax.  It may have been a central pressure but there is no information as to
whether a calm was observed at the location of the barometer.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 978 mb 
yields a wind speed of at least 75 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N.  Since no hurricane 
force winds were observed in Nova Scotia, 65 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 21st (up from 35 kt originally- a major 
intensity adjustment) and landfall as a compromise of the wind and pressure data.  Slight southwestward track adjustments 
are analyzed for the 21st.  Able quickly weakened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 21st and became extratropical by 00Z 
on the 22nd with a 35 kt intensity at 47.9N, 59.8W.  HURDAT does not list Able as ever becoming extratropical and lists 
dissipation after 18Z on 22 August.  The extratropical addition is a major change to HURDAT.  It is analyzed that the 
extratropical low remained closed until after 06Z on the 24th, so 36 hours are added to HURDAT (another major change).  

There were several interesting/noteworthy quotes from AWS and MWR regarding Able, and they are included below:

"The strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 140 mph and lowest pressure 953.3 mb recorded by aircraft at sea" (MWR).

"Reconnaissance aircraft penetrated Storm Able 14 times, six of which were at the 10,000 ft level.  These penetrations and 
night radar flights revealed a fairly consistent increase in the size of the eye from a diameter of 10 miles of the 13th to 
an indefinite ellipse 55 by 65 miles on the 20th" (AWS).

"It is interesting to note that the central surface pressures as obtained by dropsonde from 10,000 feet and above are 
consistently 10 or more mbs higher than central pressures as obtained by low level penetration" (AWS).

"As usual, the maximum wind in the storm area did not follow a linear relationship with the minimum pressure" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 2 (Baker)

34820 08/20/1950 M=13  2 SNBR= 773 BAKER       XING=1 SSS=1       
34820 08/18/1950 M=15  2 SNBR= 773 BAKER       XING=1 SSS=1       
         **        **

(The 18th and 19th are new to HURDAT.)
34825 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 540  30    0*125 542  30    0*
34825 08/19*130 544  30    0*135 547  30    0*140 550  35    0*145 554  40    0*          

34825 08/20*  0   0   0    0*163 550  60    0*165 565  60    0*165 574  65    0*
34825 08/20*150 559  45    0*155 564  50    0*160 570  55    0*163 579  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34830 08/21*166 583  80    0*166 592  95    0*167 600 105    0*166 607 100    0*
34830 08/21*166 588  65    0*168 598  70    0*169 606  70  990*170 610  75  987*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

34835 08/22*165 613  90    0*166 618  80    0*167 624  70    0*168 631  60    0*
34835 08/22*170 614  85    0*169 618  75    0*168 622  60    0*168 629  45 1003*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  ** ****

34840 08/23*170 640  50    0*173 650  40    0*176 660  35    0*180 670  30    0*
34840 08/23*170 640  45    0*174 651  40    0*178 662  35    0*182 673  30    0*
                     **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34845 08/24*186 683  30    0*194 700  25    0*203 717  25    0*209 734  25    0*
34845 08/24*186 686  30    0*194 700  25    0*203 717  30    0*209 734  40    0*
                ***                                    **               **

34850 08/25*213 751  25    0*216 770  25    0*218 784  30    0*218 793  30    0*
34850 08/25*213 748  45    0*216 766  45    0*217 781  35    0*217 791  30    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

34855 08/26*217 801  35    0*218 810  35    0*218 818  40    0*219 826  40    0*
34855 08/26*217 801  35    0*217 812  45    0*218 819  45    0*219 825  50    0*
                             *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

34860 08/27*220 833  45    0*221 841  50    0*222 848  50    0*223 856  55    0*
34860 08/27*220 832  50    0*222 840  45    0*223 846  50    0*224 853  55  996*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***      ***

34865 08/28*226 864  55    0*229 872  60    0*232 877  65    0*234 880  65    0*
34865 08/28*226 861  55    0*228 868  55    0*230 872  55  998*232 875  55  996*
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

34870 08/29*236 883  70    0*239 886  75    0*244 889  80    0*250 891  85    0*
34870 08/29*235 877  65    0*237 880  75    0*239 883  80    0*241 884  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34875 08/30*256 892  90    0*263 893  90  979*272 892  95    0*282 887  95    0*
34875 08/30*247 886  90    0*257 888  90    0*270 890  90    0*282 887  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  **               **

34880 08/31*294 881  75    0*308 878  65    0*322 879  50    0*332 881  35    0*
34880 08/31*294 882  75  979*311 879  60    0*334 882  40    0*348 887  35    0*
                ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

34885 09/01*343 885  25    0*352 889  20    0*360 893  15    0*370 899  15    0*
34885 09/01*360 890  25    0*367 890  20    0*367 892  15    0*370 897  15    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

34890 HR AL1
34890 HR AL1AFL1
            ****

International Landfalls
8/22/1950 - 12Z - 16.8N 62.2W - 60 kt - Montserrat

U.S. Landfall:
8/31/1950 - 03Z - 30.2N, 88.0W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1003 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI - 20 nmi RMW - 16 kt speed

U.S. Landfall:
8/31/1950 - 04Z - 30.7N, 87.9W - 75 kt - 979 mb - 1003 mb OCI - 250 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that made landfall on the 
U.S. Gulf Coast.  Additionally, a major alteration is to indicate genesis almost two days earlier than in 
HURDAT.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships 
database, Monthly Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, Caribbean station observations, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), 
U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Connor (1956), Perez et al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 18:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 19:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 20:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 16.5N, 
56.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  No gales or low 
pressures.  "The vortex formed east of Antigua on the 20th" (AWS).  "This hurricane appeared east of the 
Leeward Islands on August 20" (MWR).

August 21:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17.2N, 60.1W with 
a trough/wave extending from 18N, 59W northeastward to 26N, 53W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane 
at 16.7N, 60.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 1230Z position at 17.0N, 61.0W with 70 kt max winds and 990 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.0N, 60.4W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a low of at most 996 mb centered near 16.9N, 60.8W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1006 mb at 10Z at 16.9N, 
60.3W (micro).  Land/station highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Antigua.  One other 35 kt gale at 
12Z at Antigua.  Aircraft highlights: center fix (low-level penetration, DR) at 1247Z at 17.2N, 62.0W with 
990 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 90 kt at ~700 feet (ATS, micro, AWS); 
center fix at (low-level penetration) at 2040Z at 17.0N, 61.1W with 987 mb central pressure and 90 kt max 
winds (AWS, micro).  At least one surface hurricane force wind, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, 
and five other peripheral pressures between 996-999 mb.  "Navy hurep eight 21/1247: DR position excellent.  
Hurricane center 17.2N, 61.0W.  Max winds 90 kt in the west and north quadrants.  40 kt winds extend outward 
25 miles in the SE quadrant, 25 miles in the west quadrant, 30 miles in the northeast quadrant.  Eye open 
SSE to SW.  Hook extends from SW to east.  Width 10 to 15 miles with heavy rain.  Min pressure 990 mb" (micro).  
"Post flight report 21/1625Z: Eye forming.  No area of relative calm or apparent cloud breaks.  Minimum winds 
area 12 miles diameter.  Hurricane carries torrential rain all quadrants except SSW.  DR positions excellent" 
(micro).  "N-10: Gust 75 kts in squall line" (micro).  "AF 2040Z: Recon 17.0N, 61.1W [center fix].  Climbing 
to 10,000 ft in eye (received at 2105Z)" (micro).  From Air Force flight.. "Hurricane winds extend 40 miles 
to NE of center and 15 miles to SW.  Storm winds extend 60 miles NE and 35 miles SW of center.  Gale winds 
extend 80 miles NE and 35 miles SW of center.  Storm center located by simultaneous radar fix on island 
and eye of storm" (micro).  "A reconnaissance mission was dispatched early on the 21st to search the area 
east of Antigua.  This flight found a storm with winds to 70 knots and a central pressure of 990 mbs.  The 
center had not developed a well defined eye but did contain an area of relative calm.  The afternoon flight 
found Storm Baker better organized with a central pressure of 987 mbs and winds to 90 kt" (AWS).  From the 
ATS report... "This flight departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 21/0952Z to investigate an area of suspicion 
existing to the east of the Lesser Antilles.  After having cleared the islands by 1240Z the wind was placed 
on the port beam and penetration of the hurricane commenced.  The wind increased to over 90 knots and radar 
indicated our position to be in the northwestern edge of the eye at 1247Z.  However, the wind did not diminish 
in the next minute so heading was immediately altered to circumnavigate the hurricane.  At 1252Z, the aircraft 
emerged into an area of very confused seas and winds from all direction ranging in velocities from 25 to 50 knots.  
This area was 12 miles in diameter and centered near 17.2N, 61.0W at 21/1247Z with no apparent breaks in the lower 
clouds present.  Departure was immediately taken from this area in a southwesterly direction after having observed 
a pressure low of 990 mb.  Circumnavigation was again commenced at 1300Z with the flight returning to Ramey AFB, 
Puerto Rico" (ATS).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 62.8W with a trough/wave extending from the 
low northeastward to 24N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 16.7N, 62.4W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 17.0N, 61.2W with 90 kt max winds and 987 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position 
at 17.0N, 61.6W with 50 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position near 16.9N, 62.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.5N, 62.4W.  
Land/station highlights: 80-105 kt N (estimated, max w) around ~04Z at Antigua (AWS); 990 mb [min p?] around 
~04Z at Antigua (AWS); 40 kt ENE G 50 kt and 1008 mb at 06Z at St. Kitts.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt NE 
(flight-level of 900 ft 45 kt ENE) and 1006 mb at 1415Z at 16.8N, 62.9W (ATS); center fix (low-level) at 15Z 
at 16.7N, 62.2W with 1003 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level gusts of 50 kt (ATS, micro, AWS).  
Two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  "It passed about over the island of Antigua during the night of the 21st 
with winds reported at 90 to 120 mph" (MWR).  "Navy-6: Area of relative calm and confused seas was centered 
at 16.7N, 62.2W at 22/1500Z.  Land radar fix [by radar on Navy aircraft].  Central pressure 1003.1 mb.  All 
quadrants except NE open at 10,000 ft.  850 mb height 4890, temperature 19.6C, wind 160 degrees 18 kts 
[in center].  700 mb data [in center] height 10,300 ft, temperature 13.7C, wind 220 degrees 38 kt.  
Max winds- gust to 50 kt 15 miles NW of the center [at ~700 mb or 10,000 ft]" (micro).  "A verbal report 
from Antigua indicated that the wind had reached 90 to 120 mph N and the pressure had dropped to 990 mbs 
approximately 22/0400Z.  A few hours later, Antigua reported NE winds force 3 to 5 [10 to 20 kt] and pressures 
above 1005 mb.  Since the wind direction had not changed, it was quite apparent that Storm Baker had either 
reversed its direction and moved off to the east or northeast or had weakened considerably.  The morning 
reconnaissance flight on the 22nd reported a weak cyclonic circulation centered 60 miles SW of Antigua at 
22/1500Z.  This added to the confusion since Antigua still reported NE winds.  However, at 22/1930Z, Antigua 
reported a SE wind [had shifted from NE] making it fairly conclusive that Storm Baker had dissipated immediately 
after formation" (AWS).  "After crossing Antigua, Baker moved in a west-northwesterly direction and accelerated 
to about 18 knots; at this point it existed as a small unstable vortex with maximum winds of 50 knots and 
minimum pressure of 1003 mbs" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "Shortly after departure from Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico 
at 22/1200Z, course was taken from Montserrat Island in the Lesser Antilles to investigate the hurricane which 
in the previous 24 hours had moved from a position 40 miles east of Antigua Island into the Montserrat- St. Kitts 
Island area.  A thorough investigation of this area was made maintaining a margin of safety around the mountainous 
islands with the following in-flight plain language and post flight summary bring reported: 'In-flight plain 
language- Area of relative calm and confused seas centered near 16.7N, 62.2W at 22/1500Z by land radar fix.  
Central pressure 1003.1 mb.  All quadrants except northeast open at 10,000 feet.  Maximum winds gust 50 knots 
15 miles northwest of center.  Post flight summary- intertropical front extends west southwest from south of 
Antigua into closed circulation thence southwest.  Swells and weather indicate this to be remains of severe hurricane 
located yesterday.  Observations in eye indicate rapid filling of this low although severe squalls accompany it to 
the northwest, north and northeast.'  Flight was routine throughout retuning to Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico at 22/1804Z" (ATS).  
Regarding the storm in Antigua... "Roofs blown off several sugar warehouses, trees uprooted, some power and 
telephone lines broken, and 40 or more homes flattened" (climo).  Regarding the storm in Barbados... "Heavy rains 
and some flooding caused minor damages due to the effects of the southern part of easterly wave with which hurricane 
was associated" (climo).

August 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 66.2W with a trough/wave extending from 19N,
66W northeastward to 26N, 61W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.6N, 66.0W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 17.1N, 63.0W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 
18.2N, 66.5W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 18.3N, 66.1W with a 1002 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
the HWM position.  Microfilm continues to analyze a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.7N, 65.9W.  
Aircraft highlights: 20 kt SW (at both the surface and flight-level of 1000 ft) and 1003 mb at 1145Z at 17.6N, 
65.7W (ATS); 40 kt E (45 kt E at flight-level of 700 ft) and 1006 mb at 15Z at 19.5N, 66.8W (ATS).  One other 
surface gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Station highlight:  30 kt ENE with 1009 mb at 
Isabella, Puerto Rico (micro).  "It progressed slowly west-northwestward losing force, and was only a minor 
disturbance on the 23rd when it reached Puerto Rico, where strongest winds were 35 to 40 mp" (MWR).  "As the 
vortex passed just south of St. Croix on 23 August, the station at Eingshill reported a wind shift from north 
to south and force 6 winds [25 kt] with gusts to 35 mph.  Navy recon found the storm on the 23rd just as it 
entered the Puerto Rican coast and passed NE of Ponce at about 1300Z.  Ponce indicated a pressure of 1006 as 
the center passed.  Moving through the Mona Passage and skirting the north coast of Hispaniola, the storm, still 
in the unstable vortex stage, continued at a steady 15 knot movement" (AWS).  "Strong squall line passed north of 
Puerto Rico at 23/1130Z oriented SW to ENE which marked boundary between ENE and SE flow [aloft?].  Moderate 
squall line passed north of Puerto Rico at 23/1627Z oriented SW to ENE which marked boundary between ESE and S 
flow aloft.  Pressure and winds indicate existence of weak cyclonic circulation to south southwest of Ramey.  
Morning flight encountered squalls mentioned which appear to cease at 20N.  Situation looks identical to yesterday's 
flight results" (micro).  From the ATS report... "Flight was to scout the area in vicinity and southwest of Puerto Rico.  
Showers and light southerly winds were found south of the island, but upon investigating this area northeast and 
north of Puerto Rico, increasing heavy squalls were experienced and winds of east 40 knots were observed, gusting 
to 50 in squall centers.  These squalls were heaviest in a 60 square mile area north of Puerto Rico" (ATS).  
Regarding the storm in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico... "Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico experienced very 
minor damages from the wind and rain which occurred in connection with tropical disturbance which degenerated 
into an area of squally weather.  Damages consisted of a few broken electric and telephone lines, torn awnings, 
and broken neon signs.  Heavy rains in some sections of Puerto Rico delayed farm work and construction projects.  
Some small streams reached flood stage" (climo).

August 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.2N, 71.7W with a trough/wave axis extending from the 
low northeastward to 27N, 68W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 20.3N, 71.7W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 19.6N, 69.1W with 45 kt max winds and 1006 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 20.7N, 
72.2W with 50 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
20.4N, 71.3W with a 1009 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season tracks map shows a 12Z position near 20.4N, 72.0W.  Microfilm 
analyzes an open wave containing a spot low near 20.6N, 71.8W.  Land/station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb (min p) at 
18Z at Great Inagua Island (21.1N, 73.3W) (micro, AWS).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt E (micro).  "This track brought the 
storm across Great Inagua at about 1800Z on the 24th, at which time the island had a 1003 mb pressure.  A slow 
deceleration and deepening of the central pressure occurred from this point on" (AWS).  "D-10: Weak squall line 
oriented NW by SE 30 miles N of position appears to extend 100 miles E and 75 mi W then across to the south 
approximately 2.5 [degrees?] proceeding to 20N, 74W" (micro).


August 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.8N, 77.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical 
depression at 21.8N, 78.4W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.2N, 75.1W with 50 kt max winds and 
1003 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.6N, 78.1W with 46 kt max winds and 1003 mb central pressure.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.6N, 78.7W with a 1002 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position between the HURDAT and HWM positions.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.7N, 78.2W.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt W and 1002 mb (min p) at 1230Z at 
Camaguey, Cuba (21.4N, 78.0W) (AWS, HWM); 20 kt NNW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 21.9N, 79.4W (micro).  "Thereafter, it 
was in the nature of a squally wave until the evening of the 25th when signs of another developing center were 
noted off the south Cuban coast.  This center developed slowly, moved westward across the western tip of Cuba 
into the Gulf, made a curve to northward, and increased to hurricane force" (MWR).  "After passing Great Inagua, 
the vortex moved due west and entered the Cuban coast just east of Camaguey.  This station later reported a 
minimum pressure of 1002 mbs with force 6 winds [25 kt] as the storm passed just to the north of the city at 
about 1230Z on the 25th" (AWS).  "Baker - Aug. 25-28 - TS in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.9N, 83.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 21.8N, 81.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.5N, 80.3W with 46 kt max winds and 1001 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.9N, 82.1W with 46 kt max winds 1001 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 82.3W with a 1001 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 22.0N, 82.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.6N, 
82.0W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt W and 1005 mb at 18Z at 20.6N, 82.8W (COA, micro).  Land/station highlights: 35 kt N 
and 1001 mb at 06Z at Cayo Guano de Este (21.7N, 81.5W) (micro); 45 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 18Z at Cayo Guano de Este 
(micro).  11 other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 46 kt maximum flight-level wind encountered 
by Air Force during afternoon flight (AWS); 25 kt SW (25 kt WSW at flight-level of 1500 ft) and 1003 mb at 2045Z at 
20.9N, 82.9W (micro).  "The disturbance emerged from the south Cuban coast in the vicinity of Palo Alto and passed 
just north of the Isle of Pines with a westerly movement of 7 knots at 2000Z on the 26th.  Air Force reconnaissance 
in the area found evidence of a closed circulation at the 700 mb level.  Descending to the low level, the flight 
encountered maximum winds of 46 knots" (AWS).

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.3N, 85.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 22.8N, 84.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.1N, 83.4W with 46 kt max winds and 1001 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 22.4N, 84.6W with 55 kt max winds and 1000 mb central pressure.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.9N, 84.5W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 22.5N, 84.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 
22.4N, 84.8W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 21.2N, 83.8W (COA, micro); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 
18Z at 24.3N, 82.5W (COA).  One other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at 
00Z at Caletade (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro); 20 kt W and 1003 mb at 12Z at Cayo de San Antonio (21.8N, 84.8W) (HWM); 
50 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z at Dry Tortugas (micro).  Nine other low pressures and two other gales, both at 
Dry Tortugas.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 15Z at 22.5N, 84.9W with 996 mb central pressure, 40 kt 
maximum surface winds and 50 kt measured flight-level winds with a report of "eye forming" (AWS, ATS); Air Force 
center fix (low-level penetration) at 2204Z with 997 central pressure and 58 kt winds with report of "eye not 
definite" (AWS).  Three other surface gales of 35-40 kt, two other flight-level gales of 40-44 kt, and five other 
low pressures of 1001-1005 mb.  "The vortex again crossed western Cuba in the vicinity of Pinar del Rio at about 
0700Z on the 27th.  The press reported a crop loss in this area of $2,000,000 and 20 deaths caused by devastating 
winds and rain.  Upon entering the Gulf, the storm again took up a WNW movement and at 2200Z on the 27th, Aircraft 
Recon penetrated the storm at low level to find a minimum pressure of 997 mbs and maximum winds of 58 knots.  
No definite eye had yet formed" (AWS).  After entering the Gulf of Mexico, Baker intensified in terms of wind 
speed on the 27th through the 29th, "but the surface pressure remained between 995-998 mbs.  Also, the degree of 
organization of the storm remained unchanged" (AWS).  "Post flight summary 27 August: Lowest pressure located at 
1500Z at 22.5N, 84.9W with characteristics of eye in formative stage.  West and south sides very weak with max 
winds 20 kt.  Noticeable lack of middle and high clouds west and south sides.  Entire storm relatively dry all 
quadrants.  North and northeast quadrants max winds 50 kt at a distance of 100 miles from center 40 kt to 150 miles.  
Lowest pressure in center 996 mb.  Would indicate moderate deepening and intensification expected" (micro).  
From the ATS report... "This was the fifth recco flight into a squally area which had previously been a well-developed 
hurricane before being broken up moving through the Lesser and Greater Antilles island group.  During the 24 hours 
preceding this flight, the weak low pressure center had moved over western Cuba, and now out over open water in 
the Gulf it would bear investigating for possible redevelopment.  The flight departed Miami and a weak closed 
circulation was found, but winds of tropical force were found in the northeast quadrant.  Further reconnaissance 
would be necessary to determine extent of future intensification.  Surface pressure 996 mb believed to be weak 
center.  5000 ft pressure (834 or 854 mb?)" (ATS).

August 28:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 87.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane 
at 23.2N, 87.7W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.9N, 85.5W with 58 kt max winds and 996 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.2N, 86.6W with 60 kt max winds and 995 mb central pressure.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 23.6N, 87.4W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.3N, 87.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb 
centered near 22.8N, 87.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 23.5N, 86.9W (micro); 45 kt SE 
and 1008 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 84.3W (COA); 995 mb (min p) and 50 kt (max w), both around 2130Z (but not necessarily 
simultaneous observations) (AWS).  Six other gales and eight other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 20 kt S 
and 1003 mb at 00Z at 22.1N, 84.1W.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar attempted center fix at 05Z with report of 
"no center discernable, scattered squalls" (AWS); Navy center fix (low-level penetration) at 1315Z at 22.9N, 87.4W 
with 998 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 65-75 kt (AWS, ATS); Air Force center 
fix (low-level penetration) at 18Z at 23.3N, 87.0W with 996 mb pressure and 60 kt winds (AWS, micro); Air Force 
center fix (at 10,000 feet) at 2039Z at 23.3N, 87.2W with 993 mb pressure from dropsonde (micro).  Seven other surface 
gales, five other flight level winds of between 60-70 kt, ten other low pressures of 1000-1005 mb.  "On the 28th, 
the storm continued to decelerate and to intensify in so far as wind speed is concerned.  The minimum central pressure 
remained nearly constant.  The forward speed reached about 4 kt, the minimum speed since leaving Antigua" (AWS).  
"Navy 2: 0500Z 23.2N, 84.1W.  10,000 ft wind estimated 161 degrees 38 kt.  No center discernable.  Scattered squalls.  
Will proceed to 23N, 85W then to 24N, 85W.  Navy: 25N, 85.2W.  Proceeded as indicated in previous report.  Only 
light squalls on scope" (micro).  "1345Z: Navy 7- departed eye NE side.  Max winds 65 to 70 kt 23.5N, 86.8W.  
Navy 8 (1430Z): 23.8N, 85.7W.  Winds extend 70 miles from center on NE side" (micro).  "PM duck flight on Gulf 
hurricane: Post flight remarks- Storm center at 1800Z was 23.3N, 87.0W located by low-level flight.  SLP = 995.9 mb.  
At 2039Z at 10,000 feet altitude the center was located at 23.3N, 87.2W.  A dropsonde reported SLP 993 mb.  Max winds 
north sector 60 kt.  Gale winds extend 150 miles in the NE quadrant.  South sector open with light winds" (micro).  
"SS Rincon Hills at 2130Z reported SW 5 kt 999 mb pressure at 23.8N, 87.7W.  Remarks- passing through center of storm.  
Wind SW 10 kt.  Increasing.  Greatest wind experienced 50 kt" (micro).  From the ATS report... "Winds gradually increased 
from 20 knots to 60 knots from the SE to ESE over a distance of nearly 200 miles.  As the low pressure center was 
approached, heavy squall lines were encountered.  Course was held to the north of the storm center until the winds 
backed through the east and then very rapidly backed through northeast and north and subsided down to 35 knots down to 
15 knots and then to near calm as the flight entered from the northwest into a calm and clear area.  Departed through 
northeast side encountering extremely heavy rain as squall lines were crossed.  Returned to Miami" (ATS).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.3N, 89.9W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane 
at 24.4N, 88.9W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 23.4N, 87.5W with 75 kt max winds and 993 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.6N, 88.4W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 88.3W with a 988 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 88.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 23.8N, 88.0W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 25.8N, 86.8W (micro); 30 kt E and 1001 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 88.0W 
(micro); 55 kt [?] SE and 1008 mb [?] at 18Z at 26.1N, 86.2W (micro).  Eight other gales and ten other low pressures.  
Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0415, 0500, and 0600Z between 23.1-23.2N, 86.4-86.5W (micro, AWS); 
at least 40 kt (80 kt SE at flight-level of 600 ft) and 997 mb at 13Z at 24.1N, 87.1W (ATS); Navy center fix 
(low-level) at 1307Z with 85 kt max flight-level winds with a report of "passed through clear area 25 miles wide, 
60 miles long; wind dropped to 20 knots" (AWS); Air Force center fix at 1930Z at 23.7N, 88.9W [or 88.5W?] with 
997 mb pressure [probably not central pressure] with report of "center elliptical, clear to SW" (AWS, micro).  
Five other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and five other low pressures.  "Late on 
the 29th, the storm turned abruptly to the north.  The afternoon flight on the 29th indicated no change in 
movement [though]..." (AWS).  "Navy six storm position 22.7N, 86.6W at 0345Z.  Radar, land, loran fix.  Poorly 
defined eye open to northwest.  Checked area to north and west with negative results.  Time of first position 
0230Z.  Navy seven correct storm position at 0415Z determined by radar fix on land to 23.1N, 86.4W.  0500Z: Radar 
fix on land 23.1N, 86.4W.  Eye lies on bearing 35 to 170 degrees - 20 miles wide, 65 miles in length.  Open to NW.  
0600Z: Center of widely diffused storm area at 23.2N, 86.5W.  No eye apparent" (micro).  "D-5: Position of center 
23.7N, 88.9W.  Not completely closed.  Clear to west-southwest quadrant.  Diameter of center 40 miles long and 
30 miles wide" (micro).  From the ATS report... "Previous reconnaissance of this storm had shown hurricane force 
winds in severe squalls in the eastern sector, with a weak circulation, but no definite eye.  This flight verified 
the fact that there were still winds in excess of 65 knots in the squalls, but no circulation was established.  
A post flight analysis that the center of the weak circulation was further north than the track flown.  The heavy 
rain area was determined to have been 120 miles wide.  Severe thunderstorms with a greenish cast to the sky were 
observed near 23.5N, 87.7W to the south of the flight path" (ATS). 

August 30:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 27.3N, 88.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane 
at 27.2N, 89.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.7N, 89.0W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position 27.0N, 88.6W with 85 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 88.8W with a 985 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 88.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.9N, 88.8W.  
Ship highlights: 80 kt SE and 996 mb [around ~06Z is a guess for the time, but it definitely occurred sometime between 
00Z-12Z] at 26.2N, 87.0W (micro); 55 kt SW and 993 mb at 12Z at 26.8N, 88.1W (micro); 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 18Z 
at 29.8N< 87.8W (COA); 978 mb (min p encountered by ship "Mather") at 20Z (AWS); hurricane force at or around 20Z by 
ship "Mather" (AWS).  Nine other gales and one other low pressure of less than 1000 mb.  Land/station highlights: 
25 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 29.0N, 89.4W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: At least 40 kt S (80 kt S at flight-level 
of 900 ft) and 992 mb at 13Z at 27.4N, 88.8W (ATS); Approximate Navy center fix at 1307Z at 27.5N, 89.0W with lowest 
peripheral pressure encountered of 992 mb (ATS); attempted Navy center fix at 1540Z with lowest peripheral pressure 
encountered 992 mb and 90 kt winds with report of "no eye, only NE-SW trough" (AWS); at least 65 kt NW (60 kt NNW at 
flight-level of 600 ft) and 986[?] mb at 19Z at 28.1N, 88.6W (micro); 100 kt ESE at flight-level of ~600 feet and 
980 mb at 1930Z at 28.2N, 88.1W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1930Z at 28.0N, 88.5W with 980 pressure [not sure 
if central pressure- 50/50 chance] and 100 kt flight-level winds with flight-level gusts to 125 kt with report of 
"storm intensified" (AWS, micro).  Eight other surface gales, six other flight-level hurricane force winds, and 
eight other low pressures of less than 1000 mb.  "Ship reports during the night [of the 29th-30th] indicated the 
possibility that the storm center was turning northward and the morning reconnaissance flight found the storm center 
at latitude 27.8N, indicating not only a turn to the north but rapid acceleration.  Hurricane Warning was advised 
from Mobile to Cross City at 30/0930Z on the basis of the ship reports in the Gulf.  During the afternoon of the 
30th, the SS Mather reported a minimum pressure of 978 mbs and reconnaissance reported gusts to 125 kt.  At this 
time, the center was moving north at 12-15 kt" (AWS).  "Aircraft and ship reports on the afternoon of the 30th 
estimated strongest winds at about 115 mph some distance south of the Alabama coast.  This was the strongest 
reported in connection with this storm" (MWR).  "On the 30th, wind speeds continued to rise to 125 kt in gusts 
and the surface pressure fell rapidly to at least 978 mbs.  Approximately 8 hours after those observations were 
reported, the center moved inland" (AWS).  "Hurep Duck: Very rough sea.  Gusts to 125 kt.  Center of storm at 
1930Z 28.0N, 88.5W.  Storm has intensified very much.  Winds are 100 kt in NE quadrant.  Sea is very rough with 
very high swells.  Severe turbulence encountered" (micro).  From the ATS report... "It is now apparently moving 
northward toward the U.S. Gulf Coast.  The flight departed Miami for a position almost due west of Miami, but 
found after a short distance that the hurricane was further north than anticipated and plans were changed enroute.  
The storm area was circumnavigated twice and the rather indistinct center of low pressure was passed through twice 
and investigated thoroughly.  Then the area to the northeast was searched so that knowledge of the weather and wind 
field preceding the storm toward the coastline, particularly the Pensacola area, could be relayed to the people who 
needed to know.  Several extra hours in flight were spent to gather the fullest amount of data possible.  1540Z plain 
language message: No eye encountered.  Elongated trough oriented NE-SW.  Easterly wave type wind shear across trough.  
Min pressure 993 mbs extends along trough" (ATS).  "Tropical cyclones in Florida, Aug. 30, Pensacola, Minor, 
Damage $550,000.  Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, Minimal, 1 killed, damage $2,550,000" 
("Minor" is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb; "minimal" is equivalent to winds of 
74-100 mph and pressure 983 to 996 mb- Dunn and Miller).  "Aug 30 - Center crossed coast near Mobile - Estimated 
lowest 28.90'" (Connor 1956).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered over west-central Alabama near 33.7N, 87.9W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 87.9W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.2N, 88.0W with 
100 kt max winds and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 34.0N, 88.7W with 55 kt max winds and 992 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.3N, 88.1W with a 987 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33.7N, 87.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
993 mb centered near 34.2N 88.2W with a front plotted extending from 37N, 91W northeastward to beyond 41N, 84W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 996 mb at 00Z at 29.8N, 87.8W (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt and 34 other low 
pressures between 1001-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 85 kt at Santa Rosa Island (max w) [gust or sustained? 
Measured or estimated?] (climo); 40 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Pensacola, Apalachicola, and Birmingham (climo); 979 mb 
(central pressure) around ~03Z at Fort Morgan, AL (30.2N, 88.0W) (Connor, Ho et al.); 63 kt NW around ~03Z at 
Fort Morgan (Connor); 991 mb (min p) at 03Z at Pensacola (climo); 987 mb (min p) around 03Z or 04Z at Mobile, AL (Connor); 
40 kt WSW and 995 mb at 06Z at Pensacola (micro); 20 kt WSW and 993 mb at 06Z at Mobile (micro); 30 kt N and 993 mb 
at 12Z at Tupelo, MS (34.3N, 88.8W) (micro); 30 kt NNW and 998 mb at 18Z at Memphis, TN.  Three other gales and 
six other low pressures of less than 1000 mb.  "It lost some force before moving inland during the night of the 
30th between Mobile and Pensacola.  Winds on the coast were 75 to 85 mph; a total of about $2,550,000 damage to 
property and crops resulted from winds and tides in a zone from near Mobile to St. Marks, FL.  There were two 
tornadoes reported in connection with this hurricane, one of which demolished four dwellings and a store building, 
and damaged 11 other buildings at Apalachicola.  The other tornado occurred in Jackson County, FL, but only one 
home was destroyed.  Heavy rain and winds results in heavy crop damage in southern Alabama and northwest Florida.  
Gusts of 50 mph were recorded as far inland as Birmingham Airport, and were estimated as high as 75 mph atop 
adjacent mountains.  One person was killed and two injured in Birmingham by fallen live wires" (MWR).  "This 
movement brought the center inland just east of Mobile at about 0400Z on the 31st.  Coastal stations reported 
maximum winds of only 75 to 80 knots as compared to the 90 to 120 knots expected on the basis of winds reported 
by ships and aircraft recon.  The storm continued inland along the Mississippi-Alabama state line into western 
Tennessee at an accelerated rate.  In this area, the disturbance became associated with a frontal system and 
lost its identity as a tropical storm as the winds dropped below gale force.  Although the storm did not live 
up to its advance notices in strength, Northwest Florida and Alabama along the Mississippi state line received 
damages in excess of $1,000,000.  Two people were killed and six hurt.  Florida suffered $600,000 worth of 
property damage along the Gulf Coast between Apalachicola and Pensacola.  Alabama had property damage of at 
least $500,000" (AWS).  "No land station reported even gusts above 80 kt" (AWS).  "After the center moved 
inland it accelerated to 24 kt for 12 hours and then dropped back to about 15 kt.  Regarding the storm in 
Alabama (where $1,500,000 damage was done to crops and $500,000 damage was done to property, 1 killed, and 
2 injured)... "Center of storm moved northward from Gulf through Alabama, near Mississippi border.  Considerable 
roof and miscellaneous damage to houses and other buildings in Monroe County.  Damage progressively lighter 
eastward and northward [in the state of Alabama]; no damage in eastern border counties and extreme north.  
Some slight damage to most houses in Frisco City, Monroe County, but farther south where building designers 
are wind-conscious, little general damage to buildings.  Limit of area in which roof damage occurred included 
southwestern one-fourth of State.  Some uprooted trees over an area including about one-half of remainder of
 State and extended to within 50 or 60 miles of Georgia line and about 100 miles of Tennessee line.  Damage 
heavy in Birmingham area, however, due to topographic effect on air flow" (climo).  Regarding the storm in 
Florida (northwestern portion- Franklin County, and all of Florida west of Apalachicola river, where $100,000 
damage was done to crops and $409,000 was done to property)... "Center passed inland between Mobile and Pensacola 
moving north-northeastward.  Wind reached 100 mph night of 30th at Santa Rosa Island south of Pensacola.  At 
Pensacola, lowest sea-level pressure was 29.27 inches at 10 pm, 30th (991 mb at 03Z on the 31st), and maximum 
wind speed 42 mph from the southeast at 8:48 to 8:53 pm 30th (37 kt SE- 5 min max wind at 0150Z on the 31st)" 
(climo).  Regarding two tornadoes associated with Baker... "Apalachicola- 22Z-2210Z- 30th- 50 yards wide- damage 
to property $35,000- Tornado moved northeastward in northeastern quadrant of hurricane damaging 23 homes.  
Reported as a waterspout that came ashore.  It was on the ground for a length of 900 yards.  Another tornado 
was reported in Jackson County, FL- early am- 31st- property damage $6,000- Tornado occurred in northeastern 
quadrant of hurricane.  One home and one other building destroyed; one home and two other buildings damaged" 
(climo).  "Aug 31, 1950 - 979 mb landfall pressure based upon 979 mb observed at Ft. Morgan, AL - RMW 21 nm - 
speed 23 kt - landfall point 30.2N, 88.1W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Baker - 1004 mb environmental pressure at 
landfall - 70 kt estimated max 1-min wind at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Baker - AL, 1 - 980 mb" 
(Jarrell et al. 1992).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over the northern part of extreme western Tennessee 
near 36.3N, 89.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 15 kt tropical depression at 36.0N, 89.3W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.6N, 89.0W.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt NNW and 999 mb 
at 00Z at 36.4N, 90.0W (micro); 20 kt N and 1004 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 88.5W (micro).

September 2:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day but instead analyzes a trough over the south-central states 
around the Arkansas area.  A warm front extends southeastward from a mid-latitude low pressure area over 
South Dakota to the Nebraska/Missouri border.  The warm front becomes a cold front there and it extends 
eastward all the way through to near southeastern Pennsylvania.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.

Baker formed from an easterly wave that emerged off the African coast on 13 August.  HURDAT starts this system 
at 06Z on 20 August at 16.3N, 55.0W with a 60 kt intensity.  Observations on 18 August indicate that the system 
had undergone genesis by 12Z on that date.  Genesis is now indicated 42 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT.  
The existing intensity at 06Z on the 20th is lowered by 10 kt and the position is moved over a degree west-southwest 
of the previous HURDAT starting position.  Development into a tropical storm is estimated to have occurred around 
12Z on 19 August, 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT.  By 06Z on the 21st, observations from the Leeward Islands 
indicated the approaching cyclone with slowly falling pressures and cyclonic curvature of the winds.  The first 
highlight observation was a ship report of 60 kt and 1006 mb at 10Z on the 21st, and the first aircraft center 
fix was made at 1247Z (the aircraft found a 990 mb central pressure and reported an eye radius of 6 nmi).  
Later, at 2040Z, aircraft measured a 987 mb central pressure with the cyclone centered at 17N, 61.1W.  Central 
pressures of 990 and 987 mb are added into HURDAT at 12Z and 18Z on the 21st respectively.  At 04Z on the 22nd, 
the hurricane is analyzed to have passed just south of Antigua.  Antigua verbally reported winds of between 
80-105 kt, but it is unknown whether these winds were estimated or measured or whether they were sustained or gusts.  
The minimum pressure reported at Antigua was 990 mb, but there were no reports of calm on the island.  The HURDAT 
track is moved northward to show a track closer to Antigua.  For intensity on the 21st, a 990 mb central pressure 
yields 64 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, but 70 kt is chosen for 12Z 
(down from 105 kt originally) due to the small RMW size reported by the aircraft.  A 987 mb central pressure yields 
68 kt, and 75 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 100 kt originally).  The intensity is reduced slightly from 90 to 85 kt 
at 00Z on the 22nd, which is consistent with the moderate wind impact reported in Antigua and gives a more realistic 
intensity change for the system.  All available information indicates that Baker rapidly weakened as it moved westward 
after its impact on Antigua.  Aircraft fixes at 15Z on the 22nd reported central pressure had risen to 1003 mb, but 
the circulation was definitely still closed.  A central pressure of 1003 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd.  
A central pressure of 1003 mb yields 43 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship for weakening systems, and 
45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd (down from 60 kt originally).  Baker is analyzed to have made landfall on the 
southern coast of Puerto Rico just east of Ponce around 13Z on the 23rd as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Some Puerto Rican 
land stations reported 30 kt winds and pressures as low as 1006 mb, and aircraft estimated surface winds as high 
as 40 kt and measured pressures as low as 1003 mb around the time of Puerto Rican landfall.  Baker is analyzed to 
have weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 23rd, about the same time it exited the west coast of Puerto 
Rico.  Baker made landfall on Hispaniola at 18.6N, 68.6W at 00Z the 24th as a 30 kt tropical depression (no change 
to HURDAT).  The center of circulation stayed over the island until 10Z the 24th when it moved north of the island.  
(It is noted that it is possible that the center jumped/reformed from south to north across Hispaniola between 
00-06 and 12-18Z on the 24th.  However, the evidence is not conclusive so no large changes in position are introduced
on this date.)  While over Hispaniola, Baker is analyzed to have weakened to a 25 kt tropical depression.  At 
18Z on the 24th, Baker passed over Great Inagua Island in the Bahamas, where a minimum pressure of 1003 mb was recorded.  
A 30 kt wind was also reported from a ship, and observations indicated the circulation was definitely closed.  It is 
analyzed that Baker re-strengthened to a 40 kt tropical storm by that time (up from 35 kt originally).  Baker 
continued moving westward and is analyzed to have made its first Cuban landfall around 08Z on the 25th at 21.7N, 
77.1W as a 45 kt tropical storm.  The previous HURDAT track was a few tenths of a degree too far west at each 
point on the 25th as indicated by Cuban observations, and slight eastward adjustments are analyzed.  Even though 
the highest observed wind on the 25th was only 30 kt, a minimum pressure of 1002 mb was record at Camaguey 
simultaneously with 25 kt winds around 1230Z on the 25th.  The revised intensities on the 25th are as follows: 
45, 45, 35, and 30 kt (originally 25, 25, 30, and 30 kt).  The center of Baker emerged over water south of 
Cuba around 20Z on the 25th, and it is analyzed that Baker strengthened again to a 35 kt tropical storm by 
00Z on the 26th (no change to HURDAT).  On the 26th, no track changes of more than two-tenths of a degree are 
analyzed.  At 06Z on the 26th, the island of Cayo Guano de Este recorded 35 kt N and 1001 mb, and a 45 kt 
 intensity is analyzed for HURDAT at that time (up from 35 kt originally).  Baker is analyzed to have passed 
near of over the north coast of the Isle of Youth from 12Z on the 26th to 00Z on the 27th.  Ship and station 
observations indicate that Baker was likely strengthening during this time.  HURDAT intensities are increased 
by 5 to 10 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 26th accordingly.  It is analyzed that Baker made another landfall on 
Cuba around 05Z on the 27th near 22.2N, 83.8W as a 50 kt tropical storm.  Baker emerged over the Gulf of Mexico 
by 11Z on the 27th.  It is analyzed that Baker weakened by 5 kt during its short time over western Cuba.  From 
the 27th through the 29th, Baker moved slowly and erratically towards the west-northwest, reaching a position of 
24.1N, 88.4W by 18Z on the 29th (original position 25.0N, 89.1W).  Numerous aircraft fixes from the 27th through 
the 29th do not resemble anything remotely similar to a smooth curve.  Available ship observations aided somewhat 
in the track reanalysis during this period.  It is noteworthy that the Dry Tortugas anemometer appeared 
consistently too high with wind speed observations, and this may be due in part to the elevation of the anemometer.  
Navy aircraft reported central pressures between 996-998 mb between 15Z on the 27th and 18Z on 28th.  Central 
pressures of 996, 998, and 996 mb are added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 27th, and 12 and 18Z on the 28th respectively.  
The 996 mb central pressures yields 54 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  A steady intensity 
of 55 kt is chosen at all times from 18Z on the 27th through 18Z on the 28th (down from 65 kt originally by 
18Z on the 28th).  At 2039Z on the 28th a dropsonde from an Air Force plane recorded a 993 mb pressure, and a 
ship around the same time recorded a minimum pressure of 995 and a maximum wind of 50 kt.  On the 29th, Baker 
likely underwent intensification, but the aircraft did not attempt to penetrate the center on that day and no 
reliable observations of the peak intensity were taken.  On the 30th, Baker suddenly accelerated towards the 
north.  The analyzed position, which is a degree south of the previous HURDAT position at 00Z on the 30th, 
"caught up" with the HURDAT position by 12Z.  Aircraft approximately fixed the center at 1307Z, and located 
the center more precisely with the final aircraft fix at 1930Z on the 30th at 28.0N, 88.5W.  A ship reported 
winds of 80 kt along with a pressure of 996 mb sometime between 06Z - 10Z on the 30th.  A 980 mb pressure 
was the lowest pressure reported by the aircraft on the afternoon flight, but it is uncertain whether this 
is a central pressure value.  At 20Z on the 30th a ship involved with Baker recorded a minimum pressure of 
978 mb, and it is unknown whether this value is a central pressure.  This ship also recorded maximum winds 
of 70 kt around the same time, but not necessarily simultaneously.  A 978 mb peripheral pressure suggests 
wind speeds of greater than 75 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  

Baker made landfall at Fort Morgan, AL (30.2N, 88.0W) at 03Z on 31 August where a 979 mb central pressure 
was recorded at landfall (Ho et al. 1987, Connor 1956).  The 979 mb central pressure at 06Z on the 30th is 
removed from HURDAT and a central pressure of 979 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 31st.  The center of 
Baker then traveled into Mobile Bay and made its final landfall at 04Z on the 31st at 30.7N, 87.9W.  The 
highest wind information available from land is an 85 kt max wind report from Santa Rosa Island, FL (30.3N, 
87.1W), but it is unknown whether these winds were observed or estimated and it is unknown whether this was 
a sustained wind or a gust.  An official wind of 63 kt was recorded at Fort Morgan (Connor).  The RMW at 
landfall was 21 nmi (Ho et al.) (climo RMW is 23 nmi), the 12 hour forward speed of Baker was 16 kt, the 
OCI is analyzed to be 1003 mb and the ROCI was 250 nmi.  Baker was either steady state or weakening at 
landfall.  A 979 mb central pressure corresponds to 74 or 71 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship for steady state and weakening systems respectively.  The HURDAT intensity at 00Z on the 31st 
of 75 kt is unchanged, and 75 kt is chosen for 00Z and landfall despite the very low environmental pressure.  
Although the environmental pressure of the southwest side of the cyclone was very low, it was higher on the 
northeast side where a much tighter pressure gradient is evident.  Intensities of 75 kt are chosen for both 
landfalls because of the uncertainty in the Santa Rosa Island observation (described above).  A run of the 
Schwerdt Model indicates a Category 1 impact for northwest Florida, and this is added into HURDAT.  Baker is 
also analyzed as a Category 1 impact for Alabama.  The Schwerdt model suggests that Mississippi did not 
receive hurricane force winds.  For the 30th, intensities of 90, 90, 90, and 85 kt are analyzed for 00, 06, 
12, and 18Z respectively (originally 90, 90, 95, and 95 kt).  Although there are not available intensity 
observations that show that the hurricane was that strong, there were no definite central pressure observations 
on the 30th.  Baker is analyzed to have reached its peak intensity of 90 kt between 00Z and 12Z on the 30th.  
Baker is analyzed to have weakened from 90 kt to 75 kt during the final 12 hours or so before reaching 
the Gulf Coast.  After landfall, Baker moved northward near the Alabama/Mississippi border and into western 
Tennessee.  The largest track changes for the lifetime of Baker are analyzed after landfall from 12Z on 
31 August through 06Z on 1 September with changes up to 1.8 degrees to the north-northwest of the previous 
HURDAT positions.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 58, 39, and 29 kt for 06, 12, 
and 18Z on 31 August respectively.  The highest observed wind within 2 hr of the synoptic times are 40, 
30, and 30 kt respectively.  Intensities of 60, 40, and 35 kt are chosen for 06, 12, and 18Z (down from 
65, 50, and 35 kt  originally).  Baker weakened to a tropical depression by 00Z on 1 September and 
dissipated after 18Z on the 1st.  No intensity changes are made on the 1st, and no changes are made to 
the timing of dissipation.  The final point at 18Z on 1 September is over extreme southeastern Missouri.
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 3 (Charlie)

34895 08/21/1950 M=16  3 SNBR= 774 CHARLIE     XING=0                           
34900 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*131 240  35    0*124 254  35    0
34900 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*111 264  35    0*110 276  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

34905 08/22*118 270  35    0*112 288  35    0*107 306  35    0*104 320  35    0*
34905 08/22*109 289  35    0*108 301  35    0*107 314  35    0*106 327  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

34910 08/23*103 332  35    0*102 344  35    0*102 356  35    0*103 369  35    0*
34910 08/23*106 340  35    0*106 352  35    0*107 364  35    0*108 375  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34915 08/24*103 382  35    0*104 391  35    0*105 400  35    0*106 410  40    0*
34915 08/24*110 386  35    0*112 397  35    0*115 407  35    0*119 417  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34920 08/25*108 420  40    0*110 427  40    0*114 434  40    0*122 441  40    0*
34920 08/25*124 427  40    0*129 436  40    0*135 445  40    0*142 454  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34925 08/26*132 449  45    0*144 458  45    0*155 467  45    0*164 474  45    0*
34925 08/26*149 462  45    0*157 471  45    0*165 480  45    0*173 490  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34930 08/27*172 480  50    0*181 487  55    0*190 495  55    0*204 510  60    0*
34930 08/27*181 500  50    0*189 510  55    0*198 520  55    0*209 529  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

34935 08/28*220 528  70    0*234 543  80    0*247 555  85    0*255 564  90    0*
34935 08/28*223 537  65    0*238 546  70    0*250 555  75    0*261 564  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

34940 08/29*262 571  95    0*277 577  95    0*292 580 100    0*303 578 100    0*
34940 08/29*271 571  80    0*283 573  80    0*295 575  85  974*304 575  90    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

34945 08/30*313 573 100    0*323 566  95    0*332 558  90    0*328 546  90    0*
34945 08/30*312 571  90    0*319 566  90    0*325 561  90    0*328 560  90    0*
            *** *** ***      ***      **      *** ***              ***

34950 08/31*322 554  85    0*324 562  85    0*326 571  85    0*327 577  85    0*
34950 08/31*329 562  90    0*328 564  90    0*328 567  95    0*328 573  95    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34955 09/01*327 582  75    0*328 586  75    0*329 590  70    0*330 595  75    0*
34955 09/01*328 579  95    0*327 584  90    0*326 589  85    0*327 595  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

34960 09/02*330 601  75    0*331 607  80    0*333 612  85    0*341 617  85    0*
34960 09/02*330 601  80    0*333 607  80    0*337 612  75    0*343 614  75  980*
                     **      ***              ***      **      *** ***  **  ***

34965 09/03*350 617  85    0*357 613  85    0*363 608  85    0*366 605  80    0*
34965 09/03*349 615  75    0*354 613  75    0*360 610  75    0*363 607  70    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34970 09/04*369 601  75    0*373 595  70    0*378 588  70    0*384 581  65    0*
34970 09/04*366 601  65    0*371 593  65    0*378 582  60    0E386 571  55    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **               **     **** ***  **

34975 09/05E397 568  55    0E417 547  45    0E437 525  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
34975 09/05E400 558  55    0E422 530  50    0E448 474  50    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

34980 HR  

Major changes to both track and intensity are analyzed for this hurricane.  
Evidence for these alterations arises from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), and U.S. Weather 
Bureau public advisories.

August 20:
HWM analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 31W and 
a trough of low pressure over northwest Africa.  HURDAT does not yet list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 21:
HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the 
general vicinity of 14.5N, 24.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm 
at 13.1N, 24.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 22:
HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the 
general vicinity of 11.5N, 31.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm 
at 10.7N, 30.6W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 35.5W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.2N, 35.6W.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "Charlie, the third storm of the 1950 Hurricane Season, 
entered the sphere of our maps as a closed circulation.  The first 
manifestation of a disturbance was a ship at 10N, 40W at 1830Z on 23 August 
reporting a west wind of 10 kt, pressure 1010.5 mbs, pressure tendency -2.0 mbs 
and rain within the last hour.  Post analysis placed the center of a closed 
disturbance at 13N, 39.4W at 23/1830Z.  To say how or where the storm 
developed would be pure conjecture since we have neither map nor data for 
earlier analysis.  For nearly four days subsequent to its initial detection, 
the disturbance was carried alternatively as a closed low and open wave 
because of the lack of positive data" (AWS).

August 24:
HWM analyzes 2 spot lows- the feature of interest near 11N, 39.5W and another 
spot low near 14N, 27W, both enclosed by a single 1010 mb isobar, which covers 
a distance from 9-19N, 24-45W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm 
at 10.5N, 40.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 25:
HWM analyzes two spot lows- the feature of interest near 13N, 43W and another 
spot low near 14N, 32W, both enclosed by a single 1010 mb isobar, which 
covers a very large area similar to the previous day.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 40 kt tropical storm at 11.4N, 43.4W.  No gales or low pressures.  
"Charlie [was analyzed in the post-season analysis to have] moved on a 
west-northwest course [from the 23rd] until the 25th in conformance with 
the conception that a storm in its initial stages of development moves about 
15 to 20 degrees to the right of the flow in which it is imbedded" (AWS).  
"The track to the northwest on the 25th was short lived" [and then synoptic 
conditions] forced the storm to resume its WNW movement" (AWS).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 46.0W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.5N, 46.7W.  No gales or 
low pressures.

August 27:
HWM analyzes a spot low within a open trough (the 1015 mb isobar is not 
completely closed) located near 19.5N, 49.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt 
tropical storm at 19.0N, 49.5W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 20.3N, 49.3W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z 
position at 21.4N, 51.6W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure.  
Ship highlights: 40-50 kt E G 70 kt and 1015 mb at 13Z at 21.9N, 52.0W (AWS).  
"It was noted on August 27 near 23N, 53W whence it moved northwestward to 
about 29N, 58W and recurved to the northeast" (MWR).  "On the 27th, we 
received the following report from the ship Liparus: 'Liparus 1300 GMT, 
21.9N, 52.0W, very rough sea, very heavy SSE swell, overcast, wind east by 
north force 9, force 10 to 12 in squalls, visibility poor, barometer 1015 mb 
rising slowly.'  This report showed rather conclusively the presence of a 
full fledged hurricane.  AFBUL (advisory) number one on Hurricane Charlie was 
issued at 27/2000Z placing the center at 21.0N, 52.5W.  In post analysis, it 
was learned that this position was approximately 90 miles too far south" (AWS).

August 28:
HWM analyzes a spot low within a trough located near 23.5N, 52.5W.  HURDAT 
lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.7N, 55.5W.  The AWS best track lists 
a 0030Z position at 23.3N, 53.8W with 85 kt max winds and 983 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 25.4N, 55.8W with 85 kt max winds and 981 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
24.6N, 55.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered 
near 25.1N, 55.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 998 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 
55.3W (micro); less than or equal to 981 mb at 21Z near 26.6N, 56.5W (00Z 29th 
micro map "Pressure rose 27 mbs in last 3 hrs"); 50 kt SSW and 996 mb at 22Z at 
26.5N, 56.5W (micro).  One other gale.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center 
fix at 10Z at 25.2N, 55.2W with 85 kt max winds and 998 mb pressure (micro); Air 
Force center fix (by boxing) at 20Z at 26.8N, 57.2W (micro).  From the 27th through 
the 29th the storm moved around the outer periphery of the subtropical high in a 
"smooth parabolic curve" (AWS).  "Duck 10: Circling in eye of hurricane.  Center 
located at 25.2N, 55.2W moving NW 15 kt at 10Z.  Duck 11: Eye of hurricane 35 miles 
diameter.  Max winds 85 kt.  Hurricane force winds extend [40?] miles in all 
quadrants" (micro).  "Post flight AF plane: Entered eye 0955Z at 25.2N, 55.1W.  
Eye 35 miles in diameter.  Max winds 85 kt in all quadrants.  Hurricane force 
winds extend 40 miles in all quadrants.  Gales extend 80 miles in all quadrants" (micro).  
"Estimated position of center from boxing is 26.8N, 57.2W at 2000Z by AF plane" (micro).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 57.0W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 58.0W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 27.6N, 57.2W with 95 kt max winds and 978 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.5N, 57.7W with 100 kt max winds and 974 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 29.8N, 58.4W with a 996 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 29.5N, 58.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at 
most 999 mb centered near 29.2N, 58.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1010 mb 
at 18Z at 28.7N, 57.0W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1023Z 
at 29.3N, 57.4W with 974 mb central pressure, 90 + kt max measured (at flight-level) 
wind on southwest side, and 100 kt estimated max surface winds (micro, AWS); Air 
Force center fix at 1850Z at 30.5N, 57.5W with 100 kt max winds [at 700 mb?] (micro); 
Air Force center fix at 21Z at 30.9N, 57.3W (micro).  "Duck 4: Position of eye 29.3N, 
57.4W at 1023Z" (micro).  "975 mb surface pressure in eye.  Wind SW edge 90 kt plus" (micro).  
Duck 9: Hurricane center 30.5N, 57.5W at 1850Z.  Circling in eye.  Second position 
by boxing.  Eye of hurricane 20 miles wide by 30 miles long.  Elongated E-W.  Winds 
edge of eye 100 kt in NE quadrant and 90 kt in remaining quadrants.  Leaving eye to 
box low levels" (micro).  "Post flight summary: Hurricane approached from southwest 
at 10,000 ft by surface winds and radar.  Hurricane winds on surface observed 60 miles 
from edge of eye.  Eye entered from west at 1840Z.  Center located 30.5N, 57.5W at 1840Z.  
Departed eye to the west at 1900Z and started boxing procedure [at 1500 feet?] at 1927Z.  
Completed box at 2104Z.  Eye elongated east-west 20 by 35 miles in diameter.  
Hurricane winds extend 80 miles in all quadrants.  Gale winds extend 90 miles in all quadrants.  
Second position of center located 30.9N, 57.3W at 2100Z" (micro).  "Theoretically, a 
storm should attain its highest wind velocity at the time of minimum central pressure and 
vice versa.  This may or may not have been true in the case of the storm in question.  
A minimum pressure of 974.4 mbs and a maximum wind of 100 knots was reported at 29/1049Z" (AWS).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 55.8W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 90 kt hurricane at 33.2N, 55.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z 
position at 31.3N, 57.1W with 100 kt max winds and 972 mb central pressure and 
a 1230Z position at 32.3N, 56.3W with 105 kt max winds and 968 mb central pressure.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.8N, 55.6W with 
a 983 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33N, 56W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 33.7N, 56.2W.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 06Z at 30.7N, 55.2W (COA).  Five other 
gales between 35-45 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (by boxing) at 
2145Z at 32.9N, 56.1W with 105-110 [estimated?] max winds (micro, AWS); 994 mb 
50 mi SW of center and 996 mb 50 mi NE of center around time of 2145Z fix (micro, AWS).  
"On the 30th when it had reached the vicinity of 34N, 56W, its progress was blocked 
by high pressure to the north" (MWR).  "The movement of the storm to the northeast on 
the 30th and the abrupt change of direction to the west on the 31st were the result 
of a series of [synoptic] changes that took place at upper levels" (AWS).  "By 30/2145Z, 
the wind had increased to 110 knots.  While boxing the storm on the 30th the 
reconnaissance flight reported a pressure of 994.4 mbs 50 miles SW of the center 
and a pressure of 996.1 mbs 50 miles NE of the center" (AWS).  "Storm boxed.  
Position of center 32.9N, 56.1W.  Definite oval shape SE to NW.  Maximum winds 105 
to 110 kt.  Hurricane [winds extend outward] to 80 miles, gale winds to 150 miles 
[radius from center].  Minimum pressure 32.1N, 56.8W 994.4 mb and 33.7 N and 55.8W 996.1 mb" (micro).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 55.6W with a SW-NE 
stationary front located north of the cyclone from 40N, 62W to 44N, 52W.  HURDAT 
lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 32.6N, 57.1W.  The AWS best track lists a 
0030Z position at 33.0N, 56.2W with 115 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure 
and a 1230Z position at 33.0N, 56.6W with 125 kt max winds and 960 mb central pressure.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.9N, 56.5W with a 
969 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 33N, 56W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.7N, 55.8W.  
Aircraft highlights: center fix (by boxing) around 21Z at 33.0N, 57.0W with 
estimated max winds of 125 kt (micro, AWS).  "On the 31st, Charlie was effectively 
blocked to the north.  Its only recourse was to move westward around the southern 
periphery of the high" (AWS).  "On the 31st, the storm had slowed to 2 knots with a 
maximum intensity of 125 knots" (AWS).  "Since no penetration was attempted on the 
31st, it is impossible to say what the central pressure was at the time the winds 
had reached their maximum of 125 knots.  It is safe to assume, however, that the 
central pressure on the 31st was in the neighborhood of 960 mbs since the storm was 
in the process of filling on the 1st and 2nd and still had a pressure of 980.2 mbs 
at 02/1847Z" (AWS).  "Extent of hurricane winds NW quadrant 110 miles, SW quadrant 
65 miles, SE quadrant 80 miles, NE quadrant 90 miles.  Extent of storm winds NW 
quadrant 125 miles, SW quadrant 80 miles, SE quadrant 105 miles, NE quadrant 110 miles.  
Extent of gale winds NW 135 mi, SW 90 mi, SE 120 mi, NE 120 mi.  Generally light, 
continuous turbulence over track covered while boxing storm.  Generally light, continuous rain.  
Storm center by navigator and weather observer in very close agreement.  Degree of 
confidence of DR fixes is high.  Storm seems to be moving SW at 16 kt.  Winds at center 
estimated 125 kt" (micro).  "Duck 08 special: Hurricane calculation- storm center at 33N, 
57W- weather observer's data show southwesterly movement at 16 kt"(micro).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 58.9W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 70 kt hurricane at 32.9N, 59.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 32.9N, 
57.5W with 125 kt max winds and 970 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 32.8N, 
58.7W with 100 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a position near 33N, 59W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered 
near 32.5N, 59.5W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 32.4N, 62.2W (COA); 
30 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.4N, 61.3W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center 
fix (loran-aided) at 1610Z at 32.5N, 59.4W (micro).  There were hurricane force winds in 
all quadrants on the 1st and into most of the 2nd (AWS).  "AF 1727Z: In eye at 1610Z at 32.5N, 
59.4W by loran.  Eye filled by clouds" (micro).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 61.3W.  HURDAT lists this as an 
85 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 61.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.2N, 
59.9W with 80 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 33.9N, 
60.9W with 95 kt max winds and 979 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 33.6N, 61.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb 
centered near 34.3N, 61.2W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 998 mb at 00Z at 32.7N, 61.4W (COA).  
Three other gales and one other low pressure.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1847Z 
with 980 mb central pressure (AWS).  "After becoming quasistationary, or perhaps making a 
loop in this area, it drifted very slowly westward to 34N, 62W on September 2 when it resumed 
northward and northeastward movement and rapidly became extratropical several hundred miles 
southeast of Nova Scotia.  Strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 115 mph 
recorded by aircraft" (MWR).  "By 2 September, the storm had reached the western edge of the 
main body of the high and began to move slowly northward being retarded by a persistent ridge of 
high pressure that lay to the north" (AWS).  "By 02/0630Z its speed had increased to 5.8 kt 
and the maximum wind had decreased to 80 kt.  At this point it again slowed down and recurved 
to the north with winds increasing to 95 kt by 02/1230Z.  On the afternoon of the 2nd, the 
373rd Reconnaissance plane flew into the storm through the weak quadrant (the west side) and 
reported the maximum winds to be 58 kt.  This report on the maximum wind is very misleading 
first because it is a measured wind and not an estimate of the maximum over the area of the 
storm traversed and secondly because the gradient to the east of the storm at that time was 
very tight.  It is believed that the maximum wind in the east quadrant was near or in excess 
of 100 knots' (AWS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.0N, 61.3W with a WSW-ENE cold front
analyzed from 39N, 68W to 42N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.3N, 60.8W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 34.4N, 61.3W with 100 kt max winds and 978 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 34.9N, 61.3W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.1N, 61.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low 
of at most 999 mb centered near 36.3N, 61.2W with the east end of an apparent E-W frontal boundary 
located near 38N, 67W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1013 mb at 00Z at 31.4N, 57.9W (COA); 
35 kt SW and 1017 mb at 12Z at 31.4N, 59.4W (COA).  "On the 3rd of September, the ridge to the 
north began to decay in the face of a cold front and upper trough moving in from the northwest.  
At the same time, the center of the high to the east of the storm shifted more to the south and 
the storm moved off to the NNE" (AWS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.3N, 58.5W embedded within an elongated 
region of below 1005 mb pressure elongated N-S along 56-59W from 35-43N.  A warm front extends from 42N, 
56W to 44N, 52W to 44.5N, 46W, and a cold front extends from 37N, 62W to 38N, 63W, and then it becomes 
a warm front extending northwestward to another, separate low.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane 
at 37.8N, 58.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 35.6N, 60.7W with 50 kt max winds and 
983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 37.6N, 59.2W with 35 kt max winds and 985 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 37.6N, 59.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 40.5N, 57.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 06Z 
at 39.6N, 61.1W (COA); 20 kt S and 1004 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 55.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 18Z at 
41.5N, 53.5W (COA); 20 kt NNW and 999 mb at 18Z at 38.7N, 57.7W (COA, micro).  Three other gales and two 
other low pressures.  "Charlie joined forces with a small frontal wave [on this day].  The final bulletin 
was issued at 04/2130Z" (AWS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 44.5N, 47.3W with a warm front extending from 
the low northeastward for 2 degrees, becoming a cold front, and connecting to another closed low of at 
most 995 mb centered near 49.5N, 41.5W.  A cold front extends from the first low (feature of interest) 
southward and then west-southwestward, becoming a warm front near 39N, 50W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt 
extratropical storm at 43.7N, 52.5W.  At 12Z, the low is just off the edge of the microfilm map; however,
 microfilm analyzes a low (closed in all likelihood) of at most 999 mb centered in the general vicinity 
 of 45N, 47W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 00Z at 41.8N, 51.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 999 mb at 
 06Z at 42.2N, 52.0W (micro); 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 06Z at 41.6N, 48.3W (COA, micro); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb 
 at 18Z at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA).  A few more gales and a few to several more low pressures.

Charlie formed from an easterly wave that emerged off the African coast on 20 August.  HURDAT started 
this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12Z on 21 August south of the Cape Verde Islands.  At 12Z on 
the 21st, there is a ship observation northeast of the HURDAT position with 20 kt westerly winds, which 
is not consistent with nearby Cape Verde Island reports and is thus suspect.   HURDAT has an unrealistic 
fast southwestward motion of Charlie on the 21st and early on the 22nd.  Though observations are sparse, 
this has been revised to indicate a reasonable westward motion.  Additionally, due to a ship reporting 
10 kt W with 1010 mb on 23 August showing that the position was well west of the previous HURDAT location, 
the positions from the 21st to the 23rd are moved west of those previously in HURDAT with major westward 
track adjustments introduced on the 21st and no change to the intensity.  Also, although there is not 
definite evidence of a closed circulation on the 21st, there is not enough evidence to remove this portion 
of the track from HURDAT.  The next time there were any observations pertaining to this system was not 
until the 27th when a ship recorded easterly gales north of the center.  At the same time, another ship 
located 4.5 degrees to the south recorded light southwest winds.  These observations allowed for an approximate 
location of the storm to be analyzed well east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles at 12Z on the 27th (a major 
track adjustment of more than 2.5 degrees west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position).  The revised track 
from the 24th through the 27th is consistently well northwest of the previous HURDAT track.  No changes are made 
to the intensity from the 20th through the 27th, by which time HURDAT lists Charlie as a 55 kt tropical storm.  
On the 28th, Charlie moved north-northwestward, and on the 29th, it turned towards the north and slowed down 
well east-southeast of Bermuda.  The largest track change made on the 28th through the 29th is about 1 degree.  
The track changes are based mainly on aircraft fixes, but some important ship data late on the 28th influenced 
the analyzed track as well.  The first aircraft reconnaissance flight into Charlie on the early morning of the 
28th measured a pressure of 998 mb.  It is not known whether this is a central pressure reading, so it is 
treated as a peripheral measurmement.  The same aircraft reconnaissance mission estimated surface winds of 85 kt.  
During the afternoon of the 28th, a ship reported that the pressure fell from 1007 mb to 981 mb (it is uncertain 
if this was a central pressure) between 18Z and 21Z and then rose from 981 mb to 1008 mb between 21Z and 00Z on 
the 29th.  Although there are no available wind observations higher than 50 kt from this ship, its time series 
provides extremely consistent observations that indicate that an Air Force center fix by boxing at 20Z on the 
28th was likely off by a few tenths of a degree.  A pressure of less than or equal to 981 mb yields wind 
speeds of at least 77 and 74 kt, respectively, from the intensifying subsets of the Brown et al. south and 
north of 25N pressure-wind relaitonship.  Intensity is reduced from 85 to 75 kt at 12Z and 90 to 80 kt at 18Z.  
On the 29th at 1023Z, an Air Force aircraft penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 974 mb, 
and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th.  A central pressure of 974 mb yields 80 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 83 kt if the cyclone was intensifying.  85 kt is chosen for 
12Z on the 29th (down from 100 kt originally).  On the 30th, the previous HURDAT track shows Charlie making a 
small, clockwise loop east of Bermuda; however, observations and center fixes do not show any evidence that this 
loop occurred, and it is removed.  On the 30th, the reanalyzed track shows Charlie moving towards the north-northeast, 
slowing down, and making a westward turn late on the 30th east of Bermuda.  On the 31st of August and the 1st of 
September, Charlie continued to move slowly in a westward direction.  Including the removal of the loop, all track 
changes made from 30 August through 1 September were less than 1 degree.  The changes were mainly based on aircraft 
fixes with some weight applied to any ship observations that conflicted with aircraft data.  Although there were no 
subsequent central pressure observations after the 974 mb observation on the 29th, there is some evidence that 
intensification continued to take place.  During the flight on the 29th, aircraft had estimated maximum surface 
winds only as high as 100 kt.  During subsequent flights, maximum surface winds were estimated as high as 110 
and 125 kt on the 30th and 31st respectively indicating that the cyclone was more intense on the 31st than on 
the 29th.  The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th is unchanged due to large uncertainty.  The flight 
on the 31st did not reveal any additional intensity information besides the (quite unreliable) maximum surface 
wind estimate of 125 kt.  The flight on 1 September does not reveal any intensity information, and the flight 
on the 2nd (the final flight into Charlie) reported a central pressure of 980 mb, indicating Charlie had weakened.  
The peak intensity for Charlie is analyzed to be 95 kt from 12Z on the 31st to 00Z on the 1st of September 
(previously 100 kt from 29/12Z - 30/00Z).  Therefore, downward adjustments to the HURDAT intensity were implemented 
on the 28th - 30th, and the intensity was increased on the 31st - 1st.  Charlie continued moving very slowly 
through 4 September, during which time it recurved northeast of Bermuda.  The largest track change analyzed between 
the 2nd - 4th of September is only six-tenths of a degree.  The 980 mb central pressure (mentioned above) is added 
into HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 980 mb equals 73 kt according to the pressure-wind 
relationships for north of 25N as well as north of 35N and 75 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 2nd (down from 85 
kt originally).  Although the highest observed winds on the 3rd and 4th were only 35 kt, the ship density was 
not quite high enough to justify a significant downward adjustment of the HURDAT intensities.  Analyzed 
intensities are 10 kt lower than the previous HURDAT intensities at most times on the 3rd and 4th.  Charlie 
is analyzed to have become extratropical by 18Z on the 4th (6 hours earlier than originally).  By 00Z on the 
5th, a 22 degree F / 140 nmi temperature gradient existed across the cyclone.  On the 5th, Charlie accelerated 
northeastward, and a major track change was made for the final point at 12Z on the 5th before Charlie was 
absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone.  The final HURDAT position was moved a couple hundred miles east-northeastward, 
and the intensity at that time is raised from 40 to 50 kt due to ship observations of higher winds.

A couple of additional quotes of interest from AWS are included below:

"During the course of Hurricane Charlie, the 373rd Reconnaissance Squadron flew 11 missions and established 
16 separate fixes.  All fixes were on or within 30 miles of the post analysis track in both time and position.  
It seems that with "fixes" that close to the true track, forecasting by means of pure extrapolation should be 
fairly accurate.  This however is not true.  The practice of issuing forecasts based purely on the extrapolation 
of reconnaissance fixes can be very disastrous.  In most cases, the immediate forecast position is placed in 
an extended line joining the last two fixes.  If on the other hand there are more than two fixes, an attempt 
is made to place the forecast position on an extended curved line joining all the fixes that in some cases 
result in a snake-like track. Experience in both the Pacific and Atlantic has indicated that the best 
procedure to follow is that once you have established a straight or curved track on the basis of the 
synoptic pattern and verified it by two or more fixes do not change that track merely on the basis of 
one additional reconnaissance fix.  Wait for a second fix to verify the change unless it can be verified 
by other means.  Since the "eye" or "fix" on a storm can vary from 0 to 75 miles in diameter and the 
navigational error can often exceed 30 miles, any track derived by using the coordinates given in each 
"fix" is exceedingly questionable.  Unless, of course, the fixes themselves describe a smooth curve.

All in all, the reconnaissance on this storm was exceedingly good.  The one thing that greatly decreases 
the immediate value of reconnaissance is inadequate communications facilities.  In this case, the most 
valuable part of reconnaissance was received so late that its value was in the past tense.  A good 
example of this is the two fixes that we received at 29/1032Z and 29/1049Z, both from the same plane 
but at different times.  At the time the fixes were received no mention was made of the fact that 
both fixes were a part of the same eye.  When the Form 5D and the narrative history of the flight 
were received by mail, we learned that both fixes were the opposite extremities of an eye 40 miles 
long and 30 miles wide.  This would have been an invaluable piece of information had it been transmitted 
with the "fix" positions.  As it happened, the 29/1049Z fix was used which gave the storm a NNW movement.  
Had the truth been known, a NNE course would have been forecast.  On the 2nd of September, a similar 
situation occurred but with less drastic results" (AWS).

"Most people think that the first problem that confronts a forecaster after a storm has been detected is, 
where is it going?  That is a misconception.  His first problem is to determine from whence it came.  
Once the storm's track to its present position is determined, the next step is to try and formulate with, 
in most cases, a very limited amount of data, a synoptic pattern into which the storm will fit.  Once 
this has been done, the forecaster is ready to forecast its direction of movement.  The first 24 hour 
forecast made is usually the most uncertain.  Once the synoptic pattern and track have been established 
and verified by two or more reconnaissance fixes, the direction of movement can be fairly accurately 
forecast.  This situation will continue to exist in the vast reaches of the Atlantic where there is an 
absence of data.  The hurricane forecaster is holding his own and making great strides toward better 
forecasts with the limited supply of resources at his command" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 4 (Dog)

34985 08/30/1950 M=19  4 SNBR= 775 DOG         XING=0                           
34985 08/30/1950 M=20  4 SNBR= 775 DOG         XING=0                           
                   **

34990 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 553  60    0*
34990 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 556  80    0*
                                                                   ***  **

34995 08/31*157 565  65    0*159 576  70    0*160 587  75    0*162 596  80    0*
34995 08/31*155 569  90    0*159 581 100    0*162 592 110  953*165 601 115    0*
            *** ***  **          *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

35000 09/01*164 603  85    0*169 611  90    0*175 618  95    0*179 623 105    0*
35000 09/01*168 609 115    0*172 617 115    0*177 624 110    0*182 631 105    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

35005 09/02*184 628 110    0*191 636 110    0*198 643 115    0*203 647 115    0*
35005 09/02*186 635 105    0*191 639 100    0*195 643 100  962*201 647 105    0*
            *** *** ***          *** ***      ***     ***  *** ***     ***

35010 09/03*207 650 120    0*210 652 125    0*213 655 125    0*216 658 125    0*
35010 09/03*206 649 105    0*211 650 105    0*216 651 105    0*221 652 105    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

35015 09/04*219 661 130    0*222 664 130    0*226 668 135    0*229 672 135    0*
35015 09/04*224 654 105    0*227 657 105    0*231 660 105    0*234 664 110    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

35020 09/05*234 677 140    0*241 681 140    0*248 684 145    0*255 685 145    0*
35020 09/05*237 668 115    0*241 673 120    0*246 677 125    0*253 682 125    0*
            *** *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

35025 09/06*262 685 155    0*267 684 160    0*272 683 160    0*279 681 160    0*
35025 09/06*261 684 125    0*268 684 120    0*275 682 120    0*282 681 120    0*
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

35030 09/07*286 679 150    0*293 677 140    0*300 675 130    0*304 674 125    0*
35030 09/07*289 680 115    0*296 679 105    0*302 676 100    0*304 674  85  972*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***  ***

35035 09/08*307 673 115    0*309 674 105    0*312 677  95    0*311 682  90    0*
35035 09/08*306 673  80    0*308 674  75    0*309 676  75    0*310 679  75    0*
            ***     ***      ***     ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35040 09/09*310 686  85    0*309 690  85    0*307 695  80    0*306 699  80    0*
35040 09/09*310 682  70    0*309 685  70    0*306 689  70    0*305 693  65  987*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35045 09/10*305 702  80    0*305 706  80    0*310 710  85    0*323 717  85    0*
35045 09/10*304 700  65    0*305 706  65    0*310 710  65  986*320 715  65  986*
            *** ***  **               **               **  *** *** ***  **  ***

35050 09/11*337 721  85    0*351 723  85    0*365 721  80    0*379 717  75    0*
35050 09/11*333 721  75  982*349 722  80  978*364 719  85  974*379 714  85  972*
            ***      **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***     ***  **  ***

35055 09/12*393 706  65    0E405 688  65    0E413 669  60    0E419 651  60    0*
35055 09/12E390 700  80    0E397 684  75    0E404 669  70  979E411 657  70    0*
           **** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **

35060 09/13E422 634  60    0E424 618  55    0E426 603  55    0E428 583  50    0*
35060 09/13E415 644  70    0E419 627  65    0E422 607  60    0E423 583  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35065 09/14E429 559  50    0E430 532  50    0E431 500  50    0E432 462  50    0*
35065 09/14E423 559  55    0E425 532  50    0E428 500  50    0E430 455  50    0*
            ***      **      ***              ***              *** ***

35070 09/15E434 421  50    0E440 379  50    0E453 336  50    0E471 285  50    0*
35070 09/15E434 415  55    0E445 375  60    0E460 332  60    0E475 285  60    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35075 09/16E490 232  50    0E509 186  50    0E528 147  50    0E543 116  50    0*
35075 09/16E492 232  65    0E509 186  65    0E528 147  65    0E543 116  65    0*
            ***      **               **               **               **

35080 09/17E552  91  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35080 09/17E556  91  65    0E568  66  65    0E578  45  60    0E588  38  55    0*
            ***      **     ****  **  **     ****  **  **     ****  **  **

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
35080 09/18E598  38  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35085 HR      

U.S. Tropical Storm Impact
9/11 06Z (closest point of approach) 40 kt - NC

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful, long-lived Atlantic hurricane.  
Additionally, a major change was introduced in extending the extratropical portion of this cyclone by one day.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
Caribbean station observations, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. 
Weather Bureau public advisories, the U.K. Monthly Weather Report, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Boose et al. (2004). 

August 24:
HWM analyzes an elongated east-west trough with a spot low analyzed near 14N, 27.5W.  HURDAT does not yet this a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 25:
HWM analyzes an elongated area of troughiness in the central tropical Atlantic with a spot low analyzed near 
14.5N, 32W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 26:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.  "Closed surface circulation is evident as far back as 26/0030Z August in the area just north of 
Cayenne, French Guiana" (AWS).

August 27:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 28:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 29:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.  "Note- Received from San Juan: 'Received from Trinidad report from SS Sibrodin 29/2000Z.  Position 
is in vicinity of disturbance tracked in this office from Cape Verde since 8/24 with speed, 13 kt..." (micro).

August 30:
HWM does not show any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 60 kt tropical 
storm at 15.2N, 55.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt at 18Z (AWS); 45 kt NE at 20Z at 16.6N, 57.2W (micro).  "This hurricane 
was located August 30 when the SS Sibrodin reported gale winds and falling pressure near 16.5N, 57W.  It might have been 
the same storm whose beginnings were reported near the Cape Verde Islands on August 24, but there were no reports of it 
after it left the Cape Verde area until the Sibrodin reported on the 30th.  It proved to be the most severe hurricane of 
the 1950 season, with winds estimated by aircraft at over 160 kt and waves 100 feet high" (MWR).  "At 30/1830Z, the ship 
Sibrodin reported a force 9 [40 kt] wind on the west side of the disturbance" (AWS).  "The closed low north of Cayenne 
drifted slowly to the northwest and developed winds of hurricane speed on or shortly prior to 31/0000Z August" (AWS).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.1N, 59.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 
16.0N, 58.7W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 15.0N, 58.3W with 70 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 16.2N, 
59.5W with 125 kt max winds and 953 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 16.1N, 58.6W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.2N, 59.2W.  Ship highlights: 75 kt N and 1000 mb at 00Z at 
15.0N, 57.9W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 18.0N, 60.9W (COA, micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix 
(DR plus four radar bearings) at 1050Z at 16.3N, 59.0W with 953 mb central pressure and estimated maximum winds of 125 kt 
(AWS, micro); Air Force center fix (boxing, 700 mb penetration) at 13Z at 16.5N, 59.5W with 953 mb surface pressure by dropsonde 
and the 700 mb height in the eye of 8780 feet (AWS, micro); 105 kt W at flight level of 800 ft and 990 mb at 1915Z at 16.2N, 
60.2W (ATS); Navy radar center fix (PB4Y-2) (radar, DR, no penetration) at [1715Z or 1915Z?] at 16.4N, 60.3W with lowest pressure 
encountered 988 mb 3 miles west of the edge of the eye and maximum flight-level winds encountered of 120 kt (AWS, ATS).  At least 
four other surface gales (including one other surface hurricane force wind), three flight-level hurricane force winds, and six other 
low pressures.  "[At 31/0030Z], the Sibrodin reported hurricane winds.  Recon aircraft on 31 August reported the hurricane centered 
at 16.3N, 59.0W at 1050Z with maximum winds estimated at 125 kt, a minimum central pressure of 953 mbs and 'phenomenally heavy seas.'  
This placed the storm center 160 nautical miles southeast of Antigua, BWI.  In view of the size and intensity of the storm, the low 
latitude and the high seas reported, it is safe to say that this storm has been developing for several days and had not developed 
suddenly" (AWS).  "When first investigated by aircraft on 31 August, the weather observer reported a central pressure 953 mbs, estimated 
the maximum winds at over 125 kt with hurricane winds covering an area 90 to 100 miles in diameter and gales covering 180 miles [in diameter]" 
(AWS).  "31/1130Z: In eye proper.  Eye diameter 22 miles" (AWS).  "31/1915Z: Eye appeared well defined by radar" (AWS).  "The storm recurved 
toward the west somewhat so that by 31/1200Z it was moving in a west by north direction" (AWS).  From microfilm's version of the Air Force 
flight... "D-11: In eye of storm.  Eye located at 1050Z.  Definite circular cloud around eye.  Winds estimated to be over 100 kt at edge of eye.  
Diameter 22 miles wide of 30 kt from several direction observed in eye" (micro).  "Duck 11: in eye of storm at 16.3N, 59.0W at 1050Z.  
Definite circular cloud around eye.  Position by dead reckoning.  Position of 16.3N, 59.1W was given 15 minutes later based on four radio 
bearings" (micro).  "Center located by box at 16.5N, 59.5W at 1300Z.  Position reliable" (micro).  "1715Z- N-6: Eye by radar and dead 
reckoning 16.4N, 60.3W.  Lowest pressure [encountered] 3 miles west 988 mb.  Highest wind estimated 120 kt- circumnavigation" (micro).  
From the ATS report... "This was the first Navy flight into this very severe hurricane, departing Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico about noon.  
Direct entry was made from the west-northwest until due west of the center.  The wind was then placed on the port beam and entry into 
the eye through violent turbulence with winds up to 120 knots was made.  Although the eye appeared well defined by radar, it was poorly 
defined to the eye and winds decreased only slightly, so that pilot was forced immediately into south sector where again 120 knots winds 
were encountered.  Lowest pressure at the edge of the eye was 988 mbs and center position was 16.4N, 60.3W.  Course was taken to get out 
to somewhat lower velocities and then circumnavigate.  Two very rough spirals were crossed where winds again increased briefly to 100 knots 
and then backed.  Remainder of flight was routine as winds gradually backed and decreased, and precipitation became intermittent and ended" (ATS).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.5N, 63.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 17.5N, 61.8W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 16.8N, 60.9W with 125 kt max winds and 960 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 
17.6N, 62.4W with 130 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at 17.4N, 61.8W.  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 17.7N, 62.3W.  Land/station highlights: 60 kt NE and 1003 mb at 0115Z at 
Antigua (17.1N, 61.7W) (micro); 125 kt (not known if gust or sustained) at Antigua ("anemometer disintegrated before maximum could be 
recorded") (AWS); 973 mb (min p) at Antigua (AWS).  One other gale at Antigua and four other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 
65 kt E and 997 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 63.4W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1832Z at 18.3N, 63.2W with 110 kt estimated maximum surface 
winds, 964 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and the 700 mb height in the eye of 9140 feet (AWS, micro).  One other gale and two other 
low pressures.  "It moved on a northwesterly course and passed close to Antigua, Barbuda, and other islands of the northeastern Leeward 
group on September 1.  Residents of Antigua, where highest winds were estimated at over 130 mph and hurricane force lasted for 6 hours, 
reported it to be the most severe hurricane in the history of that island.  Many homes and businesses were destroyed or damaged, crops 
destroyed, roads blocked by washouts and fallen trees, communications and power lines down, and many small craft wrecked.  Two persons 
were drowned when their small boat capsized.  The island of Barbuda also estimated winds of 130 mph or greater, with equal or worse 
devastation than experienced at Antigua.  Damage has been placed at over $1,000,000 on these small islands" (MWR).  From "Antigua 01/0115Z: 
Present condition worsening and now 30/60 barometer 1002.8 mb falling rapidly.  Forced to close now" (micro).  "D-3 in the eye 1832Z position 
18.3N, 63.2W.  Radar position on island shows movement 201 degrees at 18 kt.  Surface wind in NE quadrant estimated 110 kt" (micro). "From 
the point at which detected, Dog moved WNW passing just north of Antigua, turned slowly toward the northwest passing just NE of St. Martin, 
BWI at 1830Z on the 1st of September.  Speed had been 8 kt but at this point decreased to 5 kt." (AWS).  "According to newspaper reports and 
a report from the San Juan Weather Bureau Office the islands of St. Martin and Antigua were badly battered by the storm.  Three fatalities, 
thousands homeless and $1,000,000 worth of property damage were reported on Antigua.  Coastal craft were swept ashore and the streets of 
St. Johns on Antigua were flooded by high tides.  The PAA weather station on Antigua reported a maximum wind of 144 mph (125 kt) before the 
anemometer disintegrated.  Sea level pressure dropped to a minimum of 28.73 inches (972.6 mbs); although the eye did not pass directly over the 
station" (AWS).  "01/1832Z: Eye located by radar" (AWS).  "Late on 1 September Dog resumed its nearly northward track.  This continued through 
the 2nd and 3rd of September" (AWS).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 64.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 19.8N, 64.3W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 18.6N, 63.5W with 130 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.6N, 
63.9W with 135 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.2N, 64.5W with 
a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 64.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb 
centered near 19.9N, 64.5W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 985 mb at 21Z at 21.7N, 65.0W (micro).  Two other gales.  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy center fix at 1405Z at 19.6N, 64.4W (low-level penetration, DR) with 962 mb central pressure, maximum estimated surface winds 120 + kt 
on west side and 140 kt on north side (AWS, micro, ATS); Air Force 700 mb penetration at 1945Z with 964 mb surface pressure by dropsonde, 
140 kt estimated [maximum surface winds estimated after descending in the eye], and 700 mb height in the eye of 9050 feet (AWS).  Ten other 
surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane force winds, and five other pressures below 1000 mb.  "N-14: Entered eye 1405Z.  DR fix 19.3N, 
64.3W.  Max winds 340 degrees 120 kt.  Severe turbulence.  Further entry not recommended.  Eye on radar well defined.  Central pressure 962 mb" (micro).  
"Hurep Duck 18: In eye.  Loran inoperative.  Will drop dropsonde and head for San Juan for back DR position.  65 kt surface winds at 100 mi west 
of center.  Max surface winds west side eye 120 plus kt.  140 kt north side.  Do not plan to box" (micro).  "On the morning of 2 September the 
Navy flight into the storm reported 'severe turbulence.  Further entry into eye not recommended.'  It also reported winds 120 kt on the west side 
and minimum pressure 962 mbs.  The direct observation of the central pressure makes the 953 mbs obtained by dropsonde on the 31st seem questionable.  
However, in those cases in which the sea level pressures were obtained by dropsonde, the 700 mb height was obtained by direct observation and the 
variations in the 700 mb heights and sea levels are in perfect agreement and both follow a logical sequence.  Therefore, all sea level pressure in 
this storm obtained by dropsonde have been assumed to be approximately accurate.  [Since the dropsondes contained no winds, they could not have known 
whether the dropsonde splashed in the eye]" (AWS).  "On the afternoon of September 2nd, the AF flight at 10,000 feet reported 140 kt on the north side 
of the storm center and 120 kt on the west" (AWS).  "02/1405Z: Eye on radar well defined south half only.  Diameter estimated 20 miles.  Eye not well 
defined and winds in eye not less than 30 kt" (AWS). "02/1945Z: Eye approximately 30 miles in diameter with 10 miles area calm (no whitecaps).  The 
surface winds were visible on all sides of the eye and estimated to be in excess of 120 kt" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "This hurricane had passed over 
and caused considerable damage to the island of Antigua in the Lesser Antilles on the preceding day.  It was decided to circumnavigate the storm at 
approximately the 45 kt wind circle, then penetrate to the eye.  This would not only locate the center, but would determine all other characteristics
of the storm.  Only on the south side did the flight have to deviate from this plan.  This was to avoid getting too close to nearby islands.  
This storm was exceedingly turbulent entering the eye from the west side and winds in excess of 120 knots were encountered for nearly 20 miles.  
Flight message: Entered eye at 1405Z.  Max winds 340 degrees 120 kts.  Severe turbulence.  Further entry eye not recommended.  Eye on radar defined 
south half only.  Diameter [of eye] 20 miles.  Central pressure 962 mb" (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.0N, 65.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 21.3N, 65.5W.
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.6N, 64.2W with 135 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 
21.1N, 64.5W with 140 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 
65.8W with a 972 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 65.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a low 
of at most 996 mb centered near 21.7N, 65.3W.  Ship highlights: 80[?] kt E and 985 mb at 00Z at 21.6N, 64.8W (micro); 75 kt ENE at 18Z 
at 23.2N, 65.5W (micro).  11 other gales between 35-55 kt and one other low pressure of 999 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix 
(no penetration, radar) at 1252Z at 21.7N, 65.0W with lowest pressure encountered 979 mb 10 miles west of [the edge of the] eye, 
maximum flight-level winds encountered of 125 kt, and estimated maximum surface winds of 125 kt (micro, AWS, ATS); 125 kt at 
flight-level of around 600 feet and 979 mb at 1252Z at 21.7N, 65.3W (micro, AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (700 mb penetration, 
loran) at 21Z at 22.5N, 65.1W with maximum observed flight-level winds [at approximately 700 mb or 10,000 ft] of 120 kt and 700 mb 
height in eye of 9100 ft (micro).  At least eight other surface gales, four other flight-level hurricane force winds, and three other 
low pressures below 1000 mb.  "Estimate small but intense storm.  Diameter of hurricane winds 120 miles.  DR checked- good. Max error 5 miles.  
Penetrated west side to the 125 kt isotach.  In extreme turbulence.  Radar reports possible eye eight miles to east but believe to be farther 
east about ten miles.  Lowest pressure [encountered] 979 mb at 1252Z" (micro).  "Radar eye 8 miles east of 21.7N, 65.3W" (micro).  "Hurep Duck 9: 
Loran radio fix in eye at 9500 feet at 2100Z at 22.5N, 65.1W.  Storm is still very intense.  Winds of 120 kt observed on the outskirts of eye" 
(micro).  "The storm continued its slow turn to the right until 03/1230Z when it slowly turned back to a NW course" (AWS).  "As previously 
mentioned the Navy flight on the 3rd penetrated the west side at low level to within 10 miles of the eye.  At this point, the winds were 
estimated 125 kt, pressure 979 mbs" (AWS).  "03/2100Z: Very little turbulence was encountered during passage into the eye.  It was cloudy and 
not as distinct at 10,000 feet as previously.  At the surface the winds were generally 25 kt from various directions with a small calm region 
in the inner portion" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "Flight departed Ramey AFB, PR at dawn, and in little more than an hour, were in hurricane 
winds and commenced circumnavigation, keeping at an average distance of about 70 miles from the center.  On reaching the northwest quadrant, 
commenced gradual penetration until due west of the center, then put the wind on the port wing and probed until the winds reached 125 knots 
and plane became almost uncontrollable. At this point, radar showed the edge of the core to be 8 miles east.  Unable to continue further, 
were forced to slide southward, eventually leaving the storm. Lowest pressure observed- 979 mb" (ATS)

September 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 65.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 135 kt hurricane at 22.6N, 66.8W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.6N, 65.2W with 140 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 
23.3N, 65.9W with 145 kt max winds and 964 mb central pressure. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.7N, 
66.3W with a 965 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.2N, 66.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 987 mb centered near 23.3N, 66.3W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 63.0W (COA).  Six other gales 
between 35-60 kt and two other low pressures between 1001-1003 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 70 kt SSW at flight-level of 700 feet and 
991 mb at 1130Z at 22.5N, 65.3W (ATS); center fix (estimated position) at 13Z at 23.2N, 66.2W (micro); center fix (boxing) at 1930Z at 
24.0N, 66.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 22Z at 23.7N, 66.6W with 120 kt estimated maximum surface winds, 963 mb surface 
pressure by dropsonde, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9013 feet (AWS, micro).  At least nine other surface gales, three other 
hurricane force flight-level winds, and six other low pressures between 987-999 mb.  "Post flight summary: Center estimated near 23.2N, 
66.2W at 1300Z.  Hurricane force winds extend outward [90 to 110 miles from the center]" (micro).  "Estimated position of center from 
boxing 24.0N, 66.0W at 1930Z.  Proceeding into eye.  Loran fix while flying in eye at 2200Z 23.7N, 66.6W.  Diameter of eye 22 miles.  
Shape of eye almost perfect" (micro).  "The AF flight on the afternoon of the 4th circumnavigated the storm center at low level and 
later penetrated the center at 700 mbs.  Of the low-level portion of the mission the weather observer wrote as follows: 'When closest 
to the eye, we estimated winds of 120 kt which confused the swell and appeared to scoop off great quantities of seething white sea 
surface at times.  The waves were so great that they gave the sensation of a slow motion movie'" (AWS).  "04/2200Z: Eye penetrated by 
radar.  It was almost perfectly round, about 22 miles in diameter as measured on the radar scope. [Cloud] tops were apparently above 
30,000 feet.  Hurricane Dog was very round at this stage and fit the classical pattern better than usual.  On departing from the eye 
our radar operator informed us that a north heading would be as good as any since the cloud returns on his radar scope were so 
symmetrical" (AWS).  Dog recurved slightly to the northwest of the 4th and "this northwesterly course continued into the day on 
5 September" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "This flight was planned for circumnavigation only, with the circumnavigation in close enough 
to determine the extent of hurricane force winds and to afford a close approximation of the center.  The flight was made in about 
an average 70 kt wind circle with moderate to heavy rainfall and moderate to severe turbulence characterizing the entire flight in 
the storm area" (ATS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.7N, 66.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 145 kt hurricane at 
24.8N, 68.4W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.1N, 66.8W with 145 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure 
and a 1230Z position at 24.8N, 67.8W with 150 kt max winds and 950 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.0N, 67.7W with a 958 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position 
near 24.6N, 67.6W. Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 24.7N, 67.7W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SE 
and 1001 mb at 00Z and at 06Z at 23.0N, 64.0W (COA).  Two other hurricane force winds and three other low pressures between 
1002-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 13Z at 24.5N, 67.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (low-level box, and 
then 10,000 ft loran and radar) at 21Z at 25.8N, 68.3W with 943 mb surface pressure from dropsonde and 700 mb height in the 
eye of 8540 feet (AWS, micro).  At least ten other surface gales, six other flight-level hurricane force winds, and seven 
other low pressures below 1000 mb.  "Summary Atl flight: 13Z center 24.5N, 67.8W. 65 kt wind 80 mi radius north and east; 
45 kt wind 180 mi radius.  65 kt wind 60 mi radius west and 95 mi radius south of center" (micro).  "Hurep Duck 19 five position 
of storm by low level box and 10000 ft loran radar fix 25.8N, 68.3 at 2100Z.  Pressure at 26.2N, 67.5W 995.4 mb; 24.9N, 
69.1W 986.1 mb; 24.3N, 68.3W 992.2 mb.  Winds 26.2N, 69.0W 036 degrees at 51 kt; 25.3N, 69.0W 350 degrees at 68 kt; 24.5N, 
69.0W 290 degrees at 69 kt; 24.4N, 68.4W 265 degrees at 72 kt.  Height of 700 mb in eye 8540 ft. Eye well defined at 10000 ft.  
At low level, west quadrant very heavy rain.  600 ft ceilings in north quadrant and south quadrant ceilings 1200 ft.  Light rain.  
Penetration at high level..." (micro).  "At 05/1830Z, Dog again turned right, accelerated slightly and moved almost due north at 
7 kt" (AWS).  "On the 5th and 6th the diameter of hurricane force winds was approximately 175 miles and the gales covered twice 
this distance" (AWS).  "05/2100Z: Eye well defined at 10,000 feet" (AWS).  "Late on 5 September, Dog again curved toward the north 
moving almost directly due north during the 6th and 7th of September" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "Flight departed Ramey AFB at 
dawn for another flight to this almost impenetrable hurricane centered about 400 miles north of the station.  Simple circumnavigation 
with no attempt made to penetrate the core of the storm made this flight relatively easy and uneventful.  Principle features of 
interest noted were: that the northwest sector was quite dry, that the center was about 30 miles SSE of the assigned coordinates, 
and that the hurricane winds covered an area 150 miles in diameter" (ATS).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N, 68.0W with a frontal boundary located 
north of the cyclone extending from 32N, 77W to 33N, 69W to 35N, 62W to 36N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
160 kt hurricane at 27.2N, 68.3W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.9N, 68.4W with 150 kt max 
winds and 941 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 27.4N, 68.3W with 150 kt max winds and 940 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 68.3W with a 953 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 68.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 
993 mb centered near 27.7N, 68.3W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 66.5W (COA).  
Five other gales between 50-70 kt and three other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 85 kt NW at flight 
level of 800 ft and 984 mb at 1415Z at 27.9N, 69.0W (ATS); Air Force center fix at 19Z at 28.4N, 67.9W (micro); 
Air Force 700 mb penetration at 2115Z with 944 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and 700 mb height in the eye of 
8560 feet (AWS).  At least 13 other surface gales, nine other flight-level hurricane force winds (600-1000 feet), 
and nine other low pressures below 1000 mb.  "N-10: Tremendous SE swell estimated 100 feet high" (micro).  
"Duck 3- fix 28.4N, 67.9W at 1900Z" (micro).  "At noon on the 6th the Navy flight circumnavigated the storm center 
and on the north side reported 'tremendous SE swell estimated 100 feet high.'  On the basis of these the weather 
observer wrote, 'It is believed that highest winds near the center were probably in excess of 150 kt'" (AWS).  
"06/2122Z: Eye is 35 miles in diameter, circular and well defined.  Located by radar" (AWS).  From the ATS report...
"As in previous flights into this storm, no penetration was planned because of the severity of the turbulence...it 
was considered desirable and adequate to circumnavigate at approximately the 70 kt wind circle.  Features of 
this flight include the observation of the extremely large swells ahead of the hurricane, and the extent of hurricane 
winds over a very large area.  It is believed that highest winds near the center were probably in excess of 150 kt" (ATS).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.1N, 67.5W with a dissipating 
WSW-ENE stationary front located north of the cyclone from 32N, 77W to 32N, 73W to 35N, 66W 
becoming a (non-dissipating) stationary front at 35N, 66W extending eastward to 36N, 57W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 67.5W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 28.8N, 68.2W with 140 kt max winds and 947 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.2N, 
67.9W with 125 kt max winds and 961 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 31.1N, 67.3W with a 948 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 29.7N, 67.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 30.3N, 
67.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 29.7N, 66.2W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1008 mb 
at 12Z at 26.0N, 66.7W (COA, HWM).  Four other gales.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) 
at 0420Z at 29.4N, 68.1W with 962 mb surface pressure by dropsonde and 700 mb height in the eye of 
9010 feet (AWS, micro); center fix at 1215Z just south of 30.5N, 67.6W with 700 mb height in the eye 
of 8800 feet (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1945Z with 105 kt estimated maximum surface winds, 
972 mb central pressure by low-level penetration, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9295 feet (AWS).  
"Hurep: In eye at 0420Z at 29.4N, 68.1W.  Determined by loran in eye.  Eye very good.  0510Z- 29.5N, 
68.0W- loran fix.  0800Z- 29.0? or 30.0? N, 68.8W" (micro).  "Duck 4: In eye now, surface wind 120 kt, 
position by DR and degree of confidence medium.  Leaving storm" (micro).  "It reached a point 
approximately 200 miles SW of Bermuda at 07/1230Z.  At this time, it turned NNE toward Bermuda and 
decelerated" (AWS).  "Dog appears to have lost intensity rapidly during the last few hours of the 6th 
and early 7th.  A night flight into the eye of 07/0420Z indicated an 18 mb rise in the central surface 
pressure during the 8 hours since the last flight.  This was the first night mission into a hurricane 
by an aircraft equipped with APQ-13 radar.  The radar was used only to guide the flight into the eye 
of the storm at 700 mbs.  Here the aircraft stayed for over an hour obtaining loran fixes, taking a 
dropsonde and computing movement of the storm center.  Two more missions were flown during the daylight 
on the 7th.  The second indicated another 10 mb rise in the central surface pressure and estimated the 
maximum surface wind in the NE quadrant as 105 kt" (AWS).  "07/0510Z: Eye of storm well defined circle on 
radar scope and 30 miles in diameter" (AWS). "07/1215Z: In center wind never observed less than 30 to 35 kt, 
direction following usual storm pattern.  Eye not extremely well defined.  No definite rim cloud at edge of 
eye, which appears nearly circular at about 40 miles in diameter" (AWS).  "07/1945Z: The eye was poorly 
defined and gave poor returns on the radar scope" (AWS).  A "ridge prevented the northward movement of Dog 
and also slowed it to an almost complete halt 150 to 200 miles southwest of Bermuda" (AWS).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 67.8W with 
the west end of a dissipating W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone 
extending from 35N, 65W to 35N, 54W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 
31.2N, 67.7W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.6N, 67.7W with 
115 kt max winds and 969 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 30.9N, 67.4W 
with 110 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of center of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 31.1N, 67.3W with a 954 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 31.2N, 67.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of 
at most 996 mb centered near 30.4N, 67.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1003 mb 
at 21Z at 30.6N, 70.3W (micro).  One other gale and one other low pressure.  
"The hurricane continued to move slowly on a northwesterly course after leaving the 
Leeward Islands and curved northward toward Bermuda, but its progress was 
blocked about 200 miles southwest of Bermuda near 31N, 67.5W on September 8" (MWR). 
"During 8 September, Dog remained nearly stationary with disorganization indicated" (AWS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.4N, 69.3W.  
HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.7N, 69.5W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 31.3N, 67.4W with 105 kt max winds and 981 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.0N, 68.3W with 100 kt max winds 
and 984 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 30.9N, 68.9W with a 955 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 31.0N, 69.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low of 
at most 1002 mb centered in the general vicinity of 30N, 69.5W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt WSW and 997 mb at 15Z at 29.1N, 70.5W (micro); 50 kt E and 1004 mb at 18Z 
at 32.3N, 69.7W (micro).  Three other gales and 13 other low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 0534Z at 31.0N, 67.5W (micro); center 
fix (loran) at 2029Z at 30.5N, 69.3W with 987 mb central pressure by low-level 
penetration, 100 kt estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 
9670 feet (AWS, micro).  At least one other flight-level gale.  "It reached a 
virtual standstill 160 miles SW of Bermuda at 09/0030Z.  It then accelerated 
toward the WSW through the 9th" (AWS).  "Duck 6- at 0534Z: Eye at 31.2N, 67.5W- 
Loran fix in eye.  Radar returns poor.  Pressure patterns indicate eye 
elongated north-south.  Remarks on Duck summary: Low center at 700 mb level 
is elongated and oriented N-S.  Gradient near the center is not tight.  Estimate 
eye to be 60 mi long on N-S line and 30 miles wide... center of eye is 15 to 20 mi 
south of 31.2N, 67.5W" (micro).  "Navy 5: Our point 0800Z 32.2N, 68.4W.  09/0753 
have thoroughly investigated and flown over area.  Area marked with heavy line 
squalls.  Definitely no eye indication" (micro).  "Hurep Duck 17 six: Winds 120/64 
at 32.2N, 68.2W.  Center of storm 30.5N, 69.3W at 2029Z by loran.  Eye covers 
large area.  Not well-defined.  Making decent sounding in eye" (micro).  "Three 
flights were made on the 9th, two early morning radar flights were unable to obtain 
radar echoes indicating that the storm had lost organization.  The afternoon flight 
entered at 10,000 feet and descended in the eye.  The central pressure was 987 mbs, 
but winds on the east side were still estimated at 100 kt" (AWS).  "During the 8th 
and 9th as Dog came to a standstill and reversed its course 360 miles SW of Bermuda, 
Kindley AFB reported force 7 winds at the surface for 24 hours.  Winds at 4000 feet 
during this period rose to 50 kt at 09/0300Z" (AWS).  "09/0534Z: The radar operator 
was unable to pick up any returns from the stratiform cloud layers" (AWS).  "09/0800Z: 
(Navy radar plane searching storm area reported:) Area marked by heavy line squalls.  
Definitely no eye indication" (AWS).  "09/2029Z: Center of storm very indefinite, 
covers very broad area 70 miles in diameter.  Center not discernible on radar 
scope" (AWS).  Dog "recurved toward the west so that we find it moving south of west 
during 9 September" (AWS).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.5N, 70.9W.  
HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 31.0N, 71.0W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 30.6N, 69.8W with 95 kt max winds and 987 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.5N, 71.4W with 90 kt max winds 
and 987 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 31.0N, 70.5W with a 964 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes 
a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 31.0N, 70.3W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt S and 1005 mb at 00Z at 28.6N, 67.2W (COA); 30 kt WNW and 996 mb at 15Z 
30.8N, 72.6W (micro); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 31.5N, 73.4W (micro); 
65 kt SW and 1014 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 69.3W (micro).  Four other gales and 
four other low pressures of less than 1000 mb.  Land/station highlights [had 
to have occurred between 10/05Z and 11/05Z]: 35 kt W (max w/1-min) at Cape 
Hatteras (climo); 34 kt NW (max w/1-min) at Baltimore (climo).  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1240Z at 31.2N, 71.2W with 986 mb central pressure by low-level 
penetration, 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered on the west-northwest 
side of the storm, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9677 feet (AWS, micro); 
center fix at 2005Z at 32.4N, 71.8W with 986 mb central pressure by low-level 
penetration, 75 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered on the east side and 
700 mb height in the eye of 9760 feet (AWS, micro).  At least one other surface 
and flight-level hurricane force wind.  "Post flight summary Hurricane Dog: 
Position of hurricane was located by penetration at low level at 31.2N, 71.2W 
at 1240Z.  Pressure in center was 986 mb.  Eye is approximately 90 miles long 
and 60 miles wide.  The sea is relatively calm and the wind variable at 12 kt.  
Aircraft sounding was made in center of hurricane.  700 mb height 9677 feet.  
Hurricane winds extend to 75 miles from center in NE, E, SE, NW quadrants 
and storm winds exist to 120 miles in all quadrants but the WSW.  Gale winds 
extend 150 miles in NE and SE quadrant and 135 miles in NW.  The WNW through 
SW sector is relatively weak.  Winds of 90 kt or better prevail in a small 
area near the center edges except in WNW sector.  Sea in area of center is 
extremely high" (micro).  "Center of storm at 10000 by radar indicates considerably 
spread out center approximately 90 miles long and 75 miles wide with an opening 
to the WNW [message transmitted at 1522Z]" (micro).  "Duck 18- The eye of the 
storm is 32.4N, 71.8W at 2005Z" (micro).  "It turned right and accelerated during 
the 10th" (AWS).  "The two flights on the 10th both reported surface pressures of 
986 mbs but the first reported winds of 90 kt near the center on the WNW side 
while the second only a few hours later reported maximum winds of 75 kt on the 
east side" (AWS).  "10/1315Z: The eye as determined by visual and radar observation 
was approximately 90 miles long and 60 wide, oriented WNW-ESE and open to the WNW.  
The sea was relatively calm and the wind variable at 12 kt" (AWS).  "10/2000Z: 
Eye circular about 65 miles across, not well defined" (AWS).  "It recurved [again] 
to move north during 10 and 11 September" (AWS).  The following quote from the 
Monthly National Climatological Data Summary is definitely not directly related 
to Hurricane Dog... "Location: Maryland, entire state.  Date: 10th of September 
during the pm hours.  Number of people killed: 3.  Character of storm: Flooding.  
Remarks: State police reported that stretches of highways flooded in almost 
every county.  Washington Boulevard near Bladensburg, Md. Covered with over a 
foot of water, making it necessary for thousands of motorists to detour.  In 
some instances water on roads was as high as 6 feet in low places.  A driver 
lost control of his car and went over side of bridge as another car splashed 
water on windshield; three men drowned.  At Whitemarsh a small 4-room house was 
swept from its foundation and into a nearby field.  At Whitehall there were 6 feet 
of water in basement of a house, a general store, and a food shed.  About a dozen 
people forced to flee" (climo).  The following quote is probably not directly 
related to Dog, but may be somewhat related to Dog... "Location: The following 
counties in Virginia- Rockbridge, Beteourt, Floyd, Bedford, Henry, Franklin, 
Roanoke, Patrick, Montgomery, Prince George, Curry, Greensville, Spotsylvania, 
and Caroline.  Date: 10th of September.  People killed: 3.  Property damage 
(exclusive of crops): $750,000.  Crop damage: $250,000.  Character of storm: 
Rain.  Remarks: Flash flood caused drowning of two persons in Rockbridge 
County; and severe erosion of land, damage to crops, and destruction of roads, 
bridges, culvarts, farm houses and contents, business establishments, telephone 
and power lines, tractors, trailers and cargo, and railroad roadbeds in Rockbridge 
and portions of Rotetourt Counties and to comparatively small areas in other 
counties named" (climo).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.5N, 71.8W 
with a W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone extending from 41N, 
83W to 40N, 71W to 42N, 54W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 36.5N, 
72.1W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 33.7N, 72.0W with  95 kt 
max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.4N, 71.6W 
with 110 kt max winds and 974 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.7N, 72.0W with a 970 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.7N, 72.3W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 36.5N, 72.3W with a frontal 
boundary located north of the cyclone extending from 42N, 83W to 41N, 72W to 
44N, 64W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 985 mb at 03Z at 34.4N, 72.4W (COA, micro).  
Nine other gales between 35-45 kt and 15 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb.  
Land/station highlights [had to have occurred between 11/05Z and 12/05Z]: 
35 kt N (max w/1-min at Atlantic City, NJ (climo).  Aircraft highlights: Navy 
center fix (low-level penetration) at 1240Z at 36.5N, 71.5W with 974 mb central 
pressure and winds of 90-100 kt reported (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix at 19Z 
near 38.1N, 71.2W with 972 mb central pressure (by low-level penetration), 120 kt 
estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9340 feet (AWS).  At least 
eight other surface gales, three other flight-level hurricane force winds, and nine 
other low pressures below 1000 mb.  "Here is the answer to the dispatch I sent to the 
plane which landed at Norfolk after this morning's flight quote.  Negative- this applies 
to my query as to whether the eye was defined well enough to justify night radar 
flights- then the message continues, entered eye located at 36.5N, 71.5W.  Fix reliably 
established twice by bearings, by out flight, by back track navigation and plane radio 
compass bearing on NGU.  Eye characterized by broken lower cloudiness and encircling 
cumulus to 6000 feet.  Signs of dissipation.  75 kt extend to 130 miles in western semicircle.  
Lowest pressure 974 mb" (micro).  "N-6: Circling in eye.  Strongest sustained winds west 
side 85 kt.  Center fixed at 36.5N, 71.5W.  Lowest pressure 976 mb" (micro).  "It passed 
approximately 200 miles east of Hatteras at 11/0630Z moving north at 14 kt" (AWS).  "On 
September 11th, Dog appears to have intensified again.  Central pressures reported were 
974 and 972 mbs.  The Navy flight reported winds 90-100 kt extended outward 100 miles 
from the center to the WSW.  The AF flight entered only the south side and estimated 
highest winds there at 120 kt" (AWS).  "By the 11th, hurricane winds extended 150 miles 
to the ESE and 80 miles to the west, gales swept an area 500 miles across from Diamond 
Shoals to 65W" (AWS).  "11/1145Z: Eye diameter 25 miles, showed little phenomena on radar 
scope" (AWS).  "11/1915Z: Eye not well defined.  Eye 70 miles wide NE-SW and appears to be 
circular.  Unable to find eye aloft" (AWS).  "It accelerated to 14 kt by 11 September when 
it began a recurvature toward the east" (AWS).  From the ATS report... "Flight was made to 
investigate eye and determine fix on position of well developed storm off Virginia coast.  
Penetration was made into southwest quadrant and fixes determined directional bearings from 
several RDO stations and by backtracking navigation of outflight from eye.  The eye was 
fixed at 36.5N, 71.5W, but showed little phenomena on radar scope.  This indicated that 
although the storm was still well-defined and sustained winds of 90-100 knots outward 
100 miles from the center, it was in its first stage of filling and dissipation" (ATS).  
[Maybe there was radar attenuation.]  From the Monthly National Climate Data Summary...
"Location: New Jersey (southern coastline).  Date: 11th-12th of September.  Property 
damage (exclusive of crops): $1,000.  Character of storm: Hurricane.  Remarks: Passed 
200 miles east of New Jersey shoreline.  High tides and heavy seas caused considerable 
beach erosion and some damage to dwellings located near beach.  Heavy rain caused mild 
flood conditions at some coastal towns and cities, but no permanent damage resulted 
from water" (climo).  From the Monthly National Climatic Data Summary... "Location: Massachusetts 
(eastern portion), and Rhode Island.  Date/time: Noon 11th to noon 12th.  Deaths: 12.  
Injuries: 1.  Property damage (exclusive of crops): $2,000,000.  Character of storm: 
Hurricane.  Remarks: By the morning of the 12th, center of the storm had reached a point 
85 miles ESE of Nantucket.  Still a very severe extratropical storm, but had lost some 
of its true hurricane character.  Shortly before midnight of the 11th, winds attainted 
velocity in peak gusts of over 75 mph at Nantucket and off elbow of Cape Cod, but 
precautionary measures held damage to a minimum.  However, several fishing vessels were 
caught in worst sector of storm, where winds of hurricane velocity and tremendous seas 
overwhelmed 105-foot scalloper "Theresa A," lost with 11 persons on board.  Another, the 
'Muriel and Russell,' managed to make North Chatam Beach, where Coast Guard aided the 10-man 
crew to get ashore.  At Provincetown, an automobile that was blown off road, overturned, 
killing driver.  In combination with naturally high Spring tides, hurricane swell and 
gale-driven surf pounded sea-walls and coastal highways, undermining buildings in some 
places.  Pleasure boats and small craft suffered largest monetary loss in New England's 
history, although numerically not as great as the 1938 hurricane.  At Marblehead, Mass., 
alone, wide open to a northeaster, yacht replacement damage set at $1,125,000; at 
Winthrop a 50-foot section of sea-wall smashed, damage of $300,000; on Cape Cod damage 
to traps alone $150,000.  The overall estimate of $2,000,000 is probably too 
conservative.  Along south New England coast, west of Bussard's Bay, winds less 
violent and off-shore, no damage confined to wired and trees.  Twenty-five communities 
without light or power all night and 20,000 homes without telephone service" (climo). 

September 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.5N, 66.3W with 
the west end of a W-E warm front located just east of the cyclone extending from 
41N, 64W to 41N, 56W becoming a stationary front there continuing eastward to 40N, 
46W.  The east end of a cold front is located west of the cyclone and it extends 
from 38N, 72W to 38N, 76W, becoming a warm front there and extending northwestward 
to 42N, 83W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 41.3N, 66.9W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 38.9N, 70.2W with 120 kt max winds 
and 972 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 40.8N, 67.3W with 100 kt max 
winds and 979 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 41.3N, 67.3W with a 975 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 41.5N, 67.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 
990 mb centered near 40.6N, 66.7W with the west end of a frontal boundary located 
east of the cyclone extending from 41N, 62W to 41N, 52W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt 
SSW and 995 mb at 06Z at 38.7N, 67.1W (micro); 45 kt WSW and 985 mb at 16Z at 
40.5N, 66.4W (micro); 60 kt E and 1001 mb at 18Z at 42.7N, 64.8W (COA, micro).  
At least 31 other gales between 35-60 kt and nine other low pressures.  Land/station 
highlights: 63 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Nantucket sometime between 00Z-05Z (climo); 
55 kt ENE and 998 mb at 06Z at Nantucket (micro); 42 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Boston 
(climo); 35 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Eastport, ME (climo).  At least one other gale 
and one other low pressure at Nantucket.  Aircraft highlights: center fix (low-level 
penetration) at 1303Z at 39.9N, 66.9W with 979 mb central pressure and 75 kt max 
winds on the west side of the storm (AWS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1745Z 
at 41.4N, 65.9W [accuracy in doubt due to description of degree of certainty in 
estimated position] (micro).  "It drifted slowly westward for two days before resuming 
a north to northeast course, and finally turned eastward south of Nova Scotia on 
the 13-14th.  It gave strong winds to Cape Cod when it was passing some distance 
offshore on the 12th, and the station at Nantucket reported gusts of near hurricane 
force.  Although winds along the New England coast were less than full hurricane 
force, damage amounted to $2,000,000 and 12 lives were lost, 11 in capsized boats" (MWR).  
"On September 12 an Atlantic hurricane passed near the New England coast, causing 13 
casualties and over $2,000,000 damage, mostly in Massachusetts" (climo).  "Hurep Duck 
summary: Center of storm located by penetration at low level 39.9N, 66.9W at 1303Z.  
Eye was completely overcast.  Light to calm winds in small area approximately 90 miles 
wide E to W.  Winds on east side 50 kt or less, west side maximum 75 kt.  Ceiling in 
all quadrants 500 ft or less.  Very rough seas.  60 kt winds extend 110 miles S of center.  
35 kt winds extend 215 mi south.  Low pressure in eye 979 mb" (micro).  "D-7: Center of 
storm at 1745Z- 41.4N, 65.9W by pressure drop and wind shift at 700 mb" (micro).  "On the 
12th, weaker values were reported again, 979 mbs and 75 kt.  Dog seems to have maintained 
extremes near or even exceeding these all across the Atlantic" (AWS).  "From this time 
on the areas of strong winds continued to expand except for a shrinking in the area 
of hurricane winds on the 12th and 13th.  On the 12th, as the center passed 120 miles 
SE of Marthas Vineyard, hurricane winds grazed the island with gales lashing the coast 
from New York City to Portland, Maine and extending inland as far as Westover AFB" (AWS).
"12/1303Z: Eye completely overcast, light to calm winds in area approximately 90 miles 
wide east to west" (AWS).  "By late on 12 September, Dog was moving almost directly east 
with constantly increasing speed and continued this course until is passed north of 
the Azores" (AWS).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 995 mb centered near 42.3N, 60.4W with a WNW-ESE warm 
front extending from the low to 39N, 45W and the northeast end of a cold front 
located near 38N, 60W extending to 36N, 63W to 35N, 68W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
55 kt extratropical storm at 42.6N, 60.3W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 42.0N, 63.4W with 80 kt max winds and 981 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position 
at 42.2N, 59.2W with 75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.2N, 60.8W with a 980 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 42.6N, 60.0W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a low of at most 996 mb centered near 42.3N, 60.0W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt SW and 993 mb 
at 00Z at 40.5N, 64.6W (micro); 60 kt W and 1003 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 64.9W (COA); 50 kt W 
and 1006 mb at 18Z at 39.2N, 60.4W (COA).  At least 18 other gales between 35-50 kt and 
three other low pressures between 1002-1004 mb.  "During the 11th and 12th and 13th Dog 
made a broad turn to the east, bringing gale winds to the storm area from New York City 
to Portland, Maine and to southern Nova Scotia" (AWS).  "Three ships reported pressures 
below 979 mbs after the [final] aircraft flight" (AWS).  "As the storm moved eastward across 
the Atlantic, gales swept a latitude band 10-11 degrees wide including all but the southern 
Azores and hurricane winds swept a latitude band 2-4 degrees wide" (AWS).

September 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near 43.3N, 51.2W with a warm front 
extending from 44N, 51W southeastward to 38N, 35W and a cold front extending from 
41N, 51W to 38N, 55W to 37N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm 
at 43.1N, 50.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 42.3N, 54.8W with 
75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 42.5N, 50.4W 
with 70 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.0N, 49.5W with a 985 mb pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.5N, 48.4W.  By 12Z, the low is 
moving off of the microfilm map.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 998 mb at 00Z at 
40.9N, 55.2W (COA); 45 kt WNW and 998 mb at 12Z at 41.3N, 53.0W (HWM, micro).  At 
least 14 other gales between 35-45 kt and seven other low pressures between 998-1005 mb.  
"By 14 September, it had reached a speed of 17 knots moving due east.  The storm later 
moved into Ireland [on or after 16 September]" (AWS).

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 46.2N, 33.7W with a warm front 
extending from 46N, 29W to 36N, 21W and a cold front extending from 44N, 32W to 39N, 
35W to 35N, 42W to 35N, 45W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 
45.3N, 33.6W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 42.6N, 43.6W with 70 kt 
max winds and 982 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.0N, 35.0W with 
75 kt max winds and 982 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 45.0N, 33.7W with a 985 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 41.6N, 48.5W (COA); 55 kt NW and 1008 mb at 06Z at 
42.6N, 46.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 982 mb at 18Z at 48.2N, 30.8W (COA).  Numerous other 
gales and low pressures.

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 965 mb centered near 52.8N, 15.0W with an occluded 
front extending from just east of the low near 53N, 12W southward to a triple point 
at 44N, 13W.  From this triple point, a warm front extends southward to 37N, 15W 
and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward to 37N, 22W.  HWM also 
analyzes a much weaker extratropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 58N, 26W 
and a third extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb centered near 68N, 0W.  All three 
cyclones are located inside the same 995 mb closed isobar which extends over a huge 
distance.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 52.8N, 14.7W.  Ship 
highlights: 50 kt SSE and 994 mb at 06Z at 49.1N, 11.9W (COA); 30 kt S and 966 mb at 
12Z at 52.2N, 13.4W (COA).  Numerous other gales and low pressures.  "It then moved 
almost due east passing 300 miles north of the Azores on the 16th" (AWS).  "From the 
WBAN analysis, this storm still had a low pressure of 963 mbs just off the coast of 
Ireland at 1830Z on 16 September" (AWS).  "From the 15th to the 18th an intense 
depression moved north-east from mid-Atlantic to the south-west of Scotland and thence 
irregularly north-north-east to the west of Norway.  Widespread, severe gales occurred 
in the British Isles on the 16th and 17th, and heavy rainfall was registered in the west" 
(Monthly Weather Report).

September 17:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 970 mb centered near 57.5N, 4.5W with an occluded front 
wrapping around the low extending from 60N, 7W to 61N, 2W to 60N, 3E to 58N, 6E to 
55N, 7E to 50N, 4E to 44N, 3W and a dissipating occluded front extending from 53N, 3E 
to 51N, 0W to 50N, 5W becoming a dissipating cold front there extending westward to 51N, 
20W.  Another weak extratropical low of at most 995 mb is centered near 69N, 3W.  Both 
cyclones are located inside the same 1000 mb isobar extending over a large distance.  
HURDAT last lists this system at 00Z as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 55.2N, 9.1W.  
Land highlights:  70 kt gust at Holyhead, England (no time, MWReport); 78 kt gust at 
St. Ann's Head (no time, MWReport).  Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 992 mb at 00Z at 
52.5N, 15.0W (COA); 55 kt SSE at 00Z at 55.5N, 4.9W; 50 kt NW and 987 mb at 12Z at 
56.0N, 11.0W (COA); 35 kt SE and 976 mb at 12Z at 59.0N, 1.0W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 
974 mb at 18Z at 60.7N, 1.7W (COA); 10 kt SE and 971 mb at 18Z at 59.0N, 3.0W (COA); 
45 kt N and 996 mb at 23Z at 62.5N, 13.5W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.  
"It brought 80 kt winds to the British Isles on the 17th" (AWS).  "The British Isles 
experienced winds of 80 kt as Dog arrived on September 17th" (AWS).  "Among the highest 
gales registered in knots were...70 at Holyhead and 78 at St. Ann's Head on the 17th" 
(Monthly Weather Report).

September 18:
HWM suggests that Dog completely merged with another strong extratropical low by 12Z.  
HWM analyzes the center of the combined low near 61.0N, 0.1W.  HURDAT no longer lists 
Dog on this day.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 45 kt SW and 988 mb at 06Z at 
56.0N, 1.0E (COA); 20 kt SE and 979 mb at 06Z at 62.0N, 1.0E (COA).  Several other 
gales and low pressures.

The origin of what became Hurricane Dog is somewhat unclear.  The Air Weather Service 
post-season report stated that the surface circulation that formed into Dog originated 
near the northeastern coast of South America around the 26th of August just north of 
Cayenne, French Guiana.  The Monthly Weather Review article and messages from NHC 
microfilm maps indicate that Dog originated from an easterly wave noted near the Cape 
Verde Islands on 24 August.  Regardless of which scenario is correct, there are no 
observations available to draw a track before the first 6-hourly point in HURDAT at 
18Z on 30 August for this cyclone, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis 
about 300 miles east of the Leeward Islands.  (Apparently, the ship Sibrodin was in 
the vicinity of what they termed a "disturbance" late on the 29th, but provided no 
quantitative information, nor any reported gales.)  The first observed gales occurred 
during the afternoon of the 30th from a ship, confirming the existence of Dog.  On the 
31st at 00Z, a ship reported 75 kt with 1000 mb, and at 1050Z on the 31st, aircraft 
measured a central pressure of 953 mb and estimated the center at 16.3N, 59.0W.  This 
central pressure value is added into HURDAT at 12Z on 31 August.  A central pressure 
of 953 mb yields 110 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship 
for intensifying systems, and 110 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity on the 31st 
(up from 75 kt originally).  There is little to no information available to indicate 
the pace at which the organization and intensification of Dog occurred during the previous 
hours and days.  Backtracking the intensity obtained at 12Z the 31st to the first HURDAT 
point (18Z the 30th) an intensification of 10 kt per 6 hours is shown.  Therefore, the 
first point in HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th is shown as a hurricane with an 80 kt intensity 
(up from 60 kt originally).  Obviously, genesis did not occur at 18Z on the 30th at the 
first entry in HURDAT, but actually occurred at some unknown time earlier in the eastern 
Atlantic.  No track changes of larger than one degree are analyzed for the entire tropical 
portion of the lifetime of Dog (30 August - 11 September).  On the 31st, this powerful 
hurricane was moving towards the west-northwest and was approaching the northern Leeward 
and Virgin Islands.  Early on 1 September, Hurricane Dog inflicted a major blow to the 
islands of Antigua and Barbuda (described as the worst hurricane in the history of those 
islands).  The anemometer at Antigua recorded a maximum wind of 144 mph (125 kt) before 
the anemometer "disintegrated," so the highest may not have been recorded, though it is not 
known if this value is a gust or a sustained wind.  The minimum pressure recorded at Antigua 
was 973 mb, but this was not a central pressure.  Dog passed to the north of Antigua, so 
the island was on the left (typically weaker) side of the cyclone.  The revised track shows 
Dog to have moved two-tenths of a degree closer to the island based upon both surface 
observations and aircraft reconnaissance.  An intensity of 115 kt is chosen from 18Z on the 
31st to 06Z on 1 September (major upward changes), but it is possible that Dog could have 
been stronger at those times.  At 01/1832Z, an Air Force plane reported a 700 mb height in 
the eye of 9140 feet, implying a central pressure in the range of 948 to 966 mb and a 964 mb 
pressure was reported from a dropsonde at the same time.  Thus the central pressure is assumed 
to be some value between 948-964 mb.  This range indicates an intensity in the range of 
97-113 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  (Note that these values are 
not consistent with the 125 kt observation from Antigua several hours earlier being a sustained 
wind.)  105 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 1st (no change to HURDAT).  A central pressure of 
962 mb was obtained by aircraft low-level penetration on 2 September at 1405Z about 80 miles 
north of the Virgin Islands indicating that some filling had taken place since the 953 mb 
central pressure was reported on the 31 August.  A 962 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 2nd.  A 962 mb central pressure yields 99 kt according to the southern pressure-wind 
relationship but since the storm was moving at only 6 kt, 95 kt would be chosen.  However, 
surface winds were estimated visually at 120 kt and were believed to be as high as 140 kt on 
the strong side, so 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT for 12Z on the 2nd (down from 115 kt originally) 
placing a slight weighting on the surface wind estimates.  After the central pressure of 
962 mb was recorded on 2 September, Dog was not penetrated at low-levels again until 7 September 
when it was located near 30N, 67W.  However, 700-mb penetrations were performed each day in 
between by the Air Force.  The 700 mb heights obtained in the eye on the 3rd and 4th were 
similar to the 2nd of September, but those obtained on the 5th and 6th indicated a stronger 
hurricane than was observed during the previous three days.  The peak aircraft observations 
for this storm occurred of 5 September.  A 700 mb height of 8540 ft was measured, which 
implies a central pressure in the range of 930 to 946 mb.  A dropsonde at the same time 
measured a surface pressure of 943 mb, so the central pressure was probably in the range 
of 930-943 mb at the time.  Making use of the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind 
relationship on the 5th, wind speed values in the range of 120-132 kt and 114-129 kt are 
yielded for south and north of 25N respectively.  125 kt is chosen for the peak intensity 
from 12Z on the 5th through 00Z on the 6th.  Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 
160 kt from 06 to 18Z on the 6th.  On the 6th, it is analyzed that Dog weakened from 125 to 
120 kt because the storm slowed down, moved north of 25N, the reported 700 mb height that 
day was slightly higher, and the estimated RMW was larger on that day.  It is acknowledged 
that the rather large downward revisions from the 3rd through the 6th are done with only 
semi-quantiative information, but there was enough confidence in these to make the adjustments.  
These reduced intensities on the 6th are though consistent with a substantially weaker 
hurricane late on the 7th, as measured by aircraft central pressure at that time. After 
having moved in a general northerly directlion from the 4th to the 6th, Dog slowed down and 
turned westward by the time it reached a position only a couple hundred miles southwest of 
Bermuda.  The slow westward motion continued until 10 September, when an acceleration towards 
the north-northwest commenced.  On the 11th, Dog reached a longitude as far west as 72W before 
beginning a recurvature to the north-northeast.  At 1945Z on 7 September, a central pressure 
of 972 mb was obtained by aircraft, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th. 
A central pressure of 972 mb yields 82 and 78 kt utilizing the north of 25N relationships 
for steady state and weakening systems, respectively.  The forward speed of the cyclone was 
a very slow 3 kt.  Maximum surface winds were visually estimated to be 105 kt from aircraft 
reconnaissance.  85 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 7th (down from 125 kt originally) and 80 kt 
at 00z on the 8th (down from 115 kt).  A central pressure of 987 mb was obtained by aircraft 
low-level penetration on the 9th at 2029Z, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 
9th.  A central pressure of 987 mb yields 64 and 61 kt utilizing the north of 25N relationships 
for steady state and weakening systems respectively.  65 kt is chosen for the intensity at 
18Z on the 9th (down from 80 kt originally).  Several more central pressures were obtained 
on the 10th and 11th.  The following central pressure values are added into HURDAT on those 
days: 986 mb at both 12 and 18Z on the 10th, 982, 978, 974, and 972 mb at 00, 06, 12, and 18Z 
on the 11th.  Early on the 11th, low end tropical storm conditions were observed in North Carolina 
and Maryland, thus Dog is considered a U.S. tropical storm impact.  By 18Z on the 11th, Dog is 
analyzed to have been located south of Massachusetts by a couple hundred miles and was analyzed 
to still be a tropical cyclone.  It is analyzed that Dog reintensified from 65 kt on the 
10th to 85 kt on the 11th.  Dog is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on 12 September 
(6 hours earlier than originally).  Around the same time, it made a turn toward the east-northeast.  
Dog is analyzed to have made its closest approach ... about 125 nmi south-southeast - of Nantucket, 
MA around 03Z on 12 September.  HURDAT originally indicated roughly 75 nmi for the closest 
approach to Nantucket.  This track adjustment weights the aircraft center fixes obtained at 
11/1900Z and 12/1303Z as well as several important ship observations early on the 12th.  
Nantucket recorded a 1-min maximum wind of 63 kt early on the 12th.  Since Dog is analyzed as 
becoming extratropical before its closest approach to Nantucket (and before the 63 kt wind was 
recorded), a hurricane impact is not analyzed for any portion of the United States coastline.  
After the 12th, Dog moved rapidly eastward across the north Atlantic as an extratropical system 
without being absorbed by any other low pressure systems through the 17th of September.  The 
largest track changes made to HURDAT occur early on the 13th when the positions are analyzed 
to be just over 1 degree southwest of the previous HURDAT positions.  By the 15th at 12Z, Dog was 
located in the central North Atlantic and by the 16th, it was located a couple hundred miles west 
of Ireland.  A 60 kt wind was observed late on the 15th, and a 966 mb pressure was observed on 
the 16th.  The final position originally listed in HURDAT was at 00Z on the 17th just north of 
Ireland.  The analysis indicates that Dog still existed as a powerful extratropical cyclone even 
though it began occluding on the 16th, and Dog was not absorbed until the 18th after 00Z when it 
merged with a large low to its northeast.  Dog passed through the British Isles on the 17th, and 
the Air Weather Service report stated that 80 kt winds were reported in the British Isles that day.  
This (at least 78 kt) was confirmed as gusts from the U.K. Monthly Weather Report.  The analyzed 
position at 12Z on the 17th is over Scotland.  An intensity of 65 kt is analyzed from 00Z on 
16 September to 06Z on 17 September (up from 50 kt originally at all times), and the intensity 
is brought down to 55 kt by 18Z on the 17th.  The 55 kt intensity is maintained for the final 
position north of Scotland at 00Z on 18 September.


Some interesting quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report...

"Storm Dog definitely reached its maximum intensity between the 2nd and 7th with the 
extreme apparently on the 6th.  Despite the report sent back by the Navy plane on the 
2nd, another attempted to penetrate the eye on the 3rd and had to give up a few miles 
outside the eye due to severe turbulence.  After this, Navy flights circumnavigated 
the storm center until the 11th.  Meanwhile, Air Force aircraft penetrated the storm 
center at the 700 mb level and by means of dropsondes obtained sea level pressures in 
the eye.  Values of 943 and 944 mbs were obtained in this way on the 5th and 6th 
respectively.  Estimates of maximum wind during this period are of course questionable 
but indicate extreme intensity.  Values of 120 kt and above were reported consistently 
from the first flights on August 31st until the afternoon of September 7th.  Most of the 
Navy estimates were from the west and south sides which were presumably the weaker quadrants.  
The Air Force flights into the center of the storm were at 10,000 feet which made estimation 
of the surface wind difficult" (AWS).

Regarding the size, "Dog was a 'great hurricane' in both size and intensity" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 5 (Easy)

35090 09/01/1950 M= 9  5 SNBR= 776 EASY        XING=1 SSS=3                     
35095 09/01*  0   0   0    0*191 841  40    0*202 835  45    0*204 834  50    0*
35095 09/01*  0   0   0    0*197 832  40    0*199 832  45    0*201 832  50    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35100 09/02*206 832  55    0*208 830  60    0*210 828  65    0*214 825  65    0*
35100 09/02*203 832  50    0*205 833  55    0*207 833  55  996*209 832  55  995*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

35105 09/03*220 822  70    0*228 820  70    0*237 820  70    0*249 824  75    0*
35105 09/03*214 827  70    0*224 824  80    0*238 823  75  980*249 826  75  980*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***     ***      ***

35110 09/04*260 828  90    0*269 832 105    0*274 832 110    0*280 838 110    0*
35110 09/04*262 828  80    0*271 833  85    0*277 835  85  973*280 838  85  973*
            ***      **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***         ***  ***

35115 09/05*279 831 110    0*283 829 105  958*287 826 105    0*290 830 100    0*
35115 09/05*281 837  95    0*285 833 105    0*288 830 105    0*291 828 105  960*
            *** *** ***      *** ***      *** *** ***          *** *** ***  ***

35120 09/06*283 826  85    0*282 822  65    0*283 818  60    0*286 815  50    0*
35120 09/06*287 828  95    0*284 826  75    0*282 821  60    0*286 817  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **

35125 09/07*293 812  45    0*300 817  40    0*312 830  35    0*324 845  30    0*
35125 09/07*293 816  40    0*302 819  35    0*312 830  30    0*320 848  25    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

35130 09/08*334 859  30    0*341 870  25    0*346 877  25    0*348 881  25    0*
35130 09/08*331 859  25    0*339 870  20    0*352 883  20    0*352 885  20    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35135 09/09*350 886  25    0*353 892  25    0*356 897  25    0*359 902  25    0*
35135 09/09*353 893  20    0*350 898  20    0*356 899  20    0*359 902  20    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **               **

35140 HRAFL3                                                                    
35140 HRAFL3BFL1                                                                    
            ****

International Landfalls:
09/03/1950 - 01Z - 21.5N, 82.6W - Cuba - 70 kt
09/03/1950 - 07Z - 22.7N, 82.3W - Cuba - 80 kt

U.S. Landfalls:
09/05/1950 - 17Z - 29.1N 82.8W - 105 kt - 960 mb - 1009 mb OCI - 325 nm ROCI - 15 nmi RMW
09/06/1950 - 04Z - 28.5N, 82.7W - 90 kt - (965 mb) - 1008 mb OCI - 300 nm ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone 
that made landfall near Cedar Key, FL as a major hurricane.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National and Local Monthly 
Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather 
maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), 
U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Connor (1956), Perez et al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 31:
HWM does not analyze any features of particular interest except it appears 
as though a trough of low pressure extends southward from Tropical Storm 
Baker into the extreme western Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT does not yet list a 
system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 15.6N, 83.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  "Storm Baker had 
passed inland over the Gulf Coast near Mobile early on the morning of the 
31st of August moving northward across the Gulf States and leaving in its 
wake a large area of cyclonically curving winds covering the entire western 
Caribbean, and a deep trough extending from the center of the low [Baker] 
down across the Gulf of Mexico between the Yucatan Peninsula and western Cuba.  
This trough was recognizable at the surface level and at all upper levels up 
to and including at least the 300 mb level.  Winds aloft at Swan Island 
remained westerly and ship reports indicated that low ceilings, precipitation 
and squally weather persisted in the area, factors indicating possible 
development of a tropical cyclone.  Consequently, a close watch was kept 
over this area and a Navy flight was sent out [on 1 September] to check 
conditions in this area" (AWS).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.2N, 83.4W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 83.5W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.2N, 84.7W.  
Ship highlights: At least 15 kt NW and 999 mb at 17Z at 19.5N, 84.8W (micro); 
30 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z at 18.5N, 82.9W (COA, micro).  One other low 
pressure of 1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 30 kt SE and 1005 mb at 18Z 
at Isle of Pines 1 (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 75 kt SW 
at flight-level of 500 ft and 999 mb at 2058Z at 20.4N, 82.8W (ATS).  Five 
other low-level flight-level winds of between 50-75 kt, and two other pressures 
of 999 mb.  "[Easy] developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea south of the 
Isle of Pines on September 1" (MWR).  "At 2100Z, position 19.9N, 82.8W- passed 
into relatively clear area.  Wind 290 degrees 35 kt.  Max wind 80 kt in gusts.  
Penetrated above with wind placed on port beam.  Circling in clear area.  
Wall penetrating squall again.  N-2: Passed through moderate squall at 1725Z 
at 23.8N, 83.0W.  Wind shifted 130 degrees 20 kt to 160 degrees 28 kt.  
Squall oriented NW-SE at 01/1800Z.  N-3: Passed through scattered squall at 
23.2N, 83.9W at 1823Z.  Wind dropped off to 6 kt- scattered squalls all quads" (micro).  
"On the morning of 1 September 1950 a Navy reconnaissance aircraft was 
dispatched from Miami to investigate a suspicious area southwest of the Isle 
of Pines in the western Caribbean.  At 1725Z at position 23.8N, 83.0W a squall 
line oriented NW-SE was crossed with a wind shift from 130 degrees at 20 kt to 
160 degrees at 20 kt.  Heavy rain was encountered at 2027Z and [flight-level] 
winds were observed from 230 degrees at 60 kt with gusts to 80 kt in heavy squalls.  
No definite center could be found but a relatively clear area was reported at 
19.9N, 82.2W.  Minimum pressure reported in the area was 999 mbs" (AWS).  From 
the weather observers' summaries- "01/2100Z: Passed through several squalls and 
calm areas.  Passed into one relatively clear area, wind 290 degrees 35 kt, with 
maximum winds in squall line to SE 80 kt in gusts.  Pressure 999 mb" (AWS).  
From the ATS report. "On the morning of 1 September, this flight departed Miami 
to investigate a suspicious area north of Isle of Pines south of Cuba.  The 
coordinates were to 21.5N, 85.0W thence southeastward to 17.2N, 81.0W.  At 1752Z 
position 23.8N, 83.0W passed through moderate squall line oriented NW-SE.  Wind 
shifted 130 degrees 20 kt to 150 degrees 28 kts across squall line.  The radar 
became inoperative about 1840Z due to excessive moisture in radar range unit, 
and without radar the orientation of squalls covering western tip of Cuba was 
extremely difficult to determine.  At 1949Z position 20.6N, 84.3W moderate rain 
commenced and by 2000Z had become heavy.  Winds southeasterly north of Cuba, backed 
to northwesterly 25 kt south of Cuba and by 2027Z were 230 degrees 60 kt, with gusts 
to 80 kt in heavy squalls.  At 2100Z position 19.9N, 82.8W passed into relatively 
clear area.  A commercial ship [plane?] was observed at 2112Z heading directly for 
area of high winds so information about high winds was transmitted to ship.  At 
2130Z departed clear area of southeasterly heading and a gradual turn to the north 
was made.  At 2200Z, passed from under heavy squall line oriented WNW-ESE.  Winds 
dropped rapidly off to calm so departure was taken for Miami" (ATS).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.4N, 84.0W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 82.8W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 20.8N, 83.5W with 80 kt max winds and 999 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 20.8N, 83.5W with 80 kt max winds 
and 997 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 21.1N, 83.0W with a 988 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 82.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 20.7N, 83.6W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 20.3N, 82.3W (micro); 40 kt W and 1000 mb at 16Z at 
20.4N, 83.6W (micro); 50 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 19.3N, 83.6W (micro); 
30 kt S and 996 mb at 21Z at 20.4N, 82.4W (micro).  Two other gales and 26 other 
low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 50 kt E and 994 mb at 20Z at Isle 
of Pines 2 (21.8N, 82.8W) (micro); 40 kt E and 993 mb at 21Z at Isle of Pines 1 
(21.5N, 82.8W) (micro).  Five other gales and 11 other low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights: Navy center fix at 1335Z at 20.8N, 83.4W with 996 mb central pressure 
and max flight-level winds encountered of 65 kt (AWS, ATS); 20 kt NE (25 kt ENE at 
flight-level of 1000 feet) and 994 mb at 1415Z at 21.0N, 82.2W (micro); Navy center 
fix at 1830Z at 20.8N, 83.5W with 995 mb central pressure (max flight-level winds 
encountered 75 kt ESE at 19Z at 800 ft at 20.9N, 82.0W (AWS, ATS).  At least three 
other surface gales, two other flight-level winds of 55 kt, and seven other low 
pressures below 1000 mb.  "N-13 (1545Z): Position [of aircraft?] 21.9N, 83.8W.  
Hook center by land radar fix at 20.7N, 82.9W [position of aircraft?].  Circular 
center 20.8N, 83.7W [position of aircraft?].  Lowest pressure 996 mb.  Eye appears 
to be forming with center at 1335Z at 20.8N, 83.4W.  Well defined hook from center." 
(micro). "Navy special: Entered storm on west side.  Storm center 20.8N, 83.5W.  
Lowest barometer 995 mb at 1825Z.  Wind located on the NE and E side 80 kts.  Heavy 
squall lines forming on east side of storm" (micro).  "On September 2nd, two 
reconnaissance flights were made into the area.  Each found a center with a partially 
formed eye, minimum pressure of 996 and 995 mbs and gusts to 80 kt in the squall line 
forming the eastern wall of the eye.  The center positions, reported five hours apart, 
were separated by less than 7 miles.  After the second of these fixes at 1830Z, the 
storm center began to move to the NE and had crossed Cuba almost before the movement 
could be detected.  Exactly the same thing happened in October 1947 when an even more 
intense hurricane passed near the Isle of Pines and crossed Cuba.  Its movement not 
being detected until rising winds and falling pressure at Havana and Rancho Bayeros 
revealed the storm's location.  In both cases the storm center seemed to be located in 
the Isle of Pines area and then suddenly jumped across Cuba and appeared over water north 
of Havana.  However, careful checking indicates that storm Easy moved at nearly a constant 
speed of between 10 and 12 kt from 02/1830Z and located by reconnaissance north of Cuba 
at 03/1215Z" (AWS).  From the weather observers' summaries- "02/1335Z: Found cyclonic 
circulation with minimum pressure 996 mbs.  Maximum winds of 65 kt with gusts to 80 kt.  
02/1830Z: Found widespread calm area approximately 30 miles in diameter, lowest pressure 
995 mbs.  Strongest winds around center were WNW side 40 kt, S side 45 kt, NW side gusts 
to 80 kt with torrential rain in squall line" (AWS).  From the ATS report. "This flight 
was ordered out on the morning of 2 September 1950 to further investigate a suspicious 
area south of the Isle of Pines which had been reconnoitered the previous afternoon.  
The standard Navy low-level procedure was commenced shortly after reaching a position 
five miles west of the Isle of Pines.  After one hour and 45 minutes of search, a cyclonic 
circulation with minimum pressure of 996 mb was centered at 02/1335Z near 20.8N, 83.4W.  
Maximum winds of 65 kt with gusts to 80 kt and torrential rains were encountered in the 
heavy weather which existed between true bearings of 040 and 170 degrees at a distance 
of 25 to 30 miles from the circulation center.  A climb to 10,000 feet was commenced at 
1500Z in order to view the storm structure from that altitude.  The flight returned to 
Miami, landing at 02/1800Z" (ATS).  From another ATS report. "Crossed Cuba and entered 
storm on the northwest side.  Highest winds encountered west-northwest of the center 
40 knots.  A widespread calm area approximately 30 miles in diameter was centered at 
20.8N, 83.5W.  Lowest central pressure was 995 mb.  The strongest west winds encountered 
near the south side of the calm area were 260 degrees 45 kt.  Departed through east side 
spiraling out through the northeast quadrant and encountering torrential rain and gusts 
to 75 kt in squall lines" (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.7N, 82.4W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 82.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 
0030Z position at 21.5N, 82.8W with 80 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure 
and a 1230Z position at 23.9N, 82.3W with 80 kt max winds and 980 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.8N, 
82.0W with a 975 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 23.7N, 82.1.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 993 mb centered near 24.2N, 
82.3W.  Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 987 mb at 03Z at 22.3N, 82.8W (micro); 75 kt 
ENE and 998 mb at 12Z at 24.3N, 81.5W (micro); 65 kt SE and 998 mb at 15Z at 24.3N, 
81.6W (micro); 75 kt ENE at 19Z at 25.7N, 82.9W (micro).  Eight other gales and 27
 other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 58 kt G 63 kt (max w) at Havana, 
 Cuba around ~10Z (micro, AWS); 10 kt (min w inside RMW) and 989 mb (min p) at 
 Havana around ~10Z (micro, Gentry); 60 kt E (wind maybe biased too high) and 
 1000 mb at 12Z at Key West (micro); 40 kt SSE and 995 mb at 15Z at Key West (micro); 
 991 mb around 17 or 18Z at Dry Tortugas (Connor); 63 kt NE at Dry Tortugas (Connor); 
 55 kt SE at Miami (Connor).  Eleven other gales and 17 other low pressures.  
 Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1310Z at approximately 24.1N, 82.4W 
 with 980 mb central pressure (AWS, ATS, micro); Navy center fix at 20Z at 25.6N, 
 82.7W with 980 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered 
 75 kt ENE at 600 ft at 1938Z at 25.7N, 82.9W (AWS, ATS).  At least ten other 
 surface gales, four other flight-level hurricane force winds, and 16 other low 
 pressures below 1000 mb.  Several other center fixes by Navy radar plane.  
 "[Easy] remained nearly stationary for two days before moving northward across 
 Cuba near Havana.  The center moved north-northwestward thereafter as a storm 
 of just the lower limit of hurricane force and passed between Key West and 
 Dry Tortugas around noon of September 3" (MWR).  "The storm passed over the 
 Isle of Pines and just east of Havana where the wind dropped off to 10 or 15 mph" (Gentry).  
 "Navy 2: 24.1N, 81.8W [position of aircraft].  Possible weak eye 30 mi diameter 
 at 23.9N, 82.5W.  Squalls 60 miles to NNE from eye.  Navy 3: Eye located by radar 
 fix at 1330Z at 24.2N, 83.6W moving northeast.  Open to south.  
 Navy 6: Position 24.1N, 82.5W [plane position or storm position?].  Wind NW 65 kt.  
 Entered weak, poorly defined eye at 1310Z.  Squalls in the north to southeast quadrants.  
 Eye radar fix 24.7N, 82.7W." (micro).  "Hurricane passed just east of Havana at 1000Z.  
 Max winds 67 mph.  Lowest pressure 989 mb [at Havana]" (micro).  
 "Navy 9 (1730Z): Plane position 23.9N, 81.4W.  Hurricane radar position 24.7N, 82.6W.  
 15 mi wide.  Navy 10: position of plane 24.5N, 81.9W.  Radar fix eye 25.1N, 82.6W (1830Z).  
 Navy 11- 1900Z: Radar fix eye located 25.2N, 82.6W.  2120Z hurricane position 25.5N, 82.6W.  
 Eye poorly defined but considered good fix" (micro).  "03/2315Z: Hurricane position 
 26.0N, 82.7W.  Excellent radar fix" (micro).  "Although winds of 65 kt with gusts to 
 80 kt were reported by reconnaissance south of Cuba, the highest winds reported at 
 Havana were gusts to 63 kt.  Damage was apparently slight.  A gradual turn to the NW 
 occurred as Easy moved over Cuba and into the Florida Straits and this course continued 
 until approximately 03/1400Z when another turn was made to the north.  The storm was not 
 particularly intense during this period although winds up to hurricane force covered a 
 wide area.  Key West reported gusts to 75 knots at 03/1230Z while the center of the 
 circulation was still 50 miles to the southwest.  Beginning at 1215Z on the 3rd of 
 September Navy radar aircraft kept almost constant vigil on Storm Easy until its eventual 
 entry into the Florida Gulf Coast southeast of Cedar Keys on the 5th.  The reports were 
 received with such regularity that it was possible to nearly pinpoint the position of 
 the center at any time.  Aircraft radar reports ended only when the storm entered the 
 land area" (AWS).  From the weather observers' summaries- 03/1310Z: "A weak, poorly defined 
 eye, with lowest pressure 980 mbs and semicircular squalls along N to SE sides was encountered 
 but the majority of the heavy weather with NE to E winds of 65-80 kt and heavy squalls was 
 60 miles to the north of the eye" (AWS).  "1st Navy radar flight- 03/1215Z: Possible weak 
 eye 30 miles in diameter.  Well defined squall line extending 60 miles to NNE from eye.  
 03/1330Z: Eye complete with spiral bands open to south.  No weather on scope south of Cuba.  
 03/1430Z: Gradually becoming better defined.  03/1530Z: Eye 30 miles diameter, increasing.  
 03/1630Z: Eye open to south becoming confused.  03/1730Z: 15 mile wide weather band bears 
 330 to 90 degrees, 50 mile wide weather band bears 330 to 090 degrees 50 miles from center.  
 03/2000Z: After passing through one strong and one moderate squall line (approaching from 
 east) aircraft emerged into a large area of confused seas with a noted absence of low and 
 middle clouds.  Minimum pressure 980 mb" (AWS).  "2nd Navy radar flight- 03/2210Z: Eye poorly 
 defined.  Unable to obtain reliable fix at present.  03/2345Z: Very distinct pinwheel for eye" (AWS).  
 From the ATS report. "South of Key West on a morning flight from Miami, winds averaged 
 35-50 kt from the east to northeast at 24N, 83W, but diminished east of this position.  
 A weak, poorly defined eye, with lowest pressure 980 mb was encountered, but the majority 
 of the heavy weather and winds were encountered in the area between 24.5N to 25.5N, and 
 83.3W to 82.0W on the return leg.  Northeast to east winds of 65-80 kt and heavy squalls 
 characterized this area" (ATS).  From the next ATS report. "The second Navy flight of 
 3 September into the developing hurricane off the west coast of Florida departed NAS Miami 
 at 03/1827Z.  After passing through a strong squall line at 1900Z and a moderate squall 
 line shortly after 1915Z, the aircraft emerged into a large area of confused seas with 
 a noted absence of low and middle clouds.  However, it required 45 minutes of search 
 after this time before the position of the hurricane center was definitely located at 
 2000Z near 25.6N, 82.7W.  Maximum winds from the east-northeast of 75 kt were encountered 
 near 25.7N, 82.9W.  In order to check the dead reckoning position of the hurricane center, 
 course was taken from the center for Dry Tortugas Island" (ATS).  
 "Easy - Sep. 2-3 - Cat 1 in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.4N, 83.1W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 27.4N, 83.2W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 26.3N, 82.8W with 90 kt max winds and 977 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.0N, 83.6W with 105 kt max winds and 974 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 28.3N, 83.3W with a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 27.7N, 83.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 
993 mb centered near 27.9N, 83.6W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt SW and 982 mb at 05Z 
at 26.5N, 83.3W (micro).  A few other gales and low pressures.  Land/station 
highlights: 45 kt E and 997 mb at 10Z at St. Petersburg, FL (micro); 70 kt SSE G 90 
(station may be elevated) at 16Z at 27.8N, 82.8W (micro).  At least 24 other gales 
and 40 other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1454Z with 
973 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered 100 kt NNW at 
600 feet 27.8N, 83.9W (ATS, micro); Navy center fix at 1915Z at 28.1N, 83.8W 
with 973 mb central pressure and 110 kt max flight-level winds encountered 
[100 kt max surface estimate?] (AWS, ATS, micro).  At least four other surface 
gales, five other flight-level hurricane force winds, and nine other low pressures 
below 1000 mb.  Several other center fixes throughout the day by Navy radar plane.   
"It continued about parallel to the west Florida coast 30 to 50 miles offshore 
until it reached a point some 70 miles northwest of Tampa on the 4th.  Here it 
described the first of two loops and started moving northeastward" (MWR).  
"04/0045Z hurricane position 26.4N, 82.8W.  Good radar fix.  04/0145Z hurricane 
position 26.5N, 83.0W.  Poorly defined eye.  Questionable accuracy.  04/0200Z: 
26.7N, 82.7W.  04/0215Z hurricane position 26.6N, 83.2W.  Eye poorly defined.  
Accurate within eight miles.  04/0345Z: 26.7N, 83.2W.  0415Z: 26.8N, 83.3W.  
0445Z: 26.9N, 83.4W.  0515Z: 27.0N, 83.3W.  Two Navy 0900Z radar position- eye 
centered 27.5N, 83.3W.  Plane position 26.5N, 81.8W [115 statute miles distance 
from plane to center].  Eye semi-circular and closed from SW to NW and 40 miles 
in diameter.  Open SE sector.  Three Navy 1000Z radar position eye centered 
27.6N, 83.4W.  Eye diameter increased to 45 miles.  Plane position 26.6N, 81.6W 
[130 statute miles from plane to center].  Five Navy 1100Z radar position of 
eye- 27.8N, 83.4W.  Plane 26.3N, 82.1W.  Eye retains definition.  Radar fix at 
12Z at 27.9N, 83.6W.  Position doubtful due to poor definition.  Navy radar fix 
1317Z 28.0N, 83.7W.  Radar position Navy nine: 28.2N, 83.7W at 14Z.  Radar 
position 15Z: 28.2N, 83.8W.  Hurep Navy five: Eye at 1452Z well defined 26 by 25 miles 
diameter.  Position 27.8N, 83.7W.  Max winds 5 mi east of eye 350 degrees 100 kt 
sustained for 5 miles.  Min pressure 975 mb.  DR and radio fix accurate within 8 miles.  
N-7: Left eye south side.  Encountered wind 270 degrees 90 kt.  Wind backed around 
to 190 degrees to 130 degrees- sustained 85 kt gusts to 100 kt.  Entered eye at 1715Z.  
Eye well-defined 20 miles on diameter.  Blue sky.  Highest wind 110 [kt?].  
Center 28.1N, 83.8W" (micro).  "Storm Easy continued its northerly course, making a 
45 degree turn to the left at 04/0030Z but resuming course three hours later.  Very 
little change occurred either in size or intensity during this travel.  Edgemont Key 
reported storm winds from the northeast when the storm was positioned 50 miles due 
southwest of the station.  At 04/1230Z, the forward speed reduced to 4 knots and the 
storm began a movement to the west.  By 1830Z, it had become nearly stationary 50 miles 
due west of Antclode Key and reconnaissance by two Navy aircraft gave evidence that it 
was at this point that intensification progressed to a high degree.  Penetration by one 
aircraft revealed the center position at 04/1915Z as 28.1N, 83.8W with the added 
information that the eye was well defined 20 miles in diameter with winds of over 
100 kt extending 15 miles from the center and hurricane winds extending 35 miles from 
the center" (AWS).  From 2nd Navy radar flight (continued), "04/0145Z: Poorly defined eye.  
04/0345Z: Eye appears 35 to 40 miles in diameter" (AWS).  "3rd Navy radar flight: 
04/0900Z: Eye semicircular closed from SW to ENE with 40 miles inside diameter open 
SE sector.  04/1000Z: Eye diameter increased to 45 miles.  04/1100Z: Eye retains definition. 
04/1200Z: Eye position doubtful due to poor definition.  04/1320Z: Fair radar eye.  
Considerable weather return in center" (AWS).  From aircraft, "04/1915Z: Eye well defined 
with partly cloudy blue skies inside, 25 by 26 miles.  Minimum pressure 973 mbs.  
Maximum wind 5 miles W of eye 350 degrees 110 kt.  Rain heavy to torrential W, S, and 
SE sides.  04/1915Z: Eye well defined, 20 miles in diameter, blue sky above.  Highest 
wind 100 kt accompanied by torrential rain" (AWS).  From the ATS report. "Radar planes 
of VX-4 had been covering this storm all night and reported the eye seemed well-defined 
just offshore from Tampa.  At 1349Z the eye appeared on radar to be 28 mi to the SW, 
surface winds at this time were east-northeasterly 75 kts.  The storm was circumnavigated 
and the eye penetrated on the west side at 1454Z.  The eye was well-defined with partly 
cloudy skies inside the eye.  It was 26 miles long N-S, and 35 miles wide E-W.  Lowest 
pressure was 973 mb.  Max sustained winds from 350 degrees 110 kts for 5 mi west of the 
eye, and on south side 270 degrees 100 kt for 8 miles from eye.  75 kt winds extended 
35 mi north and west of eye and 22 mi east of eye" (ATS).  From the next ATS report. 
"Flight was made to determine fix on the center of [the storm].  Approach was made 
from the southeast quadrant and penetration was made at 1915Z.  The eye was found to 
be well defined; calm and clear to have a diameter of 20 miles, and fixed at 28.1N, 
83.8W.  Circumnavigation was made out the west side and around to the east, leaving 
the 75 kt perimeter about 35 miles from the center.  This storm had developed 
considerably during the morning of 4 September.  It proved to be relatively small in 
area, but severe in intensity, with max winds near the center to 110 kt" (ATS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.7N, 82.9W with the 
west end of a dissipating cold front located north of the cyclone near 32N, 
85W extending eastward and becoming a cold front near 32N, 81W extending eastward 
to 34N, 71W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 28.7N, 82.6W.  The AWS 
best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.2N, 83.0W? or 83.8? with 120 kt max winds 
and 958 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.9N, 82.9W with 120 kt max 
winds and 950 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 29.3N, 82.6W with a 982 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 82.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 993 mb centered near 28.9N, 82.9W.  Land/station highlights: 65-75 kt NE 
and 985 mb at Cedar Key, FL at 1050Z at 29.1N, 83.0W (micro); 89 kt N 
(max 5 min wind), 109 kt N (max gust) at Cedar Key, FL at 1430Z (climo); 
109 kt (max w - gust - before instrument was blown away) and 960 mb [probably 
simultaneous observations] at Cedar Key (micro, advisories); 958 mb (min p) at 
1530Z at Cedar Key (MWR, micro, Connor, climo); calm from 1600Z - 1830Z at 
Cedar Key (MWR, micro); 60 kt NNE and 993 mb at 21Z at Cross City, FL (29.6N, 
83.1W) (micro); 85 kt [estimated?] at Cedar Key at 22Z (micro).  Numerous 
other gales and low pressures.  At least five center fixes from land-based 
radar in Gainesville at University of Florida between 12Z-18Z.  Aircraft 
highlights: About 20 center fixes from Navy radar plane between 0245Z-1300Z.  
"The center reached the coast a short distance south of Cedar Keys the morning 
of the 5th, where it made another loop; in making this loop, the calm center 
moved over the town of Cedar Keys from the southeast and then away toward the 
south.  This gave the town the unusual experience of exposure to the same side 
of a hurricane twice, with 2.5 hours of calm center between.  About the time 
of the first loop, the intensity increased to 125 mph, the strongest wind 
reported at Cedar Keys, but the loop described over that place resulted in 
hurricane force or higher from 11Z to 23Z on the 5th, except for 2.5 hours of 
calm from 16Z to 1830Z.  Long time residents reported it was the worst hurricane 
experienced at that place in more than 70 years.  This fishing village of about 
1,000 people was badly wrecked.  Half of the houses were destroyed or rendered 
unfit for habitation, and 90 percent of the remainder were damaged.  The fleet 
of fishing boats which was the principal source of livelihood for the community 
was completely destroyed.  Extremely heavy rainfall occurred in connection with 
the storm over central and northeast Florida.  Cedar Keys had 24.50 inches in 
3 days while many other stations had from 10 to 20 inches of rainfall.  These 
rains caused much flooding and some crop damage which, when added to the damage 
by high tide and wind of the west Florida coast, amounted to about $3,300,000.  
Two persons were killed by fallen live wires and 27 others were injured in various 
ways.  The small damage figure is due to the sparsely settled area where the worst 
part of the hurricane occurred.  The lowest pressure reported was 958.3 mb at 
Cedar Keys" (MWR).  The extremely erratic movements of this storm as well as forecasting 
problems are discussed by Gentry (1951).  "Radar position at 0310Z 28.2N, 83.5W.  
Navy four storm position at 0350Z 28.3N, 83.4W.  Excellent land and hurricane radar 
bearings.  Eye three-quarters closed.  Southern quadrant open" (micro).  From Anclote 
island. "3-5 ft of water over entire island at 1015Z" (micro).  "N-13 Hurricane 
position 28.9N, 83.0W.  Good radar fix.  N-14: Hurricane position 28.9N, 82.9W 1230Z.  
Leading edge of eye on beach.  N-15: Hurricane position 1300Z 29.0N, 82.8W.  Land 
fix- eye or band nearing" (micro).  "Radar fixes from Gainesville- 12Z: 28.8N, 83.0W.  
1230Z: 28.9N, 82.9W.  West 70 miles 216 degrees.  1430Z: 29.0N, 82.9W.  Pressure at 
Gainesville 1001 mb.  Gainesville radar fix 1530Z 29.0N, 83.9W.  Gainesville radar 18Z: 
29.1N, 82.8W.  Barometer at Gainesville 1000 mb.  Wind at Gainesville ENE 20 kt" (micro).  
"After an almost stationary period of about six hours Storm Easy took up an erratic 
course to the northeast and north until at 05/0930Z when it began a turn to the 
east-northeast and continued at a rate of 5 to 6 kt, merging with the Gulf Coast 
shoreline 20 miles SE of Cedar Keys at 1400Z.  The storm began a turn to the left 
at 1530Z which continued until the storm center was again over the Gulf of Mexico 
whereupon it began a twisting course southward along the coast finally re-entering 
the land mass at a point about 30 miles SE of Cedar Keys.  Reports from Cedar Keys 
indicate that the winds blew steadily and heavily there for a period of 18 hours 
wreaking widespread damage to all part of the town.  Almost all of the total damage 
due to the storm, estimated at $3,500,000 and two deaths, occurred in and around 
Cedar Keys" (AWS).  "On the 5th, northwestern Florida experienced one of its worst 
hurricanes on record.  Wind gusts reached a speed of 125 mph and over 20 inches of 
rain fell in the Cedar Key area.  The path of this hurricane was unusual in that it 
described a loop near Cedar Key and this city was in the calm center for 2 ½ hours.  
There were 29 casualties, and over $3,000,000 damage" (climo).  From the Monthly 
National Climatic Data summary. "Place: Florida Counties of Dixie, Levy, Alachua, 
Marion, Citrus, Lake, Hernando, Pasco, Penellas, Hillsborough, Manatee, and Polk.  
Date/time: 5th 6 am to 6 pm.  Path of area affected 60 by 150 miles in size.  Number 
of persons killed: 2.  Number of persons injured 27.  Property damage (exclusive of 
crops): $3,100,000.  Property damage to crops: $300,000.  Character of storm: Hurricane.  
Remarks: Storm center passed between Key West and Dry Tortugas between 10 and 11 am 
of the 3rd, and moved north-northwestward, parallel to west Florida coast 30 to 50 miles 
offshore, about 10 or 12 mph to a point about 70 miles northwest of Tampa at 8 pm of 
the 4th.  Here it began to show increased intensity and aircraft estimated highest winds 
about 125 mph.  During the night of the 4th and 5th, storm made a sharp turn to the 
northeast and reached the coast a little south of Cedar Keys about 8 am of the 5th.  
Here it made a small loop that brought the lull over Cedar Keys at 11 am from the east.  
Center lingered over Cedar Keys until 1:30 pm when the southward bend of the loop 
carried the center away to the south.  Strongest winds were 125 mph in gusts, and 
hurricane force or higher prevailed from about 6 am to 6 pm on the 5th, except for 
the calm period.  Lowest pressure was 28.30 inches (958.3 mb).  The whole coastal 
area from Sarasota to Cedar Keys suffered extensively from wind and high water.  
Beach erosion severe, especially in St. Petersburg-Clearwater area.  Tide in Tampa 
Bay rose 6.5 feet, the highest since 1921" (climo).  "4th Navy radar flight- 05/0245Z: 
Eye well defined.  Open south quadrant.  Diameter 25 miles.  05/0515Z: Diameter of eye 
fluctuating from 18 to 26 miles.  05/0545Z: Eye complete, diameter 19 miles" (AWS).  
"5th Navy radar flight- 05/0630Z: eye well defined, completely closed.  05/0930Z: 
Eye 12 to 15 miles in diameter, outer wall touching beach from Cedar Keys 25 miles 
down the coast.  05/1030Z: Pinwheel eye now almost anchored at this position.  
05/1300Z: Land and eye merging" (AWS).  "Easy - Sept. 5, 1950 - 958 mb landfall pressure 
based 958 mb observed at Cedar Key, FL - RMW 15 nm - Speed 3 kt - Landfall point 28.6N, 
82.7W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Sept. 3-7 - Peninsula - 
Major - Cedar Keys bar. 28.30 in. (958 mb), wind 125 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to 
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3; Dunn and Miller 1960).  "Sept. 5 - Center crossed 
coast near Cedar Key - Estimated lowest pressure 28.30 (958 mb)" (Connor 1956).  
"Easy - 1009 mb environmental pressure at landfall - 88 kt estimated max 1-min wind 
at landfall" (Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "Easy - FL, NW - 958 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.5N, 82.3W with the west 
end of a W-E stationary front located north of the cyclone near 32N, 83W extending 
eastward to 33N, 71W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 28.3N, 81.8W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 28.8N, 82.7W with 100 kt max winds 
and 966 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.3N, 82.4W with 80 kt max 
winds and 982 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 28.6N, 82.1W with a 984 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 28.2N, 82.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 
990 mb centered near 28.3N, 82.3W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal 
boundary located near 30N, 82W extending east-northeastward to 32N, 75W.  Ship 
highlights: Two gales of 35 kt at 12Z and numerous low pressures of 1001-1005 mb 
throughout the day.  Land/station highlights: 70 kt SW (elevated 33 m) and 986 mb 
at 07Z at Anclote Light (28.2N, 82.8W) (micro); 40 kt SW and 988 mb at Tampa at 
08Z and 09Z (micro); center fix at 0905Z at Lutz, FL (28.2N, 82.5W) with variable 
winds of 5 kt reported with scattered clouds (micro); 60 kt W (elevated) and 994 mb 
at 12Z at Anclote Light (micro); 35 kt SSW and 996 mb at 21Z at Orlando (micro).  
Ten radar center fixes by land-based radar in Gainesville at University of Florida.  
Several other gales and low pressures.  "The hurricane was not through with its 
gymnastics.  It moved southward about 70 miles to a point about 30 miles north of 
Tampa where it turned eastward and made a rather sharp curve back to northward 
over Florida on the 6th.  This made four abrupt changes in course in 3 days!  It 
had lost hurricane force by this time, however" (MWR).  "Gainesville radar report: 
0000Z: 28.8N, 82.8W.  0030Z: 28.8N, 82.8W.  0330Z: 28.6N, 82.6W.  0430Z: 28.5N, 82.6W.  
Barometer [at Gainesville] 1000 mb.  0530Z: 28.5N, 82.6W.  0630Z: 28.5N, 82.6W.  
0730Z: 28.4N, 82.5W.  0830Z: 28.3N, 82.4W.  Fix indefinite, pattern spotty.  Not 
known if due to distance or poorly organized storm.  Distance 94 miles, azimuth 
185 degrees.  Barometer at Gainesville 999 mb.  Light to moderate rain" (micro).  
"A report from Lutz, which is about 20 mi north of Tampa, indicates light variable 
winds and scattered clouds at 0905Z" (micro).  "Gainesville radar- estimated position 
at 0910Z- 28.3N, 82.4W.  1030Z: 28.2N, 82.3W.  [Previous 2]  Gainesville radar 
position are estimates.  Image badly broken up and spotty.  Gainesville radar reports: 
1130Z: Series of squalls between Dade City and Zephyrhills.  No well defined center.  
1230Z: Squall area drifting eastward and now over Withlacooshee swamp.  No further 
reports unless reported" (micro).  "A slow movement to the southeast followed the 
storm's second entry into the coastline with rapid reduction in wind force around the 
center.  Gainesville radar gave its last definite position report at 06/1530Z and 
stated that the storm pattern was becoming indefinite and diffuse.  Its path carried 
it around in a wide curve to the northwest, passing just west of Orlando at 06/1830Z, 
with steadily diminishing intensity" (AWS).  "The greatest monthly amount [of precipitation 
during September, 1950 recorded for any station in the entire United States] was 
26.40 inches which fell at Cedar Key, FL.  Twenty-four hour amounts exceeding 10 inches 
were measured in Florida" (climo).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N, 83.0W with a dissipating 
stationary front located from 33N, 81W to 32N, 75W to 34N, 68W to 36N, 64W.  HWM analyzes 
Hurricane Dog to be centered near 30.1N, 67.5W.  HURDAT lists Easy as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 31.2N, 83.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 29.5N, 81.9W with 
40 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.2N, 83.1W with 
20 kt max winds and 996 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 31.7N, 83.0W with a 998 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 31.5N, 82.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb 
centered near 31.6N, 83.3W with a frontal boundary located from 33N, 81W to 33N, 76W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 32.1N, 79.6W (micro); 35 kt E and 
1011 mb at 00Z at 32.9N, 77.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at 28.3N, 78.6W (COA, micro).  
Two other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt S and 997 mb at 00Z at 
Daytona Beach (micro); 10 kt WNW and 993 mb at 00Z at Ocala (micro); 20 kt S and 998 mb at 
06Z at Jacksonville (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 12Z at Alma, GA (micro); 42 kt NE 
[not representative of storm intensity due to topography] (max w/1-min) at Spartanburg, SC (climo).  
One other gale and five other low pressures.  "[Easy] dissipated as it moved into 
southern Georgia on the 7th" (MWR).  "Increasing speed of movement took the dying storm into 
South Georgia just north of Valdosta by 1230Z on the 7th and gale winds continued in Georgia 
and South Carolina for some time" (AWS).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.6N, 87.6W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 25 kt tropical depression at 34.6N, 87.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 35.1N, 89.3W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered near 35.5N, 89.0W.  Land/station highlights: 5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 
32.3N, 86.2W (micro); 10 kt WNW and 1008 mb at 18Z at Memphis, TN (micro).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 34.6N, 90.6W 
with a warm front extending from 44N, 105W to 40N, 101W becoming a cold front at 39N, 97W 
continuing to 40N, 91W to 45N, 78W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 
35.6N, 89.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.1N, 89.3W 
with a 1009 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes an extremely broad, closed low of at most 
1011 mb with the 1011 mb enclosing an area extending from 30-39N, 86-93W.  Land/station 
highlights: 5 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 00Z at Memphis, TN (micro).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 38N, 88W with a complex W-E frontal system located about 
3 degrees north of the spot low.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.5N, 92.0W with a 1008 mb pressure.  
Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 
37.7N, 92.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 11:
HWM no longer analyzes the feature of interest on this day, and it only analyzes a complex 
frontal system with a weak extratropical cyclone center unrelated to the remnant of Easy.  
HURDAT no longer lists this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 41.1N, 88.8W with a 1010 mb pressure.

September 12:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 41.4N, 84.0W with a 1012 mb pressure.

September 13:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.0N, 81.3W with a 1011 mb pressure.

September 14:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 45.9N, 80.2W with a 1009 mb pressure.

Easy formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 1 September from a trough, which extended from Tropical 
Storm Baker along the U.S. North Gulf Coast southward to the western Caribbean and Central America.  
There are no changes to the timing of genesis or the 40 kt intensity at genesis, but the genesis point 
is moved about one degree northeast of the previous HURDAT position to 19.7N, 83.2W at 06Z on 1 September.  
Aircraft investigated the system during the afternoon of the 1st but could not locate a definite center.  
The lowest pressure observed by both aircraft and ships on the 1st was 999 mb.  On the 1st and the 2nd, 
Easy moved very slowly towards the north, but on the night of the 2nd - 3rd, it slowly accelerated and 
curved a little to the northeast before turning back northward and north-northwestward later on the 3rd.  
On 2 September, Easy was slowly approaching the Isle of Pines from the south.  Early on the 2nd, the 
first ship gales were reported, and at 1335Z on the 2nd, aircraft fixed the center and measured a central 
pressure of 996 mb.  A 995 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft at 1830Z; however, by 20Z, 
observations from the Isle of Pines indicate that the central pressure may have been lower than 989 mb.  
Central pressures of 996 and 995 mb are added into HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on 2 September.  
Central pressures of 996 and 995 mb yield 54 and 56 kt respectively according to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship, and 55 kt is chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 2nd (down from 65 kt originally 
at both times).  Easy made landfall on the eastern tip of the Isle of Pines (21.5N, 82.6W) at 01Z on 
3 September.  Winds as high as 50 kt and pressures as low as 993 mb were observed on the Isle of Pines, 
but more intense values may have occurred.  As Easy continued northward between the Isle of Pines and 
mainland Cuba, a ship reported 75 kt simultaneously with 987 mb at 03Z on 3 September.  This ship was 
located 25 to 30 nmi from the interpolated analyzed center position for 03Z.  The approximate RMW reported 
9 hours earlier as well as 12 hours later was 22 to 23 nmi.  Easy made landfall on mainland Cuba around 
07Z on 3 September at 22.7N, 82.3W.  The center of Easy passed just a few nmi east of Havana around 10Z.  
Havana recorded a maximum wind of 58 kt and a minimum pressure of 989 mb.  The 989 mb minimum pressure 
observation was reported simultaneously with minimum winds of 10 kt inside the RMW as the center passed 
just to the east of the city (Gentry).  By 1310Z on the 3rd, aircraft fixed the center between Havana, 
Key West and Dry Tortugas with a central pressure value of 980 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 3rd.  An intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 3rd (up from 70 kt originally) and 
for the Cuban landfall at 07Z.  There is a chance that Easy could have been a Category 2 hurricane at 
Cuban landfall, but there is not enough evidence to change Perez et al.'s assessment of a Category 1 
for Cuba.  A central pressure of 980 mb at 1310Z on the 3rd yields 78 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  A ship reported a 75 kt wind at 12Z.  75 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity 
(up from 70 kt originally).  Another ship reported a 75 kt wind at 19Z and aircraft reported another 
980 mb central pressure at 20Z.  A central pressure of 980 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on 3 September, 
and 75 kt is also chosen for the 18Z intensity (no change to HURDAT) because although the RMW contracted, 
Easy was moving north of 25N, which changes the pressure-wind relationship that suggested 73 kt for the 
north of 25N relationship.  Easy passed between Key West and Dry Tortugas between 15-18Z on the 3rd.  
Dozens of aircraft center fixes on the 4th and 5th by the Navy radar aircraft enabled for accurate hourly 
tracking of the center.  Late on the 3rd through 12Z on the 4th, Easy moved north-northwestward paralleling 
the west coast of Florida.  By 12Z on the 4th, Easy reached a position of 27.7N, 83.5W, or about 55 nmi 
west-southwest of Tampa, FL.  At this point, Easy became nearly stationary for the next 12 hours and moved 
slowly and erratically to the northwest with a 00Z position on the 5th of 28.1N, 83.7W.  Thereafter, a 
northeastward motion commenced so that by 12Z on the 5th, the center of Easy was very nearly approaching 
the coast of the big bend of Florida with a position of 28.8N, 83.0W.  All available data indicate that 
the HURDAT positions at 00 and 06Z on the 5th are too close to the coast and the positions are shifted 
about half a degree westward.  Observations indicate that the hurricane remained at 980 mb in central 
pressure from 13Z to 20Z on the 3rd, but began to intensify again early on the 4th.  At 05Z on 4 September, 
a ship observed 65 kt with a 982 mb pressure, which indicates a central pressure well below 980 mb.  
At 1454Z on the 4th and again at 1915Z, aircraft measured central pressures of 973 mb, and this value 
is added into HURDAT at both 12 and 18Z.  A central pressure of 973 mb yields 81 kt north of 25N and 
85 kt for intensifying systems, and 85 kt is chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 4th (down from 110 kt 
originally at both times). 

On the 5th from 00Z to 13Z, Easy moved generally northeastward towards the coastline.  Center fixes 
from the Navy radar aircraft and the land-based radar located in Gainesville, FL, as well as comments 
from the aircraft aerologists, indicate that the edge of the eye of Hurricane Easy came onshore around 
13Z on the 5th near 29.0, 82.7W.  However, the center of Easy's eye came ashore 4 hours later at 
17Z at 29.1N, 82.8W.  Therefore, landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 17Z.  The 13Z center fix 
(29.0N, 82.8W) indicates that the center of the eye was located only a couple nmi offshore at the time.  
The next available center fix, at 1430Z, is 29.0N, 82.9W, indicating a westward motion of one-tenth 
of a degree in 1 and a half hours, which takes the center of Easy farther out over the water. All fixes 
between 1430Z and 1530Z were at a position of 29.0N, 82.9W.  The next radar fix, which did not come until 
18Z, is at 29.1N, 82.8W, which is inland on the coastline.  Between 1530Z and 1800Z, the center of Easy 
curved to the northwest, north, northeast, and then east with this entire arc occurring in the tiny area 
between 29.0-29.1N, 82.8-82.9W.  Landfall is analyzed to have occurred at 17Z on the 5th at 29.1N, 82.8W, 
and this is also the 18Z position.  The city of Cedar Key (29.1N, 83.0W) provided some crucial observations 
of wind and pressure while experiencing a huge blow from this hurricane.  Hurricane force winds commenced 
at Cedar Key at 1050Z, when 70 kt with 985 mb was recorded.  At 1430Z, Cedar Key recorded a 5-minute 
averaged wind of 89 kt N. The peak wind gust recorded at Cedar Key was 109 kt (time unknown, but perhaps 
sometime between 1430-1530Z), and it is possible (but not certain) that this 109 kt wind occurred simultaneously 
with a 960 mb pressure that was observed.  After the 109 kt observation was recorded, the anemometer was 
blown away.  The minimum pressure recorded at Cedar Key was 958 mb at 1530Z.  Cedar Key reported the calm 
center lasting 2.5 hours from 1600Z to 1830Z and the Florida State Climatological Data Summary confirms that 
the lowest pressure was recorded 30 minutes before the beginning of the calm period at Cedar Keys.  Given 
that the 958 mb observation had occurred before the calm eye arrived, this indicates that some filling may 
have taken place as it was slowly making landfall. Another possible explanation for lower pressure outside 
the eye is the possibility that there may have been an eyewall mesovortex present. The central pressure at 
landfall at 17Z is estimated to be about 960 mb, which is added into HURDAT at 18Z.  This central pressure 
suggests winds at that time of 94 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The observed 89 kt 
5 min 25 m peak wind at 1430Z converts to a 88 kt 1 min peak wind at 10 m.  Winds in HURDAT are unchanged 
at 105 kt at 12Z and boosted 5 kt to 105 kt at 18Z.  The strongest winds to impact the coast are analyzed 
to be about 105 kt around 13Z ten nm southeast of Cedar Key.  The landfall RMW is analyzed to be 15 nmi, 
OCI 1009 mb, and ROCI 325 nmi.  After 18Z on the 5th, after traveling inland a couple of miles, Easy turned 
towards the south and emerged back over water by 21Z at nearly the same spot where the hurricane was located 
at 13Z.  After 21Z, the severe hurricane conditions at Cedar Key likely began to slowly abate, but hurricane 
force winds lasted from 1050 to 2300Z at Cedar Keys except when the calm center was observed from 1600 to 
1830Z.  From 21Z on 5 September to 00Z on 6 September, Easy traveled southward off the coast, but at 00Z, 
it made a turn to the southeast.  Easy made its 2nd and final Florida landfall at 04Z on 6 September at 
28.5N, 82.7W as a 90 kt hurricane. The 90 kt intensity for Easy's final landfall in Florida has substantial 
uncertainty, as there were no measurements of wind or pressure inside the radius of maximum wind.  However, 
Anclote Light was still recording 70 kt (at 33 m) with 986 mb at 07Z, 3 hours after landfall. This converts 
to 64 kt adjusting to a 10 m wind.  Running the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model at 07Z, 3 hours after 
landfall suggests maximum winds at that time of about 68 kt, assuming a 90 kt landfall intensity.  Thus, 
90 kt at landfall is not inconsistent with the Anclote Light observations three hours later.  Additionally, 
it did appear with the preceding information at Cedar Key that the cyclone was gradually weakening before 
final landfall.  Thus the initial landfall at 17Z was 105 kt, the 18Z intensity 100 kt, the 00Z 6th intensity 
95 kt, and the 04Z final landfall was 90 kt.  This gradual weakening is also generally consistent with the 
original HURDAT analyses.  After this final landfall, which occurred about 15 nmi north of New Port Richie, 
FL, Easy moved slowly southeastward reaching 28.2N, 82.1W by 12Z on the 6th.  Then it made a rather sharp 
turn to the east, northeast, and north by 18Z, staying over the Florida peninsula the entire time.  It moved 
northward over the eastern half of the northern Florida peninsula, passing west of Jacksonville around 06Z 
on the 7th, and it then moved northwestward over the southeastern United States as it continued to weaken.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) Inland Decay Model yield 73 kt for 06Z on the 6th, 57 kt for 12Z, 
41 kt for 18Z, 40 kt for 00Z on the 7th, and 35 kt for 06Z.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of the 
synoptic times were: 70 kt (elevated, which reduces to 64 kt at 10 m) at 06Z on the 6th, 60 kt (elevated, 
which reduces to 55 kt at 10 m) at 12Z, 35 kt at 18Z, 40 kt at 00Z on the 7th, and 25 kt at 06Z.  Revised 
winds in HURDAT from 06Z on the 6th through 06Z on the 7th are 75, 60, 40, 40, and 35 kt (65, 60, 50, 45, 
and 40 kt originally).  The Category 3 impact in HURDAT for NW FL is unchanged.  However, a Category 1 
impact for SW FL is analyzed and added into HURDAT.  When Easy passed between Key West and the Dry Tortugas, 
neither Key West nor the Dry Tortugas are analyzed to have experienced hurricane force winds.  However, 
the Marquesas Keys (located west of Key West) are analyzed to have experienced Category 1 winds.  Also, on 
6 September between 06 - 12Z, Category 1 winds were likely felt at the border between the SW and NW FL 
dividing line north of Tampa.  No hurricane force winds were felt in the eastern half of Florida.  Easy is 
analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 12Z on the 7th, 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT 
originally when it was located over southern Georgia.  It weakened to a 20 kt tropical depression by 
06Z on the 8th when located over north-central Alabama.  The circulation remained closed as a tropical 
depression through the 9th of September, as in HURDAT, with a final position in extreme northeastern 
Arkansas at 18Z on the 9th.


Some interesting quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report.

"These reports clearly indicate that the storm was poorly organized south of Cuba and became increasingly 
well organized until it moved on shore near Cedar Keys.  They show too that the wall of the eye is not 
static in either size or definition.  It also seems that the area of strongest winds began on the SE 
side of the eye and gradually moved around it in a cyclonic direction arriving on the west side as the 
storm became stationary off Cedar Keys" (AWS).

"Storm Easy was well covered by reconnaissance and entirely by Navy aircraft.  Seven penetrations of 
the storm center were made and five VX-4 Squadron radar flights obtained a total of 51 radar fixes.  
In addition, 22 land radar fixes were taken by the University of Florida at Gainesville.  These fixes 
clearly confirm that some tropical cyclone centers follow an undulatory track as predicted by Dr. Veh 
in his theory on the trochoid track.  The fixes at the same time clearly show that the short period 
movement of the storm center is unrepresentative of the general movement of the storm" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 6 (Fox)

35145 09/08/1950 M=10  6 SNBR= 777 FOX         XING=0                           
35150 09/08*  0   0   0    0*156 401  40    0*157 411  40    0*157 423  40    0*
35150 09/08*  0   0   0    0*155 410  40    0*155 418  40    0*156 428  40    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
       
35155 09/09*158 434  45    0*159 445  45    0*161 455  50    0*166 469  50    0*
35155 09/09*157 438  45    0*159 446  45    0*161 453  50    0*164 460  50    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

35160 09/10*173 483  55    0*181 494  60    0*189 502  65    0*195 508  70    0*
35160 09/10*167 467  50    0*171 473  55    0*175 480  55    0*179 488  55  995*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35165 09/11*199 513  75    0*202 518  80    0*205 523  80    0*210 530  85    0*
35165 09/11*183 496  60    0*187 502  65    0*191 507  70    0*196 512  75  986*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35170 09/12*214 537  85    0*218 543  85    0*220 547  90    0*222 551  90    0*
35170 09/12*202 518  75    0*210 525  80    0*217 534  80    0*223 542  85  977*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35175 09/13*224 554  90    0*225 557  95    0*227 562  95    0*228 569 100    0*
35175 09/13*227 550  90    0*229 558  95    0*231 565  95    0*233 572 100    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35180 09/14*231 576 105    0*235 583 110    0*240 590 115    0*246 594 120    0*
35180 09/14*236 578 105    0*238 584 110    0*241 589 115    0*249 594 120    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

35185 09/15*255 597 120    0*266 598 120    0*283 597 120    0*306 591 115    0*
35185 09/15*259 597 120    0*270 598 120    0*282 597 120  946*302 593 115    0*
            ***              ***              ***          *** *** ***

35190 09/16*330 577 110    0*350 559 105    0*368 537 100    0*382 512  90    0*
35190 09/16*326 582 110    0*347 565 105    0*365 545 100    0*378 522  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35195 09/17E393 485  85    0E419 428  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35195 09/17*395 485  85    0*425 435  70    0E455 395  55    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****             **** ***  **     **** ***  **

35200 HR   
            
Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane 
that recurved around 60W.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season 
report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 40.5W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 15.7N, 41.1W.  No gales 
or low pressures.  "After 08/0630Z, the reports could not easily be ignored 
since they consistently indicated a vortex from this time on" (AWS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity 
of 15.5N, 45.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 16.1N, 
45.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.9N, 
50.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 50.2W.  The 
AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 16.6N, 46.1W with 30 kt max 
winds and 1005 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 17.0N, 47.8W 
with 60 kt max winds and 998 mb central pressure.  Ship highlights:  
20 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 18.2N 44.0W (HWM).  Aircraft highlights: 
Air Force center fix at 19Z at 19.0N, 49.0W with 995 mb central pressure 
and estimated maximum winds of 60 kt (micro, AWS, advisories).  "This 
storm was discovered by aircraft reconnaissance on September 10 near 
19N, 50W.  At that time, it was a small hurricane with winds estimated 
at 70 to 80 mph.  The wind speed increased to about 140 mph as it moved 
in a curving path toward the northwest and north during the next few 
days" (MWR).  "Located hurricane at 1900Z at 19.0N, 49.0W.  This is a 
corrected position using sun lines and visual fix on islands to correct 
DR navigation.  Storm has small 10 mile ring of hurricane force winds 
in the northern sector.  Encountered winds of 40 to 50 kt in southern 
sector so closed circulation is very well established.  Pressure in eye 
is 994.8 mb.  Unable to accurately measure wind.  60 kt estimate.  Highest 
wind not over 75 kt" (micro).  "Although still far out in the Atlantic a 
flight was dispatched on September 10" (AWS).  A fairly well organized 
storm was found with a central pressure near 995 mbs and a narrow ring 
of hurricane force winds on the west side.  An advisory was coordinated, 
and since no additional information was expected before the next 
reconnaissance mission, it was agreed to state in the advisory that the 
next advisory would not be issued until after the next reconnaissance 
flight" (AWS).  "The ship Luclano Manara passed north of the storm center 
approximately 10/0300Z indicating quite definitely that the storm center 
was approximately two degrees further south than reported by the first 
aircraft flight.  In this case, the ship's navigation was accepted over 
that of the aircraft because it yields a more consistent track for the storm.  
There may be other fixes which also are in error but since they are the only 
information available no attempt at correction can be made.  On the basis of 
all information available, Storm Fox was moving WNW at 8 kt at 10/1900Z when 
first located by reconnaissance.  It slowly turned to the right and accelerated 
to around 14 kt.  (It is quite possible that the second fix is too far south and 
that a more constant speed was followed during that period)" (AWS).  "Storm Fox 
was fairly well organized when first located on September 10th but appears to 
have been newly developed.  A band of hurricane force winds 10 miles wide was 
observed on the north side of the eye; winds on the south side were 40-50 kt.  
Surface pressure was reported as 994.8 mbs.  The cloud system of the storm covered 
a relatively small area" (AWS).  "The eye appeared nearly formed when observed by 
aircraft in the late afternoon" (AWS).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.2N, 49.9W.  
HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 20.5N, 52.3W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 17.5N, 49.2W with 80 kt max winds and 993 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 18.4N, 50.7W with 95 kt max winds and 989 mb 
central pressure.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1919Z at 19.0N, 
51.3W with 986 mb central pressure 85 kt estimated max winds (AWS, micro). 
"Hurep Duck 09: Center of storm located by radar and visual observation at 1919Z 
at 19.0N, 51.3W.  Diameter of eye 12 miles.  Moderate to severe turbulence exist 
in all quadrants within 25 miles radius of center.  NE quadrant extremely rough.  
Winds of 85 kt exist near center. [Central pressure 987 mb from code- probably 
central pressure.]" (micro). "The second flight 23 hours later found the eye 
12 miles in diameter, circular and with a pressure of 986 mbs.  The plane did 
not enter the NE quadrant because radar indicated severe weather there.  Winds 
of 70 kt or better were found in all other quadrants and the maximum in the NE 
quadrant was estimated to be 100 kt.  Hurricane winds were reported to cover a 
radius of 20 miles" (AWS).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 52.8W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 54.7W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 19.5N, 52.2W with 105 kt max winds and 984 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 21.9N, 53.6W with 110 kt max winds and 979 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
22.2N, 53.7W.  The cyclone first enters the map area of microfilm at 18Z as a 
closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 22.4N, 54.8W at 18Z.  Aircraft 
highlights: Air Force center fix at 18Z at 22.7N, 54.3W with 977 mb central 
pressure and 100-110 kt estimated max winds (highest measured flight-level wind 
was 100 kt at 1000 ft) (micro).  Three other surface gales between 35-70 kt and 
two other flight-level hurricane force winds.  "D-5: Max wind on west side 70 kt" 
(micro).  "Duck report- in eye at 22.2N, 54.8W at 1800Z.  Max winds 100-110 kt.  
Pressure in eye 977 mb" (micro).  "Note change in coordinates of positions for 
obs no 8-13.  These were corrected by sun lines and land fixes and by back navigation. 
 This puts the storm center approximately at 22.7N, 54.3W.  Hurricane winds extend 
 50 miles to the north of the eye but only are found [at the eyewall] in the 
 southern sector.  NW and NE quadrants have the lowest ceilings and the most weather.  
 Estimate [cloud] buildups 16000 ft south of eye and 22000 feet to the north.  
 Highest measured wind was 100 kt just on the edge of the western side of the eye 
 at 1000 ft.  The navigator. feels that the positions given are accurate to within 
 29 miles.  [Central pressure 978 mb from obs in code- probably central pressure]" 
 (micro).  "At 12/1800Z the storm turned toward the WNW to W and slowed to 5-6 kt.  
 The dip to the north in the track here is consistent with the synoptic pattern 
 even though the speed of movement must be considered approximate" (AWS).  "The 
 flight on the 3rd day (12th?) reported hurricane winds 50 miles north of the center 
 and only on the rim of the eye on the south side" (AWS).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 56.5W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.7N, 56.2W.  The AWS best track lists 
a 0030Z position at 23.2N, 55.0W with 110 kt max winds and 977 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.4N, 56.1W with 115 kt max winds and 976 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 
56.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 23.4N, 56.7W.  
Aircraft highlights: center fix (radar/DR) at 1648Z at 23.5N, 57.1W (micro).  "Center 
of hurricane as determined by radar is 23.5N, 57.1W at 1648Z.  This is a reliable 
position.  Eye is 15 miles in diameter.  Radar returns indicate all quadrants near 
center as rough" (micro).  "Post flight summary Hurricane Fox: Center of 
Hurricane Fox was located by radar and determined to be 23.5N, 57.1W at 1648Z.  
The center appeared as circular with a diameter of 15 miles.  Radar returns 
indicated this storm is still very small in area with heavy cumulus buildups 
existing in all quadrants near the center.  Judging by the dropsonde sounding 
made at 24.3N, 57.8W at 1656Z, it is believed the storm center may be 20 miles 
further than reported.  Position of center was determined by DR navigation.  
Hurricane winds do not extend more than 20 miles from the center in NW quadrant 
and storm winds not more than 50 miles.  Gale winds extend to 75 miles from center 
in NW quadrant.  Hurricane winds extend to estimated 25 miles in SW quadrant and 
storm winds to 40 miles.  Gale winds are prevalent to 60 miles in SW sector" (micro). 
"At 13/1830Z, Fox again accelerated slowly throughout recurvature reaching a velocity 
of NNE 45 kt at latitude 40N" (AWS).  "The 4th flight on the 13th reached the storm 
area just before dark and gave only a center fix and the diameter of the eye as 
15 miles (AWS)."

September 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.1N, 59.3W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 24.0N, 59.0W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 23.7N, 57.7W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 24.7N, 59.3W with 125 kt max winds and 975 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 24.2N, 59.0W with a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 24.3N, 58.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 
1002 mb centered near 24.1N, 58.8W.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (radar) 
at 1408Z at 24.2N, 59.0W with lowest pressure encountered 975 mb three miles west 
of the eye edge and estimated maximum winds of 120 kt (ATS, micro, AWS); Air Force 
center fix (boxing) at 1740Z at 25.2N, 59.4W (micro).  At least one other surface 
hurricane force wind, five other flight-level hurricane force winds, and two other 
low pressures.  "Hurep Navy nine: Hurricane center by radar at 1418Z at 24.2N, 59.0W.  
Max winds all quadrants estimated over 120 kt.  Max winds encountered at 24.2N, 
59.2W north 90 kt; at 24.1N, 59.2W northwest 100 kt; at 24.0N, 59.2W west 75 kt.  
40 kt winds exist 30 mi northwest and west, 40 miles south and southwest [of center].  
Hurricane winds exist 25 miles from center in all quadrants.  Minimum pressure 974.6 mb.  
Heavy rain 20 miles from center in all quadrants.  Eye 20 miles diameter" (micro).  
"Hurep Duck post flight summary: Highest winds, lowest ceilings, most weather and rain 
located in the NE quadrant.  Hurricane force winds extend 50 miles in the NE quadrant, 
30 miles in SE quadrant, and 25 miles in SW quadrant.  Storm winds winds extend 70 miles 
in NW and NE quadrant, 40 miles in SE quadrant, and 35 miles in SW quadrant.  45 kt winds 
extend 100 miles in NE quadrant, 60 miles in SE quadrant, and 40 miles in SW quadrant.  
Corrected position of storm at 1740Z is 25.2N, 59.4W [original 1740Z position was 25.7N, 
59.7W by box method]" (micro).  "Not until 2 days later [the 14th?] did another flight 
report hurricane winds as far as 50 miles from the center.  The eye was reported 20 miles 
in diameter, pressure 977 mbs and winds 100-110 kt" (AWS).  "Two flights were flown on 
the 14th.  The first of these reached the storm just as it was moving NE into recurvature 
and before it accelerated appreciably.  As in most storms this appeared to be the point 
of maximum intensity.  The central pressure was reported as 974.6 mbs and the winds 120 kt 
plus in all quadrants.  Succeeding flights found the pressure rising but the wind speeds 
did not decrease appreciably until two days later on the 16th" (AWS).  From the ATS report. 
"The first Navy flight into this three day old hurricane departed Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico 
at 1004Z on 14 September.  Shortly after 1230Z, definite indications of this hurricane 
presence became evident in the form of an altostratus shield to the northeast and 
prevailing northerly winds.  At 1300Z, the wind was placed slightly forward of the port 
beam in order that the hurricane could be penetrated in the western quadrant.  By 1400Z, 
the wind had increased to hurricane velocity and moderate continuous rain was being experienced.  
The wind increased rapidly from this time on to over 90 kt at a position three miles west 
of the eye edge where heading was altered to circumnavigate.  When five miles south of the 
eye's edge, it was decided, due to the extended flight range of this hurricane, to return 
immediately to base, thereby canceling circumnavigation.  The hurricane center was located 
by radar at 1408Z near 24.2N, 59.0W with an eye 20 miles in diameter.  Flight returned to 
Ramey AFB at 1805Z" (ATS).

September 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 60.2W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 120 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 59.7W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 
26.7N, 59.9W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 28.9N, 
59.8W with 120 kt max winds and 975 mb central pressure.  Both the MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and 
a the former is indicated with a 975 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of 
at most 1002 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.6W.  Aircraft highlights: 85 kt N (90 kt NNW at 
flight-level of 400 ft) and 980 mb at 1445Z at 29.0N, 59.9W (ATS); Navy center fix at 1450Z 
at 29.2N, 59.5W with 976 mb min p encountered 19 miles SW of the center (and 7 miles from 
the eye edge) and estimated maximum winds in excess of 120 kt (ATS, micro); Air Force center 
fix (DR) at 1835Z at 30.4N, 59.5W with 975 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and estimated
maximum winds of 100 kt (micro).  "[Fox] passed more than 300 miles east of Bermuda on the 15th, 
and thereafter moved rapidly northeastward over the Atlantic.  This hurricane remained small 
throughout its course, but maintained maximum velocities of about 140 mph until it moved out of 
range of reconnaissance" (MWR).  "Hurricane center by radar DR position at 1450Z at 29.2N, 59.5W.  
Estiamted max winds in all quadrants over 120 kt.  Max winds encountered at 29.1N, 59.6W NW 100 kt; 
at 29.0N, 59.5W W 100 kt.  Lowest pressure 976 mb 19 miles SW of eye's center.  Eye 20 miles in 
diameter.  Hurricane winds extend 35 miles from center in western semicircle.  40 kt winds extend 
75 miles from center in western semicircle" (micro).  "Hurep Duck 12 summary: Storm centered at 
30.4N, 59.5W at 1835Z.  Eye 35 miles in diameter.  Maximum winds near center estimated 100 kt with 
gusts to 120 kt with hurricane winds extending 60 miles to NE, 70 to NW, 55 mi to SE, 50 mi to SE, 
and storm winds extending 70 mi to NE, 80 mi NW, 60 mi SW, 65 mi SE.  Gale winds extend 85 mi NE, 
95 mi NW, 75 mi SW, and 70 mi SW.  Moderate turbulence.  Sea rough.  Heavy showery type precipitation.  
Lowest sea-level pressure by dropsonde 975 mb.  Center located by dead reckoning and is considered 
reliable" (micro).  From the ATS report. "The second and last Navy flight into this hurricane 
departed Ramey AFB at 0941Z on 15 September.  Prior to departure it was decided, because of the 
extended flight range of this hurricane, to penetrate the western quadrant until contact with the 
eye by radar was established and then immediately return to base.  The hurricane was located by 
radar at 1450Z near 29.2N, 59.5W.  Severe intermittent turbulence and backing winds of over 100 kt 
were experienced from 1447Z to 1450Z during which time the aircraft was located five to nine miles 
from the eye edge" (ATS).

September 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.8N, 55.1W with many fronts plotted 
within 500 to 1000 nmi of the low on the west, north and east sides of the low.  A cold front and 
warm front intersect near 43N, 62W.  The cold front extends southwestward to 38N, 65W to 35N, 
69W to 33N, 72W, and the warm front extends from the intersection eastward to 42N, 55W becoming a 
cold front there and continuing to 45N, 51W to 48N, 50W.  Another warm front is plotted extending 
from 47N, 49W southeastward to 41N, 44W to 35N, 39W to 33N, 36W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt 
hurricane at 36.8N, 53.7W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 32.6N, 58.5W with 100 kt 
max winds and 977 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.5N, 54.6W with 90 kt max winds 
and 980 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
36.0N, 55.7W with a 980 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
36.7N, 53.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 36.4N, 54.2W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1010 mb at 12Z at 34.3N, 53.5W (micro); 60 kt SW and 991 mb at 18Z 
at 37.5N, 52.5W (micro).  Two other low pressures between 1000-1002 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1550Z at 37.3N, 53.0W with 80 kt estimated maximum winds (AWS, micro).  "Winds SW 80 kt.  
Storm broken up over wide spread area.  Radar indicated indefinite wall clouds 80 miles apart.  
Storm center at 37.3N, 53.0W at 1550Z" (micro).  "The wind speed was reported as 80 kt and the 
storm was observed to be breaking up and spreading over a wide area.  Instead of an eye the flight 
found two indefinite squall line 80 miles apart" (AWS).

September 17:
HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 45.2N, 38.0W embedded within a 
much larger, extratropical cyclone of at most 980 mb centered near 55N, 53W.  Numerous fronts 
are plotted in the very near environment of the feature of interest.  HURDAT last lists this system 
at 06Z as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.9N, 42.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 39.8N, 48.2W with 70 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 43.3N, 
37.9W with 45 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 45.1N, 38.0W with a 985 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt S and 1006 mb at 
09Z at 43.2N, 40.0W (COA); 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 45.2N, 41.1W (COA).  Several other low 
pressures.

September 18:
HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 49.2N, 19.7W with an occluded 
front extending from the low to a triple point near 44N, 26W.  A warm front extends from the 
triple point southward to 40N, 28W, and a cold front extends from the triple point southwestward 
to 41N, 31W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 47.7N, 20.5W with a 1000 mb pressure.

Fox likely formed from an African Easterly Wave.  HURDAT starts this as a 40 kt tropical storm 
at 06Z on 8 September several hundred miles west of the Cape Verde Islands with motion towards 
the west-northwest.  Observations in the vicinity of the HURDAT positions are extremely sparse 
on the 8th and 9th, and little evidence exists to make any changes to the HURDAT intensities on 
those days.  No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity of the 8th and 9th; HURDAT brings Fox to 
50 kt by 12Z on the 9th.  A ship observation - the Luciano Manara - at 12Z on the 10th of 25 kt ESE 
with 1007 mb indicates that the HURDAT position on the 10th is likely too far northwest.  (An observation 
from the same ship at 03Z apparently alerted forecasters to the existence of Fox.  However, this observation 
is not accessible.)  The first aircraft center fixes occurred on the 10th as well, and while the uncertainty 
with the aircraft's positions is large, these are consistent with the 12Z ship and both indicate that the 
position should be adjusted about 2 degrees southeast.  Major track changes are made at 06Z through 18Z on 
the 10th.  The aircraft at 19Z on the 10th measured a central pressure of 995 mb and this value is added 
into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th.  A central pressure of 995 mb yields 56 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship and 55 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 10th (down from 70 
kt originally).  Fox moved rather slowly to the northwest, and reached only a few hundred miles north -northeast 
of the Lesser Antilles by 14 September.  Positions to the southeast of the previous HURDAT locations are 
analyzed from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 12th.  These changes are weighed predominantly by aircraft 
fixes, with slight adjustments for a few ship observations.  On the 13th and 14th, all track changes are 
less than six-tenths of a degree.  On the 11th at 1919Z, an Air Force aircraft measured a central pressure 
of 986 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 11th.  A central pressure of 986 mb equals 70 kt 
according to the southern pressure-wind relationship, but 75 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 11th (down from 90 kt 
originally), because the RMW was about half of the climatological value.  On the 12th at 18Z, an Air Force 
aircraft measured a central pressure of 977 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 12th.  A 
central pressure of 977 mb yields 81 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 85 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT (down from 90 kt originally).  No peak intensity information is available on the 13th, but 
on the 14th, the storm was too intense for the aircraft to penetrate.  The lowest pressure measured by 
aircraft was 975 mb, but this was obtained outside of the RMW.  The text regarding the values of the radii 
of the minimum pressure, peak winds, eye, and RMW is somewhat unclear.  Depending on how the vortex message 
is interpreted, the Schloemer equation yields either 943 or 956 mb for the central pressure.  If 943 mb 
was the central pressure, peak wind speeds of 117 kt would be obtained from the north of 25N/intensifying 
pressure-wind relationship.  The aircraft also reported winds in excess of 120 kt. The 115 kt intensity in 
HURDAT at 12Z on the 14th is thus not changed.  On 15 September this hurricane recurved along 60W and 
accelerated, and by the 16th it was moving rapidly northeastward.  All track changes are less than 1 degree 
on the 15th through 12Z on the 16th, and these changes are mostly based on aircraft center fixes.  On the 
15th, Fox was still too intense for penetration to be performed, but peripheral pressure and RMW information 
were available.  Thus the Schloemer equation was able to be calculated based on a 976 mb pressure measured 
19 nmi from the center of the eye, a 16 nmi RMW, and a 1016 mb environmental pressure.  This yields a 
central pressure of 946 mb, which is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th.  A central pressure of 946 mb 
yields 109 kt north of 25N.  Due to the fast forward motion (~20 kt) of the storm, 5 kt should be added 
to this relationship.  Since the fix occurred at 1450Z, no changes are made to the HURDAT intensities of 
120 kt at 12Z and 115 kt at 18Z.  In fact, no intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 13 September 
through 00Z on 17 September.  It is noted though that the lack of inner core observations for most of the 
13th through the 17th makes knowing the true intensity quite uncertain.  (Note that an aircraft-deployed 
dropsonde measured a sea level pressure of 975 mb around 1830Z - about three and a half hours after the 
earlier fix - which was likely launched in the periphery and not in the eye.  This aircraft apparently 
did not perform a penetration fix for this mission.)  HURDAT lists Fox as having become extratropical at 
00Z on 17 September, but observations indicate that it did not become extratropical until 12Z that day.  
HURDAT previously listed a final 6-hourly point for Fox at 06Z on 17 September a few hundred miles east-southeast 
of Newfoundland as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone.  The new position at 06Z on 17 September is adjusted 
northeastward and maintained as a 70 kt hurricane.  The analysis included one additional point to HURDAT 
a few hundred miles east of Newfoundland at 12Z as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone.  Thereafter, Fox was 
absorbed by a complex frontal system.



Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report.

"Prior to the 1950 season, abnormal ship reports so far east only rarely were followed by the 
appearance of a hurricane, but having already had five full hurricanes in less than a month, 
the report were taken seriously this time" (AWS).

"For a hurricane so far out in the Atlantic, the life history of Storm Fox is well documented. 
A total of nine reconnaissance flights were flown into the storm, though not all of them penetrated 
the center.  Navigation on several of these flights was almost entirely dead reckoning so that the 
positions obtained are questionable and consequently the path of the storm center itself.  However, 
the first position report is the only one far off from the accepted smooth track" (AWS).  
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 7 (George)

35205 09/27/1950 M=11  7 SNBR= 778 GEORGE      XING=0                           
35210 09/27*  0   0   0    0*244 527  35    0*252 524  35    0*259 523  35    0*
35210 09/27*  0   0   0    0*246 510  35    0*252 515  35    0*257 520  35    0*
                             *** ***              ***          *** ***
          
35215 09/28*266 524  35    0*274 528  35    0*281 534  35    0*287 542  35    0*
35215 09/28*263 525  40    0*271 531  40    0*278 540  40    0*283 550  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35220 09/29*291 551  35    0*294 561  35    0*297 572  35    0*301 590  35    0*
35220 09/29*287 560  40    0*289 572  40    0*290 585  40    0*291 596  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35225 09/30*303 607  40    0*303 615  40    0*303 622  45    0*303 632  50    0*
35225 09/30*292 608  40    0*293 620  40    0*294 630  45    0*295 634  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35230 10/01*303 638  65    0*303 640  70    0*303 641  75    0*303 643  80    0*
35230 10/01*296 637  55    0*297 640  60    0*298 643  65    0*298 645  70  978*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35235 10/02*303 644  80    0*303 647  80    0*304 651  85    0*307 657  85    0*
35235 10/02*300 647  75    0*304 649  80    0*308 651  85    0*310 657  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              ***   

35240 10/03*310 663  90    0*312 667  90    0*314 670  90    0*330 680  95    0*
35240 10/03*312 662  90    0*315 668  90    0*319 675  90  969*329 678  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

35245 10/04*346 684  95    0*363 675  95    0*378 660  95    0*399 637  95    0*
35245 10/04*342 680  95    0*357 673  95    0*373 657  95  960*391 637  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** ***

35250 10/05*423 605  85    0E446 567  65    0E470 519  60    0E495 460  60    0*
35250 10/05E414 607  85    0E443 566  70    0E472 512  65    0E499 459  60    0*
           **** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

35255 10/06E521 399  55    0E548 341  55    0E575 286  50    0E587 268  50    0*
35255 10/06E525 397  55    0E549 341  55    0E573 286  55    0E587 247  55    0*
            *** ***          ***              ***      **          ***  **

35260 10/07E593 249  50    0E599 229  45    0E605 210  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
35260 10/07E595 210  55    0E605 152  55    0E618  75  55    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35265 HR    
                                                                    
Minor track changes (though major adjustments to track introduced in the 
extratropical stage) and minor changes to intensity are analyzed for this 
hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. 
Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

September 26:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not 
yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  "The surface 
disturbance first appeared as a trough in the easterly flow near 50W on the 
September 26/0030Z chart.  The Del Rio, four degrees east of the axis, reported 
a light south wind while several ships to the west reported winds of NE force 
4 [15 kt]" (AWS).

September 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.2N, 52.2W 
with a NNE-SSW stationary front plotted from 39N, 52W to 32N, 58W, becoming 
a cold front there extending to 30N, 61W to 28N, 65W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 35 kt tropical storm at 25.2N, 52.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 
1009 mb at 12Z at 26.6N, 51.5W (micro).  "A strong easterly wave was noted 
on September 27 over the Atlantic far to the southeast of Bermuda" (MWR).  
"Note from Llansishus [a ship]: Sea rough, swell heavy, confused, sky overcast, 
vivid continuous sheet lightning.  Had one hour of lull with heavy rain 
commencing at 2200Z.  Lowest reading 29.88, now 29.92, rising slowly" (micro).  
Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1011 mb (probably closed) on the very 
edge of the map centered in the vicinity of 25N, 52-52.5W.  "The trough moved 
westward and by September 27th at least developed a vortex" (AWS).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.4N, 
52.8W with a NE-SW stationary front plotted from 38N, 47W becoming a warm 
front at 35N, 52W, becoming a dissipating stationary front at 32N, 57W 
extending to 27N, 64W to 26N, 67W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 28.1N, 53.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 29.2N, 53.1W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm stamped 
a spot low near 26N, 54W located inside a very large 1014 mb isobar that 
might not be closed since the edge is off the map.  Ship highlights: 40 kt 
ENE and 1013 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 52.0W (micro).  "The low level vortex 
moved north and west and approximately 28/1830Z joined the remnants of 
the cold front forming a large elongated low" (AWS).

September 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 
57.3W with a W-E stationary front plotted from 35N, 55W to beyond 36N, 
46W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 57.2W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.1N, 
62.9W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a very large closed 
low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 27.7N, 62.5W. 
No gales or low pressures.

September 30:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.6N, 
63.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm 30.3N, 62.2W.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 63.2W 
with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 29.5N, 64.5W.  Ship highlights: 
45 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 35.5N, 64.0W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1007 mb 
at 12Z at 32.2N, 65.7W (micro).  "By September 30th it was directly under 
an upper cold core, stationary low." (AWS).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.2N, 64.2W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 30.3N, 64.1W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 28.5N, 63.5W with 75 kt max winds and 
990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.0N, 64.6W with 80 kt 
max winds and 985 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position at 28.6N, 63.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
of at most 996 mb centered near 30.2N, 64.7W.  Ship highlights: 50-55 kt 
SSW and 998 mb at 1230Z at 29.8N, 64.7W (AWS, HWM, micro); 30 kt SSE and 
996 mb at 18Z at 30.0N, 62.7W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix 
(loran) at 2012Z at 29.7N, 64.8W with 978 mb central pressure and 85 kt 
maximum estimated winds (AWS, micro).  Three other hurricane force flight-level 
winds between 65-85 kt.  "It developed a large low pressure system that 
drifted slowly northwestward, but daily reconnaissance failed to find a 
storm center of strong circulation until October 1.  At 1230Z on the 1st, 
the S.S. Alcoa Regasus, about 170 miles south of Bermuda at 29.5N, 64.4W, 
reported a southwest wind 65 miles per hour, which indicated hurricane development.  
An airplane later in the day found the center with highest wind about 100 mph" (MWR). 
"Post flight summary: Departed KAFB BDA at 1820Z to Storm George.  30N, 65W.  Gale 
force winds were encountered 100 miles from BDA 80 degrees 40 kt.  Storm located 
and position by radar and loran at 29.7N, 64.8W at 2012Z.  Winds by quadrants: 
NW- 60 degrees at 64 kt; NE- 150 degrees at 75 kt; in the southern quadrants, 
160 degrees at 85 kt by estimation.  SW quadrant 300 degrees at 70 kt and 
SE quadrant 260 degrees at 80 kt.  Eye very well defined.  Circular shaped and 
50 miles in diameter.  Low pressure in eye 977.9 mb.  Pressures at position 29.8N, 
64.1W 994 mb" (micro).  "Duck: In eye.  Calm.  SLP 977.9 mb.  Center of storm 29.7N, 
64.8W.  Eye well formed circle 35 miles in diameter.  Highest wind 85 kt from 
150 degrees in the SE quadrant.  Duck and remarks: Passed through eye.  Pressure 
979.2 at 29.5N, 64.8W.  Going back in" (micro).  "At 01/0030Z the Alcoa Pegasus 
reported near the center of the low.  The report showed wind E force 6 [25 kt], 
pressure 1008.7 mb.  Twelve hours later the Aloca Pegasus reported again about 
60 miles south of its previous report.  This time it showed wind SSW force 10 [50 kt] 
and pressure 997.6 mb.  The first advisory on the storm was coordinated on the basis 
of this report and was released at 01/1530Z" (AWS).  "The first reconnaissance
mission [around 1930Z] reported an eye well-formed, circular, 50 miles in diameter 
with highest winds of 85 kt in the SE quadrant and central pressure 977.9 mb" (AWS).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 64.9W 
with a dissipating cold front located north of the cyclone extending from 
43N, 67W to 40N, 65W to 38N, 60W becoming a cold front at 37N, 57W extending 
to beyond 37N, 51W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 30.4N, 65.1W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 30.1N, 64.8W with 85 kt max winds 
and 978 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 31.0N, 65.1W with 90 kt max 
winds and 978 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 30.7N, 65.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb 
centered near 30.6N, 65.2W with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE front 
located slightly north of the cyclone near 33N, 65W extending to beyond 34N, 
58W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 06Z at 35.7N, 65.6W (COA); 25 kt 
SSW and 996 mb at 06Z at 29.3N, 62.8W (micro); 40 kt ENE and 1016 mb at 12Z 
at 35.3N, 64.7W (COA, micro).  Three other gales and one other low pressure.  
Land/station highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12Z at Bermuda (HWM).  
Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1125Z at 30.8N, 65.0W with 988 
pressure measured by dropsonde and reported max winds of 90 kt (AWS, micro); 
center fix at 1933Z at 30.0-30.1N, 65.8W with 974 mb pressure measured by 
dropsonde and 100 kt max winds (AWS); 95 kt WSW at flight-level of 700 ft at 
1945Z at 30.7N, 66.5W (micro).  At least one other surface gale, four other 
hurricane force flight-level winds and one other low pressure.  "It moved slowly 
northward until the morning of October 2 with a threat to Bermuda since it was 
only 90 to 100 miles away.  It changed course, however, and swung westward far 
enough to miss Bermuda before resuming a northward and northeastward course" 
(MWR).  "Duck: 30.7N, 64.8W [I believe this is a center fix].  Eye is 45 miles 
diameter and is circular.  West side is strongest.  This report in eye at 1042Z.  
Eye well formed with circular bands of cu extending up to 15,000 feet" (micro).  
"Duck 1125Z?: Center by loran 30.9N, 65.0W.  Eye well defined, hurricane well 
formed all quadrants.  Highest winds 90 kt.  Hurricane force winds extend 60 miles 
from center in all quadrants.  Storm winds extend 80 miles from the center in 
all quadrants.  Gale winds extend 95 miles from the center in all quadrants" (micro). 
 "Duck position of eye at 1125Z by loran 30.9N, 65.0W.  This is most accurate" (micro).  
 "D-10: 50 miles out of Bermuda, surface winds 60 kt.  Flight level 120 degrees, 
 60 kt" (micro).  "The second flight at 02/1125Z found no change in the pressure 
 but found winds to 90 kt.  The eye had decreased to 45 miles in diameter and 
 was equally well developed in all quadrants.  Hurricane winds covered a diameter 
 of 120 miles and gales a diameter of approximately 200 miles" (AWS).

October 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.4N, 66.9W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.4N, 67.0W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 31.2N, 66.4W with 95 kt max winds and 973 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 32.0N, 67.6W with 100 kt max winds and 969 mb 
central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 31.8N, 
67.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 31.8N, 67.3W.  
Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 33.0N, 65.2W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 
1007 mb at 15Z at 30.5N, 66.1W (micro).  Land/station highlights: 30-35 kt SSE and 
1010 mb at Bermuda at 12Z (HWM, micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix 
(loran) at 1220Z at 31.9N, 67.6W with 969 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and 
estimated maximum surface winds on the west side 90 kt (AWS, micro); Air Force 
center fix (loran) at 2145Z at 33.5N, 67.8W with 980 mb pressure measured by 
dropsonde and 100 kt max winds (AWS, micro).  "Post flight summary: Hurricane George 
was located at 31.9N, 67.6W at 1220Z.  Position by 3 station loran fixes in eye.  
Eye is 35 miles in diameter.  Surface winds in center of the eye were very light 
with no apparent swells.  Estimated surface winds 90 kt on west edge of eye.  
Hurricane winds extend approximately 30 miles from center in all quadrants.  50 kt 
winds extend approximately 50 mi from center in SW and SE quadrants.  50 kt winds 
extend 70 mi in NW quadrant.  Winds decrease very gradually in all quadrants after 
going out to fringe of 50 kt winds.  Duck report 1220Z: In eye at 31.9N, 67.6W.  
Loran fix.  Duck 8: Eye located at 33.5N, 67.8W at 2145Z by loran.  Eye well defined. 
 Winds 100 kt near center on all sides.  Hurricane winds extend 50 miles from center" (micro).  
 "After the storm turned toward the west it began to deepen and continued to do so 
 until at least the afternoon of the 3rd.

October 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 37.8N, 65.2W with a cold 
front approaching from the northwest extending from 46N, 61W to 43N, 66W to 41N, 69W 
to 39N, 74W to 38N, 78W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 37.8N, 66.0W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 34.4N, 67.6W with 100 kt max winds and 
975 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 37.5N, 65.3W with 90 kt max winds and 
978 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
37.9N, 65.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb centered near 37.8N, 
65.5W with an analysis of a cold front approaching similar to the HWM analysis.  
Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 994 mb at 12Z at 38.0N, 66.6W (micro); 45 kt SSW and 
990 mb at 12Z at 36.0N, 65.1W (micro); 70 kt SSE and 998 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 62.6W 
(micro).  At least four other gales and nine other low pressures.  Aircraft 
highlights: Navy center fix (low-level penetration, loran) around ~14Z at 37.6N, 
65.3W with 960 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds encountered 
of 90 kt (AWS, ATS); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2305Z at 40.6N, 61.6W with 
980 mb pressure measured by dropsonde and max winds estimated at least 65 kt 
(AWS, micro).  At least two other surface gales, two other flight-level hurricane 
force winds, and six other low pressures between 979-999 mb.  "The strongest 
wind reported was about 110 mph on the morning of October 4 when the center was 
near 39N, 65W" (MWR).  "Navy hurep 1415Z: Position of eye by Loran 37.6N, 65.3W.  
Diameter of eye 10 miles- diffused" (micro).  "Duck center at 2305Z 40.6N, 61.6W by 
Loran.  Position reliable" (micro).  From the ATS report. "This was the first and 
only Navy flight into this moderately severe hurricane, the storm being out of range 
through most of its life.  The plane flew to Cherry Point the previous evening and 
departed before dawn in moderate ground fog.  Winds increased slowly but steadily 
and passed under the cirrus shield while still 300 miles from the center.  Winds 
increased to hurricane force 75 miles from the center, but dropped to 55 kt for a 
brief period closer in, then increased to a maximum of 90 kt.  Entry into the eye 
was through very gradual decreasing winds, weather and turbulence, and though various 
altitudes in the eye were tried, the core failed to appear well-defined by radar.  
Considerable stratus at various levels prevailed, though blue sky showed through.  
Lowest pressure observed in the eye was 960 mb.  Similar conditions in reverse were 
encountered on leaving the storm, but at similar distances from the observed center 
were milder, indicating rapid movement to the northeast, and it is believed that the 
storm was rapidly developing extratropical characteristics although insufficient fuel 
precluded further investigation.  Entered eye 1353Z.  Obtained loran fix.  Lowest 
pressure 960 mb.  Max winds 90 kt prior to entry." (ATS).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 47.7N, 51.0W with the northeast 
end of a NE-SW cold front located 200-300 n mi SSE of the cyclone extending from 
44N, 49W to 37N, 62W and the west end of a dissipating W-E stationary front located 
several hundred n mi east of the cyclone extending from 51N, 40W to beyond 51N, 28W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.0N, 51.9W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 41.3N, 60.5W with 75 kt max winds and 980 mb central 
pressure and a 1230Z position at 47.5N, 50.5W with 65 kt max winds and 975 mb central 
pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SW and 1006 mb at 00Z at 38.0N, 62.4W (micro); 
20 kt NE and 968 mb at 06Z at 44.5N, 56.8W (COA); 60 kt S and 983 mb at 12Z at 47.5N, 
49.5W (COA, HWM); 55 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 48.1N, 49.7W (COA).  Several other 
gales and low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 35 kt W and 1000 mb at 06Z at 43.9N, 
60.0W (micro); 25 kt NNW and 986 mb at 12Z at 47.6N, 52.9W (HWM, micro).  One other 
low pressure.  "It passed south of Newfoundland on the 5th" (MWR).  "On October 5th, 
George ran into a cold front and appears to have acquired extratropical characteristics.  
Although already moving in excess of 40 kt, it continued to accelerate and the area 
of gale winds expanded. "It passed 50 miles off the SE tip of Newfoundland at 
[05/1000Z? or 0100Z?] and continued into the north Atlantic" (AWS).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 980 mb centered near 58.4N, 28.6W.  A cold front extends 
from 53N, 21W to 50N, 24W to 44N, 35W.  A weak spot low is plotted inside the same 
990 mb contour as the feature of interest near 62N, 10W with an occluded front extending 
from this low eastward, southeastward, southward, and then southwestward to 49N, 9W.  
To the west of the feature of interest, an occluded front extends from another low, 
centered near 66N, 60W, to 65N, 55W to 62N, 52W to 60N, 51W to 56N, 52W to 54N, 49W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 57.5N, 28.6W.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt SSW and 981 mb at 12Z at 56.4N, 28.4W (COA, HWM); 50 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z 
at 53.2N, 28.0W (COA).  At least three other gales between 45-50 kt between 09Z-22Z 
and several other low pressures.

October 7:
HWM analyzes three closed lows, all located within the same closed 985 mb isobar, 
which stretches over a very huge distance.  The feature of interest is analyzed as 
a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 60.7N, 21.5W with an occluded front 
extending from the low to 57N, 20W to 53N, 23W becoming a cold front at 51N, 26W 
extending to 47N, 32W to 45N, 36W.  The 2nd closed low, of at most 975 mb, is centered 
near 63N, 6W, and a cold front extends from this low wrapping around to the SE, S, 
and then SW.  The 3rd closed low, of at most 980 mb, is centered near 70N, 6E.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 60.5N, 21.0W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt SW and 970 mb at 00Z at 58.5N, 18.5W (COA); 50 kt W and 991 mb at 06Z at 56.4N, 
16.4W (COA); 50 kt SW and 983 mb at 11Z at 59.0N, 3.0W (COA); 10 kt WNW and 968 mb at 
11Z at 61.5N, 9.5W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.

George formed from a large trough covering the central Atlantic Ocean on 26 and 
27 September.  HURDAT starts this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 06Z on 27 September.  
Although there is not certain evidence that a tropical cyclone existed on the 27th, there 
is a 35 kt gale from a ship 90 nmi north of the analyzed position of George.  At 00Z on 
the 28th, there is a 40 kt ship gale 80 nmi north-northeast of the analyzed position.  
Due to this observation, the HURDAT intensity is increased from 35 to 40 kt at all times 
on the 28th and 29th.  Another gale was observed on the 30th farther away from the storm 
center.  The data clearly show that the area of cyclonic turning associated with George 
was very large from 28 September until at least 1 October; however, by 1 October, there 
was evidence of a tight, TC-like inner core.  Prior to 1 October, there may have been 
strong winds and low pressures near the center, but there was little data there from the 
28th until 12Z on 1 October.  Using today's classification system, George may have been 
classified as a subtropical cyclone from the 27th to the 30th of September.  On the 27th 
and 28th of September, George moved slowly in a northwesterly direction, gradually curving 
toward the west by early on the 30th a couple hundred miles southeast of Bermuda.  From 
late on 30 September to 2 October, George was nearly stationary, and the analyzed position 
at 12Z on the 2nd was about 100 nmi south of Bermuda with an 85 kt intensity.  Although 
there were no strong wind observations available from Bermuda, it is possible that Bermuda 
may have briefly experienced tropical storm force winds.  On the 29th and 30th of September, 
some minor southward and westward adjustments are made to the track based on ship data.  
On the 1st at 12Z, a 50 kt ship observation with a 998 mb pressure along with the first 
aircraft center fix at 2012Z both indicate that the HURDAT position needed a small south-southwestward 
adjustment at those times.  On the 2nd, very minor track changes are analyzed based on 
aircraft center fix positions.  The aircraft on the 1st at 2012Z measured a central pressure 
of 978 mb and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st.  A central pressure of 
978 mb yields 75 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship 
and 78 kt for intensifying systems.  The RMW was much larger than the climatological RMW 
value and the speed was very slow (~2 kt).  70 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 1st 
(down from 80 kt originally).  The HURDAT intensities at all times on the 1st are lowered by 
10 kt to show a gradual intensification from 50 kt at 18Z on the 30th to 70 kt by 18Z on the 
1st.  George is analyzed to have first attained hurricane strength 12 hours later than originally.  
On 2 October, aircraft dropsondes measured pressures of 988 and 974 mb at 1125 and 1933Z respectively, 
but no central pressures are added to HURDAT (as it is uncertain if these were in the eye or eyewall), 
and no changes are made to the HURDAT intensities on the 2nd.  On the 3rd, George recurved west
of Bermuda and began to accelerate.  On the 4th, George was accelerating northeastward in 
the western Atlantic.  All track changes on the 3rd and 4th were less than 1 degree and are 
very much in agreement with the aircraft center fixes.  Peripheral ship observations on the 
4th were in agreement with the aircraft fixes.  On the 3rd at 12Z, a dropsonde measured a 
pressure of 969 mb, which appears to be a central pressure.  969 mb yields a maximum wind 
speed of 86 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  90 kt surface 
winds were estimated visually from the aircraft.  The 90 kt intensity in HURDAT is not changed 
at 12Z on the 3rd and a 969 mb pressure is added to HURDAT.  It is of interest that George had 
a large outer circulation on the 3rd, but a relatively small inner core as Bermuda experienced 
only marginal gales.  Based upon the eye diameter, it is estimated that the RMW was about 
25-30 nm with climatology for 969 mb and 32N being 25 nm.  Thus with a near average RMW - as 
best that can be determined - a substantial alteration for the wind suggested by the 
pressure-wind relationship is not called for.  On the 4th around 14Z, a Navy aircraft 
penetrated the center and measured a central pressure of 960 mb.  This value is added into 
HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th.  A central pressure of 960 mb equals a wind speed of 90 kt using 
the pressure-wind relationship for north of 35N.  The eye radius was very small - 5-10 nm - on 
this date and the speed of the storm was more than 20 kt so the 95 kt intensity in HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 4th is not changed.  No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity on the 3rd 
and 4th, and the 95 kt peak intensity shown in HURDAT is maintained.  HURDAT lists George 
as becoming extratropical at 06Z on the 5th a few hundred miles south of Newfoundland, but 
it is analyzed that George was extratropical 6 hours earlier (by 00Z on the 5th) as surface 
observations indicate a large temperature gradient across the low.  George moved northeastward 
very rapidly on the 5th through the 7th, and it retained winds below hurricane force.  No 
significant track changes are analyzed on the 5th through 12Z on the 6th, and George was 
located several hundred miles southeast of the tip of Greenland at 12Z on the 6th.  However, 
on the 7th at 12Z (the final point shown in HURDAT), the position is revised to be 400 nmi 
east of the previous HURDAT position (a very large, major track change).  Another developing 
cyclone was near the HURDAT position, but George was located much farther east.  This track 
change has high confidence because 6-hourly synoptic analyses were conducted in the reanalysis 
to track George.  No changes are made to the timing of when this cyclone was absorbed, but 
the final position at 12Z on the 7th is moved northeast a couple hundred miles north of Great 
Britian.  The intensity is increased slightly on the 6th and 7th at times due to numerous 
ship observations of 50 kt winds and pressures as low as 969 mb at 03Z on the 7th.


A quote from the Air Weather Service post-season report.

"The first two reconnaissance fixes indicated that it was moving slightly west of north 
at 5 kt almost directly towards Bermuda.  Because of this and the fact that the last fix 
showed the storm to be only 100 miles from Bermuda, Hurricane Warning was advised for 
the island even though westward movement was expected.  With the next aircraft fix 
confirming westward movement, All Clear was advised" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 8 (How)

35270 10/01/1950 M= 4  8 SNBR= 779 HOW         XING=0                           
35275 10/01*  0   0   0    0*250 873  30    0*258 886  35    0*260 890  40    0*
35275 10/01*  0   0   0    0*256 884  30    0*258 885  30    0*260 886  35    0*
                             *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

35280 10/02*262 895  45    0*263 901  50    0*264 907  50    0*265 917  50    0*
35280 10/02*261 889  35    0*263 895  35    0*264 903  35    0*262 911  40    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  ** 

35285 10/03*265 927  50    0*264 936  50    0*262 945  45    0*258 955  45    0*
35285 10/03*260 921  40    0*255 935  40    0*250 948  40    0*247 958  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35290 10/04*251 964  40    0*243 971  35    0*235 978  30    0*225 988  25    0*
35290 10/04*244 966  40    0*240 972  35    0*235 978  30    0*230 984  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***

35295 TS    

Minor changes to track and intensity are analyzed for this tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight 
log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Mexican observations, and 
Connor (1956).

September 29:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest but suggests the presence of a
weak trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico extending south towards Yucatan.  
HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or low pressures. 

September 30:
HWM does not analyze any particular features of interest on this day, 
but indicates the presence of some weak troughing near the Yucatan Peninsula 
and southern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No 
gales or low pressures.

October 1:
HWM does not analyze any particular features of interest on this day, 
but indicates the presence of some weak troughing near the northern Yucatan 
Peninsula and southern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm 
at 25.8N, 88.6W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb 
centered near 25.8N, 88.5W.  No gales or low pressures.  "A tropical storm 
of less than hurricane force developed in the Gulf of Mexico October 1 near 
25.5N, 89W" (MWR).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 91.2W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.4N, 90.7W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 1230Z position at 26.5N, 90.2W with 50 kt max winds and 
1009 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 26.7N, 89.8W with a 1000 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 26.4N, 90.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.3N, 90.5W.  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1234Z at 26.5N, 90.2W with 1009 mb central pressure and 38 kt 
maximum winds (micro, AWS); 50 kt E at flight-level of 1000 ft (max wind 
encountered during flight) and 1010 mb at 2015Z at 26.6N, 91.1W (ATS); 14 kt 
ESE at flight-level of 1000 ft and 1008 mb at 2030Z at 26.0N, 90.9W (ATS); 
10 kt NNE at flight-level of 900 ft and 1008 mb at 2045Z at 25.8N, 91.7W (ATS) 
[1008 mb was the lowest pressure encountered during this flight].  At least 
four other flight-level gales.  "Post flight weather summary: Storm center 
located at 02/1234Z at 26.5N, 90.2W.  Second center believed inaccurate due 
to poor definition of associated weather.  Center at 02/1234Z was ten miles 
in diameter with no weather to west and southwest.  Maximum winds sustained 
38 kt with gusts to 45 kt.  Storm appeared much weaker on second entry as 
indicated by strength of squalls, decrease in max wind velocity, and subsiding 
of easterly swells" (micro).  "Navy: No closed circulation or eye apparent.  
Will continue to search area as long as possible" (micro).  "Navy post flight 
summary: A thorough search of the entire disturbed area failed to disclose 
any signs to a closed circulation.  An area of squalls with winds varying 
from ESE to ENE 30 to 50 kt was bounded by 88.0W, 27.3N and 91.7W, 26.2N.  
This area was bounded on the north by blue skies and moderate winds and on 
the west and south by clear skies, light winds and good flying conditions 
for as far as the eye could see.  Highest winds 50 kt.  Minimum pressure 
1008 mb" (micro).  "Maximum wind was reported [by aircraft] as 38 kt sustained, 
gusts to 45 kt.  Minimum pressure [from aircraft] was 1009 mbs" (AWS).  
"A second flight [on the 2nd] in the afternoon left Miami and flew WNW toward 
the estimated storm position.  Winds were generally easterly and gradually 
increased to 45 kt.  At 91.5W the winds abruptly dropped off and the sky became 
clear to the west and north.  The mission was summarized as follows: 'A thorough 
search of the entire disturbed area failed to disclose any signs of a closed 
circulation.  An area of squalls with winds varying from ESE to ENE 30 to 50 kt 
was bounded by 88W, 27.3N and 91.7W, 26.2N.  This area was bounded on the 
north by blue skies and moderate winds, and on the west and south by clear, 
light winds and good flying conditions for as far as the eye could see.  
Highest winds 50 kt, minimum pressure 1008 mbs" (AWS).  From the ATS report. 
"Ship reports indicated that a tropical disturbance had developed in a 
trough area formed by a stagnant cold front.  The disturbance was apparently 
centered at 26.5N, 91.0W.  Flying west-northwest from Miami, the winds held 
generally easterly and gradually increased to 45 kt.  At 2000Z, the winds 
dropped off abruptly and clear area was observed as far as the eye could see 
to the north and west.  Thorough investigation of the area to the south and 
east led to the determination that there was no closed circulation.  The 
maximum winds encountered were from 080 degrees 50 kt with a minimum observed 
pressure of 1008 mb" (ATS).

October 3:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, but instead indicates a strong trough with 
an apparent NW-SE axis from 25N, 96W to 21N, 92W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 26.2N, 94.5W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 
25.2N, 92.8W with 50 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure and a 1230Z 
position at 24.4N, 95.4W with 50 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.9N, 94.3W 
with a 1005 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 26.0N, 94.6W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyses a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 26.3N, 95.9W.  Land/station highlights: 25-35 kt (max w) at 
Brownsville, TX (Connor); gust 52 kt (max gust) at 1730Z at Brownsville (AWS, Connor).  
Aircraft highlights: 18 kt SE at flight-level of 700 ft and 1007 mb (lowest 
pressure reported during flight) at 1315Z at 25.8N, 94.3W (ATS); 40 kt NE 
(43 kt NNE at flight-level of 1400 ft) and 1010 mb at 1630Z at 25.3N, 96.0W (ATS); 
40 kt NE (45 kt NNE at flight-level of 900 ft) (max flight-level wind encountered 
during flight) at 1645Z at 25.8N, 96.4W (AWS, ATS).  At least one other surface 
gale and one other flight-level gale.  "On the last leg of the flight [on the 3rd, 
which took off from Pensacola and eventually landed in Corpus Christi] on a northwesterly 
course to Corpus Christi, a marked wind shift and lowest pressure were noted.  
The winds shifted nearly 180 degrees from SSW 7 kt to NNE 15 kt and increased 
rapidly to 45 kt gusting to 55 kt in a series of squalls in this NW quadrant with 
a sustained [wind] NNE 37 kt to within 60 miles of Corpus Christi" (AWS).  
"Brownsville did report gusts to 60 mph at 1730Z on the 3rd with gusts to 28-29 mph 
for several hours, but this report [of 60 mph] appears to have been a local condition" (AWS).  
From the ATS report. "The 0630Z synoptic chart showed a trough system lying NE-SW 
over the center Gulf, and the mission of the flight was to scout a suspicious area 
about 25N, 95W.  Semicircular squalls were located on the NE side of this area, 
outflying from Pensacola, but little winds were encountered.  South of latitude 25N, 
the winds diminished to 10-15 kt.  On the last leg of the flight on a northwesterly 
course to Corpus Christi, a marked wind shift and lowest pressure were noted at 
24.5N, 95.7W.  The winds shifted nearly 180 degrees; from SSW 7 kt to NNE 15 kt 
and increased rapidly to 45 kt gusting to 55 kt in a series of squalls in this 
NW quadrant, with a sustained NNE 37 kt to within 60 miles off Corpus Christi" (ATS).

October 4:
HWM no longer analyzes any features of interest on this day other than a cold 
front from 32N, 105W to 30N, 99W to 31N, 93W to 33N, 89W.  HURDAT lists How as 
a 30 kt tropical depression at 23.5N, 97.8W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z 
position at 23.3N, 96.9W with 45 kt max winds and 1008 mb central pressure and 
a 1230Z position at 22.5N, 97.4W with 35 kt max winds and 1008 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
24.6N, 97.8W with a 1010 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 23.2N, 98.0W.  Microfilm no longer analyzes a closed low, but 
still indicates some troughiness around the Mexican coast in the vicinity of 22-25N.  
Station highlights:  1010 mb (min synoptic pressure) at Soto La Marina at 
12Z (Mexico).  "It moved on a northwest, west, and then southwest course and 
entered Mexico north of Tampico on the 4th.  The strongest winds reported in 
connection with this storm were about 55 mph.  Squally winds of 45 to 55 mph 
prevailed during most of its life in the Gulf of Mexico, and were confined 
mostly to the northern semicircle of the disturbance.  This was the only 
disturbance of the season that did not develop hurricane force" (MWR).  
"Navy 4 position 27.1N, 91.8W, altitude 3300 ft.  Clear above, lower scattered 
below, and radar scope void of significant weather.  Since 0100Z light to 
moderate turbulence" (micro).  "By 2130Z the storm was moving slowly a few miles 
east of Tampico.  No land station reported winds above force 6 [25 kt] from 
Storm How."

October 5:
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.0N, 97.4W with 30 kt max winds.

An area of cyclonic turning was evident from observations in the east-central 
Gulf of Mexico on 30 September and 1 October.  HURDAT started this system at 
06Z on 1 October as a 30 kt tropical depression at 25.0N, 87.3W.  However, 
HURDAT previously showed a dramatic deceleration during the first 12 hours of 
the life of this cyclone.  The revised 06Z position on the 1st corrects this 
unrealistic speed change by shifting the initial location by more than 1 degree 
west-northwest of the previous HURDAT position, consistent with the sparse 
observations available.  HURDAT brings the depression to tropical storm strength 
by 12Z on the 1st, but numerous ship data near the center indicate that the 
circulation was still very weak, and it is analyzed that this cyclone attained 
tropical storm strength at 18Z on the 1st (6 hours later than indicated in HURDAT 
originally).  This tropical storm remained weak throughout its lifetime and is 
analyzed to have made landfall on the Mexican coast on the 4th of October around 
12Z as a 30 kt tropical depression.  This landfall point, 30 kt landfall intensity, 
and timing are unchanged from the previous HURDAT and partially based upon the 
1010 mb synoptic pressure minimum from Soto La Marina.   Aircraft flew into How 
on the 2nd and 3rd and while center fixes were obtained both days, they were 
reported with no clouds or precipitation on the south side.  The aircraft likely 
did not fly far enough south to confirm the existence of a closed wind circulation.  
The lowest pressure for the entire storm from all data platforms was 1007 mb, 
though this is sufficiently low to insure a closed circulation for moving relatively 
slow (8-12 kt).  There were no observed gales from any ships or land stations; 
however, aircraft estimated surface winds as high as 40 kt and measured flight-level 
winds as high as 50 kt.  The peak intensity for this storm shown previously in HURDAT 
is 50 kt from 06Z on the 2nd to 06Z on the 3rd.  The new peak intensity is 40 kt 
from 18Z on the 2nd  to 00Z on the 4th.  Pressures of 1009 and 1007 mb were measured 
around 12 and 18Z on the 2nd, but as it is quite possible that the central pressures
were lower, these are not added into HURDAT.  The 50 kt intensities in HURDAT are 
lowered to 35 kt at those times.  Some track changes are analyzed as well.  The 
reanalyzed track shows more of a straight west-southwestward track between the 2nd 
and the 4th instead of a track that gradually curves from west to south as shown in 
HURDAT previously, but observations only provide a little evidence to make these 
track changes.  The most weight was placed on the "apparent" aircraft center fixes 
on the 2nd and 3rd.  After making landfall, How weakened and no changes are made to 
the timing of dissipation which occurred after 18Z on the 4th as a 25 kt tropical 
depression over eastern Mexico.


Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report.

"No synoptic reports were received with winds above force 6 or pressures below 
1009.8 mbs" (AWS).  From a detailed study of the data available it seems quite 
probably that a closed circulation existed in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1st until 
the 4th of October" (AWS).

"A definite center which could be pinpointed and tracked was located only once 
and even then it was questionable.  Reconnaissance flights concerned themselves 
only with the area of strong winds and squally weather.  They did not search southward 
in the area of relatively clear weather to locate the center of the wind field or 
conclusively prove that no closed center existed.  Southwestward movement was forecast 
consistently from 3 October on but could not be verified until the storm reached the 
western Gulf and failed to move inland.  Meanwhile, current positions in the advisories
were pessimistically kept farther north in the absence of reliable information on the 
storm's position" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 9 (Item)

35300 10/08/1950 M= 3  9 SNBR= 780 ITEM        XING=0                           
35300 10/08/1950 M= 4  9 SNBR= 780 ITEM        XING=0 
                    *                          

35305 10/08*  0   0   0    0*208 906  40    0*208 910  45    0*209 916  45    0*
35305 10/08*  0   0   0    0*233 904  35    0*233 910  40    0*231 916  45    0*
                             *** ***  **      ***      **      ***   

35310 10/09*210 922  50    0*210 927  55    0*210 932  65    0*209 939  65    0*
35310 10/09*224 922  45 1002*218 927  50    0*213 932  55    0*208 938  65    0*
            ***      ** **** ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  

35315 10/10*206 946  80    0*203 949  90    0*199 953  95    0*188 959  65    0*
35315 10/10*205 943  75  990*202 947  80    0*198 951  85    0*194 954  90  980*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
35315 10/11*191 957  90     *188 959  75    0*185 960  40    0*182 960  25    0*

35320 HR                                                                        

International Landfall
11th/04Z - 18.9N, 95.9W - 90 kt - Mexico

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed 
for this hurricane that made landfall near Vera Cruz, Mexico.  
Another major change is to introduce an additional 24 hours to 
the end of the best track for this hurricane.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, Mexican station observations, U.S. Air 
Weather Service (post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), 
U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Connor (1956).

October 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered over 
Yucatan near 19N 89W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on 
this day.  Microfilm analyses two lows - one of at most 
1005 mb near 17N 86W and one of at most 1006 mb near 22N 83W.  
Ship highlights:  25-30 kt S and 1002 mb at 16.9N 84.2W (micro).  
"On 2 October the surface isobars around Storm HOW bulged to the 
SSE and inclosed an area around Honduras.  From this date on the 
surface winds, pressure and weather indicated a small center of 
closed circulation which drifted slowly NWward.  Wind speeds were 
near normal but the cloud cover and weather were above normal.  
During the 4th through 6th as the polar trough in which GEORGE 
recurved moved off the east coast, a 1008 and occasionally a 
1006 isobar was drawn around the disturbed area which meanwhile 
had drifted over Yucatan" (AWS).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N 85W with 
a cold front several hundred miles to the north.  HURDAT does 
not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1005 mb near 19N 87W with a cold front several 
hundred miles to the north.  No gales or low pressures.

October 6:
HWM analyzes a dissipating cold front extending from south Florida 
to just north of Yucatan to the western Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT 
does not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1008 mb centered over Yucatan near 19N 91W with a 
cold front a couple hundred miles to the north.  No gales or low 
pressures.

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N, 88.7W.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 21.8N, 88.8W.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "At 071230Z it moved north of Yucatan as evidenced by 
the winds aloft at Merida shifting from NE to west" (AWS).

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.9N, 92.8W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.8N, 91.0W.  Microfilm at 
18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.5N, 91.9W.  
Ship highlights: 30-35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 15Z at 22.7N, 90.4W (AWS, micro). 
Aircraft highlights: 5 kt S and 1003 mb (min p encountered during flight)
at 2215Z at 22.9N, 91.9W (ATS); 30 kt [N?] and 1007 mb at 2315Z at 23.0N, 
92.5W (ATS); 35 kt max wind encountered during flight (AWS).  "This small 
hurricane began to develop on the 8th in the Gulf of Mexico northwest of 
the Yucatan Peninsula" (MWR).  "Navy 6: Marked wind shift 150 degrees 19 kt 
to 25 degrees at 2200Z.  Winds have been steady at 170 degrees 39 kt during 
the past half hour.  "Post flight summary: Southerly winds to 22.6N, 91.7W 
with associated showers and marked wind shift 180 degrees 18 kt to 020 degrees 
7 kt increasing rapidly to 38 kt.  Marked trough line.  No evidence of complete 
circulation" (micro).  "The lowest surface pressures in the vortex as it moved 
over Yucatan were 1005 mbs" (AWS).  "On the 081230Z chart the disturbance became 
well marked.  At 15Z the Andrew A. Humphries, located just northwest of Yucatan,
reported a force seven wind [30 kt] from the SSW with a rough sea from the same 
direction.  The Joint Hurricane Center dispatched a Navy reconnaissance aircraft 
to the area that same day.  The plane found maximum winds of 35 kt with a cyclonic 
shift in direction from 150 degrees to 25 degrees accompanied by deteriorating 
weather conditions in the general area.  The aircraft observer recommended the 
area be checked again the following day" (AWS).  "The first reconnaissance flight 
on the afternoon of the 8th. approaching the storm center from the east, the plane 
reported the wind 170 degrees at 39 kt for 30 minutes, then a marked wind shift 
and winds northerly at 27-35 kt on the west wide.  The lowest pressure reported was 
1003 mbs, however no statement was made as to the minimum observed" (AWS).  From 
the ATS report. "Flight was made to investigate the area near 23N, 91W.  Light southeast 
to south winds prevailed over the route outflying from Miami to a position near 
22.2N, 92.8W except in a few moderate squalls.  At this point, the winds shifted 
from 150 degrees 19 kt to 025 degrees 22 kt and course was changed to northeast to 
further investigate for possible circulation or frontal zone.  Little increase in 
winds indicated that at least for the present, there was no 'closed' circulation, but 
that from the general character of the weather in this area it would bear continued 
watching.  During the next 24 hour period that followed this reconnaissance, this 
convergence area actually did deepen and develop into a full hurricane" (ATS).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.2N, 93.6W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 21.0N, 93.2W.  The AWS best track shows a 0030Z 
position at 22.5N, 92.4W with 35 kt max winds 1003 mb central pressure and a 1230Z 
position at 21.3N, 93.6W with 65 kt max winds and 997 mb central pressure.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 93.1W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
low of at most 993 mb centered near 20.8N, 93.8W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NNW and 
1009 mb at 00Z at 22.1N, 93.3W (micro); 20 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.9N, 
94.0W (COA, HWM); 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 20.3N, 93.8W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy center fix at 1615Z with max surface winds of 85 kt at 20.7N, 93.8W (micro, ATS, AWS); 
Navy center fix at 2315Z at 20.6N, 94.3W with 990 mb central pressure and max surface 
winds 90 kt (AWS, ATS).  "On the morning of the 9th, a reconnaissance plane located 
the small center with 90 mph winds at 21N, 94W, about 200 miles northeast of Vera Cruz, 
Mexico" (MWR).  "Corrected center fix at 1615Z at 20.7N, 93.8W.  Surface winds estimated 
50 to 60 mph from 60 degrees" (micro).  "Navy nine [center] 20.5N, 94.3W [with central 
pressure 990 mb].  Blue skies and light winds [inside eye].  True center may be slightly 
north of 20.5N, 94.3W.  Navy ten: Max winds 90 kt from 330 degrees just west of previously 
reported clear.  Post-flight summary: A small, intense disturbance was located at 20.5N, 
93.7W at 1610Z with full hurricane winds of 85 kt.  Maximum extending outward 35 miles 
in the northwest quadrant and 60 miles in the northeast quadrant and winds over 45 kt 
outward for nearly 100 miles from the center in the northern semicircle.  Weather is 
generally good in the area with the exception of a well-defined wall around the center 
which has about a 20 to 25 mile diameter.  Post flight summary: Hurricane force winds 
extend approximately 120 miles southeast and 60 to 100 miles northwest of apparent center.  
Very heavy swell emanating from center position in all quadrants.  Minimum pressure at 
center position is 990 mb.  Max winds encountered were from 330 degrees at 90 kt in 
squall line." (micro).  "Morning reconnaissance on the 9th found the storm had developed 
to hurricane intensity with maximum winds of 90 kt and a well defined eye 20 to 25 miles 
in diameter" (AWS).  "On 9 October two flights were made.  A small, intense center 
20-25 miles in diameter was located with winds to 85 kt and hurricane force winds extending 
60 miles to the NE and 35 miles to the NW [of the center].  The third Navy flight penetrated 
the eye at 2315Z on the 9th and found winds over 90 kt and a minimum observed pressure of 
990 mbs.  The eye was elongated and ragged, oriented N-S about 30 miles long and 10 to 15 
miles wide" (AWS).  From the ATS report. "On a southeasterly course from Corpus Christi, 
winds increased gradually from the ENE at 22N, 93.6W, long southeasterly swells were noted, 
so a more southerly course was made.  The winds began to increase more rapidly and at 21.5N, 
93.8W, the east-northeasterly winds had reached a velocity of 60-65 kt.  It was then decided 
to put the winds on our port beam and fly into the increasing wind gradient.  A heavy wall, 
or single heavy squall line was entered with maximum winds of 80-90 kt.  After penetrating 
this wall, we suddenly broke out into a relatively calm area of about 25 miles in diameter, 
located at 20.7N, 93.7W.  Course was changed to easterly and again the heavy 'Weather Wall' 
was encountered.  A heading was taken for Miami.  This proved to be the first position indication 
of such a storm in this area" (ATS).  From the next ATS report. "This was the third Navy reconnaissance 
flight into this hurricane.  The flight left Miami at 1746Z, and a course was set for Progreso, 
on the northwest tip of the Yucatan Peninsula.  No noteworthy weather was observed until after 
departure was taken from Progreso.  As the flight crossed the Gulf of Campeche on a westerly course, 
the winds were generally from the southeast, veering slowly and gradually increasing to 80 kt.  
At 2315Z, the eye was penetrated.  It was a ragged, elongated eye, oriented north-south about 
30 miles along the long axis, and from 10 to 15 miles wide.  Minimum observed pressure in the 
eye was 991 mb.  Departure from the eye was taken to the southwest, and winds of over 90 kt were 
observed in a narrow band just out of the calm area" (ATS).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N, 93W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.9N, 95.3W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 20.1N, 
94.5W with 90 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.2N, 95.2W 
with 100 kt max winds and 984 mb central pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position near 19.8N, 95.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 
19.8N, 95.1W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 19.9N, 93.2W (COA); 45 kt SSW 
and 1002 mb at 06Z at 19.8N, 93.3W (COA); 55 kt E and 1007 mb at 12Z at 20.2N, 93.7W (COA); 
70 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 19.8N, 94.4W (micro).  Land/station highlights: 40 kt NW and 
1004 mb at 18Z and 37 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20Z at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.2W) (micro, Mexico); 
50 kt NW at 2230Z at Vera Cruz (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1535Z at 
19.5N, 95.3W with 980 mb central pressure and 105 kt max surface winds (ATS, AWS, micro) 
"It moved southwestward and entered Mexico a short distance south of Vera Cruz on the morning 
of the 10th.  The strongest wind reported was 110 mph at Vera Cruz.  Damage in Vera Cruz and 
vicinity was reported in the press as 'heavy' but no estimate of the amount of damage or 
number of casualties has been received" (MWR).  "Navy six: In eye at 1530Z at 19.6N, 95.6W.  
Wind just west of eye 20 degrees, 105 kt.  Min pressure 980 mb [assume central pressure].  
Post flight summary (Navy): Storm appears to be very extensive and severe to the northwest, 
north, and northeast of the center position.  Very heavy swells from the southeast were observed 
as far north as Cape Rojo.  Westerly winds on the coast veered rapidly and increased in velocity 
to 45 kt due east of Tuxipan about 60 miles.  Winds backed very slowly and gradually increased 
until winds of over 100 kt were observed in circular cloud bands just outside the eye.  The eye 
appeared to be extensive and ragged in outline.  Blue skies with some fracto stratus were observed.  
Minimum pressure was 980 mb.  Seas were moderate but confused.  Winds to the north and east were 
neither as strong nor as extensive as winds observed to northwest of center position" (micro).  
"Penetrating from the west side the plane found maximum winds of 105 kt and a minimum pressure 
of 980 mbs indicating that further intensification had occurred since the previous day.  The 
eye was clearly defined, oval shaped, about 20 miles N-S and 15 miles W-E.  The NW quadrant 
was reported as being the most intense sector of the hurricane in both speed and extent of winds. 
The storm was centered about 40 miles east of Vera Cruz" (AWS).  From the ATS report. "This was 
the fourth and final Navy flight into this hurricane.  The flight departed Corpus Christi at 
dawn and flew south to Tuxpan, Mexico.  From Tuxpan, a course was set due east.  At 1500Z, the 
wind was from the northeast at 45 kt, with heavy intermittent rain and tremendous swells from 
the southeast.  Course was changed to the south, and then wind was placed on the port beam in 
attempt to enter the eye.  Winds backed slowly and increased in strength rapidly until a maximum 
of 105 kt from 050 degrees was observed.  Pressure had dropped very rapidly.  At 1535Z the eye 
was entered.  It was oval, about 20 miles north and south, about 15 miles east-west, and clearly 
defined.  The minimum pressure was recorded as 987 mb.  Because of proximity to land, departure 
from the eye was taken to the north.  Here torrential rain, severe turbulence, mountainous seas, 
and winds of better than 95 kt were encountered.  The storm entered the coast of Mexico at 
Vera Cruz early the next morning" (ATS).

October 11:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a spot low within a trough 
near 17N, 93W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The AWS best track lists a 
0030Z position at 18.9N, 95.6W with 105 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure and a 1230Z 
position at 18.6N, 96.1W with 60 kt max winds and 995 mb central pressure.  Microfilm at 
06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.0N, 95.4W.  At 12Z, microfilm 
no longer analyzes a closed low, but indicates a trough over the southern Bay of Campeche 
and southern Mexico.  Land/station highlights: 65 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 00Z, 60 kt NNW G 
70 kt at 02Z, G 95 kt (max gust), 65 kt NW and 1000 mb at 03Z, 70 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z 
all at Vera Cruz (19.2N, 96.2W) (micro, AWS, advisories, Connor, Mexico).  From the final 
New Orleans WB advisory on Item. "The hurricane has moved inland, and at 0930Z, the center 
was about 30 miles south of Vera Cruz, Mexico.  Highest wind reported was 110 mph in gusts 
at Vera Cruz.  The intensity was decreased rapidly since moving inland." (WB advisories).  
"By 04Z, the storm had moved inland just south of Vera Cruz and the city reported winds to 
75 mph with gusts from 75 to 100 mph for 5 hours.  Rapid filling occurred as the storm progressed 
into the mountainous Mexican coast and the last bulletin was issued at 0930Z.  Item was a 
small intense storm.  Nautla, a city located 60 miles NW of Vera Cruz, received no strong 
winds from the hurricane even though it was on the north side of the disturbance which was 
the most intense quadrant reported by reconnaissance [some 18 hours prior to landfall]" (AWS).

The origin of Item was complex.  A broad low/trough was present in the western Caribbean on 
the 4th and 5th.  A ship measured 25-30 kt S winds and 1002 mb early on the 4th, but there 
is no confirmation of a closed low on that date and the ship's pressure may have been biased 
low.  It is possible that the system was a tropical cyclone on the 4th and/or the 5th.  On 
the 6th through early on the 7th, the disturbance was over the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico 
and the circulation became disrupted both by land and interaction with a cold front.  The 
system was not a tropical cyclone on the 6th and 7th.  Late on the 7th, the system moved 
over the Gulf of Mexico and began to develop.  A well-developed circulation on the 8th was 
evident due to a 15Z ship observation of 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 22.7N, 90.4W.  Although 
no changes are made to the timing of genesis (06Z on 8 October), the 15Z ship observation 
is assumed to be accurate and the positions for Item on the 8th are shifted 2.5 degrees north 
of the previous HURDAT positions (major track changes).  Item moved generally southwestward 
at a nearly constant speed for its entire lifetime and made landfall about 25 to 30 nmi southeast 
of Veracruz, Mexico.  After the major track changes on the 8th, all track changes on the 9th 
and 10th are minor (less than 2 degrees).  Track changes from 12Z on the 9th through 12Z on the 
10th were very tiny (less than half of a degree).  A reconnaissance flight late on the 8th did 
not explicitly report a central pressure, but observations from this flight indicate that the 
central pressure was likely very close to 1002 mb (plus or minus about 1 mb).  A central pressure 
of 1002 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on the 9th.  A central pressure of 1002 mb equals 43 kt 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 45 kt is chosen for 00Z 
on the 9th (down from 50 kt originally).  On the 9th around 1615Z, aircraft reported maximum 
surface winds around 85 kt, and by 2315Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 990 mb with 
maximum surface winds around 90 kt.  A central pressure of 990 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z 
on the 10th.  This value yields 64 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship 
and - weighting the surface wind estimates slightly - 75 kt is chosen for the intensity at 
00Z on the 10th (down from 80 kt originally).  It is analyzed that Item became a hurricane 
at 18Z on the 9th (six hours later than originally).  On the 10th, there were some gale 
observations from ships, but these observations alone are not enough to determine the 
reanalyzed intensity for HURDAT.  On the 10th at 1535Z, Navy aircraft penetrated the 
center and recorded a central pressure of 980 mb after estimating maximum surface winds 
of 105 kt.  A central pressure of 980 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th, and 980 mb 
yields 78 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Again providing some 
weight to the surface estimates, 85 kt is chosen for 12Z (down from 95 kt originally) and 
90 kt is chosen for 18Z (up from 65 kt originally) on the 10th.  At 18Z on the 10th, there 
was also a 70 kt ship observation.  The last point shown in HURDAT for Item is 18Z on the 
10th on the coastline southeast of Veracruz.  However, several sources indicate that Item 
did not make landfall until 04Z on the 11th.  In fact, Item likely was at its peak intensity 
from 18Z on the 10th until landfall on the 11th.  A day is added into HURDAT for Item (through 18Z 
on 11 October).  Only a small handful of observations are available from Veracruz, but one 
observation at 06Z on the 11th is a 70 kt wind at that time.  The highest available observations 
of the wind at Veracruz from all sources ranged from 65 to 70 kt with gusts to 95 kt.  Item 
made landfall at 04Z on the 11th at 18.9N, 95.9W (25 nmi SE of Veracruz).  It is estimated 
that Item made its closest approach to Veracruz at 03Z on the 11th when it was located 20 to 
25 nmi east-southeast of Veracruz.  The final aircraft fix at 1535Z on the 10th suggested 
an RMW of about 15 nmi at that time.  Hurricane force winds were observed at Veracruz for 
at least the 6 hours between 00Z - 06Z on the 11th.  There is not much data available to 
make significant changes to the approximate landfall point in HURDAT.  The observations from 
Veracruz were the main observations that aided in the track analysis around the time before 
and at landfall.  The highest available wind observation from Veracruz is 70 kt but the lowest 
available observed pressure from that city is only 1000 mb.  There is medium to high confidence 
that Veracruz did not experience the RMW of this hurricane.  These factors indicate the 
possibility that Item may have strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane prior to landfall, but 
there is no direct evidence that would indicate a reason to analyze an intensity higher than 
90 kt at any time.  A run of the Schloemer equation is utilized at 03Z just before landfall 
to estimate the possible central pressure.  Using an RMW of 15 nmi from the last recon about 
12 hours previous (along with a pressure of 1000 mb, the radius of this pressure of 25 nmi, 
and environmental pressure of 1011 mb), this suggests a central pressure of 987 mb.  If, 
instead, the RMW had contracted to 10 nm, then the Schloemer equation would suggest a central 
pressure of 976 mb.  These central pressure values suggest maximum winds 68 and 83 kt, 
respectively, from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The actual 
central pressure is too uncertain to include into HURDAT.  90 kt is the landfall intensity 
at 04Z on the 11th, which is consistent with the 70 kt reported in Veracruz outside of the 
RMW.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 71 kt for 06Z on the 11th and 
53 kt for 12Z.  The highest observed wind within 2 hr of synoptic times are 70 kt at 06Z on 
the 11th and 20 kt at 12Z.  Analyzed intensities are 75 kt at 06Z on the 11th and 40 kt at 12Z, 
as Item was entering the higher terrain of Mexico.  It is analyzed that Item dissipated before 
00Z on the 12th.
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 10 (Jig)

35325 10/11/1950 M= 7 10 SNBR= 781 JIG         XING=0                           
35325 10/11/1950 M= 8 10 SNBR= 781 JIG         XING=0                           

35330 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 472  40    0*242 482  40    0*
35330 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*224 470  40    0*227 480  40    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

35335 10/12*242 492  45    0*242 502  45    0*242 512  50    0*244 524  55    0*
35335 10/12*230 490  45    0*233 501  45    0*236 512  50    0*239 523  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

35340 10/13*247 537  55    0*250 546  60    0*254 555  65    0*261 567  70    0*
35340 10/13*243 534  55    0*248 544  60    0*254 555  65    0*261 567  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                               

35345 10/14*269 578  75    0*276 586  75    0*284 593  80    0*295 600  80    0*
35345 10/14*270 577  75    0*280 586  75    0*290 594  80    0*299 601  80    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

35350 10/15*308 605  85    0*320 602  90    0*332 592 100    0*342 582 105    0*
35350 10/15*308 603  85    0*319 602  90    0*330 597 100    0*341 585 100    0*
                ***          ***              *** ***          *** *** ***

35355 10/16*351 572 100    0*359 562  95    0*368 550  90    0*388 515  90    0*
35355 10/16*351 574  90    0E360 561  80    0E369 546  75    0E381 522  75    0*
                *** ***     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

35360 10/17*408 471  85    0*419 445  65    0E430 420  60    0E441 399  60    0*
35360 10/17E395 492  75    0E410 460  75    0E430 428  70    0E450 399  65    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **          ***  **      ***      **

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
35360 10/18E475 375  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35365 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and minor revisions to intensity are analyzed 
for Hurricane Jig.  A major change is also analyzed for the timing 
of extratropical transition.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), and U.S. Weather 
Bureau public advisories.

October 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.7N, 
47.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.3N, 47.2W.  
No gales or low pressures.  "The ship Del Cro reported SW wind 
force 3 [10 kt] pressure 1013.2 mbs at 1230Z" (AWS).

October 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 
23.1N, 51.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 
24.2N, 51.2W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 22.2N, 
48.7N with 25 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 23.6N, 51.9W 
with 30 kt max winds.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 
24.0N, 56.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 
55.5W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 24.3N, 53.7W 
with 35 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 25.2N, 55.4W with 40 kt 
max winds.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position near 25.6N, 
56.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered 
near 26.2N, 55.8W.  Ship highlights: 35-45 kt NE and 1011 mb at 13Z 
at 26.1N, 57.0W (micro, AWS); 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 15Z at 25.9N, 
56.8W (micro, MWR); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 25.5N, 56.3W (micro); 
35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 27.0N, 54.8W (micro).  "At 1300Z on 
October 13 the S.S. Rio Primero reported a northeast gale wind and 
rapidly falling pressure at 27N, 57W, which indicated that a hurricane 
center was in the vicinity of 25.5N, 56.5W at the time.  A subsequent 
report at 1500Z from the Rio Primero gave northwest gales and rapidly 
rising pressure indicating the passing of the small but sharp hurricane 
center nearby to the east" (MWR).  "Ship reports continued to indicate 
some type of disturbance until 131300Z when the ship Rio Primero reported 
as follows: Wind NE force 8 [35 kt], pressure 1010.9 falling at position 
26.1N, 57.0W.  On the basis of this report, AFBUL JIG ONE was issued at 
1830Z naming Jig a tropical cyclone and indicating that it had probably 
already reached hurricane intensity.  Bermuda was advised Hurricane Alert 
at this time as the storm center was then located 520 miles SE of this 
island" (AWS).

October 14:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.8N, 
60.1W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 28.4N, 59.3W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 26.6N, 57.8W with 60 kt 
max winds and a 1230Z position at 29.0N, 59.6W with 80 kt max winds 
and 973 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 29.2N, 59.9W with a 999 mb pressure and the 
MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 59.3W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 29.0N, 
59.4W.  Ship highlights: 30-35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 25.9N, 
56.2W (COA, micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix (boxing, radar) 
at 1130Z at 29.0N, 59.3-59.5W with 80 kt estimated surface winds 20 mi 
from eye in NE quadrant (micro, AWS); center fix at 20Z at [29.5N, 61.0W 
or 30.3N, 60.0W?] with 100 kt max winds just outside the eye (AWS, micro).  
Several gales and low pressures.  "A plane out of Bermuda on the 14th 
located the small, mature hurricane at 29N, 59.3W" (MWR).  "Hurricane Jig 
recon report: Box position 29.0N, 59.5W at 1130Z.  Post flight narrative: 
Located hurricane at 1130Z at 29.0N, 59.3W.  Boxed storm.  Had loran 
within 100 miles of eye.  Navigation was excellent, so feel confident 
that position is good within 10 miles.  Eye is 20 miles in diameter.  
Radar got heaviest returns in the NW and NE quadrants.  Gale winds extend 
90 n mi from center in NW and NE quadrants and 65 miles in SW and SE quadrants.  
Light to moderate rain in all quadrants.  Encountered moderate turbulence 
occasionally in NW and NE quadrants.  Estimated surface winds 80 kt 20 miles 
from eye in NE quadrant" (micro).  "Post flight summary Duck 12: Eye 20 miles 
in diameter and well defined.  Maximum winds just outside eye are 100 kt.  
Hurricane winds extend 40 miles from center in northern sectors and 30 miles 
in southern sector.  Storm winds extend 60 miles to north and 50 miles to 
south.  Gale winds extend 90 miles to north and 70 miles to south.  Air Force 
fix on Jig at 2000Z is 29.5N, 61.0W" (micro).  "An Air Force reconnaissance 
flight was made into the storm on 14 October and located the center by box 
and radar [not penetration].  Maximum surface winds were estimated at 80 kt 
20 miles NE of the center.  Only one aircraft penetration was made (at 20Z).  
This aircraft reported maximum winds of 100 kt just outside the eye" (AWS).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.8N, 59.0W 
with the SSW end of a SSW-NNE stationary front located near 42N, 52W extending 
to beyond 46N, 49W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 33.2N, 59.2W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 31.2N, 59.9W with 100 kt max 
winds and 973 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 33.7N, 58.9W with 
75 kt max winds and 980 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.6N, 59.6W with a 995 mb pressure and 
the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.8N, 59.4W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 33.2N, 59.2W with a 
trough or front-like feature extending from 35N, 59W northeastward to beyond 
40N, 54W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 57.9W (COA).  
At least three other gales.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (boxing) 
at 1145Z at 32.9N, 60.0W (micro); 991 mb peripheral pressure at 1230Z at 
34.0N, 59.0W (micro).  Other gales and low pressures.  "It moved on a curving 
path passing 300 miles east of Bermuda during the night of October 14 and turned 
northeastward over the Atlantic.  This was a small hurricane throughout, and 
strongest winds were estimated 115 to 120 mph [during the lifetime of Jig]" (MWR).  
"AF fix 32.9N, 60.0W at 1145Z by boxing" (micro).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.9N, 54.5W 
with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front plotted near 41N, 52W extending 
northeastward to beyond 45N, 47W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 
36.8N, 55.0W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 35.2N, 56.7W with 
55 kt max winds and 983 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 36.8N, 54.0W 
with 45 kt max winds and 985 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.8N, 53.9W with a 1002 mb pressure and the 
MWR-post season track map shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 52.5W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 38.2N, 52.3W with indications of 
troughiness extending from the low northeastward.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1018 mb 
at 12Z at 36.0N, 51.0W (micro); at least 45 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 36.0N, 52.5W (micro).  
"Storm Jig continued its recurvature until 0030Z when it was 450 miles NE of 
Bermuda moving NE at a rate of 13 kt" (AWS).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.7N, 42.2W with a 
SW-NE stationary front extending from the low northeastward to beyond 51N, 32W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 43.0N, 42.0W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 40.1N, 49.0W with 50 kt max winds and 985 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 44.2N, 42.7W with 65 kt max winds and 
985 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 43.0N, 42.9W with a 985 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low 
of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 40N, 46.8W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 06Z at 41.3N, 46.9W (COA); 45 kt N and 1005 mb at 06Z at 
42.2N, 46.7W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 38.4N, 46.8W (micro); 60 kt NW 
and 1009 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 47.0W (COA); 50 kt N and 997 mb at 12Z at 44.4N, 43.0W; 
60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.7N, 39.3W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.  
"The storm accelerated considerably along a northeasterly track so that by 1230Z it 
was moving NE at a rate of 25 kt and becoming disorganized.  Areas of gale winds spread 
during 17 October with areas of storm and hurricane winds decreasing and disappearing 
entirely between 1830Z and 0030Z [on the 18th].  The last AFBUL on this storm was 
issued at 1530Z [on the 17th].  The storm had lost its tropical characteristics by 
this time" (AWS).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 55.6N, 28.5W with a warm 
front extending from the low northeastward to 59N, 22W and a cold front extending 
southward from the low to 52N, 27W becoming a dissipating cold front near 49N, 28W 
continuing to 43N, 33W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 51.7N, 34.5W with 50 kt max winds and 985 mb central 
pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 54.5N, 29.7W 
with a 992 mb pressure.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 55 kt SW and 992 mb at 
00Z at 46.7N, 37.4W (COA); 60 kt S at 00Z at 47.5N, 37.0W (COA); 40 kt W and 998 mb 
at 06Z.  At least two other gales and five other low pressures.

October 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 64N, 3W with a warm front 
extending from the low to 67N, 7E and a cold front extending from the low to 63N, 1E 
to 60N, 2W to 55N, 8W becoming a dissipating cold front near 53N, 10W continuing to 
51N, 16W.  From the HWM analysis alone, it appears uncertain whether this cyclone is 
still purely extratropical Jig or whether it is the combination of the former TC and 
another extratropical cyclone that merged with Jig.

On 11 October at 12Z, HURDAT indicates the formation of Tropical Storm Jig in the 
central Atlantic, and no changes are made to the timing of genesis.  Available observations 
on the 11th suggest the presence of a tropical cyclone, but nearly 2 degrees south of 
the previous HURDAT position.  The analyzed position for that time is 22.4N, 47.0W 
(originally 24.3N, 47.2W).  Jig moved on a broad curving arc through the Atlantic Ocean.  
It recurved east of Bermuda around 00Z on the 15th around 31N, 60W.  Jig had already begun 
moving northeastward on the 16th before it finally began to accelerate in that direction 
on the 17th as an extratropical system.  The 14th and 15th were the only two days for which 
aircraft reconnaissance investigated this cyclone, but on the 13th, a ship timeseries reveals 
that the 1005 mb isobar was approximately 40 nmi from the center of Jig at two different 
azimuths between 13Z - 18Z.  There are too many uncertain variables to obtain an accurate 
central pressure by running the Schloemer equation, but the equation was still run to obtain 
a general idea of what the intensity might have been.  Central pressure values ranging from 
987 to 994 mb were obtained by running the Schloemer equation a few different times and 
tweaking the environmental pressure and RMW to allow for the uncertainty.  If the central 
pressure was 987 mb, that value yields 68 kt according to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 64 kt for north of 25N.  Since it is possible that Jig 
could have been that intense, no changes are made to the 65 and 70 kt intensities in 
HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 13th.  There were three flights to monitor Jig- two on the 
14th and one on the 15th, but no aircraft central pressures were reported with Jig.  During 
the flight on the morning of the 14th, 80 kt maximum surface winds were visually estimated 
20 nmi from the center in the northeast quadrant.  The RMW at the time was about 15 nmi.  
The aircraft probably did not reach the RMW since the center was fixed by the boxing method.  
During the afternoon flight on the 14th, the eye was penetrated and maximum surface winds 
estimated were 100 kt.  It is fairly certain that this was a 700 mb penetration, which may 
have been why the central pressure was not reported.  The flight on morning of the 15th 
located Jig by boxing method, so peak intensity information was probably not observed; 
however, available aircraft observations from that flight show surface winds were visually 
estimated at hurricane force.  There were also some 50 kt ship observations on the 15th 
around the 1007 mb isobar about 100 nmi from the center.  HURDAT shows a peak intensity for 
Jig of 105 kt at 18Z on the 15th.  No intensity changes are made to HURDAT from genesis on 
the 11th through the 15th, so the peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th is 
maintained due to a lack of intensity information.  (While there is insufficient evidence to 
downgrade Jig below major hurricane status, it is noted that the aircraft wind reports for 
this storm are lower than seen in other storms in 1950.  How much of this is due to the 
boxing-type flight pattern is unclear.)  By the 16th, Jig was moving northeastward over the 
central north Atlantic far from any land areas.  By 00Z on 16 October Jig was beginning to 
take on extratropical characteristics, and Jig is analyzed to have become extratropical by 
06Z on the 16th (30 hours earlier than originally) near 36N, 56W.  Ship observations as well 
as the extratropical transition on the 16th indicate that the intensity of Jig was weaker 
than the intensities shown in HURDAT.  Downward adjustments of 10 to 15 kt are analyzed for 
HURDAT on the 16th.  A 75 kt intensity is maintained through 06Z on the 17th (up from 65 kt 
originally at 06Z on the 17th) due to a ship observation of 70 kt at 06Z on the 17th.  A 
moderate track change is made at 00Z on the 17th and the position is shifted about 2 degrees 
southwest of the previous HURDAT position.  A few of the ship observations around that time may 
have contained errors and thus made the analysis complicated, but overall they indicate that 
the HURDAT position was too far northeast at the time.  The final position listed in HURDAT for 
Jig originally was at 18Z on the 17th at 44.1N, 69.9W as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone.  Ship 
observations indicate that the cyclone was absorbed after 00Z on the 18th, so one 6-hourly point 
is added to HURDAT.  The final position at 00Z on the 18th is analyzed to be 47.5N, 37.5W as a 
65 kt extratropical cyclone.  Thereafter, no more east winds were found north of the center, 
because Jig was being absorbed by a very large, broad, weak low to its north.

A quote from the Air Weather Service post-season report.

"Error in the 24 hour forecast for this hurricane were quite large averaging 238 miles due to 
three reasons: 1. Because the storm did not seriously threaten any land area, only three flights 
were made into it, two of these being on one day.  2. The acceleration of this storm, 
particularly in its latter stages served to magnify the forecast errors, and 3. the fact 
that after 12 October the storm continued on a NE course instead of continuing its curvature 
to the right" (AWS).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 11 (King)

35370 10/13/1950 M= 7 11 SNBR= 782 KING        XING=1 SSS=3                     
35370 10/13/1950 M= 8 11 SNBR= 782 KING        XING=1 SSS=4                     
                    *                                     *
 
35375 10/13*  0   0   0    0*160 842  35    0*160 839  35    0*160 834  35    0*
35375 10/13*  0   0   0    0*160 842  25    0*160 839  25    0*160 838  25    0*
                                      **               **          ***  **

35380 10/14*160 830  35    0*160 827  40    0*162 824  40    0*165 818  45    0*
35380 10/14*160 837  30    0*161 836  30    0*162 835  30    0*163 833  35    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35385 10/15*168 812  50    0*170 808  50    0*173 804  55    0*177 800  60    0*
35385 10/15*166 827  40    0*169 820  45    0*172 810  50    0*177 800  55  992*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **  ***

35390 10/16*182 796  65    0*189 791  75    0*196 787  85    0*202 785  95    0*
35390 10/16*184 793  65    0*189 790  70    0*193 787  75  985*200 783  80    0*
            *** ***              ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **

35395 10/17*209 785 100    0*219 786 105  955*230 790 105    0*238 793 100    0*
35395 10/17*211 782  75    0*222 783  65    0*232 790  70  988*240 795  90    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

35400 10/18*247 797  95    0*258 802  90    0*270 808  75    0*286 815  65    0*
35400 10/18*247 798 105    0*259 803 115  955*271 810  80  975*286 815  70  983*
                *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **  ***          **  ***

35405 10/19*300 824  35    0*311 835  25    0*321 846  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
35405 10/19*300 824  65  989*311 835  45  992*317 845  35  996*321 853  25  999*
                     **  ***          **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
35405 10/20*325 860  20 1000*329 865  20 1002*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35410 HRCFL3                                                                    
35410 HRCFL4DFL1                                                                    
        ********

International Landfall:
10/16/1950 - 22Z - 20.9N, 78.3W - 80 kt - Cuba

U.S. Landfall:
10/18/1950 - 05Z - 25.7N, 80.2W - 115 kt - 955 mb - 1005 mb OCI - 200 nmi ROCI - 5 nmi RMW - 11 kt speed

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for 
this hurricane which made landfall in Cuba and at Miami, FL.  Major 
changes are made to the time King became a tropical storm, and 
changes are made to the U.S. landfall Saffir-Simpson categories.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, National 
Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service (post-season report), 
U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, 
Barnes (1998), Ho et al. (1987), Dunn and Miller (1960), Perez et 
al. (2000), Schwerdt et al. (1979), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a spot low near11.4N, 80.4W along with an elongated 
trough over central America.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on 
this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 14.3N, 79.5W with an elongated trough 
of low pressure less than 1010 mb extending from there westward 
across central America to the eastern Pacific.  HURDAT does not yet 
list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.2N, 83.5W located within a trough of 
low pressure elongated E-W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 16.0N, 83.9W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered near 15.7N, 83.4W.  "During October 13th it became 
evident on the surface chart that there was an area of disturbed 
weather in the western Caribbean centered near Swan Island.  At 15Z, 
the winds aloft at Swan Island were easterly while at Puerta Cabeyas 
200 miles to the south the winds aloft were almost due west to 
10,000 feet, the top of the pibal" (AWS).  No gales or low pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.1N, 
82.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 82.4W.  
Microfilm analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 
in the general vicinity of 16N, 83.5W.  Land/station highlights: 
5 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 15.0N, 83.2W (HWM, micro); 1005 mb 
at 2130Z at Swan Island (17.3N, 83.9W) (micro).  "By 1830Z, the 
24-hr surface pressure change at Swan Island was -4.4 mbs" (AWS).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.3N, 
81.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 80.4W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
17.3N, 79.9W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 17.4N, 81.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity 
of 17.4N, 81.0W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt S and 1001 mb at 06Z at 
16.5N, 82.1W (COA); 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 12Z at 15.0N, 81.7W (COA). 
A few other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 5 kt SSE and 
1004 mb at 00Z at 15.0N, 83.2W (micro); 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 
15Z at Grand Cayman (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt S (38 kt 
SSE at flight-level of ~1000 ft) and 999 mb at 1830Z at 18.1N, 79.2W 
(ATS); center fix at 1915Z at 18.1N, 79.6W with 992 mb central pressure 
and 45 kt maximum observed winds on the southeast side (AWS, ATS).  
At least three other low pressures between 997-1004 mb.  "This 
hurricane formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 15 
and moved on a northeasterly course at first, past the western 
end of Jamaica" (MWR).  "Post flight summary: Storm appears to be 
in development stage with poorly defined center.  Low pressure of 
992 mb would indicate rapid future development.  Max winds in southeast 
quadrant near 40 to 45 kt with gusts to 55 kt in a few squalls.  
Moderate rain east and north of the center.  Showers southeast 
through southwest.  Cloud west through northwest.  Winds fall to 
average 9 kt in center.  Navy ten: Very small closed center- poorly 
defined at 1915Z at 18.1N, 79.5W.  Lowest pressure 992 mb" (micro).  
"Aircraft reconnaissance was dispatched on the 15th and found a small 
poorly defined center with gusts to 55 kt and central pressure 992 mbs.  
By this time, the storm had drifted east-northeastward from the area 
south of Swan Island and was swinging north toward Cuba" (AWS).  
"Development of the storm occurred slowly until the 15th and rapidly 
after that time" (AWS).  From flight. "15/1915Z: Storm appears to be 
in development stage with very small poorly defined center.  Central 
pressure 992 mbs.  Max wind in SE quadrant near 40-45 kt and a few squalls 
gusty to 55 kt.  Moderate rain E and N of center.  Showers SE through SW, 
cloudy W through NW.  Winds fall to average 9 kt in center" (AWS).  
From the ATS report. "This was the first flight into a suspicious area 
south of Cuba.  The flight was briefed to investigate the area from Miami, 
to Swan Island, to Jamaica and back to Miami, departing from this course 
at the discretion of the aerologist aboard.  A very small closed circulation 
was located with a minimum surface pressure of 992 mb.  1915Z: Very small 
closed center poorly defined.  Lowest sfc pressure 992 mb" (ATS).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.1N, 79.0W.  
HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 78.7W.  The AWS best track 
lists a 0030Z position at 18.4N, 79.3W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb 
central pressure and a 1230Z position at 19.3N, 78.6W with 110 kt max winds 
and 985 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
12Z position near 19.8N, 78.5W with a 987 mb pressure and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 19.6N, 78.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low of at most 993 mb centered near19.5N, 78.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E 
and 1002 mb at 03Z at 19.8N, 78.3W (micro); 45 kt ENE and 999 mb at 14Z at 
20.2N, 78.4W (micro); 50 kt NNW and 994 mb at 17Z at 20.0N, 78.4W (micro).  
Four other gales of 35 kt and seven other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb.  
Land/station highlights: 50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00Z at Pt. Negrito, Jamaica 
(18.3N, 78.3W (micro, AWS); 35 kt ESE and 998 mb at 12Z at 19.8N, 77.6W (micro); 
35 kt S and 998 mb at 15Z at 19.8N, 77.6W (micro).  Three other gales between 
35-40 kt and nine other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1445Z 
at 19.5N, 78.5W with 985 mb central pressure and maximum flight-level winds 
encountered of 95 kt around ~150-180 m, [which reduces to 73 to 75 kt surface 
winds after multiplying by 0.77-0.79] (ATS, AWS).  At least one other surface 
gale, two other flight-level gales, and six other low pressures.  "Then [King] 
turned northward across Cuba just west of Camaguey during the night of the 16th.  
It was a small hurricane at that time; strongest winds at Camaguey were only 
around 65 mph" (MWR).  "Navy 6 at 1445Z: 19.5N, 78.5W.  Wind WNW 95 kt with gusts 
to 100 kt.  Entered eye, 10 mi diameter.  Post flight summary: It was found to 
be 10 to 15 miles in diameter" (micro).  "During the night [of the 15-16th] it 
passed 40 miles NW of Jamaica" (AWS).  "As the storm passed NW of Jamaica, one 
report of force 10 [50 kt] winds was received from Point Negrito.  The winds probably 
rose above this but no more information is available" (AWS).  From flight. "16/1445Z: 
Center was 10-15 miles across in diameter with winds over 75 kt extending out 
25-30 miles and max wind of 95-110 kt near center.  50 kt winds extend outward 
60 miles from center in NW quadrant.  The eye though not clear of lower clouds 
was relatively calm with diffuse winds and clearly visible on radar" (AWS).  From 
the ATS report. "Flight was made south from Miami to Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, 
obtaining fixes visually on these islands before proceeding to center.  Increasing 
winds and southeasterly swells gave ample indication of both the intensity and 
proximity of the storm.  Penetration was made directly into the west side of the 
storm and the center was fixed at 19.5N, 78.5W.  Lowest pressure was 985 mb" (ATS).  
[It looks like max flight level wind was 95 kt with flight level gusts to 110 kt. 
Also, there is a slight chance that 985 mb may not have been a central pressure (ATS).  
"King - Oct. 16-17 - Cat 1 in Cuba" (Perez et al. 2000).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered over Cuba near 
22.3N, 79.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 23.0N, 79.0W.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 21.2N, 78.1W with 90 kt max 
winds and 989 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 23.1N, 79.0W with 
100 kt max winds and 988 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 78.9W with a 990 mb pressure and 
the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.1N, 78.9W.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near 23.3N, 79.1W.  
Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 999 mb at 09Z at 22.9N, 78.9W (micro).  At least 
two other gales and seven other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 60 kt 
SE and 989 mb at 0130Z at 21.2N, 77.9W (micro); 70 kt (max w) and 989 mb (min p) 
at 0130Z Camaguey, Cuba (21.4N, 77.9W) (AWS) [may not have occurred 
simultaneously- but probably almost at same time]; 50 kt ENE and 996 mb 
at 05Z at 22.5N, 78.3W (micro); Key West radar center fixes at 19Z and 20Z 
between 23.9-24.0N, 79.7-79.8W (micro); 50 kt E and 997 mb at 21Z at 24.6N, 
81.1W (micro).  At least 19 other gales and 30 other low pressures.  
Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0329Z at 22.2N, 77.8W (micro); Navy 
radar center fixes at 1130Z, 1230Z, and 1333Z between 23.2-23.3N, 79.2W (micro); 
center fix at 1354Z at 23.4N, 79.7W with 988 mb central pressure and 90 kt 
maximum flight-level winds encountered [which reduces to 69 kt surface winds 
after multiplying by 0.77] (AWS, ATS); Navy radar center fixes at 1630Z, 1840Z, 
2240Z, 2305Z, and 2330Z between 23.5-24.7N, 79.4-79.8W (micro).  At least 
seven other flight-level winds between 50-70 kt and four other low pressures 
between 999-1005 mb between 1315Z-1500Z.  "The course turned more to 
north-northwest as it moved through the Florida Straits on the 17th.  
A reconnaissance plane entered the 'eye' at about 1400Z on the 17th north 
of the Cuban coast and found strongest winds about 85 to 90 kt with some 
gusts to estimated at 100 kt.  The minimum pressure in the center at that 
time was 988 mb, and the 'eye' was about 20 miles in diameter" (MWR).  
"Navy hurricane radar 17/0329Z position 22.2N, 77.8W.  Reliable" (micro).  
"Navy-2: 23.2N, 79.2W at 1130Z.  Navy-3: 23.2N, 79.2W at 1230Z.  Navy-4: 23.3N, 
79.2W at 1333Z.  Entered eye 1354Z- north side.  23.6N, 79.7W.  988 mb.  
Sustained wind 090 degree 90 kt with gusts to 100 kt.  Navy 5: 23.5N, 79.5W.  
Course of eye is 317 degrees at 14 kt.  Navy 7: Eye centered 23.6N, 79.5W 
(radar and land fix).  Navy-8: 1630Z position of eye 23.5N, 79.4W.  Eye appears 
to have slowed and intensified.  Scope presentation becoming clearer and better 
defined.  Plane position of hurricane at 1830Z is 23.8N, 79.8W.  Reliability 
uncertain because of unclear picture on scope.  1840Z: 23.8N, 79.6W.  
Key West radar 1900Z: 23.9N, 79.8W.  1915Z: 23.9N, 79.8W.  Key West radar 
2000Z: 24.0N, 79.7W (pos uncertain).  2015Z: 24.2N, 79.8W.  Definite NE track.  
Increasing speed.  2100Z: 24.3N, 79.4W.  Eye poorly defined.  Fix average 
to good.  2200Z: 24.5N, 79.4W.  Eye appears to be splitting into two formations.  
Due to gear reliability, uncertain.  2240Z: Plane radar position 24.6N, 79.5W.  
Scope presentation average.  Eye open to SW.  Storm bears 148 degrees, 
78 miles [from Miami?].  2305Z from [Tampa?]: Position 24.7N, 79.7W.  Eye 
open to SW.  2330Z: Plane radar position 24.7N, 79.8W.  Eye completely closed" (micro).  
"Continuing a curve to the left, it crossed Cuba on the morning of the 17th, 
straightened out on a NNW heading, and passed directly over Miami on the morning 
of the 18th" (AWS).  "Hourly reports from Camaguey show a minimum pressure of 
989 mb and force 12 wind [hurricane force] at 0130Z.  This was the only hour 
the wind was reported above force 7 [30 kt].  Cayo Paredon Grande off the north 
coast of Cuba reported winds above force 7 for four hours with a maximum of force 10.  
Outside of the reconnaissance flight on the morning of October 17th which reported 
90 kt with gusts to 100 kt there was no indication of the severe intensity of the 
storm until it reached Miami.  Due to the small size of the storm, the automatic 
weather station in the Florida Straits and the Coast Guard stations along the Keys 
gave little indication of a severe storm.  Before the storm center reached Miami, 
forecasters were ready to admit that the storm had weakened or had been overestimated 
by reconnaissance.  As the center reached Miami, however, it became apparent that 
despite its minute size, King packed a terrific punch" (AWS).  From Navy Radar flight. 
"1st Navy Radar flight- 17/1130Z: Eye open to south.  1230Z: Eye closed eastern semicircle.  
West open on scope.  Eye diameter 20 miles.  1330Z: Eye open to SW.  Diameter 30 miles.  
1354Z: Eye circular, well defined, 20 miles in diameter, broken to south.  Lowest 
pressure 988 mb, max sustained wind 90 kt for 5 miles north edge of eye.  65 kt extends 
30 miles N of eye.  Sustained wind 75 kt for 25 miles on ESE side of eye.  Gusts to 
100 kt on north side.  1430Z: Course and speed of eye estimated 317 degrees at 14 kt.  
1530Z: Eye appears to be curving toward north.  1630Z: Eye appears to have slowed 
and intensified.  Scope presentation becoming clearer and better defined.  2nd Navy 
Radar flight- 1840Z: Scope presentation fairly good.  1915Z: Diameter of eye fluctuating 
16-24 miles.  2100: eye poorly defined.  2200Z: Eye appears to be splitting into two 
formations within 10 degrees of each other.  2240Z: No more indication of split eye, 
eye open to SW.  2330Z: Diameter of eye completely closed" (AWS).  "Cape Canaveral 
experienced winds above hurricane force while Storm King was still over Cuba.  As King 
approached the area the high weakened and the winds abated" (AWS).  "Between the time 
King left Cuba and arrived at Miami, 26 aircraft fixes on the storm center were received. 
One was by visual penetration and 25 by AEW radar" (AWS).  From the ATS report. "During 
the night of 16-17 October this storm passed over Cuba in the vicinity of Camaguey.  
A VX-4 radar plane was dispatched to the hurricane early in the morning of 17 October 
to be stationed at 10,000 feet.  Low-level reconnaissance was made to determine size 
and extent of storm.  50 kt winds were encountered from Miami to about 25 miles north 
of the eye when winds of 65 kt were encountered.  The wall of the eye was 5 miles wide 
with 90 kt sustained and gusts to 100 kt on the northern side [at flight level].  
Navy four, plain language message: Entered eye 1354Z north side.  Position 23.4N, 79.7W.  
Pressure 988 mb.  Max sustained wind 090 degrees 90 kt gust 100 kt.  Eye not completely 
solid to south.  Diameter [of eye] 20 miles and circular.  Departed eye on the 
east-southeast side at 1408Z sustained winds of 75 kt backing from 230 degrees to 
155 degrees extended outward 25 miles from eye" (ATS).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.5N, 80.6W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 80.8W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 25.0N, 80.0W with 120 kt max winds and 
966 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 27.0N, 81.0W with 
100 kt max winds and 970 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 80.5W with a 
990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near 27.1N, 80.7W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 984 mb centered 
near 27.1N, 80.9W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 
26.3N, 80.1W (COA); 60 kt E and 1001 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 80.5W (COA); 
70 kt E and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.0N, 80.0W (COA, micro); 65 kt ESE and 
1004 mb at 21Z at 29.3N, 79.6W (micro).  At least 11 other gales between 
35-70 kt and four other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 
100 kt NE and 962 mb at 0430Z at Miami WBO (Weather Bureau Office 
in Downtown Miami- near Miami River and Biscayne Bay) (25.8N, 80.2W) 
(micro); 957 mb (min p) at 0448Z at Miami WBO (WB advisories, MWR, 
state climo); 30 kt SE (min wind inside RMW) at Miami WBO (state climo); 
70 kt NE (max w/1-min) G 109 kt at 0459Z at Miami Airport 
(NW 36th street - 25.8N, 80.3W) (AWS, MWR, state climo); 
960 mb (min p) at 0500Z at Miami Airport (MWR, state climo); 
16 kt NW (min wind inside RMW) at Miami Airport (state climo); 
955 mb (central pressure) and [presumably calm] around ~05Z at 
residence of off-duty Weather Bureau employee (Barnes); 106 kt S 
(max w/1-min) G 130 kt at ~0515-0530Z at WBO Miami (AWS, MWR, climo, 
state climo, Barnes); 90 kt SW and 968 mb at 0530Z at Miami WBO (micro); 
15-20 kt W and 967 mb at 0530Z at Miami Airport (micro); 
center fix- calm and 962 mb at 0530Z at NAS Miami [Opa Locka?] (state climo); 
center fix- calm at 07Z at Davie (26.1N, 80.2W) (micro); 92 kt ESE (max w) 
and 985 mb (min p) around ~0720Z at Bahia Mar, Ft. Lauderdale (26.1N, 80.1W) 
(micro); 74 kt E (max w/1-min) at 0820Z at Belle Glade Exp. 
Station (state climo); 60 kt NE and 979 mb at 09Z at Clewiston (26.8N, 80.9W) (micro); 
20 kt NNW and 975 mb at 10Z at Clewiston (micro); 975 mb (min p) 
with 16 kt (min wind inside RMW) at 1006Z at Clewiston (state climo); 
70 kt ENE and 998 mb at 10Z at Vero Beach (micro); 
63 kt max w/1-min G 74-83 kt at 1125Z at Vero Beach (state climo) 
36 kt ESE and 979 mb at 1230Z at Okeechobee (27.2N, 80.8W) (micro); 
64 kt E (max w/1-min) G 87 kt at 1308Z at Banana River NAS (28.2N, 80.6W) (state climo); 
center fix at 1616Z near 27.8N, 81.4W (micro); 65 kt NE (max w/1-min) 
at 17Z at Cape Canaveral (28.4N, 80.6W) (state climo); 55 kt NE G 81 kt 
and 995 mb at 17Z at Daytona Beach (29.2N, 81.1W) (micro); 
40 kt E G 45 kt and 988 mb at 17Z at Orlando (28.6N, 81.4W) (micro); 
987 mb (min p) at 1750Z at Orlando WBAS (state climo); center fix- calm 
around 1800Z-1830Z at Clarcona (28.6N, 81.5W) (micro); Gainesville radar 
center fixes at 2000Z and 2040Z between 28.9-29.2N, 81.6W (micro); 
63 kt E (max w/1-min) at 2306Z [probably around 22Z] at 
Jacksonville WBAS (30.4N, 81.7W) (AWS, state climo).  
Several dozen other gales and low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy radar center fixes at 0000Z, 0030Z, 0100Z, 0130Z, 0200Z, 
0230Z, 0320Z, 0330Z, 0400Z, and 0533Z between 24.8-25.9N, 79.9-80.1W (micro).  
"When it reached Miami at midnight, the central pressure was 
955 mb, and the central calm area was only about 5 miles in diameter.  
Maximum sustained winds had increased to 122 mph with gusts 
of about 150 mph.  Thus in the period from around 1400Z 
[on the 17th to 0500Z on the 18th] (a 15 hour period), there was 
considerable intensification; central pressure fell 33 mb [in 15 hr] 
the wind increased greatly, and the central 'eye' contracted from 
20 miles to 5 miles in diameter.  The barograph traces for Miami 
indicate a small, intense vortex.  The [Downtown Miami station and 
the 36th street Airport station] were on the edges of the 'eye,' with 
center midway between them.  The principle damage zone [through 
the greater Miami area] was only 14 miles wide.  In this narrow strip, 
structural damage was extensive, and it was so sharply outlined 
that many at first thought the damage was caused by a tornado or a 
series of them.  In a distance of about ¼ to ½ miles, damage increased 
from light to heavy, but a careful examination immediately after 
the storm by experienced meteorologists failed to find evidence of 
tornadic action.  The damage was simply that of violent hurricane winds, 
the most severe to visit Miami since the great hurricane that devastated 
the city in 1926.  There have been numerous reports of lightning and 
thunder in hurricane vortices, especially in the tropics, and numerous 
other instances of thunder in peripheral areas, but this is the first 
occasion observed in Florida, to this writer's knowledge, of lightning 
and thunder right near the center where wind velocities were 95 to 125 mph.  
There were several brilliant lightning flashes with thunder during the 
height of the storm, observed by the writer, and one discharge occurred 
very near the Weather Bureau Office with a sharp crack of thunder heard 
about the deafening scream of the wind, only a few minutes before the 
lull occurred.  After leaving the Miami area, the center continued a 
north-northwesterly course, crossed over Lake Okeechobee, and continued 
through eastern Florida into Georgia.  Hurricane force winds in squalls 
extended nearly to the Georgia line, especially along the Atlantic coast, 
and considerable damage resulted in all the eastern counties of Florida.  
Very heavy squalls extended out a considerable distance northeast of the 
barometric center after it reached the middle peninsula.  By this time, 
however, the center was beginning to spread out and break up, and winds 
were weakening on the south and west sides" (MWR).  Regarding the damage 
and causalities. "This small, but violent, hurricane passed directly 
over the city of Miami about midnight of the October 17 and caused 
property damage that amounted to an estimated $15,000,000 in the city 
and its vicinity.  Total damage for Florida in crops and property was 
about $27,750,000, which, when increased by the $250,000 damage done 
in Georgia, brings the grand total for this hurricane to $28,000,000.  
Three persons were killed in Florida and one in Georgia, with injuries 
to 199 others, 16 of whom were injured seriously" (MWR).  "0000Z plane 
radar position of center: 24.8N, 79.9W.  Eye well defined with center 
30 mi from Key Largo" (micro).  "Radar positions 0030Z: 24.8N, 79.9W.  
0100Z: 24.9N, 79.9W.  Observed definite north movement.  Eye well 
defined 29 miles off Keys.  0130Z: 25.0N, 79.9W.  Presentation good.  
Eye open in SW quadrant.  Center 25 miles off beach.  0200Z: 25.1N, 79.9W.  
Eye well defined.  Closed all quadrants.  Center of eye 20 miles off Keys.  
0230Z: 25.2N, 79.9W.  0300Z: 25.3N, 78.0W.  Leading edge of eye 4 miles 
from beach.  0320Z: 25.5N, 80.0W.  0330Z: 25.5N, 80.0W.  Leading edge of 
eye 3 miles south of Cape Florida.  0400Z: 25.6N, 80.1W.  Diameter of eye 
17 mi.  Open S.  NW edge 2 miles south of Miami.  0533Z: 25.9N, 80.1W.  
Course 349 degrees.  Speed 12 kt.  Eye poorly defined.  Center on coastline.  
Eye very small" (micro).  "Lowest pressure at Bahia Mar, Ft. Lauderdale 985 mb 
at about 0720Z.  Highest winds 80 kt from the ESE.  At 0735Z, SSE 57-59 kt.  
Complete lull at Davie at 0700Z.  From the WB advisories. "The center of the 
hurricane passed between the downtown weather bureau office and the 36th 
street Airport office here in Miami between midnight and 12:15 am.  
Highest sustained wind at the city office was 106 mph and the Miami Weather 
Bureau Office at the Airport had gusts of 125 mph.  Lowest pressure observed 
at the downtown office was 28.25 inches (957 mb)" (WB advisories).  From 
the WB advisory issued at 1330Z. "Late reports from around the Lake Okeechobee 
area indicate the hurricane center passed between Belle Glade and Clewiston 
and about over the center of the lake.  The center is now located between 
Lake Okeechobee and Lake Istokpoga still moving towards the NNW at about 
12 to 14 mph.  Winds of 50 to 60 with gusts of 70 to as much as 90 mph were 
reported from some of the stations on Lake Okeechobee" (WB advisories).  
"At 1616Z highway patrol reported lull with sun shining east of Lake Wales 
at intersection of route 630 and 60" (micro). "DAB evacuated 1704Z, ORL at 
1708Z" (micro).  "Calm and lull at Clarcona lasted for about 39 minutes" (micro).  
"Radar fix- Gainesville 2000Z: 28.9N, 81.6W.  Barometer at Gainesville 997 mb.  
Wind NE.  2040Z Gainesville radar fixed storm over Aster Park east of Ocala National Forest.  
Both fixes were poorly defined" (micro).  "At the [Miami] Weather Bureau city 
office which was closest to the center and to the right of the track the barometer 
was below 29.00 inches for approximately an hour and thirty minutes.  
During that time the barometer dropped to 28.32 inches and rose again.  
The wind instrument was a cup anemometer.  In only one hour did more than 
75 miles of wind pass the station.  Five minute maximums were of hurricane 
force only two hours.  The one-minute maximum was 122 mph and top gusts were 
estimated at 150 mph.  At the airport station on the left side of the track 
a gust of 125 mph was recorded.  Nearly all stations around Lake Okeechobee 
and along the east coast as far north as Jacksonville reported winds of hurricane 
force.  Jacksonville itself which has never experienced hurricane winds due 
to a tropical cyclone recorded a one-minute maximum of 72 mph with gusts estimated 
at 82 mph.  The size of the eye of King appears to have decreased considerably 
as it approached Florida.  Over Miami, it passed between the Weather Bureau City 
and Airport stations which are approximately eight miles apart.  From this and 
other data the calm eye was computed to be approximately five miles in diameter.  
Less than 18 hours previously, the diameter had been determined as 20 miles by 
visual observation and 30 miles by radar.  As can be seen from the flight summaries, 
later radar reports indicated the eye to be fluctuating between 7 or 17 miles in 
diameter.  The extent of destructive winds was also erratic.  Chief Forecaster 
Grady Norton personally inspected the storm area and reported that the path of 
principal destruction was only 7-10 miles wide through the greater Miami area and 
northward to west Ft. Lauderdale.  So sharply defined was this principal damage 
zone that he passed from the severe damage into the minor damage area within half 
a mile.  The strong winds on the east coast farther north were associated with a 
band of strong winds which extended across central Florida for several days before 
the storm arrived" (AWS).  "It then traversed the entire Florida peninsula and in 
Georgia again curved to the left and crossed southern Alabama" (AWS).  "In Florida, 
it caused damages estimated at $27,750,000, killed three people and injured 199.  
In Georgia one person was killed and damages were estimated at $250,000" (AWS).  
"It is interesting to note that King is the first recorded hurricane to enter the 
east coast of Florida during the month of October" (AWS).  Continued from the 
2nd Navy Radar flight on the 17th. "18/0000Z: Eye well defined.  0230Z: Scope 
presentation good.  Eye open SW quadrant.  Diameter of eye 7 miles.  0400Z: Diameter 
of eye 17 miles, open to south" (AWS).  "King - Oct. 18, 1950 - 955 mb landfall 
pressure based upon 955 mb observed at Miami, FL - RMW 6 nm - Speed 6 kt - Landfall 
point 26.1N, 80.1W" (Ho et al. 1987).  "Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 17-18 
- Peninsula - Major - Miami bar. 28.20 in., wind 122 mph" ("Major" is equivalent to 
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 2 or 3; Dunn and Miller 1960).  "King - 1014 mb 
[environmental pressure at landfall] - 98 kt [estimated max 1-min wind at landfall]" 
(Schwerdt et al. 1979).  "King - FL, SE - 955 mb" (Jarrell et al. 1992).

October 19:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm [King] of at most 1000 mb centered near 
31.6N, 84.4W.  HWM also analyzes another tropical storm [Love] of at 
most 1000 mb centered near 25.7N, 91.4W with a single 1005 mb isobar 
encircling both tropical cyclones.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 32.1N, 84.6W.  The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position 
at 30.0N, 82.7W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure and a 
1230Z position at 31.6N, 84.3W with 35 kt max winds and 996 mb pressure.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.4N, 
83.7W with a 998 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 32.1N, 84.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 
999 mb centered near 31.7N, 84.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 
1000 mb at 00Z at 30.1N, 80.6W (COA).  At least one other relevant 
gale and one other low pressure.  Land/station highlights: 40 kt ESE 
and 997 mb at 00Z at Jacksonville (micro); 15 kt S and 993 mb at 00Z 
at Ocala (micro); 992 mb (uncorrected) (min p) at 00Z at Raiford, FL 
(30.1N, 82.2W (state climo); 40 kt NNE and 999 mb at 06Z at 31.5N, 84.1W 
(micro); 30 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 10Z at Valdosta, GA (micro); 25 kt ENE 
and 1001 mb at 12Z at 32.2N, 84.9W (micro); 20 kt SE and 1004 mb at 18Z 
at 32.8N, 83.6W (micro).  "By the 19th, the 300 mb trough in the Gulf 
had expanded to form a large low which now included both King and Love 
and caused both storms to follow the Fujiwhara pattern" (AWS).

October 20:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low associated with King on this day.  
A cold front is plotted extending from 38N, 86W to 39N, 78W.  Tropical 
Storm Love is shown by HWM to be centered near 27N, 87W.  HURDAT no 
longer lists King on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position for King near 33.3N, 87.1W with a 1000 mb pressure.  
Microfilm at 12Z still analyzes a closed low associated with King of at 
most 1002 mb centered near 33.1N, 87.8W.  Microfilm also shows the front 
as well as Love, similar to the HWM analysis in that sense.  Land/station 
highlights (through 06Z only): 5 kt W and 1001 mb at 00Z at 32.4N, 86.3W 
(micro); 10 kt SW and 1003 mb at 06Z 32.4N, 86.3W.  Thirteen other low 
pressures between 1003-1005 mb.

On 11 and 12 October, an elongated trough was located over Central America. 
Although HURDAT starts this at 06Z on the 13th as a 35 kt tropical storm just 
off the coast of Honduras, there is not much conclusive evidence of a TC until 
12Z on the 14th.  There is also not enough evidence to remove a portion of the 
HURDAT track, so no changes are made to the timing of genesis.  However, there 
are enough observations close enough to the analyzed position of the center to 
lower the intensity to tropical depression status from 06Z on the 13th through 
12Z on the 14th, so King is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 30 hours 
later than originally.  Also, the forward speed from the 13th to the 14th is 
analyzed to be much slower so that by the 14th at 18Z, the analyzed position 
is lagging behind the HURDAT position by 1.5 degrees.  On the 14th at 18Z, 
the analyzed position is 16.3N, 83.3W, and the cyclone was moving very slowly 
towards the east-northeast.  The lowest pressures from surface observations on 
the 14th were 1005 mb, and on the 15th at 06Z, a ship measured 1001 mb 20 nmi 
from the analyzed center position.  However, no gales had been observed from 
surface observation platforms by the time the first aircraft center fix was 
performed at 1915Z on the 15th.  During the 15th and 16th, King was moving 
northeastward passing between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.  It approached 
the southern coast of eastern Cuba by late on the 16th.  At 1915Z on the 15th, 
the aircraft measured a central pressure of 992 mb, measured maximum winds of 
45 kt, and reported that the center was very small but poorly defined.  A 992 mb 
central pressure is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th.  A central pressure of 
992 mb yields 61 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind 
relationship.  The environmental pressure was low and the ROCI was very large.  
55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z on the 15th (down from 60 kt originally).  
From 06Z on the 13th until 18Z on the 15th, the HURDAT intensity is reduced by 
5 to 10 kt at each 6-hourly point.  On the 16th at 00Z, the first gales from 
surface observations were recorded.  Point Negrito on the western tip of Jamaica 
recorded 50 kt with 1000 mb at 00Z on the 16th.  The center was 60 nmi away at 
that time.  At 1445Z on the 16th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 985 mb, 
and this value is added into HURDAT at 12Z.  A central pressure of 985 mb yields 
71 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW is about 
half of the climatological RMW size.  75 kt is chosen for 12Z and 80 kt is 
chosen for 18Z on the 16th (down from 85 and 95 kt respectively).  The new track, 
which had been lagging behind the original track due to the slower analyzed speed 
on the 13th and 14th, caught up with the original track by 18Z on 15 October at 
17.7N, 80.0W.  On the 16th, the largest track change was only three-tenths of a 
degree, which is in very good agreement with the aircraft center fixes.  King is 
analyzed to have made landfall in Cuba at 22Z on 16 October at 20.9N, 78.3W as an 
80 kt hurricane.  This analysis is supported by the assessment from Perez et al. 
of a Category 1 in Cuba.  King passed just west of Camaguey around 0130Z on the 17th 
and emerged over water north of Cuba around 06Z.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland decay model yield 65 kt for 00Z on the 17th and 62 kt for 0130Z on the 17th.  
Camaguey recorded a minimum pressure of 989 mb simultaneously with 60 kt winds 
around 0130Z, which means the central pressure at landfall was likely lower than 
982 mb and might have been even lower than that.  It is possible that King deepened 
to a Category 2 prior to landfall but there are no concrete observations to support 
that.  If the assumption is made that the central pressure was less than or equal 
to 982 mb when King passed Camaguey, that pressure yields winds of at least 
74 kt (over water exposure).  It is analyzed that King weakened to 75 kt by 00Z 
on the 17th and to 65 kt by 06Z on the 17th (down from 100 and 105 kt respectively 
at these times).  The HURDAT intensities on the 17th as well as the central pressure 
of 955 mb in HURDAT at 06Z on the 17th were likely placed in the wrong day (the 18th 
would have been roughly correct for winds and pressure) during the original HURDAT 
compilation.  The reanalyzed track over Cuba is a few tenths of a degree east of 
the previous HURDAT track, eastward closer to the city of Camaguey.  After King 
emerged over water north of Cuba, it made a turn to the north-northwest and headed 
toward Miami.  At 09Z on the 17th, a ship recorded 65 kt with 999 mb, and at 1354Z, 
aircraft measured a central pressure oh 988 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 17th.  A central pressure of 988 mb yields 67 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  70 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (down from 105 kt 
originally).  Numerous center fixes were obtained by the Navy radar aircraft between 
1130Z on the 17th all the way until landfall near Miami, which occurred on the 18th 
between 04Z - 05Z.  The eye radius was 8 to 12 nmi around 1915Z on the 17th.  At 0230Z 
on the 18th, the aircraft reported King at 25.2N, 79.9W with an eye radius contracted 
down to 3.5 nautical miles.  

King moved from south-southeast to north-northwest on its approach from Cuba to 
southeast Florida.  The center of King passed between Elliot Key and Key Biscayne 
and moved north-northwestward through Biscayne Bay before making landfall near 
Coconut Grove and Vizcaya. The center of Hurricane King made its first and only 
Florida landfall near Grove Isle (located about 2 miles south-southwest of 
downtown Miami) around 0430Z on the 18th.  In more general terms, landfall is 
analyzed to have occurred at 05Z at 25.7N, 80.2W.  King was a tiny storm, and 
the analyzed landfall RMW is 5 nmi, but the RMW may have possibly been as tiny 
as 3 nmi at landfall.  The MWR post-season article shows that the radius of the 
calm eye was 2.6 miles, and the width of the swath of significant damage caused 
by this hurricane was only 14 miles wide (confirmed by meteorologists conducting 
post-storm surverys).  King was compared to a "large tornado."  The eye was so 
tiny that it passed in between the Weather Bureau office in Downtown Miami 
(located near the location of present day Bayside, near Biscayne Boulevard and I-395) 
and the 36th Street Airport station (located in the vicinity of NW 36th Street 
and Red Road).  At the Downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office, a 5-minute maximum 
wind of 84 kt from the NE was recorded at 0440Z (anemometer height 68 meters).  
The minimum pressure of 957 mb at that station was recorded about eight minutes 
later at 0448Z.  The Downtown Miami Weather Bureau Office experienced the inside 
of the RMW, but not the calm eye.  The wind decreased briefly to a minimum of 
30 kt inside the RMW.  The maximum recorded 1-minute wind at the Downtown Weather 
Bureau office was 106 kt from the south at 0538 UTC and gusts were estimated as 
high as 130 kt, however, the anemometer was significantly elevated at a height 
of 68 meters.  The 106 kt 1 min wind adjusts down to 91 kt 10 m.  At the 
Miami Airport, the maximum 1-minute wind reported was 70 kt NNE-NE from the 
northeast at 0459Z.  Gusts were measured as high as 109 kt at the Airport station.  
The minimum pressure at the Airport Station was 960 mb at 0500Z.  The RMW was 
experienced at the Airport station, but not the calm eye.  The wind decreased to 
a minimum of 16 kt NW inside the RMW around 0530 UTC. Although both stations were 
inside the RMW for a few brief moments, neither station reported the calm eye.  
A central pressure of 955 mb was recorded at the residence of an off-duty Miami 
Weather Bureau Employee (exact location and time both unknown).  The analyzed 
landfall central pressure is 955 mb, and this value is added into HURDAT at 06Z 
on the 18th.  (Again, note that HURDAT did have the 955 mb value, but was included 
on the wrong - 17th - date.)  A central pressure of 955 mb yields 108 and 105 kt, 
respectively, according to the intensifying set of the pressure wind relationship 
for south and north of 25N, respectively.  The central pressure of King deepened by 
33 mb during the 14 hr prior to landfall at Miami.  The forward speed of 11 kt is 
average, the ROCI of 200 nmi is average, but the OCI of 1005 mb is very low.  However, 
the low OCI should be weighted less in this case, because Tropical Storm Love was 
forming just to the west in close proximity to Hurricane King, and no isobars greater 
than 1005 could be closed off around King.  The pressure gradient on the northeast 
side of King was very strong, and there was a very strong high located over the 
Mid-Atlantic and Northeast coasts of the United States (the pressure at Cape Hatteras 
was 1027 mb as King approached Miami).  The analyzed RMW is 5 nmi, which is tiny compared 
to the climatological RMW of 17 nmi.  A 115 kt intensity is chosen for the 05Z landfall 
near Miami.  The revised intensities in HURDAT leading up to landfall from 12Z on the 
17th through 06Z on the 18th are 70, 90, 115, and 115 kt (originally 105, 100, 95, 
and 90 kt).  The Category 3 impact in HURDAT for southeast Florida is revised upwards 
to a Category 4 impact.  No hurricane impact is analyzed for southwest Florida, but 
Category 1 winds likely came very close to southwest Florida as King moved north-northwestward 
across Lake Okeechobee.  After King passed through the heart of the Miami Metro area, 
the eye was observed at Davie and 80 kt winds occurred in Fort Lauderdale around 07Z 
on the 18th.  King then passed over Lake Okeechobee between 10Z - 12Z.  The center 
passed over Clarcona, a suburb of Orlando, FL, around 18Z.  The land-based radar at 
Gainesville, FL last located the center at 2040Z on the 18th over Aster Park near 
29.2N, 81.6W.  King tracked into southwestern Georgia on the 19th and curved slightly 
from north-northwest to northwest.  King dissipated over Alabama on the 20th.  
The largest track change on the 18th is two-tenths of a degree and on the 19th 
four-tenths of a degree.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model after 
the Miami landfall yield 93 kt for 06Z on the 18th, 72 kt for 12Z, 51 kt for 18Z, 
40 kt for 00Z on the 19th, and 33 kt for 06Z.  The highest wind observation within 
2 hr of synoptic times are: 91 kt at 06Z on the 18th, 70 kt at 12Z, 70 kt at 18Z, 
70 kt at 00Z on the 19th, and 40 kt at 06Z.  Revised intensities in HURDAT from 06Z 
on the 18th through 06Z on the 19th are: 115, 80, 70, 65, and 45 kt (90, 75, 65, 35, 
and 25 kt originally).  King is analyzed to have remained a hurricane 6 hours later 
than in HURDAT originally.  A Category 1 impact for northeast Florida is added into 
HURDAT.  The analysis indicates that King did not weaken to a tropical storm until 
after the center reached the Georgia coast, although no hurricane force winds likely 
occurred in Georgia.  The following central pressures are added into HURDAT between 
12Z on the 18th and 12Z on the 19th based on sufficient observational coverage over 
land: 975, 983, 989, 992, and 996 mb.  The last point listed in HURDAT for King is 
at 12Z on the 19th as a 25 kt tropical depression over southwestern Georgia.  It is 
analyzed that King was still a 35 kt tropical storm at that time and that 
dissipation did not occur until 18 hours later than shown in HURDAT.  King is 
analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 19th (12 hours 
later than originally).  The following central pressure values are added into HURDAT 
between 18Z on the 19th and 06Z on the 20th: 999, 1000, and 1002 mb.  King dissipated 
after 06Z on the 20th with a final point of 32.9N, 86.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression 
at 06Z. 



Some quotes from the Air Weather Service post-season report and Monthly Weather Review.

"The hurricane of October 1950 [King] will be remembered long after the rest of the 
storms of that year have been forgotten.  To Miamians, it will be remembered as the 
greatest storm since 1926.  To the forecasters of the Air Force Hurricane Office it 
will be remembered as the smallest severe storm of their experience" (AWS).

"The warning service was excellent and provided ample time for all possible hurricane 
preparation.  This doubtless saved many lives and much property.  A hurricane alert 
was ordered for south Florida 36 hours ahead of the storm, and hurricane warnings 
were ordered 18 hours ahead of the hurricane winds by the Miami Hurricane Center.  
[An "alert" back then is synonymous with a hurricane watch today.]  Despite the good 
warning service, many people remained complacent and failed to take adequate precautions.  
This resulted in increased damage when glass windows blew out, and the interiors and 
contents of buildings were damaged by rainwater" (MWR).
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 12 (Unnamed)

35415 10/17/1950 M= 8 12 SNBR= 783 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
35420 10/17*  0   0   0    0*220 420  35    0*225 427  35    0*229 433  35    0*
35425 10/18*234 438  35    0*242 445  40    0*249 448  40    0*254 449  40    0*
35430 10/19*259 448  45    0*265 446  45    0*272 439  45    0*282 430  50    0*
35435 10/20*292 420  50    0*301 410  55    0*308 400  55    0*314 388  55    0*
35435 10/20*292 418  50    0*301 404  55    0*308 390  55    0*314 375  55    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

35440 10/21*320 376  60    0*324 368  60    0*330 360  60    0*346 346  60    0*
35440 10/21*322 358  60    0*333 341  60    0*350 327  60    0*358 319  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35445 10/22*364 329  60    0*381 318  55    0*396 292  55    0*395 274  50    0*
35445 10/22*368 312  60    0*379 303  55    0*392 292  55    0*393 274  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

35450 10/23*386 259  50    0*378 249  45    0*370 240  40    0*362 231  40    0*
35450 10/23*386 261  50    0*378 249  45    0*370 240  40    0*362 231  40    0*
                ***                                           

35455 10/24*354 224  35    0*347 220  30    0*340 217  30    0*316 226  25    0*
35455 10/24*354 224  35    0*345 220  30    0*334 217  30    0*321 217  25    0*
                             ***              ***              *** ***

35460 TS   
               
Major track changes (and no intensity alterations) are analyzed for 
this tropical storm that moved through the Azores.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS 
ships database.

October 17:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 22.3N, 47.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 22.5N, 42.7W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26.1N, 44.8W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.9N, 44.8W.  No gales 
or low pressures.

October 19:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.6N, 43.8W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 27.2N, 43.9W.  Ship highlights: 
25 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 28.8N, 44.4W (COA).

October 20:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.8N, 38.8W with a 
dissipating stationary front analyzed from 37N, 37W to 41N, 30W.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 30.8N, 40.0W.  Ship highlights: 
10 kt E and 1004 mb at 12Z at 31.9N, 38.6W (COA, HWM); 15 kt NNE and 
1004 mb at 18Z at 31.6N, 40.3W (COA).

October 21:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.2N, 34.8W. 
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.0N, 36.0W.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 14Z at 36.0N, 30.0W (COA); 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 
18Z at 36.0N, 30.0W (COA); 15 kt W and 1004 mb at 22Z at 36.0N, 31.0W (COA).

October 22:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.7N, 29.7W.  A large, 
occluded, extratropical cyclone is centered up near 57N, 45W.  An occluded 
front extends from the extratropical cyclone to 57N, 35W to 53N, 33W to 49N, 
34W to a triple point near 45N, 36W.  A warm front extends southward from 
this triple point to 42N, 37W and a cold front extends from the triple point 
to 42N, 41W to 40N, 44W to beyond 39N, 48W.  Therefore, HWM analyzes the 
nearest front to be located about 350 n mi northwest of the feature of interest.  
HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 39.6N, 29.2W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1001 mb at 00Z at 36.7N, 31.0W (COA); 45 kt NNW 
and 1003 mb at 02Z at 36.0N, 31.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 
40.9N, 28.8W (HWM); 35 kt N and 1007 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 31.2W (COA).  
Two other gales and three other low pressures.  Land/station highlights: 
35 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 39.9N, 31.4W (Azores) (HWM); 25 kt SSE and 
1003 mb at 12Z at 38.8N, 27.3W (Azores) (HWM).

October 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35.5N, 23.4W with 
an occluded front plotted from 51N, 23W, becoming a dissipating occluded front 
near 46N, 26W, becoming a cold front near 41N, 29W, continuing to 39N, 30W to 
37N, 33W to 36N, 36W, meaning that the front is plotted about 350 n mi northwest 
of the center of the cyclone of interest.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 37.0N, 24.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1009 mb at 06Z at 38.9N, 
29.3W (COA); 30 kt W and 1004 mb at 06Z at 36.4N, 26.1W (COA); 25 kt SSE and 
1004 mb at 18Z at 35.7N, 22.0W (COA).  One other low pressure.  Land/station highlights: 
15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 25.1W (Azores) (HWM).

October 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 34.7N, 20.5W with a 
dissipating cold front extending from near the low (36N, 19W), to 33N, 20W to 
30N, 22W to 28N, 28W to 28N, 32W to 30N, 36W to 34N, 39W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 30 kt tropical depression at 34.0N, 21.7W.  No gales or low pressures.

The 12th tropical storm listed in the original HURDAT for 1950 occurred in the 
eastern Atlantic from 17 - 24 October.  From the 16th to 18th, there are no 
observations close to the center and there is no definite evidence of a closed 
circulation.  By the 19th, observations indicate the strong likelihood of a compact, 
closed TC-like vortex near the HURDAT position of 27.2N, 43.9W.  No changes can be 
made to the timing, position, or intensity of the genesis time listed in HURDAT 
given the sparse nature of the available observations.  The first low pressure 
from a ship was a 1004 mb pressure recorded at 18Z on the 19th, but wind speeds 
at the time were only reported as high as 30 kt.  Regardless, since the 1004 mb 
ship was not a central pressure, the intensity at 18Z on the 19th was likely in 
excess of 40 kt.  The 50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT is not changed, and the 
position is not changed either.  In fact, no track or intensity changes are made 
to HURDAT from the 17th through the 19th.  On the 17th, this cyclone moved northwestward.  
It recurved on the 18th near 25N, 40W, and moved northeastward until it was in the 
vicinity of the Azores on the 22nd.  On the 21st, observations from ships indicate 
that the HURDAT position is too far southwest, and major track changes are analyzed 
from 00Z on the 21st to 06Z on the 22nd.  The largest track change for the lifetime 
of this cyclone was made at 12Z on the 21st, about 200 nmi to the east-northeast.  
A ship observation of 50 kt with 1006 mb was recorded at 14Z on the 21st, and 45 kt 
with 1002 mb occurred at 18Z.  The 50 kt observation was the highest wind observation 
for this cyclone.  The lowest observed pressure during the lifetime of this cyclone 
was 1001 mb at 00Z on the 22nd which occurred simultaneously with a 25 kt wind.  
This peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt from the 
Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The intensity of 60 kt 
at that time is retained, which is also the peak intensity listed in HURDAT for 
this system.  In fact, no intensity changes are made for the entire lifetime of 
this cyclone.  On the 22nd, the cyclone turned eastward and then southeastward.  
It took a path very close to the Azores Islands, first passing west of the 
islands, then north, and then east of the islands on a southeastward course.  
After 06Z on the 22nd, only very minor track changes are analyzed.  On 24 October, 
this cyclone turned towards the south and weakened to a tropical depression.  
The last 6 hours in HURDAT contain an unrealistic acceleration from 12 to 18Z on 
the 24th, and the track is adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic speed.  
The 25th was searched, but no closed circulation is evident due to sparse data 
coverage, and no changes are made to the timing of dissipation.  The circulation 
was large during some of the days, and this may have been classified as a 
subtropical cyclone given satellite imagery and using modern designation techniques.  
(It is of note that this system was not considered a tropical storm 
during/immediately after the 1950 hurricane season, as it was not advised on, 
nor was it included in the MWR seasonal summary.  Apparently, this tropical 
storm was added in Cry et al.'s 1959 publication:  Cry, G. W, W. H. Haggard, 
and H. S. White, 1959:  North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones.  
Technical Paper No. 36, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1959, 214 pp.  
No details were provided for its addition nine years after the fact.)
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 13 (Love)

35465 10/18/1950 M= 4 13 SNBR= 784 LOVE        XING=1                          L
35465 10/18/1950 M= 5 13 SNBR= 784 LOVE        XING=1                          
                    *                                                          *

35470 10/18*275 892  35    0*275 908  65    0*270 919  70    0*267 921  75    0*
35470 10/18*255 895  40    0*258 905  50    0*263 905  60    0*267 910  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

35475 10/19*265 922  75    0*263 923  75    0*261 922  80    0*254 911  80    0*
35475 10/19*266 914  60    0*264 916  60    0*260 916  60  990*256 910  65  990*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

35480 10/20*253 894  80    0*257 882  75    0*261 870  75    0*265 861  70    0*
35480 10/20*254 896  70  987*257 883  70    0*260 873  70    0*264 865  70  991*
            *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***      ***

35485 10/21*271 852  70    0*282 839  60    0*298 830  35    0*301 831  30    0*
35485 10/21*271 852  70    0*285 840  60    0*299 833  50    0*308 827  30    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
35485 10/22*315 822  30    0*320 818  30    0*325 814  30    0E330 812  30    0*

35490 HR    

U.S. Landfall:
10/21/1950 - 11Z - 29.7N, 83.4W - 50 kt

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  
A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone by extending 
the lifetime by one day.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly 
Weather Review, National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from 
NCDC, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Air Weather Service 
(post-season report), U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau 
public advisories, and Connor (1956). 

October 17:
HWM analyzes a trough extending west from King with some curvature 
in the 1005 mb isobar around 24-25N, 85-88W.  HURDAT does not yet 
list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a spot low near 25N, 
86.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 88.5W 
(COA, micro).  At least five other gales of 35-45 kt.

October 18:
HWM indicates a trough extending from King (which is analyzed to be 
centered near 26.5N, 80.6W) extending to the general locations of 25N, 
82W to 24N, 85W to 26N, 88W to 28N, 90W and indicating something might 
be forming in the vicinity of 25-28N, 86-91W.  HURDAT lists a 70 kt 
hurricane at 27.0N, 91.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
first shows a position at 06Z at 26.2N, 89W, and it shows a 12Z position 
near 27.0N, 89.3W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 999 mb centered near 27.0N, 90.9W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NE 
and 1009 mb at 00Z at 28.2N, 89.4W (COA); 25 kt N and 1001 mb at 12Z at 
26.5N, 91.8W (COA).  At least one other gale of 35 kt and 14 other low 
pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt N and 998 mb 
at 1830Z at 27.7N, 91.5W (ATS); 30 kt NE and 996 mb (min pressure encountered 
by aircraft during flight) at 1845Z at 27.1N, 91.1W (ATS, micro).  
At least two other surface gales, two other flight-level gales, and five 
other low pressures.  "[Love] began forming in the Gulf of Mexico south 
of the Louisiana coast at the time the severe hurricane was moving northward 
through Florida on the 18th, and in some respects was an 'offshoot' of it.  
As the Florida hurricane was moving north-northwestward from the Caribbean 
Sea, an elongation of low pressure extended ahead of it over Florida.  As 
the hurricane progressed, this pressure trough moved northwest and west, 
with a tendency to move counter-clockwise around the hurricane.  On the 
18th, it develop a center of circulation of its own south of the Louisiana 
coast" (MWR).  "Position [of plane] 27.8N, 91.7W at 1715Z.  Altitude 7500 ft.  
Wind north 50 kt.  Tops of clouds 7000 ft.  180 mi south of 
New Orleans - thunderstorms over area 60 by 30 miles" (micro).  
From aircraft flight. "18/1900Z: Found definite characteristics of an 
unstable easterly wave with closed circulation probably to south, could 
not be confirmed due to insufficient fuel.  Observed surface pressure of 
996 mbs and wind from 20 degrees at 60 kt in squall" (AWS).  From the ATS 
report. "This was the first flight into a suspicious area in the Gulf of 
Mexico south of New Orleans.  The flight departed Miami and proceeded to 
the assigned area, but found that the suspicious area was still in the 
development stages and over 100 miles farther south than anticipated.  
The results of the flight showed definite characteristics of an unstable 
easterly wave with a closed circulation probable on the southern end of 
the frontal zone.  However, this closed circulation could not be confirmed 
by this flight due to insufficient fuel" (ATS).

October 19:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 
25.7N, 91.4W and HWM analyzes another tropical storm [King] of 
at most 1000 mb near 31.6N, 84.4W.  HWM analyzes both tropical 
storms to be located within a single 1005 mb contour.  HURDAT 
lists Love as an 80 kt hurricane at 26.1N, 92.2W.  The AWS best 
track lists a 0030Z position at 27.0N, 91.5W with 60 kt max 
winds and 995 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 26.2N, 
92.0W with 60 kt max winds and 990 mb central pressure.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.6N, 
91.6W with a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 26.2N, 91.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a 
low of at most 990 mb centered near 26.0N, 91.8W.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 06Z at 29.0N, 93.2W (micro); 55 kt ENE 
and 1002 mb at 17Z at 27.7N, 90.0W (micro); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb 
at 18Z at 25.3N, 91.3W (micro).  At least two other gales of 35 kt 
and 12 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy center fix at 1329Z at 25.7N, 91.5W with 990 mb central 
pressure and maximum winds encountered of 48 kt (AWS, ATS); center 
fix at 1921Z at 25.8N, 90.7W with 990 mb central pressure and 
60 kt maximum winds (AWS, ATS).  "This center continued its 
counter-clockwise movement and swung down into the central Gulf 
on the 19th and increased to hurricane force" (MWR).  "Navy six 
center 1232Z 25.8N, 91.5W.  Center poorly defined and 30 mi in 
diameter.  Lowest pressure 999 mb.  Max wind west side 341 degrees 48 kt.  
Course flown on east side- max wind 40 kt.  Navy eight: Storm center 
estimated 25.8N, 90.7W at 1921Z.  Diameter 10 miles.  Semicircular squalls.  
Max wind 60 kt.  Lowest pressure 990" (micro).  
From aircraft flight. "19/1329Z: Center poorly defined approximately 
30 miles diameter.  Radar shows eastern semicircle closed, western 
semicircle scattered squalls.  Min pressure 990 mbs.  Max wind on 
west side 48 kt, east side 40 kt" (AWS).  From next aircraft flight. 
"19/1921Z: The eye was 10-15 miles in diameter and winds of 50-60 kt 
extend 20-25 miles in east and south quadrants and 100 miles in north 
and west quadrants.  Semicircular squalls tailed out of the northwest 
quadrant through the north to east within the 45 kt [wind?] perimeter.  
Lowest pressure in center 990 mbs" (AWS).  From the ATS report. 
"This was the second flight into the area of disturbance south of 
New Orleans by the same crew, and this time a closed circulation was 
located.  The storm had the characteristics of many previous storms 
this year; that is, the western half was relatively dry while the heaviest 
weather was northeast and east of the center" (ATS).  ATS indicates a center 
fix at 1329Z at 25.7N, 91.5W.  [990 looks correct for central pressure.]  
From the next ATS report. "At 2019Z, a disturbance was located centered at 
25.8N, 90.7W [fix at 1921Z].  The eye was 10-15 miles in diameter, and winds 
of 50 to 60 kt extended outward 20-25 miles in the eastern and southern 
quadrants.  In the western and northern quadrants, these winds extended 
outward 100 miles.  Lowest pressure in the center was 990 mb" (ATS).

October 20:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.8N, 
86.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.1N, 87.0W.  The AWS 
best track lists a 0030Z position at 25.7N, 90.0W with 60 kt max winds 
and 991 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 26.1N, 87.7W with 
60 kt max winds and 992 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.4N, 87.4W with a 995 mb pressure.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.0N, 87.3W.  
Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 993 mb centered near 26.6N, 
86.4W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 990 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 89.6W (micro); 
35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 28.7N, 92.1W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb 
at 15Z at 25.3N, 85.5W (micro); 70 kt SW and 999 mb at 20Z at 26.2N, 85.3W (micro).  
At least two other gales of 35-50 kt and 26 other low pressures between 999-1005 mb.  
Aircraft highlights: center fix at 16Z at 26.3-26.4N, 86.8W with 992 mb central 
pressure and 80-90 kt maximum surface winds reported (AWS, ATS, micro); 
center fix at 2003Z at 26.5N, 86.3W with 990 mb lowest pressure encountered 
[probably a central pressure, but the central pressure could have been 
perhaps 5 mb lower- look at ATS] and maximum [flight-level?] winds encountered 
of 75-85 kt (AWS, ATS).  "On the 20th, aircraft reported maximum winds of 
75 to 85 kt (85 to 98 mph), especially in the northeastern quadrants.  
The movement by this time had completed the swing to the east and northeast, 
which caused it to offer a threat of hurricane winds to the upper west 
Florida coast" (MWR).  "Navy two 0650Z: No indication of hurricane.  
Squall line extending from 26.9N, 89.4W to 28.2N, 86.2W.  Navy six 1608Z: 
Low pressure center at 16Z 26.4N, 86.8W.  No weather on W side.  Max wind 
SW quadrant 45 kt. Center calm.  Min pressure 992 mb" (micro).  "Winds in 
the northeastern quadrant are 60 to 70 kt and gusting to an estimated 75 
to 85 kt in squall centers.  Winds over 45 kt extend outward 80 miles" (micro).  
From Navy Radar flight. "20/0845Z: Have covered entire area of weather 
indications (squall line) with no indication of a hurricane" (AWS).  
From aircraft flight. "20/1600Z: This was the third flight by the same 
crew [into this cyclone].  Storm had become a hurricane and was quite 
different than anticipated.  The west side had become very dry with 
practically no cloudiness.  This lack of cloudiness included all the 
western side of the storm, the eye, and the first few miles of the eastern 
side.  The center was almost missed because of the lack of weather and 
clouds near it but the wind field showed a closed circulation and a low 
central pressure of 992 mbs.  The major surprise came in departing the 
east side where severe turbulence in heavy weather was encountered and 
maximum winds of 80-90 kt [at 5,000 ft].  Max wind in SW quadrant was 
45 kt.  Radar shows heaviest weather in NE quadrant" (AWS).  From the 
next aircraft flight. "20/2003Z: The storm had entirely reversed its active 
quadrants during the past 24 hours with heavy weather squalls confined 
nearly exclusively to the NE quadrant rather than the N and NW ones of 
the day before.  NE quadrant has winds of 75-85 kt within 25 miles of the 
center and severe, extremely turbulent thunderstorms.  Winds over 45 kt 
extend 90 miles in NE quadrant.  Western side has winds of 35-40 kt extending 
90 miles from center with light, scattered showers.  Min pressure 990 mb" (AWS).  
From the ATS report. "This was the third flight into the storm by this crew 
on three consecutive days and they thought they were becoming familiar with 
its appearance.  But on this day, the storm had become a hurricane and was 
quite different than anticipated.  [After the central pressure of 992 mb 
was recorded], the plane was taken to 5,000 ft in the center and the wind 
field could be seen around the center" (ATS).  ATS indicates a center fix 
at 1600Z at 26.3N, 86.8W with 992 mb central pressure.  From the next ATS report. 
"The return flight from Corpus Christi showed the storm to have entirely 
reversed its active quadrants during the previous 24 hours.  The center was 
fixed at near 26.5N, 86.3W.  This position proved an east-northeasterly 
movement of the storm at 9 kt.  Its low pressure of 990 mb had remained 
rather constant" (ATS).  [990 mb may not be a central pressure].

October 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.2N, 83.7W.  
A W-E stationary front is plotted from 34N, 83W to beyond 36N, 70W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 29.8N, 83.0W (inland over Florida).  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.2N, 85.4W with 85 kt max winds 
and 989 mb central pressure and a 1230Z position at 29.4N, 82.9W with 40 kt max 
winds and 993 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1002 mb pressure, and the MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.8N, 82.8W.  Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 29.8N, 83.6W with a 
W-E front plotted from 35N, 80W to beyond 35N, 76W.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00Z at 28.0N, 84.8W (micro); 35 kt WSW at 05Z 
at 25.8N, 86.0W (micro).  Seven other low pressures.  (There were two 
observations from the same ship around 06Z that listed 993 mb pressures.  
However, comparisons against other nearby ships suggest that these were 
significantly low biased.)  Land/station highlights: 35 kt E and 999 mb at 
10Z at Cedar Key (29.1N, 83.0W) (micro).  Several other low pressures.  
Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 0815Z, 0900Z, and 0945Z between 29.2-29.4N, 
83.4-83.5W (micro).  "During the night of the 20th, however, it lost force 
rapidly, apparently due to dry air having completely encircled the center, 
and when it reached the coast on the early morning of the 21st, winds were 
of only moderate gale force.  The presence of dry air from the West Gulf 
States had been noted on its western side since the time of its development, 
but it continued to increase in force, despite this, until the dry air had 
worked its way around to the south and east of the center.  When this stage 
was reached, the loss of intensity was rapid" (MWR).  "21/0140Z: We believe 
hurricane center somewhere along line 070 degrees true from 26.7N, 86W, or 
close to that course in vicinity 26.9N, 85.1W.  Hurricane described as 
semi-circular and wide open with clear weather in the western semicircle.  
21/0815Z: Nothing in nature of squall areas on scope except one large solid 
cloud to north roughly 20 miles wide and 30 miles long centered at 29.2N, 
83.5W.  Vivid lightning within cloud.  My position [where he is at?] 28.3N, 
84.5W.  Do you require second plane to believe us?  21/0900Z: Small hole 
discovered in center of large solid cloud mentioned in previous message.  
Believed to be eye of small hurricane.  Present position 29.4N, 83.4W moving 
north 12 kt.  Our position 29.3N, 86.5W.  Proceeding toward storm.  
21/0955Z: Center of storm over coast at time 0945Z[?] at position 29.4N, 
83.4W" (micro).  "Amateur [radio?] reports mobile until Cedar Key area 
reports storm centered coast there about 1030Z" (micro).  "Coast guard 
phoned 1610Z: 1430Z- Front Cedar Keys.  Wind 200 degrees 18 kt.  Ceiling 
1800 ft.  Sea moderately choppy" (micro).

October 22:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low on this day but instead analyzes 
a sharp trough with lowest pressure in the area between 30-35N, 76-84W.  
A warm front is plotted from 34N, 79W to 35N, 77W to east of 35N, 68W.  
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.3N, 80.8W with a 1008 mb pressure.  
Microfilm analyzes a spot low (no longer closed) near 32.6N, 81.3W with 
a front extending from the low eastward and then east-northeastward into 
the Atlantic.  No gales or low pressures.

October 23:
HURDAT no longer lists this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.8N, 75.4W with a 1008 mb pressure.

October 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39N, 60.5W 
with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold 
front extending from the low southward, southwestward, and then westward, 
but this cyclone appears to be the combination of the remnants of Love 
with another extratropical cyclone.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 41.0N, 56.9W with a 999 mb pressure.

On the 17th of October, an area of cyclonic turning accompanied by strong 
winds and low pressure began to take shape in the central Gulf of Mexico.  
This disturbed weather eventually formed into Tropical Storm Love on the 
18th.  The origin of Love is somewhat unclear.  HURDAT starts this system 
at 00Z on the 18th and this is unchanged, though it is not certain that 
a closed low had developed until about 12Z on that date.  A major track 
change is introduced at 00Z on the 18th based upon ship observations with 
minor track revisions indicated for the remainder of this system.  HURDAT 
initially indicated a 35 kt intensity at 00Z on the 18th, jumping to 
65 kt immediately at 06Z.  While there does exist a 60 kt ship measurement 
at 00Z, this observation appears substantially high biased compared to 
the nearby ships.  Initial intensity is set at 40 kt at 00Z on the 18th, 
a major downward revision.  From 12Z on the 18th to 12Z on the 19th, Love 
moved very slowly westward and then southward to 26.0N, 91.6W by 12Z on 
the 19th.  There is little doubt that the motion of both King and Love 
were being mutually influenced via the Fujiwara Effect on the 18th and 19th, 
as King was about 500 nmi east of Love on the 18th and 350 nmi northeast 
of Love on the 19th.  Love accelerated toward the east-southeast and turned 
toward the east-northeast by 00Z on the 20th at 25.4N, 89.6W.  The largest 
track change made from 12Z on the 18th through 00Z on the 20th was about 1 degree.   
Although aircraft could not locate a definite center fix during the flight on 
the 18th, a lowest pressure of 996 mb was recorded at 1845Z, but is it uncertain 
whether this is a central pressure value.  A central pressure of less than or 
equal to 996 mb yields a wind speed of at least 50 kt according to the 
Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  The intensity 
at 18Z is analyzed to be 60 kt, revised downward from 75 kt originally.  
Aircraft reported central pressures of 990 mb at both 1329 and 1921Z on 
the 19th, and these are added into HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 19th.  
The central pressure of 990 mb at 1329Z equals 59 kt according to the 
pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N, and 60 kt is chosen for 
12Z on the 19th (down from 80 kt originally- a major intensity change).  
The 990 mb central pressure at 1921Z equals 64 and 59 kt according to 
the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships respectively.  
Although the central pressure did not change during the 6 hours, the eye 
significantly contracted during that time, the forward speed of Love 
increased, and the cyclone lost latitude.  65 kt is chosen for 18Z on 
the 19th (down from 80 kt originally).  Love is analyzed to have first 
attained hurricane strength 36 hours later than originally.  On the 20th 
at 00Z, a ship recorded a 990 mb pressure with 25 kt winds.  This ship is 
analyzed to be located inside the RMW, suggesting a central pressure of 
about 987 mb.  A central pressure of 987 mb is added into HURDAT at 00Z on 
the 20th.  This value yields wind speeds of 68 and 64 kt, respectively, 
according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, 
and 70 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00Z on the 20th (down from 80 kt originally) 
because of the small eye radius reported just 5 hours earlier.  On the 20th, 
Love moved east-northeastward in the Gulf of Mexico, and it reached a 
location of 26.4, 86.5W by 18Z on the 20th.  The largest track change on 
that day was four-tenths of a degree, and the analysis was aided by 
aircraft fixes at 16 and 20Z on the 20th.  The former measured a central 
pressure of 992 mb and the latter measured a central pressure of 990 mb.  
A central pressure of 991 mb is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th, and 
this value yields 58 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
However, a ship a 20Z observed winds of 70 kt.  The 70 kt intensity analyzed 
at 00Z on the 20th is held through 00Z on the 21st, and 70 kt is the analyzed 
peak intensity for this storm (previously, HURDAT showed a peak intensity of 
80 kt from 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th).  On 21 October, Love 
made a turn to the northeast.  Love made landfall near the big bend of Florida 
at 11Z on 21 October at 29.7N, 83.4W.  The strongest wind observations on the 
21st were 35 kt from a ship and 35 kt at Cedar Key, FL.  The lowest valid 
pressures on the 21st were 998 mb from a ship at 00Z and 1001 mb at 
Cross City at 11Z and the highest observed winds 35 kt at Cedar Key at 10Z.  
1001 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 42 kt from 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  (999 mb was measured 
at two observations at Cedar Key.  However, based upon comparisons with the 
nearby Cross City pressures, the values at Cedar Key were running 3-5 mb too low.)  
The HURDAT track is shifted about a half degree to the left before and at 
landfall due to aircraft center fixes as well as the Cedar Key and Cross City 
observations.  The previous HURDAT intensity of 60 kt at 06Z on the 21st just 
before landfall is not altered.  However, the analyzed intensity at landall at 
11Z is 50 kt.  Love was significantly weakening from 70 kt to 50 kt during the 
final 10 hours before landfall, which is consistent with available observations 
as well as the assessment in MWR.  (The 12Z 21st intensity is actually adjusted 
upward from 35 kt originally to 50 kt, as it was an hour from the landfall at 11Z).  
There is no change to the timing of when Love weakened to a tropical depression 
(18Z on the 21st), but the position at that time is moved about a half degree to 
the north-northeast of the previous HURDAT position.  The final point listed in 
HURDAT for this cyclone is 18Z on the 21st, but observations indicate that Love 
did not dissipate until after 18Z on the 22nd, so 1 day is added into HURDAT for 
Love (a major change).  At 12Z on the 22nd, the analyzed position is 32.3N, 
81.4W (inland over extreme eastern Georgia) as a 30 kt tropical depression.  
Love is analyzed to have become an extratropical cyclone at 18Z on the 22nd 
still with a 30 kt intensity moving east-northeastward.  However, after 18Z 
on the 22nd, Love opened up into a sharp trough so 18Z on the 22nd is the last 
point listed for Love in the reanalysis.  A complex frontal system approaching 
from the west combined with the trough left over by Love to produce a powerful 
extratropical cyclone that was centered near 39N, 60W by 24 October.  Although 
this powerful, baroclinic system was partially due to Love, it resulted from 
the combination of Love with the other extratropical system, so the track for 
Love is not extended any further.
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 14 (Mike - new to HURDAT)

35465 10/25/1950 M= 4 14 SNBR= 785 MIKE        XING=0                          
35470 10/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*247 422  25    0*253 437  25    0*
35470 10/26*258 451  30    0*262 463  30    0*265 472  35    0*268 478  40    0*
35470 10/27*271 482  40    0*274 486  40    0*277 490  35    0*282 494  35    0*
35470 10/28*289 498  30    0*297 502  30    0*306 505  30    0*318 505  25    0*
35470 TS

HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the 
U.S. Air Weather Service post-season report indicate that 
a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred 
from 25 to 29 October in the central Atlantic Ocean.  This 
system was also listed in Jack Beven's list of suspects.

October 24:
HWM analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 30N, 
39W south-southwestward to 27N, 41W to 23N, 42W.  HWM also 
analyzes a dissipating cold front from 33N, 38W to 30N, 36W 
to 28N, 32W to 28N, 29W.  HURDAT does not list this system.  
The AWS post-season report suggests a 15 kt tropical 
depression is centered near 26.4N, 40.5W at 1230Z.  
Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 1013 mb at 18Z at 25.4N, 
40.6W (COA).  "Storm Mike first showed evidence of a closed 
circulation and westerly movement on the 1230Z 24 October map.  
Highest winds on this day are estimated at 15 kt.  The 
center of the low area at this time was near 26.4N, 40.5W 
and the movement was toward the west at a rate of 5 kt" (AWS).

October 25:
HWM analyzes a trough or wave axis extending from 28N, 
41W to 25N, 45W to 19N, 47W.  The AWS post-season report 
suggests a tropical depression centered in the general vicinity 
of 26.5N, 43.3W (I interpolated the AWS positions from the 24th 
and 26th, and the interpolated intensity would be 25 kt).  
Ship highlights: 5 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 06Z at 23.5N, 40.6W (COA); 
15 kt E and 1016 mb at 12Z at 25.6N, 40.0W (HWM).

October 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 
25.5N, 47W with a trough axis extending from the low southwestward 
to 20N, 55W.  The AWS best track first lists a tropical storm 
with a 1230Z position at 26.7N, 46.1W with 35 kt max winds.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 27.8N, 45.9W (COA).  
"The storm continued to accelerate until 26/1830Z when we find it 
at 26.9N, 47.1W moving WNW at 10 kt, with maximum winds of 35 kt" (AWS).

October 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 
28N, 48.5W.  A cold front is approaching from the northwest 
located about 400 nmi away from the feature of interest.  
The AWS best track lists a 0030Z position at 27.3N, 48.1W 
with 45 kt max winds and a 1230Z position at 27.7N, 48.9W 
with 35 kt max winds.  Microfilm at 12Z plots a tropical storm 
of at most 1014 mb near 29.8N, 48.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SSE and 1006 mb at 00Z at approximately 27.3N, 47.9W (AWS); 
20 kt SW and 1015 mb at 06Z at 25.6N, 48.5W (COA).  "The storm 
now slowed considerably. so that on 0030Z 27 October we find it 
moving WNW 5 kt with maximum winds of 45 kt in a small area.  
At this time the ship Alvelos reported SSE force 8, minimum 
pressure 1005.8 mb.  The ship at this time was about 10-15 miles 
east of the storm center.  This was the only ship report on this 
storm that was near enough the center to report gale winds. and 
in conjunction with other ship reports, [it was found] that this
storm was not very intense and covered a very small area" (AWS).  
"Storm Mike had winds of gale force from 1230Z 26 Oct. to 0030Z 28 Oct. 
These winds reached a maximum of 45 kt at 0030Z 27 Oct.  Minimum pressure 
at the center probably approached closely to 1000 mb as indicated by 
the ship report mentioned above of 1005.8 mb 10-15 miles from the center" (AWS).  
"The fact that Storm Mike was small and of little intensity is ascribed
to the fact that it occurred late in the season when cooler 
temperatures of both air and water prevented the accumulation 
of sufficient energy to develop a full hurricane" (AWS).

October 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.5N, 
50.3W with a NE-SW cold front approaching from the northwest located 
only 200 nmi from the feature of interest.  The AWS best track lists 
a 0030Z position at 28.3N, 50.1W with 35 kt max winds and a 1230Z
position at 30.3N, 50.6W with 25 kt max winds.  
Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1015 mb at 00Z at 29.7N, 48.7W (COA); 
20 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 50.3W (micro); 15 kt NE and 
1020 mb at 12Z at 32.4N, 50.0W (COA).  "The storm continued a 
curvature toward the east with increasing speed so that on 
28 October 1830Z we find it at 31.5N, 49.6W moving NE at a rate 
of 15 kt, with maximum winds of force 3 (10 kt).  Shortly after 
this time a cold front from the NW caused the storm to lose identity 
altogether" (AWS).

The Air Weather Service (AWS) post-season report listed this system 
as Tropical Storm Mike.  On 24 October, a trough with westerly 
movement was evident from observations in the central Atlantic 
along 40W between 23-30N.  There is not enough evidence of a 
closed low until 12Z on 25 October, and a 25 kt tropical depression 
is analyzed to have formed at that time at 24.7N, 42.2W.  The cyclone 
moved west-northwestward and was located near 26.5N, 47.2W by 12Z 
on the 26th.  At 00Z on the 27th, a ship reported the only observed 
gale (35 kt) associated with this cyclone.  The lowest pressure 
reported by the ship was 1006 mb simultaneous with the 35 kt winds.  
1006 mb peripheral pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 
32 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 
The ship is believed to have been located 10 to 15 miles from the 
center at the time the 1006 mb observation was recorded.  Due to the 
closed circulation with westerly motion, temperatures in the 70s 
surrounding the system from the 24th through the 28th, the 35 kt gale, 
and the 1006 mb peripheral pressure embedded within high (~1016 mb) 
environmental pressures, this system is added into HURDAT as a tropical 
storm.  A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 26th 
to 06Z on the 27th.  (Given that it is quite unlikely that the strongest
part of the cyclone was sampled by the Alvelos, the intensity is 
estimated slightly higher than this measurement.)  It is worth noting 
that the AWS analyzed the peak intensity at 45 kt, just higher than 
indicated here. The position at 12Z on the 27th is analyzed at 27.7N, 
49.0W with a 35 kt intensity.  Thereafter, an approaching cold front 
caused the cyclone to begin recurving, and it turned to the north-northwest.  
The tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression at 00Z on the 28th. 
 By 12Z on the 28th, the depression was located at 30.6N, 50.5W, which 
 is nearly the same position listed in the AWS post-season report for 12Z. 
 The analyzed intensity for 12Z on the 28th is still 30 kt.  According 
 to the AWS report, Mike recurved on the 28th because AWS indicates 
 northeastward motion between 12 and 18Z on the 28th.  It is analyzed 
 here - similar to the AWS report - that Mike was absorbed by the front 
 shortly after 18Z on the 28th.  It is also analyzed that this cyclone 
 did not become extratropical prior to dissipation.  The system is being 
 named "Mike", due to its designation as Tropical Storm Mike in the AWS 
 post-season report.  (It is a mystery why this system was not included 
 in the post-season MWR summaries or why it was not added in after the 
 fact like unnamed storm #12.)
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 15 (new to HURDAT)

35465 10/27/1950 M= 3 15 SNBR= 786 UNNAMED     XING=0                          
35470 10/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 260  35    0*267 266  40    0*
35470 10/28*273 272  45    0*277 279  45    0*280 286  45    0*280 294  40    0*
35470 10/29*279 303  35    0*278 313  30    0*275 325  30    0*270 338  30    0*
35470 TS

HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, 
occurred from 27-29 October in the far eastern subtropical Atlantic.

October 25:
HWM analyses no features of interest in the far eastern Atlantic.  HURDAT does 
not list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

October 26:
HWM analyses no features of interest in the far eastern Atlantic.  No gales or 
low pressures.

October 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 26N, 28.2W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1015 mb at 12Z at 27.0N, 26.9W (COA); 30 kt NE 
and 1015 mb at 12Z at 28.6N, 29.6W (COA, HWM); 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 
29.0N, 28.4W (COA).

October 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 28N, 29W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 29.2N, 28.0W (COA); 40 kt E 
and 1010 mb at 06Z at 29.5N, 27.5W (COA); 20 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 12Z at 25.7N, 
31.7W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1015 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 26.1W (COA, HWM).

October 29:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 28.3N, 32.5W with a cold front plotted from 40N, 29W becoming a 
stationary front at 35N, 41W extending to west-southwest of 32N, 48W.  This 
WSW-ENE frontal feature is plotted several hundred nautical miles northwest 
of the feature of interest.  No gales or low pressures.

October 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered in the general vicinity 
of 27.2N, 37.5W.  A cold front is plotted from 36N, 29W to 35N, 32W becoming 
a warm front at 34N, 39W, extending to 35N, 47W to beyond 37N, 52W.  The 
frontal features are located about 400 nmi north of the feature of interest. 
No gales or low pressures.

HWM plots a 1015 mb low with one closed isobar in the subtropical eastern Atlantic 
Ocean every day from 27 to 30 October.  The combination of COADS and HWM ship data 
indicates the likelihood of the existence of a tropical storm early on the 28th 
between 26-29N, 26-29W.  Two gales were observed - a 45 kt NE wind at 00Z (northwest 
of the center) and a 40 kt E wind at 06Z (north of the center).  Both of those gales
were observed simultaneously with pressures of 1010 mb (the lowest observed pressures 
for this system).  A 30 kt SE wind was observed at 12Z (northeast of the center).  
It is believed that all three of these observations are from the same ship.  This 
ship made a report every 6 hours from 00Z on 27th through 12Z on the 28th.  The lowest 
wind reported by this ship was 25 kt at 00 and 06Z on the 27th.  It is believed that 
the winds for this ship are biased around 5 kt too high.  Regardless, there is good 
evidence that the low is closed on the 28th due to a separate ship observation of 
20 kt NW and 1015 mb about 210 nmi SW of the center.  Also, temperatures in the 70s 
surround the low on all sides.  In addition, the observations indicate the circulation 
is compact with the highest winds and lowest pressures close to the center.  If the 
ship that reported the gales is biased 5 kt too high, two pieces of evidence exist 
that this cyclone was of tropical storm intensity.  

It is analyzed that a 35 kt tropical storm formed at 12Z on 27 October at 26.0N, 26.0W.  
The first definitive evidence of a closed low occurs at 12Z October 28th.  Given the 
sparse number of observations on the south side of the system on the 27th and early on 
the 28th, a closed low could not be confirmed but is quite likely to have occurred at 
those times.  It moved northwestward to a position of 28.0N, 28.6W by 12Z on the 28th.  
The 35 kt tropical storm intensified to 45 kt by 00Z on the 28th.  The 45 kt intensity 
is the analyzed peak intensity for the cyclone from 00Z to 12Z on the 28th.  Observations 
on the 29th are very sparse and the uncertainty in the analyzed position is higher on the 
29th, but the cyclone is analyzed to have moved westward to a position of 27.5N, 32.5W by 
12Z on the 29th.  The tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression 
by 06Z on the 29th.  There is little to no information on the 29th or 30th that proves 
the existence of a closed circulation on those days.  The last point is chosen for 18Z on 
the 29th as a 30 kt tropical depression before dissipation occurred.
********************************************************************************

1950 Storm 16 (new to HURDAT)

35465 11/10/1950 M= 4 16 SNBR= 787 UNNAMED     XING=0                          
35470 11/10*337 585  45    0*337 596  55    0*337 604  60    0*339 610  60    0*
35470 11/11*343 610  55    0*349 603  45    0*354 592  40    0*359 581  35    0*
35470 11/12*369 570  30    0*380 557  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35460 TS   

HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps indicate 
that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the western Atlantic 
Ocean from 10 - 13 November.

November 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 33N, 59W.  HURDAT does not list 
this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 12Z near 34.1N, 
59W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb 
centered in the general vicinity of 32N, 61W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 
06Z at 34.9N, 58.2W (COA); 45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 16Z at 33.4N, 61.4W (micro); 60 kt NW 
and 1002 mb at 18Z at 33.4N, 62.4W (micro).

November 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36N, 58W with a front approaching 
from the west plotted from northeast of 50N, 53W to 45N, 58W to 42N, 61W becoming a stationary 
front at 40N, 64W extending southwestward becoming a cold front again at 36N, 71W extending 
southwestward to beyond 30N, 79W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position 
near 30.4N, 60.1W and a 12Z position near 36.4N, 58.8W with a 996 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 
12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 36.5N, 58W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 32.7N, 59.6W (COA, micro); 20 kt NNE and 
1004 mb at 06Z at 34.2N, 61.1W (COA).

November 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.5N, 57.5W with a NE-SW cold 
front located northwest of the low extending from 50N, 40W to 45N, 47W to 41N, 55W to 38N, 
60W to 35N, 65W to 33N, 70W to 31N, 75W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
00Z position near 36.7N, 56.8W and last shows a position at 12Z near 37.1N, 55.2W with a 
1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a slightly elongated closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 33N, 57W.  No gales or low pressures.

November 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.5N, 53W with a warm front 
extending from the low east-northeastward to 44N, 33W, and a cold front extending from 
the low southwestward to 33N, 65W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 
different low from the one shown on the 10th through the 12th.  This low, which is shown 
to have been moving eastward, is plotted near 39.7N, 56.8W at 12Z with a 1009 mb pressure.  
A 3rd low in the vicinity is first shown at 18Z on the 13th near 43.3N, 44.1W with 
northeastward motion thereafter.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a very large closed low of 
at most 1014 mb.  The 1014 mb contour extends from 30-42N, 50-61W; however, the area 
south of 37N appears to be where a front should be located, and the area of come cyclonic 
turning is located between 38-42N, 52-58W.  No gales or low pressures.

A very broad, large trough was located over the western Atlantic during the days leading 
up to 10 November between 15-35N, 50-70W.  Observations on the 10th indicate that a cyclonic 
circulation is definitely closed on that day centered near 33.7N, 60.4W at 12Z.  At 06Z on 
the 10th, a ship about 120 nmi northeast of the center observed a 30 kt wind with a pressure 
of 1005 mb.  At 16Z, a ship less than 1 degree from the center of the cyclone recorded 45 kt 
winds with a 1001 mb pressure.  At 18Z, a different ship located not more than 80 nmi from 
the center observed 60 kt winds with a 1002 mb pressure.  Only a slight temperature gradient 
across the low of about 5 degrees is suggested by observations.  There were no fronts analyzed 
on either HWM or the microfilm maps on the 10th.  Since this cyclone was rather large, 
it would likely be classified as a subtropical cyclone if satellite imagery were avaiable and 
modern designation techniques were utilized, so this system is added into HURDAT.  This cyclone
is started at 00Z on the 10th as a 45 kt tropical storm.  A 60 kt intensity is analyzed from 
12 to 18Z on the 10th.  The center of the cyclone started out moving west-northwestward on the 
10th, but it reached its farthest west point by 00Z on the 11th and recurved.  The position 
at 00Z on the 11th was near 34.3N, 61.0W.  It moved northeastward to 35.4N, 59.2W by 12Z on 
the 11th, and by that time, the analyzed intensity is down to 40 kt.  The cyclone is analyzed 
to have weakened to a 30 kt tropical depression by 00Z on the 12th.  The cyclone continued 
moving northeastward on the 12th, before it opened up into a trough and merged with another 
cyclonic circulation.  A final position of 38.0N, 55.7W is analyzed at 06Z on the 12th as a
25 kt tropical depression.
*******************************************************************************

1950 Additional Notes

1) HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, microfilm, and Jack Beven's list of suspects 
indicate that a trough of low pressure was evident near the Bahamas, Cuba, and 
South Florida on 24 May.  The low became closed around 00Z on the 25th near 26N, 
78W, but the highest observed winds were 10-15 kt and the lowest observed pressures 
were about 1012 mb.  Despite the low environmental pressure to the south and east, 
it appears as if the weak cyclonic turning was occurring a small scale.  It is possible 
that this may have been a tropical depression on the 25th, but the winds remained very 
weak.  The low moved rather rapidly northeastward through 12Z on the 26th; however, 
by the 26th, the low was very large and broad.  Although it was still non-frontal on 
the 26th, the radius of the OCI (1014 mb) was 400 nmi.  Furthermore, no gales or low 
pressures were observed between the 24th and 26th of May.  By the 27th, analyses and 
observations indicate that a W-E warm front may have been taking shape with the west 
end of the warm front located not far to the east of the low.  This low remained very 
large and perhaps frontal through at least the 28th of May.  On the 27th and 28th, several 
pressures between 1001-1005 mb were observed; however, only one gale was reported.  
At 00Z on 28 May, a ship plotted on microfilm (and not in COADS) shows 50 kt with 1004 mb.  
This observation does not fit in too well with surrounding observations.  This combined 
with the fact that there were no other gales of even 35 kt reported suggests that the ship 
observation of 50 kt may have been too high.  Even if the ship observation was correct, 
the low was very broad, and it is analyzed to have a weak warm front to the east.  On the 29th, 
the low may become somewhat smaller, but it also starting filling on the 29th, and it was 
still frontal on the 29th.  By the 30th, it weakened even more and opened up into a 
trough/front on the 31st.  Although this suspect is the closest suspect in 1950 listed in 
the additional notes section to being a tropical cyclone and added into HURDAT, it was not 
close to being a tropical storm or subtropical on any of the days.  Thus, this suspect in 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 24					Open trough 27N, 75W to 20N, 82W
May 25		28N	74W		Broad low
May 26		33N	67W		Broad low
May 27		33N	67W		Broad low; extratropical
May 28		33N	66W		Broad low; extratropical
May 29		33N	62W		Broad low; extratropical
May 30		34N	60W		Broad low; extratropical
May 31					Open trough 37N, 46W to 34N, 58W

2) A weak, broad low appeared in the north Atlantic on 19 August.  The low strengthened 
slightly on the 20th and 21st, but it was still broad.  NHC microfilm maps show a broad, 
weak, closed low with little to no temperature gradient.  However, no gales or low 
pressure were observed with this system from any source.  Thus, this suspect is not 
added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 19		39N	49W		Broad low/trough
Aug 20		38N	49W		Broad low
Aug 21		35N	52W		Broad low
Aug 22		33N	57W		Broad low

3) Microfilm indicates that an easterly wave moved through the Caribbean Sea from the 
18th to the 24th of September.  The weak easterly wave was near 70W on the 19th, with 
max winds of 20 kt gusting to 35 kt.  By the 21st, the wave was near 80W.  On the 23rd, 
a very weak low formed near 21N, 84W, and it may have made landfall in Cuba as a tropical 
depression around 00Z on the 24th.  No gales or low pressures were observed for the 
duration of the lifetime of this system, thus it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 18					Open wave along 65W in Caribbean Sea
Sep 19					Open wave along 70W in Caribbean Sea
Sep 20					Open wave along 75W in Caribbean Sea
Sep 21					Open wave along 80W in Caribbean Sea
Sep 22					Open wave along 83W in Caribbean Sea
Sep 23		21N	84W		Broad low/trough
Sep 24		22N	83W		Broad low/trough
Sep 25					Dissipated

4) HWM, COADS, and Jack Beven's list of suspects indicate that there may have been a closed 
low in the far eastern Atlantic between 28 September and 2 October.  HWM analyzes a closed 
isobar, but there are not sufficient observations to indicate that the low was definitely 
closed.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 27					Open trough over Africa
Sep 28		19N	18W		Broad low; trough
Sep 29		22N	21W		Broad low; trough
Sep 30		25N	26W		Broad low; trough
Oct 1		25N	33W		Broad low; trough
Oct 2					Open trough along 42W, 20-25N

5) A trough of low pressure was present on 3 - 4 October from the Florida Keys extending 
south-southwestward to Central America.  On the 4th, two separate disturbances appeared 
to have been forming- one near western Cuba and the other just north of Honduras.  The 
former migrated northward near south Florida by the 5th, did not produce any gales, and 
likely did not become a tropical cyclone.  The latter disturbance was a broad low/trough 
present in the western Caribbean on the 4th and 5th.  A ship - the Banpico - reported 25-30 kt S 
with 1002 mb at 07Z on the 4th at 16.9N 84.2W (micro).  However, there is no confirmation 
of a closed low on that date and the ship's pressure may have been biased low.  It is possible 
that the system was a tropical cyclone on the 4th and/or the 5th.  On the 6th and 7th, the 
disturbance was over the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and the circulation became disrupted 
both by land and interaction with a cold front.  The system was not a tropical cyclone on the 
6th and 7th.  Early on the 8th, the system moved over the Gulf of Mexico and began to develop 
into what became Hurricane Item.  The track of Item therefore cannot be extended back in time.  
(Also on the 4th and 5th a squall line was indicated in the HWM analysis northeast of the Bahamas.  
This feature did not produce observed gales, not did it appear to be a closed circulation.  
Thus this system is also not added into HURDAT.)

Low #1

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 3					Open trough over northwestern Carribean
Oct 4					Open trough near western Cuba
Oct 5		 			Open trough near south Florida
Oct 6					Merged with front

Low #2

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 3					Open trough over northwestern Carribean
Oct 4		17N	86W		Broad low/trough
Oct 5		19N	87W		Broad low/trough
Oct 6		 			Open trough over Yucatan
Oct 7					Open trough over Yucatan

6) HWM indicates that an area of low pressure began to take shape on 15 October around 8N, 50W.  
It moved northwestward and slowly organized into a possible tropical depression by the 18th near 
12N, 59W.  The low may have remained a depression through the 21st as it moved near Puerto Rico.  
After that, it dissipated into an open trough.  There was only one gale observed in the vicinity 
of this system (on NHC microfilm), and no low pressures were observed.  At 00Z on the 22nd, a ship 
reported 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 17.3N, 66.4W, but the gale is probably not related to the low 
because the feature of interest is analyzed to have been well north of that location by that time.  
Also, by the 22nd, there is no longer evidence that the low is definitely closed, and this system 
is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 15					Open wave/trough 12N, 49W to 6N, 53W
Oct 16		9N	51W		Spot low
Oct 17		11N	54W		Spot low
Oct 18		12N	59W		Tropical depression
Oct 19		13N	64W		Tropical depression
Oct 20		13N	69W		Tropical depression
Oct 21		18N	68W		Tropical depression
Oct 22					Open wave/trough 26N, 70W to 20N, 76W

7) COADS, HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, and microfilm indicate that an extratropical cyclone 
emerged over the northeastern coast of the United States on 23 October moving eastward.  It 
produced many gales and low pressures on the 24th of October.  This system qualified for the 
1950 additional notes section due to the following quote found on the Oct. 24th 18Z NHC 
microfilm map from a ship: "[Oct. 24] 2015 GMT- 39.8N, 53.3W- Passed through storm's eye.  
Barometer 29.60".  Temperature 70.  Area of clear 10 miles wide.  Wind shifted SW 30 kt 
to N 30 kt."  Despite this quote, observations indicate a very large temperature gradient, 
and there is no doubt that this cyclone was extratropical.  After the 24th, the extratropical 
cyclone continued to move northeastward, and it weakened.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 23		37N	71W		Extratropical
Oct 24		40N	57W		Extratropical Storm

8) HWM, NHC microfilm, COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows were utilized to obtain information 
on this suspect.  On 28 October, as a tropical storm near 30N, 50W was being approached by 
a cold front, which extended from 40N, 42W to 35N, 49W to 31N, 58W to 30N, 64W, a weak, 
broad area of low pressure began to form well south or south-southwest of the tail end of the 
cold front.  The broad low moved quickly northeastward towards the tail end of the front, and 
they essentially merged around 00Z on the 30th.  The winds around the area were not of gale force 
by that time, and the pressures were not very low yet either since the front had been in the 
dissipating stages and the low was weak as well.  However, the combined system soon began to 
intensify as an extratropical system, and the new extratropical low moved northeastward.  There 
were no gales or low pressures observed with this system until 12Z on the 30th.  This system is 
analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 30th.  The first low pressure of 1005 mb was 
observed at 12Z on the 30th and the first gale (40 kt) was observed at 00Z on the 31st.  Even before 
the low became extratropical, it was too broad to be considered a tropical depression at any time.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 28		21N	65W		Broad low/trough
Oct 29		28N	63W		Broad low/trough
Oct 30		34N	62W		Extratropical storm
Oct 31		44N	50W		Extratropical storm
Nov 1		47N	50W		Extratropical storm/occluding

9) HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad trough of low pressure existed between 22-35N, 
55-62W on the 17th.  On the 17th, there was one gale of 35 kt along with a pressure of 1019 mb at 
32N, 61W.  But observations indicate that the trough was very broad at that time and covered a 
large area of the Atlantic with no evidence of a closed circulation on a smaller scale.  On the 18th, 
a somewhat smaller, but weak low emerged from this trough and moved northward, and it became extratropical.  
At 00Z on the 18th, it was not extratropical yet, and the low was located near 35N, 58W at that time.  
Winds of 15 kt and pressures of 1008 and 1009 mb were observed on the east side and west side of the low.  
After it became extratropical, there were a few low pressure observations between 1000-1005 mb directly 
related to this low on the 18th before it merged with another extratropical low on the 19th.  No more 
gales were observed.  This system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	 LON		STATUS
Nov 17					Broad low/trough 35N, 55W to 26N, 58W to 22N, 62W
Nov 18		41N	 57W		Extratropical
Nov 19					Absorbed

10) HWM, NHC microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad low moved northward into the central 
Atlantic from the tropical central Atlantic during 20-23 November.  Although the low appears 
to have remained too broad for its entire lifetime to be considered a tropical cyclone, 
observations are very sparse on most of the days.  Within the large trough, it is possible 
that a TC may have existed, but all data sources were utilized, and we may never know if 
there was a TC there due to a lack of observations in the data-sparse area.  There were no 
observed gales or low pressures from the 20th through the 22nd.  The NHC microfilm maps at 
18Z on the 22nd and 00Z on the 23rd are interesting, but this low lies on the eastern edge 
of the map, and only winds as high as 25 kt and pressures as low as 1008 mb are found.  
On the 23rd, the HWM analysis is complicated, and it is difficult to track where the low 
traveled to from the 22nd position (although the microfilm map at 00Z on the 23rd shows the 
low located perhaps only slightly northeast of the 22/12Z position.  In addition to no highlights 
observed from the 20th through the 22nd, no gales were observed on the 23rd either.  However, 
there were a few low pressures observed between 1004-1005 mb (COADS) on the 23rd.  But the broad 
low appears to have lacked organization.  This system is not added into HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 20		20N	55W		Broad low/trough
Nov 21		22N	55W		Broad low/trough
Nov 22		28N	49W		Broad low/trough
Nov 23					Broad low/trough- box between 20-38N, 37-53W
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 1 (new to HURDAT)

35845 01/02/1951 M=11  1 SNBR= 791 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
35850 01/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E305 580  50    0E299 568  45    0*
35850 01/03E290 557  45    0E275 548  45    0E265 545  45    0E261 552  45    0*
35850 01/04E258 561  45    0E255 570  45    0E251 579  45    0*240 589  45    0*
35855 01/05*227 600  45    0*221 607  45    0*217 611  45    0*215 613  45    0*
35855 01/06*213 615  50    0*210 617  50    0*207 620  55    0*203 624  55    0*
35855 01/07*202 629  55    0*202 637  55    0*206 645  55    0*210 652  55    0*
35855 01/08*213 658  55    0*216 662  55    0*219 665  50    0*223 665  50    0*
35855 01/09*230 661  50    0*243 655  50    0*260 649  50    0*275 642  50    0*
35855 01/10E289 634  50    0E306 621  50    0E326 605  50    0E342 588  50    0*
35855 01/11E352 572  50    0E370 555  50    0E390 535  45    0E413 507  45    0*
35855 01/12E425 480  45    0E436 450  40    0E447 410  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
35860 TS 

HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the January 1951 MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
chart, MWR 1951 p. 189 (Moore and Davis 1951), MWR 1956 p. 13 (Colon 1956), Hector (1975), Roth (2006), 
and Beven (personal communication, 2010) indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in 
HURDAT, occurred during January, 1951 in the central tropical Atlantic Ocean.

January 1:
HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW cold front extending from 45N, 52W to 40N, 56W through an “L” plotted at 36.5N, 
61W to 30N, 65W to 25N, 70W.  HURDAT does not previous list this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.5N, 63.2W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z shows an 
analysis very similar to the HWM analysis, except that microfilm analyzes an elongated, closed low of 
most 1002 mb centered near 37N, 60W in addition to the cold front.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 34.5N, 63.5W.  Ship highlights: 70 kt NW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 
67.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 1009 mb at 12Z at 34.1N, 66.9W (HWM, COA); 50 kt N and 1017 mb at 18Z at 
36.5N, 66.0W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.  “The storm started as a frontal wave 
cyclone during January 1 around 34N, 69W.  It moved first eastward and then curved southward toward 
tropical latitudes” (Colon 1956).  “At 1230Z on the 1st, a frontal wave is shown in the analysis near 
36N, 61W just as there are indications of a 500 hPa closed low pinching off of the southern end of a 
polar trough” (Roth).

January 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.8N, 57.5W with a stationary front 
extending from the low northeastward to 37N, 47W and a dissipating cold front extending from the 
low southward and southwestward to 25N, 58W to 21N, 61W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 31.6N, 57.3W with a 996 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated, 
closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 31.7N, 55.8W with frontal analyses similar to the HWM 
analysis.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 31.5N, 56.5W.  Ship highlights: 
40 kt NE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 60.2W (COA).  Three other gales of 35 kt and one other low 
pressure of 998 mb.  “By the 2nd, this [frontal] wave deepens as it moves southeast in tandem with 
the upper cyclone, which at the time is quite cold core, with -20C temperatures indicated at 500 hPa.  
The northern portion of the parent upper trough moves eastward toward western Europe, and shortwave 
ridging builds north of the closed low” (Roth).

January 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.6N, 54.7W with a dissipating stationary 
front extending from the low northeastward to 30N, 53W to 32N, 50W to 34N, 45W.  At 12Z, Roth lists 
this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 27.5N, 55.5W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z 
at 25.0N, 55.0W (HWM, COA).  Three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  “By January 3 it was 
already isolated from the polar air and no fronts were distinguished in the circulation after this 
date” (Colon 1956).  “By the 3rd, the system is nearly barotropic at the surface, with essentially 
zero temperature and dewpoint contrast within almost 1,000 km east, south, and west of the circulation 
center.  There are still indications of a draping warm front to its northeast.  The upper cyclone moves 
farther into a data void, and from this point onward in the map series a 500 hPa temperature of -12C is 
shown over the center, an 8C warming from the 1st and 2nd” (Roth).

January 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.9N, 57.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.5N, 57.3W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt subtropical 
cyclone at 25.5N, 57.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 12Z at 27.5N, 59.0W and at 18Z at 
27.7N, 59.0W (COA); 25 kt S and 1004 mb at 12Z at 25.5N, 56.4W (COA, micro).  One other low pressure of 
1005 mb.  “Between January 4 and January 9, 1951, this storm exhibited properties resembling a true 
tropical storm.  Winds of force 7 to 10 (28-55 kt) were reported, the stronger winds generally observed 
closer to the center.  The central pressure ranged from 1000-1005 mb, perhaps lower.  The wind and 
pressure fields indicated a warm-core structure” (Colon 1956).  “At this point, the surface low takes 
on a southwesterly track, approaching Puerto Rico from the northeast, while becoming smaller in scale 
as the wind field substantially contracts when compared to previous days, indicating it could be nearly 
tropical in character by the 5th” (Roth).

January 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.3N, 60.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.3N, 61.2W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.8N, 60.6W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt subtropical 
storm at 22.5N, 61.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 21.9N, 59.3W (micro); 30 kt S and 
1004 mb at 18Z at 20.8N, 60.9W (COA).

January 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.3N, 61.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 62.5W with a 999 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 62.0W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 21.0N, 62.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 20.7N, 61.0W (micro); 50 to 
55 kt NE at 17Z at 20.5N, 62.7W (micro, Moore and Davis, Colon); 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.8N, 
62.0W (micro).  “It continued on a southward track reaching latitude 20N on January 6.  A recurvature 
to the west occurred at this point, just in time to prevent the storm from striking land” (Colon).  
“The surface chart for 1230 GMT, January 6, 1951, shows the storm centered at 21N, 61.5W, with a minimum 
pressure of around 1004 mb and a wind report of force 8 (37 kt).  Six hours after this map a ship 
reported winds of force 10 (48-55 kt) close to the center” (Colon, Hector).  “The Atlantic maps reveal 
an example as recently as January 1951 in which a storm, devoid of fronts and exhibiting most of the 
characteristics of a tropical storm, produced a wind speed of over 60 mph north of the Leeward Islands” 
(Moore and Davis 1951).  “It didn’t gain cyclone status until the 6th at ~ 21N, 61.8W…” (Hector).

January 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.7N, 65.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.3N, 63.6W with a 1002 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 21N, 64W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as 
a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.5N, 65.0W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The system makes its closest approach 
to Puerto Rico on the 7th, and their temperature at 500 hPa falls from a steady -6/-7C reading -10C, 
indicating that if there is a warm core, it is embedded still within a larger relatively cool pocket of 
air at 500 hPa.  This would be a similar development sequence to Karl of 1980, the Unnamed Hurricane of 
1991 off the East Coast of the United States, and recent South Atlantic Hurricane of March 2004” (Roth).  
“During the 7th and 8th, there are indications in the map series of south to southwesterly wind shear 
impacting the cyclone.  The 500 hPa low is analyzed northeast of the surface low, which is consistent 
with a deep trough approaching the system from the west” (Roth).

January 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.3N, 66.5W.  A cold front is beginning to 
approach the cyclone but is located still 400 nmi northwest of the cyclone.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 65.3W with a 998 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.2N, 66.3W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical 
storm at 22.0N, 66.5W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1004 mb at 12Z at 22.0N, 67.3W (COA) and 22.3N, 67.3W 
(COA); 40 kt E and 997 mb at 18Z at 22.3N, 66.4W (micro); 35 kt WSW at 18Z at 22.2N, 66.5W (COA); 25 kt 
NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 23.0N, 66.6W (COA).  “On the 8th, when it passed just north of Paso de la Mona, 
it recurved NE toward the southeastern Bahamas (where it originated [several] days before) to become an 
extratropical storm” (Hector).

January 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.2N, 64.6W with a NE-SW cold front approaching 
the low, now located only 150 to 175 nmi NW of the cyclone.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 23.9N, 65.8W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low; 
the microfilm analysis could be indicating that the cyclone is getting absorbed by or merging with a front 
or another low pressure system.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 25.0N, 64.5W.  Ship 
highlights: 40 kt W and 1008 mb at 00Z at 21.2N, 66.0W (micro); 25 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 24.0N, 
66.7W (COA).

January 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 31.9N, 60.2W with a warm front extending from the low 
northeastward to 35N, 57W to 38N, 51W to 39N, 47W and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward 
to 27N, 62W becoming a dissipating cold front at 24N, 64W to 20N, 67W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 30.5N, 59.5W with a 999 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1008 mb centered near 33.3N, 61.0W with the SW end of a possible warm front located at 36N, 56W extending 
northeastward to 39N, 47W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 32.0N, 61.0W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z at 31.0N, 62.9W (COA); 45 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z at 29.5N, 62.5W (COA);
 ~45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 33.7N, 61.0W (COA, micro, HWM).  “The storm turned northward and joined a 
polar front on January 10 and became again an extratropical storm” (Colon).  “The system slowly weakens, 
with the system becoming a frontal wave by 1230 GMT on the 10th as a new 500 hPa cyclone develops to its 
northwest out of the based of the approaching cold upper trough” (Roth).

January 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39.6N, 53.9W (probably the feature of interest) with a 
warm front extending from the low eastward to 41N, 48W to 39N, 37W and a cold front extending from the 
low southward to 35N, 54W, becoming a stationary front there extending to a spot low in the trough near 
31N, 57W and a cold front extending south-southwestward from there.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 37.9N, 53.9W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of 
at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 39.7N, 53.6W with a warm front extending from the low 
eastward and a likely cold front extending from the low south-southwestward.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 
45 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 54.0W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 00Z at 33.1N, 56.8W (COA); 35 kt 
(S or E?) and 1007 mb at 00Z at 35.5N, 55.7W (COA, micro); 25 kt S and 1003 mb at 18Z at 41.6N, 49.8W (COA); 
35 kt S and 1009 mb at 18Z at 40.1N, 47.8W (COA, micro).  Five other gales of 35 kt.

January 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 45.3N, 40.3W (probably the feature of interest) 
with a warm front extending from the low east-southeastward and a cold front extending from the low southwestward 
for a short distance, becoming a warm front at 42N, 44W, and extending to another closed low of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 40.5N, 47.5W.  A cold front extends southward from this low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 44.7N, 40.7W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 00Z (the last time before the low 
travels off the northeast edge of the map) shows a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 41.3N, 49.3W within 
a trough of low pressure.  Roth last lists this at 12Z as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 46.0N, 40.0W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1012 mb at 00Z at 41.8N, 52.7W (COA, micro); 35 kt SSW at 06Z and 35 kt WSW at 12Z and 
1007 mb at 44.0N, 41.0W (COA, HWM); 15 kt W and 999 mb at 18Z at 45.5N, 32.5W (COA).  One other gale of 35 kt and 
at least five other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  “The deepening extratropical cyclone rides northeastward 
along the frontal boundary, with the surface wave eventually dampening out somewhere east-northeast of 46N, 40W on 
the 12th as its 500 hPa cyclone starts shearing out in advance of the next closed cyclone dropping through New 
England” (Roth).

January 13:
The HWM analysis suggests that the feature of interest was absorbed by 12Z on the 13th.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.0N, 38.6W with a 995 mb pressure.  [This MWR chart appears 
to following the incorrect low starting on the 13th because HWM maps and available observations indicate that 
the feature of interest was either absorbed or dissipated and no longer closed by the 13th.  The MWR chart is 
tracking the low referred to above in the HWM analysis sentence of the January 12th paragraph… “another closed 
low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.5N, 47.5W”].

January 14:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.5N, 30.7W with a 989 mb pressure.  
[This MWR chart is not tracking the feature of interest on this day, as in the January 13th paragraph].

An intense frontal system was located in the northwestern Atlantic on New Years Day, 1951 aligned from about 
45N, 52W to 25N, 70W.  On the 1st, winds behind the front were as high as hurricane force and temperatures were 
cold.  Since the flow east of that frontal system was all from the SSW, and the flow west of the frontal system 
was all from the north, a closed low did not yet exist on the 1st.  On the 2nd, an extratropical cyclone developed 
along the front and is analyzed to have been sufficiently closed by 12Z to be considered an extratropical cyclone.  
The first point will be at 12Z on 2 January as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 30.5N, 58.0W.  The cyclone moved 
southeastward and curved southward on the 3rd to a position near 26.5N, 54.5W by 12Z on the 3rd as a 45 kt 
extratropical cyclone.  From the 3rd to the 6th of January, the cyclone moved southwestward and decelerated on 
the 5th, and it was located only a short distance north of the northern Leeward Islands and Virgin Islands before 
it turned westward on the 6th.  The extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have transitioned to a tropical cyclone 
by 18Z on the 4th (today it may have been considered a subtropical cyclone from about 18Z on the 4th through 06Z 
on the 6th, but then it may have been considered purely tropical from the 6th through the 9th of January).  On 
the 6th it turned westward and is analyzed to have been located at 20.7N, 62.0W at 12Z on the 6th.  The cyclone 
reached its farthest south latitude of 20.2N, on the 7th from 00-06Z.  On the 8th, it curved northward and on the 
9th it turned north-northeastward ahead of an approaching frontal system.  The analyzed farthest west position of 
the cyclone occurred at 12-18Z on the 8th around 22N, 66.5W.  It interacted with a front, and the tropical cyclone 
is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 10th.  The cyclone maintained its identity through 12 January 
as it rode northeastward along the front before it was absorbed or dissipated by the 13th.  At 12Z on the 12th, the 
analyzed position is 44.7N, 41.0W as a 40 kt extratropical storm.  

There were numerous gales and low pressures observed with this cyclone during both the tropical and extratropical 
phases.  On the 4th and 5th a few gales of 35 kt were observed and a couple of 1004 mb pressures were also observed.  
The analyzed intensity on the 4th and 5th is 45 kt- consistent with David Roth’s analysis.  On the 6th, a ship 
recorded a force 10 wind (~50 kt) at 17Z (the highest wind recorded during the tropical portion of the lifetime 
of this cyclone), and on the 8th at 18Z, a 997 mb pressure was recorded (the lowest pressure recorded during the 
tropical phase) simultaneously with 40 kt winds.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb yields a wind speed to greater 
than 53 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The highest available wind observation 
on the 8th was 40 kt, and 40 kt was observed again on the 9th.  A 55 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 
6th through 06Z on the 9th.  When the cyclone became tropical at 18Z on the 4th, 45 kt was analyzed, increasing to 
55 kt by 12Z on the 6th.  The 55 kt intensity at 06Z on the 9th is analyzed to have decreased to 50 kt by 12Z.  This 
50 kt intensity is maintained until 06Z on the 11th (well after the cyclone became extratropical).  The intensity is 
analyzed to have decreased to 40 kt by 06Z on the 12th.  No central pressures are analyzed to be added to HURDAT with 
this storm, but observations suggest a central pressure of near or less than 993 mb at 18Z on the 8th.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 2 (Able) - (was Storm 1)

35495 05/15/1951 M=10  1 SNBR= 785 ABLE        XING=0                           
35495 05/16/1951 M= 9  2 SNBR= 785 ABLE        XING=0                           
         **        **  *

(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
35500 05/15*  0   0   0    0*280 646  25    0*300 665  25    0*308 671  25    0*

35505 05/16*314 685  25    0*319 708  30    0*318 732  30    0*310 753  35    0*
35505 05/16*320 680  30    0*319 708  30    0*316 738  35    0*306 764  35    0*
            *** ***  **                       *** ***  **      *** ***

35510 05/17*301 771  40    0*294 782  55    0*287 786  65    0*280 788  65    0*
35510 05/17*294 775  45    0*288 784  55    0*282 788  65    0*275 789  70  983*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

35515 05/18*273 787  70    0*269 782  70    0*270 777  75    0*272 773  80    0*
35515 05/18*271 786  75    0*269 783  75    0*270 779  75  982*272 775  70  985*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***      ***     ***  **  ***

35520 05/19*274 770  80    0*277 767  80    0*281 763  80    0*288 760  80    0*
35520 05/19*274 772  70    0*277 769  70    0*281 766  75  982*287 763  75    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***  **

35525 05/20*297 758  80    0*306 756  85    0*315 754  90    0*324 753  90    0*
35525 05/20*295 760  75  980*305 757  75    0*314 754  75    0*324 752  75  979*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **  ***

35530 05/21*332 752  95    0*344 747 100    0*355 742 100    0*359 736 100    0*
35530 05/21*335 750  75    0*347 746  75    0*356 742  75  978*361 738  75  976*
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

35535 05/22*362 730  95    0*365 722  90    0*366 712  85    0*366 702  80    0*
35535 05/22*363 732  80    0*365 723  80    0*366 711  80  973*367 699  80    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***

35540 05/23*365 690  70    0*364 670  60    0*365 650  50    0E371 636  45    0*
35540 05/23*368 687  80    0*370 670  80    0*373 650  75  984*376 635  65    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **  ******* ***  **

35545 05/24E379 623  45    0E387 612  45    0E395 600  45    0E401 592  45    0*
35545 05/24*380 622  55    0*387 612  50    0*397 600  45    0*405 587  35  994*
           **** ***  **     *         **     ****             **** ***  **  ***

35550 HR
 
International Landfall:
5/18 12Z 27.0N 77.9W - 75 kt 982 mb – Bahamas

U.S. impact:
5/17 18Z – Closest approach to Florida – 40 kt impact for Florida


Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this May hurricane.  Major changes are also made to 
the genesis and the decay of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), 
the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, 
Bahamian observations and commentary from the Nassau Guardian provided by Trevor Basden and Wayne Neely, Moore and Davis 
(1951), Tannehill (1956), and Roth (2006).

May 15:
HWM analyzes a spot low located near 25.3N, 66.7W located within a trough from around 22N, 69W to the southwest end of 
a SW-NE warm front from 29N, 67W to 37N, 53W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 30.0N, 66.5W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.5N, 66.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 28.4N, 66.1W 
located along a trough or front (similar to the HWM analysis).  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1026 mb at 06Z at 28.5N, 
79.8W (COA).  “The wave is shown amplifying on the 15/0030Z and 15/1230Z surface charts, and an initial vortex developing 
on the 16/0630Z surface chart after having moved rather rapidly west-northwestward” (ATS).

May 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.6N, 70.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 
31.8N, 73.2W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
of at most 1011 mb centered near 31.5N, 73.2W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 12Z at 33.0N, 75.5W (COA, micro); 
35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 76.3W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1018 mb at 12Z at 34.2N, 75.6W (COA).  “It might be noted 
that up until 16/1500Z, convergence was taking place aloft over the surface vortex, and after that time, the vortex came 
under the effects of northerly winds aloft, or in effect, divergent winds.  The divergent winds allowed outflow to take place 
above the surface vortex… This allowed the surface vortex to deepen and also caused it to moved southwestward at 12 to 15 kt” 
(ATS).

May 17:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.4N, 78.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 28.7N, 78.6W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR 
post-season track map also shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1005 mb centered near 28.7N, 79.0W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 30.9N, 79.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 
994 mb at 12Z at 28.2N, 79.6W (micro).  Three other gales between 35-50 kt and four other low pressures between 997-1005 mb.  
Land/station highlights: 38 kt W (max w/1-min) at Miami, FL (climo); 31 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Jacksonville, FL (climo).  
Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1845Z at 27.3N, 78.9W with a 983 mb central pressure and 65 kt max estimated winds (ATS).  
“[Able] reached tropical storm intensity after 17/0030Z.  It reached hurricane intensity after 17/1230Z [after slowing its 
southward motion to 8 to 10 kt].  [Able] then slowed and began to curve towards the southeast at about 4 to 6 kt as it came 
under the effects of northwesterly winds associated with the low aloft, as shown on the 17/1500Z upper air charts” (ATS).  
“The earliest fully developed hurricane of record in the Atlantic developed east of Florida during the night of May 16.  At 
0700 EST (1200Z) on the 17th, the steamship R. P. Smith reported winds of Beaufort force 9 to 10, falling pressure, and waves 
25 to 30 feet high near 28.5N, 79.5W.  This was the first definite information that a severe storm had formed.  The Navy 
recon squadron was ordered out immediately.  During the 17th, they reported a storm of full hurricane strength moving southward” 
(MWR).  “The hurricane was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reports at 27.3N, 78.9W at 17/1845Z.  The eye was 
described as poorly defined insofar as clouds were concerned but clearly defined by pressure and winds.  The maximum winds were 
estimated to be 65 kt to the east of the center and the minimum pressure was 983 mb in the eye” (ATS).  From the May, 1951 
National Climatic Data Summary… “A pre-season hurricane, the earliest on record, appeared off the Florida coast on the 17th... 
Its nearest approach to [Florida] was about 100 miles east of Ft. Pierce, FL and its only effects on land were fresh winds and 
light showers…” (climo).

May 18:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 26.8N, 78.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 77.7W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.3N, 77.9W with a 982 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near 27.2N, 
78.0W.  Ship highlights: 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 31.2N, 79.0W (COA); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 06Z at 25.8N, 77.4W (COA).  
One other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Land highlights: 80-85 kt for 5 hours sometime between 00Z-12Z at Walker’s Cay (likely to be 
visual estimates - 27.1N, 78.3W) (MWR); ~65-70 kt at Grand Bahama Island and Little Abaco Island (likely to be visually estimated 
- MWR).  One other low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0520Z, 0800Z, and 0830Z between 26.9-27.0N, 
78.2W (micro); center fix at 1215Z at 27.0N, 78.1W with 982 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); center fix at 2047Z 
at 27.4N, 77.5W with 985 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds.  “It was later determined that the hurricane was moving on a broad 
curving loop which brought it over Little Bahama Banks during the night of the 17th and on the 18th.  Walker’s Cay on these banks 
reported 90 to 95 mph [80 to 85 kt] winds for 5 hours during the night of the 17-18th, and Grand Bahama and Little Abaco islands both 
reported about the lower limits of hurricane force” (MWR).  “The hurricane curved slowly eastward at about 4 kt after 18/0630Z under 
the westerly flow aloft… and was fixed by a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane at 27N, 78.1W at 18/1215Z.  The central pressure in 
the eye was 982 mb.  The maximum winds had increased to 70 kt to the east of the eye with 55 kt winds extending outward to the east 
and northeast about 40 miles from the [eye] edge.  Maximum winds to the west and southwest of the eye were 60 kt and extended about 
25 miles from the [eye] edges.  After this fix, the hurricane began curving northeastward at about 4 kt under southwesterly flow aloft.  
The hurricane was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft at 27.4N, 77.5W with 18/2047Z with a minimum pressure in the eye of 
985 mb and maximum winds of 80 kt” (ATS).

May 19:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.4N, 76.3W.  HWM analyzes another low of at most 1015 mb centered near 
36.5N, 74W with a dissipating cold front extending southwestward from the low 34N, 76W becoming a stationary front at 32N, 80W, 
which extends to 32N, 83W to 34N, 85W to 40N, 83W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 28.1N, 76.3W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 77.2W with a 982 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position 
near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy radar center fixes at 0200, 0300, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, and 0900Z between 27.4-27.9N, 76.8-77.1W (micro); center fix 
(loran) at 1237Z at 28.1N, 76.7W with a 982 mb central pressure, 75 kt max winds and 25 nm eye diameter at 1319Z (micro, ATS); center 
fix at 2233Z at 29.1N, 76.1W with 980 mb central pressure, 85 kt max winds and 30 nm eye diameter (micro, ATS); 65 kt WSW at flight-level 
of 800 ft and 1005 mb at 2315Z at 28.9N, 76.2W (micro).  “A fix by the Navy at 28.1N, 76.7W at 19/1237Z verified a continued northeasterly 
movement at 4 kt.  The maximum winds reported… were 75 kt.  A central pressure of 982 mb was reported in the eye.  Navy Hurricane 
Reconnaissance aircraft reports… fixed the eye of the hurricane at 29.2N, 76.1W at 19/2233Z.  Maximum winds had increased to 85 kt.  
Lowest pressure had decreased to 980 mb in the eye.  This fix showed more of a north-northeasterly movement with acceleration to 8 to 
10 kt” (ATS).

May 20:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.3N, 75.0W with a WSW-ENE stationary front located from 32N, 73W to 34N, 
67W to east of 34N, 55W and a dissipating stationary front plotted from 32N, 78W to 31N, 80W to 31N, 82W to 33N, 84W to 36N, 84W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 31.5N, 75.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map also shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm 
analyzes a hurricane of at most 999 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the west-southwest end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary 
located a few hundred nm north of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 75 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 32.3N, 77.7W (micro).  Aircraft 
highlights: center fix estimate at 1300Z at 31.2N, 75.5W (ATS, micro); 65 kt at flight-level and 1001 mb at 1435Z at 31.0N, 75.6W 
(micro); Air Force center fix at 1855Z at 32.6N, 75.2W with 979 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (micro, ATS); Navy radar 
center fixes at 2000 and 2100Z between 32.7-33.1N, 74.8-75.0W (micro).  “The hurricane continued moving north-northeastward at 11 kt 
and was fixed by Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft at 31.2N, 75.5W at 20/1300Z, and by Air Force reconnaissance reports at 
32.6N, 75.2W at 20/1855Z.  During the latter reconnaissance, the maximum winds were reported to have increased to 90 kt and the lowest 
pressure in the eye was 978.6 mb” (ATS).

May 21:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 35.6N, 73.1W with the west end of a W-E warm front located several hundred 
miles northeast of the cyclone and a cold front approaching from the northwest located over the Great Lakes region of the U.S.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 35.5N, 74.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.6N, 74.9W with a 998 mb 
pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb 
centered near 35.7N, 73.8W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 35.3N, 74.9W (micro); 55 kt SE and 1016 mb (ship pressure biased 
7 to 11 mb too high) at 18Z at 39.1N, 73.3W (COA).  Four other gales between 35-50 kt and three other low pressures between 1000-1003 mb.  
Land/station highlights: 20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 06Z at Cape Hatteras, NC (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix at 0540Z at 
34.8N, 74.6W (micro); center fix at 1345Z at 35.8N, 74.1W with 978 mb central pressure and 100 kt max winds (ATS, MWR); dropsonde in eye - 
700 mb temperature of +10.0C, height of 9,330 ft, 850 mb temperature of +18.1C, height of 3,930 ft at 2015Z (micro); center fix at 2015Z at 
36.6N, 74.0W (ATS).  “The completion of the loop turned the hurricane northeastward over the Atlantic and it passed 70 miles east of Cape Hatteras 
on the 21st” (MWR).  Regarding the intensity… “The strongest winds [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were estimated by aircraft at 100 knots 
(115 mph) on the 21st” (MWR).  “North-northeastward movement continued at 11 kt, and a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reported the eye 
of the hurricane fixed at 35.8N, 74.1W at 21/1345Z.  The lowest pressure in the eye was 978 mb and maximum winds of 100 kt were reported in the 
northwest quadrant.  Winds of 65 kt extended outwards from the center for a distance of 50 miles and 40 kt winds outward for a distance of 100 miles.  
Moderate to heavy turbulence was encountered.  The eye was poorly defined.  Air Force aircraft reconnaissance [fixed Able] at 36.6N, 74W at 21/2015Z.  
The hurricane was described as a very small, well-defined one with maximum winds estimated at 90 kt and hurricane force winds extending outward to 
50 miles in all quadrants.  The hurricane was described as very symmetrical” (ATS).  From the May, 1951 National Climatic Data Summary… “Moving on 
a northerly course [the cyclone] curved out into the Atlantic on the 21st.  Its nearest approach to [North Carolina] was about 100 miles east of 
Cape Hatteras, NC, and its only effects on land were fresh winds and light showers…” (climo).

May 22:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N, 71.3W with the east end of a W-E stationary front located more than 250 nmi ENE 
of the cyclone and another frontal system approaching from the northeast located over Lakes Ontario and Erie.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane 
at 36.6N, 71.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 70.7W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 37.3N, 71.3W.  Ship 
highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA); 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 18Z at 36.5N, 69.3W (micro); 60 kt W and 1002 mb at 18Z 
at 36.1N, 70.8W (micro).  Five other gales between 35-40 kt and two other low pressures of 1003 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center 
fixes at 0415, 0515, 0630, 0730, and 0820Z between 36.0-36.6N, 72.2-73.0W (micro); Navy radar center fix at 1105Z at 36.8N, 71.1W with 973 mb 
central pressure and 90 kt max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1955Z at 36.7N, 69.2W with 80-90 kt estimated surface winds.  
“[Able curved sharply eastward at 8 kt after the last reconnaissance fix [on the 21st].  Navy radar aircraft from Patuxent River, Maryland tracked 
the hurricane during the night, and a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance aircraft reported the hurricane fixed early the next morning at 36.8N, 71.1W 
at 22/1105Z indicating a continued eastward movement at 10 to 12 kt.  The aerologist reported the eye of the hurricane well defined, but open in 
the southwest quadrant with a minimum pressure of 973 mb.  Maximum winds reported were 90 kt in the southwest quadrant.  Air Force reconnaissance 
fixed the hurricane at 36.7N, 69.2W at 22/1955Z.  The eye was approximately 15 miles in diameter and maximum winds of 80 to 90 kt were encountered 
on the outer edge of the eye.  The 45 kt wind circle extended outward to only 50 miles from the center” (ATS).  From the May, 1951 State Climatological 
Data Summary for Maryland and Delaware… “An early season hurricane made threatening gestures at Atlantic coastal areas on the 22nd but moved too far 
offshore to produce any high winds or rain over land areas” (climo).

May 23:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 36.3N, 65.0W.  HWM analyzes a separate, extratropical low of at most 1000 mb centered 
near 48N, 66W with a cold front extending from that low to 45N, 68W to 43N, 71W to 41N, 75W to 39N, 80W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm 
at 36.5N, 65.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.9N, 65.1W with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 37.3N, 65.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 37.5N, 65.0W.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 36.0N, 70.0W (COA, micro); 75 kt SSE at 12Z at 37.6N, 64.6W (micro); 60 kt SSW at 12Z at 36.4N, 65.3W (micro); 45 kt W 
[with pressure illegible and possibly inside RMW] at 13Z at 37.5N, 65.0W (micro); 10 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 39.2N, 66.0W (COA, micro).  One other 
legible low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1457Z at 36.9N, 64.3W with 984 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum 
flight-level winds encountered (ATS).  “On the 23rd of May, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft reported that the hurricane was crescent-shaped with 
the entire north sector open with very little weather present.  Maximum winds of 45 kt were encountered in the north sector while winds of 90 kt were 
encountered on the south side.  A lowest pressure of 994 mb was reported in the center and the eye was reported fixed at 36.9N, 64.3W at 23/1457Z.  
After 23/1830Z, the hurricane began to curve northeastward at 12 kt” (ATS).

May 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.3N, 60.0W, with the west end of a W-E stationary front located about 150-200 nmi east of 
the low.  HWM analyzes a more powerful (extratropical) low of at most 990 mb centered near 39.5N, 70.5W with a warm front extending northeastward from 
this low and a cold front extending south-southwestward and then southwestward from the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 39.5N, 
60.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.3N, 59.7W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position near 39.9N, 60.0W.  The 12Z microfilm analysis is nearly identical to the HWM analysis.  Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 1000 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 
59.7W (COA, micro, HWM); 15 kt E and 998 mb at 18Z at 40.8N, 58.5W (COA).  Three other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force 
center fix (loran) at 38.9N, 60.3W (micro); Air Force center fix at 1547Z at 40.3N, 59.3W with 994 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (ATS).  
“Thereafter, it turned towards the east-northeast and dissipated over the Atlantic near 40N, 60W on May 24” (MWR).  “The hurricane weakened as it moved 
to higher latitudes and encountered cooler, drier air.  It decreased to tropical storm intensity after 24/0030Z and dropped below tropical storm intensity 
after 24/1230Z.  This was verified by an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft which reported that a closed circulation had been located at 40.2N, 59.3W at 
24/1547Z with a lowest pressure of 994 mb.  No winds were observed to be over 45 kt.  The disturbance continued moving northeastward and dissipated shortly 
after the last fix…” (ATS).

May 25:
HWM and microfilm (at 12Z) no longer analyze the feature of interest on this day.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.

On 14 and 15 May, a sharp trough extended through the area of the western Atlantic east of the Bahamas.  HURDAT started this system at 06Z on 15 May as 
a 25 kt tropical depression.  Observations indicate that no closed circulation was present on 15 May so the 15th is removed from HURDAT.  By 00Z on the 
16th, there was a closed circulation present.  This cyclone is started at 00Z on the 16th (18 hours later than HURDAT originally) as a 30 kt tropical cyclone 
half a degree longitude east of the previous HURDAT position at that time.  However, if satellite imagery were available, it is possible that the cyclone may 
have been considered subtropical from genesis through the 17th.  On the 17th, Able rapidly intensified to hurricane strength, decelerated, and made a gradual 
turn toward the south just east of Florida.  At 12Z on the 17th, a ship recorded 50 kt with a 994 mb pressure and at 1845Z, an aircraft measured a central 
pressure of 983 mb, which yields 72 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N, pressure wind relationship for intensifying systems.  This 983 mb central 
pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th (up from 65 kt originally).  No change is made to 
the time Able became a hurricane (12Z on the 17th).  Able produced a tropical storm impact in Florida (as evidenced by the 38 kt recorded in Miami and the 
31 kt recorded at Jacksonville).  Early on the 18th, Able reached its farthest south point not far from Walker’s Cay in the Bahamas (where 80-85 kt winds 
were observed to have occurred, but were likely visually estimated), and then it turned eastward, and eventually north-northeastward by the 19th.  Aircraft 
central pressures of 982 and 985 mb were measured on the 18th at 12Z and 2045Z respectively, and these central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z 
respectively on the 18th.  The central pressures yield 70 and 66 kt respectively, making use of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  At 12Z on the 
18th, the RMW was near climatology, and the forward speed of the cyclone was about 5 kt.  A 75 kt intensity is chosen from 00Z through 12Z on the 18th under 
the assumption that the winds likely to be estimated visually at Walker’s Cay were biased somewhat high.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 18th 
(down from 80 kt originally at that time).  On the 19th, aircraft central pressures of 982 and 980 mb were recorded at 1237Z and 2233Z respectively, and these 
central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th and 00Z on the 20th respectively.  These central pressures yield 70 and 73 kt respectively making 
use of the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N.  The RMW on the 19th was near climatology and the speed of the storm accelerated from 5 kt to 8 kt 
during the day.  Intensities of 75 kt are chosen from 12Z on the 19th through 00Z on the 20th (all down from 80 kt originally).  No track changes of larger 
than three-tenths of a degree were made from the 18th through the 22nd.  On the 20th, Able moved northward and passed east of Cape Hatteras, NC early on the 
21st, but no tropical storm force winds were observed in North Carolina.  At 1855Z on the 20th, a 979 mb central pressure was recorded by aircraft and this 
value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th.  A central pressure of 979 mb yields 74 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 75 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th (down from 90 kt originally).  At 1345Z on the 21st, an aircraft central pressure of 978 mb was recorded and the 75 kt 
analyzed intensity is maintained through 12Z on the 21st (down from 100 kt originally at 06 and 12Z on the 21st).  No tropical storm force winds were recorded 
along the relatively nearby North Carolina coast.  The 978 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 21st.  Late on the 21st, Able turned eastward 
near 36N and moved in a direction between east and east-northeast through the 23rd followed by a northeastward turn in the 24th in the vicinity of 40N, 60W.  
On the 23rd, the position is adjusted eight-tenths of a degree north based on a ship observation of a west wind very near the center at 37.5N at 13Z on the 
23rd, and on the 24th track changes are half a degree or less.  At 2015Z on the 21st, a dropsonde measure was launched into the cyclone.  While some of the 
message can be deciphered, we are unable to determine the surface pressure directly.  However, the 700 mb temperature of +10.0C along with a height of 9,330 ft 
(2,844 m) suggests a surface pressure of 974 mb and the 850 mb temperature of +18.1C along with a height of 3,930 ft (1,198 m) suggests a surface pressure of 
976 mb.  This 976 mb value appears to be a valid central pressure, which is now added in at the 18Z May 21st HURDAT time slot.  976 mb central pressure suggests 
77 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship and 75 kt is analyzed for the intensity (down significantly from 100 kt originally).  
At 1105Z on the 22nd, a 973 mb central pressure (the lowest recorded for the lifetime of the cyclone) was recorded by aircraft.  A central pressure of 973 mb 
is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 22nd.  A central pressure of 973 mb yields 80 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW and speed 
of the storm were near average, and 80 kt is chosen from 12Z on the 22nd through 06Z on the 23rd.  The last hurricane force wind recorded by a ship was 75 kt 
at 12Z on the 23rd, and after that, Able weakened rather quickly as it moved northeastward over cooler waters.  Aircraft measured a central pressure of 984 mb 
at 1457Z on the 23rd, which equals 69 kt north of 35N, and the 984 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd.  Intensities of 75 and 65 kt are 
chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 23rd (up from 50 and 45 kt respectively).  HURDAT previously listed this cyclone as becoming extratropical at 18Z on 23 May with 
dissipation occurring after 18Z on 24 May.  Observations indicate that Able never became extratropical, and on the 24th, it was located in the warm sector of a 
large extratropical cyclone emerging off the northeast coast of the U.S.  On the 24th at 1547Z, aircraft measured a central pressure of 994 mb, and this value 
is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th.  A central pressure of 994 mb yields 58 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The environmental 
pressure was very low, and ship observations very near the center indicate a closed circulation but with very light winds.  Intensities of 45 and 35 kt are 
analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 24th (down from 45 kt originally at 18Z).  No change is made to the timing of dissipation of this cyclone.  After 18Z on the 24th, 
Able was absorbed by the approaching extratropical cyclone.

Additional info and interesting quotes regarding Able:

“The central ‘eye’ was well formed and about 20 miles in diameter during much of the storm’s life and the central pressure was well below 29 inches” (MWR).

“The first disturbance of the season set a new record.  It was the first storm of full hurricane force ever recorded in the month of May” (Tannehill).

“Although this hurricane was unique in that it was the first of its type noted so near to the United States coast outside the usual tropical storm season, a study 
of weather maps of the Atlantic area reveals quite similar cases of hurricanes, or near hurricanes, in the subtropic Atlantic even in midwinter.  These have been 
far at sea for the most part, in the lesser-traveled portions of the Atlantic, and have therefore attracted little notice… The Atlantic maps reveal an example as 
recently as January 1951 in which a storm, devoid of fronts and exhibiting most of the characteristics of a tropical storm, produced a wind speed of over 60 mph 
north of the Leeward Islands… Many such cases of cyclogenesis in the subtropical north Atlantic outside the usual hurricane season do not lend themselves to frontal 
analysis, nor do they have the exact characteristics expected of a tropical storm.  The May hurricane falls in this category” (Moore and Davis 1951).

“The analysis… indicates that a combination of several favorable circumstances led to the preseason occurrence of the hurricane in May 1951.  The hurricane began 
in connection with a cold high-level low at subtropic latitudes.  It appears that a superposition of a divergent wind field at upper levels over the incipient storm 
was an important feature of the intensification…Such storms as this one are believed to comprise a category distinct from the extratropical, and the usual tropical 
cyclone.  They are associated with a cold-core low which becomes warm-core in the lower levels with intensification.  The top of this warm core, and consequently of 
the steering level, appears to be at a considerably lower level than for a pure tropical storm with a similar radial pressure gradient” (Moore and Davis 1951).
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 3 (Baker) – (was Storm 2)

35555 08/02/1951 M= 4  2 SNBR= 786 BAKER       XING=0                           
35555 08/02/1951 M= 4  3 SNBR= 786 BAKER       XING=0                           
                       *

35560 08/02*  0   0   0    0*210 520  25    0*220 543  35    0*227 554  40    0*
35560 08/02*  0   0   0    0*209 529  30    0*218 539  35    0*227 549  45    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **

35565 08/03*237 565  45    0*249 575  50    0*262 585  50    0*274 593  50    0*
35565 08/03*237 559  45    0*250 569  50    0*264 579  50    0*277 589  50    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35570 08/04*286 600  50    0*299 605  45    0*313 608  45    0*328 610  40    0*
35570 08/04*290 598  50    0*304 605  50    0*319 608  45  999*336 609  40    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***          *** ***

35575 08/05*343 610  40    0*354 609  35    0*362 608  35    0*390 590  30    0*
35575 08/05*353 600  40    0*370 588  40    0*388 575  45    0*406 561  50  996*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35580 TS                  

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm that stayed out over the open Atlantic.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

July 31:
HWM analyzes a spot low in an open trough near 14N, 51.8W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  ATS 
shows a low near 14N, 51W.  “The 30/1230Z surface chart fixed the position of the vortex at 13N, 50W.  As the vortex intensified it began to 
slow its movement to about 5 kt until 31/1230Z” (ATS).

August 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.1N, 50.3W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.3N, 53.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 54.3W.  
Ship highlights: 40-45 kt E and 1014 mb at 20Z at 23.6N, 54.0W (micro).  “An ‘easterly wave’ developed into a tropical storm far to the northeast 
of the Leeward Islands on August 2, near 23N, 56W” (MWR).  “The analysis of the 02/1830Z surface chart showed ship NRDC at 23.4N, 53.8W reported 
ESE force seven…  This report [in conjunction with additional reports] indicated the vortex had intensified to tropical storm intensity and fixed 
the position at 22.8N, 54.1W with a NNW movement, widespread precipitation and force four to seven winds (15-30 kt) spread over an area four to 
seven hundred miles to the northwest” (ATS).

August 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.1N, 57.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 58.5W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.2N, 58.7W with a 1008 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 26.9N, 58.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 1008 mb centered near 27N, 58W.  Ship highlights: 35-40 kt 
E and 1015 mb at 00Z at 24.1N, 54.0W (micro); 45 kt E and 1015 mb at 12Z at 28.5N, 57.7W (COA, micro); 45 kt SE and 1017 mb at 18Z at 29.4N, 
57.0W (COA, micro).  Three other gales.  Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix at 12Z at 27.5N, 57.5W (micro); possible center fix 
at 1715Z at 26.0N, 58.3W with 35 kt highest wind encountered [plane may have been searching too far south].  “This storm did not develop hurricane 
force; the strongest winds reported were only 60 mph” (MWR).


August 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32N, 60.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.3N, 60.8W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.1N, 60.3W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 32.5N, 
61.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.2N, 60.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 00Z at 30.0N, 
59.1W (COA, micro); 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 06Z at 31.1N, 60.2W (COA, micro); 20 kt NNW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 61.1W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1015 mb 
at 18Z at 34.9N, 58.7W (COA).  Three other gales between 00Z–06Z between 35-40 kt.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1225Z at 32.0N, 60.9W with 999 mb 
central pressure and 40 kt estimated maximum winds (micro).  “It moved on a broad curving path to the northwest and north and passed about 275 miles east 
of Bermuda on August 4 and thereafter turned northeastward over the Atlantic” (MWR).  “An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft fixed the center of the storm 
at 32.1N, 61.2W at 04/1200Z.  This aircraft fix in conjunction with the numerous ship reports on the 04/1230Z surface chart showed that the more northerly 
course had been established” (ATS)

August 5:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.4N, 56.4W with a frontal system approaching, which extends from 50N, 56W to 45N, 59W to 
40N, 63W to 35N 69W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 36.2N, 60.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.0N, 
55.6W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 38.8N, 57.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 
1008 mb centered near 39.8N, 57W with an elongated, extratropical low approaching from the west.  Ship highlights: center fix at 1630 UTC with 996 mb central 
pressure at 40.2N, 56.3W and max winds encountered of 50-70 kt (micro).   “The ship NRDC apparently altered her course to follow the center of the storm and 
gave reports on the storm until 05/0030Z, at which time the storm has passed 180 miles east of Bermuda and began to diminish in intensity.  A regeneration 
of the wind force in the storm was noticed during the period from 05/0630Z until 05/1830Z as the storm approached a strong frontal wave off the northeastern 
coast.  While the center of the storm was indiscernible, force eight to ten winds (35-50 kt) were reported in the vicinity of 41N, 55W for a short time as the 
frontal system intensified” (ATS).

August 6:
HURDAT no longer lists this system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.6N, 55.6W with a 1002 mb pressure.  
“By 06/0630Z, the high winds had dissipated and only the frontal wave was evident on the chart” (ATS).

August 7:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 50.2N, 46.6W with a 1002 mb pressure.
 
August 8:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.9N, 34.1W.

August 9:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.2N, 25.0W with a 999 mb pressure.

The disturbance that would eventually become Tropical Storm Baker was noted as early as 30 July in the Navy post-season tropical cyclone summary book (ATS) 
around 13N, 50W.  On the 31st, HWM and ATS show the position of a disturbance or low near 14N, 51W.  Ryan Truchelut (a graduate student at FSU) mentions the 
possibility of a TS Baker track extension back to near 17N, 50W on 1 August via his warm anomaly research, but he also mentions that a search through COADS 
indicates no evidence of a closed circulation on the 1st of August.  The analysis conducted here agrees with Truchelut and finds no west winds, low pressure, 
or gales on 1 August.  The COADS was obtained back to 30 July, and there is no evidence of a TC on the 30th or 31st either.  HURDAT starts this system at 06Z 
on 2 August at 21N, 52W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  Since observations are sparse early on the 2nd, no change is made to the timing of genesis.  No 
change is made to the time that this cyclone attained tropical storm strength (12Z on the 2nd).  Baker moved northwestward on the 2nd and 3rd, and it turned 
northward on the 4th near 32N, 61W.  All track changes on the 2nd through the 4th are one degree or less.  At 06Z on the 2nd, the position is adjusted 
westward by a degree, but for the rest of the 2nd and the 3rd, the revised track is to the right of the previous HURDAT track.  Track changes on the 2nd 
are based on a few ships and a more realistic initial motion, and track changes on the 3rd and 4th take into account the aircraft information available.  
At 20Z on the 2nd, a ship in the periphery recorded a wind speed of either 40 or 45 kt, and the 18Z intensity on the 2nd is increased from 40 to 45 kt.  
On the 3rd and early on the 4th, there were a few more ships that recorded wind speeds of 45 kt.  The only reliable aircraft center fix that contained a 
central pressure measurement for Baker was at 1225Z on the 4th.  A central pressure of 999 mb was recorded, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on 
the 4th.  A central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The speed of the cyclone at 
this time was about 15 kt.  The aerologist on this flight estimated maximum winds of 40 kt.  The HURDAT intensity at 12Z on the 4th of 45 kt is unchanged.  
The 50 kt peak lifetime intensity for Baker shown in HURDAT (from 06Z on the 3rd to 00Z on the 4th) is maintained except the HURDAT intensity at 06Z on the 
4th is increased from 45 to 50 kt due to a 45 kt ship observation at 06Z on the 4th.  Ship observations indicate that Baker began to weaken on the 4th. On 
the 5th at 1630Z, a ship passed through Baker and reported a center fix with a 996 mb central pressure and maximum winds of 50 to 70 kt at 40.2N, 56.3W.  
Baker was absorbed by a trough after 18Z on the 5th (no change to the timing of dissipation).  A 50 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 5th at the final 
point.  HURDAT previously listed a final position for Baker at 18Z on 5 August as a 30 kt tropical depression at 39N, 59W.  A scarcity of observations on 
the 5th at 00 and 06Z prevent the removal of the HURDAT points at 00 and 06Z.   
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 4 (Charlie) – (was Storm 3)

35585 08/12/1951 M=12  3 SNBR= 787 CHARLIE     XING=0                           
35585 08/12/1951 M=12  4 SNBR= 787 CHARLIE     XING=0                           
                       *

35590 08/12*  0   0   0    0*122 457  25    0*123 462  25    0*124 468  25    0*
35590 08/12*121 441  30    0*121 453  30    0*122 462  30    0*124 469  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **

35595 08/13*126 475  25    0*128 484  25    0*130 492  25    0*132 499  25    0*
35595 08/13*126 476  30    0*127 484  30    0*128 492  30    0*129 500  30    0*
                ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

35600 08/14*134 506  25    0*136 513  25    0*138 522  30    0*140 535  30    0*
35600 08/14*130 508  35    0*132 516  40    0*134 524  40    0*136 536  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35605 08/15*143 553  35    0*146 572  45    0*149 590  50    0*152 607  60    0*
35605 08/15*138 553  45    0*141 571  50    0*144 589  55  999*148 607  60    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** ***   

35610 08/16*154 625  65    0*157 648  70    0*160 670  75    0*161 687  80    0*
35610 08/16*152 626  60    0*156 646  65    0*159 667  65  992*162 686  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

35615 08/17*162 703  85    0*164 721  95    0*168 739  95    0*174 757  95  964*
35615 08/17*163 702  75    0*164 717  80    0*166 731  85  978*171 746  95  971*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***      ***

35620 08/18*181 774  75    0*182 789  80    0*182 805  85    0*185 817  90    0*
35620 08/18*176 762 110    0*181 778  85    0*183 794  75    0*186 809  75    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35625 08/19*190 831  95    0*193 841 100    0*195 850 105    0*198 861 110    0*
35625 08/19*189 822  80  982*192 834  85    0*194 845  85  976*198 856 100    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***     *** ***

35630 08/20*202 872 115    0*206 884 115    0*211 897 100    0*214 909  95    0*
35630 08/20*202 867 115    0*206 879  90    0*210 892  70    0*214 904  65    0*
                ***              *** ***      *** *** ***          ***  **

35635 08/21*216 920  90    0*216 930  90    0*216 938  90    0*216 943  90    0*
35635 08/21*216 916  65  989*216 927  65    0*216 937  65    0*216 943  65  988*
                ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***  **               **  ***

35640 08/22*217 949  95    0*218 958 110    0*220 967 115    0*221 973 110    0*
35640 08/22*217 949  70  982*219 957  80    0*221 966  85  972*222 975 100  968*
                     **  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

35645 08/23*222 980  65    0*223 987  45    0*225 994  35    0*219 999  25    0*
35645 08/23*223 982  65    0*224 988  45    0*224 994  35    0*224 999  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***

35650 HR

International Landfalls
8/18 03Z 17.9N 76.9W – 110 kt – Jamaica
8/20 02Z 20.3N 87.0W – 115 kt – Mexico
8/20 03Z 20.4N 87.3W – 115 kt – Mexico
8/22 19Z 22.3N 97.8W – 100 kt – 968 mb - Mexico

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this straight-moving Caribbean hurricane that made four landfalls- all with major hurricane 
intensity.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of 
synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Meteorological Magazine (1952), Caribbean station observations, 
Connor, Tannehill, and French observations and Meteo-France analyses provided by Mike Chenoweth.

August 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 14N, 32W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1012 mb 
at 18Z at 11.5N, 33.0W (COA).

August 10:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 15N, 33W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.8N, 33.5W.  HURDAT does not yet this a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  “A 
suspicious area on an easterly wave was first noticed on the 11/1230Z surface chart at about 13N, 45W.  A streamline analysis clearly showed a weak but 
closed vortex.  The vortex cannot be traced to an earlier chart; however, the isobars on the 11/0630Z chart give a slight indication of a trough in the 
easterlies which may be an easterly wave” (ATS).

August 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 10N, 46W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 46.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb centered near 11.5N, 47.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.0N, 49.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 50.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.8N, 52.2W.  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1842Z at 11.2N, 53.5W with 1005 mb central pressure and 25 kt max winds encountered (micro).  “A partially developed ‘easterly wave’ appeared east 
of the Lesser Antilles on August 14 and moved northwestward through the islands early on the 15th without causing damage.  Aircraft reported squalls of 90 knots 
east of Martinique on the afternoon of the 14th, but the island weather stations did not report winds stronger than 35 mph” (MWR).  In the previous sentence, 
other information indicates MWR made a typo by saying that the 90 kt squalls occurred on the 14th. They actually occurred on the 15th.  “The vortex could be 
traced on subsequent charts [after the 11/1230Z chart] up to the 14/0030Z chart at a speed of 7 kt on a westerly course” (ATS).  “A Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance 
Aircraft was dispatched from Trinidad on 14 August to investigate this area around 11.5N, 54W.  A streamline analysis of the flight plot shows a closed vortex.  
It is believed that if the aircraft had been able to reconnoiter farther to the east, the winds in this area would have substantiated the closed vortex.  Although 
the winds were observed at reconnaissance level of 400 to 1000 feet, the vortex seemed to just maintain itself rather than intensify.  The aircraft fix showed the 
vortex speed increased to 13 kt since the 14/0030Z chart” (ATS).  “As a slight disturbance, [Charlie] moved through the Lesser Antilles on August 14, but developed 
destructive force in its movement across the Caribbean” (Tannehill).

August 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.9N, 59.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 14.9N, 59.0W.  The MWR post-season 
tract map shows a 12Z position near 14.4N, 59.3W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.3N, 60.5W.  Station highlights:  
Two stations in Guadeloupe (La Desirade and Le Raizat) and two stations in Martinique (Fort-de-France and Lamentin) showed no gales and no low pressures (Chenoweth).  
Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1450Z at 14.5N, 59.7W with 999 mb central pressure and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro, MWR).  “There is some 
evidence that a small center of strong winds passed between Dominica and Guadeloupe during the morning of the 15th.  At any rate, there was regeneration to full 
hurricane force again during the next 24 hours” (MWR).  “The presence of this vortex was also supported on the time cross-section for Martinique.  [This cross section 
indicated] a probable vortex to the northeast [around 15/1000Z]” (ATS).  “On 15 August, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane fixed the hurricane at 1450Z at 14.5N, 
59.7W, which gave the hurricane a northwest movement.  The aerologist reported an oval eye 15 to 20 miles in a NNE-SSW direction and 10 miles wide.  90 kt winds were 
encountered in the NW quadrant and 75 kt winds in the SE quadrant” (ATS).  “It was noted that the microseisms at Roosevelt Roads began rising on the morning of 15 August 
indicating intensification of the vortex to hurricane intensity” (ATS).  "The third of this category, formed from a wave from the East, observed since the 13th, 
crossed on the 15th the Lesser Antilles chain to the North of Dominica without apparently affecting the islands apart from the Saintes archipelago. Spotted as a 
cyclone near the Lesser Antilles, it appeared to undergo an observable weakening in crossing the Saintes Channel. It exhibited the double characteristic of an extended 
zone of rain in the Northern sector along with hurricane winds, very limited in the circular zone locating the center, it was quite extended in a North and Northeast 
direction, the length of a strong line of squalls forming a spiral and constituting the actual wave from the East” (Meteo-France).

August 16:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 67.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 67.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 66.6W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm 
at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 15.8N, 66.5W.  Ship highlights: 1000 mb (min p encountered) at 1220Z near ~16.2N, 66.7W (micro); 55 kt G 65 
(max w encountered) sometime between 1200Z – 1300Z near ~16.2N, 66.7W (micro).  Three other gales of 40-45 kt, and one other low pressure of 1004 mb.  Land/station 
highlights: 35 kt ESE G 40-45 kt and 1010 mb at 0828Z at San Juan, Puerto Rico.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1415Z at either 16.0N, 67.3W or 16.2N, 67.9W 
with 992 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (DR) at 1830Z at 16.2N, 68.8W with 50 kt max winds encountered at 700 mb at high-levels 
and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,870 ft (micro).  One to two other surface gales, two other low pressures, and one other flight-level hurricane force wind.  “On the 
morning of 16 August, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 1415Z at 16.2N, 67.9W.  Maximum winds reported were 70 kt, minimum pressure 992 mb” (ATS).

August 17:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.5N, 72.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 16.8N, 73.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 72.8W with a 978 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 
12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered near the HWM position.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (radio, penetration) at 1230Z at 16.4N, 72.9W with 978 
mb central pressure and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1837Z at 17.1N, 74.8W with 971 mb central pressure, 110 kt max 
high-level winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,400 ft (ATS, micro).  From aircraft flight… “Max winds in southern quadrant 90 kts within 35 miles of center and 45 kt 
within 50 miles” (micro).  “A Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane staging out of San Juan, PR located the hurricane at 16.4N, 72.9W at 17/1230Z.  This fix gave the hurricane 
a westward course at 13 kt during the past 24 hr.  The aerologist reported the eye to be 22 miles in diameter and lowest pressure was 978 mb.  Maximum winds reported were 
90 kt in the NE and SE quadrants.  At 1837Z, the high-level Air Force Reconnaissance plane located the center by radar at 17.1N, 74.8W.  A minimum pressure of 971 mb was 
reported with maximum winds of 110 kt in the NE quadrant” (ATS).

August 18:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 80.1W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 80.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 18.2N, 79.6W with a 980 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 18.2N, 80.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
of at most 1002 mb centered near 18.1N, 79.8W.  Land/station highlights: 75-80 kt estimated highest average wind speed, 95 + kt estimated max wind, and 105-110 kt estimated 
max gusts around 0215Z to possibly after 0315Z at Kingston, Jamaica (micro, MWR, met mag); 973 mb (min p) around ~0245Z at Kingston, Jamaica (micro, MWR, met mag); 55 kt 
ENE G 80 kt and 1000 mb at 21Z at Grand Cayman (micro, MWR, advisories).  One other gale and low pressure at 20Z at Grand Cayman.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center 
fix at 2112Z at 18.8N, 81.6W with 982 mb central pressure and 75 kt max flight-level winds encountered at 5,500 feet at 19.8N, 81.5W (ATS, micro).  One other low pressure.  
“The center skirted the south coast of Jamaica during the night of the 17th and the entire island had destructive winds, which caused the worst hurricane disaster of the 
century on Jamaica.  Property and crop damage was estimated at $50,000,000, 152 persons killed, and 2,000 others injured, and about 25,000 made homeless.  The strongest 
wind at Kingston was estimated at over 110 mph; lowest pressure [measured] 28.74 inches (973 mb); and rainfall 17 inches.  The center passed several miles south of the 
city” (MWR).  “Center of hurricane passed just south of Palisados at 18/0315 GMT.  Wind exceeded 100 kt.  Lowest pressure 973 mb by barograph.  Rainfall 430 mm plus.  
Weather office wrecked and all coms dislocated” (micro).  “After the hurricane left Jamaica, Grand Cayman experienced 92 mph winds in gusts” (MWR).  “The strongest wind 
at Jamaica was 110 miles per hour” (Tannehill).  “The eastern parishes [of Jamaica] were the first to be affected… torrential rain and winds of 80-90 mph being experienced 
by about [0130Z].  These conditions moved slowly westward over the southern half of Jamaica and finally cleared the extreme west by [10Z].  The hurricane struck Kingston 
at [0245Z] when the wind suddenly increased to an average speed of over 85 mph with gusts in excess of 110 mph.  This approximation is necessary as the two recording wind 
instruments in the district ceased to register above these limits.  There have been rumors that other anemometers recorded gusts of 140-160 mph before being wrecked but 
these instruments are of the revolving-cup pattern, which over-read considerably at high speeds.  It is considered that a reasonable approximation may be given as an 
average wind speed of 85-90 mph with gusts to 120-125 mph.  These hurricane force winds continued for about six hours, during which time trees were blown down, roofs 
blown off and much general damage was done by flying debris, such as branches of trees, pieces of timber and sheets of corrugated iron, the latter being using extensively 
for garage roofs and outbuildings.  The number of deaths in Kingston was 56 and the total for the whole island was 152.  There was considerable damage to shipping 
in Kingston Harbor and five large vessels were driven ashore.  The minimum value recorded at Palisadoes was 973 mb.  It is estimated that the center passed about eight miles 
south of Palisadoes Airport- that is, about ten miles south of Kingston- and that the pressure at the center, allowing for a five-miles area of uniform pressure in the 
‘eye’, was about 964 mb” (Met Mag).  “Damage in Jamaica was estimated at $15,000,000 to property and $50,000,000 to crops” (ATS).  “An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft 
flying out of Ramay AFB, Puerto Rico, located the hurricane on 18/2112Z at 18.8N, 81.6W.  This fix showed the hurricane had continued on its WNW track at a speed of 15 kt 
and had weakened somewhat [from its passage over Jamaica].  Maximum winds reported were 75 kt in the northern semicircle, extending 15 miles from the eye.  Minimum pressure 
reported was 982 mb” (ATS).

August 19:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 19.4N, 83.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 19.5N, 85.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 19.8N, 84.1W and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb 
centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 18Z at 22.0N, 85.2W (COA); 50 kt SE G 60 kt and 1000 mb at 22Z at 20.2N, 84.3W (micro).  One 
other gale of 35 kt and two other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 50 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro); 30 kt NE G 45 kt 
and 1005 mb at 1830Z at Cozumel, Mexico (micro); 40 kt NE G 50 kt at 2130Z at Cozumel (micro).  Two other gales and one other low pressure.  Aircraft highlights: Navy 
center fix (DR, penetration) at 1330Z at 19.3N, 84.7W with 976 mb central pressure and 115 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  At least five other 
low pressures and at least three other flight-level hurricane force winds.  At 19/1330Z, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 19.3N, 84.7W.  
The aerologist reported maximum winds of 115 kt and minimum pressure of 976 mb.  The 19/1330Z fix was the last fix before the hurricane crossed over the Yucatan Peninsula” (ATS).

August 20:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.2N, 89.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 21.1N, 89.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 20.5N, 88.2W with a 996 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.5N, 89.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 996 mb centered near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 19.1N, 86.2W (COA, micro); 50 kt ESE at 00Z at 20.5N, 84.6W (micro).  
Two other gales of 40 kt and three other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 80 kt NNE G 95 kt at 0130Z at Cozumel (micro); 965 mb (min p) [probably] 
between ~0130Z – 0230Z at Cozumel (micro); 30 kt WNW G 35 kt and 986 mb at 1330Z at Merida, Mexico (micro); 40 kt SE G 47 kt at 2030Z at Merida (micro).  Nine other gales 
in the Yucatan Peninsula between 35-55 kt and 12 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2243Z at either 21.9N, 91.1W or 20.6N, 91.5W 
with 989 mb central pressure and max winds either 70 or 115 kt (ATS, micro); 115 kt SE at flight-level of 500 ft and 996 mb at 2315Z at 20.9N, 90.9W (micro).  At least 
three other flight-level hurricane force winds and seven other low pressures.  “The next land area seriously affected was the Yucatan Peninsula, which the hurricane crossed 
during the night of the 19th.  Reports indicate heavy crop losses running to 70 percent, but no loss of life in the Yucatan area.  The storm entered the Gulf near Merida 
and Progreso on the morning of the 20th considerably reduced in force” (MWR).  “Hourly reports from Merida commencing at 20/0230Z showed an increasing northerly wind 
backing slowly to the south by 20/1530Z, indicating that the eye was passing to the north of Merida…” (ATS).  “At 20/2243Z, a Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance plane located 
the eye at 21.9N, 91.1W about 60 miles west of the Yucatan Peninsula.  The aerologist reported the eye to be poorly defined.  Severe turbulence and winds up to 115 kt were 
encountered ENE of the eye.  The lowest pressure reported was 989 mb” (ATS).

August 21:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.0N, 94.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 21.6N, 93.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 91.9W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 24.0N, 92.2W (COA).  Three other gales between 35-40 kt.  Aircraft 
highlights: Navy center fix at 1538Z at 21.7N, 94.3W with 988 mb central pressure and 70 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 100 kt E at flight-level of 500 ft and 995 mb at 1915Z 
at 22.6N, 93.6W (micro); center fix (DR, penetration) at 2247Z at 20.5N, 94.4W with 982 mb central pressure and 100 kt max flight-level winds.  Several other flight-level 
hurricane force winds and low pressures.  “On 21 August, two Navy Hurricane Reconnaissance planes were dispatched to the Gulf of Campeche to obtain low level fixes on the 
hurricane.  The first flight entered the eye at 1538Z at 21.7N, 94.3W and the second flight entered the eye at 2247Z at 20.5N, 94.4W.  The aerologist stated in his report 
the eye had an elongated axis oriented NNE-SSW and the above position is the SW extremity of the eye.  At first it was thought that the hurricane was making a tight 
counterclockwise loop, but upon studying the post-flight summaries and the wind circulation of the second reconnaissance flight it was seen that the hurricane had slowed 
to about three kt on a WNW course, or possibly even became stationary for a few hours” (ATS).

August 22:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 22.8N, 96.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 96.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 96.1W with a 960 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 96.9W.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane 
of at most 990 mb centered near 22.4N, 96.5W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NW and 1008 mb at 00Z at 19.8N, 96.3W (COA); 40 kt and 1005 mb at 09Z at 20.6N, 96.9W (micro); 35 kt 
W and 1005 mb at 12Z at 20.9N, 97.1W (COA); 40 kt SSW at 18Z at 22.2N, 97.3W (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt.  Land/station highlights: 45 kt WNW G 75 kt and 990 mb 
at 1530Z at Tampico, Mexico (micro); 87 kt WNW G 95 kt and 976 mb at Tampico at 1730Z (micro); 95 kt (max w) at Tampico (MWR); calm between 1900-1930Z at Tampico (micro); 
45 kt NE and 973 mb at 1930Z at Tampico (micro); 60 kt WSW at 2315Z at Tampico (micro).  Three other gales between 35-60 kt and six other low pressures between 974-1003 mb.  
Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1326Z at 22.3N, 96.8W with 972 mb central pressure and 130 kt max flight-level winds encountered at around 600 ft.  One other 
flight-level wind of 120 kt and two other low pressures.  “The last aircraft fix before it passed into Mexico was on 22/1326Z at 22.3N, 96.8W.  The aerologist reported 
winds of 50 kt 100 miles to the NW [of the center] and 120 kt winds 30 miles south of the center.  The hurricane crossed the coast of Mexico just north of Tampico about 
noon on the 22nd…” (ATS).  “[Charlie] regained its former force before entering Mexico near Tampico on August 22.  Tampico was near the southern edge of the ‘eye’ and 
reported winds of 110 mph, but winds were doubtless stronger to the north of the calm center.  Property damage was estimated at $1,160,000 in the city of Tampico and 4 persons 
were killed; torrential rains flooded rivers and burst dams in the country west and northwest of the city and caused more than 100 deaths by drowning, according to the 
final press reports.  The exact number of casualties could not be ascertained since many bodies were evidently not recovered in the flooded area.  Property damage was 
in the millions of dollars, but actual estimates are not available” (MWR).  “The pressure at Tampico dropped to 28.81 inches (975.7 mb)” (MWR).  “The ‘eye’ passed over 
[Tampico] between 1 pm and 1:30 pm on August 22 and the inhabitants there experienced the calm period, associated with the center, between hurricane force winds of 100 mph 
from opposite points of the compass” (Met mag).  “Aug 22, 1951 – entered coast near Tampico- 973 mb lowest observed pressure at Tampico – 972 mb estimated lowest pressure – 
Tampico has NW 100 mph, then SE 110 mph – cyclone was moving W at 10 kt” (Connor).  “[Charlie] moved across the southern Gulf and the center passed inland a short distance 
north of Tampico on August 22, where the winds reached 110 miles per hour.  Property damage in the city was estimated at $1,160,000.  Four persons in Tampico were killed.  
Torrential rains flooded rivers, bursting dams in the country northwest of Tampico, and caused the death of another one hundred persons, according to news dispatches,
 but this estimate is believed to be incomplete.  It is possible that total damage from this storm, including Jamaica and the area northwest of Tampico was near 
$75 million and the total loss of life was more than 250” (Tannehill).  “Hurricane Charlie, often called the ‘Killer Hurricane’ by the press, took 242 lives (152 in Jamaica 
and 90 were killed in floods caused by the failure of a dam in Mexico” (ATS).

August 23:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.7N, 99.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.5N, 99.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.4N, 99.0W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.6N, 98.6W.  Land/station highlights: 
45 kt ESE G 70 kt and 999 mb at 00Z at Tampico (22.2N, 97.8W) (micro).

The origins of Charlie likely began as a tropical wave in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean in early August, 1951.  HURDAT starts this system on 12 August at 06Z near 12N, 
46W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  The 7th through the 11th of August was searched for data between that location and the African coast, and an observation of 35 kt WNW 
with 1012 mb at 18Z on 9 August was found at 11.5N, 33.0W (COA).  The time series for this ship as well as another ship located somewhat farther away from the center were 
plotted, and the data indicates the likely existence of either a low or a strong monsoon trough.  Because of this ambiguity, genesis is not begun on the 9th.  On the 12th, 
an abundance of ship data in the storm area indicates a very weak closed circulation, and the cyclone is analyzed to have undergone genesis at 00Z on the 12th, six hours 
earlier than HURDAT.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed at all times on the 12th and 13th (up from 25 kt in HURDAT originally), as data was sparse on the 13th.  On the 14th 
at 1842Z, an aircraft reconnaissance flight in the area reported a minimum pressure of 1005 mb.  There is conflicting information with this report as to whether this value 
is a central pressure.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 1005 mb yields a wind speed of greater than or equal to 37 kt according to the Brown et al. southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The tropical depression is analyzed to have attained tropical storm strength again by 00Z on the 14th (which is still 24 hours earlier than 
HURDAT lists this cyclone becoming a tropical storm for the first time).  Charlie continued westward, and on the 15th at 1450Z, aircraft located the center at 14.5N, 
59.7W, and a central pressure of 999 mb was measured.  The 999 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th.  A central pressure of 999 mb yields 49 kt 
according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was slightly smaller than the climatological value and the speed of the storm was 18 kt, so 55 kt is 
chosen for the intensity at 12Z (up from 50 kt originally) and the 60 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th is maintained.  This is consistent with the 
Meteo-France analysis and the station data at Martinique and Guadeloupe of a small system with tropical storm force winds.  All track changes from the 12th through 
the 15th are half a degree or less.  All intensity changes from the 12th through 12Z on the 15th are minor upward adjustments.  Charlie passed between Dominica and 
Martinique late on the 15th.  The position at 18Z on the 15th is shifted four-tenths of a degree south of the previous HURDAT position, showing that the center 
passed closer to Martinique than Dominica whereas HURDAT previously showed a landfall on Dominica.  Observations are only available from the islands every six hours, 
and no observations of gale force winds from any of the island stations are found.  Nevertheless, the HURDAT intensity of 60 kt at Charlie’s passage through the 
islands is maintained.  The cyclone then moved west-northwestward into the central Caribbean Sea, and it intensified.  On the 16th at 1415Z, a central pressure of 
992 mb was measured by Navy Aircraft, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th.  A central pressure of 992 mb yields 61 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was near the climatological value but the speed of the storm was about 19 kt, so 65 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity on the 
16th (down from 75 kt originally).  It is analyzed that Charlie attained hurricane strength by 06Z on the 16th (6 hours later than in HURDAT originally).  Later 
on the 16th, at 1935Z, an Air Force plane recorded a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,870 ft which implies a central pressure in the range of 970-990 mb.  The next 
day (17th) at 1230Z, a Navy aircraft measured a central pressure of 978 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th.  A central pressure of 978 mb yields 
a wind speed of 78 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship for steady state and for intensifying systems, and 85 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th 
(down from 95 kt originally).  The intensity adjustments made to HURDAT from 00Z on the 16th through 12Z on the 17th are all minor downward adjustments.  At 1837Z on 
the 17th, an Air Force aircraft measured a central pressure of 971 mb, and on the same flight, a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,400 feet was measured, implying a central 
pressure in the range of 956-974 mb.  The 964 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th is removed and replaced by the 971 mb value, which yields a wind speed of 
90 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 964 mb central pressure that was removed from HURDAT was likely placed into 
the original HURDAT because of an estimate of the central pressure at Jamaican landfall provided in the Meteorological Magazine, but this landfall occurred well after 
00Z on the 18th, so even if correct, it was listed in the incorrect time slot.  (More is discussed regarding this reported 964 mb pressure below.)  The eye diameter 
reported by the Air Force plane on the flight that measured the 971 mb central pressure was very small and indicates an RMW of about 5 nmi, which is much smaller than 
the 14 nmi climatological RMW.  The intensity of 95 kt listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th is unchanged.

The center of Hurricane Charlie passed very near Kingston, Jamaica and the observation site at Palisadoes Airport (18.0N, 76.8W) around 03Z on 18 August, and landfall 
in Jamaica occurred around the same time at 17.9N, 76.9W.  The vast literature and numerous sources that discuss the hurricane’s impact in Jamaica do not mention any 
lull being experienced at Kingston.  All information is consistent and indicates that the right RMW of Charlie passed either over or just south of Kingston around 03Z 
as the cyclone was moving west-northwestward.  Due to the descriptions of the damage and impacts in Jamaica and in Kingston itself, which are indicative of major 
hurricane winds, along with available meteorological observations, the RMW could not have been very far from Kingston.  The minimum pressure recorded at the Kingston 
(Palisadoes) airport located on the southern coast was 973 mb.  The description of Charlie’s impact in Jamaica provided in the July, 1952 issue of the Meteorological 
Magazine estimates [using crude methodology] a central pressure of 964 mb.  A run of the Schloemer equation was performed to obtain another estimate of the central 
pressure making use of the 973 mb peripheral pressure at Kingston and an OCI of 1010 mb.  The RMW and the distance from the 973 mb observation to the storm center are 
unknown.  However, these two values were both estimated in the Meteorological Magazine.  Also, aircraft reconnaissance provided an eye radius value about nine hours 
earlier (mentioned above) which indicates an RMW of about 5 nmi.  According to the revised track, the center of Charlie passed 7 nmi from the airport at closest approach, 
and this is also consistent with the publication.  The Schloemer equation was run twice using RMWs of 5 and 7 nmi respectively for each run to obtain a possible range of 
central pressure values.  The run with a 5 nmi RMW yields a 938 mb central pressure and the run that assumes the airport was at the RMW at the time of the minimum pressure 
yields a central pressure of 951 mb.  Therefore, while it is possible that Charlie could have been as deep as 938 mb at the time, this seems unlikely given that a 971 mb 
central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance just 8 or 9 hours earlier.  It was decided to average the 951 mb obtained here with the 964 mb central pressure 
reported by the Meteorological Magazine, and a central pressure of 958 mb is chosen for landfall.  Since a landfall central pressure of 958 mb is decided upon, this value 
yields a wind speed of 105 kt using the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship, and after adding 5 kt for speed/size, 110 kt is chosen for 00Z on 
the 18th (up from 75 kt originally) and at the Jamaican landfall at 03Z.  Although there is little doubt that Charlie impacted Jamaica as a major hurricane, it may have 
been a stronger Category 4 at landfall.  It should be mentioned that the previous HURDAT was faster with Charlie and showed landfall occurring about five hours earlier
 than the analyzed landfall.  The HURDAT intensity at the point just before Jamaican landfall was previously 95 kt, and this intensity is revised upward to 110 kt.  The 
center of Charlie was over Jamaica from 03Z to 07Z on the 18th.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yields an intensity of 84 kt for 06Z on the 18th.  
The next time intensity information is available is 15 hours later.  At 2112Z on the 18th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 982 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT 
at 00Z on the 19th.  A central pressure of 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Analyzed intensities on the 18th for 06, 12, and 
18Z are 85, 75, and 75 kt respectively (80, 85, and 90 kt originally).  The position of the aircraft fix at 2112Z on the 18th is consistent with the 21Z observations of 
55 kt and 1000 mb recorded at Grand Cayman, about 50 nmi north-northeast of the center fix.  The revised track late on the 18th and on the 19th is still slower than the 
previous HURDAT track, and also slightly to the right (north), and these track changes are in agreement with aircraft fixes.  On the 19th, Charlie continued moving 
west-northwestward through the western Caribbean Sea.  At 1330Z on the 19th, a Navy aircraft measured a central pressure of 976 mb.  A central pressure of 976 mb is 
added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 19th, and this value yields 83 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship and 84 kt for the intensifying subset.  An intensity 
of 85 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 19th (down from 105 kt originally- a major change).  Next, Charlie approached Cozumel, Mexico, where a minimum pressure of 965 mb was 
recorded around 0200Z on 20 August, but it was unlikely to have been a central pressure measurement because there was not an 180 degree wind shift (the wind shifted from 
NNE through E to SE during the time of lowest pressure).  A central pressure of less than 965 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 97 kt according to the intensifying 
subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Cozumel only reported winds at hourly observations, and the highest wind reported at these hourly intervals was 80 kt 
G 95 kt from the NNE at 0130Z.  The previous HURDAT track has the center of Charlie passing south of the island, but the revised track is shifted about two-tenths of a 
degree to the right to show the center of Charlie passing over the extreme southern tip of the island (but still well south of the station).  The weather station on the 
island is located on the northern part of the island and likely did not experience calm conditions associated with the eye (as mentioned above).  However, it is difficult 
to know for sure exactly how far south of the station the center of Charlie passed. The Schloemer equation was run three times to obtain a range of possibilities of what 
the central pressure could have been.  A value of 1008 mb is used for environmental pressure, 965 mb for the measured peripheral pressure at Cozumel, and 12 nmi for the 
distance from the station to the center. RMWs of 10, 15, and 20 nmi were used for the three different runs, and central pressures of 932, 947, and 954 mb are obtained.  
These values yield wind speeds of 130, 116, and 109 kt respectively according to the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationship.  Since the original HURDAT 
intensity is 115 kt at 00Z on the 20th, the range of possible central pressures obtained along with the fact that there was not a 180 degree wind shift means that there 
is no evidence to decrease the original HURDAT intensity, and the 115 kt is thus unchanged.  The aircraft fix 12 hours before Charlie reached Cozumel reported a 976 mb 
central pressure with a RMW of about 15 nmi.  Charlie then deepened rapidly during the final 12 hours before reaching Cozumel, so there is a distinct possibility that the 
eye contracted during this time.  Charlie is analyzed to have made landfall on the southern tip of Cozumel Island (20.3N, 87.0W) at 01Z on 20 August as a 115 kt hurricane.  
Landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula is analyzed to have occurred at 03Z at 20.4N, 87.3W also with a 115 kt intensity.  Charlie was still moving west-northwestward, and the 
center was over the Yucatan Peninsula from 03Z to 16Z on the 20th.  Observations from Merida, Mexico indicate that the center passed just north of that station around 14Z.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield wind speeds of 84 and 63 kt at 06 and 12Z on the 20th respectively, and intensities of 90 and 70 kt are chosen for 
06 and 12Z respectively (down from 115 and 100 kt originally).  The minimum pressure recorded at Merida was 986 mb experienced simultaneously with 30 kt winds at 1330Z.  
Seven hours after the center of Charlie moved into the Bay of Campeche, an aircraft central pressure of 989 mb was recorded at 2243Z on the 20th, and this value is added 
to HURDAT at 00Z on the 21st.  A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Charlie is analyzed to have weakened from 
115 kt to 65 kt while over the Yucatan Peninsula, and a 65 kt intensity is also analyzed for 18Z on the 20th and 00Z on the 21st (down from 95 and 90 kt originally).  
The new positions analyzed for the 20th are still about half a degree slower than the previous HURDAT track, continuing the trend that began on 17 August, but by the 21st 
at 12Z, the revised track was nearly the same as the original HURDAT.  Aircraft central pressures of 988 and 982 mb were measured at 1538 and 2247Z on the 21st respectively.  
These values are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st and 00Z on the 22nd.  A central pressure of 988 mb yields 67 kt and 982 mb yields 75 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was larger than climatology and the speed was about 8 kt.  The 65 kt intensity analyzed from 18Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 
21st is kept through 18Z on the 21st and increased to 70 kt by 00Z the 22nd.  At all times on the 21st, the 90 kt intensity previously listed in HURDAT is lowered to 
65 kt.  On the 22nd at 1326Z, with Charlie located about 60 nmi east of Tampico, aircraft measured a central pressure of 972 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z 
on the 22nd.  A central pressure of 972 mb yields 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship, and the RMW is larger than 
climatology.  An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 22nd (down from 115 kt originally).  Major downward intensity adjustments of between 25-30 kt are analyzed at 
all times from 06Z on the 20th through 12Z on the 22nd.  Charlie is analyzed to have made its fourth (third Mexican) and final landfall at 19Z on 22 August at 22.3N, 
97.8W.  All information is consistent in that Tampico experienced the calm associated with the eye for 30 minutes.  The revised HURDAT track is one-tenth of a degree to 
the north of the previous track at landfall.  The previous track shows the center passing just south of the station and the revised track shows the center passing essentially 
right over the station, based upon the available observational time series from Tampico.  The highest wind recorded at Tampico before the passage of the eye was 85 kt 
from the WNW (or NW) with a 976 mb pressure, and the highest wind recorded after the passage of the eye was 95 kt from the SE.  The central pressure was either not recorded 
or is not available.  The lowest available pressure observation at Tampico was 973 mb with 45 kt NE winds inside the RMW.  This observation came two hours after the 
observation with the 85 kt WNW-NW, and it came 30 minutes to 1 hour before the calm eye.  Charlie was therefore likely to have been moving slowly.  The central pressure 
at landfall is estimated to be 968 mb (using the 10 kt per mb rule inside the RMW).  A central pressure of 968 mb is also added to HURDAT at 18Z.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones chart shows a 960 mb pressure, but it is not known how this value was attained.  A central pressure of 968 mb equals a wind speed of 93 kt according to the 
intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Due to the wind observation of 95 kt from Tampico, 100 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd and for the 19Z 
landfall due to the methodology of assigning a wind speed 5 kt higher than the highest available wind observation.  HURDAT previously listed a 110 kt intensity at 18Z 
on the 22nd, but this intensity was listed in HURDAT previously likely due to the 115 kt placed into HURDAT at 12Z, which was likely based on misleading aircraft winds.  
Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield 69, 50, and 36 kt for 00, 06, and 12Z respectively on 23 August.  Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic 
times are 60, 20, and 30 kt at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 23rd respectively.  The intensities of 65, 45, and 35 kt listed in HURDAT previously at 00, 06, and 12Z on the 23rd 
are all unchanged.  Charlie continued westward and weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 23rd as it moved farther inland.  No changes are made to the timing of 
dissipation, but the final point is adjusted half a degree north at 22.4N, 99.9W at 18Z on the 23rd as a 25 kt tropical depression.  Thereafter, the depression dissipated 
in the high terrain of Mexico.

Additional quote:

“The strongest winds reported in this hurricane were about 130 mph (by aircraft) just before it entered Yucatan, and again in the Gulf off Tampico.  The total loss of life 
in this hurricane was almost certainly over 250, while property and crop damage will probably reach a total of $75,000,000” (MWR).
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 5 (Dog) – (was Storm 4)

35655 08/27/1951 M=10  4 SNBR= 788 DOG         XING=0                           
35655 08/27/1951 M=10  5 SNBR= 788 DOG         XING=0                           
                       *

35660 08/27*  0   0   0    0*123 256  25    0*123 266  25    0*123 276  25    0*
35665 08/28*122 287  25    0*121 298  25    0*120 310  25    0*120 323  25    0*
35665 08/28*123 287  25    0*123 298  25    0*123 310  25    0*123 323  25    0*
                             ***              ***              ***

35670 08/29*120 336  25    0*120 349  25    0*121 363  25    0*122 380  25    0*
35670 08/29*123 336  25    0*123 349  25    0*123 363  25    0*124 380  25    0*
            ***              ***              ***              ***

35675 08/30*124 397  25    0*127 413  30    0*130 430  30    0*132 447  30    0*
35675 08/30*126 396  25    0*128 412  30    0*130 428  30    0*132 444  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

35680 08/31*134 465  35    0*137 484  40    0*140 502  45    0*140 517  45    0*
35680 08/31*134 461  35    0*136 477  40    0*137 494  45    0*138 511  45    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35685 09/01*140 532  50    0*141 547  50    0*141 562  55    0*141 576  60    0*
35685 09/01*139 528  50    0*140 544  50    0*141 560  55    0*141 573  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

35690 09/02*141 588  65    0*141 600  80    0*141 613  95    0*142 628 100    0*
35690 09/02*141 584  65    0*141 597  70    0*142 611  80    0*142 627  75    0*
                ***              ***  **      *** ***  **          *** ***

35695 09/03*143 644 100    0*144 659  95    0*146 674  90    0*147 697  85    0*
35695 09/03*143 643  70  992*144 658  70    0*146 674  70    0*148 694  70  993*
                *** ***  ***     ***  **               **      *** ***  **  ***

35700 09/04*148 718  80    0*149 731  75    0*151 743  60    0*153 754  60    0*
35700 09/04*150 714  65    0*151 730  55    0*151 742  45 1004*152 753  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  ** **** *** ***  **

35705 09/05*154 765  50    0*156 778  45    0*157 791  35    0*161 824  25    0*
35705 09/05*154 764  35    0*155 779  30    0*155 795  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35710 HR

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Tannehill.

August 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low elongated W-E of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.3N, 19.1W.  HURDAT does not yet list a 
system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

August 27:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 11.2N, 27.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 26.6W.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 28.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 12.0N, 31.0W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at 06Z at 14.7N, 25.0W (COA); 15 kt W and 1005 mb at 12Z at 13.0N, 
26.0W (COA).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 36.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 12.1N, 36.3W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.3N, 42.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression 
at 13.0N, 43.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.5N, 50.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 
14.0N, 50.2W.  No gales or low pressures.  “On 31 August at 1830Z an easterly wave, which had been progressing westward at 
about 15 kt, was taken under [closer] observation” (ATS).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.2N, 57.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 
14.1N, 56.2W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE and 1011 mb at 14.8N 52.7W at 12Z (COADS).  “Reconnaissance planes located a 
disturbance several hundred miles east of Barbados on September 1” (MWR).  “Ship reports [from 0030Z on September 1] in 
conjunction with a streamline analysis placed the easterly wave along a line extending southwest from 17N, 45W through 12.3N, 
51.6W, where streamline analysis showed a vortex to have formed, to a point about 4N, 57W” (ATS).  ATS mentions that data leads 
them to believe that this became a tropical storm by 1830Z on the 1st.  “However, it was very weak and small at this point” (ATS).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.1N, 61.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 14.1N, 
61.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT and HWM positions.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1002 mb centered near 14.3N, 61.0W.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12Z at St. Lucia (14.0N, 61.0W) 
(ATS, micro); 50 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 12Z at Martinique (14.5N, 61.1W) (HWM); 97 kt (max w, gust) at Fort-de-France, Martinique 
at 1238Z (ATS, MWR, MeteoFrance); 997 mb (min p) at Caravelle at 1130Z (MeteoFrance).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2122Z 
at 14.2N, 63.5W with 992 mb central pressure and 58 kt max winds encountered (ATS, micro).  At least 12 other aircraft gales between 
35-60 kt (some at surface and some at flight-level).  “Extrapolation of the storm center gave a position of 14.5N, 59W at the 
02/0030Z surface chart.  Surface reports from Martinique, Santa Lucia, and Barbados at this time continued to point to the fact 
that the storm was small and weak… with Martinique reporting NNE [10 kt], Santa Lucia ENE [3 kt] and Barbados NNW [3 kt].  The 
only strong wind reported – ENE [20 kt] – was reported by Desirade, 150 miles NW of the storm center.  Reports from Martinique 
and Barbados on the 02/0630Z surface chart indicated that the storm had slowed drastically from 20 kt to about 7 kt during the 
previous six hr.  However, the intensification [that must have] started between the time of this and the previous map still did 
not show on the surface chart; for the above mentioned stations only reported 15 and 10 kt winds.  The area of hurricane winds 
was extremely small, for the center was only 75 miles away from each of these stations.  At 02/1200Z, a report received from 
Martinique was relayed via the Weather Bureau of this activity.  The report came from a Pan American Airways control tower operator 
who estimated that the hurricane was over Martinique with winds of 100 kt.  As this report was received prior to the aircraft 
reconnaissance [which later that day found maximum winds of 60 kt], it was the first concrete information which showed the winds 
in the small center had reached hurricane force.  That the center was extremely small was shown on the 02/1230Z surface chart.  
Santa Lucia reported west wind 25 kt, Dominica reported an east wind 5 kt and Barbados reported a SSE 20 kt.  Analysis closed the 
hurricane center over Martinique with 1001.4 mb, the lowest pressure reported” (ATS).  “On the morning of the 2nd it was found to 
be a partially developed wave, with squalls of hurricane force in its northeastern quadrant, a short distance east of Martinique.  
Winds on the southern side were weak.  On September 2, it moved through the Lesser Antilles between Santa Lucia and Martinique.  
Both islands suffered considerable damage.  On Martinique 1,000 homes were reported destroyed and many others unroofed; 5 persons 
lost their lives by drowning; trees which were uprooted blocked roads and tore down telephone and power lines; 90 percent of the 
banana crop and 30 percent of the sugarcane crop were lost; damage was about $3,000,000.  On Santa Lucia, two persons lost their 
lives by drowning, and one sailing vessel was destroyed and two others damaged; flooding and high winds destroyed 70 percent of 
the banana crop in the northern part of the island.  The strongest wind reported in the islands was 100 knots at Fort-De-France 
(Martinique) Airport [tower] on September 2.  Total damage was well over $3,000,000 and seven people were killed” (MWR).  Description 
of damage, deaths, and wind observation in Tannehill matches the MWR description.  “The 02/1830Z surface chart bore out the surmise 
that intensification was still taking place as the weather pattern and area of strong winds was spreading considerably.  Martinique, 
over 180 miles from the center, reported steady rain with an east wind 30 kt; Desirade, 240 miles to the NE [of the center], was 
overcast with an ENE wind 30 kt; and St. Croix, 300 miles to the northeast, reported overcast, showers, and a NE 25 kt.  The second 
reconnaissance of 2 September departed San Juan, Puerto Rico for the hurricane at 1832Z.  At a distance of 58 miles NNW of the storm 
center, an east wind of 58 kt, the highest reported, was encountered.  The plane entered the SW quadrant, which was open and with 
light winds from the SW at 18 kt.  They reported the center at 14.1N, 63.5W at 02/2122Z with confused winds and seas.  This fix showed 
that the hurricane had moved at about 15 kt since the 02/1200Z fix over Martinique.  The aircraft radar showed heavy weather to 
the northeast and the plane circumnavigated that sector of the hurricane on its return to San Juan.  The track of the return flight 
took the plane around the hurricane at a distance of about 70 miles from the center.  Until darkness prohibited farther observations, 
SSE winds of 50 to 54 kt were reported [assumed in the NE quadrant 70 miles from the center]” (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.6N, 66.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 14.6N, 67.4W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 15.2N, 67.4W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered slightly west of the HURDAT 
position.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 16.2N, 64.7W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: approximate center fix at 1315Z 
at 14.6N, 67.7W with 1000 mb lowest pressure encountered (ATS, micro); center fix at 1845Z at 15.2N, 69.9W with 993 mb central pressure 
and 90 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  Four other flight-level hurricane force winds and two other low pressures.  
“At 03/0958Z a Navy reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for the hurricane area.  At 15.7N, 67W the plane encountered 75 kt winds 
for a brief period.  An area of light variable winds and confused seas, opening to the south, with westerly winds of 12 kt was found 
at 14.7N, 67.7W.  Radar showed no definite eye.  The lowest pressure of 1000 mb was found at 14.6N, 67.7W at 03/1315Z.  [Another] 
flight departed San Juan at 1652Z.  The eye of the hurricane was located at 15.2N, 69.9W with a central pressure of 993 mb and maximum 
winds about the center from east at 90 kt.  Winds of 65 kt extended 140 miles to the north of the center.  Winds to the south were 
light, 15 kt the maximum.  The eye was estimated to be 50 miles along an east-west diameter and 70 miles along the north-south diameter 
and open on the southern side” (ATS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 74.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 15.1N, 
74.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 15.3N, 74.4W with a 1005 mb pressure and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  
Land/station highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 12Z at Kingston, Jamaica (HWM).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 14Z at 15.1N, 
74.6W with 1004 mb central pressure and max flight-level winds encountered of 50 kt (micro); 35 kt E at flight-level of 500 ft and 1009 mb 
at 2030Z at 15.1N, 74.0W (micro).  Four other flight-level gales.  “Surface reports on the 04/0030Z chart were very sparse in the hurricane 
area.  The gradient winds at Ciudad Trujillo, Port Au Prince and Kingston were all from the east at 35 kt.  These reports were the bases 
on which the storm was extrapolated along its west course at 12 to 13 kt.  At 04/1634Z a PB4Y2 departed San Juan for the hurricane.  The 
flight had great difficulty locating the disturbance.  However, at 15.7N, 73.2W the apparent NW edge of the eye was discovered.  Visibility 
was excellent to the west, south and east with the lowest pressure of 1000.0 mb and a maximum wind of 38 kt” (ATS).  The 04/1500Z upper-air 
charts led [forecasters] to believe that filling/weakening would take place (ATS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.0N, 78.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.7N, 79.1W.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.5N, 81.5W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 
16.6N, 81.2W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 15.8N, 76.3W (micro).  “After the hurricane entered the Caribbean Sea, it 
began losing force and by the time its westward course brought it to a position some 200 miles southeast of Swan Island on the 5th, it had 
dissipated into moderate squalls and thereafter disappeared entirely” (MWR).  “On the 05/0630Z surface chart, a well spread low is all that 
remained of Dog.  The flight which departed Miami on 5 September at 0957Z searched the area thoroughly around the coordinates given and found 
no signs of a disturbance.  The 05/1500Z upper air charts, at all levels, showed that easterly flow again prevailed” (ATS).

Dog apparently formed from an easterly wave.  HURDAT starts this cyclone at 06Z on 27 August at 12.3N, 25.6W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  
The 25th and the 26th were searched between 30W and the African coast, and no closed circulation could be found.  No changes are made to the 
genesis of this cyclone.  The depression moved westward through the tropical Atlantic Ocean for the next several days.  On 28 August, a ship 
reported 1003 mb at 06Z and 1005 mb at 18Z, but these observations are both from the same ship, and both about 5 degrees east of the analyzed 
position at those times, so these observations are likely not associated with the circulation and appear to be biased too low.  This suspicion 
was confirmed on the 29th, when the same ship reported observations of 1005 and 1007 mb about 12 degrees east of the analyzed position.  
On the 29th, a couple of ship observations near the depression allow for a relatively accurate placement of the position on that day near the 
HURDAT position in the vicinity of 12N, 36W.  These observations were 5 to 10 kt winds with 1013 mb pressures, and the 25 kt intensity in 
HURDAT is maintained.  There is not any data on the 30th in the vicinity of the cyclone, but on the 31st, a ship recorded 15 kt SW with 1012 mb, 
and this ship is analyzed to be located just over one degree ESE of the center of the cyclone.  The HURDAT position on the 31st at 12Z is moved 
about nine-tenths of a degree ESE of the previous HURDAT position- the largest single track change for the entire lifetime of this system.  
No intensity changes were made to HURDAT from genesis on the 27th through 00Z on 2 September, and the main reason for this is lack of observations/lack 
of evidence to make a change to HURDAT.  The depression became Tropical Storm Dog at 00Z on 31 August.  By the 1st of September, it was approaching 
the Lesser Antilles.  On the 1st at 12Z, a ship observation of 35 kt NE with 1011 mb may have been plotted five degrees too far east (and there 
are no additional observations available from this ship).  If this assumption is made, the HURDAT position and intensity appear accurate.  At this 
time, the 55 kt tropical storm was located near 14N, 56W.  On 2 September sometime around 12Z, the center of Dog passed between St. Lucia and 
Martinique on a westward course.  At the 12Z observation, St. Lucia recorded 25 kt WSW with 1001 mb, and Fort de France, Martinique recorded 50 kt 
ENE with 1004 mb.  At Caravelle, Martinque a peripheral pressure value of 997 mb was recorded.  The descriptions of the damage inflicted with 
thousands of homes destroyed producing millions of dollars in damage on the two islands indicate that this cyclone was extremely likely to have 
been at hurricane intensity during its passage through the islands.  A 97 kt peak gust was recorded at Fort de France is consistent with this 
assessment.  Nine hours later, at 2122Z of 2 September, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 992 mb with maximum flight-level 
winds encountered of 58 kt (although surface winds of 60 kt were estimated by aircraft at 1730Z).  A central pressure of 992 mb is added to HURDAT 
at 00Z on the 3rd, and this value yields a wind speed of 61 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship.  Subjectively 
weighting the impacts from the islands into the reanalysis along with the subsequent central pressure, an intensity of 80 kt is chosen for 12Z 
during Dog’s passage through the islands (down from 95 kt originally), and 70 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 3rd (down from 100 kt originally - a 
major change).  Dog continued westward, and on the 3rd at 1845Z, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 993 mb, and this value 
is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd.  A central pressure of 993 mb yields 59 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW 
was much larger than climatology, but the storm had a forward speed of 21 kt.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 3rd (down from 85 kt 
originally), based upon a combination of the pressure-wind relationship, the quick forward speed, and the large area of estimated hurricane force 
winds.  Dog is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm 6 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally.  On the 4th of September, as Dog was moving 
westward into the central Caribbean Sea, it weakened further.  At 14Z on the 4th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 1004 mb with maximum 
flight-level winds of 50 kt around 600 ft.  A central pressure of 1004 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th, and this value yields 41 kt according 
to the weakening subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th (down from 60 kt 
originally), and 40 kt is chosen for 18Z (down from 60 kt- a major change).  Major downward intensity adjustments of 25 to 30 kt are analyzed for 
Dog at all times from 18Z on 2 September to 06Z on 4 September, and a major downward adjustment of 20 kt is implemented at 18Z on the 4th.  The storm 
continued to weaken as it moved westward.  At 1955Z in the 4th, aircraft recorded a maximum flight-level wind of 38 kt.  Two ship observations at 00Z 
on the 5th confirm that the circulation was still closed.  One of these observations is a pressure of 1008 mb with 25 kt ESE winds located half a 
degree NNE of the center, and the other is 5 kt NNW with 1011 about 1 degree SW of the center.  00Z on the 5th is the last time that there is confirmation 
of a closed circulation.  The circulation may have still been closed at 06Z and 12Z, but by 18Z on the 5th, observations indicate that the circulation 
had opened up into a remnant trough/wave.  Dog is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression at 06Z on the 5th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT 
originally).  HURDAT lists a final position at 18Z on the 5th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 16.1N, 82.4W, but the final point is eliminated from HURDAT.  
The last position is now shown to be at 12Z on the 5th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 15.5N, 79.5W before it became an open wave.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 6 (Easy) – (was Storm 5)

35715 09/02/1951 M=12  5 SNBR= 789 EASY        XING=0                           
35715 09/01/1951 M=14  6 SNBR= 789 EASY        XING=0                           
         **        **  *

(The 1st is new to HURDAT.)
35720 09/01*  0   0   0    0*125 320  30    0*132 333  30    0*140 345  35    0*

35720 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 370  40    0*
35720 09/02*146 355  35    0*148 364  40    0*150 374  40    0*153 386  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

35725 09/03*157 396  40    0*163 411  55    0*166 426  65    0*167 438  70    0*
35725 09/03*157 402  45    0*161 418  55    0*164 433  65    0*166 445  70    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35730 09/04*166 449  75    0*167 459  80    0*170 470  85    0*178 487  90    0*
35730 09/04*167 457  75    0*169 469  80    0*172 482  85    0*178 497  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***  

35735 09/05*187 505  95    0*197 521  95    0*206 537 100    0*211 555 100    0*
35735 09/05*187 513  95    0*197 529  95    0*206 544  90    0*212 559  90    0*
                ***              ***              *** ***      *** *** ***

35740 09/06*215 573 105    0*219 593 105    0*223 612 110    0*227 625 120    0*
35740 09/06*215 574  85    0*219 591  85    0*223 606  90  967*226 619 100  957*
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

35745 09/07*230 637 130    0*234 649 135    0*240 660 140    0*248 670 140    0*
35745 09/07*230 632 110    0*236 646 115    0*245 660 120    0*254 669 125  937*
                *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***  ***

35750 09/08*258 676 140    0*271 678 135    0*283 674 130    0*292 667 120    0*
35750 09/08*262 675 130    0*271 676 130    0*279 674 125    0*286 671 120    0*
            *** *** ***          *** ***      ***     ***      *** ***

35755 09/09*299 660 115    0*303 653 100    0*308 644  95    0*320 627  90    0*
35755 09/09*294 664 110    0*299 655 100    0*305 643  95    0*316 626  90    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35760 09/10*332 608  85    0*341 597  85    0*350 585  85    0*362 571  80    0*
35760 09/10*330 611  85    0*342 597  85    0*354 581  85    0*367 567  80    0*
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

35765 09/11*373 557  80    0*381 541  75    0*386 526  70    0*389 513  70    0*
35765 09/11*379 555  80    0*390 541  75    0*395 526  70    0E395 512  70    0*
            *** ***          ***              ***             **** ***

35770 09/12*390 499  65    0*390 484  65    0E390 469  65    0E390 455  65    0*
35770 09/12E395 499  65    0E395 486  65    0E395 470  60    0E395 455  60    0*
           ****             **** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **

35775 09/13E396 438  65    0E408 415  60    0E420 393  50    0E458 374  45    0*
35775 09/13E397 440  60    0E407 415  60    0E419 393  60    0E432 370  60    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
35775 09/14E442 322  60    0E452 280  65    0E463 225  65    0E475 171  60    0*

35780 HR

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this powerful hurricane.  Major changes are made to both the genesis 
and the dissipation of this cyclone, and a major change is made to the timing of when Easy became a major hurricane.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic 
weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.9N, 25.4W.  HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or 
low pressures.

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 28.8W.  HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or 
low pressures.

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.3N, 32.3W.  HURDAT did not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 16.0N, 36.9W (COA).  It was determined on the 3rd of September by forecasters/analysts “that the vortex of 
what was not yet a tropical storm [on the 1st of September] had formed between 1230Z and 1830Z on 1 September at about 14.5N, 34.7W” (ATS).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.4N, 38.5W.  HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 40 kt tropical storm 
at 14.0N, 37.0W.  No gales or low pressures.  “ ‘Easy’ gave the first indication of its presence on the 02/1830Z surface chart” (ATS).  
ATS mentions that one ship south of the developing storm had a SW wind of 15 kt and several ships displayed negative pressure tendencies.

September 3:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.9N, 42.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.6N, 42.6W.  Ship 
highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 07Z at 16.5N, 43.6W (ATS); 30 kt WNW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 15.6N, 43.7W (ATS).  “The steamship Barn 
sent three special reports on the morning of September 3 which indicated the existence of a circulation, probably of hurricane force, near 
16.5N, 42.5W” (MWR).  “On the 03/1230Z surface chart, the ship Barn at 15.6N, 43.7W reported overcast sky with continuous rain, WNW 30 kt 
wind, and a pressure at 1005 mb.  At this time, two delayed reports from Barn were also received [including a 0700Z report of 35 kt NNE with 
1000 mb].  These reports from the Barn definitely established that it had intensified to tropical storm intensity” (ATS).  An aircraft on the 
3rd of September, which left from Ramay AFB, Puerto Rico, reached “the extreme end of its search range at 12.8N, 51.8W and was forced to turn 
back.  The report from this position gave scattered altocumulus clouds with NNE winds of 10 kt” (ATS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.6N, 48.6W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 47.0W.  The 
MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position just northwest of the HURDAT position near 17.2N, 47.2W.  Aircraft highlights: possible center 
fix at 1750Z near 20.3N, 49.0W with 989 mb lowest pressure encountered and 58 kt max flight-level winds encountered [position may be in error; 
not sure if center fix; not sure if central pressure] (ATS).  “Aircraft reported it to be of hurricane force and increasing [in intensity] as 
it moved on a west-northwestward course” (MWR).  “At 04/1123Z an Air Force B-29 departed Ramey Air Force Base for the storm area.  At 04/1750Z 
the reconnaissance plane reported the disturbance, located by DR, consisting of twin cells with centers at 20.3N, 49W and 20.8N, 49W respectively.  
The maximum measured continuous winds were 58 kt.  The pressure of the southern most eye reported was 992 mb.  No pressure report was given for 
the more northern eye; however, the lowest pressure [for the flight] (989 mb) was reported on the east side of the disturbance.  As there was no 
indication of wind shift of shear between these and around those two reported centers it was assumed that the eye was elongated along a north-south 
axis…  The position of the hurricane center was taken as 20.5N, 49W” (ATS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 54.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 53.7W.  The MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position just southwest of the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered close to 
the 18Z HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 994 mb at 18Z at 21.1N, 55.4W (micro).  Three other gales of 35 kt and four other low pressures 
between 997-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1627Z at 21.0N, 55.7W with 120 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  
“The 05/1230Z surface chart yielded enough [ship] reports to establish the position of Easy.  An ‘off-time’ ship at 23N, 55.5W reported a pressure 
of 997 mb with a minus 5.2 mb tendency.  At 05/1230Z, an Air Force Reconnaissance plane departed Ramay Air Force Based for the hurricane.  At 05/1627Z 
the Air Force reconnaissance aircraft reported the position of the hurricane center at 21N, 55.7W.  Maximum winds reported were 120 kt in the northern 
quadrant.  The hurricane was still on a westerly course and was maintaining its 12 kt speed of advance” (ATS).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 21.7N, 60.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 22.3N, 61.2W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.6N, 60.1W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 22.3N, 60.8W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 
21.2N, 55.4W (COA); 35 kt E and 1006 mb at 00Z at 23.2N, 56.4W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR) at 1406Z at 22.5N, 61.2W with 
967 mb central pressure and 110 kt max flight level winds (ATS, micro); Navy center fix (DR) at 2006Z at 22.6N, 61.9W with 957 mb central pressure and 
125 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); 120 kt NW (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 22.5N, 62.5W (micro); 120 kt SE (at flight-level 
of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 22.5N, 61.3W (micro); 95 kt ENE (at flight-level of 500 ft) at 2100Z at 23.4N, 62.1W (micro).  “At 06/1406Z the Air Force 
reconnaissance plane fixed the center of Hurricane Easy at 22.5N, 61.2W.  The eye was described as being 70 mi in diameter with maximum winds in the 
NE quadrant at 110 kt.  A Navy Hurricane reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for Hurricane Easy at 06/1745Z.  Penetration gave the center at 22.5N, 
61.9W at 06/2028Z.  The crew described the eye as 30 mi in diameter with winds of 125 kt from the WNW” (ATS).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 23.7N, 65.8W.  HWM analyzes Hurricane Fox near 22.0N, 50.3W, or about 860 nmi east of Easy.  
HURDAT lists Easy with a 140 kt intensity at 24.0N, 66.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.0N, 65.0W with a 960 mb 
pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near the 
HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 26.0N, 62.2W (COA, micro); 40 kt ENE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 27.4N, 67.1W (COA, micro).  
One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Estimated storm position (by Navy) at 1442Z at 25.1N, 66.5W with 968 mb 
(peripheral) lowest pressure encountered and 140 kt + maximum flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro); 140 kt + (at flight-level- low-level) and 968 mb 
at 1442Z at 25.2N, 66.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1925Z and 2022Z at 25.6N, 66.9W with 937 mb central pressure, 110 kt visual surface winds, 
140 kt max flight-level winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 8,620 feet (ATS, micro).  “By the time it began recurving northward on the 7th near 25N, 67W, 
aircraft reported it to be too severe for penetration.  The wind reached an estimated 140 knots at deepest penetration on the south side when the plane had 
to turn back.  This indicated that a possible wind of between 160 and 200 mph was prevailing near the center and on the stronger northern side.  This was by 
far the most severe hurricane of the 1951 season” (MWR).  “At 07/1155Z a Navy Hurricane reconnaissance plane departed San Juan for Hurricane Easy.  The Navy 
plane gave the position of the center of Easy at 07/1442Z at 25.1N, 66.5W.  This was an estimated position for due to extreme turbulence and very high winds 
(140 kt from the NNW were encountered in the western semi-circle), penetration was not possible.  A second reconnaissance flight to hurricane Easy departed 
Bermuda at 07/1700Z and gave a fix on its center at 07/1925Z at 25.6N, 66.9W with maximum winds of 140 kt to the south of the eye” (ATS).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 28.2N, 67.8W with a dissipating cold front located well northwest of the cyclone extending from 39N, 
64W to 35N, 68W to 33N, 71W to 31N, 75W.  HWM also analyzes Hurricane Fox to be located near 26.6N, 57.1W, or about 580 nmi ESE of Easy.  HURDAT lists Hurricane 
Easy with a 130 kt intensity at 28.3N, 67.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.2N, 67.2W with a 937 mb pressure and the MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 987 mb centered near 28.0N, 67.3W.  Ship highlights: 
80 kt E and 988 mb at 00Z at 27.2N, 67.2W (COA, micro); 120 kt SSW and 983 mb at 06Z at 27.1N, 67.2W (COA, micro); 120 kt E and 986 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 68.0W 
(COA); 65 kt SW and 985 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 67.8W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 996 mb at 21Z at 27.8N, 66.1W (micro).  14 other gales between 35-60 kt and nine other 
low pressures between 997-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 15 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 21Z at Bermuda (micro); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 2230 and 2330Z at Bermuda 
(micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR) at 1316Z at 28.2N, 67.0W with 130 kt max flight-level wind encountered (ATS, micro).  “An Air Force 
reconnaissance aircraft departed Bermuda at 08/1030Z and gave a fix on the center of Hurricane Easy at 08/1316Z at 28.2N, 67W.  The maximum winds, 130 kt, were 
found in the NE quadrant” (ATS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 30.7N, 64.0W.  HWM also analyzes hurricane Fox to be located near 37.8N, 57.9W, or about 520 nmi NE of 
Easy.  HURDAT lists Hurricane Easy with a 95 kt intensity at 30.8N, 64.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.8N, 65.1W with a 
966 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 30.6N, 63.6W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes the centers of Easy and Fox to be located 
only about 440 nmi from each other.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low (Easy) of at most 990 mb centered near 30.5N, 63.7W.  The microfilm analysis also shows that 
Easy and Fox are located within the same 1005 mb contour, but the two cyclones are analyzed with separate 1002 mb closed isobars, and both cyclones are analyzed 
to be of at most 990 mb.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 00Z at 27.0N, 66.5W (COA); 45 kt S and 1002 mb at 00Z at 27.6N, 66.2W (COA); 50 kt S at 00Z at 
26.5N, 65.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 992 mb at 15Z at 31.6N, 63.6W (micro); 45 kt NNW and 994 mb at 18Z at 31.5N, 63.8W (micro).  Ten other gales and eight other low 
pressures.  Land/station highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1000 mb at 1530Z at Bermuda (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt and 21 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb 
at Bermuda.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 0051Z at 29.4N, 66.4W with 700 mb height in the eye of 8,935 ft (micro, ATS); Air Force center 
fix at 1605Z at 31.0N, 63.1W with 80-100 ft waves (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 1815Z (no position given) with 967 mb pressure [it is unknown whether this 
is a central pressure] and 140 kt max flight level winds encountered (micro).  “It curved sharply and passed a short distance southeast of Bermuda on the 9th” 
(MWR).  “At 08/2330Z another Air Force reconnaissance aircraft departed Bermuda for hurricane Easy and reported the center at 09/0120Z at 29.5N, 66.4W.  No winds 
were reported.  This reported showed that Easy had indeed slowed and recurved toward the northeast.  Hurricane Fox at that time [09/0030Z] was estimated to be 
about 31.6N, 59.4W with the hurricane centers now about 390 miles apart.  Analysis of the 09/1230Z surface chart gave a fairly good [position estimate] on both 
hurricanes.  Hurricane Easy showed a speed of advance of about 10 kt on a NE course taking it south of Bermuda at 30.6N, 64.8W.  At 09/1045Z an Air Force 
reconnaissance plane departed Tampa, FL for Hurricane Easy.  The aircraft fix on Hurricane Easy at 09/1605Z was 31N, 63.1W.  [On the 09/1830Z surface chart, 
Easy was placed] at 31.8N, 62.2W…” (ATS).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 35.1N, 58.6W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 35.0N, 58.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.2N, 56.5W with a 967 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.2N, 56.2W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a low of at most 996 mb centered near 35.4N, 56.9W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 34.4N, 61.2W (COA); 55 kt SE and 1009 mb at 12Z at 35.0N, 
55.1W (COA); 55 kt S and 1008 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 54.2W (COA).  12 other gales of 35-55 kt and one other low pressure.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix 
at 2053Z at either 37.2N, 54.8W or 37.6N, 56.4W [not sure which is correct] with 120 kt max flight level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  “Hurricane Easy was 
accelerating and by 10/1830Z was at 36.5N, 56.7W (had assumed a speed of advance of about 20 kt).  A fix on the center of Easy was received from the Air Force 
reconnaissance plane at 10/2053Z at 37.2N, 54.8W.  The maximum winds of 120 kt were reported on the south side of the hurricane” (ATS).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 39.7N, 52.7W with a dissipating cold front plotted from 44N, 46W to 45N, 36W and another dissipating 
cold front plotted from 40N, 58W to 41N, 65W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 38.6N, 52.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 40.0N, 51.4W with a 984 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 40.3N, 52.6W.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 
993 mb centered near 40.4N, 53.1W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt N and 995 mb at 06Z at 40.3N, 55.6W (COA); 40 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 40.8N, 55.3W (COA).  12 other 
gales between 35-45 kt and three other low pressures between 1001-1005 mb.  “The 11/0630Z surface chart indicated Easy was beginning to take on extra-tropical 
characteristics as it moved northeastward following the path of the now defunct Fox.  At 11/1830Z with the highest winds at 60 miles from the center on the west 
side reported as 35 kt; 5 kt 70 miles to the north and 20 and 25 kt in the southern and eastern sector and with 10 to 20 degree temperature discontinuities across 
the storm, Easy was declared extratropical” (ATS).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 39.3N, 47.1W with a west end of a W-E stationary front plotted about 220 nmi ENE of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 46.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 40.2N, 47.3W with a 990 mb 
pressure.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.0N, 45.7W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt SSW and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.1N, 48.4W (COA); 
50 kt SSW and 989 mb at 06Z at 39.0N, 49.0W (COA); 40 kt WSW and 997 mb at 18Z at 38.5N, 46.9W (micro).  Nine other gales between 35-45 kt and two other low pressures 
between 1003-1005 mb.  “[Easy] continued northeastward and was well off Newfoundland by the 12th.  This great hurricane did not strike any land area, but a few 
ships were involved more or less and suffered damage to their superstructures.  There was no loss of life” (MWR).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.6N, 39.4W with the west end of a W-E warm front plotted about 250 nmi ENE of the cyclone.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 42.0N, 39.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.2N, 38.1W with a 997 mb pressure.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 06Z at 42.9N, 41.7W (COA); 45 kt SW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 38.4N, 41.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 1007 mb at 12Z at 41.0N, 44.0W (COA); 
50 kt S at 18Z at 42.2N, 35.0W (COA).  Three other gales between 35-45 kt.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 46.4N, 22.8W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward to 39N, 9W and a cold front extending 
from the low southwestward to 42N, 30W.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.0N, 23.0W with a 
990 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 998 mb at 00Z at 44.1N, 27.2W (COA); 50 kt SW and 981 mb at 06Z at 43.3N, 27.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 989 mb at 12Z at 
46.9N, 21.7W (COA, HWM); 60 kt NE and 991 mb at 14Z at 48.0N, 20.0W (COA); 50 kt SW and 990 mb at 18Z at 46.7N, 17.5W (COA).  At least ten other gales and 12 other 
low pressures.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.7N, 2.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point at 47.5N, 0.1E.  A dissipating 
stationary front extends eastward from the triple point and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.

HURDAT previously started this cyclone at 18Z on 2 September at 14.0N, 37.0W as a 40 kt tropical storm.  August 30th through September 1st were searched for data 
between 40W and the African coast.  On 30 and 31 August, there is not enough data to indicate the presence of a closed circulation although there are a couple of 
observations of west winds far from where the cyclone likely was if it existed.  On 1 September, there were more observations with westerly wind components relatively 
far away as well, but at 06Z on 1 September, a ship recorded 25 kt NE with 1008 mb around 13.7N, 31.7W, and at 18Z that day, the same ship recorded 35 kt NE with 
1010 mb at 16N, 36.9W.  (It is noted that the ship would have to been traveling at over 25 kt to have been in the locations reported at 06Z and 18Z.  It is quite 
possible that one (or both) positions of the ship given were incorrect.)  This information is enough to start this cyclone on the 1st, especially because of observations 
found on 3 September that indicate the definite presence of at least a strong tropical storm.  The location of the observations found on 1 September are consistent 
with observations on the 3rd from a tropical cyclone moving with a forward speed of about 13 kt.  Genesis is analyzed to have occurred at 06Z on 1 September 
(36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally) at 12.5N, 32.0W (5 degrees east of the original HURDAT genesis location) as a 30 kt tropical depression.  The cyclone 
is analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 18Z on the 1st (24 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally).  A 35 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 1st at the 
time as the 35 kt ship observation was recorded, which was about 150 nmi NW of the analyzed position at that time.  On the 2nd, there is no data near the cyclone, 
but on the 3rd at 07Z, a ship recorded 35 kt NE with 1000 mb around 16.5N, 43.7W.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of at least 47 kt according 
to the southern pressure-wind relationship, and the HURDAT intensity of 55 kt at 06Z on the 3rd is unchanged.  No change is made to the time of when Easy became a 
hurricane (12Z on the 3rd).  It should be mentioned that a major change is made to the HURDAT position at 18Z on 2 September.  The position is shifted about 2.1 degrees 
NW of the previous position to 15.3N, 38.6W (from 14.0N, 37.0W originally).  That was the only major track change during the tropical portion of the lifetime of Easy, 
and all track changes from the 3rd through the 12th are minor track changes.  Analyzed positions from 18Z on the 2nd to 18Z on the 5th are all west of the previous 
HURDAT positions, but from the 6th at 06Z on the 7th at 06Z, the analyzed position are slightly east of the previous HURDAT positions.  Late on the 7th and early on 
the 8th, Easy turned toward north and began to recurve with a farthest west position of 27.1N, 67.6W at 06Z on 8 September.  Back on September 4th, Easy was moving 
towards the west-northwest, and on the 4th at 1750Z, aircraft reconnaissance intercepted the cyclone at the very edge of its range near 20.3N, 49.0W.  The lowest 
pressure encountered was 989 mb and the strongest flight-level winds encountered were 58 kt, but the information available suggests that the flight crew was uncertain 
of the location of the true center of the cyclone, and that the 989 mb was not measured at a location of a minimum in wind speed or near a wind shift.  Furthermore, 
ship data suggests that the position of Easy was about 150 nmi south of the reported aircraft fix.  The 989 mb reading is therefore not treated as a central pressure.  
A peripheral pressure of 989 mb yields a wind speed of at least 65 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Because of the uncertainties with this 
aircraft reconnaissance mission and what it was reporting, no changes are made to HURDAT on the 4th and early on the 5th.  The first reliable aircraft center fix 
occurred on the 5th at 1627Z at 21.0N, 55.7W, but no central pressure was reported.  On the 6th, aircraft reconnaissance reported central pressures of 967 mb 1406Z 
and 957 mb 2006Z, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12Z and 18Z respectively on the 6th.  A central pressure of 967 mb yields 93 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 95 kt for the intensifying subset.  The RMW reported was much larger than climatology (50-55 nm versus 17 nm) and the speed to the 
cyclone was 13 kt.  A central pressure of 957 mb yields 106 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure wind relationship.  The RMW was a little 
larger than climatology (~22 nm versus 16 nm) and the speed of Easy had slowed to 11 kt.  Analyzed intensities from 12Z on the 6th through 00Z on the 7th are 90, 100, 
and 110 kt (down from 110, 120, and 130 kt originally - all major downward adjustments).  Easy is analyzed to have become a major hurricane 30 hours later than originally 
(a major change).  On the 7th of September at 1442Z, a Navy low-level penetration attempt was unsuccessful, but did measure a pressure of 968 mb about an estimated 18 nmi 
from the center.  The eye was not visible on radar to the flight crew, so the 18 nmi value is an estimate.  A run of the Schloemer equation was performed assuming the 
plane reached the RMW.  The equation yields a central pressure value of 942 mb.  Just five hours later, at 1925Z on the 7th, a 700 mb height in the eye of 8,935 ft was 
reported, indicating a central pressure in the range of 933-950 mb.  One hour later, at 2022Z on the 7th, an Air Force aircraft reported a central pressure of 937 mb, 
and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 7th.  A central pressure of 937 mb yields 126 and 123 kt respectively according to the intensifying subsets of the 
southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW and the speed of the cyclone were near average.  An intensity of 125 kt is chosen for 18Z on 7 September 
(down from 140 kt originally).  Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 25 kt are analyzed at all times from 00Z on the 6th to 12Z on the 7th.  After the 937 mb 
aircraft central pressure late on the 7th, there were no more central pressure observations for this cyclone.  On the 8th, Easy began a turn toward the northeast.  
At 06Z, a ship reported 120 kt with 983 mb, and at 12Z, another ship reported 120 kt with 986 mb.  On the 9th at 0051Z, an Air Force aircraft recorded a 700 mb height 
in the eye of 8,935 ft, indicating a central pressure in the range of 942-959 mb.  This central pressure range suggests wind speeds in the range of 96-113 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 92-108 kt for its weakening subset.  A 110 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 9th (down from 115 kt originally).  
HURDAT previously listed Easy with a peak intensity of 140 kt from 12Z on the 7th to 00Z on the 8th.  The revised peak intensity is 130 kt from 00Z on the 8th to 06Z on 
the 8th.  A peak intensity of 130 kt was chosen because after the 937 mb central pressure was recorded, there was no definitive information to indicate that weakening 
had taken place until 0051Z on the 9th (29 hours after the 937 mb central pressure).  Therefore, it is possible that Easy continued to strengthen for a short time after 
the 937 mb central pressure was recorded before weakening commenced.  Since it is unknown whether the actual intensity was closer to 125 kt or 130 kt at 00 and 06Z on 
the 8th, it is better to edge closer to the original HURDAT intensities (140 and 135 kt at 00 and 06Z respectively).  Easy made its closest approach to Bermuda on the 
9th- it passed roughly 100 nmi SE of Bermuda on a northeast course.  Hourly observations are available from Bermuda.  The lowest hourly pressure recorded was 1000 mb.  
The barometer was steady around 1000 mb there from 0830Z to 1530Z on the 9th.  The highest hourly wind was 35 kt recorded at 1430 and 1530Z.  Later on the 9th, at 1605Z, 
aircraft reconnaissance reported 80 to 100 ft waves.  At 1815Z on the 9th, aircraft reconnaissance reported a minimum pressure of 967 mb, and it is not known whether 
this reading is a central pressure, thus it is not added into HURDAT.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 967 mb yields a wind speed of at least 88 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 84 kt for its weakening subset.  No changes are made to the HURDAT intensity from 06Z on the 9th through 06Z on the 12th. 
 On the 11th, Easy turned eastward for a day along 39.5N, from about 52.5W to 47W, and on the 12th around 12Z, it made a turn toward the ENE.  Easy is analyzed to have 
become extratropical by 18Z on the 11th (18 hours earlier than originally).  HURDAT previously showed a final position at 18Z on 13 September at 45.8N, 37.4W as a 45 kt 
extratropical cyclone.  At 18Z on the 13th, the revised position is 43.2N, 37.0W (a major track change) with a 60 kt intensity.  The cyclone was not dissipated or absorbed 
until after 18Z on the 14th, so HURDAT is revised to extend this cyclone for 24 more hours.  The final position at 18Z on the 14th is analyzed to be 47.5N, 17.1W with a 
60 kt intensity.  Thereafter, Easy was absorbed into another extratropical low to its north.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 7 (Fox) – (was Storm 6)

35785 09/02/1951 M=10  6 SNBR= 790 FOX         XING=0                           
35785 09/02/1951 M=10  7 SNBR= 790 FOX         XING=0                           
                       *

35790 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 200  25    0*
35790 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*126 203  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **
35795 09/03*118 235  25    0*116 248  30    0*115 260  30    0*115 275  30    0*
35795 09/03*127 218  40    0*128 233  45    0*130 247  50    0*132 260  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35800 09/04*118 290  35    0*124 305  40    0*130 320  45    0*137 333  55    0*
35800 09/04*134 273  55    0*136 290  55    0*142 310  55    0*149 328  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35805 09/05*144 346  60    0*152 362  70    0*160 378  75    0*165 390  75    0*
35805 09/05*156 345  65    0*163 362  70    0*168 378  75    0*173 393  75    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              ***              *** ***

35810 09/06*171 401  80    0*176 414  85    0*182 430  90    0*192 455  90    0*
35810 09/06*178 407  80    0*183 421  85    0*189 437  90    0*196 456  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35815 09/07*203 482  95    0*210 495  95    0*217 507 100    0*230 531 100    0*
35815 09/07*203 473  95    0*211 490  95    0*220 507 100    0*231 524 100    0*
                ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

35820 09/08*244 552 100    0*252 564  95    0*264 575  95    0*292 588  95    0*
35820 09/08*243 538 100    0*255 552  95    0*272 566  95    0*296 579  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35825 09/09*324 600  90    0*353 598  90    0*380 580  85    0*400 546  85    0*
35825 09/09*322 587  90    0*351 591  90    0*378 582  85    0*403 546  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

35830 09/10*420 505  75    0*445 439  75    0*470 370  70    0E496 299  65    0*
35830 09/10E423 505  75    0E445 439  75    0E472 368  75    0E500 298  75    0*
           ****             *                **** ***  **      *** ***  **

35835 09/11E524 228  60    0E555 211  55    0E590 232  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
35835 09/11E535 240  65    0E575 212  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***  **
35840 HR                                                                        

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  A major change is made to the timing of when this 
cyclone became a tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Africa near 14.0N, 14.9W.  HURDAT does not yet list this system.  No gales or 
low pressures.

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N, 18.8W.  HURDAT firsts lists this system at 18Z as a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 13.0N, 20.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.4N, 25.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 11.5N, 26.0W.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt SE and 1002 mb at 06Z at 13.9N, 22.2W (COA); 20 kt N and 1003 mb at 18Z at 14.4N, 26.6W (COA).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.4N, 32.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 32.0W.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 00Z at 13.4N, 25.4W (COA).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.6N, 38.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 16.0N, 37.8W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 16.6N, 37.6W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 999 mb at 07Z at 16.7N, 35.7W (ATS).  “This 
hurricane was first suspected when the steamship Janecke Naess encountered 45-knot south winds at 15N, 35W on September 5.  This wind report 
indicated that a small hurricane center was located a short distance northwest of the ship’s position” (MWR).  “On [the 05/1230Z surface chart] 
the disturbance that was to become Fox appeared.  The ship British Premier at 13.5N, 40.2W reported 1008.4 mb, scattered clouds and a NNE 15 kt 
wind.  The Juthay at 9.8N, 38W reported 1015.6 mb with a SE 15 kt wind.  These reports showed very clearly the position of the wave from which 
the tropical storm had formed.  The storm center for Fox was of course based on the ship Janeckenaess [Janecke Naess] at 05/1230Z.  At this 
time, the centers of [Easy and Fox] were computed to be 990 miles apart separated by a weakening north-south ridge” (ATS).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.8N, 42.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 18.2N, 43.0W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 21.4N, 46.4W (COA).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.0N, 50.3W.  HWM analyzes Hurricane Easy to be located near 23.7N, 65.8W, or about 
860 nmi west of Fox.  HURDAT lists Fox with a 100 kt intensity at 21.7N, 50.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.3N, 
52.3W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1002 mb at 00Z at 21.5N, 46.2W (COA, ATS); 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 06Z at 21.5N, 46.2W (COA).  One other 
gale of 35 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (DR, penetration) at 1737Z at 23.1N, 52.4W with estimated visual surface winds of 
hurricane force, maximum measured flight-level winds of 82 kt, and estimated maximum storm intensity of 100 kt (ATS, micro).  “The report of 
the ship Tectus with overcast sky, a minus 4.5 mb falling then rising and a 60 kt E wind indicated hurricane Fox was at about 20N, 46.4W [at 
07/0030Z].  This position indicated Hurricane Fox was still on its WNW course and that it had slight increased its speed of advance to about 
23 kt.  Air Force flying at 10,120 feet altitude gave the center of Fox at 07/1737Z as 23.1N, 52.4W.  The eye was described as being oblong 
20 by 30 miles.  The average wind was reported as 82 kt with the maximum winds of 100 kt from the ESE.  Winds of force 12 or greater were 
reported from west through north to south and southeast” (ATS).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.6N, 57.1W.  HWM analyzes Hurricane Easy to be located near 28.2N, 67.8W, or about 
580 nmi WNW of Fox.  HURDAT lists Hurricane Fox with a 95 kt intensity at 26.4N, 57.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 26.3N, 56.7W with a 976 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.3N, 57.7W.  Microfilm at 00Z 
analyzes a hurricane of at most 984 mb centered near 24.0N, 53.9W and at 12Z the microfilm analysis position is not useful because the position 
is plotted at the location of an 18Z aircraft fix (29.4N, 58.0W).  Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 992 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 54.5W (“Ruanine”, COA, 
micro); 978 mb (min p encountered by ship “Ruanine”) at 03Z near ~24.8N, 54.1W (micro); 65 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 56.7W (micro).  
Four other gales between 35-50 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1750Z at 29.5N, 58.0W (ATS).  “It later proved to be a small, 
fast moving hurricane which moved on a northwestward course and passed some 350 miles east of Bermuda on September 8th.  Thereafter it turned 
northeastward and continued its rapid movement over the Atlantic” (MWR).  The proximity of Hurricane Fox [to Hurricane Easy on the morning of 
the 8th] (the centers at this time were about 540 miles apart) and its greater speed of advance (about 20 kt), however, were considered to be a 
factor… important in the slowing of Hurricane Easy.  The situation seemed to indicate that the Fujiwhara effect was indeed taking place.  At 
08/1344Z an Air Force plane departed Bermuda to reconnoiter Hurricane Fox.  At 08/1750Z the plane gave the center position of Fox as 29.5N, 58W” 
(ATS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 37.8N, 57.9W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located about 250 nmi 
north-northeast of the cyclone and a second frontal boundary located farther north and north-northwest.  HWM also analyzes Hurricane Easy to be 
located near 30.7N, 64.0W, or about 520 nmi SW of Fox.  HURDAT lists Hurricane Fox with an 85 kt intensity at 38.0N, 58.0W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.5N, 58.6W with a 982 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.2N, 
58.7W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes the centers of Fox and Easy to be located only about 440 nmi from each other.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
tropical storm (Fox) of at most 990 mb centered near 36.2N, 58.4W.  The microfilm analysis also shows that Fox and Easy are located within the 
same 1005 mb contour, but the two cyclones are analyzed with separate 1002 mb closed isobars, and both cyclones are analyzed to be of at most 990 mb.  
Ship highlights: 75 kt ESE at 01Z at 33.6N, 58.2W (micro); 50 kt S and 985 mb at 33.5N, 57.4W (micro); 70 kt and 989 mb at 04Z at 33.7N, 58.2W 
(micro); 55 kt SW and 1006 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 58.0W (micro); 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 37.9N, 53.5W (micro).  11 other gales between 35-55 kt and 14 
other low pressures between 991-1005 mb.  “Hurricane Fox [around ~01Z on the 9th] was estimated to be about 32.6N, 59.4W with the hurricane centers 
now about 390 miles apart.  Analysis of the 09/1230 surface chart [positioned Hurricane Fox] at 37N, 57W, thereby indicated a slight increase in 
speed of advance to about 30 kt.  Strong southerly convergent flow over Fox at all levels pointed toward a large acceleration in the speed of 
advance as well as eminent dissipation.  The 09/1830Z surface chart… [and] ship reports indicated the center of Fox to be about 40N, 55W and taking 
on extratropical characteristics with as much as a 20 degree temperature difference across the hurricane.  The highest reported wind was south 50 kt 
and this latest position showed that the speed of advance had increased to nearly 50 kt” (ATS).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 980 mb centered near 48.0N, 36.3W.  A separate large, broad, weaker extratropical low of at most 990 mb is 
centered in the general vicinity of 56-60N, 30-38W.  A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 61N, 28W to 60N, 22W to 58N, 19W to 56N, 18W to 
50N, 20W to 46N, 23W.  A small, elongated, weak low of at most 1015 mb is plotted near 48N, 57W with a dissipating stationary front extending eastward 
from this low to 46N, 46W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 47.0N, 37.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
47.6N, 38.1W with a 990 mb pressure.  The MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 40.5N, 54.3W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a 
low of at most 987 mb centered near 42.8N, 50.4W and the last microfilm position before Fox goes off the map is at 06Z near 44.4N, 45.8W.  Ship 
highlights: 50 kt SSE and 993 mb at 00Z at 42.5N, 49.0W (micro); 60 kt S and 997 mb at 04Z at 43.0N, 45.0W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 989 mb at 08Z at 
43.0N, 45.0W (COA); 80 kt W and 1006 mb at 18Z at 43.2N, 33.4W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 989 mb at 18Z at 48.0N, 27.0W (COA).  27 other gales between 
35-60 kt and 40 other low pressures between 987-1005 mb.  “It passed well to the east of Newfoundland on the 10th” (MWR).  “By 10/0630Z, Fox at 
43.8N, 45.8W was definitely extratropical having been considered to have lost the last of its tropical characteristics about 10/0200Z” (ATS).

September 11:
HWM indicates that Fox was absorbed by the low to its north before 12Z on the 11th.  HWM analyzes a single low of at most 965 mb centered near 
59N, 23.7W.  HURDAT last lists Fox at 12Z as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 59.0N, 23.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position for Fox near 58.8N, 25.0W with a 963 mb pressure.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 50 kt NW and 973 mb at 00Z at 53.7N, 25.5W (COA); 
30 kt SE and 968 mb at 00Z at 56.0N, 24.0W (COA); 50 kt SE and 973 mb at 06Z at 59.3N, 19.1W (COA); 45 kt S and 967 mb at 57.6N, 18.9W (COA).  Six 
other gales between 35-50 kt and 14 other low pressures between 973-999 mb.


The African easterly wave that produced Fox emerged off of Africa late on 1 September or early on the 2nd.  HURDAT starts this system as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 18Z on the 2nd at 13.0N, 20.0W, and no change is made to the timing of genesis.  Fox moved on a broad, curving path throughout 
its lifetime.  It reached 20.6N, 54.4W by the 5th of September, and by the 8th, Fox was located close to and east of Hurricane Easy.  The strong 
southerly winds of the east side of Easy caused Fox to accelerate very quickly north.  Fox recurved early on the 9th near 60W.  On the 3rd through 
the 5th, the track is revised north of the previous HURDAT track.  These adjustments were made based on ship observations such as the 1002 mb 
observation at 06Z on the 3rd, a 1003 mb ship observation at 18Z on the 3rd, and a 45 kt wind observation at 00Z on the 4th.  Another important 
ship observation of 40 kt S with 999 mb occurred at 07Z on the 5th, and a position about a degree north of the previous HURDAT position continued 
to be analyzed on the 5th.  For intensity, the 1002 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 3rd suggests a wind speed of at least 43 kt according 
to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and at 00Z on the 4th, a ship recorded 45 kt with 1009 mb.  An intensity of 45 kt is 
chosen for 06Z on the 3rd (up from 30 kt originally) and 55 kt is chosen for 00Z on the 4th (up from 35 kt originally- a major change).  This 
cyclone is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 3rd (24 hours earlier than originally- a major change).  The HURDAT intensity 
of 70 kt at 06Z on the 5th is unchanged (the ship observation of 999 mb with 40 kt at 07Z on the 5th is 45 nmi ENE of the analyzed interpolated 
position at 07Z).  Fox is analyzed to have become a hurricane at 00Z on the 5th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally).  The revised 
positions on the 6th and 7th are all within one degree of the previous HURDAT positions.  No intensity changes are made to HURDAT from 06Z on 
the 5th to 12Z on the 9th (which is after recurvature).  This analysis was highlighted by several observations.  First, at 00Z on the 7th, a 
ship recorded a 60 kt wind with a pressure of 1002 mb 95 nmi NE of the analyzed position.  There were only two aircraft center fixes for Fox- 
one on the 7th and one on the 8th, but no aircraft central pressures were obtained.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 7th confirmed that Fox was 
a compact and intense hurricane, as ship observations suggested.  At 00Z on the 8th, a ship recorded 70 kt with 992 mb 40 nmi from the analyzed 
position, and at 03Z on the 8th, a ship encountered its minimum pressure of 978 mb, but there is no information to indicate whether this was an 
eye reading, so a central pressure cannot be assumed here.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 978 mb yields wind speeds of at least 
80 and 75 kt according the south and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  Fox was moving with a forward speed of 18 kt, and the RMW reported 
by aircraft 9 hours earlier is near climatology.  The peak intensity of 100 kt in HURDAT from 12Z on the 7th to 00Z on the 8th is maintained.  
The significant eastward changes to the track of Fox at 00Z and 06Z on the 8th are due to the ship “Ruanine”, while the eastward changes at 18Z 
on the 8th and 00Z on the 9th are due to the aircraft reconnaissance and a few nearby ship observations.  On the 9th, Fox accelerated northeastward.  
Early on the 9th, a couple of ships reported hurricane force winds of 70-75 kt and pressures of 985 and 989 mb.  Fox is analyzed to have become 
extratropical by 00Z on the 10th (18 hour earlier than in HURDAT originally) at 42.3N, 50.5W with a 75 kt intensity.  The cyclone continued moving 
northeastward on the 10th and early on the 11th to an analyzed position of 57.5N, 21.2W at 06Z on the 11th (55.5N, 21.1W originally- a major track 
change that occurred during the extratropical phase).  The intensities in HURDAT from 12Z on the 10th to 00Z on the 11th are revised upward by 5 to 
10 kt based upon at least three hurricane force wind observations reported by ships on the 10th.  The last point listed in HURDAT previously was at 
12Z on the 11th, but observations show that Fox had merged with another baroclinic system and had become a very large and powerful extratropical 
cyclone before 12Z.  Thus the last six hourly point is removed from HURDAT.  It is noted that given how close Hurricanes Easy and Fox became on the 
8th and 9th, the tracks look remarkably smooth with no obvious sign of interaction.  However, the tracks are consistent with some indirect Fujiwara 
interaction, as the slow speed of Easy from the 7th to the 9th to the west of the storms’ centroid along with the fast speed of Fox on the same dates 
to the east of the storms’ centroid is what one would expect.  One consideration of the tracks is that Fox only had two center fixes total from aircraft 
reconnaissance, while Easy had ten total but only three on the 8th and 9th.  Without inner core data at least a few times a day, one typically has quite 
smooth tracks.  

Additional quotes for Fox:

“It will be noted that this hurricane’s entire life was coexistent with the great Hurricane Easy.  When the two were nearest Bermuda on the 8th, they 
exerted the usual counterclockwise torque on each other, which probably prevented Easy from striking the island.  The strongest winds reported by aircraft 
from Fox were 115 to 120 mph.  A few ships were involved to some extent but no damage reports have been received” (MWR).
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 8 (George) – (was Storm 7)

35845 09/20/1951 M= 2  7 SNBR= 791 GEORGE      XING=0                           
35845 09/19/1951 M= 4  8 SNBR= 791 GEORGE      XING=0                           
         **         *  *

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
35850 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 932  30    0*

35850 09/20*  0   0   0    0*198 930  35    0*206 947  45    0*208 952  50    0*
35850 09/20*195 934  40    0*197 937  40    0*202 942  45    0*208 952  50  999*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***                       ***

35855 09/21*209 957  50    0*210 962  50    0*212 967  45    0*215 975  35    0*
35855 09/21*210 958  50    0*212 964  50    0*215 971  50    0*218 978  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
35855 09/22*223 986  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35860 TS 

International Landfall
9/21 14Z 21.6N 97.4W – 50 kt - Mexico

Minor track and minor intensity changes are analyzed for Tropical Storm George.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather 
Bureau public advisories.

September 19:
HWM analyzes a dissipating stationary front depicted running through a sharp trough a3nd through a spot low plotted near 20.7N, 93.3W.  The front runs from 
29N, 78W to 29N, 86W to 27N, 90W through the low near 21N, 93W to 17N, 95W to 16N, 97W to 17N, 98W to 20N, 101W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this 
day.  Although the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a cyclone at 12Z near 20.2N, 92.1W with a 1002 mb pressure, this is not the same cyclone shown by 
MWR on the 21st that strikes Mexico.  No gales or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights: 19 kt E max flight-level wind encountered and 1007 mb lowest pressure 
encountered in trough along 93W (micro).  “On the morning of the 19th, a decision was made to reconnoiter the Gulf of Campeche.  The Navy hurricane reconnaissance 
aircraft dispatched to the area reported a weak trough located along 93W with a minimum pressure of 1007 mb.  The maximum winds encountered were from the east 
and southeast, 19 kt.  Very little precipitation was reported for the entire area.  A streamline analysis combining the winds observed on this flight and the 
gradient winds reported by a few of the Mexican stations along the Gulf of Campeche was performed.  A weak vortex was developed and centered at 19.8N, 93.9W” 
(ATS)

September 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 95.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 94.7W.  Although the MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a cyclone at 12Z near 20.3N, 91.0W with a 1005 mb pressure, this is not the same cyclone shown by MWR on the 21st that strikes Mexico.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzed a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 21.0N, 95.5W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1007 mb at 00Z at 20.3N, 93.5W (COA) [ship may have biases- check wind direction, wind speed with time series].  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1830Z at 20.5N, 95.4W with 999 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered at 800 ft (ATS, micro).  Four total reported 
flight-level gales between 35-55 kt and four low pressures between 999-1004 mb between 1800-1845Z between 20.5-20.8N, 94.3-95.4W (micro, ATS).  “A tropical storm 
of less than hurricane force developed in the Gulf of Campeche on September 20…” (MWR).  “[On] September 20th, a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft located 
the circulation at 1830Z at 20.5N, 95.4W.  The aerologist reported maximum winds of 55 kt from the south, minimum pressure of 999 mb.  The diameter of the eye was 
20 miles, with the northern semicircle completely open.  Heaviest precipitation was encountered in the southeast quadrant with very little to the southwest.  
Using the streamline analysis performed on the first fix, the second fix gave the center a WNW movement at 4 kt” (ATS).  “The strongest wind reported [for the 
lifetime of the storm] was about 60 mph (by aircraft) during the afternoon of the 20th” (MWR).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 95.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 21.2N, 96.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.9N, 97.0W with a 1003 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 21.7N, 97.4W.  Aircraft highlights: Estimated position of center by aircraft at 1025Z at 21.7N, 
96.7W with 40 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered with report of “unable to locate closed circulation” (micro); 55 kt W (max flight-level wind encountered) 
at 15Z at 21.8N, 97.3W and 1006 mb (lowest pressure encountered) at 1515Z at 21.6N, 97.3W (center may have already been inland) (micro, ATS).  One other flight-level 
gale.  “[It] moved into Mexico a short distance south of Tampico on the 21st.  No damage has been reported in connection with this storm” (MWR).  “On 21 September, 
a Navy reconnaissance aircraft encountered an abrupt wind shift from east to west of 40 to 50 kt at 21/1500Z at 21.8N, 97.3W.  Due to the proximity to the Mexican 
coast, the aircraft did not reconnoiter farther to the west where radar showed heavy weather over land.  Possibly because of the inability to reconnoiter farther 
west, no closed circulation was found.  The 21/1230Z surface chart showed that the center would cross the coast about 30 miles south of Tampico at about 21/1400Z.  
The storm rapidly dissipated after it crossed the coastline” (ATS).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT no longer lists George on this day.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 22.6N, 98.6W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.9N, 98.8W.  
No gales or low pressures.

George originated from a frontal boundary that extended into the Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Campeche on 18 September.  On the 19th, the front began to dissipate and 
lift out to the north, but it left behind a circulation in the Bay of Campeche that is analyzed to have become a tropical cyclone by 18Z on 19 September (12 hours 
earlier than the original HURDAT genesis time).  Ships and Mexican station observations at 18Z on the 19th indicate a closed circulation near 19.4N, 93.2W, and 
this is the analyzed genesis location.  It is possible that genesis occurred even earlier on the 19th, but the sparseness of data preclude an earlier first entry 
for this system.  A 30 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 19th.  An aircraft reconnaissance flight on the 19th around 18Z-21Z did not report a closed circulation, 
but indicated a sharp trough along 93W with minimum pressure encountered 1007 mb and a maximum wind encountered of 19 kt, but the cyclone is started due to the closed 
circulation indicated by the surface observations.  The depression is analyzed to have become a tropical storm at 00Z on the 20th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT 
originally), and this is based on a 45 kt ship observation at 00Z, although an observation from this ship at 06Z on the 20th indicates that the storm may not have yet 
reached a 45 kt intensity, and the wind speed reported by the ship at 00Z may have been somewhat too high.  A 40 kt intensity is analyzed at both 00Z and 06Z on the 
20th (up from 35 kt at 06Z).  From 18Z on the 19th to 06Z on the 20th, George moved rather slowly toward the west-northwest.  But it accelerated somewhat on the 20th.  
At 06Z on the 20th, the position is adjusted slightly to the west of the previous HURDAT position, and at 12Z, the position is adjusted slightly to the southeast.  The 
only reliable aircraft reconnaissance center fix for George occurred at 1830Z on the 20th during which a 999 mb central pressure was measured.  A central pressure of 
999 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th, and this pressure yields a wind speed of 49 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 
50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 20th is unchanged.  On the 21st, George continued moving west-northwestward and approached landfall in Mexico.  At 15Z on the 
21st, aircraft reconnaissance flew as close as they could to the center of system while remaining over water, but the center of the storm had already moved inland by 
that time.  The flight crew reported that the worst weather was over land to the west.  The lowest pressure encountered over water was 1006 mb and the highest flight-level 
wind encountered was 55 kt.  George is analyzed to have made landfall at 14Z on 21 September at 21.6N, 97.4W as a 50 kt tropical storm.  The intensity in HURDAT at 12Z 
on the 21st is increased from 45 to 50 kt, and the revised position at that time is 21.5N, 97.1W (originally 21.2N, 96.7W).  HURDAT previously showed a final position 
for George at 18Z on the 21st barely inland between a barrier island and the mainland.  The new revised 18Z position is three-tenths of a degree west-northwest of the 
previous HURDAT position, and fully inland with a 35 kt intensity (unchanged).  One point is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 22nd as a 25 kt tropical depression at 22.3N, 
98.6W- observations indicate that the circulation was likely still closed at that time.  The depression dissipated over Mexico after 00Z on the 22nd.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 9 (How) – (was Storm 8)

35865 09/28/1951 M=11  8 SNBR= 792 HOW         XING=1                           
35865 09/29/1951 M=13  9 SNBR= 792 HOW         XING=1                           
         **        **  *

(The 28th is removed from HURDAT.)
35870 09/28*  0   0   0    0*187 848  25    0*190 850  25    0*196 853  25    0*

35875 09/29*203 857  25    0*213 863  25    0*222 868  25    0*228 871  25    0*
35875 09/29*202 858  25    0*211 866  25    0*219 872  25    0*227 873  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35880 09/30*233 873  25    0*238 874  25    0*243 875  25    0*249 876  30    0*
35880 09/30*233 873  25    0*239 874  30    0*245 875  30    0*250 876  35    0*
                             ***              ***      **      ***      **

35885 10/01*254 877  30    0*258 875  30    0*261 868  35    0*263 860  40    0*
35885 10/01*255 877  35    0*258 876  35    0*261 868  40 1003*263 860  40    0*
            ***      **          ***  **               ** ****    

35890 10/02*264 848  45    0*266 833  55    0*268 817  60    0*276 802  60    0*
35890 10/02*264 848  45    0*266 833  55    0*268 817  45    0*276 801  50    0*
                                                       **          ***  **

35895 10/03*290 788  65    0*306 776  75    0*320 767  80    0*326 762  85    0*
35895 10/03*288 787  60    0*301 773  70    0*314 765  75  982*321 761  80  979*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

35900 10/04*332 758  90    0*339 752  95    0*346 745  95    0*351 738  95    0*
35900 10/04*328 757  85    0*336 752  85    0*343 746  85    0*349 740  80  975*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35905 10/05*357 730  90    0*364 722  90    0*371 713  90    0*377 702  85    0*
35905 10/05*354 734  80    0*361 726  80    0*369 716  85  972*377 704  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***     ***

35910 10/06*383 690  80    0*389 678  75    0*395 657  75    0*403 609  70    0*
35910 10/06*384 692  85    0*391 676  85    0E397 654  80    0E403 612  75  963*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     *    ***  **  ***

35915 10/07E412 553  65    0E419 507  60    0E426 460  60    0E436 409  55    0*
35915 10/07E412 567  75    0E423 510  75    0E435 455  75    0E447 398  75    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35920 10/08E452 359  50    0E483 312  45    0E533 268  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
35920 10/08E464 340  75    0E493 293  75    0E523 263  75    0E563 230  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 9th to the 11th are new to HURDAT.)
35920 10/09E593 210  70    0E640 195  65    0E670 170  60    0E700 130  60    0*
35920 10/10E730  80  55    0E755  20  55    0E7803650  50    0E7953740  50    0*
35920 10/11E8033840  50    0E8083950  50    0E8104080  50    0E8104230  50    0*

35925 HR

U.S. Landfall:
10/02/1951 10Z 26.7N, 82.3W 55 kt - FL

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly 
Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Dunn and Miller, Tannehill, and Caribbean station observations.

September 28:
HWM indicates the presence of a trough in the western Caribbean and analyzes a spot low near 19.5N, 85.0W and a cold front from 30N, 94W to 32N, 85W dipping 
southward.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 19.0N, 85.0W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22N, 88W and a WSW-ENE cold front extending from 22N, 99W to 23N, 95W to 25N, 92W to 27N, 89W to 
29N, 83W to 30N, 76W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 22.2N, 86.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
19.8N, 86.8W with a 1010 mb pressure.  No gales or low pressures.  “An easterly wave moved into the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel the last two 
days of September…” (MWR).

September 30:
HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 23.5N, 87.5W with a dissipating cold front extending from the 
low southwestward to 19N, 95W and a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to beyond 28N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 24.3N, 87.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.9N, 87.0W with a 1009 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position just north of the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 24.7N, 87.2W with the west 
end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located about 240 nmi north of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 15Z at 25.4N, 85.1W (COA); 35 kt SSW 
and 1008 mb at 21Z at 24.9N, 86.6W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2230Z at 25.5N, 87.7W with 35 kt max winds (ATS).  “From ship reports in the 
area, a closed circulation was drawn on the 30/1230Z surface chart in the Gulf of Mexico at 25N, 87W.  Ship reports showed winds of 20 kt, clouds and shower 
activity.  In view of the above situation, the decision was made to reconnoiter aircraft.  At 30/2230Z, the aerologist reported an elliptical eye with a major 
east-west axis of 70 miles in diameter of which the apparent center was located at 25.5N, 87.7W.  Maximum winds reported were 35 kt in the eastern semicircle” 
(ATS).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.6N, 86.1W with a stationary front plotted from 26N, 79W to 30N, 73W to 30N, 67W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 26.1N, 86.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1006 mb pressure 
and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered 
near 25.9N, 86.4W with the west end of a W-E frontal boundary located about 170 nmi NNE of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 
25.0N, 85.3W (COA); 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.3N, 86.2W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 26.3N, 85.5W (COA).  Three other low pressures between 
1004-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fix in the morning at 26.2N, 86.7W with 1003 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (micro).  “On October 1, 
reconnaissance planes located a center of circulation near 26.0N, 87.5W attended by squally winds of about 40 mph” (MWR).  “On the 1st of October, the 
aerologist failed to find a closed circulation.  The aerologist reported a flat low pressure with squalls and rapidly shifting winds.  Heavy overcast and 
continuous rain extended out 200 miles from the west coast of Florida.  Rapidly shifting winds were reported at 26.4N, 86.4W.  Although a closed circulation 
wasn’t found by the reconnaissance plane, surface and ship reports indicate that a closed circulation was present” (ATS).

October 2:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 995 mb centered near 26.2N, 82.5W with a warm front plotted from 28N, 76W to 31N, 71W to 32N, 67W to 32N, 64W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 26.8N, 81.7W, or very near Fort Myers, FL.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
the HURDAT position with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 26.8N, 82.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of 
at most 999 mb centered near 26.8N, 82.1W with a frontal or trough-like feature extending from the low to 29N, 80W to 30N, 77W to 29N, 74W.  Ship highlights: 
30 kt S and 1001 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 84.6W (COA); 40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.1N, 84.4W (COA); 40 kt SW and 999 mb at 18Z at 26.7N, 79.1W (micro); 
45 kt NNE and 993 mb at 21Z at 28.5N, 78.9W (micro).  Five other gales of 35 kt and 64 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 19 kt SW 
and 998 mb at 1230Z at Fort Myers (lowest hourly pressure - NCDC); 12 kt SW and 996 mb at 1230Z at Clewiston, FL (micro); 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 18Z at 
West Palm Beach, FL (micro); 48 kt S (max w/1-min/elevated) at Downtown Miami WB office (climo).  One other gale of 37 kt at Jacksonville and 18 other low 
pressures between 997-1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 997 lowest pressure encountered between 12Z-13Z somewhere in the vicinity of 26.7N, 82.3W (micro).  
“The center turned sharply eastward and crossed Florida from about Punta Gorda to Vero Beach on October 2.  From the 02/1300Z Weather Bureau advisory… “It 
is moving inland on the west Florida coast [with winds of 50 mph] (stated in the advisory)” (WB advisories).  From the October, 1951 Monthly National Climatic 
Data Summary… “Monthly [rainfall] totals [for October, 1951] in a strip across southern Florida that included Fort Myers equaled or exceeded 10 inches and 
ranged up to 17.52 inches.  This month’s greatest 24-hour precipitation [for the entire U.S.] occurred in this area, exceeding 10 inches at a number of 
stations.  Most of the month’s storm damage occurred in southern Florida during the passage of a tropical disturbance.  The storm, attended by heavy rains 
that ranged from about 8 to 13 inches, crossed Florida on the 2nd, the center passing from near Fort Myers to Vero Beach.  Squall winds of 50 to 60 mph 
occurred along the lower east coast and in the Keys.  The greatest damage resulted from the heavy rains which flooded early fall crops in the Okeechobee area.  
Also, a number of cattle were lost by drowning.  Losses due to this storm were estimated at about $2,000,000” (climo).  From the National Climatic Data 
Summary severe storm reports… “Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 2[nd of October]; Time: All day; Property damage: $400,000; Crop damage: $1,600,000; 
Character of storm: Tropical storm; Remarks: No strong winds occurred near the center [on its trek over Florida].  Minor damage to small craft, and a few 
windows and awnings were lost along the coast from Key West to West Palm Beach.  Greatest damage was from rains that flooded farms and pasture lands over 
a broad belt extending from Naples, Fort Myers, and Punta Gorda on the west coast to Stuart, Fort Pierce, and Vero Beach on the east [coast].  Early fall 
crops flooded out in the rich Okeechobee farming area.  Roadways were damaged and several bridges were washed out” (climo).  “The strong winds associated 
with the disturbance while passing over Florida were confined to squalls along the Keys and on the east coast up to Palm Beach far to the southeast of the 
center; they reached 50 to 60 mph.  No loss of life or injuries occurred” (MWR).  “The storm crossed the west coast of Florida between Fort Myers and Tampa 
as shown on the 02/1230Z surface chart.  The storm passed over the east coast of Florida into the Atlantic at Vero Beach at 02/1830Z.  In the storm’s 
transit over the Florida Peninsula, maximum winds were reduced from 60 kt to 45 kt” (ATS).  “Tropical Cyclone in Florida – Oct. 2 – Southwest coast – 
Minor – Damage $2,000,000” (“Minor” is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller).

October 3:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 31.0N, 75.9W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 32.0N, 76.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.3N, 76.4W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 31.9N, 76.1W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 30.4N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt 
WSW and 994 mb at 00Z at 28.4N, 78.4W (micro); 50 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12Z at 31.8N, 78.4W (COA, micro); 40 kt ENE and 990 mb at 1615Z at 32.6N, 75.8W 
(micro); 75 kt NE and 994 mb at 1930Z at 33.8N, 76.9W (micro); 60 kt NNW and 996 mb at 21Z at 32.4N, 77.6W (micro).  11 other gales between 35-50 kt and 
67 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 5 kt N and 1002 mb at 00Z at Tampa, FL (climo); 40 kt WSW and 999 mb at 00Z at West 
End, Bahamas (26.7N, 79.1W) (micro); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 2230Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) (micro); 40 kt N and 997 mb at 2330Z at Frying 
Pan (33.5N, 77.5W); 33 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Cape Hatteras (climo).  Three other gales of 35-40 kt and 11 other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  
Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1324Z at 31.4-31.6N, 76.4W with 982 mb central pressure and 85 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 70 kt S estimated 
surface winds and 981 mb with hurricane force flight-level winds at 800 ft at 1930Z at 31.9N, 75.5W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1930Z at 32.1N, 
76.0W with 979 mb central pressure and 90 kt max winds (micro).  Three other surface gales between 35-70 kt, three other flight-level hurricane force winds 
of at least 70 kt and eight other low pressures between 988-999 mb.  From the 03/2200Z Weather Bureau advisory… “[position- 32.2N, 75.9W; movement NNE 6 to 
8 mph; winds well over 100 mph]” (WB advisories).  “A Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft on the morning of the 3rd of October located the storm at 1324Z 
at 31.4N, 76.4W.  The aerologist had reported a poorly defined eye with minimum pressure 982 mb, winds of 55 kt within 40 miles of center in the northern 
semicircle, and 85 kt within 25 miles southwest of the center were reported” (ATS).

October 4:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.5N, 74.5W with a warm front extending from 50N, 73W to 45N, 74W to 42N, 75W to 40N, 75W to 39N, 
72W to 39N, 55W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.6N, 74.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 35.0N, 73.8W with 
a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 80 kt N and 996 mb at 00Z at 32.5N, 77.4W 
(COA); 40 kt SSE and 988 mb at 00Z at 32.2N, 74.7W (micro); 55 kt NW G 65 kt and 995 mb at 09Z at 33.6N, 76.6W (micro); 50 kt NW and 999 mb at 12Z at 33.3N, 
76.5W (COA).  32 other gales between 35-70 kt and at least 45 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 50 kt N and 997 mb at Diamond 
Shoals Lightship (35.1N, 75.3W) at both 0130Z and 0330Z (micro); 20 kt N and 995 mb at 07Z and 08Z at Cape Hatteras (micro); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 08Z at 
Frying Pan (33.5N, 77.5W) (micro); 43 kt N (max w/1-min) at both Cape Henry, VA and Atlantic City, NJ (climo).  23 other gales between 35-45 kt, and 46 other 
low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 85 kt N (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 987 mb at 18Z at 35.3N, 74.3W (micro); center fix at 19Z at 
35.2N, 73.7W with 975 mb central pressure and 85 kt max winds (ATS).  Four other flight-level hurricane force winds between 65-70 kt and eight other low pressures 
between 977-996 mb.  “After leaving Florida the storm increased to hurricane force as it moved northeastward in the Atlantic.  It passed a short distance 
offshore from Cape Hatteras on October 4, without damaging winds on land…” (MWR).  “On 04/1900Z a low level reconnaissance aircraft located the hurricane at 
35.2N, 73.7W.  The aerologist reported a poorly defined eye with lowest pressure 975 mb.  Maximum winds were 85 kt out to a radius of 40 miles from the center, 
and 50 kt out to 100 miles from the center.  This fix showed that the hurricane had continued to move in a NNE direction at 9 to 11 kt with some intensification” 
(ATS).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 36.5N, 72.1W with the closest fronts plotted 400 to 500 nmi north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 71.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.1N, 71.0W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 1000 mb at 00Z at 34.7N, 75.1W (COA); 30 kt NW and 995 mb at 00Z at 35.7N, 
74.8W (COA); 50 kt NW and 999 mb at 06Z at 35.5N, 74.5W (COA); 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z at 37.1N, 66.5W (COA).  38 other gales between 35-50 kt and 46 other 
low pressures between 997-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 55 kt NW and 999 mb at 00Z at Diamond Shoals Lightship (micro).  Four other low pressures between 
1000-1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0001, 0100, 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, 0900, 1000, and 1100Z between 35.2-36.7N, 72.1-73.5W 
(micro); Navy center fix at 1245Z at 37.0N, 71.3W with 972 mb central pressure and 95 kt max winds (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2029Z at 38.2N, 70.0W 
with 977 mb lowest pressure encountered, 80 kt maximum visual surface winds, and 700 mb height in the eye of 9,475 ft (micro).  At least four other hurricane force 
flight-level winds between 65-90 kt between 1600-1800Z between 400-600 ft and at least five other low pressures between 979-992 mb.  “Due to the hurricane’s proximity 
to the coast, radar aircraft were used during hours of darkness on the night of the 4-5 October to get hourly fixes.  These fixes showed the hurricane had continued 
on its previous course and speed.  On 5 October, two reconnaissance flight were made, and found the hurricane to be continuing on the same course and speed as it 
had been for the past 24 hours” (ATS).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 40.1N, 65.7W with another weak, small low plotted near 44N, 72W with a stationary front extending from 
this 2nd low eastward to 43N, 65W to 43N, 47W and a cold front extending from the 2nd low to 41N, 73W to 39N, 76W to 37N, 80W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane 
at 39.5N, 65.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 65.1W with a 988 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 40.1N, 64.6W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 37.0N, 67.2W (COA); 70 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 38.1N, 68.4W (micro); 35 kt N 
and 987 mb at 06Z at 40.0N, 67.5W (COA); 65 kt WSW and 996 mb at 06Z at 37.5N, 67.6W (COA); 60 kt SW and 979 mb at 09Z at 38.8N, 67.5W (micro); 70 kt S and 988 mb 
at 12Z at 38.5N, 65.7W (COA); 65 kt NE and 990 mb at 18Z at 40.9N, 62.4W (COA); 70 kt ENE and 996 mb at 18Z at 42.0N, 62.5W (micro); 965 mb (min p encountered by ship) 
at 2210Z (micro).  35 other gales between 35-70 kt and 35 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1002 mb at 00Z at Nantucket, 
MA (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 00, 01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, and 11Z between 38.4-40.0N, 65.7-69.4W (micro); Navy center 
fix at 1535Z at 40.1N, 62.6W with 963 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered 40-60 nmi WNW of center (ATS); Air Force center fix at 
1923Z at 40.3N, 60.6W with 972 mb pressure by dropsonde and 85 kt max winds encountered in the southern semicircle only (ATS, micro).  One other hurricane force 
flight-level wind of 75 kt and four other low pressures between 987-999 mb.  “[The cyclone] then continued northeastward and east-northeastward and passed several 
hundred miles south of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on the 6th and 7th.  The strongest winds reported [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were about 110 mph” (MWR).  
“Radar aircraft were again employed on the night of 5-6 October to obtain hourly fixes.  These radar fixes from 06/0000Z to 06/1100Z showed the hurricane track to 
be curving from the NE course it had been following to an easterly course and had accelerated to a speed of 18 kt.  On the morning of the 6th, a Navy hurricane 
reconnaissance aircraft located the hurricane at 1553Z at 40.1N, 62.6W.  The aerologist reported the eye to be poorly defined, but with well defined spiral bands 
leading into the center.  Maximum winds reported were 110 kt 40 to 60 miles WNW of the center, 65 kt out 85 miles, and 45 kt out to 140 miles.  The minimum pressure 
reported was 963 mb.  This fix showed the hurricane to be traveling east and that it had accelerated and was now traveling at 30 kt.  The Air Force high-level 
afternoon fix was the last aircraft fix on this hurricane.  The center was located at 06/1923Z at 40.3N, 60.6W.  The northern semicircle was not observed, but 85 kt 
was observed in the southern semicircle.  The hurricane became extratropical soon after this fix, as it showed extra-tropical characteristics on the 07/0030Z surface 
chart” (ATS).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 42.5N, 44.8W with a dissipating stationary front extending from just northeast of the low eastward and a 
cold front extending from 200-300 nmi SSW of the low westward.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical storm at 42.6N, 46.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 42.8N, 46.5W with a 982 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.4N, 45.9W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt SW 
and 985 mb at 00Z at 39.9N, 55.3W (COA); 70 kt NNW and 996 mb at 00Z at 41.0N, 59.3W (micro); 70 kt SW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 39.5N, 49.0W (micro); 70 kt SW and 968 mb 
at 17Z at 45.0N, 37.0W (COA); 70 kt NW and 974 mb at 18Z at 44.7N, 41.7W (COA); 70 kt N and 976 mb at 18Z at 45.4N, 41.4W (COA).  Four other hurricane force winds, 
numerous other gales, and 32 other low pressures between 978-999 mb.  “The last warning on this hurricane was issued at 07/2200Z” (ATS).

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 54N, 26W with a cold front extending from 50N, 22W to 45N, 24W to 40N, 28W to 37N, 33W.  HWM also analyzes 
two other lows within the same 990 mb contour as the feature of interest- one of at most 985 mb centered near 59N, 39N, and the other of at most 975 mb centered near 
68.5N, 18W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 53.3N, 26.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 51.3N, 22.7W with a 
978 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 963 mb at 06Z at 50.5N, 28.4W (COA); 70 kt NW and 965 mb at 12Z at 50.5N, 28.5W (COA); 60 kt SSW and 980 mb at 14Z at 
52.5N, 19.7W (COA); 60 kt SW and 985 mb at 18Z at 52.4N, 19.8W (COA); 45 kt S and 963 mb at 21Z at 58.9N, 19.4W (COA).  15 other gales of 50-60 kt and numerous other 
low pressures.  “The hurricane was then tracked on an ENE course across the North Atlantic by use of ship reports.  Some of the ship reports indicated that it attained 
speeds of 55 kt.  Winds near the center diminished slowly while the area of gale winds became more widespread” (ATS).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 960 mb centered near the north coast of Iceland at 66.5N 17W with a cold front extending southward from east of the center along 
with troughing from the low westward to Greenland.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  The MWR Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 62N 28W with 965 mb, though 
this position may be an artifact of reaching the end of the map.  Ship highlights:  70 kt NW and 964 mb at 00Z at 56.7N 20.7W (COADS); 60 kt SSW and 980 mb at 07Z at 
63.5N 10.5W (COADS); 60 kt N and 977 mb at 12Z at 66.5N 24.5W (COADS); 50 kt SW and 998 mb at 18Z at 63.5N 10.5W (COADS).  Station highlights:  40 kt S and 966 mb at 
Egilststadir, Iceland at 12Z (HWM); 20 kt S and 960 mb at Raufarhofn, Iceland at 12Z (HWM).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 78N 02E with a cold front extending south from the cyclone.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SW and 1010 mb at 69.5N 16.5E at 
09Z (COADS); 45 kt SSW and 979 mb at 76.3N 11.4E at 12Z (COADS); 45 kt SW and 978 mb at 76.1N 11.2E at 18Z (COADS).  Station highlights:  no gales.

October 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 81N 48E with a cold front extending south from the cyclone.  Additionally, a new extratropical cyclone of at most 1010 mb 
is to the low’s southeast near 62N 84E. Ship highlights:  35 kt SW at 69.0N 18.0E at 00Z (COADS); 45 kt WNW and 998 mb at 75.4N 12.5E at 12Z (COADS); 50 kt W at 71.5N 23.5E 
at 17Z (COADS).  Station highlights: no gales.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a single low of at most 980 mb near 75N 80E with a cold front extending to its south.  No gales.

Troughing in the western Caribbean Sea became apparent on 27 September, and this may have been an easterly wave that stalled at that location.  Although observations on 
the 27th at 12Z indicate that there may have been a closed circulation near 16N, 83W, subsequent observations on the 28th at 18Z provide evidence that there was not yet 
a closed circulation at that time.  HURDAT started this system at 06Z on the 28th as a 25 kt tropical depression at 18.7N, 84.8W.  Genesis is now analyzed to have not 
occurred until 00Z on the 29th (18 hours later than originally) at 20.2N, 85.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  As the depression moved northward through the Yucatan 
Channel into the Gulf of Mexico, a track closer to the northeastern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula is analyzed.  On the 30th, the depression moved northward in the Gulf 
of Mexico and strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z (18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally). Two ship observations of 35 kt are the evidence for this change.  
As this system was developing on the 28th and 29th, a cold front entered the Gulf of Mexico from the northwest.  By 12Z on the 29th of September, the cold front was 
oriented WSW-ENE over the northern Gulf of Mexico while the depression was located just north of Cancun. As the front moved southward late on the 29th and early on the 
30th, observations indicate that the front weakened significantly, The depression moved northward and interacted with the weakening front early on the 30th, but the front 
appears to have dissipated by late on the 30th, and the depression, which strengthened to a tropical storm by 18Z on the 30th, did not appear to be too adversely affected 
by the dissipating front.  By 12Z on 1 October, Tropical Storm How, moving slowly, made a turn toward the ENE around 26N, 87W.  On the morning of the 1st, aircraft reconnaissance 
measured a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 1st.  A central pressure of 1003 mb yields a wind speed of 38 kt according to 
the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Ships at 12Z on the 1st also suggested a central pressure of at most 1003 mb.  A ship also measured a 40 kt wind 
at 12Z.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 1st (up from 35 kt originally).  How continued its east-northeastward motion with some acceleration until it made landfall 
between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda, FL as a 55 kt tropical storm at 10Z on the 2nd.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 2nd around 12-13Z only flew over the Gulf of Mexico after 
the center was already inland and measured a lowest pressure of 997 mb.  The lowest available pressure measured from a land station in Florida is 996 mb at Clewiston at 1230Z 
simultaneously with 12 kt winds.  The highest available wind measured from a land station in Florida is a 48 kt one-minute max wind recorded at Miami WBO, which reduces to 
about 42 kt when the anemometer is brought down to 10m.  A landfall central pressure of less than 996 mb yields a landfall intensity of greater than 50 kt according to the 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The HURDAT intensity at the point before landfall (06Z on the 2nd) of 55 kt is unchanged.  How was over Florida on the 2nd from 10Z 
to 18Z before it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Fort Pierce, FL.  Rather than keeping the HURDAT intensities which show strengthening while over land, the intensity at 
12Z is reduced from 60 to 45 kt to account for observed winds as well as typical weakening.  As the data shows on the 3rd, How immediately restrengthened upon reaching the 
Atlantic.  Thus at 18Z on the 2nd, the system’s center is back over water and winds increased slightly to 50 kt.  The largest track change made thus far (from the 29th of 
September through the 2nd of October) is half a degree (on the 29th).  

After How emerged into the Atlantic, it made a turn toward the northeast passing about 80 nmi SE of Cape Hatteras around 10Z on the 4th.  At 12Z on the 3rd, the revised 
position is six-tenths of a degree SSE of the previous HURDAT position due to aircraft reconnaissance information.  Observations indicate that intensification commenced 
as soon as How emerged into the Atlantic.  At 21Z on the 2nd, a ship recorded 45 kt simultaneously with 993 mb, and at 00Z on the 3rd, a ship measured 55 kt winds.  At 1324Z 
on the 3rd, a 982 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this is added to HURDAT as a central pressure at 12Z on the 3rd.  A central pressure of 
982 mb yields 70 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N and 73 kt for its intensifying subset.  The HURDAT intensity of 80 kt at 12Z on the 3rd is 
reduced to 75 kt.  A 979 mb aircraft central pressure was measured at 1930Z, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd.  A central pressure of 979 mb yields wind 
speeds of 74 and 77 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and its intensifying subset respectively.  The RMW was slightly smaller than average.  At the 
same time, a ship recorded a 75 kt wind with a 994 mb pressure.  The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd is lowered to 80 kt.  There was one ship observation of 80 kt 
at 00Z on the 4th.  A time series analysis of this ship reveals that there is no evidence of any high bias in the winds with this ship.  The analyzed intensity is 85 kt at 
00Z on the 4th (down from 90 kt originally).  This ship observation was observed simultaneously with a 996 mb pressure about 85 nmi west of the analyzed center position.  
As How passed by North Carolina, some gales occurred on the coast and pressures as low as 995 mb were recorded at Cape Hatteras, so a tropical storm impact is analyzed for 
North Carolina.  How also produced tropical storm impacts in Virginia and New Jersey, where maximum 1-minute winds of 43 kt were recorded at Cape Henry and Atlantic City.  
How may have produced tropical storm impacts in Maryland and/or Delaware, though available observations indicate peak 1-minute winds of below tropical storm force.  Late on 
the 4th and the 5th, How continued to move northeastward, and then it turned toward the ENE on the 6th around the time it became extratropical near 40N, 65W.  All track 
changes from the 4th through the 6th are less than half a degree.  Regarding the intensity changes, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 19Z on 
the 4th, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th.  A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 and 78 kt according to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationships respectively.  The 85 kt intensity analyzed at 00Z on the 4th is reduced to 80 kt at 18Z on the 4th (down from 95 kt originally at 18Z on the 4th).  On the 5th 
at 1245Z, a 972 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 5th.  A central pressure of 972 mb yields 80 kt 
according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was much smaller than the climatological value, and an intensity of 85 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on 
the 5th (down from 90 kt originally).  At 2029Z on the 5th, aircraft reconnaissance encountered a minimum pressure of 977 mb (may not be a central pressure), and on the same 
flight, a 700 mb height in the eye of 9,475 ft was recorded, indicating a central pressure in the range of 959-978 mb.  This range yields a wind speed of between 75-91 kt 
according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  How is analyzed to have become extratropical at 12Z on the 6th (12 hours earlier than originally).  At 1535Z on 
the 6th, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 963 mb after extratropical transition, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th.  It is believed 
that the central pressure of How decreased steadily from 972 mb to 963 mb from 1245Z on the 5th to 1535Z on the 6th.  The 85 kt analyzed intensity on the 5th at 12Z is held 
through the 6th at 06Z (up from 75 kt originally at 06Z on the 6th).  Intensities of 80 and 75 kt are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 6th (up from 75 and 70 kt respectively).  
On the 7th, the cyclone accelerated toward the ENE, and on the 8th, it acquired a northeastward motion.  On the 7th at 00Z, the analyzed position is 1.6 degrees west of 
the previous HURDAT position, and this change is justified because the previous HURDAT position was east of a ship with a reliable observation of a southerly wind.  From 
06Z to 18Z on the 7th, a track to the left (north) of the previous HURDAT track is analyzed, and on the 8th and 00 and 06Z, the reanalyzed positions are about 1.9 degrees 
northeast of the previous HURDAT positions (the largest track changes for the entire lifetime of this cyclone), also justified by ship observations.  Ship observations of 
hurricane force winds were observed the entire time on the 7th through 12Z on the 8th, and the 75 kt intensity as a strong extratropical cyclone analyzed on the 6th is 
maintained through 12Z on the 8th.  HURDAT previously analyzed 55 kt at 18Z on the 7th and 45 kt at 12Z on the 8th.  Major upward intensity revisions of between 20-30 kt 
are made to HURDAT at all times from 18Z on the 7th to 12Z on the 8th.  HURDAT previously lists a final point at 12Z on the 8th, but available observations show that it 
continued for a few more days as an extratropical cyclone at very high latitudes.  The last new position is at 18Z on the 11th, after which the system merged with another 
extratropical cyclone.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 10 (Item) – (was Storm 9)

35930 10/12/1951 M= 6  9 SNBR= 793 ITEM        XING=0                           
35930 10/12/1951 M= 6 10 SNBR= 793 ITEM        XING=0                           
                      **

35935 10/12*  0   0   0    0*143 782  30    0*150 788  30    0*156 795  30    0*
35935 10/12*  0   0   0    0*155 802  30    0*162 806  30    0*169 811  30    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35940 10/13*162 802  35    0*167 810  45    0*173 818  50    0*179 822  60    0*
35940 10/13*174 815  30    0*178 818  35    0*181 821  35    0*185 822  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35945 10/14*185 821  65    0*191 818  70    0*197 815  70    0*201 813  70    0*
35945 10/14*189 822  45    0*195 820  50    0*201 819  55    0*205 818  55 1000*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

35950 10/15*204 812  65    0*207 813  55    0*209 816  55    0*210 820  50    0*
35950 10/15*207 818  55    0*208 819  55    0*209 819  55    0*211 819  55  998*
            *** ***  **      *** ***              ***          *** ***  **  ***

35955 10/16*211 823  50    0*211 826  45    0*212 829  40    0*215 832  40    0*
35955 10/16*213 820  45    0*215 820  35    0*217 820  25 1009*220 821  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

35960 10/17*220 833  35    0*225 834  30    0*230 835  25    0*236 836  25    0*
35960 10/17*223 823  25    0*227 825  25    0*232 827  25    0*236 829  25    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

35965 HR 
35965 TS                                                                      
      **

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  The peak intensity of this cyclone is changed from hurricane to tropical storm.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather 
maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book) and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

October 11:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.5N, 80W in an open trough with a stationary front extending from 30 nmi east of the low northeastward to 20N, 75W to 25N, 72W.  
HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Microfilm analyzes a spot low near 16.8N, 80.6W in an open trough with a frontal boundary plotted through the 
trough from 15N, 83W to 20N, 80W to 26N, 76W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The southern portion of [a] frontal system which extended from the Bahamas down through 
the western Caribbean lay in a stationary trough [on the 11/0030Z surface chart]” (ATS).  ATS also mentions some easterly waves moving through the Caribbean Sea, 
causing widespread weather over the Caribbean.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 15N, 80W in a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with a SSW-NNE stationary front extending from 90 nmi north 
of the low to 19N, 79W to 23N, 78W to 26N, 75W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.0N, 78.8W.  Microfilm analyzes a sharp trough in the western 
Caribbean Sea with a spot low plotted near 17.3N, 82W.  No gales or low pressures.  “A very small hurricane developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12 
near 18N, 82W” (MWR).

October 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.5N, 81.5W with a dissipating stationary front extending from 18N, 82W to 19N, 81W, becoming a warm 
front at 22N, 79W, extending to 26N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 81.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 
18.2N, 81.8W.  Microfilm analyzed a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 17.9N, 81.6W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.4N, 82.1W with a stationary front plotted from 23N, 82W to 26N, 78W, becoming a warm front at 28N, 
76W extended eastward to 28N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 19.7N, 81.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 20.8N, 
79.8W with a 1008 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.2N, 81.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb 
centered near 20.6N, 81.9W and at 18Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb near 20.8N, 81.9W.  Land/station highlights: 30-35 kt E and 1009 mb at 
21Z at 21.7N, 81.0W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 1421Z at 20.7N, 81.9W with 1008 mb lowest pressure encountered and 65 kt max winds 
(ATS, micro); 55 kt NE at flight-level of 500 ft and 1010 mb at 15Z at 21.0N, 82.0W (micro); center fix at 2024Z at either 20.4N, 81.9W or 20.9N, 81.9W (I think 
20.4N is more correct) with 1000 mb central pressure, 70 kt max winds, and 5,000 ft pressure in the center of 834 mb (micro, ATS).  One other flight-level gale of 
40 kt.  “On the morning of 14 October a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft investigating the suspicious area reported a well-defined eye at 1421Z at 20.7N, 
81.9W, with a minimum pressure of 1008 mb.  Maximum winds of 65 kt were reported in the NW quadrant, and 55 kt winds extending 45 miles out from the center in the 
northern semicircle, and 45 kt winds extending 35 miles to the west of the center.  The afternoon reconnaissance into the hurricane penetrated the eye at 2024Z at 
20.4N, 81.9W.  This gave the hurricane a northward drift of about 2 kt.  The aerologist reported an elongated eye oriented north-south 22 miles by 9 miles with 
minimum pressure of 1000 mb.  Maximum winds reported were 70 kt, three miles from the center in the northwest quadrant, and 45 kt in the northeast quadrant extending 
out to 35 miles.  The southern semicircle was not investigated on this flight” (ATS).

October 15:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 82.2W with a dissipating stationary front plotted from 23N, 81W to 29N, 76W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 81.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 81.0W with a 1008 mb pressure and the MWR 
post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z near 21.2N, 81.8W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near 21.0N, 81.8W.  
Land/station highlights: 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 21.7N, 81.0W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 35 kt reported (possibly well outside the RMW) around 1615Z at 
20.9N, 82.9W (micro); center fix around ~2010Z at 21.0N, 81.9W with 998 mb central pressure and max winds of either 45 or 60 kt (micro, ATS).  “During the night 
of 14-15 October the hourly wind and pressure reported from Cuba aided tremendously in watching the hurricane, particularly the hourly reports from Caya Guana 
(Station 78340) located just south of Cuba at 21.6N, 81.2W.  During the night, the pressure remained almost steady, dropping only about 1 mb.  The wind remained 
easterly and steady at about [20 kt].  The pressure and wind reports, therefore, indicated that the hurricane remained quasi-stationary during the night, and 
probably with no intensification.  At 15/2015Z a reconnaissance plane located the hurricane at 21N, 81.9W.  This fix showed the hurricane to be quasi-stationary 
as was expected from the hourly reports of Station 78340 prior to the fix.  Maximum winds of 60 kt out to 45 miles were reported in the northeast quadrant.  
Minimum pressure reported was 998 mb” (ATS).  “It moved slowly northward to a position 60 to 80 miles east-southeast of the Isle of Pines where it became stationary, 
or made a small loop, and slowly dissipated on the 15th and 16th.  Strongest winds reported by aircraft [for the lifetime of the cyclone] were around 80 mph maintained 
from the 13th to 15th.  No damage resulted from the hurricane.  Lowest pressure reported was 997.3 mb” (MWR).  

October 16:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.4N, 82.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 21.2N, 82.9W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 82.1W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general 
vicinity of 20.7N, 81.8W.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at either 1300Z or 1415Z at 21.9N, 82.0W with 1009 mb central pressure and 20 kt max winds (micro, ATS).  
No gales or low pressures on this day.  “When the 16/0300Z upper air charts were analyzed, it was observed that the hurricane was hardly noticeable on the 700 mb 
chart, where it had previously [late 14th through 15th] shown up as a low at this level.  A differential analysis was performed between the 850 mb and 700 mb and 
between the 700 mb and 500 mb levels.  This analysis showed advection of cold air into the area over the hurricane in both layers.  Some dissipation was called for, 
and no movement was forecast due to the weak meridional winds.  A Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft on a flight into the hurricane area was unable to find an 
eye at 16/1415Z.  The aerologist reported no signs of a tropical disturbance other than a closed wind field centered at 21.8N, 82W at 1300Z.  Maximum winds were 20 kt 
in the northern semicircle and 15 kt in the southern semicircle.  Minimum pressure reported was 1009 mb” (ATS).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.0N, 83.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.0N, 83.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 23.4N, 82.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

The genesis of Item may have been associated with the combination of a front (which extended down to the western Caribbean Sea) noted on 10 October and an ITCZ 
disturbance emerging out of the deep southwestern Caribbean.  HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 12 October as a 30 kt tropical depression, and no change is made 
to the timing of genesis.  A major track change is made at the first point at 06Z on the 12th, and the position is moved over 2 degrees WNW of the previous HURDAT 
position.  The cyclone moved generally northward, reaching a location near 20N, 82W by the 14th before the cyclone decelerated.  On the 14th at 2024Z, aircraft 
reconnaissance estimated an eye diameter of 8 nm and measured a central pressure of 1000 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th.  A central pressure 
of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The eye diameter suggests an RMW of 6 nm, which is 
substantially smaller than the 16 nm from climatology for this central pressure and latitude.  Given the small size, but very slow translation velocity of 4 kt, 
55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th (down from 70 kt originally).  On the 15th, Item moved very slowly northward near 21N, 82W.  On the 15th at 2005Z, 
a 998 mb central pressure was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance and is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th.  A central pressure of 998 mb yields 51 kt according 
to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The aircraft also estimated an eye diameter of 9 nm, suggesting an RMW of about 7 nm.  A 55 kt intensity is analyzed, 
based upon the small size despite the continued slow (3 kt) movement of the system, up slightly from 50 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th originally.  
The days when Item was strongest were the 14th and 15th.  HURDAT previously shows a peak intensity for Item of 70 kt from 06Z on the 14th to 18Z on the 14th, but 
the reanalyzed peak intensity is 55 kt from 12Z on the 14th through 18Z on the 15th.  Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 kt are analyzed at all times from 
18Z on the 13th to 18Z on the 14th.  The reanalysis of Item as only being a tropical storm removes it as a hurricane and is a major change to HURDAT.  The 70 kt 
intensity listed in the original HURDAT on the 14th was placed there due to the 70 kt wind reported by aircraft. Estimated surface winds and flight-level winds were 
unreliable and uncertain during the first decade of aircraft reconnaissance.  Much more weight is placed on the central pressure measurements to reanalyze the 
intensity. Aircraft center fixes along with available observations indicate the previous HURDAT positions from late on the 15th through the 17th are too far west.  
On the 16th, Item is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression while passing just east of the Isle of Pines.  On the morning of the 16th, aircraft 
reconnaissance located a closed wind circulation with no convection.  A 1009 mb central pressure was measured with maximum winds of 20 kt.  A central pressure of 
1009 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th.  A 25 kt intensity is analyzed at 12Z on the 16th (down from 40 kt originally).  It is analyzed that Item weakened to 
a tropical depression 18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally.  Item is analyzed to have made landfall in Cuba around 06Z on the 17th as a 25 kt tropical depression 
at 22.7N, 82.5W.  Although Item may have dissipated by 12 or 18Z on the 17th, there is not quite enough evidence to remove it from HURDAT at those times, so no changes 
are made to the timing of dissipation.  The only change made at the final point (18Z on the 17th) is to move the position seven-tenths of a degree east to 23.6N, 82.9W.  
Thereafter, Item dissipated.
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 11 (Jig) – (was Storm 10)

35970 10/15/1951 M= 6 10 SNBR= 794 JIG         XING=0                          L
35970 10/15/1951 M= 6 11 SNBR= 794 JIG         XING=0                          
                      **                                                       *

35975 10/15*  0   0   0    0*281 756  35    0*294 753  65    0*306 748  70    0*
35975 10/15*  0   0   0    0*277 760  50    0*290 755  65    0*303 749  65    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

35980 10/16*314 742  70    0*319 736  70    0*322 730  60    0*324 723  55    0*
35980 10/16*311 744  65  990*315 739  65    0*317 733  60 1000*320 726  55    0*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***     **** *** ***

35985 10/17*327 716  55    0*331 707  50    0*335 699  50    0*339 698  50    0*
35985 10/17*324 719  55  999*329 710  55    0*334 702  55    0*336 699  55    0*
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35990 10/18*342 704  50    0*342 713  45    0*340 722  45    0*335 725  40    0*
35990 10/18E338 703  60    0E337 711  60    0E335 720  60    0E332 723  55    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

35995 10/19*328 726  40    0*319 723  40    0*310 718  40    0*303 711  40    0*
35995 10/19E322 726  55    0E316 727  50    0E310 721  50    0E304 713  50    0*
           ****      **     **** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

36000 10/20*298 707  35    0*294 699  30    0*292 693  25    0*290 650  25    0*
36000 10/20E298 707  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           *         **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36005 HR

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  A major change is made to add an extratropical phase for the final couple days of 
this cyclone’s lifetime.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book) and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a front running through a trough of low pressure with a spot low plotted near 27.5N, 75.5W.  This frontal/trough system is oriented from 28N, 65W 
westward through the spot low and southwestward to 23N, 82W.  Item on this day is plotted as a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.4N, 82.1W.  HURDAT does not 
yet list a system on this day.  Highest wind observation on this day: a few to several 35 kt observations from ships.  ATS describes a front over the western 
Atlantic off the east coast of the US on the 14th.

October 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward to 25N, 65W to 24N, 62W and a 
dissipating stationary front extending from the low southwestward to 23N, 81W.  Item on this day is plotted as a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb near 21.1N, 
82.2W.  HURDAT lists Jig as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.4N, 75.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 75.4W with a 1007 mb 
pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z does not yet analyze a closed low, but analyzes a 
sharp trough and frontal feature extending from 30N, 72W to 31N, 75W to 30N, 77W to 24N, 81W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered 
in the general vicinity of 30.6N, 74.8W with a front extending from the low east-southeastward to 30N, 71W and another front extending from the low southwestward 
to 26N, 80W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1012 mb at 12Z at 31.0N, 73.9W (COA, micro); 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z at 30.6N, 75.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt NNE and 
1012 mb at 20Z at 31.6N, 74.3W (micro).  14 other gales between 35-45 kt.  Aircraft highlights: center fix (loran) at 2240Z at 31.0N, 74.5W with 998 mb lowest 
pressure encountered and 70 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (at 500 feet) (micro, ATS).  “The last hurricane of the season developed off the south 
Atlantic coast on October 15 near 30N, 75W.  A semicircular area of hurricane force winds of around 75 to 80 mph developed north of the center and persisted 
for a couple of days as it moved slowly northeastward” (MWR).  ATS describes that by 15/0030Z, the density discontinuity had disappeared although “a wind 
discontinuity remained causing a wind shear line between the strong easterly flow around the high to the north and the weaker easterly flow to the south in the 
subtropics.  On the 15/0630Z surface chart, a ship at 31N, 74.5W reported a NE wind 25 kt with showers.  Drawing to this report, the analysis showed a trough 
in the easterlies extending to the south, and a closed low of 1014 mb giving a tight gradient to the surface isobars in the northeast.  A vortex was suspected as 
having been forced along the shear line by the strong easterly winds to the north overrunning the slower easterly winds to the south.  The aerologist on the first 
aircraft reconnaissance flight into the suspected area reported that no eye could be found, but a large, flat low pressure area existed with a minimum pressure of 
998 mb near 31N, 74.5W.  A wind shift from SE to NE was found at 31.2N, 75W, about 30 miles to the west of the low pressure area.  Maximum winds reported were 70 kt.  
At the 5,000 ft level, the aircraft was above all clouds except an altostratus shield observed to the south” (ATS).

October 16:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.2N, 73.0W with the NW end of a NW-SE dissipating warm front located about 220 nmi ENE of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 73.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the 
HURDAT position with the former showing a 1002 mb pressure.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.9N, 72.4W with a trough or front axis 
extending from 30N, 72W southwestward to 26N, 76W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NE at 03Z at 32.1N, 75.0W (micro); 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 32.5N, 74.4W (micro); 
50 kt NE and 1010 mb at 18Z at 32.9N, 73.1W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 21Z at 33.1N, 72.5W (micro).  21 other gales between 35-50 kt and one other low pressure 
of 1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1342Z at either 31.4N, 73.1W or 31.8N, 73.2W with 1000 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (ATS, micro); 
center fix at 2200Z at either 36.1N, 72.1N, or 31.9N, 72.2W with 999 mb central pressure, 38 kt max winds, and 850 mb height of 4,560 ft in the center (ATS, micro).  
“On the morning of 16 October, a Navy hurricane reconnaissance aircraft located the low pressure area, 1000 mb, at 1342Z at 31.4N, 73.1W.  Maximum winds reported at 
this time were 45 kt 80 miles to the NE of the low pressure area.  The winds were north-northeasterly.  The aerologist reported that at 4,500 ft, the plane was on 
top of stratus clouds, and that no storm clouds were visible.  The aircraft fixes showed the disturbance to have moved NE at 10 kt.  This direction and speed is not 
considered to be too accurate, especially the speed of movement due to the fact that both fixes were estimated positions of the center of a large flat low pressure 
area.  Because the disturbance moved in an area of heavily traveled shipping lanes, reports were quite numerous and the disturbance could be tracked quite easily.  
These reports verified the northeasterly movement.  An afternoon reconnaissance of the disturbance located an extensive low pressure area at 16/2200Z at 31.6N, 72.1W.  
Minimum pressure reported was 999 mb.  Maximum winds of 38 kt from the NNE were encountered in the NW quadrant.  The aerologist reported a strato-cumulus overcast at 
2,300 ft with bases at 800 ft.  No middle or high clouds were visible in any direction.  A widespread area of frequent light to moderate precipitation was reported” (ATS).

October 17:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.7N, 70.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 33.5N, 69.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 69.8W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm 
analyzes a large low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 32.5N, 70W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 33.3N, 73.0W (COA); 50 kt ENE 
and 1009 mb at 06Z at 33.0N, 68.7W (COA); 45 kt E and 1006 mb at 12Z at 34.9N, 68.9 (COA, micro); 50 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z at 33.0N, 68.7W (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb 
at 18Z at 33.9N, 68.0W (COA).  18 other gales between 35-50 kt.  “On the 17th and 18th the center described a loop westward and then southwestward between Bermuda and 
Cape Hatteras and lost force” (MWR).  “The 17/1830Z surface chart showed that the disturbance was fast becoming extra-tropical in character.  The area of high winds was 
becoming more widespread” (ATS).

October 18:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.8N, 72.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 34.0N, 72.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.0N, 71.6W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm analyzes 
a large low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 35.4N, 72.5W (COA, micro); 55 kt E 
and 1018 mb at 00Z at 38.0N, 69.8W (COA); 65 kt E and 1019 mb at 06Z at 38.3N, 68.2W (COA); 50 kt E and 1009 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 68.0W (COA); 60 kt E (wind too high) and 
1009 mb at 18Z at 33.7N, 66.9W (COA); 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 34.2N, 71.3W (micro).  46 other gales between 35-55 kt and four other low pressures of 1005 mb.

October 19:
HWM analyzes a very large, broad closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.9N, 72.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 31.0N, 71.8W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.7N, 72W with a 999 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
Microfilm analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.1N, 72.7W, and microfilm analyzes another large, closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered near 38N, 54.2W with both lows located within the same 1011 closed isobar.  This elongated area of low pressure extends from about 27N, 78W to 41N, 44W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt E (wind too high) and 1012 mb at 00Z at 33.8N, 66.0W (COA); 50 kt N at 00Z at 32.5N, 77.3W (COA); 40 kt N and 1011 mb at 06Z at 34.0N, 76.4W (COA); 
35 kt NE and 999 mb at 12Z at 31.5N, 72.4W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 72.4W (COA).  24 other gales between 35-50 kt and 11 other low pressures between 
1001-1005 mb.

October 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 70.2W located within a very large area of low pressure below 1010 mb extending from 24N, 74W to northeast, 
southeast, and northwest of 35N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 29.2N, 69.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
29.9N, 68.7W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 69.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered 
near 28.5N, 68.9W located within a very large area of low pressure below 1010 mb similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship highlights (through 00Z only): 45 kt ENE and 1003 mb 
at 00Z at 30.4N, 71.9W (COA).  Three other gales between 35-40 kt and 3 other low pressures between 1002-1004 mb.  “It finally died out several hundred miles southwest of 
Bermuda on October 20.  Several ships were involved with the storm, but no reports of damage have been received” (MWR).

October 21:
HWM no longer shows a closed low on this day associated with what was Jig.  HWM shows a different broad low near 41N, 44W with an upper-level cold front [and likely 
associated deep-layer troughing] extending southwestward from 34N, 48W to 30N, 55W to 28N, 60W to 27N, 65W to 26N, 70W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 54.6W with a 1012 mb pressure.

Hurricane Jig appeared to have formed from the same front/trough that was partially responsible for the formation of Tropical Storm Item.  An area on enhanced cyclonic 
turning became apparent on 13 and 14 October near the northwest Bahamas.  On the 14th, a very strong surface high was located over the mid-Atlantic and northeast coasts 
of the U.S.  A large area of gale force winds of 35-40 kt in the tight pressure gradient region was located between 29-34N, 69-78W on the 14th.  HURDAT starts this 
system at 06Z on 15 October as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.1N, 76.0W.  No change is made to the timing of genesis, but this system is started with a 50 kt intensity 
at 06Z on the 15th (up from 35 kt originally) about half a degree southwest of the previous HURDAT position.  At 12Z on the 15th, a ship likely located near the center 
recorded 45 kt NE with 1008 mb.  Another ship slightly farther away recorded 60 kt with 1012 mb.  The 65 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th is unchanged; thus 
no change is made to the timing of Jig becoming a hurricane.  Jig moved northeastward from the 15th to 17th until it reached a location near 34N, 70W.  The cyclone is 
then analyzed to have made a counterclockwise loop (as in HURDAT).  It moved southward to a position near 31N, 72W on the 19th and then moved southeastward to near 20N, 
71W by 00Z on the 20th.  The largest track change during the entire lifetime of Jig was about seven-tenths of a degree.  This magnitude of a change was made at 12Z on 
the 16th due to aircraft reconnaissance center fix information.  At 00Z on the 19th, ship observations are responsible for the track change made then.  Regarding the 
intensity and structure of Jig, at 2240Z on the 15th, aircraft reconnaissance measured a 998 mb central pressure, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th. 
A central pressure of 998 mb yields a wind speed of 47 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N.  An eye radius of 6 nmi was 
reported.  There were a few 60 kt ship observations within a few hours before and after the aircraft fix.  These ship observations are believable, given the very strong 
pressure gradient to the north of the cyclone.  An intensity of 65 kt is chosen for both 18Z on the 15th and 00Z on the 16th (down from 70 kt originally at both times).  
On the 16th, central pressures of 1000 and 999 mb were measured by aircraft at 1342 and 2200Z respectively.  These values are added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th and 00Z 
on the 17th respectively.  A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 44 kt and a central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
The HURDAT intensities of 60, 55, and 55 kt from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th are all unchanged because there are many ship observations of 50 kt around those 
times.  Although the pressure-wind relationships were considered for this cyclone, they were not strictly followed as with pure tropical cyclones because Hurricane Jig may 
have been classified as a subtropical cyclone with the classification system of today from the 15th to 17th of October.  The strongest observed winds for much of the lifetime 
of Jig were rather far from the center, but there were also times when strong gales were observed close to the center.  Examination of the thermal structure reveals little 
to no surface baroclinicity and no frontal features near the center of the cyclone on the 15th through the 17th.  It should be noted that there are multiple aircraft reports 
that mention an apparent lack of convection near the center, which is not inconsistent with either a sheared tropical cyclone or a subtropical cyclone.  Certainly, the 
system could have been a subtropical storm, but without satellite imagery, this category cannot be used.  Jig is analyzed as tropical from genesis through the 17th, but 
it is analyzed that Jig became extratropical by 00Z on the 18th.  Previously, HURDAT showed no extratropical phase for this cyclone.  The addition of an extratropical phase 
for the final two-plus days of this cyclone’s life is a major change to HURDAT.  Although there are not any fronts apparent by 00Z on the 18th, winds of 10 to 15 kt are 
observed within 100 nmi of the center, and the winds greater than 50 kt are observed to be located more than 250 nmi from the center.  An RMW of 250 nmi is too large to be 
considered a tropical (or even a subtropical cyclone).  The system appears to evolved into a structure similar to an occluded low, although there were no fronts on the days 
previous to the 18th.  The HURDAT intensities between 06Z on the 17th through 00Z on the 20th are all raised by 5 to 15 kt because of ship observations of higher winds.  
HURDAT previously shows dissipation after 18Z on the 20th, but observations indicate that a closed circulation no longer existed after 00Z on the 20th, so the final 18 hours 
are eliminated from HURDAT.

Interesting quote from ATS:
“It is doubtful that this hurricane could be classed as a truly characteristic tropical hurricane, as it developed frontal and extratropical characteristics at such an early 
stage.  No eye was ever found in this disturbance so it probably never developed to more than the stage of a closed vortex with a low central pressure and high winds to the 
north of this central pressure.  It is believed that the high latitude at which it formed and its late date of occurrence in the hurricane season prevented this disturbance 
from developing into a more intense hurricane” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1951 Storm 12 (new to HURDAT)

35970 12/03/1951 M=10 12 SNBR= 794 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
35970 12/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E390 530  60    0E388 505  65    0*
35975 12/04E386 481  65    0E383 457  65    0E380 445  65    0E377 444  65    0*
35975 12/05E375 449  65    0E373 454  65    0E370 460  65    0E367 468  60    0*
35975 12/06E364 477  60    0E360 484  60    0E355 486  60    0E351 480  60    0*
35975 12/07E348 470  60    0*346 464  60    0*345 460  65    0*344 462  70    0*
35975 12/08*340 463  70    0*333 464  65    0*327 463  60    0*326 457  55    0*
35975 12/09*325 448  55    0*325 437  50    0*327 423  50    0*335 402  50    0*
35975 12/10*350 376  50    0*365 348  55    0*378 320  55    0*388 300  55    0*
35975 12/11*390 288  50    0E390 277  45    0E392 265  40    0E396 255  40    0*
35975 12/12E405 247  35    0E415 240  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
36005 HR

Information, observations, and analyses from HWM, COADS, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the MWR tracks of centers of cyclones, Roth (2006), and Beven (personal 
communication, 2010) indicate that a hurricane, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred during December, 1951 in the north-central Atlantic Ocean.

December 2:
HWM does not yet analyze a closed low associated with the feature of interest but instead analyzes an E-W cold front from 43N, 61W to 42N, 70W to 44N, 80W.  HWM also 
analyzes a powerful extratropical cyclone centered near 39N, 51W (not the feature of interest)

December 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.5N, 53.0W with a cold front extending from the low westward to 37N, 60W to 36N, 66W to 37N, 71W.  HWM also 
analyzes a powerful extratropical cyclone centered near 46N, 41W (not the feature of interest).  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.0N, 54.0W.  
Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z at 39.8N, 58.7W (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1014 mb at 12Z at 41.5N, 54.7W (COA); 60 kt NW and 1015 mb at 18Z at 40.4N, 54.8W (COA).  
Nine other gales between 35-45 kt.  “This cyclone and its attendant cold front were induced by a 500 hPa trough in the westerlies moving across the western Atlantic Ocean 
on the 3rd” (Roth).

December 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37.5N, 43.7W with a cold front extending from the low southwestward to 30N, 53W to 29N, 57W.  A separate frontal 
system extends from 44N, 28W to 40N, 35W to 30N, 40W to 22N, 47W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.3N, 49.8W with a 1004 mb pressure.  
At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 38.0N, 43.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 50.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 1012 mb at 12Z 
at 39.6N, 50.5W (COA); 60 kt N and 1012 mb at 18Z at 39.0N, 50.4W (COA).  At least 12 other gales between 35-50 kt.  “As it moved eastward, a stronger low and its associated 
shortwave became absorbed by this deep system, which caused the formation of a cold low aloft, with air as chilly as -25C at 500 hPa by the morning of the 4th” (Roth).

December 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 37.1N, 45.7W with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward to 44N, 31W and a cold front extending 
from the low to 35N, 41W to 32N, 39W to 28N, 41W to 25N, 43W to 22N, 52W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 44.8W with a 1001 mb pressure.  
At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 36.5N, 47.0W.  Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 1012 mb at 06Z at 39.0N, 49.8W (COA); 50 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 06Z 
at 37.0N, 44.0W (COA); 60 kt N and 1013 mb at 12Z at 39.1N, 49.4W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 49.4W (COA).  Ten other gales between 35-50 kt and two other 
low pressures between 1004-1005 mb.  “Its core warmed 3C by the 5th and began to retrograde as a shortwave ridge blocked any farther eastward movement” (Roth)

December 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 35.1N, 49.2W.  A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 37N, 54W to 41N, 52W to 44N, 48W to 44N, 45W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.1N, 47.7W with a 993 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 35.7N, 
48.1W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 35.5N, 49.0W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 39.9N, 47.3W (COA); 30 kt NE and 987 mb at 18Z at 35.0N, 
48.2W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 38.8N, 46.7W.  Five other gales between 35-50 kt and 15 other low pressures between 988-1005 mb.  “Its pressure pattern was still 
rather large on the 6th, with extensive gales north of the center, hinting at a subtropical storm at this time, as ships reported winds of 50-60 kt over the preceding 24 hr” 
(Roth).

December 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.2N, 45.8W.  A separate closed low of at most 1000 mb is plotted centered near 42N, 37W with a dissipating occluded 
front extending from this second low N-NE-E-SE-S becoming a stationary front.  Both lows are plotted within the same 1010 mb isobar.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 35.3N, 45.2W with a 997 mb pressure.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 34.0N, 46.0W.  Ship highlights: 65 kt NNW and 995 mb at 18Z 
and 65 kt N and 996 mb at 21Z at 35.0N, 48.0W (COA).  14 other gales between 35-45 kt and 30 other low pressures between 995-1005 mb.  “By the 7th, its occlusion began to 
dissipate and the 500 hPa temperature warmed another 8C… up to minus 14C according to an upper-air report from a weather ship near the center” (Roth).  “A ship report of 65 kt 
winds at 18Z on the 7th revealed the presence of a hurricane” (Roth).

December 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.4N, 45.6W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.0N, 46.0W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1001 mb 
at 00Z at 35.3N, 48.0W (COA); 50 kt NNE and 1007 mb at 06Z at 35.8N, 47.8W (COA); 35 kt E and 997 mb at 06Z at 34.7N, 46.2W (COA); 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 35.8N, 47.5W (COA).  
15 other gales between 35-50 kt and 15 other low pressures between 998-1005 mb. 

December 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.3N, 42.6W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 42.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1013 mb 
at 00Z at 32.7N, 49.2W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 32.4N, 41.6W (COA).  Two other gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1002 mb.  “The hurricane dropped southward 
on the 9th due to a warm core ridge building to the northwest, and according to ship reports weakened while executing this maneuver, with no winds about 45 kt noted that day.  An 
approaching trough in the westerlies moved the ridge out to the east, and the tropical storm began to accelerate east-northeastward across the Azores” (Roth).

December 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.9N, 32.3W.  A cold front is plotted from 50N, 30W to 45N, 32W becoming a dissipating cold front at 42N, 34W, becoming 
a warm front at 39N, 41W, extending to 41N, 46W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 38.0N, 32.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NW at 12Z at 37.5N, 32.5W (HWM); 35 kt 
ENE and 991 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 30.5W (COA).  At least two other gales of 35-40 kt and at least 20 other low pressures between 994-1005 mb.

December 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 39.5N, 25.8W with a frontal system located just a few hundred nmi northwest of the low.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 39.0N, 25.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 27.9W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 996 mb at 06Z at 39.5N, 26.9W (COA); 10 kt N and 992 mb at 12Z at 38.9N, 
26.7W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12Z at 39.6N, 25.0W (COA).  One other gale of 35 kt and 17 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.

December 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 42.2N, 26.5W.  It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system that 
is followed from December 3-11.  A warm front extends from 100 nmi north of the low northward, and a cold front extends from the low to 41N, 23W to 39N, 22W At 12Z, Roth lists this 
as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.0N, 26.0W.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 30 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 38.2N, 15.7W (COA); 10 kt N and 1003 mb at 00Z at 39.5N, 25.7W 
(COA); 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 06Z at 42.3N, 23.0W (COA).  Four other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  “It reacquired fronts around the center by the 12th soon after passing by 
the Azores, but was again blocked by another shortwave ridge.  A new upper cyclone closed off aloft, and was forced southeast by a building warm core ridge northwest of Spain, which 
commenced another turn to the southeast and a final round of weakening” (Roth).

December 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 43.8N, 17.2W with a S-N dissipating occluded front located north of the low and the north end of a N-S cold front located 
100-150 nmi SE of the low.  It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system that is followed from December 3-11.  At 12Z, Roth 
lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.0N, 17.0W.

December 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 37.5N, 13.0W.  It is not 100% clear from analyzing the HWM maps that this low is purely the same independent system 
that is followed from December 3-11.  A dissipating cold front is plotted from 40N, 7W becoming a cold front at 34N, 8W to 30N, 11W to 24N, 20W.  At 12Z, Roth lists this as a 
20 kt extratropical low at 38.0N, 11.0W.

December 15:
“The low dissipated by the 15th as it moved into Morocco” (Roth).
	
On 2 December, 1951, an area of cyclonic turning began to take place in the general vicinity of 43N, 65W along a cold front oriented E-W from 43N, 61W to 44N, 80W.  A small, 
extratropical cyclone developed along the east end of this cold front by the 3rd.  At the same time, a powerful extratropical cyclone was located several hundred nmi NE of 
this cyclone.  The cyclone is started as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 12Z on 3 December at 39.0N, 53.5W.  By 18Z, the intensity increased to 65 kt.  From the 3rd to the 
4th, the cyclone moved eastward, but it curved toward the south and moved southwestward from the 4th to the 6th.  The 12Z position on the 4th is 38.0N, 44.0W and on the 6th 
is 35.5N, 49.0W.  A 65 kt intensity is analyzed for this extratropical cyclone from 18Z on the 3rd to 12Z on the 5th.  It is analyzed that the cyclone weakened to 60 kt at 
18Z on the 5th, and the 60 kt intensity is maintained through the 6th.  On the 6th, the cyclone, which had been moving southwestward, made a turn toward the southeast, but 
moved slowly for the next couple of days.  It is analyzed that the cyclone transitioned to a tropical cyclone at 06Z on 7 December at 34.6N, 46.4W with a 60 kt intensity 
(today, this cyclone would likely have been classified as a subtropical cyclone for the entire time it is listed as tropical in this analysis, as it likely never became purely 
tropical).  The 60 kt tropical storm increased to hurricane intensity by 12Z on the 7th at 34.5N, 46.0W.  On the 7th at 18Z 65 kt was recorded by a ship simultaneously with 
a pressure of 995 mb.  On the 7th the system was over SSTs around 18-19C with a weather ship reporting 500 mb temperatures of -14C.  While this appears to be too cold 
mid-tropospheric conditions for a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone, one would have to have cooler mid and upper level tropospheric temperatures to still obtain conditionally 
unstable conditions with SSTs of relatively cold 18-19C.  Just 24 hours earlier, a ship recorded a 987 mb pressure with 30 kt winds, but the cyclone was not yet tropical 
when the 987 mb pressure was recorded.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 52 kt according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship 
for north of 25N and greater than 56 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  A 70 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 7th and 00Z on the 8th (this 
is the peak analyzed intensity for the hurricane).  The cyclone, which had been moving southward, turned toward the east on the 8th with a 12Z position of 32.7N, 46.3W on 
the 8th.  The hurricane is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 12Z on the 8th.  The cyclone moved eastward for a day and then accelerated toward the ENE between 
the 9th and 10th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 50 kt tropical storm by 06Z on the 9th, and it strengthened to a 55 kt tropical storm at 06Z on the 10th.  
The analyzed position for 12Z on the 10th is 38.0N, 32.0W.  The cyclone continued to move toward the ENE, but it slowed down late on the 10th and early on the 11th.  It is 
analyzed that the tropical cyclone again became extratropical at 06Z on the 11th at 39.0N, 27.7W with a 45 kt intensity.  It is of note that the 00Z and 12Z rawinsondes 
show a significant warming at 500 mb in the Azores from 10-11 December as the cyclone made a close approach to the islands.  This warming is consistent with the system being 
a tropical (or subtropical) cyclone. Late on the 11th and early on the 12th the cyclone moved slowly toward the northeast as it slowly spun down.  It is analyzed that the 
cyclone was no longer closed after 06Z on the 12th because no east winds could be found north of the center after that time.  Although no observations of east winds could 
be found north of the center after 06Z on the 12th, there is a possibility that the cyclone stayed closed as the same coherent system until 14 December.  The analysis 
concludes that the feature of interest merged with a separate extratropical cyclone after 06Z on the 12th.  The final point at 06Z on the 12th is at 41.5N, 24.0W as a 35 kt 
extratropical storm.  Many of the significant winds and pressure reported from this system come from one ship which traversed the cyclone, identified in COADS as #11054.  
Multiple comparisons of this ship’s winds and pressures versus other numerous ships were available for a few days.  These data suggest that the observations from this ship 
had little to no bias in either parameter.

Additional quote from David Roth:
“It is quite possible this storm was briefly subtropical on the 6th, but it is likely that the conversion was quick as the temperature differential between the sea surface 
and 500 hPa was initially 47C…water temperatures in the area were around 23C or 72F.  This temperature difference in the lower 20,000 foot layer of the troposphere yielded 
an upper air profile that was nearly dry adiabatic, which should have initiated convection beginning late on the 4th or early on the 5th as hinted at by the first temperature 
rises occurred at 500 hPa.  Studies have in the past noted the formation of convection… thunderstorms…when temperature differences reach 40C in the lower half of the troposphere” 
(Roth).
*******************************************************************************

1951 additional notes

1)  HWM, COADS, and David Roth indicate that an area of low pressure formed from a larger extratropical cyclone or front on 16 January, becoming its own extratropical 
cyclone on the 16th near 34N, 30W.  Several gales and a few low pressures were observed during each day of the lifetime of this cyclone.  Late on the 17th, the frontal 
features of this new cyclone may have begun to dissipate somewhat, but during the 17th and 18th, there is not enough evidence that the cyclone was closed or compact 
enough to be considered a subtropical cyclone.  It was absorbed by another extratropical cyclone by 00Z on the 19th.  Although there is a slight chance that this was 
a subtropical storm, this system is not added to HURDAT.  This suspect is considered to be #5 on this list of additional notes for the year 1951 for systems not added 
to HURDAT (the system not added in to HURDAT that was 5th closest to being added in during 1951).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jan 16		34N	30W		Extratropical
Jan 17		33N	34W		Extratropical
Jan 18		35N	37W		Extratropical
Jan 19					Absorbed


2)  HWM, COADS, David Roth, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a frontal low became non-frontal in the central north Atlantic on 14 February.  The low was 
broad and there was still somewhat of a temperature gradient across the low on the 14th and 15th even though there were no fronts apparent on those days in association 
with the low.  The low became extratropical again on the 16th as the next approaching frontal system absorbed it.  There were no observed low pressures with this system.  
There were four or five gales in the general vicinity of this low during the 13th-16th, but only two gales were observed to be directly associated with it- both of 35 kt.  
One was at 06Z on the 13th and the other was at 00Z on the 16th.  Two gales observed on the 15th are too far away and are located in a high pressure gradient region about 
10 degrees west of the low.  These gales are not considered to be directly related to this system.  Although this system may have been a subtropical cyclone on the 14th and 
15th with an intensity of 30 or 35 kt, it is treated as a broad low and is not analyzed to have been a subtropical cyclone.  Thus, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Feb 13		26N	60W		Extratropical
Feb 14		30N	61W		Broad low
Feb 15		33N	59W		Broad low
Feb 16		33N	55W		Extratropical


3)  HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that an extratropical cyclone developed and intensified along a frontal system on 18 February in the north-central Atlantic.  The 
frontal features were largely dissipated by the 19th, and a large, powerful occluded low with widespread gales and low pressures was left over with a minimal temperature 
gradient from the 19th through the 22nd.  The microfilm map for 0000 UTC 19 February shows a 50 kt ship report close to the center with 996 mb (with a second 50 kt 
observation well north of the center), and comparison to the map for 1800 UTC 18 February shows that significant deepening occurred during that six hour period.  On the 23rd, 
the cyclone was no longer closed as an interaction with an approaching extratropical system took place.  The closest that this cyclone came to possibly being a subtropical 
cyclone was around 18Z on the 19th, but it is analyzed that this cyclone was too large and occluded to be considered a subtropical cyclone.  Given the secondary surge of 
cold air entering the system around 00Z on the 19th, it is likely that the significant deepening observed was at least in part baroclinic in origin.  However, it is 
acknowledged that the system could have a frontal hybrid.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.  This suspect is considered to be #4 (the 4th closest to being added 
in to HURDAT that was not added in for 1951)

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Feb 18		34N	54W		Extratropical
Feb 19		35N	55W		Extratropical/Frontal Hybrid
Feb 20		34N	52W		Extratropical
Feb 21		36N	50W		Extratropical
Feb 22		34N	48W		Extratropical
Feb 23					Dissipated


4)  HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb on 9 March near 11N, 54W.  The COADS was obtained to compliment observations on HWM, and no gales or low pressures could be found.  
Although there may have been a closed circulation, this could not be confirmed by observations.  Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Mar 08		11N	55W		Broad low/trough
Mar 09		11N	54W		Broad low/trough
Mar 10		11N	55W		Broad low/trough


5)  HWM and microfilm indicate that an extratropical (or perhaps subtropical) cyclone formed over the north Atlantic on 30 March.  Several gales and low pressures were 
observed with this cyclone.  For many of the days of this cyclone’s lifetime, there was a minimal temperature gradient across the low, but absolute temperatures were 
rather cool.  On all days, the cyclone was very large, and the strongest winds were far from the center.  Although there is a slight chance that this cyclone could have 
been subtropical on 30-31 March, it is analyzed to have been extratropical throughout its lifetime.  Thus, this cyclone is not added to HURDAT.  

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Mar 30		34N	53W		Extratropical
Mar 31		33N	48W		Extratropical
Apr 01		37N	45W		Extratropical
Apr 02		41N	46W		Extratropical
Apr 03		41N	45W		Extratropical
Apr 04		38N	44W		Extratropical
Apr 05		36N	43W		Extratropical
Apr 06		36N	40W		Extratropical
Apr 07		36N	37W		Broad low/trough
Apr 08					Dissipated


6)  HWM, microfilm, COADS, the May 1951 MWR tracks of lows, MWR 1951 p. 189, David Roth, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a tropical depression formed on 
17 May during the same time when Hurricane Able was forming to its west.  This suspect is analyzed to have been a tropical cyclone from 12Z on 17 May to 12Z on 18 May.  
It became extratropical at 18Z on the 18th.  There was one 35 kt ship observation with a pressure of 1008 mb at 00Z on the 18th.  There were at least four other ship 
observations of 30 kt during the time when this was a tropical cyclone.  There were four ship observations of 1008 mb, and 1008 mb was the lowest pressure recorded from 
a ship.  It is noted that the observations of 1008 mb on 18 May are accompanied by 20-35 kt winds, suggesting a central pressure of 1004-1006 mb.  However, given the 
system’s location and time of year, the standard pressure-wind relationships may not be as applicable and thus not provide a second observational piece of evidence that 
the system reached tropical storm intensity.  The strongest pressure gradient with no ships available appeared to be on the northeast quadrant on the 18th at 00Z – 9 mb 
over ~150 nm.  This gives a gradient wind calculation of 18 m/s (35 kt).  Assuming a ~20% reduction to the surface, this would support about 28 kt, below tropical storm 
force.  Since there is only one piece of evidence during the tropical cyclone portion of this cyclone’s lifetime, it is not added to HURDAT.  This suspect is judged to be 
#1 for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes of 1951.

The following two quotes are regarding this suspect which occurred just east of Able from May 16-20:

“It might be noted that a second vortex with quite similar characteristics, failed to produce winds of more than 45 mph” (Moore and Davis).

“The life cycle of the subtropical/tropical storm to [Able’s] east is covered in Moore and Davis, and through the Daily Weather Map and Historical Weather Map Series.  
The cyclone formed east of Able at around the same time Able’s circulation formed.  As Able rapidly intensified and was swung southward by their parent 500 hPa low, the 
steering flow was strongly out of the south, and this eastern cyclone was swept northward towards the stationary frontal zone offshore North Carolina.  The pressure 
gradient was depicted as tight in both map series, so there is a strong likelihood that it was tropical through much of its life.  After briefly occluding along this 
zone and becoming extratropical, which is depicted in the Daily Weather Map series, it was quickly absorbed into the larger circulation of Able, which at that time was 
moving northward in response to its presence offshore North Carolina” (Roth).

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 15	Open wave/trough 30N, 66W to 17N, 73W
May 16	23N	70W		Spot low 
May 17	30N	69W		Tropical Depression
May 18	36N	71W		Tropical Depression
May 19	36N	74W		Extratropical
May 20	Absorbed into Hurricane Able


7)  HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate the presence of a strong tropical wave or a tropical depression in the western Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from the 
20th through the 25th of June.  At 12Z on the 21st, observations of 30 kt with 1010 mb and 25 kt with 1009 mb were recorded near the center of the disturbance.  
This disturbance moved westward into Central America late on the 21st or early on the 22nd.  It appears likely that the system then moved across Central America on 
the 22nd and reached the Bay of Campeche by early on the 23rd as an area of  showers, thunderstorms, and winds possibly as high as 30 kt and a lowest pressure of 1006 mb 
reported. It then may have moved westward into Mexico during the night of the 24th-25th.  Information from commercial aircraft flights on the 24th and 25th provided this 
information in addition to surface observations.  Despite this, observations are still sparse and it is difficult to track a disturbance.  There are no gales or low 
pressures, and this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 20		15N	82W		Wave/tropical depression
Jun 21		16N	87W		Wave/tropical depression
Jun 22		16N	90W		Wave/tropical depression
Jun 23		19N	93W		Wave/tropical depression
Jun 24		21N	95W		Wave/tropical depression
Jun 25		23N	102W		Dissipating


8)  David Roth suggests that a tropical depression may have formed on 10 July in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.  This disturbance moved over Florida, the Atlantic Ocean, 
and portions of the southeastern U.S. over the next couple of days.  HWM, COADS, and microfilm were searched, and no strong winds near gale force were found.  No low 
pressures were found either.  This system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 10		25N	83W		Tropical depression
Jul 11		26N	82W		Tropical depression
Jul 12		29N	78W		Tropical depression
Jul 13		33N	82W		Dissipating


9)  HWM, microfilm, and COADS suggest that a trough of low pressure in the northern Gulf of Mexico was near the north-central Gulf Coast on 29 July.  A closed 
circulation may have developed and could have been a tropical depression on the 30th.  It opened up again into a trough on 31st as it moved slowly westward and 
moved inland in western Louisiana.  There were no gales or low pressures with this system, and it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 29		29N	91W		Broad low/trough
Jul 30		29N	92W		Tropical depression
Jul 31		30N	93W		Broad low/trough


10)  HWM, microfilm, COADS, the 1951 Navy log book (ATS), Ryan Truchelut, David Roth, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a tropical wave, which first 
appeared in HWM along 32W on 12 August, moved westward through the tropical Atlantic and was likely a tropical depression on 19 August near or just north of the 
northern Leeward Islands.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 19th reported wind shifts from southwest to north to east with a minimum pressure encountered 1008 mb and 
max wind of 23 kt from the SW.  Circular cloudiness covering a diameter of 40 miles was reported.  This evidence points to a likely tropical depression.  HWM, microfilm, 
and ATS all show a tropical storm symbol on their August 19 maps.  The reconnaissance flight on the 20th conducted a through search along the wave axis and found no 
closed circulation.  Lowest pressure encountered was 1012 mb and winds were not gale force.  For the remainder of this system’s lifetime, there is no evidence of a 
closed circulation.  Although a tropical depression was confirmed on the 19th, there are no observed gales or low pressures with this system.  Thus, this system is 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 12		Tropical wave along 32W
Aug 13		Tropical wave along 35W
Aug 14		Tropical wave along 38W
Aug 15		11N	41W		Spot low
Aug 16		11N	44W		Spot low
Aug 17		12N	50W		Spot low
Aug 18		13N	57W		Tropical depression
Aug 19		18N	62W		Tropical depression
Aug 20		21N	66W		Spot low/wave
Aug 21		23N	68W		Spot low/wave
Aug 22		25N	68W		Weak low/trough
Aug 23		28N	68W		Weak low/trough
Aug 24		28N	68W		Weak low/trough
Aug 25					Absorbed by front


11)  HWM, microfilm, COADS, the August and September MWR tracks of lows, August and September Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data from NCDC, 
the 1951 Navy log book (ATS), David Roth, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a tropical cyclone formed from an old frontal boundary on 31 August off 
the Carolina coast.  At 00Z on the 31st, it was still extratropical and located near 33.5N, 72W.  It became a tropical depression by 12Z on the 31st near 33N, 75W 
with an intensity of about 25 kt.  By 18Z on the 31st, the intensity had increased to 30 kt and it was moving west-southwestward located near 32.8N, 76.2W.  By 06Z 
on 1 September, the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 32.7N, 78.7W, and by 12Z, it was nearing landfall in southern South Carolina south of Charleston.  
The likely 12Z position on the 1st is 32.3N, 79.6W and 18Z position is well inland near 32.1N, 81.8W.  The highest available wind recorded from a coastal station 
was NE 25 kt (max w/1-min) recorded at Charleston City Office on the 1st at 1310Z.  The lowest pressure recorded from a coastal station was 1004 mb at Charleston 
on the 1st, likely around the same time.  A central pressure of less than or possibly equal to 1004 mb yields a wind speed of at least 36 kt according to the Brown 
et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Environmental pressures were a little lower than typical, so it may have only been a 30 kt tropical depression.  
The highest available wind for the entire system is 30 kt recorded at Frying Pan (33.5N, 77.5W) at 18Z on 31 August (the elevation of the anemometer at Frying Pan 
was not investigated).  The Charleston City Office had this account about the system:  “Note:  Very threatening weather in early morning at sunrise.  Cloud deck 
of nimbo stratus over station with apparent sharp break to east but sun never visible (even after time of eclipse, occurring just before sunrse).  An urgent call 
from Isle of Palms about 0715 stated that a circular break about 10 mi. in diameter with clouds revolving counter clockwise, sunshine streaming through was overhead.  
A quick observation assured of same phenomenon moving in direction of station.  From approximately 0800-0900 the center, with definite closed circulation in 
counterclockwise direction, passed just south of Custom-House, northern rim overhead with sunlight and clear sky visible.  Diameter of eye:  5 to 8 miles.  Gusts 
estimated 45 mph.  Airport and Atlanta notified.  Special warning bulletin issued to radio stations, yacht basins and others on small craft warning list.”  Since 
there is only one piece of evidence (the 1004 mb recorded at Charleston) and since there were no gales recorded for the entire lifetime of this system, it is not 
added to HURDAT.  It should be noted that there is a chance that this could have been a 35 kt tropical storm at landfall.  No coastal station information could be 
found for any locations between Charleston, SC and Savannah, GA.  This is the #2 suspect for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes of 1951.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 29		36N	70W		Extratropical
Aug 30		35N	72W		Extratropical
Aug 31		33N	75W		Tropical depression
Sep 01		32.3N	79.6W		Tropical depression
Sep 02		31N	83W		Tropical depression
Sep 03					Dissipated


12)  HWM, COADS, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a tropical wave emerged off of Africa late on the 16th.  A low formed and moved northward east of 
the Cape Verde Islands near the African coast.  It was likely a tropical depression from 18 to 20 September.  On the 19th at 06Z, a ship recorded 30 kt SSW with 
1006 mb at 17.2N, 18.0W (COA).  There were several more observations of 25-30 kt and pressures of 1007-1008 mb on the 19th and 20th associated with this system.  
On the 19th and 20th, there were a total of three 30 kt ship observations and five 25 kt ship observations.  There was one 1006 mb ob, one 1007 mb ob, and six 1008 mb 
observations during those two days.  Since there are no gales or low pressures, this system is not added to HURDAT.  It is possible that this depression was ready 
to strengthen to a tropical storm, but its path over cooler waters by the 20th likely prevented this.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 16		Tropical wave over Africa along 16W
Sep 17		16N	18W		Spot low
Sep 18		17N	19W		Tropical depression
Sep 19		19N	19W		Tropical depression		
Sep 20		23N	18W		Tropical depression
Sep 21		28N	15W		Weak low/trough
Sep 22		Weak trough near Canary Islands
Sep 23		Absorbed by front


13)  HWM, COADS, and Ryan Truchelut indicate that a large, well-defined cyclonic circulation existed in the eastern Atlantic on 16 October near 11N, 23W.  The low 
traveled slowly westward through the tropical Atlantic.  There were no gales observed, but there were two low pressures of 1005 mb observed for the entire lifetime 
of this system.  On the 17th, there were two separate observations of 1005 mb.  One of these 1005 mb observations was from one of the Cape Verde Islands (reported 
with winds of either 20 or 30 kt) where a 24-hour pressure fall of 5.2 mb was observed from the 16th to the 17th.  The observation from one of the Cape Verde Islands 
has 20-30 kt winds at the time of the 1005 mb pressure, suggesting a lower central pressure of around 1002-1003 mb and the possibility this was a tropical storm.  
The other 1005 mb observation was from a ship at 14.0N 21.7Z with 15 kt SE wind at 06Z on the 17th.  A closed circulation may have existed from the 16th through the 
19th, and there may be enough evidence that there was a closed circulation on the 19th at 12Z when a ship at 9.0N, 32.9W recorded a WNW wind.  During the 16th through 
the 18th, there were a few relevant observations south of the center with westerly wind components, but most were either SSW winds, or rather far from the center.  
It may have been a tropical cyclone on the 17th during the time when the two low pressures of 1005 mb were recorded.  There were a few 25 kt observations during that 
time, and maybe one 30 kt observation (it is difficult to tell whether the observation in HWM on the 17th at 14.8N, 23.8W is 25 or 35 mph- Cape Verde Island ob referred 
to above).  From the 20th to the 24th, there were very few observations in the central tropical Atlantic so the location and status of this potential system is highly 
uncertain during those days.  It is possible that it was the same system as the weak low or trough that was observed from the 25th to the 29th at the locations listed 
below.  Even though there are two pieces of evidence, this system is not added to HURDAT because there were no observed gales and it is not absolutely conclusive that 
a closed circulation existed during the time of the 1005 mb observations.  This is the #3 suspect for closest to being added in to HURDAT of all the additional notes 
of 1951.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 16		12N	20W		Broad low/wave
Oct 17		13N	23W		Broad low/wave
Oct 18		13N	27W		Broad low/wave
Oct 19		13N	31W		Broad low/wave
Oct 20		13N	35W		Broad low/wave
Oct 21		14N	38W		Broad low/wave
Oct 22		14N	40W		Broad low/wave
Oct 23		14N	42W		Broad low/wave
Oct 24		14N	45W		Broad low/wave
Oct 25		14N	50W		Broad low/wave
Oct 26		20N	49W		Broad low/wave
Oct 27		27N	48W		Broad low/trough
Oct 28		28N	48W		Broad low/trough
Oct 29		30N	48W		Broad low/trough
Oct 30					Dissipated


14)  HWM and COADS suggest that a low or trough appeared in the eastern tropical Atlantic on 30 October.  It moved generally westward through the 4th of November until 
dissipation.  On the 30th, winds as high as 30 kt and pressures as low as 1007 mb were recorded.  However, there are no available gales or low pressures for the lifetime 
of this disturbance.  Thus, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 30		12N	23W		Broad low/trough
Oct 31		12N	27W		Broad low/trough
Nov 1		12N	32W		Broad low/trough
Nov 2		13N	37W		Broad low/trough
Nov 3		15N	42W		Broad low/trough
Nov 4		16N	48W		Broad low/trough


15)  HWM, microfilm and COADS indicate the presence of a broad low that meandered in the central Atlantic for a few days beginning on 31 October.  By 18Z on the 3rd of 
November and 00Z on the 4th, observations from microfilm and COADS confirm a closed circulation.  A tropical cyclone likely passed southwest of Bermuda on a northwest 
course between 18Z on the 3rd and 06Z on the 4th.  A cold front approaching from the west absorbed the cyclone by 12Z on the 4th.  A few 30 kt winds and pressures as 
low as 1008 mb were recorded from Bermuda and from ships late on the 3rd and early on the 4th.  This could have been a tropical storm, but there are no gales or low 
pressures that can be directly tied to this system for its entire lifetime.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 31		26N	58W		Broad low/trough
Nov 1		25N	56W		Broad low/trough
Nov 2		24N	59W		Broad low/trough
Nov 3		29N	64W		Tropical Depression
Nov 4		37N	65W		Extratropical/absorbed by frontal system


16)  HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that a broad low formed along the tail end of a front located in the western Atlantic just east of the Bahamas on 11 November.  
The low may not have been completely separated from the front until the front moved well east of the area by 14 November.  The low stayed broad and somewhat elongated.  
Winds of only about 20 to occasionally 25 kt accompanied the low as it moved slowly northward and northeastward before it was absorbed by the next approaching frontal 
system on the 17th.  There were no observed gales or low pressures associated with the broad low or trough, and it might not have even been a tropical depression.  
Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 11		25N	73W		Broad low/trough
Nov 12		25N	73W		Broad low/trough
Nov 13		27N	70W		Broad low/trough
Nov 14		29N	71W		Broad low/trough
Nov 15		30N	65W		Broad low/trough
Nov 16		34N	63W		Broad low/trough
Nov 17					Absorbed into approaching frontal system
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 1 (Unnamed)

35250 02/02/1952 M= 4  1 SNBR= 779 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
35255 02/02*  0   0   0    0*175 872  30    0*202 874  35    0*220 855  35    0*
35255 02/02*  0   0   0    0L185 872  25    0L195 874  25    0L218 855  30    0*
                            ****      **     ****      **     ****      **

35260 02/03*240 826  35    0*262 804  45    0*285 784  45    0*307 770  45    0*
35260 02/03L237 828  40    0L262 806  55    0*289 786  55    0*310 773  60    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35265 02/04E329 756  45    0E357 737  50    0E388 718  50    0E416 699  50    0*
35265 02/04*331 758  60    0E354 743  60    0E384 720  60    0E414 697  55    0*
           **** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35270 02/05E444 680  45    0E474 672  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35270 02/05E438 684  50    0E465 674  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35275 TS  

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this February tropical storm.  A major change is to indicate the first 30 hours of its existence as a 
“Low”, neither a tropical cyclone nor an extratropical cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries as well as the Surface Weather 
Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Hector, and Dunn and Miller.

February 1:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

February 2:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 21.5N, 86.0W.  HWM also analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29N, 92W with a cold front running through it extending 
south-southwestward to 22N, 95W.  HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 87.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.5N, 85.2W 
with a 1013 mb pressure.  No gales or low pressures.  “1952- February 2-3: Low intensity hurricane which originated from an extensive low pressure area near Gulf of 
Honduras.  On the 2nd, we found the area to be very close to Cozumel after which the storm recurved passing through the Yucatan Channel. It was moving NE with a fast 
translational velocity” (Hector).  From USWB- communication (possibly between New Orleans office and Miami office)… “02/2205Z: Your estimate of closed low in Caribbean 
[is] completely unfounded on basis of our reports.  There [is] a closed low centered over western Mississippi at 1830Z with [a] warm front [extending] into [a] sharp 
trough along [a] Burwood/Isle of Pines/Manzanillo/ line and [a] cold front extending from [the] low to just south of Vera Cruz.  Tropical storms do not form in 
February” (KMIA WBAS).

February 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.3N, 78.8W located in the warm sector of an extratropical low of at most 1000 mb centered near 35N, 90W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 28.5N, 78.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.5N, 78.9W with a 1003 mb pressure.  
Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 00Z of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.1N, 82.5W located along a warm frontal boundary which extends from an extratropical 
low centered near 31N, 88W.  At 06Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 26.3N, 80.5W with some sort of boundary running through or extending 
from the low.  At 12Z, microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.8N, 77.9W with fronts extending from the low.  At 18Z, microfilm analyzes a 
closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.5N, 77.3W with a front extending from this low to 28N, 79W to 30N, 81W to 31N, 82W to 31N, 84W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE 
and 1008 mb at 06Z at 27.4N, 80.0W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 30.4N, 77.4W (HWM, micro, COA); 45 kt SSE and 995 mb at 18Z at 31.3N, 76.9W (COA); 50 kt SE and 
991 mb at 18Z at 31.0N, 77.0W (micro).  Six other gales between 35-50 kt and four other low pressures between 994-1002 mb.  Land/station highlights: 1004 mb (min p - ~03Z) 
and 36 kt SSE (max hourly wind – 0305Z) at Key West WBAS (SWO, climo); 41 kt SE (max wind, observed once every 4 hours) with 1007 mb (observed once every 4 hours) at 
Sombrero Key Light Station (SWO); 55 kt SE (max wind, observed once every 6 hours - elevated) and 1002 mb (min pressure, observed once every 6 hours, appears to be too low) 
at 06Z at Carysfort Reef Light Station (25.2N, 80.2W) (SWO, micro); 59 kt SE (max wind, fastest mile, elevated) at 0434Z and 73 kt (gust) at 0430-0455Z at Miami WBO (SWO, 
climo); 1004 mb (min pressure) with 28 kt SSE at ~04Z at Miami WBAS (climo, SWO); 39 kt SSE (max wind, fastest mile, ~07Z), 1002 mb (min pressure) with SSE 38 kt SSE at 
West Palm Beach (SWO, climo); 41 kt E (max wind, observed once every 4 hours) with 1011 mb at 05Z, 1005 mb (min pressure, observed once every 4 hours) with SW 15 kt (SWO) 
at Jupiter Inlet Light Station (SWO); 1003 mb (min pressure) with NNE 14 kt at 0926Z at Vero Beach (SWO); Three other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb.  “Incipient 
tropical disturbance passed short distance west of city” (Key West Local Monthly Climatological Data).  From the February 1952 National Climatic Data Summary Severe 
Storm Reports… “Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 2-3; Property  damage (exclusive of crops): Minor; Character of storm: Wind and rain; Remarks: Tropical storm 
crossed extreme southern Florida during night of February 2-3, attended by winds up to 60 mph in gusts and rainfall that totaled from 2 to 3 inches.  Wind and rain caused 
considerable damage in growing vegetable crops in Everglades and lower East Coast districts” (National climo).  “Tropical Cyclones in Florida- Feb 2-3 – S Fla. – Minor – 
Miami wind 68 mph, gusts 84 mph” (“Minor” is equivalent to winds of less than 74 mph and pressure above 996 mb, Dunn and Miller).  “[Late] on the 3rd, it was located near 
the southern portion of Charleston Harbor en route towards Cape Hatteras.  There, it produced considerable damages to navigation and coastal areas equal to 3,000,000 pesos” 
(Hector).  From 03/22Z WB Advisory… “A cyclonic storm of about hurricane force has developed off the south Atlantic coast and at 5 pm EST/2200Z it was centered near latitude 
31N, longitude 77W, or about 250 miles east of the Georgia coast.  It is moving north-northeastward about 30 mph and should pass the Cape Hatteras area late tonight attended 
by dangerous gales…” (WB advisories).

February 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 38.3N, 72.5W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located about 120 nmi east of the low, and the front previously 
associated with the extratropical low is oriented E-W and plotted about 180 nmi north of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 38.8N, 71.8W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.1N, 73.0W with a 995 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near 
33.1N, 75.8W with no fronts analyzed except an E-W front is located about 200 nmi north of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered 
near 39.4N, 73.0W with the east end of a front extending from 100 nmi west of the low westward.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 41.1N, 
69.4W with an east end of a front located 150 nmi west of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 00Z at 33.7N, 75.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 997 mb at 12Z at 
37.2N, 72.2W (COA, HWM); 60 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 39.1N, 70.7W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 993 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 69.7W (COA).  17 other gales between 35-45 kt and 32 other 
low pressures between 992-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 21 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Portland, ME (climo); 15 kt NW and 991 mb at Nantucket, MA (micro).

February 5:
HWM analyzes a tiny closed low of at most 990 mb [might be the feature of interest] near 49.9N, 65.0W.  HWM analyzes another closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 53.5N, 
74W.  Both lows are located within a single 995 mb isobar, and there are numerous fronts plotted all around these lows.  HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 40 kt extratropical 
cyclone at 47.4N, 67.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 993 mb pressure.  Microfilm last shows a closed low at 00Z of 
at most 993 mb centered near 43.9N, 68.2W.  The east end of an E-W front is located 130 nmi SSW of the low.  Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE and 993 mb at 00Z at 43.0N, 69.9W (COA).  
Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 00Z at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (43.8N, 66.1W) (micro); 35 kt E and 996 mb at 00Z at Eastport, ME (micro); 20 kt N and 995 mb at 
00Z at Portland, ME (climo); 47 kt E (max w/1-min) at Eastport (climo).

February 6:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.1N, 56.3W with a 988 mb pressure.

HURDAT previously started this system at 06Z on 2 February as a 30 kt tropical depression not far from Cozumel, Mexico.  Observations are somewhat sparse, but are supportive 
of beginning the system at that time.  Given that the system was in February, it is important to ascertain what structure the cyclone had.  Early on February 3rd while the 
cyclone was making landfall over Florida, there were abundant surface temperature, dewpoint and wind observations.  These indicate that the system had a minor east-west 
temperature gradient across its center, but no north-south gradient.  Also there was very little dewpoint gradient across the cyclone and no evidence for a surface front 
through the system.  The wind and pressure structure was somewhat elongated north-south, but did exhibit a strong pressure gradient and winds near the center.  It should be 
noted that the north winds on the west side of the cyclone were very weak for the entire duration of its lifetime, as the system was embedded within the warm sector of a large 
extratropical cyclone with fairly large southerly flow.  Nevertheless, north winds with the cyclone and a closed circulation were present throughout.  Additionally, the cyclone’s 
development was aided by a vigorous upper-level trough over the Gulf of Mexico and southeast United States.  While convection likely played a role in the genesis and 
intensification, the system is too much of a hybrid on the 2nd and early on the 3rd to indicate it to be a tropical cyclone (or a subtropical cyclone).  Thus from genesis at 
06Z on the 2nd through 06Z on the 3rd, the system is given the status of “Low” – neither a tropical cyclone nor an extratropical cyclone.  HURDAT previously listed the cyclone 
as strengthening to a tropical storm by 12Z, and by 18Z, it was located in HURDAT just west of the western tip of Cuba.  However, observations indicate that the system did not 
reach gale force until about 00Z on the 3rd, after moving north of Cuba.  This is a 12 hour delay in the intensification to an intensity of at least 35 kt.  The cyclone is 
analyzed to have made landfall in southern Florida close to Cape Sable on 3 February at 0430Z at 25.5N, 81.2W as a 55 kt low.  The highest official fastest mile wind of 59 kt 
(elevated) was recorded at the Miami Weather Bureau Office at about 06Z on the 3rd.  This value reduces to 51 kt at 10 m.  The lowest pressure recorded over southern Florida was 
1002 mb (with 38 kt SSE) at West Palm Beach, but observations suggest that the central pressure at that time was likely between 995 and 1000 mb.  Observations over southern Florida 
are helpful in determining the 06Z position and intensity, especially the observations from Miami and West Palm Beach.  The analyzed intensity at the 0430Z landfall and 06Z is 
55 kt (up from 45 kt originally).  A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 3rd (up from 35 kt originally).  

The storm was over Florida from 0430Z to 08Z on the 3rd of February and exited the east coast of Florida just north of West Palm Beach on a northeastward course at a rapid pace.  
The cyclone obtained an organized inner core by 12Z on the 3rd as it was over the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida.  Thus at this time, it is analyzed that the system evolved into 
a tropical storm.  (It is likely that if one had satellite imagery, that today this system would be considered a subtropical storm.)  By 18Z on the 3rd, observations indicate that 
the cyclone was centered near 30.7N, 77.5W (half a degree west of the original HURDAT position at that time).  At 18Z, a ship recorded 55 kt with a 991 mb pressure.  A 991 mb 
peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 58 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18Z on the 3rd (up from 
45 kt originally).  HURDAT originally listed this cyclone as having become extratropical at 00Z on the 4th at 32.9N, 75.6W.  However, observations at 00Z on the 4th indicate that 
there is no temperature gradient across the low, and the structure appears the same as on the previous day, which is that of a tropical cyclone.  By 12Z on the 4th, observations 
show a large temperature gradient across the low, so extratropical transition is analyzed to have occurred by 06Z (six hours later than in HURDAT originally) with the cyclone 
located near 35.4N, 74.3W and a 60 kt intensity (originally 35.7N, 73.7W and 50 kt).  At 12Z on the 4th it was centered east of Delmarva and New Jersey, and by 18Z, it was located 
just east of Nantucket, MA.  The highest wind observed during the lifetime of this cyclone was 60 kt from a ship at 12Z on the 4th.  The peak analyzed intensity for this cyclone is 
60 kt from 18Z on the 3rd through 12Z on the 4th (part of this time includes the tropical portion of the lifetime of the cyclone).  Previously, HURDAT listed a peak intensity of 
50 kt on the 4th from 06Z to 18Z.  By 00Z on the 5th, the extratropical cyclone was located over the Gulf of Maine between Portland and Halifax, and it moved inland into Maine 
shortly after that time.  The highest 1-minute wind recorded in Maine was 47 kt E at Eastport, and a 50 kt intensity is analyzed for 00Z on the 5th (up from 45 kt originally).  
HURDAT last lists this at 06Z on the 5th over Canada close to Caribou, Maine, and no change is made to the timing of dissipation as the cyclone was being absorbed by a system to its west.

 
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 2 (Able)

35280 08/18/1952 M=16  2 SNBR= 780 ABLE        XING=1 SSS=1                     
35280 08/18/1952 M=17  2 SNBR= 780 ABLE        XING=1 SSS=2                     
                   **                                     *

35285 08/18*  0   0   0    0*146 190  25    0*144 196  25    0*143 198  25    0*
35285 08/18*  0   0   0    0*146 190  25    0*144 196  25    0*143 205  25    0*
                                                                   ***

35290 08/19*141 209  25    0*139 215  25    0*137 226  25    0*134 236  25    0*
35290 08/19*141 215  25    0*139 226  25    0*137 237  25    0*134 251  25    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

35295 08/20*132 247  25    0*130 259  25    0*128 272  25    0*126 283  25    0*
35295 08/20*132 266  25    0*130 282  25    0*128 298  25    0*126 314  25    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

35300 08/21*124 294  25    0*123 307  25    0*123 321  25    0*123 334  25    0*
35300 08/21*124 331  25    0*123 348  25    0*123 366  25    0*123 384  25    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***

35305 08/22*123 346  25    0*123 354  25    0*123 365  25    0*125 381  25    0*
35305 08/22*123 401  25    0*126 418  25    0*130 434  25    0*135 450  25    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35310 08/23*129 398  25    0*133 415  25    0*137 431  25    0*143 447  25    0*
35310 08/23*140 466  25    0*145 482  25    0*150 498  25    0*155 512  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35315 08/24*149 463  25    0*153 477  25    0*158 491  30    0*164 512  35    0*
35315 08/24*160 524  25    0*165 536  25    0*170 548  30    0*175 558  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35320 08/25*170 535  40    0*177 555  40    0*184 571  45    0*190 581  45    0*
35320 08/25*180 567  35    0*186 576  35    0*193 584  35    0*198 591  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35325 08/26*196 591  50 1006*201 603  50    0*206 614  50    0*209 622  55    0*
35325 08/26*200 599  40    0*203 608  45    0*207 617  45    0*211 624  50    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35330 08/27*212 629  60    0*215 637  60    0*219 647  70 1003*223 658  70  998*
35330 08/27*214 631  50    0*217 638  55    0*219 646  55 1003*222 656  60  998*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35335 08/28*230 671  75    0*238 685  75    0*247 698  75    0*255 710  75    0*
35335 08/28*227 667  60    0*234 680  55    0*242 693  55 1002*251 706  50 1003*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  ** ****

35340 08/29*263 722  75    0*271 734  75    0*278 747  80    0*285 762  80    0*
35340 08/29*259 719  50    0*267 734  55    0*274 749  60  999*279 763  65    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  

35345 08/30*292 778  80    0*295 790  85    0*298 797  85    0*307 801  85    0*
35345 08/30*285 777  65    0*291 788  70    0*298 795  70  992*307 799  80  983*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***     ***  **  ***

35350 08/31*318 805  90    0*331 808  70    0*344 810  45    0*358 806  40    0*
35350 08/31*317 804  85    0*329 808  65    0*342 809  45    0*354 806  40    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***          ***  

35355 09/01*372 797  40    0*383 786  35    0*393 771  35    0*409 748  30    0*
35355 09/01*366 799  40    0*381 786  45    0*395 771  50    0*408 750  50    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

35360 09/02*423 727  30    0*430 715  25    0*437 704  25    0*444 694  25    0*
35360 09/02*422 729  45    0*430 715  30    0*439 700  25    0*455 682  25    0*
            *** ***  **               **      *** ***          *** ***

(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
35360 09/03*472 658  25    0*485 635  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35365 HR SC1                                                                    
35365 HR SC2                                                                    
         ***

US Landfall:
8/31/1952 03Z 32.3N 80.6W 85 kt (980 mb) 1011 mb OCI 175 nmi ROCI

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane which made landfall near Beaufort, SC.  A major change is made to the time this cyclone 
first became a hurricane.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm 
of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, 
U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Ross (1952), Sherman and Carino (1952), and Dunn and Miller.

August 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.7N, 18.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 14.4N, 19.6W.  No gales or low pressures.  
“The occurrence of hurricane Able was anticipated as much as ten days before a definite tropical disturbance was evident on the weather map.  The Hurricane Warning Central, 
Miami, received a report from a Pan-American Airways plane on 15 August which stated that an apparent closed circulation was observed at 14.0N, 34.0W at about 1000Z.  
There were at that time no surface weather reports from that vicinity to substantiate that plane report, nor was there enough information on subsequent maps to follow 
any disturbance that might be traveling across the ocean.  Nevertheless, this report on 15 August had all components of the Hurricane Warning Central ready for the outbreak 
of storm Able” (ATS).

August 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.4N, 23.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.7N, 22.6W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.8N, 27.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.8N, 27.2W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 32.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 32.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.7N, 36.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.3N, 36.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.8N, 42.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 13.7N, 43.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

August 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.6N, 49.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.8N, 49.1W.  No gales or low pressures.  
“At 2100Z on 24 August, the time cross-section streamline analysis showed a line of divergence passing through Martinique and a backing wind from the NNE to NNW.  This 
indicated the approach of a cyclonic circulation with a center to the northeast of the station” (ATS).

August 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.5N, 56.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 57.1W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near 19.3N, 58.4W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 19.1N, 58.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb 
centered near 19.6N, 58.9W.  Aircraft highlights: 30-40 kt SE (surface wind estimate by commercial aircraft) at 10Z in the general vicinity of 16N, 54 to 55W (ATS); center 
fix at 2130Z at 20.0N, 59.0W with 1006 mb lowest pressure (peripheral) and 40 kt SE max flight-level winds encountered at 20.5N, 58.3W (ATS, micro).  “A report was received 
from an Iberia Airline plane stating that an apparent closed circulation was encountered near 16.0N, 54.0W to 55.0W at 1000Z, and upon deviating to the north a trough line 
was crossed at about 56.0W.  The surface wind in the NE quadrant was estimated to be 30 to 40 kt from the SE.  The 1230Z surface map, however, showed indications of a disturbance 
260 nmi NW of the plane report.  The first Navy reconnaissance flight into the storm substantiated the indications of the surface map.  The Navy flight departed San Juan at 1750Z 
and found a diffuse eye centered near 20.0N, 59.0W at 2130Z.  Maximum winds of 40 kt were experienced in the NE quadrant.  The lowest pressure was 1006 mb” (ATS).  “The first 
hurricane of the 1952 season was discovered as a slowly developing wave about 600 miles east of Puerto Rico on August 25.  During the next several days, aircraft reported it to 
be a crescent-shaped, partially developed, squally wave, with winds of hurricane force on the northeastern side, but open in the southern semicircle, where winds were only 25 kt” 
(MWR).  “Storm Able originated from a development on a wave in the easterlies.  When discovered on August 25, organization of the storm circulation was incomplete.  The Miami 
Weather Bureau Office issued its first advisory for storm Able on August 25, 1952.  Navy aerial reconnaissance had reported squally conditions with a poorly defined center 
located at 20N, 59W” (Ross).

August 26:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.4N, 62.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 61.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 61.7W with a 1011 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.3N, 61.9W.  ATS at 00Z analyses a tropical storm 
of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 60.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 62.0W.  Ship highlights: 35-40 kt WNW and 1010 mb 
at 06Z at 18.4N, 63.8W (micro); 35-40 kt E-ESE and 1011 mb at 12Z at 21.6N, 60.6W (HWM, micro); 35-40 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 21.5N, 60.3W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 1408Z at 21.0N, 62.0W with 1007 mb pressure with 10 kt SE and 50 kt max (flight-level?) winds reported (micro); center fix at 1910Z at 20.2 [or 21.2?]N, 62.5W with 
1008 mb pressure with  25 kt ENE and 50 kt (flight-level?) winds reported (micro); 50 kt ENE (at flight-level of 10,700 ft) at 2307Z at 25.8N, 64.8W (micro).  “Able continued 
on the west to west-northwest course and slowly intensified to hurricane force.  Early in the day the first microseismic indications of this storm were recorded at Roosevelt 
Roads, Puerto Rico, by an increase in the period of microseisms.  This was followed by an increase in amplitude at that station some 18 hours later” (ATS).

August 27:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.1N, 65.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 21.9N, 64.7W with an 1003 mb central pressure.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 1002 mb pressure.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a 
hurricane of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.8N, 64.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Aircraft highlights: 
Navy center fix at ~1230Z at 22.0N, 64.6W with 1003 mb central pressure and 80 kt max flight-level wind encountered 105 nmi NNE of center (micro, ATS); Air Force center fixes 
at 1945Z at 22.3N, 65.2W with 998 mb central pressure (micro, ATS) and 2010Z at 22.2N, 66.2W (micro).  “The morning Navy reconnaissance flight reported a maximum wind of 80 kt 
105 nmi NNE of the center and a diffuse eye with a minimum pressure of 1003 mb.  The most severe weather and the roughest seas were observed in the NE quadrant.  The storm was 
about 220 nmi NNE of San Juan.  The Air Force reconnaissance in the afternoon found a minimum pressure of 998 mb, indicating continued deepening of the storm” (ATS).  “The first 
winds of hurricane force, observed by aerial reconnaissance, were reported in squalls located in the northern semi-circle of the storm on August 27” (Ross).

August 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 69.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 24.7N, 69.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 23.4N, 67.9W with a 1002 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.4N, 70.0W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone 
of at most 1002 mb near 24.7N, 70.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT and HWM positions.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 
1011 mb at 03Z at 25.3N, 69.0W (micro); 40-45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 1930Z at 27.0N, 70.1W (micro); 35 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 21Z at 28.6N, 70.2W (COA).  A few other gales around 
18Z (micro).  Aircraft highlights: 1003 mb with 10 kt SE at around 1230Z at 24.3N 69.7W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1940Z at 25.0N, 70.7W with 1003 mb lowest pressure reported 
and 50 kt max (flight-level?) wind reported (micro).  “The storm changed to a northwest movement and the speed increased from 10 to 16 kt.  The winds, however had decreased to 
50-55 kt.  The streamline analysis indicated that Able was due north of Turks Island at 1830Z.  Post analysis showed it to be 225 nmi NNE of Turks Island.  During this date, the 
amplitude of the microseisms began to increase at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba” (ATS).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.3W.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 27.8N, 74.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 28.0N, 75.0W with a 999 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone 
of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.7N, 75.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 999 mb centered near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1015 mb 
at 00Z at 27.1N, 70.5W (micro); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 06Z at 26.1N, 73.3W (COA, micro); 35 kt N and 1008 mb at 12Z at 27.8N, 77.0W (COA, micro); 40 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 15Z at 
26.7N, 73.5W (micro).  At least three other gales between 35-40 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fixes at 1434 and 1445Z at 27.8N, 75.8W and 27.9N, 75.9W 999 mb central pressure 
and 80 kt max flight-level winds encountered (micro); center fix at 1646Z at 28.2N, 76.2W with 70 kt max flight-level winds encountered (micro); 998 mb pressure and 50 kt E at 1815Z 
at 27.8N 76.1W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1830Z at 27.7N, 76.2W (micro); center fix at 2237Z at 28.9N, 77.5W (ATS).  “This state of development continued as it moved 
on a northwest course for about 2,000 miles until the 29th, when the first evidence of a more completed organization was observed” (MWR).  “Development was slow and until August 29th, 
the southern semi-circle of the storm remained open with observed winds not over 25 kt” (Ross).  “At 0600Z, when the microseismic amplitude at Guantanamo Bay had reached the maximum 
value, the microseismic amplitudes at Jacksonville and Miami begun to increase slowly.  At 1830Z, Able was 220 nmi east of Cape Canaveral, FL and was moving WNW at 16 to 18 kt … On 
29 August, the microseismic amplitude at Guantanamo Bay had registered a sharp increase [from 0000-0600Z].  At this time, the storm was moving away from Guantanamo.  An increase in 
microseismic amplitude at a station away from which a storm is moving indicates the intensification of that storm, provided the microseisms at that station are caused only by the 
storm” (ATS).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.6N, 79.6W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 29.8N, 79.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the 
MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 999 mb pressure.  ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered 
near 28.5N, 77.3W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 990 mb centered near the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 55 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 00Z at 30.0N, 76.1W (COA, micro); 45 kt 
WSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 28.2N, 78.7W (micro); 45 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z at 29.6N, 78.4W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1010 mb at 18Z at 29.3N, 80.0W (COA).  At least 12 other gales 
between 35-50 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0815 and 0852Z at 29.0N, 79.6-79.8W (micro); center fix at 1227Z at 29.6N, 79.4W with 992 mb central pressure 
and 75 kt maximum (flight-level?) winds (micro, ATS); center fix at 2012Z at 31.7N, 80.0W with 983 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds (ATS).  Other center 
fixes: Gainesville, FL land-based radar center fixes at 1430 and 1500Z at 29.6-29.7N, 79.3-79.4W (micro).  “Navy Radar Reconnaissance was ordered for the night of 29-30 August.  
Two planes afforded continuous coverage throughout the night.  The fixes obtained by the radar planes showed that the storm had slowed and assumed a more northwesterly course.  
However, the fixes obtained by the second plane (commencing at 0815Z on 30 August) were consistently 40 to 60 nmi west to southwest of the five fixes obtained by the first plane 
earlier in the evening.  These fixes were the first indications of the ‘false’ or secondary eye that characterized the circulation of Able for nearly 12 hours” (ATS).  “When it 
reached the vicinity of 30N, 80W, it turned northward, skirted the Georgia coast, and…” (MWR).  “On August 30, 1952, storm Able slowed down in its forward movement.  Intensification 
with the formation of a definite eye took place and indications of recurvature were noted.  The storm at this point was located about 130 miles ESE of Jacksonville, FL.  An 
interesting feature of storm Able, after recurvature took place, was the report of an apparent double eye structure.  In a post-flight summary August 30, Navy reconnaissance 
reported a principal eye of 38 miles diameter and a secondary eye located just a few miles to the southwest of the principle eye” (Ross).  “A Navy reconnaissance plane from Miami 
definitely established the existence of the secondary eye during the morning reconnaissance of this date.  By actual penetration the secondary eye was found to exist 35 to 40 miles 
WSW of the real eye.  The morning reconnaissance fix when used with the night radar positions revealed that the storm was now moving in a northwest direction at a speed of 12 to 14 kt 
and the secondary eye was remaining in the SW quadrant and was paralleling the course of the real eye.  The process of general intensification of the storm, the favorable location 
of the southwest quadrant over the Gulf Stream and the absence of an established strong circulation pattern in the southwest quadrant [previously] evidently induced the formation of 
the secondary eye.  An unusual amount of lightning was observed in this quadrant by the morning penetration flight.  As late as 2012Z on 30 August, the presence of the secondary eye 
in the SW quadrant was verified by Navy reconnaissance.  This flight positioned the storm about 60 nmi ESE of Savannah, Georgia, observed a pressure of 983 mb and encountered winds 
of 110 kt.  This reconnaissance, which was the last daytime flight into Able, was the last to observe a secondary eye” (ATS).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34.1N, 81.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 34.4N, 81.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 34.5N, 80.7W with a 997 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical 
cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.8N, 80.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a low of at most 1002 mb centered near 34.1N, 80.8W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1005 mb at 
06Z at 31.6N, 80.4W (micro); 35 kt S and 1015 mb at 18Z at 32.0N, 78.6W (COA, micro).  One other gale of 35 kt.  Land/station highlights: lull inside RMW [or calm?] for ten minutes 
from 0320-0330Z at Beaufort, SC (Ross); 985 mb (min p- uncorrected) at Beaufort (Ross); ~75-80 kt WSW (max w) sometime after 0330Z at Beaufort (ATS, Ross); 55 kt SE (measured 
max w/1-min) G 68 kt (estimated) at Charleston, SC (climo); 28 kt N and 998 mb at 1145Z at Columbia, SC (SWO, climo); 35 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12Z at Florence, SC (micro); 1002 mb 
(min p) at Charlotte, NC (climo).  One other gale of 35 kt (at Columbia, SC) and at least four other low pressures between 998-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 
0345Z 10 nmi north of Parris Island (32.4N, 80.7W) (ATS, micro).  “…moved inland over South Carolina near Beaufort between 10 and 11 pm, August 30.  It was the indirect cause of 
two deaths in South Carolina, and one death in Pennsylvania, and property damage in the Atlantic States was estimated at $2,750,000” (MWR).  “Again, on August 31 a post-flight 
summary verified the existence of a secondary eye in the same relative position.  This same summary reported maximum winds of 110 kt, the highest winds encountered during the 
existence of the storm” (Ross).  “Continuous coverage of the storm by radar was again accomplished by Navy planes during the night of 30-31 August until about 0345Z when the storm 
moved inland.  The radar planes maintained excellent radar coverage but found no further traces of a secondary eye.  It had no doubt been absorbed into the main circulation of 
the storm.  The radar plane observed a circular eye about 28 nmi in diameter, which became reduced to about 15 nmi at 0152Z, 31 August.  Three precipitation bands encircled the 
eye at distances of 20, 25, and 30 nmi from the center.  The eye of Hurricane Able moved inland at Beaufort, SC.  The highest winds at that coastal town were 90 mph, occurring 
just after the passage of the eye.  The Hurricane Warning Central, Miami, issued its last warning and advisory at 1600Z this date, when Able was in the vicinity of Charlotte, NC” 
(ATS).  “On August 31, 1952 Navy reconnaissance reported the northwest edge of the storm’s eye over the coastline at 0255Z.  By 0345Z, the eye of the storm had moved inland.  
The following is quoted from the preliminary report on storm Able by Mr. Grady Norton: ‘Beaufort was in the western edge of the calm center with unofficial pressure of 985 mb and 
strongest wind 80 to 90 mph from WSW after the lull, which lasted about 10 minutes from 10:20 to 10:30 pm (0320 to 0330Z).  The strongest wind would be expected on the right on 
eastern side of the eye, but this was over the marsh and swamplands between Beaufort and Charleston where no measurements were obtainable.  At Charleston, about 50 miles to the 
east of the center, the wind reached 63 mph, while at Savannah, about 30 miles west, the highest gusts were only 35 mph.  Damage was estimated at about $2,200,000 in South Carolina, 
divided roughly $500,000 to property, $200,000 to communications, and $1,500,000 to crops.  The crop damage was mostly to open cotton blown on the ground and damaged.  Most of 
it was salvaged but beating by wind and rain in dirt lowered grade and price.  In North Carolina, damage was given as minor, or light.  Highest winds over a widespread area of 
the state ranged around 40 mph and did little damage.  A small tornado occurred in connection with the passage of the weakened hurricane in Stokes County and damaged a number of 
farm buildings.  Torrential rains caused flooding of lowlands, and a number of highways were flooded for a short time, and a few small bridges and embankments were washed out.  
The total actual damage [in North Carolina] probably did not exceed $50,000.  Two persons lost their lives in the hurricane in South Carolina.  One man was killed when he tried 
to remove a live wire that had fallen on his automobile, while another was killed when his car was wrecked in the blinding rain when it struck a tree that had fallen on the highway.’  
The storm center was located just to the northeast of Columbia, SC at 1230Z on August 31” (Ross).  “In eastern South Carolina, from 10:30 pm on the 30th to about noon on the 31st, 
a tropical storm which entered the coast near Beaufort moved northward causing damage from rain and wind mostly in the eastern part of the state as follows: $500,000 to property; 
$200,000 to communications, and about $1,500,000 to crops, mostly cotton by lowering grades from beating down.  There were two fatalities directly attributable to the storm but 
no injuries were otherwise reported” (South Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary).  “Center of tropical storm passed a short distance east of station moving north at 7:00 am 
on the 31st” (Columbia, SC Local Monthly Climatological Data).  “The tropical storm which passed west of the station on August 31st gave a peak gust of wind of 53 mph” (Florence, 
SC Local Monthly Climatological Data).  “This tropical storm center gave Charlotte its lowest pressure of the month when the center passed east of the station just after noon of 
the 31st” (Charlotte, NC Local Monthly Climatological Data).  “The remnant of the hurricane of August 31 passed to the west of the station as it continued on its northward course” 
(Greensboro, NC Local Monthly Climatological Data).  “Tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic States- Carolinas and Georgia – Aug. 30-31 – All sections – minimal – Damage $3,000,000 
S.C.” (“Minimal” is equivalent to winds of 74-100 mph and pressure 983 to 996 mb- Dunn and Miller)

September 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 39.9N, 77.3W.  A NNE-SSW cold front is plotted several hundred nmi west of the low and the SSE end of a NNW-SSE warm 
front is located a couple hundred nmi ENE of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 39.3N, 77.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position 
at 00Z near 37.0N, 79.9W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 39.0N, 77.1W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 39.7N, 
77.1W.  Land/station highlights: 39 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Richmond, VA (climo); 49 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Washington, DC (climo); 12 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at Washington, DC 
(climo); 49 kt W (max w/1-min) at Baltimore, MD (climo); 36 kt E (max w/1-min) at Philadelphia, PA (climo); 59 kt SE (max w/1-min) at Atlantic City, NJ (climo); 60 kt SE (max w/1-min) 
at New York City, NY (climo); 35 kt SSE (max w/1-min) at Blue Hill, MA (climo).  One other gale of 35 kt at Reading, PA.  “[Around 1230Z on 1 September] the center had moved to 
Frederick, MD.  The storm in the Washington, DC area was attended by winds 35 to 40 mph with occasional gusts up to 50 mph.  The peak gust reported at Washington National Airport 
was 60 mph.  A small tornado did considerable damage to dwellings at Franconia, VA, in Fairfax County.  A tornado, which may have been the same one also struck with destructive 
force at Potomac, MD.  Rainfall was heavy, ranging from 2 to over 3 inches.  Property damage done in the area was estimated to be in excess of $500,000, caused primarily by flooding 
and the destructive force of the tornado.  Falling trees and branches disrupted power and telephone facilities.  There were no reports of personal injuries” (Ross).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.5N, 70.3W.  A larger, more powerful extratropical cyclone of at most 995 mb is centered near 57.5N, 76.5W and fronts 
extends southward from this low to the vicinity of Able.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 43.7N, 70.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 44.4N, 69.9W with an approaching NNE-SSW cold front located about 375 nmi west and northwest of the cyclone.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 
Albany, NY (micro); 30 kt W (max w/1-min) at Hartford, CT (climo); 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12Z at Portland, ME (micro, climo); 24 kt S (max w/1-min) at Eastport, ME (climo); 6 kt E 
and 1004 mb at 18Z at Caribou, ME (micro).  At least seven other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  “After leaving the Washington area, the storm moved up into the New England 
states and was centered just to the northwest of Portland, ME at 1230Z, September 2.  It was in this area that the storm finally lost its closed circulation and dissipated.  
Pennsylvania, New York, and the New England states experienced winds of 30 to 40 mph, with gusts to 50 mph with the passage of the storm” (Ross).  “Able continued on a NNE course 
and remained an identifiable storm until 3 September.  It continued weakening throughout its passage over land; however, strong winds and precipitation remained with the storm 
until it reached the Canadian border.  Able finally disappeared on 3 September in New Brunswick, Canada” (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 59N, 67W, but this low is likely a combination of a separate extratropical system (which had been approaching from the west) 
and the remnants of Able.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Microfilm at 00Z no longer analyzes a closed low associated with Able but analyzes an approaching extratropical 
cyclone centered near 48N, 75W at 00Z.  Ship highlights: missing wind speed SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z at 47.9N, 63.2W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 7 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at Caribou, 
ME (climo, micro); 10 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z at Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada (46.2N, 64.8W) (micro).

Able formed from a tropical wave which emerged off the African coast late on 17 August or early on 18 August.  HURDAT starts this system soon after it emerged off of Africa at 06Z on 
18 August as a 25 kt tropical depression at 14.6N, 19.0W.  HURDAT keeps this system at tropical depression intensity through 12Z the 24th, with a previous HURDAT position of 15.8N, 
49.1W on the 24th.  There is no concrete evidence that there was in fact a closed circulation present from the 18th through the 23rd.  From the 20th to the 23rd, there are no observation 
within 400 nmi of the system.  There is also not enough evidence that there was not a closed circulation, so a tropical depression is maintained.  No changes are made to the timing of 
genesis, and no intensity changes are analyzed from the 18th through the 24th.  On the 19th, a couple of observations in the vicinity of the system suggest that the position was likely 
a degree farther west.  The next observation to aid in the position analysis is a 10 kt SSE wind on 24 August at 12Z on HWM at 16.8N, 53.6W.  This observation, if accurate, indicates 
that the system that was to become Able was centered west of that ship.  A position of 17.0N, 54.8W is analyzed for 12Z on the 24th (originally 15.8N, 49.1W- a major track change).  
Major westward track adjustments are assessed at all times from 06Z on the 20th through 00Z on the 25th.  Westward track adjustments of 5 to 7 degrees longitude are made from 18Z on 
the 21st through 12Z on the 24th.  The first aircraft reconnaissance flight reached the system at 2130Z on the 25th and measured a 1006 mb pressure.  However, this was measured with 
20 kt ESE wind, meaning that it was not a central pressure.  Thus is it removed from HURDAT at 00Z on the 26th.  A peripheral pressure of 1006 mb yields at least 35 kt maximum winds 
according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship and 40 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 25th and 00Z on the 26th (down from 45 and 50 kt respectively).  No change is made 
to the timing of when the system became a tropical storm (18Z on the 24th) because there is no evidence to do so.  A 40 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 26th, down from 50 kt, 
previously.  That fix late on the 25th along with other observations indicates that the HURDAT position was less than one degree too far to the ESE.  From August 26th through 29th, 
Able moved west-northwestward from north of the northernmost Leeward Islands to north of the Bahamas.  All track changes from the 26th through the 29th are less than one degree changes, 
and all analyzed positions are within two-tenths of a degree of interpolated aircraft reconnaissance fixes, which are plentiful those days.  The aircraft on the 26th estimated 50 kt 
maximum winds, though it is unknown whether these were flight-level or surface winds.  There were a few 35 to 40 kt ship observations on the 26th.  But in deference to the estimated 
winds from the aircraft, intensities of 45 kt and 50 kt are analyzed at 12Z and 18Z on the 26th (down from 50 and 55 kt, respectively).  On the 27th at 12Z, aircraft reconnaissance 
measured a central pressure of 1003 mb and at 1945Z, a 998 mb central pressure was measured by an Air Force reconnaissance plane.  The 1003 and 998 mb pressures in HURDAT at 12 and 
18Z respectively are retained.  These pressures yield 41 and 51 kt respectively according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  80 kt maximum flight-level winds were reported, 
but these are not reliable.  Intensities of 55 and 60 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 27th (down from 70 kt originally).  At 1230Z on the 27th, aircraft reconnaissance measured 
1003 mb with 10 kt SE winds.  A 1002 mb central pressure is added into HURDAT at 12Z.  On the 28th at 1940Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this 
value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 28th.  A central pressure of 1003 mb yields 41 and 38 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, respectively.  
In this case, maximum winds estimated by the aircraft were 50 kt, though again it is ambiguous if these were flight level or surface winds.  The intensity values are gradually brought 
down from the 60 kt peak at 18Z 27th/00Z 28th to 50 kt at 18Z on the 28th through 06Z on the 29th (75 kt originally at all times on the 28th and early on the 29th- major downward 
intensity adjustments).  An aircraft central pressure of 999 mb was observed on the 29th at 1434Z.  A central pressure of 999 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th.  The cyclone 
was deepening as a 998 mb pressure with 50 kt E was recorded at 1815Z.   A peripheral pressure of 998 mb yields at least 47 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Visual observations indicate the RMW was smaller than the climatological value, and 60 kt is the analyzed intensity at 12Z and 65 kt at 18Z on the 29th (down from 80 kt originally at 
both times).  Early on the 30th, Able was moving west-northwestward in the direction of Jacksonville, or the Georgia coast, but the cyclone made a north-northwestward turn late on the 
30th.  On the 30th, surveillance by aircraft radar, land-based radar located in Gainesville, FL, and aircraft penetrations allowed for a relatively accurate track and intensity analysis 
on this day as Able moved closer to the US coastline.  On the 30th at 00Z, the position is adjusted seven-tenths of a degree south of the previous HURDAT position, which is in agreement 
with aircraft fixes at 1830Z on the 29th and 0815Z on the 30th.  The 12Z and 18Z positions on the 30th are very close to previous HURDAT positions.  At 00Z on the 30th, a ship observed 
55 kt winds, and a 60 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT (down from 80 kt originally).  Aircraft reconnaissance measured central pressures of 992 and 983 mb on the 30th at 1227 and 2012Z 
respectively, and these central pressures are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on the 30th.  A central pressure 992 mb yields 59 kt according to the intensifying subset on the 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 983 mb equals 72 kt according to the same subset.  Intensities of 70 and 80 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 30th (down from 85 kt at both 
times).  Able is analyzed to have become a hurricane 54 hours later than in HURDAT originally - a major change.  Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 25 kt are analyzed at all 
times from the 28th at 06Z through the 29th at 12Z.  In addition to observations that indicate these adjustments are necessary, written commentary indicates that the cyclone was weak 
and not fully developed until soon before landfall (which occurred on the 31st of August).

Hurricane Able made landfall near Beaufort, SC on 31 August at 03Z at 32.3N, 80.6W.  The city of Beaufort was located inside the left RMW of Baker as it made landfall.  Beaufort 
experienced a lull for ten minutes from 0320-0330Z.  Highest observed winds at Beaufort were ~75-80 kt after the lull.  Lowest observed pressure at Beaufort was 985 mb.  There was a 
comment that this pressure observation was an unofficial observation, but sources indicate that the wind was a measured wind and was not a gust.  There is evidence that the eye of 
Able was contracting prior to landfall.  HURDAT previously listed a 90 kt intensity at 00Z on the 31st.  Observations indicate that the central pressure at landfall was likely in 
the ballpark of 980 mb, which yields 76 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  In a quote from Ross (1952), which quotes Grady Norton 
in what is likely either a personal communication or a post-season summary article that is unavailable, Norton believes that the strongest winds at landfall were not measured since 
the right RMW made landfall over a swampy marsh area between Beaufort and Charleston that was very sparsely populated.  An 85 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 31st (down from 90 kt 
originally) and landfall.  In addition to the evidence just mentioned for decreasing the landfall intensity, this cyclone is not listed in the Ho et al. study (this study lists U.S. 
Landfalling hurricanes with central pressures below 983 mb).  A category 2 impact is analyzed for South Carolina.  No hurricane impact is analyzed for Georgia (the highest gusts at 
Savannah failed to reach tropical storm force).  Although track adjustments of one-tenth of a degree were made at 00 and 06Z, the landfall point is nearly identical to the interpolated 
previous landfall point.  Later on the 31st, Able passed just east of Columbia, SC and turned northward into central North Carolina.  Able passed just west of Washington, D.C. a 
little before 12Z on 1 September.  Then the cyclone moved over extreme eastern Pennsylvania, northwestern New Jersey, southeastern New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
and Maine, where it was located by 12Z on the 2nd.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yield 65, 45, and 35 kt for 06, 12, and 18Z respectively on 31 August.  The highest 
observed winds within 2 hr of the synoptic times are 40, 35, and 31 kt at 06, 12, and 18Z respectively.  Revised intensities in HURDAT are 65, 45, and 40 kt (originally 70 kt at 06Z 
and no change at 12 and 18Z on the 31st).  On 1 September, Able was still a tropical storm.  The cyclone reintensified as a tropical storm, and tropical storm force winds (1-min avg) 
were reported from numerous official Weather Bureau stations including Richmond, VA (39 kt); Washington, D.C. (49 kt); Baltimore, MD (49 kt); Reading, PA (35 kt); Philadelphia, PA (36 kt); 
Atlantic City, NJ (59 kt); New York City, NY (60 kt); and Blue Hill, MA (35 kt).  Analyzed intensities on the 1st are 40, 45, 50, and 60 kt (originally 40, 35, 35, and 30 kt) at 00, 06, 
12, and 18Z respectively (a major 30-kt upward intensity adjustment at 18Z on 1 September).  After 1 September, no more gales were recorded in association with Able.  The highest winds 
recorded early on the 2nd were 30 kt in Connecticut.  Intensities of 45 and 30 kt are chosen for 00 and 06Z on the 2nd respectively (up from 30 and 25 kt originally).  Able is analyzed 
to have weakened to a tropical depression 12 hours later than shown in HURDAT originally.  The following states are analyzed to have received tropical storm impacts from Able: North Carolina, 
Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.  There is a chance that tropical storm impacts could have also occurred in portions of Georgia, 
Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, but tropical storm impacts are not analyzed for those states.  The last point listed in HURDAT, at 18Z on 2 September, is as a 25 kt tropical 
depression just inland over southeastern Maine.  Although the HURDAT position at 12Z was barely adjusted, available observations indicate that Able was located more than one degree northeast 
of the previous HURDAT position at 18Z (still over Maine but approaching the border of New Brunswick, Canada).  Observations indicate that Able was still a tropical depression through at 
least 00Z on the 3rd, and maybe after 06Z on the 3rd as well.  Observations show that Able was absorbed by an extratropical low before 12Z on the 3rd.  Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 
12 hours later.  The final point is now shown to be at 06Z on 3 September as a 20 kt tropical depression at 48.5N, 63.5W.

Additional quotes:

MWR: “[Able] moved into South Carolina late on August 30, and advanced northward over the Atlantic Plain to die out over New England on September 2.  Property and crop damage in the states 
affected has been estimated at $2,750,000, a very low damage figure.  This hurricane was small and not unusually severe, but it had a small area of winds near 100 mph when it moved inland 
near Beaufort, SC.  The strongest winds occurred over a swampy area between Beaufort and Charleston, where there were few inhabitants and little property exposed” (MWR).

Ross: “Storm Able, although never really developing into a large storm over the ocean maintained its circulation and identity as a tropical storm over a long land trajectory.  Two 
important features can account for this.  First, since the trajectory remained east of the Appalachian Mountains, the storm’s circulation was not distorted appreciably by the terrain.  
Secondly, and of perhaps greater importance, the general circulation over the eastern seaboard, prior to and during the time storm was inland, was characterized by southerly flow 
bringing warm moist tropical air into the area.  The dew point temperatures ranged in the 70s as far north as New York City.  The tropical maritime area supplied the energy required 
by the storm to maintain itself” (Ross).

ATS: 
Able (Aug 24- Sep 3): Number of warnings [advisories] issued: 24; Number of reconnaissance flights: 14 in total- 8 by Navy WoaRon 2, 4 by Air Force, 2 by Navy radar (Faetulant); maximum 
velocity reported: 110 kt; minimum pressure reported: 983 mb; number of days Able was hurricane force: 4; originated: Atlantic.

Able: First suspected: 8/15 1000Z – A PAA plane reported a closed circulation at 14N, 34W.  First recon fix on closed circulation: 8/25 2130Z, 20N, 59W, 1006 mb, 40 kt.  First advisory: 8/26 0200Z.
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 3 (new to HURDAT)

35370 08/27/1952 M= 2  3 SNBR= 781 NOT NAMED   XING=1 
35420 08/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*322 776  45    0*
35420 08/28*333 782  45 1000*344 795  40    0*357 810  30    0*375 823  20    0*
35275 TS

US Landfall:
08/28/1952 02Z 33.7N 78.7W - 45 kt - 1000 mb

HWM, microfilm, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, climatological data summaries and Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate 
that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, made landfall near the South Carolina/North Carolina border with a 45 kt intensity on 28 August, 1952.

August 26:
HWM analyzes a warm front lying through an open trough plotted from 33N, 65W to 32N, 70W to 29N, 73W to 26N, 75W becoming a stationary front at 24N, 79W and continuing 
westward.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  Microfilm  at 12Z analyzes a NE-SW front lying through a trough from 32N, 67W to 29N, 73W to 27N, 79W.

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.7N, 76.2W with a stationary front running right through the low extending from 23N, 82W to 25N, 78W to the 
low, becoming a warm front at 32N, 76W, extending to 34N, 74W to 35N, 71W becoming a stationary front at 34N, 66W and extending eastward.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.9N, 76.8W with a 1002 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near the HWM position with 
a front extending from the low east-northeastward to 32N, 71W and another front extending from the low south-southwestward to 25N, 79W turning westward to beyond 24N, 83W.  
Ship highlights: 60 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 32.2N, 78.2W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 32.4N, 77.9W (COA); 40 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z at 33.2N, 76.9W (COA).  
Four other gales and one other low pressure.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered inland near 34.8N, 81.3W.  A dissipating stationary front is analyzed running through the low and the front becomes a 
stationary front just NE of the low extending eastward.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 00Z position near 33.4N, 78.1W and a 12Z position inland near 35.3N, 
80.4W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 33.3N, 78.3W with no fronts analyzed.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 35.4N, 81.0W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 00Z at 32.9N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1013 mb at 06Z at 33.9N, 76.7W 
(COA).  Land/station highlights: 6 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 0230Z at Mrytle Beach (SWO – min pressure); 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z at Frying Pan Shoals lightship at 33.5N, 77.5W 
(micro); 31 kt NE (max w/1-min) at Wilmington, NC (climo); 30 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 06Z at Charlotte, NC (micro).  From the North Carolina Monthly Climatological Data Summary… 
“Outstanding features of the month’s weather were the two tropical storms which passed across the state during the last four days [of the month].  The first was a small storm 
which moved inland near the North Carolina-South Carolina line on the 28th, and passed rapidly northwestward across North Carolina … The fine, sunny weather of the 24th-26th 
was cut short by the rapid growth of a tropical storm off the coast of Florida.  This storm moved into the coast of the North Carolina-South Carolina line on the evening of 
the 27th, sped across Piedmont North Carolina, and died out in the hills of Kentucky and West Virginia.  Neither of the storms during the final week of August brought any general 
destructive winds to North Carolina.  Most of the damage results from the tropical storms of late August was caused by washouts of highway bridges”.  From the South Carolina 
Monthly Climatological Data Summary… “A high proportion of the total rain in the eastern portion of South Carolina fell during the last week when two storms, one an extratropical 
one and the other a tropical storm [Able], entered the section from the Atlantic Ocean … A low pressure area which originated off the coast of Florida moved into the coast of 
South Carolina on the 27th and caused rainy weather with normal temperatures through the 28th”.

August 29:
HWM no longer analyzes a closed low, but analyzes a cold front extending from 50N, 68W southwestward to 45N, 78W becoming a stationary front at 42N, 84W extending to 41N, 91W.  
Microfilm last analyzes a closed low at 00Z of at most 1014 mb centered near 39.6N, 85.0W.

On 26 August, synoptic weather maps analyze a front running through a trough just north of the Bahamas.  However, 12Z temperatures were all warm on both sides of the front.  An 
area of some cyclonic turning was located near 29N, 72.5W on the 26th, but there was not yet a closed circulation present.  Winds on the 26th and into the 27th were mainly 
unidirectional on each side of the front in most locations.  By 12Z on the 27th, distinct pressure falls were noted and the first gale was observed in the vicinity of 31-32N, 
76-78W.  There is not yet enough evidence to close off a circulation at 12Z on the 27th.  At 18Z on the 27th, there are numerous gale and low pressure observations surrounded 
by high environmental pressure on all sides.  Although there are no observations of west winds south of a likely center position of a tropical cyclone, this system is started at 
18Z on 27 August as a 45 kt tropical storm at 32.2N, 77.6W.  Although the highest observed wind was 60 kt from a ship, there were two other 35 kt ship observations straddling 
the 60 kt ship.  Moreover, the ship reported 15 kt winds at subsequent times which compared with other observations much more reasonably.  Thus it is likely that this measurement 
from the ship was in error and significantly biased high.  With two other 40 kt ship reports in cyclone’s northern quadrant at the same time, the intensity is analyzed to be 45kt. 
This is also the cyclone’s peak intensity.  The lowest observed pressure so far was 1003 mb.  A closed circulation likely existed by this time because of the very low pressure 
observed within an environmental pressure of about 1011 mb for a system moving about 12 kt, though no ships were present within the southern semicircle to confirm this.  The winds 
around the low were no longer unidirectional.  By 00Z on 28 August, observations south of the center confirm the closed, symmetric wind circulation.  There was no temperature 
gradient across the cyclone, and gales coincided with low pressures near the center.  At 00Z, Myrtle Beach recorded 30 kt winds with a 1003 mb pressure and Frying Pan Shoals Lightship 
recorded 45 kt with 1004 mb also.  The position of the 45 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 28th is 33.3N, 78.2W.  The cyclone made landfall at 02Z on 28 August as a 45 kt tropical 
storm between Myrtle Beach and the North Carolina-South Carolina border at 33.7N, 78.7W.  Myrtle Beach recorded a minimum pressure of 1001 mb with NNW 6 kt winds at 0230Z, indicating 
a central pressure of 1000 mb at landfall.  1000 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 44 kt.  There are no available observations of gale force winds from any coastal 
station, though the observational coverage at the coast is sparse.  The highest wind at Wilmington was 31 kt (1-min).  However, the Frying Pan Shoals lightship reported a peak 
of 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z on the 28th.  An intensity of 45 kt at landfall is assessed and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for South Carolina and North Carolina.  At 06Z 
on the 28th, Charlotte, NC recorded 30 kt with 1002 mb and the analyzed position is 34.4N, 79.5W as a 40 kt tropical storm.  It is analyzed that the tropical storm weakened to a 
tropical depression by 12Z on the 28th at 34.9N, 81.0W.  The cyclone continued inland and reached the mountains of West Virginia and Kentucky by 18Z.  The final position is listed 
at 18Z on the 28th as a 20 kt tropical depression at 38.1N, 82.3W.  

As the South Carolina Climatological Data considered this an extratropical cyclone in their summary, the evidence for what classification is most appropriate is discussed below.  
The cyclone originated from a frontal low, and even as it was making landfall a tongue of very dry air is present west of the system.  This is shown by dewpoints in the 40’s and 
50’s northwest of the low, and dewpoints in the lower 60’s as far south as northern Florida – quite dry for August.  This raises some doubts as to whether the system totally shed 
its frontal character before landfall.  However, the surface temperatures at Myrtle Beach remained relatively constant near 70F in the 24 hours up to landfall and the dewpoint 
significantly rose and reached 70F at the time of landfall despite winds out of the north the entire time.  The dry dewpoints were well – about 200 nm – west of the cyclone at 
the time of landfall.  It is worth noting that the 500 mb temperatures rose significantly in the near vicinity of the cyclone between the 27th and 28th, suggesting that the system 
was a developing tropical or subtropical cyclone.  If satellite imagery were available for this system, it is possible that it would have been designated as a subtropical cyclone 
as the radius of maximum wind was on the order of 100 nm.  
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 4 (Baker) – (was Storm 3)

35370 08/31/1952 M=10  3 SNBR= 781 BAKER       XING=0                           
35370 08/31/1952 M=11  4 SNBR= 781 BAKER       XING=0 
                       *                       

35375 08/31*  0   0   0    0*167 584  60    0*173 587  60    0*178 590  60    0*
35375 08/31*  0   0   0    0*154 539  50    0*161 551  55    0*168 563  60    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

35380 09/01*182 593  65    0*186 595  70 1003*190 598  75    0*199 603  80 1003*
35380 09/01*175 575  60    0*182 587  60 1003*191 597  60    0*201 605  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****
           
35385 09/02*210 610  85    0*219 619  90    0*228 630  95    0*237 642  95    0*
35385 09/02*211 612  65    0*220 621  65    0*228 630  65  993*237 642  65  996*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **  ***          **  ***

35390 09/03*245 653 100    0*252 664 100    0*259 674 100  993*268 684 105    0*
35390 09/03*245 653  65    0*252 663  65    0*259 671  65  993*265 680  65  993*
                    ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

35395 09/04*277 694 105    0*287 702 105    0*297 707 105    0*307 711 105    0*
35395 09/04*274 690  65    0*284 698  70    0*295 704  70    0*307 707  70  983*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  ***

35400 09/05*316 713 105    0*324 712 105    0*330 710 105    0*335 706 100    0*
35400 09/05*316 709  70    0*322 711  70    0*327 712  70    0*331 710  70  983*
                *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

35405 09/06*339 702 100    0*343 699 100    0*348 696  95  981*358 686  95    0*
35405 09/06*334 707  75    0*337 704  75    0*343 697  75  981*351 690  80  978*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35410 09/07*369 671  90    0*380 657  85    0*390 640  80    0*404 611  75  969*
35410 09/07*362 679  90    0*376 660  95    0*389 635  95    0*404 601  95  969*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

35415 09/08*425 574  70    0*456 517  65    0E478 493  60    0E500 477  55    0*
35415 09/08E425 564  90    0E454 523  85    0E480 489  80    0E500 473  75    0*
           *    ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

35420 09/09E520 470  50    0E539 465  50    0E558 459  45    0E576 458  45    0*
35420 09/09E518 470  75    0E538 460  75    0E558 450  70    0E570 440  55    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
35420 09/10E577 430  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35425 HR

Major track and major intensity adjustments are made to this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships 
database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Sherman and Carino (1952).

August 30:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  Ship highlights: E wind and 1004 mb at 18Z at 14.5N, 50.3W (COA).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 16.3N, 55.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 58.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 17.8N, 
58.6W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 19.1N, 58.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  “Martinique, French West Indies, gave the first indication 
of the presence of Hurricane Baker, which was forming in the general area that had been the breeding grounds of Able.  The Time-Cross-Section streamline analysis showed a 
neutral point passing Martinique at 1700Z on 31 August, which indicated the presence of a vortex northeast of that station.  Post analysis of the 1830Z map placed the 
vortex about 375 nmi NNE of Martinique.  The actual cyclonic circulation of the storm did not affect Martinique” (ATS).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.2N, 58.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.0N, 59.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 18.9N, 60.2W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 60.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 60.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1017 mb at 03Z at 18.7N, 58.7W (ATS); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 06Z at 18.6N, 58.6W (micro); 45 kt S and 1001 mb 
at 17Z at 19.7N, 60.0W (ATS, micro); 50 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 20.7N, 60.2W (COA).  Two other gales of 50 kt.  Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 1828Z at 
either 19.8N, 61.0W or 21.0N, 61.0W with 1003 mb (likely peripheral) lowest pressure encountered and 80 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro); 1003 mb at 20.0N, 
61.2W (micro); 80 kt (flight-level) at 2000Z at 22.0N, 60.0W (micro).  “The Norwegian S. S. Fridtjof Nansen located at 18.8N, 58.8W in the early morning of September 1 sent a 
special report as follows: ‘Wind easterly force 7 to 8 in squalls, sea 5 increasing, barometer 30.02 inches at 0300Z, 29.90 at 0400Z.  Fear tropical storm and have altered 
course to 70 degrees 8 kt at 0400Z, after which barometer steady at 29.90 inches.’  This report was the first indication of the development of the second hurricane of the season.  
Reconnaissance aircraft dispatched to search later on the 1st, found that the storm had developed winds of hurricane force on its northern and eastern sides and was increasing 
and moving on a northwesterly course” (MWR).  “Ship reports and the first Navy reconnaissance, which staged from San Juan, definitely established the existence of a hurricane 
near 21.0N, 61.0W.  The issuing of… advisories by the Fleet Weather Central, Miami, and the Weather Bureau Office, San Juan, began at 2015Z.  The initial movement of the storm 
was WNW to NW at 10 to 12 kt” (ATS).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 23.3N, 63.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 22.8N, 63.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the 
MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 993 mb pressure.  ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered 
near 22.3N, 62.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1215Z at 22.8N, 63.0W 
with 993 mb central pressure, 130 kt maximum flight-level winds, and 12 nm eye diameter (ATS, micro); center fix at 1905Z at 24.2N, 64.8W with 996 mb (probably central pressure) 
and 100 kt max wind estimate (micro); 996 mb at 24.2N, 64.8W (micro); 100 kt E at 24.8N, 64.6W (micro).  “A Navy reconnaissance flight, entering the eye of Baker at 1215Z, 
reported maximum winds of 130 kt showing that the hurricane’s intensity has increased considerably” (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 67.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 25.9N, 67.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the 
MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, and the former shows a 993 mb pressure.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered 
near 25.7N, 66.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1430Z at 26.1N, 67.4W with 
993 mb central pressure (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2017Z at 26.5N, 68.4W with 993 mb central pressure (micro); 90-130 kt estimated maximum wind range on this day 
from Navy and AF (ATS).  “At 1030Z, Baker was about 340 nmi NE of Turks Island and was still moving NW at a speed of about 12 kt.  Reconnaissance flights into the storm by both Navy 
and Air Force planes encountered hurricane-force winds which varied between 90 and 130 kt.  The Navy flight found the eye still poorly defined although the minimum pressure was 993 mb 
and the hurricane itself was fully formed.  Recurvature of Baker commenced late this day when the hurricane was about 640 nmi east of Miami, FL, and about 500 nmi NNW of San Juan, PR” (ATS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.4N, 70.7W.  A NE-SW stationary front is plotted from 37N, 67W becoming a dissipating front at 33N, 73W, becoming a 
cold front at 30N, 78W becoming a warm front at 28N, 83W extending to beyond 27N, 85W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 70.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.0N, 71.3W with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions.  ATS at 18Z 
analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 30.4N, 70.6W with the SW end of a NE-SW cold front located NNE of the cyclone near 35N, 68W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 29.9N, 70.4W with a frontal analysis similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1012 mb at 15Z at 31.5N, 
68.2W (micro); 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z at 33.2N, 70.3W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1015 mb at 18Z at 31.4N, 67.7W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 
1822Z at 30.8N, 70.6W with 983 mb central pressure, estimated surface winds of 100 kt (micro), and 50 nm eye diameter; Air Force center fix (loran) at 2117Z at 30.9N, 70.7W with 
a 700 mb height in the center of 9,778 ft (micro); 60 kt (surface estimate) at 2130Z at 31.5N, 69.9W (micro).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 32.7N, 71.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front located 300 nmi NE of the hurricane and the east end of a E-W cold 
front located 225 nmi SW of the hurricane.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 71.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 71.8W 
with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 
32.3N, 70.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the ENE end of a ENE-WSW front located a short distance SW of 
the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 33.0N, 70.5W (micro); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 33.7N, 68.4W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 21Z at 31.8N, 
69.7W (COA).  Four other gales between 35-40 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix (loran) at 1618Z at 33.0N, 71.2W with 983 mb central 
pressure, 90 kt max winds, and 25 nm eye diameter (micro); 90 kt and 996 mb at 1700Z at 33.5N, 71.8W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2005Z at 33.1N, 70.9W with 988 mb central 
pressure, 62 kt highest measured flight-level winds, but maximum winds for storm not determined (micro).  “The course continued northwestward during the next several days, until it 
reached the vicinity of 32N, 71W on September 5” (MWR).  “At 0030Z, it was located near 31.5N, 70.7W.  The Microseismic Research Project supplied valuable information during the 
early portion of the recurvature and especially during the evening of 5 September when there was no night [aircraft] radar coverage… The micro-ratio technique, developed by Mr. 
Gilmore at Miami, was applied successfully during the night of 5 September using the readings of Cherry Point [NC] and Bermuda.  The fixes thus obtained greatly aided the Fleet 
Weather Central in the tracking and forecasting of the movement of Baker” (ATS).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.1N, 70.1W with the WNW end of a WNW-ESE warm front located 340 nmi NNE of the hurricane and the ENE end of a ENE-WSW 
cold front located 190 nmi SSW of the hurricane.  HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.8N, 69.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 34.4N, 
69.7W with a 987 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position at about the same location.  ATS at 00Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb 
centered near 33.2N, 70.5W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located several hundred miles ENE of the cyclone and the ENE end of a ENE-WSW cold front located a few 
hundred miles SSW of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 996 mb centered about 30 nmi S of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1001 mb 
at 00Z at 32.1N, 69.4W (COA); 50 kt SSE at 03Z at 32.3N, 69.5W (COA); 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 09Z at 32.2N, 69.5W (COA, micro); 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z at 31.7N, 69.2W (COA, micro).
  Three other gales between 35-40 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fix with 30 nm eye diameter at 0104Z at 33.4N, 70.8W (micro); radar center fixes at 0546, 0600, 
and 0640Z at 33.7N, 70.6-70.7W (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 1154Z at 34.3N, 69.7W with 981 mb central pressure, 110-120 kt maximum winds encountered, and 20 nm eye diameter 
(ATS, micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2030Z at 35.5N, 68.7W with 978 mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum winds encountered (ATS, micro); 80 kt SE at 35.0N, 68.3W (micro). 
 “Here it began curving along a course which carried the center about midway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda on the 6th and then northeastward over the Atlantic.  In the period 
September 2-6 winds were estimated at 100-115 mph with gusts to 140 mph.” (MWR).  “Continuous radar coverage during the night had shown the hurricane drifting northeastward at about 
5 kt.  The morning Navy reconnaissance encountered a clearly-defined eye of 20 nmi diameter and winds of 120 kt with gusts to 130 kt in the northern semi-circle.  The lowest pressure 
was 981 mb and 65-kt winds existed in the SE semicircle.  The hurricane was showing no signs of becoming extratropical and joining the front that divided the Bermuda High Cell.  
The slow advance of the hurricane continued until the afternoon at which time a reconnaissance fix by the Air Force plane from Bermuda showed evidences of its slow acceleration” (ATS).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.3N, 64.4W.  A cold front is undergoing frontogenesis extending from 37N, 62W to 34N, 62W to 29N, 67W.  A warm front extends 
from 44N, 58W to 42N, 54W to 37N, 52W to 34N, 50W.  A 3rd front extends from 46N, 57W southwestward to 43N, 65W becoming a cold front at 40N, 69W, extending to 38N, 75W to 38N, 80W.  
HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 39.0N, 64.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.6N, 63.7W with a 985 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 38.4N, 63.9W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 39.3N, 62.8W with a boundary extending from the cyclone 
northeastward.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm of at most 987 mb centered near 39.5N, 62.3W with a NE-SW frontal boundary plotted a couple hundred nmi NW of the cyclone.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt N and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 64.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 41.3N, 62.1W (micro); 40 kt E and 979 mb at 23Z at 42.8N, 56.5W (micro).  19 other 
gales between 35-55 kt and ten other low pressures between 989-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0130, 0230, and 0300Z between 36.1-36.9N, 66.8-68.2W (micro); 65 kt 
at 1450Z at 38.8N, 63.2W (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 1526Z with 969 mb central pressure, 3 nm eye diameter, maximum winds of either 100 or 140 kt (ATS, micro – what is written 
in the ATS and microfilm about the winds is ambiguous); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2110Z at 40.3N, 58.4W with 100 kt surface winds and 136 kt flight-level winds [at 10,000 feet?] 
(ATS, micro).  “The last Navy reconnaissance into this hurricane was staged from the Naval Air Station, New York, during the morning.  This flight found a small eye, 3 nmi in diameter, 
at 39.5N, 61.1W or about 320 nmi SSE of Halifax, Nova Scotia.  The maximum winds were above 100 kt and gusting to 140 to 150 kt in the southern semicircle of the storm.  The minimum 
pressure was 969 mb.  The last reconnaissance flight into Baker was flown by the Air Force during the afternoon.  The position of the hurricane was fixes at 40.3N, 58.4W.  The eye was 
confused and surface winds were reported to be still about 100 kt.  The last [advisory] on Baker issued by the Miami Hurricane Warning Central was at 1600Z.  This advisory described 
Baker as moving northeastward at a speed of 26 kt” (ATS).  “This hurricane remained at sea and did not give strong winds at any land point.  It moved out over the Atlantic several hundred 
miles south of Newfoundland on September 7 and 8, and passed beyond aircraft range.  A total of 25 advisories were broadcast enabling shipping to avoid the hurricane or maneuver to miss 
the strongest part, and no reports of marine damage have been received” (MWR).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 47.9N, 47.9W with a cold front extending from 70 nmi south of the low southwestward to 44N, 48W to 39N, 54W to 36N, 61W.  
A N-S warm front extends from 49N, 43W to 47N, 42W to 44N, 43W to 38N, 45W to 36N, 45W.  A SSW-NNE warm front extends from 52N, 46W north-northeastward, becoming a stationary front 
at 56N, 40W, extending to 61N, 31W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.8N, 49.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 48.1N, 50.3W, 
and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 44.4N, 49.8W.  Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 987 mb centered near 43.3N, 54.7W and at 12Z, the low is 
starting to go off the map, but microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 43.5N, 48.0W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1004 mb at 00Z at 42.7N, 59.5W (COA, micro); 
50 kt SE and 987 mb at 18Z at 49.7N, 45.4W (COA); 70 kt NNE and 989 mb at 23Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA).  12 other gales between 35-60 kt and six other low pressures between 992-1005 mb.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 56.0N, 45.5W with a cold front extending from the low to 57N, 44W to 56N, 39W to 54N, 35W to 49N, 33W and a warm front extending 
from the low north-northeastward to 63N, 40W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 55.8N, 45.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 55.0N, 
43.5W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 982 mb at 00Z at 50.5N, 44.5W (COA); 70 kt N and 992 mb at 03Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 70 kt N and 997 mb at 07Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 60 kt NW and 
995 mb at 12Z at 54.5N, 47.5W (COA); 60 kt NW and 1007 mb at 15Z at 52.0N, 48.0W (COA); 50 kt NW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 53.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt E and 988 mb at 23Z at 58.0N, 41.0W (COA).  
19 other gales between 35-60 kt and 18 other low pressures between 985-1005 mb.  “Baker continued on a northeast course until 0030Z on 9 September then came to a NNW movement.  The Fleet 
Weather Central, Washington, DC, continued the issuance of [advisories] for the information of shipping in the North Atlantic.  At 1830Z on 9 September at 55.8N, 47.0W Baker lost its 
identity as a hurricane and ceased to be regarded as a menace to shipping due to its far northern position and rapid filling” (ATS).

September 10:
HWM analyzes the extratropical remnant of Baker [not sure whether absorbed by this date] in the vicinity of 62N, 40W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Ship highlights 
(through 05Z only): 30 kt SE and 987 mb at 00Z at 57.5N, 40.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 00Z at 56.0N, 31.9W (COA); 25 kt SE and 986 mb at 02Z at 58.0N, 40.0W (COA).  Two other 
gales of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 994 mb.

Baker may have originated from a tropical wave which emerged off of Africa on 23 August.  The 23rd through the 29th were searched for data from the African coast to 60W longitude, but 
no gales or low pressures were found, and there is not enough evidence of a closed circulation to begin this cyclone on any of these dates.  At 18Z on 30 August, a ship reported an east 
wind with a pressure of 1004 mb at 14.5N, 50.3W.  Unfortunately, the ship only reported once and did not provide a wind speed.  Therefore, while the cyclone may have formed on the 30th, 
the observations are not enough to change HURDAT’s formation time.  HURDAT originally starts this system at 06Z on the 31st as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 58.4W.  There are no data 
near the cyclone on the 31st, but the position estimate of the cyclone on 1 September is more accurate due to more ship observations as well as an aircraft fix.  The analyzed position at 
06Z on the 1st was extrapolated forward in time to obtain the positions on the 31st and at 00Z on the 1st.  Major eastward track adjustments are made from 06Z to 18Z on the 31st.  The 
largest track change (06Z on the 31st) places the position about five degrees ESE of the original HURDAT position at that time.  Baker passed northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands 
on the 1st and 2nd, and it traveled northwestward to its recurvature point about halfway between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras by the 5th of September.  The east-southeastward track adjustments 
made from 06Z on 31 August through 06Z on 1 September are no longer necessary by 12Z on 1 September.  All track changes from 12Z on the 1st through the 5th were six-tenths of a degree or 
less.  The first available gale observation associated with Baker occurred at 03Z on the 1st (a ship observation of 35 kt).  At 17Z on the 1st, a ship recorded 45 kt along with a 1001 mb 
pressure, and two ships observed 50 kt winds at 18Z.  At 1828Z on the 1st, aircraft reconnaissance had some trouble finding the center, although it was well established that a closed 
circulation existed.  A lowest pressure of 1003 mb was encountered on this flight.  Since the aircraft messages displayed some uncertainty regarding the location of the true center, and 
since ship observations suggested the central pressure was likely significantly lower than that value, the 1003 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z is removed.  On the 2nd at 1215Z, 
aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 993 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 993 mb yields 59 kt according to the Brown et al. 
southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW at this time was about half of the climatological value.  A 65 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd (down from 90 kt originally- 
a major change).  Intensities are analyzed to be 50 kt at 06Z on the 31st (down from 60 kt originally), 60 kt at 18Z on the 31st (no change), and 65 kt at 18Z on the 1st (down from 80 kt 
originally).  Baker is analyzed to have become a hurricane 18 hours later than originally.  The 1003 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at 06Z on the 1st is removed as it was apparently reported 
at a location that does not match either of the center position estimates from this mission.  Later on the 2nd, a 996 mb central pressure was reported by aircraft, and this value is added 
at to HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 and 50 kt respectively according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, and 65 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd (down from 95 kt originally).  On the 3rd, central pressures of 993 mb were recorded by aircraft reconnaissance at 1430 and 2017Z.  The 993 mb central pressure 
in HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd is retained and a 993 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z.  These central pressure values both yield 55 kt according to the pressure-wind relationship 
for north of 25N.  A 65 kt intensity is chosen for HURDAT at all times on the 3rd (down from 100 kt originally from 00-12Z and down from 105 kt at 18Z- all major downward intensity adjustments).  
Central pressures of 983 mb were recorded by aircraft reconnaissance on the 4th at 1822Z and again on the 5th at 1618Z, and 983 mb central pressures are added to HURDAT at 18Z both days.  
The 983 mb central pressure on the 4th yields 69 kt north of 25N and 72 kt if the intensifying subset is used.  The RMW was reported to be nearly twice the climatological value.  The 
983 mb central pressure on the 5th yields 69 kt north of 25N, and the RMW was significantly smaller than the climatological value.  However, the forward speed to the storm, which was 
11 kt on the 4th, had slowed to 6 kt by the 5th.  A 70 kt intensity is analyzed from 06Z on the 4th through 18Z on the 5th (down from 105 kt from the 4th/06Z through the 5th/12Z and down 
from 100 kt at the 5th/18Z- all major downward intensity adjustments).  After Baker recurved on the 5th, it moved in a direction between NE and ENE until the 8th, and then made a 
north-northeastward turn.  The cyclone passed roughly 100 nmi SE of the outer Newfoundland banks on the 8th just after becoming extratropical.  From 00Z on the 6th through 06Z on the 
7th, the positions are adjusted slightly south and west, and at 12 and 18Z on the 7th, the positions are moved slightly south and east of the previous HURDAT positions.  These adjustments 
are mostly in good agreement with interpolated aircraft reconnaissance fixes, but ship observations are weighted for some of the track changes as well.  On the 6th, aircraft central 
pressures of 981 and 978 mb were measured at 1154 and 2030Z respectively.  The 981 mb central pressure in HURDAT 12Z on the 6th is retained, and a 978 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT 
at 18Z on the 6th.  The 981 mb central pressure equals 71 kt north of 25N and 72 kt north of 35 kt.  The RMW was about half of the climatological value.  The 978 mb central pressure yields 
75 kt according to both the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  Intensities of 75 and 80 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 6th (down from 95 kt originally at both 
times).  Major downward intensity revisions of 20 to 40 kt are implemented at all times from 00Z on 2 September to 12Z on 6 September.  On the 7th at 1526Z, aircraft measured a central 
pressure of 969 mb at 39.5N, 61.1W with a 3 nmi diameter eye.  The 969 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on 7th is retained.  A central pressure of 969 mb yields a wind speed of 83 kt 
according to the north of 35N pressure wind relationship.  The system was intensifying, the RMW was 2 nmi compared with a 33 nmi climatological RMW, and the cyclone had been accelerating 
and was now moving at about 27 kt.  A 95 kt intensity is chosen from 06Z to 18Z on the 7th (up from75 kt at 18Z on the 7th- a major intensity change) and this is the analyzed peak intensity 
for Hurricane Baker.  HURDAT previously showed a peak intensity of 105 kt from 18Z on the 3rd to 12Z on the 5th.  The last aircraft fix for Baker occurred at 2110Z on the 7th, and this fix 
estimated surface winds of 100 kt.  However, on the flight, it was reported that there were “no clouds above 5,000 ft.”  Available observations indicate that Baker was extratropical by 00Z 
on the 8th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally).  Some minor eastward track adjustments are made on the 9th as the cyclone moved north-northeastward with a position at 18Z on the 
9th of 57.0N, 44.3W (originally 57.6N, 45.8W).  Ship observations of strong winds require major upward intensity adjustments on the 8th and 9th.  Major upward intensity revisions of 20 to 
25 kt are analyzed at all times from 18Z on the 7th through 12Z on the 9th.  Numerous ship observations of 60 kt to hurricane force were observed from 19Z on the 8th through 15Z on the 9th.  
The winds dropped below 50 kt by 00Z on the 10th.  The last position shown in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 9th, but available observations indicate that Baker was not absorbed or dissipated 
until after 06Z on the 10th, so 12 hours are added to HURDAT.  By 00Z on the 10th, the cyclone was located near the southern tip of Greenland, and it was moving northeastward until 
dissipation after 06Z on the 10th.
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 5 (new to HURDAT)

35370 09/08/1952 M= 7  5 SNBR= 781 NOT NAMED   XING=0 
35420 09/08*420 230  35    0*418 250  35    0*416 270  40    0*411 281  40    0*
35420 09/09*406 285  45    0*403 276  45    0*400 265  45    0*398 260  40    0*
35410 09/10*395 258  40    0*393 254  35    0*390 250  35    0*386 244  30    0*
35410 09/11*385 237  30    0*387 230  30    0E387 223  30    0E383 203  35    0*
35410 09/12E375 168  35    0E373 139  35    0E372 112  35    0E370 090  35    0*
35410 09/13E372 078  35    0E390 058  35    0E410 038  35    0E417 020  35    0*
35410 09/14E423 002  35    0E4323591  35    0E4403584  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
35275 TS

HWM and COADS indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT occurred over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from 8 to 14 September, 1952.

September 7:
HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 42.5N, 25.5W with a warm front extending from the low northward and a cold 
front extending from the low southward and then south-southwestward.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 41.4N, 27.1W with a dissipating warm front extending from the low northwestward and then northward and a cold 
front extending from 60 nmi east of the low southeastward, and then southward, becoming a dissipating cold front.  Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 14Z at 40.0N, 
28.0W (COA).  Six other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.0N, 27.6W.  A dissipating cold front extends from 42N, 28W to 43N, 27W to 43N, 23W to 40N, 19W to 35N, 19W.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt SSE and 999 mb at 00Z at 40.4N, 28.0W (COA); 40 kt S and 1003 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 26.5W (COA); 40 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 39.6N, 24.4W (COA, HWM).  
One other gale of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 999-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 12Z at 38.7N, 27.2W (HWM).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39.6N, 23.8W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.8N, 20.4W.  The northeast end of a ENE-WSW cold front is located about 180 nmi SSW of the HWM analyzed position.  
No gales or low pressures.

September 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 37.8N, 14.7W with a cold front extending from the low southwestward.  No gales or low pressures.

September 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered over Spain near 40.7N, 4.0W with a cold front extending from the low southward to 35N, 5W and then southwestward to 20N, 
13W to 29N, 19W.  Land/station highlights: 30 kt WSW at 12Z at Madrid, Spain (HWM).

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 44.0N, 1.0E with a cold front extending from the low to 44N, 4E to 41N, 6E to 37N, 5E to 36N, 3E.  No gales or low 
pressures directly related to circulation.

On 7 September, a frontal wave stalled out near 25W between 35-50N.  A low pressure area formed, and this low quickly lost its frontal characteristics as it attained a closed 
circulation.  Temperatures were uniformly warm (~70F) around the low.  The key piece of information that distinguishes this system as a tropical (subtropical) cyclone versus a 
decaying baroclinic low is the presence of several four gales located between 60 and 120 nm from the cyclone’s center.  Additionally, the westward motion of the cyclone on 
8 September is not consistent with the behavior of an extratropical cyclone.  This cyclone is begun at 00Z on the 8th as a 35 kt tropical storm.  At 12Z on the 8th, the position 
is 41.6N, 27.0W with a 40 kt analyzed intensity.  The cyclone moved slowly southwestward to 40.6N, 28.5W by 00Z on the 9th.  The cyclone moved slowly southeastward on the 9th 
and 10th, reaching a position of 39.0N, 25.0W by 12Z on the 10th.  A peak intensity of 45 kt is analyzed from 00Z to 12Z on the 9th based upon two 40 kt ship observations.  The 
storm weakened to a tropical depression by 18Z on the 10th at 38.5N, 24.4W.  The tropical depression is analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 11th at 39.0N, 22.3W.  
After the cyclone become extratropical, it accelerated eastward and moved into the Iberian Peninsula around 20Z on 12 September near 37.1N, 8.9W as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone.  
By 12Z on the 13th, it was located near Madrid, Spain with a 35 kt intensity, and it dissipated after 12Z on the 14th into an elongated area of low pressure with a final position 
of 44.0N, 1.6E.  With satellite imagery available today, this system likely would be characterized as a subtropical storm.
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 6 (Charlie) – (was Storm 4)

35430 09/22/1952 M=10  4 SNBR= 782 CHARLIE     XING=0                           
35430 09/24/1952 M= 8  6 SNBR= 782 CHARLIE     XING=0
         **        **  *
         
(The 22nd and 23rd are removed from HURDAT.)
35435 09/22*  0   0   0    0*144 622  25    0*151 649  25    0*154 659  30    0*
35440 09/23*160 668  30    0*168 676  35    0*177 684  35    0*185 691  35    0*

35445 09/24*193 698  35    0*202 706  40    0*212 714  45    0*222 722  55    0*
35445 09/24*200 692  30    0*208 700  30    0*217 708  30    0*227 717  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35450 09/25*233 730  60    0*245 738  70    0*256 747  85    0*265 751  90  993*
35450 09/25*235 728  45    0*245 734  50    0*255 740  60    0*265 746  70  993*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  ** 

35455 09/26*273 750 100    0*282 748 105    0*291 741 105    0*303 724 105    0*
35455 09/26*272 749  75  989*279 748  85    0*290 743  95  969*303 731 105    0*
            *** *** ***  *** ***     ***      *** *** ***  ***     ***

35460 09/27*317 706 105    0*326 695 100    0*336 681 100    0*352 657  95    0*
35460 09/27*315 716 105    0*325 702 100    0*338 686 100  958*351 659  95    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***

35465 09/28*369 632  95    0*384 608  90    0*395 586  85    0*400 569  85    0*
35465 09/28*367 630  95    0E384 608  90    0E395 587  85    0E399 571  85    0*
            *** ***                               ***         **** ***

35470 09/29*403 555  80    0*407 541  75    0*408 527  70    0E405 510  65    0*
35470 09/29E403 555  75    0E406 541  70    0E406 529  65    0E404 515  60    0*
           *         **     ****      **     **** ***  **          ***  **

35475 09/30E402 494  60    0E398 482  55    0E395 470  50    0E392 455  50    0*
35475 09/30E399 501  55    0E397 486  50    0E395 472  45    0E395 460  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35480 10/01E397 440  45    0E406 425  45    0E422 411  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
35480 10/01E400 447  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **
35485 HR          

Minor track changes and major intensity adjustments are made to this hurricane.  A major alteration is to indicate genesis 42 hours after that originally shown in HURDAT.  
Another major change is made to the time of extratropical transition, which is moved forward by 30 hours.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, 
and Long (1952).

September 19:
The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest east of the Lesser Antilles.  ATS at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 12.5N, 56.3W 
located along a wave axis which extends from 21N, 54W to 15N, 56W to the low to 10N, 56W to 7N, 56W.  “Hurricane Charlie began causing concern to the Hurricane Warning 
Service early on 19 September when a strong easterly wave approaching the Lesser Antilles was detected on the 0030Z surface map” (ATS).

September 20:
The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles.  “On the basis of the widespread precipitation ahead of this wave, the area of lower 
pressure (near 1011 mb) east of Barbados, and the west and south winds reported by ships near the southern extremity of the wave, the entire area just east of the Antilles 
was investigated on 20 September by a Navy reconnaissance plane which staged from Trinidad about 0800Z, 20 September.  The easterly wave was now moving into the Caribbean 
where its progress could be followed by reports from the islands and by the analysis of the time cross-section” (ATS).

September 21:
The Historical Weather Map indicates no features of interest near the Lesser Antilles   HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.5N, 64.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 15.1N, 64.9W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical 
wave axis along 67W from 20N to 10N.  Microfilm does not show any features of interest on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  “An easterly wave moved into the eastern 
end of the Caribbean Sea on September 22” (MWR).  “This wave continued across the Caribbean at a speed of 8 to 9 kt, slightly slower than the normal speed of advance of an 
easterly wave in the Caribbean.  At 1630Z on 22 September, this easterly wave, now clearly unstable, passed San Juan” (ATS).

September 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.8N, 68.9W and another closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.7N, 70W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 17.7N, 68.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb 
centered near 17.4N, 68.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  “It showed some signs of developing a center just south of Mona Passage on September 23.  Just prior to this, the 
wave caused heavy flooding rains on Puerto Rico September 22-23, which caused four deaths and damage estimated at $1,000,000, but no strong winds were reported.  The 
incipient center noted on the 23rd moved northwestward over the Dominican Republic during the day and lost its identity” (MWR).

September 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.3N, 72.0W with a NE-SW stationary front located about 620 nmi NW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
tropical storm at 21.2N, 71.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 71.1W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 
23.3N, 71.7W with a frontal system located several hundred miles northwest of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z shows a spot low or perhaps weak closed low of at most 1011 mb 
centered near 22.5N, 71.5W with a front located 400 nmi NW of the cyclone, but at 18Z, microfilm analyzes a hurricane of at most 1008 mb.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE with 
1009 mb at 00Z at 20.2N 68.3W (COADS), 35 kt SE at 18Z at 22.9N, 70.3W (micro).  “But on the 24th, there were signs of a reforming center near Turks Island, with strongest 
winds about 20 to 30 kt” (MWR).  “Post analysis placed the vortex at 1230Z, 24 September, about 120 nmi north of Turks Island” (ATS).

September 25:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.8N, 74.5W with a dissipating stationary front located 310 nmi WNW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as an 
85 kt hurricane at 25.6N, 74.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.7N, 73.8W with a warm front located northwest of the 
cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 25N, 74.8W with a NE-SW frontal boundary located 250 nmi WNW of the cyclone, but at 18Z, 
microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb with the front a little closer to the cyclone than at 12Z.  Ship highlights: center fix at 1530Z at 26.3N, 73.8W with 
estimated maximum winds encountered of 52 kt (micro); 45 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 21Z at 27.1N, 74.1W (micro).  Six other gales between 35-40 kt and two other low pressures 
between 1002-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1700Z at 26.2N, 74.5W with 993 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  
“An airplane dispatched to reconnoiter the area east of the Bahama Islands on the 25th found the hurricane with winds 80 to 90 kt near 26N, 74.5W moving north-northwestward” (MWR).  
“A Navy reconnaissance plane departed Jacksonville early in the day and found a hurricane at 26.2N, 74.5W.  The eye was well-defined, circular and 10 nmi in diameter and the 
minimum pressure was 993 mb.  Winds of 90 kt with gusts to 100 kt existed in the eastern quadrant out to 35 nmi from the eye.  The consensus of the various ‘forecasting tools’ 
indicated the possibility of early recurvature.  This was based primarily on the eastward movement of the trough which was over the Atlantic Coastal waters at 1500Z on 24 September 
and the southeastward movement into low latitudes of the jet stream at 200 mb.  Accordingly, the first [advisory] forecast a northwest movement and stated that early recurvature 
to the NNW and then to the north was expected.  As the storm was about 340 nmi from the Florida coast, radar reconnaissance was ordered for the night of 25-26 September” (ATS).

September 26:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 29.1N, 74.4W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located 280 nmi NNW of the cyclone and the east end of a 
E-W stationary front located 310 nmi WSW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.1N, 74.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 29.3N, 74.6W with a 1000 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 
999 mb centered near 29.3N, 74.0W with a NE-SW stationary front located a few hundred nmi northwest of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb 
centered about 30 nmi north of the HWM position with a dissipating frontal boundary located a couple hundred nmi NW of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 990 mb at 
00Z (unknown location – climo); 35 kt NE and 995 mb at 00Z at 26.9N, 74.9W (micro); 55 kt NNE at 18Z at 31.0N, 74.0W (micro); 65 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 21Z at 30.9N, 71.0W (micro).  
Seven other gales between 35-45 kt and four other low pressures between 1000-1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0105, 0210, 0305, and 0400Z between 27.2-27.4N, 
75.0-75.1W (micro); Navy center fix at 1323Z at 29.4N, 74.0W with 969 mb central pressure and 100+ kt winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 2030Z at 30.8N, 72.6W (micro).  
“It recurved to the northeast on the 26th” (MWR).  “Strongest winds in connection with this hurricane were around 120 to 125 mph estimated by aircraft on the 26th.  Thereafter, 
it gradually lost force” (MWR).  “All-night radar coverage was accomplished by Faetulant and their radar fixes showed Charlie moving NNW for four hours then curving to the NNE.  
The Navy and Air Force reconnaissance flights found that intensification was continuing.  Winds were now slightly in excess of 100 kt, the minimum pressure was 969 mb and the 
eye was well-defined and 20 nmi in diameter” (ATS).

September 27:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 33.4N, 69.1W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary front located 200 nmi NE of the cyclone and the NE end of a NE-SW 
cold front located 110 nmi SW of the cyclone.  Another NE-SW front is plotted about 500 nmi NW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 33.6N, 68.1W.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.4N, 68.6W with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 993 mb centered near 33.8N, 68.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 34.0N, 68.2W with 
a NE-SW front located 250 nmi NW of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 999 mb at 00Z at 32.5N, 72.1W (COA); 65 kt SW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 30.4N, 71.0W (COA, micro); 
70 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 31.0N, 68.7W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 995 mb at 15Z at 33.5N, 66.5W (micro).  Eight other gales between 35-60 kt.  Aircraft highlights: Navy 
radar center fix (loran) at 0800Z at 32.9N, 69.8W (micro); 75 kt S (flight-level) and 992 mb at 1150Z at 32.9N, 67.3W (micro); 65 kt ESE (flight-level) and 992 mb at 1254Z at 
34.0N, 67.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at either 1321Z or 1421Z at 34.0N, 68.1W with 958 mb central pressure and 130 kt maximum winds encountered at 34.1N, 68.1W 
(micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2027Z at 35.8N, 64.2W with 982 mb central pressure and 90 kt maximum winds encountered at 35.8N, 63.7W (micro).  “It passed some distance 
to the northwest of Bermuda on the 27th” (MWR).  “Charlie settled on a northeast movement at a speed of 22 to 24 kt.  The microseismic amplitude at Bermuda began a sharp increase 
early in the day and remained above normal until the storm went out of microseismic range north of Bermuda on the following day.  Both reconnaissance flights were made by Air Force 
planes from Bermuda.  They found Charlie well-defined and containing winds in excess of hurricane force.  These two flights were the last reconnaissance flights into Charlie.  
The last advisory was issued by the Hurricane Warning Central, Miami, at 2200Z” (ATS).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.7N, 57.8W.  The WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front is located 150 nmi ENE of the cyclone and another front oriented 
in a similar fashion is located just 100 nmi north of the former front.  Two cold fronts are plotted oriented ENE-WSW with the ENE ends located 310 nmi south and 250 nmi SW of the 
cyclone respectively.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 39.5N, 58.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 58.8W with a 988 mb pressure 
and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a somewhat large and elongated closed low of at most 999 mb centered 
near 40.0N, 58.6W.  Ship highlights: 75 kt NE and 985 mb at 06Z at 39.3N, 60.9W (micro); 80 kt SW at 1130Z at 39.5N, 58.0W (micro); either 65 or 85 kt and 979 mb[?] sometime around 
14Z-18Z at 38.8N, 59.0W (micro).  12 other gales between 35-50 kt and 13 other low pressures between 992-1005 mb.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 40.3N, 53.0W with the west end of a W-E warm front located 230 nmi ENE of the cyclone and the northeast end of a NE-SW 
cold front located 260 nmi south of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 40.8N, 52.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position with a 990 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 41.6N, 53.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a large closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 
in the general vicinity of the HWM position.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 41.2N, 58.9W (COA, micro); 50 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 41.3N, 56.5W (COA, micro); 
40 kt N and 1001 mb at 18Z at 40.0N, 54.8W (COA, micro).  14 other gales between 35-50 kt and three other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  “It continued northeastward over the 
Atlantic and passed 400 miles or more southeast of Newfoundland on September 29 and 30” (MWR).  “Warnings on this hurricane continued to be issued by the Fleet Warning Central, 
Washington, until 2200Z on 29 September.  Charlie continued on a northeast course at a speed of 30 to 35 kt until 29 September, then came to an east course and decelerated” (ATS).

September 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 40.1N, 47.7W.  The west end of a W-E warm front is located 490 nmi NNE of the cyclone and the NNE end of a NNE-SSW 
dissipating cold front is plotted 270 nmi SSE of the cyclone extending from 37N, 43W to 32N, 46W to 30N, 48W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 39.5N, 47.0W.  
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.8N, 47.3W with a 996 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position very different from the 
other sources near 44.3N, 43.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 39.8N, 47.7W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00Z at 38.5N, 53.6W 
(COA, micro); 15 kt E and 999 mb at 12Z at 40.6N, 47.8W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12Z at 37.5N, 46.7W (COA, HWM); 35 kt N and 1016 mb at 18Z at 38.3N, 53.7W (COA); 
either 20 or 30 kt NW and 997 mb at 18Z at 39.7N, 48.4W (micro).  Four other gales between 35-40 kt and 19 other low pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  “On 30 September it began 
decreasing in intensity” (ATS).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 43.8N, 40.9W with an approaching NE-SW cold front located 220 nmi WNW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 42.2N, 41.1W.  Ship highlights (through 05Z only): 20 kt NW and 1001 mb at 00Z at 38.5N, 50.2W (COA); 30 kt NW and 997 mb at 00Z at 40.8N, 45.5W (micro); 
5 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 42.0N, 43.0W (COA).  “It finally became extratropical and lost its intensity on 1 October near 46.0N, 36.8W” (ATS).

October 2:
The HWM analysis indicates the remnant of Charlie was absorbed by a more powerful extratropical low before 12Z on this day.  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered 
near 49.8N, 25.6W with a warm front extending from the low southeastward and a cold front extending from the low southwestward.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.

Charlie may have originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 12 September.  On the 19th, observations detected the presence of the wave as it began to 
approach the Lesser Antilles.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 20th located the wave axis just east of the islands with no closed circulation present.  HURDAT begins this cyclone 
at 06Z on 22 September at 14.4N, 62.2W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  Sufficient observations on the 22nd and 23rd suggest that a closed circulation was not yet present on those 
date, within the Caribbean and up until the system supposedly made landfall in the Dominican Republic.  ATS and MWR call the system an open wave on the 22nd as well and the MWR 
is ambiguous as to whether they considered that a center had formed on the 23rd.  It is also noted that at 18Z on the 23rd, when the tropical storm was supposedly at is closest 
approach to Santo Domingo and Port Au-Prince that both stations had higher pressures than the 22nd at 18Z (1010 mb on the 23rd versus 1009 mb on the 22nd at both stations). 
However, by 00Z on the 24th, there is enough evidence – in particular the SSE 25 kt/1009 mb observations from a ship – that the system had formed at that time.   Genesis is now 
shown to have occurred at 00Z on 24 September (42 hours later than originally) as a 30 kt tropical depression, down from 35 kt originally.  The first observed gale occurred at 
18Z on the 24th from a ship.  Data from the 25th at 00Z suggests the wind from that ship might be biased slightly high.  Nevertheless, a 35 kt wind was recorded by a different 
ship at 00Z on the 25th, so Charlie is analyzed to have become a tropical storm by 18Z on the 24th with a 35 kt intensity (a major revision down from 55 kt originally).  The 
largest track change on the 24th was seven-tenths of a degree.  On the 25th, Charlie turned northward and the cyclone recurved around the 26th at 00Z near 27N, 75W.  The cyclone 
then accelerated northeastward reaching 39.4N, 58.7W by the 28th at 12Z.  Charlie did not affect any more land areas subsequent to the Caicos Islands and Hispaniola.  All track 
changes from the 25th through the 28th are one degree or less.  These changes are based primarily on center fix data and to a lesser extent peripheral ship observations.  The 
first center fix occurred on 25 September at 1530Z when a ship passed through the center of Charlie.  Maximum winds encountered were estimated at 60 mph.  The first aircraft center 
fix just a short time later at 17Z reported a central pressure of 993 mb and a well-defined circular eye of 10 nm. This suggests at RMW of about 8 nm, which is much smaller than  
21 nm based  upon climatology for that central pressure at that latitude.  However, there is a quote that winds of 90 kt existed out to 35 miles in the eastern quadrant, so it is 
possible that the actual RMW may have been significantly larger than 8 nm.  The 993 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 25th is retained.  This value yields winds of 57 kt 
according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Because of the small size, intensities of 60 and 70 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z 
respectively on the 25th (down from 85 and 90 kt- major downward intensity revisions).  Charlie is analyzed to have become a hurricane 12 hours later than in HURDAT originally.  
The next day, on the 26th at 1323Z, a central pressure of 969 mb was measured by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 26th.  A central pressure 
of 969 mb yields 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was smaller than climatological value, and 95 kt is chosen for 
12Z on the 26th (down from 105 kt originally).  Ship observations of hurricane force winds are observed late on the 26th and early on the 27th.  On the 27th at either 1321 or 1421Z, 
a 958 mb central pressure was observed by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 27th.  A central pressure of 958 mb yields 97 and 91 kt according 
to the north of 25N and north of 35N pressure-wind relationships respectively.  The RMW was average and the forward speed of the cyclone was 20 kt.  The 100 kt intensity in HURDAT 
at 12Z on the 27th is not changed.  About six hours after the aircraft measured a central pressure of 958 mb, an apparent 982 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft reconnaissance.  
However, other data indicates that this was incorrectly reported and that the plane was not in the eye.  Not considering 982 mb as a central pressure is reasonable considering a 24 mb 
pressure rise in about six hours is quite unlikely, given that other synoptic data did not change much and still indicated the presence of a strong hurricane.  On the 28th at 06Z, 
a ship reported 75 kt with 985 mb and at 1130Z, a different ship recorded an 80 kt wind.  A few hours later, this second ship reported a 979 mb pressure with simultaneous hurricane 
force winds.  Hurricane force winds experienced by this ship veered from SW at 1130Z to NW around 1500Z (the time of the 979 mb observation was simultaneous with the NW hurricane 
force winds).  According to the revised track and the reported positions of the ship, the minimum pressure of the ship (not reported) likely occurred sometime around 13Z.  A peripheral 
pressure of 979 mb yields a wind speed of greater than 74 kt for north of 35N.  The 85 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th is unchanged.  No changes are made to the HURDAT 
intensities from 18Z on the 26th through the 28th.  HURDAT previously showed a peak intensity of 105 kt occurring from 06Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th.  The peak intensity 
of 105 kt is retained, but only from 18Z on the 26th to 00Z on the 27th.  Although there is no information to indicate that the storm reached an intensity of 105 kt, it easily could 
have attained that intensity in between the aircraft fixes on the 26th and the 27th.  On the 28th through the 30th, Charlie moved generally eastward along the 40th parallel as it 
became extratropical.  Charlie is analyzed to have become extratropical by 06Z on the 28th (36 hours earlier than originally- a major change).  No track changes larger than one 
degree are analyzed for the remainder of the cyclone’s lifetime.  Intensities on the 29th and 30th are lowered slightly by 5  to 10 kt due to sufficient observational coverage by 
ships that indicates the cyclone was weakening more quickly than indicated in HURDAT.  By 00Z on the 1st, the circulation was becoming elongated and ill-defined, and observations 
indicate that it was no longer closed after 00Z on the 1st.  Dissipation is analyzed to have taken place 12 hours prior to the time shown in HURDAT.  The new final position at 00Z 
on 1 October is at 40.0N, 44.6W as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone.

Additional quote:
“With the exception of the flood damage noted in Puerto Rico, no damage has been reported” (MWR).
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 7 (Dog) – (was Storm 5)

35490 09/25/1952 M= 5  5 SNBR= 783 DOG         XING=0                           
35490 09/24/1952 M= 7  7 SNBR= 783 DOG         XING=0                           
         **         *  *

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
35495 09/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*126 487  30    0*129 495  35    0*

35495 09/25*  0   0   0    0*140 510  50    0*148 516  50    0*152 519  50    0*
35495 09/25*132 502  40    0*137 509  50    0*142 516  50    0*147 521  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              *** ***

35500 09/26*155 523  55    0*159 528  55    0*162 534  60    0*166 540  70  998*
35500 09/26*152 525  55    0*157 529  55    0*162 534  55    0*166 540  60  998*
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

35505 09/27*170 546  75    0*175 550  70    0*180 554  55    0*187 559  45    0*
35505 09/27*170 546  60    0*175 551  55    0*180 555  45 1002*187 559  45 1001*
                     **          ***  **          ***  ** ****             ****

35510 09/28*193 564  40    0*198 569  40    0*202 573  40    0*207 577  35    0*
35510 09/28*193 563  40    0*199 567  40    0*204 570  40 1001*208 575  35    0*
                ***          *** ***          *** ***     **** *** ***

35515 09/29*213 581  35    0*217 587  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35515 09/29*211 579  35    0*213 582  35    0*214 585  30    0*215 589  30 1009*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
35515 09/30*217 592  30    0*219 594  30    0*221 596  25 1008*222 598  25    0*

35520 HR              
35520 TS              
      **

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  Dog is reanalyzed to have been only a tropical storm instead of a hurricane.  A major change is made 
to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

September 24:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 10.7N, 52.3W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 12.4N, 
48.9W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 1830Z at 11.3N, 49.4W (ATS).  “On 24 September, the ship Mormacowl reported west and southwest winds in the vicinity 
of 11.0N, 49.0W.  Other ships north and west of the Mormacowl’s position showed the northeast winds that usually precede the approach of an easterly wave.  Therefore, 
it appeared that an unstable easterly wave or possibly a vortex was in existence and was moving toward the Lesser Antilles island chain” (ATS).

September 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.3N, 52.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 14.8N, 51.6W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 16.0N, 51.0W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 13N, 51W.  No gales or low pressures.  “An easterly wave was 
discovered over the Atlantic about 700 miles east of the Lesser Antilles on September 25” (MWR).  “The Air Force diverted the Gull Hotel flight to investigate this 
general area.  No severe weather or significant circulation was encountered.  However, the surface map at 1230Z showed the suspicious area centered about 13.0N, 50.0W…” (ATS).

September 26:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 53.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 53.4W.  The MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near 16.9N, 53.3W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.4N, 53.1W.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center 
fix at 2020Z at 16.6N, 54.2W with 998 mb central pressure, maximum surface wind visually estimated at force 12, maximum flight-level wind measured 68 kt, and estimated 
maximum storm intensity 100 kt (ATS, micro) [not sure whether the 100 kt was the maximum visual sea-surface estimate or a guess of the maximum storm intensity].  One 
other surface gale.  “It showed signs of intensifying, and on the 26th aircraft searching the area encountered squalls of 68 kt over a considerable area in the northern 
quadrant of the wave around 16 to 18N, 54W.  Winds in the northeast quadrant were estimated at 100 mph, but a closed center of circulation could not be found” (MWR).  
“The Air Force reconnaissance flight discovered Hurricane Dog at 2020Z at 16.6N, 54.2W.  The maximum measured winds were 68 kt, but 100-kt winds were estimated in the 
northern quadrant.  The eye was described as well-defined and 70 nmi in diameter.  A minimum pressure of 997.6 mb existed in the center.  Dog was situated in a portion 
of the Atlantic where weather reports from ships are always rather scarce.  Due to this fact and the distance of the hurricane at this time from any inhabited land area, 
the Hurricane Warning Central made the decision to issue [advisories] only after reconnaissance flights or after receipt of other significant information” (ATS). 

September 27:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.0N, 55.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 18.0N, 55.4W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 18.2N, 56.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical 
storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 55.8W.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1340Z (DR, sun lines) at 18.2N, 56.2W with 1002 mb central pressure and 50 kt 
max winds (ATS, micro); Air Force center fix at 2010Z at 18.9N, 55.6W with 1001 mb central pressure (ATS, micro).  “By the 27th winds had weakened to 45 kt” (MWR).  “Two 
reconnaissance flights – one Navy and one Air Force – penetrated the storm but found no hurricane-force winds.  The Navy plane encountered 50 kt maximum winds and the Air 
Force plane reported a maximum of 30 kt.  The storm was described as ‘fairly dry’ and the eye was reported as well-defined.  Post-analysis showed that Dog was centered 
near 18.2N, 56.2W or about 350 nmi northeast of Martinique at 1230Z.  There was a small irregularity present on this day.  The late afternoon Air Force fix was approximately 
45 nmi northeast of the morning Navy fix.  This small irregularity was felt due to the reintensification of the storm about a new center slightly removed from the position 
of the previous eye” (ATS).  

September 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 58.5W with the closest front located 550 nmi NNW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 20.2N, 57.3W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 20.8N, 57.4W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1008 mb centered near 20.3N, 
57.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 20.6N, 57.0W.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1315Z at 20.6N, 57.1W with 1001 mb central 
pressure and 35 kt max winds (ATS, micro).  “The morning reconnaissance flight into Dog found the storm quite weak with a maximum winds of 35 kt, but still showing a definite 
closed circulation.  At 1830Z, the disturbance was now about 450 nmi NNE of Martinique.  At 2200Z, the Hurricane Warning Central issued the last [advisory] on Dog with the 
statement that issuance of [advisories] would be resumed if further reconnaissance information reveal indications of reintensification” (ATS).

September 29:
HWM no longer analyzes any features of interest on this day that can be traced to a remnant of Dog.  HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.7N, 58.7W.  
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 22.4N, 59.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 22.2N, 59.2W.  Ship highlight:  
15 kt S with 1009 mb at 12Z at 20.5N 59.0W (HWM).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1935Z at 21.6N, 59.0W with 1009 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds 
(ATS, micro).  “The Air Force again diverted their regularly scheduled Gull Hotel flight to reconnoiter the general area of Dog or the remnants thereof.  The best remaining 
indication of a storm center was found near 21.6N, 59.0W or about 440 nmi NNE of Martinique at 1935Z.  The maximum winds were 35 kt” (ATS).

September 30:
The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.5N, 59.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a weak, broad closed low of at most 1011 mb between 20-26N, 55-62W.  Ship
highlights: 10 kt SE and 1000 mb [pressure likely a typo] at 12Z at 22.6N, 59.1W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: possible center fix at 1305Z at 21.9N, 59.8W with 1008 mb central 
pressure and 30 kt max winds (ATS, micro)  “It continued losing force as it moved northwestward and finally died out by September 30 near 23N, 60W.  While winds of hurricane 
force in squalls were reported at one time, all evidence indicates that this storm remained a wave and did not develop an organized center of circulation” (MWR).  “The last 
reconnaissance into Dog was made by the Air Force Gull Hotel flight on this date.  The remnants of the eye were now very diffuse and no actual closed circulation could be 
established.  The maximum winds were 30 kt and the lowest pressure was 1008 mb.  The last fix on Dog was at 21.9N, 59.8W” (ATS).

There is good evidence Dog formed from a tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 18 September.  HURDAT starts this system at 06Z on 25 September at 14.0N, 51.0W.  
The COADS data was obtained back to 18 September to the African coast.  The data indicates an easterly wave with a circulation not defined well enough to be considered a 
tropical cyclone for the first two days after leaving the African coast.  After that, data becomes more sparse until the 24th when ship data indicates a closed circulation.  
This system is begun on the 24th at 12Z (18 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally) as a 35 kt tropical storm.  By 06Z on the 25th (the first point listed in HURDAT), the 
HURDAT intensity of 50 kt is not changed and the position is adjusted four-tenths of a degree southward.  Some ship data in the northern and eastern outer periphery of the 
circulation is helpful in locating the position on the 25th.  Dog continued moving northwestward far from any land areas, and it reached a position of 21.3N, 58.2W by the 
29th at 06Z.  On the 26th, although there is no available ship data near the storm, an aircraft reconnaissance plane located the center at 2020Z and measured a central 
pressure of 998 mb.  All track changes from the 26th through 06Z on the 29th are half a degree or less.  The 998 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 26th is retained.  
A central pressure of 998 mb equals 51 kt according the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was 2.5 times the climatological value and the forward 
speed of the cyclone was a slow 7 kt.  Visually estimated surface winds of hurricane force were recorded.  Giving some weighting to the hurricane force surface winds (despite 
the system being large and having a slow forward speed), an intensity of 60 kt is analyzed at this time, down from 70 kt originally.  A peak intensity of 60 kt is analyzed
from 18Z on the 26th through 00Z on the 27th.  The previous peak intensity in HURDAT was 75 kt at 00Z on the 27th.  On the 27th, aircraft central pressures of 1002 and 1001 mb 
were measured at 1310 and 2010Z.  These values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively.  On the 28th at 1315Z, a central pressure of 1001 mb was measured, and this 
value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th.  Intensities of 45 kt are analyzed for 12 and 18Z on the 27th (down from 55 kt at 12Z), and the 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 12Z 
on the 28th is not changed.  The last point shown in HURDAT previously was at 06Z on the 29th at 21.7N, 58.7W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  Data from ships and aircraft 
reconnaissance indicate that there was still a closed circulation on the 29th and into the 30th.  The new analysis shows a weakening of Dog to a tropical depression at 12Z 
on the 29th.  Aircraft located the cyclone with a closed circulation and a central pressure of 1009 mb at 1935Z on the 29th with a max wind estimate of 35 kt.  On the 30th at 
1305Z aircraft reconnaissance located the system at 21.9N, 59.8W with 30 kt max winds and a 1008 mb central pressure.  Central pressures of 1009 and 1008 mb are added to HURDAT 
at 18Z on the 29th and 12Z on the 30th respectively.  The revised final position is listed at 18Z on 30 September at 22.2N, 59.4W as a 25 kt tropical depression.  Thereafter, 
the depression is analyzed to have degenerated to a remnant low or broad low, which persisted for another couple of days before the low completely dissipated.

Additional quotes:

ATS: “Post-analysis shows that although Dog manifested hurricane-force winds at an early stage, it was never disassociated from the easterly wave on which it originally developed.  
From the limited information available it appears that Dog was an unstable vortex formation from a strong easterly wave, which did not continue its development to the stable vortex 
or hurricane stage except for a brief interval of time.  All reconnaissance flights reported the southwest quadrant weak” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 8 (new to HURDAT)

35525 09/25/1952 M= 6  8 SNBR= 784 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
35530 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*124 227  25    0*126 239  30    0*
35530 09/26*129 249  30    0*132 257  35    0*135 263  35    0*138 268  40    0*
35530 09/27*141 272  40    0*145 274  40    0*150 275  40    0*157 274  35    0*
35530 09/28*165 272  35    0*173 271  30    0*180 270  35    0*187 270  30    0*
35530 09/29*195 270  30    0*203 270  30    0*210 270  30    0*217 270  25    0*
35530 09/30*224 270  25    0*232 270  25    0*240 270  25    9*  0   0   0    0*
35530 TS


HWM, COADS, and Ryan Truchelut’s warm anomaly study indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, occurred in the tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean 
from 25-30 September.

September 25:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 16N, 22W.  HURDAT did not previous list this system.  No gales or low pressures.

September 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 26W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at 18Z at 13.7N, 27.0W (COA).  Station highlights:  25 kt S 
and 1011 mb at 12Z at Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands (HWM).

September 27:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 16N, 30W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 16.0N 25.0W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 14.0N, 27.7W (COA); 20 kt NNW 
and 1000 mb at 06Z at 14.5N, 28.5W (COA); 20 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 14.7N, 29.4W (COA); 30 kt S and 1007 mb at 14.0N 26.0W (COA).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 33W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure from 22N, 28W to 17N, 31W to 14N, 36W to 13N, 43W.  No gales or low pressures.
September 30:
HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure from 15N45W to 18N27W.  No gales or low pressures.

A tropical wave that emerged off the African coast on 24 September became attained a closed circulation and became a tropical depression by 12Z on the 25th at 12.4N, 22.7W 
with a 25 kt intensity.  The depression moved west-northwestward and became a tropical storm by 06Z on the 26th with an analyzed position of 13.2N, 25.7W.  By 12Z on the 27th, 
the cyclone was located near 15.0N, 27.5W.  There were no observations of gales recorded with this cyclone, but there were four low pressure observations between 1000-1005 mb, 
all from the same ship.  Comparison with other ships and the Cape Verde Islands reveals that the pressure on this ship likely had little to no bias.  The four low pressure 
observations occurred between 18Z on the 26th and 12Z on the 27th.  There were two 30 kt winds recorded from a different ship between 00Z on the 27th and 12Z on the 27th.  
The lowest pressure of 1000 mb was recorded by the first ship at 06Z on 27 September.  Additionally, the ship recorded a 24 hr change of 12 mb, from 1000 mb to 1012 mb, 
indicative of a substantial pressure gradient being present, even if the actual pressures have a slight low bias.  While the ship only recorded a maximum of 25 kt, it moved 
across the southwestern semicircle, which would be expected to have the weakest winds.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb yields a wind speed of at least 47 kt according to the 
Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A peak intensity of 40 kt is analyzed from 18Z on the 26th through 12Z on the 27th.  The tropical storm is analyzed to have 
weakened to a tropical depression at 18Z on the 28th at 18.7N 27.0W.  Observations become sparse on the 28th, but indicate that the cyclone moved northward while likely weakening.  
After 12Z on 30 September, the depression is analyzed to have degenerated into an open trough.  The final position at 12Z on the 30th is 24.0N 27.0W as a 25 kt tropical depression.
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 9 (Easy) – (was Storm 6)

35525 10/06/1952 M= 6  6 SNBR= 784 EASY        XING=0  
35525 10/06/1952 M= 6  9 SNBR= 784 EASY        XING=0 
                       *
                         
35530 10/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*152 510  30    0*153 510  30    0*
35535 10/07*155 510  35    0*157 510  35    0*160 510  40    0*163 510  45  995*
35535 10/07*154 509  35    0*157 508  40    0*162 507  45    0*167 506  50  995*
            *** ***              ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35540 10/08*167 510  50    0*171 510  60    0*175 510  65    0*181 509  80  968*
35540 10/08*171 505  60    0*174 505  70    0*177 505  80    0*180 504  90  968*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  

35545 10/09*187 505  95    0*187 502  80    0*187 498  60    0*180 492  40 1001*
35545 10/09*181 501  85    0*181 498  75    0*180 495  60    0*177 494  40 1001*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

35550 10/10*172 492  40    0*164 494  40    0*156 499  35    0*151 503  35    0*
35550 10/10*170 495  40    0*163 497  40    0*157 501  35    0*154 505  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

35555 10/11*147 510  35    0*141 519  35    0*140 530  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
35555 10/11*152 510  35    0*149 519  30    0*145 530  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***              ***      **      ***      **

35560 HR

Minor track and intensity alterations are analyzed for this hurricane.  Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), and U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories.

October 6:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.1N, 51.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.2N, 51.0W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a broad 
closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the general vicinity of 16.5N, 48.5W with a wave axis running through the low from 21N, 47W to 8N, 51W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt E 
and 1010 mb at 18Z at 17.0N, 48.5W (COA); 75 kt ENE (wind appears either too high, a typo, or incorrect) and 1012 mb at 1830Z at 19.3N, 52.3W (ATS).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.4N, 51.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 16.0N, 51.0W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 16.3N, 50.6W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 16.2N, 50.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 06Z at 15.5N, 
49.9W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 18.2N, 51.6W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1720Z at 16.8N, 50.5W with 995 mb central pressure and 40 kt 
max winds (ATS).  “It was located by reconnaissance aircraft on October 7 with maximum winds of only about 40 kt” (MWR).  “The Gull Hotel flight arrived in the suspicious 
area in the early afternoon.  A definite disturbance was encountered and a low-level penetration of a well-defined eye of 25 nmi diameter was made at 1720Z.  The disturbance 
was centered about 16.8N, 50.5W.  The maximum observed winds were 40 kt and the minimum pressure was 995 mb.  Advisory number one on Tropical Storm Easy was issued at 1930Z 
by the Fleet Weather Central, Miami, and the Weather Bureau Office, San Juan, respectively.  As in the early stages of Storm Dog, it was decided that further warnings and 
advisories on Easy would not be issued until after the reconnaissance flight of the following day unless other significant information was received earlier.  This was 
predictable at this time due to the remoteness of the storm from land areas or busy shipping lanes” (ATS).

October 8:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.8N, 50.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.5N, 51.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z 
position near 18.0N, 51.0W.  ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 17.3N, 50.4W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1006 mb at 00Z at 18.7N, 50.2W 
(COA); 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 0630Z at 19.4N, 49.4W (ATS).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1626Z at 17.8N, 50.4W with 968 mb central pressure, 83 kt maximum 
measured flight-level winds, and 95 kt maximum estimated winds (ATS, micro).  “But on the 8th, the plane encountered winds of 95 kt near the center” (MWR).  “The Air Force 
plane diverted from the Gull Hotel flight to make the Duck Echo flight into Easy.  This flight found a hurricane with measured winds of 83 kt gusting to 100 kt.  At 1626Z, 
the center was fixed near 17.8N, 50.4W.  The eye was 25 nmi in diameter and the minimum pressure was 968 mb.  This fix showed a northerly drift of the storm of only 60 nmi 
in the past 24 hr” (ATS).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.7N, 49.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.7N, 49.8W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 18.9N, 50.5W.  ATS at 06Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 18.1N, 49.8W and at 18Z, ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of 
at most 999 mb centered near 17.5N, 49.5W.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 17.7N, 51.4W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1727Z 60 nautical 
miles due east of the previous day’s fix with 1001 mb central pressure and 42 kt maximum winds (ATS).  “The flight on October 9 found that winds had dropped to 42 kt and 
thereafter it died out” (MWR).  “The Air Force reconnaissance flight arrived in the storm at 1727Z and revealed that Easy was now 60 nmi due east of the position fixed by 
the plane the previous day.  Furthermore, Easy had diminished greatly in intensity and was apparently filling.  The reconnaissance plane stated positively that no winds over 
42 kt existed in the storm area.  The minimum pressure had risen to 1001 mb” (ATS).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 50.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.6N, 49.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  “Easy 
continued weakening and continued moving southward until late on 10 October.  Then the easterly flow initiated the westward movement of the storm” (ATS).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.1N, 53.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.0N, 53.0W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone 
of at most 1008 mb centered near 15.7N, 53.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  “A recognizable circulation persisted at the surface until 1830Z on 11 October” (ATS).

October 12:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.3N, 54.7W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  “Easy lost its identity as a circulation after 11 October 
but progressed westward in the form of a strong easterly wave, which crossed the Lesser Antilles on 13 October.  This easterly wave, or the remnants of Easy, disappeared during 
the passage over the Caribbean Sea.  After the formation of Fox on 20-21 October, it was noted that the remnants of Easy, traveling westward at a speed of 8 to 10 kt, would have 
been in the area of the formation of Fox at the time it was discovered.  All attempts to establish such a relationship between Easy and Fox failed, however, due to the 
disappearance of the remnants of Easy both on the surface maps and on the time cross-section.  This disappearance may have been an actuality or may have been the result of the 
scarcity of reports in the eastern areas of the Caribbean.  Whichever was the case, this most interesting relationship could not be positively established, and the two storms, 
Easy and Fox, had to be considered as separate and individual phenomena” (ATS).

HURDAT begins this cyclone on 6 October at 12Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.2N, 51.0W.  Data obtained back to 5 October does not indicate a closed circulation.  No 
changes are made to the timing of genesis or the intensities and positions on the 6th.  Easy moved very little for the next few days and aircraft center fixes substantiate the 
loop in the track shown in HURDAT.  However, the fixes and well as available ship observations indicate the loop was tighter than shown in the original HURDAT.  Despite that, 
all track changes are eight-tenths of a degree or less.  The three aircraft fixes reported central pressures of 995, 968, and 1001 mb- one per day for three consecutive days.  
These central pressures are retained in HURDAT.  The 995 mb central pressure yields 56 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW is slightly larger than 
the climatological value and the speed is slow.  Maximum winds of 40 kt were encountered on the flight.  A 50 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 7th (up from 45 kt originally).  
The 968 mb central pressure on the 8th yields 93 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW and speed of the storm were about 
the same as the previous day.  A 90 kt intensity is chosen at 18Z on 8 October (up from 80 kt originally).  The central pressure of 1001 mb on the 9th yields 47 kt according to 
the weakening subset of the southern pressure wind relationship.  The speed of the storm was still 4 kt.  The 40 kt intensity in HURDAT at 18Z on the 9th is retained.  This
 cyclone is analyzed to have become a hurricane on the 8th six hours earlier than originally.  The peak intensity of 85 kt is analyzed to have occurred at 18Z on the 8th.  The 
previous peak intensity of 95 kt was listed at 00Z on the 9th.  No intensity changes are made from 12Z on the 9th through 00Z on the 11th.  Easy is analyzed to have weakened to a 
tropical depression at 06Z on the 11th (12 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally), and no change is made to the timing of dissipation, which occurred after 12Z on the 11th at 
14.5N, 53.0W as a 30 kt tropical depression.  The possibility of Easy and Fox being the same system as was mentioned in the ATS was investigated.  However, the passage of about 
eight days between the demise of Easy and the formation of Fox as well as the lack of any coherent surface features during that time period suggests that the two systems were independent.

Additional quote: “This storm flared briefly to hurricane intensity and then as rapidly dissipated over the Atlantic about 700 miles east of Antigua, BWI.  The hurricane moved 
very little during its existence, but remained in the vicinity of 17-18N, and 50-51W.  Without the extension of our view provided by the B-29 reconnaissance planes, this hurricane 
would doubtless have done undetected” (MWR).
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 10 (Fox) – (was Storm 7)

35565 10/20/1952 M= 9  7 SNBR= 785 FOX         XING=0                          L
35565 10/20/1952 M= 9 10 SNBR= 785 FOX         XING=0                          
                      **                                                       *

35570 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*118 776  25    0*125 783  30    0*
35570 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*114 777  25    0*125 785  30    0*
                                              *** ***              ***

35575 10/21*133 791  30    0*142 799  30    0*150 807  45    0*154 812  50 1003*
35575 10/21*136 793  30    0*147 802  30    0*157 811  35    0*166 818  45 1003*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

35580 10/22*157 815  55    0*163 819  60    0*168 822  65    0*173 823  75  993*
35580 10/22*170 820  50    0*171 820  55    0*172 820  55    0*173 820  60  993*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35585 10/23*177 823  80    0*180 823  85    0*184 822  95    0*189 821 100    0*
35585 10/23*176 820  75    0*179 820  95    0*183 820 110  942*188 820 115    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

35590 10/24*195 820 110    0*201 818 120    0*208 815 125    0*218 810 130  934*
35590 10/24*194 819 115    0*200 816 120    0*210 813 120  940*220 809 125  934*
            *** *** ***      *** ***          *** *** ***  *** *** *** *** 

35595 10/25*228 805 100    0*235 801  85    0*241 796  85    0*246 788  90  991*
35595 10/25*228 805  85    0*234 799  70    0*239 793  65    0*244 784  60  991*
                    ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35600 10/26*248 778  95    0*247 768  95    0*246 759 100    0*244 751  95    0*
35600 10/26*247 775  65    0*248 766  75    0*246 759  75    0*244 752  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **              ***          ***  **

35605 10/27*244 745  80    0*253 740  65    0*263 744  40    0*273 735  35    0*
35605 10/27*244 745  55  994*253 743  50    0*264 742  45    0E276 738  40    0*
                     **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

35610 10/28*282 721  30    0*296 696  30    0*317 690  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
35610 10/28E288 728  35    0E300 717  30    0E314 704  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***

35615 HR  

International Landfalls:
10/24/1952 18Z – 22.0N 80.9W – 125 kt – 934 mb – Cuba
10/25/1952 19Z – 24.4N 78.3W – 60 kt – Bahamas (Andros)
10/26/1952 10Z – 24.7N 76.2W – 75 kt – Bahamas (Eleuthera)
10/26/1952 15Z – 24.5N 75.6W – 75 kt – Bahamas (Cat Island)

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Fox, which made a Cuban landfall as a major hurricane.  A major change is made to 
add in an extratropical phase.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, 
NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Perez et al. (2000).

October 19:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.1N, 79.2W located within a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this 
day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 20:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 10.3N, 77.6W located within a trough of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 11.8N, 77.6W.  Microfilm first plots a closed low at 18Z of at most 1008 mb centered near 13.9N, 79.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The outbreak 
of Fox provided another demonstration of the great value of the Microseismic Research Project.  The first positive indications of a tropical disturbance came 
from the microseismic station at Swan Island as early as 1200Z on 20 October.  The surface wind at Swan Island, which was NE force 2 (5 kt), at 1230Z, 20 October 
became NW, force 3 (10 kt), after the [cold] frontal passage” (ATS).

October 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.3N, 80.7W with a dissipating stationary front located from 22N, 83W to 19N, 85W, becoming a cold 
front at 17N, 87W, extending to 16N, 90W to 15N, 93W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.0N, 80.7W.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 
1005 mb centered near 16N, 81.1W with the south end of a cold front located about 200 nmi north of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a large, broad closed 
low of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 17N, 81W.  Aircraft highlights: possible Navy center fix at 2050Z at 17.4N, 82.2W with 1003 mb lowest 
pressure encountered (possible central pressure) and 50 kt max wind encountered (ATS, micro).  “A Navy reconnaissance flight arrived in the area at 2050Z.  The 
plane encountered a heavy squall line and a wind shift at 17.4N, 82.2W.  The max winds were 50 kt and these existed in the southwest portion of the area.  The 
lowest pressure was 1003 mb.  On the return flight the plane penetrated the mild cold front ten nmi north of Grand Cayman Island at 2300Z.  The strongest wind and 
lowest pressure reported from that vicinity on 21 October were at station #725, near Cabo Gracis a Dios, Nicaragua at 1230Z” (ATS). “The last hurricane of the 1952 
season was the most severe.  It developed from a perturbation on the intertropical convergence zone that was first noted in the western Caribbean Sea north of the 
Canal Zone on October 21” (MWR).

October 22:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.0N, 81.9W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 24N, 80W, and the north end of 
a ENE-WSW dissipating cold front located about 120 nmi south of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 16.8N, 82.2W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 17.1N, 82.3W.  ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 16.9N, 81.7W with the SW end of a SW-NE cold front located 
180 nmi NNW of the cyclone.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a hurricane of at most 993 mb centered near the HWM position with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located near 
22N, 84W extending to 24N, 80W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt WNW and 999 mb at 21Z at 17.0N, 82.6W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1745Z at 17.2N, 81.9W 
with 993 mb central pressure and 80 kt max winds (ATS, micro).  Three other flight-level gales between 40-50 kt and two other low pressures between 1001-1004 mb.  
“It increased to hurricane force on the 22nd when it was about 150 miles east of Swan Island” (MWR).  “The 0030Z surface map contained a report from a ship about 85 nmi 
east of Swan Island.  This report showed NW wind force 7 (30 kt) and continuous moderate rain.  The Navy reconnaissance plane arrived in the suspicious area at 1745Z.  
This time a hurricane was found.  The eye, which was centered near 17.2N, 81.9W, was very poorly defined and contained no definite calm area.  The maximum winds of 
80 kt existed in the eastern semicircle and the minimum pressure was now 993 mb.  [Advisory] Number One was issued at 2000Z, 22 October.  At the same time the plane 
reported hurricane force winds, the microseismic amplitude at Swan Island was increasing.  This comparison of reconnaissance and microseismic information is an 
illustration of the value of microseisms in detecting changes of intensity in storms” (ATS).

October 23:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 81.9W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 24N, 80W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 95 kt hurricane at 18.4N, 82.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 18.5N, 81.0W with a 991 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track 
map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 18.2N, 82.1W with the SW end of a cold front 
located at 24N, 80W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position with the southwest end of a SW-NE front located near 23N, 81W.  
Ship highlights: 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 17.2N, 82.8W (COA); 35 kt NW and 1007 mb at 00Z at 17.8N, 83.0W (micro); 40 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z at 16.0N, 84.2W (micro).  
Five other gales of 35 kt.  Land/station highlights: 40-45 kt SSE and 1000 mb at 21Z at Grand Cayman (micro).  One other gale and one other low pressure at Grand Cayman 
between 15-18Z.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1410Z at 18.5N, 82.0W with 942 mb central pressure and 100+ kt winds (ATS, micro); 80 kt SSE at flight-level of 
600 ft and 995 mb at 15Z at 18.7N, 81.3W (micro); center fix (circumnavigation only) during the afternoon at 19.3N, 82.0W with 80-85 kt maximum winds encountered in outer 
periphery (ATS).  “Two Navy reconnaissance flights were scheduled for this date.  The morning flight fixed the center of the hurricane about 75 nmi SW of Grand Cayman at 
1410Z.  The eye was now well-defined and circular.  The minimum pressure was 942 mb.  Severe turbulence and continuous heavy rain were encountered as long as 10 minutes 
prior to and after penetration.  This morning flight returned to the Marina Corps Air Station, Miami, and the pilot and aerologist were interviewed personally by the Officer 
in Charge, Fleet Weather Central.  The pilot and aerologist, both experienced in hurricane and typhoon flying, stated that Fox was the worst storm they had experienced.  
They advised that subsequent reconnaissance flights not attempt penetration but reconnoiter the storm by circumnavigation.  The afternoon reconnaissance heeded this advice 
and circumnavigated the hurricane on the 45 and 70-knot isovels [isotachs?].  The maximum winds encountered on circumnavigation were 80 to 85 kt.  The estimated position of 
the center at 19.5N, 82.0W showed that the storm was still moving northward at a rather slow speed” (ATS).

October 24:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.9N, 81.5W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located near 26N, 76W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
125 kt hurricane at 20.8N, 81.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 80.5W with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR-post season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 21.1N, 81.6W.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 22.3N, 80.8W with the SW end of a cold front located at 
25N, 78W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near the HWM and HURDAT positions with the southwest end of a SW-NE front located 140 nmi NNW 
of the hurricane extending from 23N, 82W to 25N, 79W to 27N, 75W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1011 mb at 00Z at 17.7N, 84.1W (COA, micro).  Land/station highlights: 45 kt 
SSE and 1001 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro); either 934 or 940 mb (min p) at 1630Z at Cayo Guano del Este (21.6N, 81.1W) (MWR, Perez); 155 kt (peak gust at 25 meters) 
around ~1630Z at Cayo Guano del Este (MWR, Perez); gusts of 85 kt reported from several stations in Cienfuegos province (Perez); 981 mb (min p) at Abreu, Cienfuegos, Cuba 
(22.3N, 80.6W) (Perez).  Five other gales between 35-80 kt and five other low pressures between 986-1005 mb.  Boca Chica land-based radar center fixes at 2030, 2230, and 2330Z 
between 22.3-22.6N, 80.6-80.9W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0400, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, 0900, and 0950Z between 19.6-20.3N, 81.4-82.0W (micro); 
Navy center fix at 1534Z at 21.8N, 80.9W with 940 mb central pressure and 130 kt max flight-level winds encountered (ATS, micro).  “All night coverage by Navy radar aircraft 
was provided on 23-24 October by Faetulant.  Very good fixes were obtained throughout the night and the plot of these fixes substantiated the commencement of a slow recurvature 
to the NNE.  The last radar report at 1000Z fixed the eye 170 nmi SSE of Havana, Cuba.  The Navy morning reconnaissance flight again decided on a low-level penetration and 
found the storm at 21.9N, 80.9W, about 25 nmi south of Cuba, at 1534Z.  The eye was circular, well-defined and 18 nmi in diameter.  Winds of 130 kt were encountered 20 nmi SW 
of the eye, with extremely heavy precipitation.  This morning reconnaissance revealed that the storm already had accelerated.  The 1830Z surface map shows the situation shortly 
after the eye went inland near Cienfuegos, Cuba.  Cuba suffered considerable damage as a result of the passage of Fox.  Extensive damage to the principal industries – sugar 
and bananas – and to shipping near the coast was reported.  About 100 people were injured and property damage was well above $3,000,000.  No loss of life was reported” (ATS).  
“It moved northward with increasing intensity and crossed Cuba on the 24th as a very severe small hurricane.  The passage over Cuba was through the rural sugar cane plantation 
section, and it was reported that 36 of Cuba’s 161 sugar mills were in the storm area and suffered damage in addition to the heavy damage to the cane crops.  The largest 
community struck was the inland town of Aguada de Pasajeros (25,000 population) where about 600 homes were destroyed, and a thousand or more damaged.  No lives were lost.  
Strongest winds reported 180 mph and lowest pressure 933.6 mb at Cayo Guano del Este” (MWR).  “This was by far the most severe hurricane of the season when it reached the 
south Cuban coast 30 or 40 miles west of Cienfuegos.  Lowest pressure was 933.6 mb and maximum wind gusts reached 170 and 180 mph at the official weather station on Cayo Guano 
del Este just off the south Cuban coast.  Aircraft flying into the hurricane [south of Cuba] reported torrential rain driven with such force by the wind that the paint was 
stripped from the nose and all leading surfaces of the plane, and turbulence was the most severe the crew had ever experienced.  Fortunately, no very large communities were hit 
in Cuba, but the rural areas affected were severely damaged” (MWR).  Perez indicates a Category 4 landfall for Cuba with 936 mb central pressure (from a 940 mb observation) and 
estimated 120 kt max sustained winds.  "Maxima intensidad cerca de Cayo Guano del Este. Grandes danos” (Perez).

October 25:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.7N, 79.5W with the southwest end of a SW-NE stationary front located 170 nmi NNE of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists 
this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 79.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HWM position with a 993 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near the HWM and HURDAT positions.  ATS at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.8N, 79.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near the positions of all the above sources.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 28.3N, 79.8W (COA, micro).  
Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 22.5N, 79.4W (micro); 25 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 21Z at Nassau (25.1N, 77.4W) (micro, ATS), 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 21Z 
at Andros Island (24.2N, 77.7W) (micro).  One other low pressure of 1003 mb at Andros Island.  Boca Chica land-based radar center fixes at 0030, 0130, 0230, 0430, 0530, 0630, 
and 0830Z between 22.7-23.7N, 79.7-80.6W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0250, 0346, 0408, 0500, 0600, 0700, 0800, and 0900Z between 23.2-23.7N, 79.4-79.8W 
(micro); Navy center fix [probably bad] at 1305Z at 23.7N, 79.3W with 995 mb lowest pressure encountered and 100 kt max flight-level winds encountered at 500 ft (ATS, micro); 
Navy center fix at 2005Z at 24.7N, 77.8W with 991 mb central pressure and 40 kt winds reported (ATS, micro).  “Hurricane Fox lost much of its violence in crossing Cuba, but 
retained winds of 100 mph or better as it moved on an erratic course through the Bahama Islands” (MWR).  “Moving at a speed of 10 kt, the hurricane was over water again on 
the 0030Z surface analysis.  Navy radar coverage was again provided throughout the night.  On the radar the storm had a diffuse eye with precipitation bands existing only in 
the northern quadrant.  The passage over land evidently had affected the size and intensity of the storm.  At the surface the circulation of Fox extended over southern Florida… 
however the winds were quite light.  Two Navy reconnaissance flights were made from Miami on 25 October.  The morning flight located the eye about 140 nmi SE of Miami.  The SW 
quadrant appeared quite weak and clear, however, winds in excess of 100 kt were found in the NE quadrant.  The afternoon flight penetrated the storm at 2005Z and centered the 
well-defined, circular eye just east of Andros Island.  The lowest pressure was 991 mb.  Fox had crossed the center of Andros Island, Bahamas, between the two reconnaissance fixes.  
It was now on an ENE course and passing very close to Nassau.  Nassau, being only 30 nmi from the northern edge of the eye at the closest point, experienced maximum winds of only 25 kt!  
It was apparent that Fox had not recovered from its passage over Cuba and that its eventual complete dissipation was a matter of time” (ATS). 

October 26:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 75.0W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE stationary front located 80 nmi northeast of the cyclone extending from 26N, 
74W to 28N, 67W to 29N, 61W.  A W-E cold front is also plotted from 31N, 77W to 31N, 65W.  HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 24.6N, 75.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 76.0W with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 18Z analyzes a 
tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.6N, 75.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzed a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position with a W-E frontal 
boundary located about 240 nmi north of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 27.9N, 74.2W.  A few other gales of 35 kt possibly related to the circulation 
far away from the center.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt E and 1002 mb at 01Z at Nassau (micro); 95 kt SE (estimated) and 1000 mb at 0745Z at Eleuthera (25.1N, 76.2W) (micro); 
83 (kt or mph?) S at either 15 or 16Z Cat Island (24.3N, 75.4W) (ATS, micro); 50 kt SW at 2120Z at San Salvador (24.0N, 74.5W).  14 other gales between 35-85 kt and 14 other low 
pressures between 1000-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix [probably bad] at 1425Z at 24.8N, 76.3W with 994 mb lowest pressure encountered and 50 kt max winds 
(ATS, micro); 95 kt WSW flight-level max at 1630Z (micro); Air Force center fix at 2118Z at 24.4N, 74.8W with 994 mb central pressure and 65 kt max winds (ATS, micro).  Two other
 gales of 35-60 kt and two other low pressures of 995-998 mb.  “In the Bahamas, winds of 100 mph or a little higher attended the erratic course.  The station at Cat Island reported
 110 mph for the strongest wind, and about 100 mph was reached on Watling and Eleuthera Islands, and a few other.  In the southern part of Eleuthera Island crops suffered severe 
damage from wind and heavy rain.  It is estimated that 30% of the tomato crop was destroyed” (MWR).  Regarding the track… “The erratic swing to east and east-southeast was not 
indicated by meteorological conditions, and even more unusual was its swing back northward to its normal course after reaching the vicinity of Watling Island” (MWR).  “During the 
night, reports of hurricane force winds began to arrive from the eastern-most islands of the Bahamas group.  Shortly after midnight (Miami time) a report of 100 kt of wind was 
received from Eleuthera Island.  Fox had to be considered as still a dangerous hurricane until more complete information was received.  It was evident that such information had 
to come from a reconnaissance flight since the reports from the Bahamas and ships in the vicinity on the current maps showed light to moderate winds for the most part.  The Air 
Force at Bermuda was now assuming the primary reconnaissance duty.  The morning flight found a well-defined circulation centered at 24.8N, 76.3W.  The maximum winds, however, were 
50 kt and these occurred only in squalls.  The afternoon reconnaissance located the storm at 24.4N, 74.8W and observed maximum winds of 65 kt in the NE quadrant.  The flight 
aerologists described the active storm area as a crescent-shaped arc 70 nmi from the center in the southern semicircle.  At 1100 (Miami time) a report of 83 kt of wind was received 
from Cat Island.  During the afternoon, San Salvador reported increasing winds and a falling barometer.  Eleuthera, Cat, and San Salvador Islands, which lie in a NW-SE line, obviously 
were experiencing successively the passage of squalls in the active storm area described by the afternoon reconnaissance.  The Fleet Weather Central held the theory that the storm 
was weakening and consisted now of a slow-moving small center and a squall line which was moving ahead of the center to the east and which contained the most severe weather and the 
highest winds” (ATS).

October 27:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 74.9W with the west end of a W-E warm front located about 140 nmi north of the cyclone extending from 30N, 75W 
to 30N, 70W to 29N, 65W to 29N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 74.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 73.1W with 
a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS at 18Z analyses a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.4N, 75.4W 
with a warm front extending from the low east-northeastward and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes two closed lows along a frontal 
boundary- one of at most 1011 mb centered near 29.6N, 70.1W, and the other of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.9N, 75.2W.  At 18Z, microfilm analyzes the first low of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 29.5N, 68.3W, and the other low is of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.9N, 74.7W (the 18Z HURDAT position is 27.3N, 73.5W).  Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 
00Z at 27.0N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 1012 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 74.0W (micro); 35 kt NE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 28.0N, 75.7W (COA); 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb (pressure looks too low) at 18Z 
at 29.7N, 74.4W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 35 kt NNE and 0007Z at San Salvador (micro).  Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix at 1437Z at 25.9N, 75.2W with 1008 mb 
lowest pressure encountered and 45 kt max winds (ATS, micro).  “After clearing the Bahamas the storm swung back north to resume a more normal course, it was joined by an old polar 
front and become a wave disturbance of extratropical character” (MWR).  “The Air Force provided the morning reconnaissance of 27 October and found a diffuse eye at 25.9N, 75.2W.  This 
position was about 80 nmi NNW of the fix of the previous afternoon.  The maximum winds encountered were 45 kt in the SE quadrant and the minimum pressure had risen to 1008 mb.  A 
search of the area of the reconnaissance plane failed to disclose any indication of a closed circulation.  The degeneration of Hurricane Fox was now evident.  The remnants of the 
organized storm were drifting slowly north-northwestward toward an area of falling pressure tendencies near a front.  Fox was extratropical on the 1830Z surface analysis of 27 October.  
The frontal wind shifts and temperature discontinuities were becoming more marked and Fox was becoming the westernmost cell of an elongated low which extended eastward to an open wave 
about 180 nmi SW of Bermuda.  After 1830Z, 27 October, the open wave, which had been Fox, began to move northeastward” (ATS).

October 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 31.0N, 72.5W with a warm front plotted from 35N, 70W southeastward to 32N, 64W to 30N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt 
tropical depression at 31.7N, 69.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated, but closed low along a frontal 
boundary of at most 1008 mb centered in the general vicinity of 31.2N, 69.8W.  Ship highlights (through 12Z only): 35 kt ENE at 00Z at 29.0N, 76.0W (COA).  “It moved northeastward 
thereafter as a disturbance of no great violence and passed to the northwest of Bermuda on October 28” (MWR).  “The last [advisories] on Fox were issued on the morning of 28 October” (ATS).

October 29:
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 41.3N, 55.2W [not sure if this is the remnant of Fox].  This low 
is located in the warm sector of a powerful extratropical cyclone of at most 987 mb centered near 46.6N, 64W.  “The wave passed 100 nmi north of Bermuda on 29 October” (ATS).

October 30:
“On 30 October the open wave lost its identity as a separate circulation and become imbedded in the much stronger circulation of a deep North Atlantic low” (ATS).

The disturbance that became Hurricane Fox originated in the western Caribbean Sea as many historical hurricanes have in the month of October.  HURDAT begins this system on 20 October 
at 12Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 11.8N, 77.6W.  Observations back on the 19th show that a closed circulation did not yet exist on that day.  On the 20th, observations show a 
weak circulation beginning to take shape.  No change is made to the timing of genesis or to the intensity at genesis, but the position is moved a few tenths of a degree southward to 
11.4N, 77.7W.  No major track changes are made to this system until the 28th during an extratropical phase (discussed later).  While the circulation was still weak, it moved northward 
at a modest speed, but by the 21st at 18Z, it began to slow down when it reached a location near 16.6N, 81.8W.  The highest wind recorded from genesis through the 21st at 18Z was 25 kt 
and the lowest pressure recorded during that time was 1008 mb.  On the 21st, the center of the cyclone passed about 60-75 nmi northeast of ship 6583 (COA).  The ship was sailing 
southeastward.  The wind shifted from 15 kt N and 1010 mb at 12Z on the 21st to 15 kt SW and 1010 mb at 18Z on the 21st.  On 21 October at 2050Z, aircraft reconnaissance encountered 
a lowest pressure of 1003 mb and 50 kt maximum winds.  The recon crew reported a sharp wind shift with the 1003 mb lowest pressure encountered, but they weren’t 100% sure it was definitely 
the center.  Ship data suggest that the center may have been located a few dozen nmi farther to the SSE.  If the 1003 mb value was indeed a central pressure, 1003 mb yields 41 kt 
according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 45 kt is chosen for 18Z on the 21st (down from 50 kt originally).  No change is made to the 
time this cyclone became a tropical storm (12Z on the 21st).  Since it is possible that the 1003 mb pressure may have been correct, the value is retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 21st.  
Fox moved slowly north-northwestward, and then it moved slowly northward.  It passed west of Grand Cayman on the 23rd and moved north-northeastward toward the south-central coast of 
Cuba.  The largest track change during the period from genesis through the 24th is over 1.3 degrees at 00Z on the 22nd.  Although the original HURDAT position is not moved quite as 
far NNW as the recon fix from 21/205Z, the recon fix is weighted significantly. .Some 30 kt winds were observed from ships and Swan Island from late on the 21st through 12Z on the 22nd.  
On the 22nd at 1745Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 993 mb.  The 993 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 22nd is retained.  A central pressure of 993 mb 
yields 59 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  Maximum flight-level winds encountered were 80 kt at 600 ft.  Fox was moving with a forward speed at only 
4 kt.  A 60 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 22nd (down from 75 kt originally).  The first ship gale was recorded at 21Z on the 22nd (40 kt with a 999 mb pressure 40 to 45 nmi from 
the interpolated analyzed center).  On the 23rd at 1410Z, a central pressure of 942 mb was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd.  
A 942 mb central pressure equals 121 kt according to the intensifying subset of the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW was average and the speed was still slow.  Intensities 
of 110 and 115 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 23rd (up to 95 and 100 kt originally).  Fox is analyzed to have become a hurricane by 00Z on the 23rd (12 hours later than originally).  
Fox is analyzed to have become a major hurricane by 12Z on the 23rd (six hours earlier than originally).  Observations from Grand Cayman late on the 23rd indicate that this intense 
hurricane was very small (strong winds did not extend very far outward from the center).  On the 24th at 1534Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 940 mb, and this 
value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 24th.  A central pressure of 940 mb equals 121 kt according to the southern-pressure wind relationship.  The RMW was average and the speed had 
increased to about 9 kt.  Hurricane Fox passed near or over Cayo Guano Del Este lighthouse (21.6 to 21.7N, 81.0 to 81.1W) at 1630Z on the 24th and it is analyzed to have made landfall 
in mainland Cuba at 18Z on 24 October.  MWR states that the minimum pressure recorded at Cayo Guano Del Este was 933.6 mb, but Perez states that 940 mb was the minimum pressure experienced 
at 1630Z.  Perez estimates a central pressure of 936 mb based on the 940 mb observation.  Therefore, Perez believes that the 940 mb observation was not a central pressure observation.  
The analyzed central pressure should be either 934 or 936 mb, depending on whether the MWR or the Perez information is used.  (Maybe the 934 mb was a pressure not adjusted to sea-level, 
but there is no information on this).  The 934 mb central pressure in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is retained.  The highest wind gusts reported at Cayo Guano Del Este are 151 kt (Perez) and 
157 kt (MWR).  It is not certain whether these wind gusts were measured or estimated.  If they were measured, this lighthouse is about 25 m tall, and the anemometer can be assumed to be 
at a height of 25 m.  Regardless, this uncertain wind gust information cannot be used to determine the intensity.  The 934 mb central pressure yields intensities of 126 and 129 kt according 
to the southern pressure-wind relationship and its intensifying subset respectively.  HURDAT previously showed landfall with a 130 kt intensity.  Perez recommends a 120 kt landfall intensity.  
A 125 kt intensity is chosen for the 16Z landfall on Cayo Guano Del Este and the 18Z landfall in mainland Cuba.  Therefore, the landfall intensity (which is also the peak intensity for 
Hurricane Fox) is reduced from 130 to 125 kt.  Fox was over Cuba until 02Z on the 25th.  The center was tracked by radar fixes from the Boca Chica land-based radar while it was over land, 
and when it emerged back over water, aircraft made radar fixes during the night.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria Inland Decay Model yields 78 kt for 00Z on the 25th, and 85 kt is chosen 
for the 00Z intensity (down from 100 kt originally).  All information indicates that rapid filling occurred as soon as Fox made landfall in Cuba.  On the 25th, Fox curved from 
north-northeastward to eastward.  It passed over Andros Island from 19Z to 22Z on the 25th.  On the 25th at 2005Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 991 mb along 
the east coast of Andros Island.  The 991 mb central pressure value is retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 25th.  A central pressure of 991 mb yields 62 kt according to the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 58 kt north of 25N.  A 60 kt intensity is analyzed for 18Z on the 25th (down from 90 kt originally- a major change).  As Fox continued moving eastward 
through the Bahamas,  Eleuthera experienced strong winds and pressures down to 1000 mb during the pre-dawn hours of the 26th.  All winds reported from Eleuthera were estimated after 
04Z and should not be considered official winds.  At 1425Z on the 26th, aircraft apparently fixed the center and measured a central pressure of 994 mb.  However, other data indicates 
that this fix was in error and a 994 mb central pressure in not added to HURDAT.  Cat Island reported hurricane force winds at 15 or 16Z on the 26th.  At 1630Z, aircraft reconnaissance 
reported 95 kt flight-level winds.  At 1930Z, San Salvador recorded winds of 45 to 50 kt, and a rather interesting wind shift of nearly 180 degrees was observed there.  At about the same 
time, at 2118Z on the 26th, a central pressure of 994 mb was recorded by aircraft reconnaissance, and this value is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 27th.  A central pressure of 994 mb yields 
58 and 53 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  The center fix by aircraft reconnaissance was eight-tenths of a degree north of San Salvador.  A 
position halfway between San Salvador and aircraft fix is analyzed for that time.  Analyzed intensities on the 26th are 65, 75, 75, and 70 kt (down from 95, 95, 100, and 95 kt- all major 
changes).  A 55 kt intensity is analyzed from 00Z on the 27th (down from 80 kt originally).  Fox is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 27th (12 hours earlier than 
originally).  It is difficult to track the cyclone on the 27th after it left the Bahamas.  Observations indicate that the circulation of Fox became elongated as frontal features began to 
take shape.  On the 27th at 18Z, ship data indicates that Fox was still a rather distinct cyclone about eight-tenths of a degree west of the previous HURDAT position.  It is analyzed that 
Fox became extratropical at 18Z on the 27th.  This is a new addition to HURDAT, as HURDAT did not previously show an extratropical phase.  The only major track change is made at 06Z on the 
28th.  The position is moved 2,1 degrees west of the previous HURDAT position, and this is indicated by a few ship observations.  No change is made to the timing of dissipation, which 
occurred at 12Z on the 28th at 31.4N, 70.4W as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone.

Additional quote:
“The excellent warning service is given credit for the fact that no lives were lost.  Commander Millas of the National Observatory at Havana gave the Miami Hurricane Central the best 
possible cooperation, and the special surface and upper air observations furnished from Cuban stations made the excellent warnings possible.  This was another of those very small but 
very severe hurricanes from the western Caribbean for which October is famous” (MWR).
*******************************************************************************

1952 Storm 11 (new to HURDAT)

35565 11/24/1952 M= 7 11 SNBR= 785 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
35570 11/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E225 600  30    0*
35570 11/25E232 585  35    0E241 570  40    0E251 560  45    0E260 553  45    0*
35570 11/26*267 550  45    0*274 548  45  992*280 553  45    0*284 565  45    0*
35570 11/27*288 580  50    0*292 593  50    0*293 603  50    0*290 613  50    0*
35570 11/28*284 623  50    0*278 626  50    0*272 627  50    0*269 627  45    0*
35570 11/29*266 624  45    0*263 613  40    0*262 602  40    0*262 588  35    0*
35570 11/30*262 576  35    0*265 570  30    0*267 567  30    0E270 563  30    0*
35570 TS

HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows COADS, Jack Beven’s list of suspects, and David Roth’s list of potential systems indicates that a tropical storm, previously undocumented 
to HURDAT, occurred during late November in the central Atlantic Ocean.

November 23:
HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.8N, 61.3W with a stationary front extending from the low east-northeastward to 25N, 50W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.1N, 65.1W with a 1010 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 21.0N, 65.0W.  
No gales or low pressures.

November 24:
HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1010 mb between 19-24N, 55-64W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 24N, 46W and a stationary front extending 
from the low southwestward to 18N, 66W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.8N, 60.7W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 25 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 22.5N, 58.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

November 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.5N, 55.7W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 25N, 46W and a cold front extending from the low 
southwestward to 18N, 65W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.5N, 57.1W with a 1000 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 35 kt extratropical 
cyclone at 24.5N, 56.5W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.4N, 56.1W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1002 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 56.7W 
(micro, “Saxton Star”); 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 26.7N, 54.5W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 26.2N, 55.7W (micro, “Saxton Star”); 35 kt ENE and 1002 mb 
at 18Z at 27.0N, 53.7W (COA, micro).

November 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 26.8N, 58.0W.  An occluded front extends from 29N, 58W to a triple point at 29N, 55W.  A stationary front extends from 
the triple point eastward to 27N, 44W, and a dissipating cold front extends from the triple point to 27N, 54W to 25N, 54W to 22N, 55W becoming a cold front at 21N, 56W extending 
southwestward to 17N, 65W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.6N, 57.7W with a 995 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 40 kt extratropical 
cyclone at 28.0N, 56.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 27.8N, 56.0W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 995 mb at 26.5N 55.2W (COA, “Saxton Star”); 
30 kt W and 1003 mb at 00Z at 24.6N, 56.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 994 mb at at 06Z at 27.4N 54.5W (COA, “Saxton Star”); 20 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 28.0N, 57.2W (COA); 30 kt S and 
999 mb at 12Z at 27.7N, 55.4W (HWM, micro, COA, “Saxton Star” – position appears to be in error – transposed – and should be 54.5W); 30 kt S and 1002 mb at 18Z at 26.6N, 55.8W 
(COA, micro); 35 kt SE and 1013 mb at 18Z at 28.5N, 54.5W (COA, “Saxton Star”).  Six other low pressures.

November 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.6W.  The WNW end of a WNW-ESE dissipating stationary front is located 120 nmi ENE of the cyclone.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.1N, 59.1W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 28.5N, 60.5W.  Microfilm 
at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 59.2W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt N and 1001 mb at 06Z at 29.3N, 61.3W (COA); 40 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 
30.0N, 62.0W (COA); 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 30.7N, 63.2W (COA).  Three other low pressures.  Aircraft highlights:  40 kt N surface winds with 1007 mb at 1025Z at 27.9N 52.7W (micro).

November 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N, 61.9W.  The west end of a W-E warm front is located more than 300 nmi east of the cyclone.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 62.6W with a 997 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 50 kt subtropical storm at 26.5N, 62.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 27.0N, 61.3W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 31.5N, 64.8W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1001 mb at 00Z at 27.5N, 64.0W (COA); 
40 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 12Z at 28.1N, 62.0W (COA, HWM, micro); 35 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 27.8N, 63.6W (COA).

November 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.3N, 59.3W.  A warm front is plotted from 32N, 57W to 29N, 52W becoming a dissipating stationary front at 27N, 50W 
extending to 23N, 43W.  Also, a cold front is approaching from the northwest as is located 400 nmi NW of the cyclone.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 28.8N, 61.9W with a 1002 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 45 kt subtropical storm at 26.5N, 59.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in the 
general vicinity of 25.7N, 61.2W with a cold front approaching from the northwest.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1006 mb at 18Z at 27.3N, 58.4W (COA).

November 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.3N, 56.6W.  A cold front approaching from the northwest is now located about 110 nmi NW of the cyclone.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.8N, 58.4W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Roth at 12Z lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 34.0N, 50.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 26.1N, 56.2W with fronts encroaching on the cyclone from the NNE and SW, each located about 120 nmi from the cyclone.  Ship 
highlights: 30 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 06Z at 25.1N, 55.9W (COA).

December 1:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 00Z near 26.8N, 55.7W.

On 23 November, the tail end of a front was located a few hundred nmi north of the Virgin Islands.  A large, broad, extratropical low formed along this front on 24 October.  This 
cyclone is started at 18Z on 24 November as a 30 kt extratropical low at 22.5N, 60.5W.  The low intensified to a 45 kt extratropical cyclone by 12Z on the 25th as it moved northeastward 
to a position of 25.2N, 56.0W.  The cyclone moved northward and transitioned to a tropical cyclone at 00Z on the 26th at 26.7N 55.0W.  Although no gales were observed on the 26th, 
gales were observed on every other day from the 25th through the 28th.  On the 26th, a 994 mb pressure was recorded with winds of 15 kt by a ship – the “Saxton Star” at 06Z.  This 
indicates that the system did develop an inner core on the 26th within a warm, low temperature gradient environment.  These observations indicate a central pressure of 992 mb, which 
suggests maximum winds of 56 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Due to slow motion of the system and the environmental low pressure, a 45 kt 
intensity is analyzed at all times on the 26th.  Then the tropical storm moved west-northwestward to 29.3N, 60.3W by 12Z on the 27th.  On the 27th, winds as high as 50 kt and peripheral 
pressures as low as 1001 mb were recorded by ships.  An aircraft measured 40 kt N winds in the western periphery of the cyclone at 1025Z.  The analyzed intensity of the tropical 
storm is 50 kt at all times on the 27th.  The cyclone moved southwestward to 27.2N, 62.7W by 12Z on the 28th.  Winds as high as 40 kt and pressures as low as 1001 mb were recorded 
on the 28th.  A peak intensity of 50 kt is analyzed from 00Z on the 27th through 18Z on the 28th.  Then, the cyclone made a southeastward turn, reaching a point of 26.2N, 60.2W by 
the 29th at 12Z.  The tropical storm did not move much on the 30th as a cold front approached from the northwest.  No gales or low pressures were observed on the 29th or 30th for 
the remainder of the lifetime of the cyclone.  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 35 kt tropical storm by 00Z on the 30th.  The cyclone was absorbed and dissipated by a 
cold front early on 1 December.  The final point before the cyclone was absorbed is 18Z on 30 November at 26.4N, 56.0W as a 35 kt tropical storm.  The circulation of this cyclone 
was large throughout its lifetime and likely would have been considered to be a subtropical storm using the classification system of today if satellite imagery were available.
*******************************************************************************

1952 additional notes

1)

HWM, microfilm, and the MWR tracks of lows indicate that a weak, non-frontal low existed in the west-central Atlantic Ocean from 24-26 April.  No gales or low pressures were 
found, even after obtaining the COADS data.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Apr 24		23N	64W		Broad low/trough
Apr 25		28N	68W		Broad low/trough
Apr 26		33N	69W		Broad low/trough
Apr 27					Absorbed by frontal system

2)

Hector (1975) indicates that a “low pressure system formed SE of Swan Island with a central pressure of 1005 mb [on the 11th].  On the 12th, it was located NE of Grand Cayman
 Island where it had weakened and its central pressure had risen to 1009 mb” (Hector).  There are no other sources that indicate a disturbance of any kind, and there are no gales, 
low pressures, or observations that would indicate a closed circulation in the area.  Thus, this is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 11	16N	82W		Weak low
May 12	20N	80W		Weak low

3)

David Roth’s list of potential suspects and Ryan Truchelut’s (FSU grad student) warm anomaly study indicate that an extratropical low pressure system developed over the northern 
Bahamas on 1 July.  By the 3rd, these sources indicate the system was no longer extratropical and it had a closed circulation.  It crossed the Florida peninsula on the 3rd from 
east to west before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico.  A search through observations over Florida from the climatological summaries and microfilm reveals that there were no gales 
recorded on land.  No gales or low pressures were recorded during the entire tropical portion of the lifetime of this system.  Thus, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 01					Open trough
Jul 02		28N	78W		Extratropical
Jul 03		26N	83W		Tropical Depression
Jul 04		24N	88W		Tropical Depression
Jul 05					Dissipated

4)

HWM, microfilm, COADS, climatological data summaries from NCDC, and Truchelut’s warm anomaly study indicate that a sharp trough or easterly wave containing squally weather moved 
across the western half of the Gulf of Mexico on 15-16 July and moved inland over Texas and Mexico on the 17th.  Aircraft reconnaissance flights on the 15th and 16th find an 
elongated, squally trough over the western Gulf of Mexico with lowest pressure 1005 mb on the 15th and 1004 mb on the 14th.  The land-based radar in Freeport, TX also does not 
show a tropical cyclone on its scope but does show squall lines containing heavy rain according to human observers there.  Highest 1-minute winds recorded at Corpus Christi and 
Galveston were 35 and 37 kt respectively.  The lowest pressure recorded from a land station in Texas was 1007 mb.  Hourly observations obtained from Texas coastal cities reveal 
that no tropical cyclone made landfall on the Texas coast.  There were no wind shifts or pressure drops suggesting the passage of a tropical cyclone.  The strongest winds were 
behind the wave axis and were recorded well after the lowest pressures.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 15			Open wave/trough along 92W from 32N-18N
Jul 16			Open wave/trough along 95W from 32N-20N
Jul 17			Open wave/trough along 99W from 31N-20W
Jul 18			Open wave/trough along 103W 

5)

HWM shows a small, weak low in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean on 27 July.  On the 27th, the low was closed with temperatures in the 70s surrounding it.  No gales or low pressures 
were observed in association with the low for the entire duration of its lifetime.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Jul 27		38N	36W		Tropical Depression
Jul 28		41N	33W		Broad low/trough
Jul 29					Dissipated

6)

HWM, COADS, and Ryan Truchelut’s study indicate that a tropical wave emerged off of Africa on 12 August and traveled westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean during the next 
several days.  COADS data suggests that it may have attained a closed circulation by the 14th, and Truchelut’s data indicates a possible closed circulation on the 15th.  No gales 
or low pressures are found with this system from the 12th through the 18th, which is all of the days that were searched.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.  Note that points 
listed below from 15 to 18 August are somewhat uncertain due to lack of data.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 12		5-24N	18W		Tropical wave
Aug 13		14N	23W		Broad low/wave
Aug 14		13N	28W		Tropical depression
Aug 15		14N	32W		Tropical depression
Aug 16		15N	35W		Broad low/wave
Aug 17		15N	38W		Broad low/wave
Aug 18		17N	40W		Broad low/wave

7)

HWM, microfilm, and Shernan and Carino (1952) indicate that a broad area of elongated low pressure or a trough was present in the Gulf of Mexico on 28 August.  On the 28th at 12Z, 
a 35 kt east wind was observed with a 1013 mb pressure at 28.7N, 93.7W but other observations very close to this ship reported lower winds.  One low pressure of 1005 mb was observed 
at 12Z on the 28th plotted on microfilm much further south in the central Gulf of Mexico.  The trough split into two areas of slightly low pressure on the 29th.  One moved inland on 
the Gulf coast and one continued southward.  Neither of these are analyzed to have become tropical cyclones, and neither system is added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 28		26N	93W		Broad low/trough
Split into 2 broad lows/areas of troughiness
Aug 29 area 1: 30N	86W		Broad low/trough
Aug 29 area 2: 24N	93W		Broad low/trough
Aug 30 area 1: 35N	87W		Broad low/trough
Aug 30 area 2: 24N	93W		Broad low/trough
Aug 31 area 1: 			Dissipated
Aug 31 area 2:				Dissipated

8)

Lott (1952) describes a severe flooding rain event that occurred in Texas on September 9th and 10th.  Lott suggests that one of the key ingredients that produced this flood was a 
tropical wave that moved westward into Texas from the Gulf of Mexico.  HWM, microfilm, and COADS indicate that some squally weather was present in the western Gulf of Mexico during 
the time that would be consistent with a wave moving into northern Mexico and/or southern Texas late on the 9th.  Ryan Truchelut’s study indicates a tropical wave with warm signature 
anomalies near 20N, 73W on 2 September, and this anomaly is tracked westward to the Bay of Campeche by 7 September.  It is possible this was the precursor to the rain event in Texas.  
HWM on the 3rd indicates a tropical wave or spot low near 17N, 80W.  On the 8th, HWM analyzes two areas of interest- one near 25N, 94W, and the other near 21N, 88W.  Even after 
obtaining all data, it is difficult to track a coherent vortex, and data indicates this was an open wave.  Although the system produced pressure falls of about 3 mb over the Gulf 
of Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, there were no gales or low pressures observed with this system, either over the ocean or over Texas.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 08		23N	89W		Broad low/trough
Sep 09		25N	94W		Broad low/trough
Sep 10		32N, 97W to 22N 99W Open trough
Sep 11					Dissipated

9)

HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a low formed along a dissipating frontal boundary near 28N, 78W on 10 September.  Later on the 10th, 
the low occluded and drifted west-northwestward.  Some gales of 35-45 kt were reported on the 10th through 00Z on the 11th.  On the 11th, observations indicate that this low was still 
occluded as it moved closer to the coastline near the Florida/Georgia border.  By the time the low reached the coast just after 12Z, the circulation was very weak.  No gales were 
reported from any land stations.  Although several gales were reported on the 10th through 00Z on the 11th, it is analyzed that this system never became a tropical cyclone.  During 
the time when the gales were recorded, it was frontal and then occluded.  Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 10		28N	78W		Extratropical
Sep 11		30N	80W		Weak low	
Sep 12					Dissipated

10)

Analyses and a few observations in HWM and on microfilm suggest that a broad area of low pressure or a pressure trough existed in the Gulf of Mexico from 10-13 September.  At 18Z 
on the 12th, microfilm interesting analyzes a closed low near Vera Cruz.  Pressures of 1004 and 1003 mb are observed, but the winds are light and environmental pressures are low.  
It is more likely that this remained a NNE-SSW open trough the Gulf of Mexico rather than an organized area of low pressure.  There are no observed gales in this area associated 
with this trough from the 10th through the 13th, and a closed circulation is difficult to confirm from available observations.   It is possible, but not confirmed, that this suspect 
may be one in the same with suspect #8.  This system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 10		24N	93W		Broad low/trough
Sep 11		21N	93W		Broad low/trough		
Sep 12		19N	94W		Broad low/trough
Sep 13		31N 91W to 15N 98W   Open trough
Sep 14					Dissipated

11)

HWM and COADS data indicate a compact, closed low with winds of at least 30 kt and temperatures in the 70s centered near 44N, 32W on 14 September.  This low probably formed along 
a frontal boundary associated with an eastward-moving mid-latitude cyclone, but there is the possibility that this could have been an early recurving tropical cyclone.  The COADS 
data from 12th and 13th were obtained for a wide area of the Atlantic, but no data was found to indicate a disturbance on the 12th or 13th.  The former scenario is used in this 
case- that this low was developing along a frontal boundary which already existed, although observations show that there was not a temperature gradient across the low.  On the 14th, 
only one gale could be found at 18Z, but this gale is too far away from the center of the cyclone and lies in a region with a high synoptic pressure gradient.  Thus, this system is 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 14		44N	32W		Extratropical
Sep 15		45N	32W		Extratropical
Sep 16	Absorbed by a frontal wave which later became additional note #12

12)

HWM, COADS, David Roth’s list of potential systems, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a frontal wave in the North Atlantic Ocean became an extratropical cyclone on the 
17th with an intensity of about 35 kt.  This extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have transitioned to a tropical cyclone by the 19th through at least the 21st.  By the 22nd, the 
tropical cyclone was very weak and by the 23rd it was dissipated.  There are three observed gales of 35 kt (two on the 19th and one on the 20th) after the cyclone lost its extratropical 
characteristics, but two of them are too far away from the center to be considered representative of the circulation.  Since only one gale is observed near the center of circulation, 
this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 17		49N	34W		Extratropical
Sep 18		43N	30W		Extratropical
Sep 19		39N	33W		Tropical depression
Sep 20		39N	35W		Tropical depression 
Sep 21		41N	36W		Tropical depression
Sep 22		46N	37W		Tropical depression
Sep 23					Dissipated

13)

Microfilm shows a ship observation of 40 kt with 1009 mb at 0330Z on 25 September at 21.5N, 96.5W.  The ship’s lowest pressure of 1007.5 mb occurred on the 24th at 2000Z.  All 
available data including COADS on the 24th and 25th does not reveal any other gales or low pressures.  The data also does not reveal any signs of a significant disturbance.  Since 
there is only one piece of evidence and since there are no other signs of a disturbance, a system cannot be added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 25 00Z	21N	96W		Squall

14)

HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and climatological data summaries indicate that an extratropical cyclone, which formed over the Gulf of Mexico on the 19th, moved eastward 
and passed over Florida on the 20th and 21st before moving off into the Atlantic on the 22nd.  Gales were reported from several official Weather Bureau stations including Downtown 
Miami, Miami Airport, Tampa, Daytona Beach, and Jacksonville.  Miami WBO recorded 52 kt (max w/1-min/elevated) (45 kt at 10 m), and Jacksonville recorded 49 kt (max w/1-min/elevated) 
(47 kt at 10 m).  Since all data sources indicate that this system was extratropical, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 19		26N	86W		Extratropical
Oct 20		27N	83W		Extratropical
Oct 21		27N	78W		Extratropical	
Oct 22		27N	74W		Extratropical
Oct 23					Open trough/front

15)

Observations mainly from HWM and also from COADS and microfilm indicate that a disturbance in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on 29 October moved west-northwestward.  It appears to 
have attained a closed circulation by the 31st near 13N, 83W.  Observations on microfilm maps outline the system fairly well from 2 November at 06Z through 3 November at 00Z as it 
moves over the Yucatan Peninsula; observations from HWM alone to locate the position on the 2nd are not sufficient compared to observations on microfilm maps over land.  The one 
gale observed with this system- 40 kt- is found in COADS from a ship 350 nmi north of the center.  The highest available wind observation directly associated with this system is 
30 kt and the lowest observed pressure was 1007 mb (with simultaneous 20 kt wind).  This system was likely at least a tropical depression and could have been a tropical storm.  
Since the only piece of evidence is a gale located too far away, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 29		13N	76W		Weak low
Oct 30		13N	79W		Weak low
Oct 31		14N	83W		Tropical depression
Nov 01		16N	85W		Tropical depression
Nov 02		18N	89W		Tropical depression
Nov 03		19N	93W		Remnant low
Nov 04					Dissipated

16)

Jack Beven’s list of suspects, David Roth’s list of potential systems, and HWM indicate that an extratropical cyclone over the northeastern Atlantic lost its frontal characteristics 
late on 4 November with temperatures surrounding the cyclone of near 70 degrees.  It could have been a tropical cyclone on the 4th and 5th before being absorbed on the 6th.  The 
only gale directly associated with this system occurred at 00Z on the 4th.  Since there is only one piece of evidence, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 03		34N	36W		Extratropical
Nov 04		32N	34W		Extratropical
Nov 05		34N	35W		Tropical depression
Nov 06					Absorbed

17)

HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that a non-frontal, but broad, closed low was moving slowly northward in the subtropical central 
Atlantic Ocean on 3 and 4 November.  There were observed pressures below 1005 mb closer to the center, but these were all accompanied by light winds.  Stronger winds associated 
with the circulation were located several hundred miles away.  Although available observations indicate this system was not a tropical cyclone, but instead a very broad low on the 
3rd and 4th, observations were somewhat sparse on those days.  It was absorbed by a front early on the 5th.  A powerful extratropical cyclone rapidly developed that day from the 
combination of the broad low and the front, and it accelerated north-northeastward.  At 18Z on the 5th, a ship near the center reported 75 kt WNW with a 967 mb pressure at about 
41.5N, 54.4W.  Since data suggests that this system was never a tropical cyclone, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Nov 03		26N	62W		Broad low
Nov 04		28N	62W		Broad low	
Nov 05		39N	56W		Extratropical
Nov 06		50N	57W		Extratropical
Nov 07		57N	59W		Extratropical
Nov 08		62N	57W		Extratropical
Nov 09		67N	55W		Extratropical
Nov 10		Dissipated

18)

David Roth and HWM show a disturbance in the southwestern Caribbean in December that may have been a tropical depression or storm.  The highest observed wind is 30 kt.  There are 
no gales or low pressures with this system.  There is a ship report of 1007 mb and 25 kt at December 6th from the HWM.  However, this system it is not added to HURDAT. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 05		12N	78W		Weak low/trough
Dec 06		13N	78W		Weak low/trough
Dec 07		14N	79W		Weak low/trough
Dec 08		14N	80W		Weak low/trough
Dec 09					Dissipated

19)

HWM, microfilm, the MWR tracks of lows, and Jack Beven’s list of suspects indicate that an extratropical cyclone moves from just off the southeast coast of the US northward and 
then eastward.  This cyclone was extratropical for its entire lifetime, and this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 05		33N	76W		Extratropical			
Dec 06		44N	70W		Extratropical
Dec 07		41N	58W		Extratropical
Dec 08		42N	52W		Extratropical
Dec 09		41N	48W		Extratropical
Dec 10		41N	50W		Extratropical
Dec 11		37N	52W		Extratropical
Dec 12		37N	52W		Extratropical
Dec 13		38N	50W		Extratropical
Dec 14		37N	43W		Extratropical
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 1 (Alice)

35620 05/25/1953 M=13  1 SNBR= 786 ALICE       XING=1                           
35620 05/25/1953 M=14  1 SNBR= 786 ALICE       XING=1     
                   **

35625 05/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*144 818  35    0*
35625 05/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*144 818  25    0*
                                                                        **

35630 05/26*150 820  35    0*156 823  35    0*162 831  35    0*161 842  35    0*
35630 05/26*149 823  30    0*152 828  30    0*155 833  35    0*154 839  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

35635 05/27*155 850  35    0*148 849  35    0*143 848  35    0*138 846  35    0*
35635 05/27*151 845  35    0*148 849  30    0*144 850  25    0*140 849  25    0*
            *** ***                   **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35640 05/28*133 842  35    0*131 839  35    0*131 835  40    0*137 824  40    0*
35640 05/28*136 845  25    0*132 840  25    0*131 835  30    0*137 830  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

35645 05/29*147 820  40    0*159 818  40    0*173 819  40    0*184 821  45    0*
35645 05/29*147 825  30    0*159 821  30    0*173 821  30    0*182 822  35    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35650 05/30*194 823  45    0*203 827  45    0*209 830  45    0*212 832  45    0*
35650 05/30*190 825  35    0*197 831  35    0*202 837  40    0*205 840  40 1000*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

35655 05/31*214 833  45    0*217 834  45    0*220 836  45    0*223 838  50    0*
35655 05/31*209 841  45    0*213 842  45    0*218 843  45    0*222 845  40 1003*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  ** ****

35660 06/01*226 839  50    0*233 842  55    0*240 847  55    0*246 856  55    0*
35660 06/01*227 847  45    0*233 848  45    0*239 850  50    0*242 854  50  997*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35665 06/02*240 862  50    0*233 857  50    0*230 847  45    0*230 841  40    0*
35665 06/02*240 852  50  996*235 849  50    0*232 846  45    0*231 843  40  999*
                ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

35670 06/03*231 836  40    0*232 833  35    0*234 830  35    0*237 826  35    0*
35670 06/03*230 840  40    0*231 837  40    0*232 834  40    0*234 829  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35675 06/04*240 826  35    0*242 832  40    0*245 837  50    0*252 843  55    0*
35675 06/04*236 828  40    0*240 832  45    0*245 838  50    0*252 844  50    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **          ***              ***  **

35680 06/05*259 848  60    0*266 852  60    0*273 855  60    0*280 857  60    0*
35680 06/05*259 850  55    0*266 857  55    0*273 858  60    0*280 858  60    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***              ***

35685 06/06*286 858  60  997*291 858  40    0*296 858  40    0*302 858  35    0*
35685 06/06*287 858  55  994*293 859  50    0*298 859  45    0*304 859  40    0*
            ***      **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
35685 06/07*308 858  25    0*311 855  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35690 TS          
                                                              
Landfall information:
5/26/1953 – 18Z – 15.4N, 83.9W – 35 kt – Honduras
5/31/1953 – 13Z – 21.9N, 84.3W – 45 kt - Cuba
6/6/1953 - 17Z -  30.3N, 85.9W - 40 kt - Florida

Minor track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for Alice.  A major change is made to the timing of when Alice first attained tropical storm strength.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps,
U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data State and National Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories 
and Dunn and Miller (1960).

May 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.7N, 82.6W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  “[An easterly] 
wave proceeded westward appearing at… Havana (24/0630Z)…” (ATS).

May 25:
HWM analyzes a very broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 11-20N, 76-87W with a spot low plotted near 15.3N, 80.1W.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt 
tropical storm at 14.4N, 81.8W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 18.5N, 82.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The first storm of the season developed rather 
earlier than usual and did not attain hurricane strength.  During the latter part of May, a large cold low aloft drifted northward from the vicinity of Panama.  On 
May 25, when this low was centered east of the Nicaraguan coast, a weak warm-core surface center formed” (MWR).  “…Swan Island (25/0930Z).  Swan Island, supported by 
other synoptic reports in the vicinity, showed that this easterly wave had been carrying a small vortex through an area of sparse reports along 19N, and at 25/1830Z 
it was detected near 18.7N, 84.3W” (ATS).  “The time cross section showed a second easterly wave passing Martinique and Trinidad at 25/1230Z and 1830Z respectively” (ATS).

May 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.1N, 83.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.2N, 83.1W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.5N, 83.0W.  Land/station highlights: 10 kt 
N and 1005 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro); 5 kt W and 1004 mb at 12Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (HWM, micro); 15 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 14.3N, 87.1W (micro).  “Moving 
with the larger cyclonic circulation aloft, the surface low made a counterclockwise loop over the Cape Gracias area during the 26th to 28th and lost force” (MWR).  
“Surface reports at 26/0630Z placed the circulation near 16.8N, 87.0W, accompanied by winds of 20 kt and moving SW at 15 kt.  It then moved inland over Honduras and 
its identity was lost.  A general area of low pressure persisted near 14.0N, 83.0W, fluctuating with the ITCZ, and occasionally deepening to a possible 1002 mb.  
The western Caribbean was therefore an area of suspicion prior to the formation of Tropical Storm Alice” (ATS).  “[The second wave] at 26/0630Z passed San Juan, with 
precipitation spreading in advance of the wave; however, passage at Curacao was only lightly reflected at 26/1830Z” (ATS).

May 27:
HWM analyzes a trough in the western Caribbean with a spot low plotted near 13.0N, 78.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N 84.8W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.3N, 85.4W.  Land/station 
highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro); 20 kt SE and 1003 mb at 00Z at 14.0N, 83.4W (micro); 10 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 18Z at 14.3N, 87.1W (micro).  
“Surface reports tracked [the second] wave at a fairly constant speed of 10 kt, and pilot reports from the area confirmed that there was a general spreading and 
intensification of precipitation to the north, and then to the west of the wave axis as it moved westward” (ATS).

May 28:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 12.8N, 80.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 13.1N, 83.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 14.2N, 
83.3W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 17.1N, 76.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 13.6N, 81.4W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 00Z 
at 13.5N, 80.7W (micro).  Land/station highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro).  Regarding the second wave described in ATS… “Light continuous rain 
began at Guantanamo Bay [around 28/0030Z], when the wave was still 200 nmi to the east.  This forerunning precipitation reached Kingston [Jamaica], six hours later at 
28/0630Z.  The surface charts at 28/1230Z and 28/1830Z showed Jamaica to be under the influence of a disturbance passing to the south on a westward course.  It is 
believed that the easterly wave spilled at about 75W, and the resulting small vortex was the beginning of Tropical Storm Alice” (ATS).

May 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.4N, 82.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 81.9W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 17.7N, 82.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 16.9N, 82.3W.  Station highlight: 10 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 15.1N, 83.3W (micro).  “The 700 mb chart reflected the circulation [of Alice] by 29/0300Z 
near 18N, 80W, at which time the post analysis track placed the surface center near 17.2N, 80.5W, entering the envelope of already low pressure previous mentioned as 
being in the Western Caribbean.  The 29/1230Z surface reports… showed it passing to the northeast of Swan Island with a central pressure of 1006 mb, and winds Beaufort 
Force 2 to 4 (5 to 15 kt)” (ATS).

May 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N, 85.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 83.0W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.0N, 83.8W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb 
centered near 20.9N, 83.4W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 19.5N, 82.9W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 19.0N, 83.5W (COA).  Three other low 
pressures of 1004 mb.  Land/station highlights: 10 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 00Z at Grand Cayman (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1750Z at 20.5N, 84.2W with 
1000 mb (possible central) pressure and 40 kt max winds (micro, ATS).  “At 30/1230Z, the 3,000 foot winds at Swan Island, Grand Cayman, and Cape San Antonio, Cuba, 
showed the vortex enclosed with 30 kt [winds] at that level.  The surface disturbance was then under a low at 300 mb.  [A Navy reconnaissance plane] located the low 
pressure center at 20.5N, 84.2W at 1750Z with the central pressure at [1000] mb accompanied by 15 kt winds near the center” (ATS).

May 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.1N, 83.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 83.6W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 0030Z map time position near 21.0N, 84.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered 
near 21.6N, 83.7W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 12Z at 22.9N, 84.0W (COA, micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.7N, 83.0W (COA).  Four other low 
pressures between 1004-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 10 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Isle of Pines (21.5N, 82.8W) (micro); 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 22.5N, 
83.3W (micro).  Four other low pressures between 1004-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 1710Z at 21.8N, 85.0W and at 1730Z near 21.9N, 84.9W with 1003 mb 
central pressure and 42 kt maximum winds encountered (ATS, micro).  “A plane located a definite circulation near 21.8N, 85.0W at 31/1710Z with a low pressure of 1003 mb.  
This flight, as well as the previous one [on the 30th?] encountered winds of 40 kt, but in both cases they were found in the Florida Straits rather than near the surface 
low center.  As the center passed closed to the westward of Cape San Antonio winds of no greater than force 3 [10 kt] were reported” (ATS).

June 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 85.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 84.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 0030Z map time position near 22.6N, 85.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered 
near 24.3N, 84.7W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 24.6N, 86.2W (COA); 20 kt S and 1002 mb at 12Z at 23.6N, 84.4W (COA, micro); 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 18Z 
at 25.2N, 84.6W (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1417Z at 24.2N, 84.9W (micro); Navy 
center fix (loran) at either 1530 or 1605Z at 24.3N, 85.6W with 997 mb central pressure and 55 kt maximum winds encountered (micro); center fix at 2345Z at 24.0N, 84.7W 
with 996 mb central pressure (micro).  “Emerging from the loop, the storm deepened as it moved northward and then on June 1-2 described another loop north of the western 
end of Cuba in another counterclockwise movement with the upper level circulation.  During this second loop, aircraft estimated maximum winds of about 55 kt on June 1…” 
(MWR).  “The first [advisory] on Tropical Storm Alice was released at 01/1530Z.  A fix on an eye, amply justifying the [advisory] was obtained by a flight at 01/1605Z, 
placing the center at 24.3N, 85.6W, with a central pressure of 997 mb, and maximum winds of 55 kt” (ATS).

June 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 84.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 84.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 23.3N, 84.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered 
near 23.0N, 84.4W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 25.5N, 85.4W (COA); 20 kt S and 1000 mb at 14Z at 23.7N, 83.2W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 1830Z[?] 
at 24.2N, 82.0W (micro).  Three other gales of 35 kt and 15 other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 21.8N, 84.8W (HWM, 
micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fixes at 0148 and 0240Z between 24.1-24.2N, 84.5W (micro); 40 kt E and 1000 mb at 14Z at 23.3N, 84.3W (ATS); possible Navy center fix at 
2050Z at 23.1N, 84.4W with 999 mb (possible central pressure) and 28 kt maximum winds encountered (micro, ATS).  “But on the 2nd and 3rd the wind force dropped to 35-40 kt” 
(MWR).  “Flight No. 6 was a night flight and the plane maintained position between the Florida coast and the storm area.  This flight reported that an ‘apparent’ eye, 40 nmi 
long, was located… Flight No. 7, made the next morning, searched the area of the night radar fixes and found no closed circulation.  The southernmost report from this flight, 
however, was only 23.3N, 84.3W.  At that position at 02/1400Z he reported a pressure of 1000 mb, and wind east at 40 kt.  This was the lowest pressure and highest wind reported 
by that flight.  Flight No. 8 found the storm at the position indicated by the 02/2050Z fix.  This flight reported ‘Definite closed circulation exists.  Max west winds were 25 kt 
just north of Cape San Antonio.  Eye completely clear.  Lowest pressure 999 mbs.  Max winds 28 kt’” (ATS).

June 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 83.3W with a dissipating stationary front plotted from 34N, 93W to 29N, 90W to 27N, 85W, becoming a cold 
front near 27N, 80W, extending to 30N, 69W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.4N, 83.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position.  ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 23.2N, 82.8W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT and HWM positions.  
Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1002 mb at 00Z at 24.5N, 83.1W (COA); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at 06Z at 23.0N, 83.6W (COA).  Six other low pressures between 1003-1005 mb.  Land/station 
highlights: 20 kt S and 1002 mb at 00Z at 22.7N, 83.3W (micro); 30 kt SE and 1003 mb at 18Z at Havana, Cuba (micro).  “This storm gave heavy flooding rains in western Cuba and 
unconfirmed press reports indicate there were several deaths from drowning” (MWR).  “The effect of a high pressure cell to block northward movement… believed to be responsible 
for the erratic movement of Alice from 01/1500Z to 04/0300Z.  In coordination with the Weather Bureau, it was decided to discontinue [advisories] after 03/0400Z” (ATS).

June 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.2N, 84.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 83.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 25.0N, 84.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.3N, 
84.3W with the west end of a WSW-ENE frontal boundary located several hundred nmi NE of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 15 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 00Z at 23.1N, 83.1W (COA); 35 kt 
E and 1005 mb at 06Z at 25.3N, 82.8W (COA); 20 kt SSE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 24.6N, 83.5W (COA, HWM).  “Northward movement was resumed on June 4…” (MWR).  “By 04/0030Z, with… 
the storm beginning to occupy a position under the western edge of the ridge, which had strengthened to the east, [Alice] commenced a northwesterly movement at approximately 
11 kt.  Aware of the possible danger to Gulf coastal installations should it intensify, a close watch was kept on this depression as it moved northward” (ATS).

June 5:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 27.2N, 84.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.3N, 85.5W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 27.6N, 85.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.2N, 86.4W.  Ship highlights: 
40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.3N, 85.6W (COA); 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 06Z at 26.5N, 85.6W (COA); 45 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z at 25.1N, 84.8W (COA).  Five other low pressures 
of 1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 2245Z at 28.6N, 85.8W with 994 mb central pressure and 65 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered 60 nmi NE of center 
(micro, ATS).  “Maximum development was reached on the 5th when aircraft estimated highest winds to be 60 to 65 kt in brief squalls northeast of the center near 29N, 83 to 85W.  
Central pressure at this time was 997 mb” (MWR).  “[A reconnaissance] flight reported a well-defined eye at 28.6N, 85.8W at 05/2245Z.  Maximum winds found near the center of 
the circulation were 40 kt from 160 degrees, however one report was made of 65 kt near an isovellic wind maxima located approximately 60 nmi northeast of the low pressure center” (ATS).

June 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.6N, 87.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 29.6N, 85.8W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 
12Z position near 29.6N, 86.0W.  ATS shows an 1830Z map time position of 30.4N, 86.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.7N, 
86.3W.  Land/station highlights: 35 kt E (max wind/1-minute) at Apalachicola, FL (29.7N, 85.0W) (climo); 1005 mb (min p) at Panama City, FL (30.2N, 85.7W) (ATS).  “[Advisories] 
were resumed on Alice at 06/0025Z.  A Navy [radar night] flight showed the storm slowing in speed with a continued NW movement changing to northerly.  A flight from Jacksonville 
on 6 June was unable to find a surface center, however average winds encountered at 11,000 ft from 29.5N, 86.9W to 28.8N, 84.9W were 290 degrees at 60 kt.  Alice lost intensity 
quickly as the northern edge of its circulation moved over land.  The center was estimated to have moved inland at about 06/1800Z by the flight aerologist on the last flight.  
The post-analysis of the 06/1830Z surface chart proved this quite accurate.  Strongest surface winds, although decreasing, continued to be to the east of the center.  Highest 
winds reported by a land station were force 6 [25 kt] at Panama City, FL, as the storm passed 80 nmi to the west.  Lowest pressure (1005.1 mb) was also noted at that station” 
(ATS).  “During the night of the 5th, the storm again lost force and when it moved inland a short distance west of Panama City, FL about noon of the 6th, strongest winds were 
around 35 to 40 kt.  There was no damage of consequence in Florida” (MWR, climo).  “Tropical Cyclones in Florida – June 6 – NW FL – Minor” (“Minor” – winds less than 74 mph, 
pressure greater than 996 mb- Dunn and Miller).  “Florida Keys and extreme northwestern Florida, 1-6 June, Tropical Storm, From 1st to 3d storm drifted around in Eastern Gulf 
of Mexico west and southwest of Key West.  On 4th center passed about 60 miles west of Dry Tortugas and moved very near parallel to west coast of Florida and passed inland a 
short distance west of Panama City, about noon of 6th.  Winds below hurricane force during entire history of this storm and highest winds experienced on land were 40 to 45 m.p.h.  
Rains associated with storm beneficial” (Climatological Data).

June 7:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 30.7N, 86.1W with a W-E frontal boundary located 300 nmi north of the cyclone.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR post-season 
track map last shows a position at 00Z near 31.0N, 86.0W.  ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 31.5N, 85.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but at 18Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 30.7N, 84.8W.  “The circulation continued inland with decreasing intensity.  The weather and winds associated with it 
remained in the northeast quadrant” (ATS).

June 8:
ATS shows an 1830Z map time position near 32.3N, 84.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 32.4N, 83.9W.  “It maintained a central pressure of approximately 1011 mb 
until 08/0030Z after which time it filled rapidly and was last identifiable as a small closed low of 1016 mb on the 08/1830Z surface chart” (ATS).

HURDAT previously started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on 25 May at 14.4N, 81.8W.  Although the timing of genesis is not changed, the cyclone is begun as a 
25 kt tropical depression.  The depression is analyzed to have moved inland over Honduras and Nicaragua from 18Z on the 26th until 12Z on the 28th when, after performing a 
loop, the center moved back into the Caribbean Sea.  On the 26th, before the cyclone first moved inland into Central America, a pressure of 1004 mb with 5 kt was recorded from 
a costal station near the Nicaragua/Honduras border at 12Z on the 26th.  After the system moved inland at 18Z, two coastal station observations of 1003 mb with 15-20 kt winds 
were observed, suggesting a central pressure near 1002 mb.  Since environmental pressures were very low, the original HURDAT intensity of 35 kt is unchanged from 12Z on the 
26th through 00Z on the 27th.  Beginning at 06Z on the 27th, the revised HURDAT indicates depression intensity (a reduction from the original HURDAT) since there are no 
observations to indicate that it maintained its tropical storm intensity over land.  All track changes during that time were eight-tenths of a degree or less.  

It needs to be mentioned that there is some uncertainty as to whether a tropical cyclone actually existed along the indicated track between the 25th and the 28th.  It is 
possible that the area of low pressure that moved into Central America on the 26th continued westward into the East Pacific.  If that is the case, then the cyclone located 
on the 29th near 17N, 82W is not the same cyclone and would have originated from the westward moving tropical wave mentioned in ATS.  It is of note that the Historical 
Weather Map does analyze a weak low in the East Pacific on the 28th, which would support the hypothesis for the original low moving into that basin.  However, there are 
few observations to support the easterly wave scenario, with observations being generally ambiguous as to which scenario is correct.  Therefore, the genesis location and 
track for the first few days with the loop over Central America is maintained.

After re-emerging over the Caribbean Sea, the depression is analyzed to have moved northward reaching a position of 18.2N, 82.2W by 18Z on the 29th, which is the time that 
the cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened back to a tropical storm.  The revised intensity at 18Z on the 29th is 35 kt (down from 45 kt originally). From the 29th to the 
31st, Alice moved slowly north-northwestward toward the western tip of Cuba.  A track about a half degree to the left of the previous HURDAT track is analyzed during that 
time.  ATS mentions that Alice was located underneath a low at the 300 mb level on the 30th, and this may have persisted for several more days, hinting that Alice may have 
been more subtropical in structure.  An aircraft fix at 1750Z on 30 May reported a central pressure of 1000 mb, and this pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 30th.  
A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 47 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship, and 40 kt is chosen (down from 45 kt originally) due to a 
slow forward motion of the cyclone combined with the fact that no gales had been reported from any ships or surface stations yet and aircraft reconnaissance also reported 
max winds of 40 kt on that flight.  The first gale reported by a ship occurred at 12Z on the 31st when 35 kt with a 1004 mb pressure was recorded.  The tropical storm is 
analyzed to have moved over the western tip of Cuba between 12-18Z on the 31st at a 45 kt tropical storm (no change to HURDAT intensity at 12Z on the 31st).  At 1710Z, 
just after the center re-emerged over water, aircraft reconnaissance reported a central pressure of 1003 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 31st.  A central 
pressure of 1003 mb yields 41 kt south of 25N, and due to the slow speed, 40 kt is chosen for the 18Z intensity on the 31st (down from 50 kt originally).  Five center fixes 
between 1417Z on 1 June and 0240Z on 2 June show that the cyclone moved north-northwestward until 18Z on the 1st reaching a point of 24.3N, 85.5W, and then it moved 
south-southeastward over the same track from where it came through 12Z the 2nd before it turned east-north-eastward just north of the western Cuban coast.  These are 
minor track changes to HURDAT.  Central pressures of 997 and 996 mb are measured by aircraft on the 1st of June at ~1605Z and 2345Z respectively, and these values are 
added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 1st and 00Z on the 2nd respectively.  A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 
50 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 2nd is maintained.  A 999 mb central pressure is measured by aircraft reconnaissance at 2050Z on the 2nd, and this value is 
added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 999 mb yields 49 kt according to the southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 40 kt intensity listed in HURDAT 
is not changed because the storm was nearly stationary and there are no other observations to indicate a stronger storm.  Around 00Z on 4 June, the cyclone turned toward 
the north-northwest near 24N, 83W.  No flights were performed on the 3rd and the 4th, but on the 5th at 2245Z, a Navy fix, which located the tropical cyclone near 28.6N, 
85.8W, reported a central pressure of 994 mb.  This not only indicated that Alice was moving toward the Gulf Coast, but also showed that some strengthening had occurred.  
The 997 mb central pressure previously listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 6th is replaced by a 994 mb central pressure value.  A central pressure of 994 mb yields 53 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  A 55 kt intensity is chosen for 00Z on the 6th.  Previously, HURDAT showed a peak lifetime intensity of 60 kt from 00Z on 
the 5th to 00Z on the 6th.  The revised peak intensity is maintained at 60 kt, but only from 12-18Z on the 5th.  The same afternoon, a reconnaissance aircraft reported 
65 kt winds encountered 60 nmi NE of the center.  Therefore, Alice may have been a hurricane.  These reports are enough to keep the 60 kt peak intensity, but not enough 
evidence to increase Alice to hurricane strength.  The aircraft report may have been of flight-level winds.  Either way, when Alice made landfall at 17Z on the 6th just 
west of Panama City, FL, the highest winds observed from any land station were reported to have been about 35 to 40 kt.  The analyzed landfall intensity at 17Z on the 6th 
is 40 kt and this is also the 18Z intensity.  The intensities at 12 and 18Z on the 6th are increased by 5 kt from the previous HURDAT intensities.  HURDAT previously showed 
dissipation after 18Z on the 6th as soon as Alice reached the coastline.  Dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 12 hours later after the storm weakened to a depression 
and moved into extreme southeastern Alabama as a tropical depression.  The revised final point is at 06Z on 7 June at 31.1N, 85.5W as a 20 kt tropical depression before 
dissipation occurred.


Additional quotes: 
“Tropical Storm Alice was a small storm and its erratic track reflects the large variability of synoptic weather patterns over the Gulf.  Winds were not of hurricane force, 
but did sink a 65-foot trawler 100 miles northeast of the Yucatan Peninsula.  Principle damage was from the torrential rains which caused drowning of six people in Cuba and 
drenched the Florida Peninsula for a week.  7.16 inches of rain was reported in Havana in a 24-hour period” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 2 (new to HURDAT)

35692 07/11/1953 M= 6  2 SNBR= 787 NOT NAMED   XING=0                     
35692 07/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*261 813  25    0*
35692 07/12*266 809  30    0*272 805  30    0*277 801  35    0*282 792  35    0*
35692 07/13*287 783  35    0*291 774  35    0*295 763  35    0*302 752  40    0*
35692 07/14*309 743  40    0*320 740  40    0*331 738  40    0*343 736  40    0*
35692 07/15*356 733  40    0*369 725  45    0E382 717  45    0E397 705  45    0*
35692 07/16E414 686  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
35692 TS

HWM, COADS, the MWR tracks of lows, NHC microfilm, Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, Jack Beven’s list of suspects, and Ryan Truchelut’s warm anomaly study 
indicate that a tropical storm, previously undocumented in HURDAT, existed a couple hundred miles off the east coast of the United States from 11 to 16 July.

July 11:
HWM analyzes a trough axis plotted from 27N, 82W to 20N, 83W to 14N, 82W.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first 
shows a position at 18Z near 25.1N, 82.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyzed a closed low.

July 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.2N, 79.8W with a warm front extending north-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending 
westward from the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.7N, 79.6W with a 1006 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.9N, 79.2W with a front running through the low.

July 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.5N, 77.6W with a warm front extending northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southward 
from the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.1N, 78.0W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1011 mb centered near 29.6N, 77.4W with a front extending northeastward from the low and another front extending southward from the low.  Ship highlights: 35 kt 
S and 1010 mb at 18Z at 30.2N, 73.5W (micro); 30 kt E and 1005 mb at 30.7N, 74.6W (COA); 25 kt ESE and ~1005 mb at 18Z at 30.9N, 74.8W (COA).

July 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.2N, 74.8W with a warm front extending northeastward from the low and a cold front extending southward 
from the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.1N, 74.1W with a 1006 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1005 mb centered near 33.8N, 73.0W.  The SW end of a front is located about 150 nmi NW of the cyclone.

July 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 38.2N, 71.4W with several fronts analyzed intersecting the low and near the low.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 38.1N, 71.2W with a 1010 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 38.1N, 71.0W 
with the south end of a SSW-NNE front located 80 nmi north of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z at 37.0N, 74.7W (micro); 40 kt N and 1014 mb 
at 06Z at 37.7N, 74.8W (COA); 40 kt S and 1010 mb at 18Z at 39.8N, 68.7W (COA).  A few other gales.  Station highlights:  27 kt NNE (max wind) and 1015 mb (min pressure) 
at 1925Z at Nantucket, MA (SWO).

July 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 43.9N, 60.9W with a NNE-SSW cold front running through the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 44.2N, 62.2W with a 1008 mb pressure. The microfilm analysis suggests that the low may have been absorbed before 12Z.

A tropical disturbance started to become better defined near the southwest coast of Florida on 11 July.  At the same time, an E-W frontal boundary was located over 
northern Florida.  However, the origins of the disturbance were purely tropical.  A tropical depression is analyzed to have formed at 18Z on 11 October over south Florida.  
It moved northeastward and emerged into the Atlantic early on the 12th.  On the 12th and the 13th, the tropical cyclone was heavily involved with the environment of the 
front located to the north of it, and the circulation was asymmetric, although temperatures were warm all around the low.  The low strengthened and the wind structure 
improved by late on the 13th and the 14th.  It is analyzed that the depression became a tropical storm just after emerging off of Florida at 12Z on the 12th at 27.7N, 80.1W.  
At 18Z on 13 July, one ship recorded 35 kt with 1010 mb, and two other ships recorded 1005 mb pressures, one with 30 kt and the other with 25 kt.  At 18Z on the 13th, 
it is analyzed that the intensity increased to 40 kt with a position near 30.2N, 75.2.  The cyclone continued moving north-northeastward.  On the 14th, the structure is 
that of a tropical cyclone with warm temperatures surrounding it.  Although there are no highlight observations on the 14th, there are numerous 25 to 30 kt winds and 
pressures below 1010 mb.  At 00Z on the 15th, with the storm centered near 35.6N, 73.3W, another 35 kt gale was recorded about 120 nmi NNW of the center, but by this time, 
extratropical transition was underway.  The system was not fully extratropical until 12Z on the 5th, so the last highlight is analyzed to have occurred during the tropical 
stage.  At least five pieces of evidence exist while this cyclone is tropical – one gale and two low pressures at 18Z on the 13th, one gale at 00Z on the 15th and one gale 
at 06Z on the 15th.  The peak intensity of the system while a tropical cyclone is 45 kt at 06Z on the 15th.  When the cyclone became extratropical at 12Z on the 15th, the 
intensity remained 45 kt and the position at 12Z on the 15th is analyzed at 38.2N, 71.7W.  The cyclone continued north-northeastward with a 45 kt intensity before dissipating 
after 00Z on the 16th with a final position at that time of 41.4N, 68.6W.
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 3 (Barbara) – (originally Storm 2)

35695 08/11/1953 M= 6  2 SNBR= 787 BARBARA     XING=1 SSS=1                     
35695 08/11/1953 M= 6  3 SNBR= 787 BARBARA     XING=1 SSS=1  
                       *

35700 08/11*  0   0   0    0*228 739  35    0*241 745  45    0*253 748  50    0*
35700 08/11*  0   0   0    0*228 744  25    0*238 746  30    0*252 748  40    0*
                                 ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35705 08/12*265 752  55    0*279 756  60    0*292 759  65    0*299 760  70    0*
35705 08/12*266 750  45    0*279 753  55    0*291 756  60 1005*298 759  65    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

35710 08/13*305 761  80    0*315 762  85    0*325 763  90    0*336 763  95    0*
35710 08/13*305 761  65 1002*313 763  65    0*323 765  65  995*334 764  70  987*
                     ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

35715 08/14*347 761  90  987*358 757  70    0*370 750  65    0*381 738  70    0*
35715 08/14*346 762  80    0*356 760  75    0*366 757  75    0*376 749  80  973*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

35720 08/15*393 723  75    0*404 704  75    0*415 680  75    0E431 643  70    0*
35720 08/15*387 730  75    0*401 705  70    0*415 677  60    0*431 641  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **     *    ***  **

35725 08/16E453 605  55    0E487 591  50    0E535 594  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
35725 08/16E460 605  55    0E490 593  50    0E528 591  45    0E540 590  45    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

35730 HR NC1       

U.S. Landfall (barrier island):
8/14/1953 – 03Z – 35.0N, 76.1W – 80 kt – (975 mb estimated) – 1015 mb OCI – 150 nmi ROCI

U.S. Landfall (mainland NC):
8/14/1953 – 05Z - 35.4N, 76.1W – 75 kt – (978 mb estimated) – 1015 mb OCI – 150 nmi ROCI

U.S. Landfall (barrier island- approach from the intercoastal waters):
8/14/1953 – 09Z - 36.1N, 75.9W – 70 kt – (982 mb estimated) – 1015 mb OCI – 150 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major alterations to the intensity are analyzed for Hurricane Barbara.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), 
the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, James and Thomas (1953), 
Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (2001).

August 8:
“The charts at 700 and 500 mb show good continuity of the wave which crossed San Juan, Puerto Rico about 1500Z, August 8” (James and Thomas).

August 9:
“The earliest indications of the formation of Hurricane Barbara were from synoptic reports in the vicinity of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.  
At 09/1830Z the surface charts commenced indicating a persistent cyclonic tendency in the winds just north of eastern Cuba” (ATS).

August 10:
ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.9N, 73.8W.  No gales or low pressures.  “At 10/1230Z there was a small 1014 mb low in the area of 20-22N, 
73-75W” (ATS).  “The 700-mb chart for 1500Z, August 10 showed the first definite indication of a closed circulation over eastern Cuba” (James and Thomas).

August 11:
HWM analyzes a spot low associated with a trough near 24.2N, 73.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.1N, 74.5W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position with the former showing a 1013 mb pressure.  ATS shows 
a 1230Z map time position near 24.8N, 74.0W.  Microfilm first analyzes a closed low at 18Z of at most 1014 mb near 26.0N, 74.8W.  No gales or low 
pressures.  “The low fluctuated considerably, but at 11/0030Z the center of circulation was near 22N, 73.5W and further identified itself on the 11/1230Z 
surface chart near 25N, 74W.  Reported winds were force 2-4 (5-15 kt)” (ATS).  “This low [at 700 mb] deepened slightly and moved northward to a position 
just east of Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas at 1500Z, August 11 with the closed circulation extending to the 500 mb level.  It wasn’t until the afternoon 
of the 11th that a definite low could be noted on the surface chart” (James and Thomas).  “The 11/1830Z surface chart showed the circulation near 26N, 74W 
attended by winds of force 6 (25 kt)” (ATS).

August 12:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 74.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N 75.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.8N, 75.6W with a 1005 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT 
position.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE at 06Z at 28.7N, 74.5W (micro); 35 kt at 1230Z (ATS); 50 kt S and 1014 mb at 18Z at 29.3N, 74.0W (COA).  Two other 
gales of 35 kt.  Aircraft highlights: 75 kt E (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1009 mb at 1400Z at 29.5N, 75.7W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1420Z at 29.4N, 
75.9W with a 1005 mb central pressure and 60 kt maximum winds (micro, ATS); 80 kt S (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1005 mb at 2130Z at 30.1N, 75.0W (micro); 
center fix (loran) at 29.8-29.9N, 75.9W at 2250Z with 1002 mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro, ATS).  “The second 
storm [of the season] developed during the night of August 11 northeast of the Bahama Islands from a weak easterly wave that had moved westward over the 
Atlantic during several days preceding.  On the morning of the 12th, reconnaissance aircraft located the center in the formative stages near 29N, 76W; it was 
moving northward.  Strongest winds were about 75 mph on the northeast side at this time, but the southwest quadrant was weak and open” (MWR).  “At 12/1420Z, 
[aircraft reconnaissance] reported a poorly defined eye at 29.4N, 75.9W.  Winds were 60 kt with gusts to 75 kt within 50 nmi of the center in the NE quadrant.  
The first [advisory] on Barbara was issued at 12/1500Z.  The original intensification of Barbara came about rather rapidly, passing through the tropical storm 
stage in less than 24 hours.  Ships at distances of approximately 60 nmi from the center reported no winds higher than force 6 (25 kt) as late as 12/0630Z.  
By 12/1230Z one ship reported force 8 (35 kt).  In view of these reports and the result of the first aircraft reconnaissance flight it appears unlikely that 
hurricane wind velocities had been long in existence.  Following the 12/1420Z aircraft fix, Barbara continued to move north-northwesterly as it had for about 
18 hours previously.  As Barbara was a potential threat to the East Coast of the United States, maximum reconnaissance was planned.  A second Navy flight on 
the 12th fixed the eye at 29.8N, 75.9W at 12/2250Z with maximum winds of 80 kt near the center” (ATS).

August 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 75.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 32.5N, 76.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 31.8N, 76.2W with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track maps shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  
ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1004 mb at 06Z at 32.1N, 75.6W (COA); 50 kt SE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 32.7N, 75.6W (COA).  27 other gales between 35-45 kt and one 
other low pressure of 1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 989 mb (min p) at 2230Z at Morehead City, NC (climo, J & T); 49 kt N (max wind/1-min) at Wilmington, 
NC (climo); 25 kt NNE and 1001 mb at 21Z at Cherry Point, NC (micro); 40 kt E and 1002 mb at 23Z at Hatteras, NC (micro); 30 kt N and 1000 mb at 23Z at New Bern, 
NC (micro).  One other gale of 35 kt and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0200, 0300, 0400, 0430, and 0600Z 
between 29.9-31.3N, 76.2-78.5W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1327Z at 32.4N, 76.5W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt maximum flight-level gusts (micro); 
65 kt ESE (at flight-level of 500 ft) and 1000 mb at 1430Z at 33.5N, 75.9W (micro); center fix at 1945Z at 33.6N, 76.6W with 987 mb central pressure and 80 kt 
max winds (ATS, micro).  “During the 12th and 13th, winds increased slowly in force and completed a circular organization; the strongest winds, estimated at 
slightly over 100 mph, were observed by aircraft about 120 miles south of Cape Hatteras” (MWR).  “Two Navy flights from Jacksonville on August 13 fixed the eye 
of Barbara and indicated the course to be veering to the northward.  These flights were in agreement as to winds, weather and general configuration of the storm.  
However, minimum surface pressure at 1945Z was found to be 987 mb, a decrease of 12 mb from that observed approximately six hours earlier.  The position of the 
center of the storm was at this time about 70 nmi south of Cape Lookout and coastal stations had already begun to feel the effects of the circulation” (ATS).

August 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.4N, 75.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 75.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.0N, 75.6W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 36.8N, 75.6W.  ATS shows a 
0030Z map time position near 34.8N, 76.7W and a 1230Z map time position near 37.0N, 75.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzed a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 
the MWR positions with a NE-SW front located a few hundred nmi northwest of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb at 08Z at 36.5N, 74.6W (micro); 
65 kt E and 999 mb at 12Z at 38.0N, 74.4W (COA); 55 kt S and 996 mb at 15Z at 36.7N, 74.6W (COA); 70 kt SE and 992 mb at 18Z at 37.9N, 74.4W.  30 other gales of 
35-60 kt and six other low pressures of 998-1005 mb.  Land highlights: 35 kt NNW and 994 mb at 01Z at Cherry Pt., NC (J & T); [land-based radar?] center fix at 0230Z 
at 34.9N, 76.4W (J & T); 67 kt SE (max wind/1-min) at Hatteras, NC (highest gust at Hatteras was 78 kt E) (climo); center fix at 0330Z at Ocracoke, NC (J & T); 
989 mb (min p) at 0430Z at Belhaven, NC (climo, J & T); 990 mb (min p) at 0425Z at Hatteras, NC (climo); 55 kt NE and 1000 mb at 06Z at Elizabeth City, NC (micro); 
estimated center fix at 08Z at 35.9N, 75.8W (J & T); 988 mb (min p) at 0900Z at Coinjock, NC (climo, J & T); 55 kt NE (max wind/1-min) at Norfolk, VA (climo); 
995 mb (min p) at Norfolk (climo).  Aircraft highlights: possible Air Force center fix (loran) at 2030Z at 38.0N, 74.1W with 993 mb lowest pressure encountered 
(40 nmi S of center) and 100 kt estimated winds (micro, ATS).  “The center passed over the North Carolina Capes section during the night of August 13 attended by 
winds of 90 to 100 mph and lowest pressure about 29.15 inches.” (MWR).  “As the center of Barbara moved inland between Cherry Point and Hatteras shortly before 
14/0030Z, an eccentricity in the pressure envelope developed.  This consisted of an elongation of the pressure pattern to the southeast and caused a marked distortion 
of the wind field in that sector.  The storm was over land until approximately 14/1000Z, departing the coast approximately 15 nmi south of Cape Henry.  Following 
this time, it intensified again attaining maximum winds of 100 kt at approximately 14/1900Z.  As the storm pursued its short trajectory over land the distortion 
persisted.  When the center moved out over water it became more pronounced, as shown by the 14/2030Z reconnaissance fix, which found a circular opening and a 
pressure of 993 mb 40 nmi south of the center.  This synoptic situation, which presented serious forecasting problems was alleviated by the system rapidly becoming 
extratropical” (ATS).  “Hurricane Barbara… struck the coast of North Carolina between Morehead City and Ocracoke on August 13.  After spinning northward along 
the Outer Banks, the storm turned to the northeast and moved out to sea near the Virginia line.  Barbara was a category-one hurricane and damages were not severe.  
The storm’s highest winds were reported as gusts to 90 mph at Cape Hatteras and Nags Head.  Several locations along the coast reported rainfall exceeding six 
inches, but winds and rains on the mainland were very light” (Barnes).  “Barbara crossed the North Carolina coastline between Morehead City and Ocracoke about 
2200 EST [0300Z], August 13 [14], and after sweeping the entire Capes section of North Carolina passed out to sea again about 0600 EST [1100Z] August 14.  The 
lowest pressure recorded on land was 29.19 inches (988 mb) at Coinjock, NC near where the storm re-entered the Atlantic; both Morehead City and Belhaven reported 
29.20 inches (989 mb).  The strongest winds reported from land stations were gusts of 90 mph at Hatteras and Nags Head, NC.  Gusts to 78 mph were reported from 
Cherry Point before a power failure rendered some instruments useless.  Radar fixed the center of the storm 23 miles east of Cherry Point at 2130 EST [0230Z] 
August 13 [14]; an amateur radio operator at Ocracoke reported being in the eye one hour later; and at about 0300 EST [0800Z], August 14 the eye passed about 
10 miles west of Nags Head.  Elizabeth City, Nags Head, New Bern, Kitty Hawk, and Cherry Point suffered some damage to buildings.  A report from Nags Head 
mentioned that numerous trees were uprooted, some being large ones that survived the great September 14, 1944 hurricane unharmed” (James and Thomas).  “Then 
it began to curve slowly to the north-northeast, re-entering the Atlantic the morning of the 14th” (James and Thomas).  “Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic 
States- Carolinas and Georgia – Aug. 13-14 – N.C. Capes – Minimal – Damage $1,000,000” (“Minimal” has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 
983 to 996 mb - (Dunn and Miller).  “Barbara – NC, 1 – 987 mb” (Jarrell et al. 1992).

August 15:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 41.7N, 66.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 41.5N, 68.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.4N, 66.7W with a 984 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 41.6N, 66.2W.  ATS shows 
a 1230Z map time position near 41.6N, 66.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 41.5N, 66.0W with a NW-SE frontal feature 
plotted a few hundred nmi west of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 75 kt E and 1001 mb at 00Z at 39.8N, 73.9W (micro); 60 kt W and 1006 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 74.0W 
(COA); 55kt W and 1001 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 72.6W (COA); 55 kt WSW and 998 mb at 00Z at 37.3N, 72.5W (micro); 40 kt S and 996 mb at 05Z at 39.5N, 69.2W (micro); 
55 kt SW and 994 mb at 06Z at 39.2N, 70.0W (COA); 35 kt E and either 986 or 996 mb at 06Z at 40.2N, 70.5W (micro); 40 kt WSW and 1011 mb at 18Z at 39.9N, 63.2W 
(COA).  Land/station highlights: 41 kt NW (max 1 min wind) at Nantucket, MA (climo); 25 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12Z at Nantucket, MA (HWM); 15 kt ESE and 996 mb at 
18Z at 44.6N, 63.6W (micro).  “The Navy night radar reconnaissance plane, which departed Norfolk at 15/0157Z, was unable to detect an eye although it passed almost 
directly over the center.  The speed accelerated rapidly, averaging about 25 kt for 12 hours after 14/2200Z and 31 kt for the following 12 hours.  It was 
unquestionably extratropical by 15/1230Z with winds less than hurricane intensity.  [Advisories] were discontinued after 15/1600Z” (ATS).   “After re-entering 
the Atlantic, Barbara continued on a northeasterly course, deepening slightly and passing a short distance southeast of Nantucket.  The strongest winds in New 
England were only about 60 mph” (James and Thomas).  “After leaving the North Carolina Capes, the center moved northeastward to the Canadian Maritime provinces 
on the 15th” (MWR).

August 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 49.0N, 53.8W and a 2nd closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 53N, 58.2W.  A cold front extends 
from 150 nmi south of the first low southwestward from 46N, 55W to 42N, 58W to 41N, 61W.  A warm front extends from the 2nd low eastward from 54N, 58W to 54N, 
50W to 53N, 45W to 52N, 40W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 53.5N, 59.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 
the HURDAT position with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position at 00Z at 44.3N, 60.8W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position 
near 49.4N, 56.0W.  Microfilm last shows a closed low at 06Z before it goes off the north edge of the map of at most 993 mb centered near 48.3N, 58.4W.  Ship 
highlights: 55 kt SW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 43.1N, 58.2W (COA); 40 kt W and 1010 mb at 06Z at 42.7N, 59.0W (COA); 40 kt ESE and 1003 mb at 18Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA).

August 17:
HWM analyzes a large extratropical low of at most 980 mb centered near 55.8N, 59.6W [it appears that Barbara had already merged with another extratropical low 
before this date].  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  ATS lasts shows this at 1230Z with a map time position near the HWM position.

The original HURDAT begins Barbara as a tropical storm right away at 06Z on 11 August.  Observations from the southeastern and central Bahamas as well as ships 
show a weak, closed circulation on the 11th.  The timing of genesis is not changed, but the cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at 06Z (down from 35 kt 
originally).  The cyclone moved northward from the Bahamas on the 11th to North Carolina on the 14th.  All track changes from genesis through landfall in North 
Carolina are half a degree or less.  The first observed gale in association with this cyclone occurred at 06Z on the 12th- a 50 kt wind from a ship, and another 
50 kt ship observation occurred at 18Z on the 12th.  The cyclone is analyzed to have strengthened to a tropical storm at 18Z on the 11th (12 hours later than in 
HURDAT originally).  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 12th measured central pressures of 1005 and 1002 mb at 1420 and 2250Z respectively, and these central pressures 
are added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th and 00Z on the 13th respectively.  A central pressure of 1005 mb equals 34 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship, but the RMW was smaller the climatological RMW value from Vickery et al and the environmental pressure was higher than normal.  A 1002 mb 
central pressure equals 40 kt according to the same pressure-wind relationship, and the RMW at that point had returned to a size near average.  An intensity of 
55 kt is chosen for 06Z on the 12th (down from 55 kt originally).  A 65 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 12th (down from 70 kt originally).  On the 13th at 
both 06Z and 12Z, the highest available wind observations from ships are 50 kts concurrent with 1004 mb pressures.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 13th measured 
central pressures of 995 and 987 mb at 1327 and 1945Z respectively, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively on the 13th.  Central pressures 
of 995 mb and 987 mb equal 54 kt (north of 25N) and 66 kt (north of 25N and intensifying) respectively, but the RMW was smaller than average for both fixes.  
Intensities of 65 and 70 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 13th (down from 90 and 95 kt respectively- both major changes).  Barbara is analyzed to have strengthened 
to a hurricane at 18Z on the 12th (6 hours later than originally).  Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 30 kt are implemented at all times from 06Z on 
13 August through 18Z on the 13th.

Hurricane Barbara made landfall between Morehead City and Ocracoke, NC at about 02Z on 14 August.  The cyclone was already moving north-northeastward at that time, 
and it is analyzed to have exited North Carolina back into the Atlantic between 09Z and 10Z the same day near 36.2N, 75.7W (north of Kill Devil Hills, NC).  Center 
fixes early on the 14th occurred at 0230Z (radar), 0330Z (Ocracoke in center), and possibly at 08Z (possibly radar).  The center fixes are consistent with time 
series of observations from the land stations and show that the previous HURDAT position at 06Z on the 14th was a few tenths of a degree too far to the east-northeast.  
In fact, the HURDAT track is shifted a couple tenths of a degree to the left of the previous track from 06Z on the 13th through 12Z on the 14th including the landfall 
point.  The highest observed wind was 67 kt (maximum 1-minute wind) at Cape Hatteras, but it is likely that Cape Hatteras was well outside the RMW to the right of 
Barbara’s path.  The lowest observed pressures from land stations were 989 mb from both Morehead City and Belhaven, NC, and 988 mb from Coinjock, NC (a short distance 
away from where Barbara moved back over the Atlantic).  All three of those observations are analyzed to be peripheral pressures.  None of the pressures reported from 
any stations are believed to have been observed inside the RMW at anytime during Barbara’s path over coastal North Carolina.  The size of the RMW is also uncertain 
(at 1945Z on the 13th, the RMW was about 20 nmi, and at 2030Z on the 14th, the RMW was about 30 nmi).  The Schloemer equation was run using the 989 mb peripheral 
pressure observation from Morehead City, since it occurred at the time of landfall (Morehead City is located 20 nmi from the center at closest approach).  If Morehead 
City is assumed to be at the RMW at the time of its minimum pressure of 989 mb, a central pressure of 974 mb is yielded.  Since it is just a guess where Morehead City 
was in relation to the RMW, this value of 974 mb cannot be treated as an accurately known central pressure.  It should be noted that several hours later, well after 
the cyclone moves back over water, at 2030Z on the 14th, aircraft reconnaissance information indicates a 973 mb central pressure with an 80 kt intensity.  A central 
pressure of 975 mb and an intensity of 80 kt are estimated at 00Z on the 14th (down from 90 kt originally) and for the North Carolina landfall, maintaining Barbara as 
a Category 1 for North Carolina.  The 987 mb central pressure previously listed in HURDAT at 00Z on the 14th is removed.  Although Barbara was originally listed as a 
Category 1 for North Carolina, the winds in the original HURDAT at the point before landfall were 90 kt, which was a mismatch.  Although an 80 kt Category 1 is analyzed, 
given that there was no data from the RMW at landfall, it is possible that Barbara could have been a Category 2.  Since there is an absence of data from the RMW at 
landfall, no change is made to the original HURDAT designation of a Category 1, especially since there is no concrete data to indicate that the winds were any higher 
than 80 kt.  It is not appropriate to run the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model for this case because Barbara was located over the intercoastal waters most of the 
time between the initial landfall and when it moved back over water.  As Barbara exited North Carolina, Norfolk, VA recorded a maximum 1-minute wind of 55 kt.  It is 
possible that the extreme southeastern coast of Virginia experienced Category 1 conditions, but after running the Schwerdt et al. model, it was determined that winds 
of about 60 kt likely occurred on the Virginia coastline, so a hurricane impact is not analyzed for Virginia.  Barbara passed closed enough to the Delmarva Peninsula 
and Atlantic City, New Jersey to cause tropical storm force winds there, but hurricane conditions were not experienced on those coastlines.  Shortly after Barbara 
left North Carolina, at 12Z on the 14th, a ship recorded winds of 65 kt (with a 999 mb pressure), and at 18Z, a ship recorded 70 kt (with a pressure of 992 mb) about 
28 nmi from the analyzed position at that time.  At 2030Z on the 14th, aircraft reconnaissance did not penetrate the center but encountered a minimum pressure of 993 mb 
40 nmi south of the center.  An RMW was reported, and in this case, the Schloemer equation was run with all required parameters well known.  A central pressure of 973 mb 
is yielded, and this value is added into HURDAT at 18Z on the 14th.  A central pressure of 973 mb yields 80 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship, and 80 kt is the analyzed intensity for 18Z on the 14th (up from 70 kt originally).  Analyzed intensities at all times on the 14th are 80, 
75, 75, and 80 kt (originally 90, 70, 65, and 70 kt).  Previously, the peak intensity listed for Barbara was 95 kt at 18Z on the 13th.  The revised peak intensity is 80 kt 
at 00Z on the 14th and 80 kt again at 18Z on the 14th.  Barbara continued northeastward and is analyzed to have passed about a degree southeast of Nantucket around 08Z 
on the 15th.  The maximum 1-minute wind recorded at Nantucket was 41 kt.  The largest track changes during the tropical portion of the lifetime of Barbara are made at 18Z 
on the 14th and 00Z on the 15th when the positions are shifted about one degree southwest of the previous positions.  Barbara is analyzed to have become extratropical by 
00Z on the 16th (six hours after that shown originally).  The extratropical cyclone turned northward early on the 16th.  On the 16th, another extratropical cyclone began 
to form and strengthen to the southeast of extratropical Barbara (covered in James and Thomas, 1953), and these two cyclones eventually merged late on the 16th, but 
dissipation of Barbara is delayed by six hours because available observations indicate that Barbara was not absorbed/dissipated until after 18Z on the 16th.  The revised 
final position for Barbara is at 18Z on the 16th at 53.5N, 59.0W as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone.

Additional quotes:
“In comparison to earlier tropical storm tracks… Barbara’s track was almost identical to that of the storm of September 10-16, 1933; both had their eastward movement 
blocked near Newfoundland and were deflected northward” (James and Thomas).

“Hurricane Barbara originated just north of Cuba and headed towards North Carolina, disabling a 398-foot tanker in route.  It crossed North Carolina, moved into the 
Atlantic once more near Norfolk, Virginia, and caused an estimated 50,000 people to leave the 500-mile long coastal strip from Morehead City, North Carolina to Long Island.  
It deposited 7.29 inches of rain at Atlantic City, 4.86 at Block Island, and moved out to sea, leaving the United States a death toll of seven and property damage of over 
a million dollars” (ATS).

References:
James, R. P., and C. F. Thomas, 1953: Hurricane Barbara, 1953.  Monthly Weather 
Review, 81, 255-265. 
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 4 (Carol)

35780 08/28/1953 M=13  4 SNBR= 789 CAROL       XING=1 SSS=1                     
35780 08/28/1953 M=13  4 SNBR= 789 CAROL       XING=0  
                                                    * *****

35785 08/28*  0   0   0    0*160 205  25    0*153 216  30    0*146 228  30    0*
35785 08/28*  0   0   0    0*140 205  25    0*139 216  25    0*138 228  25    0*
                             ***              ***      **      ***      **

35790 08/29*139 240  30    0*132 253  30    0*126 267  30    0*120 281  30    0*
35790 08/29*137 240  25    0*136 253  30    0*135 267  30    0*136 282  30    0*
            ***      **      ***              ***              *** ***

35795 08/30*114 295  30    0*109 307  30    0*107 321  30    0*106 339  30    0*
35795 08/30*138 299  30    0*139 316  30    0*140 333  30    0*140 350  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

35800 08/31*106 358  30    0*106 377  35    0*106 396  35    0*108 414  40    0*
35800 08/31*140 367  30    0*140 384  35    0*140 401  40    0*140 418  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35805 09/01*113 430  40    0*119 443  45    0*125 456  50    0*131 469  55    0*
35805 09/01*140 434  60    0*140 450  70    0*140 466  80    0*141 482  90    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35810 09/02*136 481  60    0*142 495  70    0*150 510  75    0*161 537  85    0*
35810 09/02*144 497 100    0*150 512 110    0*157 527 120  944*165 543 125    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

35815 09/03*173 563 115    0*181 575 125    0*189 587 130    0*199 600 130  929*
35815 09/03*173 559 130    0*182 573 135    0*191 587 140    0*200 601 140  929*
                *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***  

35820 09/04*210 613 130    0*223 625 130    0*237 635 130    0*250 643 125    0*
35820 09/04*212 613 135    0*224 624 125    0*236 632 120    0*249 640 115  942*
            ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

35825 09/05*263 651 120    0*278 661 115    0*292 671 105    0*299 676 100    0*
35825 09/05*262 648 115    0*275 657 115    0*288 665 110  945*299 672 105    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***          *** *** ***  ***     *** ***

35830 09/06*305 680  95    0*316 688  90    0*330 696  85    0*350 706  80    0*
35830 09/06*310 679 100    0*322 686  95    0*334 694  90    0*350 700  85  962*
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **  ***

35835 09/07*372 708  80    0*386 703  75    0*403 693  70    0*433 673  65    0*
35835 09/07*370 705  80    0*388 700  75    0*406 684  75    0*434 668  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35840 09/08E464 652  60    0E491 630  55    0E518 608  50    0E545 584  50    0*
35840 09/08*464 652  60    0E491 630  50    0E518 608  45    0E545 584  45    0*
           *                          **               **               **

35845 09/09E570 562  45    0E595 541  45    0E618 520  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
35850 HR ME1                                                                    
35850 HR                                                                    
         ***

U.S. Impact:
-9/7/1953 – 12Z – 41.2N, 70.2W – 50 kt (50 kt winds at Nantucket, MA as 75 kt hurricane passed offshore)
-9/7/1953 – 18Z – 44.9N, 67.0W – 45 kt (45 kt winds at Eastport, ME as 75 kt hurricane passed offshore)

Landfalls:
	-9/7/1953 – 20Z – 44.2N 66.4W - 75 kt - Canada
	-9/7/1953 – 22Z – 45.3N 65.8W – 70 kt - Canada

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed from Hurricane Carol, which made landfall in Canada as a Category 1 hurricane.  
Major changes are made to the timing of when Carol attainted hurricane and major hurricanes status.  This is the first hurricane during the 
aircraft reconnaissance era for which a hurricane was revised upward in intensity to a Category 5 based on aircraft observations.  Finally, 
another major change was made to remove the hurricane impact listed for Maine.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), 
Monthly U.S. and state Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, Surface Weather Observations, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Jarrell 
et al. (1992), and Tucker (1995).

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.5N, 18.2W along the ITCZ.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  
No gales or low pressures.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 20.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 15.3N, 21.6W.  
No gales or low pressures.  “The wave from which Carol formed was traced from the coast of Africa, where it was first noted on August 28” (MWR).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered between 10-16N, 20-26W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 
12.6N, 26.7W.  No gales or low pressures.  “On the 29th it passed the Cape Verde Islands moving westward” (MWR).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.2N, 30.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression 10.7N, 32.1W.  
No gales or low pressures.  “An easterly wave was tracked by the ship reports from near 34-35W at 30/1230Z to 44-45W by 01/0630Z” (ATS).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 40.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 10.6N, 39.6W.  
No gales or low pressures.  “Signs of development began to appear on August 31” (MWR).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.6N, 46.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 12.5N, 45.6W.  
Ship highlights: 60-65 kt NNE and 992 mb at 1745Z at 14.3N, 48.5W (ATS); 45 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 1935Z at 14.2N, 48.4W (ATS).  “On the 1st 
of September a modified Gull Lima flight penetrated to 16.7N, 54.2W and, at that position, at 01/1745Z, reported a NE surface winds Beaufort 
force 7 (30 kt), partly cloudy, and a moderate southeasterly swell.  Coupled with the fact that the 850 mb height had fallen 110 feet during 
the last hour [as the aircraft flew closer to what was obviously Carol], as the above position was approached on a course of 150 degrees, 
the report indicated a disturbance further on out in the Atlantic, probably southeast of this position, but at an unknown distance.  The 
situation was not long in doubt.  Three reports received from the S.S. Umatilla are quoted: ‘…1745Z position 14.3N, 48.5W, wind NNE [force 
11 to 12] (60 to 70 kt), swell sea NNE very high, barometer 29.29 in. falling rapidly.  1935Z position 14.2N, 48.4W with SSW [force 9] (40 kt), 
confused high swell, barometer 29.66 in. rising slowly, temp 76, hurricane center NW of position.  2345Z [position] 14.2N, 48.0W, wind SE 
[force 6] (25 kt) in squalls up to [force] 8 (35 kt), confused swell, barometer 29.92 in rising, temp 78.’  In coordination with the Weather
 Bureau, [advisory] No. 1 on Hurricane Carol was issued at 01/2230Z with an estimated position (based on the above ship report) of 14.4N, 48.8W, 
at 01/2200Z, and stated that the next [advisory] would follow Wednesday morning (September 2) after the reconnaissance fix” (ATS).   “On 
September 1, confirmation that a hurricane had formed was received from the S. S. Umatilla which reported force 11 to 12 NNE winds, very high 
seas, and rapidly falling pressure at 14.3N, 48.5W” (MWR).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 15.6N, 52.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 75 kt hurricane at 15.0N, 51.0W.  ATS shows a 
1230 map time position near 15.8N, 52.9W.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1311Z at 15.9N, 53.2W with 944 mb central pressure, 
80 kt estimated maximum winds, and 700 mb height 7,900 ft (micro, ATS).  “An Air Force reconnaissance plane fixed the center at 15.9N, 53.2W 
at 02/1311Z.  Surface winds about the center at that time were 80 kt, sea level pressure 944 mb, and 700-mb height 7,900 ft” (ATS).

September 3:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 18.7N, 58.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 18.9N, 58.7W.  The MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 19.3N, 58.3W.  Microfilm analyzes 
a tropical cyclone of at most 984 mb centered near 19.2N, 58.4W.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1300Z at 19.3N, 58.3W with 120 kt 
maximum winds (micro, ATS); Navy center fix at 1808Z at 19.8N, 60.4W with 929 mb central pressure and 130 kt maximum winds (micro, ATS).  “This 
storm became the most severe hurricane of the season during the next few days as it moved on a west-northwest course, with aircraft reporting 
130+ knot winds and minimum pressure 930 mb (27.45 inches) on September 3 and 4” (MWR).  “Another Air Force reconnaissance plane found the center 
to be at 19.3N, 58.3W at 13/1200Z, with maximum winds of 120 kt.  The eye was diffuse, three nmi in diameter at the surface, but well-defined, 
eight nmi in diameter at 10,000 ft.  Another fix was obtained on the 3rd by a Navy low-level penetration flight operating from San Juan.  At 
1808Z, the center was found to be at 19.8N, 60.4W attended by maximum winds of 130 kt in the southeast quadrant.  The eye was three nmi in 
diameter and well-defined, minimum surface pressure 929 mb.  The northern semicircle was not explored due to [fear of] extremely severe turbulence.  
Navigational error [on this fix] was probably not more than five to eight nmi, since an excellent [navigational] landfall had been made after 
departing the storm.  Following 03/1830Z, Carol assumed a course of north-northwest.  Aerial reconnaissance was continued and was invaluable 
in maintaining a track of the storm in an area of sparse ship reports.  The Air Force made the flights during the day, while the Navy provided 
night radar coverage” (ATS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 23.2N, 62.9W.  HURDAT lists this as a 130 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 63.5W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, with the former showing a 992 mb pressure.  
ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 23.4N, 63.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 987 mb centered near the HURDAT 
position.  Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 24.0N, 66.0W (COA); 35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 18Z at 22.9N, 59.2W (COA).  Aircraft 
highlights: radar center fixes at 0157, 0251, 0352, 0450, 0551, 0651, 0751, and 0851Z between 21.5-23.1N, 61.5-62.7W (micro); Air Force center 
fix (loran) at 1328Z at 23.5N, 63.3W with 100 kt estimated surface winds, 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered, 950 mb dropsonde surface 
pressure, and lowest 700 mb height 8,795 feet (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1900Z at 25.2N, 63.8W with 942 mb central pressure, 120 kt 
maximum flight-level winds encountered, and lowest 700 mb height 8,490 ft (micro, ATS).  “On September 4th, a Hurricane Hunter B-29 from Kindley 
AFB flew into the hurricane’s eye and found it to be about 20 miles in diameter with winds blowing around that centre at 120 kt” (Tucker).  “On 
4 September the Air Force fixed the position at 1900Z at 25.2N, 63.8W” (ATS).

September 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 28.6N, 66.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 67.1W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near the HURDAT position, with the former showing a 993 mb pressure.  
ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HWM position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 978 mb centered near 28.9N, 
66.8W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 29.3N, 68.7W (HWM, micro); 30 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 1730Z at 27.0N, 69.1W (micro).  
Five other gales of 35-50 kt and three other low pressures of 1003-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0130, 0230, 0330, and 
0430Z between 26.2-27.5N, 64.1-65.9W (micro, ATS); center fix (loran) at 1235Z at 28.9N, 66.6W with 945 mb central pressure, 90 kt estimated 
maximum winds and 700 mb height in the eye of 8,530 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 1817Z at 29.9N, 67.2W with 80 kt maximum winds encountered 
in the SW quadrant and 700 mb height of 8,640 ft.  “No. 4 Warning (that the centre was now expected to pass a short distance to the west, was 
hoisted at 4 P.M. on Saturday, September 5th and Dr. Macky predicted that the fringe winds felt here might be at hurricane force” (Tucker).  
“That night a Navy radar flight reported the center to be at 26.2N, 64.1W at 05/0130Z and at 26.6N, 64.3W at 05/0230Z.  The Navy radar plane 
subsequently advised that the positions were in error by approximately 70 nmi to the east.  When corrected, these agreed quite well with later 
surface and aerial reconnaissance reports which showed Carol continuing on a north-northwesterly course.  Between 2207Z and 2230Z three position 
on the storm center were reported by an Air Force reconnaissance plane, which showed it to be approximately 90 nmi SW of Bermuda.  These were 
believed to be in error…” (ATS).

September 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33.3N, 70.2W with a NNE-SSW frontal system approaching from the west located about 
400 nmi west of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 33.0N, 69.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position 
near 33.9N, 69.5W with a 975 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map 
time position near 33.6N, 69.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near 33.4N, 69.6W with a NE-SW front 
approaching from the west located several hundred nmi west of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 991 mb at 12Z at 33.4N, 68.7W (COA); 
~60 kt NW and 986 mb at 12Z at 33.1N, 71.0W (HWM); 55-60 kt S and 982 mb at 15Z at 33.5N, 68.5W (micro).  18 other gales between 35-50 kt and 
11 other low pressures between 996-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0618Z at 32.7N, 68.3W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1147Z 
at 33.4N, 69.4W with 75 kt max winds and 700 mb height of 9,000 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 2000Z at 35.8N, 69.9W with 962 mb central pressure 
and 100 kt estimated maximum winds (micro).  “By September 6, when the hurricane passed about midway between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda, there were 
signs of weakening” (MWR).  “In the event, Hurricane ‘Carol’ by-passed the Colony some 200 miles west on Saturday night at 8 pm (~0100Z on the 6th).  
The island escaped with gale-force winds and only slight damage: steady winds of 50-60 mph swept the islands.  Surprisingly little rain fell: one 
tenth of an inch in 24 hours.  Some trees were uprooted, salt spray drenched the land, and one hundred telephones went out of action” (Tucker).  
“Ironically enough, the ‘Queen of Bermuda’ which altered course to avoid the big blow, unfortunately ran slap into it.  Wind and sea increased in 
fury and beset the ‘Queen’ for 8 ½ hours forcing Capt. Leslie Banyard to hove his ship to and ride out the storm.  Her forward deck was continuously 
awash and waves rose as high as the bridge, while occasionally she rolled 28 degrees.  When at last she arrived back in port, half a dozen or so 
passengers were obliged to go to the hospital for X-rays and one seaman had died of a broken skull” (Tucker).  “Reconnaissance was continued on the 
6th with the Air Force making two flights, and the Navy providing radar coverage that night.  This latter flight experienced considerable difficulty 
in finding the center by radar return, indicating that the storm was assuming extratropical characteristics.  Meanwhile, the storm accelerated from 
14 kt at 06/1000Z to 19 kt at 07/0300Z” (ATS).

September 7:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 40.9N, 68.1W with a N-S dissipating stationary front located just west of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 40.3N, 69.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 40.9N, 68.7W with a 981 mb 
pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 40.6N, 69.4W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 41.5N, 68.9W.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 984 mb centered near 40.7N, 68.4W with a NNE-SSW frontal system approaching from the west 
located about 200 nmi west of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 991 mb at 12Z at 40.1N, 66.6W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 986 mb at 12Z at 
39.8N, 68.6W (micro); 65 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12Z at 40.7N, 66.2W (micro); 15 kt NNW and 985 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 69.9W (micro); 60 kt SW and 1002 mb 
at 18Z at 41.1N, 66.7W (COA); 70 kt SW and 993 mb at 18Z at 42.4N, 66.4W (COA).  20 other gales between 35-55 kt and eight other low pressures 
between 991-1003 mb.  Land/station highlights: 45 kt NNW and 994 mb at 12Z at Nantucket, MA (micro); 47 kt N (max w/1-min) at Nantucket (climo); 
30 kt NE and 991 mb at 18Z at Eastport, ME (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1001 mb at 18Z at Halifax, Nova Scotia (micro); 42 kt NE (max w/1-min) at 1658Z, 
989 mb (min p) at 2010Z) at Eastport (climo).  Three other low pressures of 1003 mb.  From the September, 1953 National Monthly Climatological 
Data Summary Storm reports… “Location: Cape Cod area, Mass., and Maine Coast; Date: 7th; Time: all day; Property damage (exclusive of crops): 
$1,070,000; Character of storm: wind; Remarks: Hurricane Carol traveled northward east of New England, producing heavy seas and gales along 
southeastern MA and ME shores” (climo).  “Thereafter it slowly lost force, but was still about hurricane strength when it passed over Nova Scotia 
and New Brunswick on the 7th” (MWR).  “It then began to accelerate more rapidly, attaining a speed of 25 kt by 07/1600Z, and moved with an 
easterly component.  The center passed about 60 nmi east of Nantucket Island at approximately 07/1100Z with highest winds reported of about 
55 kt while a ship as far as 150 nmi to the east of the center reported Beaufort force 12.  By this time it was moving north-northeasterly with 
continued acceleration, and showed further evidence of becoming extratropical.  Shortly after 07/1830Z the storm center entered the Bay of Fundy 
and rapidly became extratropical.  Winds of storm velocity continued in the eastern semicircle causing considerable crop damage in Nova Scotia as 
it moved up the Bay” (ATS).  “Carol – ME, 1” (Jarrell et al. 1992).  “Tropical storm passed east of station [Eastport] during the afternoon” (Eastport SWO).  
“Meanwhile, the third hurricane of the 1953-54 season had been moving northward in the Atlantic.  On the early morning of the 7th, having lost most 
of its tropical violence, it was centered 150 miles south of Nantucket and 250 miles east of New Jersey.  That evening it was over the southern tip 
of Nova Scotia; its line of travel relative to New England had fortunately kept the worst of the storm well out to sea.  Even so, winds up to 54 m.p.h. 
(recorded at Nantucket) swept the Cape Cod area, the Maine coast was also gale-lashed, and heavy seas pounded the coastline…Heavy rains swept Cape cod 
and coastal Maine as the storm swept by” (New England Climatological Data).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 990 mb centered near 51.9N, 59.3W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm front located 180 nmi NNE of the cyclone 
and the NNE end of a NNE-SSW cold front located 70 nmi SSW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 51.8N, 60.8W.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.0N, 60.3W with a 989 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a position 
at 00Z near 46.6N, 65.2W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 51.2N, 60.0W.  Microfilm last shows a closed low at 00Z before the cyclone goes off 
the north edge of the map of at most 987 mb centered near 46.7N, 64.9W with a front near the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1003 mb at 12Z at 
51.9N, 55.1W (COA); 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z at 52.3N, 53.8W (COA); 30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 18Z at 51.8N, 53.3W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 25 kt 
SW and 990 mb at 00Z at Moncton (46.1N, 64.8W) (micro); 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 06Z at Sydney (46.1N, 60.2W) (micro).  Eight other low pressures between 
997-1005 mb.  “The Hurricane Warning Service discontinued warnings on Carol after 08/0400Z” (ATS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 61.6N, 52.0W with an occluded front extending near or just east of the low to a triple point 
near 59N, 46W.  A warm front extends from the triple point east-northeastward and a cold front extends from the triple point south-southwestward.  HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 61.8N, 52.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.2N, 54.1W with a 987 mb 
pressure.  Ship highlights (through 06Z only): 30 kt S and 1000 mb at 03Z at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA).  Three other low pressures.

September 10:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 06Z near 66.9N, 35.7W.

Carol formed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on 27 August.  HURDAT begins this system as a 25 kt tropical depression on 28 August 
at 06Z at 16.0N, 20.5W.  Observations on the 28th indicate the definite presence of at least a strong tropical wave.  Although there is not concrete evidence 
that it was a tropical depression by the 28th, there is also not evidence that it was not closed, so no change is made to the timing of genesis.  The previous 
HURDAT track shows a southwestward motion from 16.0N, 20.5W on the 28h at 06Z to 10.6N, 33.9W on the 30th at 18Z.  A ship on the 30th, which experienced 
greater than or equal to a 4 mb pressure drop in a 24-hour period, indicates that the circulation is definitely closed by the 30th and that the position at 
18Z on the 30th is near 14.0N, 35.0W instead of 10.6N, 33.9W (a major track change).  In addition to the pressure falls, this ship experienced a wind shift 
of greater than 180 degrees in 12 hours.  The highest 6-hourly wind reported from this ship was 20 kt and the lowest 6-hourly pressure was 1011 mb (although 
one pressure was missing- likely the value when it was closest to the center).  The data indicates that the cyclone was still weak on the 30th, so the 30 kt 
intensity shown in HURDAT on the 30th is maintained.  On August 31st, there is absolutely no data, but on 1 September at 1745Z, a ship ran into the cyclone 
and reported winds of 60-65 kt with a 992 mb pressure and barometer rapidly falling near 14.3N, 48.5W.  The revised position at 18Z on 1 September is about 
1.5 degrees WNW of the previous HURDAT position.  Major north-northwestward track adjustments ranging from 2 to more than 3.5 degrees are analyzed at all 
times from August 30th at 00Z through September 1st at 06Z.  Carol, which had been moving due west, turned toward the west-northwest on 2 September, and the 
first aircraft reconnaissance flight occurred on the 2nd.  At 1311Z on 2 September, the Air Force plane measured a central pressure of 944 mb, and this value 
is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 2nd.  A central pressure of 944 mb equals 119 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship for 
intensifying systems and 120 kt is chosen for 12Z on 2 September (up from 75 kt originally).  The ship data on September 1st indicates that the intensity 
of Carol at 18Z on the 1st was at least 70 kt, but it is not known how much higher than 70 kt the intensity was at that time.  Therefore, the intensity is 
decreased by 10 kt per 6 hours backward from the 120 kt chosen for 12Z on the 2nd.  Revised intensities at 12Z each day from 31 August to 2 September are 
40, 80, and 120 kt (up from 35, 50, and 75 kt respectively- major upward revisions on the 1st and 2nd).  Although there is no change to the time Carol 
became a tropical storm, Carol is analyzed to have become a hurricane by 06Z on 1 September (24 hours earlier than originally).  Carol is analyzed to have 
become a major hurricane by 00Z on 2 September (also 24 hours earlier than originally) (both of these are major changes).  On the 3rd of September, Carol 
was passing a few hundred nmi northeast of the northern Leeward Islands.  All track changes from the 3rd through the 6th are seven-tenths of a degree or 
less.  During those four days, the hurricane moved northwestward, passing well west of Bermuda and reaching a point near 35N, 70W by 18Z on the 6th.  
After the 944 mb central pressure was obtained by aircraft reconnaissance on the 2nd, a 929 mb central pressure was measured by a Navy aircraft on 3 
September at 1808Z.  Maximum winds of 130 kt were reported with an eye diameter of 3 nmi.  The pressure value obtained by the aircraft was double checked, 
calibrated, and found to be correct.  The central pressure of 929 mb listed in HURDAT at 18Z on 3 September is retained.  A central pressure of 929 mb equals 
133 kt according to the intensifying subset of the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  The estimated RMW of 3 nmi is much smaller than the climatological
 RMW value of 12 nmi from Vickery et al. for that central pressure and latitude.  The forward speed of Carol was about 16 kt.  Given this data, a 140 kt 
intensity is chosen on the 3rd for 12 and 18Z (up from 130 kt originally) making Carol a Category 5 hurricane.  Carol may have been similar in structure and 
intensity to Andrew (1992) or Felix (2007) at this time.  140 kt is the new peak intensity for Carol (previously 130 kt).  The 929 mb central pressure was 
also the lowest central pressure ever recorded by aircraft in the Atlantic Basin up until that time, breaking the previous record of 937 mb set in Hurricane Easy 
(1951).  The record before that was 938 mb set in the 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane.  Major upward revisions to the intensity of 20 to 45 kt are analyzed at 
all times on the 1st and 2nd of September.  Central pressures of 942 and 945 mb were measured at 19Z on the 4th and 1235Z on the 5th by reconnaissance aircraft, 
and these values are added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 4th and 12Z on the 5th respectively.  The latter yields a wind speed of 110 kt according to the north of 
25N pressure-wind relationship, and 110 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 5th (up from 105 kt originally).  On the 6th at 2000Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a 
962 mb central pressure, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 6th.  A 962 mb central pressure yields 89 kt according to the weakening subset of the 
north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 88 kt according to the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship from Landsea et al. (2004).  An 85 kt intensity is 
chosen for 18Z on the 6th (up from 80 kt originally).  A value below the pressure-wind relationship was chosen because the RMW at that time was very large.  
Carol reached its farthest west point and recurved around 00Z of the 7th near 37N, 70.5W.  On the 7th, the cyclone passed well east of Nantucket, and the 
maximum wind recorded at Nantucket was 47 kt (1-minute).  Ships at 12Z on the 7th recorded winds as high as hurricane force and pressures as low as 985 mb.  
At 18Z on the 7th, when Carol was still over water located between Maine and Nova Scotia moving northward, a ship recorded 70 kt with 993 mb about 60 nmi 
south of the center.  Observations indicate that Carol was still tropical at that time.  Carol is analyzed to have made two direct Canadian hurricane landfalls 
(the first of which is a result of a slight eastward track adjustment on the 7th).  The first landfall occurred at 20Z on 7 September as a 75 kt (up from 
65 kt originally at 18Z) Category 1 hurricane at 44.2N, 66.4W (western tip of Nova Scotia), and the second landfall occurred at 22Z on 7 September as a 70 kt 
hurricane at 45.3N, 65.8W (New Brunswick).  Carol was previously listed as a Category 1 hurricane for Maine, but the hurricane impact for Maine is removed.  
The highest wind that occurred at Eastport, ME was 42 kt (1-min) and this was by far the closest station and also the nearest point on the Maine coast to 
which the center passed.  This is also consistent with the impacts described in the New England Climatological Data.  It is quite possible that hurricane 
force winds only existed on the right side of Carol, but another important point is that the track has been adjusted a few tenths of a degree farther away 
from Maine compared with the previous track at closest approach.  Portland, ME did not even record any tropical storm force winds.  Maine and Massachusetts 
received tropical storm impacts from Carol, and Bermuda also received a tropical storm impact.  After Canadian landfall, HURDAT previously listed Carol as 
having become extratropical by 00Z on the 8th with a 60 kt intensity, but it is analyzed that Carol did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 8th.  
No change is made to the timing of dissipation or to the position or intensity at the final point, which is listed at 12Z on 9 September at 61.8N, 52.0W 
as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone.

Additional quotes:
“Hurricane Carol was full-fledged when it made its appearance out of an area of no reports some 700-800 miles east of the Lesser Antilles.  This severe 
hurricane spent most of its fury at sea.  Only light damage was inflicted on Bermuda.  Shipping at sea was able to stay out of the storm’s path, except 
for a Panamanian freighter that went aground near Cape Cod.  Some damage was done to New England, but the storm had its worst effect on apple orchards and 
grain fields of Nova Scotia.  One fishing vessel was sunk in the Bay of Fundy and another near Gloucester.  Two deaths were reported as being due to this storm” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 5 – (originally Storm 3)

35735 08/28/1953 M= 7  3 SNBR= 788 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
35735 08/29/1953 M= 4  5 SNBR= 788 NOT NAMED   XING=0 
                    *  *                            *

(The 28th is removed from HURDAT.)
35740 08/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*217 826  35    0*

35745 08/29*238 842  40    0*249 841  40    0*260 826  45  985*260 812  35    0*
35745 08/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*263 809  25 1007*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  ** ****

35750 08/30*261 798  35    0*268 784  35    0*274 775  35    0*280 775  40    0*
35750 08/30*269 793  30    0*272 784  30    0*275 777  30    0*278 775  35    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35755 08/31*287 778  40    0*292 781  45    0*297 784  50    0*304 789  50    0*
35755 08/31*281 778  35    0*286 781  35    0*292 786  35    0*300 793  35 1008*
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

35760 09/01*312 797  40    0*319 808  30    0*324 820  25    0*325 830  25    0*
35760 09/01*307 800  35    0*314 808  30    0*322 817  30    0*325 828  25    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              *** ***  **          ***

(The 2nd and 3rd are removed from HURDAT.)
35765 09/02*325 838  25    0*327 843  25    0*332 848  25    0*344 854  25    0*
35770 09/03*365 860  25    0*385 852  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

35775 TS  


Minor track and minor intensity alterations are implemented for this tropical storm.  Major changes are made to the time of genesis (delayed by 24 hours), 
the time that tropical storm intensity was first attained (delayed by two days), and to the dissipation of this cyclone (earlier by 36 hours).  Changes are 
also made to tropical storm impacts for the United States with Florida being removed as being a tropical storm landfall.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, Florida Climatological Data, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, Tannehill (1956), Cry et al. (1959), and Perez et al. (2000).

August 28:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.7N, 82.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a weak trough in the northwestern Caribbean Sea.  No gales or low pressures.

August 29:
HWM suggests a trough in the northwestern Caribbean and analyzes a dissipating stationary front located along the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States.  
HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 82.6W with a 985 mb pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT 
position with a 1009 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 26.2N, 79.9W.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2030Z 
at 26.8N, 79.1W with 1007 mb central pressure (micro). This system is not listed as a Cuban tropical storm (Perez).

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.2N, 78.0W with the west end of a dissipating stationary front extending eastward from the low.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.4N, 77.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 1008 mb 
pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near the HWM position also containing a frontal boundary extending from the low 
east-northeastward.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 18Z at 30.1N, 79.7W (COA).  “No tropical storms reached the State [during August 1953]” (Florida 
Climatological Data).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 29.0N, 79.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 29.7N, 78.4W.  The MWR tracks of 
centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 30.2N, 78.2W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 
29.1N, 78.4W with a frontal boundary extending east-northeastward from the low.  Ship highlights: 30 kt NE and 1017 mb at 06Z at 30.1N, 79.3W (micro); 30 kt 
SW and 1010 mb at 18Z at 28.7N, 79.0W (micro).  Land/station highlights: 15 kt NE and 1013 mb at 18Z at Brunswick, GA (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center 
fix at 1530Z at 30.0N, 79.0W with 1008 mb central pressure and 35 kt max winds (micro).  “Navy reconnaissance on the 31st found the remnants of this circulation 
near 29N, 79W, and confirmed the opinion that it was no longer a danger as a possible hurricane” (ATS).

September 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 31.5N, 81.3W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.4N, 82.0W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.8N, 81.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 32.3N, 81.6W.  Station 
highlights: 25 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 00Z at Savannah, GA (micro); 5 kt N and 1010 mb at 06Z at Brunswick, GA (micro); 30 kt S and 1012 mb at 12Z at 32.1N, 80.0W 
(micro).  “A moderate storm of tropical nature moved inland on the lower Georgia coast on the 1st and continued westward across the state, causing light rains 
in most districts…” (climo).

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 34.3N, 85.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 33.2N, 84.8W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.5N, 84.6W.  Microfilm at 06Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb centered near 32.7N, 84.7W but at 
12Z does not show a closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

September 3:
HURDAT last lists this at 06Z as a 20 kt tropical depression at 38.5N, 85.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.4N, 85.1W.  
No gales or low pressures.

HURDAT originally started this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on the 28th in the northwestern Caribbean followed shortly by a landfall over Cuba as 
a 35 kt tropical storm.  Subsequently, HURDAT depicted the system making landfall in southwest Florida as a 45 kt/985 mb tropical storm.  However, numerous 
observations indicate that the system did not produce any tropical storm force winds during the 28th or 29th, nor did not obtained a closed circulation until 
18Z on the 29th while over south Florida.  Genesis is thus delayed by 24 hours and is started as a 25 kt tropical depression.  This revision is also consistent 
with the Cuban assessment in Perez et al., as they did not consider this system as a tropical storm for Cuba.  (There is no basis for the 985 mb central pressure 
listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 29th, and it is removed since there are substantial amounts of data that indicate that the cyclone was only a tropical disturbance 
with lowest pressures of around 1010 mb at that time.)  The tropical storm impact for Florida is also thus removed, which is also consistent with the Florida 
Climatological Data assessment.  After the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic Ocean, an aircraft performed a center fix at 2030Z on the 29th just west of Grand 
Bahama Island and measured a central pressure of 1007 mb, and this central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 29th.  A central pressure of 1007 mb equals 
28 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and a 25 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 28th (down from 35 kt originally) 
and 30 kt at 00Z on the 29th (down from 40 kt originally).  The cyclone reached its farthest east point at 12Z on the 30th near 27.5N, 77.5W before making a 
turn toward the northwest.  Ship observations of 30 kt at 18Z on the 30th and one 35 kt observation on the 31st indicate that the depression likely strengthened 
to a tropical storm.  It is analyzed that the depression became a tropical storm at 18Z on 30 August (two days later than originally- a major change).  On 
31 August, the cyclone moved northwestward toward the Georgia coastline.  At 1530Z on the 31st, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1008 mb 
with maximum winds of 35 kt reported.  A 1008 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 31st.  The tropical cyclone is analyzed to have made landfall 
on the Georgia coast between Brunswick and Savannah at 08Z on 1 September at 31.6N, 81.1W as a 30 kt tropical depression (unchanged from HURDAT originally at 
the point before landfall).  Previously, HURDAT showed a peak lifetime intensity of 50 kt from 12Z-18Z on the 31st.  The revised peak lifetime intensity is 
35 kt from 18Z on 30 August through 00Z on 1 September.  The depression then moved west-northwestward farther inland into Georgia.  HURDAT previously held onto 
this system as a depression through 06Z on 3 September with a previous final position near the Kentucky/Indiana border, but available observations indicate 
the dissipation occurred after 18Z on 1 September, so dissipation is analyzed to have occurred 36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally (a major change).  
The revised final point is at 18Z on 1 September at 32.5N, 82.8W as a 25 kt tropical depression. 

This system was first added as a tropical storm in the Cry et al. (1959) Technical Memo, as no operational advisories were written on it nor was it included 
in the Monthly Weather Review summary.  Another contemporary climatological account was Tannehill (1956) with his seasonal summaries.  Tannehill, however, did 
not include this system.  Why Cry decided to include this as a new tropical storm was not discussed in his tech memo and will likely remain a mystery.  Given 
the observations available, it is uncertain whether it would have been added into the database, if it were not already in HURDAT
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 6 (Dolly) – (originally Storm 5)

35855 09/08/1953 M=10  5 SNBR= 790 DOLLY       XING=0                           
35855 09/08/1953 M= 9  6 SNBR= 790 DOLLY       XING=0 
                   **  *                       

35860 09/08*  0   0   0    0*203 659  40    0*200 667  50    0*194 675  50    0*
35860 09/08*  0   0   0    0*183 651  30    0*187 664  35    0*191 675  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35865 09/09*195 682  55    0*201 689  60    0*207 694  65    0*213 698  85    0*
35865 09/09*196 685  45    0*202 690  45    0*207 694  50 1005*213 697  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               ** ****     ***  **

35870 09/10*220 701  95    0*228 703 100    0*237 705 100  995*249 706 100    0*
35870 09/10*221 699  60    0*230 701  60  999*239 705  65  990*249 708  65  989*
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***  *** ***     ***  ***     *** ***  ***

35875 09/11*261 705  95    0*276 700  90    0*290 690  85    0*304 676  75    0*
35875 09/11*259 705  65    0*270 699  65    0*285 690  65    0*299 678  65    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

35880 09/12*318 659  60    0*333 640  60    0*349 618  55    0E368 589  55    0*
35880 09/12*313 663  60    0*327 644  55  996*347 618  55  994*368 591  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **  *** ***          ****    ***

35885 09/13E388 556  50    0E404 516  50    0E417 480  50    0E425 457  50    0*
35885 09/13E385 564  50    0E400 533  50    0E415 495  50    0E424 463  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

35890 09/14E429 437  45    0E430 418  45    0E430 400  45    0E430 386  45    0*
35890 09/14E428 441  55    0E432 421  50    0E432 407  45    0E430 393  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

35895 09/15E430 373  45    0E430 362  45    0E429 350  45    0E426 319  40    0*
35895 09/15E430 378  45    0E430 362  45    0E433 344  45    0E432 319  40    0*
                ***                           *** ***          *** 

35900 09/16E423 283  40    0E421 261  40    0E420 238  35    0E419 212  30    0*
35900 09/16E426 283  40    0E423 261  35    0E420 238  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            ***              ***      **               **     **** ***  **

(The 17th is removed from HURDAT.)
35905 09/17E418 186  30    0E418 159  30    0E418 132  25    0E420 105  25    0*

35910 HR

Landfall:
9/12/1953 – 05z – 32.3N 64.8W – 55 kt – 996 mb – Bermuda

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Dolly.  A major change is made to the timing of when hurricane intensity was first 
attained, and a major change is introduced for the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, 
and Tucker (1995).

September 5:
From Truchelut’s warm anomaly study… “Hurricane Dolly: Sig anoms and closed circulation analyzed as early as 9/5/12Z near 13N 52W” (Truchelut, personal 
communication, 2010).

September 6:
“Pressure 1009 no evidence of CC on 9/6, west wind on 9/6/18z” (Truchelut)

September 7:
“The ship L. Lykes at 18.2N, 60.1W [at 07/1830Z] drew attention to that part of the wave which was north of the island chain.  This ship reported winds WSW 
force 5 (20 kt) and rain, suggesting the existence of a low center near 19N, 61W” (ATS).  “1005slp in Carib on 9/7/6z. TYPE 2” (Truchelut).

September 8:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 19.9N, 67.1W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 66.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows 
a position at 18Z near 20.2N, 68.9W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 19.1N, 64.0W.  Microfilm analyzes a trough.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 
1014 mb at 00Z at 21.5N, 64.1W (COA).  “An easterly wave moved into the Caribbean Sea on September 8 and caused heavy rainfall in the Virgin Islands and Puerto 
Rico” (MWR).  “A Navy reconnaissance aircraft departed San Juan on 8 September to investigate in the area of 19N, 67W and 17.3N, 65.5W.  No evidence of a 
tropical storm was found in either area.  This search, in conjunction with surface reports, showed that neither of the suspected low centers were of immediate 
danger” (ATS).

September 9:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 68.7W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 69.4W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.3N, 69.0W with a 1003 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 69.1W.  ATS shows a 
1230Z map time position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship 
highlights: 45 kt SE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 21.0N, 67.5W (COA); 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 18Z at 22.5N, 69.1W (micro); 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at 21Z at 22.3N, 69.0W 
(micro).  Four other gales between 35-45 kt.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1345Z at 20.6-20.8N, 69.5W with 1005 mb central pressure and 85 kt maximum 
flight-level winds encountered (micro, ATS).  “It was the 9th before aircraft located a developing center in the wave near 21N, 69W” (MWR).  “During the night 
[of the 8th-9th], the area near 23N, 69W was watched closely for indications of intensification.  However, ships in the area reported easterly winds of no more 
than 30 kt.  Another reconnaissance plane departed from San Juan at first light on the 9th.  Enroute to the above area, winds of no higher than 38 kt were 
reported.  These were expected in view of previous ship reports near the area.  This plane’s subsequent reports of 60 and 85 kt were the first of hurricane force.  
At 09/1345Z this flight centered an eye at 20.6N, 69.5W with central surface pressure 1005 mb, maximum winds 85 kt in the NE quadrant and heavy precipitation 
in the eastern semicircle.  The eye was about 15 nmi in diameter.  Warning number one was issued on Dolly at 09/1445Z.  At the time of the first aircraft fix 
winds of 45 kt extended only to 35 nmi from the center in the NE quadrant and the observer in the aircraft believed that the eye was then in the process of 
formation.  On the 9th, a second Navy aircraft from San Juan attempted to observe the storm by radar but was unable to locate an eye.  However, it did give 
indications that both strongest winds and heaviest weather were concentrated in the eastern semicircle of the storm and that Dolly had taken a more northerly 
course” (ATS).

September 10:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.0N, 70.2W with a SW-NE stationary front located a few hundred nmi west and northwest of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 23.7N, 70.5W with a 995 mb central pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 24.3N, 
71.0W with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 23.8N, 70.9W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near the HURDAT 
position.  Microfilm analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.1N, 70.6W with the east end of a front located near 30N, 73W.  Ship highlights: 
50 kt SE and 1006 mb at 00Z at 22.4N, 68.9W (COA); center fix at 0400Z at 22.9N, 69.9W with 999 mb central pressure and calm winds (micro); 55-60 kt SE and 
1012 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, and either 68.3 or 69.3W (micro).  Four other gales of 35-50 kt and one other low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Air Force 
center fixes at 1316 and 1330Z at 24.0N, 70.7W and 24.1N, 70.7W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1400Z at 24.3N, 70.8W with 990 mb central pressure, 
and 80 kt maximum estimated [flight-level?] winds (micro); 65 kt estimated surface winds at 1430Z from the SW in the SE quadrant and at 1500Z from the W in the 
S quadrant (micro); center fixes at 1430 and 1500Z at 24.4N, 70.9W and 24.5N, 70.9W (micro); 90 kt flight-level winds at 1530Z 50 nmi east of the center (micro); 
center fix (loran) at 1645Z at 24.9N, 71.0W with 989 mb central pressure and 90 kt estimated maximum winds (micro); center fix at 1900Z at 25.2N, 71.0W (micro).  
“The center developed slowly and curved toward a northerly course during the 9th and 10th, reaching maximum development on the 10th, when aircraft estimated top 
wind speed at near 100 knots” (MWR).  “Dolly was reported to have clouds radiating 100 miles from the centre in all directions and winds of 100-120 mph at the 
centre.  At this stage it was considered unlikely to affect Bermuda except with clouds and showers” (Tucker).  “During the night of 9 and 10 September, a Navy 
night radar reconnaissance flight was made.  Even though a definite eye was not detected, numerous bands of weather were reported, the interpretation of which 
proved helpful in determining the storm’s track.  Reconnaissance was continued on the 10th with an Air Force flight from Bermuda.  A good series of fixes was 
obtained by this flight, which showed the path of Dolly recurving again to the northward after 10/1230Z, and no appreciable change in intensity” (ATS).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.0N, 68.9W.  A stationary front extends from 34N, 55W to 34N, 68W to 33N, 71W, becoming a dissipating 
stationary front near 33N, 72W, extending to 30N, 74W to 27N, 75W to 23N, 76W to 20N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 69.0W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.3N, 68.9W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 28.1N, 
69.1W.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 28.7N, 69.2W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 996 mb centered near 28.3N, 68.4W with the eastern end of a 
front located near 30N, 72W.  Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z at 24.8N, 69.0W (COA, micro); 60 kt SE and 993 mb at 06Z at 26.6N, 69.0W (micro); center 
fix around ~10Z near ~27.7N, 68.5W with maximum winds encountered of 60 kt (micro); 50 kt NE and 998 mb at 1030Z at 27.9N, 68.5W (micro); 50 kt SW and 996 mb at 
12Z at 28.5N, 68.5W (COA); 60 kt ESE and 999 mb at 16Z at 29.2N, 67.6W (micro); 50 kt SSW and 997 mb at 18Z at 29.1N, 67.7W (COA).  12 other gales of 35-50 kt and 
five other low pressures of 1001-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at either 1450 or 1540Z at 29.3N, 68.6W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt 
maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro).  “Thereafter the storm moved northeastward with waning force, passed over Bermuda the night of the 11th, where only 
gale winds were experienced.  Little or no damage was caused at Bermuda” (MWR).  “Dolly… continued to recurve, and by 11/0630Z, was moving northeast.  At the same 
time it began to accelerate under the influence of the westerlies aloft at about 2 kt per 6 hr.  At about 11/1200Z it attained its highest intensity with winds 
of approximately 100 kt, which were reported by a Navy reconnaissance flight” (ATS).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 34.6N, 61.8W.  A stationary front undergoing frontogenesis is plotted from 40N, 75W to 38N, 69W to just north 
of Dolly, becoming a warm front near 37N, 59W, extending to 33N, 51W.  HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 34.9N, 61.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 993 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 34.7N, 62.1W.  ATS shows 
a 1230Z map time position near 34.7N, 61.4W.  Microfilm analyzes a low of at most 999 mb centered near 34.9N, 62.2W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1007 mb at 
00Z at 30.5N, 64.5W (micro); 45 kt NE and 999 mb at 18Z at 37.8N, 59.5W (COA, micro).  One other gale of 35 kt and one other low pressure of 1001 mb.  Land/station 
highlights: close or approximate center fix at Bermuda at 0550Z (ATS, micro); 15 kt WNW and 998 mb at 0630Z at Bermuda (micro); 41 kt (max w) G 56 at Bermuda 
(ATS, micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1435Z at 35.5N, 60.5W with 994 mb central pressure, 50 kt max winds with gusts to hurricane 
force and min 700 mb height of 9,980 ft (micro, ATS).  “[The cyclone] moved rapidly northeastward over the Atlantic during the 12th and 13th beyond the range of 
reconnaissance aircraft” (MWR).  “However, Dolly made a considerable eastward turn, and at 9 P.M. on September 11th, Hurricane Warning No. 5 was hoisted to 
indicate that the hurricane was expected to pass a short distance to the east of Bermuda, and the local Meteorological Station advised that the risk of hurricane 
force winds in the early hours of the 12th was now considerable.  As things turned out, the centre of the hurricane passed over the colony about 2 A.M. on Saturday 
September 12th – but by that time ‘Dolly’ had been losing wind-velocity for the previous six hours and was no longer blowing at hurricane, but strictly at gale 
force.  400 telephones were put out of action by wind and rain but other damage was slight” (Tucker).  “All evidence indicated that Dolly would continue on a NE 
course, which was almost directly toward Bermuda.  An Air Force reconnaissance flight verified this forecast as well as the sharp decrease in intensity to 70 kt by 
12/0000Z and continued acceleration.  Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda, reported the eye over that station at 12/0550Z with minimum pressure of 997.6 mb, and maximum 
sustained surface winds of 41 kt with gusts to 56 kt.  The speed was then about 20 kt.  The eye was further described as open to the south and west.  All this 
supported the belief that Dolly, under the influence of westerlies below the 500 mb level, already possessed extratropical characteristics.  The last aerial 
reconnaissance of Dolly was accomplished on the 12th by the Air Force.  At 12/1435Z it had moved on to the NE and accelerated to 30 kt.  Except for near hurricane 
force winds in squalls, the highest sustained velocity was 50 kt.  [Advisories] on Dolly were discontinued after 12/2200Z” (ATS).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 40.5N, 48.5W with a warm front extending from the low southward to 35N, 46W, and a cold front extending from 
the low west-southwestward to 37N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.7N, 48.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z 
position near 42.1N, 48.5W with a 1004 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the same position.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position 
near 40.2N, 52.1W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes an elongated low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.7N, 48.2W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1012 mb at 00Z at 
40.4N, 57.8W (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 18Z at 42.0N, 46.0W (COA).  Ten other gales between 35-45 kt and one other low pressure of 1005 mb.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 42.6N, 40.0W with a warm front extending south-southeastward from the low to 40N, 37W to 36N, 36W and a cold 
front extending from the low to 42N, 39W to 39N, 39W to 37N, 46W to 37N, 49W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 43.0N, 40.0W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 43.8N, 41.5W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z at 42.0N, 44.0W (COA); 
50 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 42.9N, 43.3W (COA); 40 kt NW and 1011 mb at 06Z at 40.5N, 47.5W (COA).  Four other gales of 35 kt and three other low pressures of 
1004-1005 mb.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 44.5N, 34.5W with a dissipating occluded front extending from the low to 45N, 31W to a triple point near 
41N, 29W.  A warm front extends southeastward from the triple point and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 42.9N, 35.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 44.4N, 37.6W with a 1009 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt E and 1010 mb at 12Z at 45.0N, 32.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18Z at 46.0N, 32.0W (COA).  One other gale of 35 kt.

September 16:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1005 mb centered near 41.3N, 23.5W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 41N, 19W.  A warm front 
extends south-southeastward from the triple point to 39N, 18W, and a cold front extends southwestward from the triple point.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 42.0N, 23.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.1N, 24.9W with a 1004 mb pressure.  Ship highlights 
(through 12Z only): 20 kt WNW and 1004 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 31.4W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12Z at 40.5N, 23.0W (COA).  One other low pressure of 1004 mb.

September 17:
HWM analyzes a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered near 42.0N, 14.1W with an occluded front extending from 43N, 13W to 40N, 10W to 35N, 13W.  HURDAT lists 
this as a 25 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.8N, 13.2W.

September 18:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 58.0N, 11.5W with an occluded front extending from 59N, 9W to 58N, 1W to 55N, 7E.  HURDAT no longer lists 
a system on this day.

Dolly likely formed from a tropical wave that was first noted on 5 September as it approached the Lesser Antilles.  HURDAT begins this system as a 40 kt tropical 
storm at 20.3N, 65.9W at 06Z on 8 September.  There is no clear evidence of a closed circulation prior to the genesis time in HURDAT, so no change is made to the 
timing of genesis.  Available observations do, however, indicate that Dolly was farther south and weaker than was previously listed in the original HURDAT.  A 
major track change is introduced into HURDAT for the first point- the position at 06Z on the 8th is adjusted slightly over 2 degrees south-southeast of the previous 
position.  After 12Z on the 8th, all track changes for the rest of the tropical portion of the lifetime of Dolly are 1 degree or less.  Dolly recurved around 18Z 
on the 10th near 25N, 71W before passing nearly directly over Bermuda as a tropical storm on the 12th.  The intensity at the genesis point is analyzed to be a 
30 kt tropical depression (down from 40 kt originally at that time).  At 00Z on the 9th, a ship reported 45 kt winds, but at 1345Z on the 9th, aircraft reconnaissance 
recorded a central pressure of 1005 mb.  This value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 9th, and equals 37 kt according to the Brown et al. (2006) southern pressure-wind 
relationship.  Later on the 9th, at 21Z, a ship recorded 40 kt winds concurrent with a 1005 mb pressure.  Intensities of 50 and 55 kt are chosen for 12 and 18Z on the 
9th (down from 65 and 85 kt respectively).  It is analyzed that Dolly first attained tropical storm strength at 12Z on 8 September (six hours later than shown in HURDAT 
originally).  On the 10th at 04Z, a ship in the storm center reported a central pressure of 999 mb, which equals 49 kt according to the southern pressure-wind 
relationship (the 999 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 10th).  At 1400 and 1645Z on the 10th respectively, aircraft reconnaissance recorded central 
pressures of 990 and 989 mb respectively.  The 995 mb central pressure value listed in HURDAT 12Z on the 10th is replaced by a 990 mb central pressure value.  A central 
pressure of 990 mb equals 64 and 62 kt respectively according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships.  The 989 mb 
central pressure measured at 1645Z is added to HURDAT at 18Z, and this value yields 65 and 61 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships 
respectively.  Intensities of 65 kt are chosen for both 12 and 18Z on the 10th respectively (down from 100 kt at both times originally).  Dolly is analyzed to have first 
attained hurricane intensity at 12Z on 10 September (24 hours later than in HURDAT originally- a major change).  At 06Z on the 11th, with Dolly moving north-northeastward 
near 27N, 70W, a ship recorded a 60 kt wind concurrent with a 993 mb pressure, and at 10Z on the 11th, a ship may have passed through the center (without reporting a 
central pressure) and reported maximum winds encountered of 60 kt estimated.  Although an aircraft reconnaissance fix reported a central pressure of 995 mb at about 15Z 
on the 11th, a central pressure of 995 mb is not added to HURDAT.  This is because ship observations indicate that the central pressure at 12Z was less than or equal 
to 991 mb and at 18Z was less than or equal to 992 mb.  No central pressures are added to HURDAT on the 11th, but the 65 kt intensity is maintained through 18Z on the 
11th.  By the time that Dolly made its closest approach to Bermuda around 05Z on the 12th, it had weakened to a tropical storm.  The peak intensity analyzed for Dolly 
is 65 kt from 18Z on the 10th through 18Z on the 11th (previously 100 kt from 06Z on the 10th to 18Z on the 10th).  When Bermuda was inside the RMW, the 06Z observation 
on the 12th was 15 kt concurrently with a 998 mb pressure.  A 996 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 12th based on this observation.  A central 
pressure of 996 mb yields a wind speed of 50 kt according to the north of 25N pressure wind relationship.  The maximum wind experienced at Bermuda was 41 kt with a 
gust to 56 kt.  At 1435Z on the 12th, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 994 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th.  A central 
pressure of 994 mb yields 53 and 58 kt according to the pressure-wind relationships for north of 25N and north of 35N respectively.  The RMW was smaller than average 
and the forward speed of the storm was a very fast 30 kt.  Intensities of 55 kt are chosen at both 06 and 12Z on the 12th (down from 60 kt originally at 06Z.  Dolly 
is analyzed to have weakened from a hurricane to a tropical storm at 00Z on the 12th (no change from HURDAT previously).  Late on the 12th, Dolly was moving rapidly 
east-northeastward over the central Atlantic.  Dolly is analyzed to have become extratropical by 00Z on the 13th (six hours later than originally) with a 00Z position 
on the 13th of 38.5N, 56.4W and a 50 kt intensity.  After extratropical transition, Dolly turned toward a due east directional movement by 00Z on the 14th along 43N, 
and it passed north of the Azores early on the 16th of September.  Although Dolly slightly strengthened briefly as an extratropical system from 50 kt early on the 13th 
to 55 kt from 18Z on the 13th to 00Z on the 14th, it subsequently weakened very gradually.  At 12Z on the 16th, the HURDAT position of 42.0N, 23.8W is unchanged, and 
the intensity is lowered from 35 to 30 kt.  Observations indicate that the extratropical remnant of Dolly dissipated after 12Z on the 16th (30 hours earlier than shown 
in HURDAT originally- a major change).

Additional quote: “This was one of the season’s storms that lost force rapidly without apparent cause, after attaining considerable intensity” (MWR).

“Hurricane Dolly’s initial direction of movement caused considerable alarm to the Bahamas, and also in Florida where large parts of the peninsula were already soggy 
with rain.  The threat of hurricane winds is always cause for alarm, but this storm was really ‘wet’ – it dropped up to 10.5 inches of rain on the Virgin Islands as 
it passed.  This threat to the mainland was eased as the storm recurved towards Bermuda.  Fortunately for that island, it weakened as it drew nearer and winds of only 
about 50 knots were experienced as it passed” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 7 (Edna) – (originally Storm 6)

35915 09/14/1953 M= 7  6 SNBR= 791 EDNA        XING=0                           
35915 09/15/1953 M= 7  7 SNBR= 791 EDNA        XING=0   
         **            *           

(The 14th is removed from HURDAT.)
35920 09/14*  0   0   0    0*160 617  25    0*170 624  35    0*179 631  40    0*

35925 09/15*189 642  45    0*199 656  55    0*209 670  65    0*219 683  75    0*
35925 09/15*189 640  45    0*199 653  55    0*209 668  65  995*219 680  75  987*
                ***              ***              ***      ***     ***      ***

35930 09/16*229 695  90    0*239 705 105    0*248 711 110    0*263 712 110    0*
35930 09/16*229 691  75    0*237 700  80    0*246 708  80  977*258 711  90  969*
                ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

35935 09/17*280 708 110    0*288 704 110    0*295 697 105    0*308 683 105    0*
35935 09/17*271 708  95    0*282 704  95    0*293 691  95  966*307 676 100  962*
            ***     ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

35940 09/18*326 662 100    0*348 636  95    0*370 602  85    0*392 561  70    0*
35940 09/18*323 658 100    0*343 634  95    0*365 600  85    0*389 561  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

35945 09/19E414 511  55    0E430 460  40    0E443 410  35    0E462 360  35    0*
35945 09/19E410 518  70    0E426 480  65    0E443 428  60    0E462 369  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

35950 09/20E481 309  30    0E497 260  30    0E513 213  30    0E524 167  30    0*
35950 09/20E481 309  60    0E497 250  70    0E513 213  80    0E526 167  80    0*
                     **          ***  **               **      ***      **

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
35952 09/21E538 130  75    0E541  92  70    0E543  66  65    0E546  40  60    0*

35955 HR  

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane.  Major changes are also introduced for the dissipation.  Evidence 
for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather 
maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Tucker (1995).

September 11:
HWM analyzes the ITCZ extending along 10N to 48W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.  From Truchelut’s warm 
anomaly study… “Hurricane Edna: Sig anoms centered near 10N 42W on 9/11/12Z” (Truchelut).

September 12:
HWM analyzes a weak trough along 54W between 10N and 18N.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day. No gales or low pressures.  “NW wind on 9/12/06z, 
1012slp, 25kt winds but sparse obs” (Truchelut).

September 13:
HWM analyzes a trough along 63W between 10N and 20N.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a spot low in a trough near 17.3N, 61.4W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.0N, 62.4W.  The MWR post-season track map shows 
a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 16.8N, 62.1W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E 
at 1530Z (ATS); 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 1910Z at 19.4N, 62.4W (ATS, micro); 50 kt ESE and 1015 mb at 1945Z at 19.9N, 61.5W (ATS).  Aircraft highlights: 45 kt 
estimated surface winds between 19-23N, 60-62W at 2030Z (ATS).  “Following closely behind Dolly, Edna began forming in a squally wave over and to the north 
of the Leeward Islands on September 14” (MWR).  From the 14/2230Z San Juan Weather Bureau Public Advisory (Edna Advisory #1)… “The disturbance east and 
northeast of the Virgin Islands does not yet appear to have a definite closed circulation and is still only an area of showers, thunderstorms, and squalls.  
Showers and thunderstorms with strong gusty winds are occurring over a broad semicircular area north of the island from St. Croix to Antigua…” (WB advisories).

September 15:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.6N, 66.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.9N, 67.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 21.6N, 67.5W with a 998 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.0N, 67.4W.  Microfilm at 
12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 67.1W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 06Z at 19.1N, 62.7W (micro); 75 kt SE 
and 1012 mb at 18Z at 23.2N, 67.3W (micro).  Nine other gales between 35-55 kt and one low pressure of 1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fix at 0600Z 
at 20.0N, 65.2W; Navy center fix at 1300Z at 21.0-21.1N, 67.0W with 995 mb central pressure and 100 kt maximum flight-level winds at the NE RMW (micro, ATS); 
Navy center fix at 1830Z with 987 mb central pressure, 100 kt estimated surface winds, 700 mb height 8,890 ft [I think may have been a typo] and 700 mb 
temperature 9.5C (micro); Navy center fix (loran) at 2100Z at 22.6N, 68.5W with 700 mb height 9,600 ft (micro); Navy center fix at 2130Z at 22.8N, 68.5W (micro). 
“On the morning of the 15th the center was first definitely located at about 20N, 66W” (MWR).

September 16:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 24.3N, 70.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 71.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 70.9W with a 989 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 24.5N, 71.1W.  Microfilm at 
12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 990 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 35 kt and 997 mb at 03Z (micro); 65 kt E and 1004 mb at 
06Z at (micro); 65 kt S and 1010 mb at 13Z at (HWM, micro).  11 other gales of 35-60 kt and five other low pressures of 997-1004 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar 
center fixes at 0138, 0300, and 0500Z between 23.1-23.5N, 69.3-70.0W (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 1112Z at 24.5N, 70.8W with 977 mb central pressure 
(micro); center fixes (all with loran) at 1300, 1400, and 1500Z between 24.9-25.0N, 70.7-71.0W with 700 mb height 9,580 ft and 500 mb height 18,840 ft (micro); 
Air Force center fix at 1906Z (loran) at 26.1N, 71.3W with 700 mb height 9,830 ft (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2022Z at 26.2N, 70.8W with 976 mb 
central pressure and 700 mb height 9,630 ft (micro); Air Force center fix (loran) at 2045Z at 26.4N, 71.0W with 500 mb height 18,650 ft (micro); Air Force center 
fix at 2105Z at 26.3N, 70.9W with 969 mb dropsonde surface pressure (micro).  “Thereafter the storm strengthened rapidly to a hurricane with strongest winds 
about 125 mph and followed a broad curve to the north and northeast that very closely paralleled the course taken by Dolly a few days earlier” (MWR).  “Edna was 
centered… at 16/2020Z by loran fix.  Max wind of 70 kt from the SE was estimated in the north quadrant.  The shape of the eye is elliptical and 20 miles across 
as determined by radar observation.  Minimum pressure 976 mb.  Winds over 65 kt extend 60 miles from the eye in [all quadrants].  The strongest quadrant of the 
storm is northeast.  The eye was not very well-defined but was roughly elliptical in shape.  Major axis oriented NW/SE.  Very difficult to find actual center 
of low pressure, and center of storm seemed to be moving very erratic.  Position fixed again 26.3N, 70.9W at 2105Z.  Lowest pressure by dropsonde 969 mb” (micro).

September 17:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.3N, 69.1W with a NE-SW cold front approaching from the northwest located about 200 nmi northwest of 
the cyclone.  Another NE-SW cold front is plotted further west parallel to the other cold front.  HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 29.5N, 69.7W.  The 
MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 68.9W with a 985 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.2N, 
69.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near 29.3N, 68.9W with the closest front located about 400 nmi NNW of the cyclone.  
Ship highlights: center fix at 13Z at 29.2N, 68.9W with 966 mb central pressure (micro); 70 kt NW from same ship at a different time (micro).  Two other gales of 
35-40 kt and two other low pressures of 1002-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: Navy radar center fixes at 0326, 0400, 0500, and 0600Z between 27.5-28.2N, 70.1-70.5W 
(micro); Air Force center fix at 1227Z at 29.2N, 69.0W with 700 mb height 9,200 ft (micro); center fix (loran) at 1330Z at 29.5N, 68.7W with 966 mb central pressure 
and 70 kt maximum winds encountered (micro); center fixes at 1429 and 1459Z (loran and radar) between 29.8-29.9N, 68.4-68.5W (micro); Air Force center fixes (all 
with loran) at 1900, 2000, and 2100Z between 30.9-31.5N, 66.8-67.1W with 962 mb central pressure at 2000Z, 700 mb height in the eye of 9,070 ft at 1900Z and estimated 
maximum winds encountered of 80 kt (micro).

September 18:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 36.7N, 59.3W.  A cold front intersects with a warm front near 40N, 60W.  The warm front extends 
east-northeastward from that position to 41N, 56W, and the cold front extends southwestward from that position to 38N, 62W to 36N, 64W to 33N, 69W to 31N, 79W.  
A dissipating cold front is plotted from 32N, 62W to 29N, 68W to 28N, 71W.  HURDAT lists this as an 85 kt hurricane at 37.0N, 60.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers 
of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 36.6N, 58.6W with a 996 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm 
at 12Z analyzes a somewhat asymmetric, closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.6N, 58.6W.  Ship highlights: 80 kt and 995 mb at 03Z (micro); 75 kt N and 995 mb 
at 03Z at 33.3N, 65.8W (micro); 65 kt W and 1003 mb at 13Z at 35.4N, 58.7W (HWM, micro); 60 kt ENE and 990 mb at 18Z at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA, micro).  Three other gales 
of 40-60 kt and three other low pressures of 991-1003 mb.  Land highlights: gust to 92 kt SSE (peak gust) at Bermuda (ATS, micro); 994 mb (min p) at Bermuda around 
~0120Z (ATS); 56 (kt or mph?) (elevated?) SSW (max wind) G 89 kt at 0230Z at Bermuda (micro, ATS).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix (loran) at 1641Z at 38.0N, 
57.8W with 700 mb height 9,340 ft, 1001 mb minimum peripheral pressure encountered and 75 kt maximum wind encountered (micro, ATS).  “The center passed a short distance 
to the north of Bermuda during the evening of the 17th and gave winds in gusts up to 120 mph which caused considerable damage on the island” (MWR).  “This was a major 
hurricane, with maximum winds locally of over 120 mph, and one gust of 126.  The centre of the storm was estimated by Dr. Macky, the Government Meteorologist, to have 
come within 50 miles of the colony to the west at about 9:30 P.M. [on the 17th, or 0130Z or 0230Z on the 18th].  After the centre passed, the wind, which had been 
blowing at a steady 85 mph from the SE with gusts of 120 mph shifted to the SW and then west.  Nearly 3 inches of rain fell between 7 P.M. and midnight.  Damage to H.M. 
Dockyard was first estimated at 50,000 British Pounds and later at double that amount.  The winds ripped across the colony, tearing off roofs and felling trees through 
the whole length of the islands.  At Prospect the heavy stone pillars at the Officers’ Mess snapped like match sticks.  Many homes were flooded in the torrential rains.  
The speed with which the hurricane moved was a blessing to Bermuda – by 6 A.M. on the 18th, she was 200 miles to the northeast moving away at 30 mph.  This third 
hurricane to affect Bermuda in September 1953 although not centered over the islands as was that of a week earlier yet lashed them with hurricane winds for five hours.  
Before darkness had set in, aircraft had been forced to give up locating the storm, and for some hours Bermuda was the sole source of information on the hurricane’s 
course.  As usual in these fortunate isles, the human casualties were slight.  Tremendous havoc was caused to the boats in Hamilton Harbour.  Everywhere on land, hundreds 
of dead cedars were uprooted.  At the Elbow Beach Surf Club, the lobby ceiling collapsed; no-one was injured, although many rooms were flooded” (Tucker).

September 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 44.3N, 42.6W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low 
southwestward.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 44.3N, 41.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position 
with a 995 mb pressure, and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 43.5N, 45.4W.  Microfilm last shows an elongated, closed low at 06Z before the cyclone 
travels off the north edge of the map of at most 999 mb centered near 42.4N, 45.7W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt SE at 00Z at 40.8N, 55.7W (micro); 50 kt SW and 992 mb at 18Z 
at 45.5N, 37.5W (COA).  Six other gales of 35-50 kt and five other low pressures of 999-1005 mb.

September 20:
HWM analyzes a low of at most 960 mb centered near 51.5N, 21.2W with an occluded front extending from the low to a triple point near 51N, 15W.  A warm front extends from 
this triple point to 46N, 12W to 42N, 7W and a cold front extends from the triple point to 46N, 16W to 42N, 21W to 39N, 29W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt extratropical 
cyclone at 51.3N, 21.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones last shows a position at 06Z at 51.5N, 26.6W.  Ship highlights: 80 kt SW and 962 mb at 12Z at 50.3N, 21.1W 
(HWM, COA); 70 kt SW and 989 mb at 15Z at 48.0N, 20.0W (COA); 60 kt NNW and 983 mb at 18Z at 52.0N, 22.0W (COA).  At least 17 other gales between 50-65 kt, at least 30 other 
gales between 35-45 kt, at least 5 other low pressures between 965-970 mb, and at least 50 other low pressures of less than 1005 mb.

September 21:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 965 mb centered near 53.9N, 6.6W.  A dissipating occluded front is plotted from 58N, 4W to 56N, 3E to a triple point near 50N, 5E.  
A warm front extends south-southeastward from the triple point and a cold front extends south-southwestward from the triple point.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this 
day.  Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW and 972 mb at 00Z at 51.2N, 13.9W (COA); 65 kt W and 985 mb at 06Z at 50.0N, 11.6W (COA).  At least 34 other gales between 50-60 kt, at 
least 75 other gales between 35-45 kt, at least 12 other low pressures between 971-979 mb, and well over 100 other low pressures between 980-1005 mb.

Edna took a very similar track to Dolly, which occurred just a week prior to this storm.  HURDAT originally started this system at 06Z on 14 September as a 25 kt tropical 
depression at 16.0N, 61.7W.  Available observations indicate that although gales were occurring along the wave axis north of the northernmost Leeward Islands on the 14th, 
a low-level closed low had not yet formed.  The aircraft reconnaissance flight during the afternoon of the 14th mentioned that the forming disturbance was not yet closed.  
Available observations indicate that the low was closed by 00Z on the 15th, so genesis is delayed by 18 hours in the revised HURDAT.  Genesis is analyzed to have occurred 
at 00Z on 15 September as a 45 kt tropical storm at19.0N, 64.0W.  Edna is analyzed to have become a tropical storm 12 hours later than shown originally in HURDAT.  Edna 
moved northwestward and recurved around 18Z on the 16th near 25.8N, 71.1W.  Then is passed very near Bermuda just after 00Z on the 18th on a northeastward course.  All track 
changes from genesis to the time it passed Bermuda are one degree or less.  For intensity, aircraft central pressures of 995 and 987 mb were obtained on the 15th at 1300 and 
1830Z respectively, and these values are added to HURDAT at 12 and 18Z on the 15th, respectively.  These central pressures yield 56 and 68 kt, respectively, according to the 
intensifying subset of the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The 65 and 75 kt intensities shown in HURDAT at 12 and 18Z respectively are not changed.  Edna 
is analyzed to have attained hurricane intensity at 12Z on the 15th (no change to HURDAT).  A 977 mb aircraft central pressure was obtained on the 16th at 1112Z, and this 
value is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 16th.  A 977 mb central pressure yields 82 and 80 kt according to the intensifying subsets of the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationships respectively.  80 kt is chosen for the 12Z intensity (down from 110 kt originally- a major change).  At 2022Z on the 16th, although aircraft reconnaissance 
reported a central pressure of 976 mb (presumably by low-level penetration), a dropsonde splash pressure of 969 mb was obtained less than one hour later.  Furthermore, the 
aerologist commented that there was much difficulty in finding the location of the lowest pressure since the center was distorted and not well-defined.  The 976 mb observation 
is not treated as a central pressure, and the 969 mb dropsonde observation is treated as a likely central pressure and is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 16th. At 2105Z on 
16 September, a central pressure of 969 mb equals a wind speed of 89 kt according to the intensifying subset of the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity 
of 90 kt is chosen at 18Z on the 16th (down from 110 kt originally – a major change).  At 1300 and 1330Z, respectively, on the 17th, a ship and an aircraft both measured a 
central pressure of 966 mb and fixed the center within a couple tenths of a degree of each other, and this 966 mb central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 17th.  
A central pressure of 966 mb yields 89 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 95 kt is chosen for 12Z on the 17th (down from 105 kt originally).  
A 962 mb central pressure was measured by aircraft at 2000Z on the 17th, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 17th.  A 962 mb central pressure yields 93 kt according 
to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 97 kt for its intensifying subset, and forward speed was fast at the time.  A 100 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 17th 
(down from 105 kt originally), and the 100 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 00Z on the 18th is maintained.  The analyzed peak intensity for Edna is 100 kt from 18Z on the 17th 
through 00Z on the 18th (previously 110 kt from 12Z on the 16th through 06Z on the 17th), so the new peak occurs about a day later than shown previously.  Edna passed very near 
Bermuda around 00Z to 03Z on the 18th.  At 0230Z, Bermuda reported 56 kt SSW G 89 kt, although all commentary and information seems very convincing that Bermuda experienced 
hurricane force winds and damage indicative of about a Category 1 hurricane.  Tucker claims that the maximum gust on Bermuda was 126 mph.  The U.S. Weather Bureau Advisories 
said that the strongest wind from Bermuda was “about 100 mph.”  The averaging times for the 56 kt wind and the 89 kt gust are unknown.  The 56 kt wind may have been a 5-minute 
or 10-minute wind, and the 89 kt wind was likely a gust with an averaging time of less than 1-minute (probably 10 seconds).  Bermuda is analyzed to have experienced hurricane 
conditions.  There is a slight chance that Bermuda experienced Category 2 conditions, but it is more likely that only Category 1 conditions were experienced.  The lowest pressure 
reported on Bermuda was 994 mb around 0120Z on the 18th.  The revised track has the center passing about 40 nmi NW of Bermuda around the time of the lowest pressure (the previous 
HURDAT track showed a closest approach of about 70 nmi).  In Tucker, it says that the meteorologist in Bermuda estimated that the center passed 50 miles west of Bermuda.  At the 
same time Edna was passing northwest of Bermuda, there were ships in the storm area reporting hurricane force winds.  Although there was one more aircraft flight later on the 
18th, only a 700-mb height was reported, which suggests a central pressure in the range of 955-973 mb at 1641Z on the 18th.  This pressure range yields a wind speed range of 
80-93 kt according to the Landsea et al. (2004) north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  The intensities listed in HURDAT on the 18th from 00Z to 12Z (100, 95, and 85 kt) are 
unchanged, but the 70 kt intensity listed in HURDAT at 18Z on the 18th is increased to 80 kt.  During this day, the hurricane accelerated northeastward over the open Atlantic, 
and track changes were less than one degree.  Edna became extratropical at 00Z on 19 September (no change to timing of ET) near 41N, 52W with a 70 kt intensity (up from 55 kt 
originally).  On 19 and 20 September, Edna continued moving rapidly east-northeastward.  The largest single track alteration for the entire lifetime of Edna was at 06Z on the 
19th, when the position is moved about 110 nmi WSW of the previous HURDAT position.  HURDAT previously listed a final position for Edna at 18Z on 20 September as a 30 kt 
extratropical cyclone at 52.4N, 16.7W, but available observations indicate that Edna strengthened into a powerful extratropical cyclone with 80 kt winds on the 20th and there 
were no other areas of low pressure anywhere in the region to absorb Edna.  The revised intensities at 12Z on the 19th and 20th are 60 and 80 kt (up from 35 kt and 30 kt 
respectively- major changes).  Edna is extended for at least an additional 48 hours as an extratropical cyclone.  The analyzed position on the 21st at 12Z is 54.3N, 6.6W as a 
65 kt extratropical cyclone, and by 18Z on the 22nd, the cyclone was near 57.0N, 0.5E with a 50 kt intensity.

Additional quotes:
“Hurricane Edna came close on the heels of Dolly and followed almost the same path.  Bermuda this time, however, received winds of about 90 kt and suffered considerable damage, 
though none apparently of a major hurricane” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 8 (originally Storm 7)

35960 09/14/1953 M= 8  7 SNBR= 792 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
35960 09/15/1953 M= 7  8 SNBR= 792 NOT NAMED   XING=1                           
         **         *  *

(The 14th is removed from HURDAT.)
35965 09/14*  0   0   0    0*231 950  30    0*231 942  40    0*229 935  50    0*

35970 09/15*228 928  55    0*228 921  60    0*230 913  60    0*234 904  60    0*
35970 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*232 904  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

35975 09/16*240 895  60    0*249 886  60    0*259 878  60    0*265 871  60    0*
35975 09/16*240 892  35    0*250 881  40    0*259 869  45    0*263 859  45    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35980 09/17*266 864  60    0*263 857  60    0*259 855  60    0*255 861  60    0*
35980 09/17*264 850  45 1004*262 847  40    0*259 853  40    0*259 856  40    0*
            *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

35985 09/18*253 869  60    0*253 877  60    0*258 885  60    0*265 887  60    0*
35985 09/18*259 859  40    0*260 863  35    0*264 870  35    0*269 868  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35990 09/19*273 886  60    0*279 884  60    0*285 880  60    0*289 871  60    0*
35990 09/19*273 867  30    0*277 865  30    0*281 863  30    0*285 858  30    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

35995 09/20*292 862  60    0*294 855  55    0*296 847  50    0*300 830  40    0*
35995 09/20*288 851  30    0*290 844  35    0*290 835  35    0*290 827  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36000 09/21*320 802  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
36000 09/21*290 819  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***

36005 TS

U.S. Landfall:
9/20/1953 – 17Z – 29.0N, 82.8W – 35 kt - FL

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this unnamed tropical storm.  Major changes are made to the genesis of this cyclone, the time 
tropical storm intensity was attained, and the peak intensity value.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS 
ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), climatological data summaries from NCDC, 
Tannehill (1956), and Cry et al. (1959).

September 13:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.1N, 94.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 23.1N, 94.2W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered near 22.6N, 94.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.5N, 91.6W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.0N, 91.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered 22.4N, 92.6W.  No gales or low pressures.  From the recon flight crew… “Post flight summary…: Departed 
Jacksonville 150950Z to investigate area 24N 90W… calculate as moderate easterly wave oriented NE-SW along following coordinates: vicinity [28N, 86W to 
24N, 91W]… maximum winds in squalls 20 kt… weak cyclonic circulation southeast [of] easterly wave… diffuse eye 5 miles diameter open to east in heavy squall 
line centered 24.5N, 90.8W at 1725Z, pressure 1009 mbs, max wind 20 kts, no significant weather visually south of center position…”

September 16:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb located between 18-29N, 84-95W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE cold front located near 28N, 94W, extending 
east-northeastward to 30N, 90W to 32N, 85W to 34N, 79W to 36N, 76W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.9N, 87.8W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a tropical cyclone of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.9N, 86.8W with a WSW-ENE front extending from 30N, 93W to 33N, 86W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt N at 12Z at 
26.4N, 87.4W (micro); 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 15Z at 26.4N, 87.2W (micro).  Aircraft highlights: center fix (loran) at 2207Z at 26.4N, 85.2W with 1004 mb 
central pressure and 35 kt maximum winds (micro).

September 17:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.0N, 86.1W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE dissipating cold front located near 28N, 86W extending 
east-northeastward from there and becoming a cold front near 30N, 79W and continuing east-northeastward.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.9N, 
85.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 26.2N, 85.5W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a broad low centered 
near 26.2N, 84.8W with a frontal feature plotted extending from 32N, 91W to 31N, 88W to 32N, 85W to 34N, 81W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 06Z at 
25.2N, 86.7W (COA).  Two other low pressures of 1004-1005 mb.

September 18:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 27.5N, 86.5W with a warm front extending from 38N, 87W to 34N, 88W, becoming a cold front near 32N, 
87W, extending eastward to 31N, 85W to 31N, 77W to 32N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 25.8N, 88.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 25.2N, 88.9W with a 1008 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a spot low near 25.5N, 87.1W with the closest front due north of the 
low near 32N.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1009 mb at 00Z at 26.6N, 85.7W (micro).

September 19:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.7N, 87.8W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 28N, 73W and a dissipating cold front 
extending from the low west-southwestward to 28N, 90W, becoming a dissipating warm front near 30N, 91W, extending to 35N, 87W to 40N, 84W.  HURDAT lists this as a 
60 kt tropical storm at 28.5N, 88.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 28.4N, 86.4W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a spot low near 29.7N, 88.5W with a SSW-NNE front extending from near or just west of the low north-northeastward to 37N, 86W.  No gales or low pressures.

September 20:
HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a dissipating cold front extending from 40N, 81W to 35N, 82W to 31N, 86W to 28N, 91W.  HWM also analyzes a SW-NE 
stationary front intersecting a W-E warm front near 32N, 79W with the southwest end of that stationary front near 27N, 85W.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 29.6N, 84.7W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.4N, 83.9W with a 1005 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a broad 
low of at most 1008 mb centered near 28.6N, 83.5W with the nearest front plotted from 35N, 90W to 37N, 83W to 38N, 82W.  Ship highlights: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at 
12Z at 25.7N, 86.2W (COA).  Land/station highlights: 10 kt E and 1002 mb at 12Z at Cross City, FL (micro); 5 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 18Z at Ocala, FL (micro).  
Two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  “The combined action of an eastward moving Gulf low pressure center of tropical nature and a cold front from the northwest 
passing across [Georgia] caused generally heavy rains, beginning on the 19th and ending in the coastal area on the 21st; maximum 24 hour rainfalls of 2 to 5 inches 
were recorded in the coastal area” (climo).

September 21:
HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front extending from 26N, 85W to 31N, 80W, becoming a cold front near 33N, 76W, extending north-northeastward to 40N, 73W, where it 
intersects with a warm front that extends south-southeastward from that point.  Another cold front is plotted from 41N, 76W to 35N, 85W to 32N, 92W.  HURDAT last 
lists this system at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.0N, 80.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 39.0N, 73.7W with a 1005 mb 
pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 38.7N, 73.6W with fronts extending from the low.  Land/station highlights: 5 kt E 
and 1005 mb at 00Z at Ocala (micro).

September 22:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 54.2N, 56.3W with multiple fronts extending through and plotted near the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near 53.4N, 57.3W with a 1000 mb pressure.

September 23:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 61.1N, 38.0W with a warm front extending southeastward from the low and a cold front extending southwestward 
from the low.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.7N, 45.7W with a 1004 mb pressure.

Storm 7 formed from some unsettled weather in the Gulf of Mexico.  HURDAT originally listed genesis as having occurred at 06Z on 14 September at 23.1N, 95.0W as a 30 kt 
tropical depression.  Although there appears to at least have been a trough of low pressure in the area on the 14th, there is no conclusive evidence for or against the 
existence of a tropical cyclone at that time due to limited observations.  However, late on the 14th, a new disturbance appeared a few hundred miles east of the original 
disturbance.  The original disturbance was weakening and the new one farther to the east was becoming better defined.  This second disturbance continued to intensify and 
went on to become Tropical Storm 7.  Since there is no evidence that first disturbance on the 14th ever attained a closed circulation, and since the latter disturbance 
was definitely not closed prior to the 15th, the 14th is eliminated from HURDAT.  On the 15th around 12Z, an aircraft reconnaissance flight did not find a closed circulation 
but reported a moderate easterly wave oriented NE-SW.  Other surface observations show that the circulation at 12Z was starting to become better defined, and by 18Z on the 
15th, it was likely a tropical cyclone.  Thus genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 18Z on the 15th as a 30 kt tropical depression located at 23.2N, 90.4W (just 
south of the previous HURDAT position).  The cyclone traveled in a small loop in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 16th and 17th, and on the 18th, it moved slowly northward, 
the 19th slowly northeastward, and then made landfall in Florida not far from Cedar Keys as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17Z on 20 September.  After the loop was completed, 
available observations indicate that the positions listed in the original HURDAT from 12Z on the 18th to 18Z on the 19th are too far west, and these positions are adjusted 
eastward accordingly.  From 18Z on the 18th to 06Z on the 19th, the position is adjusted about 2 degrees to the east of the previous HURDAT positions, and although these 
are minor track changes, they are close to major changes.  On the 16th at 2207Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and this value is added to 
HURDAT at 00Z on the 17th.  A central pressure of 1004 mb yields 36 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  A 45 kt intensity is chosen 
for 00Z on the 17th (down from 60 kt originally) because the RMW was smaller than climatology for that latitude and central pressure.  This cyclone is analyzed to have 
first attained tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 16th (36 hours later than originally).  There were two ship observations of 40 kt on the 16th. A peak intensity of 
45 kt is analyzed from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th (previously 60 kt from 06Z on the 15th through 00Z on the 20th).  The highest wind observation from a ship 
for the entire lifetime of the cyclone was 40 kt (on three separate occasions), and the 1004 mb aircraft ob was the only central pressure reported during this storm.  
Available data indicates that the tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression around 18Z on the 18th, and it is analyzed that the cyclone re-attained tropical storm 
strength by 06Z on the 20th as it was approaching the Gulf Coast of Florida.  Major downward intensity revisions ranging from 20 to 30 kt are implemented at all times from 
genesis at 12Z on the 15th until just before landfall at 06Z on the 20th.  It is analyzed that the 35 kt tropical storm made landfall at 29.0N, 82.8W at 17Z on 20 September.  
No strong winds were reported in Florida, but the lowest observed pressure from a land station was 1002 mb at Cross City.  A handful of other 1004 and 1005 mb observations 
were recorded in Florida.  A central pressure of less than or equal to 1002 mb at landfall suggests a landfall intensity of at least 40 kt according to the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Due to the fact that only light winds were observed in Florida and that the environmental pressures were low, a 35 kt intensity is chosen for 
the landfall (HURDAT previously listed 50 and 40 kt for the 12 and 18Z intensities, respectively, on the 20th).  The cyclone is analyzed to have weakened to a 25 kt tropical 
depression by 00Z on the 21st, and then it dissipated after 00Z.  Although there is no change to the timing of dissipation or to the intensity at dissipation, a major track 
change is made to HURDAT at the final point of this cyclone’s lifetime (00Z on the 21st).  The position is adjusted more than three degrees to the SSW of the previous HURDAT position.

This system was first added as a tropical storm in the Cry et al. (1959) Technical Memo.  Another contemporary climatological account was Tannehill (1956) with seasonal summaries.  
Tannehill, however, did not include this system.  Why Cry decided to include this as a new tropical storm was not discussed in his tech memo and will likely remain a mystery.

Additional quotes:
“During the life of Edna, the Gulf also was under surveillance by reconnaissance aircraft.  A storm tried to form in the southwestern Gulf but developed winds of only 20-25 kt” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 9 (Florence) – (originally Storm 8)

36010 09/23/1953 M= 6  8 SNBR= 793 FLORENCE    XING=1 SSS=1                     
36010 09/23/1953 M= 5  9 SNBR= 793 FLORENCE    XING=1 SSS=1                     
                    *  *

36015 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*169 758  35    0*168 781  40    0*
36015 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 780  40    0*163 795  45    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **
                                  
36020 09/24*172 802  45    0*182 822  50    0*194 839  60    0*209 850  70    0*
36020 09/24*176 810  45    0*189 825  50    0*202 840  50    0*213 854  55 1001*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

36025 09/25*224 864  90    0*234 870 110    0*244 873 110  968*259 875 110    0*
36025 09/25*224 864  65    0*234 870  80    0*246 876  90  968*259 875 100    0*
                     **              ***      *** *** ***              ***

36030 09/26*275 874 105    0*287 870  90    0*297 868  80    0*304 861  70  985*
36030 09/26*274 872  95    0*289 868  90    0*299 864  80    0*307 861  70    0*
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***          ***          ***

36035 09/27E309 850  60    0E312 838  50    0E316 823  40    0E325 802  35    0*
36035 09/27*310 856  50    0E312 847  40    0E316 831  40    0E321 813  40    0*
           **** ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

(The 28th is removed from HURDAT.)
36040 09/28E338 771  35    0E354 734  35    0E370 697  35    0E393 657  35    0*

36045 HRAFL1

U.S. Landfall:
9/26/1953 – 15Z – 30.3N, 86.2W – 80 kt – (975 mb) – 1008 mb OCI – 225 nmi ROCI

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for Hurricane Florence, which made landfall in the Florida panhandle as a hurricane.  A major change 
is made to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, 
Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National Monthly Climatological 
Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Surface Weather Observations, Dunn and Miller (1960), Connor (1956), Jarrell et al. 
(1992), and Barnes (2001).

September 22:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest.  HURDAT does not yet list this system.  The 12 microfilm analysis indicates a spot low at 13N 79W and at 
19N 84W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The easterly wave from which Florence formed was traced from the Lesser Antilles westward through the Caribbean 
Sea on the 21st and 22nd” (MWR).

September 23:
HWM does not yet analyze any features of interest other than the ITCZ running through the southwestern Caribbean Sea.  HURDAT first lists a 35 kt tropical 
storm at 12Z at 16.9N, 75.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 16.9N, 76.0W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 16.8N, 76.1W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.5N, 75.6W.  Ship highlights: 
40 kt SE and 1008 mb at 12Z at 15.9N, 74.9W (COA, ATS); 35-45 kt and 1004 mb at 12Z at 16.6N, 75.6W (micro).  “but the first signs of the beginning of 
intensification were noted on September 23 about 100 miles southeast of Jamaica” (MWR).  “Florence first developed in the Caribbean, south of Jamaica, 
on September 23” (Barnes).

September 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 83.3W with the ITCZ analyzed to be running through the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 
60 kt tropical storm at 19.4N, 83.9W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.0N, 84.4W with a 1002 mb pressure and the MWR 
post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 19.7N, 83.9W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 83.9W.  
Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 21.7N, 86.3W (micro); 30 kt NNW and 997 mb at 2040Z at 21.9N, 85.6W (micro).  Three other gales of 35-40 kt 
and two other low pressures of 1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 30 kt S and 1004 mb at 21Z at 21.7N, 84.8W (micro).  One other low pressure of 1004 mb at 
the same station at 18Z.  Aircraft highlights: Navy center fix at 1700Z at 21.1N, 85.5W with 1002 mb central pressure and 65 kt max winds (micro, ATS); center 
fix (loran) at 2239Z at 22.2N, 86.1W with 999 mb peripheral pressure and 80 kt max winds (micro).  “Squalliness was observed to be increasing, but no definite 
center could be located until the forenoon of the 24th when the storm was approaching the Yucatan Channel.  It increased to hurricane strength while passing 
through the Channel into the Gulf of Mexico during the afternoon…” (MWR).

September 25:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 24.0N, 87.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 24.4N, 87.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of 
cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 25.0N, 87.6W.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship highlights: 70 kt and 999 mb at 03Z at 22.4N 86.7W 
(National Climo); 60 kt SE and 1000 mb at 03Z at 22.7N, 86.2W (micro); 60 kt SE at 18Z at 26.3N, 86.7W (micro).  26 other gales between 35-55 kt and 19 other 
low pressures between 999-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0700, 0800, 0900, 1045, 1145, and 1200Z between 23.6-24.8N, 87.0-87.5W (micro); 
center fix at 1346Z at 25.4N, 88.3W with 968 mb central pressure and 110 kt maximum flight-level winds encountered (micro); Navy center fix at 2030Z at 26.5N, 
87.2W (micro).  “[Florence] reached its greatest force on the 25th as it curved northward.  Aircraft estimated top winds of 110 to 120 kt, and lowest pressure 
was given at 968 mb on the 25th, but it is thought that these estimates of wind may have been somewhat too high since nearby ship reports did not appear to 
confirm them” (MWR).  “On September 25, it reached its greatest force while in the central Gulf, where reconnaissance aircraft reported winds of up to 138 mph” 
(Barnes).  “Lost at sea was the fishing trawler Miss Tampa, which was last heard from on the 25th” (Barnes).

September 26:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 29.5N, 86.2W with a west end of a W-E warm front located about 150 to 200 nmi NE of the cyclone and 
another front located several hundred nmi NW of the cyclone.  HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 86.8W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones 
shows a 12Z position near 30.1N, 86.4W with a 990 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 29.7N, 87.1W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes 
a closed low of at most 993 mb centered near 30.0N, 86.4W with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located about 75 to 100 nmi NE of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt SSW and 1002 mb at 00Z at 24.9N, 85.7W (COA); 60 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 03Z at 27.3N, 86.1W (micro); 35 kt SSW and 1005 mb at 18Z at 27.5N, 83.7W (COA).  
13 other gales between 35-45 kt and ten other low pressures between 1002-1005 mb.  Land highlights: Panama City land-based radar center fixes at 0840Z at 29.5N, 
86.5W and at 1115Z at 29.7N, 86.2W (micro); 70 kt NNE and 993 mb at 1245Z at Shalimar, FL (30.4N, 86.6W) (micro); 45 kt SSE (peak 5 min wind) and 993 mb (min pressure) 
at 1520Z at Tyndall Air Force Base (Panama City) (SWO); 40 kt NNW and 989 mb (min p) and 43 kt (max 5 min wind) at 1529Z at Eglin Air Force Base (Valpariso, FL) 
(30.5N, 86.5W) (SWO, micro); 76 kt (max 1 min wind) at unknown time and 994 mb (min pressure) at 13Z at Panama City Airport (SWO, National Climo); 45 kt NNW wind 
with 993 mb (min pressure) at 1714Z, 55 kt N (max 5 min wind) with 995 mb at 1528Z at Crestview (SWO).  At least 30 other gales in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama 
between 34-50 kt and at least 57 other low pressures between 991-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: radar center fixes at 0755, 0855, 0955, and 1100Z between 29.5-29.9N, 
86.2-86.8W (micro).  “Over the next few hours, its course edged toward the north and then northeast, bringing it closer to the northwest Florida shore.  The next 
morning, just before making landfall, Hurricane Florence shifted abruptly toward the east-northeast and missed Pensacola, turning instead toward a more sparsely 
populated stretch of coast near Seagrove Beach.  Sustained winds of 87 mph were recorded at Panama City, where the barometer measured 29.35 inches.  The lowest 
observed pressure was 29.26 inches at De Funiak Springs.  Tides were five feet above normal at Apalachicola and Carrabelle and ‘six or seven feet’ at Panacea.  
Pensacola only received winds gusts of 75 mph and a tide of three feet” (Barnes).  “In any case, when the center reached the northwest Florida coast near midday 
of the 26th, the strongest wind reported was about 80 to 90 mph.  However, the center passed inland over a sparsely settled area between Fort Walton and Panama 
City and winds might have been a little higher in this area where no measuring equipment is located.  This may also account for the relatively light damage which 
was estimated at around $200,000 by the New Orleans Forecast Center.  The Red Cross reported 421 homes damaged, but only 3 destroyed.  There was also some crop 
damage from wind and heavy rain in a few counties of northwestern Florida and extreme southeastern Alabama, but the storm lost force rapidly after passing inland” 
(MWR).  From the September, 1953 Florida Monthly Climatological Data Summary… “This hurricane formed in the Caribbean and moved through the Yucatan Channel on the 
24th and inland on the extreme northwest Florida coast during the morning of the 26th.  The center moved inland over a sparsely settled area between Fort Walton 
and Panama City” (climo).  From the September, 1953 Alabama Monthly Climatological Data Summary… “Tropical hurricane ‘Florence’ moved inland between Fort Walton 
and Panama City, FL during the morning of September 26th and was centered just east of Fort Walton at 10 am CST (1600Z).  The center of this storm passed near 
Dothan, AL, during the 26th and was centered northeast of Albany, GA, on the morning of the 27th.  A peculiar feature of this hurricane is that the heaviest 
rainfall occurred on the north and west sides of the storm center.  Lockhart, AL reported a storm total of 14.71 inches.  Wind velocities seemed to have averaged 
30 to 40 mph, with gusts up to 50 to 60 mph [in Alabama] on the 26th” (climo). From the September, 1953 National Monthly Climatological Data Summary storm reports… 
“Location: Florida, northwest portion; Date: 26th; Time: morning; Width of path: 50 mi; Length of path: 100 mi; Property damage (exclusive of crops): $125,000; Crop 
damage: $40,000; Character of storm: hurricane; Remarks: Center of hurricane reached coast between Fort Walton and Panama City about 8 am [13 or 14Z] accompanied by 
hurricane-force winds.  Winds diminished considerably as storm moved north-northeastward across the northwestern portion of Florida.  “Tropical Cyclones in Florida – 
NW FL – Sept. 26 – Minimal – Damage $150,000” (“Minimal” has maximum winds of 74 to 100 mph and central pressure 983 to 996 mb - (Dunn and Miller).  “Florence – FL, 1 
(NW) – 985 mb” (Jarrell et al. 1992).

September 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.2N, 82.0W with a warm front extending from the low to 35N, 80W, becoming a dissipating warm front near 
36N, 74W, extending to 37N, 69W, and HWM analyzes a cold front extending from the low to 30N, 85W to 30N, 88W.  HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone at 
31.6N, 82.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.0N, 83.1W with a 1000 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map last shows a 
position at 00Z near 31.2N, 85.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near 31.8N, 82.9W with a warm front extending from the low 
east-northeastward and a cold front undergoing frontogenesis extending from the low south-southwestward.  Ship highlights (through 18Z only): 35 kt WNW and 1006 mb at 
12Z at 29.3N, 85.8W (COA); 40 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 18Z at 29.2N, 78.3W (micro).  Two low pressures of 1004 and 1002 mb at 00 and 06Z with winds below gale force.  
Land/station highlights: 10 kt E and 996 mb at 03Z at Dothan, GA (mirco); 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 00Z at Lagrange, GA (33.0N, 85.0W) (micro); 10 kt SE and 994 mb at 
00Z at 31.2N, 85.4W (micro); 30 kt WNW and 1002 mb at 06Z at Panama City, FL (micro).  At least 22 other low pressures between 996-1004 mb between 00Z-06Z.  From the 
September, 1953 Georgia Monthly climatological data summary… “A hurricane of considerable energy moved into the Gulf of Mexico on the 24th, continuing north and recurving 
to moved east-northeastward across the southern portion of Georgia on the 26-27th.  This storm evidently lost much of its energy prior to its reaching the Georgia border, 
and no wind damages resulted, but very heavy rains occurred, especially in the coastal area, where crops were damaged from washing effects and oversoaking of the soil, 
and moderate losses, partly from heavy rains but mostly from heavy seas, occurred to property in the Brunswick area” (climo).  Also from the Georgia Monthly Climatological 
Data Summary…  “A Gulf hurricane, originating to the east of the West Indies, moved into the Gulf Coast near Mobile on the 26th and passed through the southern portion of 
Georgia on the 27th.  Very heavy rains were produced in its path across Georgia, especially in the coastal area, but the storm’s intensity was reduced enough so that no 
damages from high winds occurred.  Damages from other causes were limited to the Brunswick area, total losses amounting to approximately $16,000.  In the city of Brunswick, 
strong northeast winds and heavy rains intensified rising tides during the four days, 23-26th, and caused flooding of many city blocks, mostly at times of high tides.  
Losses were $1,000, occurring mainly to yards and business house fronts; transportation and outside work were suspended.  The lower coast of St. Simons Island was 
subjected to the battering effect of heavy seas and unusually high tides during the four days, 23-26th.  Causeways were inundated and broken in numerous places and a 
number of beach homes were undermined to settle dangerously from previously weakened foundations, with heavy damages sustained by an expensive home.  Several people were 
injured in efforts to hold bulkheads against the rising sea.  Total losses along the coast amounted to $15,000” (climo).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.6N, 69.7W with a stationary front extending from the low north-northeastward and a cold front extending from 
the low south-southwestward.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 37.0N, 69.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z does not analyze a closed low, but at 18Z, microfilm 
analyzes two lows- one is a closed low of at most 999 mb centered near 42.2N, 63.5W, and the other is a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.0N, 78.3W with a 
front connecting the two lows and another front extending south-southwestward from the southernmost low.

HURDAT originally listed the genesis of Florence at 12Z on 23 September at 16.9N, 75.8W as a 35 kt tropical storm, and there is no evidence to change the timing of genesis.  
Florence is started as a 40 kt tropical storm, but is shifted significantly to the southwest of the original location based upon ship observations.  Except for the major 
track alteration at genesis, all remaining changes in position until Florida landfall on the 26th are minor revisions.  Florence moved west-northwestward and then gradually 
made a northward turn.  The cyclone passed south of Jamaica, south of the Cayman Islands, and moved northwestward through the Yucatan Channel, passing about midway between 
the Yucatan Peninsula and the western tip of Cuba late on the 24th.  It turned northward in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and then turned north-northeastward before making 
landfall in the Florida panhandle during midday on the 26th.  Regarding the intensity, at 17Z on 24 September, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1002 mb.  
However, at 18Z on the 24th, ship data indicates the central pressure was 1001 mb or possibly slightly lower (a ship recorded winds of 40 kt concurrent with a 1005 mb pressure 
about 55 nmi from the analyzed center position).  The aircraft data at 17Z indicates an RMW near 10 nmi at the time.  A central pressure of 1001 mb is added to HURDAT at 18Z 
on the 24th, and this value yields a wind speed of 45 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW is smaller than the climatological value 
suggested by Vickery et al. (2000) for that latitude and central pressure, and the forward speed of the cyclone is a fast 17 kt, and 55 kt is chosen for the intensity at 18Z 
on the 24th (down from 70 kt originally).  Three hours later, at 2040Z on the 24th, ship data indicates that the central pressure had fallen to a value equal to or slightly 
less than 994 mb.  Florence was rapidly deepening during this time, and and the central pressure fell from 1001 mb at 18Z on the 24th to 968 mb at 1346Z on the 25th (with the 
hurricane approaching 25N in the eastern Gulf of Mexico).  The 968 mb central pressure (acquired by aircraft reconnaissance) listed in HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th is maintained.  
This central pressure value yields 93 and 91 kt according to the southern and north of 25N pressure-wind relationships, respectively.  The RMW and speed of the storm were about 
average, and 90 kt is chosen for the intensity at 12Z on the 25th (down from 110 kt originally).  It is analyzed that Florence attained hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 25th 
(six hours later than originally).  Although Hurricane Florence later weakened slightly before landfall, it was rapidly intensifying at the time of the 968 mb aircraft fix.  
Based on a lack of data within 60 nmi of the center within 12 hours after the fix, it is possible that it intensified additionally before weakening began.  Since there is not 
sufficient evidence to dramatically decrease the original HURDAT intensity of 110 kt at 18Z on the 25th (but there is enough evidence to decrease the intensity some) a peak 
lifetime intensity of 100 kt is analyzed at 18Z on the 25th .  The previous HURDAT peak was 110 kt from 06Z to 18Z on the 25th.  Major downward intensity adjustments of 20 to 
30 kt were made from 00Z-12Z on the 25th.  The peak intensity observation for the lifetime of Florence is the 968 mb aircraft central pressure at 1346Z on the 25th.

Florence made landfall the next day- 26 September at 15Z in the Florida panhandle between the cities of Valpariso and Panama City.  There are no observations of the peak 
intensity of Florence available during the 26 hours between the 968 mb aircraft central pressure and the landfall, although there were a couple of ships in the periphery 
that recorded winds of 60 kt.  The highest observed 1-min wind over land was 76 kt at Panama City Airport, FL (very likely sometime between 1530Z to 1730Z on the 26th).  The 
lowest observed pressure was 989 mb at Valpariso, FL at 1630Z on the 26th concurrent with NNW 40 kt.  The center is analyzed to have passed about 15 nmi to the right of 
Valpariso and 30 nmi to the left of Panama City at closest approach to the cities.  No central pressure was recorded at landfall.  Also, the RMW is unknown.  However, it is 
believed that the RMW was large due to an aircraft report 5 hours before landfall of an oblong eye with the long axis 70 mi long.  The means that the eye radius is some value 
less than 35 nmi, probably around 25 to 30 nmi, which means that the RMW may have been very large.  This is consistent with the RMW just reaching the Panama City Airport.  A 
991 mb value was measured a De Funiak Spring at 16Z, but the source is ambiguous as to whether it was actually measured during the reported 30-40 minute lull.  A run of the 
Ho et al. inland decay pressure model assuming the 991 mb was in the eye only gives only about a 989 mb central pressure at landfall, from a 1-2 hour transit from the coast 
to De Funiak Springs.   This is not consistent with the 993 mb with 40 kt NNW winds (over land exposure) measured at 1630Z at Valpariso (Eglin AFB), a location closer to the 
coast yet later in time to the De Funiak Springs, as the Valpariso observations would suggest a substantially lower central pressure.  Moreover, a 989 mb central pressure would 
suggest only 61 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and only 58 kt north of 25N weakening subset pressure-wind relationships.  Given a low environmental pressure (1008 mb), 
likely large RMW (at least 30 nm from the 76 kt at Panama City Airport observation), and relatively slow (~9 kt) forward speed, one would arrive at a maximum wind of only 50-55 kt 
from these considerations, which is much lower than the 76 kt observed.  Thus it appears that the De Funiak Springs 991 mb was likely observed at 16Z, but that lower pressure 
(but not recorded for some reason) and the 30-40 minute lull occurred later.  We also do have a central pressure estimate of 994 mb at 03Z on the 27th (12 hours later landfall) 
based on land observations from Dothan, GA so use of the Ho et al. inland-pressure decay model was investigated.  But after running the model, it yielded a 966 mb central 
pressure, which appears too intense based on other data.  None of the other data provides evidence of a higher intensity than the wind speed listed in HURDAT at the point before 
landfall (80 kt).  Since the highest observed wind is 76 kt, 80 kt is chosen for the landfall intensity, maintaining Florence as a Category 1 hurricane for northwest Florida, 
although it is possible that Florence could have been a low-end Category 2 at landfall.  The Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships were utilized to back out a central pressure 
from the 80 kt wind speed analyzed for the landfall, and 975 mb is chosen for the central pressure at landfall.  Although this value is chosen for the landfall central pressure, 
it is not added to HURDAT at 18Z due to the substantial uncertainty in the central pressure for this case.  After landfall, Florence turned toward the ENE and traveled over 
southern Georgia.  Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model yield intensities of 66, 49, 39, and 30 kt for 18Z on the 26th, 00Z on the 27th, 06, and 12Z respectively.  
Highest observed winds within 2 hr of synoptic times are 76, 49, 39, and 30 kt on the 26th at 18Z, 27th at 00, 06, and 12Z respectively.  Intensities of 70, 50, 40, and 40 kt 
are chosen for the 26th at 18Z through 12Z on the 27th (down from 60 and 50 kt at 00 and 06Z on the 27th originally at those times, respectively).  HURDAT previously listed 
Florence as having become extratropical at 00Z on the 27th, but it is analyzed that Florence did not become extratropical until 06Z on the 27th.  Since the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland decay model is not valid after extratropical transition, it was not relied upon for the intensity determination at 06 and 12Z on the 27th, although other data indicated an 
intensity within 5 kt of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model at those times.  Florence is analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th (1 day earlier than listed in HURDAT).  
The final position at 18Z on the 27th is analyzed to be 32.1N, 81.3W as a 40 kt extratropical cyclone.  The HURDAT positions on the 28th are actually following a new, separate 
extratropical low that had developed north of the dissipating extratropical remnant of Florence.

Additional quotes: 
“At about the same time, Jamaica experienced 10 inches of rainfall in 12 hours with the passage of a squally easterly wave that moved westward across the Caribbean.  A naval 
reconnaissance plane investigating this wave found Hurricane Florence in the western Caribbean.  Florence moved into the Gulf through the Yucatan Channel, adding its influence 
to an already bad weather picture where small ships operating between Cuba and Florida were suffering damage by severe squalls.  The Florida Peninsula was waterlogged, with large 
areas flooded, and the hurricane rains threatened a disaster of major proportions.  Actual damage was somewhat minimized by the storm’s northerly course, which spared the Florida 
Peninsula the extreme rainfall.   The winds diminished as it entered the north Florida coast.  Due to the rapid dissipation of the storm circulation, significant damage was confined 
to the vicinity of the point where it entered the mainland” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 10 (Gail) – (originally Storm 9)

36050 10/02/1953 M= 4  9 SNBR= 794 GAIL        XING=0                           
36050 10/02/1953 M=11 10 SNBR= 794 GAIL        XING=0 
                   ** **

36055 10/02*  0   0   0    0*131 355  30    0*135 370  45    0*138 385  50    0*
36055 10/02*  0   0   0    0*131 355  45    0*135 370  50    0*138 385  55    0*
                                      **               **               **

36060 10/03*141 400  55    0*146 414  60    0*148 428  65    0*146 442  70    0*
36060 10/03*141 400  60    0*146 414  65    0*148 428  70  986*147 436  70    0*
                     **               **               **  *** *** ***

36065 10/04*143 453  65    0*141 458  50    0*138 461  45    0*133 467  40    0*
36065 10/04*146 440  70    0*146 443  70    0*146 445  65    0*149 445  65    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36070 10/05*128 472  35    0*124 476  35    0*121 480  30    0*117 483  25    0*
36070 10/05*155 442  60    0*168 434  60    0*180 425  60    0*192 417  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(Original Storm #11 has been determined to be part of Original Storm #9/Gail.  The 5th has been removed.)
36130 10/05/1953 M= 5 11 SNBR= 796 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
36135 10/05*  0   0   0    0*187 402  50    0*192 407  55    0*196 412  60    0*

36140 10/06*200 419  55    0*205 429  50    0*209 440  50    0*212 448  45    0*
36140 10/06*200 417  60    0*205 420  60    0*209 427  60    0*212 437  60    0*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

36145 10/07*214 457  45    0*217 470  45    0*220 482  40    0*222 495  40    0*
36145 10/07*214 448  60    0*216 460  60    0*218 473  60    0*220 487  60    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36150 10/08*223 507  35    0*226 521  35    0*228 538  35    0*230 556  30    0*
36150 10/08*223 501  60    0*226 515  60    0*230 530  60    0*232 545  60    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36155 10/09*230 574  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
36155 10/09*233 560  60    0*237 570  60    0*242 576  60    0*248 582  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.)
36157 10/10*252 590  60    0*257 600  55    0*262 610  55    0*270 615  55    0*
36157 10/11*280 617  50    0*291 612  50    0*304 605  50    0*316 598  50  997*
36157 10/12*330 590  55    0E345 580  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

36160 HR

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  Major changes are made to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, 
U.S. Navy (flight log book), U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, Truchelut’s warm anomaly study, Tannehill (1956), and Cry et al. (1959).

September 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 10.2N, 20.5W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.8N, 22.0W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

September 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered in the general vicinity of 11.6N, 23.1W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or 
low pressures.  From Truchelut’s warm anomaly study… “Sig anoms near 10N 27W with closed circ… 25kt wind, possible closed circ near 10n 27w on 9/30” (Truchelut).

October 1:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 35.4W with the ITCZ analyzed running through the low.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on 
this day.  No gales or low pressures.

October 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.3N, 39.1W with the ITCZ analyzed running through the low.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical 
storm at 13.5N, 37.0W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Truchelut’s warm anomaly study (hereafter referred to as RT) 
lists a 12Z position at 13.1N, 36.0W with a 1009 mb central pressure.  No gales or low pressures.  “The intensification of an easterly wave was noted on the 
morning of October 2 near 14N, 37W” (MWR).  From Truchelut’s warm anomaly study… “Anoms 3sd+ on 10/2/00z, 1010 closed contour and strong +vort near 13N 32W” (Truchelut).

October 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 15.3N, 42.2W.  HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 14.8N, 42.8W.  The MWR post-season track map 
shows a 12Z position near 14.5N, 43.2W.  RT lists a 12Z position at 13.8N, 41.9W with a 998 mb central pressure.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 14.9N, 
42.9W.  Ship highlights: 65-70 kt (max wind estimated encountered) at 15.5N, 43.0W (MWR); 986 mb (min pressure encountered) (ATS, micro); 45 kt W and 991 mb 10Z 
at 14.6N, 42.9W (micro).  “On the morning of the 3rd, the S.S. Thorbjorg passed near the center.  At 1200Z this vessel reported westerly winds at 44 kt and lowest 
pressure 29.12 inches with rough seas.  Maximum winds were estimated at 75 to 80 mph at the time the ship passed near the center.  This observation was made near 
15.5N, 43W.  No definite fixes were obtained thereafter” (MWR).  “[Ship: Thorbjorg at] 14.6N, 42.9W [45 kt W concurrent with 991 mb].  Passed low center 986 mb [at] 
1000Z.  Wind veered NE to W during last hour” (micro, ATS).

October 4:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 16.0N, 47.0W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 46.1W.  The MWR post-season track map s
hows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  RT lists a 12Z position at 13.9N, 44.1W with a 998 mb central pressure.  ATS analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 993 mb 
centered near 16.9N, 46.8W at 1230Z.  A NE-SW cold front extends from 31N, 43W to 26N, 49W to 21N, 56W.  No gales or low pressures.  “At 04/1600Z, [Advisory] Number Two 
[placed] the center at 16.5N, 48.5W moving WNW to NW at 13 kt.  Due to [sparse reports], it was stated that the next [advisory] would be issued at 05/1600Z.  At about 
this time, an extending trough began to have a strong influence on Gail.  This trough was associated with an intense north Atlantic storm, contained a frontal system, 
and was moving eastward at a nearly constant speed of 23 kt.  The discontinuities in this frontal system were not pronounced south of 25N, but were of sufficient strength 
to very nearly disrupt the tropical cyclone as it attempted to move up the trough.  During the period from 04/1230Z to 05/1230Z, the frontal discontinuities almost succeeded 
in eradicating the tropical characteristics of the cyclone” (ATS).

October 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 41.9W.  An ENE-WSW cold front is plotted from 28N, 34W extending west-southwestward becoming a dissipating 
cold front near 27N, 39W and continuing to 26N, 44W to 26N, 50W.  HURDAT lists Gail as a 30 kt tropical depression at 12.1N, 48.0W and HURDAT lists Storm 11 as a 55 kt 
tropical storm at 19.2N, 40.7W.  The MWR post-season track map shows a position for Gail near the HURDAT position for Gail.  RT lists a 12Z position at 17.7N, 45.9W with 
a 1000 mb pressure.  ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 19.0N, 42.6W.  A weak extratropical low of a most 1011 mb is plotted centered 
in the general vicinity of 20N, 48W with a warm front extending from that low east-northeastward to 22N, 44W, where it becomes a cold front and continues northeastward to 
33N, 31W.  A cold front extends from the weak extratropical low south-southwestward to 18N, 48W to 15N, 50W to 13N, 53W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1001 mb at 23Z at 
20.7N, 41.6W (ATS).  “Synoptic reports [around 05/1230Z] showed that the wind intensities could no longer be hurricane force, and [Advisory] Number Three, issued at 05/1600Z, 
was the last warning issued on this storm.  The trough continued eastward leaving the greatly weakened storm stagnant near 20N, 40W.  The tropical circulation absorbed the 
discontinuities of the front and reformed, thereby attesting to its original strength.  The storm regenerated for a brief period late on the 5th and early on the 6th as 
shown by the 05/2300Z report of the ship Robinhood.  At that time at 20.7N, 41.6W, this ship reported with NE 55 kt, pressure 1000.7 mb, tendency [negative] falling steady.  
With the effect of the trough removed, Gail again came under the influence of easterlies aloft and a westward movement resulted” (ATS).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.2N, 41.3W with the SW end of a SW-NE stationary from located about 300 nmi NNE of the low.  HURDAT no longer 
lists Gail, but lists Storm 11 as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 44.0W.  RT lists a 12Z position near 20.3N, 44.1W with a 998 mb central pressure.  ATS shows a 1230Z map 
time position near 20.0N, 39.0W.  No gales or low pressures.  “The area was void of upper air information and the ensuing days (6th and 7th) brought few surface reports, 
none of which were believed to be near the center” (ATS).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 13-23N, 37-46W.  HURDAT lists this as Storm 11 as a 40 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 48.2W.  RT lists a 12Z 
position at 20.1N, 46.0W with a 1002 mb central pressure.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.0N, 43.1W.  No gales or low pressures.

October 8:
HWM analyzes a large, broad closed low of at most 1010 mb between 20-24N, 47-56W.  HURDAT lists this as Storm 11 as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.8N, 53.8W.  RT lists a 12Z 
position at 21.9N, 49.4W with a 1005 mb pressure.  ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 23.2N, 51.3W.  No gales or low pressures.  
“[Observations] did however show the existence of a low moving westward at about 23.1N, 51.3W at 08/1230Z” (ATS).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.4N, 57.0W.  A warm front is plotted well to the north of the low extending from 34N, 54W to 30N, 58W to 29N, 
61W to 29N, 68W.  HURDAT last lists Storm 11 at 00Z as a 25 kt tropical depression at 23.0N, 57.4W.  RT lists a 12Z position at 24.4N, 56.6W with a 1009 mb pressure.  ATS 
at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 999 mb centered near 24.7N, 56.6W.  A cold front extends from 39N, 48W to 35N, 50W to 30N, 54W to 29N, 57W, becoming a 
stationary front near 29N, 62W, continuing westward to 28N, 68W to 27N, 73W.  Ship highlights: 55 kt at 19Z at 25.0N, 58.0W (micro, ATS).  “On 9 October, while Tropical 
Storm Hazel was crossing the Florida peninsula, the following report was received: ‘Pireps Mats C97 CSAL/KBQN (Cape Verde to Bermuda) reports suspicious  area 25N, 58W at 
09/1900Z.  Encountered heavy thunderstorms, moderate turbulence, and reported surface winds about 55 kt with wind direction changing from 120 degrees to 240 degrees in one 
hour.’  This coincided well with the 09/1230Z surface analysis though only meager data was available, and the Joint Hurricane Warning Center believed this to be the remnants 
of Gail and accordingly the area was kept under close surveillance” (ATS).

October 10:
HWM does not analyze any features of interest on this day associated with the cyclone of interest, but does analyze Hazel as a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 
31.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending eastward from Hazel to 32N, 64W to 35N, 55W to 35N, 48W.  HURDAT no longer lists this system.  RT lists a 12Z position at 26.5N, 
62.2W with a 1001 mb pressure.  ATS shows a 1230Z map time position near 20.7N, 59.9W.  No gales or low pressures.  “Late on the evening of the 10th, the following report 
was relayed from Kindley Air Force Base: ‘Urgent hurep boac post flight reports hurricane estimate position 26N, 61W; reports high swells and hurricane cloud structure.  
Reported received 10/2030Z.’  These position indicated that the center was moving less than 10 kt which was a considerable deceleration from the apparent movement in the 
past few days.  On the basis of this report, and the belief that the center, when found, would be in the Air Force area of primary responsibility, the Air Force was 
requested… to perform reconnaissance on this storm on 11 October” (ATS). 

October 11:
HWM analyzes two lows- Hazel and one other low.  Hazel is analyzed as a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.0N, 64.5W with a warm front extending east-northeastward 
from Hazel.  The other is a low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.8N, 68.3W.  Neither of these two lows are the feature of interest.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical 
cyclone of at most 1002 mb centered near 30.3N, 61.0W.  RT lists a 00Z position at 29.1N, 63.2W with a 999 mb central pressure.  ATS at 1230Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of 
at most 999 mb centered near 29.9N, 60.9W located within the warm sector of a larger scale extratropical cyclone (formerly Tropical Storm Hazel).  ATS also analyzes an 
extratropical cyclone (formerly Tropical Storm Hazel) of at most 996 mb centered near 37N, 66W, with its warm front extending eastward to 39N, 61W to 40N, 56W to 41N, 46W 
and its cold front extending south-southwestward to 33N, 68W to 30N, 71W to 27N, 74W to 24N, 75W.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1050Z at 30.4N, 59.9W with 55 kt 
maximum surface winds (micro); center fix (loran) at 1513Z at 30.7N, 60.8W with 997 mb central pressure, 55 kt max winds, and minimum 700 mb height of 9,950 ft (micro, ATS); 
center fix (loran) at 1615Z at 30.9N, 60.4W (micro).  “At 11/1305Z the plane sent the following: ‘[Plane] position at 1250Z 27.4N, 60.5W; flight altitude 10,000 feet; 
in storm area.  Returning to Kindley.’  A message was sent immediately by the Joint Hurricane Warning Center requesting a search be made of the area 30N, 60W prior to  
return to base.  Duck Special six sent from 30.3N, 61.5W at 1428Z indicated they had received the message, and this was confirmed by the 1451Z report sent from 30.4N, 59.9W.  
A message was received from the plane at 11/1542Z reporting that the eye had been found.  The post flight summary is quoted instead of the message because of the additional 
data:  ‘Post flight summary: Tropical storm was located by Air Force hurricane hunters at [30.7N, 60.8W] at 11/1513Z by loran fix.  Max wind of 55 kt from the southwest was 
estimated in the south quadrant.  The shape of the eye is horseshoe and 50 miles across as determined by radar observation.  Minimum pressure [997 mb].  Winds over 45 kt 
extend 50 miles from the eye in the south quadrant.  The strongest quadrant of the storm is south.  The north and east quadrants are open [in terms in radar reflectivity].  
The south quadrant is solid for the first 40 miles then broken the last ten miles.  Vivid lightning throughout the south.  Storm approximately 50 miles in diameter.  Lowest 
700 mb height 9,950 feet.  North quad- winds SE 35 kt… squall lines 40 miles long, 5 miles wide [oriented N/S?] 20 miles west of storm. [Squall line] apparently dissipated 
between 1515Z and 1615Z.’  Coordination with the Weather Bureau firmed the opinion that the storm was weakening rapidly due to its proximity to the circulation of the now 
extratropical storm Hazel, and at 11/1625Z, the Fleet Weather Central, Washington, D.C., was advised that in view of the above, the Hurricane Warning Center would not issue 
[advisories] on this low” (ATS, micro).

October 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low (the extratropical remnant of Tropical Storm Hazel) of at most 990 mb centered near 43.5N, 51.3W with a warm front extending eastward from Hazel and 
a cold front extending south-southwestward from Hazel to 40N, 52W to 37N, 55W to 33N, 60W to 28N, 64W to 23N, 70W.  Microfilm at 00Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb 
centered near 32.8N, 58.9W located within the warm sector of the extratropical cyclone of post-Hazel, with the cold front now located about 200 nmi west of the low.  Ship 
highlights: 50 kt SSE at 00Z at 33.0N, 58.4W (micro).

The disturbance that became Gail likely emerged off the coast of Africa as a tropical wave on 27 or 28 September.  On 29 September at 18Z, ship observations indicate the 
tropical disturbance was likely located near 10N, 25W.  There is not quite enough convincing evidence on the 29th and 30th of a closed circulation based on available ship 
data to indicate genesis of a tropical depression.  On 1 October as the disturbance continued westward, the observations are more sparse than on the 29th and 30th of September.  
HURDAT originally starts this cyclone at 06Z on 2 October at 13.1N, 35.5W as a 30 kt tropical depression.  Ship observations at 00 and 06Z on the 2nd indicate that the HURDAT 
position looks accurate, so no change is made to the HURDAT positions on the 2nd.  Also, no change is made to the timing of genesis.  As the cyclone continued westward, a 
ship passed through the center around 10Z on 3 October near 15N, 43W, recorded a 986 mb central pressure, and also estimated maximum winds encountered of 65 to 70 kt.  
(Although no sources say that they experienced the calm center, one source says that the ship reported a minimum pressure of 986 mb.  Another source states the ship reported 
44 kt with a simultaneous 991 mb, while at a different time, the ship estimated peak winds around 65-70 kt.  This source implies that the 991 mb with the 44 kt was likely 
measured inside the RMW.  This, taken together with the other source that states a min pressure of 986 mb, is enough to believe that the central pressure of Gail was about 
986 mb.)  A central pressure 986 mb is added to HURDAT at 12Z on the 3rd, and this value equals 70 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A 
70 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z on the 3rd (up from 65 kt originally).  Since there was no data near the center prior to that observation, a 5 kt per 6 hr increase in 
intensity is implemented backwards in time from the 70 kt value at 12Z on the 3rd.  Therefore, the intensity at the first point at 06Z on the 2nd is chosen to be 45 kt (up 
from 30 kt originally).  This eliminates the unrealistic intensity increase shown in HURDAT originally during the first six hour period from 06Z to 12Z on the 2nd.  Note that 
the initial 45 kt intensity for the first recorded position is not indicative of genesis, which likely actually occurred sometime on the 1st.  On the 2nd and 3rd, only a couple 
of very minor adjustments were made to the track, and minor increases to the intensity are also implemented.

The original HURDAT indicates that Gail decelerated, turned southwestward, weakened, and dissipated on the 4th and 5th of October with a final position of 11.7N, 48.3W as a 
25 kt tropical depression at 18Z on 5 October.  Available data and commentary suggests that there is no evidence that the cyclone dissipated near the location given in HURDAT.  
Instead, multiple sources indicate that Gail was picked up by a eastward moving trough or cold front on the 4th, and that it moved northeastward on the 5th.  However, the tail 
end of that cold front (which was likely associated with an extratropical storm in the north Atlantic) was apparently not powerful enough to dissipate the cyclone or to continue 
carrying it northeastward.  At 23Z, on 5 October, a ship measured 55 kt NE with 1001 mb at 20.7N, 41.6W, and the analyzed position of Gail at 00Z on 6 October is 20.0N, 41.7W.  
HURDAT originally lists Storm 11 at 20.0N, 41.9W at 00Z on the 6th.  But several sources including ATS, Truchelut’s warm anomaly study, HWM, and COADS indicate that the cyclone 
located near 20.0N, 41.7W at 00Z on the 6th was the same as the cyclone located near 15N, 43W on October 3 (Gail).  From about 18Z on the 5th through 00Z on the 9th, the new 
HURDAT positions for Gail are near the previous HURDAT positions for Storm 11, with only minor track alterations.  Gail is analyzed to have been at hurricane intensity from 
06Z on 3 October through 18Z on 4 October.  It is analyzed that Gail weakened to a 60 kt tropical storm at 00Z on the 5th, and maintained a constant intensity of 60 kt as a 
tropical storm from that time until 00Z on the 10th.  From 00Z on the 6th to 00Z on the 9th, Gail moved west-northwestward from 20.0N, 41.7W to 23.2N, 56.0W.  HURDAT previously 
listed a final position for Storm 11 at 00Z on the 9th at 23.0N, 57.4W, but later observations show that Gail continued as a tropical storm into the 12th of October.  On the 9th 
at 19Z, a ship recorded winds of 55 kt and reported a wind shift of 120 degrees in 1 hour near 25N, 58W.  The analyzed position at 18Z on the 9th is 24.8N, 58.2W as a 60 kt tropical 
storm.  On the 10th, there is again a lack of in situ data, but the 11th, Gail was located again, this time by aircraft reconnaissance, which measured a central pressure of 997 mb 
at 1513Z with a center fix of 30.7N, 60.8W (the analyzed position at 12Z on the 11th is 30.4N, 60.5W).  A central pressure of 997 mb is added to HURDAT for Gail at 18Z on the 11th.  
A central pressure of 997 mb equals 49 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship, and 50 kt is chosen for the intensity at all times on the 11th 
(which shows a very gradual decrease from the 60 kt intensity analyzed for the 9th of October).  Late on the 11th and early on the 12th, the cold front associated with the extratropical 
cyclone of former Tropical Storm Hazel was approaching Gail from the west.  However, observations and analyses from the NHC microfilm map at 00Z on 12 October indicate that Gail 
was probably not absorbed yet by 00Z on the 12th, and a 50 kt ship observation supports an analyzed intensity of 55 kt at 00Z on the 12th.  Gail is analyzed to have become extratropical 
at 06Z on the 12th and to have been absorbed by the front after 06Z on the 12th.

Notes: The analysis indicates that Storm 9 (Gail) occurred from 2 to 12 October.  Storm 11 is removed from HURDAT since Storm 11 is analyzed to have been a continuation of Gail.  
Interestingly, Tannehill (1956) displayed in his book a track for this system, which had a merged track quite similar to that reanalyzed here including extension of the track through 
October 11th.  Cry et al. (1959), however, first indicated two separate systems, which is what had been in HURDAT.  Why Tannehill’s solution of a merged track was not accepted is 
unknown and will likely remain a mystery.

Additional quotes:
“Hurricane Gail was another storm that appeared full-fledged out of the little traveled reaches of the Atlantic, far to the east of the Antilles.  Unlike Carol, this storm was weakening 
when discovered.  Due to lack of data, it was difficult to follow its movements.  Toward the end of its course it threatened Bermuda briefly, but it did no damage as far as is known” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 11 (originally Storm 10)

36080 10/03/1953 M= 8 10 SNBR= 795 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
36080 10/03/1953 M= 6 11 SNBR= 795 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
                    * **

36085 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*203 790  35    0*
36085 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*227 813  30    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

36090 10/04*215 800  35    0*224 802  35    0*233 803  35    0*243 801  35    0*
36090 10/04*229 807  35    0*231 805  35    0*234 803  35    0*243 800  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                  ***

36095 10/05*253 797  35    0*265 790  35    0*278 781  40    0*290 769  40    0*
36095 10/05*253 797  35    0*265 790  35    0*278 783  35    0*291 776  35    0*
                                                  ***  **      *** ***  **

36100 10/06*302 754  40    0*320 733  40    0E340 712  45    0E355 696  50    0*
36100 10/06*307 766  40    0*334 753  40    0E363 725  45    0E388 690  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

36105 10/07E377 680  55    0E388 665  60    0E405 650  60    0E420 637  60    0*
36105 10/07E415 641  55    0E450 580  55    0E478 539  55    0E488 499  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36110 10/08E435 625  60    0E452 616  60    0E470 602  60    0E491 570  60    0*
36110 10/08E498 465  55    0E512 436  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 9th and 10th are removed from HURDAT.)
36115 10/09E510 531  55    0E523 497  55    0E534 462  50    0E545 417  50    0*
36120 10/10E554 372  50    0E562 338  50    0E570 303  50    0E583 277  45    0*
36125 TS

U.S. Close Approach:
10/4/1953 - 00Z – 35 kt (SE FL immediate coastline from the upper Keys northward through Palm Beach County experienced 35 kt winds- a tropical storm impact – 
but the center remained offshore).  At 10/4 00Z, the center of the cyclone was inland over Cuba when the strong winds were experienced on the SE FL coast.  
The center made its closest approach to the SE FL coast 24 hours later- around 00Z on the 5th, but tropical storm winds were no longer being experienced by that 
time.

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this tropical storm.  A major change is made to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for 
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the 
Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC.

October 3:
HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 32N, 73W to 23N, 80W.  HURDAT first lists this at 18Z as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 79.0W.  Microfilm at 12Z does 
not analyze a closed low, but the isobaric analysis clearly indicates a trough oriented approximately from 28N, 78W to 17N, 84W.  Microfilm at 18Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.8N, 81.5W.  Ship and station highlights: 40 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z at 26.5N, 77.0W (330 nmi NE of the analyzed center) (micro).  

October 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.0N, 79.5W with a trough axis extending from the low north-northeastward to 33N, 74W.  HURDAT lists this 
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.3N, 80.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones first shows a position at 18Z at 24.8N, 80.8W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1005 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship and station highlights: 40 kt NE (elevated) and 1009 mb at 00Z Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (25.2N, 80.2W) 
(140 nmi north of center) and 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 06Z at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (micro); 15 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 12Z at 25.2N, 80.0W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 
1013 mb at 12Z at 30.3N, 80.2W 410 nmi north of center (COA); 10 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 18Z at 25.3N, 80.0W (COA); 15 kt SE and 1004 mb at 25.9N, 78.3W (COA). 

October 5:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.8N, 77.8W with a trough axis extending from the low north-northeastward to 32N, 77W to 38N, 70W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 27.8N, 78.1W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 78.5W with a 1001 mb pressure.  
Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb centered near the HURDAT position.  Ship and station highlights: 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 26.4N, 79.6W 
(micro); 20 kt NW (elevated) and 1003 mb at Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (micro); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 06Z 25.4N, 75.8W (COA); 20 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 28.3N, 
77.4W (micro); 30 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 18Z at 31.8N, 79.4W 190 nmi north of the analyzed center (micro).

October 6:
HWM analyzes an elongated closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 35.8N, 72.4W with a front running through the low and a trough extending from the low.  The front 
consists of a stationary front that extends from 40N, 67W to the low where it becomes a cold front and extends to 34N, 75W to 36N, 77W to 39N, 76W to 39N, 79W to 37N, 
82W to 35N, 85W.  The trough extends from the low south-southwestward to 28N, 78W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 34.0N, 71.2W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 37.8N, 70.8W with a 993 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.7N, 
71.2W embedded with a frontal system similar to the HWM analysis.  Ship and station highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 00Z at 32.3N, 78.6W 150 nmi NW of the analyzed 
center (micro); 20 kt SSE and 1001 mb at 06Z at 33.7N, 74.2W (COA); 35 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z at 39.0N, 64.0W (COA); 30 kt NE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 39.7N, 70.2W (COA).

October 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 47.1N, 53.9W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 50N, 39W and a cold front extending from the 
low south-southwestward to 45N, 53W becoming a warm front near 44N, 57W, continuing southwestward until the warm front intersects a second low, not closed, near 41N, 65W.  
A cold front extends south-southwestward from the second low to 35N, 65W to 30N, 70W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 40.5N, 65.0W.  The MWR tracks 
of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 47.6N, 53.6W with a 992 mb pressure.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows the 12Z position of another low near 
42.4N, 67.6W with a 998 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 46.5N, 55.0W with fronts analyzed similar to the HWM analysis.  
Ship and station highlights: 45 kt SW and 999 mb at 00Z at 39.0N, 61.0W (COA); 15 kt S and 990 mb at 00Z at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 997 mb at 12Z at 44.1N, 
53.5W (COA, HWM); 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at 44.5N, 50.1W (micro).

October 8:
HWM analyzes two closed lows- both of at most 995.  The first is centered near 53.0N, 38.5W, and the other is centered near 47.0N, 59.3W.  A warm front extends from the 
first low east-northeastward and an occluded front extends west-southwestward from this first low.  A dissipating cold front extends southwestward from the first low to 
50N, 40W to 48N, 45W and becomes a warm from near 48N, 50W.  This warm front continues westward to a triple point associated with the second low, and this triple point 
is located near 48N, 55W.  An occluded front extends from the second low to the triple point, and a cold front extends from the triple point south-southwestward.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 47.0N, 60.2W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 12Z positions near 52.8N, 40.9W with a 990 mb pressure 
and 46.8N, 59.6W with a 993 mb pressure.  Ship and station highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 03Z at 50.0N, 39.0W (COA); 45 kt S and 1004 mb at 06Z at 50.7N, 37.8W (COA).

October 9:
HWM analyzes [the second] closed low to be of at most 995 mb centered near 53.5N, 46.2W with an occluded front extending eastward from the low to a triple point from 
which a stationary front extends east-northeastward and a cold front extends southward.  HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical cyclone at 53.4N, 46.2W.  The MWR 
tracks of centers of cyclones show 12Z position near 56.6N, 26.7W with a 995 mb pressure and 51.5N, 42.6W with a 993 mb pressure.

October 10:
HWM analyzes closed lows near 59.3N, 17.3W [possibly the remnant of Storm 10] and near 57.3N, 29.8W (the second low).  An occluded front extending east-northeastward 
from the second closed low to the first closed low.  A warm front extends eastward from this first low, and a cold front extends south-southwestward from this first low.  
HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt eztratropical cyclone at 57.0N, 30.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.0N, 32.6W with a 985 mb pressure.

October 11:
HWM analyzes [the second] closed low to be of at most 985 mb centered near 61.7N, 19.4W.  An occluded from extends east-northeastward from this low for several hundred miles.  
HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.

On 3 October, a broad area of low pressure or a trough extended from the Bahamas across Cuba to the northern Caribbean Sea.  This low pressure area is analyzed to have 
formed into a tropical cyclone by 18Z on 3 October (no change to the timing of genesis in HURDAT).  The analyzed position at the time of genesis is inland over Cuba near 
22.7N, 81.3W (a major track change from the 20.3N, 79.0W listed in HURDAT) as a 30 kt tropical depression (down from 35 kt originally).  The depression is analyzed to have 
strengthened to a tropical storm at 00Z on 4 October (six hours later than originally) while the center was still inland over Cuba.  At 00Z on the 4th, strong winds were 
experienced on the southeastern coast of Florida, and a tropical storm impact is analyzed for southeast Florida for 35 kt winds along the immediate shoreline from the upper 
Keys northward up the southeast Florida coastline.  By 06Z on the 4th, the slow-moving cyclone had emerged over water north of Cuba, and the position at 12Z on the 4th (23.4N, 
80.3W) is virtually unchanged from the previous HURDAT position and no change is made to the 35 kt intensity in HURDAT at that time.  The center made its closest approach to 
SE FL around 00Z on the 5th, but tropical storm winds were no longer occurring on the coast during that time.  On the 5th and 6th, the cyclone traveled generally northeastward 
and passed about 90 nmi SSE of Cape Hatteras.  Only minor track adjustments are implemented on the 5th.   The system became extratropical at 12Z on the 6th near 36.3N, 71.9W 
with a 45 kt intensity.  No change was made to the timing of extratropical transition or the intensity of 45 kt at 12Z on the 6th, but the position is adjusted about 2.5 degrees 
NNW of the previous HURDAT position (a major change).  Major track changes are made at all points from 06Z on 6 October until dissipation on the 8th.  Late on the 6th and 
early on the 7th the system accelerated and moved quickly northeastward.  At the same time, genesis of a separate extratropical low was occurring closer to the northeast coast 
of the United States.  The original HURDAT positions listed for this system from the 7th through the 10th follow the new low that developed instead of following this system, 
which was racing northeastward.  The analyzed position of this system at 12Z on 7 October is 47.8N, 53.9W (originally listed in HURDAT as 40.5N, 65.0W).  Analyses and 
observations from HWM and microfilm, observations from COADS, and the MWR tracks of lows chart all indicate two separate lows by the 7th, and they all also indicate that 
the low near 47.8N, 53.9W is this system, and the low near the HURDAT position is a new low that had developed.  This system continued racing east-northeastward, but the 
circulation became extremely elongated on the west side early on the 8th as a front extended from the system to the other low farther west.  After the 7th, no more northwest 
winds were observed west or southwest of the center, and it is analyzed that the cyclone was no longer closed after 06Z on the 8th.  The new final position for the system is 
at 06Z on 8 October at 51.2N, 43.6W as a 55 kt extratropical cyclone.  The original HURDAT position at that time is listed as 45.2N, 61.6W at the location of the other low.
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 12 (Hazel)

36165 10/07/1953 M= 6 12 SNBR= 797 HAZEL       XING=1                           
36165 10/07/1953 M=10 12 SNBR= 797 HAZEL       XING=1 SSS=1
                   **                                 ***** 

36170 10/07*  0   0   0    0*205 864  35    0*210 863  35    0*213 862  35    0*
36170 10/07*  0   0   0    0*205 864  25    0*209 863  30    0*213 862  35    0*
                                      **      ***      **               

36175 10/08*217 861  40    0*222 861  40    0*227 860  45    0*233 858  55    0*
36175 10/08*217 861  35    0*222 861  40    0*227 860  45    0*232 857  45 1002*
                     **                                        *** ***  ** ****

36180 10/09*240 853  55    0*250 844  60    0*262 830  60    0*274 812  55  994*
36180 10/09*241 852  55    0*252 844  65    0*262 833  75    0*271 814  65    0*
            *** ***          ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

36185 10/10*288 790  55    0*307 762  60    0*324 736  60    0E335 715  60    0*
36185 10/10*285 791  60    0*300 762  60    0E314 736  60    0E326 714  60  989*
            *** ***  **      ***             ****              *** ***      ***

36190 10/11E345 694  55    0E354 673  50    0E364 651  45    0E378 622  45    0*
36190 10/11E338 698  55    0E350 681  50    0E362 655  50    0E378 626  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **

36195 10/12E394 590  40    0E410 561  40    0E427 532  35    0E447 510  35    0*
36195 10/12E393 597  50    0E409 565  50    0E430 530  50    0E460 490  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 13th to the 16th are new to HURDAT.)
36196 10/13E490 455  60    0E515 427  65    0E530 420  65    0E540 417  65    0*
36197 10/14E549 412  65    0E555 405  65    0E560 395  65    0E565 380  65    0*
36198 10/15E570 360  65    0E575 335  65    0E582 320  65    0E593 308  60    0*
36199 10/16E608 300  55    0E619 293  50    0E625 281  45    0*  0   0   0    0*

36200 TS               
36200 HRBFL1
      ******

U.S. Landfall:
10/9/1953 - 15Z - 26.7N, 82.2W - 75 kt – (980 mb) – 10 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI
10/9/1953 - 16Z - 26.7N, 82.1W - 75 kt – (980 mb) – 10 nmi RMW - 1011 mb OCI - 300 nmi ROCI

Minor track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for Hazel.  The U.S. landfall intensity and the peak intensity are increased from a tropical 
storm to a hurricane.  A major change is also made to the dissipation of this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
Series, the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, U.S. Navy (flight log book), the Local, State, and National 
Monthly Climatological Data Summaries from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau public advisories, and Dunn and Miller (1960). 

October 7:
HWM analyzes a broad, closed low of at most 1010 mb with a dissipating cold front running through the low centered in the general vicinity of 20.0N, 86.2W.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.0N, 86.3W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 19.2N, 88.3W with a 1007 mb 
pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near 21.2N, 86.7W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 
the HURDAT position.  No gales or low pressures.

October 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.1N, 86.4W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 26N, 84W to 26N, 75W. HURDAT 
lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.7N, 86.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 22.6N, 86.4W with a 1006 mb pressure 
and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 
the HURDAT position with a front extending from 25N, 89W to 28N, 85W to 29N, 80W to 29N, 77W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1008 mb at 21Z at 24.4N, 83.2W 
(micro); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 21Z at 24.0N, 87.2W (micro) (that 1002 mb ship is found to be biased about 4 mb too low).  One other gale of 35 kt and four 
other low pressures of 1002-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1010 mb at 2310Z at Dry Tortugas, FL (micro).  Aircraft highlights: Navy center 
fix at 1934Z at 23.2N, 85.7W with 1002 mb central pressure and 45 kt max winds (micro, ATS); Navy center fix at 2120Z at 23.8N, 85.4W (micro); 40 kt ESE at 
flight-level and 1002 mb at 2130Z at 24.3N, 85.0W (micro).  “[Hazel] was born in the Yucatan Channel on October 8” (MWR).

October 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.3N, 82.8W.  The WSW end of a WSW-ENE warm front is located about 100 nmi NE of the cyclone.  
HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 83.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones and the MWR post-season track map show 12Z positions near 
the HURDAT position with the former showing a 993 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a tropical cyclone of at most 996 mb centered near the HURDAT position 
with the WSW end of a WSW-ENE front located about 100 nmi NNE of the cyclone.  Ship highlights: 55 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12Z at 25.6N, 83.0W (COA, micro); 55 kt 
NE and 1002 mb at 12Z at 26.6N, 83.5W (micro); 40 kt and 996 mb at 23Z at 28.2N, 78.8W (micro).  Eight other gales between 35-40 kt and 14 other low pressures 
between 1002-1005 mb.  Land/station highlights: 43 kt S (max 1 min wind) and 990 mb (min pressure) at 1550Z at Captiva (climo); 39 kt SW (max 1 min wind) and 
995 mb (min pressure) at 1618Z at Ft. Myers (climo); 50 kt NW (max wind) at 1915Z, 995 mb (min pressure) at 19Z at Lake Placid (climo); 52 kt SSW (max wind/1-minute) 
with a gust to 70 kt with 987 mb (min pressure) at 20Z at Okeechobee City, FL (climo); 41 kt (max 1 min wind) at 2110Z, 991 mb (min pressure) at 2115Z at 
Ft. Pierce (climo); 15 kt NNE with 993 mb (lowest hourly ob) at 2125Z.  At least 15 other gales between 35-50 kt and well more than six other low pressures 
between 994-1005 mb over the Florida peninsula.  Aircraft highlights: center fix at 1339Z at 26.2N, 83.1W with a central pressure of 997 mb reported with 55 kt 
max winds (micro).  “Arcadia – Lull 1:45-2:09 pm.  Wind N before and W after lull.  Heavy thunder and lightning before lull.  Wind 16 mph after lull.  Captiva – Sharp 
lightning and heavy squall.  Wind shifted from NE to E.  Tide about 4 ½ ft at 1:30pm.  Daytona Beach – Tides 3 to 3 ½ ft above normal.  Ft. Myers – Lull about 11:00 am.  
Tide 3 ½ to 4 ft above normal.  Beach inundated 1 to 2 ft.  Tornado occurred in connection with storm.  Ft. Pierce – Lightning at 10:00 am.  Sudden shift of wind at 
4:15 pm SE to S to SW, then slow to W.  Center probably 4 to 6 miles north.  Melbourne – Water 1 ½ ft above any high point ever recorded on west side levee of 
Melbourne-Tillman drainage district on St. Johns River.  St. James, Pine Island – Small tornado or waterspout damaged houses.” (National Climatological Data).  
“It moved northeastward and increased to almost hurricane force by the time it moved into Florida just north of Ft. Myers about 1100 EST [1600Z] of the 9th.  
Winds up to 60 to 70 mph attended the storm’s northeastward transit of Florida.  It passed into the Atlantic near Vero Beach at about 1700 EST [2200Z] of the 9th.  
Damage was light to moderate, as would be expected from winds of only gale force.  One, and possibly two small tornadoes occurred on the storm’s leading edge as it 
crossed Florida: one occurred at St. James City on Pine Island west of Ft. Myers and traced a path 3 or 4 miles in length destroying several houses; there were 
indications of another tornado near Okeechobee City where a hanger was badly damaged and an airplane wrecked.  The lowest pressure, 987 mb, and also the strongest 
wind gusts, 80 mph, were reported from Okeechobee City” (MWR).  From the October, 1953 Florida State Climatological Summary… “A tropical storm with highest winds 
slightly less than hurricane force crossed the southern portion of the state on the 9th. …Heavy rains fell on the Peninsula and in northeast Florida the 8th-9th 
associated with the tropical storm, the center of which reached the state in the Fort Myers-Punta Gorda area and emerged into the Atlantic in the vicinity of Vero Beach… 
‘Hazel,’ the eighth tropical disturbance of the season, was born in the Yucatan Channel on October 8th, and grew to a husky youngster during the night while moving 
northeastward.  It moved into Florida via Charlotte Harbor between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda about 11:30 am (1630Z) of the 9th with winds slightly below hurricane 
force, and continued rapidly northeastward across the state and entered the Atlantic near Vero Beach about 5:00 pm (2200Z).  Some typical gust velocities (mph) were: 
Fort Myers, 62; Captiva, 70; Okeechobee City, 80; and Patrick AF Base, Cocoa, 64.  The lowest pressure recorded was 29.15 inches (987 mb) at the U.S. Engineers Office 
at Okeechobee City, and this station also reported the strongest winds.  We believe, however, that these resulted from a tornado-like squall rather than sustained 
conditions in the tropical storm.  There were one or more small tornadoes associated with this storm, one of which occurred at St. James City on Pine Island west of 
Fort Myers, and there was some evidence of tornadic type squalls near Okeechobee City.  On Pine Island, several houses were damaged or destroyed by the tornado, and 
at Okeechobee City, a hanger was damaged and an aeroplane wrecked.  Otherwise damage was mostly of a minor nature.  The wind damage is estimated at about $250,000, 
$96,000 of which occurred in the area of the west coast from the Fort Myers area northward to Sarasota.  Fort Myers Beach was flooded to a depth of 1 to 2 feet by tides”
(climo).  From the October, 1953 National Climatological Data Summary storm reports… “Place: Florida, southern portion; Date: 9; Time: 11:30 am – 5 pm; Width of path: 
100 miles; Length of path: 150 miles; Property damage (exclusive of crops): $9,250,000; Character of storm: Tropical storm” (climo).  “Tropical Cyclones in Florida – Oct. 
9 – SW FL – Minor – Okeechobee City bar. 29.15 in.” (“Minor” – winds less than 74 mph, pressure greater than 996 mb- Dunn and Miller).

October 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 31.8N, 73.9W with a warm front extending from just north of the low center eastward from 33N, 73W to 34N, 70W to 33N, 
67W to 32N, 64W to 34N, 58W.  HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.4N, 73.6W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 32.6N, 73.9W with a 
995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season track map shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 32.0N, 
73.6W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 996 mb at 00Z at 29.4N, 78.3W (micro); 55 kt N and 1005 mb at 12Z at 33.2N, 77.0W (COA, micro); 50 kt SW and 997 mb at 12Z at 30.5N, 74.7W 
(COA, micro).  At least nine other gales between 35-45 kt and at least 27 other low pressures between 999-1005 mb.  Aircraft highlights: 60 kt estimated surface winds from the 
SE, 60 kt flight-level winds from the SE, and 990 mb at 1352Z at 31.9N, 73.3W (micro); center fix (loran) at 1630Z at 32.2N, 70.9W (or 70.2?) with 989 mb central pressure and 
70 kt estimated maximum winds (micro).  “After leaving Florida, the storm moved rapidly northeastward and lost force, becoming extra-tropical by the time it reached 35N” (MWR).

October 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 37.0N, 64.5W with a warm front extending from the low eastward to 39N, 55W.  HWM analyzes a second closed low of at 
most 1000 mb centered a few hundred nmi SW of the feature of interest with a cold front undergoing frontogenesis from 29N, 69W to 25N, 75W to 24N, 78W.  HURDAT lists this as 
a 45 kt extratropical cyclone at 36.4N, 65.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near the HURDAT position with a 995 mb pressure and the MWR post-season 
track map shows a 12Z position near 36.5N, 65.4W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 36.0N, 65.4W with a front extending east-northeastward 
from the low and another front extending south-southwestward from the low.  Microfilm also analyzes another closed low- a tropical cyclone of at most 997 mb (Tropical Storm Gail) 
centered near 30.3N, 61.0W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1009 mb at 00Z at 35.3N, 75.2W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 993 mb at 06Z at 34.9N, 69.9W (COA); 45 kt NE and 997 mb at 18Z 
at 38.9N, 64.1W (COA).  At least 11 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least 53 other low pressures between 997-1005 mb.

October 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 43.5N, 51.4W with a warm front extending from the low eastward and a cold front extending from the low south-southwestward.  
HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 42.7N, 53.2W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 42.9N, 53.5W with a 989 mb pressure.  Microfilm 
at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 996 mb centered near 44.0N, 52.0W with a front extending from the low south-southwestward.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 12Z 
at 41.6N, 50.6W (COA); 45 kt SE and 986 mb at 19Z at 48.0N, 46.0W (COA); 20 kt S and 978 mb at 23Z at 48.0N, 46.0W (COA).  At least 14 other gales between 35-40 kt and at least 
47 other low pressures between 989-1005 mb.

October 13:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 53.2N, 41.7W.  An occluded front extends from 53N, 35W to a triple point near 45N, 31W from which a warm front and a 
cold front extend.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 53.2N, 42.0W with a 962 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SW at 00Z at 48.2N, 45.3W (COA); 
60 kt E and 965 mb at 06Z at 51.9N, 42.8W (COA); 60 kt SW and 982 mb at 12Z at 50.8N, 39.5W (COA).  A few other 60 kt wind observations.

October 14:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 56.3N, 38.6W.  A dissipating occluded front extends from 63N, 27W to 55N, 20W to a triple point near 48N, 23W.  A warm 
front and cold front extend from the triple point south-southeastward and south-southwestward respectively.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 57.0N, 
40.2W with a 980 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 45 kt NNW and 962 mb at 06Z at 55.5N, 44.5W (COA); 50 kt N and 971 mb at 12Z at 55.0N, 44.0W (COA).  At least three other 50 kt 
observations this day.

October 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 58.5N, 31.0W with a N-S occluded front plotted east of the cyclone extending from 59N, 20W to 55N, 16W to 50N, 17W to 
46N, 18W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 58.0N, 28.4W with a 969 mb pressure.  Ship highlights: 55 kt W and 987 mb at 00Z at 51.4N, 34.9W (COA); 
60 kt W and 992 mb at 06Z at 51.5N, 36.0W (COA); 25 kt W and 968 mb at 06Z at 55.2N, 34.2W (COA); 50 kt SE and 983 mb at 18Z at 63.5N, 24.5W (COA).  Numerous other gales and 
low pressures.

October 16:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb centered near 62.5N, 28.5W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 62.2N, 26.9W.  Ship highlights: 45 kt 
WSW and 997 mb at 00Z at 52.7N, 36.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12Z at 53.0N, 29.8W (COA).  Several other gales and low pressures.

HURDAT begins this cyclone at 06Z on 7 October as a 35 kt tropical storm  at 20.5N, 86.4W.  At 12Z on the 7th, available observations confirm a closed circulation, while there 
is no evidence on the 6th that the cyclone started prior to the time shown in HURDAT.  Therefore, no change is made to the timing of genesis.  No change is made to the position 
at the genesis point either, but this cyclone is begun as a 25 kt tropical depression at genesis (down from 35 kt originally).  The cyclone moved northward through the Yucatan 
Channel and into the eastern Gulf of Mexico before turning northeastward on the 8th and 9th.  The track on the 7th and 8th is virtually unchanged from the previous HURDAT track.  
On the 8th at 12Z, a ship recorded winds of 25 kt with a 1005 mb pressure (likely outside the RMW but within 50 nmi of the center), and at 18Z, ship observations of 25 kt with 
1002 mb and 30 kt with 1005 mb were recorded.  At 1934Z, aircraft reconnaissance recorded a central pressure of 1002 mb, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 8th.  
A central pressure of 1002 mb equals 43 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The first gale from a ship was recorded at 21Z on the 8th (45 kt 
with 1008 mb and another 35 kt with 1002 mb).  A 45 kt intensity is chosen for 18Z on the 8th (down from 55 kt originally).  It is analyzed that this cyclone became a tropical 
storm by 18Z on the 7th (12 hours later than originally in HURDAT).  On the 9th, Hazel moved northeastward toward southwest Florida and strengthened.  Track changes on the 9th 
are three-tenths of a degree or less.  By 12Z on the 9th, the position is 26.0N, 83.3W, which is only about 60 nmi away from making landfall in southwest Florida.  At that time, 
two separate ships recorded winds of 55 kt, one of them was observed simultaneously with a 999 mb pressure.  At 1352Z, aircraft reconnaissance reported that they has measured a 
central pressure of 997 mb, but ship data and well as data over Florida a few hours later suggests that the 997 mb pressure was likely not a central pressure reading, so no 
central pressure is added to HURDAT at 12Z.  No changes are made to the 55 and 60 kt intensities shown in HURDAT at 00 and 06Z on the 9th.

Hazel made landfall around 15Z on 9 October on the barrier islands and passed between Fort Myers and Punta Gorda around 16Z.  It traveled between northeastward and east-northeastward 
across the Florida peninsula and moved over water around 21Z on the 9th near 27.6N, 80.4W near Vero Beach.  The highest recorded 1-minute wind in Florida was 52 kt at Okeechobee 
City and the lowest observed pressure was 987 mb, also at Okeechobee City simultaneously.  The lowest available pressure from a station on the west coast of Florida is 990 mb from 
Captiva with 43 kt S wind.  The 987 mb at Okeechobee suggests a central pressure over land of at most 982 mb, about 5 hours after landfall.  Using this, the Ho et al. inland decay 
model suggests a central pressure at landfall of 978 mb.  Assuming that the decay would be less given the wet terrain of southwest Florida, it is estimated that the system made 
landfall with around 980 mb central pressure (though this is not accurately enough known to include into HURDAT).  980 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 73 kt from the 
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt from the subset of intensifying systems.  Numerous stations - Captiva, Ft. Myers, Lake Placid, Okeechobee, and Fort 
Pierce – passed 10 to 20 nm of the center of the cyclone – yet none (with the possible exception of Ft. Myers) were inside the RMW, as they reported their peak winds and minimum 
pressures simultaneously.  Thus the RMW is estimated at 10 nm, though it could have been as small as 5 nm.  (Arcadia reported experiencing a lull between 1:45 and 2:08 PM local time, 
with the wind shifting from north to west.  However, the lowest pressure in Arcadia was 998 mb, which is inconsistent with the other pressures near the center.  A lull was also 
reported to have occurred in Fort Myers, Florida about 20 minutes prior to the lowest pressure and the maximum winds.  However, data from the other stations mentioned above suggests 
this was not due to an eye passage.)  Based upon the combined effect of a small RMW, fast moving cyclone (~20 kt), but with a low environmental pressure (OCI of 1011 mb), the 
intensity at landfall is analyzed at 75 kt.  This makes Hazel a Category 1 hurricane at landfall rather than a 60 kt tropical storm as shown previously in HURDAT.  This is consistent 
with damage descriptions from both Sanibel Island and from the Okeechobee City area.  It is possible that the reported “tornadoes” in St. James City on Pine Island and near Okeechobee 
City were instead direct effects of the hurricane’s wind along with a very small RMW.  A 75 kt intensity is chosen for 12Z and landfall (up from 60 kt originally).  Since the peak 
observations from Okeechobee City occurred near 18Z, the analyzed intensity at 18Z is 65 kt (up from 55 kt originally).  Hazel continued east-northeastward, and based on ship data 
late on the 9th and early on the 10th, all of the intensities listed in HURDAT on the 10th are maintained.  HURDAT previously listed Hazel as having become extratropical at 18Z on 
the 10th, but Hazel is analyzed to have become extratropical by 12Z on the 10th (six hours earlier than originally).  On the 10th at 1630Z, a 989 mb central pressure was measured 
via an Air Force center fix near 32-33N, 71-72W, and this value is added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 10th.  Hazel accelerated as an extratropical system and reached 46.0N, 49.0W by 18Z 
on 12 October (originally 44.7N, 51.0W) (the final point shown in HURDAT originally).  It is analyzed that Hazel was not absorbed or dissipated until after 18Z on 16 October, and 
four days are added to the dissipation as an extratropical system.  Positions/intensities at 12Z each day from the 13th through 16th are: 53N, 42W, 65 kt; 56N, 40W, 55 kt; 58N, 31W, 
65 kt; and 62.5N, 28.1W, 45 kt.

Additional quotes:
“Tropical Storm Hazel was a compact little storm which originated near the tip of the Yucatan peninsula.  The winds associated with this storm caused no serious damage as it crossed 
Florida, but it brought the usual torrential rainfall.  Hardest hit were the Kissimmee and St. John’s valleys, north of Lake Okeechobee, which were at record flood stage prior to the 
storm’s arrival.  This newly added rainfall caused such severe flooding in the wake of the storm that certain portions of the state were declared disaster areas on 14 October” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 13

36205 11/23/1953 M= 4 13 SNBR= 798 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
36210 11/23*  0   0   0    0*220 565  35    0*228 563  35    0*238 557  35    0*
36210 11/23*  0   0   0    0*221 553  35    0*230 550  35    0*240 547  35    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

36215 11/24*249 548  40    0*262 532  40    0*275 520  45    0*283 524  45    0*
36215 11/24*252 544  40    0*265 542  40    0*278 545  45    0*289 551  45  999*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

36220 11/25*287 535  45    0*288 548  45    0*290 560  45    0*294 567  40    0*
36220 11/25*291 557  45    0*292 561  45    0*294 565  40    0*298 569  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36225 11/26*302 571  40    0*312 571  35    0*322 571  30    0*334 571  25    0*
36225 11/26*304 571  35    0*312 571  30    0*322 571  30    0*334 571  25    0*
            ***      **               **                    

36230 TS

Major track changes and minor intensity changes are analyzed for this cyclone.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, 
the COADS ships database, Monthly Weather Review, and NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

November 19:
HWM analyzes a dissipating NE-SW stationary front oriented from 27N, 45W to 21N, 55W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

November 20:
HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 24N, 51W to 22N, 56W to 17N, 59W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

November 21:
HWM analyzes a trough axis extending from 25N, 52W to 22N, 57W to 17N, 59W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales or low pressures.

November 22:
HWM analyzes a sharp NNE-SSW trough with the trough axis extending from 27N, 53W to 22N, 58W to 17N, 59W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this day.  No gales 
or low pressures.

November 23:
HWM analyzes an elongated but closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 25.2N, 54.2W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 27N, 46W to 27N, 
49W to the low to 18N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.8N, 56.3W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb centered in 
the general vicinity of 22.8N, 55.4W.  No gales or low pressures.

November 24:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.3N, 52.7W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 28N, 49W to the low to 24N, 57W to 
20N, 60W.  HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 52.0W.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 27.8N, 54.6W with a 1004 mb 
pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.6N, 53.1W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1005 mb at 18Z at 29.7N, 55.3W (COA, 
micro).  Aircraft highlights: Air Force center fix at 1939Z at 29.7N, 55.6W with 999 mb central pressure and 40 kt max winds (micro).

November 25:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.5N, 55.6W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 31N, 49W to 23N, 62W. HURDAT lists 
this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 29.0N, 56.0W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 29.4N, 56.7W with a 1007 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 30.8N, 55.2W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1016 mb at 06Z at 33.8N, 55.8W (COA).  Aircraft highlights: possibly 
a center fix at 1828Z at 30.2N, 57.3W (micro).

November 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N, 58.7W with a trough axis running through the low extending from 32N, 52W to the low to 25N, 65W.  HWM 
also analyzes a N-S cold front several hundred miles west of the low extending from 37N, 67W to 30N, 68W to 25N, 70W to 22N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical 
depression at 32.2N, 57.1W. The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 33.5N, 57.9W with a 1010 mb pressure.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1014 mb centered near 31.8N, 57.0W with an approaching NNE-SSW cold front located several hundred miles west of the low.  No gales or low pressures.

November 27:
HWM and microfilm no longer analyze the feature of interest on this day, and HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.  The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows 
a 12Z position near 39.7N, 63.3W with a 1000 mb pressure.  HWM and microfilm indicate that the low near the MWR position is a separate extratropical low with a warm front 
analyzed extending east-northeastward from the low and a cold front extending south-southwestward from the low.

November 28:
The MWR tracks of centers of cyclones shows a 12Z position near 52.1N, 51.3W with a 998 mb pressure.

On 19 November, the tail end of front dissipated into a trough, which remained weak until it became a sharp trough on the 22nd and a closed low on the 23rd.  HURDAT starts 
this system at 06Z on 23 November as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 56.5W.  No changes are made to the timing of genesis or the 35 kt intensity, but the position at 06Z 
on the 23rd is shifted a degree east of the previous position.  The cyclone moved northward reaching a position near 27.8N, 53.8W by 12Z on the 24th, which is about 1.8 
degrees west of the previous HURDAT position.  The cyclone was stronger on the 24th as well.  At 18Z on the 24th, a ship observed a 40 kt wind concurrent with a pressure 
of 1005 mb, and at 1939Z, aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 999 mb, and this value is added in to HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th.  A central pressure of 
999 mb equals 45 kt according to the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 47 kt for its intensifying subset.  The 45 kt intensity shown in HURDAT at 
18Z on the 24th is not changed.  Ship data and also the aircraft fix indicate that the position in HURDAT at 18Z on the 24th is more than 2.5 degrees too far east, so major 
westward track adjustments are implemented from 18Z on the 24th through 00Z on the 25th.  No intensity changes were made to HURDAT from genesis at 06Z on the 23rd through 
06Z on the 25th.  Late on the 25th, the cyclone began to weaken.  The last available gale recorded occurred at 06Z on the 25th – a 40 kt observation a few hundred nmi north 
of the center.  After that, the system, rapidly dissipated and could not be identified by 12Z on the 26th.  However, due to the sparse observations, the timing of dissipation 
shown in HURDAT – after 18Z on the 26th – is unchanged.  This tropical storm is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical depression six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT 
originally. A few very minor downward intensity adjustments were made from the 25th at 12Z on the 26th at 06Z.  The final point – 18Z on the 26th – is 33.4N, 57.1W as a 25 kt 
tropical depression (no change to position or intensity at the final point).
*******************************************************************************

1953 Storm 14 (Irene)

36235 12/07/1953 M= 3 14 SNBR= 799 NOT NAMED   XING=0                          L
36240 12/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*208 515  30    0*
36240 12/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 525  35    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

36245 12/08*208 531  35    0*209 538  35    0*209 546  35    0*210 560  35    0*
36245 12/08*191 533  40    0*201 542  50    0*208 555  55    0*209 570  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36250 12/09*210 576  35    0*211 586  35    0*212 596  30    0*214 607  25    0*
36250 12/09*210 585  50    0*210 597  40    0*210 607  35    0*210 617  30    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

36255 TS

Major track changes and major intensity changes are analyzed for this December tropical storm.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map Series, 
the COADS ships database, NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, and the U.S. Navy (flight log book).

December 6:
HWM analyzes a spot low near 15.5N, 50.9W and a NE-SW stationary front extending from 29N, 34W to 28N, 43W to 24N, 49W to 21N, 54W.  HURDAT does not yet list a system on this 
day.  No gales or low pressures.

December 7:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.3N, 51.5W with the SW end of a SW-NE dissipating warm front located about 200 nmi north of the low.  HURDAT first 
lists this at 18Z as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.8N, 51.5W.  No gales or low pressures.

December 8:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.7N, 55.8W.  HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 54.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1002 mb centered near 21.2N, 55.7W.  Ship highlights: 40 kt NE at 09Z at 20.5N, 55.2W (micro); 40-50 kt NW and 999 mb at 10Z from the same ship as the 09Z 
observation (micro); 40 kt S at 11Z from the same ship (micro); 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 12Z at 26.0N, 56.3W (COA); 10 kt NE and 1004 mb at 12Z at 20.5N, 60.8W (COA).  “Esso 
Fawley: 0900 GMT located 20.5N, 55.2W- passed through center of small intense storm.  Wind NE [40 kt].  Sea very high.  1000 GMT- barometer [999 mb], wind NW [40 to 50 kt], 
sea high and confused.  1100 GMT- barometer rising, wind S 40 kt, storm center estimated traveling NW” (micro).

December 9:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.7N, 59.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 21.2N, 59.6W.  Microfilm at 12Z analyzes a 
closed low of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.3N, 59.7W.  Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1004 mb at 00Z at 21.1N, 60.2W (micro).

December 10:
HWM analyzes a NNE-SSW trough with the trough axis extending from 30N, 62W to 25N, 67W to 20N, 69W to 16N, 70W.  HURDAT no longer lists a system on this day.

This tropical storm formed in a similar location and likely from a similar type of synoptic mechanism as the tropical storm in November (the tail end of a front).  HURDAT 
begins this cyclone at 18Z on 7 December as a 30 kt tropical depression at 20.8N, 51.5W.  No changes are made to the timing of genesis.  Observations at that time and subsequent 
observations early on the 8th indicate that the HURDAT positions from 18Z on the 7th to 06Z on the 8th are too far north.  A major track change is implemented at the first 
point only – the position at 18Z on the 7th is analyzed to be more than 3 degrees SSW of the previous HURDAT position.  The cyclone which had been moving northwestward, turned 
toward the west by 12Z on the 8th near 20.8N, 55.5W.  The analyzed position at 12Z on the 8th is 1 degree west of the previous HURDAT position.  At 10Z on the 8th, a ship 
recorded 40-50 kt winds concurrent with a 999 mb pressure, and this was the highest observed wind and the lowest observed pressure for the lifetime of this cyclone.  A central 
pressure of less than 999 mb yields winds of greater than 49 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure wind relationship.  A 55 kt intensity is analyzed for 12Z on 
the 8th (up from 35 kt originally – a major change).  The storm continued moving westward, but it began to weaken early on the 9th.  At 00Z on the 9th, a ship observed a 
1004 mb pressure concurrent with 25 kt winds.  Thereafter, no more gales or low pressures were recorded.  Observations on the 9th continue to indicate a position about one 
degree west of the previous HURDAT position throughout the day.  A steady decrease of the intensity is shown on the 9th, although minor upward intensity adjustments are 
implemented from the original HURDAT.  No changes were made to the timing of dissipation (18Z on the 9th), and the final position is analyzed at 21.0N, 62.0W as a 30 kt 
tropical depression.  The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 9th.

Additional quotes:
“Tropical Storm Irene developed late in the year in an area of very sparse reports.  Winds remained light and the circulation dissipated in its early stages” (ATS).
*******************************************************************************

1953 additional notes

1)  HWM indicates that a frontal low on 24 March was located near 39N, 43W.  It moved slowly southeastward, occluded, and became very large and powerful by the 26th.  
This large, baroclinic low persisted for several days with gales at least through the 28th.  After the 28th, it began to weaken very gradually.  However, the low stayed 
in the same general area of the Atlantic until the end of the month.  During the first two days of April, the low continued to weaken, and it moved east-northeastward.  
By 3 April, it had dissipated.  David Roth lists this system as a potential subtropical storm; however, HWM observations and analyses indicate that the low was not likely 
to have been subtropical.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Mar 24		39N	43W		Extratropical
Mar 25		38N	42W		Extratropical
Mar 26		33N	43W		Extratropical
Mar 27		34N	39W		Extratropical
Mar 28		37N	35W		Extratropical
Mar 29		38N	30W		Extratropical
Mar 30		36N	28W		Extratropical
Mar 31		32N	28W		Extratropical
Apr 1		33N	26W		Extratropical
Apr 2		36N	20W		Extratropical
Apr 3					Dissipated


2)  A low formed along a frontal boundary on 10 May on the western Atlantic.  The front dissipated as it moved away, but a weak, broad area of low pressure was left behind.  
This low pressure area appears to have contained a weak, closed circulation on a broad scale until 14 May when it may have denigrated into an open trough.  This persisted 
until 18 May when the area of low pressure ceased to exist.  The highest wind observed with this system was 30 kt and no low pressures were observed.  Thus, this system is 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
May 10	33N	72W		Extratropical
May 11	33N	70W		Broad low
May 12	33N	70W		Broad low	
May 13	32N	69W		Broad low
May 14	30N	67W		Broad low/trough
May 15	28N	66W		Broad low/trough
May 16	28N	66W		Broad low/trough
May 17	29N	64W		Broad low/trough
May 18				Dissipated


3)  HWM, microfilm, COADS, and Ryan Truchelut’s warm anomaly study indicates that a tropical depression formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 June.  It moved slowly northwestward.  
Numerous ships indicated 30 kt winds from the 25th through the 29th.  However, only on the 26th is there clear evidence that the system had a closed circulation.  HWM and 
microfilm maps show that it possibly moved inland as a tropical depression late on the 28th.  It is also noted that there was no pressure minimum recorded at any of the stations 
in eastern Texas/western Louisiana late on the 28th/early on the 29th, when the system may have made landfall.  An extra complication is that the 28 June HWM shows a trough 
extending from the Gulf of Mexico northeastward into Louisiana, where another low or vorticity center may have been present.  The 18Z microfilm map on the 28th shows the tropical 
depression inland at 31N, 94W followed by dissipation.  “The Atchafalaya River exceeded flood stage at Morgan City, La., for several hours … on the 28th due to winds and dies 
and the relatively high water level in the Gulf of Mexico.  No damage resulted from the overflows” (National Climatological Data).  These points suggest the possibility of a 
tropical storm.  The highest observed wind from a ship while this system was over water was 30 kt, and the lowest observed pressures were around 1008-1009 mb.  The Monthly 
climatological data from NCDC indicates maximum monthly wind speeds of 41 kt SE at Port Arthur (on the 29th) and 37 kt SE at Galveston (also on the 29th).  After obtaining 
hourly observations from these locations, it is clear that these were transient events associated with thunderstorms moving through.  Winds before and after were substantially 
weaker.   Additionally, these gales occurred with a much higher pressure than the day before when the pressures were lower but winds were light.  The bottom line is that there 
is considerable evidence that the system was a tropical depression, but no evidence either from winds or pressures that the cyclone was a tropical storm.  This system is not 
added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Jun 25		25N	89W		Trough or low
Jun 26		27N	91W		Tropical depression
Jun 27		28N	92W		Tropical depression?	
Jun 28		29N	93W		Tropical depression?
Jun 29					Dissipated


4)  HWM and Truchelut’s warm anomaly study indicate that a tropical depression formed near the Cape Verde Islands on 24 August.  There is clear evidence of a closed circulation 
of the 24th and 25th.  The system moved west-northwestward, but was lost in the typical data-sparse region of the Atlantic by the 27th.  No gales or low pressures were observed.  
Thus, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 24		14N	25W		Tropical depression
Aug 25		15N	29W		Tropical depression		
Aug 26		16N	33W		Tropical depression
Aug 27		17N	37W		Open wave
Aug 28					Dissipated


5)  HWM and COADS indicate that a short-lived cyclone existed in the north Atlantic in September from the 10th to the 11th.  David Roth lists this storm in his list of suspects. 
On 8 September, a large, broad, and relatively weak extratropical system was located over the north Atlantic in the vicinity of 40N, 30 to 35W.  On the 9th, a small vortex began 
to form on the southeast side of the broad circulation.  This small vortex is analyzed attained a closed circulation at 06Z on 10 September at 42.5N, 32.5W.  A ship recorded a 
45 kt south wind at 00Z associated with the developing system.  At 06Z, a different ship recorded a wind a 40 kt.  The storm moved north-northwestward; its track was likely 
somewhat affected by the weak extratropical cyclone to its west.  The system may have partially revolved in a counterclockwise direction around the broad extratropical low.  
At 18Z on the 10th, a ship east of the center recorded 40 kt S with a 997 mb pressure (this ship is found to be biased about 3 mb too low).  On the 11th, evidence of a closed 
circulation decreases, and no more gales are observed.  It is analyzed that the system dropped below gale force by 12Z on the 11th, and the final point before dissipation is 
listed at 18Z on the 11th at 54.5N, 40.5W.

This system contained a small-scale closed circulation with gales and low pressures near the center and little to no temperature gradient across the low on the 10th.  At genesis 
(06Z on the 10th) absolute temperatures were in the upper-60s and SSTs were in the lower 70s.  Both the absolute temperatures and the SSTs decreased by about 5 to 7 degrees 
during the next 18 hours as the system moved northward.  While the system is intriguing, the case for calling this a tropical cyclone does not appear to be strong enough given 
the synoptic pattern the cyclone was embedded in and the extraordinarily high latitude at which it forms.

September 8:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb (not the feature of interest) centered near 41.5N, 32.5W with a warm front extending from the low northward to 45N, 32.5W to 50N, 
30W and a dissipating cold front extending from the low to 43N, 31W to 42N, 25W to 39N, 24W to 35N, 25W to 32N, 28W.  HURDAT did not previously list this system.

September 9:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb (the feature of interest) centered near 36.8N, 34.4W.  David Roth (DR hereafter) lists a 12Z position of 38N, 34W with a 25 kt 
intensity.  No gales or low pressures.

September 10:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 44.8N, 34.0W (the feature of interest) and another closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 41.7W.  DR lists a 12Z 
position near 45N, 33W with a 30 kt intensity.  Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1014 mb at 00Z at 39.2N, 30.7W (COA); 40 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 06Z at 41.8N, 30.9W (COA); 40 kt S 
and 997 mb at 18Z at 47.0N, 35.6W (COA).

September 11:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 54.2N, 40.3W with a trough axis extending from the low southeastward and then southward.  The west end of a W-E warm 
front is located 150 nmi north of the cyclone.  HWM analyzes another closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 51.9N, 51.4W.  Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 1001 mb at 09Z at 
52.8N, 35.5W (COA); 10 kt SE and 1000 mb at 18Z at 55.6N, 38.1W (COA).  A couple of other low pressures.

September 12:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 59.9N, 35.3W with a NE-SW trough axis running through the low from the west end of a W-E warm front near 61N, 34W to 
a spot low plotted near 56N, 46W.  The north end of a cold front is located a couple hundred nmi south of the possible remnant of the feature of interest.


6)  Ryan Truchelut’s warm anomaly study suggests a possible disturbance.  No gales or low pressures were observed with this suspect.  Thus, it is not added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Sep 21		9N	36W		Open wave/weak low
Sep 22		10N	40W		Tropical depression
Sep 23		11N	43W		Tropical depression
Sep 24		13N	45W		Tropical depression
Sep 25		17N	44W		Open wave/trough
Sep 26		22N	43W		Weak low/trough
Sep 27					Dissipated	


7)  HWM, the MWR tracks of lows, COADS, and microfilm indicate that a tropical depression formed by 15 October near 26N, 69W.  The low shown in HWM on 15 October near 33N, 
71W is a completely different feature and is not associated with the depression.  Microfilm plots a tropical storm symbol on their October 15 18Z and October 16 00Z maps, 
although there are no observations of gales or low pressures from any source on the 15th or 16th.  The depression came under the influence of a frontal system to its north 
late on the 16th, and it rapidly accelerated east-northeastward.  It was probably still a closed tropical depression at 00Z on the 17th, and may have been so through 06Z that 
day, but by 12Z on the 17th, it had already been absorbed by the front and was no longer closed.  There was one gale of 35 kt observed directly related to this system at 09Z 
on the 17th, around or just before the time it became absorbed by the front.  Since there is no definitive evidence that low was still closed at 06Z, and since there is only 
one piece of evidence anyway, this system is not added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 15		26N	69W		Tropical depression
Oct 16		30N	65W		Tropical depression
Oct 17		37N	49W		Absorbed by front before 12Z.


8)  A very broad area of low pressure developed in the western Atlantic on 21 and 22 October.  On the October 22 12Z microfilm map, the closed 1008 mb contour stretches from 
26-39N, 61-70W, and that is the innermost counter plotted, although observations and the HWM analysis indicate pressures below 1000 mb in a smaller area from 35-37N, 64-67W.  
Despite the area of more intense activity, observations do indicate an area of winds less than 10 kt with pressures around 1005 mb about 500 to 700 nmi across.  Numerous gales 
are observed with this system prior to the time is takes on frontal characteristics (later on the 23rd).  However, all of these gales are located in a very tight synoptic 
pressure gradient (about 20 mb / 300 nmi) north and west of the center.  A 1032 mb high was located over Maine and SE Canada.  The low became extratropical on 23 October.  
The aforementioned observations and analyses indicate that this system was never a tropical or subtropical cyclone.  Thus, this suspect is not added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 21		Open trough 39N 64W to 21N 72W
Oct 22		36N	66W		Broad low
Oct 23		38N	70W		Broad low
Oct 24		38N	70W		Extratropical
Oct 25					Dissipated


9)  HWM, microfilm, COADS, Jack Beven’s list of suspects, and David Roth indicate that a broad low might have become a tropical depression on 13 December moving rapidly 
west-northwestward from about 15N, 48W on the 12th to 22N, 70W on the 15th.  The highest observed wind from any source was 30 kt and there were no low pressures observed 
other than two observations of 995 mb from the same ship that are found to be bad observations.  These pressure values are incorrect, and it is difficult to determine from 
the available data whether the ship’s pressure was simply biased way too low or whether the ship’s barometer was stuck on reporting a value of 995 mb.  This system is not 
added to HURDAT.

DAY			LAT	LON		STATUS
Dec 12		15N	48W		Broad low/trough
Dec 13		18N	56W		Tropical depression
Dec 14		19N	64W		Tropical depression
Dec 15		22N	70W		Open trough
Dec 16					Dissipated
*******************************************************************************

New Storm [May 27-31, 1954]:

37020 05/28/1954 M= 4  1 SNBR= 816 NOT NAMED       XING=0 SSS=0
37021 05/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*307 800  30    0*313 793  35 1005*
37021 05/29*322 782  40    0*332 772  40    0*345 760  40    0*350 740  40    0*
37021 05/30*358 724  45    0*381 713  45    0E395 695  40    0E408 662  40    0*
37021 05/31E437 609  35    0E453 569  35    0E470 515  35    0E480 470  35    0*
37022 TS

This new tropical storm was not previously documented in HURDAT. Evidence for the existence of this system was extracted from the Cooperative Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COA), 
the Historical Weather Maps (HWM) series, the Climatological Data publication (NCDC), the Local Climatological Data forms (NCDC), the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones (May 1954), and the United States Weather Bureau microfilm data.

May 26: HWM indicates a stalled surface front near 24N, 78W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones does not list the system on this date. No gales or low pressures were observed.

May 27: HWM indicates a frontal wave over east-central Florida near 27N, 80W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones does not list the system on this date. No gales or low 
pressures were observed.

May 28: HWM indicates a closed surface low of at most 1010 mb near 30.5N, 80W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 1011 mb at 31.1N, 
81.6W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the tropical depression, located east of HWM’s position, was situated at 31.0N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 
30 kt SE and 1008 mb at 31.6N, 78.6W at 18 UTC (COA). No gales or low pressures were observed.

May 29: HWM indicates a closed surface low of at most 1010 mb near 33.7N, 71.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 1009 mb at 35.3N, 
75.5W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the tropical storm was situated at 34.5N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1010 mb at 31.3N, 76.6W at 
00 UTC (COA); 30 kt SW and 1009 mb at 32.5N, 75.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 18 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 1005 mb at 34.7N, 73.3W at 18 UTC (COA). 
No other gales or low pressures were observed. North Carolina conditions: “Finally, on the 27th, southerly winds began to add moisture as well as heat to the atmosphere, 
and showers became increasingly prevalent. Rain never became general, however, and the sun and winds brought temperatures up to several degrees above normal for the first 
time since the 3rd. On the final two afternoons the temperatures climbed to the upper 80’s and low 90’s in all sections of the State” (Climatological Data).

May 30: HWM indicates a baroclinic surface low, associated with a surface cold front, of at most 1010 mb near 40N, 68W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the 
system with a pressure of 1010 mb at 39.8N, 70.8W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center of the extratropical cyclone was situated at 39.5N, 69.5W. Ship 
highlights: 40 kt S and 997 mb (with SST of 22C) at 38.1N, 70.5W at 06 UTC (COA); 40 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 37.8N, 70.0W at 06 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 36.7N, 
69.6W at 06 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1006 mb at 40.0N, 66.8W at 18 UTC (HWM). Several additional gales and low pressures were observed in association with the baroclinic system.

May 31: The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones lists the system with a pressure of 997 mb at 47.6N, 51.4W (a.m.). Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1003 mb at 43.8N, 60.1W at 
00 UTC (USWB); 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 43N, 51.7W at 12Z (HWM); 35 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 45N, 46.8W at 18Z (COA); 35 kt SW and 998 mb at 46.7N, 46.6W at 18Z (COA). Land 
highlights: 10 kt NNW and 999 mb at Cape Race, Newfoundland, at 12Z (USWB).

Early on May 26, a broad surface trough developed over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. On this date, there were no indications of a developing circulation along the trough 
axis, based on available land and ship observations. Early on the 27th, signs of a developing circulation were evident, though late on the 27th and early on the 28th the 
system still appear to have an elongated trough structure at the surface.  However, the system quickly organized as it moved offshore. It is analyzed that the system underwent 
genesis around 12 UTC on the 28th with an initial intensity of 30 kt.  Several ships reported 25-30 kt winds between 12 and 18 UTC. One of the ships recorded a peripheral 
pressure of 1008 mb and winds of 30 kt at 18 UTC. This pressure would support a plausible central pressure near 1005 mb. A central pressure of 1005 mb would substantiate a 
maximum wind speed of 34 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 25N – 35 kt is chosen for 18 UTC on the 28th. This estimate is also 
supported by the relatively small size of the system at the time. Based on available ship and land data, the system continued to intensify on May 29 as it bypassed the Carolinas. 
The first gale force ship wind (35 kt) was reported at 00 UTC on the 29th and was accompanied by a peripheral pressure of 1010 mb – 40 kt is chosen for 00 UTC. Several 
20-30 kt ship observations with one report of 35 kt were reported between 12 and 18 UTC on the 29th and 40 kt is maintained at 18 UTC on the 29th. Early on the 30th, the 
system accelerated and turned north-northeast ahead of an approaching mid level trough. This movement occurred after a brief east-northeast movement on the 29th. Two ships 
reported 40 kt winds with pressures of 1004 and 997 mb at 06 UTC on the 30th. The 997 mb report would support a maximum wind speed value of at least 53 kt from the 
Landsea et al. (2004) pressure-wind relationship for systems north of 35N. However, the forward speed was slower than climatology for this latitude and the system was becoming 
extratropical. Thus, 45 kt is chosen for 00 and 06 UTC on this date. This wind speed is estimated to have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. Subsequently, available 
observations suggest that the system became an extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC. This conclusion is supported by the existence of a strong north to south surface temperature 
gradient and winds shifts in the northern semicircle of the the system. Ships reported temperatures in the 70s on the south edge of this gradient, while adjacent reports indicated 
surface temperatures in the low 60s on the north side. Based on the data, a warm front was likely extending northeastward from the extratropical low at this time. At this time, 
an approaching surface cold front was still located northwest of the system. Subsequently, observations indicate that the strong surface cold front reformed farther east in 
association with the extratropical cyclone. As the extratropical low moved northeast, it gradually filled and weakened. After 18 UTC on May 31, the extratropical system was 
absorbed by another non-tropical low, which was situated farther northwest.

The reasons as to why this system was not originally included in HURDAT are unknown. Indeed, no known publications have explicitly mentioned this system or its nature. (However, 
the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did list the system during a portion of its life.) The circulation was concentric throughout the system’s life as a tropical storm. The 
surrounding low level air mass was clearly barotropic, as evidenced by uniform temperatures in the 70s and low 80s. The system was not associated with an extensive or noticeable 
mid-level trough during its life, so it likely was a true tropical storm, rather than a subtropical cyclone. Additionally, the system remained over the Gulf Stream throughout 
its life prior to extratropical transition. As late as the 30th, ship reports indicated that surrounding SSTs were at least 22C. The confirmation of several gale force ship 
reports and corroborating low pressures justify the implementation of this new system in HURDAT.
*******************************************************************************

New Storm [June 17-25, 1954]

37265 06/18/1954 M= 8  2 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED       XING=0 SSS=0   
37265 06/18*258 808  25    0*257 808  25    0*257 808  30    0*258 808  30    0*
37265 06/19*258 808  30    0*259 808  30    0*261 807  30    0*266 806  30    0*
37265 06/20*271 804  30    0*276 801  30    0*280 795  35    0*284 788  45    0*
37265 06/21*288 779  50    0*292 770  50    0*297 763  50    0*304 759  50    0*
37265 06/22*312 757  50    0*321 756  50    0*329 754  55    0*338 749  60    0*
37265 06/23*348 740  60    0*359 726  55    0*370 709  50    0*384 692  50    0*
37265 06/24*410 675  45    0E430 659  40    0E455 645  35    0E475 635  30    0*
37265 06/25E495 627  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
37285 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the microfilm maps at NHC (including Air Force reconnaissance observations), Climatological Data National Summary, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

June 17:
HWM does not analyze an organized system. HURDAT does not list a tropical cyclone. Microfilm shows a trough or tropical wave near 25N and along 80W at 12Z. MWR shows a 
low pressure of at most 1012 mb near 26.4N, 79.5W at 12Z. No gales or low pressures.

June 18:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 24.5N, 79.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.6N, 81.2W at 12Z. 
MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1012 mb near 25.5N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb near 26.6N, 79.0W at 18Z. Report from Microfilm.

June 19:
HWM analyzes a cold front stretching from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, across central Florida, and into the western Atlantic at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of 
at most 1008 mb centered near 26.0N, 81.5W at 12Z. MWR lists a low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 26.5N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

June 20:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 28.0N, 79.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 28.0N, 79.5W at 12Z. MWR lists a 
low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 28.0N, 79.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt ENE and 1007 mb near 29.2N, 78.2W at 18Z. 50 kt NE and 1008 mb near 30.0N, 78.5W at 18Z. All 
reports from Microfilm.

June 21:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 30.0N, 77.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 29.5N, 75.7W at 12Z. MWR 
lists a low pressure of at most 1006 mb near 29.0N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1011 mb near 30.3N, 77.6W at 00Z. Report from Microfilm.

June 22:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 33.2N, 75.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 33.6N, 75.7W at 12Z. MWR 
lists a low pressure of at most 1009 mb near 33.2N, 75.9W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNW and 1010 mb near 33.3N, 76.6W at 12Z. 35 kt NNW and 1008 mb near 33.7N, 76.1W 
at 15Z. 40 kt NNE and 1014 mb near 34.3N, 76.4W at 18Z. 35 kt S and 1013 mb near 32.9N, 73.4W at 18Z. All reports from COADS. Aircraft highlights: Air Force center 
fix at 1530Z at 33.2N, 75.3W; center fix at 1749Z at 33.7N, 75.9W, 998 mb and 70 kt winds; and center fix at 2000Z at 33.9N, 74.5W. All reports from Microfilm.  “The 
storm center was first located at 1530Z at three three two north seven five three west. At first entry the center was ill formed with a ring cloud to twenty five 
thousand feet in an arc from two seven zero degrees through one two zero degrees. By departure time 2100Z the ring cloud has risen above 35000 ft and covered the arc 
from three zero zero degrees through zero five zero degrees. The stratocumulus clouds gradually formed a perfect circle at 1830Z and by 1900Z took on the shape of the 
synoptic hurricane symbol of a six nine superimposed. The lowest sea level pressure was nine nine eight millibars and maximum surface wind was two three zero degrees 
at seven five knots in southeast quadrant. The weakest quadrant was north with no winds over three five knots the weather in the southeast quadrant was banded in twenty 
mile widths. With the exception of the cirro stratus and the wall of cumulonimbus no clouds were over ten thousand feet. Depressions at 500 and 700 millibars were 
superimposed over the surface center. The storm was boxed at 1500 feet and had a closed low cell wind pattern with a wind shear across the center of approximately 
eighty miles which later became about fifty miles” (micro).

June 23:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 36.7N, 77.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 37.3N, 76.3W at 12Z. MWR 
lists a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 37.2N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt S and 1002 mb near 34.0N, 72.8W at 0Z. 40 kt SW and 1005 mb near 36.7N, 69.6W at 15Z. 
35 kt NNE and 1014 mb near 35.5N, 73.7W at 18Z. 35 kt SW and 1008 mb near 36.7N, 69.6W at 18Z. All reports from COADS.

June 24:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 45.0N, 64.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 45.5N, 64.5W at 12Z. MWR 
lists a low pressure of at most 998 mb near 44.5N, 64.8W. Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1005 mb near 41.2N, 64.8W at 03Z. 35 kt SSE and 1013 mb near 40.4N, 61.1W at 
06Z. All reports from COADS.

This new tropical storm originated from a surface trough over southern Florida on the 17th of June.  By 00Z on the 18th, a closed center had formed and - despite it 
remaining over the Florida peninsula near the Everglades - a tropical depression is analyzed to begin at that point.  The cyclone moved very little on the 18th and 
the 19th, remaining over land.  At 18Z on the 18th, a ship well northeast of the center reported 35 kt ENE.  However, due to other nearby observations indicating 
substantially less than that, the intensity is kept at 30 kt, just below tropical storm strength.  At 12Z on the 19th, two observations of 35 kt S winds were reported 
from Carysfort Reef and Alligator Reef lighthouses.  As these anemometers are elevated (30 m and 45 m, respectively), these winds reduce down to 32 and 30 kt, 
respectively, at 10 m.  Intensity is kept at 30 kt at that time, though it is possible that the system was a minimal tropical storm, even though the center was still 
over land in southern Florida.  The cyclone’s center began moving slowly northeastward late on the 19th and early on the 20th away from southern Florida and moved over 
water around 06Z on the 20th.  From that point, a rather pronounced intensification occurred.  At 18Z on the 20th, two ships reported 40 kt ENE and 50 kt NE, respectively.  
It is analyzed that it became a tropical storm by 12Z on the 20th with 35 kt winds, 45 kt at 18Z, and 50 kt at 00Z on the 21st.  It is noted that both the Historical 
Weather Map series and the NHC microfilm suggest a frontal boundary existed from the center of the system and extending eastward on the 19th and 20th for HWM and on the 
20th and 21st for the microfilm.  However, despite the cyclone showing a somewhat asymmetric structure both in the wind field and in the pressure field on these dates, 
it does not appear that a front actually existed.  It could be, though, that on the 19th through the 21st that the system was a subtropical cyclone.  Such an interpretation 
is consistent with the system having an upper level low associated with it for most of its duration as seen in the 500 mb Historical Weather Map analyses.  (However, 
this designation is not utilized in HURDAT until 1968, with the advent of routine satellite imagery.)  Little inner core observations were available on the 21st, so 
the intensity is held steady at 50 kt.  Late on this date, the cyclone turned toward the north-northeast.  There was one Air Force reconnaissance mission into the cyclone 
on the 22nd, as the system was becoming more symmetric and intensifying.  This mission did not penetrate the center, but instead boxed the cyclone to provide three 
position fixes.  However, it did obtain three observations helpful with the intensity.  They were 70 kt SW surface winds (visually estimated) and 998 mb pressure (adjusted 
from flight level pressure) at 1745Z, 75 kt SW and 998 mb at 2050Z, and 20 kt SSW and 996 mb at unknown time (but later) all on the 22nd.  The 996 mb peripheral pressure 
suggests maximum winds of at least 50 kt (or at least 52 kt for intensifying tropical cyclones) from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  It is possible 
that the 996 mb and 20 kt observation suggests a 994 mb central pressure.  However, it is not clear whether these two measurements were really simultaneous both in time 
and space.  The intensity is analyzed to be 60 kt late on the 22nd and early on the 23rd, though it is possible that the system was a low end hurricane.  This is also the 
peak intensity for the cyclone.  Late on the 22nd, the cyclone turned toward the northeast and began accelerating.  Early on the 23rd, Wilmington, North Carolina experienced 
its peak fastest mile winds of the month - 29 kt NW – in association with this cyclone.  (Cape Hatteras had its peak winds of the month of 28 kt on the 18th, not in 
association with this system.)  It is possible that a portion of the North Carolina coast between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras may have experienced sustained 35 kt tropical 
storm force winds.  The cyclone gradually weakened on the 23rd.  Peak observed winds were 40 kt at 15Z and the intensity is brought down to 50 kt at 12 and 18Z.  On the 24th, 
the cyclone underwent extratropical transition as a cold front approached from the west and reached the center of the system around 06Z.  After 06Z on the 24th, the 
extratropical cyclone made landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada.  The system gradually weakened on this date and dropped below gale force by 18Z.  The system continued diminishing 
and it is analyzed that it dissipated after 00Z on the 25th.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Alice [June 24-26, 1954]

37265 06/24/1954 M= 3  1 SNBR= 820 ALICE       XING=0 SSS=0                     
37265 06/24/1954 M= 4  3 SNBR= 820 ALICE       XING=0 SSS=0 
                    *  *                    

37270 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 940  50    0*231 949  50    0*
37270 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*222 937  50    0*228 945  55    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***  **

37275 06/25*240 957  65    0*244 965  70    0*249 972  70    0*260 983  50    0*
37275 06/25*235 954  65    0*242 963  80    0*248 972  95    0*256 981  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

37280 06/26*271 992  40    0*278 998  25    0*2851003  25    0*2921008  25    0*
37280 06/26*266 990  50    0*278 998  40    0*2881006  35    0*2941015  30    0*
            *** ***  **               **      *******  **      *******  **

(The 27th is new to HURDAT.)
37282 06/27*2971027  25    0*3001040  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

37285 HR   

International Landfall
June 25th – 14Z – 25.0N 97.6W – 95 kt Mexico (~60 kt peak winds for Texas)

Minor alterations are introduced to the track, but major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the microfilm maps at NHC, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, Climatological Data, the COADS ship database, observations and synoptic maps from the 
Meteorological Service of Mexico, Surface Weather Observations, Monthly Weather Review, and Connor (1956).

June 23:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.0N, 93.3W. HURDAT and microfilm did not previously list this system. No gales or equivalent in pressure were observed.


June 24:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.0N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 22.0N, 94.0W. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 22.3N, 94.8W, at 18Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 999 mb at 18Z near 23.1N, 94.5W. 30 kt SE and 1011 mb at 23Z near 23.2N, 94.2W. 
All ship reports come from the microfilm. “A tropical storm developed rapidly in the west Gulf of Mexico on the 24th of June” (MWR).

June 25:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 24.7N, 97.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 24.9N, 97.2W. MWR shows this system as a hurricane 
near 24.9N, 97.5W at 12Z. In the microfilm at 12Z, the storm is analyzed as a hurricane of 990 mb centered near 25.1N, 97.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 997 mb at 06Z 
near 24.0N, 97.0W; 75 kt N at 0817Z near 24.6N, 97.2W. All ship reports come from the microfilm. Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix at 0650Z at 23.8N, 96.0W; center fix at 
0726Z at 23.9N, 96.1W; center fix at 0907Z at 24.4N, 96.8W; center fix at 0932Z at 24.6N, 96.8W, center fix at 1530Z at 25.0N, 98.0W and flight level winds of 60 kt. Land 
highlight: 37 kt ESE and 1007 mb at 12Z at Brownsville (climo); 45 kt E (maximum 1-minute wind) at Brownsville at 1530Z (climo, SWO). 43 kt SE at 13-15Z and 1009 mb at 22Z 
at Port Isabel (Connor); 43 kt at 19Z and 1008 mb at 18Z at Harlingen (Connor); 55 kt SW and 1003 mb at 19Z at Mercedes (Connor); 45 kt SE at 15Z at Raymondville (Connor); 
35 kt E at 20-21Z and 1006 mb at 21Z at Sarita (Connor); 35 kt SE at 0850Z and 1011 mb at 2130Z at Corpus Christi (Connor). All cities are in Texas. “By early on the 25th 
[Alice] was of hurricane force. It moved inland south of Brownsville, Tex., early on the morning of the 25th. A fishing camp along the Mexican coast, about 100 miles south 
of Brownsville, estimated a maximum wind of 70 to 80 mph.” (MWR) An Aircraft report at 15Z indicated that the center was moving inland, “closed elliptical shape circulation 
over beach.” (Hurricane Reconnaissance).  “It moved inland 65 miles south of Brownsville early on the morning of the 25th.  When it reached a position southwest of Brownsville, 
the early morning winds aloft report showed southeast winds of 150 m.p.h. at 3,000 feet...Highest winds in Texas was 61 m.p.h. in gusts at Brownsville on the 25th” (climo).

June 26:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 28.7N, 100.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 28.5N, 100.3W. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure 
near 28.4N, 101.5W at 12Z. Land highlight: 37 kt NE with 999 mb at 0430Z at Laredo (Connor, SWO). 28 kt SE at Del Rio (NCDC/NHC Library). All cities are in Texas.  “The storm 
moved up the Rio Grande Valley and passed over Laredo, Texas, late on the 25th, and Del Rio about midday on the 26th” (climo).

June 27:
HWM and HURDAT did not analyze previously this system. Microfilm lists a low pressure near 27.5N, 103.0W at 12Z. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1008 mb at 06Z at Presidio, TX (microfilm).

“The storm of June 25-28 produced the maximum flood of record on the middle Rio Grande and lower Pecos Rivers … The river [Pecos] rose to approximately 70 feet above the stream 
bed on the night of June 26, at which time the trusses of the bridge were washed away. On the night of June 27, the river again rose to 85 feet, at which time the center pies of 
the bridge was completely washed away. Both of these floods were the direct result of the atmospheric circulation of the dying hurricane “Alice” remaining over the Lower Pecos 
Watershed for about 3 days” (NCDC/NHC Library).

Genesis originally begun unrealistically as 50 kt tropical storm at 12Z on the 24th.  Data are quite sparse in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on the 23rd and early on the 24th, 
making conclusive statement about genesis time and location problematic.  Thus while the current HURDAT is unrealistic, there is no data in the Bay of Campeche to support making 
changes to the genesis timing/location.  A 50 kt E/999 mb ship report at 18Z suggested that the system was already well-developed by that time.  999 mb peripheral pressure suggests 
maximum winds of at least 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity selected to be 55 kt at 12Z on the 24th, up from 50 kt originally.  Minor 
track changes were introduced for the duration of the tropical cyclone.  A ship reported 75 kt N at 0817Z on the 25th.  On the 25th, aircraft reconnaissance was monitoring the 
cyclone, but only provided radar-based center fixes and no central pressures and no measurements of the peak wind.

The cyclone made landfall around 14Z on the 25th near 25.0N 97.6W, about 50 nm s of the Texas-Mexico border.  No 1-min winds of hurricane force were recorded, with peak observed 
winds of 56 kt from Mercedes, Texas about 3 hours after landfall.  Category 1 hurricane-force winds were estimated south of the center along the Mexican coast.  About 15 hours 
after landfall, a 999 mb peripheral pressure (with simultaneous 37 kt NE winds – the peak winds measured) was recorded at Laredo, Texas.  Using the Ho et al. pressure-decay model, 
this suggests a central pressure of at most 975 mb at landfall and it may have been substantially deeper.  (975 mb suggests maximum winds of 85 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship for intensifying cyclones and 82 kt from the north of 25N relationship.)  Intriguingly, Brownsville reported a rawindsonde wind of 130 kt at 3,000 ft 
from in their 12Z observation.  It is possible that the rawindsonde was blown into the eyewall after launch and thus this observation can be adjusted to the surface to estimate 
the wind at that location.   If the sonde was over the ocean, this would convert to about 100 kt, while over land it would be about 85 kt.  Given these pieces of information, a 
substantially stronger hurricane is indicated than previously indicated in HURDAT (70 kt).  A very uncertain intensity value of 95 kt is chosen at the time of landfall, but it 
may have been much more intense.  This system produced a tropical storm impact for Texas and it is possible that it produced 1-min hurricane force winds inland in Texas.  The 
reanalysis indicates 60 kt peak winds for Texas. 

After landfall, the highest winds within 2 hours of synoptic time were 56 kt near 18Z on the 25th, no tropical storm force winds near 00Z on the 26th, and 37 kt near 06Z on the 26th.  
Runs of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind-decay model suggest intensity of 70 kt at 18Z on the 25th, 49 kt at 00Z on the 26th, and 34 kt at 06Z.  Intensities are selected to be 60 kt 
at 18Z (up from 50 kt originally), 50 kt at 00Z (up from 40 kt originally), and 40 kt at 06Z (up from 25 kt originally).  The cyclone originally was dissipated after 18Z on the 26th.  
However, observations from west Texas indicate that a closed low was still present until 06Z on the 27th.  HURDAT modified to keep system until that time with weakening to a 
depression at 18Z on the 26th, 12 hours later than originally indicated.  
*******************************************************************************

New Storm [July 10-14, 1954]

37265 07/10/1954 M= 8  4 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED       XING=0 SSS=0   
37265 07/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*318 810  35    0*320 804  35    0*
37265 07/11*322 798  40    0*323 790  40    0*324 782  45    0*326 774  45    0*
37265 07/12*329 766  45    0*333 758  45    0*339 748  45    0*347 738  45    0*
37265 07/13*356 729  45    0*365 721  40    0*372 714  40    0*379 707  35    0*
37265 07/14*386 700  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
37285 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the microfilm maps at NHC, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

July 9:
HWM indicates a stationary front extending from North Carolina to Arkansas.  No gales or low pressures.

July 10:
HWM indicates a low of at most 1015 mb centered over land near 31N 83W with a cold front just north of the low.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 12Z at Frying 
Pan Shoals light house (micro).

July 11:
HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb centered near 32N 78W with a stationary front extending northeast of the center and a dissipating cold front extending southwest of 
the center.  Ship highlights:  45 kt S with 1011 mb at 18Z at 30.6N 77.2W (COA).  

July 12:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 34N 75W with a dissipating warm front located northeast of the system.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE with 1009 mb 
at 06Z and 45 kt N with 1010 mb at 12Z at Frying Pan Shoals light house (micro, HWM), 35 kt SW with 1009 mb at 33.3N 75.2W at 12Z (micro), 35 kt SW with 1010 mb at 33.5N 73.5W 
at 18Z (micro, COA).

July 13:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 38N 72W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NW with 1004 mb at 00Z at 35.3N 74.0W (COA).  

July 14:
HWM analyzes a frontal boundary extending from 38N 75W east-northeastward to 45N 60W with no accompanying closed low.  No gales or low pressures.

A stationary frontal boundary extended across the southeastern United States from North Carolina to Arkansas on July 9th.  A low developed around 12Z on the 10th of July either 
along or just to the south of this decaying boundary near the coast of Georgia.  Even though the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th and 11th as well as the microfilm maps on the 
10th through the 12th indicated a frontal boundary extended through the cyclone’s center on those dates, examination of the structure of the system indicates that the front had 
dissipated by late on the 10th as no significant temperature or dewpoint gradient existed nor were there wind shifts consistent with a frontal boundary.  (It is noteworthy that 
both the Historical Weather Map [on the 12th and 13th] and the microfilm maps [late on the 12th and all of the 13th] did evolve to show no front reaching near the cyclone’s center.  
Indeed, the Historical Weather Maps even indicated a tropical storm symbol on the maps on the 12th and 13th.)  Ship and light house observations indicate that the system began 
as a 35 kt tropical storm around 12Z on the 10th.  Peak wind measurements of 45 kt (from a ship and a lighthouse) at 18Z on the 11th and 12Z on the 12th were recorded.  (The 
lighthouse anemometer was 17 m above the ocean, which suggests only a modest adjustment of the winds to 10 m – 43 kt.)  Additionally, a 1004 mb peripheral pressure observation 
simultaneous with 35 kt winds at 00Z on the 13th suggest maximum winds of at least 36 kt and 43 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. and north of 35N Landsea et al. pressure-wind 
relationships.  Peak intensity of 45 kt is thus indicated from 12Z on the 11th through 00Z on the 13th.  Early on the 14th, the system quickly became absorbed in a large, 
developing extratropical cyclone to its north and by 06Z on that date the system had dissipated.  
*******************************************************************************

Tropical Storm Barbara [July 27-30, 1954]

37290 07/27/1954 M= 4  2 SNBR= 821 BARBARA     XING=1 SSS=0                     
37290 07/27/1954 M= 4  5 SNBR= 821 BARBARA     XING=1 SSS=0  
                       *                   

37295 07/27*  0   0   0    0*278 899  25    0*278 901  25    0*279 903  30    0*
37295 07/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*278 901  25    0*280 903  30    0*
                             *** ***  **                       ***

37300 07/28*280 905  35    0*280 907  35    0*281 910  35    0*283 914  40    0*
37300 07/28*282 905  30    0*283 907  35    0*283 911  40    0*285 915  50    0*
            ***      **      ***              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37305 07/29*288 918  40    0*294 923  35    0*300 928  30    0*302 935  25    0*
37305 07/29*287 920  50    0*292 925  50    0*299 930  50  999*304 937  40 1002*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  ** ****

37310 07/30*305 944  25    0*310 956  25    0*315 967  25    0*322 979  20    0*
37310 07/30*307 946  30    0*310 956  25    0*315 967  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **                                        *** ***  **

37315 TS  

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall
-------------------------------------
07/29 10Z 29.7N 92.8W 50 kt – 999 mb - LA 

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, Connor (1956) and the Navy 
aircraft reconnaissance book.

July 26:
HWM analyzes a low pressure located near 28.3N, 88.7W. HURDAT and MWR does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 29.3N, 88.2W at 
12Z. No gales. 

July 27:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 27.9N, 90.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 27.8N, 90.1W. MWR shows this system centered near 26.6N, 
92.0W with a central pressure of 1007 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1008 mb at 27.8N, 89.0W at 12Z. No gales. 

July 28:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 28.0N, 92.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.1N, 91.0W. MWR shows this system centered 
near 28.5N, 91.8W with a central pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 28.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 
1012 mb at 12Z, near 28.6N, 89.2W. 40 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z near 28.2N, 91.5W. 50 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z near 28.4N, 90.7W. 45 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z near 29.4N, 
89.9W. 45 kt S and 1004 mb at 21Z near 28.5N, 91.0W. 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at 21Z near 28.2N, 90.7W. All observations are from microfilm. Aircraft highlights: center fix 
at 2038Z at 28.2N, 93.0W, the measured central pressure was 1006 mb and 30 kt winds. “Elongated very poorly defined center … radar coverage not feasible as center defined 
by wind shifts and pressures only” (NAVY).

July 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 30.0N, 92.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 30.0N, 92.8W. MWR shows this system 
centered near 31.0N, 93.0W with a central pressure of 1004 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30.0N, 92.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SE and 1008 mb at 0Z, near 28.0N, 90.3W (micro). 40 kt S and 1013 mb at 06Z near 27.1N, 90.6W (COA). 35 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 28.0N, 92.7W (COA). 50 kt SSW and 
1008 mb at 12Z near 28.6N, 92.3W (COA). 47 kt at Ship Shoal Lighthouse (CONNOR). Land highlight: 1003 mb (min P – 1st) with 21 kt NNE at 1028Z and 1003 mb (min P – 2nd) 
with 4 kt S at 1728Z at Lake Charles (SWO). 41 kt SE and 1003 mb at 10Z at Grand Isle (CONNOR), 1004 mb at 04Z at Morgan City (CONNOR), 40 kt SE at Jeanerette at 1230Z 
(CONNOR), 35 kt NE at 08Z at Lake Arthur (CONNOR), 1005 mb (min pressure) with ENE 17 kt at 0728Z at Lafayette (SWO). All cities in Louisiana.

July 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb located near 31.1N, 96.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 96.7W. MWR shows this system centered near 
32.0N, 96.0W with a central pressure of 1008 mb at 12Z. Microfilm doesn’t analyze a closed low at 12Z. No gales. 

“This storm formed in the north Gulf of Mexico off the Louisiana coast on July 28 and moved inland in the Vermilion Bay area early on the morning of the 29th. Highest wind 
reported was 60 mph by the Henry M. Dawes on the afternoon of the 28th. Some damage to crops, such as rice and corn, was reported from the heavy rains, but the general opinion 
was that the rains associated with the storm were far more beneficial than damaging” (MWR). 

Tropical Storm Barbara formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 27th from the interaction of an easterly wave and a decaying frontal boundary.  Genesis is delayed by six hours, 
as observations at 06Z on the 27th indicate that the system did not yet have a closed circulation.  Minor track changes were introduced on all four days of this system’s 
existence.  Onset of tropical storm intensity was delayed by six hours to 06Z on the 28th through the evidence of numerous ship observations near the system’s center.  HURDAT 
originally had a peak of 40 kt intensity from 18Z 28th to 00Z 29th with landfall in Louisiana after 06Z as a 35 kt tropical storm.  However, a few ship observations as well as 
some station reports from Louisiana indicate that the system peaked at 50 kt from 18Z on the 28th until landfall around 10Z on the 29th, near 29.7N 92.8W.  Highest observations 
from ships were 50 kt S and 1006 mb at 18Z on the 28th and 50 kt SSW and 1008 mb at 12Z on the 29th (just after landfall).  Highest observations from land were 52 kt from Ship 
Shoal Lighthouse, which after adjusting from 38 m anemometer height to 10 m suggest winds of 47 kt.  Surface Weather Observations for Lake Charles, LA indicated a double 
minimum in pressure were recorded:  1003 mb with NNE 21 kt at 1028Z, followed for the next several hours by continued but weaker N to NE winds with the pressure rising a millibar, 
followed by a near-180 degree wind shift and 1003 mb with 4 kt S wind at 1728Z.  The first minimum of pressure suggests a central pressure of about 999 mb at 1028Z (also about 
the time of landfall), given the inland location and overland exposure of the winds.  Thus 999 mb is included as a central pressure at landfall.  999 mb suggests maximum winds 
of 47 kt from the intensifying subset of the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  50 kt is analyzed at landfall based in part on the 999 mb central pressure 
analysis, as well as three observations of about 50 kt near the time of landfall.  (It is of note that the Grand Isle Coast Guard Station reported 41 kt at the same time as 1003 mb 
pressure, despite being well away from the center of Barbara.  Comparison of these station pressure measurements against Burrwood and New Orleans for about 15 observations over 
three days indicates a distinct low bias of about 4 mb at Grand Isle.  Thus the likely true lowest pressure observed at Grand Isle was about 1007 mb.)  The second minimum in 
pressure at Lake Charles was when the center crossed this town.  This indicates a central pressure of about 1002 mb at that time and this value is now added into HURDAT at 18Z.  
Weakening to a tropical depression is delayed by twelve hours to 00Z on the 30th.  The cyclone dissipated after 18Z on the 30th, based upon numerous observations over the south 
Central United States.  This dissipation is the same as that in HURDAT originally.
*******************************************************************************

CAROL - 1954

36665 08/25/1954 M= 8  3 SNBR= 807 CAROL       XING=1 SSS=3
36665 08/25/1954 M= 8  6 SNBR= 807 CAROL       XING=1 SSS=3
                       *

36670 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 749  30    0*251 755  40    0*
36670 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0*   0*238 750  30    0*250 755  30    0*
                                              *** ***          ***      **

36675 08/26*261 760  45    0*270 763  55    0*277 764  60    0*284 763  60    0*
36675 08/26*261 760  35    0*270 763  40    0*278 764  45    0*285 763  45 1002*
                     **               **      ***      **      ***      ** ****

36680 08/27*289 762  70    0*293 763  75    0*296 765  80    0*298 766  85    0*
36680 08/27*290 762  45    0*293 763  50 1002*296 764  60  995*298 765  70  984*
            ***      **               ** ****     ***  **  ***     ***  **  ***

36685 08/28*299 767  85    0*301 769  85    0*303 772  85    0*304 774  85    0*
36685 08/28*300 767  80  981*302 769  85    0*303 772  85  975*304 774  85    0*
            ***      **  *** ***                           ***    

36690 08/29*305 776  85    0*307 778  80    0*309 779  80    0*312 780  80    0*
36690 08/29*304 775  85    0*303 776  80    0*305 777  80    0*308 778  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

36695 08/30*315 781  80    0*319 780  85    0*325 776  85    0*331 770  85    0*
36695 08/30*311 778  80    0*316 777  85    0*322 776  90    0*330 772  95  962*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **  ***

36700 08/31*342 761  85    0*373 742  85    0*402 729  85    0E431 718  75  976*
36700 08/31*342 761  95  960*366 741 100    0*395 728 100  955E431 714  80  970*
                     **  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***     ***  **  ***

36705 09/01E462 711  60  987E489 712  50  992*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
36705 09/01E462 709  50  987E485 705  40  992*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **

36710 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 NC2 
36710 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA2 NC1
                     *** ***

Landfall:

8/31 03Z 35.4N 75.1W Closest approach to NC - offshore Cape Hatteras
75 kt impact/960 mb, RMW 25 nm, 1007 mb OCI, 225 nm ROCI, NC1 impact

8/31/14Z 40.9N 72.2W landfall in NY
100 kt/955 mb, RMW 20 nm, 1010 mb OCI, 325 nm ROCI, NY3 impact

8/31/15Z 41.3N 72.0W landfall in CT
100 kt/957 mb, RMW 20 nm, 1010 mb OCI, 325 ROCI, CT3, RI3, MA2 impacts

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, 
aircraft observations available from the Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, McGuire (1954), Rhodes (1954), Dunn and Miller (1960), Harris (1963), 
Schwerdt et al. (1979),  Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Boose et al. (2001), and Jarvinen (2006).

August 25:
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day.  HURDAT listed the storm as a 30 kt tropical depression at 24.0N, 74.9W.  Available observations suggest that 
the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 24.2N, 75.1W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day.

August 26:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 76.6W.  HURDAT listed the storm as a 60 kt tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.4W.  The MWR Tracks 
of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 29.9N, 76.8 W with a central pressure of 1011 mb.  Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical 
storm was centered at 27.8N, 76.4W.  Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures present on this day.  Aircraft reconnaissance highlights:  2050 UTC was 1002 mb 
at 28.8N, 76.2W.  At 1:30 AM (630 UTC) on the 26th, it was centered near latitude 27N, longitude 76W, or 300 miles east-northeast of Miami (Climatological Data 
National Summary August 1954).

August 27:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.9N, 76.4W.  HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 29.6N, 76.5W.  
The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 29.9N, 76.8W with a central pressure of 995 mb.  Available observations suggest that 
the 65 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 76.5W.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 76.9W (COA ship # 9332).  Aircraft reconnaissance 
highlights:  center fix around 0615 UTC near 29.4N 75.5W with an 850 mb height of 4680 ft (~1002 mb) (ATSR), center fixes at 1400 UTC at 29.8N, 76.4W with 995 mb, 
at 2013 UTC at 29.9N, 76.6W with 984 mb, and at 2130 UTC at 29.9N, 76.5W with 981 mb.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.6N, 77.0W.  HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 30.3N, 77.2W.  
The MWR Track of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 31.0N, 76.9W with a central pressure of 975 mb.  Available observations suggest that the 
85 kt category 1 hurricane was centered at 30.3N, 77.2W.  Ship observations: 35 kt NE at 18 UTC at 32.2N, 791.W (COA ship # 7622).  Aircraft reconnaissance:  
30.1N 77.2W with 975 mb central pressure and 25 nm diameter eye at 14Z (USWP).

August 29:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 31.0N, 78.2W.  HURDAT listed the storm as an 80 kt category 1 hurricane centered at 30.9N, 77.9W.  
The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 31.1N, 77.5W with a central pressure of 995 mb.  Available observations suggest the 80 kt 
category 1 hurricane was centered at 30.6N, 77.8W.  Ship observations: 1005 mb and 40 kt NE at 12 UTC at 32.0N, 78.5W (HWM); 1005 mb and 45 NE at12 UTC at kt 
31.8, 78.3W (COA 8152).  At 1:30 AM (0630 UTC) of the 29th (the storm) had traveled less than 300 miles to a central location near latitude 30N, longitude 77W, 
some 200 miles off the extreme northeastern coast of Florida.  On the 29th, still moving sluggishly, Carol changed direction to northwestward.  This change, at 
first, posing a threat to the South Carolina shore, developed within twenty-four hours into a return to a northerly heading.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 32.0N, 77.1W.  HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 32.5N, 77.6W.  
The MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 (Chart IX) places the center at 32.4N, 77.3W with a central pressure of 966 mb.  Available observations suggest the 90 kt 
category 2 hurricane was centered at 32.1N, 77.4W.  Ship observations: 65 kt NNW at 12 UTC at 32.2N, 72.0W; 986mb and 65 kt N at 18 UTC at 33.5N, 77.3W; 991 mb 
and 65 kt NNE at 0 UTC at 31.5N, 78.5W.  Land observations: 991 mb and 61 kt E at 1130 UTC at 33.8N, 78.0W (SWO Frying Pan Lightship, NC); 983 mb and 70 kt W at 
1730 UTC at 33.8N, 78.0W (SWO Frying Pan Lightship, NC); 990 mb at 2330 UTC at 35.2N, 75.0W (SWO Diamond Shoals Lightship, NC).  Aircraft highlights:  center fix 
at 33.4N 76.8W with 960 mb central pressure (no time, USWB).  At 5 AM (10 UTC), the hurricane was centered near latitude 32N, longitude 78W, or about 150 miles 
east-southeast of Charleston, SC; it was moving at about 5 mph toward the north.  By noon (17 UTC), heading slightly east of north at the same slow speed, the 
center had reached latitude 33N, longitude 73W, or about 100 miles south-southeast of Wilmington, NC.  Carol now grew into a large storm, was entered upon the 
second or mature stage of its career.  An official bulletin issued at 1 PM (18 UTC) on the 30th stated that it was still moving very slowly north-northwestward 
but increasing in intensity.  Winds near the center were reported to be over 100 mph, while winds of hurricane force extended over 100 miles to the east of the 
center and 50-60 miles to the west.  Gales ranged further outwards, 200 miles to the east and about half that distance to the west.  Elizabeth City, NC: lowest 
pressure reading was 29.25 inches at 2325E (0425 UTC).  Norfolk Airport, VA: The tide reached a height of 5.6 feet above mean low water at midnight and began falling.  
The time of normal high tide would have been at 10:34 PM but due to strong NE winds the tide kept building until midnight.  The tower reported observing gusts to 
60 mph at 8:55 PM but the highest observed on the W.B. dial was 54 mph about 9:15 PM.  “Aug. 30, 1954, 960 mb central pressure at 33.4N 96.8W from aircraft 
reconnaissance, 23 nm RMW from ship data, 10 kt forward speed, no landfall” (Ho et al.).

August 31:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb centered near 40.0N, 72.5W.  HURDAT listed the storm as an 85 kt category 2 hurricane centered at 40.2N, 72.9W.  The 
MWR Tracks of Lows for August 1954 places the center of the storm at 40.2N, 72.8W with a central pressure of 960 mb.  Available observations suggest the 100 kt 
category 3 hurricane was centered at 39.3N, 73.0W.  Ship observations: 975mb at 9 UTC at 37.5N, 74.0W; 976 mb and 65 kt NNE at 12 UTC at 38.4N, 74.2W (COA ship # 77811); 
984 mb and 55 kt N at 12 UTC at 39.8N, 73.9W (COA  ship # 1791).  Land observations: 957 mb and calm at 15 UTC at 41.3N, 72.1W (Jarvinen - Groton, CT);  962 mb 
(min pressure) with 26 kt NE at 40.8N, 72.6W at 1350 UTC at 40.8N, 72.6W (SWO  Suffolk County Air Force Base); 87 kt at 1505 UTC and 965 mb at 1555 UTC at 41.2N, 
71.6W (SWO  Block Island, RI). 78 kt ESE at 1530 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W (SWO Providence, RI); 972 mb at 0223 UTC and 63 kt NW at 0321 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 
80 kt at 1712 UTC at W. Medway, MA (Climo).  The intensity on this day, as recorded by aircraft reconnaissance at 1337 UTC was 964 mb at 40.2N, 72.6W.  Radar highlights:  
37.0N 74.1W at 0730Z from Norfolk Naval Station (USWB).  “The western side of Carol lashed the shore from Wilmington northward to Cape Hatteras (NC).  Damage amounted 
to an estimated $227,500.  Strong winds tore down power and telephone lines, and the Trent and Neuse Rivers, their levels raised by the high water accompanying the storm, 
flooded the waterfront section of New Bern (NC).  A peak gust of 78 mph was observed at the Hatteras station of the Weather Bureau.  Late on the 30th (31 in UTC time), 
the hurricanes center passed a few miles east of Cape Hatteras.  At 11 PM (4 UTC on 31st) Carol was centered near latitude 36N, longitude 75W, or about 100 miles 
south-southeast of Norfolk, VA.  Its size and the strength of its winds remained about the same, but a rapid and sharp increase occurred in the rate of forward motion 
as it passed north-northeastward along the Middle Atlantic coast during the early morning of the 31st.  The forward speed accelerated to 40 mph, brought the center 
over extreme eastern Long Island by 9 AM (14 UTC).  The effects of the hurricanes passage from the Virginia shore area to Long Island were comparatively slight.  
The track of the center was 75-100 miles east of the mainland, so that dangerous winds did not reach westward to the coast...The amount of damage in New Jersey was 
estimated at $250,000.  No monetary estimates of damage in Virginia, Maryland and Delaware were received but it is known to have been minor.  The impact of the storm 
on Long Island and New England was far more serious.  The center crossed the south shore of Long Island slightly east of West Hampton about 8:30 AM (1330 UTC).  An hour 
later it passed into Long Island Sound off Cutchogue.  By 10:30 AM (1530 UTC) it was over the southeast shore of Connecticut near the mouth of the Thames River.  Curving 
slightly on a northward course, the center passed 5-10 miles west of Worcester, MA, about noon (17 UTC) and penetrated into south-central New Hampshire about 1:30 PM 
(1830 UTC).  In mid-afternoon, Carol passed into the third and final stage of its history.  The strength of its winds and its speed of forward progress diminished as 
the center traveled northward over the rugged terrain of New Hampshire.  Norfolk Airport, VA: Hurricane Carol passed 110 miles east of Norfolk at 2 AM (7 UTC) at a heading 
of 35o.  Portland, ME: Hurricane Carol caused one death in Portland, one at Port Clyde and at Columbia Falls.  Many hundreds of trees fell.  Eye of storm passed west of 
Portland, moving from Concord, NH to near Bethel, Maine.  These were highest winds ever recorded in August.  East Boston, MA: Hurricane Carol moved north-northeastward from 
the Cape Hatteras area, entering southern New England on the morning of the 31st and thence sweeping northward into the St. Lawrence Valley early on Sept 1st.  The course of 
the center of the storm extended across Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts, and northward along the Maine-New Hampshire border; areas traversed suffered damage comparable to 
the Sept. 1938 Hurricane, but loss of life was much less.  South Weymouth, MA: Lowest pressure observed as Hurricane Carol passed station was 28.677 inches at 1050 AM (1550 UTC), 
and maximum gust of 81 knots at 1028 AM (1528 UTC).  Concord, NH: Winds extremely gusty, resulted in considerable local damage.  Some trees and wires, as well as TV antennas 
blown down.  Damage around Concord while important was not near so bad as in some other southern and central NH communities.  The local rainfall was one of the heaviest on 
record.  Driving on the roads was very hazardous due to the combined strong winds and reduced visibility from the extremely heavy rainfall.” (climo).  “Aug. 31, 1954, 961 mb 
central pressure at landfall, based on 962 mb at Suffolk Co. AFB, NY, RMW 22 nm, 33 kt forward speed, landfall point 40.9N 72.4W” (Ho et al.).

September 1: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb near 51N 69W with a warm front extending southeast and a trough extending south of the center.  Additionally, there is a cold front 
approaching from the northwest in association with a large extratropical cyclone over northeastern Canada.

Genesis of Carol is begun six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally from observations of a closed low at 06 UTC on the 25th.  Only small alterations were introduced into the 
track of Carol on all days except for the 28th and 1st when no changes were made.  Aircraft reconnaissance center fix observations were available for Carol for much of its lifetime.  
However, as is typical for hurricanes of the 1950s, most of these were from radar fixes rather than an aircraft penetration of the cyclone.  Thus while there are several dozen radar 
fixes, there only are six central pressure measurements.  For the few actual penetrations, winds provided were visually estimated and not reliable (e.g., 125 kt winds for a central 
pressure of 984 mb).  At 2050 UTC on the 26th, aircraft measured a central pressure of 1002 mb and a circular eye of 20 nm diameter.  1002 mb pressure suggests maximum winds of 40 kt 
from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  Given the small size of the reported eye, maximum winds are boosted to 45 kt in HURDAT, which is a reduction from the 
60 kt originally at 18 UTC.  Four  reconnaissance central pressures were reported on the 27th:  1002 mb (from an 850 mb height of 4680 ft) around 0615 UTC, 995 mb with an 8 nm eye at 
1400 UTC, 984 mb with a 13 nm eye at 2013 UTC, and 981 mb at 2130 UTC.  The last observation suggests winds of 71 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Given the small 
size, 80 kt at 0000 UTC on the 28th (down from 85 kt originally) was analyzed as the intensity.  Carol likely became a hurricane around 18 UTC on the 27th, which is about 18 hours 
later than originally analyzed.  Another aircraft reconnaissance mission measured 975 mb central pressure with a 25 nm eye diameter at 14Z on the 28th.  This suggests 79 kt from the 
north of 25N Brown et al. pressure wind relationship and 82 kt from the subset of intensifying systems.  Given the smaller RMW than climatology (~15-20 nm versus 23 nm), the intensity 
is assessed as 85 kt at 12Z – no change from that previously shown in HURDAT. No further observations were available to determine the inner core intensity of Carol for the remainder 
of the 28th and all of the 29th and no changes were made to the HURDAT winds.  Hurricane force winds and peripheral pressures as low as 983 mb were reported by ships, the Frying Pan 
Lightship, and Diamond Shoals Lightship on the 30th as Carol approached the Carolinas.  An aircraft reconnaissance did measure a 960 mb central pressure late on the 30th southeast of 
North Carolina.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of 95 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and 90 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships, respectively. 
 Ho et al. estimated a 23 nm RMW, which is slightly smaller (27 nm) than climatology for this latitude and central pressure.  Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 30th and 
00 UTC on the 31st.  This is an increase from the 85 kt originally indicated in HURDAT.  Carol made its closest approach to North Carolina between 02 and 03 UTC on the 31st, as a 
pressure of 972 mb was observed in Cape Hatteras with 38 kt NNE winds at 0230 UTC followed by a 978 mb and 58 kt WNW wind at 0326 UTC.  (A lower pressure value may have occurred at 
Cape Hatteras between these observations.)  Thus it appears that the center of the eye stayed just offshore of North Carolina, but it is estimated that Category 1 conditions impacted 
a portion of the extreme eastern North Carolina coast (which is a downgrade from the Category 2 impact originally recorded).  Carol accelerated north-northeastward after making a 
close by-pass of North Carolina and made landfall in New England about 12 hours later.  A final aircraft reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 964 mb at 1337 UTC on 
the 31st just south of Long Island, New York.

Carol made a first landfall in Long Island around 14 UTC on the 31st and a second landfall in Connecticut around 15 UTC on the 31st.  Ho et al. estimated a central pressure at landfall 
in New York of 961 mb.  It is noted, however, that Suffolk County AFB’s 962 mb minimum pressure (upon which Ho et al. based their 961 mb central pressure) was accompanied by 26 kt NE 
wind, suggesting a substantially lower central pressure at landfall.  Jarrell et al. indicated a minimum central pressure at landfall in the United States as 960 mb, though it is 
ambiguous as to whether this was for North Carolina or New York.  Jarvinen analyzed Carol as making an initial landfall with 955 mb central pressure in New York and 957 mb central 
pressure in Connecticut, based upon an eye reading of 957 mb at Groton, Connecticut on the coast.  This value is somewhat lower than the aircraft reconnaissance measurement, but given 
the uncertainties of the aircraft observational technologies at the time, their 964 mb value could have been biased high.  Both Ho et al. and Jarvinen agree that Carol had about a 22 nm 
RMW at landfall in New England.  The available observations make knowing the precise value of the RMW at landfall difficult.  However, as peak winds were observed at nearly the same time 
as minimum pressure at Block Island, Quonset, and Providence, none of these three locations were inside the RMW.  Based upon the track of Carol relative to these three stations, it 
indicates an RMW between 15-22 nm, with best estimate of about 20 nm.  955 mb and 957 mb give 93 kt and 92 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, respectively.  Carol's 
RMW of ~20 nm is slightly smaller than climatology for this pressure and latitude (26 nm - Vickery et al. 2000) and the hurricane was moving at about 40 kt at landfall.  Both of these 
factors indicated a stronger wind at landfall than suggested by the pressure-wind relationship.  Both at landfall in New York and in Connecticut the maximum sustained surface winds are 
estimated to be 100 kt.  Peak observed fastest winds were 87 kt (converts to 84 kt 1 minute) at Block Island, R.I., but the RMW intersected the coast at an area lacking in wind observations.  
(It is of note that Jarvinen’s analysis of the track and RMW has the RMW passing over Block Island.  However, if the RMW was just a few nautical miles smaller than the 22 nm estimated by 
Jarvinen, then it would be consistent with observing 84 kt 1-min winds at Block Island.)  The 100 kt at landfall is in agreement with Schwerdt et al., but is lower than the 113 kt and 110 kt 
values from the SLOSH runs at the New York and Connecticut coasts, respectively, provided by Jarvinen.  (However, it is to be noted that the SLOSH runs assume a standard tropical/subtropical 
sea surface temperature and unstable boundary layer.  The cold water and stable conditions that occur around New England would reduce the sustained winds being observed at the surface.  
Thus the SLOSH winds for this case are likely to be an overestimate.)  Based upon the landfall location and the RMW, the 100 kt maximum winds likely only occurred along easternmost New York, 
easternmost Connecticut, and the Rhode Island coast, retaining all three as Category 3 impacts.  Massachusetts likely received a peak of Category 2 sustained winds, which is an upgrade 
(from no hurricane impact) for Massachusetts.  

After landfall, the highest observed winds within two hours of the synoptic times were: at 18 UTC – 80 kt (79 kt 1 minute - W. Medway, MA at 1712Z) and at 00 UTC on the 1st - 44 kt (Pollock 
Rip Lightship at 2345 UTC).  Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (2001) New England inland wind decay model suggests winds of 65 kt at 18 UTC and 43 kt at 00 UTC.  Winds in HURDAT are 
boosted from 75 up to 80 kt at 18 UTC and lowered from 60 down to 50 kt at 00 UTC.  Carol's transition to an extratropical storm at 18 UTC on the 31st is unaltered.  970 mb central pressure 
is indicated at 18Z August 31st, based upon a blend of 968 mb at Milford at 1740Z, 975 mb at Manchester at 1750Z, and 977 mb at Concord at 1815Z.  Observations are ambiguous at 12 UTC on the 
1st of September when HURDAT indicated dissipation.  As a large extratropical cyclone was north of Carol at the time, it is likely that Carol’s circulation was absorbed within the extratropical 
cyclone at that point or shortly thereafter.  Thus no changes are made to the timing of Carol’s dissipation.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Dolly [August 30 – September 4, 1954]

37368 08/29/1954 M= 5  4 SNBR= 823 DOLLY       XING=0 SSS=0                      
37368 08/29/1954 M= 5  7 SNBR= 823 DOLLY       XING=0 SSS=0                      
                       *

37375 08/31*  0   0   0    0*193 677  30    0*209 684  45    0*228 690  55    0* 
37375 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 686  35    0*223 694  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37380 09/01*248 695  65    0*268 699  75    0*290 702  85    0*317 701  85    0* 
37380 09/01*246 697  50    0*266 698  60    0*288 698  70    0*317 698  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  ** 

37385 09/02*346 693  75    0*372 669  70    0*397 642  70    0E421 605  70    0* 
37385 09/02*346 693  70  994*370 673  65    0*397 638  65    0E421 605  65    0* 
                     **  *** *** ***  **          ***  **               **

37390 09/03E443 564  65    0E458 519  55    0E468 474  50    0E476 429  45    0* 
37390 09/03E443 564  60    0E458 519  55    0E468 474  50    0E476 429  45    0* 
                     **

37395 09/04E483 383  40    0E490 335  40    0E497 288  35    0*  0   0   0    0* 
37395 09/04E483 383  45    0E485 335  45    0E485 285  45    0E485 235  40    0* 
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

37400 HR

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Monthly Weather Review.

August 28:
HWM analyzes a possible tropical wave or disturbance located near longitude 53W. HURDAT does not list this system and it is located outside the 
area of coverage of Microfilm and MWR.

August 29:
HWM analyzes a tropical wave located near longitude 60W, over the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT does not list this system. It is located outside the 
area of coverage of MWR.

August 30:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb located near 16.8N, 64.2W. HURDAT and MWR does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low of at most 1008 mb at 19.4N, 64.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 SE and 1008 mb at 18Z near 17.0N and 64.8W. 20 kt SW and 1009 mb at 18Z near 
14.2N, 66.1W. All observations from COADS. Aircraft highlights: “Large diffuse low pressure center on axis centered near Saint Croix with lowest 
observed pressure 1008 mb, no definite weather patterns on radar. Entire area of flight enclosed by 1010 mb isobar with weak cyclonic circulation, 
strongest winds observed 30 knots northeast of Virgin Islands.” (NAVY)

August 31:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb located near 20.8N, 68.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.9N, 68.4W at 12Z. 
MWR shows this system centered near 21.5N, 67.0W with a central pressure of 1008 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1011 mb at 
21.0N, 68.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 12Z, near 22.4N, 67.8W (COADS). 30 kt ESE and 1019 mb at 12Z near 22.5N, 61.4W (COADS). 
35 kt W and 1015 mb at 12Z near 18.9N, 67.5W (micro). 30 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 21.1N, 67.2W (COADS). 30 kt SE and 1012 mb at 18Z near 22.1N, 
67.2W (COADS). 30 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 20.6N, 66.9W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2108Z at 22.9N, 70.0W, the measured central 
pressure was 1011 mb and peak flight level winds of 30 kt winds. (NAVY)

September 1:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 1005 mb located near 29.0N, 69.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 85 kt hurricane at 29.0N, 70.2W at 12Z. MWR doesn’t 
show this system. MWR shows this system centered near 28.9N, 69.2W with a central pressure of 998 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at 
most 1005 mb at 28.5N, 70.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 03Z, near 25.4N, 60.5W (micro). 50 kt SE and 1001 mb at 03Z, near 
25.8N, 68.8W (micro). 40 kt E and 1015 mb at 08Z near 30.0N, 69.0W (micro). 40 kt SSE at 08Z near 25.0N, 66.3W (micro). 50 kt SSE and 1011 mb at 08Z 
near 24.8N, 66.5W (micro). 35 kt S and 1021 mb at 09Z near 24.8N, 68.7W (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1016 mb at 12Z near 27.8N, 68.0W (micro). 50 kt SSE 
and 1019 mb at 12Z near 29.2N, 68.7W (micro). 40 kt ENE and 1009 mb at 12Z near 29.2N, 70.0W (micro). 45 kt N and 1000 mb mb at 13Z near 29.5N, 70.0W 
(micro). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 14Z near 30.4N, 67.3W (micro). 35 kt SE and 1017 mb at 14Z near 30.0N, 67.0W (COADS). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 15Z 
near 30.5N, 67.9W (micro). 50 kt ESE and 996 mb at 15Z near 30.7N, 69.6W (micro). 60 kt S and 1022 mb at 15Z near 29.4N, 68.8W (micro). 35 kt SSE and 
1018 mb at 18Z near 30.0N, 66.0W (COADS). 50 kt S and 1022 mb at 18Z near 29.4N, 68.8W (micro). 50 kt SE and 1016 mb at 18Z near 30.5N, 68.0W (micro). 
45 kt SE and 1017 mb at 18Z near 30.6N, 67.0W (micro). 40 kt SE and 1016 mb at 18Z near 33.0N, 68.2W (micro). 40 kt S and 1018 mb at 21Z near 30.3N, 
67.8W (micro). 35 kt S and 1023 mb at 21Z near 29.2N, 69.8W (micro). “Strongest winds estimated by aircraft were around 100-115 mph on the afternoon 
of the 1st. This hurricane remained at sea and no damage was reported” (MWR). Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2103Z at 33.0N, 69.5W, the measured 
central pressure was 994 mb and estimated surface winds of 100 kt winds. “The storm is poorly defined for visual recognition but radar returns show a 
well-defined eye. The area is completely covered with stratus layers with breaks in the low layer in the eye, however, radar shows strongest quadrants 
to be the northwest, northeast, and east with weaker returns to  southeast and southwest. There is no calm area in the center with minimum winds in the 
eye estimated to 35 to 40 knots. Visual reconnaissance around the parameter of the wall indicates winds to 100 knots in the southwest and southeast and 
80 knots in the northwest quadrant.” (AF)

September 2:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb located near 40.0N, 64.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 39.7N, 64.2W at 12Z. MWR shows this 
system centered near 39.2N, 64.4W with a central pressure of 996 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1002 mb at 39.7N, 63.8W at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1020 mb at 00Z near 30.0N, 67.7W (micro). 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 06Z near 36.6N, 72.0W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1015 mb at 
06Z near 34.3N, 66.7W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1003 mb at 18Z near 42.2N, 61.2W (COADS). 30 kt SSE and 1017 mb at 18Z near 40.1N, 59.7W (COADS). 50 kt S 
and 1016 mb at 18Z near 38.6N, 61.2W (COADS). 40 kt SW and 1015 mb at 18Z near 38.6N, 61.2W (COADS). 35 kt S and 1016 mb at 18Z near 39.5N, 59.4W (COADS). 
Aircraft highlight: center fix at 0530Z at 36.9N, 67.5W, 50 kt winds surface winds. (NAVY)

September 3:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb located near 47.0N, 48.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt extratropical storm at 46.8N, 47.4W at 12Z. MWR 
shows this system centered near 47.0N, 47.2W with a central pressure of 1000 mb at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low of at most 1014 mb at 46.5N, 
51.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1017 mb at 20Z near 44.0N, 44.0W (COADS).

September 4:
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb located near 48.0N, 29.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical storm at 49.7N, 28.8W at 12Z. MWR 
shows this system centered near 50.2N, 29.5W with a central pressure of 995 mb at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1011 mb at 06Z near 44.8N, 34.2W. 
25 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z near 48.8N, 31.6W. 45 kt NW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 46.5N, 32.6W. 15 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12Z near 48.7N, 27.3W. 35 kt NNW 
and 1001 mb at 18Z near 45.5N, 28.2W. 40 kt NW and 1002 mb at 18Z near 46.5N, 27.3W. All observations come from COADS.

Genesis for Dolly is begun at 12Z on August 31st six hours later than shown in HURDAT originally, due to ship and coastal station observations indicating 
that a consistent circulation center had not developed as of 06Z on the 31st.  The revised track has only minor modifications for the lifetime of this system, 
except for no changes on the 3rd.  The upgrade to tropical storm remains at 12Z on the 31st, due to 35 kt ship observations at that time.  An aircraft 
reconnaissance mission at 2108Z on the 31st obtained a lowest pressure of 1011 mb.  However, this value was not a central pressure, given the peripheral 
pressures of the same value reported by a ship and also by the aircraft itself earlier in the flight.  Ship observations and a peak surface wind estimate 
from aircraft of 30 kt are the reason for a 40 kt intensity at 18Z on the 31st, which is a large reduction from the 55 kt in HURDAT originally.  From that 
point, the cyclone began rapidly intensifying.  A ship measured 1001 mb peripheral pressure along with simultaneous 50 kt SE winds at 03Z on the 1st.  
Also at 08Z on this day a separate ship had 50 kt SSE.  The intensity is analyzed to be 50 kt at 00Z and 60 kt at 06Z, a large reduction from 65 kt and 
75 kt, respectively.  Later on the 1st, a ship measured 50 kt ESE with 996 mb and a separate ship observed 60 kt S both at 15Z.  The former ship observations 
would suggest a central pressure of around 990 mb, at most, though this is difficult to reconcile with an aircraft reconnaissance which measured a central 
pressure of 994 mb at 2103Z on the 1st.  This aircraft mission also observed an eye diameter of 25 nm, but also visually estimated surface winds of 100 kt.  
These extremely high winds are very unlikely to be accurate and are discounted.  994 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 53 kt, though given its 
small RMW (~15-20 nm versus climatology of 26 nm for its latitude and central pressure), its fast forward speed, and high environmental pressures on the 
eastern semi-circle, intensities of 70 kt and 75 kt are selected at 12 and 18Z, respectively.  These are large reductions from 85 kt in HURDAT originally 
for these two times.  After late on the 1st, it appears that Dolly started weakening as it began extratropical transition.  Aircraft reconnaissance into 
Dolly on the 2nd did not report a central pressure, but did provide an 850 mb minimum height value of 4700’ at 0530Z which corresponds to a reasonable range 
of central pressures between 995 and 1005 mb.  These possible pressures suggest maximum winds between 40 and 56 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Again, some boost over these values is reasonable given the quite rapid forward speed, thus 60 kt is selected at 06Z on the 
2nd (down from 70 kt originally).  Thus the duration that Dolly spent as a hurricane was only about 18 hours, compared with 42 hours originally.  Transition 
to extratropical is kept at 18Z on the 2nd as it was passing south of Canada. Gradually weakening of the system continued for the next couple of days until 
absorption of the system by a large extratropical low.  Dissipation is delayed by six hours after that shown in HURDAT due to existence of a closed circulation 
through 18Z on the 4th.
*******************************************************************************

1954 - EDNA

36400 09/02/1954 M=14  5 SNBR= 804 EDNA        XING=1 SSS=3                     
36400 09/05/1954 M=10  8 SNBR= 804 EDNA        XING=1 SSS=2
         **        **  *                                  *

(The 2nd through the 4th are removed from HURDAT.)
36405 09/02*  0   0   0    0*112 564  25    0*121 571  25    0*131 575  25    0*
36410 09/03*142 580  25    0*153 586  25    0*164 592  25    0*171 598  25    0*
36415 09/04*178 606  25    0*186 616  30    0*193 628  35    0*199 641  35    0*

36420 09/05*204 653  35    0*207 662  35    0*209 669  35    0*210 676  35    0*
36420 09/05*198 653  25    0*201 662  30    0*205 671  35    0*209 680  40    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***          *** ***  **

36425 09/06*212 682  40    0*214 688  45    0*215 694  50    0*218 701  55    0*
36425 09/06*212 689  45    0*214 697  45    0*215 704  50    0*217 710  50    0*
                ***  **          ***              ***          *** ***  **

36430 09/07*222 708  65    0*225 715  70    0*230 722  70    0*237 734  70    0*
36430 09/07*220 715  55    0*224 721  60    0*229 728  65  995*236 735  70  992*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***      ***

36435 09/08*245 744  75    0*252 748  95    0*259 752 100    0*266 756 105    0*
36435 09/08*242 743  75  990*248 748  80    0*255 752  85  979*263 754  95  968*
            *** ***      *** ***      **      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

36440 09/09*273 759 105    0*280 761 105    0*287 761 105    0*293 761 105    0*
36440 09/09*269 756  95    0*276 760 100    0*282 764 105    0*288 765 110  945*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***          *** *** ***  ***

36445 09/10*298 761 105    0*306 761 105    0*317 761 105    0*330 758 105    0*
36445 09/10*296 763 110    0*305 761 110    0*315 759 110    0*327 755 110    0*
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

36450 09/11*345 753 105    0*360 744 100    0*380 730  90    0*412 708  80    0*
36450 09/11*340 748 110  943*360 738 105    0*381 725 100    0*411 707  95  950*
            *** *** ***  ***     *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

36455 09/12E449 679  65    0E489 638  60    0E524 605  55    0E543 591  50    0*
36455 09/12E438 681  70    0E487 640  60    0E524 605  60    0E545 580  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***                   **      *** ***  **

36460 09/13E555 577  45    0E569 561  40    0E580 545  40    0E584 524  35    0*
36460 09/13E563 565  60    0E579 555  60    0E590 545  60    0E595 530  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

36465 09/14E582 504  35    0E578 489  30    0E574 474  30    0E571 459  25    0*
36465 09/14E594 510  60    0E590 489  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
36470 09/15E567 440  25    0E568 421  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

36475 HR     MA3         ME1            
36475 HR NC1 MA2 NY1 RI1 
         *** *** *** *** ***

Landfalls:  
11th/03Z – 34.9N 74.4W (closest point of approach) - 943 mb/110 kt - 15 nm RMW - 65 kt at NC coast
11th/1830Z - 41.4N 70.5W - 950 mb/95 kt - 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) – 1007 mb OCI – 375 nm ROCI
11th/19Z - 41.7N 70.3W - 952 mb/95 kt - 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) – 1007 mb OCI – 375 nm ROCI
11th/1930Z – 41.9N 70.1 – 954 mb/90 kt – 25 nm RMW (35 nm on west side) – 1007 mb OCI – 375 nm ROCI

Major changes to both the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  The system previously identified as Edna has been reanalyzed to 
instead be two separate tropical cyclones:  a previously unrecognized tropical depression from September 1st to the 3rd and the main cyclone which 
instead formed on the 5th and became the hurricane that struck the United States.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily
Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, aircraft observations available from the 
Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, Rhodes (1954), Simpson and Starrett (1955), Cry (1958), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001).

September 1:
HWM does not analyze a closed low in association with the system at 12 UTC on this day.  HURDAT does not list a tropical depression in this area. Ship 
observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day.

September 2:  
HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. However, it does show a tropical wave along 51W from 15 to 25N.  HURDAT listed a tropical depression with 
25 kt winds with a center at 12.1N, 57.1W.  Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day.

September 3:  
HWM analyzes a closed low associated with the new tropical depression with a pressure of at most 1010 mb and a center at 10.0N, 62.5W.  HWM also shows a 
tropical wave along 57W from 17N to 27N.  HURDAT listed a 25 kt tropical depression with a center at 16.4N, 59.2W.  Ship observations: no gales or low 
pressures reported on this day.

September 4:  
HWM analyzes a weak low near 13.5N, 68W.  HWM also shows a tropical wave along 65W from 17N to 26W.  HURDAT listed a 35 kt tropical storm (Edna) with a 
center at 19.3N, 62.8W.  Ship observations: no gales or low pressures reported on this day.  

September 5:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 72W and a tropical wave along 68W from 15N to 26W including a show a tropical storm symbol with a 
center at 19.2N, 68.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm with a center at 20.9N, 66.9W. Ship observations: 45 kt and 1012 mb at 2100 UTC at 
22.5N, 67.7W (MWR, USWB).  Aircraft highlights:  an invest aircraft reconnaissance mission around 12 UTC did not report a vortex, but did show observations 
consistent with either a trough between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola or a weak tropical cyclone.  "The first indication of an apparently closed circulation 
that subsequently became Edna was noted the night of September 5, in the extreme southwestern Atlantic between Puerto Rico and the Bahama Islands.  
Some forewarning of the possible formation of a tropical storm was given by a 2100 GMT, September 5 ship report from a position near 22.5N, 67.7W.  This 
report from the Bulk Oil stated that she was encountering very heavy squalls, winds to 50 mph, with gusts to 70 mph, and rapidly falling barometer (MWR)"

September 6:  
HWM analyzes a closed low and a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb with a center at 21.8N, 69.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm centered at 
21.5N, 69.4W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 21.3N, 68.3W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
(Chart X) places the center at 21.3N, 69.1W with a central pressure of 1006 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly 
Weather Review also places the center of the circulation at 22.0N, 69.3W at 12 UTC on this day.  Ship observations: 35 kt E with 1012 mb at 00 UTC at 23.6N 
69.3W (COA); 40 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 06 UTC at 23.3N 68.6W (COA); 40 kt SE with 1013 mb at 12 UTC at 22.7N 69.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt S with 1011 mb at 
18 UTC at 22.0N, 69.3W (COA ship # 77942); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day; no low pressures reported on this day.  Aircraft 
Reconnaissance: Center at 21.4N 71.0W around 16 UTC, 40 kt ESE at 22.4N 70.3W at 1430Z (USWB). "Hurricane Edna formed in an easterly wave on the afternoon 
of September 6 near 22N, 70W, and increased to hurricane intensity during the night” (MWR).

September 7:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.3N, 72.3W.  HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt category 1 hurricane at 23.0N, 72.2W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones places the center at 22.0N, 70.7W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 22.5N, 72.6W with a central pressure of 1002 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a 
center of circulation at 23.5N, 72.8W at 12 UTC on this day.  Aircraft Reconnaissance: 23.2N, 73.3W at 1443 UTC with 1001 mb central pressure [appears to 
be the lowest peripheral pressure, not a central pressure] and 85 kt estimated winds; 23.8N, 73.8W at 2000 UTC with 992 mb central pressure and 100 kt 
estimate winds; 65 kt ESE with 1002 mb at 23.2N 73.1W (USWB); 23.8N, 73.8W at 2030 UTC with 990 mb central pressure and 100 kt estimated winds (NHC). 
Ship observations: 50 kt ESE with 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 23.0N 68.8W (USWB); 35 kt SE with 1013 mb at 06 UTC at 21.1N 68.5W (COA); 998 mb with 35 kt E at 
23.0N 73.0W at 12 UTC (Canadian Hilander - USWB); 1002 mb and 65 kt NE at 18 UTC at 24.2N, 74.2W (COA ship # 00473); 65 kt N with 993 mb at 24.4N 74.4W 
at 21 UTC (Hawaiian Fisherman - USWB); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day.  "During the 7th and 8th it swept the outer Bahama 
Islands as it moved on a broad curving path northward.  The center passed very close to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, late on the 7th where winds were 
up to hurricane force in gusts, but no appreciable wind damage resulted.  High seas and gale winds were experienced on the outer fringe islands northward 
to Great Abaco” (MWR).

September 8:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 75.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 100 kt category 3 hurricanes at 25.9N, 75.2W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 24.0N, 74.0W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places 
the center at 25.3N, 75.1W with a central pressure of 991 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review 
places a center of circulation at 25.7N, 75.3W at 12 UTC on this day.  Aircraft Reconnaissance:  Several radar fixes early on the 8th.  25.9N, 75.4W at 
1413 UTC with 979 mb central pressure and 70 kt estimated wind; 26.4N,75.4W at 1934 UTC with 968 mb central pressure and 75 kt estimated wind (USWB).
Ship observations: 992 mb with 15 kt E at 00 UTC at 24.4N 74.0W (Hawaiian Fisherman - USWB); 40 kt ENE with 1009 mb at 06 UTC at 26.1N 75.9W (USWB); 997 mb 
and 70 kt NE at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 76.0W (COA); 992 mb and 65 kt at 18 UTC at 25.9N, 75.7W (COADS); 975 mb and 120 kt at 16 UTC at 26.5N 75.5W (the S.S. Fairland, 
Rhodes, Climo); a few other gales of 35 and 40 kt reported throughout the day.  

September 9:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 28.7N, 76.2W.  HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt category 3 hurricane at 28.7N, 76.1W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 26.9N, 75.7W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places 
the center at 28.2N, 76.5W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review 
places a center of circulation at 28.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC on this day.  Aircraft reconnaissance:  -1600 ft d-value from 780 mb research flight ~18Z with 
the center at 28.8N 76.2W (Simpson and Starrett 1955).  Ship observations: 40 kt SW with 999 mb at 00 UTC at 25.8N 75.6W (COA); 35 kt SW with 1007 mb at 
12 UTC at 25.6N 74.5W (COA); 50 kt N at 18 UTC at 28.3N, 79.8W (COA ship # 57111); a few gales of 35 kt reported throughout the day.  Land observations: 
999 mb at 2330 UTC at 36.1N, 76.6W (SWO Edenton, NC).  "During the 9th and 10th the storm moved northward very near the 76th meridian and gradually turned 
to the north-northeast closely paralleling Carol’s path 11 days earlier” (MWR).  

September 10:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 31.1N, 75.8W.  HURDAT listed this as a 105 kt category 3 hurricane at 31.7N, 76.1W.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 29.5N, 76.1W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 31.2N, 75.9W with a central pressure of 980 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center 
of circulation at 31.3N, 76.0W at 12 UTC on this day.  Ship observations: 45 kt S at 00 UTC at 27.8N 74.1W (USWB); 60 kt SSE at 06 UTC at 28.2N, 72.7W (COA 
ship # 63001); 65 kt NW with 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 30.8N 78.1W (COA); 992 mb and 65 kt SE at 18 UTC at 33.0N, 73.5W (COA ship # 62061); a few other gales of 35 
and 40 kt reported throughout the day.  Land observations: 991 mb at 2224 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 987 mb at 2230 UTC at 34.3N, 77.9W (SWO - 
Wilmington, NC).  “Sept. 10, 1954, 943 mb central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance at 34.0N 75.6W, forward speed 20 kt” (Ho et al.).  “Strongest winds 
estimated by aircraft were from 115 to 120 m.p.h. until the storm passed east of Hatteras on the 10th” (Climo).

September 11:  
HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb centered near 38.5N, 72.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt category 2 hurricane at 38.0N, 73.0W.  The MWR Tracks 
of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 34.0N, 75.0W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 38.1N, 72.1W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center 
of circulation at 38.5N, 72.3W at 12 UTC on this day.  Aircraft reconnaissance:  943 mb at 34.0N, 75.6W around 00 UTC; 947 mb at 39.7N, 71.3W around 15 UTC (Ho). 
Ship observations: 80 kt NW with 992 mb at 00 UTC at 30.4N, 76.5W (COA ship # 08342); 982 mb and 70 kt S at 00 UTC at 32.3N, 74.5W (COA  ship # 62061); 90 kt NNW 
with 985 mb at 06 UTC at 36.5N, 75.3W (COA  ship # 1775); 100 kt NW with 968 mb at 09 UTC at 37.1N 74.0W (USWB); 70 kt SE with 979 mb at 12 UTC (USWB); 65 kt S 
witn 986 mb at 18 UTC at 39.5N 68.7W (USWB).  Land observations: 65 kt at Manteo, NC (Rhodes); 65 kt at Cape Lookout, NC (Rhodes); 983 mb at 0324 UTC and 49 kt 
NW at 0335 UTC at 35.3N, 75.6W (SWO Hatteras, NC); 83 kt at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, NY (MWR); 76 kt at 1930 UTC and 969 mb at 18 UTC at 
Block Island, RI (SWO); 954 mb and 52 kt SSE at 1826 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (SWO Nantucket – min P, also at 1845 UTC); 952 mb (min P) at Martha’s Vineyard at 19 
UTC (Rhodes); 953 mb (min P) at Hyannis at 1914 UTC (Rhodes); 940 mb (min P) at Woods Hole at 1853 UTC (Rhodes) .  “It passed just east of Cape Hatteras early 
in the night of the 10th and winds of about 75 mph were felt on the North Carolina Capes from Cape Lookout to Manteo.  It moved rapidly northeastward and passed 
about over Cape Cod on the 11th, and then moved into eastern Maine, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick that night were it caused great damage and some loss of life.  
There was no loss of life in North Carolina where damage was minor.  Damage in New England was estimated at over $40 million and there were 20 casualties.  
Strongest winds were estimated by aircraft at about 115 to 120 m.p.h.  The highest wind speed over land (95 m.p.h.) was measured at Brookhaven National Labratory 
[sic], Long Island" (MWR).  September 1954 Climatological Data National Summary (New England southeaster and coastal sections): "Hurricane struck New England a 
glancing blow. Its center crossed Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod shortly after 1 p.m. From then until it passed south and east of Eastport, Me., its course was 
northeastward, offshore and fairly parallel to New England east coast. Thus nearly all of New England (except Cape Cod and Islands to south).  Being on west or 
north side of center was spared worst of storm with respect to wind force; highest speeds there came with Edna's backlash, in gusts up to 93 m.p.h. In southern 
Rhode Island and up to 92 m.p.h. over central Maine coast. Gust speeds above 100 m.p.h. recorded at Martha's Vineyard and over outer Cape Cod. Attendant rainfall 
was of near-record intensity, measuring 4 to 8 Inches over coastal areas and southeast. Widespread floods and washouts produced by these excessive rains caused 
more damage then that produced by winds. Radar reports in afternoon of 11th indicated that hurricane had 2 'eyes' about 60 miles apart."  September 1954 
Climatological Data National Summary (Long Island, New York): "Hurricane winds which attained velocity of 95 m.p.h at Brookhaven National Laboratory swept Long 
Island where trees were blown down, numerous buildings.  Many small craft sunk, particularly on North Shore Highways and railroads washed out in places by high 
seas while benches seriously eroded. In Suffolk County, heavy rain washed potato tubers from soil so they were damaged by exposure to sun while other vegetable 
crops sustained substantial injuries."  “The hurricane was centered about 100 miles south-southwest of Nantucket Island at 11:00 a.m. of the 11th.  Highest winds 
were estimated by aircraft up to 135 m.p.h. over a small area near the center.  The storm crossed Cape Cod and moved over Massachusetts Bay at 1:45 p.m.  Winds 
near the center were estimated at 110 to 135 m.p.h…Highest winds at land stations were 88 m.p.h. in gusts at Nantucket, 101 m.p.h. at Blue Hill, 87 m.p.h. at Logan 
Airport, Boston, and 110 m.p.h. at Block Island, R. I.” (Climo).  “Sept. 11, 1954, 947 mb from aircraft reconnaissance at 39.7N 71.3W, 20 nm RMW, 40 kt forward 
speed, 41.7N 70.1W landfall point” (Ho et al.).  “MA – Category 3, ME – Category 1, 954 mb central pressure at landfall in MA” (Jarrell et al.).  “Estimated max 
1 min winds 108 kt, 1010 mb environmental pressure” (Schwerdt et al.).  “F2 maximum wind damage, suggest Category 2 impact” (Boose et al.).

September 12:  
HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 980 mb centered near 52.0N, 59.9W.  HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt extratropical storm at 52.4N, 60.5W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 44.5N, 68.9W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 52.5N, 60.1W with a central pressure of 978 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of 
circulation at 52.5N, 60.8W at 12 UTC on this day.  Land observations: 975 mb and 50 kt NNW at 0028 UTC at 44.8N, 68.8W (SWO Dow AFB, ME); 969 mb (min pressure) 
at 01 UTC at Bar Harbor, ME (Climo); 964 mb (min pressure) at Eastport, ME (climo).  Ship observations: 992 mb at 21 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA  ship # 07024); 997 mb 
and 45 kt at 0 UTC at 40.8N, 68.8W (COA  ship # 309 7740).  “At 11 p.m. of the 11th the storm was centered about 60 miles north of St. Johns, New Brunswick.  It was 
slowly losing its tropical characteristics and winds were diminishing near the center.  Highest winds were then 100 m.p.h. (Climo).

September 13:  
HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 985 mb centered near 59.5N, 53.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical storm at 58.0N, 54.5W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 56.2N, 57.0W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 58.1N, 52.8W with a central pressure of 980 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Figure 1 from the September 1954 issue of the Monthly Weather Review places a center of 
circulation at 59.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC on this day.  Ship observations: 988 mb at 0 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W; 990 mb at 12 UTC at 62.0N, 49.0W (COA ship # 07024); 995 mb 
and 60 kt at 21 UTC at 56.5N, 51.0W (COA ship # 07024).

September 14:  
HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 995 mb centered near 57.3N, 47.9W.  HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical storm at 57.4N, 47.4W.  The MWR 
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 59.2N, 50.1W at 0 UTC on this day.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center 
at 56.8N, 46.5W with a central pressure of 989 mb at 12 UTC on this day.  Ship observations: 993 mb and 60 kt WSW at 3 UTC at 57.5N, 51.5W (COA ship # 07024); 995 mb 
and 50 kt WSW at 0 UTC at 57.5N, 51.5W (COA  ship # 07024).

September 15:   
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones (Chart X) places the center at 56.7N, 43.2W at 12 UTC on this day.  Ship observations: 988 mb at 0 UTC at 62.0N, 33.1W (COA 
ship # 014); 983 mb at 0 UTC at 55.0N, 30.0W (COA ship # 307 7858); 985 mb at 6 UTC at 59.5N, 33.9W (COA ship # 309 7858). 

Observations clearly indicate that the system currently in HURDAT for Edna was instead two separate tropical cyclones.  The first system formed around 18 UTC on the 
1st, moved westward, passed close to the coasts of Trinidad and Venezuela on the 3rd, and dissipated around 06-12 UTC on the 4th.  The system that became Edna is 
first seen as a tropical wave along 51W on the 2nd.  It continued moving westward with little change until the 5th.  The system became a tropical cyclone around 00 UTC 
on the 5th, three days after that shown in HURDAT2.  This major change from HURDAT is supported by rather abundant surface observations, the Historical Weather Map 
analysis, and the Monthly Weather Review's summary.  (It is curious that the 1954 hurricane season summary in Monthly Weather Review started Edna on the 6th, but Cry 
in his 1958 atlas showed the system beginning on the 2nd, which has been carried forward in HURDAT2.  It is not known why he made these revisions, but in this case 
the observations do not support beginning Edna that early.)  The remaining track changes for this hurricane are minor.  The intensity is slightly increased late on 
the 5th and early on the 6th to account for observations from the Bulk Oil ship.  An aircraft reconnaissance investigated the cyclone found 1001 mb central pressure, 
28 nm eye, and 85 kt surface winds at 1433 UTC on the 7th.  However, the aircraft also reported 65 kt ESE surface winds along with the 1002 mb peripheral pressure 
strongly indicate that the 1001 mb was not a central pressure.  Based upon the ship Canadian Hilander reporting 35 kt E with 998 mb apparently inside the radius of 
maximum wind, a central pressure of 995 mb is added into HURDAT at 12Z on the 7th.  At 20 UTC on the 7th the central pressure dropped to 992 mb and further down to 
990 mb at 2030 UTC with estimated surface winds of 100 kt.  Additionally, a ship reported 992 mb with 15 kt E wind at 00 UTC on the 8th, consistent with the 990 mb 
central pressure from the aircraft just a couple hours earlier.  The 990 mb central pressure suggests an intensity of 64 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Additionally, a ship reported 65 kt winds at 18 UTC on the 7th.  Thus intensities in HURDAT reduced down from 70 kt to 65 kt at 12 UTC, 
kept at 70 kt at 18 UTC, and kept at 75 kt at 00 UTC on the 8th, weighting the visually estimated surface winds lightly. The next aircraft reconnaissance to provide 
a central pressure was 979 mb at 1413 UTC on the 8th with a 15 nm eye.  This suggests maximum winds of 79 kt from the south of 25N and 74 kt from the north of 
25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships (and 80 and 78 kt from the subset of intensifying cyclones, respectively).  85 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (down from 
100 kt originally) because of the small eye size.  At 1934 UTC on the 8th aircraft reconnaissance measured 968 mb central pressure with a circular 12 nm eye.  
968 mb suggests maximum winds of 87 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship (91 kt for the subset of intensifying cyclones).  95 kt (down from 105 kt 
originally) chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC because of the small eye size.  These two aircraft-measured central pressures were corroborated by a ship that measured 975 mb 
at 16 UTC, in between the 979 and 968 mb values.  A research flight was conducted into Edna on the 9th (likely around 18Z), which measured a -1600 ft d-value at 780 mb.  
This indicates a central pressure of 945 mb, which suggests 110 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Thus the intensity is boosted 
slightly from the 105 kt originally.   Aircraft reconnaissance did measure 943 mb central pressure and a 15 nm eye around 00 UTC on the 11th.  This pressure suggests 
maximum wind of 112 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N and 101 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationships.  110 kt chosen at 18 UTC on 
the 10th and 00 UTC on the 11th (up slightly from 105 kt) because of the small eye size.  110 kt intensity thus interpolated between the aircraft missions late on the 
9th and early on the 11th.  Two locations in North Carolina - Mateo and Cape Lookout - observed minimal 1-min hurricane force winds.  Thus Edna is revised to be 
considered Category 1 impact in North Carolina, as it bypassed the coast by about 60-70 nm.  Locating the center of Edna late on the 10th and early on the 11th was 
complex, as there were discrepancies in the aircraft reconnaissance data and few ships near the center.  In particular, the 943 mb penetration fix around 00 UTC on 
the 11th is nearly exactly a degree west of the remaining airborne radar based fixes on the remainder of the 11th.  After consideration of all the data, it appears 
that the location of this fix given in Ho et al. of 34.0N 75.6W was a typographical error and was likely 34.0N 74.6W in reality.  After passing North Carolina, the 
hurricane accelerated while moving north-northeast.  A final reconnaissance penetration occurred around 15 UTC on the 11th and gave a 947 mb central pressure.  

The hurricane made landfall first on Martha's Vineyard, MA around 1830 UTC on the 11th, a second landfall around 1900 UTC near Hyannis, MA, and a third near Wellfleet, 
MA around 1930 UTC.  Lowest observed sea level pressure on the coast was 940 mb at Woods Hole.  However, this is not consistent with the nearby values of 952 mb at 
Martha’s Vineyard, 954 mb at Nantucket, and 953 mb at Hyannis, nor is it consistent with the aircraft reconnaissance fixes which took the center over Martha’s 
Vineyard and Hyannis to the east of Woods Hole.  It is suspected that the Woods Hole value is erroneous.  Thus it is estimated that landfall occurred with a central 
pressure of 950 mb (just a couple of mb higher than measured by reconn three hours earlier).  This pressure suggests an intensity of 97 kt from the north of 35N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Peak observed fastest mile winds were 76 kt from Block Island, RI at 1930 UTC.  On Edna’s east side, Nantucket’s detailed observations 
clearly show that it was at or outside the RMW, giving an RMW of at most 25 nm.  However, on the west side of Edna, very strong northwest winds were recorded at 
Block Island, Martha’s Vineyard, and Hyannis well after the minimum pressure were observed, suggesting an RMW on that side of at least 35 nm.  A blend of these 
gives an average RMW of 30 nm, for purposes of comparing against climatology.  Vickery et al. indicate that the climatological RMW for this landfall latitude and 
central pressure is 32 nm.  Given a near average RMW, a quick translational velocity of about 35 kt at landfall, and a low 1007 mb OCI, maximum 1 min surface winds 
are estimated at 95 kt at landfall.  Massachusetts is reduced to a Category 2 impact and New York and Rhode Island are added as Category 1 impact based upon observed 
hurricane force sustained winds in both states.  After landfall in Massachusetts, Edna moved back over the Atlantic Ocean for about 6 hours before making a final 
landfall in Maine around 0130 UTC on the 11th.  Based upon available observations, Edna had transformed into a strong extratropical cyclone by 00 UTC on the 12th.  
Thus Maine is removed as having a Category 1 hurricane impact, though maximum 1 min winds at Maine landfall were about 75 kt.  Winds during the 12th to the 14th were 
increased in its extratropical phase from observed ship observations. Edna's final position is now given as 06 UTC on the 14th, as observations and HWM analyses suggest 
that it had become absorbed into a large extratropical cyclone by 12 UTC on the 14th.  Thus positions from 12 UTC on the 14th through 06 UTC on the 15th are removed.
*******************************************************************************
New Storm [September 6-8, 1954]

37265 09/06/1954 M= 3  9 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED       XING=0 SSS=0                     
37265 09/06*  0   0   0    0*340 442  30    0*355 435  35    0*368 425  35    0*
37265 09/07*380 410  40 1004*395 395  40    0*415 370  40    0*440 340  35    0*
37265 09/08E470 305  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
37285 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Jack Beven’s suspect list.

September 2:
HWM indicates a trough along 50W from 17N to 27N.  Ship highlights:  No gale force winds or low pressures.

September 3:
HWM indicates a trough along 57W from 17N to 26N.  Ship highlights:  No gale force winds or low pressures.

September 4:
HWM indicates a trough along 40W from 21N to 30N.  Ship highlights:  No gale force winds or low pressures.

September 5:
HWM does not analyze an organized system but shows a trough along longitude 45W extending from latitude 12N to 33N. Ship highlights: No gale force 
winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 6:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 35.5N, 43.4W. Ship highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 12Z near 36.2N, 43.6W (COADS); 30 kt S 
and 1003 mb (COADS), 1013 mb (HWM) at 12Z near 34.8N, 43.2W. 

September 7:
HWM does not show this system but shows a cold front north of the area. Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 0Z near 38.0N, 40.9W; 35 kt W and 1015 mb 
at 06Z near 36.9N, 42.3W; 35 kt NW and 1010 mb at 06Z near 38.3N, 41.5W; 35 kt SW and 1017 mb at 12Z near 38.7N, 37.4W. All reports from COADS. 

September 8:
HWM does not show an organized system but a cold front moving across the area. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

This cyclone formed from a surface trough that was apparent over the central North Atlantic on the 5th and 6th of September.  Ship observations clearly 
show a closed, low pressure system by 12Z on the 6th, while ship reports were more sparse earlier in the day.  Genesis is analyzed to have occurred around 
06Z on the 6th as a 30 kt tropical depression.  The cyclone was embedded on the 6th in quite warm air, well south of a warm frontal boundary, fee of any 
baroclinic influences.  The cyclone initially moved north-northeast at a moderate rate of forward speed before accelerating toward the northeast on the 7th 
and 8th.  Two 30 kt ships with 1013 mb (embedded within an outer closed isobar of 1018 mb) indicate that the intensity likely was about 35 kt at 12Z on the 6th.  
(COADS had indicated instead a 1003 mb pressure for one of the ships.  However, comparison versus other nearby ships and a time series of the ship strongly 
suggests that the 1003 mb was in error and that 1013 mb shown in HWM was instead correct.)  At 00Z on the 7th, a ship very close to the center reported 10 kt S 
with 1005 mb.  (The same ship had a six hour pressure drop of 12 mb up until this 1005 mb measurement and a subsequent 8 mb pressure rise six hours later.)  
This indicates a central pressure of 1004 mb.  The Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship suggests maximum winds of 42 kt from the 1004 mb pressure. 
The intensity is analyzed to be 40 kt at this time, which is also the peak intensity for the cyclone’s lifetime.  At 06Z and 12Z on the 7th, there were three 
35 kt ship reports, confirming tropical storm intensity for this system.  By late on the 7th and early on the 8th, the cyclone was moving about 40 kt as it 
was being steered by a large baroclinic system to its northwest.  Around 00Z on the 8th, the cyclone became extratropical and shortly thereafter became absorbed 
by this larger baroclinic system.  Tropical Storm Josephine in 2002 is a reasonable analog to this cyclone.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Florence [September 11-12, 1954]

37660 09/11/1954 M= 2  6 SNBR= 829 FLORENCE    XING=0 SSS=0     
37660 09/11/1954 M= 3 10 SNBR= 829 FLORENCE    XING=0 SSS=0     
                    * **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
37662 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*225 945  30    0*225 948  35    0*
			                      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
                
37665 09/11*  0   0   0    0*209 947  45    0*210 951  50    0*210 955  55    0*
37665 09/11*224 950  45    0*223 952  45    0*220 953  45    0*215 955  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      ** 

37670 09/12*208 959  65    0*205 963  65    0*203 968  35    0*198 974  20    0*
37670 09/12*210 959  50 1001*206 964  55    0*204 970  55    0*202 978  30    0*
            ***      ** **** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37675 HR   
37675 TS
      **

Landfall:
12/11Z - 20.4N 96.8W – 55 kt - Mexico

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, observations and synoptic maps from the Meteorological Service of
 Mexico and Monthly Weather Review.

September 10:

HWM and HURDAT do not analyze a tropical system. Microfilm shows a possible low pressure near 22.5N, 94.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1012 mb at 6Z near 
24.0N, 90.0W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: “No wind circulation found, max wind in squall 60º 25 kt, heavy rain band located 23N, between 91.3W and 94.4W, 60 miles 
wide. Scattered cumulus along track, much high cirrus, overcast sky most of track west of 85W.” (NAVY)

September 11:

	HWM analyzes a tropical storm located near 22.5N, 95.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 21.0N, 95.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows this system 
centered near 22.0N, 94.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 0Z near 23.0N, 95.3W (COADS). 45 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 01Z near 22.8N, 89.7W (micro), 
possible error and the longitude was likely 94.7W. Aircraft highlights: center fix at 2155Z at 21.2N, 95.8W, the measured central pressure was 1001 mb and 60 kt winds 
in the southwest quadrant, eye diameter was 50 miles. “Poorly defined … turbulence moderate to heavy, seas high to very high close to eye. ”(NAVY)

September 12:

	HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 20.5N, 96.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 96.8W AT 12Z. Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 20.4N, 96.8W at 12Z. No gale winds. 

“This storm formed in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico and moved into Mexico between Tuxpan and Nautla on the morning of September 12. The highest wind reported by 
reconnaissance aircraft was about 65 mph. The press reported 5 dead and more than $1,500,000 damage around the oil center of Poza Rica, mostly to the banana crop. 
The storm was possibly of hurricane force as it hit the coast.”

Genesis for Florence is begun as a tropical depression at 12Z on the 10th, 18 hours earlier than shown in HURDAT originally. The reason for the earlier genesis is 
due to indications that a closed low existed by 12Z on the 10th, as well as the system being very well developed with two gale force ship winds around 00z on the 11th.  
One aircraft reconnaissance mission was flown on the 10th but remained northwest of the tropical cyclone and did not sample near the center. The revised track has 
only minor modifications for the lifetime of this system. The upgrade to tropical storm occurred at 18Z on the 10th, six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT due to a 
35 kt NE ship at 00Z and a 45 kt ESE ship at 01Z on the 11th. An aircraft reconnaissance mission was flown on the 11th measuring 1001 mb central pressure at 2155Z.  
This central pressure is added to HURDAT at 00Z on the 12th.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of 45 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 
The aircraft also measured a RMW of 35-40 nmi, which is larger than climatology of 18 nm for this latitude and central pressure. Given this information, the intensity 
is assessed at 45 kt at 18Z.on the 11th, a major downward change from the original HURAT.  It is possible that the system intensified some before landfall, which is 
consistent with the impacts mentioned in Mexico as well as the original HURDAT bringing the system to a Category 1 hurricane.  A peak intensity and landfall intensity 
of a 55 kt tropical storm is analyzed, a downgrade from the 65 kt Category 1 hurricane shown in HURDAT originally.  Aircraft reconnaissance on the 12th arrived in the 
vicinity of the cyclone around 14Z and indicated that Florence had either moved inland and/or degenerated into an area of squally weather. After making landfall in the 
state of Veracruz, Mexico on the 12th at 11Z near 20.4N 96.8W, the system quickly dissipated over the mountainous terrain.  Dissipation after 18Z on the 12th is unchanged.
*******************************************************************************

New Storm [September 15-18, 1954]

37265 09/15/1954 M= 5 11 SNBR= 820 NOT NAMED       XING=0 SSS=0   
37265 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 890  30    0*257 900  30    0*
37265 09/16*258 909  35    0*259 918  35    0*258 924  40 1004*256 930  40 1004*
37265 09/17*254 935  40 1004*253 940  35    0*252 945  30    0*251 950  30    0*
37265 09/18*250 955  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
37285 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, the Surface Weather Observations, Monthly Weather Review, the NHC microfilm maps, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Jack Beven’s 
suspect list.

September 14:  HWM indicates that a low pressure was present just north of the Yucatan peninsula near 23N, 89W.  MWR Tracks of Lows did not yet indicate a system being 
present.  Microfilm showed no systems of interest in the Gulf of Mexico.  No gales or low pressures.

September 15:  HWM indicates a closed low pressure system of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 89.0W.
MWR puts the system near 25N, 89W.  Microfilm indicated at low of at most 1008 mb near 25N 90W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 15Z at 25.5N 87.0W (micro), 
35 kt SE with 1010 mb at 18Z at 24.9N 86.5W (COA), 40 kt SE and 1009 mb at 21Z at 24.5N 86.0W (micro).

September 16:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 93W. MWR places the center much farther south at the same time, located near 23N, 90W.  Microfilm 
shows a low of at most 1006 mb near 28N 92W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 00Z at 27.5N 92.9W (micro), 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 00Z at 26.5N 87.8W (micro), 
20 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z at 27.8N 91.4W (COA), 35 kt SSE (COADS has 15 kt) and 1008 mb at 18Z at 28N 91W (micro), 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 18Z at 27.7N 88.3W (COA).  
Aircraft highlight:  38 kt SE at 21Z at 29N 88W (micro, Navy).

September 17:  HWM indicates an open low near 26N, 95W.  MWR shows the system near 25N, 95W.  Microfilm shows an open low near 25N 95W.  Ship highlights:  15 kt SE and 
1005 mb at 00Z at 26.7N 92.9W (COA).  

September 18:  HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Gulf.  MWR and microfilm indicate that the system had dissipated.

Observations from the Historical Weather Map, Microfilm and Monthly Weather Review depict a tropical storm that moved across the Gulf of Mexico during the second week of 
September.  A non-baroclinic closed low can be identified by 12Z on the 15th from ship observations and genesis is indicated at that point.  However, formation could have 
occurred up to a day earlier, due the sparseness of observations.  A Navy aircraft flew into the disturbance late on the 15th and did not find a closed circulation, though 
their flight pattern kept them well southeast of the center of the system.   A ship reported gales three times on the 15th, though comparison with other ships suggests that 
it likely had a high bias of 5-10 kt.  At 00Z on the 16th, two other ships both indicated 35 kt and the system is upgraded to a tropical storm at that time.  Given the 
rather large radii of 150-180 nm of these reports, the system may have been better characterized a subtropical cyclone if satellite imagery were available.  At 12Z on the 
16th a ship with SE 20 kt and 1006 mb allow for a determination of a central pressure of around 1004 mb.  This suggests maximum winds of 39 and 36 kt from the south and 
north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships.  Another ship at 18Z on the 16th reported NE 20 kt and 1006 mb, providing another central pressure of 1004 mb at 
that time.  An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 16th visually estimated a peak surface wind of 38 kt at 21Z, though they did not fly far enough southwest to reach 
the center of the system.  Two ships also measured 35 kt at 18Z.  One additional ship measured SE 15 kt and 1005 mb at 00Z on the 17th, also indicating a central pressure of 
1004 mb.  40 kt peak intensity is analyzed from 12Z on the 16th through 00Z on the 17th.  Peak observed winds along the United States coast were 25 kt on the 16th and 17th 
in Louisiana.  The system apparently slowly weakened on the 17th.  Dissipation is indicated before 06Z on the 17th, without the system making landfall in either the United 
States or Mexico.  This is consistent with the MWR Tracks of Lows for this system as well.
*******************************************************************************

Tropical Storm Gilda [September 24-27, 1954]

37680 09/24/1954 M= 4  7 SNBR= 830 GILDA       XING=0 SSS=0                      
37680 09/24/1954 M= 7 12 SNBR= 830 GILDA       XING=0 SSS=0                      
                      **

37685 09/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*141 768  35    0* 
37685 09/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*141 758  35    0* 
                                                                   ***

37690 09/25*143 777  40    0*144 788  45    0*146 800  50    0*149 811  50    0* 
37690 09/25*143 769  35    0*144 782  40    0*146 796  40    0*149 814  45    0* 
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

37695 09/26*153 821  55    0*159 835  60    0*164 847  60    0*165 855  60    0* 
37695 09/26*155 830  50    0*160 842  55    0*163 852  60    0*165 860  60    0* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              *** 

37700 09/27*165 863  60    0*166 872  60    0*168 880  60    0*169 888  35    0* 
37700 09/27*166 868  55  998*166 872  55    0*166 878  55    0*167 886  55    0* 
            *** ***  **  ***          **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 28th,29th and 30th are new to HURDAT.)
37701 09/28*169 892  45    0*174 896  35    0*180 902  30    0*186 908  30    0* 
37702 09/29*192 915  30    0*197 925  30    0*200 939  30    0*203 954  30    0* 
37703 09/30*208 968  30    0*217 980  25    0*000 000  00    0*000 000  00    0* 

37705 TS

International Landfalls
September 27th – 17Z – 16.7N 88.4W – Belize – 55 kt

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Three additional days are added to the end of this cyclone. 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance 
book, observations and synoptic maps from the Meteorological Service of Mexico, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 23:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb located near 15.8N, 83.5W.HURDAT and microfilm does not analyze a tropical system. No gales or low pressures.

September 24:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb located near 15.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.1N, 76.8W at 18Z. Microfilm shows 
this system centered near 13.0N, 79.6W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 18Z near 15.3N, 73.6W. All observations from COADS.

September 25:
HWM analyzes a low pressure located near 14.7N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 14.6N, 80.0W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure 
at 13.6N, 81.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ESE and 1010 mb at 0Z near 14.6N, 72.5W. 30 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 18Z near 19.1N, 78.4W. All observations from 
COADS. “Small tropical storm Gilda formed in the Caribbean Sea east of Cape Gracias, Nicaragua on September 25” (MWR).

September 26:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 16.0N, 85.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.7W AT 12Z. Microfilm analyzes 
a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 16.2N, 84.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1008 mb at 12Z near 17.3N, 84.0W (MICRO). 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 18Z 
near 19.6N, 86.2W (COADS). 30 kt SE and 1010 mb at 18Z near 18.4N, 83.0W (COADS). 40 kt SE and 1009 mb at 21Z near 20.0N, 85.8W (MICRO). 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 23Z 
near 19.5N, 86.1W (MICRO). Land highlights: 5 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 00Z in Cabo Gracias a Dios, Honduras. 50 kt E at 15Z in Guanaja, Honduras. Aircraft highlights: 
center fix at 2240Z at 16.7N, 86.6W, the measured central pressure was 998 mb, 45 kt winds and an eye diameter of 20 miles. (NAVY)

September 27:
HWM analyzes a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located near 16.8N, 87.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm of at most 1002 mb at 16.8N, 88.0W AT 12Z. 
Microfilm analyzes a tropical storm at 16.4N, 87.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1007 mb at 18Z near 17.6N, 86.1W (COADS). Land highlight: 5 kt SW and 1004 mb 
at 00Z in Tela, Honduras. 10 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 0Z in Belize City, Belize. 10 kt N and 1006 mb at 06Z in Belize City, Belize. 30 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12Z in Tela, 
Honduras. 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12Z in Dandriga, Belize. 10 kt NE and 1006 mb at 12Z in Belize City, Belize. 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18Z in Dandriga, Belize. All 
observations from the Microfilm. “…moved westward along the north coast of Honduras and into British Honduras near Stann Creek, about 60 miles south of Belize, around 
1530 EST of the 27th. The storm was less than hurricane force throughout its life, with highest winds of 60 to 70 mph in squalls. Damage was slight to buildings and no 
casualties resulted from the storm. Rainfall was very heavy in northern Honduras, resulting in disastrous floods, especially around San Pedro Sula, La Lima, and the 
adjacent valley areas. Press reports indicated 29 dead and thousands homeless and marooned in the flooded areas, and extensive damage to property and crops.” (MWR)

September 28:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb located near 16.5N, 90.0W. HURDAT does not list this system. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb located 
near 16.8N, 89.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 18.2N, 86.3W (COADS). Land highlight: 25 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z in Dandriga, Belize. 30 kt S 
and 1008 mb at 18Z in Dandriga, Belize. All observations from the Microfilm.

September 29:
HWM and microfilm does not analyze a low pressure. HURDAT does not list this system. Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 00Z near 19.5N, 91.5W. Land highlight: 10 kt 
E and 1003 mb at 00Z in Campeche, Mexico. 10 kt NW and 1004 mb at 00Z in Isla del Carmen, Mexico. All observations from the Microfilm.

September 30:
HWM does not analyze a low pressure. Microfilm analyses a low pressure near 22.2N, 95.9W at 00Z. HURDAT does not list this system. Land highlight: 10 kt N and 1003 mb at 
00Z in Tuxpan, Mexico. 10 kt SE and 1004 mb at 00Z in Veracruz, Mexico. 5 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z in Tampico, Mexico. All observations from the Microfilm.


No changes are made to the genesis time for this tropical cyclone, which is retained as starting as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18Z on the 24th of September, as a 30 kt ESE 
ship was observed at that time.  Minor track alterations were made for all four of the existing days of this cyclone.  Intensity is reduced by 5-10 kt on the 25th, due to 
numerous ship and coastal stations indicating a somewhat weaker system on those dates.  The cyclone continued westward just north of the Honduras coastline while intensifying 
and 50 kt E winds were reported from Isla Guanaja around 16Z on the 26th.  60 kt is retained at 12 and18Z, which is also the peak intensity.  A single aircraft reconnaissance 
mission into this storm measured 998 mb central pressure and an RMW of about 15 nm at 2240Z on the 26th, which suggests maximum winds of 51 kt.  Given the small size of the 
cyclone, intensity is analyzed to be 55 kt at 00Z on the 27th.  No further inner core observations were available until after landfall later that day in Belize.  Landfall is 
analyzed to have occurred around 17Z on the 27th near 16.7N 88.4W, south of Belize City with an intensity of 55 kt (previously indicated in HURDAT to be 60 kt in the last 
synoptic time before landfall).

Previously in HURDAT, the cyclone was analyzed to have dissipated after 18Z on the 27th.  However, numerous ship and land-based observations indicate that the system continued 
for three more days, albeit as a weak tropical cyclone.  While inner core observations are sparse on the 28th after landfall, a reasonable weakening down to 45 k at 00Z on the 
28th, 35 kt at 06Z, 30 kt at 12Z, and 30 kt at 18Z is assumed, which is in agreement with the 30 kt S wind observed at Belize City at 18Z.  The cyclone moved toward the northwest 
on the 28th, across southeastern Mexico.  By 00Z on the 29th, the system reached the Gulf of Mexico.  Two observations – one ship and one land station – of 1003 mb both with 
10 kt suggest maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the slow motion, low environmental pressures, and that the 
cyclone’s circulation was still primarily overland, an intensity at that time of 30 kt analyzed.  Unfortunately, little to no ship data were available for the remainder of the 
29th and early on the 30th.  However, observations from Veracruz, Tuxpan, and Tampico, Mexico indicate that the system made a second landfall just south of Tampico, around 04Z 
near 21.3N 97.6W.  No tropical storm force winds were observed in the Gulf of Mexico or from the Mexican stations.  However, Tuxpan measured 1003 mb with N 10 kt wind at 00Z, 
which suggests maximum wind from that pressure of at least 41 kt.  Again because of the low environmental pressure, the intensity at 00Z and at landfall a few hours later is 
estimated to be 30 kt.  However, it is quite possible that the system regained tropical storm intensity before the second landfall.  After landfall, it is analyzed that the cyclone 
continued northwestward over Mexico and dissipated after 06Z on the 30th.  The addition of three more days for the existence of this system is a major change.
*******************************************************************************

Unnamed Hurricane 8 [September 25-October 6, 1954]

37710 09/25/1954 M=13  8 SNBR= 831 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0         
37710 09/25/1954 M=13 13 SNBR= 831 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0         
                      **
            
37715 09/25*  0   0   0    0*278 561  25    0*278 556  25    0*278 552  25    0*
37715 09/25*  0   0   0    0*292 565  25    0*290 560  25    0*288 555  25    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

37720 09/26*279 548  25    0*280 543  25    0*281 537  25    0*283 531  25    0*
37720 09/26*286 549  30    0*284 543  30    0*285 537  30    0*287 530  30    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

37725 09/27*285 524  25    0*289 518  25    0*293 513  25    0*295 510  25    0*
37725 09/27*291 523  30    0*296 516  30    0*298 510  30    0*299 507  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37730 09/28*297 507  25    0*299 503  25    0*301 500  25    0*303 497  25    0*
37730 09/28*299 504  30    0*299 502  30    0*299 500  30    0*299 497  30    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

37735 09/29*306 494  25    0*309 491  30    0*312 487  30    0*316 484  35    0*
37735 09/29*299 494  30    0*299 491  30    0*300 487  30    0*302 486  35    0*
            *** ***  **      ***              ***              *** ***

37740 09/30*320 483  40    0*323 483  45    0*325 486  45    0*327 493  45    0*
37740 09/30*306 486  40    0*310 488  45    0*312 490  45    0*313 495  45    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

37745 10/01*328 499  50    0*328 505  55    0*326 512  60    0*319 520  60    0*
37745 10/01*314 503  50    0*315 512  55    0*315 520  60    0*314 528  65    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

37750 10/02*310 530  65    0*304 539  70    0*299 547  70    0*298 557  70    0*
37750 10/02*311 535  65    0*307 541  70    0*304 547  70    0*305 545  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

37755 10/03*297 566  70    0*305 570  70    0*313 565  70    0*322 556  70    0*
37755 10/03*307 556  75    0*311 559  75    0*315 560  75    0*318 557  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37760 10/04*330 547  75    0*334 539  80    0*337 530  80    0*342 517  80    0*
37760 10/04*321 551  75    0*325 542  80    0*330 530  80    0*336 517  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

37765 10/05*347 501  80    0*352 491  85    0*358 478  85    0*371 444  85    0*
37765 10/05*343 503  80    0*351 489  85    0*360 475  85    0*370 453  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

37770 10/06*389 404  80    0*408 374  75    0*432 345  70    0E474 317  65    0*
37770 10/06*382 420  80    0*405 380  75    0*440 345  70    0E490 317  65    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** 

37775 10/07E542 290  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
37780 HR  


Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.


September 24:
HWM analyzes a trough of low pressure extending from latitude 20N to 35N near longitude 54W. HURDAT does not list this system. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
near 32.0N, 64.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.


September 25:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 28.8N, 56.2W with a trough extending as well as a dissipating cold front to the system’s northwest. 
HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 27.8N, 55.6W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.


September 26:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 28.5N, 53.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 28.1N, 53.7W at 12Z. Microfilm 
shows a low pressure near 23.3N, 56.8. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1017 mb at 0Z near 27.9N, 51.3W. 15 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 06Z near 27.4N, 52.8W. 25 kt SW 
and 1017 mb at 06Z near 28.1N, 50.0W. All observations from COADS.

September 27:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.0N, 50.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 29.3N, 51.3W at 12Z. Microfilm 
does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1014 mb at 12Z near 30.8N, 49.3W. 15 kt NW and 1014 mb at 12Z near 29.1N, 52.4W. All observations 
from COADS.

September 28:
HWM analyzes a low pressure centered near 29.8N, 51.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 30.1N, 50.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an 
organized system. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1014 mb at 0Z near 31.0N, 49.7W. 20 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z near 29.5N, 49.5W. 20 kt NW and 1013 mb at 12Z 
near 28.8N, 50.9W. All observations from COADS.

September 29:
HWM analyzes a low pressure centered near 30.5N, 50.6W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.2N, 48.7W at 12Z. Microfilm does not show an 
organized system. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 29.0N, 47.0W. 30 kt NW and 1010 mb at 12Z near 29.0N, 48.0W. 20 kt W and 1013 mb at 18Z near 
28.0N, 48.0W. All observations from COADS.

September 30:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.4N, 49.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 32.5N, 48.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows 
a low pressure of at most 1017 mb near 32.5N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1016 mb at 12Z near 33.6N, 49.7W. 5 kt W and 1011 mb at 18Z near 29.9N, 49.5. 
All observations from COADS.

October 1:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.5N, 52.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 32.6N, 51.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows 
a low pressure of at most 996 mb near 32.3N, 51.6W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 32.8N, 52.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1005 mb at 06Z near 32.3N, 50.1W 
(COADS). 40 kt NW and 999 mb at 12Z near 31.5N, 53.0W (MICRO). 30 SE kt and 1002 mb at 12Z near 31.7N, 51.1W (COADS). 35 kt WSW and 1013 mb at 12Z near 29.7N, 
51.4W (COADS). 40 kt ESE and 996 mb at 17Z near 31.0N, 51.5W (MICRO). 60 kt NW at 18Z near 31.6N, 53.6W (COADS). 35 kt WSW and 1005 mb at 18Z near 30.4N, 52.9W 
(COADS). 50 kt SE and 992 mb at 18Z near 31.1N, 52.2W (COADS). 

October 2:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.7N, 54.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 29.9N, 54.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low 
pressure of at most 999 mb near 29.6N, 54.3W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 28.8N, 54.2W. Ship highlights: 55 kt ESE and 990 mb at 0Z near 31.7N, 53.2W. 45 kt 
SE and 998 mb at 0Z near 30.5N, 52.7W. 55 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 06Z near 30.2N, 53.7W. 50 kt SE and 994 mb at 06Z near 30.0N, 53.1W. 30 kt W and 1001 mb at 06Z 
near 29.5N, 55.0W. 55 kt SW and 1001 mb at 12Z near 30.0N, 54.2W. 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 29.4N, 54.0W. 50 kt SE and 989 mb at 12Z near 29.4N, 53.8W. 
40 kt SW and 1006 mb at 18Z near 29.0N, 54.9W. 55 kt S and 986 mb at 18Z near 29.2N, 54.3W. 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 18Z near 29.8N, 52.9W. All observations from COADS.

October 3:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.8N, 55.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 31.3N, 56.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low 
pressure of at most 1011 mb near 33.8N, 56.0W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 30.5N, 56.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1007 mb at 0Z near 29.6N, 56.3W. 55 kt 
S and 996 mb at 0Z near 28.8N, 54.1W. 30 kt SE and 1014 mb at 0Z near 31.8N, 53.9W. 40 kt SSW and 1003 mb at 06Z near 28.5N, 54.2W. 30 kt WNW and 1010 mb at 12Z 
near 29.8N, 57.2W. 30 kt SW and 1009 mb at 12Z near 28.1N, 54.7W. 45 kt NE and 1008 mb at 12Z near 32.9N, 56.9W. 30 kt SW and 1011 mb at 18Z near 28.8N, 55.5W. All 
observations from COADS.

October 4:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 32.5N, 53.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 80 kt hurricane at 33.7N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low 
pressure of at most 996 mb near 33.4N, 53.7W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 32.8N, 53.7W. Ship highlights: 75 kt S and 998 mb at 0Z near 32.0N, 54.0W (MICRO). 
30 kt S and 1017 mb at 06Z near 29.1N, 50.2W (COADS). 30 kt S and 1018 mb at 06Z near 29.0N, 49.0W (COADS). 35 kt E and 1001 mb at 06Z near 33.7N, 54.9W (MICRO). 
30 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12Z near 28.5N, 54.4W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1018 mb at 12Z near 27.9N, 51.2W (COADS). 50 kt S and 999 mb at 12Z near 32.8N, 53.1W (MICRO). 
55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 12Z near 34.2N, 52.2W (MICRO). 45 kt SE and 1010 mb at 12Z near 34.6N, 50.4W (MICRO). 30 kt N and 1008 mb at 12Z near 33.4N, 55.9W (MICRO). 
50 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 15Z near 32.4N, 53.2W (MICRO). 75 kt SSE and 979 mb at 1515Z near 33.6N, 51.5W (MICRO). 30 kt S and 1014 mb at 18Z near 31.3N, 49.5W. 
50 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z near 34.1N, 48.7W (MICRO). 50 kt SW and 1003 mb at 18Z near 33.4N, 50.0W (MICRO). 

October 5:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 38.1N, 47.3W. HURDAT lists this as a 85 kt hurricane at 35.8N, 47.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
of at most 987 mb near 35.4N, 47.6W. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 36.2N, 46.6W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S and 1005 mb at 0Z near 34.9N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt S and 
1010 mb at 0Z near 34.8N, 47.3W (COADS). 60 kt S and 990 mb at 0Z near 34.3N, 50.0W (MICRO). 50 kt S and 1002 mb at 0Z near 34.4N, 48.5W (MICRO). 65 kt S and 997 mb at 
03Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 75 kt S and 984 mb at 06Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 06Z near 35.1N, 46.4W (COADS). 40 kt S and 1009 mb at 06Z 
near 33.0N, 46.3W (COADS). 30 kt S and 1015 mb at 06Z near 29.6N, 48.2W (COADS). 80 kt WSW and 984 mb at 09Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z near 
32.5N, 48.8W (COADS). 60 kt W and 999 mb at 12Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 40 kt SW and 1011 mb at 12Z near 32.4N, 45.7W (COADS). 70 kt SSW and 990 mb at 12Z near 35.3N, 
45.5W (COADS). 30 kt SW and 1012 mb at 12Z near 32.5N, 48.8W (COADS). 45 kt W and 1006 at 15Z near 34.8N, 48.0W (COADS). 70 kt SSW and 985 mb at 15Z near 36.0N, 44.6W (COADS). 
35 kt S and 1000 mb at 18Z near 36.8N, 41.3W (COADS). 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12Z near 36.1N, 40.0W (COADS). 75 kt S and 997 mb at 18Z near 37.0N, 44.0W (MICRO). 30 kt W 
and 1010 mb at 21Z near 34.5N, 48.0W (COADS). 60 kt W and 977 mb at 21Z near 37.0N, 44.0W (COADS).

October 6:
HWM analyzes a hurricane of at most 980 mb centered near 44.6N, 35.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 43.2N, 34.5W at 12Z. MWR analyzes a low pressure near 
42.7N, 34.8W. Ship highlights: 60 kt W and 992 mb at 0Z near 37.2N, 44.2W. 35 kt S and 983 mb at 0Z near 36.6N, 41.4W. 50 kt S and 1005 mb at 06Z near 35.3N, 39.7W. 
35 kt S and 1013 mb at 0Z near 39.0N, 34.5W. 35 kt SE and 1016 mb at 0Z near 39.3N, 31.6W. 35 kt SSE and 998 mb at 06Z near 40.4N, 35.1W. 35 kt SSE and 984 mb at 12Z 
near 45.7N, 33.4W. 40 kt SW and 1013 mb at 12Z near 36.8N, 35.3W. 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 12Z near 36.8N, 31.2W. 40 kt S and 1016 mb at 12Z near 37.7N, 29.5W. 60 kt SSE 
and 998 mb at 18Z near 49.0N, 29.1W. 50 kt SE and 964 mb at 18Z near 50.7N, 30.7W. All observations from COADS.

October 7:
HWM does not analyze a system. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt extratropical cyclone at 54.2N, 29.0W at 0Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 993 mb at 0Z near 51.2N, 27.0W. 
50 kt SW and 994 mb at 0Z near 51.5N, 27.4W. All observations from COADS.

The genesis for this system is unchanged from that previously in HURDAT at 06Z on the 26th of September, though the first definitive evidence for a closed circulation 
was at 12Z on the 25th.  Minor track changes were introduced for all of the days of its existence.  It should be noted that on the 1st and 2nd of October, in particular, 
there were several ship observations that provided contradictory information (more than usual), likely because of difficulty in the ships knowing their true location over 
the open Atlantic Ocean.  While the intensity is increased slightly from 25 to 30 kt on the 27th through 00Z on the 29th, there is no evidence to introduce a change to the 
time of intensification to a tropical storm from the 18Z 29th originally shown in HURDAT.  (This does keep in HURDAT the somewhat unlikely classification of a tropical 
depression for the first four and a half days of its existence.  However, it is certainly possible that tropical storm intensity was reached earlier than shown here.)  
Several observations on the 1st of October indicated a well-developed tropical storm.  At 18Z on the 1st, a ship reported 60 kt NW winds and a separate ship observed 50 kt 
SE winds with 992 mb pressure.  This pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 56 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and at least 59 kt from 
the intensifying subset.  Given the high environmental pressure and the single observation of 60 kt, the maximum winds at that time are analyzed to be 65 kt (5 kt higher 
than HURDAT originally).  Intensification to hurricane stage at that time is six hours earlier than in HURDAT originally.  On the 2nd, a ship at 18Z reported 55 kt S and 
986 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure reading suggests winds of at least 65 kt and at least 68 kt from the same pressure-wind relationships.  The intensity at that 
time is analyzed to be 75 kt (70 kt originally), again in part because of the high environmental pressures.  On the 4th, a ship at 1515Z reported 75 kt SSE and 979 mb.  
This pressure suggests at least 74 kt and at least 77 kt from the same pressure-wind relationships. 80 kt is analyzed for the intensity at both 12 and 18Z, no change from 
HURDAT, as the environmental pressures had returned to near normal.  At 21Z on the 5th, a ship reported 60 kt W winds and 977 mb pressure.  This pressure suggests maximum 
winds of 76 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  Because of the fast movement of the hurricane toward the northeast, the intensity is 
estimated to be 85 kt at 18Z on the 5th and 80 kt at 00Z on the 6th (no change to HURDAT).  Late on the 6th and early on the 7th, the hurricane was overtaken and absorbed 
by a very large and powerful extratropical cyclone.  The system became frontal around 18Z on the 6th (no change to extratropical transition timing) and became absorbed after 
00Z on the 7th (also no change).  It is worth noting that the extratropical low that absorbed the hurricane continued with extremely low pressures (into the 940s) and very 
strong winds for a few more days as it moved across the high latitudes of the North Atlantic.
*******************************************************************************

HAZEL - 1954

36605 10/05/1954 M=14  9 SNBR= 808 HAZEL       XING=1 SSS=4  
36605 10/05/1954 M=14 14 SNBR= 808 HAZEL       XING=1 SSS=4  
                      **
                   
36610 10/05*  0   0   0    0*124 592  60    0*127 602  60    0*128 611  70    0*
36610 10/05*  0   0   0    0*120 585  40    0*120 595  50    0*121 605  55 1002*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

36615 10/06*129 621  75    0*131 631  80    0*132 641  85    0*133 651  85    0*
36615 10/06*122 616  65    0*123 629  70    0*125 643  70  998*126 656  70  998*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

36620 10/07*133 661  90    0*133 672 100    0*133 682 105    0*133 691 105    0*
36620 10/07*127 667  70    0*129 677  70    0*132 687  70  997*135 697  70  994*
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

36625 10/08*134 699 105    0*135 709 110    0*136 719 110    0*136 725 110    0*
36625 10/08*136 706  75    0*136 713  75    0*136 718  75  986*137 720  80    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  *** *** *** ***

36630 10/09*136 731 115    0*136 737 115    0*137 742 115    0*139 748 115    0*
36630 10/09*138 724  85    0*139 732  90    0*140 740  95    0*142 747 100    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

36635 10/10*142 753 115    0*146 756 110    0*150 756 105    0*154 756 105    0*
36635 10/10*144 752 105    0*147 755 105    0*150 756 105    0*153 756 105    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***                       ***

36640 10/11*157 755 105    0*161 753 105    0*165 751 105    0*171 748 105    0*
36640 10/11*156 755 105    0*159 753 105    0*164 751 105    0*169 749 105    0*
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

36645 10/12*177 744 105    0*182 741  85    0*187 738  85    0*193 735  85    0*
36645 10/12*174 747 105    0*180 743 105    0*186 740  85    0*191 737  85    0*
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** ***          *** ***  

36650 10/13*199 733  85    0*205 732  85    0*210 732  85  994*216 733  85    0*
36650 10/13*196 734  85    0*201 731  85    0*208 731  85    0*217 733  85  972*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      *** ***          ***

36655 10/14*226 735  90    0*240 739 100    0*255 746 105    0*270 757 110    0*
36655 10/14*227 735  85  974*238 738  90    0*252 746 100    0*270 757 110    0*
            ***      **  *** *** *** ***      ***     ***      

36660 10/15*286 768 115    0*302 778 120    0*328 787 110  937E368 782  80  970*
36660 10/15*288 768 115    0*307 780 115    0*327 787 115  938E360 783  80  970*
            ***              *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** ***

36665 10/16E410 774  70    0E452 786  60    0E488 800  50    0E507 800  45    0*
36665 10/16E402 772  70    0E460 793  60    0E488 800  50  982E515 795  45  988*
            *** ***          *** ***                       *** *** ***      ***

36670 10/17E517 799  45    0E528 792  35    0E540 782  35    0E556 762  35    0*
36670 10/17E532 795  45    0E545 795  35    0E555 795  35    0E563 788  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

36675 10/18E570 730  30    0E581 694  25    0E588 651  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
36675 10/18E570 770  30    0E581 750  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***              ***         **** ***  **

36680 HR SC4 NC4 MD2 
36680 HR SC4 NC4    
                 ***

Landfalls:
10/6  00Z 12.2N  61.6W  65 kt – Grenada
10/12  09Z  18.3N  74.2W  105 kt – Haiti
10/13  00Z  19.6N  73.4W  85 kt – Haiti
10/13  14Z  21.0N  73.1W  85 kt – Inagua
10/15 1530Z 33.9N 78.6W, 20 nm RMW, 938 mb central pressure, 25 kt speed, 115 kt maximum sustained surface winds, 1008 mb OCI, 475 nm ROCI – South Carolina, U.S.

Minor changes to the track, but major adjustments to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather 
Map series, Monthly Weather Review, daily Surface Weather Observations from NCDC, U.S. Weather Bureau six hourly maps available via microfilm at NHC, aircraft observations 
available from the Storm Wallets at NHC, the COADS ship database, Seamon (1954), Rhodes (1954), Knox (1955), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), 
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000). 

October 5: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010mb near 13N, 61W. HURDAT lists this as a Tropical Storm with 60kt winds at 12.7N, 60.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: No gales or 
low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 85kt with pressure of 1002mb at 12.1N, 61.0W at 2037 UTC (Navy). "This hurricane developed in 
an easterly wave at latitude 12N, longitude 61.2W, on October 5 at which time highest winds were estimated about 100 mph. The hurricane passed near or slightly north of the 
island of Grenada in the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea during the evening of the 5th" (MWR).  "The center of the storm passed between the islands of Grenada 
and Carriacou during the evening of the 5th.  All of the Grenadine Islands except Carriacou escaped with only minor damage and no loss of life.  Total losses on this island 
were estimated at $35,000 to property, $5,000 to crops and $2,500 to livestock" (Rhodes).

October 6: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of most 1010mb near 13.5N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 13.2N, 64.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt NW with pressure of 1002mb at 12.9N, 62.8W at 0625 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 90kt surface winds with a central pressure 
of 998mb at 12.5N, 64.3W at 1200 UTC (NAVY); 60 kt surface winds with a central pressure of 998 mb at 13.0N 66.0W at 1920 UTC (NAVY); central pressure of 997 mb at 13.1N 66.4W 
at 2042 UTC (NAVY) .

October 7: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 1005mb near 13N, 64W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 13.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 35kt ENE with pressure of 1010mb at 15.4N, 68.1W at 1800 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 110kt surface winds with central pressure of 
997mb at 12.9N, 68.7W at 1153 UTC (NAVY); 75 kt surface winds with a 994 mb central pressure at 13.6N 69.9W at 1930 UTC (NAVY). "Highest winds were 115mph on the 7th ... as 
estimated by reconnaissance aircraft" (MWR).

October 8: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 1000mb near 13.8N, 72W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 13.6N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 986mb at 13.5N, 71.9W at 1200 UTC (NAVY). Highest winds estimated 
by reconnaissance aircraft were "125mph on the 8th" (MWR). Also on the 8th, "the Navy reconnaissance plane encountered severe turbulence and one member of the crew was severely 
injured, requiring hospitalization, and another sustained minor injuries" (MWR). 

October 9: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 995mb near 14N, 73.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane with 115kt winds at 13.6N, 73.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlight: 10kt E with pressure of 999mb at 12.8N, 70.2W at 1200 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers 
of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 14N, 74W with 990mb (12 UTC).  "[Hazel] continued on a west to west-northwest course until the night of the 9th-10th when it slowed down 
in forward speed and curved northward" (MWR). 

October 10: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 15.3N, 76W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 15.0N, 75.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
No gales or low pressures. Ship highlights: 55kt E with pressure of 1000mb at 15.4N, 75.5W at 1800 UTC (COA); 35kt SW with pressure of 992mb at 14.6N, 75.3W at 1800 UTC (COA). 
Aircraft highlight: 100kt at 15.2N, 75.6W at 1441 UTC (NAVY).  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 14N, 15W (0 UTC) and at 14.8N, 75.5W with 990mb 
(12 UTC). "The hurricane moved on a north-northeast course from the night of the 10th-11th until it passed  through the Windward Channel and into the southeast Bahamas on the morning 
of the 13th" (MWR).

October 11: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 16.5N, 75W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 16.5N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
44kt NNW with pressure of 1001mb at Morant Point (17.9N, 76.2W) at 1800 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 52kt NNE with pressure of 1001mb at 16.3N, 75.9W at 0700 UTC (USWB); 30kt ESE 
with pressure of 995mb at 15.8N, 74.6W at 0000 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: 35kt ENE at 18.2N, 75.6W at 1330 UTC (USWB). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level 
showed a center at 15.5N, 75.5W (0 UTC) and at 16.3N, 75.2W with 988mb (12 UTC). 

October 12:
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 19N, 74W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 18.7N, 73.8W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
30kt NE with pressure of 998 at Baracoa at 2130 UTC (USWB). Ship highlights: 50kt S with pressure of 1005mb at 16.4N, 72.4W at 0000 UTC (COA); 12kt ESE with pressure of 999mb at 
19.3N, 73.8W at 0230 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 61kt E at 20.0N, 74.0W at 1815 UTC (USWB). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 17.4N, 74.9W 
(0 UTC) and at 18.9N, 74.2W with 988mb (12 UTC). "Considerable damage and loss of life resulted in Haiti, especially on the SW peninsula. This area is very mountainous, with peaks 
of 8,000 ft in the western portion. High winds and seas and torrential rains resulting in floods and landslides accounted for the loss of life, estimated between 400 and 1,000 
including 200 or more buried in landslides" (MWR).  "The center passed over the western tip of the south peninsula of Haiti during the early morning of October 12, and crossed the 
northwest peninsula that evening.  The western portions of both Haitian peninsula were devastated by the hurricane.  Several towns were almost totally demolished, including Dame 
Marie, Anse d' Hainault, Mole St. Nicolas, and Jean Rabel.  The larger cities of Jeremie, Les Cayes, and Port de Paix suffered severe damage from hurricane winds.  High tides on 
the southern coast from Les Cayes westward added to the destruction. ...  Extreme winds of 125 mph at several places in the western part of the southern peninsula were reported by 
the Coprs d'Aviation, Bowen Field, Port-au-Prince, Haiti" (Rhodes).

October 13: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 20.6N, 73W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane with 85kt winds at 21.0N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
22kt ENE with pressure of 994mb at Great Inagua (20.9N, 73.6W) at 1200 UTC (HWM); 52kt SSW at Mayaguana (22.3N, 72.9W) at 21.30 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 35kt W with pressure of 
1005mb at 17.5N, 73.8W at 0000 UTC (COA); 30kt NNW with pressure of 999mb at 20.2N, 74.3W at 0630 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 100kt with pressure of 974mb at 22.2N, 73.5W at 
2136 UTC (NAVY); 80kt with pressure of 972mb at 21.6N, 73.4W at 1615 UTC (NAVY). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 20N, 73.5W (0 UTC) and at 21N, 
73W with 987mb (12 UTC). "[Hazel] changed course to north then to north-northwest on the 13th, continuing on that course until it passed inland on the North Carolina coast about 
0915 EST of the 15th" (MWR).  "After passing through the Windward Channel the hurricane moved northward and passed directly over the Island of Great Inagua and between Mayaguana 
and Acklin Islands, and passed a short distance east of the remainder of the Bahamas.  A minimum pressure of 29.34 inches and a maximum wind of only 40 mph were reported at Great 
Inagua Island.  The low wind speed was thought to be due to distortion of the hurricane in its passage through the mountainous terrain bordering the Windward Channel.  Damage was 
minor in the Bahamas. Six lives were lost out of a total of 15 aboard a sailboat that capsized when it was trying to take shelter at Inagua" (Rhodes).  "Hazel - October 12-13 - 
Category 1 impact in Cuba" (Perez).

October 14: 
HWM indicates a storm with a pressure of at most 990mb near 25.5N, 74.6W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 105kt winds at 25.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 
52kt SSW at Mayuguana at 0030 UTC (USWB); 30kt ENE with pressure of 992mb at San Salvador at 0930 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 52kt NE with pressure of 988mb at 28.2N, 77.5W at 2130 
UTC (USWB); 26kt N with pressure of 982mb at 33.2N, 77.8W at 2330 UTC (USWB). Aircraft highlight: 52kt SE at 27.8N, 72.5W at 1354 UTC (USWB); 100kt with pressure of 974mb at 22.5N, 
73.4W at 0045 UTC (NAVY). The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 23.1N, 73W (0 UTC) and at 25.5N, 74W with 987mb (12 UTC). "Storm warnings were hoisted 
at 1100 EST on the 14th from Charleston, S.C., northward on the Virginia Capes, and the remainder of the coast northward to New England was placed on the alert by Washington and 
Boston Weather Bureau offices" (MWR). 

October 15: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980mb near 33N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane with 110kt winds at 32.8N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 70kt SW at 
Kinston at 1845 UTC (SWO); 966mb at Spartanburg (34.9N, 81.9W) at 1750 UTC (SWO). Ship highlight: 938 mb and calm at 1530 UTC near Tilghman Point, SC at 33.8N 78.5W from the “Nina 
Fay” (MWR, Seamon); 35kt N with pressure of 972mb at 31.3N, 78.8W at 0800 UTC (USWB); 70kt ENE with pressure of 1006mb at 32.4N, 77.8W at 0000 UTC (COA). Aircraft highlight: No 
gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 28.9N, 76.8W (0 UTC) and at 33.8N, 78.5W with 976mb (12 UTC). “The center of the storm 
struck the coast just north of the border of the two Carolinas sometime after 9 a.m. on the 15th.  Captain Julian Fulford of the shrimp boat ‘Nina Fay’ which was in the vicinity of 
Holden Beach reported the ‘eye’ passed about 11 a.m., with time of passage about 10 or 15 minutes.  At Ocean Isle most people estimated time of passage for the ‘eye’ at 10 minutes.  
Captain Leroy Kinlaw of the fishing boat ‘Judy Ninda’ at Tilgham Point stated that his boat was in the eye at 10:30 a.m., and estimated the time of passage at 30 minutes.  There was 
general agreement among people in the ‘eye’ that the rain ended, clouds thinned but not enough  to permit sunshine, and that there was little or no wind.  As the hurricane continued 
northward through North Carolina the ‘eye’ passed over Shalotte and Bolton and slightly east of Whiteville and Clinton, west of Goldsboro, Wilson and Nashville, and across the 
northern border in or near Warren County into Virginia.  Through most of the State the ‘eye’ appeared to be 20 to 30 miles in width” (Seamon).  “The center passed between 90 and 100 
miles east of Charleston, S. C., about 8 a.m. on the 15th and first touched the United States coast at North Island, S. C.  Then, closely following the coast line, the center gradually 
worked inland with some portion of the ‘eye’ being over the entire length of the coastal area as far as Little River Inlent.  The center passed inland a few miles northeast of Myrtle 
Beach between 9:30 and 10:00 a.m...The storm began affecting the Myrtle Beach area between 6 and 7 a.m. with strong winds from the northeast and north-northeast.  The ‘eye’ passed 
across the city at 9:23 a.m.  It was estimated at approximately 12 miles in diameter and was observed from 9:20 to 9:45 a.m., during which time the tide was reversed and turned to 
the sea” (Rhodes).  "During the 14th and 15th, and until the hurricane passed inland, the highest winds were estimated in all warning messages in excess of 100mph. Wilmington, N.C., 
reported a top gust of 98mph and the fastest mile was 82mph. Minimum pressure there was 28.68in. Myrtle Beach, S.C., reported top gusts of 106 mph and lowest pressure reported of 
28.47in. (This was the lowest pressure reported on land although 27.70in was reported by a fishing boat at Tilgham Point while in the eye of the storm at 10:30 a.m. EST.) Wind 
estimates from several points between Myrtle Beach and Cape Fear varied from 130 to 150mph. The devastation along the North and South Carolina beaches was staggering. Every pier in 
a distance of 170 miles of coastline was demolished and whole lines of beach homes literally disappeared. In some places the tide was over 17ft higher than the mean low water" (MWR). 
"Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States - Carolinas and Georgia - 1954 - Oct. 15 (Hazel) - Carolinas - Extreme [Category 4 or 5] - 20 killed, damage $163,000,000.  Tropical 
Cyclones in the Middle Atlantic States - 1954 - Oct. 15 (Hazel) - All Sections - Major [Category 2 or 3] - 74 killed, damage $88,595,000" (Dunn and Miller).  "1011 mb environmental 
pressure, 114 kt maximum sustained winds at the coast" (Schwerdt et al.).  "Hazel - Oct. 15 - 938 mb central pressure at landfall - 25 nmi RMW - 26 kt forward speed - 33.9N, 78.5W 
landfall point" (Ho et al.)  "1954 Oct SC, NC 4; MD, 2 - 938 mb central pressure - Hazel" (Jarrell et al.)

October 16: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985mb near 51N, 79.5W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 50kt winds at 48.8N, 80.0W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 60kt SE at 
Binghampton (42.1N, 75.9W) at 0246 UTC (SWO); 975mb at Sampson AFB (42.8N, 76.9W) at 0226 UTC (SWO); 984 mb and 12 kt N at Kirkland Lake, Canada (47.7N, 79.8W) at 1130 UTC (USWB). 
990 mb and 12 kt NW at Moosonee, Canada (51.3N, 80.7W) at 1730 UTC (USWB). Ship highlight: 45kt SE with pressure of 998mb at 0000 UTC at 40.1N, 73.4W (COA); 45kt SE with pressure of 
998mb at 40.1N, 73.4W at 0000 UTC. Aircraft highlight: No gales or low pressures. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 42N, 78W (0 UTC) and at 48.8N, 
79.5W with 981mb (12 UTC). "Twenty-one deaths were attributed to Hazel in New York and damage ran in the millions. Heavy rains in the extreme west flooded basements and washed out 
several bridges" (Seamon).  “At this stage [12Z October 15th] cool air was being drawn into the southwest sector of Hazel and marked deepening was occurring north of the hurricane vortex, 
this being reflected by an elongation of the outer isobars along the front.  By 0030Z of October 16th, the remnant of the hurricane center was near Williamsport, Pa., and was no 
longer identifiable as a hurricane vortex.  Meanwhile the cyclonic development on the front was now becoming definable as a marked wave crest over western New York State.  Here it is 
likely significant that hurricane Hazel lost its singular identity southeast of the Alleghenies and that the new low center formed northwest of the mountains. …  Hazel I, the hurricane, 
had now disappeared and Hazel II, the extra-tropical cyclone, now dominated the picture.  Here it should be stressed that the transition from Hazel I to Hazel II was by no means 
discontinuous, but rather a transformation of energy had taken place to produce by 160330Z a storm type of vastly different thermal structure from the one which existed twelve hours 
earlier” (Knox).

October 17: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995mb near 56N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 35kt winds at 54.0N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 43kt SE 993mb at 
55.0N, 780.W at 1200 UTC. No ship or Aircraft data. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones at Sea Level showed a center at 52N, 79W (0 UTC) and at 53.4N, 77.5W with 990mb (12 UTC). 

October 18: 
HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990mb near 61N, 56W. HURDAT lists this as an Extratropical storm with 25kt winds at 58.8N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones 
at Sea Level showed a center at 57N, 72.5W (0 UTC). Station highlight: 993mb at 63.0N, 49.0W at 1200 UTC. No ship or aircraft data. 

No change is made to the genesis of Hazel, though the first report in HURDAT is now begun with a 40 kt intensity rather than 60 kt originally.  Track changes are introduced for the 
entire lifecycle of Hazel, but all are minor adjustments.  A central pressure of 1002 mb with a tiny eye diameter of 4 nm was measured by aircraft reconnaissance at 2037 UTC on the 
5th along with estimated winds of 85 kt.  1002 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 43 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Given the extremely 
tiny size and slightly weighting the estimated winds, the intensities are chosen to be 55 kt at 18 UTC and 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 6th, down from 70 and 75 kt, respectively.  A central 
pressure of 998 mb was observed twice, once with an eye diameter of 10 nm and and once with 5 nm by aircraft at 12 UTC and 1920 UTC.  998 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 
51 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. At 12 and 18 UTC, the intensities are analyzed to be 70 kt due to the tiny size of Hazel - down from 85 kt originally.  (The 
90 kt surface wind estimate from the 12 UTC fix is only lightly weighted in the intensity analysis.)  On the 7th, aircraft measured central pressure of 997 mb with a 7 nm eye at 1153 UTC 
and 994 mb with a 10 nm eye at 1930 UTC.  These pressures suggest maximum winds of 53 and 58 kt, respectively, from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Intensities are set at 
70 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 7th (down from 105 kt originally) due to the small size of Hazel.  (The 110 kt surface wind estimate from the 1153 UTC fix is only lightly weighted in the 
intensity analysis.)  At 12 UTC on the 8th, aircraft reconnaissance measured 986 mb central pressure with an eye diameter of 25 nm.  This suggests maximum winds of 70 kt from the south 
of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Maximum winds chosen to be 75 kt (down from 110 kt originally) from a blend of the deepening the occurred between the 7th and the 8th but also 
accounting for the inner core size of the hurricane becoming larger.  This was the last aircraft penetration for five days until the 13th.  From the 9th until the 12th, Hazel moved 
over the central Caribbean Sea with no ships, aircraft, or land stations within the inner core of strongest winds and lowest pressure.  Thus maximum winds are gradually ramped up from 
75 kt at the 12 UTC on the 8th to the 105 kt originally shown in HURDAT by 12 UTC on the 10th.  The resulting reduction in maximum winds on the 9th (from 115 kt down to 95 kt at 12 UTC) 
is somewhat supported by the ragged and open eye reported from the radar aircraft reports on that date.  By the 10th and 11th, the radar observations suggest a smaller and closed eye, 
suggesting the Category 3 conditions originally shown in HURDAT are reasonable.  

Hazel's landfall in Haiti was disastrous for that country, and while no measured extreme observations were available, retaining Hazel as a 105 kt hurricane at landfall appears to be prudent.  
After passing Haiti (with some weakening likely due to interaction with the mountainous island), Hazel moved slowly off to the north over the Atlantic.  The 994 mb central pressure in HURDAT 
originally at 12 UTC on the 13th is erroneous.  This value was from Great Inagua, but they were not in the eye at the time, so the value is a peripheral measurement.  Aircraft penetrations 
at 1615 UTC (13th), 2136 UTC (13th), and 0045 UTC (14th) measured 972 mb, 974 mb with an eye diameter of 17 nm, and 974 mb with an eye diameter of 15 nm, respectively.  These central 
pressures suggest maximum winds of 88, 85, and 85 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  85 kt at 18 UTC on the 13th and at 00 UTC on the 14th are chosen for HURDAT, the same 
as original at 18 UTC and down from 90 kt originally at 00 UTC.  

No further aircraft penetrations were available for the next 36 hours until landfall in the Carolinas.  It is of note that there are two conflicting versions of what happened.  The first 
is given by Seamon in the October 1954 Climatological Data National Summary.  This version states that a 20-30 mile wide eye made landfall between Wilmington and Little River Inlet.  
This track is supported by the well-known pressure report of 938 mb at Tilgham Point/Little River Inlet and a second pressure of 945 mb at Holden Beach Bridge, North Carolina.  The 
second version, given by Rhodes in the 1954 Climatological Data Annual Summary, has a 12 mile wide eye making landfall just northeast of Myrtle Beach with the eastern edge right at the 
Little River Inlet.  This version is supported by the radar fixes from the last aircraft mission, which placed the center near or over Myrtle Beach.  A landfall point of 33.9N 78.6W is 
based upon all of the available observations including Navy radar fixes, pressure measurements, and eyewitness accounts of the eye.  This is in South Carolina, just west of the South 
Carolina-North Carolina border.  However, Rhodes’ suggestion that the center made landfall at North Island (79.3W) is not supported by any available information.  Perhaps he was attempting 
to indicate where the eye first reached the coast (which is likely to be true).  Landfall also did not occur at Myrtle Beach as the wind and pressure reports from that station, while 
incomplete, indicate that the station was inside the RMW but not near the center.  Additionally, Rhodes’ estimate of a 12 mile wide eye is too small.  The Navy reconnaissance reported 
18 nm diameter eye at 07Z, which was about eight hours before landfall.  The locations that reported a lull or calm inside the RMW suggested as large as a 40 nm diameter to the eye or 
maximum winds.  Finally, the wind reports from Myrtle Beach suggest an RMW of about 20 nm, which is the value analyzed for Hazel’s RMW at landfall.  A ship at the Carolina's coast 
reported a central pressure in the eye of Hazel of 938 mb at 1530 UTC on the 15th.  Assuming that the 938 mb is the central pressure at landfall (which agrees with Ho et al. and Jarrell 
et al.), this value suggests maximum winds of 116 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The RMW size being about the same as climatology for this pressure 
and latitude (23 nm) and fast moving (~25 kt at landfall) would argue for a slightly stronger wind for this pressure, while the roughly 1008 mb outer closed isobar would suggest slightly 
less winds.  Winds are thus estimated to be 115 kt at landfall, keeping it a Category 4 hurricane.  As Hazel made landfall just west of the North Carolina/South Carolina border, it is 
analyzed that both South Carolina and North Carolina were impacted along the coast by the peak (Category 4) winds.  The winds in HURDAT are revised downward adjusted at 06 UTC from 120 kt 
to 115 kt, but up slightly at 12 UTC on the 15th from 110 kt to 115 kt.  After landfall, peak observed winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times were 70 kt at Kinston, NC around 18 UTC 
on the 15th and 60 kt at Philadelphia, PA around 00 UTC on the 16th.  A run of the Kaplan/DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 68 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th, though the system was 
judged to be extratropical at that point (unchanged from originally in HURDAT), so the Kaplan/DeMaria model may not be very applicable by this time.  80 kt are retained in HURDAT at 
18 UTC on the 15th.  Given the extratropical transition occurring around 18 UTC on the 15th while the system was over North Carolina, impacts farther north would not be considered as 
a tropical cyclone.  It should be noted that observed 1 min hurricane force winds were also observed in Virginia and Washington D.C., and likely also occurred in Maryland, Pennsylvania, 
and New York as well.  Thus the "MD2" (Maryland - Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category 2) originally in HURDAT is removed.  A couple of analyzed central pressures of 982 mb and 988 mb 
were added for 12 and 18 UTC on the 16th based upon land-based observations.  

The extratropical transition accounts in the historical records differ considerably.  In the Seamon, Rhodes and MWR descriptions, Hazel transformed into a powerful extratropical cyclone 
while moving quickly northward over the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.  In contrast, Knox analyzed that the Hazel vortex dissipated around 00 UTC on the 15th in south 
central Pennsylvania, while a new extratropical cyclone formed in western New York.  Hourly observations were obtained from the region and analyzed, providing more data temporally and 
spatially than Knox had access to.  The 2230Z October 15th map reveals the Hazel vortex was located near Washington, D.C. with cold frontal boundaries extending eastward and southward 
from the center as well as a stationary frontal boundary and considerable troughing extending north of Hazel.  An hour later, the Hazel vortex could be seen at the Maryland-Pennsylvania 
border with considerably lower pressures along the stationary frontal boundary to the north.  At 0030Z October 16th, the 984 mb pressure contour describes a large crescent shaped low 
extending from Lake Ontario down to the Pennsylvania-Maryland border.  Despite the large amount of station data, it is unclear if there were two well-defined, separate lows – one in 
central Pennsylvania and one in western New York – or whether only one elongated, but very deep, low existed.  Another hour later by 0130Z, the system consolidated into a single, 
well-defined low centered over western New York.  Because the secondary low was apparently not well-defined, because it was transient (only an hour or two), and because the synoptic-scale 
cyclone that Hazel evolved into remained coherent late on the 15th and early on the 16th, the extratropical portion of Hazel’s track on these dates is retained similar to that indicated 
originally.  Post-tropical Hazel was finally later absorbed by a larger extratropical low by 12 UTC on the 18th, thus the last position in HURDAT is indicated to be 06 UTC on the 18th, 
six hours earlier than originally shown. 
*******************************************************************************

Unnamed Tropical Storm 10 [November 16-21, 1954]

37865 11/16/1954 M= 6 10 SNBR= 833 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0 
37865 11/16/1954 M= 6 15 SNBR= 833 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0 
                      **
                     
37870 11/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*237 438  30    0*
37870 11/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*237 435  30    0*
                                                                   ***
 
37875 11/17*238 445  35    0*239 450  40    0*239 455  45    0*239 462  45    0* 
37875 11/17*238 445  30    0*239 455  30    0*239 463  35    0*237 470  35    0* 
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

37880 11/18*239 470  45    0*240 475  45    0*240 480  45    0*240 486  45    0* 
37880 11/18*235 475  35    0*237 479  35    0*240 484  35    0*242 490  35 1005* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

37885 11/19*240 492  45    0*240 499  45    0*240 507  45    0*240 516  45    0* 
37885 11/19*243 495  30    0*245 501  30    0*246 507  30    0*244 515  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

37890 11/20*240 525  45    0*243 533  45    0*248 541  45    0*252 548  45    0* 
37890 11/20*241 523  30    0*241 530  30    0*243 536  30    0*245 541  30    0* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

37895 11/21*255 556  45    0*256 563  40    0*258 571  30    0*256 578  25    0* 
37895 11/21*246 551  30    0*248 558  30    0*250 565  30    0*252 572  25    0* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***    

37900 TS  

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, 
and the COADS ship database.


November 16:
HWM analyzes a warm front between 23N and 35N and near 43W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 23.9N, 43.8W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1009 mb at 
18Z near 23.9N, 41.2W (COADS).


November 17:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.5N, 46.5W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 23.9N, 45.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights:15 kt N and 1011 mb 
at 0Z near 24.2N, 46.2W (COADS). 15 kt SE and 1013 mb at 0Z near 22.0N, 42.9W (COADS). 25 kt SE and 1012 mb at 0Z near 23.2N, 39.9W (COADS). 15 kt N and 1010 mb at 06Z near 23.5N, 
47.0W (COADS). 25 kt N and 1011 mb at 12Z near 23.9N, 48.8W (HWM). 30 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12Z near 27.0N, 47.0W (COADS). 15 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 18Z near 22.0N, 48.7W (COADS).

November 18:
HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.1N, 47.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 48.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1013 mb 
at 0Z near 28.3N, 49.4W. 10 kt NW and 1010 mb at 0Z near 21.4N, 49.3W. 15 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 06Z near 27.2N, 46.2W. 15 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 12Z at 22.9N 47.8W.  10 kt E and 
1008 mb at 12Z at 26.3N 47.6W. 10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 18Z near 25.4N, 49.1W. 15 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 18Z near 23.9N, 49.2W. All observations from COADS.

November 19:
HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 24.5N, 49.8W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.0N, 50.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 10 kt ENE and 1008 mb 
at 0Z near 24.5N, 50.6W. 10 kt NW and 1008 mb at 06Z near 23.6N, 51.9W. 25 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z near 26.5N, 53.4W. 10 kt NNW and 1011 mb at 12Z near 22.6N, 53.3W. 20 kt NE and 
1009 mb at 18Z near 25.3N, 52.9W. All observations from COADS.

November 20:
HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.1N, 54.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 24.8N, 54.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 15 kt NE and 1012 mb 
at 0Z near 24.5N, 53.4W. 30 kt ENE and 1015 mb at 06Z near 29.1N, 55.3W. 15 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12Z near 24.6N, 57.9W. 15 kt NE and 1011 mb at 18Z near 25.2N, 56.6W. All 
observations from COADS.

November 21:
HWM analyses a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.7N, 55.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 25.8N, 57.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
of at most 1011 mb at 12Z near 22.5N, 60.5W. Ship highlights: 30 kt SE and 1012 mb at 0Z near 25.6N, 51.7W. 15 kt NE and 1011 mb at 0Z near 26.0N, 55.5W. 30 kt S and 1013 mb at 12Z 
near 24.5N, 53.8W. 30 kt SE and 1019 mb at 18Z near 25.6N, 51.7W. All observations from COADS.

No changes are made to the genesis time of this late season tropical storm.  Minor track changes are introduced for the six day duration of this system.  Numerous observations from 
ships on the 17th to the 21st indicate that the cyclone was weaker than the 45 kt shown in HURDAT for those dates.  Based upon a 30 kt NE ship observation at 12Z on the 17th, an 
intensity of 35 kt is estimated at that time.  This time is now the new onset of tropical storm intensity, twelve hours later than originally shown.  A few other 30 kt ship reports 
were observed between that date and the 21st, but no gales were reported during the lifetime of this system.  A central pressure of 1005 mb is analyzed at 18Z on the 18th, from a 
ship with 1006 mb and 10 kt ENE and another ship close by with 1007 mb and 15 kt WSW.  1005 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship and 34 kt from the north of 25N relationship.  Given the structure with strongest winds 100-250 nm from the center (resembling a subtropical cyclone), 
intensity at this time is analyzed to be 35 kt, which could be somewhat generous.  Numerous observations of higher pressure and lower winds on the 19th and the 20th strongly suggest 
that the cyclone weakened and the intensity is analyzed to be 30 kt for all of the times of those two dates, down from 45 kt originally in HURDAT.  Thus the new peak intensity of this 
system is 35 kt from 12Z on the 17th until 18Z on the 18th, down from 45 kt originally.  It is to be noted that there were no explicit tropical storm force winds observed in the 
reanalysis effort and it is possible that this system never truly achieved tropical storm intensity.  However, the ship observations are not complete and therefore it is not conclusive 
in removing the system from HURDAT.  Further weakening occurred on the 21st, as the cyclone opened up to a trough after 18Z.  No change to the dissipation stage is indicated.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Alice [December 30 – January 6, 1954-1955]

37905 12/30/1954 M= 8 11 SNBR= 834 ALICE       XING=0 SSS=0                    L
37905 12/30/1954 M= 8 16 SNBR= 834 ALICE       XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                      **
 
37910 12/30*  0   0   0    0*221 509  30    0*220 516  35 1007*216 524  40    0* 
37915 12/31*213 533  50    0*210 543  55    0*206 552  65    0*203 560  65    0* 
37920 01/01*201 568  65    0*199 574  65    0*197 581  65    0*193 592  65    0* 
37920 01/01*201 568  70    0*199 574  70    0*197 581  75    0*193 592  80    0* 
                     **               **               **               **

37925 01/02*188 605  65    0*184 616  65    0*180 624  65    0*178 628  65    0* 
37925 01/02*188 605  80    0*185 616  75    0*183 624  70    0*181 628  65  991* 
                     **      ***      **      ***      **      ***          ***

37930 01/03*176 632  70    0*173 636  70    0*170 640  70    0*165 647  70    0* 
37930 01/03*178 632  60    0*174 636  60    0*168 641  55  999*163 647  55    0* 
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **  *** ***      **

37935 01/04*160 653  65    0*155 652  65    0*151 649  55    0*147 644  50    0* 
37935 01/04*159 650  50 1000*155 652  45    0*151 650  40    0*147 648  35    0* 
            *** ***  ** ****          **          ***  **          ***  **

37940 01/05*144 640  40    0*140 636  35    0*136 633  30    0*133 631  25    0* 
37940 01/05*144 648  35    0*140 648  30    0*136 650  25    0*133 650  25    0* 
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***    

37945 01/06*130 630  25    0*128 630  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
37945 01/06*130 650  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
                ***          *** ***  **

37950 HR
 

International Landfalls
1/2/1955 – 21Z – 18.0N 63.0W – 65 kt – 991 mb - St. Martin

Major changes to both the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather 
Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book (ATSR), and three Monthly Weather Review articles (the 1955 hurricane season summary, Colon 
(1956), and O’Neill and Jordan (1962)).

December 29:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 49.5W. HURDAT does not analyze this system. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 1015 mb at 00Z near 23.9N, 
45.1W. 30 kt ENE and 1015 mb at 12Z near 21.3N, 53.8W. 35 kt ENE and 1013 mb at 18Z near 22.1N, 52.7W. All observations from COADS.

December 30:
HWM analyzes a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 22.0N, 52.7W. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.0N, 51.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE 
and 1008 mb at 06Z near 22.7N, 51.7W. 30 kt SE and 1010 mb at 12Z near 23.6N, 50.5W. 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 12Z near 23.7N, 50.9W. 40 kt E and 1011 mb at 18Z near 23.9N, 
50.0W. 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 18Z near 21.5N, 53.6W. All observations from COADS. “A low pressure of extra-tropical or nature was noted some 600 miles northeast of the 
Leeward Islands on December 30 …” (MWR) “The first tropical disturbance of the 1955 season was first detected as an easterly wave, labeled locally “December 1,” on 
30 December 1954 (Figure A-5).” (ATSR)

December 31:
HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.5N, 54.2W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.6N, 55.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
system located near 20.0N, 55.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1007 mb at 00Z near 22.0N, 53.0W. 30 kt E and 1014 mb at 00Z near 24.8N, 49.9W. 20 kt SW and 1006 mb 
at 06Z near 20.1N, 54.7W. 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z near 21.2N, 55.7W. 30 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 18Z near 22.0N, 57.0W. All observations from COADS. 

January 1:
HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 58.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 19.7N, 58.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
system near 19.2N, 57.6W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 00Z near 22.7N, 58.1W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 21.3N, 60.0W (COADS). 25 kt NNE 
and 1008 mb at 18Z near 19.6N, 61.6W (COADS). 30 kt E and 1009 mb at 18Z near 21.8N, 59.1W (COADS). 70 kt W (note that microfilm interpreted “wind 12” as being 75 kt) and 
987 mb at 1919Z near 19.2N, 59.2W; “west wind 12, barometer 987, temperature 66, visibility nil” (MWR). 47 kt and 998 mb at 2330Z (MWR).  “… on January 1 it reached hurricane 
intensity with definite tropical characteristics.” (MWR) “This very rare wintertime disturbance moved westward at about 12 knots until 1830Z on 1 January (Figure A-11), when 
it became apparent that a vortex, possibly of tropical storm intensity, had formed in the Atlantic Caribbean area for the 1st time of record.” (ATSR)

January 2:
HWM analyses a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.5N, 62.0W. HURDAT lists this as a 65 kt hurricane at 18.0N, 62.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure system 
near 18.5N, 62.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1011 mb at 00Z near 20.5N, 60.2W (COADS). 45 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 00Z near 18.6N, 60.5W (COADS). 25 kt ENE and 
1006 mb at 06Z near 19.7N, 61.8W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1007 mb at 06Z near 19.6N, 61.7W (COADS). 30 kt NE and 1009 mb at 12Z near 18.7N, 63.1W (COADS). 45 kt E and 1010 mb 
at 15Z near 20.0N, 61.4W (MICRO). 35 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 15Z near 19.1N, 63.2W (MICRO). 35 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 15Z near 18.4N, 63.5W (MICRO). 40 kt NE and 1003 mb at 18Z 
near 18.4N, 63.5W (COADS). 30 kt N and 1005 mb at 18Z near 17.7N, 64.2W (COADS). 1002 mb at 18Z near 17.2N, 64.1W (COADS). Land highlights: 991 mb at Sint Maarten (MWR). 
991 mb at St. Barthelemy, maximum winds 35 kt S (MWR). 60-70 kt and 997 mb at 12Z at St. Barthelemy (MICRO). 10 kt W and 1008 mb at 12Z at St. Kitts (MICRO). 10 kt S and 
1007 mb at 12Z at Antigua (MICRO). 15 kt SW and 1004 mb at 18Z at St. Kitts (MICRO). 25 kt W and 1004 mb at 18Z at St. Eustatius (MICRO). St. Kitts reported 25-35 kt, SW 
winds and 1002.4 mb (MWR). St. Eustatius reported 1001.4 mb (MWR).  “It moved on a west-southwestward course passing through the Leeward Islands on January 2. An estimated 
wind of 75 mph was reported at St. Kitts and the last observation from St. Barthélemy indicated wind speeds ranging from 69 to 81 mph. Winds of hurricane intensity were 
observed at other points.” (MWR) “Confirmation of “Tropical Storm Alice” came on 2 January via a delayed report from a US Naval Ship which reported maximum observed surface 
winds of 47 knots and an eye with a spiral weather band clearly defined on radar. Coordination was effected with the San Juan Weather Bureau Office and Warning Number One on 
“Tropical Storm Alice” was released as of 021900Z, locating the center near St. Barthelemy, Leeward Islands.” (ATSR) “ The maximum wind velocity reported from a land station 
was 38 knots at St. Barthelemy late on 2 January 1955.” (ATSR)

January 3:
HWM analyses a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 16.3N, 64.4W. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a hurricane of at most 
1002 mb at 12Z near 16.7N, 64.2W. Ship highlights: 40 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 00Z near 17.1N, 64.0W. 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 19.8N, 69.5W. 30 kt NE and 1012 mb at 06Z 
near 21.2N, 67.3W. 25 kt W and 1006 mb at 06Z near 16.0N, 64.4W. 20 kt NE and 1001 mb at 09Z near 19.9N, 64.4W. 30 kt NNW and 1008 mb at 12Z near 16.5N, 65.0W. 25 kt SE and 
1007 mb at 18Z near 17.2N, 64.5W. All observations from COADS. Land Highlights: 15 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00Z at St. Kitts. 20 kt NE and 1008 mb at 06Z at St. Thomas. All 
observations from microfilm. Aircraft Highlights: Air Force center fix at 1355Z at 16.6N, 64.2W with 999 mb central pressure and 55 kt max winds (MICRO, ATSR). NAVY center 
fix at 2100Z at 16.1N, 65.2W with 1000 mb central pressure and 50 kt max winds (MICRO, ATSR). NAVY center fix at 2215Z at 16.1N, 65.5W (ATSR). “On January 3, aircraft 
reconnaissance reported maximum winds of 86 mph and a dropsonde in the eye confirmed the warm-core system. After January 3, the hurricane diminished rapidly in intensity.” (MWR) 
“On 3 January, weather reconnaissance aircraft found a poorly defined eye, visually and on radar, with maximum winds of about 55 knots.” (ATSR)

January 4:
HWM analyses a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.6N, 64.9W. HURDAT lists this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 15.1N, 64.9W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a low pressure 
system of at most 1011 mb at 12Z near 15.4N, 64.9W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1012 mb at 00Z near 16.6N, 68.7W. 30 kt S and 1007 mb at 12Z near 15.2N, 63.9W. 30 kt N and 
1008 mb at 18Z near 15.2N, 66.1W. 20 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z near 14.1N, 65.1W. All observations from COADS. Aircraft Highlights: NAVY center fix at 1346Z at 15.1N, 64.8W 
with 30-35 kt (ATSR). “On 4 January, U.S. Navy reconnaissance aircraft reported only scattered showers with a weak wind circulation center near 15N and 65W. Maximum winds 
were now only 30 to 35 knots in squalls some distance from the circulation center. The final warning on “Tropical Storm Alice” was issued on 041600Z.” (ATSR)

January 5:
HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 13.6N, 63.3W at 12Z. HWM and microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1009 mb at 00Z 
near 16.5N, 65.0W. 15 kt N and 1009 mb at 00Z near 14.5N, 65.0W. 10 kt N and 1008 mb at 06Z near 13.8N, 65.9W. 15 kt NE and 1009 mb at 06Z near 16.0N, 65.0W. 15 kt W and 
1009 mb at 18Z near 13.0N, 64.9W. All observations from COADS.

January 6:
HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 12.8N, 63.0W at 06Z. HWM and microfilm does not show an organized system. Ship highlights: 20 kt NE and 1014 mb at 00Z 
near 14.7N, 66.6W. 15 kt NNW and 1010 mb at 00Z near 12.9N, 65.6W. 15 kt N and 1011 mb at 06Z near 12.7N, 67.1W. All observations from COADS.

“The records do indicate, however, that a winter hurricane of somewhat similar origin passed through the Leeward Islands on March 8, 1908, with Basseterre, St. Kitts, 
reporting a minimum pressure of 29.28 inches. Columbus described several of the winter storms encountered by him on his journeys to the New World as “hurricanes.” Brooks [4],
 however, has found they were probably normal winter storms. Occasional winter hurricanes do occur in the Pacific Ocean and tropical Lows are more rarely observed in the 
Atlantic, but it is most unusual for one of the latter to reach full hurricane intensity during the winter season. Possibly this may be another consequence of the general 
warming observed during the past several decades. There was no loss of life from Alice and damage is estimated at around $100,000. The rainfall was beneficial in Puerto Rico 
where it alleviated a dry period which had persisted since the middle of the previous October.” (MWR)

““Alice” was believed to be of hurricane intensity but from post analysis it never appeared to have attained winds greater than 55 knots. From inception, “Alice” moved on 
a southwesterly course at speeds ranging from 5 to 10 knots. The flow at the 500 mb level indicated a more west-southwest movement of “Alice” with possible movement more 
westerly as the storm moved across the Caribbean. The exact flow at the 200 mb level over the Caribbean was doubtful, reports were sparse and at times, non-existent, therefore 
it can only be conjecture as to what really caused “Alice” to swing to the southwest and finally weaken and dissipate while moving slowly south to southeast. “Alice” was never 
a very large circulation. Further weakening was due to the southerly component of motion plus the lack of sufficient divergence aloft to maintain the circulation. As far as 
is known, no damage to shipping or shore installations resulted from “Alice.”” (ATSR)

No change to the genesis of this rare out-of-season hurricane, which likely formed from an old frontal boundary that had pushed quite far equatorward.  No track changes were 
introduced for the first three days of its lifecycle.  Minor alterations were made on the 2nd to the 5th of January and a large change was introduced for the very last position 
kept in HURDAT due to additional ship observations not available to earlier analyses.  Only one central pressure was in HURDAT originally for this system – 1007 mb at 12Z on the 
30th of December.  While no such observation could be located to confirm it, this value appears to be in the right ballpark so it is retained.  A believable 40 kt ship with 
1011 mb pressure at 18Z on the 30th was obtained.  No change to the intensity of 40 kt listed in HURDAT at that time and no change to the timing of upgrade to a tropical storm 
(12Z on the 30th) were made.  Little inner core data was available on the 31st and the transition to hurricane intensity at 12Z on that date is retained.  At 1919Z on the 
1st of January, the ship Arawak reported 70 kt W wind with 987 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure suggests peak winds of at least 68 kt from the Brown et al. south of 
25N pressure-wind relationship.  Additionally, radar imagery from a separate ship – the USS Midway – depicted a complete eyewall of 25 nm diameter just a few hours later.  
This suggests an RMW of about 15-20 nm, which is nearly the same as climatology (16 nm – Vickery et al. 2000) for its latitude and a central pressure ~980mb.  The intensity 
is estimated to be 80 kt at 18Z on the 1st and 00Z on the 2nd, which is the new peak for the cyclone’s lifetime (previously the lifetime peak was 70 kt on the 3rd).  On the 
2nd, the hurricane had begun weakening and passed over St. Martin and St. Barthelemy with 991 mb pressure and near calm winds reported.  While the time of these observations 
was not given, it is likely that these were just after 18Z on the 2nd and 991 mb is added to HURDAT as a central pressure.  This central pressure suggests winds of 62 kt.   
Observations from the Leeward Islands were confused as various articles from the Monthly Weather Review are contradictory.  For example, “estimated wind of 75 m.p.h. was 
reported at St. Kitts” in the seasonal summary published in December 1955, though Colon’s table in the January 1956 article showed “force 6-8” (25-35 kt).  Likewise, the 
seasonal summary had 69 to 81 m.p.h. (likely converted from 60-70 kt) at St. Barthelemy, while Colon showed a maximum wind of only 35 kt for the same location.  Colon did 
report strongest wind of 75 m.p.h. estimated at Saba.  An intensity of 65 kt at 18Z is selected, which is the same as HURDAT previously.  A landfall is indicated for 
St. Martin around 21Z on the 2nd near 18.0N 63.0W and Category 1 sustained hurricane force winds likely occurred in St. Martin, Anguilla, Saba, and St. Barthelemy.  As the 
cyclone moved into the northeastern Caribbean Sea, it continued weakening.  Two aircraft reconnaissance flights were undertaken on the 3rd and one on the 4th.  At 1355Z on 
the 3rd, the Air Force reconnaissance reported 999 mb central pressure, a poorly defined eye of 15 nm diameter (suggesting an RMW of ~10-15 nm), and estimated maximum flight 
level winds of 55 kt as seen in the microfilm.  (It is noted that the MWR summary article stated that winds of 86 m.p.h. were reported from reconnaissance.  However, this is 
contradicted by all of the remaining reports.)  999 mb central pressure suggests winds of 49 kt.  55 kt is reanalyzed for the intensity at 12Z and 18Z on the 3rd (in part due 
to the small size) down originally from 70 kt.  A 2110Z Navy center fix from the same day measured 1000 mb central pressure and estimated maximum flight level winds of 50 kt.  
This central pressure suggests maximum winds of 47 kt.  50 kt is analyzed for 00Z (again slightly boosted because of the small size), down from 65 kt originally.  The revised 
intensities are lowered to below hurricane force at 00Z on the 3rd, 36 hours earlier than in HURDAT originally.  The last reconnaissance at 1346Z on the 4th by the Navy gave no 
central pressure, but did indicate that the highest estimated flight-level winds were down 30 to 35 kt.  The intensity is reduced to 40 kt at 12Z on the 4th, down from 55 kt 
originally.  While the intensity was dropped by at least 15 kt between 12Z on the 3rd to 18Z on the 4th, only one synoptic time – 06Z on the 4th - had a 20 kt reduction, a major 
change.  Observations on the 5th and 6th over the eastern Caribbean continued to indicate gradual weakening and the cyclone is analyzed to have degraded to a depression around 
06Z on the 5th (six hours earlier than originally) and dissipated after 00Z on the 6th (also six hours earlier than originally).  The genesis and track of this rare December-January 
hurricane is analogous to Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 and Tropical Storm Olga in 2007.  It is also of note that in January 1951 yet another out-of-season cyclone developed, which 
has been reanalyzed to be a tropical storm.
*******************************************************************************

1954 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm depict a low pressure system northeast of the Leeward Islands with gale-force winds that moved generally northeast before becoming absorbed 
by a cold front. On the 25th of January, the tail-end of a frontal boundary was located north of Puerto Rico and by the 26th, a 1015 mb low pressure had developed north of the
 Leeward Islands on the tail of the frontal boundary. HWM also depicts on the 26th a trough or wave extending from 20N to 10N along 57W. These systems interacted and on the 27th, 
HWM shows a 1010 mb low pressure along the northern part of the trough near 23N 57W. By this time, HWM indicates that the frontal boundary had dissipated. On the 28th, the system 
continued slowly moving north or northwest. The first gales associated with this disturbance appear at 18Z on the 28th. COADS shows a 35 kt ship near 27.1N 52.5W and another 35 kt 
ship near 23.2N 50.2W. Other available data at this time indicate that a low pressure may have been present but is not sufficient to close it. On the 29th, a strong cold front moved 
across the area and absorbed the system. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roth’s 
list of suspects.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jan. 27  23N  57W     Subtropical Depression
Jan. 28  25N  59W     Subtropical Storm?
Jan. 29  33N  55W     Extratropical


2) Historical Weather Maps depicts an extratropical low pressure system meandering over the north Atlantic for almost two weeks during the 2nd and 3rd week of April. The system is 
first shown on the 13th near 40N 55W associated with an eastward-moving cold front. Over the next few days, the strong extratropical cyclone drifts to the northeast and on the 16th, 
HWM shows a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 44N 51W. Over the next 2 days it moves to the southeast and on the 18th it’s located near 35N 45W. At this time, HWM shows that the 
cold front associated with the disturbance has begun to dissipate as it evolves into a large occluded cyclone of at most 1005 mb. Over the next 3 days, the low pressure drift to the 
southeast and continues to show a large circulation associated with a non-tropical cyclone. On the 22nd it’s located near 32N 43W as a cold front is approaching from the northwest. 
HWM shows an elongated low pressure system, likely as a response to the approaching cold front. The circulation remains broad and gale-force winds are depicted over 200 miles away 
from the center, indicating that the system is likely non-tropical. By the 23th, the system is gone from HWM, likely absorbed by the cold front. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; 
but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roth’s list of suspects.
DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr. 21  32N  42W     Extratropical
Apr. 22  32N  43W     Subtropical Storm?
Apr. 23  41N  29W     Extratropical


3) Historical Weather Maps depicts an extratropical cyclone embedded within a cold front near 47N 30W. The non-tropical system moved south over the next 3 days and on the 19th of May 
it’s located near 41N 31W. By this time, HWM shows that the frontal system has dissipated and the storm has developed into an occluded cyclone of at most 1010 mb. Over the next few days, 
the cyclone moves southwest and weakens until dissipation by the 26th over the central Atlantic. Gale-force winds are reported by a ship on the 20th but this ship is about 4 degrees of 
longitude to the west of the center of the cyclone, an indication that the strongest winds are away from the low pressure, which is normal in non-tropical cyclones. Therefore, it is 
not added to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. This system is on David Roth’s list of suspects.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 19   41N  31W     Subtropical Depression
May 20   39N  30W     Subtropical Storm?
May 21   38N  30W     Subtropical Storm?
May 22   35N  33W     Subtropical Depression
May 23   33N  36W     Subtropical Depression
May 24   30N  37W     Subtropical Depression
May 25   27N  43W     Subtropical Depression


4) Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary cold front over the central Atlantic on the 21st of June. The system slowly moves to the east and on the 23rd a low pressure of at most 
1020 mb is shown near 32N 54W. On the 24th, HWM shows a trough of low pressure extending from 35N to 25N and along 54W. At 18Z on the 24th, there is some indication that a small low 
pressure could have been located near 33N 53W. HWM shows a 30 kt ship near 33.7N 51.2W but microfilm shows 40 kt in relation to the same ship. Unfortunately, there is not enough data 
to close the low pressure. At 0Z on the 25th the low pressure looks better defined based on the plotted COADS’ data and could have been located near 34.5N 53W. But at this time there 
are no gales or low pressures to indicate that it was a tropical storm. Later on the day, a cold front approaching from the west absorbs the small system. Therefore, it is not added 
to HURDAT; but it might be considered as a possible tropical storm.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
June 23  32N  54W     Tropical Depression
June 24  33N  53W     Tropical Storm?
June 25  35N  32W     Absorbed
5) Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm depict a cold front between Bermuda and the SE United States on the last week of July. By the 28th, a low pressure had formed along the cold 
front or trough and it was moving to the southwest. By the 29th, the system turns to the west while ships in the area indicate that the surface pressures were rising. By July 31, 
the weakened system was approaching the coast and appears to have dissipated by August 1st. No gales appear on COADS, HWM or Microfilm. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. This 
system is on David Roth’s list of suspects.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
July 28  35N  71W     Extratropical
July 29  31N  73W     Subtropical Depression
July 30  31N  76W     Subtropical Depression
July 31  30N  80W     Subtropical Depression


6) Historical Weather Maps, the microfilm maps, COADS, and Monthly Weather Review observations indicate that a system that was originally in HURDAT indicated to be the early portion 
of Hurricane Edna on the 2nd through the 4th of September was instead a separate tropical depression.  The cyclone formed east of the Lesser Antilles on the 1st of September and moved 
due westward over the next three days before dissipating over northern South America late on the 4th.  It is noted that an invest mission was flown into this system on 3 September.  
No gales or low pressures were observed from this system, but it is possible that it reached tropical storm intensity at some point during its lifetime.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep 1    11N  54W     Tropical Depression
Sep 2    11N  56W     Tropical Depression
Sep 3    11N  62W     Tropical Depression
Sep 4    11N  65W     Tropical Depression


7) Historical Weather Map and Microfilm depict a trough or low pressure system over the Gulf of Mexico that moved generally to the west during the first week of October. Three flights 
made by the NAVY aircrafts indicate that the disturbance had a closed low-level circulation but no winds of gale force were measured. Reconnaissance aircraft did report 1006 mb on 
2 October.  No gales were observed in COADS and only one 35-kt ship appears on microfilm on October 3rd at 18Z. Due to the lack of evidence of tropical storm force winds, this system 
is not added to HURDAT but it may have been a weak tropical storm. This system is on Jack Beven’s and David Roth’s list of suspects.
DAY        LAT  LON     STATUS
October 2  23N  85W     Tropical Depression
October 3  24N  93W     Tropical Depression
October 4  27N  97W     Tropical Depression
October 5  28N 101W     Dissipated


8) Historical Weather Map depicts a cold front on the 26th in the Central Atlantic. A low pressure develops near 29N, 57W along the frontal boundary on the 27th. On the 28th, the 
system is located near 31N, 52W and although the HWM shows it associated with a frontal feature; ships in the area indicate that the front may have already dissipated. On the 29th 
at 0Z, a stationary ship at 35N, 48W reported 35 kt but it reports the lowest central pressure of 1011 mb nine hours later and 25 kt. On the 29th at 12Z, the well-defined low 
pressure was located near 36N, 46W and a strong cold front was approaching from the northwest. By the 30th, the low pressure had become embedded with the cold front. It’s possible 
that this system was a tropical storm but at the moment there’s insufficient data and won’t be added to HURDAT.

DAY         LAT  LON     STATUS
October 27  24N  57W     Low Pressure
October 28  31N  52W     Tropical Depression
October 29  36N  46W     Tropical Storm?
October 30  37N  45W     Extratropical


9) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and Microfilm depict a low pressure system in the Gulf of Mexico during the second week of November that moved generally north 
and became an extratropical cyclone before moving over the southeast. A cold front dropped into the Gulf of Mexico on the first week of November and a low pressure is depicted in 
the HWM on the 12th near 22N, 93W. MWR shows the system located near 24N, 92W. Ship and land reports show a cold airmass over the western Gulf of Mexico. The cold air subsided over 
the next few days as the system moved north, but it remained too cold to allow for subtropical or tropical transition before frontogenesis took place on the 15th. Therefore, this 
system is not added to HURDAT. This system is on Jack Beven’s list of suspects.


10) Historical Weather Maps depict an extratropical low pressure on the third week of December over the north Atlantic. The system moves southeast and becomes occluded by the 20th 
near 31N, 45W. Gale-force winds where present but temperature reports from nearby ships indicate that the low pressure remained embedded within a cold airmass and the system never 
transitioned to a subtropical or tropical storm. Therefore, this system is not added to HURDAT. This system is on David Roth’s list of suspects.
*******************************************************************************

Tropical Storm Brenda [July 31 – August 3, 1955]

38600 07/31/1955 M= 4  1 SNBR= 846 BRENDA      XING=1 SSS=0                     

38605 07/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 884  50    0*
38605 07/31*  0   0   0    0*275 875  30    0*276 879  40    0*278 882  50    0*
                                      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

38610 08/01*282 886  55    0*288 888  60    0*293 890  60    0*299 895  55    0*
38610 08/01*282 884  60    0*286 886  60    0*293 890  60    0*299 895  55    0*
                ***  **      *** ***                               

38615 08/02*306 904  45    0*311 916  35    0*315 928  30    0*318 938  25    0*
38615 08/02*306 904  40    0*311 916  30    0*315 928  25    0*318 938  25    0*
                     **               **               **

38620 08/03*321 950  25    0*325 962  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
38620 08/03*322 947  25    0*327 950  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **

38625 TS 

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall
-------------------------------------
08/01 17Z 29.7N 89.4W 55 kt LA

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, the Local Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, Connor (1956) and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book.

July 30:
HWM and HURDAT does not analyze an organized system. Microfilm analyzes a low pressure centered near 27.5N, 84.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1010 mb located near 30.5N, 87.2W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

July 31:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 88.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 27.5N, 88.4W at 18Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 27.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 27.3N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt WNW and 1014 mb at 12Z 
near 26.6N, 87.8W (COADS). 45 kt SW and 1014 mb at 15Z near 26.9N, 87.9W (micro). 35 kt W and 1008 mb at 18Z near 26.9N, 88.9W (COADS). 40 kt WSW and 1012 mb at 18Z near 27.6N, 88.3W 
(COADS). 35 kt and 1009 mb at 18Z near 27.3N, 88.0W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix at 2105Z at 27.6N, 88.3W (micro).

August 1:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 29.3N, 89.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 29.2N, 89.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1003 mb located near 29.5N, 88.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 85 kt SW and 1011 mb at 00Z at 
26.9N 88.2W (micro – winds appear to be incorrect); 80 kt S and 999 mb at 00Z at 28.5N 88.0W (micro); 40 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 00Z near 28.0N, 87.6W (micro); 35 kt WSW and 1010 mb at 
00Z near 26.5N, 88.8W (COADS); 45 kt SW and 1010 mb at 00Z near 26.6N, 88.0W (COADS); and 35 kt W and 1010 mb at 06Z near 26.5N, 89.7W (COADS). Aircraft highlights: NAVY center fix 
at 0025Z at 28.1N, 88.4W, max winds of 50 kt and 1005 mb (micro). NAVY center fix near 1630Z at 29.7N, 89.1W, max winds of 60 kt and 998 mb (peripheral) (micro). Land highlights: 25 kt 
SW and 1000 mb at Pilottown, LA at 13Z (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1008 mb at Fort Morgan, AL at 15Z (micro/CONNOR). 35 kt SSE at Bay St. Louis, MS (CONNOR). 1004 mb with 20 kt N at 2025Z at 
New Orleans Airport (SWO). 1000 mb with WNW 20 kt at 2003Z at Naval Air Station New Orleans (SWO).

August 2:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 31.3N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 31.5N, 92.8W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 32.5N, 93.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 31.7N, 93.0W at 12Z. Land highlights: 39 kt at Gulfport, MS, at 0340Z 
(CONNOR). 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at Baton Rouge, LA at ~02Z (SWO, CLIMA). 30 kt at Lake Charles, LA (MWR 1955). 

August 3:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 33.2N, 95.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 32.5N, 96.2W at 06Z (last position). Microfilm 
does not analyze a tropical low pressure at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 33.7N, 95.9W at 12Z. 

ATSR: “Tropical Storm Brenda,” the second storm of the 1955 season, formed and behaved quite the same as tropical storm “Barbara” of the 1954 season (see annual Tropical Storm Report – 1954). 
Both storms generated from a weak low pressure circulation associated with a quasi-stationary front extending westward from the Atlantic Seaboard into Georgia and Alabama. The first 
indication of the extratropical low was detected on 30 July at 0030Z and by 0300Z a closed low was also evident at the 700 mb level. The surface low was watched carefully for tropical storm 
development since the surface low was moving slowly southward toward the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and was being subjected to divergent flow aloft at the 500 and 200 mb levels. By 
310300Z, the surface and 700 mb low had deepened and slightly intensified as it had moved southwesterly to the south of Burrwood, Louisiana. 

Aircraft weather reconnaissance was immediately ordered for the afternoon of 31 July. Shortly after arriving in the area, the weather reconnaissance aircraft reported maximum winds of 50 knots 
on the southern edge of a large calm area centered near 27.6N 88.3W at 312105Z. This elongated, calm area was without tropical eye characteristics but was located by wind shift and minimum 
pressure. The first coordinated warning on “Tropical Storm Brenda” was issued at 312300Z on the basis at the aircraft reports and the 311830Z surface reports. At this time, “Brenda” was 
expected to intensify and move toward the west or west-northwest with the flow in which it was embedded. Instead, “Brenda’s” center became larger and orientated north-south while drifting 
slowly some 120 miles to the north before changing course to the west. By 011830Z, “Brenda” appeared to have become more tropical in character. The pressure gradient had increased and it 
is probable that an eye had replaced the weak circulation center. It was fortunate that “Brenda” passed inland before being able to intensify into a destructive hurricane. “Brenda” moved 
inland between Gulfport, Mississippi, and New Orleans, Louisiana, about 012030Z without significant damage to the coast. The final warning was issued at 012200Z, August, placing the storm 
just north of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, moving westward and weakening rapidly.

“Tropical Storm Brenda” and “Barbara” of the 1954 season were almost identical twins. Both formed from a low center associated with a frontal trough which moved south of the southern United 
States into the Gulf of Mexico. They were both unique in that they were “hybrid” storms, half tropical and half extra-tropical, Neither, as far as is known, attained an “eye” but “Brenda” 
most probably would have assumed complete tropical characteristics had it remained over the waters of the Gulf of Mexico for a slightly longer period of time.

MWR: July 31-August 2. A weak low-pressure area over the northern Gulf of Mexico on July 29 and 30 was designated Tropical Storm Brenda on July 31 when it was about 100 miles south-southeast 
of Burrwood, LA. Winds were estimated at 50 to 60 mph near the center. The storm moved slowly for several hours, crossed the Louisiana coast during the afternoon at August 1 and was centered 
about 30 miles northeast of New Orleans. After moving inland the storm weakened rapidly and at 10 pm had reached a position 20 miles northwest of Baton Rouge, LA, with the strongest winds 
near the center 20 to 25 mph. Two deaths occurred in automobile accidents directly attributable to the storm. Damage along the Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama coasts was limited to small 
piers, fishing and pleasure craft, and flooding of highways.

Genesis for Brenda is begun 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT, as observations at 06Z on July 31st indicate that the system did have a closed circulation. The system is 
started as a tropical depression and upgraded to a tropical storm at 12Z through the evidence of ship observations near the system’s center. Minor track changes were introduced on all four 
days of this system’s existence except for the 2nd of August. The largest change (> one deg) is on the last position of the cyclone (06Z on the 3rd). 

The Navy Aircraft Reconnaissance flew three missions to the cyclone making three fixes. On August 1st at 0025Z, it measured a pressure of 1005 mb and estimated maximum winds of 50 kt.  
However, two ships at that time indicated substantially more significant observations.  The first ship – “Gulf Caribbean” - showing SW 85 kt and 1011 mb does not appear to have valid winds.  
A ship from COADS, either the same ship or one very nearby, indicates SW 45 kt and 1010 mb at the same time.  Two other separate ships in the vicinity also have substantially weaker (30 and 
35 kt) winds.  However, the Geo McDonald’s observations of 999 mb with S 80 kt are not so easily discounted.  The pressure value suggests maximum winds of at least 45 kt from the Brown et 
al. pressure-wind relationship.  Using a compromise between the aircraft and ship observations, an intensity of 60 kt is now analyzed at 00 and 06Z, indicating a quick intensification.  
This is the same peak value as that shown in HURDAT.  However, it is possible that Brenda reached hurricane intensity.  On August 1st at 1906Z, the NAVY airplane measured a peripheral 
pressure of 998 mb right after landfall, which suggests maximum winds of at least 47 kt north of 25N. Based on the 1000 mb measured in Pilottown, LA at 13Z and 998 mb measured by 
reconnaissance near 1630Z, an intensity of 55 kt is analyzed at 18Z. The tropical storm made landfall in SE Louisiana around 17Z on the 1st near 29.7N, 89.4W with maximum winds around 
55 kt. This is the same as that shown in HURDAT at 18Z originally.  Highest observations from land were 25 kt SW and 1000 mb at Pilottown, LA, at 13Z on August 1st, 40 kt SSE at Fort 
Morgan, AL, at 15Z on the 1st and 39 kt at Gulfport, MS, at 0340Z on the 2nd. After landfall, the cyclone moved west-northwest across Louisiana entering eastern Texas late on the 2nd.  
New Orleans, LA measured 1003 mb on August 1st and 1004 mb were recorded at Baton Rouge, LA on the 2nd. Gradual weakening took place after landfall and weakening to a tropical depression 
occurred at 06Z on August 2nd, six hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT.  The cyclone dissipated after 06Z on the 3rd, based upon numerous observations over the south Central 
United States.  
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Connie [August 3-15, 1955]

38630 08/03/1955 M=13  2 SNBR= 847 CONNIE      XING=1 SSS=3  
38630 08/03/1955 M=13  2 SNBR= 847 CONNIE      XING=1 SSS=2
                                                          *

38635 08/03*  0   0   0    0*153 356  30    0*157 392  35    0*161 427  40    0*
38635 08/03*  0   0   0    0*153 400  30    0*157 421  35    0*161 442  40 1004*
                                 ***              ***              ***     ****

38640 08/04*164 453  40    0*167 470  40    0*170 487  45 1002*174 509  50    0*
38640 08/04*164 460  50    0*167 477  60    0*170 493  70    0*174 509  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **    *          **

38645 08/05*177 530  60    0*180 549  95    0*183 566 110  985*187 577 115    0*
38645 08/05*177 523  70    0*180 542  70    0*183 561  75    0*185 579  75  985*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **    * *** ***  **  ***

38650 08/06*190 588 120    0*193 603 120    0*196 619 125  982*197 636 125    0*
38650 08/06*187 595  80    0*190 609  85    0*193 624  90    0*196 639 100  968*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **    * *** *** ***  ***

38655 08/07*202 652 125    0*209 667 125    0*220 680 125  952*229 691 125  944*
38655 08/07*204 652 105    0*212 664 110    0*220 676 115  952*228 688 120  944*
            ***     ***      *** *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***  

38660 08/08*239 700 125    0*250 708 125    0*262 715 125  944*273 720 125  936*
38660 08/08*239 700 120    0*250 711 115    0*261 718 110  944*270 723 105  944*
                    ***          *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

38665 08/09*283 726 125    0*292 732 125    0*297 737 125  958*300 742 125  954*
38665 08/09*279 729 105    0*287 734 100    0*294 738 100  959*300 742  95  961*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***          **  *** 

38670 08/10*304 746 125    0*306 749 125  977*308 753 125  970*309 760 120    0*
38670 08/10*304 748  90    0*307 753  85    0*309 758  85  972*311 764  85  970*
                ***  **      *** ***  **    * *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

38675 08/11*311 768 115    0*315 769 105    0*321 770  95  975*328 770  90    0*
38675 08/11*313 769  80  973*316 770  80    0*321 770  75  978*327 771  75  977*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **               **  *** *** ***  **  ***

38680 08/12*336 770  85    0*342 766  80    0*348 762  70  965*356 760  65  962*
38680 08/12*332 770  80    0*337 769  80    0*343 768  85  965*350 766  85  962*
            ***      **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

38685 08/13*366 759  60  969*379 759  50  974*392 764  45  982*407 774  35  995*
38685 08/13*363 761  75  969*377 762  60  974*391 766  50  982*405 774  45  995*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  

38690 08/14*420 787  30  998*429 802  25 1002*437 816  25 1006*445 826  25 1010*
38690 08/14*419 793  45  998*429 813  40 1002*437 825  40 1006*445 833  35 1010*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

38695 08/15*454 830  25    0*463 830  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
38695 08/15*454 830  35 1011*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     ** ****

38700 HR NC3 VA1    
38700 HR NC2 VA1
         ***    

U.S. Hurricane:
Aug 12th – 15Z – 34.7N 76.7W – 85 kt – Category 2 – 962 mb – 30 nm RMW - 1011 mb OCI – 425 nm ROCI

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde hurricane that made landfall in North Carolina. A major change is made to the time this cyclone 
first became a hurricane and a major hurricane. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Climatological Data, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987) and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 2:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.0N, 41.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm 
is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. “The irregular Cape Verde reports provide no evidence of any unstable wave passing through the area in which 
Connie might later have developed” (MWR).

August 3:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 44.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.7N, 39.2W at 12Z. 
Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 16.5N, 44.0W at 18Z (first available). Ship highlights: 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 18Z near 15.8N, 
44.5W (COADS/MICRO). “The first indications of hurricane Connie were noted on the morning of August 3 when the SS Mormacreed reported unusually strong westerly winds and 
showery, squally weather between Latitudes 5º and 10º N, and Longitudes 50º and 55ºW. At the same time another ship, the African Sun, passed through a strong easterly wave 
in the vicinity of Latitude 16ºN and Longitude 45ºW” (MWR). “On the 2nd and 3rd of August, the tropical analysis to the east of the Lesser Antilles, from the scant number 
of reports, indicated a weak vortex, in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC), moving along the 12th parallel. In addition, an easterly wave, previously believed to be 
of weak to moderate intensity, indicated possible vortex development in the vicinity of 13N and 46W at 031230Z. Later the combined ship reports from the BONAIRE and KFDE 
at 031230Z and 031830Z indicated the vortex had developed slightly further north in the vicinity of 15N 46.5W” (ATSR).  [It appears that African Sun is ship KFDH on the 
microfilm map and is ship 2801 in COADS.  “KFDE” in the ATSR report may be a typographical error for “KFDH”.  The specific observations from the Mormacreed are not available.]

August 4:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 17.7N, 48.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 17.0N, 48.7W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb centered near 18.1N, 48.5W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NW and 996 mb at 03Z near 17.0N, 47.2W. 30-40 kt NW and 997 mb 
at 17.8N, 49.5W at 1130Z. 30 kt S and 1003 mb at 17.0N, 50.5W at 15Z. All observations from MICRO. “The SS Bonaire reported a pressure of 996.2 mb (29.42 inches) and a 
wind of east-northeast force 8 at 2200 EST of the 3rd, providing the first indication that a strong vortex had formed in the northern end of the easterly wave. Earlier 
in the day, there were some indications of a vortex in the southern end but the principal cyclogenesis took place in the top end of the wave, as is usually the case, and 
hurricane Connie was born. Reconnaissance aircraft on the 4th reported the eye at Latitude 15.8ºN and Longitude 52.8ºW, with a false radar eye about 75 miles northeast 
of this position. Highest wind observed was 55 knots in the northeast quadrant. As it turned out, the false eye proved to be the real vortex which developed rapidly into 
hurricane Connie” (MWR). “A later report from the ship BONAIRE at 040300Z was the first definite indication that the disturbance was deepening rapidly. Their surface 
pressure had fallen from 1005 mbs to 996.2 mbs in three hours and the wind had veered from north to east-northeast 40 knots. This revealed the center to be very near the 
position of the BONAIRE at 040300Z and that the disturbance was of storm intensity. A good fix was obtained at 041130Z on the center of “Storm Connie” when the ship LINDA 
ELRA, heading on a south-west course at a speed of advance of 15 knots, passed within an estimated 12 miles of the storm center. Hourly reports received from this ship 
showed the winds backing from northeast to northwest and increasing to 40 knots, and the pressure falling from 1002.4 mbs to 996.6 mbs in an hour and a half, as the ship 
neared the estimated position of the storm center. From this information, a speed check indicated the storm center to be moving west-northwest at 15 knots. Aircraft 
reconnaissance was first made into “Connie” by an Air Force flight from Bermuda on the 4th of August. Flying at the 500 mb level, the center fix reported by the reconnaissance 
flight was approximately 150 miles to the southwest of the expected storm track, therefore, it was believed unreliable in weight of other data, and was not used” (ATSR). 

August 5:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 18.3N, 57.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 110 kt hurricane at 18.3N, 56.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 993 mb centered at 18.2N, 57.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 65 kt N and 1008 mb at 18.1N, 58.5W at 21Z (MICRO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center 
fix at 18.2N, 56.7W at 1110Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix, 75-90 kt max surface winds, 985 mb central pressure centered at 18.4N, 57.9W at 1805Z (MICRO). “The storm moved 
west to west-northwest at 14 to 16 mph, gradually increasing in size and intensity and by the morning of the 5th, maximum winds were estimated at 125 mph with a central 
pressure of 985 mb (29.09 inches)” (MWR). “The second reconnaissance flight was made by a Navy reconnaissance aircraft with a low level center penetration. This center fix 
obtained at 051110Z revealed that “Connie” had continued on a west to west-northwest course, as anticipated, at a speed of about 18 knots and had not dipped to the southwest 
as the first reconnaissance flight had indicated. Maximum winds reported had increased to 110 knots and the minimum central surface pressure had decreased to 985 mbs showing 
a considerable intensification during the past 24 hours” (ATSR).

August 6:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 20.3N, 62.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 61.9W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb 
located near 20.0N, 62.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered at 20.0N, 62.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 21.1N, 
60.5W at 12Z. 40 kt E and 1006 mb at 22.5N, 62.0W at 12Z. 65 kt N and 979 mb at 19.8N, 64.5W at 18Z. 50 kt E and 1008 mb at 21.0N, 60.7W at 18Z. 35 kt S and 977 mb at 19.8N, 
64.6W at 21Z. All observations from MICRO. Land highlights: 20 kt W and 1002 mb at St. Kitts and Navis at 9Z. 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at Anguilla at 15Z. 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 
Anguilla at 21Z. All observations from MICRO. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 19.1N, 60.9W at 0609Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 19.9N, 62.8W at 1009Z (ATSR); Penetration 
center fix measured a central pressure of 978 at 19.5N, 63.8W at 1712Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 968 mb and max surface winds of 125 kt 
centered at 19.6N, 63.9W at 18Z (micro); Penetration center fix at 20.3N, 64.6W at 2005Z (ATSR). “The hurricane center passed some 40 to 50 miles north of the northern Leeward 
Islands and Puerto Rico, attended by gale winds with peak gusts of 80 to 100 mph and moderately heavy rains in the islands” (MWR). 

August 7:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 22.5N, 67.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 22.0N, 68.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 980 mb 
located near 22.5N, 67.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered at 22.3N, 68.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 20.3N, 
64.7W at 0Z (COADS/MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 20.8N, 64.9W at 6Z (COADS). 55 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 23.9N, 68.0W at 15Z (MICRO). 65 kt E and 999 mb at 23.7N, 60.6W at 18Z 
(COADS). 100 kt WNW and 995 mb at 23.4N, 69.3W at 21Z (COADS). 100 kt SE and 998 mb at 23.7N, 67.5 W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: No gale force winds. Aircraft highlights: 
Radar center fix at 20.8N, 65.9W at 0304Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 21.7N 66.8W at 0634Z (ATSR); Radar center fix at 22.0N, 67.7W at 1251Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 
22.4N, 68.3W at 1355Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.4N, 68.3W at 1430Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.3N, 68.4W at 1530Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.4N, 
68.4W at 16Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.9N, 68.6W at 1730Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 125 kt, central pressure of 944 mb and a 38 mile 
diameter eye at 22.8N, 68.8W at 1800Z (micro). “On August 7 the eye was described by the observer as being shaped like an inverted cone, with the calm area less than 8 miles 
in diameter at the surface and 38 miles across at 18,000 feet. Maximum surface wind at this time was estimated at 145 mph and lowest pressure was 952 mb (28.11 inches) measured 
by dropsonde” (MWR). “Lowest pressure in the hurricane eye estimated 27.88 inches” (WBO).

August 8:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.7N, 71.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 26.2N, 71.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb 
located near 26.8N, 71.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 984 mb centered at 26.0N, 72.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 55 kt SE and 1002 mb at 24.3N, 
67.6W at 00Z (COADS). 80 kt SE and 1004 mb at 23.9N, 67.5W at 00Z (COADS). 55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 25.5N, 68.0W at 06Z (COADS). 55 kt SE and 1004 mb at 27.0N, 72.0W at 18Z 
(MICRO). Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb at Grand Turk at 00Z. 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at San Salvador, Bahamas at 09Z. 25 kt W and 1005 mb at San Salvador, Bahamas at 21Z. 
All observations from MICRO. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured a 28 mi diameter eye at 24.3N, 70.7W at 02Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured a 35 mi diameter 
eye at 25.0N, 71.6W at 06Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 26.5N, 71.9W at 1350Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 120 kt, a central pressure 
of 944 mb and a 40 mile diameter eye at 27.0N, 72.5W at 1600Z (MICRO); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 110 kt, a central pressure of 944 mb and a 40 mile 
diameter eye at 26.8N, 72.2W at 1704Z (MICRO). “On the next day, the central pressure had diminished to 944 mb (27.88 inches) the lowest during the life of the hurricane, as 
it moved northwestward some 200 to 250 miles east of the Bahama Islands” (MWR). “The Navy Reconnaissance plane this morning found the eye 40 miles in diameter and the central 
pressure 27.88 inches” (WBO). “Air Force and Navy Reconnaissance planes late this forenoon found that the central pressure was remaining steady at 27.88 inches” (WBO).
 
August 9:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 30.2N, 73.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 29.7N, 73.7W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb 
located near 29.8N, 74.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered at 30.0N, 74.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.3N, 
71.2W at 10Z (MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.2N, 70.0W at 15Z (MICRO). 50 kt SE and 1007 mb at 31.5N, 71.5W at 18Z (COADS). 50 kt N and 1005 mb at 31.5N, 77.2W at 18Z 
(MICRO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 28.5N, 73.0W at 0245Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 28.5N, 73.0W at 0330Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 28.7N, 
74.1W at 0630Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.1N, 73.3W at 0706Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.2N, 73.5W at 08Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central 
pressure of 959 mb and a 35 mile diameter eye at 29.9N, 74.1W at 1440Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 961 mb and a 34 mile diameter eye at 30.1N, 
74.5W at 20Z (MICRO); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 135 kt and a 700 mb height of 9180 ft at 30.2N, 74.8W at 2248Z (micro). “The hurricane slowed to 6 to 
8 mph in forward speed 400 to 500 miles off the northeastern coast of Florida and central pressure had filled to 954 mb (28.17 inches) by the afternoon of the 9th” (MWR). “From 
the time of the second aircraft reconnaissance flight until the time in which “Connie” encroached upon the mainland of the United States, almost constant aircraft surveillance 
was maintained. The center fixes by aircraft reconnaissance were so numerous from the 9th of August until the 12th of August that at times the reports were difficult to plot 
when the storm movement was slow and erratic. The aircraft center fixes during this period revealed erratic storm movement which is discussed in Section II (2) of the report 
on “Connie” (ATSR).


August 10:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 31.2N, 75.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 30.8N, 75.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb 
located near 29.8N, 74.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb centered at 31.0N, 76.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt W and 998 mb at 28.9N, 77.0W 
at 6Z (COADS). 50 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 31.5N, 79.2W at 12Z (COADS). 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 33.5N, 77.5W at 15Z (MICRO). 55 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 31.3N, 79.3W at 18Z (COADS). 
Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a 35 mile diameter eye at 30.6N, 75.5W at 0410Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 972 mb at 
31.0N, 75.7W at 1232Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 977 mb and a 30 mile diameter eye at 31.0N, 75.3W at 1432Z; Penetration center fix measured max 
surface winds of 120 kt, a central pressure of 970 mb and a 35 mile diameter eye at 31.1N, 76.7W at 18Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 31.3N, 
76.6W at 1916Z; Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 76.5W at 2004Z; Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb and a 50 mile diameter eye at 31.1N, 76.9W at 2229Z. 
All observations from MICRO. “…977 mb (28.85 inches) by the morning of the 10th. Penetration during the 10th indicated the eye was becoming filled with clouds and poorly defined. 
Connie drifted slowly towards the west-northwest and west on the 9th and 10th and north-northeast on the 11th” (MWR). “The central pressure in the hurricane has filled about nine 
tenths of an inch during the past 36 to 48 hours and is now 28.70 inches” (WBO). 

August 11:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 32.8N, 76.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 32.1N, 77.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb 
located near 32.5N, 77.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered at 32.2N, 77.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 999 mb at 33.5N, 
77.5W at 0Z (MICRO). 60 kt N and 1003 mb at 31.1N, 79.5W at 0Z (COADS). 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 31.5N, 76.4W at 15Z (MICRO). 60 kt WSW and 992 mb at 31.1N, 76.4W at 18Z (COADS). 
Land highlights: 30 kt NE and 997 mb at Wilmington, NC at 19Z (MICRO). Aircraft highlights: 978 mb (extrapolated from 850 mb heights of 4000 ft) at 32.3N 77.3W at 1050Z.  978 mb 
at 32.3N, 77.5W at 13Z. 977 mb at 32.0N, 77.2W at 1540Z. 977 mb at 32.4N, 77.0W with 20 nm diameter eye at 1715Z. 976 mb at 32.8N, 77.3W with 25 nm diameter eye at 19Z. 976 mb 
with 20 nm diameter eye at 32.8N, 77.3W at 2050Z. 976 mb at 32.7N, 77.2W at 2130Z. All observations from MICRO. 

August 12:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 34.7N, 75.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 kt hurricane at 34.8N, 76.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb 
located near 34.5N, 76.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 981 mb centered at 34.8N, 76.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 992 mb at 31.2N, 
76.5W at 0Z (COADS). 65 kt SW and 992 mb at 32.3N, 77.1W at 03Z (MICRO). 60 kt SW and 992 mb at 32.3N, 75.8W at 06Z (COADS). 67 kt N and 981 mb at Frying Pan Lighthouse at 8Z 
(MICRO). 65 kt SE and 996 mb at Diamond Shoals Lighthouse at 8Z (MICRO). 60 kt SE and 989 mb at 34.4N, 75.0W at 15Z (MICRO). Land highlights: 63 kt (gusts to 72 kt) at Wilmington, 
NC, no time given (MWR). 60 kt NE and 992 mb at Newport, NC at 03Z (MICRO). 67 kt SE and 997 mb at Frying Pan Lighthouse at 6Z (MICRO). 50 kt NNE and 969 mb at Newport, NC at 
15Z (MICRO). 30 kt W and 976 mb at Newport, NC at 18Z (MICRO).  962 mb at Fort Macon, NC, no time given (MWR).  979 mb (minimum pressure) with 40 kt SSE at 2049Z and 49 kt SE 
(fastest mile) at 1301Z at Hatteras (SWO). Aircraft highlights: Center fix at 33.3N, 77.1W with 60 nm eye at 01Z (ATSR); Center fix at 33.4N, 77.0W at 06Z (ATSR); Center fix at 
34.0N 76.5W with 40 nm diameter eye at 0900Z (micro); Center fix at 34.1N, 76.5W at 0956Z (ATSR) and center fix at 35.0N, 76.8W at 1715Z (ATSR). Radar fix:  0647Z “excellent fix 
– 40 miles dia” from Hatteras (micro).  “It then turned northward again on the 12th as it passed inland on the North Carolina coast near Morehead City. At Wilmington, NC, the 
fastest measured mile was 72 mph, and the peak gust was 83 mph during the evening of the 11th as the hurricane passed about 100 miles to the southeast and east of the station. 
Winds of 75 mph with peak gusts of 100 mph and lowest pressure of 962 mb (28.40 inches) were reported at Fort Macon, NC, near the point where the hurricane crossed the coastline. 
However, it has not been established whether this was a measured or an estimated speed” (MWR). “After making numerous erratic changes in course and speed from the 9th through the 
12th of August, the center moved inland over Morehead City, North Carolina. The partial blocking action of the high ridge to the north of the storm was being gradually eliminated 
as the trough over the Great Lakes region on the 10th of August deepened as it moved eastward” (ATSR). “34.7N, 76.1W – 962 mb at 34.7N, 76.1W – 1011 mb Penv – RMW 45 nmi – speed 7 kt
 – 71 kt est max sustained 10m, 10-min wind” (Schwardt et al. (1979)). “ 28.40” (961.7 mb) central pressure measured by land barometer at Fort Macon, NC – RMW 38 nmi – 7 kt forward
 speed – landfall pt 34.9N, 76.2W” (Ho et al. (1987). “Aug – NC3, VA1 – Cat 3 – 962 mb” (Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 13:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 39.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 39.2N, 76.4W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 983 mb 
located near 39.5N, 76.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered at 39.4N, 76.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW and 993 mb at 35.2N, 
74.6W at 0Z (COADS). 50 kt SSE and 997 mb at 38.3N, 72.9W at 6Z (COADS). 40 kt SSE and 1002 mb at 38.6N, 73.0W at 12Z (COADS). Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 978 mb at Elizabeth 
City at 0Z (micro). 53 kt E at Philadelphia, PA, no time given (CLIMA). 39 kt E at Reading, PA, no time given (CLIMA). 49 kt NE at Rochester, NY, no time given (CLIMA). 41 kt NE 
(fastest mile) at 1928Z at Buffalo, NY, (SWO). 30 kt NE and 988 mb at Washington, DC at 09Z (micro). “At the 200 mb level the trough was shallow on the 11th as it approached the
 Great Lakes, but deepened during the next 24 hours, and on the 13th of August a low center had formed over Illinois. Thus, a natural path of least resistance was created to the 
north of the center which caused “Hurricane Connie” to move in that direction as a more rapid rate during the final day of her existence. “Hurricane Connie” had shown a rapid 
decrease in intensity on 11 August while she remained nearly stationary off the North Carolina coast and at the time in which the center moved inland, the maximum winds reported 
were 80 knots in a very small area near the center. Further decrease in intensity continued as the center moved over land becoming less than hurricane intensity at 131000Z” (ATSR).  

August 14:
HWM shows a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 44.0N, 81.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 43.7N, 81.6W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 
1006 mb located near 43N, 82W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 43.5N, 82W at 12Z. Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 1002 mb at Buffalo, 
NY at 00Z (MICRO) and 5 kt SE and 1003 mb at London, Canada at 06Z (MICRO).  The July 1957 Mariners Weather Log has an article on tropical storms affecting the Great Lakes.  This
 mentions that on 14 August Connie caused winds of up to 50 mph on Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and winds of up to 40 mph on Lake Huron.  Unfortunately, it does not mention specific 
observations.

August 15:
HWM shows a spot low pressure centered near 46.0N, 81.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 46.3N, 83.0W at 06Z (last position). Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered at 49N, 91W with fronts to the east and southwest at 12Z. A trough exists in microfilm along 83W between 43N and 47N.

“No reports of property damages or personal injury were noted through the West Indies, since the path of the strong and damaging winds of “Connie” were too far from the land areas. 
As “Connie” moved ashore, the Carolina coastal regions were buffeted with damaging winds, but greater damage in this region was caused by the pounding of heavy seas which were built 
up while the storm center was lying, nearly stationary, off the Carolina coast.”(ATSR)

Genesis for this system remains at 06Z on the 3rd of August, unchanged from the original HURDAT.  Unfortunately, there is little data available over the eastern and central Atlantic 
and a closed circulation cannot be corroborated to have been present at the time of genesis.  A major change in the track is made on the 3rd as the positions shown in HURDAT indicate 
a very fast motion of about 36 kt in the first 12 hours of existence of the tropical cyclone that does not appear to be real.  The intensity remains unchanged at 06Z and 12Z on 
August 3rd, 30 kt and 35 kt respectively.  No change is made to the time the cyclone became a tropical storm (six hours after genesis).  The first definitive indication that a 
well-defined closed circulation is present is at 18Z on the 3rd when the ship KFDE measured 10 kt NW and 1005 mb.  A central pressure of 1004 mb at has been added at 18Z on the 3rd. 
A central pressure of 1004 mb yields 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  The original intensity analyzed by HURDAT of 40 kt at 18Z is kept.  
Later at 03Z on the 4th of August, the ship BONAIRE measured 40 kt NE and 996 mb.  A peripheral pressure of 996 mb yields maximum winds greater than 54 kt according to the Brown 
et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  A pressure of 1002 mb was originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 4th but this pressure has been removed because the ship Linda Elra reported 
a pressure of 997 mb and winds of 40 kt at this time. The first reconnaissance aircraft to reach the cyclone occurred at 1820Z on the 4th making a center fix at 15.8N and 52.8W. 
Clearly it missed the storm and reported a “false” eye 75 miles to the NE of the fix, which may have been the true center of Connie.  The position on the 4th at 18Z is unchanged 
from HURDAT and is a blend between the positions inferred by the ship Linda Elra and the aircraft’s false eye, given that both the aircraft and the ship had large uncertainties 
in their positions.  The intensity of Connie on the 4th is reanalyzed to be 50 kt at 0Z, 60 kt at 06Z, and 70 kt at 12Z and 18Z.  The original intensity on this date in HURDAT was 
40 kt, 40 kt, 45 kt, and 50 kt, respectively.  This suggests that Connie became a hurricane about 18 hours before originally shown.  Two aircraft penetrations occurred on August 5th, 
one at 1110Z making a center fix at 18.2N, 56.7W and another one at 1805Z at 18.4N, 57.9W.  The second fix measured a pressure of 985 mb, which corresponds to 71 kt in the 
pressure-wind relationship south of 25N.  The aircraft also reported an eye of a 20 mile diameter, indicating an RMW of 15 nm, which is the same as suggested by climatology.  An 
intensity of 75 kt is selected for the 5th at 18Z, a major change from 115 kt originally in HURDAT.  Moreover, the 985 mb central pressure was originally at 12Z in HURDAT, and it 
has been moved to 18Z.  Major changes to the intensity were also made at 06Z and 12Z on the 5th and the intensity selected for those times is 70 kt, down from 95 kt and 110 kt, 
respectively.  At 21Z, a ship at 18.1N, 58.5W reported 65 kt N.  On the 6th of August, Connie made its closest approach to the northern Leeward Islands passing about 90 nm while 
on a west-northwest to northwest heading.  The strongest winds in the islands shown in microfilm were 45 kt SW at 15Z at Anguilla.  Later on the 6th, a ship named Pelican State 
passed very close, if not through the center of Connie.  At 18Z, it reported 65 kt N and 979 mb and at 21Z, 35 kt S and 977 mb.  A central pressure of 982 mb is originally shown 
in HURDAT at 12Z on the 6th but it has been removed since observations do not support it.  At 18Z, an aircraft penetration made a center fix measuring a central pressure of 968 mb 
and a surface wind of 125 kt is reported.  A central pressure of 968 mb yields 92 kt in the pressure-wind relationship south of 25N and 93 kt south of 25N intensifying.  Placing 
some slight weight on the 125 kt surface wind estimate, an intensity of 100 kt is selected for 18Z on the 6th making Connie a major hurricane, but down from 125 kt originally in 
HURDAT.  Major changes in intensity are also shown on the 6th as HURDAT originally had 120 kt at 0Z and 06Z, and 125 kt at 12Z and 18Z.  Eight center fixes were made by the 
aircrafts on the 6th helping to identify the position of the hurricane and only minor track changes are added. 

Connie continued to steadily intensity on the 7th of August as it moved towards the northwest, east of the Bahamas.  At 18Z, an aircraft center fix reported a central pressure of 
944 mb, a diameter of 38 nm at 500 mb but only 8 nm at the surface with the eye shaped like an inverted cone.  Unfortunately, this information makes determination of the RMW too 
uncertain to be of use in intensity estimation.  A central pressure of 944 mb yields 117 kt south of 25N and 119 kt south of 25N intensifying.  An intensity of 120 kt is selected 
for 18Z on the 7th, down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT.  120 kt is also the peak intensity for the lifetime of hurricane Connie.  A major change in the intensity is indicated at 
00Z on the 7th as the intensity selected is 105 kt, down from 125 kt.  At 21Z, a ship at 23.7N, 67.5 W measured 100 kt SE and 998 mb.  Minor changes are introduced for the track on 
the 7th.  At 18Z on the 8th, an aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 944 mb and an eye diameter of 40 miles.  A central pressure of 944 mb yields 111 kt north of 25N.  
The eye diameter information indicates an RMW of 30 nm and climatology suggest 17 nm.  Therefore, an intensity of 105 kt is selected for 18Z on the 8th, down from 125 kt originally 
in HURDAT.  Thus on the 8th, Connie started to weaken.  A central pressure of 936 mb is originally shown in HURDAT at 18Z.  However, all available sources (MWR, ATSR, microfilm, and 
advisories) instead indicate a lowest central pressure for Connie of 944 mb.  Starting on the 9th of August, Connie began to move at a slower rate of speed.  The intensity continued 
to decrease and the last position in which the cyclone was a major hurricane was at 12Z on the 9th.  At 1440Z and 20Z, aircraft center fixes reported central pressures of 959 and 
961 mb, respectively. Moreover, while the 2248Z fix had no central pressure, they mention that the 700 mb height is 9180 ft (2798 m), which using today’s extrapolations formulas 
yields a range of pressures from 960-979 mb.  It is noted in the MWR article on Connie a central pressure late on the 9th was 954 mb.  However, given the consistency of the 1440Z, 
20Z, and 2248Z information, a central pressure of 959 mb is indicated at 12Z and 961 mb at 18Z.  A central pressure of 961 mb yields 94 kt north of 25N and 90 kt weakening north of 
25N according to the pressure-wind relationship.  At 1440Z, an eye diameter of 35 miles is reported.  This indicates an RMW of about 25 nm, which is near the average of 22 nm from 
climatology.  The cyclone is also moving at a relatively slow 8 kt.  Complicating the analysis was the 135 kt surface wind estimate at the 2248Z fix.  Weighting the surface wind 
estimate only slightly, an intensity of 95 kt is selected for 18Z on the 9th, down from 125 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. 

The hurricane continued to fill on the 10th while the track changed to a more west-northwest heading, just to the southeast of the Carolinas.  At 18Z on the 10th, a central pressure 
of 970 mb was measured by the reconnaissance aircraft.  A central pressure of 970 yields 84 kt north of 25N and 81 kt north of 25N weakening according to the pressure-wind relationship.  
The aircraft also reported an eye of a 35 mile diameter, which allows us to calculate a RMW of about 25 nm.  This is close to the suggested climatological RMW of 23 nm.  The aircraft 
as well reported a visual estimate of the wind of 120 kt, which is not given much weighting here.  Hence, an intensity of 85 kt is selected for 18Z on the 10th.  The Air Force 
reconnaissance plane measured central pressures of 977 mb at 1432Z and 980 mb at 1916Z, which are higher than the reports from the Navy, and discounted in the reanalysis.  Ships 
in the area avoided getting close to Connie and the strongest winds reported on this day were 50 kt.  At 2229Z, an aircraft reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 973 mb and 
this is added to 0Z on the 11th.  This pressure yields 81 kt on the N25N according to the pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 80 kt is selected for this time.  On August 11th, 
Connie turned to the north and continued to slowly move towards the East Coast of the United States.  Other central pressures were reported at 13Z and 1715Z, 978 mb and 977 mb, 
respectively.  The last report indicated that the diameter of the eye had decreased to 20 miles, which gives a RMW of about 15 nm.  Climatology suggests a RMW of 25 nm. These central 
pressures yield about 75 kt on the N25N pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 12Z and 18Z on the 11th.

Hurricane Connie began to move faster on the 12th of August making landfall near Fort Macon, NC at 15Z.  Fort Macon, NC measured a pressure of 962 mb, which yields 93 kt north of 
25N and 88 kt north of 35N according to the pressure-wind relationship.  The last aircraft reconnaissance into Connie at 09Z on the 12th indicated an eye diameter of 40 nm as did 
the Hatteras radar at 0647Z.  These support an RMW of 30 nm, which is used here and is a bit smaller than the Ho et al. estimate.  This size is close to climatology for this latitude 
and pressure (27 nm).  It is clear that Connie’s central pressure decreased about 15 mb in the 24 hours before landfall.  However, it appears that the inner core size (measured by 
the eye diameter) actually increased.   These somewhat contradictory pieces of information complicate the intensity estimate.  When Connie made landfall, it was moving at around 8 kt, 
rather slow for this latitude.  An intensity of 85 kt is selected for 12Z and at landfall at 15Z on the 12th based upon a near average size and slower than usual translational speed.  
This intensity is an increase from 70 kt as originally shown in HURDAT and makes Connie a low end Category 2, which is a decrease from the Category 3 originally.  The last center fix 
was at 1715Z over eastern North Carolina.  The radar in Cape Hatteras allowed for center fixes to be made from 1050Z to 1725Z.  Before making landfall, ships in the area measured winds
 up to 65 kt.  Over land, Wilmington measured sustained winds of 63 kt and Newport reported 60 kt.  After landfall, Connie moved generally north-northeast over extreme eastern North 
Carolina possibly moving back briefly over the Atlantic Ocean around 0Z on the 13th of August near the North Carolina/Virginia border.  The Kaplan and DeMaria model was not run because 
the cyclone straddled the coast for a day.  Interaction with land caused the hurricane to weaken, especially later on the 13th when it moved toward the north-northwest and into the 
Mid-Atlantic States.  Connie weakened to a tropical storm at 06Z on the 13th.  Washington DC reported 30 kt NE and 988 mb at 09Z on August 13th, Philadelphia reported 53 kt E (no 
time given) and Buffalo, NY reported 38 kt NE (no time given).  Early on the day, ships reported top winds of 50 kt.  The central pressures originally shown in HURDAT from 00Z to 12Z 
on the 13th are not from specific observations, but are instead analyses.  As these look reasonable given available measurements, these are retained.  A gradual weakening is shown, 
75 kt at 0Z, 60 kt at 06Z, 45 kt at 12Z and 35 kt at 18Z (up from 60 kt at 0Z, 50 kt at 6Z, same for 12Z and 18Z, as originally shown in HURDAT).  Late on the 13th, Connie turned to 
the northwest and moved over the Great Lakes early on the 14th.  The central pressures indicated on the synoptic times of the 14th appear to be correct.  Based upon a 1957 report 
from MWL and the Buffalo observations, the winds are boosted up late on the 13th until dissipation early on the 15th.  (Unfortunately, no ship observations were available from COADS 
over the Great Lakes.)  Dissipation occurred after 00Z on the 15th as an approaching cold front absorbed the weakened cyclone.  A central pressure of 1011 mb is added at this time. 
Dissipation is six hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Diane [August 7-23, 1955]

38705 08/07/1955 M=15  3 SNBR= 848 DIANE       XING=1 SSS=1     
38705 08/07/1955 M=17  3 SNBR= 848 DIANE       XING=1 SSS=0
                   **                                     *
                
38710 08/07*  0   0   0    0*170 430  25    0*171 440  25    0*172 451  25    0*
38710 08/07*  0   0   0    0*157 412  25    0*160 425  25    0*161 438  25    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

38715 08/08*173 461  25    0*175 469  25    0*177 478  25    0*179 490  25    0*
38715 08/08*162 452  25    0*163 466  25    0*165 480  25    0*166 497  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

38720 08/09*180 502  25    0*182 514  30    0*185 526  30    0*189 543  35    0*
38720 08/09*167 507  25    0*168 519  30    0*170 531  30    0*173 545  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

38725 08/10*193 559  35    0*198 570  35    0*203 580  35    0*211 589  40    0*
38725 08/10*177 560  35    0*182 574  35    0*190 586  35    0*200 595  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

38730 08/11*220 598  45    0*227 604  50    0*233 608  55    0*236 611  60    0*
38730 08/11*212 600  45    0*223 606  45    0*233 613  45    0*238 618  45 1004*
            *** ***          *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  ** ****

38735 08/12*240 611  65    0*247 610  90    0*253 608 105  975*259 607 105    0*
38735 08/12*242 616  50    0*246 614  60    0*250 612  70    0*255 610  75  975*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **    * *** ***  **  ***

38740 08/13*264 605 105    0*269 605 105  969*274 610 105    0*274 622 105    0*
38740 08/13*260 608  70  980*267 614  70    0*273 614  80    0*274 626  90  969*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **    * *** ***  **          ***  **  ***

38745 08/14*272 634 105    0*273 644 105    0*274 654 105    0*276 667 105    0*
38745 08/14*272 638  90    0*273 647  80  976*275 657  75  980*278 668  70    0*
                ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

38750 08/15*280 681 100    0*285 694  95    0*291 706  95    0*296 720  90    0*
38750 08/15*282 681  75    0*287 695  80  973*292 709  80    0*297 723  80  973*
            ***      **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

38755 08/16*302 734  85    0*307 743  85    0*312 750  85    0*320 760  80    0*
38755 08/16*300 734  75    0*304 744  75    0*309 753  75  982*317 762  75  983*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

38760 08/17*328 769  75    0*335 775  75    0*343 780  60  986*354 785  60  990*
38760 08/17*325 769  70  984*332 774  65    0*340 779  60  985*351 784  55  990*
            ***      **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***      *** *** ***  ** 

38765 08/18*366 790  60  993*377 790  55  999*388 781  50 1001*396 768  45 1004*
38765 08/18*365 787  50  993*378 788  45  999*388 781  40 1001*396 769  35 1004*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

38770 08/19*402 753  40 1003*407 737  40 1002*410 721  35 1000*413 704  35    0*
38770 08/19*402 757  35 1003*405 745  40 1001*407 730  40  998*409 715  40    0*
                ***  **      *** ***     **** *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

38775 08/20*415 686  35    0*418 666  35    0*421 640  35    0E426 607  35    0*
38775 08/20*410 699  40    0*412 675  45    0*415 645  45    0*423 618  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

38780 08/21E433 570  35    0E442 532  35    0E450 493  35    0E462 459  30    0*
38780 08/21E430 584  50    0E438 535  50    0E450 480  50    0E470 420  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(August 22nd and 23rd are new to HURDAT)
38781 08/22E490 360  55    0E525 340  55    0E560 330  55    0E585 325  55    0*
38783 08/23E605 320  50    0E620 320  45    0E635 310  40    0E650 290  35    0*

38785 HR NC1 
38785 HR
         ***

U.S. Landfall:
Aug 17th – 12Z – 34.0N 77.9W – 60 kt  – 985 mb – 1011 mb OCI – 400 nm ROCI

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde tropical cyclone that made landfall in North Carolina and later affected the 
Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. A major change is to indicate a tropical storm landfall instead of a hurricane in North Carolina.  A major alteration is to 
add two additional days at the end of the cyclone’s lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, Climatological Data, Surface Weather Observations, and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 6:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 15.0N, 38.5W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not 
available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 
August 7:
HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 16.0N, 43.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 17.1N, 
44.0W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 8:
HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.0N, 50.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 17.7N, 
47.8W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 9:
HWM shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 53.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 knot tropical depression at 18.5N, 
52.6W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 10:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 19.5N, 59.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 20.3N, 58.0W at 12Z. 
Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. “There were some 
indications of a weak easterly wave earlier but the first conclusive evidence of the disturbance that was to become Diane was observed on August 10. 
Analysis that morning indicated a cyclonic circulation northeast of the Leeward Islands” (MWR). “On the 10th of August, as “Hurricane Connie” progressed 
slowly and erratically northwestward toward the North Carolina coast, attention was called to the area about 300 miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles. 
An easterly wave, labeled locally as “August #2” after being verified on the “time cross-section” as being of moderate intensity, had shown development of 
a weak vortex to the north of the Lesser Antilles at 101230Z. The lack of reports in the area, at this time, prohibited determination of the intensity of 
the vortex and a reasonably accurate position of the center. Belief was expressed but forecasters from both the Fleet Weather Center, Miami, and the Weather 
Bureau Office, Miami, that there was drought of any rapid and intense development following so close in the wake of “Hurricane Connie” but the area needed 
watching. Action taken to obtain more data for the area consisted of a request by the Weather Bureau Office at San Juan for special ship reports and the Air 
Force Hurricane Liaison Officer scheduled an early flight for the 11th of August from Bermuda to the area” (ATSR).

August 11:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.5N, 60.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 55 knot tropical storm at 23.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. 
Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 23N, 62W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1004 mb located near 23N, 62W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22.9N, 59.3W at 0Z (COADS); 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 6Z (COADS); 40 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 19.2N, 61.9W 
at 15Z (micro), and 20 kt NE and 1005 mb at 24.0N, 62.0W at 21Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1004 mb 
at 23.9N, 62.2W at 1655Z (ATSR/micro). “at 1930 EST [10th] ships some 400 to 500 miles from the northernmost islands reported heavy showers and east to 
southeast winds of 35 to 45 mph. On August 11 the first aircraft reconnaissance of Diane found the lowest pressure of 1004 mb (29.65 inches) with maximum 
winds of 46 mph, representing little or no wind increase from that shown by the ship observations 24 hours earlier. Clouds and rain extended in all 
directions from the pressure center with no variation of weather in the various quadrants. This early stage of growth was typical in the poorly defined 
eye and lack of organization” (MWR). “Ship reports received in the area for 110030Z indicated the intensity near the center of the vortex to be about 40 knots 
and the center to be near 20N 60W. Data compiled on the “Detection Sheet” revealed favorable conditions for tropical storm development and intensification. 
Thus, it appeared only a matter of time before it would be necessary to announce the birth of “Tropical Storm Diane” in the form of a numbered warning. 
Although the area was picked up and carried by the Fleet Weather Central, Washington, as a Gale Warning and it would have been desirable to await the 
reconnaissance flight information scheduled for early the next morning, it became advisable to coordinate a Warning Number One for “Tropical Storm Diane” 
which was issued at 111200Z. From the time of the first aircraft reconnaissance fix at 111655Z until “Diane” entered the coast, close surveillance was 
maintained by weather reconnaissance aircraft. During this time, no special eccentricities of the storm structure were noted, but there appeared to be a 
pattern of gradual increase in intensity, with slight variations in cloud formations, to the maximum intensity of an average hurricane, then a gradual 
decrease in intensity before entering the coast” (ATSR).

August 12:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N, 61.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 25.3N, 60.8W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 25N, 61W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 981 mb located near 25.8N, 61.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
40 kt SE and 1000 mb at 24.5N, 61.0W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt NNE and 996 mb at 25.0N, 61.0W at 9Z (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 24.2N, 60.0W at 13Z (micro), 
and 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 25.6N, 60.1W at 1210Z (ATSR); Penetration center 
fix at 25.1N, 61.2W at 1250Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 25.7N, 61.0W at 20Z 
(ATSR/micro). “During the night the storm curved abruptly from a northwest course and began moving toward the northeast, at the same time undergoing rapid 
intensification. The MS Coourg, just west of center on a parallel course to the northeast during part of the night, turned southward and eastward in 
evasive maneuvers early on the morning of the 12th. The intensification was so rapid that even though the ship was southeast of the center and the distance 
between it and the hurricane was increasing, the barometer continued to drop and the wind to increase, leading the crew to believe that the storm was 
looping back in their direction. The reconnaissance plane on the 12th reported that winds had increased to 125 mph and the central pressure was found to 
be 975 mb (28.79 inches). The eye by this time was well-defined and 30 miles in diameter. It was described by the observer as resembling an inverted teacup. 
The weather distribution had become more typical with the northeast quadrant showing more activity than the others. An interesting feature of the 
reconnaissance was a secondary pressure minimum, at first thought to be the principal center, located 62 miles northeast of the primary eye. In view of 
the rapid growth, sudden change in direction and multiple eye structure, it is interesting to speculate as to what extent factors other than strictly 
steering currents were involved in the storm’s course at this stage. Possibly a process in which more rapid deepening was favored to the northeast of 
the storm than in other quadrants was partially responsible for the movement. It is likely that the original easterly wave began deepening as it moved 
under a cold Low (with super-imposed warm air at still higher levels) and that this condition provided added instability for growth and imposed the 
cyclonic flow of the large scale cold Low on the movement of the smaller warm vortex” (MWR). “Tropical Storm Diane” became of hurricane intensity at 
120000Z and remained hurricane intensity until 171800Z. The average maximum winds during hurricane intensity were 105 knots between 121200Z and 141200Z 
with a gradual decrease in intensity to 70 knots upon entering the coast” (ATSR).

August 13:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 27.2N, 60.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 61.0W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 27N, 61.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 977 mb located near 27.5N, 61.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 24.0N, 60.0W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt E and 1003 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 6Z (COADS); 60 kt E and 999 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 9Z (micro), 
70 kt ESE and 1000 mb at 27.6N, 59.9W at 12Z (COADS), and 65 kt ESE and 1005 mb at 27.8N, 60.0W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center 
fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 26.4N, 60.5W at 2Z (ATSR); Radar center fix measured an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 26.6N, 61.3W at 0808Z 
(ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 27.4N, 61.9W at 1515Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 27.4N, 62.0W at 1545Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 
27.4N, 63.0W at 19Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 80 kt and a central pressure of 969 mb at 27.1N, 63.2W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). 
“Diane followed this cyclonic path until August 13 when it became re-established on a more normal west-northwest-ward course. By this time the developing 
system had caused warming through the deep layer, resulting in a weakening of the cold Low and its influence on the hurricane’s movement. The possibility 
of some influence from the “Fujiwhara effect”, or tendency for cyclonic rotation of cyclone pairs about a point representing the center of mass, should 
also be considered here. Diane’s erratic movement was at least in general agreement with this effect. A more normal path was resumed when Connie weakened 
and moved farther north. The lowest pressure measured in the storm was 969 mb (28.62 inches) by dropsonde on August 13” (MWR).

August 14:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 27.5N, 65.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 65.4W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 66W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb located near 28N, 66W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
10 kt NW and 989 mb at 26.9N, 64.1W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 28.1N, 62.2W at 12Z (COADS); 40 kt E and 1019 mb at 32.8N, 65.0W at 18Z (COADS), 
and 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 25.5N, 68.2W at 20Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 984 mb and an eye of a 
30 mile diameter at 27.1N, 64.4W at 0240Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 27.3N, 64.7W at 0745Z (ATSR/micro); 
Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 27.7N, 66.2W at 1440Z (ATSR/micro); and penetration center 
fix at 28.1N, 67.4W at 20Z (ATSR). “After the 13th a tendency for slight filling began and, coincidental with this, there was a gradual cooling of the layer 
below about 750 mb” (MWR).

August 15:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 29.5N, 70.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 knot hurricane at 29.1N, 70.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses 
a closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 29N, 71W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 978 mb located near 29.2N, 71.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 55 kt SSE 
and 1011 mb at 30.8N, 69.0W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt N and 1006 mb at 29.6N, 72.0W at 6Z (COADS); 50 kt NW and 998 mb at 28.7N, 72.0W at 12Z (COADS), and 60 kt NE 
and 1009 mb at 32.5N, 73.0W at 15Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 28.7N, 68.8W at 0340Z (ATSR/micro); 
Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb at 28.8N, 70.1W at 08Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 973 mb at 
29.6N, 72.1W at 1715Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb at 29.9N, 72.6W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). “On the 15th, the eye was 
reported as poorly defined and completely filled with clouds” (MWR).

August 16:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 31.3N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 31.2N, 75.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses 
a closed low pressure of at most 993 mb at 31.3N, 75.6W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 980 mb located near 31.2N, 75.4W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt 
SE and 1013 mb at 35.1N, 72.8W at 0Z (COADS); 55 kt SSE and 1013 mb at 29.6N, 68.6W at 6Z (COADS); 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 30.2N, 71.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 
20 kt S and 1000 mb at 30.4N, 75.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 45 kt NE and 1006 mb at Frying Pan at 12Z; 30 kt NE and 1003 mb at Frying Pan at 18Z, 
and 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at Wilmington at 20Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 8 mile diameter at 
30.1N, 74.1W at 0230Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 30.2N, 74.2W at 0459Z (ATSR); Radar center fix measured an eye of a 10 mile diameter 30.3N, 
74.3W at 0630Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 986 mb at 30.4N, 74.7W at 0823Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured 
a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 31.1N, 75.4W at 13Z (ATSR/ micro); Penetration center fix at 31.1N, 75.4W at 1345Z (ATSR); 
Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 75.8W at 1448Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 983 mb and an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 
31.6N, 75.8W at 1720Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 31.9N, 76.5W at 20Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.7N, 76.4W at 2015Z (ATSR); Penetration 
center fix at 31.8N, 76.6W at 2115Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 65 kt and a central pressure of 984 mb at 31.9N, 76.5W at 
2230Z (ATSR/ micro). “Maximum winds were down to 86 mph on the 16th” (MWR). “On the 16th of August at all levels from the surface to the 200 mb level, a 
north-south trough extending from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico was in evidence. A small closed low, centered near St. Louis, Missouri, was also 
in evidence at all levels above the surface layer” (ATSR).

August 17:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 34.2N, 77.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 34.3N, 78.0W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb at 34.0N, 78.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 986 mb located near 34.2N, 77.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
50 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 33.0N, 73.9W at 0Z (micro); 35 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 32.2N, 73.2W at 6Z (COADS); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 36.1N, 73.4W at 12Z (COADS), 
and 35 kt E and 1009 mb at 37.5N, 76.1W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at Frying Pan at 0Z; 40 kt N and 989 mb at Frying Pan at 6Z, 
20 kt E and 988 mb at Wilmington at 12Z, 40 kt S and 992 mb at Frying Pan at 12Z, and 20 kt E and 994 mb at Raleigh at 18Z. (All observations from micro.) 
36 kt NE (peak fastest mile) at 0848Z and 986 mb (min pressure) with 15 kt SE at 1415Z at Wilmington (SWO); 48 kt SE (peak hourly fastest mile) at 1834Z and 
1004 mb (min pressure) with 28 kt SE at 2034Z at Elizabeth City (SWO); 45 kt E (peak fastest mile) at 1357Z at Cape Hatteras (SWO). Aircraft highlights: Penetration 
center fix at 33.3N, 77.0W at 0445Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 33.6N, 77.5W at 0730Z (ATSR), and radar center fix measured an eye of a 45 mile diameter at 
08Z (ATSR/micro). “When the center passed very close to Wilmington on the morning of the 17th, the highest sustained winds reported from any weather station was 
50 mph at Hatteras, wind gusts of 74 mph at Wilmington. It is estimated that winds of just about hurricane intensity were experienced at a few exposed points on 
the coast between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear. While some damage resulted from the storm tide and wave action along the coast, it was not extensive” (MWR). “As 
“Diane” preceded on a northwest course from the 15th to the 17th of August, being steered by the Bermuda high, the trough over the Midwest states remained stationary 
and broadened slightly. The low aloft had moved southward down the trough to be centered over Mississippi late on the 17th of August and the Bermuda high at all 
levels was pushing westward onto the coast. This resulted in moist southerly flow accompanying and following the movement of “Diane” inland which caused record 
rains and floods throughout the Northeastern United States” (ATSR). “Aug – NC1 – Cat 1 – 987 mb” (Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 18:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 38.5N, 77.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 38.8N, 78.1W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 39.0N, 78.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1001 mb located near 38.5N, 78.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
45 kt S and 1014 mb at 35.6N, 73.2W at 0Z; 45 kt SSE and 1010 mb at 36.0N, 74.9W at 6Z; 40 kt S and 1012 mb at 35.2N, 75.2W at 12Z, and 40 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 
34.3N, 74.2W at 12Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt SW and 997 mb at Raleigh at 0Z; 10 kt NW and 1000 mb at Lynchburg at 6Z, and 15 kt SSW 
and 1005 mb at Quantico at 18Z. All observations from micro.

August 19:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 41.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 41.0N, 72.1W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 41.2N, 72.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1003 mb located near 41.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
15 kt SW and 1000 mb at 40.1N, 73.6W at 12Z; 5 kt E and 1001 mb at 41.3N, 71.3W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at 
Harrisburg at 0Z; 15 kt NW and 1002 mb at Philadelphia at 6Z; 30 kt NNW and 1003 mb at New York City at 12Z, and 20 kt ESE and 1004 mb at Nantucket at 18Z. All 
observations from micro.

August 20:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1000 mb centered near 43.0N, 65.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 42.1N, 64.0W at 12Z (last 
position as a tropical system). Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 43.0N, 63.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1001 mb located 
near 42.0N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1001 mb at 41.1N, 69.2W at 0Z; 20 kt W and 996 mb at 40.5N, 68.4W at 6Z; 30 kt W and 995 mb at 40.9N, 
65.3W at 12Z; 30 kt W and 995 mb at 41.3N, 62.2W at 18Z and 50 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 39.0N, 62.0W at 20Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt N 
and 1000 mb at Nantucket at 0Z; 20 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Yarmouth at 6Z; 10 kt NE and 1004 mb at Halifax at 12Z, and 10 kt NE and 1001 mb at Sable Island at 18Z. 
All observations from micro.

August 21:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 45.0N, 47.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical cyclone at 45.0N, 49.3W at 12Z. 
Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb at 47.5N, 47.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 993 mb located near 45.2N, 49.7W at 12Z. Ship 
highlights: 30 kt W and 995 mb at 41.7N, 59.1W at 0Z; 40 kt SW and 998 mb at 41.6N, 54.0W at 6Z; 40 kt S and 994 mb at 44.8N, 45.5W at 12Z; and 45 kt S and 990 mb 
at 46.6N, 40.1W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Land highlights: 15 kt NE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 0Z, and 35 kt NNW and 1008 mb at Sable Island at 06Z. 
All observations from micro.

August 22:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 57.0N, 33.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm analyses a low 
pressure at 56.2N, 29.8W at 6Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb located near 55.5N, 32.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt NNE and 981 mb at 50.5N, 38.0W at 0Z; 
40 kt SSE and 979 mb at 52.8N, 35.5W at 3Z; 40 kt W and 984 mb at 53.7N, 33.7W at 12Z; and 30 kt SW and 997 mb at 54.6N, 27.3W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. 

August 23:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 63.0N, 31.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm is not available on 
this date.  MWR shows a low pressure of 978 mb located near 63.5N, 30.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt W and 978 mb at 61.9N, 32.5W at 0Z; 5 kt NW and 974 mb at 
62.0N, 32.5W at 6Z; 35 kt WNW and 984 mb at 62.0N, 32.9W at 12Z; and 30 kt NW and 996 mb at 61.9N, 32.7W at 18Z. All observations from COADS.
 
August 24:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 995 mb centered near 73.0N, 11.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available 
on this date.  Land highlights: 10 kt SSE and 999 mb at Jan Mayer Island at 12Z (HWM).

Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 06Z on the 7th of August as a 25 kt tropical depression, unchanged from the original HURDAT.  The data available during 
the first few days of Diane’s existence as a cyclone is very sparse.  The significant changes in the positions on the 7th are due to the (one) available ship observation, 
that indicates the cyclone – if it existed – had to have been farther southeast than indicated in HURDAT.  Due to this change, the track of Diane has been shifted about 
a degree and a half southeast than originally shown in HURDAT on August 7th and 8th.  Ship data on the 9th continued to indicate that the center of this tropical cyclone 
was located farther south than originally shown in HURDAT. Intensification to a tropical storm remains at 18Z on the 9th, unchanged from the original HURDAT, though the 
sparse amount of observations makes the timing quite uncertain.  No gales or low pressure were reported from August 7th to the 10th.  The first gale-force winds (35 kt) 
were reported at 00Z on the 11th by a ship located in the northeast quadrant of the tropical storm.  The highest winds for the day were 45 kt at 06Z by a ship located 
near 24N 60W.  The first aircraft reconnaissance mission to reach the storm occurred at 1655Z on the 11th measuring a central pressure of 1004 mb.  A central pressure of 
1004 mb yields 39 kt according to the Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 45 kt has been analyzed for 18Z on August 11th, down from 60 kt 
originally in HURDAT.  Also, a central pressure of 1004 mb has been added at 18Z on the 11th.  Diane continued to intensify on the 12th while located north of the Lesser 
Antilles.  HURDAT originally has the system reaching hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 12th and rapidly intensifying to a major hurricane 12 hours later.  Fortunately, 
another reconnaissance aircraft reached Diane late on the 12Z measuring a central pressure of 975 mb at 20Z.  A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 kt north of 25N 
(82 kt for the intensifying subset) according to the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  The aircraft also reported an eye of a 50 mile diameter, which allows 
computing a 35-40 nm RMW, and climatology suggests a 19 nm RMW for this central pressure and latitude.  Furthermore, the storm was moving very slowly, at about 5 kt 
at this time.  Thus, because of the large RMW and slow movement, an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 12th, a major change from 105 kt originally in HURDAT.  
A central pressure of 975 mb has been added to 18Z on the 12th.  Major intensity changes are also analyzed for 06Z and 12Z as the intensities chosen are 60 kt and 70 kt, 
respectively, compared to 90 kt and 105 kt, respectively, originally in HURDAT.  A few gales were reported on the 12th, most significant being 45 kt and 996 mb at 09Z by 
a ship located near 25N 61W.  An aircraft reconnaissance mission reached Diane at 02Z on the 13th measuring a central pressure of 980 mb, indicating that the deepening 
had ended and a slight filling of the hurricane occurred.  A central pressure of 980 mb yields 73 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship.  An 
intensity of 70 kt has been analyzed for 00Z on the 13th, a major change from 105 kt originally in HURDAT.  Also, a central pressure of 980 mb has been added at 00Z on 
the 13th. At 20Z on the 13th of August, another reconnaissance aircraft reached Diane measuring a central pressure of 969 mb, an indication that the system had re-intensified.  
A central pressure of 969 mb yields 86 kt north of 25N (89 kt for the intensifying subset), according to the pressure-wind relationship.  As the translational speed had 
increased to about 12 kt (but the size was unknown), an intensity of 90 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 13th.  90 kt is also the new peak for the lifetime of Diane - a 
category 2 hurricane - and not as a major hurricane (105 kt) as shown originally in HURDAT.  Major changes are also shown at 06Z and 12Z as HURDAT originally showed 105 kt 
and the intensity has been analyzed at 70 kt and 80 kt, respectively. The central pressure of 969 mb was originally in HURDAT incorrectly at 06Z and has been moved to 18Z 
on the 13th.  Several reports of strong winds were observed on the 13th, including a report of 70 kt and 1000 mb by a ship located at 27.6N, 59.9W.  A center fix by the 
reconnaissance aircraft on the 14th measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 0745Z. A central pressure of 976 mb yields 77 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  An intensity of 80 kt was selected for 06Z, down from 105 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change.  A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 06Z on 
the 14th.  Another center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb at 1440Z.  A central pressure of 980 mb yields 73 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship.  The aircraft also reported an eye diameter of 30 miles, allowing the computation of about 20-25 nm RMW, and climatology suggests a 21 nm RMW.  Therefore, 
with near climatological RMW and speed (11 kt), an intensity of 75 kt was selected for 12Z, down from 105 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 
980 mb has been added to 12Z on the 14th.  Major changes to the intensity also occurred at 00Z as the intensity is analyzed as 90 kt, respectively, down from 105 kt 
originally in HURDAT.  A slight deepening occurred on the 15th as the central pressure dropped to 973 mb according to reconnaissance aircraft reports at 08Z and 20Z. 
A central pressure of 973 mb yields 81 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 80 kt was selected for 06Z, 12Z and 18Z, down from 
95 kt, 95 kt, and 90 kt, respectively, as originally shown in HURDAT.  Central pressures of 973 mb have been added to 06Z and 18Z on the 15th. Diane weakened again on 
August 16th as an aircraft reconnaissance mission measured a central pressure of 982 mb at 13Z.  A central pressure of 982 mb yields 70 kt according to the north of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship. The report also indicated a 10 mile eye diameter, yielding a small RMW of about 7-8 nm, and climatology suggests an RMW of about 24 nm.  A 
central pressure of 982 mb has been added to 12Z on the 16th.  Another reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 983 mb at 1720Z, suggesting maximum winds of 
69 kt according to the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  Due to the quite small size but somewhat slow moving (8 kt) hurricane, an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed 
for both 12Z and 18Z on the 16th.  A central pressure of 983 mb has been added to 18Z on the 16th. 

On the 17th, Diane approached the North Carolina coastline making landfall just south of Wilmington at 12Z.  Just before landfall, the Frying Pan Shoals light reported 40 kt 
and 989 mb at 06Z.  Wilmington reported minimum pressure of 986 mb with 15 kt SE winds at 1415Z.  The Frying Pan Shoals and Wilmington observations support a central pressure 
of 985 mb at landfall and this value is also added to 12Z.  The highest sustained winds observed were 45 kt at Frying Pan Shoals, 43 kt at Hatteras, and 48 kt in Elizabeth 
Cith (northwest of Hatteras).  A central pressure of 985 mb yields 66 kt north of 25N and 68 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N the pressure-wind relationships.  The 
radar in Cape Hatteras estimated an eye diameter of 50 miles, allowing computing a 35-40 nm RMW while climatology (of central pressure and latitude) suggests an RMW of about 
30 nm.  The hurricane was moving at about 9 kt.  Because of the large size and slow speed, an intensity of 60 kt is selected for landfall at 12Z, same as shown originally in 
HURDAT.  This makes Diane tropical storm landfall for North Carolina, which is reduced from a Category 1 hurricane indicated originally. Late on the 17th, Diane continued 
inland approaching Virginia early on the 18th.  At 18Z on the 17th, the Diamond Shoals Lighthouse was reporting 50 kt and Elizabeth City reported 48 kt.  Thus an intensity 
of 55 kt is analyzed at that time.  At 00Z on the 18th, an intensity of 50 kt is selected as 45 kt winds are reported by a ship near the coast at 06Z.  Winds of tropical 
storm force likely affected portions of eastern South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland on the 17th and early on the 18th.  Minor changes were analyzed for the rest of the 
18th as the system began to turn to the northeast and continued to weaken.  (It is of note that HURDAT had central pressures included every six hours from 12Z on the 17th 
through 12Z on the 19th.  Undoubtedly, someone had included central pressure analyses that were not all based upon actual central pressure measurements.  [Such comprehensive 
analyses have also been included in HURDAT for other very destructive hurricanes.]  Most of these appeared to be reasonable, even if they could not be confirmed by explicit 
observations.  Minor adjustments to these central pressures were made at 12Z on the 17th and 06Z and 12Z on the 19th.)

Early on the 19th, Diane returned to the Atlantic Ocean near New York City still as a tropical storm as various ships continued to report gale-force winds.  The highest winds 
reported by ships on the 19th were 40 kt at 06Z, and this is the intensity selected from 06Z to 18Z, up from 35 kt at 12Z and 18Z as originally shown in HURDAT.  Transition 
to an extratropical cyclone is originally shown at 18Z on the 20th but data at this time suggests that the frontal boundary was still to the north of the cyclone.  Therefore, 
extratropical transition is delayed 6 hours until 00Z on the 21st.  On the 21st, HURDAT originally showed that Diane weakened to 30 kt at 18Z and this was the final point, 
likely indicating that the system had been absorbed by the frontal system.  However, data suggests that the extratropical system did not weaken and dissipate, but instead 
strengthened reaching an intensity of 50 kt on the 21st according to ship reports close to storm.  The Monthly Weather Review Track of Centers of Cyclones for the month of 
August also indicates that Diane continued into the north Atlantic and was not absorbed by the frontal system.  On the 22nd, the intensity further increased to 55 kt based 
on ship reports.  Data suggests that the extratropical cyclone began to weaken on the 23rd, while located between Greenland and Iceland, and dissipated after 18Z.  Adding two 
additional days to the dissipation phase of Diane is a major change.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Edith [August 21 – September 5, 1955]

38790 08/21/1955 M=14  4 SNBR= 849 EDITH       XING=0 SSS=0     
38790 08/21/1955 M=16  4 SNBR= 849 EDITH       XING=0 SSS=0 
                   **    

38795 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*124 410  25    0*128 423  25    0*
38795 08/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*114 420  25    0*120 431  25    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

38800 08/22*132 435  25    0*136 447  25    0*139 459  25    0*142 470  25    0*
38800 08/22*125 442  25    0*130 453  25    0*135 465  25    0*140 477  25    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

38805 08/23*145 480  25    0*150 495  30    0*153 510  45    0*157 523  45    0*
38805 08/23*145 488  25    0*149 499  30    0*153 510  45    0*158 521  45    0*
                ***          *** ***                           *** ***  

38810 08/24*163 533  60    0*172 540  60    0*183 546  60    0*199 552  60    0*
38810 08/24*166 532  45    0*177 541  45    0*190 550  45    0*202 559  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

38815 08/25*213 563  70    0*221 574  70    0*228 586  70    0*234 596  75    0*
38815 08/25*213 569  50    0*223 580  50    0*229 590  50    0*234 600  50  998*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

38820 08/26*240 606  75    0*246 615  75    0*252 623  75    0*257 628  75    0*
38820 08/26*238 609  55    0*242 617  60    0*247 624  65    0*253 631  65  987*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

38825 08/27*260 631  80    0*263 634  80    0*266 637  80    0*269 639  80    0*
38825 08/27*259 634  60    0*263 636  55    0*267 638  50  992*271 640  50  993*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

38830 08/28*273 640  80    0*277 641  85    0*281 641  85    0*285 640  85    0*
38830 08/28*274 642  50  991*276 643  50    0*279 642  55    0*283 640  55  990*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  ***

38835 08/29*290 639  85    0*296 636  85    0*305 631  85    0*316 622  85    0*
38835 08/29*288 638  60    0*294 636  65    0*302 631  70    0*313 624  75    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

38840 08/30*329 611  85    0*349 594  85    0*369 578  80    0*380 565  75    0*
38840 08/30*324 615  80    0*336 605  85    0*350 594  85  967*365 581  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  

38845 08/31*390 553  70    0*399 539  65    0E406 526  65    0E410 511  60    0*
38845 08/31*380 560  75    0*396 542  65    0E406 526  55    0E408 514  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***                   **      *** ***  **

38850 09/01E405 497  55    0E401 490  50    0E395 491  45    0E386 497  35    0*
38850 09/01E405 500  45    0E396 503  40    0E385 508  40    0E377 516  40    0*
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

38855 09/02E378 508  35    0E371 525  35    0E370 540  35    0E370 546  35    0*
38855 09/02E372 526  40    0E370 535  40    0E372 545  35    0E376 556  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

38860 09/03E370 551  35    0E370 555  35    0E370 560  35    0E372 563  35    0*
38860 09/03E380 567  35    0E383 568  35    0E381 574  35    0E378 580  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

(September 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT)
38861 09/04E375 582  35    0E370 582  35    0E372 575  35    0E375 563  35    0*
38863 09/05E390 555  30    0E405 550  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

38865 HR

Major track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that remained over the open Atlantic. A major alteration is to add two additional days at the end 
of the cyclone’s lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC 
microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

August 20:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.0N, 29.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT and microfilm do not analyze an organized system. MWR is 
not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 21:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.0N, 43.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 12.4N, 41.0W 
at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
 
August 22:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 45.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 13.9N, 45.9W 
at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. “Hurricane Edith” was first detected as an 
easterly wave, labeled locally “August #4,” on 22 August. The wave was situated some 400 to 500 miles east of the Antilles in an area of sparse reports. From available 
surface indicates there appeared to be a wave of weak to moderate intensity” (ATSR).

August 23:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.0N, 47.0W along the ITCZ at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 15.3N, 51.0W at 
12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 24:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.3N, 54.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 18.3N, 54.6W at 12Z. Microfilm does 
not analyze an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. “Late on 23 August “August #4” passed into southern Antilles 
moving very slowly with an orientation NE to SW. By 240300Z the wave was evident at the 700 mb level. During the morning of the 24th the northern half of the wave 
progressed very slowly indicating a possible vortex development to the northeast” (ATSR).

August 25:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 22.8N, 58.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 22.8N, 58.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.2N, 59.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1012 mb at 19.9N, 55.8W at 0Z (micro); 45 kt SE 
and 999 mb (pressure likely 4 mb too low) at 22.4N, 57.9W at 06Z (COADS); 45 kt SE and 1013 mb at 22.6N, 56.9W at 12Z (COADS), and 40 kt SE and 1017 mb at 23.0N, 57.1W 
at 15Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a max surface winds of 65 kt, a central pressure of 1002 mb and an eye of a 100 mile diameter at 
23.2N, 59.4W at 15Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured central pressure of 998 mb near 23.7N, 60.5W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). “The Air Force Gull Nectar flight was 
diverted to investigate this suspicious area and arrived in the area late on the 24th of August flying at the 500 mb level. Continuous cloud layers prevented a location 
of an eye but maximum winds of 70 kt were reported to the east of the circulation. “Edith” intensified very slowly during the next few days as it moved to the northwest 
along the southwest periphery of the 500 mb Bermuda high” (ATSR).

August 26:

HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 75 knot hurricane at 25.2N, 62.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 25.2N, 63.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1004 mb located near 25.8N, 63.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt N 
with 976 mb [likely a wrong reading] at 24.7N, 62.9W at 03Z (micro). 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 25.8N, 62.6W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix 
at 25.0N, 61.7W at 0524Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter at 25.4N, 62.1W at 08Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 25.1N, 
63.3W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.2N, 63.2W at 1415Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.3N, 63.1W at 1830Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.4N, 
63.4W at 19Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 25.4N, 63.3W at 1930Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 987 mb and an eye of a 40 mile 
diameter at 25.7N, 63.4W at 20Z (ATSR/micro).

August 27: 

HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.8N, 63.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 26.6N, 63.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 996 mb located near 27.0N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSW 
and 1003 mb at 25.2N, 62.9W at 06Z (COADS); 35 kt S and 1011 mb at 24.5N, 61.9W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix at 27.0N, 63.8W at 1330Z 
(ATSR); Penetration center fix measured max surface winds of 50 kt and a central pressure of 992 mb at 27.0N, 64.0W at 1456Z (ATSR), and a penetration center fix measured 
a central pressure of 993 mb and an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 27.3N, 64.0W at 20Z (ATSR/micro); penetration center fix of 990 mb central pressure [corrected from 984 mb] 
at 28.6N 63.7W at 2012Z (micro). “Late on the 26th “Edith” began to recurved and slowed in forward movement to 5 knots. This deceleration and recurvature were the resultant 
of the weak gradient surrounding the storm at 500 mb and the orientation of the 500 mb steering high to the northeast of the storm center. The weak gradient continued 
through the 27th and 28th of August” (ATSR).

August 28: 

HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.4N, 64.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 28.1N, 64.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 27.8N, 64.2W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 990 mb located near 28.7N, 64.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured an eye of an 80 mile diameter with a 991 mb pressure from dropsonde at 27.3N, 64.4W at 0250Z 
(ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of an 80 mile diameter at 27.6N, 64.8W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 60 mile 
diameter at 28.0N, 64.1W at 1548Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 75 mile diameter at 28.3N, 63.7W at 1855Z (ATSR/micro); and penetration center 
fix measured a central pressure of 990 mb and an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 28.6N, 63.7W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro). “However, by 280300Z, the slowly moving 500 mb trough 
approaching the storm from the east coast of the United States pulled the hurricane to the north and through recurvature slowly” (ATSR).

August 29: 

HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 30.6N, 63.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 85 knot hurricane at 30.5N, 63.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 30.7N, 63.3W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 992 mb located near 30.8N, 63.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 
1005 mb at 27.9N, 62.5W at 06Z (COADS); 35 kt SSW and 1015 mb at 29.9N, 57.6W at 12Z (COADS), and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 29.7N, 58.1W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: 
Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 60 mile diameter at 29.4N, 63.8W at 0415Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 31.1N, 62.8W at 1545Z (ATSR), and Penetration 
center fix at 31.2N, 62.3W at 1750Z (ATSR). “By 290300Z, “Edith” had completed recurvature and accelerated from 2.5 knots at 280300Z to 6.5 knots” (ATSR).

August 30: 

HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb centered near 37.2N, 57.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 36.9N, 57.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 36.0N, 59.0W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 990 mb located near 35.2N, 60.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
50 kt SSE and 1008 mb at 32.5N, 58.9W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 32.5N, 58.5W at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt E and 999 mb at 36.8N, 59.5W at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt 
E and 999 mb at 36.5N, 59.4W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured an eye with a 40 mile diameter, 105 kt flight-level winds, and d-value 
of 1300 ft at 1000 ft flight-level at 35.7N, 59.0W at 1450Z (ATSR/micro). “Edith” continued accelerating slowly and by 301600Z was moving toward the northeast at 20 knots. 
Between 290300Z and 300300Z, “Edith” 500 mb cyclonic circulation was completely destroyed by the deep trough in the Westerlies. Thus, “Edith” entered post maturity with 
attendant decrease in maximum wind velocity and, in this case, frontogenesis” (ATSR).

August 31: 

HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south, centered near 40.5N, 52.3W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot extratropical cyclone at 40.6N, 52.6W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 41.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. 
MWR indicates a low pressure of 996 mb located near 41.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt E and 1013 mb at 42.0N, 53.5W at 12Z (COADS), and 40 kt NE and 1014 mb at 
42.5N, 51.3W at 18Z (COADS).

September 1: 

HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south, centered near 38.5N, 50.0W at 12Z. 
HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 39.5N, 49.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 37.0N, 51.0W at 12Z. 
MWR indicates a low pressure of 1012 mb located near 39.5N, 48.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 40.9N, 53.0W at 0Z (COADS), and 40 kt NW and 1019 mb 
at 36.2N, 54.5W at 12Z (COADS).

September 2: 

HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.2N, 54.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical cyclone at 37.0N, 54.0W at 12Z. Microfilm 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 37.5N, 56.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb located near 37.0N, 54.0W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 
35 kt N and 1007 mb at 38.0N, 55.4W at 06Z (COADS).

September 3: 

HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 36.2N, 56.2W with a stationary front to the north at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot extratropical 
cyclone at 37.0N, 56.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 38.0N, 57.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb located 
near 37.6N, 57.8W at 12Z.  Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1008 mb at 38.0N, 57.1W at 12Z (COADS).

September 4: 

HWM shows a spot low centered near 37.5N, 47.5W with a stationary front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR are not available for this date. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1017 mb centered near 38.0N, 51.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1015 mb at 36.1N, 56.1W at 18Z (COADS).

September 5: 

HWM shows a stationary front associated with a 1015 mb low pressure southeast of Nova Scotia at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR are not available for this date. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1017 mb centered near 41.0N, 56.0W at 06Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

MWR: “Hurricane Edith formed on August 24 in an easterly and moved on a smooth parabolic curve passing well to the east of Bermuda on the 29th. Highest winds reported by 
reconnaissance were 90 mph. The lowest pressure in the center was 991 mb (29.26 inches) measured by dropsondes in the eye on the same dates.”

Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 12Z on the 21st of August as a 25 kt tropical depression, unchanged from the original HURDAT. Data is very sparse between the 
21st and 24th, but three ship reports on the 21st indicate that the center of the cyclone was located about a degree farther west and a degree farther south than originally 
shown in HURDAT.  A significant shift southwestward on the 30th was introduced based upon ship and aircraft observations.  Another shift southwestward was introduced on the 
1st and early on the 2nd based upon ship reports.  Finally, a northwestward adjustment was made on the 3rd based upon also upon ship reports. Intensification to a tropical 
storm remains at 12Z on the 23rd, unchanged from the original HURDAT. The original intensity in HURDAT at 06Z and 12Z is 30 kt and 45 kt, respectively. While such an abrupt 
jump is unlikely, without observations to justify altering the original HURDAT, no alteration is made here for the intensities on the 23rd.  The first reconnaissance aircraft 
mission occurred late on the 24th of August, but it was unsuccessful in obtaining a center fix, although aircraft and ship observations suggest that the center was near 20N, 
55W at 21Z. A gradual intensification is shown on the 24th, including major changes at 00Z and 06Z as an intensity of 40 kt is selected for those times, down from 60 kt 
originally in HURDAT. The first winds of gale force were reported on the 25th, including 45 kt at 06Z, 09Z, and 12Z. An aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 25th measured 
central pressures of 1002 mb at 15Z and 998 mb at 20Z. A central pressure of 998 mb yields 51 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. An intensity 
of 50 kt is selected for 18Z on the 25th, down from 75 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. A central pressure of 998 mb was also added to 18Z on the 25th. Major changes 
in intensity are thus indicated from 00Z to 12Z on the 25th as an intensity of 50 kt has been selected, down from 70 kt originally in HURDAT. 

Edith continued to strengthen on the 26th while located southeast of Bermuda. Another aircraft mission reached the storm on the 26th at 20Z measuring a central pressure of 
987 mb. A central pressure of 987 mb yields 68 kt south of 25N, 64 kt north of 25N, and 66 kt north of 25N intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. The aircraft 
also reported an eye diameter of 40 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm and climatology suggests 20 nm. Thus, an intensity of 65 kt is selected for 18Z, down 
from 75 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 987 mb has been added to 18Z on the 26th. A major change is shown at 00Z on the 26th as 55 kt is selected as the intensity, 
down from 75 kt originally in HURDAT. Some weakening occurred on the 27th, as a central pressure of 992 mb was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft at 1456Z. A central pressure 
of 992 mb yields 56 kt north of 25N and 54 kt north of 25N weakening subset of the pressure-wind relationships. Another aircraft mission at 20Z measured a central pressure of 
993 mb and an eye diameter of 60 miles, which allows calculating an RMW of about 45 nm while climatology suggests an RMW of 23 nm. Thus, an intensity of 50 kt has been selected 
for 12Z and 18Z, down from 80 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. Central pressures of 992 mb and 993 mb have been added to 12Z and 18Z, respectively. Major changes are also 
indicated at 00Z and 06Z on the 27th, as 55 kt have been selected for those times, down from 80 kt originally in HURDAT. Additionally, a 991 mb central pressure was added to the 
00Z 28th slot from the 0252Z reconnaissance mission dropsonde pressure.  Slight deepening occurred on the 28th as a central pressure of 990 mb was measured by a reconnaissance 
aircraft at 2012Z. A central pressure of 990 mb yields 59 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also reported a large eye diameter of 60 nm. 
Thus, an intensity of 55 kt is selected for 18Z, down from 85 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 990 mb is added to 18Z on the 28th. Major changes in intensity are 
also shown from 0Z to 12Z on the 28th. HURDAT originally had 80 kt at 0Z, and 85 kt at 06Z and 12Z. 50 kt was selected for 00Z and 06Z, and 55 kt for 12Z. On the 29th, Edith 
passed to the east of Bermuda and only a few ships reported gale-force winds on this day. An intensity of 55 kt is analyzed from 00Z to 18Z – persisting with the reanalyzed 
intensity from the day before, down from 85 kt originally in HURDAT, a major change. 

On the 30th of August, an Air Force research flight went through Edith. These indicated a 105 kt “measured” wind a D-value of -1300 ft at 1000 ft altitude, which corresponds to 
967 mb central pressure at 1450Z.  This central pressure corresponds to a maximum wind of 88 kt from the north of 25N and 85 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind 
relationships.  An eye diameter of 40 nm, suggests an RMW of about 30 nm which is close to climatology for this latitude and central pressure (28 nm).  While the instrumental 
winds are not trustworthy due to the poor technology of the time, an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed at 12Z on the 30th, up from 80 kt originally.  Thus intensification is indicated 
on the 29th, ramping up to 85 kt (unchanged peak intensity) at 06Z on the 30th just before the flight through 18Z on the 30th. Weakening commenced early on the 31st, consistent 
with available ship observations. Transition to an extratropical cyclone remains at 12Z on the 31st, as originally shown in HURDAT. Edith became an occluded low late on the 1st 
as the frontal boundaries appeared to have dissipated.  However, there is no evidence that the system reintensified from non-baroclinic sources from the 1st onward.  Various ships 
reported gale-force winds on the 1st, including 40 kt at 00Z and 12Z. The last gale-force winds were reported at 06Z on the 2nd. Minor intensity and track changes are evaluated 
on the 2nd and 3rd of September. The last position in HURDAT is at 18Z on the 3rd, but data on the 4th suggests that a closed circulation was still present. An approaching cold 
front started to interact with Edith on the 4th and by 12Z on the 5th, the circulation had dissipated. The last position is analyzed at 06Z on the 5th as a 25 kt extratropical 
cyclone. Adding 36 hours to the lifetime of Edith is a major change to HURDAT.
*******************************************************************************

Unnamed Tropical Storm 5 [August 23–28, 1955]

38870 08/23/1955 M= 8  5 SNBR= 850 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0 
38870 08/25/1955 M= 6  5 SNBR= 850 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0 
         **         *

(The 23rd and 24th are deleted from HURDAT.)
38875 08/23*  0   0   0    0*177 800  35    0*189 811  35    0*195 816  35    0*
38880 08/24*200 820  35    0*205 824  35    0*210 827  35    0*216 833  35    0*

38885 08/25*223 838  35    0*229 841  35    0*235 844  35    0*243 848  35    0*
38885 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*246 851  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

38890 08/26*254 853  35    0*265 857  35    0*277 861  40    0*288 870  40    0*
38890 08/26*251 853  35    0*260 857  35    0*274 861  35    0*289 870  40 1004*
            ***              ***              *** ***  **      ***         ****

38895 08/27*296 883  40    0*301 897  40    0*303 911  40    0*305 923  40    0*
38895 08/27*297 883  45    0*301 897  45    0*303 913  40    0*305 929  35    0*
            ***      **               **          ***              ***  **

38900 08/28*306 933  40    0*308 939  35    0*313 945  35    0*322 950  35    0*
38900 08/28*305 937  30    0*306 942  25    0*310 948  25    0*315 953  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

38905 08/29*335 955  30    0*350 955  30    0*364 947  25    0*376 926  25    0*
38910 08/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
              *   *   *        *   *   *        *   *   *        *   *   *

38910 08/30*387 903  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
38910 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
              *   *   *

38915 TS   

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall
-------------------------------------
08/27 04Z 30.0N 89.2W 45 kt LA

Minor changes to the track and to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  A major alteration is to delay genesis by two days.  Also dissipation is now indicated 
to be 30 hours earlier.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather 
Review, the Local Climatological Data, Connor (1956), Mexican weather maps,the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book, and Perez et al. (2000).

August 21:
HWM, HURDAT, Microfilm and MWR do not analyze an organized system on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 22:
HWM, HURDAT, and MWR do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 19.0N, 81.0W at 18Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures.

August 23:

HWM shows a spot low centered near 17.3N, 82.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 18.9N, 81.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of 
at most 1008 mb centered near 20.5N, 81.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1008 mb located near 19.2N, 82.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  “A 
weak circulation was observed near Grand Cayman on August 23” (MWR).

August 24:

HWM shows a spot low centered near 20.5N, 82.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 21.0N, 82.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of 
at most 1008 mb centered near 21.0N, 82.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1007 mb located near 21.0N, 83.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  
“Tropical Storm landfall in Cuba, August 24” (Perez et al.)

August 25:

HWM shows a spot low centered near 24.5N, 88.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 23.5N, 84.4W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of 
at most 1008 mb centered near 25.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1009 mb located near 22.5N, 86.0W and new center of 1009 mb located near 28.2N, 85.8W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

August 26:
 
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 28.0N, 88.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot tropical storm at 27.7N, 86.1W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered near 25.5N, 86.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1009 mb located near 27.4N, 86.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Navy reconnaissance measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and surface winds of 40 kt at 29.0N, 89.0W at 18Z (micro).

August 27: 

HWM shows a spot low centered near 29.2N, 92.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 40 knot tropical storm at 30.3N, 91.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of 
at most 1005 mb centered near 30.5N, 91.5W at 12Z. MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 
1000 mb at New Orleans NAS (likely around 07Z)(MWR, CLIMO); peak sustained winds for the month at New Orleans City Office – 24 kt N on 1st (CLIMO); peak sustained winds 
for the month at New Orleans Airport Office – 26 kt N on 1st (CLIMO); 34 kt S peak gust at 0720Z at New Orleans Airport Office (CLIMO); peak winds 1004 mb at Baton Rouge 
at 12Z (CLIMO).  “It moved on a northwestward course and gained intensity very slowly, passing between New Orleans Airport and the Naval Air Station about 0200 EST, 
August 27. The highest wind was 40 to 50 mph with lowest pressure 1000.3 mb (29.54 inches). Only very minor damage was reported” (MWR).  “The highest wind reported was 
40 to 45 m.p.h. with gusts to 50 m.p.h. at New Orleans Airport…The lowest pressure, 29.54 inches [1000 mb] was observed at the New Orleans Naval Air Station” (CLIMO).

August 28: 

HWM shows a spot low centered near 31.0N, 94.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 31.3N, 94.5W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR does not analyze an 
organized system on this date. Land highlights: 1005 mb at Lake Charles (likely early on the 28th) (CLIMO).
 
August 29: 

HWM shows a cold front across the central states of the United States at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 36.4N, 94.7W at 12Z. Microfilm and 
MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. 

August 30: 

HWM shows a cold front stretching from the Great Lakes to Texas at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 25 knot tropical depression at 38.7N, 90.3W at 0Z (last position). 
Microfilm and MWR does not analyze an organized system on this date. 

This unnamed tropical storm developed from a tropical wave over the western Caribbean Sea late on August.  The genesis is changed from 06Z on the 23rd to 18Z on the 
25th as the system did not have a well-defined low level circulation according to the land stations and ships in the vicinity until that time.  The low level circulation 
became better organized by 18Z on the 25th and the cyclone developed with winds of 30 kt. The highest winds for the 25th were 30 kt reported by a ship at 12Z.  The 
cyclone is analyzed to have reached tropical storm intensity at 00Z on the 26th, which is six hours later.  A reconnaissance aircraft reached the tropical cyclone at 18Z 
on the 26th measuring a central pressure of 1004 mb and surface winds of 40 kt.  A central pressure of 1004 mb suggests maximum winds of 36 kt north of 25N and 38 kt 
north of 25N intensifying from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships.  Given the visual estimate of the intensity and the fast-forward motion of the storm, the 
intensity is kept at 40 kt at 18Z on the 26th.  The cyclone turned to the northwest and west-northwest late on the 26th and early on the 27th making landfall at 04Z on 
the 27th in southeast Louisiana.  Three hours later, New Orleans Naval Air Station, measured a pressure of 1000 mb, which indicates maximum winds of at least 44 kt 
according to the pressure-wind relationship. (It is unknown whether this was a central pressure.)  Thus, a peak wind of 45 kt is selected for 00Z and 06Z on the 27th, 
up from 40 kt originally shown in HURDAT.  45 kt is also the intensity at landfall.  The MWR and Climatological Reports suggested that New Orleans reported sustained 
winds of 35-40 kt, however, both the New Orleans City Office and Airport stations did not have sustained tropical storm force winds for the entire month.  The small 
tropical storm continued moving over southern Louisiana on August 27th weakening to a tropical depression at 0Z on the 28th.  Dissipation is shown over eastern Texas 
at 18Z on the 28th based on surface observations.  HURDAT originally kept the cyclone as a tropical storm until 18Z on the 28th, downgrading it to a tropical depression 
at 0Z on the 29th and finally dissipating it at 0Z on August 30th. Thus, dissipation 30 hours earlier is a major change to HURDAT.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Flora [September 2–10, 1955]

38920 09/02/1955 M= 8  6 SNBR= 851 FLORA       XING=0 SSS=0     
38925 09/02*  0   0   0    0*190 311  35    0*192 331  35    0*194 353  40    0*
38925 09/02*  0   0   0    0*190 311  35    0*192 331  35    0*194 351  40    0*
                                                                   ***

38930 09/03*198 371  45    0*204 387  55    0*210 402  65    0*216 417  65    0*
38930 09/03*198 370  45    0*204 387  55    0*210 402  65    0*216 417  65    0*
                ***

38935 09/04*222 432  65    0*229 448  65    0*237 464  65    0*246 481  65    0*
38935 09/04*222 432  65    0*229 448  65    0*237 466  65    0*247 485  65  989*
                                                  ***          *** ***      ***

38940 09/05*255 498  65    0*265 513  65    0*274 524  65    0*282 533  65    0*
38940 09/05*256 500  70    0*265 513  75    0*274 524  80  975*282 533  80  971*
            *** ***  **               **               **  ***          **  ***

38945 09/06*290 540  65    0*299 546  70    0*307 551  80    0*316 553  85  967*
38945 09/06*293 539  75  977*298 544  75    0*305 548  80    0*313 552  90  967*
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  ** 

38950 09/07*324 554  90    0*331 554  90    0*339 552  90    0*353 547  90    0*
38950 09/07*321 554  90    0*330 554  90    0*339 552  90    0*349 548  90    0*
            ***              ***                               *** ***  

38955 09/08*368 539  90    0*380 527  90    0*393 512  90    0*407 497  90  972*
38955 09/08*362 539  90    0*376 527  85    0*391 514  85    0*407 497  80  975*
            ***              ***      **      *** ***  **               **  ***

38960 09/09E424 472  85    0E445 437  80    0E466 401  70    0*  0   0   0    0*
38960 09/09*422 470  75    0E440 440  70  976E460 390  65    0E480 320  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     **** ***  **

38965 HR

Minor track and intensity changes are analyzed for this hurricane that remained over the open Atlantic. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, and USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps.

August 30:
HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

August 31:
HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 1:
HWM and HURDAT do not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 2:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 40W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 19.0N, 31.1W at 12Z. Microfilm and MWR are not available 
on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 3:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.0N, 42.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 21.0N, 40.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows 
a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 21.0N, 40.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1015 mb at 21.9N, 40.5W at 12Z, 
and 50 kt NE and 1006 mb at 22.3N, 42.0W at 18Z. All observations from micro. “On 31 August the surface reports from the Cape Verde Islands indicated the passage 
of an easterly wave with a possible vortex. The vortex was extrapolated westward at 12.5 knots on each succeeding surface chart but no reports were received in the 
vicinity of the disturbance until 3 September when the SS Belmare and the SS Almora reports indicated a small but intense tropical storm near 22N 42W late on 
3 September” (ATSR).

September 4:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.2N, 45.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 23.7N, 46.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 24.0N, 46.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt NE and 1008 mb at 22.3N, 42.0W at 0Z; 
45 kt S and 1000 mb at 24.7N, 46.0W at 12Z, and 45 kt NNW and 1013 mb at 24.0N, 48.6W at 15Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center 
fix measured a central pressure of 989 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 24.7N, 48.5W at 1810Z (ATSR/micro). “Aircraft reconnaissance was ordered and Warning 
Number One on “Hurricane Flora” was issued at 040400Z. Between the 31st of August and detection late on the 3rd of September, “Flora” had moved on a course of about 
295 degrees at 14 to 16 knots. This movement continued for the next 24 hours” (ATSR).

September 5:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.5N, 52.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 27.4N, 52.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 996 mb at 27.5N, 52.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 45 kt N and 1004 mb at 29.1N, 54.5W at 21Z, 
and 35 kt NNW and 1013 mb at 29.3N, 55.5W at 21Z. All observations from micro. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb 
and an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 27.9N, 53.0W at 1430Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 40 mile 
diameter at 28.2N, 54.2W at 2010Z (ATSR/micro). “Beginning late on 4 September “Flora” began turning to the northwest and decelerating. By 050300Z, “Flora” 
was moving northwest at 13 knots with maximum winds barely of hurricane force” (ATSR).

September 6:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 30.7N, 55.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 80 knot hurricane at 30.7N, 55.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 30.8N, 55.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 980 mb at 30.5N, 55.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt N 
and 994 mb at 29.5N, 54.0W at 0Z; 60 kt NNE and 991 mb at 30.0N, 54.5W at 0730Z, and 40 kt SE and 1019 mb at 30.0N, 51.5W at 12Z. All observations from micro. 
Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a minimum 700 mb height of 9480 ft and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 29.2N, 54.0W at 02Z (ATSR/micro). 
Penetration center fix from 500 mb measured a central pressure of 977 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 28.2N, 54.3W at 0230Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration 
center fix measured an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 30.1N, 54.9W at 0730Z (ATSR/micro).  Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 967 mb and an 
eye of a 30 mile diameter at 31.5N, 54.2W at 1947Z (ATSR/micro). ““Flora” remained a very small storm as far as size and maximum wind velocity were concerned. 
Not until late on the 6th of September did “Flora’s” course pass through north and speed decrease to the minimum. At approximately the same time, the maximum 
wind velocity began to increase as the pressure gradient increased on the eastern side of the hurricane” (ATSR).

September 7:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 33.9N, 55.2W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 980 mb at 33.9N, 56.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE 
and 1014 mb at 32.0N, 53.0W at 12Z, and 40 kt SW and 1014 mb at 32.0N, 53.8W at 18Z. All observations from COADS. Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 
33.9N, 55.2W at 1230Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured an eye of a 40 mile diameter with 9420 ft 700 mb height at 34.9N, 54.8W at 1830Z (ATSR/micro).

September 8:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 38.8N, 52.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 39.3N, 51.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 999 mb at 39.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of at most 984 mb at 38.9N, 52.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt S 
and 993 mb at 36.5N, 51.0W at 06Z (micro), 50 kt SW and 1001 mb at 36.2N, 51.3W at 12Z (COADS), and 35 kt S and 1016 mb at 38.7N, 47.0W at 18Z (COADS). Aircraft 
highlight: Penetration center fix at 40.5N, 50.7W at 1650Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 975 mb and an eye of a 38 mile diameter 
at 41.0N, 49.4W at 1930Z (ATSR/micro).

September 9:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb with a cold front going through the cyclone centered near 47.0N, 40.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot 
extratropical cyclone at 46.6N, 40.1W (last position) at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb at 46.5N, 40.0W at 12Z. MWR analyses a low 
pressure of at most 992 mb at 46.5N, 41.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1022 mb at 40.0N, 42.4W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt S and 1012 mb at 43.6N, 41.7W at 06Z 
(micro); Queen Eleonor measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 43.7N, 42.5W at 0826Z (micro); 45-55 kt WSW and 1008 mb at 43.5N, 40.9W at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt 
SSE and 1002 mb at 48.2N, 31.4W at 18Z (COADS). “As “Flora” moved to the northeast and later east-northeast it was overtaken by the cold front resulting in further 
degeneration and development of extratropical characteristics. “Flora” was completely absorbed by the cold front on the 9th of September and rapidly lost its 
identity as an extratropical low. The last warning was issued at 091600Z. The last identifiable position was near 48N, 33W at 092200Z. 

September 10:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 52.0N, 17.0W with a warm front to the northeast and a cold front to the south at 12Z. HURDAT does 
not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1012 mb at 48.0N, 30.0W at 0Z (COADS); 
45 kt SW and 1007 mb at 49.0N, 22.8W at 06Z (COADS), and 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 49.8N, 16.4W at 12Z (COADS).

September 11:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 67.0N, 6.0W with a warm front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on 
this date. Microfilm and HWM are not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

MWR: “An unstable easterly wave passed through the Cape Verde Islands during August 30-31. A message was received on the 30th from Panair du Brazil at Recife, 
Brazil: Tropical storm evident. Cyclonic circulation aloft to 4000 meters. Center approximately 11ºN, 21ºW. Displacement 18 mph WNW. Storm associated with easterly 
wave along ITC [intertropical convergence zone]. This weak circulation was the genesis of Flora which reached hurricane intensity on September 3 at approximately 
Latitude 21ºN and Longitude 40ºW. Hurricane Flora moved on a smooth parabolic path northward through the middle Atlantic, passing some 9º east of Bermuda on the 
6th and early on the 7th. The highest wind reported was 104 mph at 1230 EST on the 8th at Latitude 41.0ºN  and Longitude 49.4ºW, with central pressure of 972 mb 
(28.70 inches). The lowest reported pressure during the storm’s history was 967 mb (28.55 inches) at 31.5ºN and 55.3ºW on the 6th.”

Genesis for this tropical cyclone remains at 06Z on the 2nd of September as a 35 kt tropical storm, unchanged from the original HURDAT. Data over the eastern and 
central Atlantic are very sparse and the exact time of formation cannot be confirmed. The first ship to encounter Flora occurred at 12Z on the 3rd when Belmare 
reported 55 kt NE winds and 1015 mb. This is the time that Flora reaches hurricane intensity as originally shown in HURDAT and our reanalysis concurs with this 
assessment. The first airplane reconnaissance reached Flora at 1810Z on the 4th measuring a central pressure of 989 mb and an eye diameter of 20 miles. This allows 
computing an RMW of about 15 nm and climatology suggests an RMW of 20 nm. A central pressure of 989 mb yields 65 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind 
relationship and 61 kt in the northern. Thus, an intensity of 65 kt is analyzed at 18Z, which agrees with HURDAT original assessment and the surface winds estimated 
by the reconnaissance mission. A central pressure of 989 mb has been added at 18Z on the 4th. (It is of note that the intensity variations in HURDAT on the 3rd and 
4th [rapid intensification to a hurricane, then steady state for 36 hours] are somewhat unlikely.  There is essentially no data on the 2nd through 06Z on the 3rd, 
so no changes can be implemented then as well.)  From 12Z on the 3rd through 18Z on the 4th, the data available are consistent with the existing HURDAT, so no changes 
are thus made.  On the 5th, reconnaissance aircraft reported a central pressure of 975 mb at 1430Z and 971 mb at 2010Z. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 79 kt 
north of 25N and 82 kt north of 25N in the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 80 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 5th, up from 
65 kt originally in HURDAT. A central pressure of 975 mb has been added to 12Z on the 5th. A central pressure of 971 mb yields 83 kt north of 25N and 87 kt north of 
25N in the intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. This mission also measured an eye diameter of 40 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm,
 somewhat larger than climatology at 22 nm. Therefore, an intensity of 80 kt has been selected for 18Z on the 4th and a central pressure of 971 mb has been added to 
this time. 

Another aircraft reconnaissance mission measured 977 mb central pressure from 500 mb on the 6th at 0230Z.  This is consistent with a 700 mb height of 9480 ft at 02Z 
suggesting a range of 970-989 mb.  977 mb central pressure suggests a maximum wind of 76 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The 30 nm diameter eye 
suggests an RMW of 20-25 nm, compared with climatology of 23 nm.  Thus an intensity of 75 kt is analyzed at 00Z on the 6th.  At 1947Z on the 6th, a central pressure of 
967 mb was measured by a reconnaissance aircraft. This report also indicated an eye diameter of 30 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 20-25 nm versus a 
climatology of 25 nm. A central pressure of 967 mb yields 88 kt north of 25N and 92 kt north of 25N and intensifying, according to the pressure-wind relationships. 
Hence, an intensity of 90 kt has been selected for 18Z on the 6th. 90 kt is also the peak intensity for the lifetime of Flora, which is unchanged from that originally 
shown in HURDAT. No change in intensity is analyzed to have occurred between 18Z on the 6th to 00Z on the 8th. The 9420 ft 700 mb height from the 1830Z aircraft 
reconnaissance mission on the 7th corresponds to a range of 968-987 mb central pressures.  The next reconnaissance aircraft to measure a central pressure was at 1930Z 
on the 8th measuring 975 mb. A central pressure of 975 mb yields 78 kt north of 35N according to the Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationship. The aircraft also 
reported an eye diameter of 38 miles, which allows computing an RMW of about 30 nm while climatology gives 34 nm. Thus, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 18Z on 
the 8th, down from 90 kt as originally shown in HURDAT. 85 kt was selected for 06Z and 12Z on the 8th, down from 90 kt originally in HURDAT. A few ships reported 
gale-force winds on the 8th, including 60 kt measured at 12Z. On the 9th, Flora started to rapidly accelerate to the northeast while losing its tropical characteristics. 
Extratropical transition was originally shown in HURDAT to have occurred at 00Z on the 9th but the data suggests that the cold front was still to the northwest of the 
cyclone. By 06Z, Flora was already part of the frontal system and transition to an extratropical cyclone is analyzed to have occurred at this time, six hours later than 
shown in HURDAT. Early on the 9th, the ship Queen Eleanor passed through the center of Flora measuring a central pressure of 976 mb at 0826Z. A central pressure of 976 mb 
has been added to 06Z on the 9th. The last position originally on HURDAT is at 12Z on the 9th possibly indicating that Flora had been absorbed by a larger extratropical 
system. Nevertheless, data suggests that Flora continued moving northeast and later, east-northeast, towards the northeast Atlantic. The extratropical cyclone gradually 
weakened and dissipated after 18Z on the 9th, adding six hour to the end of the system.  The system may have continued through 18Z on the 10th as a separate extratropical 
cyclone, but the evidence is ambiguous and contradictory.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Gladys [September 2–6, 1955]

38970 09/04/1955 M= 3  7 SNBR= 852 GLADYS      XING=0 SSS=0                      
38970 09/03/1955 M= 6  7 SNBR= 852 GLADYS      XING=0 SSS=0                      
         **         *

(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
38973 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 933  25    0* 


38975 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*206 941  30    0*215 946  35    0* 
38975 09/04*196 940  25    0*200 947  25    0*208 953  30    0*216 957  35    0* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

38980 09/05*223 952  40    0*231 959  60    0*236 967  80    0*234 973  75    0* 
38980 09/05*223 961  40    0*226 965  50    0*230 970  65  997*233 975  65  996* 
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

38985 09/06*228 977  50    0*221 978  45    0*215 978  40    0*207 978  40    0* 
38985 09/06*229 979  50    0*221 979  40    0*214 978  35    0*212 975  25    0* 
            *** ***              ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

38990 HR 

Landfall:
5th/22Z - 23.1N 97.8W - 65 kt – 996 mb - Mexico

Minor alterations are introduced to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC 
microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book.

September 2:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 96.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 21.0N, 94.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No low pressures or gales. “As early as 27 August 
a weak vortex with an associated easterly trough was detected while located just west of Balboa, Canal Zone. The vortex was tracked as it progressed slowly westward 
along with the associated upper trough at 700 mb and 500 mb. By 1 September, the disturbance was still not unduly suspicious but was centered over the Gulf of 
Campeche whose warm waters are most productive of tropical storms. The upper trough was reflected on the surface and extended northeastward into a quasi-stationary 
frontal area. During the next three days it was not apparent that any appreciable intensification had taken place but it was evident that the vortex was slowly 
drifting northward” (ATSR).

September 3:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.5N, 92.5W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list an organized system on this date. Microfilm shows an 
elongated closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 20.5N, 93.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No low pressures or gales. Land 
highlights: 5 kt N and 1005 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 0Z (micro), and 5 kt NE and 1005 mb at Coatzacoalcos at 0Z (micro).

September 4:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.1N, 95.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 20.8N, 95.3W at 12Z. Microfilm 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb near 22.0N, 95.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1004 mb at 21.0N, 95.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 5 kt W and 
1005 mb at 19.0N, 91.9W at 0Z (micro), and 25 kt NNW and 1003 mb at 23.1N, 97.5W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1004 mb at Veracruz at 0Z (micro). 
“Beginning on the 4th of September, ships in the Western Gulf of Mexico began reporting squally weather with surface winds of 20 to 30 knots. These reports, as 
were the land station reports, were at some distance from the center of the tropical disturbance. It was decided to send an investigative flight into the Western 
Gulf to locate the center of the disturbance. In the meantime, an unnumbered tropical depression warning was issued at 042100Z with an estimated position of the 
center” (ATSR).

September 5:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 23.5N, 96.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists an 80 kt hurricane near 23.6N, 96.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1002 mb near 23.5N, 96.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1006 mb at 23.3N, 96.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1003 mb at 23.3N, 
97.2W at 0Z (micro), and 35 kt N and 1011 mb at 25.2N, 96.5W at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 997 mb and 
an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 23.1N, 97.1W at 1403Z (ATSR/micro); penetration fix at 23.2N 97.5W with “19” mb central pressure and 80 kt maximum winds at 1510Z 
(obvious error in central pressure - micro/ATSR); penetration center fix at 23.3M, 97.3W at 1615Z (ATSR). “Navy reconnaissance aircraft on the 5th found a poorly 
defined eye, visually and by radar. A center fix was made on the surface wind circulation. The maximum wind velocity was reported as 80 knots near the center and 
minimum central pressure of 996 mb. “Gladys” was thus typical of most of the storms forming in the Gulf which have poorly defined eyes, relatively high central 
pressures, yet at times have strong winds over a small area. The four aircraft fixes reported on the morning of the 5th showed the hurricane to be on a west-northwest 
to northwest course moving at about 8 knots. The last reconnaissance fix placed the center at 23.5N, 97.4W only 20 miles off the coast of Mexico” (ATSR).

September 6: 
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.5N, 97.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 40 kt tropical storm near 21.5N, 97.8W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a spot 
low near 24.5N, 96.2W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1006 mb at 24.7N, 97.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt NW at 
Tampico (no time given but likely early on the 6th) (MWR), and 20 kt ENE and 1001 mb at Tampico at 06Z (micro). “The filling took place near Tampico, Mexico, and by 
061830Z all that remained of “Gladys” was a large flat low centered east of Tampico. The final regular numbered warning of “Hurricane Gladys” was issued at 061000Z. 
The storm had filled rapidly and lost force almost as suddenly as it had developed. Degeneration had come as a result of the westerly trough and passage over land” (ATSR).

September 7: 
HWM, HURDAT and Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR shows a low pressure of 1010 mb at 27.4N, 96.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

MWR: “This tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Campeche and moved first northwestward and later southward entering the coast of Mexico north of Tampico. Highest wind 
reported from Tampico was 48 mph from the northwest but higher winds may have occurred along the coast to the north of Tampico. The lowest pressure reported by 
reconnaissance was 997 mb (29.44 mb). Winds of 81 mph were reported by the reconnaissance plane on one occasion and also by a civilian plane on the same date, and 
therefore, Gladys has been classified as of hurricane intensity. There was a fairly report of 25 inches of rain in 3 days at Tampico beginning the sequence of 
hurricane-associated rains which culminated in the Tampico disaster. Meager reports indicate some deaths and damage along the Mexican coast.”

Genesis is originally begun at 12Z on September 4th as a 30 kt tropical depression. Observations from land stations and ships in the Bay of Campeche suggest that a 
low pressure center was present on the 2nd. The time of genesis is revised to 18Z on the 3rd as a 25 kt tropical depression as the system appeared to have developed a 
well-defined center at that time, though it may have occurred earlier.  Following genesis, cyclone moved to the west. Although no gales were reported on the 4th by 
ships or land stations, the system was getting better organized structurally and a pressure of 1003 mb was reported by a ship at 21Z on the 4th. 1003 mb peripheral 
pressure suggests maximum winds of at least 41 kt from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.  Intensification to a tropical storm is thus retained at 18Z on the 
4th as shown in HURDAT.  Gladys turned to the northwest on the 4th and continued this general motion on the 5th. The first gale associated with the cyclone is reported 
at 6Z on the 5th as a ship reported 35 kt N and 1011 mb at 25.2N, 96.5W. Later on the 5th, a single aircraft reconnaissance mission into this storm measured an RMW of 
about 15 nm and a 997 mb central pressure at 1403Z. The next fix reported 80 kt winds (likely a surface estimate) and a 996 mb central pressure (the message in the 
microfilm indicated “19” mb, but the ATSR book mentioned 996 mb in the same context of the 80 kt, so the 996 mb is likely the correct value).  996 mb suggests maximum 
winds of 54 kt from the south of 25N Brown et al pressure-wind relationship.  Given the small size of the cyclone and providing some weighting on the visual estimate of 
80 kt, intensity is analyzed to be 65 kt at 12Z and 18Z on the 5th. This intensity is also the peak for the system.  No further inner core observations were available 
until after landfall later that day in Tamaulipas, Mexico.  

Landfall is analyzed to have occurred around 22Z on the 5th near 23.1N 97.8W, north of Tampico with an intensity of 65 kt. HURDAT originally had Gladys making landfall 
around 05Z on the 6th as a weakening tropical storm.  Late on the 5th, Gladys turned to the southwest causing the center to move inland. On the 6th, the system moved 
generally to the south passing close or over Tampico around 06Z. Microfilm at this time shows a barometric pressure of 1001 mb being reported by Tampico. MWR also reports 
that the city reported maximum winds of 42 kt at an unknown time on September 6th, but it is likely that these winds occurred early in the day. HURDAT originally kept the 
system moving south inland and the last point at 18Z on the 6th had an intensity of 40 kt. Weakening to a tropical depression is now shown at 18Z on the 6th with dissipation 
shortly afterwards. 
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Ione [September 10–20, 1955]

39060 09/10/1955 M=15  9 SNBR= 854 IONE        XING=1 SSS=3                      
39060 09/10/1955 M=18  8 SNBR= 854 IONE        XING=1 SSS=2   
                   **  *                                  *

39065 09/10*  0   0   0    0*154 432  25    0*154 442  35    0*154 454  35    0* 
39065 09/10*  0   0   0    0*136 414  25    0*140 430  35    0*144 446  35    0*
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

39070 09/11*153 467  35    0*153 480  35    0*152 493  35    0*149 505  35    0* 
39070 09/11*148 462  35    0*151 478  35    0*152 493  35    0*149 508  35    0*   
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

39075 09/12*147 517  35    0*144 529  35    0*142 541  35    0*144 553  40 1008* 
39075 09/12*146 521  35    0*143 534  35    0*140 546  35    0*140 558  35 1007* 
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  ** ****

39080 09/13*150 565  40    0*157 575  40    0*164 582  45    0*169 588  45    0* 
39080 09/13*144 569  35    0*149 580  35    0*155 588  35    0*161 593  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

39085 09/14*174 593  50    0*177 597  55    0*180 602  60    0*185 612  60    0* 
39085 09/14*167 597  45    0*173 601  45    0*179 606  50 1001*185 614  50 1000*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** ****     ***  ** ****

39090 09/15*193 623  65    0*207 628  65    0*221 633  70  990*229 652  70    0* 
39090 09/15*193 623  55    0*206 633  65    0*219 644  70  990*228 656  70    0* 
                     **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

39095 09/16*234 671  75    0*238 681  75    0*242 691  80  990*247 704  85    0* 
39095 09/16*233 670  75    0*237 683  75    0*241 693  75  985*246 702  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

39100 09/17*252 714  90    0*258 720  95    0*265 727 100  950*273 733 100  938* 
39100 09/17*251 711  85    0*257 719  90  971*263 725 105  950*270 732 120  938* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

39105 09/18*281 740 100    0*289 747 105    0*298 753 100  940*312 758 100    0* 
39105 09/18*279 740 120    0*288 747 115    0*298 753 110  943*312 758 105    0*
            ***     ***      ***     ***              ***  ***         ***

39110 09/19*328 762 100    0*339 766  90    0*348 767  65  960*356 765  60    0* 
39110 09/19*326 761 100    0*338 765  95    0*348 767  90  955*353 767  75    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **  *** *** ***  **

39115 09/20*364 754  60    0*367 745  65    0*370 734  90    0*378 711  85  982* 
39115 09/20*360 764  65    0*366 757  65  976*371 742  70    0*380 720  75  982*
            *** ***  **      *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

39120 09/21*394 678  75    0E423 625  60    0E450 594  50    0E467 574  45    0* 
39120 09/21*393 683  80  976E415 640  80    0E450 594  75    0E485 550  75    0* 
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

39125 09/22E484 558  45    0E501 547  45    0E518 530  45    0E531 499  45    0* 
39125 09/22E503 545  70    0E507 545  70    0E510 538  65    0E525 510  65    0* 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

39130 09/23E534 468  45    0E533 437  45    0E531 406  45    0E546 350  45    0* 
39130 09/23E534 468  60    0E533 437  55    0E531 406  50    0E546 350  45    0* 
                     **               **               **


39135 09/24E572 293  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
39135 09/24E572 293  45    0E600 220  45    0E625 155  45    0E650 140  40    0* 
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

September 25th, 26th, and 27th are new in HURDAT
39137 09/25E675 115  40    0E690 095  35    0E700 080  35    0E709 070  35    0*
39137 09/26E716 070  35    0E721 090  35    0E725 120  35    0E728 140  30    0*
39137 09/27E730 150  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

39140 HR NC3  
39140 HR NC2
         ***

U.S. Hurricane:
Sep 19th – 11Z – 34.7N 76.7W – 90 kt – Category 2 – 955 mb – 25 nm RMW - 1013 mb OCI – 375 nm ROCI 

Minor track and major intensity changes are analyzed for this classic Cape Verde hurricane that made landfall in North Carolina before moving away into the 
North Atlantic. A major alteration is to add three additional days at the end of the cyclone’s lifetime. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps Series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, USWB/NHC microfilm of synoptic weather maps, the Climatological Data, the Navy aircraft 
reconnaissance book, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987) and Jarrell et al. (1992).

September 9:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 34.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not analyze an organized system on this date. Microfilm does not show an organized system 
on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 10:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 11.5N, 41.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.4N, 44.2W at 12Z. 
Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. 

September 11:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.5N, 49.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 15.2N, 49.3W at 12Z. 
Microfilm does not show an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: 
GULL aircraft reported an “eye” near 15.7N, 50.5W at 1545Z (micro). “The birth of “Hurricane Ione” followed close in the wake of “Hurricane Hilda.” In the 
easterly flow in the tropical regions to the east of the Lesser Antilles, were embedded two easterly waves approximately 1000 miles apart. The first of these 
waves developed a vortex which later became “Hurricane Hilda” and moved in almost a due west direction into Mexico. The second easterly wave, later labeled 
locally “September #2,” appeared the stronger of the two waves, while east of the islands, and subsequently developed into “Hurricane Ione. A weak vortex 
indicated on “September #2” on the 11th of September was showing slight intensification as it moved northwestward; therefore, an investigative flight was 
ordered to reconnoiter the area in the vicinity of 17N and 55W early on the 12th of September” (ATSR).

September 12:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 54.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 14.2N, 54.1W at 12Z. 
Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.0N, 57.0W at 18Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or 
low pressures. Aircraft highlights:  35 kt NE wind with 1011 mb around 12Z at 17.3N 56.5W (micro); 10 kt E wind with 1008 mb around 18Z at 14.8N 56.3W (micro).  
“The collection of reports received from the reconnaissance flight showed the maximum winds in squalls to be 35 knots. No definite cyclonic circulation was 
revealed by the reports, however, a weak circulation with a minimum surface pressure of about 1008 mb was estimated to be to the south of the reports in the 
vicinity of 14N 55W at 121600Z” (ATSR).

September 13:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.8N, 55.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 16.4N, 58.2W at 12Z. 
Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb centered near 14.5N, 62.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt E 
and 1015 mb at 21.1N, 58.9W at 21Z (micro).

September 14:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.2N, 60.3W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 knot tropical storm at 18.0N, 60.2W at 12Z. 
Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.0N, 61.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt S 
and 999 mb at 16.5N 58.8W at 00Z (micro – pressure value appears biased considerably too low – 10 mb? – compared with neighboring ships); 45 kt ENE and 
1013 mb at 20.4N, 59.5W at 0Z (micro); 40 kt ENE and 1011 mb at 19.7N, 59.5W at 0Z (micro); 35 kt E and 1007 mb at 20.5N, 61.2W at 18Z (COADS), and 40 kt 
N and 1005 mb at 18.1N, 63.5W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at St. Kitts and Navis at 12Z (micro), and 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 
Anguilla at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1001 mb and surface winds of 60 kt at 18.0N, 60.5W at 
1145Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1000 mb at 18.4N 61.8W at 1845Z (micro).  “The next aircraft reconnaissance flight, 
on the 14th of September, revealed that the vortex had intensified gradually to tropical storm intensity as it moved northwestward. Winds of 60 knots in 
a small area near the center and a minimum pressure of 1001 mbs were reported by the aircraft. Coordination was thus compiled for Warning Number One on 
“Tropical Storm Ione” centered at 19.1N 61.2W at 141500Z” (ATSR).

September 15: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.9N, 63.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 70 knot hurricane at 22.1N, 63.3W at 12Z. Microfilm 
shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 21.7N, 63.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb at 21.1N, 64.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 
35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 19.8N, 61.5W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt E and 1008 mb at 22.0N, 60.4W at 06Z (micro), 70 kt E and 1007 mb at 21.8N, 63.0W at 12Z (micro), 
and 40 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 24.1N, 69.3W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 66 kt at 21.7N, 63.2W at 1052Z 
(ATSR); Penetration fix at 22.9N 65.1W at 1652Z with 992 mb minimum pressure at 23.0N 65.0W and with 993 mb (simultaneous) with 70 kt surface winds at 22.5N 
64.7W (no time - micro); Penetration center fix at 23.1N, 65.4W at 1725Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 22.7N, 66.0W at 18Z (ATSR), and penetration center 
fix at 23.2N, 66.3W at 2024Z (ATSR). ““Ione” continued to increase gradually in intensity reaching hurricane force at 150000Z” (ATSR).

September 16: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.7N, 69.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 knot hurricane at 24.2N, 69.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows 
a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 24.2N, 69.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 24.5N, 69.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 40 kt 
NNE and 1008 mb at 24.2N, 69.2W at 0Z (micro); 30 kt W and 994 mb at 23.7N, 69.1W at 09Z (micro), and 50 kt W and 1002 mb at 28.2N, 69.7W at 18Z (micro). 
Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix estimated surface winds of 80 kt, a central pressure of 985 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 24.3N, 69.4W at 
1317Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 24.2N, 69.6W at 14Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix at 24.7N, 70.4W at 22Z (ATSR).

September 17: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 26.4N, 72.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 knot hurricane at 26.5N, 72.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows 
a closed low pressure of at most 1002 mb centered near 26.5N, 72.3W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 26.2N, 73.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 45 kt 
SE and 1000 mb at 25.4N, 69.0W at 0Z (micro); 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 25.8N, 71.1W at 06Z (micro); 70 kt SE and 981 mb at 25.6N, 72.0W at 12Z (micro), and 60 kt 
SSE and 1004 mb at 26.4N, 71.9W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at Mayaguana, Bahamas at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration 
center fix measure an eye of a 5 mile diameter at 25.4N, 71.7W at 02Z (ATSR/ micro); Penetration center fix at 25.7N, 72.0W at 07Z (ATSR); Penetration center 
fix measured surface winds of 100 kt, central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 25.7N, 72.0W at 0745Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix 
measure an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 26.4N, 72.8W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 26.7N, 73.1W at 1707Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 26.8N, 
73.1W at 1709Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 27.2N, 73.5W at 1927Z (ATSR); and penetration center fix measured surface winds of 100 kt, central pressure of 
938 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 27.3N, 73.6W at 20Z (ATSR/micro). “…and 100 knots near the center on the 17th of September” (ATSR).

September 18: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 29.8N, 75.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 knot hurricane at 29.8N, 75.3W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 978 mb centered near 30.2N, 75.4W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb at 29.5N, 75.3W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE 
and 997 mb at 29.0N, 75.0W at 03Z (micro); 40 kt ESE and 1014 mb at 31.7N, 72.2W at 12Z (COADS); 50 kt NE and 1008 mb at 32.1N, 78.1W at 15Z (micro); 50 kt NE 
and 1005 mb at 31.8N, 78.8W at 18Z (micro); and 55 kt NNW and 998 mb at 31.2N, 77.9W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Penetration center fix at 28.7N, 74.7W 
at 0525Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 29.1N, 75.0W at 08Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix measured surface winds of 95 kt and a central pressure of 943 mb 
at 30.1N, 75.5W at 1340Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 30.3N, 75.5W at 14Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 31.3N, 75.7W at 1825Z (ATSR); and penetration 
center fix at 31.7N, 75.9W at 1930Z (ATSR). “…then reached her maximum intensity of about 110 knots on the 18th of September” (ATSR).

September 19: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 35.0N, 76.2W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 65 knot hurricane at 34.8N, 76.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a 
closed low pressure of at most 987 mb centered near 35.0N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb at 35.0N, 77.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E 
and 1009 mb at 34.8N, 74.2W at 03Z (micro); 45 kt SW and 1004 mb at 32.0N, 72.5W at 06Z (micro); 40 kt S and 1015 mb at 315N, 70.4W at 12Z (micro); 55 kt SSW 
and 1010 mb at 31.6N, 74.4W at 18Z (COADS), and 20 kt ESE and 991 mb at 36.5N, 74.8W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 958 mb (min pressure) at Beaufort (no time, 
Climate Data); 960 mb (min pressure) at Morehead City (no time given, but likely around 11Z) (MWR/Ho et al., Climate Data); 67 kt E at Diamond Shoals at 06Z 
(micro); 962 mb (min pressure) with 50 kt ENE winds at 1130Z at Cherry Point (SWO, MWR); 65 kt (max wind) at 1020Z-1040Z with max gust of 93 kt NNE at Cherry 
Point (SWO, Climate Data); 40 kt SW and 987 mb at Cape Hatteras at 18Z (micro); 25 kt SE and 986 mb at Elizabeth City at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: 
Penetration center fix at 32.7N, 76.1W at 0137Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 32.8N, 76.3W at 02Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 32.5N, 76.5W at 0220Z 
(ATSR), and penetration center fix at 34.2N, 76.4W at 0723Z (ATSR). “960 mb at 34.7N, 76.7W – 1016 mb PenV – RMW 42 nmi – speed 9 kt – 78 kt est max sustained 
10m, 10-min wind, (Schwerdt et al.), ”960 mb central pressure measured by land barometer at Morehead City, NC – RMW 22 nmi – 9 kt forward speed – landfall pt 
34.7N, 76.7W, (Ho et al.),” “NC3-Cat 3-960 mb (Jarrell et al.). “Fortunately, a rapid decrease in intensity occurred on 19 September as “Ione” moved ashore” (ATSR).

September 20: 
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 985 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W with a cold front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 knot hurricane at 37.0N, 
73.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 37.5N, 73.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 976 mb at 37.5N, 74.4W at 
12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 996 mb at 37.6N, 76.1W at 0Z (COADS); 45 kt S and 991 mb at 36.8N, 74.5W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt SSE and 989 mb at 37.3N, 73.3W 
at 12Z (micro), and 50 kt WSW and 989 mb at 37.0N, 72.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 986 mb at Norfolk (no time given) (CLIMO); 17 kt ESE and 978 mb (min 
pressure) at Elizabeth City at 0330Z (SWO, micro); 25 kt NE and 987 mb at Norfolk at 06Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured surface 
winds of 95 kt and a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 37.0N, 73.0W at 15Z (ATSR/micro); Penetration center fix at 37.7N, 72.4W at 
16Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 38.7N, 70.9W at 20Z (ATSR); Penetration center fix at 38.7N, 71.2W at 2015Z (ATSR), Penetration center fix at 38.7N 71.2W
with 976 mb central pressure at 2115Z (micro); and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 976 mb at 39.2N, 69.6W at 2245Z (ATSR/micro). “On the 
20th of September, movement out to sea was followed by regeneration with attendant increase in intensity” (ATSR).

September 21: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 970 mb centered near 45.5N, 58.8W with a warm front to the east and a cold front to the south at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this as a 50 knot extratropical cyclone at 45.0N, 59.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 972 mb centered near 45.0N, 59.0W with a 
cold front to the south at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 972 mb at 45.9N, 59.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 65 kt W and 987 mb at 38.0N, 70.0W at 00Z (micro); 40 kt 
S and 972 mb at 41.5N, 68.9W at 06Z (micro); 65 kt S and 982 mb at 41.0N, 62.0W at 06Z (micro); 50 kt SW and 973 mb at 44.0N, 58.0W at 12Z (micro), and 50 kt SW and 
979 mb at 46.5N, 54.1W at 18Z (micro). Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 992 mb at Sable Island at 06Z (micro); 50 kt NW and 974 mb at Sable Island at 12Z (micro), and 
15 kt SSW and 957 mb Garner, Canada at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 32 mile diameter at 39.3N, 68.1W at 0015Z (ATSR/micro); 
Radar center fix measured an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 39.3N, 67.8W at 0045Z (ATSR/micro), and radar center fix at 40.2N, 66.1W at 0245Z (ATSR/micro). 

September 22: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 970 mb centered near 50.5N, 52.5W with a dissipating cold front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 
45 knot extratropical cyclone at 51.8N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 972 mb centered near 50.5N, 53.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure 
of 958 mb at 45.9N, 59.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 966 mb at 52.3N, 53.0W at 0Z (COADS); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 56.5N, 51.0W at 06Z (COADS); 55 kt SW and 
984 mb at 47.1N, 51.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 60 kt ENE and 989 mb at 55.8N, 50.7W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 972 mb at St. Johns at 0Z (micro); 30 kt 
S and 970 mb at Garner at 49.0N, 54.6W at 06Z (micro); 40 kt SW and 973 mb at Garner at 12Z (micro), and 45 kt SW and 990 mb at St. Johns at 18Z (micro).

September 23: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 53.5N, 40.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot extratropical cyclone at 53.1N, 40.6W at 
12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 54.0N, 48.0W at 06Z (last position available). MWR shows a low pressure of 960 mb at 53.0N, 
41.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 987 mb at 54.8N, 50.0W at 0Z (micro); 50 kt W and 987 mb at 48.6N, 43.6W at 06Z (COADS/micro); 25 kt SW and 983 mb at 52.8N, 
37.6W at 12Z (COADS), and 45 kt NE and 998 mb at 58.2N, 43.2W at 18Z (COADS).

September 24: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 985 mb centered near 62.5N, 14.0W with a stationary front to the east and southeast at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 
45 knot extratropical cyclone at 57.2N, 29.3W at 0Z (last position). Microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 51.4N, 
29.2W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 53.1N, 21.6W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt NE and 980 mb at 63.0N, 16.0W at 12Z (COADS), 35 kt WSW and 1007 mb at 55.2N, 17.0W at 
18Z (COADS), and 20 kt W and 979 mb at 63.0N, 16.0W at 18Z (COADS).

September 25: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 980 mb centered near 70.0N, 8.0W with a stationary front to the northeast at 12Z. HURDAT, microfilm and MWR are not 
available on this date. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 993 mb at 62.8N, 2.0W at 0Z (COADS); 35 kt SSW and 993 mb at 63.7N, 1.0W at 06Z (COADS); 10 kt SW and 979 mb at 68.7N, 
4.4W at 12Z (COADS), and 30 kt SW and 985 mb at 70.5N, 1.7W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 10 kt ESE and 980 mb at Dan Mayen Island at 12Z (micro).

September 26: 
HWM shows a closed area of low pressure of at most 990 mb centered near 72.5N, 7.0W with a secondary low of at most 1000 mb near 66N 38W at 12Z. HURDAT, microfilm and MWR 
are not available on this date. No gale force winds.

September 27:
HWM shows an open low of at most 1005 mb centered near 72N 12W.  HURDAT, microfilm and MWR are not available on this date. No gale force winds.

MWR: “Ione developed in an easterly wave which passed through the Cape Verdes on September 6 and the circulation was still quite weak on the 11th, but Ione began to develop 
on this date and reached hurricane intensity during the night of September 14-15 in about Latitude 19.5N and Longitude 62.6W. Ione then pursued a general northwesterly 
course toward the North Carolina coast. It reached greatest intensity on the 17th when a central pressure of 938 mb (27.70 inches) was reported with maximum winds of 125 mph. 
By the time the hurricane reached the North Carolina coastline on the 19th, the central pressure had filled to about 28.35 inches and the maximum winds had decreased slightly. 
Ione was the third hurricane to pass through eastern North Carolina within six weeks and the fourth within eleven months. Not within the known meteorological history of this 
section have so many hurricanes affected the area within so short a period.  Total storm damage, mostly to crops in eastern North Carolina, is estimated at $88,035,000. There 
were 7 fatalities directly or indirectly attributable to the hurricane. The lack of any deaths from Connie and Diane in North Carolina and only 7 in Ione and the comparatively 
small property damage, excluding crop damage, in this area, is a tribute to the effectiveness of the warnings and precautionary measures taken by governmental and private 
agencies such as the Red Cross.”

NC CLIMO: “The center of Hurricane “Ione” entered the North Carolina coast near Salter Path, about 10 miles west of Morehead City, at about 0500E on September 19. Meandering 
slowly northward, the center passed west of Cherry Point, east of New Bern and Aurora, west of Belhaven, east of Plymouth and Elizabeth City, and thence off the coast of 
Currituck County. Ocean tides rose to seven to ten feet above normal at the beaches around Morehead City and three to five feet above normal elsewhere along the ocean front. 
The western portion of the inland sounds and their estuaries had tides from six to ten feet above normal. Water rose into forty city blocks of New Bern, while considerable
 areas of Washington, Belhaven, Aurora, Oriental and Arapahoe were flooded deep water to enter the first floor of buildings. Thousands of acres of low-lying farm land were 
also inundated.”

The genesis of Ione is retained at 06Z on September 10 as a 25 kt tropical depression as originally shown in HURDAT. Data on this day is sparse but if a closed low level 
circulation was present, it must have been located substantially farther southeast of the position originally in HURDAT.  There are no other significant changes to the 
track while the system was a tropical cyclone.  However, major track alterations were introduced on the 21st when the cyclone was extratropical.  Intensification to a 
tropical storm is retained at 12Z on the 10th, but there is no data to support it. Ione moved west-northwestward on the 10th to early on the 11th.  Late on the 11th, the 
center of the system was located by aircraft reconnaissance.  Ship and Lesser Antilles stations data on the 12th and 13th suggests that the low level circulation of Ione 
was poorly-defined and it is possible that it may have not been closed. A reconnaissance mission arrived late on the 12th to investigate the cyclone, but it did not go 
south enough to sample the center and only sampled the northern portion of the circulation. The mission did estimate 35 kt NE surface winds around 12Z, which is consistent 
with the existing 35 kt in HURDAT at that time.  The mission measured 10 kt and 1008 mb at 1629Z on the 12th. This allows computing a central pressure of about 1007 mb, 
which has been added to HURDAT at 18Z on the 12th. A central pressure of 1007 mb yields 32 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind relationship. Thus, an intensity 
of 35 kt is analyzed for 18Z on the 12th, down from 40 kt originally in HURDAT. From late on the 11th to late on the 12th, the system had turned and tracked west-southwestward.  
A ship named “Franca” passed close to the cyclone on the 12th and early on the 13th. The wind direction and intensity reported by the ship appear to be correct, but the 
pressure reported was a few millibars below the actual value based upon intercomparing Franca’s subsequent observations against other nearby ships. Another reconnaissance 
mission investigated the cyclone at around 1145Z on the 14th measuring a central pressure of 1001 mb and estimated surface winds of 60 kt. A central pressure of 1001 mb 
yields 45 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 14th, down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT, based 
on a blend of the pressure-wind relationship and the visual winds.  A central pressure of 1001 mb has been added to 12Z on the 14th. The final reconnaissance mission of 
the day arrived at 1830Z measuring a central pressure of 1000 mb and an eye of 30 mile diameter. An intensity of 50 kt is also selected for 18Z and a central pressure of 
1000 mb has been added. Late on the 14th, Ione made its closest approach to the Leeward Islands passing about 55 nm from Barbuda at 18Z. Tropical storm force winds are 
likely to have affected the northernmost of the Leeward Islands. The circulation of Ione continued to become better organized as it moved away from the Leeward Islands on 
the 15th reaching hurricane intensity at 06Z, six hours later than originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 990 mb was in HURDAT at 12Z on the 15th and although 
there is no data to directly support it (though it may be from aircraft), it is a reasonable value and is retained.  A ship named “BA CANADA” reported 70 kt E and 1007 mb 
at 12Z on the 15th. This wind value appears reasonable but the ship continued to report the same wind value at 15Z and 18Z as the storm moved away, which begs into question 
the validity of the report. A reconnaissance airplane at 1052Z reported estimated maximum surface winds of 66 kt. Thus, an intensity of 70 kt at 12Z is retained as originally 
shown in HURDAT.  The reconnaissance also reported peak surface winds of 70 kt (simultaneously with 993 mb) around 18Z, along with a peripheral pressure of 992 mb.  992 mb 
suggests greater than 61 kt maximum sustained wind from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  70 kt retained in HURDAT at 18Z on the 15th.  

Ione continued to gain strength on the 16th, as a reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1317Z reporting estimated surface winds of 80 kt and at 14Z reporting a 
50 mile eye diameter. The Navy reconnaissance book indicates that a central pressure of 985 mb was reported on this day, but does not specify the time. It is likely that this 
central pressure was measured on the aforementioned center fixes and a 985 mb central pressure has been added to 12Z on the 16th. A central pressure of 985 mb yields 71 kt 
from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Intensity reduced (by 5 kt) to 75 kt with a blend of the pressure-wind relationship and the estimated surface winds.  
Intensification continued on the 17th and a central pressure of 971 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter were measured by a reconnaissance aircraft at 0745Z. This central 
pressure yields 89 kt from the south of 25N and 83 kt from the north of 25N (87 kt from north 25N and intensifying subset) pressure-wind relationships. The 15 mile eye diameter 
allows computing an RMW of about 12 nm and climatology suggests an RMW of 18 nm. Therefore, in part due to the small size an intensity of 90 kt is selected for 06Z on the 
17th, down from 95 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 971 mb has been added to HURDAT at 06Z on the 17th. A 950 mb central pressure is present in the 
original HURDAT at 12Z and while there were no specific observations to corroborate it (though it may be from aircraft), this value is retained as it is reasonable based on 
the rapid intensification the hurricane was going through on this day. A central pressure of 950 mb yields 105 kt from the north of 25N and 110 kt from the north of 25N 
intensifying subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 105 kt has been selected for 12Z, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT. Another reconnaissance 
aircraft made a center fix at 20Z measuring estimated surface winds of 100 kt, a central pressure of 938 mb and an eye with a 15 mile diameter. A central pressure of 938 mb 
yields 116 kt north of 25N and 122 kt north of 25N intensifying subset from the pressure-wind relationships. An RMW of about 12 nm was computed from the available eye diameter 
information and climatology suggests 17 nm. Therefore, an intensity of 120 kt is selected for 18Z on the 17th and 00Z on the 18th, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT, 
a major change. 120 kt is also the revised peak intensity for this hurricane, up from 105 kt originally in HURDAT. Ione remained a major hurricane on the 18th, but its intensity 
began to decrease as it moved toward the East Coast. Another reconnaissance mission reached the cyclone at 1340Z on the 18th estimating surface winds of 95 kt and a central 
pressure of 943 mb. A central pressure of 943 mb yields 112 kt from the north of 25N and 107 kt from the north of 25N weakening subset of the pressure-wind relationships. An 
intensity of 110 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 17th, up from 100 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central pressure of 943 mb has been added to 12Z on the 18th.

Ione reached the North Carolina coast around 11Z on the 19th making landfall between Morehead City and Beaufort near 34.7N 76.7W. Unofficial minimum pressure readings were 
960 mb at Morehead City and 958 mb at Beaufort.  The US Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point registered their minimum sea level pressure of 962 mb simultaneously with 
50 kt ENE sustained winds at 1130Z (~30 minutes after landfall about 15 nm from the center).  The station was inside the RMW as their peak winds (65 kt sustained and 93 kt gust) 
were recorded at 1034Z, suggesting an RMW of about 25 nm.  (This is very similar to the Ho et al. estimate of 22 nm RMW.)  Runs of the Schloemer equation give 957 mb central 
pressure using the Beaufort pressure and 950 mb from the Cherry Point pressure.  A blend of this gives a central pressure of about 955 mb at landfall in North Carolina.  This 
pressure yields 96 kt north of 25N weakening and 93 kt north of 35N according to the Brown et al. and Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships. The estimated RMW of 25 nm is 
about the same as the 27 nm from climatology, the outer closed isobar is a near average 1013 mb, and the translational speed of Ione at landfall was a slow (for this latitude) 
11 kt.  Based upon near average size, average OCI, but slow speed, an intensity of 90 kt is selected at landfall and 12Z, up from 65 kt originally shown in HURDAT, a major change.  
This makes Ione a Category 2 impact in North Carolina, which is down from Category 3 originally assessed by Taylor and Hebert.  It is of note that the only reports of sustained 
hurricane-force winds were on the Frying Pan and Diamond Shoals lighthouses as well as Cherry Point USMCAC. However, there were no stations on the right semicircle, except 
Hatteras which was about 75 nm away from the landfall point.  The hurricane moved northward to northeast across eastern North Carolina reaching the Atlantic Ocean again around 
06Z on the 20th. Ione remained a hurricane while moving across North Carolina weakening to 65 kt as it made oceanfall. Elizabeth City reported 17 kt ESE and 978 mb at 0330Z on 
the 20th, which allows computing a central pressure of about 976 mb. A central pressure of 976 mb has been added to 06Z on the 20th. 976 mb central pressure would suggest 77 kt 
from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship, but as the system was overland the intensity is analyzed to be 65 kt.  It is estimated that no hurricane-force winds affected 
Virginia, but tropical storm force winds impacted the southeast portion of the state. 

Over the open Atlantic, Ione began to regain strength while accelerating to the northeast. A reconnaissance plane reached the hurricane on the 20th at 15Z measuring estimated 
surface winds of 95 kt, a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of 30 mile diameter. A central pressure of 982 mb yields 71 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. 
The eye diameter information permits computing an RMW of about 20-25 nm and climatology suggests 30 nm. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 18Z on the 20th due to the small RMW, 
down from the 85 kt intensity originally shown in HURDAT. At 2115Z and at 2245Z on the 20th, a reconnaissance mission reported a central pressure of 976 mb. A central pressure of 
976 mb suggests 77 kt from the north of 35N pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 80 kt is selected for 00Z on the 21st, up from 75 kt originally shown in HURDAT. A central 
pressure of 976 mb has been added to 00Z on the 21th. Transition to a powerful extratropical cyclone is retained at 06Z on the 21st. Ione passed just west of Sable Island around 
11Z on 21st and made landfall in Newfoundland around 17Z. Reports from ships and land stations in Newfoundland indicate that Ione remained a very strong extratropical cyclone late 
on the 21st and 22nd. The motion of the cyclone came to an almost standstill late on the 21st into the 22nd while located near the northern coast of Newfoundland. Late on the 22nd, 
Ione began to accelerate east-northeastward. Weakening below hurricane-force intensity occurred at 00Z on the 23rd. The system continued to weaken on the 24th passing over eastern 
Iceland around 18Z.  The system drifted for the next two days east of Greenland.  HURDAT originally dissipated the system after 00Z on the 24th, so an additional 72 hours is 
included now before dissipation after 00Z on the 27th.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Hilda [September 11–20, 1955]

38995 09/10/1955 M=11  8 SNBR= 853 HILDA       XING=0 SSS=0  
38995 09/12/1955 M= 9  9 SNBR= 853 HILDA       XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *
                   
(The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.)
39000 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*168 613  30    0*
39005 09/11*174 617  30    0*180 623  30    0*186 629  35    0*189 641  40    0*

39010 09/12*192 656  45    0*195 668  50    0*198 680  65 1007*201 691  75    0*
39010 09/12*192 661  40    0*195 670  45    0*198 680  50    0*201 691  60    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               ** ****          **

39015 09/13*204 702  80    0*204 713  85    0*203 725  85    0*202 736  70    0*
39015 09/13*203 702  70    0*205 713  70    0*204 725  70    0*202 736  70 986*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **                  ***

39020 09/14*201 747  65    0*201 762  60    0*201 777  60    0*199 792  65    0*
39020 09/14*201 748  60    0*201 762  55    0*201 777  50    0*199 792  50    0*
                ***  **               **               **               **

39025 09/15*196 806  75    0*194 821  85    0*192 834  90  980*191 844 100    0*
39025 09/15*195 806  60  995*192 821  75    0*191 834  90  980*191 844 100    0*
            ***      **  *** ***      **      ***                    

39030 09/16*192 854 100  963*194 864  95    0*196 874  95    0*199 884  90    0*
39030 09/16*192 854 105  963*194 864 105    0*196 874 105    0*199 884  80    0*
                    ***              ***              ***               **

39035 09/17*202 893  85    0*206 902  85    0*209 910  90    0*211 920  90    0*
39035 09/17*202 893  60    0*205 902  55    0*208 911  55    0*210 920  65  985*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **  ***

39040 09/18*213 929  95    0*214 936 100    0*216 942 105    0*218 950 110    0*
39040 09/18*211 928  75    0*213 935  80    0*215 942  85  970*218 949  90    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **  ***     ***  **

39045 09/19*220 959 105    0*222 970  85    0*223 981  60  952*222 988  45    0*
39045 09/19*220 959 100    0*221 970 105    0*223 981 105  952*222 988  50    0*
                    ***      ***     ***              ***               **

39050 09/20*220 991  40    0*218 995  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
39050 09/20*220 991  30    0*218 995  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **               **

39055 HR

Non-synoptic time best track point:
12th/15Z:  20.0N 68.5W – 55 kt – 996 mb 

Landfalls:
13th/21Z:  20.2N 74.2W – 70 kt – 986 mb – Cuba
15th/03Z:  19.3N 81.2W – 65 kt – 995 mb – Cayman Islands
16th/14Z:  19.7N 87.7W – 105 kt – Mexico
19th/11Z:  22.3N 97.9W – 105 kt – 952 mb – Mexico

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major alteration is to indicate genesis 30 hours later than originally indicated.  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican 
synoptic maps, Perez et al., and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book.

September 9:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 13.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT and Microfilm do not list an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship 
highlights: No gales or low pressures. “The synoptic analysis of the tropical regions to the east of the Lesser Antilles on the 9th and 10th of September indicated 
a moderately strong easterly flow in which were embedded two easterly waves approximately 1000 miles apart and believed to be of moderate intensity” (ATSR).

September 10:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 14.5N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 16.8N, 61.3W (first position) at 18Z. Microfilm does not show 
an organized system on this date. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 11:
HWM shows a spot low centered near 16.0N, 64.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 30 kt tropical depression near 18.6N, 62.9W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a NE-SW extending tropical 
wave or trough across the Virgin Islands from 22N, 61W to 13N, 67W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: calm with 1005 mb at 15Z at 16.5N 
64.5W (micro). Aircraft highlights:  10 kt SE with 1006 mb at 1840Z at 19.7N 64.5W (micro); 40 kt E with 1008 mb at 19Z at 20.0N 64.5W (micro).  Station highlights:  
5 kt S and 1008 mb at St. Thomas (micro).  “Easterly wave defined by shifting winds weather pattern and pressure pattern in vicinity of Saint Thomas oriented NNE-SSW, 
moderate rain with max wind 40 kt” (micro). “The first of these waves was verified on the “time cross-section” as being of moderate intensity upon passing Guadaloupe 
Island at 110000Z and was labeled locally as “September #1.” As this wave moved westward, the development of a very weak vortex became evident at 110900Z. This vortex 
moved northward up in the wave increased in intensity slightly by 111830Z was centered over Culebra Island” (ATSR).

September 12:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.0N, 67.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 65 kt hurricane near 19.8N, 68.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low 
pressure of at most 1005 mb near 20.0N, 69.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 1000 mb near 20.7N, 67.9W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 19.7N, 66.4W 
at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt ENE at 20.3N, 68.7W at 1430Z (micro), and 996 mb near 20.3N, 68.7W at 1445Z (micro); 30 kt SW with 999 mb at 19Z at 20.5N 69.5W (micro). Aircraft 
highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1007 mb and an eye of a 50 mile diameter at 19.8N, 68.7W at 1345Z (ATSR/micro). “the Air Force 
reconnaissance flight on easterly wave “September #1,” at 121345Z reported a “small” storm with an eye poorly defined centered at 19-48N 68-42W with maximum winds of 
70 knots near the center and 40 knot winds extending 65 miles north of the center. The minimum pressure was 1007 mb as determined by dropsonde” (ATSR).

September 13:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.3N, 72.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists an 85 kt hurricane near 20.3N, 72.5W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low 
pressure of at most 1011 mb near 20.0N, 73.0W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb near 20.7N, 72.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 21.0N, 
68.2W at 0Z (micro). Land highlights: 40 kt E and 1014 mb at Mayaguana, Bahamas at 12Z. Aircraft highlights: Penetration fix with 986 mb central pressure and 20 nm 
diameter eye at 20.3N 73.1W at 1530Z (micro); Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 986 mb, maximum surface winds of 85 kt, and an eye of a 20 mile 
diameter at 20.1N, 73.7W at 1737Z (ATSR/micro), and a penetration center fix at 20.0N, 73.9W at 1955Z (ATSR). “Sep 13-14, Category 1, 65 kt, landfall 9/13, deaths 4, 
damage $2,000,000” (Perez et al.) “During the next 24 hours, “Hilda” moved west to west-northwest at 8 to 12 knots. The track paralleled Hispaniola at about 55 miles 
north of the eastern end of the island then dipped southwest to within 20 miles of the western end. The Navy low level penetration center fix at 131530Z reported a 
well-defined horseshoe shaped eye 20 miles in diameter. The minimum surface pressure had decreased to 986 mb and the maximum winds were reported as 85 knots in a small 
area near the center. Severe turbulence and mountainous seas were reported near the center by the flight aerologist. Although the center of “Hilda” at this time was only 
approximately 25 miles from the western end of Hispaniola, little damage was reported because of the very small diameter of destructive winds of “Hurricane Hilda”” (ATSR).

September 14:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 77.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 20.1N, 77.7W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 19.7N, 78.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 996 mb near 20.4N, 78.2W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft 
highlights: Radar center fix measured a central pressure of 1004 mb and an eye of a 15 mile diameter at 20.1N, 77.2W at 1645Z (ATSR/micro). “The circulation aloft showed 
moderately strong easterly flow across the Bahamas Islands just north of the “small” circulation of “Hilda” at both the 700 mb and 500 mb level. The course of “Hilda” 
was, therefore, expected to continue nearly westward for the near future. In making a slight dip to the southwest, “Hilda” made transit through the Windward Passage and 
then encroached upon the eastern tip of Cuba passing approximately 15 miles north of Guantanamo Bay. In crossing southeastern Cuba at a speed of 14 knots, “Hilda” decreased 
in intensity to barely hurricane force in squalls, and also lost some of her characteristic cloud patterns. The small cyclonic circulation of “Hilda,” being rather obscure 
in the strong easterly flow even caused considerable confusion to reconnaissance radar tracking crews as it moved west-southwest from Cape Cruz” (ATSR).

September 15:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 83.8W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 19.2N, 83.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
of at most 999 mb near 19.0N, 83.5W at 12Z. MWR indicates the system was located near 19.0N, 83.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12Z 
(micro), and 50 kt N and 1004 mb at 19.5N, 86.1W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: 48 kt NNW at Grand Cayman at 0230Z (micro), 5 kt SSE and 995 mb at Grand Cayman after 
0230Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 980 mb and an eye of a 8-10 mile diameter at 19.0N, 83.5W at 1130Z (ATSR/micro), 
penetration center fix at 19.1N, 83.5W at 12Z (ATSR), and penetration center fiz measured a central pressure of 963 mb and an eye of a 9 mile diameter at 2230Z (ATSR/micro). 
“A slight increase in intensity was noted as “Hilda” moved over the open water of the Caribbean. The center passed directly over Grand Cayman Island at 050300Z, and a 
considerable increase in intensity was noted by the Navy reconnaissance flight establishing a center fix at 151200Z. The maximum winds had now reached 100 knots with the 
minimum surface pressure at 980 mb” (ATSR).

September 16:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 20.0N, 87.7W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 95 kt hurricane near 19.6N, 87.4W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure 
of at most 1002 mb near 19.5N, 87.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb near 19.4N, 87.5W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 30 kt E and 993 mb at 19.3N, 84.9W at 00Z (micro); 
10 kt W and 1005 mb at 16.6N, 86.9W at 0Z (COADS), and 20 kt SSW and 1004 mb at 17.3N, 86.2W at 06Z (COADS). Land highlights: 5 kt S and 1004 mb at Swan Island at 0Z (micro); 
5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Belize City at 12Z (micro), and 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at Chetumal at 18Z (micro). ““Hilda” continued at the same intensity on westward at about 10 knots 
until entering the Yucatan Peninsula, then a slight decrease in intensity was observed while crossing the Yucatan Peninsula” (ATSR).

September 17:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 21.0N, 91.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 20.9N, 91.0W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of 
at most 1002 mb near 20.5N, 91.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb near 20.7N, 91.1W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at 23.5N, 91.5W at 18Z (micro). 
Land highlights: 10 kt SE and 1000 mb at Cozumel at 0Z (micro); 35 kt NE and 998 mb at Merida at 03Z (micro); 25 kt E and 999 mb at Merida at 06Z (micro); 40 kt SSE and 1001 mb 
at Campeche at 12Z (micro), and 10 kt S and 1004 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 987 mb and 
an eye of a 40 mile diameter at 21.0N, 91.8W at 1515Z (ATSR/micro), penetration center fix measured an eye of a 35 mile diameter at 21.0N, 92.0W at 1630Z (ATSR/micro), penetration 
center fix at 21.0N, 92.1W at 1845Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 982 mb and an eye of a 30 mile diameter at 21.0N, 89.6W at 2045Z (ATSR/micro). 
“Upon moving out into the Gulf of Campeche on the 17th of September, “Hilda” began increasing gradually to a maximum intensity of 100 knots in a small area near the center” (ATSR).

September 18:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 21.5N, 94.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 90 kt hurricane near 21.6N, 94.2W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of at 
most 990 mb near 21.5N, 94.7W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 992 mb near 21.5N, 94.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Aircraft highlights: Radar center 
fix at 20.8N, 92.5W at 0130Z (ATSR); radar center fix at 21.1N, 93.7W at 0625Z (ATSR), and penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 970 mb and an eye of a 40 mile 
diameter at 21.6N, 94.5W at 1422Z (ATSR/micro).

September 19:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 22.0N, 98.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 60 kt tropical storm near 22.3N, 98.1W at 12Z. Microfilm shows a closed low pressure of 
at most 993 mb near 22.3N, 98.5W at 12Z. MWR shows a low pressure of 988 mb near 22.5N, 98.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 
995 mb at Tampico at 06Z (micro); calm and 952 mb at Tampico (no time given but likely around 12Z) (MWR); 979 mb at Ciudad Victoria at 1630Z (micro), and 15 kt NE and 998 mb at 
Ciudad Victoria at 18Z (micro). ““Hilda” moved inland just north of Tampico and degenerated into an area of squalls in the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains of Mexico” (ATSR).

September 20:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 23.0N, 102.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.8N, 99.8W (last position) at 06Z. Microfilm shows a closed 
low pressure of at most 1008 mb near 21.0N, 99.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date at 12Z. 

MWR: “Hilda formed in an easterly wave and reached hurricane intensity at Latitude 20.0N and Longitude 69.1W on the 12th. It remained very small with a very narrow ring of strong 
winds around the eye of several days. It passed over the southeastern tip of Cuba where 4 persons were killed and there was moderate damage. By 1730 EST on the 15th, in the 
northwestern Caribbean, the central pressure had dropped to 963 mb (28.44 inches). On the 16th, Hilda crossed the Yucatan peninsula midway between Chetumal and Cozumel, an area 
very sparsely populated. Hilda reached its greatest intensity in the Gulf of Campeche. The center moved inland early on the 19th at Tampico which experienced calm for 45 minutes. 
The lowest pressure at Tampico was 952 mb (28.11 inches). Highest wind recorded before anemometer blew away was 105 mph and the maximum winds were estimated at 150 mph. Newspaper 
reports indicate 300 deaths and $120,000,000 damage, largely from floods.”

Genesis for this tropical cyclone has been delayed 30 hours to September 12th at 00Z as a 40 kt tropical storm. HURDAT originally had genesis at 18Z on the 10th as a 30 kt 
tropical depression. Delaying genesis is based on data from ships and land stations in and around the northeast Caribbean on the 10th and 11th of September that indicate that 
a closed low level circulation was not present through 18Z on the 11th.  This is consistent with the aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 11th as well.  The basis to start 
the cyclone as a 40 kt tropical storm is on a 40 kt surface estimated report from the reconnaissance airplane at 19Z on the 11th. Hilda intensified quickly on the 12th as it 
moved westward north of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. A ship at 1430Z on the 12th passed through the center of the storm measuring a central pressure of 996 mb and 
15 minutes later, measured sustained surface winds of force 9 or about 40 kt. A central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to Brown et al. southern pressure-wind 
relationship. Thus, an intensity of 50 kt is analyzed for 12Z on the 12th and 60 kt at 18Z, down from 65 kt and 75 kt originally in HURDAT. Because the system was rapidly 
intensifying and the central pressure measured was midway between synoptic times, the 996 mb is added into HURDAT as a special non-synoptic time.  A reconnaissance airplane 
reached Hilda at 1345Z measuring a central pressure reportedly of 1007 mb. It is likely that the dropsonde did not land in the center based on a couple ships around this time 
reporting lower pressures. Therefore, the central pressure of 1007 mb originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 12th has been replaced by 996 mb measured by the aforementioned ship. 
Hilda is analyzed to have reached hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 12th, 6 hours later than originally in HURDAT. At 1530Z and 1747Z on the 13th, a reconnaissance mission 
reported a central pressure of 986 mb and an eye of a 20 mile diameter. A central pressure of 986 mb yields 70 kt south of 25N, according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 
20 mile diameter eye allows calculating roughly a 15 nm RMW and climatology suggests around 16 nm. Thus, a 70 kt intensity is analyzed at 18Z on the 13th, same as originally 
in HURDAT. A central pressure of 986 mb has been added to 18Z. Hilda was a small cyclone and gale reports were sparse, but 40 kt were measured in the SE Bahamas at 12Z on the 13th. 

Hilda made its first landfall in eastern Cuba at 21Z on the 13th near 20.2N, 74.2W with maximum sustained winds of 70 kt. This intensity is consistent with the Perez et al. 
assessment. The hurricane moved westward over the entire length of eastern Cuba, entering the waters of the Caribbean Sea around 11Z on the 14th. A reconnaissance aircraft 
on the 14th had trouble locating the center of Hilda due to the mountainous terrain. The center locations from the reconnaissance aircraft are inconsistent with the reports 
from the land stations. The aircraft reported a radar center fix overland at 1645Z on the 14th although the land station reports indicate that the storm was already over the 
Caribbean Sea. The reconnaissance mission also indicated 1004 mb minimum pressure, though this likely is not a central pressure.  Hilda is analyzed to have weakened to a tropical 
storm at 00Z on the 14th, 6 hours before than originally in HURDAT. After moving over the Caribbean Sea, Hilda began to rapidly reorganize making landfall in the Cayman Islands 
(19.3N, 81.2W) at 03Z on the 15th as a 65 kt hurricane. A central pressure of 995 mb was measured in Grand Cayman. A central pressure of 995 mb yields 56 kt S25N according to the 
pressure-wind relationship. A central pressure of 995 mb has been added to 00Z on the 15th. A reconnaissance aircraft reached Hilda on the 15th of September at 12Z measuring a 
central pressure of 980 mb, estimated surface winds of 90 kt, and an eye of an 8-10 nm diameter. A central pressure of 980 mb yields 78 kt S25N according to the pressure-wind 
relationship. An 8-10 nm eye diameter allows calculating an RMW of about 7 nm and climatology suggests about 15 nm. Thus, an intensity of 90 kt has been selected for 12Z on the 
15th, same as originally shown in HURDAT. An intensity of 60 kt is selected at 00Z, and 75 kt at 06Z. HURDAT originally showed 75 kt at 00Z, 85 kt at 06Z, and 90 kt at 12Z. Another 
reconnaissance airplane reached Hilda on the 15th at 2230Z measuring a central pressure of 963 mb and an eye diameter of 9 miles. A central pressure of 963 mb yields 98 kt S25N, 
according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 9 mile eye diameter allows calculating an RMW of about 7 nm and climatology suggests about 14 nm. Thus, an intensity of 105 kt has 
been selected for 0Z on the 16th, up from 100 kt originally in HURDAT. Hilda is analyzed to have reached major hurricane intensity at 18Z on the 15th, same as originally in HURDAT. 
Ships remained away from the hurricane and due to the small size of Hilda, no gales were reported on the 15th and 16th of September. 

Over the northwest Caribbean, this cyclone moved west-northwest reaching the Yucatan eastern coast (19.7N, 87.7W) around 14Z with an intensity of 105 kt. HURDAT originally showed 
a decrease in intensity below major hurricane intensity before Hilda made landfall in Yucatan. There is no data to justify this weakening, and it is very likely that Hilda continued 
to intensify after the reconnaissance airplane left late on the 15th. The hurricane made landfall in a very sparsely populated area and no inner core data is available during its 
crossing of the Yucatan Peninsula. The Kaplan and DeMaria model was run for 18Z on the 16th, and 00Z, and 06Z on the 17th yielding 74 kt, 51 kt and 48 kt, respectively. Because of 
the very flat terrain of Yucatan, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 18Z on the 16th, 60 kt at 00Z and 55 kt at 06Z on the 17th (down from 90 kt, 85 kt and 85 kt, respectively, 
originally in HURDAT), a major change at 00Z and 06Z on the 17th. Hilda entered the Gulf of Mexico around 08Z on the 17th as a tropical storm. Two reconnaissance airplanes 
investigated the cyclone on the 17th, measuring a central pressure of 987 mb at 1515Z and 982 mb at 2045Z. Since the missions occurred at around three hours before and after 18Z, 
a central pressure of 985 mb has been added to 18Z on the 17th. A central pressure of 985 mb yields 71 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. The aircrafts 
also reported an eye diameter of 40 nm at 1515Z and 30 nm at 2045Z, which is larger than climatology suggests. Therefore, an intensity of 65 kt is selected for 18Z on the 17th, 
bringing Hilda back to hurricane status for the 3rd time. HURDAT originally showed 90 kt at 18Z on the 17th. Major downward changes were then made for all the intensities on the 
17th. 

Hilda continued to intensify on the 18th while moving on a west-northwest heading over the southern Gulf of Mexico. At 1422Z on September 18th, a reconnaissance aircraft reported 
a central pressure of 970 mb and an eye of a 40 mile diameter. A central pressure of 970 mb yields 90 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. A 40 nm diameter 
allows calculating an RMW of about 30 nm and climatology suggests near 15 nm. Thus, an intensify of 85 kt is selected for 12Z on the 18th, down from 105 kt originally shown in HURDAT, 
a major change. A central pressure of 970 mb has been added to 12Z on the 18th. Major downward changes are also introduced at 00Z, and 06Z. HURDAT originally showed 95 kt and 100 kt, 
respectively, and our reanalysis shows 75 kt and 80 kt, respectively.  Hilda made its 4th and final landfall at 11Z on the 19th near Tampico where a central pressure of 952 mb was 
measured and MWR indicates that a calm was experienced for 45 minutes. A central pressure of 952 mb yields 109 kt south of 25N and 111 kt south of 25N intensifying, according to the 
pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 105 kt is selected for 12Z on the 19th due to the size of the hurricane. Major upward changes in intensity are analyzed at 06Z and 12Z, as 
HURDAT originally showed 85 kt and 60 kt, respectively. The cyclone is analyzed to have reached major hurricane intensity for a 2nd time at 00Z on the 19th, 18 hours later than shown 
originally in HURDAT. There is no data to justify weakening Hilda before it makes landfall in Tamaulipas. After moving inland, Hilda weakened rapidly becoming a tropical depression at 
00Z on the 20th and dissipating after 06Z. HURDAT originally kept Hilda as a 35 kt tropical storm at the last position on September 20th at 06Z.
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Janet [September 21–30, 1955]

39145 09/21/1955 M=10 10 SNBR= 855 JANET       XING=0 SSS=0   
39150 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*132 543  35    0*
39150 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*132 526  40    0*132 543  50    0*
                                              *** ***  **               **

39155 09/22*133 560  50    0*131 576  50    0*129 592 105    0*125 604 105  979*
39155 09/22*132 560  60    0*131 575  70    0*130 589  80  979*128 602  90    0*
                     **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  

39160 09/23*123 614 100    0*125 625  85    0*127 636  80  996*129 648  80  996*
39160 09/23*126 614  90    0*125 625  80    0*127 636  70    0*130 648  60  996*
            ***      **               **               **    * ***      ** 

39165 09/24*130 660  85    0*135 669  95    0*140 679 100  996*139 693 110  995*
39165 09/24*132 659  60    0*135 670  55    0*137 682  55  996*138 694  60  995*
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  

39170 09/25*137 707 115    0*138 718 115    0*139 729 115  993*143 743 115  988*
39170 09/25*138 707  65    0*138 718  65    0*139 729  65  993*142 742  70  988*
            ***      **               **               **      *** ***  **  

39175 09/26*147 755 120    0*148 763 120    0*150 771 125  970*154 780 125    0*
39175 09/26*145 754  70    0*147 764  80    0*150 772  90  970*153 780 100    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      ***     ***

39180 09/27*159 789 130    0*165 802 135  914*170 820 140  938*175 841 145    0*
39180 09/27*158 789 110    0*164 802 120    0*170 821 130    0*175 841 140    0*
            ***     ***      ***     ***    *     *** ***  ***         ***

39185 09/28*180 861 150    0*185 882 130    0*190 902  95  950*193 919  90    0*
39185 09/28*180 861 150    0*185 882 150  914*189 902 105  950*192 917  90    0*
                                     ***  *** ***     ***      *** ***

39190 09/29*195 931  90    0*197 942  95    0*199 953  95  950*200 963  85    0*
39190 09/29*195 931  90    0*197 942  95    0*198 953  95    0*198 964  95    0*
                                              ***            * *** ***  **

39195 09/30*200 977  60    0*203 988  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
39195 09/30*200 977  60    0*203 991  35    0*2051005  25    0*  0   0   0    0*
                                 ***  **      *******  **

39200 HR

Landfalls:
9/23/00Z – 12.6N 61.4W – 90 kt – St. Vincent and the Grenadines
9/27/17Z – 17.4N 83.9W – 140 kt – Swan Island
9/28/05Z – 18.4N 87.8W – 150 kt – 914 mb – Mexico
9/29/18Z – 19.8N 96.4W – 95 kt - Mexico

Asynoptic time best track:
9/27/15Z – 17.3N 83.0W – 135 kt – 938 mb

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, Mexican synoptic maps and the Navy aircraft reconnaissance book.

September 14:
HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 15:
HWM analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 13.2N, 22.3W at 12Z. Microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on 
this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 16:
HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 17:
HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 18:
HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.  ATSR: “Hurricane 
Janet,” rightfully designated the “killer” hurricane of 1955, came into existence on September 22nd about 200 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. Several days earlier, 
on the 18th, an easterly wave of weak to moderate intensity that was eventually to bear “Janet” passed over the ship ROBIN HOOD near 38W. During the next few days the 
easterly wave was tracked westward at 12.5 knots although hardly any reports were received to verify its existence or reveal its intensity.”

September 19:
HWM, microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 20:
HWM analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 12.0N, 51.5W at 12Z. Microfilm and HURDAT does not show an organized system. MWR is not available on 
this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

September 21:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.7N, 55.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 knot tropical storm at 13.2N, 54.3W at 18Z. Microfilm 
analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb centered near 15.5N, 55.3W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 10 kt W and 1010 mb at 11.9N, 
56.0W at 12Z. 10 kt and 1009 mb at 10.8N, 54.5W at 18Z. All reports from COADS. MWR: “Early on the 21st, pilot reports from the airlines Air France and Iberia indicated 
the presence of a weak tropical disturbance at about latitude 13.5N and longitude 53.0W … it is believed that Janet was just attaining hurricane intensity when encountered 
by the SS Mormacdale in latitude 13.6N and longitude 55.2W at 1900 EST on September 21 when it reported winds of 63 mph.” ATSR:  “On the 21st, the ship SS DEL NORTE in the 
vicinity of 11N 55W reported a light west wind with surface pressures of 1010.2 mb abd 1009.1 mb at 1230Z and 1830Z respectively, thus verifying the easterly wave and 
revealing the development of a vortex, then estimated to be centered near 14N 55W.”

September 22:

HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb centered near 14.1N, 57.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 105 kt hurricane at 12.9N, 59.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed 
low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.0N, 59.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 55 kt S and 1003 mb at 13.5N, 55.3W at 00Z. 35 kt W 
and 998 mb at 12.6N, 56.1W at 00Z. 40 kt W and 1007 mb at 11.5N, 62.0W at 21Z. All reports from microfilm. Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central 
pressure of 979 mb at 12.8N, 59.4W at 1425Z (ATSR/MWR). Land highlights: 30 kt N (gusts to 50 kt) and 1003 mb at Barbados at 15Z (micro). 85+ kt ESE (maybe estimated) and 
989 mb at Barbados around 1610Z (MWR). MWR: “The eye of hurricane Janet passed just south of the island of Barbados shortly after 1100 EST on the 22nd. It was an immature 
hurricane at this time with a very small ring of hurricane winds around the 20-mile eye. The reconnaissance plane reported the wall cloud around the eye only 5 miles wide but 
turbulence was very severe. Maximum winds were estimated by an observer on the south side of the island at 110 to 120 mph, dropping off very rapidly 20 miles out from the 
edge of the eye … the hurricane was moving at 11 mph at this time so it can be seen the ring of hurricane winds was very narrow. The lowest pressure reported by plane in the 
eye just to the south of the island was 979 mb. This was the first hurricane in Barbados in 57 years.” ATSR: “Due to the lack of any other information, the vortex was 
believed to be only of moderate intensity, however, subsequent data from the ship SS MORMAC DALE at 220030Z, reporting south wind 50 to 55 knots and surface pressure of 
1003.1 mb, confirmed the development of “Janet.” Warning Number One was issued at 220200Z after coordination accomplished with the Weather Bureau Office at San Juan, Puerto 
Rico. Navy aircraft reconnoiter the storm area located a small but intense hurricane centered near Barbados islands. Surface winds were reported in excess of 100 knots and 
the minimum surface pressure was reported as 979 mb. Further evidence of the severity of “Hurricane Janet” was exemplified by the wake of destruction left on Barbados Islands 
followed about 12 hours later with similar conditions wrought at Grenada Island.”

September 23:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 12.8N, 63.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as an 80 kt hurricane at 12.7N, 63.6W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 12.8N, 64.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12.5N, 65.4W at 18Z (micro). 20 kt 
NW and 1002 mb at 13.5N, 68.2W at 20Z (micro). 25 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12.2N, 65.3W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter 
at 12.4N, 62.1W at 0454Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 45 mile diameter at 12.9N, 63.1W at 09Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 37 mile 
diameter near 12.5N, 63.9W at 1432Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb, maximum sustained winds of 80 kt and an eye of a 40 mile diameter 
at 13.0N, 64.7W at 1815Z (ATSR/micro). Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1004 mb at 0Z at Grenada (micro). MWR: “During the next several days in the eastern Caribbean, Janet pursued 
a course generally toward the west with some actual decrease in intensity. The center was located at 3 pm on September 23 at latitude 13.2N and longitude 64.8W with central 
pressure 996 mb and wind 92 mph, radar eye 40 miles in diameter and wind eye 20 miles N-S, 27 E-W. Turbulence was moderate, sea high, no weather bands in northern semicircle 
but some in the southern semicircle.” ATSR: “During “Janet’s” transit across the Caribbean almost constant aircraft surveillance was maintained; therefore an accurate account 
was maintained of the movement and changing intensity of the storm. On a westward course describing a sinusoidal track, “Janet” moved at an average rate of speed of about 
12 knots from Barbados Island to the 76th Meridian.”

September 24:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 13.9N, 68.4W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 100 kt hurricane at 14.0N, 67.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 1005 mb centered near 13.5N, 69.1W at 12Z. MWR shows an area of low pressure of at most 996 mb near 13.5N, 68.7W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 
1000 mb at 14.5N 66.3W at 15Z (micro, note that comparison of this ship - the Milbank - earlier on the 23rd indicates that the ship was indicating around 8 mb too low); 15 kt 
SW and 1005 mb at 11.5N, 67.5W at 06Z (micro). 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at 15.5N, 69.2W at 21Z (micro). Land highlights: Aircraft highlights: 30 kt SW and 1004 at Aruba at 18Z 
(micro). 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at Curazao at 18Z (micro). 10 kt SW and 1004 at Aruba at 21Z (micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb and maximum 
sustained winds of 55 kt at 14.0N, 68.3W at 1345Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix at 14.3N, 68.6W at 1454Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 996 mb 
and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 14.1N, 68.6W at 1520Z (ATSR/micro). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 995 mb and an eye of a 15-20 mile diameter at 14.3N, 
68.6W at 1545Z (micro). Penetration center fix at 13.9N, 68.7W at 1645Z (ATSR). Radar center fix and estimated maximum surface winds “in excess 100” kt at 13.9N, 69.2W at 1745Z 
(micro). Penetration center fix at 13.8N, 69.5W at 1815Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix with 995 mb central pressure at 13.8N, 69.9W at 2000Z (ATSR, micro). MWR: “During the 
early hours on the 24th, according to the NAVY reconnaissance plane, Janet never presented good center definition and it is not certain the center was found. Weather targets 
consisted of large areas of diffuse targets with no spiral relationship. All center fixes were taken on strongest, most promising targets and the plane stated the fixes were 
of unknown accuracy. The radar bands were so disorganized, radar coverage was not considered feasible. Late in the afternoon, one very strong spiral weather band was found 
although the central pressure remained about the same. The reconnaissance plane reported: Eye centered Lat 13.8N and Long 69.9W at 3:02 pm EST circular eye with well defined 
cloud and wind eye approximately 20 miles in diameter. Minimum pressure 995 mb, maximum wind 127 mph … in weather band 40 miles from eye in southwest quadrant, wind shifted in 
weather band from 240 to 330, band approximately 25 miles thick, section we went through showed up weakest on radar, maximum winds northwest through southwest 52 mph, turbulence 
light to none except in weather band where it was moderate to heavy, precipitation light to none, navigation good, radar coverage not considered feasible for eye positions, 
however, weather band to west presents good picture.”

September 25:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 13.9N, 72.9W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 115 kt hurricane at 13.9N, 72.9W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 13.8N, 73.0W at 12Z. MWR shows an area of low pressure of at most 992 mb near 13.9N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 30 kt S and 1005 mb at 
14.9N, 69.5W at 0Z (micro). 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 14.5N, 70.4W at 18Z (ATSR). 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 13.2N, 74.0W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center 
fix at 13.9N, 73.2W at 1345Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 988 mb, maximum sustained winds of 85 kt and an eye of a 20 mile diameter at 14.3N, 
74.2W at 19Z (ATSR/MWR/micro). MWR: “On the 25th the eye was located at 1400 EST at latitude 14.3N and longitude 74.2W with a maximum wind at 98 mph, central pressure 987.7 mb. 
The eye was described as well defined but there was evidence it was very changeable – hoop-shaped on one occasion, a figure “6” on another. One obtains the impression of a 
slowly but definitely intensifying storm. The reconnaissance flight on the night of September 25-26 summarizes its observations as follows: Eye completely closed circle after 
9:15 pm, average diameter 22 miles, storm presented symmetrical pattern of intense weather bands which extended 120 miles south, 140 east, 130 north and 170 west, high overcast 
throughout area, low scattered to broken stratocumulus with tops near 6000, thunderstorms generally oriental in spiral bands throughout area, frequent lighting. Rapid 
intensification was evident.” “For the next 150 miles “Janet” moved at a slower speed of 9 knots,this was followed by gradual acceleration to 17 knots at the 80th meridian 
and 20 knots at the 86th meridian.”

September 26:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 14.7N, 76.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 125 kt hurricane at 15.0N, 77.1W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 999 mb centered near 14.6N, 77.2W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt SW and 1004 mb at 13.1N, 78.1W at 6Z (micro). 35 kt 
ESE and 1008 mb at 17.6N, 77.7W at 18Z (micro). 40 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 17.4N, 77.5W at 21Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 14.3N, 76.3W at 0115Z (ATSR). 
Radar center fix measured an eye of a 25 mile diameter at 14.6N, 76.6W at 0615Z (ATSR/micro). Radar center fix measured an eye of a 22 mile diameter at 14.7N, 76.3W AT 09Z 
(ATSR/micro). Radar center fix at 14.8N, 77.1W at 12Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 15.2N, 78.8W at 22Z (ATSR). MWR: “At 0830 EST of the 26th, Lt. Comdr. Windham with crew of 
8 and 2 newspapermen reported in latitude 15.4N and longitude 78.2W that they were about to begin penetration of the main core of the storm. No further report was ever received 
from this plane. Janet had become a very severe hurricane.”

September 27:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 995 mb centered near 16.5N, 81.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 140 kt hurricane at 17.0N, 82.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low 
pressure of at most 996 mb centered near 16.8N, 82.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 40 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 17.5N, 77.3W at 0Z (micro). 50 kt 
NE and 1001 mb at 18.0N, 81.0W at 09Z (micro). 50 kt S at 16.6N, 81.8W at 12Z (micro). 50 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 18.0N, 80.8W at 18Z (ATSR). Land highlight: 10 kt SW and 1003 mb 
at Cabo Gracias a Dios at 12Z (micro). 30 kt N and 1000 mb at Swan Island at 15Z (micro). 15 kt SW and 1004 mb at Cabo Gracias a Dios at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlight: Radar 
center fix at 15.6N, 78.8W at 01Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 16.5N, 80.2W at 0630Z (ATSR). Radar center fix at 16.9N, 82.8W at 13Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a 
central pressure of 938 mb at 16.9N, 82.7W at 1540Z (ATSR/MWR). Penetration center fix at 17.0N, 82.7W at 1615Z (ATSR). MWR: “The NAVY reconnaissance plane at 1040 EST on the 
27th reported the center at latitude 16.9N and longitude 82.7W with lowest pressure 938 mb, and maximum winds in excess of 115 mph by a large and incalculable amount. Janet 
passed over Swan Island during midday with winds estimated at 200 mph.”

September 28:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 990 mb centered near 19.2N, 89.6W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.0N, 90.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure 
of at most 993 mb centered near 19.4N, 90.3W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 20 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 16.5N, 87.5W at 0Z (micro). Land highlights: 25 kt 
SW and 1002 mb at Belize City at 03Z (micro). 994 mb at Corozal at 04Z (MWR). 50 kt SW and 994 mb at Belize City at 6Z (micro). 152 kt (before collapsing) and 914 mb (southern edge 
of the eye) at Chetumal (no time given but likely around 06Z) (MWR). 918 mb at 0610Z at Corozal (MWR). 55 kt S and 998 mb at Belize City at 09Z (micro). 40 kt N (gusts to 70 kt) and 
1009 mb at Campeche, Mexico at 12Z (micro). 10 kt WSW and 990 mb at Ciudad del Carmen at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix measured an eye of a 10 mile diameter at 
19.0N, 91.9W at 1945Z (ATSR/micro). MWR: “The hurricane center reached Corozal, British Honduras, and Chetumal, Mexico, about 1 am, local time, September 28. It was still a very 
concentrated storm with winds reaching hurricane force only about 2 hours before the arrival of the eye. In Corozal the barometer read 29.34 inches [994 mb] at 2300 EST and 
27.10 inches [918 mb] at 0110 EST, falling 2.24 inches in 2 hours and 10 minutes with most of the fall occurring after 2330 EST. The official minimum barometer reading in Corozal 
was 27.10 inches [918 mb] (aneroid) and another aneroid in the house of a clergyman read 27.05 inches [916 mb]. In Chetumal the radio operator of the Mexican Aviation Company 
read 920.1 mb (27.17 inches) on the mercurial barometer some minutes before the eye arrived. The original barograph trace (fig. 6) at Chetumal was furnisged vy Mr. S.B Lizama 
Frias, Flight Dispatch Superintendent, CIA, Mexicana de Aviation, S.A. The pen passed off the trace at 27.94 inches. A barometer reading of 27.00 inches [914 mb] in the eye at 
Chetumal was forwarded by Mr. D.N.A. Fairweather, the meteorological observer at Corozal. Corozal was in the southern edge of the eye and since the eye passed directly over 
Chetumal, it is believed the reading of 27.00 inches can be accepted. Therefore on the inset in figure 6 we have constructed a continuation of the trace below 28.00 inches based 
on this reading and the length of the period of calm at Chetumal. The anemometer at the airport terminal building at Chetumal registered 152 knots or 175 mph before it collapsed. 
The wind continued to increase and the maximum is estimated in excess of 200 mph. In British Honduras 16 persons were killed and total damage is estimated at about $5,000,000. 
In Chetumal, a town of about 2,500 people, only 4 badly battered buildings were left standing. Sea water reached a height of 6½ feet some 1,600 feet inland. The area is rather 
well protected from the Caribbean Sea by a sizable peninsula but there was one report of a hurricane wave south of Corozal. In Chetumal approximately 120 bodies were found in 
and about the ruins but the sea dragged away an unknown number. Altogether in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, the death toll is estimated at about 500 with $40,000,000 damage.” 
““Janet” maintained this fast rate of movement even in crossing the Yucatan Peninsula. This speed was a result of the intensification of the subtropical ridge over the Gulf of 
Mexico and southeastern United States.”

September 29:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb centered near 20.2N, 95.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 95 kt hurricane at 19.9N, 95.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure 
of at most 990 mb centered near 20.0N, 94.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 30 ENE and 1007 mb at 0Z near 23.8N, 93.0W. Land highlights: 15 SSW and 
999 mb at Coatzacoalcos, Mexico at 12Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix near 19.8N, 96.4W at 1745Z (ATSR). ATSR: “After “Janet” moved in to the Gulf of Campeche the 
circulation became distorted and partially disrupted by the surrounding land masses. This being an area of sparse upper air reports it is difficult to say why “Janet” decelerated 
to 14 knots and finally to 8 knots before entering the coast of Mexico.”

September 30:
HWM and Microfilm does not show an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.3N, 98.8W at 6Z (last position). MWR is not available on this date. 
Land highlights: 10 kt E and 1002 mb at Veracruz at 0Z (micro). 10 kt SW and 1004 mb at Mexico City at 06Z (micro).

MWR: “Hurricane Janet passed into the Gulf of Campeche and moved inland between Veracruz and Nautla. The circulation aloft continued its westward movement across Mexico and a squally 
disturbed area developed off the west coast of Mexico under this circulation late on the first of October. Floods were already occurring in the Tampico area from the rains of Gladys 
and Hilda when the torrential rains of this hurricane were added. Little information is available on fatalities and damage which should be attributed to Janet in this area, but 
according to the Weather Bureau Office at New Orleans, the floods in the Tampico area from the tropical storms of 1955 were probably one of the greatest natural disasters ever to 
occur in that country.”

Hurricane Janet developed from a tropical wave that left the African coast around mid-September. The tropical wave traveled westward organizing into a tropical cyclone east of the 
Lesser Antilles. The time of genesis is uncertain as data east of 55W is very sparse and by the time Janet was detected on September 21st, it was already a well-organized tropical 
storm. The data at 12Z on the 21st does suggest that a well-defined center was present and this is the first entry into HURDAT (not genesis) of our analysis, six hours earlier than 
originally in HURDAT. At 00Z on the 22nd, two separate ships reported gale-force winds and pressures below 1005 mb. The ship Mormac Dale located at 13.5N, 55.3W reported sustained 
winds of 55 kt S and 1003 mb, while another ship near 12.6N, 56.1W reported 35 kt W and 998 mb. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb suggests maximum sustained winds greater than 51 kt from 
the south of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 60 kt is selected for 00Z on September 22nd, a minor upward change from original HURDAT. Also, an intensity 
of 40 kt is selected for 12Z and 50 kt for 18Z on the 21st, the latter is a minor change as originally HURDAT had 35 kt. Janet approached Barbados late on the 22nd passing just south 
of the island. Winds over 100 mph (possibly an estimate) were reported by an observer on the island and Janet is considered a hurricane strike for Barbados. An aircraft reconnaissance 
mission reached Janet at 1425Z measuring a central pressure of 979 mb. A central pressure of 979 mb suggests maximum sustained winds of 79 kt the south of pressure-wind relationship. 
At this point Janet was a small hurricane, with a RMW of about 8 nmi and climatology suggests about 12 nmi. Therefore, an intensity of 80 kt is selected for 12Z on the 22nd and 90 kt 
at 18Z, down from 105 kt at both times originally in HURDAT. Janet did not make landfall in Barbados but category 1 force winds, and possibly category 2 force winds, did impact the 
island causing significant damage to houses and other structures. 

The hurricane continued on a west-southwest path toward the Lesser Antilles maintaining 90 kt winds at 00Z on the 23rd. Around this time, the center of Janet moved over Union Island 
and causing significant damage to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Weakening began thereafter as Janet began to move west and west-northwest over the eastern Caribbean. A reconnaissance 
aircraft reached the cyclone at 1815Z on the 23rd measuring a central pressure of 996 mb, estimated maximum surface winds of 80 kt, and an eye diameter of 40 nm. A central pressure of 
996 mb yields maximum sustained winds of 54 kt south of 25N according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The large eye diameter suggests an RMW of ~30 nm compared with 
climatology of ~13 nm, which would usually indicate winds weaker than that from the pressure-wind relationship. Putting some weight on the visual estimate of the winds, an intensity of 
60 kt is selected for 18Z on the 23rd. This is a major change as originally HURDAT indicated 80 kt at this time. A central pressure of 996 mb was originally in HURDAT at 12Z on the 23rd 
but it has been removed as there is no evidence that it was an actual measurement and that the cyclone substantially filling during the day, not steady state. The shipping presence was 
scarce over the southeast Caribbean as Janet moved across the area. Around mid-day on the 24th, the tropical storm passed about 80 nmi north of the islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. 
It is possible that tropical storm force winds on the southern portion of the circulation affected the islands. At 1345Z on the 24th, a reconnaissance aircraft reached the cyclone 
measuring a central pressure of 996 mb and estimated maximum surface winds of 55 kt. As stated before, a central pressure of 996 mb yields 54 kt according to the south of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship. An intensity of 55 kt is selected for 12Z on the 24th, a major change from 100 kt originally in HURDAT. 60 kt is selected for 00Z and 55 kt for 06Z on the 24th, both 
major changes to HURDAT (85 kt and 95 kt, respectively). Another reconnaissance mission reached the storm at 1520Z measuring a central pressure of 996 mb, estimated maximum surface of 
45 kt and an eye diameter of 20 nm. At 2000Z, the last aircraft mission for the day reported 995 mb central pressure as well as estimated surface winds in excess of 100 kt.  A central 
pressure of 995 mb suggests an intensity of 56 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  An intensity of 60 kt at 18Z and 65 kt at 00Z on the 25th are indicated place a 
slight weight on the surface visual estimates.  These are major changes as HURDAT originally indicated 110 and 115 kt.  Thus Janet is brought back to hurricane intensity at 00Z on the 25th. 

On September 25th, Janet was moving westward entering the central Caribbean Sea and like many other cyclones before and since, the storm began to strengthen. A reconnaissance aircraft 
reached the cyclone at 19Z on the 25th measuring a central pressure of 988 mb, estimated maximum surface winds of 85 kt and an eye diameter of 20 miles. A central pressure of 988 mb 
suggests maximum sustained winds of 67 kt according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. The diameter data indicates a RWM of about 15 nm and climatology suggests 13 nm. Slightly 
weighting the visual estimates, an intensity of 70 kt is selected for 18Z on the 25th, a major change in HURDAT as it indicates 115 kt for this time. A central pressure of 993 mb was 
present in the original HURDAT at 12Z on the 25th, and although there is no data to verify it, it looks reasonable and it is retained. An intensity of 50 kt is selected for 00Z on the 
25th, 55 kt at 06Z, and 60 kt at 12Z. Major changes to HURDAT as at these times it indicates 115 kt. No inner core pressure or wind data was received on the 26th as this was the day of 
the fateful flight that never made it back. But Janet likely continued to intensify reaching major hurricane status at 18Z on the 26th. An intensity of 100 kt is selected for 18Z, a major 
change to HURDAT as it indicates 125 kt. A central pressure of 970 mb is in the original HURDAT at 12Z and although this appears to be an interpretation and not a measurement, it looks 
reasonable and it is retained. An intensity of 70 kt is selected for 00Z on the 26th, 80 kt at 06Z and 90 kt at 12Z. All of these are major downward changes to HURDAT as it shows 120 kt 
at 00Z and 06Z and 125 kt at 12Z on the 26th. 

On September 27th, Janet continued to intensify while moving on a west-northwest course entering the western Caribbean Sea. Gale-force winds also affected Grand Cayman as Janet passed 
about 165 nmi to the southwest. A reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1540Z measuring a central pressure of 938 mb. A central pressure of 938 mb suggests maximum sustained 
winds of 123 kt and 125 kt intensifying, according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 130 kt is selected for 12Z and 140 kt for 18Z, as the hurricane was 
traveling at about 20 kt. (The 938 mb central pressure is incorporated into HURDAT at an asynoptic 15Z special position.)  It is analyzed that at 18Z on the 27th, Janet reached category 5. 
Originally HURDAT had a central pressure of 914 at 06Z on the 27th, but this was measured at 06Z on the 28th, and therefore, it is moved to its correct time slot. Around 18Z, the system 
devastated Swan Island making a direct landfall. No actual wind measurements were made at Swan Island, just estimates that placed the wind at over 200 mph. It should be noted that the MWR 
account from Swan Island suggests the maximum winds occurred about 20 minutes before the station was in the eye, with the station in the eye for about 25 minutes.  With the caveat that the 
station was apparently near the northern edge of the eye, this suggests a fairly small RMW even with a 20 kt forward motion.  Note that Swan Island did not measure a central pressure during 
Janet’s passage, according to the MWR and an account in Weatherwise.  Only 12 hours after devastating Swan Island, Janet was moving over the Yucatan Peninsula with an even stronger intensity. 
Janet moved over Chetumal, Mexico, where a central pressure of 914 mb was measured around 06Z on the 28th. The nearby city of Corozal, Belize, measured a pressure of 916 mb at 0610Z. A central 
pressure of 914 mb suggests 144 kt and 146 kt intensifying, according to the south of 25N pressure-wind relationships. An intensity of 150 kt is selected at 06Z on the 28th, a major change 
to HURDAT as it originally had 130 kt. 150 kt is also selected for 00Z on the 28th, matching original HURDAT. (It is of note the 152 kt wind reported at the Chetumal Airport before the 
instrument failed.  It is unknown whether it was sustained or a gust or what the height of the anemometer was.  If this was a sustained wind, it suggests the possibility that the proposed 
150 kt landfall intensity is too low – especially since the MWR states the winds continued to increase after the instrument failed.  The assessment intensity, however, is consistent with 
the value being a gust.)  A central pressure of 950 mb is in the original HURDAT at 12Z on the 28th while the hurricane was still over land, appears to be an estimate but it is kept as it 
is reasonable. Weakening occurred over the Yucatan Peninsula although the data is very sparse. The Kaplan-DeMaria model was run for 12Z on the 28th suggesting maximum sustained winds of 88 kt. 
Two other extreme hurricanes were examined for their decay over the Yucatan of Mexico:  Gilbert made landfall with 140 kt at 15Z, three hours later (18Z) the intensity was 130 kt, at 00Z the 
intensity was 100 kt as the hurricane was entering the Gulf of Mexico.  Dean made landfall at 0830Z with 150 kt, at 12Z was 110 kt, and at 18Z was 75 kt.  Based upon these analogies, the 
proposed reduction is by Kaplan-DeMaria may be slightly high, perhaps because of the very flat terrain of the land mass.  The revised intensity is 105 kt at 12Z for Janet, up from 95 kt in 
the original HURDAT.  Around 15Z on the 28th, Janet reached the Bay of Campeche and a reconnaissance aircraft reached the hurricane at 1945Z measuring an eye diameter of 10 miles but no 
information is provided on the central pressure or estimated maximum surface winds. Therefore, no changes are made to HURDAT's intensities late on the 28th and 29th. At 12Z on the 29th, 
HURDAT shows a central pressure of 950 mb. This appears to be a (rather dubious) estimate and it is removed because of the lack of inner-core data on this day and the rest of the lifetime of 
Janet. The hurricane made its final landfall around 18Z on the 29th on the Mexican state of Veracruz with maximum sustained winds of 95 kt. It is possible that Janet had regained major 
hurricane status by the time it made its final landfall but there is no data to show this. Weakening rapidly occurred over the mountainous terrain and it is analyzed that Janet was a depression 
by 12Z on the 30th and dissipated shortly after.
*******************************************************************************

New Storm [September 23-28, 1955]

37265 09/23/1955 M= 6 11 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED       XING=0 SSS=0                     
37265 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 455  30    0*206 470  30    0*
37265 09/24*211 485  30    0*216 503  30    0*220 510  30    0*228 516  30    0*
37265 09/25*241 522  30    0*256 526  30    0*270 530  30    0*283 532  30    0*
37265 09/26*296 534  30    0*308 535  30    0*320 535  35    0*331 530  40    0*
37265 09/27*342 515  40    0*354 495  40    0E370 470  40    0E405 455  45    0*
37265 09/28E440 410  45    0E470 375  45    0E500 340  40    0E535 300  35    0*
37285 TS   

A new tropical storm has been added to HURDAT, not previously shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for its existence comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
Microfilm, Monthly Weather Reviews, COADS ship database, and Jack Beven’s suspect list.

September 18:
HWM and microfilm do not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 19:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.0N, 21.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 24.0W at 18Z (COADS).

September 20: 
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 11.0N, 25.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a spot low pressure near 13.5N, 28.5W at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 21:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 12.0N, 33.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 22:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.5N, 39.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 23:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 19.5N, 45.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 20.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do 
not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 24:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 49.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 25:
HWM shows a spot low pressure near 26.0N, 54.0W with trough extending from 21-31N, 52-54W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb at 29.0N, 54.0W at 
18Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 26:
HWM shows a spot low pressure at 31.0N, 53.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1014 mb at 32.0N, 54.0W at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. 
MWR analyses a low pressure of 1008 mb at 31.8N, 54.0W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 32.1N, 52.0W at 12Z (micro). 40 kt SSE and 1012 mb at 33.0N, 51.3W at 18Z (micro).

September 27:
HWM shows a frontal boundary over the central north Atlantic extending from an extratropical cyclone near 60.0N, 43.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 
1011 mb at 38.0N, 48.0W and a frontal boundary extending through the system at 12Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of 1010 mb at 37.5N, 46.8W 
at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1016 mb at 34.0N, 49.6W at 0Z (micro). 45 kt NNW and 1009 mb at 40.3N, 46.7W at 18Z (micro).

September 28:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 49.0N, 36.0W with a cold front extending through the system at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1011 mb 
at 44.0N, 37.0W at 06Z. HURDAT does not list this system at 12Z. MWR analyses a low pressure of 1006 mb at 50.7N, 33.8W at 12Z. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 46.5N, 36.5W 
at 0Z (micro). 

A tropical wave left the African coast on September 18. The ship 309 8235 reported 15 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 24.0W at 18Z on the 19th, which is also a 5 mb drop from 12Z. It is 
possible that the system became a tropical cyclone in the easternmost Atlantic.  However, without confirmation of strong winds near the center of the system, it is considered a broad 
low from the 19th through the 22nd.  More observations became available on September 23rd with a ship at 12Z reporting 30 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 21.2N, 45.0W. The system is begun as a 
30 kt tropical depression at that time.  Data on the 24th is sparse but does not indicate that the cyclone became better organized.  Also on this date, a cold front was approaching and 
the system began to track toward the north. On the 25th, ship data shows that the system became better organized although no gale-force winds were reported, and the analyzed intensity 
is kept at 30 kt. On the 26th, the tropical depression turns to the northeast and begins to gain in forward speed. At 12Z on the 26th, the ship “Richelien” reported 35 kt SE and 1015 mb 
at 32.1N, 52.0W. At this time it is estimated that the tropical cyclone gained tropical storm intensity. The intensity is increased to 40 kt at 18Z based on the report of the ship “GCTF” 
(40 kt SSE and 1012 mb). 40 kt is also the estimated intensity at 00Z on the 27th and it is the peak intensity for the lifetime of this tropical cyclone. Extratropical transition occurred 
around 12Z on the 27th as the system continued to increase in forward speed over the north-central Atlantic. The system also strengthened as an extratropical cyclone reaching 45 kt from 
18Z on the 27th to 06Z on the 28th. This is also the peak intensity as an extratropical storm. Weakening occurred thereafter and the storm dissipated or was absorbed by a larger extratropical 
cyclone to the north late on the 28th while located southeast of Iceland.
*******************************************************************************


Unnamed Tropical Storm 11 [October 10-14, 1955]
37265 10/10/1955 M= 5 11 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED       XING=0 SSS=0                     
37265 10/10/1955 M= 5 12 SNBR= 820 UNNAMED       XING=0 SSS=0                     
                      **

39210 10/10*  0   0   0    0*284 414  30    0*284 420  45    0*284 427  45    0*
39210 10/10*  0   0   0    0*288 422  40    0*288 426  45    0*288 430  50    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

39215 10/11*284 433  45    0*286 438  55    0*288 442  50    0*291 444  50    0*
39215 10/11*288 434  50    0*288 438  55    0*288 442  55    0*290 444  50    0*
            *** ***  **      ***      **               **

39220 10/12*294 444  50    0*297 444  50    0*300 442  50    0*306 435  50    0*
39220 10/12*294 444  50    0*297 442  50    0*300 438  50    0*303 431  50    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***

39225 10/13*312 426  50    0*318 416  50    0*324 405  50    0*337 394  50    0*
39225 10/13*306 420  50    0*311 410  50    0*319 400  50    0*329 390  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

39230 10/14E358 380  50    0E378 366  45    0E400 351  40    0*  0   0   0    0*
39230 10/14*350 380  50    0*372 370  50    0*400 360  50    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****             **** ***  **     *    ***  **

39235 TS 

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps 
series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review. Additionally, the reanalysis indicates that the cyclone did not undergo an extratropical transition.

October 9:
HWM shows a cold front over the northeast Atlantic extending to the southwest to 30N, 40W at 12Z. HURDAT and Microfilm do not analyze an organized system on this date. MWR 
Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 10:
HWM shows a weakening cold front over the northeast Atlantic extending to a spot low located at 25.5N, 40.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 45 knot tropical storm at 28.4N, 
42.0W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb centered at 28.5N, 42.W at 18Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 
45 kt SW and 1002 mb at 28.7N, 42.8W at 16Z (micro). 45 kt SW and 1002 mb at 28.6N, 42.8W at 18Z (micro).

October 11:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1015 mb located at 27.5N, 44.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 28.8N, 44.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a 
closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 29.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1007 mb at 27.7N, 44.5W at 18Z (micro).

October 12:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb located at 30.0N, 45.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical storm at 30.0N, 44.2W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a 
closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 30.0N, 44.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW and 1007 mb at 29.3N, 41.5W 
at 18Z (micro).

October 13:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb located at 30.3N, 40.8W and an approaching cold front to the north near 40N at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 knot tropical 
storm at 32.4N, 40.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb centered at 32.0N, 40.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks of Lows is not available on this date. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1006 mb at 31.3N, 38.7W at 06Z (COADS). 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 32.6N, 38.0W at 18Z (COADS). 

October 14:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 990 mb located at 41.5N, 37.0W with a cold front extending to the southwest and a warm front to the northeast 12Z. HURDAT lists this 
as a 40 knot extratropical cyclone at 40.4N, 40.5W (last position) at 12Z. Microfilm analyzes a closed low pressure of at most 996 mb centered at 43.0N, 39.0W at 12Z. MWR Tracks 
of Lows is not available on this date. Ship highlights: 1000 mb at 35.0N, 48.3W at 00Z (micro). 50 kt SW and 1008 mb at 34.0N, 34.3W at 06Z (micro); 45 kt NW and 995 mb at 39.5N 
35.0W (micro – COADS and HWM indicate 40 kt SSE, the COADS and HWM appear to be correct).

MWR: “A small vortex apparently developed in an easterly wave which passed through the Cape Verde islands on October 4. It was first reported by two passing ships on October 10 
at approximately Latitude 28.5ºN and Longitude 42.8ºW. The storm recurved to the northeast on the 11th and merged with an extra-tropical storm on the 14th. The combined storm was 
quite severe with one ship reporting 979 mb (28.91 inches). The lowest reported pressure in the tropical storm was 1000 mb (29.53 inches) and highest winds were about 55 mph.”

This unnamed tropical storm developed from the remnants of a frontal boundary over the central Atlantic during the second week of October. The Monthly Weather Review concluded that 
an easterly wave was in part responsible, however, the evidence for their conclusion is somewhat ambiguous.  The genesis remains unchanged from 06Z on the 10th of October, although 
it is very probable that the system developed earlier. Very minor alterations were made to the positions of the cyclone for all five days of its existence. The first ship to 
encounter the tropical system was ELBJ reporting sustained winds of 45 kt SW and a barometric pressure of 1002 mb at 16Z on the 10th.  Just a couple hours later, the ship “GLOMDAL” 
also reported 45 kt SW winds with 1003 mb at nearly the same location.  A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb suggests maximum winds greater than 42 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. 
pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt is selected for 18Z on the 10th, up from 45 kt originally in HURDAT.  The intensity is begun as 40 kt at 06Z in the first position, 
assuming – as HURDAT did – that the system was developing on the 10th.  However, it is quite possible that the system was steady state on that date and that the two ships around 18Z 
represent the first information in the inner core of the cyclone. , as the system was already well-developed when it was first encountered. During the next 24 hours, the storm moved 
slowly westward while slightly intensifying to 55 kt. This intensification was present in the original HURDAT but there is no data to justify or change it. The intensity is decreased 
to 50 kt at 18Z on the 11th of October, as it is originally in HURDAT. On the 12th, the track changed to the northeast while accelerating as a cold front approached from the west. A 
reconnaissance aircraft reached the tropical storm late on the 12th reporting a squall area between 30-32N, 44-45W, and maximum sustained winds of only 20 kt. Based on the ship data 
at the time, it is analyzed that the reconnaissance aircraft visited the northwest portion of the circulation, never reaching the center of the cyclone. Late on the 13th, the tropical 
storm began to interact with the frontal boundary, and the large circulation began to become elongated N-S at 18Z. Another ship (S.S. Mateo) passed close to the center at 00Z on the 
14th measuring a peripheral pressure of 1000 mb. A pressure of 1000 mb yields maximum sustained winds greater than 45 kt north of 25N and 49 kt north of 35N according to the Brown 
et al. and Landsea et al. pressure-wind relationships, respectively. The intensity is kept at 50 kt at 00Z, unchanged from original HURDAT. By 18Z on the 14th, the tropical storm had 
been absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone to its northwest, making 12Z the last position. Originally in HURDAT, the tropical cyclone became extratropical at 00Z on the 14th. 
The reanalysis keeps the system as a tropical cyclone until dissipation, as it appears that the system remained in the warm quadrant of the larger extratropical cyclone until the 
absorption took place. 
*******************************************************************************

Hurricane Katie [October 14-20, 1955]

39240 10/14/1955 M= 7 12 SNBR= 857 KATIE       XING=0 SSS=0                    L
39240 10/14/1955 M= 6 13 SNBR= 857 KATIE       XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                    * **  

39245 10/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*117 779  30    0*
39245 10/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 793  25    0*
                                                               *** ***  **

39250 10/15*121 777  35    0*126 772  45    0*132 767  50    0*138 761  60    0*
39250 10/15*127 787  30    0*129 780  35    0*132 772  40    0*137 764  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

39255 10/16*143 753  70    0*148 745  80    0*153 737  90    0*161 729 100  984*
39255 10/16*143 753  50    0*148 745  55    0*154 737  65    0*162 729  75  984*
                     **               **      ***      **      ***      **    

39260 10/17*171 722 100    0*181 718  55    0*193 713  50    0*207 705  60    0*
39260 10/17*171 723  85    0*181 717  95    0*193 711  50    0*205 706  50 1000*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***  ** ****

39265 10/18*221 698  60    0*233 690  60    0*247 683  60    0*269 671  50    0*
39265 10/18*219 700  50    0*233 692  50    0*247 683  50    0*269 671  50  999*
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **                   ***

39270 10/19*295 654  40    0*320 633  40    0*345 605  35    0E371 569  35    0*
39270 10/19*295 654  45    0*320 633  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
                     **    

39275 10/20E397 524  35    0E419 471  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
39275 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

39280 HR 

Landfall
17th/05Z – 18.0N 71.7W – 95 kt - Dominican Republic

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in McAdie et al. (2009). Another major change is to show dissipation a day 
earlier than originally indicated. Evidence for these alterations comes from the NHC microfilm maps, the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review. Additionally, the reanalysis indicates that the cyclone did not undergo an extratropical transition.

October 13:
HWM, HURDAT and Microfilm do not analyze an organized system on this date. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 14:
HWM shows a spot low located at 12.0N, 80.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 11.7N, 77.9W at 18Z. Microfilm does not analyze 
an organized system on this date. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 15:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1005 mb located at 14.7N, 77.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 13.2N, 76.7W at 12Z. Microfilm 
analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 13.5N, 76.8W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 20 kt NNE and 1005 mb at 13.2N, 
77.7W at 12Z (COADS).

October 16:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1000 mb located at 15.5N, 73.1W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 90 kt hurricane at 15.3N, 73.7W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses 
a closed low pressure of at most 1005 mb at 15.0N, 74.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 50 kt NW and 1001 mb at 14.9N, 74.1W 
at 12Z (COADS). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix with 984 mb central pressure and maximum surface winds of 100 kt at 16.4N, 72.9W at 2010Z (ATSR). 
Radar center fix with an eye diameter of 20 miles at 16.9N, 72.3W at 23Z (ATSR/micro).

October 17:
HWM shows a hurricane of at most 1005 mb located at 19.1N, 70.5W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 19.3N, 71.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses 
a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 18.5N, 70.5W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 25 kt E and 1005 mb at 20.0N, 70.7W at 12Z 
(COADS). Aircraft highlights: Radar center fix at 17.7N, 72.0W at 04Z (ATSR). Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 1000 mb and maximum surface 
winds of 65 kt at 21.3N 70.4W at 20Z (ATSR/micro); Radar center fix at 21.5N, 70.3W at 22Z (ATSR/micro).

October 18:
HWM shows a tropical storm of at most 1000 mb located at 24.9N, 68.8W with an approaching cold front to the northwest at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 60 kt 
tropical storm at 24.7N, 68.3W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 24.5N, 68.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1004 mb at 22.0N, 69.0W at 03Z (micro). 35 kt SSE and 1014 mb at 24.5N, 66.0W at 12Z (micro). 45 kt SSE and 1009 mb at 27.0N, 
66.9W at 18Z (micro). Aircraft highlights: Penetration center fix measured a central pressure of 999 mb, an eye of a 40 mile diameter and maximum surface winds 
of 50 kt at 25.8N, 66.7W at 1630Z (micro). Penetration center fix at 27.3N, 67.3W at 2010Z (micro). 

October 19:
HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 1000 mb located at 40.0N, 67.0W, which may indicate that the tropical cyclone has been absorbed, at 12Z. HURDAT 
lists this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 34.5N, 60.5W at 12Z. Microfilm analyses a closed low pressure of at most 1008 mb at 34.5N, 60.5W at 12Z. MWR is not 
available in this date. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.

October 20:
HWM shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb located at 51.0N, 50.0W at 12Z. HURDAT lists this as a 35 kt extratropical cyclone at 41.9N, 47.1W at 06Z. 
Microfilm analyses an extratropical cyclone of at most 993 mb at 50.0N, 52.0W at 12Z. MWR is not available in this date. Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 1003 mb 
at 41.5N, 47.0W at 06Z (micro).

ATSR: “Hurricane Katie,” the final storm of the 1955 season, had a life span of a short duration before becoming extratropical after crossing the island of 
Hispaniola. “Katie” came into existence in the Caribbean south of Hispaniola from a weak vortex on the Intertropical Convergence Zone and developed to full 
hurricane intensity rapidly after being detected as a tropical storm. The first indication of the vortex as on the 15th of October when a weak vortex could be 
drawn at 0030Z. There was no indication of intensification at 151230Z, and as late as 160630Z there were no reports in the area to indicate intensification. A 
weak to moderate cold front was moving southeast into the Caribbean. The vortex was not considered potentially suspicious since the charts for the previous few 
days and current charts revealed an orderly procession of vortices moving westward along the Intertropical Convergence Zone which is normal in this area during 
the summer and early fall months. However, at 161200Z a report from the ship SS POSEIDON was received, giving a west wind of 50 knots and a low surface pressure 
of 1001.3 mb, confirming the development of “Katie” near 15N 74W. A Navy aircraft was ordered immediately from San Juan to reconnoiter the suspicious area and 
verify the report from the SS POSEIDON. A small intense hurricane with winds of 100 knots and minimum surface pressure of 984 mb centered at 16-23N 72-52W at 
162010Z was reported by the reconnaissance aircraft. Warning Number One for “Hurricane Katie” was coordinated with the Weather Bureau Office of San Juan and 
issued at 162200Z. As reported by the Navy Reconnaissance aircraft, rapid intensification of “Katie” was taking place. The eye, reported to be well defined both 
visually and by radar by the reconnaissance aircraft was 20 miles in diameter with spiral squall bands extending from the storm center. With the rapid intensification 
and the north-northeast movement the island of Hispaniola was in line for the full force of “Katie” in a matter of hours.  In moving across the island of Hispaniola, 
“Katie” lost some of her intensity, but later regained hurricane intensity over the water north of the island for a few hours before becoming extratropical. On the 
18th of October the final aircraft reconnaissance into “Katie” reported maximum winds of 55 knots, no definite eye, flat pressure pattern and that the storm consisted 
of a line of isolated cumulonimbus oriented east-west. In view of this information, verifying the belief that “Katie” had become extratropical, the final warning was 
issued at 182200Z.” 

MWR: “Hurricane Katie probably developed from a wave on the intratropical convergence zone in the vicinity of Panama. The first definite evidence was a ship report 
from the Dutch motor vessel Poseidon on the morning of the 16th. A Navy reconnaissance plane the same afternoon located the center with a pressure of 984 mb (29.06 inches) 
and winds up to 115 mph. The center crossed the coastline of Hispaniola near the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic about midnight that night. This area is 
thinly populated but the small border towns of Anse-a-Pitre and Pedernales were badly damaged with highest winds estimated at 115 mph. On the basis of incomplete reports, 
total damage is estimated at between $200,000 and $300,000 with 7 deaths. Katie became almost completely disorganized in crossing the high mountains of Hispaniola but 
briefly intensified to near hurricane intensity after passing out into the Atlantic. However, it shortly reached an area containing the remains of an old cold front and 
again lost intensity. The vortex was probably last encountered by SS Amsterdam at 0130 EST on the 20th in Latitude 37.3ºN and Longitude 56.4ºW.”

Hurricane Katie developed in the central Caribbean Sea at 18Z on the 14th of October, unchanged from HURDAT. It is analyzed at genesis as a 25 kt tropical depression, 
down from 30 kt in HURDAT. The time of genesis is somewhat uncertain as the data is sparse. Minor track changes were introduced on all days of this system except the 19th, 
with the most significant change made at genesis with a new position 100 nm WNW of the original one. Intensification to a tropical storm occurred at 06Z on the 15th, 6 hours 
later than originally shown in HURDAT. Katie generally moved northeastward and the first report of tropical storm force winds occurred at 12Z on the 16th when the ship 
Poseidon reported 50 kt W and 1001 mb, about 40 nm from the center of the system. This, along with the subsequent reconnaissance mission later in the day, indicates the 
system was likely of hurricane intensity at that time.  Intensification to a hurricane is now indicated to have occurred at 12Z on the 16th, 12 hours later than originally 
shown in HURDAT. A reconnaissance aircraft reached Katie at 2010Z on the 16th measuring a central pressure of 984 mb, an eye diameter of 20 miles, and 100 kt estimated 
surface winds. A central pressure of 984 mb suggests maximum winds of 72 kt south of 25N from the Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. The eye diameter information 
suggests an RMW of around 15 nm, which is close to climatology. An intensity of 75 kt is selected for 18Z on the 16th and 85 kt for 00Z on the 17th (giving the surface 
visual estimate some light weighting), down from 100 kt at both times originally in HURDAT, a major change. 

Katie was a small hurricane that apparently continued to intensify until landfall occurred around 05Z on the 17th on the Dominican Republic (18.0N 71.7W), near the city 
of Pedernales. Landfall intensity is estimated at 95 kt, a high end category 2 hurricane.  This is based upon the earlier rapid intensification that was experienced as 
well as the descriptions of damage in the Dominican Republic.  It is possible that Katie was a major hurricane at landfall, as the aircraft left the hurricane seven hours 
before landfall as it was rapidly intensifying. Weakening occurred after landfall and Katie reached the north coast of Hispaniola around 15Z on the 17th. The intensity 
decreased to 45 kt at 18Z and slight intensification ensued after. Another aircraft investigated Katie at 22Z on the 17th measuring a central pressure of 1000 mb and 
estimated maximum surface winds of 65 kt. A central pressure of 1000 mb yields 47 kt south of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. An intensity of 50 kt is 
selected at 00Z on the 18th (down from 60 kt originally in HURDAT) as the system was starting to accelerating toward the north-northeast. A central pressure of 1000 mb is 
added to 00Z on the 18th. A second reconnaissance mission reached Katie at 1630Z measuring a central pressure of 999 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds of 50 kt and 
an eye diameter of 40 miles. A central pressure of 999 mb yields 45 kt north of 25N according to the pressure-wind relationship. A central pressure of 999 mb has been 
added to 18Z on the 18th. An intensity of 50 kt is selected at 18Z on the 18th due in part to the fast motion of the storm. Early on the 19th, Katie began to interact 
with an approaching frontal boundary and large extratropical cyclone and the Katie became absorbed by 12Z. This is supported by the synoptic maps of 12Z on the 19th 
and 00Z on the 20th. The analyzed last position is 06Z on the 19th, 24 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. (The 12Z 19th HWM map is confusing as there is a 
ship observation indicating weak northerlies north of the existing HURDAT position, suggesting that Katie may still exist east of this ship.  This ship’s wind direction, 
however, is in substantial disagreement with nearby ships, making its northerly winds unreliable.)  Also, unlike HURDAT, the reanalysis does not show Katie becoming 
extratropical. The extratropical cyclone continued moving northeastward for several days, eventually passing east of Greenland on the 22nd of October.
*******************************************************************************

1955 - Additional Notes
1) February 18-27: A low pressure developed along the tail-end of a frontal boundary over the western Atlantic on the 19th. It moved eastward reaching the central Atlantic 
on the 21st according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system became an occluded low pressure on the 22nd and gale-force winds were present on the 23rd but 
far to the north (~300 nm) of the center. The low pressure remained over the area for a couple more days while producing gale-force winds. The system persisted as a large, 
occluded low until it was absorbed by a cold front on the 27th. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Beven's and Roth's List of Suspects. 
Day		 LAT 	   LONG	           STATUS
February 18     13-29N  75-79W                   Trough
February 19     27N       71W                         Extratropical
February 20     27N       68W                         Extratropical
February 21     28N       60W                         Extratropical
February 22     26N       52W                         Occluded
February 23     30N       51W                         Occluded
February 24     26N       52W                         Occluded
February 25     28N       53W                         Occluded
February 26     28N       50W                         Occluded
February 27                                                    Absorbed by front

2) April 21-26: A low pressure system formed over the central Atlantic on the 21st of April according to the Historical Weather Maps. It moved generally northward for about 
five days before weakening to a trough and becoming absorbed by a cold front on April 26th over the north Atlantic. No gale-force winds were found in COADS or HWM associated 
with this disturbance. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT.
Day	          LAT 	LONG			STATUS
April 21        23N       57W                     Tropical Depression?
April 22        25N       47W                     Tropical Depression?
April 23        28N       48W                     Tropical Depression?
April 24        32N       49W                     Tropical Depression?
April 25        42-34N  44W                     Trough
April 26                                                   Absorbed by front

3) May 1-7: A weakening cold front over the western Atlantic spawned a non-tropical low pressure between the United States East Coast and Bermuda on May 1st according to the 
Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system was producing gale-force winds to the west and northeast of its center on May 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The disturbance moved generally 
southwestward becoming an occluded low on the 2nd and degenerating into a trough of low pressure on the 5th. On May 7th, the system had dissipated. Because it only had gale force 
winds while it was occluded, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Roth's List of Suspects. 
Day		LAT 	  LONG		STATUS
May 1            32N         69W                        Extratropical
May 2            30N         72W                        Occluded
May 3            28N         73W                        Occluded
May 4            28N         70W                        Occluded
May 5            20-30N    65-68W                  Trough
May 6            19-34N    62-66W                  Trough
May 7                                                            Dissipated

4) September 5-8: A sharp trough of low pressure was present over the northwest Gulf of Mexico at the same time that Hurricane Gladys churned over the Bay of Campeche according 
to the Monthly Weather Review, Microfilm, Annual Tropical Storm Report, and Surface Weather Observations. The disturbance produced tropical storm force conditions across the 
northeasternmost Gulf of Mexico and along southern Texas near Corpus Christi but apparently did not develop a well-defined circulation (no southwesterly winds were observed). 
This is consistent with the aircraft invest missions on the afternoons of the 5th and 6th.  Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT. The system did not make a landfall along the 
coast, but instead dissipated just offshore.  Tropical storm force winds were report by a ship at 18Z on the 5th (35 kt) and 00Z on the 7th (40 kt).  Additionally, tropical storm 
force sustained winds were reported at the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station with a peak of 38 kt at 1726Z on the 6th as well as the Port Aransas Coast Guard Station with a peak 
sustained with of 39 kt NE at 18Z on the 6th.  MWR: "At the same time an area of heavy squalls developed off the middle Texas coast on September 5 and moved inland on the 6th. 
Highest winds reported were 45 mph in the Corpus Christi-Port O’Connor area, and an oil rig 15 miles east of Port Aransas, Tex., reported gusts of 55 to 65 mph. The Naval Air 
Station at Corpus Christi received 12.23 inches of rain in 24 hours and a high tide of 4.5 feet was reported in the Bay. Damage was estimated at $500,000 in the Corpus Christi 
area. It is reported that radar observations during this period indicated briefly the presence of a cyclonic circulation, consequently this may have been a separate tropical 
storm." ATSR: "Between 050300Z and 06300Z, the westward movement of "Gladys" trough was arrested by the westerly trough and it began an oscillation westward and eastward all the 
while oriented north-south along the Texas and Mexican Gulf Coast. The two troughs met and merged in northeastern Texas resulting in heavy rain and extremely squally weather 
along the trough axis. ... However, the stagnant trough along the Texas Gulf coast continued to give heavy rains to the Galveston-Brownsville area. By request two additional 
reconnaissance aircraft flights were ordered into the Western Gulf to investigate the area along the Texas coast for possible tropical storm existence or development. None was 
expected and none was found." This disturbance was in Beven's List of Suspects. 

Day		LAT 	   LONG	       STATUS
September 5     25-29N  96W                     Trough
September 6     25-28N  97W                     Trough
September 7     25-28N  97W                     Trough
September 8                                                Dissipated

5)  September 23-24:  A tropical wave left the African coast on late on September 22nd. A ship located at 14.3N, 18.0W reported 40 kt SE and 1004 mb at 06Z on the 23rd. However, 
the pressure appears to have about a 5 mb low bias though the winds are unable to be calibrated explicitly. However, it is the case that the winds from other ships and the Cape 
Verde Islands are more representative of a broad low pressure area than a tropical cyclone.  The pressure at Praia, Cape Verde Islands decreased from 1008.3 mb at 12Z on the 23rd 
to 1004.8 mb at 18Z as the system passed close to the station. Data on September 24th becomes very sparse as the system moves away from the African continent. Data from the Cape 
Verde Islands indicates that the track of the system turned to the northwest on the 24th and after 12Z, there is no data to locate it anymore. (The name “Linda” was given to the 
low pressure system by an unknown forecaster in 1955 which appeared on the microfilm data.)    Because the winds from the ship are uncertain whether they are accurate or 
representative and that the pressures themselves do not confirm a tropical cyclone existence, this system is not added into HURDAT at this time.

Day		LAT 	   LONG	       STATUS
September 23  14N        20W                     Tropical Depression?
September 24  15N        26W                     Tropical Depression?

September 22:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 18.8W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 23:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 14.0N, 20.0W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: 40 kt SE and 1004 mb (likely ~1009 mb) at 14.3N, 18.0W at 06Z (COADS). 15 kt NE and 1005 mb at 15.6N, 22.5W at 18Z (COADS). Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1005 mb 
at 14.9N, 23.5W at Praia, Cape Verde Islands at 18Z (micro).

September 24:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 24.7W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.

September 25:
HWM shows a closed low pressure of at most 1010 mb at 18.2N, 31.8W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. 
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures. 

September 26:
HWM shows a spot low at 18.2N, 35.3W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force 
winds or equivalent low pressures. 

September 27:
HWM shows a spot low at 18.0N, 41.5W at 12Z. Microfilm does not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force 
winds or equivalent low pressures. 

September 28:
HWM and microfilm do not analyze an organized system at 12Z. HURDAT and MWR do not list this system at 12Z. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or equivalent low pressures.


6) October 25-28: A low pressure developed on October 25th over the central Atlantic along the tail-end of a weakening cold front according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. 
The disturbance became better organized on the 26th and a ship near 28.5N, 57.5W reported gale-force winds. The disturbance generally moved northeast and an approaching cold front 
absorbed the low pressure late on the 27th. It is possible the system may have been a short-lived tropical storm but the data is not enough to justify such an assessment with only 
one gale-force report. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT.
Day		LAT 	LONG			STATUS
October 25      23N     57W                     Tropical Depression?
October 26      28N     56W                     Tropical Storm?
October 27      28N     53W                     Tropical Storm?
October 28                                              Absorbed by front

7) November 2-5: A non-tropical low pressure developed on November 2nd to the southeast of Nova Scotia according to the Historical Weather Maps and Microfilm. The system moved 
eastward becoming a large, occluded cyclone on the 3rd with gale-force winds to the west and northeast of the its center. An approaching cold front absorbed the cyclone on the 5th. 
Because gale force winds were recorded only while the system was an occluded low, it is not added to HURDAT. This disturbance was in Roth's List of Suspects. 
Day		LAT 	LONG			STATUS
November 2      40N     60W                     Extratropical
November 3      38N     58W                     Occluded
November 4      40N     53W                     Occluded
November 5                                               Dissipated

8) November 5-8: A trough of low pressure formed over the central Atlantic during the first week of November according to the Historical Weather Maps. A low pressure developed on 
the 6th as it moved generally on an eastward course. Dissipation occurred around the 9th over the eastern Atlantic. No gale-force winds were found in COADS or HWM associated with
this disturbance. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT.
Day		LAT 	LONG			STATUS
November 5      20-30N  48-58W                  Trough
November 6      28N     42W                     Tropical Depression?
November 7      28N     31W                     Tropical Depression?
November 8      28N     24W                     Tropical Depression?
November 9                                               Dissipated

*******************************************************************************


1958/08 HELENE - 2006 REVISION:

38515 09/21/1958 M=14  8 SNBR= 846 HELENE      XING=1 SSS=0                     
38515 09/21/1958 M=14  8 SNBR= 846 HELENE      XING=0 SSS=3                     
                                                    *     *

38520 09/21*  0   0   0    0*185 515  25    0*190 542  25    0*195 563  25    0*
38525 09/22*201 583  25    0*207 602  25    0*213 619  25 1015*219 635  30 1014*
38530 09/23*225 648  35 1013*230 658  40 1011*234 669  45 1009*240 682  45 1007*
38535 09/24*247 696  45 1005*257 709  50 1004*267 720  65 1002*272 729  65  998*
38540 09/25*277 734  65  993*283 736  70  987*288 739  75  984*292 743  80  983*
38545 09/26*296 748  85  980*299 754  85  977*303 761  90  967*310 771 105  955*
38550 09/27*317 781 110  943*324 785 110  934*331 782 115  938*339 775 115  943*
38555 09/28*348 758 110  946*358 732 110  950*369 705 105  954*380 683  90  957*
38560 09/29*390 659  85  959*417 619  70  963*457 590  65  966E490 566  65  968*
38565 09/30E520 524  60  972E539 488  60    0E550 450  60    0E562 411  55    0*
38570 10/01E570 373  55    0E573 345  55    0E575 320  50    0E577 289  50    0*
38575 10/02E575 255  50    0E561 212  45    0E543 173  45    0E531 154  45    0*
38580 10/03E522 142  40    0E518 134  35    0E514 125  35    0E510 104  35    0*
38585 10/04E505  73  35    0E516  49  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
38590 HR                                                                        
38590 HR NC3
         ***                                                             
Based upon research by the NHC Best Track Change Committee, it was determined
that the existing HURDAT was in error for this hurricane.  A major hurricane 
impact was observed in North Carolina from this cyclone as depicted in 
Monthly Weather Review and Barnes (1998).  Based upon existing HURDAT track
and intensity, this impact is estimated to be Category 3 for North
Carolina ("NC3").  However, the eye of the hurricane remained offshore,
so the U.S. landfall indicator ("XING=1") is changed accordingly.
********************************************************************************


1969 Camille - 2014 Revision

AL091969,            CAMILLE,     32,
AL091969,            CAMILLE,     37,
                                  **

(00Z to 12Z 14th are new to HURDAT.)
19690814, 0000,  , TD, 18.3N,  79.7W,  30, -999,
19690814, 0600,  , TS, 18.5N,  80.5W,  35, -999, 
19690814, 1200,  , TS, 18.8N,  81.3W,  45, -999, 

19690814, 1800,  , TS, 19.4N,  82.0W,  50,  991, 
19690814, 1800,  , TS, 19.1N,  82.0W,  50, -999, 
                       ****                 ***

19690815, 0000,  , TS, 19.7N,  82.7W,  55, -999, 
19690815, 0000,  , TS, 19.5N,  82.7W,  55,  991,
                       ****                 ***

19690815, 0600,  , TS, 20.1N,  83.3W,  60, -999, 
19690815, 0600,  , HU, 20.0N,  83.3W,  65, -999, 
                   **  ****            **

19690815, 1200,  , HU, 20.7N,  83.8W,  85,  970, 
19690815, 1200,  , HU, 20.6N,  83.8W,  90,  969, 
                       ****            **   ***

19690815, 1800,  , HU, 21.2N,  84.1W, 100,  964, 
19690815, 1800,  , HU, 21.3N,  84.1W,  95,  966, 
                       ****           ***   ***
(22Z is a new entry to HURDAT.)
19690815, 2200,  , HU, 21.9N,  84.3W,  95, -999,

19690816, 0000,  , HU, 22.3N,  84.4W,  90, -999, 
19690816, 0600,  , HU, 23.1N,  85.2W, 105, -999, 
19690816, 1200,  , HU, 23.7N,  85.9W, 120, -999, 
19690816, 1200,  , HU, 23.8N,  86.0W, 130, -999,
                       ****    ****   ***

19690816, 1800,  , HU, 24.2N,  86.5W, 130,  908, 
19690816, 1800,  , HU, 24.3N,  86.6W, 150,  908,
                       ****    ****   ***

19690817, 0000,  , HU, 25.2N,  87.2W, 140,  905, 
19690817, 0000,  , HU, 25.2N,  87.2W, 150,  905, 
                                      ***

19690817, 0600,  , HU, 26.0N,  87.7W, 155, -999, 
19690817, 0600,  , HU, 26.0N,  87.7W, 145, -999, 
                                      ***

19690817, 1200,  , HU, 27.0N,  88.2W, 160, -999, 
19690817, 1200,  , HU, 27.0N,  88.3W, 140, -999, 
                               ****   ***

19690817, 1800,  , HU, 28.3N,  88.7W, 165, -999, 
19690817, 1800,  , HU, 28.2N,  88.7W, 135,  919, 

19690818, 0000,  , HU, 29.4N,  89.1W, 165,  909, 
19690818, 0000,  , HU, 29.4N,  89.0W, 140, -999,
                               ****
(04Z is a new entry to HURDAT.)
19690818, 0400,  , HU, 30.3N,  89.4W, 150,  900,

19690818, 0600,  , HU, 30.7N,  89.6W, 100, -999, 
19690818, 0600,  , HU, 30.7N,  89.6W, 115, -999, 
                                      ***

19690818, 1200,  , HU, 32.2N,  90.0W,  65, -999, 
19690818, 1200,  , HU, 32.0N,  89.9W,  75, -999,
                       ****    ****    **

19690818, 1800,  , TS, 33.4N,  90.1W,  50, -999, 
19690819, 0000,  , TD, 34.7N,  90.0W,  30, -999, 
19690819, 0000,  , TS, 34.7N,  90.0W,  35, -999, 
                   **                  **

19690819, 0600,  , TD, 36.0N,  89.3W,  30, -999, 
19690819, 1200,  , TD, 37.0N,  88.0W,  30, -999, 
19690819, 1800,  , TD, 37.7N,  86.0W,  25, -999, 
19690819, 1800,  , TD, 37.6N,  86.0W,  25, -999,
                       ****

19690820, 0000,  , TD, 38.0N,  84.8W,  25, -999, 
19690820, 0000,  , TD, 37.6N,  84.0W,  25, -999,
                       ****    ****

19690820, 0600,  , TD, 37.4N,  80.2W,  25, -999, 
19690820, 0600,  , TD, 37.4N,  80.6W,  25, -999,
                               ****

19690820, 1200,  , TD, 37.3N,  77.0W,  25, -999, 
19690820, 1200,  , TD, 37.2N,  77.3W,  30, -999,
                       ****    ****    **

19690820, 1800,  , TD, 37.0N,  75.1W,  30, -999, 
19690820, 1800,  , TS, 37.0N,  75.3W,  45, 1000,
                   **          ****    **  ****

19690821, 0000,  , TS, 36.6N,  73.4W,  40, -999, 
19690821, 0000,  , TS, 36.7N,  73.6W,  50, -999,
                       ****    ****    **

19690821, 0600,  , TS, 36.7N,  70.9W,  45, -999, 
19690821, 0600,  , TS, 36.7N,  70.9W,  55, -999,
                                       **

19690821, 1200,  , TS, 37.3N,  68.4W,  50, -999, 
19690821, 1200,  , TS, 37.1N,  68.1W,  60, -999,
                       ****    ****    **

19690821, 1800,  , TS, 38.0N,  64.9W,  55, -999, 
19690821, 1800,  , TS, 37.8N,  64.7W,  60, -999,
                       ****    ****    **

19690822, 0000,  , TS, 39.2N,  61.4W,  60, -999, 
19690822, 0000,  , TS, 39.2N,  61.8W,  55, -999,
                               ****    **

19690822, 0600,  , TS, 40.8N,  58.2W,  55, -999, 
19690822, 0600,  , TS, 40.8N,  58.2W,  45, -999,
                                       **

19690822, 1200,  , TS, 43.0N,  54.0W,  50, -999, 
19690822, 1200,  , ET, 43.0N,  54.0W,  35, -999,
                   **                  **

State hurricane impacts
MS5 LA5
MS5 LA5 AL1
                  ***

Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity are made 
for extremely intense Hurricane Camille from that depicted in McAdie et al. (2009).  
Another major change is to indicate an extratropical transition late in Camille's 
lifetime.  Data for these changes were obtained from the NHC Storm Wallets, 
NHC microfilm, surface observations/analyses from the Institute of Meteorology 
of Cuba, COADS, Climatological Data for various states, Surface Weather Observations 
from NCDC, Mariner's Weather Log Rough Log and Selected Gales, the Navy Annual 
Hurricane Summary, Weather Bureau (1969), Environmental Science Services 
Administration (1969), Parmenter (1969), Roberts (1969, as well as the Nash Roberts 
archives at Tulane University), DeAngelis and Nelson (1969), Hamilton and Steere (1969), 
Simpson et al. (1970), Schwarz (1970), Touliatos and Roth (1971), Shenk and 
Rodgers (1977), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Riehl and Simpson (1981), Ho et al. (1984), 
Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. (2000), Sheets and Williams (2001), Kieper (2007), 
and Frelich and Ostuno (2012).

August 5:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest near West Africa.  
The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 18W.  No gales or 
low pressures.  "[Camille formed] from a tropical wave which had been tracked from 
the African coast where it emerged on August 5.  This wave, of the inverted 'V' type, 
described by Frank (1969) was clearly identified on satellite pictures through August 9" (MWR).

August 6:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest near the Cape Verde 
Islands.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 26W.  No gales 
or low pressures.

August 7:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest west of the Cape 
Verde Islands.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 34W.  
No gales or low pressures.

August 8:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest in the central 
Atlantic.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 42W.  
No gales or low pressures.

August 9:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest east of the 
Lesser Antilles.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 15N 
51W.  No gales or low pressures.  "On [August 9], cloudiness associated with the 
wave began to aggregate into a discrete circular area about 500 mi east of the 
Leeward Islands" (MWR).

August 10:  Historical Weather Map depicted a trough of low pressure over the Lesser 
Antilles.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 16N 59W.  No 
gales or low pressures.  "This disturbance passed the Leeward Islands on August 10 
without a closed circulation and proceeded to the western Caribbean without evidences 
of a pressure center" (MWR).

August 11:  Historical Weather Map depicted no features of interest in the eastern 
Caribbean.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 16N 65W.  No 
gales or low pressures.

August 12:  Historical Weather Map depicted a trough of low pressure in the central 
Caribbean.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 17N 71W.  No 
gales or low pressures.  Satellite image:  1849Z - ESSA-9 (MWL).  

August 13:  Historical Weather Map depicted an open low near 16N 76W.  The NHC microfilm 
at 12Z indicated a tropical wave extending from the central Bahamas, across Cuba, and 
into the western Caribbean.  The MWR track map showed a tropical disturbance centered at 
17N 76W.  No gales or low pressures.  Satellite image:  1948Z - ESSA-9 (MWL, Weather Bureau).  
"On August 13 the wave increased in amplitude and extended its influence into the eastern 
Bahamas" (MWR).   "An Air Force reconnaissance plane investigated this wave on the morning 
of the 13th, but found no significant change in intensity.  However, below-normal pressures 
and favorable conditions aloft indicated further intensification of this wave" (Navy Annual 
Summary).

August 14:  Historical Weather Map depicted an open low near 19N 83W.  The NHC microfilm 
at 12Z indicated a tropical wave extending from between Florida and the Bahamas to Cuba 
with a "Td" indicated at 18.5N 81.5W with no closed isobars.  The MWR track map showed a 
tropical disturbance centered at 18N 81W.  HURDAT's first entry was at 18Z at 19.4N 82.0 
with 50 kt.  Ship and land highlights:  No gales or low pressures.  Aircraft highlights:  
Navy, 999 mb central pressure, 50 kt flight level winds, eye diameter 20 nm circular, 
center at 18.8N 81.8W at 1440Z (storm wallets).  Satellite:  1852Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, 
Weather Bureau, MWL), 2142Z (ESSA-2 - storm wallet).  "Camille formed near the island of 
Grand Cayman in the Caribbean on August 14...On the morning of August 14, reconnaissance 
aircraft were dispatched to investigate both the possibility of circulation near the 
southwestern Bahamas and near the vicinity of Grand Cayman Island.  The report from the 
Bahamas was negative; however, from the Caribbean a Navy reconnaissance plane flying back 
and forth across the wave reported that a circulation was forming, and in late afternoon 
advised that the pressure center had been identified with a minimum of 991 mb and a maximum 
wind of 50 kt.  It was apparent almost from the outset that Camille would be an explosively 
deepening storm" (MWR).

August 15:  Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 21N 84W with an outer closed 
isobar of 1008 mb.  The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a closed low near 21N 84W.   HURDAT at 
12Z indicated an 85 kt hurricane with 970 mb at 20.7N 83.8W.  Ship highlights:  50 kt E and 
1005 mb at 19.8N 82.6W at 02Z (COADS); 35 kt W and 1009 mb at 20.0N 84.7W at 15Z (COADS).  
Land highlights:  80 kt SE at Guane, Cuba (no time, MWR); 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb at Nuevo Gerona, 
Cuba at 21Z (microfilm); 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at Montua, Cuba at 21Z (microfilm); 20 kt NNE 
and 1002 mb at Cape San Antonio, Cuba at 21Z (microfilm).  Aircraft highlights:  Navy, 991 mb 
central pressure, 48 kt surface winds, 50 kt flight level winds (900 ft), eye diameter 20 nm 
circular, center at 20.0N 82.2W at 0045Z (storm wallets); Navy, 65 kt surface winds, 55 kt flight 
level winds (1100 ft), center by radar at 20.0N 83.3W at 06Z (storm wallets); ESSA, 969 mb central 
pressure, 90 kt surface winds, 85 kt flight level winds (1600 ft), elliptical eye E-W 20-10 nm, 
center at 206.N 93.8W at 1230Z (storm wallets); Air Force, 966 mb central pressure, 70 kt 
surface winds, 80 kt flight level winds, circular eye 10 nm diameter at 20.9N 84.2W at 1820Z 
(storm wallets).   Satellite images: 1950Z (ESSA-9 - Weather Bureau, MWL), 2130Z (ESSA-2 - storm wallet).  
"As it approached the western tip of Cuba on the afternoon of August 15, the central pressure 
had fallen to 964 mb with a maximum wind of 100 kt.  During the transit over Cuba, Camille 
(as a young hurricane) was tracked by Havana radar...Southeast winds of 80 kt were reported at 
Guane as the eye passed over western Cuba" (MWR).  "Camille - August 15-16 - Category 2 hurricane 
impact in Cuba" (Perez et al.).

August 16:  Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 23N 86W with an outer closed isobar 
of 1008 mb.  The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a hurricane near 24N 86W.  HURDAT at 12Z indicated 
an 120 kt hurricane near 23.7N 85.9W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt N and 1007 mb at 22.5N 86.0W at 
'00Z (COADS); 45 kt SSW and 1012 mb at 23.5N 84.0W at 12Z (microfilm); 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at 
25.0N 84.9W at 18Z (COADS); 55 kt SE and 1006 mb at 24.8N 86.7W at 21Z (COADS).  Station 
highlights:  35 kt NW and 999 mb at Cape San Antonio at 00Z (microfilm); 5 kt SE and 991 mb at 
Montua at 00Z (microfilm). Aircraft highlights:  Navy, radar fix at 23.2N 85.3W at 0640Z (storm wallets); 
Navy, 80 kt flight level winds (800 ft), eye circular 8 nm diameter, radar center at 23.8N 86.0W at 
1200Z (storm wallets); Air Force, 908 mb central pressure, circular eye 10 nm diameter, center at 
24.4N 86.7W at 1835Z (storm wallets).  Satellite images:  1311Z, 1507Z, 1703Z, 1930Z, 2140Z, 2340Z 
(ATS3-Parmenter), 1710Z (Nimbus-3 - Simpson et al., same picture listed as 1900Z - Shenk and Rodgers), 
1858Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis and Nelson, Weather Bureau, MWL), 0500Z (Infrared - Nimbus-3 - Shenk and 
Rodgers, Allison et al.).  "Camille was tracked by land-based and aircraft radar during the remainder 
of August 15 and 16, and indications of further intensification were noted as the eye shrank to 
less than 8 mi in diameter and strong feeder bands were reported in all quadrants. Because of the 
small eye of Camille, the Navy reconnaissance aircraft, which reached the storm area just after 
midnight on the 16th, was unable to penetrate the eye of Camille, and not until the afternoon of 
the 16th was it possible to obtain a reliable check on the extent of intensification.  During 
the afternoon, an Air Force C-130 reconnaissance aircraft penetrated and reported a surface 
pressure of 908 mb (26.81 in.) - a record low pressure for reconnaissance aircraft in Atlantic 
hurricanes.  On this occasion, the aircraft reported an 11C temperature rise in the eye at 700 mb.  
Maximum winds at this flight level could not be obtained during the transit of the heavy rain 
area in the eye wall " (MWR).

August 17:  Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane near 27N 88W with an outer closed isobar 
of 1004 mb.  The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed the center of the cyclone to be near 27N 88W. HURDAT 
listed Camille at 27.0N 88.2W as a Category 5 hurricane with 160 kt winds at 12Z.  
Ship highlights:  45 kt NW and 1010 mb at 24.0N 89.0W at 2330Z 16th (microfilm); 40 kt W and 999 mb 
at 24.6N 88.4W at 06Z (COADS); 40 kt WSW and 1001 mb at 25.1N 89.8W at 12Z (COADS); 40 kt WSW and 
1000 mb at 26.0N 89.6W at 18Z (COADS); 964 mb pressure with 78 kt ENE (30 min) at Oil platform #1 
at 29.1N 88.9W at 21Z (Hamilton and Steere); 96 kt S (max wind) at Drilling Rig at 29.1N 88.7W at 
2230Z (Roberts) .  Land highlights:  941 mb (min pressure) at Garden Island, LA at 2255Z (MWR).  
Aircraft highlights:  Air Force, 905 mb central pressure, 140 kt surface winds, 90 kt flight level 
winds, circular eye 10 nm, center at 25.2N 87.2W at 0016Z (storm wallets); Navy, eye diameter 10 nm 
circular, radar fix at 27.3N 87.5W at 06Z (storm wallets); Navy, radar fix at 27.1N 86.3W at 1239Z 
(storm wallets); Air Force, 919 mb central pressure (corrected from 901 mb), 180 kt surface winds, 
95 kt flight level winds, circular eye 8 nm, center at 28.2N 88.8W at 1850Z (storm wallet).  
Satellite images:  1953Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, Weather Bureau, Environmental Science Services 
Administration, MWL).  "Early on Saturday evening (August 16), the same Air Force plane and crew 
made a second flight into Camille and reported an even lower central pressure - 905 mb (26.73 in.).  
Flight-level winds at 700 mb measured by Doppler radar had increased to 140 kt at a point 20 n.mi. 
from the center.  The maximum was not recorded due to attenuation of the radar beam by heavy 
precipitation.  During this period, Camille had continued along a north-northwestward course at 
about 12 kt...During the night and morning of August 16 and 17, no further penetrations of the 
hurricane were obtained, although a Navy reconnaissance plane circumnavigated the storm at low 
levels and reported winds substantially in excess of 100 kt at a radius of 30 to 40 mi from the 
center.  Early in the afternoon of Sunday, August 17, an Air Force WC-130 reconnaissance plane 
once again penetrated the storm.  The hurricane at that time was less than 100 mi from the mouth 
of the Mississippi River.  The crew estimated the highest surface winds to be 180 kt.  During this 
penetration, the aircraft was forced to feather an engine and had to leave the storm area, so that 
no further reconnaissance data were obtained until the storm crossed the coastline...The minimum pressure 
in Camille was 905 mb, the lowest of record measured by a hurricane reconnaissance aircraft in the 
Atlantic and the lowest for an Atlantic hurricane except for the Florida Keys storm of Labor Day, 1935.  
(Preliminary reports and other publications indicated a lowest pressure of 901 mb.  Recently, a 
check of the raw data indicates this should be corrected to the 905-mb value.)" (MWR). "On Sunday 
afternoon, August 17, an air force C-130 piloted by Marvin A. Little penetrated Camille's eye and 
measured a pressure of 26.62 inches of mercury.  'Just as we were near the [eye] wall cloud we suddenly 
broke into a clear area and could see the sea surface below,' the copilot, Robert Lee Clark, wrote in 1982.  
'What a sight!  Although everyone on the crew was experienced except me, no one had seen the wind whip 
the sea like that before...Instead of the green and white splotches normally found in a storm, the sea surfa
ce was in deep furrows running along the wind direction...The velocity was beyond the descriptions used in 
our training and far beyond anything we had ever see.'  Those descriptions used in training accounted 
for winds up to 150 mile per hour.  After describing what they saw over the radio to the National 
Hurricane Center, the crew and the forecasters decided to estimate the winds inside Camille at 190 miles 
per hour.  Soon after leaving the eye, a generator on one of the C-130's engines failed.  Clark brought 
his plane back safely to Ellington Air Force Base near Houston on three engines; no other flights 
were made into Camille" (Sheets and Williams).  "The highest actual measurement on a wind instrument 
was found on an Easterline Angus wind speed recorder which had been left running on a Transworld 
Drilling Co. rig located east of Boothville (Main Pass Block 29).  The recorder had been switched to 
double scale before evacuation and recorded an extreme gust of 172 m.p.h. before the paper jammed and 
the trace was lost." (DeAngelis and Nelson).  "The Breath home, prior to Katrina, was the third-oldest 
home in Bay St. Louis. It had been built in 1820, on what is known as North Beach, and had been owned 
by the Breath family for 110 years. Underneath the home was a brick cellar (very unusual in the coastal 
South) that the historical society believed was all that remained of what was originally a fort, on 
that location. In front of the home was a camellia tree over twenty feet tall, that had been planted 
around 1880. The home faces the bay on the bluff just south of the modern bridge that connects Hwy 90 
to Pass Christian, along with several other homes owned by the Breath family, which were to the west 
of the bayfront home, along Breath Lane. Charles A. Breath Jr and III were born there, and five 
generations of Breaths had lived in that home. Hurricane Katrina totally destroyed the home along 
with five others along the Breath property, including the historic barometer (and also most likely 
the log).  The 909 mbar reading had been taken by Charles A. Breath, Jr. I recently spoke to 
Charles A. Breath III, and he recalled to me, 'Daddy was in the boat business all his life. He was 
an old salt! He had a sailboat that he named Romac, which was a ketch built by Jacky Jack Covacevich. 
Weather meant a lot to him. Nash Roberts was his hero in predicting the weather.'  Jacky Jack owned 
a well-known boatyard in Biloxi Back Bay and built many of the ships used in the seafood industry 
centered on Biloxi Point Cadet at that time in history.  Nash Roberts was a well-known NOLA meteorologist 
who had a penchant for correctly predicting landfall locations of hurricanes. He had a brother, 
Ep Roberts, who owned a store that sold scientific instruments. Ep was also a meteorologist, and 
would sometimes fill in for Nash if he had to miss a broadcast.  Charles Breath told me his recollection 
from what his father had said, was that the eye passed over Bay St. Louis, the bay, and Pass Christian. 
He had been in the service at that time, but his sister, Sue, rode out the storm with their parents.  
As Camille was approaching the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coasts, Sue Breath McGuire, who was 
in her mid-twenties and living in NOLA with a roommate, was told by her father to return home to BSL, 
and bring her roommate, because NOLA was like a saucer and was not safe in the event of a strong 
hurricane; BSL would be much safer. Sue recalled that Nash Roberts had said this storm was going 
to be a bad one.  So she and the roommate packed up and got in the car and drove east - one of the 
few cars to do so, as most everyone was driving west to leave the MS coast. She said her dad always 
had his hurricane precautions, and boarded up the windows with removable shutters. The breakfast 
area of the home had a magnetic hurricane tracking map, where the magnets would be moved to the new 
location every time they would get the current coordinates of the storm. Her father had several 
barometers, but one very good one that he was always careful to keep calibrated, and no one was 
allowed to touch it. For days before the storm, the barometric pressure would start dropping, and he 
would keep a log starting at that time, always noting the time and pressure.
When Camille came in 1969, Charles Breath Jr. was 65. Sue said of her father, 'Daddy, being the sailor 
that he was, on the coast all the time, was always so conscious of the weather.' He had been logging 
the weather for several days prior to Camille's landfall, and that evening he logged pressure readings 
every 15 minutes or so, tapping the glass to make sure the needle was giving the correct reading. 
Sue said she could tell her father was getting nervous as the pressure dropped, sometimes rubbing 
his head after noting a reading.  Sue recalled that it was awful being in such a storm at night. 
She said that the cotton caulking around the doors would whistle when the wind picked up. At one 
point during the evening the attic stairway blew down, and when they went to see what had happened, 
they were hit in the face with salt water, because the wind had blown off the front gable of the 
roof. When the eye came, they left the house to move to one further back from the bluff. Water had 
never come more than halfway up the walkway from the bay, yet when they went out the back door, 
they walked into knee deep water. She recalled that her father carried the precious barometer, 
wrapped in a cloth, and her mother, their dachshund, as she, her roommate, and sister, walked with 
them to the adjacent house on their property. She said the low reading was taken just before the eye, 
before they left the main house.  Afterwards, she didn't recall how, Nash Roberts came to know of 
the reading, and the barometer was carefully packaged up and sent to his brother Ep Roberts store, 
and found to be accurate. After this, Charles Breath recalled, a group from Nash Roberts came to 
Bay St. Louis and sat down and talked with his father about the readings" (Kieper 2007).

August 18:  Historical Weather Map depicted a hurricane inland over Mississippi near 32N 90W with 
an outer closed isobar of 1004 mb.  The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed the hurricane to be near 32N 
90W.   HURDAT listed Camille as being at 32.2N 90.0W as a Category 1 hurricane with 65 kt at 12Z.  
Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1010 mb at 28.5N 92.8W at 00Z (microfilm); 35 kt SSE and 1009 mb 
at 26.1N 87.7W at 06Z (MWL).  Station highlights:  950 mb (min pressure) at Pilottown, LA at 00Z 
(MWR); 113 kt (max wind, 150 kt gust, disabled) at Transworld Drilling Rig Block #92 at 29.6N 
88.9W at 0115Z (DeAngelis and Nelson, Roberts); 909 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (west end of bridge) 
at 0330Z (MWR, Roberts); 904 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (N. Beach Blvd.) at 0400Z (Roberts);  
897 mb (eye) at Bay St. Louis (one mile west of Bay Bridge) at 0330Z (Roberts, Tulane archives); 
958 mb (min pressure) at 0808Z and 104 kt NE at 0808Z (max wind) at Columbia, MS (MWR, Roberts); 
61 kt E (max wind) at Brandon, MS at 12Z (MWR); 980 mb (min P) at Jackson, MS at 1256Z (MWR).  
Aircraft highlights:  No reconnaissance available.  Satellite image:  1900Z (ESSA-9, Weather Bureau), 
no time (ATS-3, Riehl and Simpson).  "The approach of Camille to the coast was monitored 
continuously by radars in New Orleans and Pensacola.  The center of the hurricane passed over 
the Mississippi coast near the towns of Clermont Harbor, Waveland, and Bay St. Louis about 
11:30 p.m. (CDT) on Sunday, August 17.  Maximum winds near the coastline could not be measured, 
but from an appraisal of the character of splintering of structures within a few hundred yards 
of the coast, velocities probably approached 175 kt.  The highest recorded storm tide observed, 
which apparently occurred near Pass Christian, was measured at 24.6 ft, higher than any previous 
storm tide of record... As Camille continued inward on a northerly course at a speed of about 16 kt" (MWR).  
"The lowest land pressure was observed by Mr. Charles A. Breath, Jr. of Bay St. Louis, in his 
home a few blocks from the west end of Bay St. Louis Bridge.  He made the reading of 26.85 in. 
on his aneroid barometer as the eastern edge of Camille's eye passed overhead.  His barometer was 
later checked and found to be accurate by the New Orleans Weather Bureau Office." (DeAngelis and Nelson).  
"Three barometer readings of private individuals in Bay St. Louis at approximately 11:00 p.m. 
show 26.70, 26.85 and 26.50 inches" (Roberts).  "Mrs. Susie B. Western, 123 St. Chas. Ave., Bay St. Louis, 
not more than 150 yards off beach, 1 mile west of Bay Bridge, 26.50 at 10:30 PM" (Tulane archives).  
"Biloxi 11:30-11:50 pm 28.98, Waveland-Lakeshore-Bay St. Louis 26.61 11:30 pm = -2.33 inches in 
25 miles, 1/10 inch per mile - extremely steep pressure gradient" (Tulane archives).  
"Severe forest damage - more than 2/3 of the trees damaged - extended northward from the coast 
to Covington County, Mississippi - about 75 nm" (Touliatos and Roth). "Aug. 18, 1969 (Camille), 
908 mb central pressure at landfall based upon aircraft reconnaissance at 28.2N 88.8W, 8 nm radius 
of maximum wind based upon recon, 16 kt translational velocity, landfall point 30.3N 89.3W" (Ho et al.).  
"1008 mb outer closed isobar at landfall, 137 kt max 1 min surface wind equivalent' (Schwerdt et al.). 
"LA Category 5, MS Category 5, 909 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.).

August 19:  Historical Weather Map depicted a low inland over Kentucky near 37N 88W with an outer 
closed isobar of 1008 mb along with a stationary front a few hundred miles north of the low.  
The NHC microfilm at 12Z showed a low near 37N 88W with a stationary front a few hundred miles 
north of the low.  HURDAT listed Camille as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.0N 88.0W at 12Z.  
Station highlights:  996 mb (min pressure) and 9 kt NE at 0300Z at Memphis (SWO); 999 mb (min pressure) 
and 20 kt S at 0600Z at Jackson, TN (SWO); 1001 mb (min pressure) and 11 kt N at 1000Z at Paducah, KY (SWO).  
1946Z (ESSA-9 - DeAngelis, Schwarz).  "The remnants of Camille turned eastward across Kentucky, 
West Virginia, and Virginia [on the 19th and 20th]" (MWR).

August 20:  Historical Weather Map depicted a low inland over Virginia near 28N 77W with an outer 
closed isobar of 1008 mb along with a stationary front draped across the center of the low.  The NHC 
microfilm at 12Z showed a low near 38N 77W with a cold front just north of the center of the low.  
HURDAT listed Camille as a 25 kt tropical depression at 37.3N 77.0W at 12Z.  Station highlights: 
1004 mb (min pressure) and 10 kt SW at London, KY at 0000Z (SWO); 1005 mb (min pressure) and 15 kt 
SW at Elizabeth City, NC at 1000Z (SWO); 1002 mb (min pressure) and 10 kt WSW at 1700Z at Norfolk (SWO).  
Ship highlights:  40 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.1N 74.5W at 18Z (COADS).  Satellite image:  1850Z (ESSA-9 - MWL).

August 21:  Historical Weather Map depicted a tropical storm near 37N 67W with a 1004 mb outer 
closed isobar, with a cold front extending from its center to the southwest, and with a stationary 
front extending from its center to the east.  Also to the southeast of Camille is another tropical 
cyclone (Debbie).  The NHC microfilm map at 12Z showed a low near 37N 67W (with no frontal boundaries) 
and another tropical cyclone southeast of Camille.  HURDAT listed Camille as a 50 kt tropical 
storm at 37.3N 68.4W at 12Z.  Ship highlights:  45 kt SW and 1001 mb at 36.0N 73.4W at 00Z (COADS); 
40 kt N and 1002 mb at 35.9N 72.6W at 06Z (COADS); 25 kt S and 996 mb at 36.9N 66.6W at 12Z (COADS); 
60 kt NE and 996 mb at 37.6N 65.9W at 18Z (COADS).  "Camille passed into the open Atlantic on August 21, 
where it quickly regained tropical storm intensity.  However, shortly thereafter it encountered a 
cold front and was modified rapidly into an extratropical system" (MWR).

August 22:  Historical Weather Map depicted a low with a 1000 mb outer closed isobar and also with a 
cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of the center.  A large extratropical 
cyclone is several hundred miles north-northwest of Camille and another tropical cyclone (Debbie) is 
several hundred miles southwest of Camille.  HURDAT listed Camille as a 50 kt tropical storm at 43.0N 
54.0W at 12Z (last entry).  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE and 1006 mb at 38.2N 64.0W at 00Z (COADS).  

August 23: Historical Weather Map depicted a frontal boundary extending from a large extratropical 
low near 63N 35W to a tropical storm (Debbie) near 39N 55W.

Camille began as a tropical wave which left the coast of West Africa on August 5th.  The system did 
not develop until reaching the western Caribbean Sea.  Surface observations in the vicinity of the 
wave on the 13th and 14th were somewhat sparse and are ambiguous as to when the system had a closed 
circulation until 18Z on the 14th.  Moreover, an Air Force aircraft reconnaissance mission on the 
13th could not locate a closed circulation.  HURDAT originally indicated an "instant" 50 kt tropical 
storm beginning at 18Z on the 14th.  However, satellite imagery late on the 13th indicated that 
banding in the deep convection associated with the wave had developed.  Given the improved structure 
seen in the satellite imagery late on the 13th, the ambiguous surface observations, and the subsequent 
observations of the system being a moderate tropical storm mid-day on the 14th (see below), genesis 
is now indicated to have occurred at 00Z on the 14th.  While this is 18 hours earlier than originally 
indicated, the exact time of genesis is uncertain to plus/minus six hours.  An aircraft reconnaissance 
(Navy) mission arrived at the system's center at 1440Z on the 14th and showed that the system was 
already a well-developed, but small, tropical storm with central pressure of 999 mb.  This central 
pressure suggests a maximum wind of 49 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Given the radius of maximum wind (RMW) of about 15 nm (same as climatology by central pressure and 
latitude - Vickery et al.) but a somewhat slow movement (10 kt), an intensity of 45 kt is selected at 
12Z on the 14th and 50 kt at 18Z.  Given the quick development of the system, the 999 mb central pressure 
from 1440Z is not added into HURDAT at 12Z or at 18Z, as it is not representative of either synoptic time.  
Very small (0.3 degree or less) changes were introduced to the positions of Camille throughout its 
lifetime based upon a combination of ship, station, aircraft penetration, aircraft radar, land-based 
radar, and satellite observations.  The next aircraft center fix also by the Navy measured 
991 mb central pressure at 0045Z on the 15th, which suggests 62 kt from the pressure-wind relationship.  
The RMW remained about the same (~15 nm) and the cyclone slowed a bit (8 kt), so the 55 kt in HURDAT 
is retained at 00Z on the 15th.  This 991 mb central pressure was in the wrong slot in HURDAT (18Z 14th) 
and has been moved to 00Z on the 15th.  Camille continued deepening on the 15th and an ESSA research 
aircraft measured central pressures of 970 mb at 1100Z and 969 mb at 1230Z with a circular eye of 
15 nm diameter (~12 nm RMW).  This pressure suggests an intensity of 91 kt from the pressure-wind 
relationship.  Climatology for this central pressure and latitude is for 15 nm.  Given the slightly 
smaller than usual size, but continued slow (8 kt) speed, 90 kt is selected for 12Z on the 
15th - 5 kt higher than HURDAT.  06Z on the 15th is now 65 kt, up from 60 kt originally, and 
has Camille reaching hurricane intensity six hours earlier than shown in HURDAT.  The Air Force 
reconnaissance aircraft measured 966 mb central pressure and a 10 nm circular eye (~8 nm RMW) at 
1820Z on the 15th, which suggests maximum winds of 94 kt from the pressure-wind relationship.  
95 kt is selected at 18Z (down 5 kt), given the offsetting aspects of slow movement (6 kt), but 
small size (~15 nm climatology).  

About four hours later at 22Z on the 15th, Camille made landfall in western Cuba near 21.9N 84.3W. 
No stations were in or near the eye in Cuba, so no central pressures were available.  It is 
analyzed that the hurricane came ashore as a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane, which is consistent 
with the Perez et al. assessment of Category 2 impact in Cuba as well as the limited observations 
(80 kt wind at Guane) available.  The hurricane only spent about two hours over Cuba and the 
90 kt in HURDAT at 00Z on the 16th is unchanged.  Once back over water, Camille was investigated 
by a Navy reconnaissance aircraft, but this plane did not attempt a penetration fix due to the 
tiny eye depicted by their radar.  Thus no central pressures were available early on the 16th.  
At 1835Z on the 16th, an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured 908 mb central pressure from 
two separate dropwindsondes along with a circular eye of 10 nm diameter (~8 nm RMW).  This pressure 
suggests maximum winds of 151 kt from intensifying subset of the Brown et al. south of 25N 
pressure-wind relationship.  Given a near average environmental pressure (1010 mb outer closed 
isobar), a slow movement (9 kt), and a tiny RMW (8 nm versus 12 nm climatology), the intensity 
is analyzed at 150 kt - a 20 kt major increase from HURDAT previously at 18Z on the 16th.  
The same aircraft observed 905 mb central pressure at 0016Z on the 17th with the same sized eye.  
905 mb suggests an intensity of 154 kt from the south of 25N intensifying and 151 kt from 
the north of 25N intensifying Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships (as the cyclone is 
now straddling the 25N latitude line).  An intensity of 150 kt at 00Z on the 17th is analyzed, 
up 10 kt from HURDAT.  Later on the 17th, a new Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured 
901 mb central pressure from a dropsonde along with a circular eye of 8 nm (~6 nm RMW) at 1815Z.  
This pressure, however, was rejected in the post-storm best track and Monthly Weather 
Review writeup.  Analysis of the original dropsonde data indicates that the actual central 
pressure from the dropsonde was about 919 mb.  (See supplemental writeup for detailed 
analysis and discussion of this dropsonde.)  A filling of the hurricane's central pressure 
is consistent with the WSR-57 radar imagery from New Orleans and satellite imagery, which 
clearly showed a concentric eyewall structure (while this was not mentioned by the 
reconnaissance crew, they did note a distinct moat just outside of the inner eyewall).  
A 919 mb central pressure (newly added into the 18Z 17th slot) suggests an intensity of 
133 kt from the north of 25N and 127 kt from the north of 25N weakening subset of the 
Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships.  With the concentric eyewall structure, a low 
environmental pressure (1008 mb outer closed isobar), a somewhat faster forward speed (12 kt), 
and a continued tiny inner RMW, an intensity at 18Z is analyzed to be 135 kt.  No further 
aircraft reconnaissance fixes were available before landfall in the United States.

The original HURDAT showed a brief landfall in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of 
the Mississippi River just before 00Z on the 18th of August.  However, the numerous radar 
fixes available indicated that the center of the hurricane remained just offshore, which 
is consistent with the radar-based track shown in the Preliminary Report.  Camille passed 
over the marshy regions of northeastern St. Bernard Parish around 0230-0330Z on the 18th, 
but no landfall point is indicated here because of the lack of specific land available.

Camille made landfall near Waveland, Mississippi at 30.3N 89.4W at 0400Z on the 18th of 
August, based upon radar fixes and pressure measurements at the coast.  The hurricane 
displayed a concentric eyewall structure with circular eyes with diameter of 10 nm and 
30 nm with some additional prominent banding at larger radii.  (The inner eye near the 
time of landfall could also be considered elliptical with a major axis of 12 nm oriented 
northwest-southeast and a minor axis of 8 nm.)  The outer closed isobar at landfall was 
a very low 1004 mb, but the hurricane was also quite tiny with a radius of outer closed 
isobar of 150 nm.  Camille's forward speed had increased to about 15 kt at the time of 
landfall.  There were three pressure values of interest near the point of landfall.  
909 mb was measured by Mr. Charles Breath at 0300Z at the west of the bridge in Bay St. 
Louis, Mississippi about 3-4 nm east of the landfall point.  This aneroid barometer was 
subsequently tested and determined that it was calibrated accurately.  909 mb had been 
the accepted central pressure value at landfall originally as shown in HURDAT and discussed 
in Monthly Weather Review.  However, Mr. Breath also measured a 904 mb pressure at 0400Z 
a few blocks west of the first measurement, as reported in Roberts (1969) and confirmed 
in the Kieper interviews (2007) of the Breath family.  (See supplemental additional 
discussion about this 904 mb measurement.)  It is possible that NHC did not include 
the lower value in the Monthly Weather Review and best track because Mr. Breath did 
not include it in the log, as the 909 mb was the last entry before he left his damaged 
home.)  There was, in addition to the 909 and 904 mb documented values in Bay St. Louis, 
an even lower value of 897 mb pressure reading mentioned in the Roberts (1969) report 
with additional details on its location and time from the Tulane archives.  However, 
there is no documentation on how accurate the barometer was nor could this barometer 
be located today.  (Moreover, the value provided in inches of mercury - 26.50" - appears 
to be rounded to the nearest 0.5".)  Thus this value cannot be assumed to be completely 
accurate.  Given that the 904 mb pressure reading was taken near the eastern edge of the 
eye about 3-4 nm east of the landfall point (which is known quite accurately through the 
radar fixes), a 900 mb central pressure is analyzed at landfall.  (It is of interest that 
this corresponds closely to the 901 mb that Roberts analyzed as the central pressure 
taking a mix of the Waveland-Lakeshore-Bay St. Louis observations.)  This central pressure 
suggests maximum sustained winds at landfall of 148 kt from the Brown et al. north of 
25N pressure-wind relationship and 155 kt from the subset of intensifying systems.  
Given the somewhat compensating factors of a tiny RMW (~6-8 nm) and a moderate forward 
speed (15 kt) but a very low pressure of the outer closed isobar (1004 mb), an intensity 
of 150 kt is reanalyzed for the time of landfall.  (The intensity at 00Z on the 18th is 
set at 140 kt [a major change down from 165 kt originally], showing a recovery from the 
135 kt minimum at 18Z on the 17th.)  The 150 kt at landfall places Camille as a 
Category 5 hurricane at landfall in Mississippi.  As is typical for landfalling major 
hurricanes, no anemometer measurement recorded values close to the maximum winds, in 
part because of anemometer failures, but primarily because of the lack of anemometers 
in the eastern eyewall at the coast during landfall.  The highest observed sustained 
(roughly 10 min) winds in Camille were 113 kt (at which point the anemometer failed) 
at the Transworld Drilling Rig Block #92 about halfway between the mouth of the 
Mississippi River and the Mississippi coast.   This measurement was almost certainly 
higher than 10 m above the ocean, but its exact altitude is unknown.  The next 
highest sustained (fastest mile) wind was 104 kt in Columbia, MS well inland and 
four hours after landfall.  This value adjusts to 99 kt in converting to a peak 
1 min wind.  With the movement of Camille across the marshlands of northeastern 
St. Bernard Parish, Category 5 winds are assessed to have occurred in Louisiana as 
well as Mississippi.  Runs of the Schwerdt et al. parametric hurricane wind model 
suggest maximum sustained winds of 75-80 kt in southwesternmost Alabama.  Category 1 
winds for Alabama would be consistent with the impacts observed just west of there 
in Pascagoula, MS.

Runs of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model suggest intensities of 116 kt 
at 06Z on the 18th (2 hours after landfall), 74 kt at 12Z (8 hours), 48 kt at 18Z 
(14 hours), and 34 kt at 00Z on the 19th (20 hours).  Highest observed winds within 
two hours of these synoptic times were 104 kt, 60 kt, less than 34 kt, and less than 
34 kt, though the anemometer data coverage  during these times was very sparse.  
A helpful comparison can be made at 08Z (4 hours after landfall) of the inland wind 
decay model, which suggests 101 kt, versus the adjusted Columbia measurement of 99 kt, 
which may have been quite close to the radius of maximum wind.  Additionally, the 
northernmost extent of severe forest damage documented in Touliatos and Roth (1971) 
occurred about 75 nm from the coast, which was reached by the center of Camille about 
5.5 hours after landfall.  The Kaplan and DeMaria model suggests maximum sustained 
winds of about 85 kt at that time.  Work by Frelich and Ostuno (2012) indicate that 
about 90 kt 1 min winds (with a range of 76 to 111 kt) are needed to snap softwood 
(like the pine forests of Mississippi) trees at the base.  Such an analysis, however, 
neglects the factors of wind duration and steadiness, which will also contribute to 
forecast damage.  Nonetheless, the Columbia observation and the forest analyses add 
some measure of reliability to the use of the Kaplan and DeMaria decay model as well 
as providing some corroboration to the landfall intensity of 150 kt.  At 00Z on the 
19th, 997 mb with 20 kt NE was observed in Memphis, TN suggesting maximum winds of at 
least 49 kt (for a marine exposure) from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  
Accounting for decreased sustained winds over land, the intensity is analyzed at 35 kt.  
Values in HURDAT after landfall are analyzed at 115 kt at 06Z on the 18th (up from 
100 kt), 75 kt at 12Z (up from 60 kt), 50 kt at 18Z (unchanged), and 35 kt at 00Z on 
the 19th (up from 30 kt).  At 06Z on the 19th, Jackson, TN measured 20 kt S with 
999 mb pressure.  This suggests maximum winds (marine exposure) of at least 45 kt 
from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.  The intensity at this time is 
analyzed at 30 kt, unchanged.  Camille is thus reanalyzed to have retained tropical 
storm status for an additional six hours after landfall.  On the 20th as Camille was 
moving generally eastward across the United States, it began interacting with a 
frontal boundary to its north.  However, satellite imagery and observations indicate 
that the cyclone did not complete an extratropical transition on the 20th or 21st, 
as the main frontal boundary remained northeast of Camille.  

Late on the 20th, Camille began to reintensify as it approached the Atlantic Ocean 
coastline.  At 12Z on the 20th when Camille was over eastern Virginia, a ship reported 
30 kt off of the North Carolina-Virginia border.  The intensity is boosted to 30 kt 
at that time, up from 25 kt originally.  At 17Z, Norfolk, VA reported a minimum 
pressure of 1002 mb with 10 kt WSW winds, which were also at a minimum.  With these 
winds being an overland exposure, a central pressure at that time is estimated to 
be 1000 mb and is added to the 18Z 20th slot.  This central pressure suggests an 
intensity of 49 kt from the Landsea et al. north of 35N pressure-wind relationship.  
Peak winds reported at 18Z on the 20th were 40 kt from a ship and an intensity of 
45 kt is analyzed at that time (up from 30 kt originally).  Additional slight upward 
changes to the intensity were made from 00Z to 18Z on the 21st, based upon ship 
observations.  (There were no aircraft reconnaissance missions when Camille was 
over the Atlantic Ocean.)  At 18Z on the 21st, a ship reported 996 mb with 60 kt 
NE winds on the northern (weak semicircle) portion of the cyclone.  The intensity 
is analyzed as 60 kt (up from 55 kt originally), but it is possible that Camille 
regained hurricane intensity late on 21st.  Numerous observations on the 22nd 
indicate steady weakening occurred on this date and the intensities are at 55 kt 
at 00Z, 45 kt at 06Z, and 35 kt at 12Z (down from 60, 55, and 50 kt, originally).  
By 12Z on the 22nd, Camille became embedded within a frontal boundary and 
extratropical transition is indicated to have occurred at that time.  Previously, 
HURDAT did not indicate an extratropical stage occurred in Camille.  After 12Z 
on the 22nd, Camille's circulation became absorbed within the frontal boundary.  

Comparison with the two other known Category 5 hurricanes that have struck the 
continental United States since 1900, Camille (900 mb and 150 kt) ranks between 
the 1935 Labor Day hurricane (892 mb and 160 kt) and 1992's Andrew (922 mb and 
145 kt) for strongest hurricanes at landfall.

********************************************************************************

1975/05 ELOISE - 2006 REVISION:

47155 09/13/1975 M=12  5 SNBR=1008 ELOISE      XING=1 SSS=3                     
47160 09/13*  0   0   0    0*175 541  25    0*176 552  25 1009*177 563  25 1009*
47165 09/14*178 573  25 1009*179 583  25 1009*180 594  25 1009*181 605  25 1009*
47170 09/15*183 617  25 1009*185 628  25 1009*188 638  30 1007*189 648  30 1007*
47175 09/16*190 656  35 1007*192 667  45 1007*194 675  55 1002*195 684  65 1002*
47180 09/17*196 692  65  997*197 702  60 1000*197 712  55 1000*198 722  50 1000*
47185 09/18*199 733  45 1000*199 745  45 1000*199 757  40 1000*200 770  40 1000*
47190 09/19*200 782  35 1000*199 791  35 1000*199 798  35 1000*198 810  35 1000*
47195 09/20*198 822  35 1000*198 834  35 1000*199 846  35 1006*200 855  35 1006*
47200 09/21*202 864  40 1001*208 871  45 1001*214 878  50 1001*224 885  55  995*
47205 09/22*236 889  60  995*248 894  65  993*258 895  75  986*265 894  85  980*
47210 09/23*273 885  95  968*284 873 105  958*302 863 110  955*330 857  55  982*
47215 09/24*355 843  30  999E365 835  20 1004E370 825  20 1004E375 815  20 1004*
47220 HRAFL3                                                                    
47220 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


Storm #6 (Ella), 1978 - Revised in 2012

49525 08/30/1978 M= 7  6 SNBR=1058 ELLA        XING=0 SSS=0                     
49530 08/30*262 597  20 1012*265 608  20 1011*270 620  30 1010*273 631  40 1005*
49535 08/31*276 642  50 1000*282 659  55  993*288 676  60  986*293 688  70  980*
49540 09/01*296 700  90  978*301 711 100  975*307 718 110  970*311 723 110  960*
49545 09/02*312 727 105  960*314 731 100  977*316 733  80  981*319 730  70  983*
49550 09/03*323 728  70  983*330 724  80  981*338 717  85  976*350 702  95  970*
49555 09/04*362 683 110  962*380 660 115  958*400 630 120  956*425 595 115  956*
49560 09/05*450 550 105  960*472 502  80  975*490 450  65  980*  0   0   0    0*
49560 09/05*450 550 105  960*472 502  80  975*490 450  65  980E510 390  50  985*
                                                              **** ***  **  ***

49565 HR  

Typographic error:  The Preliminary Report for Ella indicated an 18Z 5th position 
as an extratropical cyclone, which was also reflected in the Monthly Weather Review 
track map.  Versions of HURDAT going back to at least 1999 have incorrectly omitted 
this last position.  Intensity and central pressure are added as simple extrapolation 
from last couple of entries, until a full reanalysis is conducted later.

********************************************************************************


Storm #9 (Hope), 1978 - Revised in 2012

49695 09/12/1978 M=10  9 SNBR=1061 HOPE        XING=0 SSS=0                     
49700 09/12*298 800  25 1012*303 793  25    0*309 786  25 1010*312 777  25    0*
49700 09/12S298 800  25 1012S303 793  25    0S309 786  25 1010S312 777  25    0*
           *                *                *                *

49705 09/13*311 765  25 1010*312 752  25    0*318 742  25 1009*323 731  25    0*
49705 09/13S311 765  25 1010S312 752  25    0S318 742  25 1009S323 731  25    0*
           *                *                *                *

49710 09/14*328 721  25 1008*330 708  25    0*332 687  30 1009*333 662  30    0*
49710 09/14S328 721  25 1008S330 708  25    0S332 687  30 1009S333 662  30    0*
           *                *                *                *

49715 09/15*329 648  35 1008*320 628  35    0*316 621  35 1005*311 613  35    0*
49715 09/15S329 648  35 1008S320 628  35    0S316 621  35 1005S311 613  35    0*
           *                *                *                *

49720 09/16*310 603  35 1002*310 592  35    0*312 581  35    0*317 572  35    0*
49720 09/16S310 603  35 1002S310 592  35    0S312 581  35    0S317 572  35    0*
           *                *                *                *

49725 09/17*324 560  35    0*330 548  40 1000*338 534  40    0*350 518  45  998*
49725 09/17S324 560  35    0*330 548  40 1000*338 534  40    0*350 518  45  998*
           *               

49730 09/18*360 499  50    0*370 478  50  995*380 452  50    0*391 430  55  990*
49735 09/19*401 405  55    0*412 385  55    0*425 365  55  987*440 350  55    0*
49740 09/20*455 330  55  990*482 300  50    0*515 295  50    0*540 295  50    0*
49745 09/21*570 300  50  995*595 280  45    0E610 230  45    0*  0   0   0    0*
49750 TS      

          
Typographical errors:  The Preliminary Report clearly indicates a subtropical stage 
for Hope from genesis through 00Z on the 17th.  While the Monthly Weather Review 
track map for the 1978 season showed the subtropical stage, HURDAT and the subsequently 
published track books neglected to include this stage.  This omission was pointed out 
by David Roth.

********************************************************************************

Storm #10 (Irma), 1978

49755 10/02/1978 M= 4 10 SNBR=1062 IRMA        XING=0 SSS=0                     
49760 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*317 315  30 1010*320 315  30 1006*
49760 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0S317 315  30 1010S320 315  30 1006*
                                             *                *

49765 10/03*323 315  30    0*326 315  30    0*329 315  30    0*334 315  30    0*
49765 10/03S323 315  30    0S326 315  30    0S329 315  30    0S334 315  30    0*
           *                *                *                *
          
49770 10/04*339 315  30    0*345 315  30    0*351 315  40 1004*358 314  45 1002*
49770 10/04S339 315  30    0S345 315  30    0*351 315  40 1004*358 314  45 1002*
           *                *

49775 10/05*367 312  45 1001*382 304  40 1002*400 288  40    0E430 262  40    0*
49780 TS 

Typographical errors:  The Preliminary Report clearly indicates a subtropical stage 
for Irma from genesis through 06Z on the 4th.  While the Monthly Weather Review 
track map for the 1978 season showed the subtropical stage, HURDAT and the subsequently 
published track books neglected to include this stage.  This omission was pointed 
out by David Roth.


********************************************************************************

Storm #7 (Georges), 1980 - 2011 Revisions

50555 09/01/1980 M= 8  7 SNBR=1076 GEORGES     XING=0 SSS=0                     
50560 09/01*156 380  30 1010*159 394  30 1010*163 408  30 1010*168 421  30 1010*
50565 09/02*173 437  30 1010*175 457  30 1010*177 481  30 1010*178 503  30 1010*
50570 09/03*179 524  30 1010*180 545  30 1010*186 569  30 1010*197 590  25 1011*
50575 09/04*210 610  20 1012D221 623  20 1012D234 636  20 1013D248 648  20 1013*
50580 09/05D261 658  20 1014D275 670  20 1014S285 686  25 1014S290 694  30 1013*
50585 09/06S297 700  30 1013S306 700  30 1010S317 696  30 1008S329 691  30 1007*
50590 09/07*344 679  40 1004*359 659  45 1002*373 637  50 1000*386 615  55  997*
50595 09/08*402 590  70  993*429 551  70  993*456 511  68  993*480 469  65  993*
50595 09/08*402 590  70  993*429 551  70  993*456 511  70  993*480 469  65  993*
                                                       **
50600 HR

Georges's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained an overly 
precise windspeed to the nearest 1 kt.  The value is adjusted to the nearest 5 kt.

********************************************************************************

Storm #6 (Floyd), 1981 - 2011 Revisions

51060 09/03/1981 M=10  6 SNBR=1086 FLOYD       XING=0 SSS=0                     
51065 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*162 603  20 1010*167 611  20 1010*
51070 09/04*173 619  20 1009*180 626  20 1008*186 633  30 1006*190 640  35 1004*
51075 09/05*195 647  43 1002*201 655  52 1000*209 662  60  999*217 671  70  997*
51075 09/05*195 647  45 1002*201 655  50 1000*209 662  60  999*217 671  70  997*
                     **               **

51080 09/06*226 677  80  994*236 686  85  991*245 691  90  988*255 691  95  985*
51085 09/07*264 691 100  981*275 689 100  978*284 685 100  975*293 678 100  975*
51090 09/08*299 672  95  989*306 665  90  995*314 656  85  998*320 647  60 1003*
51095 09/09*329 630  50 1005*337 607  45 1007*342 585  45 1007*338 563  40 1007*
51100 09/10*335 540  40 1007*336 513  40 1007*340 487  40 1008*340 464  40 1008*
51105 09/11*338 441  40 1008*345 417  40 1008*355 397  40 1008*366 383  40 1008*
51110 09/12*376 369  40 1009*390 352  40 1009*406 334  35 1009*  0   0   0    0*
51115 HR  

Floyd's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained overly precise 
windspeeds to the nearest 1 kt.  Values are all adjusted to the nearest 5 kt.

********************************************************************************


1985/11 KATE - 2006 REVISION:

51925 11/15/1985 M= 9 11 SNBR=1106 KATE        XING=1 SSS=2                    L
51930 11/15*               0*               0*               0*2110638  35  999*
51935 11/16*2160639  45  998*2170642  50  996*2150648  55  993*2110653  70  987*
51940 11/17*2070660  75  981*2040664  75  984*2070673  75  982*2110688  80  977*
51945 11/18*2140700  80  976*2160718  80  975*2160733  80  975*2190751  85  972*
51950 11/19*2210768  95  967*2210784  95  968*2270802  90  971*2320819  80  976*
51955 11/20*2390835  85  972*2460845  95  968*2520853 105  956*2600860 105  955*
51960 11/21*2680865 105  954*2750866 100  961*2830865  95  965*2920861  85  967*
51965 11/22*3020851  80  975*3150835  65  983*3250815  50  990*3370792  45  996*
51970 11/23*3470762  40 1003*3440735  35 1005*3400720  35 1006E3350705  35 1006*
51975 HRAFL2                                                                    
51975 HRAFL2IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

Storm #9 (Helene), 1988 - 2011 Revisions

53785 09/19/1988 M=12  9 SNBR=1144 HELENE      XING=0                           
53790 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*134 316  30 1009*
53795 09/20*133 327  32 1008*132 338  35 1008*130 348  40 1004*124 357  45 1002*
53795 09/20*133 327  30 1008*132 338  35 1008*130 348  40 1004*124 357  45 1002*
                     **                         

53800 09/21*122 367  50  998*120 377  60  993*121 388  68  998*124 399  75  983*
53800 09/21*122 367  50  998*120 377  60  993*121 388  70  988*124 399  75  983*
                                                       **  ***

53805 09/22*127 406  82  978*130 415  90  972*132 423  95  965*135 431 102  959*
53805 09/22*127 406  80  978*130 415  90  972*132 423  95  965*135 431 100  959*
                     **                                                ***

53810 09/23*139 440 110  953*141 449 117  945*147 455 120  939*153 461 125  938*
53810 09/23*139 440 110  953*141 449 115  945*147 455 120  939*153 461 125  938*
                                     ***

53815 09/24*159 469 120  940*166 475 118  944*174 480 115  948*181 485 110  954*
53815 09/24*159 469 120  940*166 475 120  944*174 480 115  948*181 485 110  954*
                                     ***

53820 09/25*187 489 102  959*194 490  98  963*200 491  94  966*209 493  90  968*
53820 09/25*187 489 100  959*194 490 100  963*200 491  95  966*209 493  90  968*
                    ***              ***               **

53825 09/26*222 495  87  971*234 497  85  973*245 499  80  975*258 503  78  976*
53825 09/26*222 495  85  971*234 497  85  973*245 499  80  975*258 503  80  976*
                     **                                                 **

53830 09/27*271 511  77  977*282 519  77  979*298 520  77  979*309 519  77  979*
53830 09/27*271 511  75  977*282 519  75  979*298 520  75  979*309 519  75  979*
                     **               **               **               **

53835 09/28*319 515  77  979*328 510  78  977*335 503  80  975*347 495  85  972*
53835 09/28*319 515  75  979*328 510  80  977*335 503  80  975*347 495  85  972*
                     **               **                

53840 09/29*361 485  90  970*380 465  90  970*402 444  85  973*429 420  75  979*
53845 09/30*462 388  65  985*502 345  65  990E550 300  60  992*  0   0   0    0*
53850 HR                                                                        

Helene's original best track (from the "Prelim Report") contained overly precise 
windspeeds to the nearest 1 kt.  Values are all adjusted to the nearest 5 kt.

*********************************************************************************

Storm #12 (Keith), 1988 - 2011 Revisions

53965 11/17/1988 M=10 12 SNBR=1147 KEITH       XING=1                          L
53970 11/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*149 743  30 1008*
53975 11/18*150 755  30 1008*150 765  30 1008*150 777  30 1008*150 790  30 1008*
53980 11/19*150 799  30 1007*151 804  30 1007*152 812  30 1007*155 818  30 1006*
53985 11/20*158 826  30 1005*163 834  34 1004*178 845  40 1002*191 854  45  997*
53985 11/20*158 826  30 1005*163 834  35 1004*178 845  40 1002*191 854  45  997*
                                      **

53990 11/21*198 861  60  985*207 866  60  993*218 870  60  993*224 872  60  990*
53995 11/22*231 870  60  993*238 868  55  995*244 862  55  995*255 851  55  993*
54000 11/23*265 842  55  994*273 828  55  995*279 813  35  999*289 798  40  998*
54005 11/24*297 777  50  995*310 752  55  992*325 705  60  990E340 660  55  985*
54010 11/25E360 600  50  982E390 540  50  976E400 490  50  964E440 450  55  960*
54015 11/26E480 430  65  950E520 420  65  945E525 440  65  945E520 460  65  950*
54020 TS    

Typographical error corrected.

*********************************************************************************



1989/02 BARRY - 2007 REVISION:

53315 07/09/1989 M= 6 02 SNBR=1133 BARRY       XING=0
53320 07/09                                                   *1280378  25 1015*
53325 07/10*1300399  24 1015*1390421  25 1014*1500446  30 1013*1630469  30 1013*
53325 07/10*1300399  25 1015*1390421  25 1014*1500446  30 1013*1630469  30 1013*
                     **

53330 07/11*1770482  35 1012*1880492  40 1011*1980504  40 1010*2070518  40 1007*
53335 07/12*2140531  45 1005*2210539  45 1005*2280544  45 1005*2350549  40 1008*
53340 07/13*2380554  40 1012*2400560  35 1014*2390566  35 1016*2370574  30 1017*
53345 07/14*2330581  30 1018
53350 TS

Typographic error corrected.

********************************************************************************


1989/06 FELIX - 2007 REVISION:

53510 08/26/1989 M=16 06 SNBR=1137 FELIX       XING=0
53515 08/26*1680210  25 1009*1690217  30 1008*1700222  30 1007*1720229  35 1005*
53520 08/27*1740235  35 1003*1780239  40 1001*1820240  45 1000*1870243  50 0998*
53525 08/28*1910246  50 0996*1970248  55 0995*2000249  50 0995*2050249  50 0995*
53530 08/29*2080253  45 1000*2110260  35 1001*2140269  35 1005*2190278  30 1006*
53535 08/30*2250287  30 1008*2340297  30 1009*2420310  30 1009*2510324  30 1010*
53540 08/31*2630340  30 1010*2760356  30 1010*2890371  30 1010*2970386  30 1010*
53545 09/01*3050397  30 1009*3110411  30 1009*3180408  30 1009*3220409  30 1009*
53550 09/02*3270409  30 1008*3300409  30 1008*3310410  30 1008*3320413  30 1008*
53555 09/03*3320418  35 1005*3340423  35 1005*3350429  35 1005*3380439  35 1005*
53560 09/04*3400452  40 1004*3430463  40 1003*3490475  45 1002*3530481  45 1000*
53565 09/05*3570488  55 0995*3600487  65 0988*3630486  70 0982*3670483  75 0979*
53570 09/06*3690482  75 0979*3720481  75 0979*3740480  70 0982*3760479  70 0984*
53575 09/07*3800478  65 0988*3850477  60 0990*3930476  55 0992*4040470  50 0994*
53580 09/08*4130467  50 0995*4240458  45 0998*4360448  45 1000*4500428  40 1002*
53585 09/09*4650405  35 1005*4650380  37 1002E4650355  40 1000E4550335  45 0997*
53585 09/09*4650405  35 1005E4650380  40 1002E4650355  40 1000E4550335  45 0997*
                            *         **

Wind brought up to next 5 kt increment as per current methodology.  
Extratropical status begun slightly earlier in line with extratropical 
reintensification of cyclone.


********************************************************************************


1989/08 HUGO - 2006 REVISION:

53685 09/10/1989 M=16 08 SNBR=1139 HUGO        XING=1 SSS=4                     
53690 09/10                                  *1320200  25 1010*1330218  25 1010*
53695 09/11*1320237 030 1009*1300255 030 1007*1280273  30 1005*1250292  35 1003*
53700 09/12*1250310 040 1002*1250329 045 1000*1250348 045  998*1260367  50 0996*
53705 09/13*1260382 055  994*1270400 055  992*1280418 060  990*1280435  65 0987*
53710 09/14*1290449 070  984*1300463 080  980*1320478 085  975*1360491  90 0970*
53715 09/15*1380505 100  962*1400519 110  957*1420533 125  940*1460546 140 0918*
53720 09/16*1480561 135  923*1510573 130  927*1540584 120  940*1580594 120 0941*
53725 09/17*1610604 120  941*1640615 120  943*1660625 125  949*1690635 125 0945*
53730 09/18*1720641 130  934*1770648 120  940*1820655 110  945*1910664 105 0958*
53735 09/19*1970668 100  959*2070673 090  962*2160680 090  964*2260686  90 0966*
53740 09/20*2350693 090  957*2440701 090  957*2520710 095  958*2630722  95 0953*
53745 09/21*2720734 100  950*2800749 100  950*2900761 110  948*3020775 120 0944*
53750 09/22*3170788 120  935*3350803 085  952*3590817 055  975*3850818  40 0987*
53755 09/23E4220802 035  988E4600745 040  990E4900690 040  992E5100650  40 0993*
53760 09/24E5200620 040  994E5250605 040  993E5300595 040  991E5350585  40 0989*
53765 09/25E5400570 040  983E5600520 040  979E5800460 040  974                  
53770 HR SC4                                                                    
53770 HR SC4INC1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that North Carolina
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1992/02 - ANDREW - 2002 ADDITION:

54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=4
54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=5
                                                          *

54550 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*108 355  25 1010
54555 08/17*112 374  30 1009*117 396  30 1008*123 420  35 1006*131 442  35 1003
54560 08/18*136 462  40 1002*141 480  45 1001*146 499  45 1000*154 518  45 1000
54565 08/19*163 535  45 1001*172 553  45 1002*180 569  45 1005*188 583  45 1007
54570 08/20*198 593  40 1011*207 600  40 1013*217 607  40 1015*225 615  40 1014
54575 08/21*232 624  45 1014*239 633  45 1010*244 642  50 1007*248 649  50 1004

54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  60  994*258 683  70  981*257 697  80  969
54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  65  994*258 683  80  981*257 697  95  969
                                      **               **               **

54585 08/23*256 711  90  961*255 725 105  947*254 742 120  933*254 758 135  922
54585 08/23*256 711 110  961*255 725 130  947*254 742 145  933*254 758 150  922
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 120  937*256 812 110  951*258 831 115  947
54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 130  937*256 812 115  951*258 831 115  947
                                     ***              ***

54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 115  946*278 896 120  941
54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 120  946*278 896 125  941
                                                      ***              ***

54600 08/26*285 905 120  937*292 913 115  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
54600 08/26*285 905 125  937*292 913 120  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
                    ***              ***    

54605 08/27*315 911  35  995*321 905  30  997*328 896  30  998*336 884  25  999
54610 08/28*344 867  20 1000*354 840  20 1000*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

54615 HRCFL4BFL3 LA3
54615 HRCFL5BFL4 LA3
        ********
		
U.S. and Bahamian Hurricane Data
--------------------------------
Date/Time   Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir- Central   Landfall       States
                         Winds Simpson Pressure  Location       Affected
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  130kt   4     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---	
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  140kt   5     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---
                          ***     *

8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  125kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  130kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
                          ***

8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  125kt   4     922mb    Fender Point   CFL4, BFL3
8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  145kt   5     922mb    Fender Point   CFL5, BFL4
                          ***     *                             ****  ****

8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  105kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  100kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
                          ***

After considering the presentations regarding various recommendations for 
the revisions of Andrew's best track intensities, the NHC Best Track Change 
Committee made alterations to the winds in HURDAT for Hurricane Andrew for 
the dates of 22 to 26 August.  These changes are made to Hurricane Andrew's 
intensity data for the time while the storm was over the Atlantic Ocean just 
east of the Bahamas, over the Bahamian islands and south Florida, over the 
Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Louisiana.  Neither the best track 
positions nor the central pressure values of Andrew were adjusted.  The 
alterations in wind intensity were based upon the Franklin et al. (2003) 
methodology, which is consistent with the work of Dunion et al. (2003) and 
Dunion and Powell (2002) as discussed earlier.  The changes to HURDAT were 
applied for these dates as aircraft reconnaissance observations were 
available throughout this period and there were limited in-situ surface 
observations indicative of the maximum 1 min surface winds.  The revisions 
make Andrew a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHS at landfall in both Eleuthera 
Island, Bahamas and in southeastern Florida.  The maximum 1 min surface wind 
for Hurricane Andrew at landfall in mainland southeastern Florida near Fender 
Point (8 nmi [13 km] east of Homestead) at 0905 UTC 24 August is officially 
estimated to be 145 kt.  The original best track landfall intensity estimate 
was 125 kt.  The peak intensity of Andrew, originally assessed at 135 kt, is 
now judged to be 150 kt at 1800 UTC 23 August just east of the northern 
Bahamas.   
Details of presentations made and minutes of deliberations can be found at:
   http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/index.html

********************************************************************************



1993/05 EMILY - 2006 REVISION:

55545 08/22/1993 M=16  5 SNBR=1176 EMILY       XING=1 SSS=3                     
55545 08/22/1993 M=16  5 SNBR=1176 EMILY       XING=0 SSS=3                     
                                                    *

55550 08/22*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1990526  30 1020*
55555 08/23*2050536  30 1020*2130548  30 1020*2230560  30 1020*2320571  30 1020*
55560 08/24*2430578  30 1020*2540586  30 1020*2670595  30 1020*2760600  30 1019*
55565 08/25*2800603  30 1018*2790605  30 1017*2800604  35 1016*2820604  40 1015*
55570 08/26*2830607  45 1013*2790610  55 1010*2740612  60 1007*2690617  65 1004*
55575 08/27*2660624  60 1000*2640630  60  997*2630635  60  992*2640644  65  982*
55580 08/28*2660652  75  981*2700661  75  982*2740669  75  981*2800676  75  976*
55585 08/29*2860682  70  973*2930688  70  978*3000692  70  979*3060697  70  978*
55590 08/30*3120702  70  977*3150708  70  976*3180714  75  975*3200722  75  974*
55595 08/31*3240730  80  972*3290738  85  970*3360747  95  965*3450752 100  962*
55600 09/01*3560749 100  960*3660744 100  962*3750727  95  965*3820707  90  969*
55605 09/02*3900685  90  971*3920660  90  972*3920636  90  973*3900614  85  974*
55610 09/03*3860596  80  975*3810583  75  979*3750577  70  985*3690575  60  994*
55615 09/04*3640576  50  999*3600576  40 1002*3580575  35 1001*3610572  30 1006*
55620 09/05*3670569  30 1008*3740564  30 1009*3800557  25 1010*3870548  25 1011*
55625 09/06*3900530  25 1012*3930511  25 1013E3980494  25 1014*0000000   0    0*
55630 HR NC3 

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 3 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************


1995/15 OPAL - 2006 REVISION:

57000 09/27/1995 M=10 15 SNBR=1201 OPAL        XING=1 SSS=3                     
57005 09/27   0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*191 873  25 1004*
57010 09/28*194 875  25 1004*194 879  25 1004*193 882  25 1003*193 884  25 1003*
57015 09/29*194 884  25 1003*195 884  25 1003*196 883  25 1003*198 882  30 1003*
57020 09/30*201 882  30 1002*206 883  30 1002*211 885  35 1001*214 891  40 1000*
57025 10/01*213 899  45  994*211 907  45  987*209 912  45  986*208 916  50  985*
57030 10/02*207 919  55  984*208 921  60  980*210 923  65  973*212 923  65  972*
57035 10/03*217 922  70  970*222 920  75  969*228 916  80  968*235 910  85  965*
57040 10/04*245 901 100  953*259 894 110  935*273 885 130  919*290 877 110  938*
57045 10/05*310 868  80  950*332 862  50  974*354 857  30  982E385 835  40  986*
57050 10/06E405 823  40  989E420 805  40  991E433 784  35  997E445 765  30 1002*
57055 HRAFL3                                                                    
57055 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


2004/01 ALEX - 2006 REVISION:

63090 07/31/2004 M= 7  1 SNBR=1311 ALEX        XING=1 SSS=1                     
63090 07/31/2004 M= 7  1 SNBR=1311 ALEX        XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

63095 07/31*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*3030783  25 1010*
63100 08/01*3100788  25 1009*3150790  25 1009*3160791  30 1009*3160792  35 1009*
63105 08/02*3150793  35 1007*3140794  40 1005*3130790  50  992*3180787  50  993*
63110 08/03*3240782  60  987*3300774  70  983*3420764  85  974*3530752  85  972*
63115 08/04*3600737  80  974*3680721  80  973*3730702  85  973*3780683  95  965*
63120 08/05*3850660 105  957*3950631 105  957*4080596 100  962*4270550  90  970*
63125 08/06*4450493  75  978*4610442  65  984*4700375  50  987E4740327  30  992*
63130 HR NC1  

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************


2005/4 DENNIS - 2007 REVISION:

64140 07/04/2005 M=15  4 SNBR=1329 DENNIS      XING=1 SSS=3
64145 07/04*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1200608  25 1010*
64150 07/05*1220625  30 1009*1250642  30 1008*1300659  35 1007*1360673  40 1005*
64155 07/06*1430685  45 1000*1470697  50  995*1510709  55  991*1560719  60  989*
64160 07/07*1620730  70  982*1670741  80  972*1760749  90  967*1850761 100  957*
64165 07/08*1940771 120  951*2030784 110  953*2090795 130  938*2200806 120  941*
64170 07/09*2270816 100  960*2340825  75  973*2430834  80  967*2520842  90  962*
64175 07/10*2610850 110  942*2720858 125  935*2850863 120  930*2990869 110  942*
64180 07/11*3150877  45  970*3260885  30  991*3390888  25  997*3530891  20 1002*
64185 07/12*3640892  20 1003*3710890  15 1005*3770887  15 1007*3810883  15 1008*
64190 07/13*3850878  15 1009*3890872  15 1010L3920865  15 1010L3920858  15 1010*
64195 07/14L3920857  10 1009L3900856  10 1009L3870856  10 1010L3840856  10 1010*
64200 07/15L3810858  10 1009L3790862  10 1010L3810864  10 1012L3840866  10 1012*
64205 07/16L3860868  10 1011L3940865  10 1013L4020862  10 1013L4080852  10 1014*
64210 07/17L4130841  10 1013L4220832  10 1013L4310823  10 1013L4390814  10 1012*
64215 07/18L4460805  10 1010L4580798  10 1009*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64220 HRAFL3
64220 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.


********************************************************************************


2005/11 KATRINA - 2007 REVISION:

64560 08/23/2005 M= 9 11 SNBR=1336 KATRINA     XING=1 SSS=3
64565 08/23*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*2310751  30 1008*
64570 08/24*2340757  30 1007*2380762  30 1007*2450765  35 1006*2540769  40 1003*
64575 08/25*2600777  45 1000*2610784  50  997*2620790  55  994*2620796  60  988*
64580 08/26*2590803  70  983*2540813  65  987*2510820  75  979*2490826  85  968*
64585 08/27*2460833  90  959*2440840  95  950*2440847 100  942*2450853 100  948*
64590 08/28*2480859 100  941*2520867 125  930*2570877 145  909*2630886 150  902*
64595 08/29*2720892 140  905*2820896 125  913*2950896 110  923*3110896  80  948*
64600 08/30*3260891  50  961*3410886  40  978*3560880  30  985*3700870  30  990*
64605 08/31E3860853  30  994E4010829  25  996*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64610 HRCFL1LA3MS3AL1
64610 HRCFL1BFL1LA3MS3AL1
            ****

Revision indicated that Katrina also impacted Southwest Florida as a Category 1 
hurricane (BFL1) without any alteration to existing HURDAT data.


********************************************************************************


2005/15 OPHELIA - 2007 REVISION:

64790 09/06/2005 M=18 15 SNBR=1340 OPHELIA     XING=1
64795 09/06*0000000   0    0*2580786  25 1009*2630783  25 1010*2680783  25 1010*
64800 09/07*2740785  30 1006*2790788  35 1003*2870792  40 1000*2880793  45  997*
64805 09/08*2880793  45  994*2870796  50  994*2860796  55  988*2860795  60  988*
64810 09/09*2860793  65  990*2890793  55  990*2930791  55  983*2980785  65  983*
64815 09/10*3020775  60  983*3090769  60  984*3150766  65  976*3170762  70  977*
64820 09/11*3180759  70  977*3170759  75  978*3160757  70  978*3140759  65  978*
64825 09/12*3120762  60  980*3120766  60  985*3150769  55  988*3170773  60  989*
64830 09/13*3180777  60  989*3190779  60  990*3210780  60  989*3230781  60  988*
64835 09/14*3260781  65  985*3290780  70  980*3340777  75  980*3390775  75  979*
64840 09/15*3420769  75  979*3450763  70  982*3470758  65  984*3470756  65  986*
64845 09/16*3460751  60  987*3470748  55  993*3540744  50  995*3640736  55  993*
64850 09/17*3730727  55  995*3870714  50 1000*4000697  50  997*4160673  50  995*
64855 09/18E4320649  45  996E4470621  45  999E4620589  45  999E4760556  45  999*
64855 09/18E4320649  45  996E4480626  45 1000E4620599  45 1000E4740552  45  999*
                             *** ***     ****     ***     **** *** ***

64860 09/19E4840518  45 1000E4900488  45 1001E4950457  45 1000E5000421  45  999*
64860 09/19E4840523  45 1000E4900488  45 1001E4950457  45 1000E5000421  45  999*
                ***

64865 09/20E5090385  45  998E5150347  40 1000E5220305  40 1003E5280265  40 1001*
64870 09/21E5380220  40  998E5530177  35  998E5760146  35  998E5980119  35  996*
64875 09/22E6170084  35  993E6360045  35  993E6560010  35  994E6750019  30  995*
64875 09/22E6170084  35  993E6360045  35  993E6560010  35  994E6753581  30  995*
                                                                  ****

64880 09/23E6883534  30  997*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64880 09/23E6880066  30  997*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
               ****

64885 HR NC1

Alterations to track and central pressure on the 18th and 19th were introduced
due to new data uncovered as the system was an extratropical cyclone near Nova
Scotia.  See the Tropical Cyclone Report for more details:  http://www.nhc.noaa.
gov/pdf/TCR-AL162005_Ophelia.pdf .  Changes to the longitude introduced for the
22nd and 23rd to correctly indicate passing the Greenwich
Longitude.

********************************************************************************

2005/22 WILMA - 2007 REVISION:

65105 10/15/2005 M=12 22 SNBR=1347 WILMA       XING=1 SSS=3
65110 10/15*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1760785  25 1004*
65115 10/16*1760788  25 1004*1750790  30 1003*1750792  30 1003*1750794  30 1002*
65120 10/17*1740796  30 1001*1690796  35 1000*1630797  40  999*1600798  45  997*
65125 10/18*1580799  55  988*1570799  60  982*1620803  65  979*1660811  75  975*
65130 10/19*1660818 130  946*1700822 150  892*1730828 160  882*1740834 140  892*
65135 10/20*1790840 135  892*1810847 130  901*1830852 130  910*1860855 130  917*
65140 10/21*1910858 130  924*1950861 130  930*2010864 125  929*2030867 120  926*
65145 10/22*2060868 120  930*2080870 110  935*2100871 100  947*2130871  85  958*
65150 10/23*2160870  85  960*2180868  85  962*2240861  85  961*2310854  90  963*
65155 10/24*2400843  95  958*2500831 110  953*2620810 100  950*2800788 105  955*
65155 10/24*2400843  95  958*2500831 110  953*2620810  95  950*2800788 105  955*
                                                      ***

65160 10/25*3010760 110  955*3330720 100  963*3680679  90  970*4050635  75  976*
65165 10/26E4250600  60  978E4400575  55  982E4500550  50  986E4550520  40  990*
65170 HRBFL3CFL2

Winds reduced slightly while Wilma was centered over South Florida to better
indicated weakening that occurred over land.  See the Tropical Cyclone Report
for more details:  http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf 

********************************************************************************
2022 Revisions - Jack Beven and Chris Landsea [September 2022]


31740 09/09/1944 M= 8  7 SNBR= 703 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
31745 09/09*  0   0   0    0*208 585  45    0*212 597  50    0*216 610  55    0*
31750 09/10*220 623  60    0*225 636  65    0*230 650  70    0*236 663  75    0*
31755 09/11*243 674  80    0*250 681  85    0*255 687  90    0*257 692  95    0*
31760 09/12*258 699 105    0*259 706 110    0*262 715 115  943*266 728 120    0*
31760 09/12*258 699 105    0*259 706 110    0*262 715 115  943*265 727 125    0*
                                                               *** *** ***

31765 09/13*270 740 120    0*276 747 120    0*285 751 125    0*297 755 125    0*
31765 09/13*269 738 135    0*274 743 140    0*282 747 140  918*294 751 140    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***          

31770 09/14*312 757 120    0*327 757 115    0*345 754 110  940*371 747 100    0*
31770 09/14*310 755 130    0*326 757 120    0*345 754 110  940*371 747 100    0*
            *** *** ***              ***

31775 09/15*399 732  90  954*420 710  70  966E442 685  55  982E460 637  50     *
31780 09/16E478 582  45    0E499 526  40    0E520 470  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
31785 HR NC2 VA2 NY2 CT1 RI2 MA1 NJ1 

Significant Revisions:
* Repositioning the hurricane southeastward by about 30 nm on the 13th
* Adding a 918 mb central pressure at 12Z on the 13th
* Significant increases in intensity from 00Z through 18Z on the 13th

September 13th
1. Ship Highlights:
* 100 kt ENE with 923 mb at 13Z (max winds) at 28.6N 75.0W
* 25 kt ENE with 920 mb at 14Z at 28.6N 75.0W
* 15 kt WNW with 919 mb at 15Z (min pressure) at 28.6N 75.0W
* 90 kt WNW at 16-19Z (secondary max winds) at 28.6N 75.0W
2. Discussion:
* USS Alacrity Ship Log:
0400-0800 [local time]: Hurricane hit with fullforces. Hove to riding out storm.
0745 Revolving top of galley charley noble carried away.
0800-1200:
0915 Evidently in center of storm Wind dropped to force 4 and variable.
1145 Full hurricane recurred from southwest
1200-1600:
1256 Radio gear out of operation due to water.
1310 Fires under both boilers out, due to water down stack.
1315 Fire relit under #2 boiler.
1315 Engines stopped due to lack of steam.
1330 #1 boiler relit.
1345 Engines ahead making 80 R.P.M. #2 and #7 life rafts washed overboard.
2100 Storm subsided.

* Reanalysis: The USS Alacrity steamed into the eye of this extreme
hurricane on the 13th of September. A 919 mb pressure with 15 kt winds
suggests a 918 mb central pressure at 15Z. (Pressures from this ship were
compared with neighboring ships and coastal stations and it had no apparent
bias.) At 15Z, the position of the hurricane, based primarily upon this
ship, was near 28.7N 74.9W. Positions were moderately shifted toward the
southeast on the 13th. A 918 mb central pressure suggests maximum winds of
140 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship.
A rough calculation of the RMW suggests about 20 nm, plus or minus 5-10 nm.
Climatological RMW for this latitude and central pressure is 15 nm. Given
a near average speed (13 kt), outer closed isobar (1010 mb), and size, the
intensity is assessed at 140 kt at 12Z and 18Z. This brings the Great
Atlantic hurricane to Category 5 status over the open Atlantic Ocean. ********************************************************************************